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FLORA of INDIANA

CHARLES C. DEAM, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D.

Research State Forester

INDIANAPOLIS:

WM. B. BURFORD PRINTING CO., CONTRACTOR FOR STATE PRINTING AND BINDING

19 4

For sale by the Department of Conser-
vation at the cost of publication, $3.50.
Send order to State Forester, State
Library, Indianapolis, Ind.

STATE OF INDIANA
DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION

JUNE, 1940

Published by the

Department of Conservation, Division of Forestry

Indianapolis, Indiana

The Deam Oak (Quercus Deamii Trelease)

This oak is a cos. between the white and chinquapin oaks (X Quercus alba X Muhlenbergii ) . It was
discovered Oct 9 1904, by Lent A. Williamson and his son E. Bruce Williamson on the border of a woods
a on K State Road 116 about 3 miles northwest of Bluffton. Wells County. Indiana. In 1904-5 the author

£S£S aLttti^rjsauara tfifsaa ass gmt AS

In March.1989. the tree measured 90 inches in circumference at breast height.

FOREWORD

It is difficult to write a suitable foreword to such a notable book.

In his "Flora of Indiana" Dr. Deam has set new standards of excel-
lence in many lines.

The most casual examination shows that it was based upon painstaking-
field studies — field studies covering years of time and involving thousands
of miles of travel. While local lists were carefully studied no plant was
admitted to the Flora upon their authority, it was admitted only as these
field studies proved its presence in the state, or it could be verified by
actual specimens in accessible herbaria. I know of no other State Flora
based upon long continued field studies and in which every plant admitted
is based upon an actual and accessible specimen.

The work is notable because of its accuracy. Dr. Deam, not content to
rest upon his own taxonomic acumen, has referred every critical genus
and species to specialists for their confirmation or correction. Scores of
shipments of such specimens to these specialists were made up to the
very date of publication. It is safe to say that in no other regional Flora
has such meticulous care been taken to secure absolute accuracy in de-
termination, as well as the very latest word in these special studies. The
Flora of Indiana is accurate and up to date in an unusual degree.

The clearness of the floral picture is increased by a series of unique dis-
tribution maps showing not only location but the time of the occurrence
of various seasonal phases.

Perhaps as illuminating as any single feature of the Flora are the
incidental ecological notes that appear on almost every page. From the
unity of treatment that characterizes the text, plant associations stand out
with amazing distinctness. It adds greatly to the value of the book that
while no attempt is made to emphasize these features, they take their
place in the picture of the flora of the state and aid in its interpretation,
as into this book has entered the experience of former taxonomic work
by the author. His Trees of Indiana, Shrubs of Indiana, and Grasses of
Indiana are models of what such reports should be as to completeness,
accuracy, and widespread utility.

The canvas is of course larger in Flora of Indiana but there has been
no sacrifice of accuracy, no lessening of the purpose lying back of all these
books — that they should be useful to citizens of Indiana.

The Flora of Indiana will be a treasure trove to education from the sec-
ondary schools to the university. It will be a stimulus and guide to nature
lovers; it will be of immense practical value to every agriculturist and
horticulturist. It will have its place in libraries, and it is a great book by
an author whom I have been proud to claim as a personal friend for
nearly half a century.

Stanley Coulter,

Dean (Emeritus) School of Science,
Purdue University.

(5)

Table of Contents

PAGE

Foreword 5

Introduction 9

Abbreviations of names of authors 21

Key to the Families 25

Ferns, fern allies, and vascular plants of Indiana 36

Excluded species 1019

Summary of families, genera, species, varieties, forms, and hybrids composing the Flora. . 1107

List of new forms and new combinations 1112

Names of collecting places that are no longer in current use 1113

List of Indiana collectors whose specimens have been seen or referred to in the Flora. . . . 1115

Glossary of terms used in botanical description in the Flora 1120

Some habitat terms defined as used in the Flora 1125

Bibliography 1 130

Maps showing temperature zones in Indiana 1162-1163

Map showing floral areas in Indiana 1164

Finding County Map of Indiana 1165

Index 1167

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(7)

INTRODUCTION

The first flora of Indiana was a "Catalogue of the phaenogamous and
vascular cryptogamous plants of Indiana" by the Editors 1 of the Botanical
Gazette and Prof. Charles R. Barnes, published in 1881. To this was
added a supplement in April, 1882. These listed 1,194 species native to
the state and 140 species that had been introduced.

Stanley Coulter in 1897 compiled a list of Indiana plants by families
(Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 1897: 158-165. 1898). This list contains 124
families, 534 genera, and 1,369 species, an increase of only 35 species.
The names of the species are not given and the totals include both native
and introduced species.

The second flora was "A Catalogue of the flowering plants, ferns, and
fern allies indigenous to Indiana" by Stanley Coulter, published in 1900.
He lists 1,765 species but this number includes both native and introduced
species and some erroneous reports. I have studied this catalogue and as
I interpret the species, the list should read 1,400 native species, 177 estab-
lished exotics, 34 not yet established, and 154 species to be excluded for
various reasons. It should be borne in mind that when this catalogue was
published the author was not able to verify reports as critically as has
been done in the present flora. At that time reports by recognized botan-
ists were accepted. It must be remembered that our early botanists did
not have access to large herbaria and had few books or perhaps only
one book to guide them in naming plants.

Since the publication of these floras much work has been done in the
state by various botanists. Among the principal collectors the following
persons may be mentioned: Edna Banta, A. R. Bechtel, Chas. M. Ek, Ray
C. Friesner, Ralph M. Kriebel, Marcus Lyon, Jr., Scott McCoy, Madge
McKee, J. A. Nieuwland, J. E. Potzger, Paul Weatherwax, Winona Welch,
and T. G. Yuncker.

Improved highways and the automobile have greatly facilitated collect-
ing. I have been collecting for 40 years. Since 1914 I have used an auto-
mobile, traveled over 125,000 miles, and collected in each of the 1,016
townships in Indiana. My accession numbers are now over 59,000.

The plan of this flora is to include all the species native to Indiana,
although a few are now known only from herbarium specimens, and in-
troduced plants that are known to be established. Introduced plants that
have been reported as escapes without data concerning their establish-
ment are carried in an excluded list with all the data which I can assemble.
If one of the excluded species is later found to be established, the data
here recorded may be of service. In the excluded list are included also
species that are no longer regarded as segregates, species which have
been erroneously reported for the state, and those which do not have
sufficient data to warrant their inclusion.

1 J. M. Coulter and Stanley Coulter.

(9)

The present flora is an attempt to bring up to date our knowledge of
the ferns, fern allies, and flowering plants of Indiana. It became neces-
sary to adopt a rule or standard by which a species could be admitted
or excluded from the flora, and it was decided to admit only those species
which have one or more herbarium specimens to verify their occurrence.
An exception has been made in the case of Adlumia fungosa which I saw
in a woods in La Porte County. Doubtless a few species have been ex-
cluded that do occur in the state. I refer specifically to Podostemum
ceratophyllum and Elatine minima which have been reported and have
Indiana within their general range. I have, however, made strenuous
but unsuccessful efforts to find specimens of both these species. I have
admitted a few species where I have seen no specimen but the evidence
for their existence in Indiana is convincing.

My study has been made primarily from specimens in my own her-
barium which numbers more than 65,000 sheets, more than 47,000 of
which are from Indiana. In addition I have examined all the Indiana
specimens in all of the other Indiana herbaria which total 36,936 sheets
but these were studied only sufficiently to check the identification. The
keys and measurements have been made from my own specimens. The
ecological notes have been taken also from my specimens.

No effort or expense has been spared to have my specimens named
correctly. In order that specimens belonging to critical genera be au-
thentically named, I have sent them to specialists to be determined or to
have my identifications verified. I wish here to express my sincere ap-
preciation to the following persons who have examined my specimens in
the groups upon which they are authorities : L. H. Bailey for Rubus and
Vitis; C. R. Ball for Salix; J. H. Barnhart for Utricidariaceae; Ezra
Brainerd (deceased) for Viola; Agnes Chase and A. S. Hitchcock (de-
ceased) for Gramineae; H. S. Conard for Nymphaeaceae; Carl Epling
for Labiatae in part ; M. L. Fernald for Potamogeton and various species ;
Ray C. Friesner for Solidago; Frederick J. Hermann for Carex and
Juncaceae; Lawrence E. Hicks for Lemnaceae; Milton S. Hopkins for
Arabis in part; Theodor Just for Chenopodiaceae; Rogers McVaugh for
Lobelia; P. A. Munz for Onograceae in part; E. J. Palmer for Crataegus
and miscellaneous species; Francis W. Pennell for Scrophulariaceae;
Rosendahl, Butters, and Lakela for Heuchera and Sidlivantia; Paul
Standley for Houstonia in part; E. E. Watson (deceased) for Helianthus;
C. A. Weatherby for assistance for many years on ferns ; Louis C.
Wheeler for Euphorbia; Edgar T. Wherry for Polemoniaceae; K. M.
Wiegand for Amelanchier and Oxalidaceae; and T. G. Yuncker for
Cuscuta. I wish here to thank all others who named or checked over
small groups or who loaned me Indiana specimens for study.

Distribution of Indiana Plants. — The general distribution of a species
is given in a closing paragraph after the discussion of the species. The
state distribution is shown by a map. Published records that do not cite
specimens are omitted but sometimes one or more may be discussed.
Some more or less complete county floras have been published without

verifying specimens; no reference is made to these except that when a
species is reported which does not occur in Indiana, it is discussed and
placed in the excluded list where it belongs.

Those plants whose mass distribution is to the south or southwest of
Indiana and always found in cultivated grounds, are probably introduced.
These are discussed in the text.

The date of flowering of a species is given in the vertical column at
the left of the map. No effort has been made to collect plants at their very
earliest or latest flowering dates, and dates and the number of specimens
have been taken from my collection only.

The distribution on the map is by counties and is indicated by letters
which are symbols for the herbaria in which specimens are deposited. I
have seen all the Indiana specimens in both public and private herbaria
in Indiana and many specimens cited outside of Indiana. Those which I
have not seen are ones cited by recent authors. Hermann has seen all of
the Carex and Juncaceae cited.

It was impracticable to go through all the herbaria of the United
States. The principal collectors of Indiana plants are known and I have
seen their plants except those of E. J. Hill which are deposited in the
herbarium of the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois ; those of H.
Walton Clark and B. W. Evermann from Marshall County which are
deposited in the Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, and the National
Herbarium, Washington, D. C. ; and those collected by L. M. Umbach
which are in the herbarium of the University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin. Since Hill and Umbach did most of their collecting in the
counties along Lake Michigan whose flora is well represented later by
my own work, and by that of Marcus Lyon, Jr., J. A. Nieuwland, and
others it is doubtful if these former authors found anything not later
collected and reported. They reported all the rare things they collected
and I have examined all of these rarities.

When the area of the county is too small to hold all the reports, those
of private herbaria have been omitted.

The herbaria indicated by symbols and their location are as follows:

A A Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.

B Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana.

Ba Private herbarium of Edna Banta, Bloomington, Indiana.

C University of California, Berkeley, California.

Cm Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Cu Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

D Deam Herbarium, Bluffton, Indiana. (Later to be located at Indiana University,

Bloomington, Indiana.)

Dk South Dakota Agricultural College, Brookings, South Dakota.

DP DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana.

F Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois.

Fr Franklin College, Franklin, Indiana.

G Cray Herbarium, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

H Private herbarium of Frederick J. Hermann, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Hi Private herbarium of Lawrence E. Hicks, Columbus, Ohio.

I Umiversity of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

IU Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.

K Private herbarium of Ralph M. Kriebel, Bedford, Indiana.

L Private herbarium of Marcus Lyon, Jr., South Bend, Indiana.

M University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

MC Private herbarium of Scott McCoy, Indianapolis, Indiana.

Mi University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

MK Private herbarium of Madge McKee, Goodland, Indiana.

Mo Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri.

Mvv Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

X National Herbarium, Washington, D. C.

XD. University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.

XW Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.

XV New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York.

Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio.

I' Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.

Pa University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Ph Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Po Pomona College, Claremont, California.

S Private herbarium of A. S. Slavin, Rochester, New York.

Sw State College of Washington, Pullman, Washington.

St Stanford University, Stanford University, California.

T Private herbarium of R. M. Tryon, Jr., Chicago, Illinois.

W Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana.

We Private herbarium of Paul Weatherwax, Bloomington, Indiana.

Wi University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.

Botanical Descriptions. — The botanical descriptions have been drawn
almost exclusively from specimens I have collected because they have been
at hand. Technical terms have been avoided whenever possible and the
few found necessary to use are defined in a glossary. The measurements
in the keys have been taken from herbarium specimens and are given in
the metric system and those in the descriptive text are in English terms.
The frequent use of "more or less, usually, and generally" is objectionable
to some people but to me these expressions are the shortest, the most
definite, and most comprehensive way of expressing the wide limits of a
qualitative or quantitative character. The ampersand (&) is used be-
tween joint authors and joint collectors.

Botanical names of native plants are printed in bold face type and are in
accordance with the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature. When
the names given in Gray's Manual, edition 7 and Britton and Brown's,
Illustrated Flora edition 2 differ from those in the bold face type for the
same plant they are regarded as synonyms and are printed in italics.
Botanical names in the text are printed in italics. Botanical names of
introduced plants and common names are printed in SMALL capitals.

The accented pronunciation of the botanical names is indicated as fol-
lows: the grave C) accent indicates the long English sound of the vowel,
and the acute ( ' ) accent indicates the short or otherwise modified sound.

The use of the term "variety typica" to designate the typical form of a
species is limited to those species where I have found it used as such.

The common names are those given as such in "Standardized Plant
Names," with few exceptions. In many instances I do not agree with this
authority but 1 believe it is in the best interest of uniformity for me to
accept the names given in the aforementioned work. In rare instances
I have given two common names and the reason for so doing. Many of

our plants do not have accepted common names and I have left these
without them.

In the writing of the manuscript an effort has been made to conform to
some supreme rule. In spelling and in the use of the hyphen Webster's New
International Dictionary, latest edition has been followed with few ex-
ceptions. Since there is no universally accepted standard of colors, al-
though Ridgway's "Color standards and color nomenclature" is used by
mammalogists, ornithologists, and some botanists, and since color terms
have been loosely used by authors to convey color concepts, I believe it is in
the interest of uniformity to delete all hyphens between color terms because
they add nothing to clarify the concept, except where used by Ridgway
when they represent a definite color. The "Style Manual of the United
States Government Printing Office," 1935, edition has been followed with
few exceptions. The outstanding innovation is the omission of the period
after abbreviations used in the metric system. The exception is that while
this authority does not begin proper names of specific and subspecific names
with a capital letter, I am following the International Botanical Rules and
I am using capital letters. I wish to go on record as vigorously opposing
the practice of decapitalizing specific or subspecific names derived from
proper nouns. Biological Abstracts has been followed in the matter of
abbreviating and listing bibliographic data.

The keys and how to use them.— The key to the families has been
copied with a few changes from Robinson & Fernald's Gray's Manual,
edition 7, published in 1908 and adapted to the species which occur in
Indiana. The reason that I have adopted this key is that I have used it
since its publication and I have found it satisfactory. Other botanists with
whom I have conferred upon this subject all agree that the key is all
that is to be desired. I wish to express my thanks for the privilege of using
it. Keys to genera and species, except those of the parts contributed by
others, I have written myself and they are all artificial.

A general key is given to assist the student in learning to which family
an unknown plant belongs. It is arranged in pairs of leads. The second
lead of a pair repeats the data given in the first lead but in a negative
form. Each succeeding set of leads is placed 2 spaces to the right and
some of the sets are preceded by a pair of letters to make them more easily
located, especially when one of the pair is very far from the other with
many intervening leads.

To name a plant, read the first lead. If it fits your plant, proceed to the
next set of leads. If it fits the first lead of this set, proceed to succeeding
leads until it leads to a family or genus. If it does not fit a lead, try the
opposing lead. If it fits, proceed to the first part of the next set of leads.
Accept or reject leads until the key leads to a family or genus. The task
is not as easy as it may seem. After you have followed the key to a family
you may find the plant does not fit the family. Then you must retrace
the steps taken and be more careful to be sure the terms are understood.
Errors are usually the result of haste, misunderstanding of terms used,
or of poor or inadequate material for naming. The key may call for a

character your specimen does not have. Then outside aid must be sought.
One who is interested in naming the flora of a region should have one or
more manuals of botany that go into more detail than can be given in a
flora of this kind. An illustrated manual will be of great assistance.

After you have reached the family name, turn to the page in the book
where the family is found and proceed through the family key to the
species.

Sequence of families and genera. — The sequence of families and genera
and their interpretation is that of the "Genera Siphonogamarum" by
C. G. de dalla Torre and Dr. H. Harms. This sequence is in accord with
the "Engler and Prantl" system of classification which is in current use
by most authors. I am aware that several newer systems of classification
have been offered but students are not unanimous in accepting them. An
exception has been made in the Graminae in which the sequence is that
of Hitchcock's Manual of Grasses which is used by most students of grasses.

It is to be noted that the numbers that precede family and generic names
in our manuals and floras differ. This disagreement follows because each
author treats a different area and he numbers only the families and genera
that are found within the area he considers. The innovation in this flora
is that the numbers of families and genera refer to the families and genera
of the whole plant kingdom and are the numbers assigned to them by dalla
Torre and Harms. This system places no limit upon expansion if one
wishes to build up an herbarium and makes it easy to incorporate it into a
large herbarium. Plants in an herbarium should not be arranged alpha-
betically but according to their relationship.

Indiana, its location, drainage, and climate.

Indiana is one of the north-central states. It is about 153 miles wide
and 275 miles long between the most distant points. The southern boun-
dary is low water line of the north side of the Ohio River and the northern
boundary is Lake Michigan and the state of Michigan. The most southern
point is in 37° 40' north latitude and the most northern point is in 41° 50'
north latitude. In longitude it lies between 84°49' on the east and 88°2'
on the west.

The land area occupies 36,045 square miles besides 280 square miles of
rivers and interior lakes and 230 square miles of Lake Michigan.

The whole of the state has been glaciated except the south-central and
southwestern parts (see map on page 1164). The highest point in the state
is in Randolph County, 1,285 feet above sea level, and the lowest is at the
mouth of the Wabash River, 313 feet. The average elevation is about
700 feet.

About nine-tenths of the state drains westward and south westward into
the Mississippi Basin and about a tenth, located in the northern part,
drains into the St. Lawrence Basin.

The average annual precipitation is about 39 inches. The average
annual temperature is about 52 degrees Fahrenheit. The average growing
season is about 158 days in the northern part of the state and 188 days in
the southern part. (See plates on pages 1162 and 1163.)

Floral Areas of Indiana (See map on page 1164.)

To assist in understanding the distribution of a species in the state and
at the same time give some idea of its habitat, I have divided the state into
seven areas. These are not all strictly floral areas but for convenience they
may be so considered. The limits of the ranges of certain species within
the area determine one boundary of that area.

Dune area

The dune area is bounded on the north by the waters of Lake Michigan
and on the south for the most part by the Michigan Central Railroad. It
is about four miles wide at the west end and half a mile wide at the east
end. In Lake County this area consisted of low dunes, for the most part
from 5 to 15 feet high, alternating with sloughs and interdunal flats. In the
extreme northwest part of it were Wolf Lake, Berry Lake (now extinct),
and Lake George. The greatest variety of plants of this area were found
in this county. In the east part of Lake County the dunes begin to rapidly
increase in height and high dunes continue to Michigan City. The highest
dune is Mount Tom in Dunes Park, Porter County and is 192 feet high.
The dunes proper are almost pure sand but were formerly well wooded.
The sloughs and interdunal flats are more or less mucky.

The following list is of plants known in Indiana only from this small
area and all are of northern range. Those preceded by "?" are probably
extinct and those preceded by "o" are now known from one colony only.

Ammophila breviligulata
? Botrychium simplex

Cakile edentula var. lacustris

Carex folliculata

o Carex Richardsonii

? Ceanothus ovatus

Cirsium Pitcheri
o Clintonia borealis
? Corallorrhiza trifida

Cornus canadensis

Cyperus Houghtonii
o Equisetum variegatum

Euphorbia polygonifolia

Hudsonia tomentosa var. intermedia
o Myosotis laxa

Oryzopsis asperifolia
? Panicum lucidum

? Panicum scoparioides
? Panicum subvillosum

Pinus Banksiana
o Polygala paucifolia

Potentilla Anserina
o Potamogeton pusillus
? Psilocarya nitens
? Pyrola secunda

Ptelea trifoliata var. Deamiana
? Rhynchospora cymosa

Salix adenophylla
o Scirpus subterminalis

Shepherdia canadensis
o Solidago Deamii

Solidago Gillmani
o Thuja occidentalis

Lake area

The lake area occupies the northern part of the state, southward to the
Tipton Till Plain but is not sharply separated from it. For practical pur-
poses the south line of this area may be considered to coincide with the
north line of the Tipton Till Plain which may be given roughly as a line
extending westward from Fort Wayne to Huntington, Logansport, and
Monticello to the state line. South of this line are a few, nearly extinct
small lakes. There is one in each of the following counties: Wells, Black-
ford, Grant, and Warren. Deep peat deposits in Hamilton and Madison
Counties indicate extinct lakes.

The area has a great variety of habitats ranging from lakes and rivers,
bogs and marshes, dry sand and gravelly places, prairies, and remnants
of prairies (oak openings) to the mesophytic forest. Within this area about
300 species of a northern range find their southern limit. Within this area
a small number of plants have been found also that have their mass distri-
bution on the Coastal Plain and the Lower Mississippi Valley. Among these
are Panicum albemarlense, Panicum spretum, Panicum verrucosum,
Cyperus dentatus, Eleocharis melanocarpa, Eleocharis Torreyana, Fim-
bristylis puberula, Scleria pauciflora var. caroliniana, Scleria reticularis,
Scleria setacea, and Hypericum adpressum. These are found in a few-
marshes and on their borders between low dunes in section 2 a mile east
and a mile and a half south of Tefft, Jasper County, or about 4 miles south
of the Kankakee River. A few of these species occur also in the dune area
and in a few adjacent counties in like habitats. I have not botanized the
marshes in adjacent sections to ascertain how widely these species are
spread or whether additional species may be found. The whole area for
a width of about 5 miles from Bass Lake in Starke County westward to
the Illinois line, a distance of about 50 miles is, for the most part, a series
of low dunes and interdunal marshes. I am of the opinion that these Coastal
Plain plants have migrated into Indiana through the Mississippi Valley
rather than through the Mohawk Valley and the Great Lakes area as
Peattie and Svenson suggest. To this list of plants should be added Styrax
americana which is found along the Kankakee River and is not found again
until the Patoka River Basin is reached in Dubois County. Mikania scan-
dens is found along the Kankakee River just east of Baum Bridge, Porter
County. I have not found it elsewhere in Indiana although it has been
reported. This very disjunct distribution suggests migration from the
Mississippi Valley by streams through Illinois. Recently several Coastal
Plain plants have been found in Minnesota which adds weight to the
theory that our Coastal Plain plants came into Indiana through the Missis-
sippi Valley.

Tipton Till Plain

This area is not strictly a botanical one but is given as such for the con-
venience of discussing distribution and habitat. Excepting the prairie
area it nearly coincides with the physiographic area given it by Malott
(Handbook of Geology). It is bounded on the north by the "lake area"
and on the south by the southern boundary of the Wisconsin drift. The
surface of this area is comparatively level although marked by many ter-
minal moraines. The soil is mostly neutral or only slightly acid. The soil
acidity factor may be the one which prevents plants from migrating into
it from the Illinoian drift area where the soil is much more acid. Within
this area some plants from all directions reach their limits of distribution
in Indiana. This area contains the best agricultural land of the state and
in the brief period of a hundred years almost all of the woodland has dis-
appeared and the whole is now under cultivation. As a consequence it is
now impossible to learn just how far plants invaded this area and what
stopped them. Too, our distribution maps show few records because the

plants in this area are rare or have been exterminated by cultivation. The
area, however, contains some extinct lake areas and springy places which
accounts for the many lake area plants in it.

Illinoia/n Drift Area

This area lies south of the Tipton Till Plain, north of the glacial bound-
ary, and east of the Lower Wabash Valley area. It is divided into an
eastern and a western lobe. The topography varies from level areas to
deeply cut ravines. The flora of the two parts has several species not in
common. The Appalachian flora has entered in a small degree the eastern
part while the southwestern flora has entered the western part. In Clark,
Jefferson, Jennings, and Ripley Counties are level, poorly drained areas
with an acid soil that are locally known as "flats." These may be divided
into high and low "flats." The principal tree species of the "high flats"
are beech, sweet gum, tulip, and black gum. Often a depression a foot in
depth will result in a "low flat" wooded with swamp chestnut oak, swamp
white oak, pin oak, southern red oak, and red maple. Sometimes the low-
est places will consist of a pure stand of pin oak. All of the species named
will not be found in the same "flat" but usually two or three of them will
be the dominant species. The western part has some low areas but these
are usually wooded with pin oak and shingle oak, associated with hickory.
In the western lobe are sand dunes that have a peculiar flora. Such a sand
area forms the terrace of the Wabash River from north of Terre Haute
southward to Posey County. In Knox County in places its width increases
to more than a mile. On this sandy terrace are found plants not found
elsewhere in Indiana which have their mass distribution in the Lower
Mississippi Valley. East of the North fork of White River in the north-
western part of Daviess County are many low dunes upon which, and in
the low places between them, occur several Coastal Plain plants. Among
those that are restricted to this area are Gymnopogon ambiguus and Gaura
filipes.

Prairie Area

This area is small and the boundary very irregular. The many small
prairies and "oak openings" that occur throughout the lake and Tipton Till
Plain areas are not included in this area. Our distribution maps may show
a prairie species fairly well distributed over the whole of northern Indiana
which does not mean that the whole area is an uninterrupted prairie.
There was probably not a county in the lake and Tipton Till Plain areas
that did not have one or more areas of an acre or more in prairie. The
tension zone between the prairie and the forest is one of the most interest-
ing studies in plant geography. The whole area is now devoted to agri-
culture and since no one made a record of its plant life before cultivation,
our knowledge of it must now be gleaned from the few plants that have
survived along railroads and roadsides and in cemeteries and waste places.
Every year our roadsides are mowed and the rights of way of railroads
are mowed and usually burned, so that the extermination of our native
prairie plants will soon be complete.

Lower Wabash Valley

This is a narrow strip of alluvial land on the east side of the Wabash
River from Parke County southward to the Ohio River and thence up the
Ohio River to Little Pigeon Creek in Warrick County. To it belong also
the short alluvial extensions of the White and Patoka Rivers. The whole
area is usually inundated each year at flood stage. Among the trees re-
stricted to these lowlands are Acer rubrum var. Drummondii, Carya Pecan
(with few exceptions), Celtis laevigata (with few exceptions), Forestiera
acuminata (with one exception), Gleditsia aquatica, Gleditsia texana,
Taxodium distichum, and Quercus lyrata (one exception). Other plants
are Aristolochia tomentosa, Echinodorus radicans, Hottonia inflata, Lep-
tochloa panicoides, Ludwigia glandulosa, Spigelia marilandica, Trache-
lospermum difforme, and Vitis palmata. All these species belong to the
flora of the Mississippi Valley and find their northeastern limit in this area.

U n glaciated area

This area may be divided into eastern and western parts. The western
part is included by Malott in the Wabash Lowland and is bounded on the
east by Anderson Creek to St. Meinrad and then extends northwestward
to the glacial boundary. The eastern half of this part is hilly and wooded
mostly with oaks. The western part has gently sloping or low hills and is
wooded on the high ground with beech, tulip, and sugar maple and in
the lowland with oak, hickory, elm, and sweet gum. I do not regard this
as a botanical area but only a part of a region where some southern
plants reach the northern limit of their distribution. In it, however, we
have Dicliptera brachiata and Crotonopsis elliptica that have not been
found outside of it.

The eastern part of the unglaciated area is mostly hilly and broken,
being divided by the broad valley of White River. I think a good com-
mon name for it would be the "Chestnut Oak Upland" area, because this
species of oak crowns the crests of all of the high ridges of the area and
these ridges are popularly known as "chestnut oak ridges" or "knobs."
Malott divides the area into three parts. The most eastern he calls the
Norman Uplift, the middle the Mitchell Plain, and the western the Craw-
ford Upland. With the exception of one small restricted area I think
these uplands can be considered as one botanical unit. Pinus virginiana,
Virginia pine, crowns the crests of the highest ridges in Floyd County,
the western part of Clark County, a fragment of the southwestern part
of Scott County, and a few places on the southeast boundary of Wash-
ington County. The total area of pine is quite small and might well be
considered a separate botanical area if there were one more species pecul-
iar to it.

Within the chestnut oak area many plants reach their northern limit.
Some, such as Bumelia lycioides, Oxydendrum arboreum, Ligusticum
canadense, Eragrostis capillaris, and Aconitum uncinatum, have merely
crossed the Ohio River. Others such as Smilax Bona-nox, Gentiana villosa,
Melothria pendula, Kalmia Mifolia, Galactia volubilis, and Cirsium vir-
ginianum have penetrated 5 to 25 miles. Others such as Quercus montanu

and Cunila origanoides have covered the whole area but not beyond it
except on a small knob in Jefferson County, one in Spencer County, and
one in Warrick County. Gaultheria procumbens and Tsuga canadensis
are evidently relicts on this old rock area. There also remains Carex picta
which offers a problem in disjunct distribution. This Carex is frequent
in Brown County in certain places near the glacial boundary and is found
sparingly in Monroe, Jackson, Lawrence, Morgan, and Owen Counties.
I have watched carefully for this species elsewhere in Indiana but have
failed to discover it. It is known only in the area mentioned in Indiana,
in Tennessee, Alabama, and in one place in Louisiana. Another in-
teresting relict of this area is Betula lutea which has a few specimens
struggling for existence on the walls of the gorges about a mile south-
east of Taswell, Crawford County. It is associated here with Tsuga
canadensis.

State Flower

The Indiana flora is rich in the number of native species that are attrac-
tive and beautiful. Out of our abundance of native flowers we should
be able to select one for our state flower. I take this opportunity which
may be my last to voice my protest against designating as a state flower
one that is not a well known native of the state nor even a native of the
United States. Our first state flower was the carnation of Europe. I
assisted in having this changed in 1923 to the flower of the tulip tree
which is found in every county of Indiana except in the prairies. It is
recognized as one of the most stately trees of the United States. In 1931
the legislature named the blatant zinnia the state flower, Zinnia elegans
(a native of Mexico). Why advertise some foreign country and our
ignorance of our native plants ? I appeal to readers to take a pride in our
state and in our native plants. I hope that our next legislature will not
consider the state flower only as a buttonhole bouquet and will name one
of our many native flowers to represent us and cease paying homage to
any other country.

Acknowledgments

I have received help and suggestions from many persons to whom I
wish to make grateful acknowledgment. First to the persons previously
mentioned who have examined my specimens in difficult genera, I tender
my sincere thanks.

I wish especially to thank those who have contributed difficult parts of
the text: Frederick J. Hermann of the University of Michigan for the
text of Carex, J uncus, and Luzula; Theodor Just of the University of
Notre Dame for the text of Chenopodiaceae ; and Ernest J. Palmer of the
Arnold Arboretum for the text of Crataegus. These authors have with
few exceptions followed the phraseology of the flora.

I owe much to Stanley Coulter, until recently Dean of the School of
Science, Purdue University, who encouraged me to write a flora of Indiana
and who enlisted the aid of the Department of Conservation. He has also
read most of the manuscript and has been helpful in many ways.

C. A. Weatherby of the Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Massachusetts, has
promptly answered my many letters relative to botanical nomenclature. I
wish to express my appreciation for this special service and reading proof.

Paul Weatherwax of Indiana University has read the manuscript and
given me helpful suggestions.

Frederick J. Hermann of the University of Michigan has read both the
manuscript and the proof and has been exceedingly helpful in many ways.

Mrs. Leland Winch, of West Lafayette, Indiana, nee Harriet M. Gragg,
has typed the manuscript. She has been most helpful in the English com-
position and has been an accurate, earnest, and conscientious assistant.

I wish to express my sincere thanks to E. P. Wilson for his interest and
efforts in having the Flora published in the best manner possible ; also for
the making of the county and botanical area maps.

Our thanks are also due to J. H. Armington of the U.S. Weather Bureau
for the two full page maps, showing the rainfall and temperature of

Indiana.

I wish to acknowledge the great assistance of my wife, Stella M. Deam,
who has, during the past forty years, helped to collect and prepare speci-
mens, has read copy and proof, and has shared the financial burden the
work has entailed.

Lastly, I wish to thank the Department of Conservation for the oppor-
tunity of doing this work and publishing the results.

Conclusion

Active work of writing the flora was begun about seven years ago. Much
data on the distribution of rare species yet remain to be collected but since
I have just passed my seventy-third birthday it seems wise to conclude

the work.

Chas. C. Deam.

Bluff ton, Indiana, Sept. 28, 1938.

P.S. In order to keep the nomenclature up to date while the flora was
going through the press it was necessary to make the changes in footnotes
and omit some of the synonyms.
Feb. 15, 1940. Chas. C. Deam.

ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS

Adans. — Adanson, Michel.

A. DC. — De Candolle, Alphonse.
Ait. — Aiton, William.

Ait. f. — Aiton, William Townsend.
All. — Allioni, Carlo.
Anders. — Andersson, Nils Johan.
Andrz. — Andrzejowski, Anton

Lukianowicz.
Am. — Arnott, George A. Walker.
Arrh. — Arrhenius, Johan Pehr.
Asch. — Ascherson, Paul.

B. & H. — Bentham, George, and Hooker,

Joseph Dalton.
Bab. — Babington, Charles Cardale.
Bail!. — Baillon, Henri Ernest.
Baldw. — Baldwin, William.
Barnh. — Barnhart, John Hendley.
Bart.— Barton, William P.C.
Bartr. — Bartram, William.
Beauv. — Beauvois, A. M.F.J. Palisot de.
Benn. — Bennett, Arthur.
Benth. — Bentham, George.
Bernh. — Bernhardi, Johann Jacob.
Bess. — Besser, Wilhelm S.J.G. von.
Bickn. — Bicknell, Eugene P.
Big el. — Bigelow, Jacob.
Biv. — Bivona-Bernardi, Antonio.
Bjornstr. — Bjornstrom, Friedrich Johann.
Boeckl. — Boeckeler, Otto.
Boenn. — Boenninghausen, C.M.F. von.
Boerh. — Boerhaave, Hermann.
Boiss. — Boissier, Edmond.
Borkh. — Borkhausen, M.B.
Br., A.Br. — Braun, Alexander.
Br., P.Br. — Browne, Patrick.
Br., R.Br. — Brown, Robert.
Briq. — Briquet, John.
Britt. — Britton, Nathaniel Lord.
BSP. — Britton, Nathaniel Lord, Sterns,

E. E., and Poggenberg, Justus F.
Buch. — Buchenau, Franz.
Burm. f. — Burman, Nikolaus Laurens.
C. & S. — Chamisso, Adalbert von, and

Schlechtendal, D.F.L. von.
Carr. — Carriere, Elie Abel.
Casp. — Caspary, Robert.
Cass. — Cassini, Henri.
Cav. — Cavanilles, Antonio Jose.
Celak. — Celakovsky, Ladislav.
Chapm. — Chapman, Alvan Wentworth.
Chr., C.Chr. — Christensen, Carl.
Clairv. — Clairville, Joseph Phillipe de.
Clayt. — Clayton, John.
Coss. — Cosson, Ernest.
Coult. — Coulter, John Merle.
Cov. — Coville, Frederick V.

Cyrill. — Cirillo, Domenico.

Darl. — Darlington, William.

Davenp. — Davenport, George Edward.

DC. — De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus.

Dene. — Decaisne, Joseph.

Desf. — Desfontaines, Rene Louiche.

Desr. — Desrousseaux, Louis Auguste
Joseph.

Desv. — Desvaux, Augustin Nicaise.

Dietr. — Dietrich, Albert.

Dill. — Dillenius, Johann Jacob.

Dougl. — Douglas, David.

Dv.fr. — Dufresne, Pierre.

Duham. — Du Hamel du Monceau, H.L.

Dumont. — Du Mont de Courset, G.L.M.

Dumort. — Dumortier, Barthelemy C.

Eat. — Eaton, Amos.

Eggl.— Eggleston, Willard Webster.

Ehrh. — Ehrhart, Friedrich.

Ell— Elliott, Stephen.

Endl. — Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus.

Engelm. — Engelmann, George.

Farw. — Farwell, Oliver A.

F&rn. — Fernald, Merritt Lyndon.

Fisoh. — Fischer, F.E. Ludwig von.

Forst. — Forster, J.R. and George.

Fourn. — Fournier, Eugene.

Fresn. — Fresenius, J.B.G.W.

Froel. — Froelich, Joseph Aloys.

Gaertn. — Gaertner, Joseph.

Gatt. — Gattinger, Augustin.

Gaud. — Gaudichaud-Beaupre, Charles.

Germ. — Germain, Ernest.

Gilib. — Gilibert, Jean Emmanuel.

Gmel. — Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb.

Gmel., J.F. — Gmelin, Johann Friedrich.

Gmel., J.G. — Gmelin, Johann Georg.

Godr. — Godron, Dominique Alexandre.

Grab. — Grabowski, Heinrich Emanuel.

Graebn. — Graebner, Paul.

Gren. & Godr. — Grenier, Charles, and God-
ron, D.A.

Grev. — Greville, Robert Kaye.

Griseb. — Grisebach, Heinrich R.A.

Gronov. — Gronovius, Jan Fredrik.

Guss. — Gussoni, Giovanni.

H. & A. — Hooker, William Jackson, and
Arnott, G.A. Walker.

Hack. — Hackel, Eduard.

Hartm. — Hartman, Carl Johan.

Hassk. — Hasskarl, Justus Carl.

Haussk. — Haussknecht, Carl.

HBK. — Humboldt, F. Alexander von, Bon-
pland, Aime, and Kunth, C.S.

Heist. — Heister, Lorentz.

Herb. — Herbert, William.

Hitchc. — Hitchcock, Albert Spear.

Hocfist. — Hochstetter, Christian Frederich.

Hoffm. — Hoffmann, George Franz.

Hook. — Hooker, William Jackson.

Hornem. — Hornemann, Jens Wilken.

Houtt. — Houttuyn, M.

Hubb.— Hubbard, F. Tracy.

Huds. — Hudson, William.

Jacq. — Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph.

Jord. — Jordan, Alexis.

Jkss. — Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de.

Juss., B. — Jussieu, Bernard de.

Karst. — Karsten, Hermann.

Koel. — Koeler, George Ludwig.

Krock. — Krocker, Anton Johann.

Ktze. — Kuntze, Otto.

L. — Linnaeus, Carolus, or Linne, Carl von.

L.f. — Linne, Carl von (the son).

Laestad. — Laestadius, Lars Levi.

Lag. — Lagasca, Mariano.

hall. — Ave-Lallemant, J.L.E.

Lam. — Lamarck, J.B.A.P. Monnet.

Lamb. — Lambert, Aylmer Bourke.

Laxm. — Laxmann, Eric.

Leavenw. — Leavenworth, Melines C.

Ledeb.- — Ledebour, Carl F. von.
Lehm. — Lehmann, J.G.C.

Lesp. & Thev. — Lespinasse, Gustave, and
Theveneau, A.

Less. — Lessing, Christian Friedrich.

Leyss. — Leysser, Frederich Wilhelm.

L'Her.— L'Heriter, de Brutelle, C.L.

Lightf. — Lightfoot, John.

Lindl. — Lindley, John.

Lodd. — Loddiges, Conrad.

Loisel. — Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, J.L.A.

Loud. — Loudon, John Claudius.

Lour. — Loureiro, Juan.

Macb. — Macbride, J. Francis.

Mack. — Mackenzie, Kenneth Kent.

MacM. — MacMillan, Conway.

Marsh. — Marshall, Humphrey.

Maxim. — Maximowicz, Carl Johann.

Medic. — Medicus, Friedrich Casimir.

Meisn. — Meisner, Carl Friedrich.

Merr. — Merrill, Elmer D.

Mert. & Koch. — Mertens, Franz Karl, and
Koch, Wilhelm Daniel Heinrich.

Mett. — Mettenius, Georg Heinrich.

Mey. — Meyer, Ernest Heinrich F.

Mey., C.A. — Meyer, Carl Anton.

Mey., G.F.W. — Meyer, Georg Friedrich
Wilhelm.

Mich. — Micheli, Pier' Antonio.

Michx. — Michaux, Andre.

Michx.f. — Michaux, Francois Andre.

Mill.— Miller, Philip.

Moq. — Moquin-Tandon, Alfred.

Muell. Arg. — Mueller, Jean (of Aargau).

Muench. — Muenchhausen, Otto Freiherr

von.
Muhl. — Muhlenberg, H.E.
Murr. — Murray, Johann Andreas.
Neck. — Necker, Noel Joseph de.
Nees — Nees von Esenbeck, Christian

Gottfried.
Nees & Eberm. — Nees von Esenbeck, T.F.

L., and Ebermaier, K.H.
Newm. — Newman, Edward.
Nieuivl. — Nieuwland, Julius Arthur.
Nutt. — Nuttall, Thomas.
Pall. — Pallas, Peter Simon.
Pari. — Parlatore, Filippo.
Pers. — Persoon, Christian Hendrik.
Peterm. — Petermann, Wilhelm Ludwig.
Planch. — Planchon, Jules Emile.
Plum. — Plumier, Charles.
Poir. — Poiret, Jean Louis Marie.
Poll. — Pollich, Johann Adam.
R. & P. — Ruiz, Lopez Hipolito, and Pavon,

Josef.
R. & S. — Roemer, J.J., and Schultes,

August.
Raf. — Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C.S.
Rehd. — Rehder, Alfred.
Reichenb. — Reichenbach, H.G.L.
Richards. — Richardson, John.
Rivin. — Rivinius, August Quirinus.
Rodr. — Rodriguez, Jose Demetrio.
Roem. — Roemer, M.J.
Rostk.— Rostkovius, F.W.G.
Rottb. — Rottboell, Christen Fries.
Rupp. — Ruppius, Heinrich Bernhard.
Rupr. — Ruprecht, Franz J.
Rydb. — Rydberg, Per Axel.
Salisb. — Salisbury, Richard Anthony.
Sarg. — Sargent, Charles Sprague.
Schk. — Schkuhr, Christian.
Schleich. — Schleicher, J.C.
Schleid. — Schleiden, Matthias Jacob.
Schneid. — Schneider, Camillo.
Schrad. — Schrader, Heinrich Adolph.
Schreb. — Schreber, Johann D.C. von.
Schwein. — Schweinitz, Lewis David de.
Scop. — Scopoli, Johann Anton.
Scribn. — Lamson-Scribner, Frank.
Ser. — Serin ge, Nicolas Charles.
Shuttlw. — Shuttleworth, Robert.
Sibth. — Sibthorp, John.
Sieb. & Zucc. — Siebold, P.F. von, and

Zuccarini, J.G.
Sm. — Smith, James Edward.
Sin., J. — Smith, John.
Sm., J.D. — Smith, John Donnell.

Sm., J.G. — Smith, Jared Gage.

Soland. — Solander, Daniel.

Spreng. — Sprengel, Kurt.

Sternb. — Sternberg, Caspar.

Steud. — Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb.

St. Hil. — St. Hilaire, Auguste de.

Sudw. — Sudworth, George B.

Sulliv. — Sullivant, William Starling.

Sw. — Swartz, Olaf.

T. & G. — Torrey, John, and Gray, Asa.

Thunb. — Thunberg, Carl Pehr.

Tidestr. — Tidestrom, Ivar.

Ton: — Torrey, John.

Tourn. — Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de.

Traut. — Trautvetter, Ernest Rudolph.

Trel. — Trelease, William.

Trev. — Treviranus, Christian Ludolf.

Triyi. — Trinius, Karl Bernhard.

Tucker~m. — Tuckerman, Edward.

Turcz. — Turczaninow, Nicolaus.

Undemv. — Underwood, Lucien Marcus.

Vaill. — Vaillant, Sebastien.

Vent. — Ventenat, Etienne Pierre.

Vict. — Marie-Victorin.

Vill. — Villars, Dominique.

Wahlb.— Wahlberg, Pehr Frederik.

Wahl. — Wahlenberg, Georg.

Waldst. & Kit. — Waldstein, F.A. von, and

Kitaibel, P.
Wa/flr .—Wallroth, K.F.W.
Walp. — Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard.
Walt.— Walter, Thomas.
Wang. — Wangenheim, F.A.J, von.
Wats. — Watson, Sereno.
Wats. E. E. — Watson, Elba Emanuel.
Wendl. — Wendland, Johann Christoph.
Wettst. — Wettstein, Richard von.
Wieg. — Wiegand, Karl M.
Willd. — Willdenow, Carl Ludwig.
Wimm. — Wimmer, Friedrich.
With. — Withering, William.
Wormsk. — Wormskiold, M. von.
W ulf.— Wulfen, Franz Xavier.

Key to the Families'

(Carried out, in some cases, to genera. The numbers preceding the fam-
ily and generic names refer to their sequence in the class to which they
belong.)

PTERIDOPHYTA

Plants without true flowers, reproducing by spores (without embryos) ; fernlike, moss-
like, rushlike, or aquatic plants.
A. Plants floating, with small, 2-ranked leaves; sporocarps borne on the under side

of the stem Salviniaceae, p. 59.

A. Plants terrestrial or submerged, not floating B.

B. Stems conspicuously grooved and jointed, their nodes covered by toothed

sheaths; sporangia borne on the scales of terminal, dry, conelike spikes

Equisetaceae, p. 59.

B. Stems not conspicuously grooved, without sheathing joints C.

C. Leaves closely imbricated, short or long-linear (from a cormlike base);
sporangia sessile, axillary.
Stem short, cormlike; leaves linear, in a rosette; sporangia borne in a cavity

on the inner side of the leaf-base Isoetaceae, p. 66.

Stem elongate, creeping or branching; leaves very short, crowded or imbri-
cated.
Plants small and mosslike; spores of two sizes. . . . Selaginellaceae, p. 65.

Plants not resembling mosses ; spores all of one size

Lycopodiaceae, p. 63.

C. Leaves (fronds) not closely imbricated D.

D. Leaves (fronds) 4-foliolate, cloverlike ; aquatic Marsileaceae, p. 102.

D. Leaves (fronds) not 4-foliolate, broad, flat, fernlike, more or less pin-
nately or ternately divided or entire; terrestrial E.
E. Sterile and fertile fronds flat, entire; the fertile ones ending in long-
stalked, simple spikes Ophioglossaceae, p. 37.

E. Sterile and fertile fronds not entire F.

F. Fertile fronds or fertile portions of the fronds conspicuously unlike

the sterile; sporangia not on the lower surface of green leaves G.

G. Rootstock almost none; the solitary (rarely 2) fronds appearing to

rise from a cluster of fleshy roots; lower segments sterile, the

upper ones fertile and bearing 2-ranked, globular sporangia.

Botrychium, p. 38.

G. Rootstock well developed, elongate or stout, the roots fibrous; fronds
numerous H.
H. Sporangia globose, thin-walled, 2-valved, densely crowded, not

2-ranked Osmundaceae, p. 40.

H. Sporangia within firm, 2-ranked, globose and distinct or connected

in beadlike segments Onoclea, p. 45.

F. Fertile fronds or segments essentially like the sterile; sporangia borne
on the lower surface or on the margins of green segments.

POLYPODIACEAE, p. 42.

SPERMATOPHYTA

Plants with true flowers containing stamens or pistils or both, reproducing by seed
(containing an embryo).
Ovules not in a closed ovary; trees and shrubs with needlelike or scalelike, mostly
evergreen leaves; flowers monoecious or dioecious (Gymnosperms) .

1 See Introduction, p. 13.

(25)

26 Key to the Families

GYMNOSPERMAE

Flowers solitary, axillary; seed solitary, enveloped in a pulpy disk (berry-
like) 5. Taxaceae, p. 66.

Flowers borne in catkins; fruit a cone or a several-seeded berry

6. Pinaceae, p. 66.

Ovules borne in a closed ovary which, at maturity, becomes the fruit; herbs or
woody plants, with broad or narrow, evergreen or deciduous leaves (Angio-
sperms) J.

ANGIOSPERMAE

J. Embryo with a single cotyledon; early leaves always alternate (leaves some-
times whorled), mostly parallel-veined (net-veined in Araceae and Dios-
coreaceae; parts of the flower in threes or sixes, never in fives; stems with-
out a central pith or ringlike layers, but with woody fibers distributed
through them ; our species, except in the genus Smilax, herbaceous ( Monocoty-
ledons) K.

MONOCOTYLEDONEAE

K. Plant scarcely differentiated into stem and leaf, small, usually lens-shaped,

ellipsoid or oblong; free-swimming aquatics without true leaves

24. Lemnaceae, p. 279.

K. Plant with stem and leaves L.

L. Perianth free from the ovary or none M.

M. Perianth lacking, or of scalelike or bristle-form divisions N.

N. Flowers enclosed or subtended by scales (glumes) ; plants grasslike,
with jointed stems, sheathing leaves, and 1-seeded fruit.
Stems hollow, round or flattened; leaf sheaths split; anthers attached

at the middle 19. Gramineae, p. 93.

Stems solid, usually more or less triangular; leaf sheaths not split;

anthers attached at the base 20. Cyperaceae, p. 181.

N. Flowers not enclosed in scales (though sometimes in involucrate
heads) O.
O. Plants immersed aquatics, branching and leafy, the upper leaves
often floating.

Leaves opposite or ternate; pistils solitary, naked

12. Najadaceae, p. 84.

Leaves alternate or 2-ranked; pistils aggregated into heads or
clusters.
Fruit in heads, the nutlets composing it tightly compact, with

prominent, conical style bases mostly 2-4 mm long

10. Sparganiaceae, p. 72.

Fruit in clusters; nutlets not tightly compact, the style bases
usually short or very slender

11. POTAMOGETONACEAE, p. 75.

O. Plants terrestrial or of a marsh habitat.

Leaves petiolate, the blades net-veined 23. Araceae, p. 277.

Leaves not petiolate, linear or sword-shaped, parallel-veined P.
P. Flowers monoecious or dioecious.

Flowers and fruit in a cylindrical spike. . .8. Typhaceae, p. 71.
Flowers and fruit in heads.

Heads spheroidal, pubescent, involucrate

30. Eriocaulaceae, p. 283.

Heads globose, glabrous, not involucrate

10. Sparganiaceae, p. 72.

Key to the Families 27

P. Flowers perfect.

Plants with flowers in a dense spike (4-7 cm long), borne on the

margin of a long, 2-edged scape; rhizome aromatic

694. Acorus, p. 277.

Plants not as above, the flowers not in spikes; rhizomes not
aromatic.

Carpels 3-6, more or less united, separating at least when

ripe 14. Juncaginaceae, p. 85.

Carpels 3, completely united, not separating at maturity.

36. Juncaceae, p. 290.

M. Perianth always present, herbaceous or colored, neither scalelike nor
bristle-form Q.

Q. Pistils numerous, in a head or ring 15. Alismaceae, p. 86.

Q. Pistil one, compound (cells or placentae mostly 3) R.
R. Stamens 3.

Flowers racemose or spicate 14. Juncaginaceae, p. 85.

Flowers in dense, scaly heads 29. Xyridaceae, p. 282.

Flowers cymose 36. Juncaceae, p. 290.

R. Stamens 4 1119. Maianthemum, p. 318.

R. Stamens 6 S.

S. Stamens all alike and fertile.

Ovary of 3-6 carpels, separating at maturity

14. Juncaginaceae, p. 85.

Ovary not deeply cleft (often angled or lobed).
Divisions of the perianth alike or nearly so.

Plants rushlike; perianth small, greenish or purplish brown.

36. Juncaceae, p. 290.

Plants not rushlike 38. Liliaceae, p. 303.

Divisions of the pedianth unlike; the 3 sepals green and 2 or
more of the petals colored.
Stem leaves ovate or oblong, in a whorl of 3; flowers solitary,

terminal 1138. Trillium, p. 321.

Stem leave of a linear type, not in whorls; flowers in umbels. .

33. Commelinaceae, p. 283.

S. Stamens dissimilar, or only 3 with fertile anthers.

Perianth of 6 yellow, petaloid segments

Erythronium americanum, p. 314.

Perianth of 3 herbaceous sepals and 2 or 3 colored ephemeral petals

(petals rarely white) 33. Commelinaceae, p. 283.

Perianth tubular, 6-lobed, mostly colored

34. PONTEDERIACEAE, p. 287.

L. Perianth present, adnate to the ovary.

Stamens 1 or 2; flowers irregular; seeds many.... 50. Orchidaceae, p. 335.
Stamens 3 or more; flowers mostly regular or nearly so.

Plants immersed aquatics 17. Hydrocharitaceae, p. 91.

Plants terrestrial.
Flowers dioecious; jjlants twining; leaves net- veined

43. DlOSCOREACEAE, p. 330.

Flowers perfect; leaves parallel-veined.

Stamens 6 40. Amaryllidaceae, p. 328.

Stamens 3; leaves 2-ranked 44. Iridaceae, 332.

Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons; leaves net-veined (except in Eryngium) ;
parts of the flower mostly in fours and fives; stems formed of bark, wood, and
pith, increasing in size by the annual addition of a new layer (rarely two) to
the outside, next to the bark (Dicotyledons.) T.

28 Key to the Families

DICOTYLEDONEAE

T. Corolla none; calyx present or lacking U.

U. Flowers monoecious or dioecious (rarely polygamous), one or both sorts in
catkins or dense heads V.
V. Staminate or pistillate (not both) flowers in catkins or catkinlike heads.
Pistillate flowers in a short catkin or catkinlike head. . . .64. Moraceae, p. 394.
Pistillate flowers single or clustered; the staminate in slender catkins (except
in Fagus) .
Leaves pinnate; pistillate flowers and fruit naked. .60. Juglandaceae, p. 365.

Leaves simple; pistillate flowers 1-3 in a cup or involucre

62. Fagaceae, p. 378.

V. Staminate and pistillate (both) flowers in catkins or catkinlike heads W.
W. Ovary many-ovuled; fruit many-seeded.

Ovary and pod 2-celled; seed not tufted 3298. Liquidambar, p. 523.

Ovary and pod 1-celled; seeds hairy-tufted 56. Salicaceae, p. 352.

W. Ovary 1- or 2-celled; cells 1-ovuled; fruit 1-seeded.

Parasitic on trees; fruit a berry 67. Loranthaceae, p. 402.

Trees and shrubs, not parasitic.

Calyx regular in fertile flower, succulent in fruit. . . .64. Moraceae, p. 394.
Calyx none or rudimentary and scalelike.

Style and stigma simple ; leaves palmately angled or lobed

124. Platanaceae, p. 523.

Styles or long stigmas 2.

Pistillate flowers 2 or 3 at each scale of the catkin

61. Betulaceae, p. 373.

Pistillate flowers single under each scale; nutlets naked, drupelike

57. Myricaceae, p. 365.

U. Flowers not in catkins X.

X. Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2 (rarely 3 or 4) ovules Y.
Y. Pistil composed of more than one carpel; carpels distinct or nearly so.

Stamens insterted on the calyx; leaves with stipules. .126. Rosaceae, p. 524.
Stamens inserted on the receptacle.

Leaves punctate with transparent glands 3990. Zanthoxylum, p. 632.

Leaves not punctate with glands.

Calyx present, usually colored or petal-like

91. Ranunculaceae, p. 454.

Calyx none; flowers in a spike 52. Saururaceae, p. 352.

Y. Pistil simple or compound but without distinct carpels Z.
Z. Ovary free from the calyx, which is sometimes lacking a.
a. Stipules (ocreae) sheathing the stem at the nodes.

Calyx none ; trees 124. Platanaceae, p. 523.

Calyx present, commonly petal-like; herbs. .77. Polygonaceae, p. 405.
a. Stipules not sheathing the stem or lacking b.
b. Herbs c.

c. Plants aquatic, submerged or nearly so.

Leaves whorled, dissected; style 1...89. Ceratophyllaceae, p. 4:">4.

Leaves opposite, entire; styles 2; ovary 4-celled

148. Callitrichaceae, p. 646.

c. Plants not aquatic d.

d. Styles 10; ovary and berry 10-celled. .83. Phytolaccaceae, p. 433.
d. Style, if any, and stigma 1.

Flowers unisexual; ovary of the fertile flowers 1-celled

65. Urticaceae, p. 397.

Flowers perfect; pods 2-celled, 2-seeded

2883. Lepidum, p. 487.

Key to the Families 29

d. Styles 2 or 3 or branched; ovary 1-4 celled e.

e. Leaves palmately lobed or divided, the terminal ones sometimes

simple 64. Moraceae, p. 394.

e. Leaves not palmately lobed or divided f.

f. Ovary and capsule 3-celled; juice usually milky

147. EUPHORBIACEAE, p. 636.

f. Ovary 1-celled; juice not milky g.

g. Leaves stellate-pubescent beneath

4350. Crotonopsis, p. 638.

g. Leaves not stellate-pubescent beneath.

Stipules scarious 2475. Paronychia, p. 442.

Stipules none.
Leaves opposite.

Flowers in heads or spikes, these often panicled;

anthers 1-celled 79. Amaranthaceae, p. 427.

Flowers sessile in the forks of a branching inflores-
cence 2483. Scleranthus, p. 444.

Leaves alternate.

Flowers and bracts scarious

79. Amaranthaceae, p. 427.

Flowers small, chiefly greenish, no scarious bracts. . . .
78. Chenopodiaceae, p. 418.

b. Trees or shrubs.
Leaves opposite.

Fruit 1-celled, a single samara 243. Oleaceae, p. 751.

Fruit 2-celled, a double samara 163. Aceraceae, p. 654.

Fruit 3-celled, not winged 169. Rhamnaceae, p. 659.

Leaves alternate.

Ovary 3-celled 169. Rhamnaceae, p. 659.

Ovary 1- or 2-celled.

Styles and stigmas 2 63. Ulmaceae, p. 390.

Style and stigma 1.

Anthers opening lengthwise 214. Thymelaeaceae, p. 694.

Anthers opening by uplifted lids 102. Lauraceae, p. 480.

Z. Ovary inferior or so closely and permanently invested by the calyx as to
appear so.
Plants parasitic on the branches of trees 67. Loranthaceae, p. 402.

Plants not parasitic on trees.

Plants aquatic 225. Haloragidaceae, p. 710.

Plants not aquatic.

Herbs with calyx colored like a corolla.

Leaves opposite, simple 80. Nyctaginaceae, p. 432.

Leaves alternate.

Leaves simple 2112. Comandra, p. 402.

Leaves compound 3381. Sanguisorba, p. 573.

Trees or shrubs.

Leaves scurfy 215. Elaeagnaceae, p. 695.

Leaves not scurfy.

Style 1; flowers solitary, in pairs or in umbel-like clusters

6151. Nyssa, p. 728.

Styles 2 123. Hamamelidaceae, p. 533.

X. Ovary or its cells containing many ovules h.
h. Calyx none; ovary and fruit naked.

Aquatic herbs 113. Podostemaceae, p. 512.

Shrubs or trees 123A. Altingiaceae, p. 533.

h. Calyx present j.
j. Ovary superior k.

k. Ovaries 2 or more, separate 91. Ranunculaceae, p. 454.

30 Key to the Families

k. Ovary single m.

m. Ovary 5-celled, 5-beaked; leaves scattered

. . . . 3173. Penthorum, p. 514.

m. Ovary 3-5-celled; leaves opposite or whorled

84. Aizoaceae, p. 434.

m. Ovary 1- or 2-celled.

Leaves compound 91. Ranunculaceae, p. 454.

Leaves simple.

Style 1 216. Lythraceae, p. 695.

Styles 2-5 87. Caryophyllaceae, p. 435.

j. Ovary and pod inferior.

Ovary 1-celled; stamens 8-10 3199. Chrysosplenium, p. 519.

Ovary 4-celled; stamens 4 5793. Ludwigia, p. 700.

Ovary 6-celled; stamens 6-12 74. Aristolochiaceae, p. 403.

T. Corolla and calyx both present n.
n. Corolla of separate petals o.

o. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10 (rarely 9 or 10 in Polanisia) , and
more than twice as many as the sepals or calyx lobes p.
p. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils q.
q. Pistils several or many, wholly distinct or united at the base into a strongly
lobed or several-beaked ovary r.

r. Aquatic plants with peltate leaves 88. Nymph aeaceae, p. 450.

r. Terrestrial plants.
Plants climbing.

Leaves alternate 94. Menispermaceae, p. 477.

Leaves opposite 2542. Clematis, p. 463.

Plants not climbing.

Filaments of stamens united into a tube 175. Malvaceae, p. 666.

Filaments not united.

Stamens on the calyx 126. Rosaceae, p. 524.

Stamens on the receptacle or disk.
Trees or shrubs.

Sepals and petals imbricated; fruit aggregate

95. Magnoliaceae, p. 478.

Sepals and petals valvate ; fruit not aggregate

98. Annonaceae, p. 479.

Herbs; inflorescence simple; pistils several, simple

91. Ranunculaceae, p. 454.

q. Pistils strictly one as to ovary; the styles or stigmas may be several s.

s. Leaves punctate with translucent dots 187. Hypericaceae, p. 671.

s. Leaves not punctate t.
t. Ovary simple, 1-celled.

Ovules 2 126. Rosaceae, p. 524.

Ovules many.

Leaves 2- or 3-ternately compound or dissected

91. Ranunculaceae, p. 454.

Leaves peltate, lobed 2558. Podophyllum, p. 475.

t. Ovary compound.
Ovary 1-celled.
Sepals 2 (rarely 3), caducous; sap milky or colored; placentae

parietal 104. Papaveraceae, p. 481.

Sepals 2 ; sap watery ; placentae central

85. PORTULACACEAE, p. 434.

Sepals 4; sap watery; placentae parietal. .107. Capparidaceae, p. 510.

Sepals 3 or 5, persistent; sap watery; placentae parietal

193. Cistaceae, p. 677.

Key to the Families 31

Ovary several-celled.

Calyx valvate in the bud.

Herbs or rarely shrubs; stamens united; anthers 1-celled

175. Malvaceae, p. 666.

Trees ; anthers 2-celled 174. Tiliaceae, p. 665.

Calyx imbricate in the bud.

Leaves tubular with a flange at the top, radical

110. Sarraceniaceae, p. 511.

Leaves petiolate, mostly peltate or flattish; plants aquatic

88. Nymphaeaceae, p. 450.

p. Calyx more or less adherent to a compound ovary.
Ovary 7-30-celled.

Cells many-ovuled ; aquatic herbs 88. Nymphaeaceae, p. 450.

Cells 10, each 1-ovuled; shrubs or trees 3343. Amelanchier, p. 531.

Ovary 6-celled 2170. Asarum, p. 403.

Ovary 1-5-celled.

Plants without leaves (in the popular sense), more or less spiny; petals

many, yellow 210. Cactaceae, p. 694.

Plants with leaves.

Sepals or calyx lobes 2; ovules arising from the base of a 1-celled ovary. .

85. PORTULACACEAE, p. 434.

Sepals or calyx lobes more than 2.

Leaves opposite; stipules none 117. Saxi frag ace ae, p. 514.

Leaves alternate.

Stipules present 126. Rosaceae, p. 524.

Stipules none; shrubs 241. Styracaceae, p. 751.

o. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals u.

u. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them.

Ovaries 3-6, separate; herbaceous vines (rarely woody in Indiana)

94. Menispermaceae, p. 477.

Ovary only one.
Ovary 2-4-celled.

Calyx lobes minute or obsolete; petals valvate 170. Vitaceae, p. 661.

Calyx 4- or 5-cleft; petals involute 169. Rhamnaceae, p. 659.

Ovary 1-celled.

Anthers opening by uplifted lids 93. Berberidaceae, p. 475.

Anthers not opening by uplifted lids.

Style 1, unbranched; stigma 1 237. Primulaceae, p. 744.

Styles, style branches or stigmas more than 1.

Sepals or calyx lobes 2 85. Portulacaceae, p. 434.

Sepals or calyx lobes 3-5 4350. Crotonopsis, p. 638.

u. Stamens not of the same number as the petals or if of the same number
alternate with them v.
v. Calyx free from the ovary, i. e. ovary wholly superior w.
w. Ovaries 2 or more, wholly separate or somewhat united x.

x. Stamens united with each other and with a large thick stigma com-
mon to the 2 ovaries 248. Asclepiadaceae, p. 764.

x. Stamens free from each other and from the pistils y.
y. Stamens on the receptacle, free from the calyx.

Leaves punctate with translucent dots 137. Rutaceae, p. 632.

Leaves without translucent dots.

Trees 4124. Ailanthus, p. 632.

Herbs.

Ovaries or lobes of the ovary 2-5, with a common style.

Ovary 2- or 3-lobed 152. Limnanthaceae, p. 647.

Ovary 5-lobed 129. Geraniaceae, p. 623.

Ovaries with separate styles or sessile stigmas

91. Ranunculaceae, p. 454.

32 Key to the Families

y. Stamens inserted on the calyx.

Plant fleshy ; stamens not twice as many as the pistils

115. Crassulaceae, p. 513.

Plant not fleshy; stamens not twice as many as the pistils.

Stipules present 126. Rosaceae, p. 524.

Stipules none 117. Saxifragaceae, p. 514.

w. Ovary 1 z.

z. Ovary simple with 1 parietal placenta 128. Leguminosae, p. 582.

z. Ovary compound, as shown by the number of its cells, placentae, styles,
or stigmas A.
A. Ovai'y 1-celled.
Corolla irregular.

Petals 4; stamens 6 104A. Fumariaceae, p. 482.

Petals and stamens 5 198. Violaceae, p. 681.

Corolla regular or nearly so.
Ovule solitary.

Trees or shrubs 153. Anacardiaceae, p. 648.

Herbs 105. Cruciferae, p. 484.

Ovules more than one.

Ovules at the center or bottom of the cell.

Petals not inserted on the calyx. .87. Caryophyllaceae, p. 435.
Petals inserted on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx.

216. Lythraceae, p. 695.

Ovules on 2 or more parietal placentae.

Leaves punctate with transparent dots

187. Hypericaceae, p. 671.

Leaves with gland-tipped bristles. . .112. Droseraceae, p. 512.
Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular.
Petals 4.

Stamens essentially equal ; pod usually stipitate

107. Capparidaceae, p. 510.

Stamens unequal, 2 being shorter than the other 4; pod

sessile 105. Cruciferae, p. 484.

Petals 3 or 5.

Ovary stipitate 203. Passifloraceae, p. 693.

Ovary sessile.

Calyx 5-lobed or of 5 equal sepals

117. Saxifragaceae, p. 514.

Calyx of 3 equal or 5 very unequal sepals

193. Cistaceae, p. 677.

A. Ovary 2-several-celled B.
B. Flowers irregular C.

C. Anthers opening at the top 145. Polygalaceae, p. 633.

C. Anthers opening lengthwise.

Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of the gibbous calyx

5478. Cuphea p. 698.

Stamens 5-10 and petals hypogynous or nearly so.

Ovary 3-celled; trees or shrubs 4721. Aesculus, p. 658.

Ovary 5-celled; hero s . 168. Balsaminaceae, p. 659.

B. Flowers regular or nearly so D.

D. Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals.
Trees or shrubs.

Stamens fewer than the 4 petals 243. Oleaceae, p. 751.

Stamens more numerous than the petals

163. Aceraceae, p. 654.

Key to the Families 33

Herbs.

Petals 5 187. Hypericaceae. p. 671.

Petals 4 105. Cruciferae, p. 484.

D. Stamens just as many as or twice as many as the petals E.
E. Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell.
Herbs.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious

147. Euphorbiaceae, p. 636.

Flowers perfect and symmetrical.

Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals.

Ovary 2- or 3-celled 152. Limnanthaceae, p. 647.

Ovary 5-celled 129. Geraniaceae, p. 623.

Cells of the ovary twice as many as the sepals.

Leaves abruptly pinnate

135. Zygophyllaceae, p. 631.

Leaves simple 132. Linaceae, p. 629.

Trees or shrubs.
Leaves compound.

Leaves 3-foliolate, punctate 4069. Ptelea, p. 632.

Leaves pinnate, not punctate. . .165. Sapindaceae, p. 658.
Leaves simple.

Blades palmately veined 163. Aceraceae, p. 654.

Blades pinnately veined.
Leaves alternate.

Shrubs, climbing 4625. Celastrus, p. 653.

Shrubs, erect 157. Aquifoliaceae, p. 651.

Leaves opposite 158. Celastraceae, p. 653.

E. Ovules, and usually seed, several or many in each cell F.
F. Leaves compound.

Trees or shrubs 161. Staphyleaceae, p. 654.

Herbs; leaves alternate or all radical

130. OXALIDACEAE. p. 626.

F. Leaves simple.

Stipules present between opposite leaves

189. Elatinaceae, p. 677.

Stipules none when the leaves are opposite.
Style 1.

Stamens free from the calyx 233. Ericaceae, p. 733.

Stamens inserted on the calyx. .216. Lythraceae, p. 695.
Styles 2-5 or splitting into 2 in fruit.

Stamens free from the calyx; leaves opposite

87. Caryophyllaceae, p. 435.

Stamens inserted on the calyx.. 233. Ericaceae, p. 733.
v. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half G.

G. Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs. .275. Cucurbitaceae, p. 892.
G. Tendrils lacking H.

H. Ovules and seed only 1 in each cell.
Stamens 5 or 10.
Trees or shrubs.

Leaves simple, not prickly 3345. Crataegus, p. 533.

Leaves compound or prickly 227. Araliaceae, p. 712.

Herbs.

Fruit dry, splitting at maturity; styles 2

228. Umbelliferae, p. 714.

Fruit berrylike; styles 2-5, separate or united

227. Araliaceae, p. 712.

Stamens 2, 4 or 8.

Style and stigma 1; fruit a drupe 229. Cornaceae, p. 728.

34 Key to the Families

Styles or stigmatic branches or sessile stigmas usually more than 1;
fruit not a drupe.

Shrubs or trees 123. Hamamelidaceae, p. 523.

Herbs.

Style 1; stigma 2-4 lobed 224. Onagraceae, p. 699.

Styles or sessile stigmas 4 225. Haloragidaceae, p. 710.

H. Ovules and seed more than 1 in each cell.
Ovary 1-celled.

Sepals or calyx lobes 2 ; ovules borne at the base of the ovary

85. PORTULACACEAE, p. 434.

Sepals or calyx lobes 4 or 5; placentae 2 or 3, parietal

117. Saxifragaceae, p. 514.

Ovary 2-many-celled.

Anthers opening by pores at the apex. . .223. Melastomaceae, p. 698.
Anthers not opening by pores.

Stamens inserted on or about a flat disk which covers the ovary.

158. Celastraceae, p. 653.

Stamens inserted on the calyx.

Style 1; stamens 4 or 8 (rarely 5) 224. Onagraceae, p. 699.

Styles 2 or 3, distinct; stamens 5 or 10

117. Saxifragaceae, p. 514.

n. Petals more or less united I.

I. Stamens more numeixms than the lobes of the corolla J.
J. Ovary 1-celled.

Placenta 1, parietal 128. Leguminosae, p. 582.

Placentae 2, parietal 104A. Fumariaceae, p. 482.

Placenta at the center or base of the ovary 241. Styracaceae, p. 751.

J. Ovary 2-celled; cells 1-ovuled 145. Polygalaceae, p. 633.

J. Ovary 3-many-celled K.

K. Stamens free from the corolla.

Style 1 ; leaves simple 233. Ericaceae, p. 733.

Styles 5 ; leaves 3-foliolate 130. Oxalidaceae, p. 626.

K. Stamens attached to the base or tube of the corolla.

Saprophytic herbs without green foliage 6169. Monotropa, p. 737.

Not saprophytic; foliage green.

Trees or shrubs; anthers mostly 2-celled.

Filaments united at the base, forming a tube 6411. Styrax, p. 751.

Filaments free from each other.

Style 1 233. Ericaceae, p. 733.

Styles 4 240. Ebenaceae, p. 751.

Herbs; anthers 1-celled 175. Malvaceae, p. 666.

I. Stamens not more numerous than the corolla lobes L.

L. Stamens of the same number as the corolla lobes and opposite them.

Corolla appendaged with scales inside; ovary 5-celled; trees or shrubs

239. Sapotaceae, p. 750.

Corolla not appendaged with scales inside; ovary 1-celled; herbs

237. Primulaceae, p. 744.

L. Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes or fewer M.
M. Ovary free from the calyx tube (superior) N.
N. Corolla regular O.

O. Stamens as many as the corolla lobes P.
P. Ovaries more than 1, or if 1, deeply lobed Q.
Q. Ovaries 2, or if 1, 2-horned.

Stamens united 248. Asclepiadaceae, p. 764.

Stamens distinct.

Stipules or stipular membrane or line between opposite leaves;

ovary 2-horned 245. Loganiaceae, p. 754.

Stipules none; ovaries 2 247. Apocynaceae, p. 760.

Key to the Families 35

Q. Ovary deeply 4-lobed.

Leaves alternate 252. Boraginaceae, p. 787.

Leaves opposite 254. Labiatae, p. 798.

P. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed R.
R. Ovary 1-celled.

Seed 1; corolla scarious 269. Plantaginaceae, p. 867.

Seed several-many.

Leaves entire, opposite 246. Gentian aceae, p. 754.

Leaves toothed, lobed, or compound.

Whole upper surface of the corolla white-bearded; leaflets 3,

entire 6543. Menyanthes, p. 760.

Corolla not conspicuously bearded; leaves, if compound, with

toothed leaflets 251. Hydrophyllaceae, p. 784.

R. Ovary 2-10-celled.

Leafless twining parasites 6968. Cuscuta, p. 770.

Leaves opposite, their bases connected by a stipular line

245. Loganiaceae, p. 754.

Leaves alternate or, if opposite, with no trace of stipules.
Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so.

Style 1 233. Ericaceae, p. 733.

Style none ; stamens attached to the base of the corolla

157. Aquifoliaceae, p. 651.

Stamens on the tube of the corolla.
Stamens 4.

Leafy-stemmed ; leaves opposite ; corolla petaloid

253. Verbenaceae, p. 795.

Acaulescent; corolla scarious. . .269. Plantaginaceae, p. 867.
Stamens 5 or rarely more.

Fruit of 2 or 4 seedlike nutlets 252. Boraginaceae, p. 787.

Fruit a few-many-seeded pod or berry.
Styles 2.
Pod few, mostly 4-seeded.. .249. Convolvulaceae, p. 770.

Pod many-seeded 251. Hydrophyllaceae, p. 784.

Style 1, often branched.

Branches of the style (or at least the lobes of the
stigma) 3.

Plants twining 7003. Ipomoea, p. 776.

Plants not twining 250. Polemoniaceae, p. 778.

Branches of the style or lobes of the stigma 2 or rarely 4,
or 1 (in Solanaceae).

Seed few, mostly 4 249. Convolvulaceae, p. 770.

Seed many 256. Solanaceae, p. 826.

O. Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes.
Stamens with anthers 4, in pairs.

Ovary 2-celled; cells several-seeded 266. Acanthaceae, p. 864.

Ovary 2-4-celled; cells 1-seeded; ovary not lobed; style apical

253. Verbenaceae, p. 795.

Ovary 4-celled, 4-lobed; style basal 254. Labiatae, p. 798.

Stamens with anthers only 2 or rarely 3.

Ovary 4-lobed 7326. Lycopus, p. 821.

Ovary 2-celled, not 4-lobed.
Herbs.

Acaulescent; corolla scarious 269. Plantaginaceae, p. 867.

Leafy-stemmed; corolla not scarious 7579. Veronica, p. 845.

Trees or shrubs 243. Oleaceae, p. 751.

N. Corolla irregular S.

S. Stamens with anthers 5.

36 Key to the Families

Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style 7118. Echium, p. 794.

Ovary not deeply lobed, many-ovuled.

Filaments or some of them woolly 7460. Verbascum, p. 834.

Filaments not woolly 7396. Hyoscyamus, p. 1087.

S. Stamens with anthers 2 or 4.
Ovules solitary in the 1-4 cells.

Ovary 4-lobed; style arising from between the lobes

254. Labiatae, p. 798.

Ovary not lobed; style from the apex.
Ovary 1-celled; fruit pointing backwards. .268. Phrymaceae, p. 866.

Ovary 2-4-celled ; fruit not pointing backwards

253. Verben aceae, p. 795.

Ovules 2-many in each cell.

Ovary imperfectly 4- or 5-celled 260. Martyniaceae, p. 860.

Ovary 1- or 2-celled.
Ovary 1-celled.

Parasites without green foliage, terrestrial ; stamens 4

261. Orobanchaceae, p. 860.

Not parasitic, chiefly aquatic or mud plants ; stamens 2

264. Lentibulariaceae, p. 862.

Ovary 2-celled.
Trees or woody climbers; placentae parietal. . Bignoniaceae, p. 858.
Herbs, rarely trees; placentae in the axis.

Seed (mostly numerous) not borne on hooks

257. SCROPHULARIACEAE, p. 882.

Seed (2-12) borne on hooklike processes of the placentae

266. ACANTHACEAE, p. 864.

M. Ovary adherent to the calyx tube (inferior) T.
T. Tendril-bearing herbs; anthers often united. . .275. Cucurbitaceae, p. 892.
T. Tendrils none U.

U. Stamens separate V.

V. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so, as many as its lobes;

stipules none; sap milky 276. Campanulaceae, p. 893.

V. Stamens inserted on the corolla.

Stamens 1-3, always fewer than the corolla lobes

273. Valerianaceae, p. 890.

Stamens 4 or 5; leaves opposite or whorled.
Ovary 2-5-celled.
Leaves opposite or perfoliate but never whorled, rarely provided

with true stipules 271. Caprifoliaceae, p. 878.

Leaves either opposite and stipulate, or whorled and destitute of

stipules 270. Rubiaceae, p. 870.

Ovary 1-celled ; flowers in dense involucrate heads

274. Dipsacaceae, p. 892.

U. Stamens united by their anthers, these joined in a ring or tube.

Flowers separate, not involucrate ; corolla irregular

276A. Lobeliaceae, p. 895.

Flowers in an involucrate head 280. Compositae, p. 899.

Ophioglossum Ophioglossaceae 37

PTERIDOPHYTA. Ferns and Fern Allies

Note: Ferns and their allies have always been an attractive subject of
study and many persons have made intensive studies of them and have
designated many of the minute differences by special names. No attempt
has been made here to evaluate the status of these variations and the com-
mon interpretation of them has been accepted.

In this treatment the term frond is used to mean the expanded portion of
the leaf of a fern.

[Students who wish to use the stipe to assist in the determination of the
ferns are referred to "An analytical key for the ferns of the Northeastern
States, based on the stipes," by C. E. Waters, published in 1903 and re-
published as a supplement to the American Fern Journal, vol. 18: no.
2. 1928.]

1. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Presl Adder's Tongue Family*

Sporangia cohering in a simple spike; fronds (leaves) one, rarely 2 or 3, entire;

veins reticulate 1. Ophioglossum, p. 37.

Sporangia in pinnate or compound spikes, rarely in a simple spike but not cohering;

fronds (leaves) not simple; veins free 2. Botrychium, p. 38.

1. OPHIOGLOSSUM [Tourn.] L. Adder's Tongue

Fronds mostly rounded or obtuse at the apex, rarely acute but never apiculate

1.0. vulgatum.

Fronds more or less acute at the apex and apiculate 2. 0. Engelmanni.

1. Ophioglossum vulgatum L.** Common Adder's Tongue. Map 1.
Local in various habitats in the southern half of the state. It is always found
in dense shade and most commonly associated with beech, especially in low
beech and sweet gum woods. Ordinarily it seems to prefer a slightly acid
soil. It has been found in Lake County by several collectors, where it is
evidently rather frequent. I have a specimen collected by Edwin D. Hull
near Liverpool, Lake County, which was growing under some shrubs in
almost pure sand with cranberry. Mr. Hull found more than 30 fruiting
specimens at this time at the place mentioned above. Besides the counties
shown on the map it has been reported from Crawford, Harrison, and
Wayne Counties.

Markle (Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 1915: 357. 1916) in 1914 found near
Gary, Lake County, many plants with more than one leaf. He reports "of
a total of two hundred plants, selected at random, ninety-one had one leaf
above ground, one hundred and five had two leaves, and four had three
leaves".

la. Ophioglossum vulgatum f. pseudopodum Blake. (Rhodora 15: 87.
1913.) This is a form in which the sterile blade is narrowed below into a
stalklike base a fourth to two thirds as long as the expanded portion. This
form has been found in St. Joseph County by R. M. Tryon, Jr.

P. E. I., Ont. to Alaska, south w. to Fla. and Mex. ; also in Eurasia.

* R. T. Clausen checked the determination of all my specimens and rendered
valuable help.

** For a discussion of this species and varieties see Rhodora 41:494-499. 1939.

Ophioglossaceae

Botrychium

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept

Oct

Nov.

^ i

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Map 1
■n L.

Map 2

Botrychium simplex E.Hitchcock

Map 3

Botrychium multifidum
var silaifolium (Presl) Brown

2. Ophioglossum Engelmanni Prantl. There is a fragmentary specimen
in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden which R. T. Clausen
has seen and reported in the Mem. Torrey Club 19: no. 2:140. 1938 as be-
longing to this species. Clausen in a letter to me dated June 1, 1938, con-
firms his examination of the specimen and determination. The specimen
was collected by L. M. Underwood in June, 1893, on the campus of Indiana
University.

Nw. Va., s. Ohio and 111. to Mo., southw. to cent. Fla., La., Tex., and Ariz. ;
cent, and s. Mex.

2. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. Grapefern

Fronds small, mostly 1-3 cm long, simple and roundish or pinnately 3-7-lobed

1. B. simplex.

Tronds larger, more than 3 cm long, ternate.

Fronds on long petioles (arising from near the base of the stem), bipinnate-
pinnatifid.
Sterile frond with all the segments of about the same size and shape; segments

ovate or obovate, the terminal ones not elongate

2. B. multifidum var. silaifolium.

Sterile fronds with segments of different size and shape.

Ultimate divisions of the frond cut into linear segments; segments more or less

notched at the apex 3. B. dissectum.

Ultimate divisions of the frond not dissected but variously and unevenly cut.
Divisions of the pinnae oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, more or less acute.

Segments of frond many more than 9 3a. B. dissectum var. obliquum.

Segments usually about 9 3b. B. dissectum var. tenuifolium.

Divisions of the pinnae broadly ovate and obtuse

3c. B. dissectum var. oneidense.

Fronds sessile (arising from near or above the middle of the stem), the short-
stalked primary divisions once or twice pinnate and these in turn once or twice
pinnatifid 4. B. virginianum.

1. Botrychium simplex E. Hitchcock. HITCHCOCK GRAPEFERN. Map 2.
I have seen specimens from three collections. The first was collected in
1910 by W. N. Clute along the Michigan Central Railroad near Glen Park,
Lake County. A second specimen was collected in 1929 by Marcus W. Lyon,
Jr., on the wooded border of an interdunal flat in Porter County. R. T.

Botrychium

Ophioglossaceae

Clausen has seen this specimen and confirms the identification,
was collected by J. A. Nieuwland at Dune Park, Porter County.
P. E. I. to Pa., westw. to Oreg. and Calif.

The third

2. Botrychium multifidum (Gmel.) Rupr. var. silaifolium (Presl)
Broun. (Botrychium tematum var. intermedium D. C. Eaton.) Map 3.

This report is based upon specimens collected by Marcus Lyon, Jr., and
R. M. Tryon, Jr., in the Dunes State Park, Porter County. Tryon reported
his specimens as Botrychium dissectum f. elongatum. R. T. Clausen and
E. T. Wherry have seen these specimens and refer them to this species.

Maine to Que., and B. C, southw. to N. J. and Oreg.

o 5o

Map 4

Botrychium dissectum Sprenc

50
Map 4a
Botrychium dissectum
var. obliquum (Muhl ) Clute

3. Botrychium dissectum Spreng. (Botrychium obliquum var. dissec-
tum (Spreng.) Clute.) Cutleaf Grapefern. Map 4. Local throughout
the state in either dry or moist soils. All of my specimens are from wood-
land; some are from white oak woods, some are from beech and sugar
maple woods, and one specimen was found associated with sweet gum and
white elm.

N. B. and N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Mo., Ark., and Mex.

3a. Botrychium dissectum var. obliquum (Muhl.) Clute. {Botrychium
obliquum Muhl.) Oblique Grapefern. Map 4a. Infrequent throughout
the state in wet or dry woodland. Most of my specimens were found in
low, flat woods associated with sweet gum and beech, and a few were
found in dry woodland with beech and sugar maple.

A form with less divided and oblong pinnae has been described by E. W.
Graves (Amer. Fern Jour. 22: 50-52. 1932) as Botrychium obliquum var.
oblongifolium. Graves named one of my specimens from Marion County
and one from Crawford County as belonging to this variety. Since fern
students are not agreed upon the status of this fern, I record the data
without comment.

N. B. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Mo., and Tex.

OSMUNDACEAE

Osmunda

3b. Botrychium dissectum var. tenuifolium (Underw.) Farw. I have
a specimen of this variety collected in a low woods about 3 miles northwest
of Leavenworth, Crawford County, which is referred to this variety by
both R. T. Clausen and E. T. Wherry. This variety is found chiefly in the
southern states.

3c. Botrychium dissectum var. oneidense (Gilbert) Farw. According
to Clausen's determination this variety occurs in De Kalb, Howard, Porter,
and Steuben Counties.

4. Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern. Map 5.
This is strictly a woodland species and is found in moist, rich woods of
many kinds throughout the state. For a treatment of the varieties of this
species and a key to them see Butters' discussion (Rhodora 19: 207-215.

1917).

Lab. to B. C, southw. to Fla., La., Ariz., and Wash. ; also in Mex., W. I.,

and Eurasia.

2. OSMUNDACEAE R. Br. Royal Fern Family

1. OSMUNDA [Tourn.] L.

Fronds bipinnate, the fertile ones fertile at the summit. . .1. 0. regalis var. spectabilis.
Fronds pinnate, the sterile pinnae deeply pinnatifid, the lobes generally entire.

Fertile fronds with fertile pinnae near the middle; no tuft of wool at the base of

the pinnae 2 - 0. Claytoniana.

Fertile fronds separate from the sterile ones; pinnae of sterile fronds with a tuft
of wool in the axils.
Pinnae of sterile fronds with entire segments and the fertile frond entirely fertile.

3. O. cinnamomea.

Pinnae with the basal segments on the lower side (or rarely on both sides) much
elongated and deeply and sharply toothed, other segments normal or nearly

so 3a. 0. cinnamomea f. auriculata.

Pinnae (at least some of them) of fertile fronds more or less sterile (usually the

lower ones) 3b. 0. cinnamomea f. frondosa.

Pinnae (at least some of them) of sterile fronds with lobes more or less cut or
pinnatifid 3c. 0. cinnamomea f . incisa.

Miles
56

Map 6

Osmunda regalis
var. spectabilis (Willd.)Gray

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept

Oct

Nov.

Dec.

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Map 7

Osmunda Claytoniana L

Map 8

Osmunda cinnamomea L.

Osmunda Osmundaceae 41

Supplementary Key for the Separation of Sterile Fronds of Some
Species That Superficially Look Much Alike.

In my early study of ferns I was not aware that sterile fronds could be
identified. Sterile specimens of Osmunda and Pteretis much resemble each
other and I had never been able to find the last named genus until I was
able to identify the sterile specimen. Since that time I have found several
colonies and I think if all of our fern students knew how to separate these
genera that many more colonies of Pteretis would be found. Likewise
there is a possibility that sterile specimens of Woodiva?'dia virginica and
certain species of Athyrium and Dryoyteris might be confused with Os-
munda. Hence this key.

Veins simple, not forked; pinnules entire; vascular bundles in stipe 7 Pteretis.

Veins not simple, more or less forked.

Veins usually forked once ; vascular bundle in the stipe 1 ; stipe stramineous.

Sterile fronds with tufts of wool at the base of the pinnae . . Osmunda cinnamomea.

Sterile fronds without tufts of wool at the base of the pinnae

Osmunda Claytoniana.

Veins with areolae on both sides of the midrib with which simple or rarely forked

veins connect the margin; vascular bundles more than 5; stipe dark brown.

Woodwardia.

1. Osmunda regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) Gray. (Rhodora 21:
179. 1919.) (Osmunda regalis of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown,
Illus. Flora, ed. 2, not L.) Royal Fern. Map 6. Frequent in the lake area
and infrequent to local south of it. It is not especially particular as to its
habitat except that it must be a moist or wet one. It is found mostly in
low woods, about ponds and lakes, and less frequently in the open in wet
prairies.

Newf. to Sask., southw. to Fla. and Miss.

2. Osmunda Claytoniana L. Interrupted Fern. Map 7. Infrequent
to local throughout the greater part of the state. Besides the counties
shown on the map, there are reports from thirteen additional counties. It
seems to prefer the moist bases of black and white oak slopes. In the
southern part of the state it is found on the slopes of deep, wooded ravines.

Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. C., Ky., and Mo. ; a variety also in s. Asia.

3. Osmunda cinnamomea L. CINNAMON FERN. Map 8. Frequent in the
lake area, becoming infrequent to local south of it. In the lake area it is
usually common in tamarack bogs and swamps about lakes, and in the
southern part of the state it grows in low, fiat woods, associated with sweet
gum and red maple. Throughout its range it is found only in wet soil in
bogs or about ponds and marshes and rarely on shaded slopes.

Newf. to Minn., southw. to Fla., La., and N. Mex. ; also in Mex., S. A.,
W. I., and Eurasia.

3a. Osmunda cinnamomea f. auriculata (Hopkins) Kittredge. (Bull.
Conn. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. 48: 12. 1931.) This form has the
basal segments much elongated and deeply and sharply toothed on the
lower side or rarely on both sides. The other segments are normal or
nearly so. It has been found in Porter County by R. M. Tryon, Jr.

•12 Polypodiaceae Osmunda

3b. Osmunda cinnamomea f. fronddsa (T. & G.) Britt. (Cat. Plants of
New Jersey, p. 312. 1890.) This form has the fertile frond partly leafy,
the fertile and sterile pinnae variously intermixed. I found this unusual
form in Lagrange County and Nieuwland found it in St. Joseph County.

3c. Osmunda cinnamomea f. incisa (Huntington) Gilbert. (List North
American Ptericlophytes, pp. 13, 28. 1901.) This form usually has acutely
toothed or lobed segments. I found it in De Kalb County.

3. POLYPODIACEAE R. Br. Fern Family

Fronds conspicuously dimorphic, the fertile ones with divisions greatly contracted or
berrylike, brown when fully mature.
Sterile fronds pinnatifid, the veins netted; fertile fronds bipinnate, the divisions

berrylike 4. Onoclea, p. 45.

Sterile fronds bipinnatifid, the veins free; fertile fronds pinnate, the divisions linear,

strongly ascending 3. Pteretis, p. 44.

Fronds not conspicuously dimorphic, all green.

Sori marginal, the indusium appearing to consist of the reflexed margin of the seg-
ments of the frond or of a marginal cup.
Fronds with sporangia borne in minute cuplike indusia near the notches of the
segments, the sori separate; fronds bipinnate, the lower surface well covered

with short, erect, glandular hairs 7. Dennstaedtia, p. 50.

Fronds not as above.

Stipes stout (2-4 mm in diameter), commonly solitary, green (stramineous or

pale brown in dried specimens) 15. Pteridum, p. 57.

Stipes less than 2 mm in diameter, commonly clustered (brown to blackish).
Pinnules pubescent above and below with long, white hairs, densely so along

the margins below , 13. Cheilanthes, p. 56.

Pinnules glabrous or with a few scattered hairs.

Indusia of pinnules continuous; fronds coriaceous, pinnate or bipinnate.

12. Pellaea, p. 55.

Indusia definitely interrupted on the fanlike margin of the pinnule; fronds
delicate, branched at the summit, the branches definitely pinnate.

14. Adiantum, p. 57.

Sori dorsal, not marginal (except in Dryopteris marginalis) .

Sori and indusia (when present) more or less circular, or reniform.

Fronds pinnate, pinnules narrowly oblong-lanceolate with an auricle at the
base of the upper margin, the stipe and rachis thickly covered with scales ;
pinnules of fertile fronds contracted; sori confluent. .6. Polystichum, p. 50.
Fronds not as above.

Stipe, rachis, and lower surface of the pinnae more or less glandular-puberu-

lent; stipe and rachis deciduously chaffy 1. Woodsia, p. 43.

Stipe, rachis, and lower surface of pinnae not, or not all, more or less glandu-
lar-puberulent.
Fronds deeply pinnatifid, the divisions confluent at the base; sori naked;

blades of fronds coriaceous 16. Polypodium, p. 57.

Fronds not as above.

Indusia attached in the center or lacking, if lacking then the rachis

pubescent and chaffy 5. Dryopteris, p. 45.

Indusia attached by a broad base on the side toward the midrib and partly
under the sori, opening on the opposite side. . .2. Cystopteris, p. 43.
Sori elongated, oblong to linear, often curved.

Sori in rows parallel to the midribs of the pinnae and along the midveins of the

segments 11. Woodwardia, p. 55.

Sori not disposed as above.

Woodsia

POLYPODIACEAE

Blades of fronds simple, long-attenuate at the apex, cordate at the base, en-
tire or undulate 9. Camptosorus, p. 53.

Blades once to several times divided.

Sori straight or slightly curved; fronds mostly 10-40 cm long

10. Asplenium, p. 53.

Sori often curved over the ends of the veins; fronds mostly 35-90 cm long.
8. Athyrium, p. 51.

1. WOODSIA R. Br. Woodsia

1. Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Common Woodsia. Map 9. Infre-
quent to rare in the southern part of the state and very local northward
to the counties shown on the map. Probably not found in Indiana north
of the counties shown on the map. It no doubt occurs also in Wabash
County but I have not been able to find it. It is usually found in shallow soil
on rocky slopes. It prefers sandstone but is also found on limestone.

Cent. Maine to Wis., B. C, and Alaska, southw. to Ga., Ala., Tex.
and Ariz.

2. CYSTOPTERIS Bernh.

Fronds lanceolate, attenuate, often bulblet-bearing on the lower surface of the upper
part ; segments and teeth crowded ; rachis not winged ; pinnules mostly oblong,

very obtuse; indusium truncate on the free side, minutely glandular

1. C. btdbifera.

Fronds ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, not bulblet-bearing; segments and teeth more
distant, decurrent on the slightly margined rachis; pinnules mostly oval, more
pointed ; indusium acute or acuminate, and often lacerate on the free side, not
glandular 2. C. fragilis.

1. Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh. (Filix bulbifera (L.) Underw.)
Berry Bladder Fern. Map 10. Infrequent in the southern part of the state,
becoming very local to absent in the northern part. This species grows
only in wet places or places that are usually constantly kept moist in shady,
rocky ravines and in pockets or crevices of shaded cliffs. It is usually found
along the outlets of springs in southern Indiana. My Steuben County speci-
men was found in an old tamarack bog.

Newf. to Man., southw. to Ga., Ala., Ark., and Iowa.

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

1 D

' r^

r? ',

B L

\ HD Wl

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Map 9

g.) Torr.

"To

Map 10

Cystopteris bulbifera (L.) Bernh.

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh.

44 Polypodiaceae Cystopteris

2. Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. {Filix fragilis (L.) Underw.)
Brittle Fern. Map 11. This species prefers the deep, rich leaf mold of
beech and sugar maple and white oak woods and is frequent to common
throughout the state south of the Wabash River where woods of this kind
are found. North of the Wabash River it is infrequent to very rare. It is
absent in the southern part of the state in the areas where low, flat woods
occur. It is found in exposed places on sandstone ridges and bluffs.

Students sometimes find difficulty in distinguishing this species from
Woodsia obtusa. The stipe of the last named species is covered more or
less densely with short, stipitate glands while the stipe of Cystopteris is
entirely glabrous or with only a few glands near the summit.

The Cystopteris fragilis species complex has been restudied by C. A.
Weatherby. He has recently described a new variety to which, in my
opinion, all or most all of our specimens belong. It is described as follows :

"Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. var. protrusa Weatherby. (Rhodora
37: 373-375. 1935.) Rootstock creeping, only sparsely beset with bases
of old fronds, the growing point hardly paleaceous, produced 2-4 cm beyond
the fronds of the season ; well-developed blades nearly bipinnate-pinnatifid,
11-22 cm long, 5-11.5 cm wide, pinnae ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute,
pinnules toward the base of the pinnae deltoid-ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
subacute, usually shortly but distinctly petiolulate, deeply pinnatifid into
oblong, obtuse lobes ; in juvenile or depauperate blades less lobed and more
obtuse; indusium about 0.5 mm long, shallowly lobed or nearly entire at
apex. Southern New York, south in the piedmont and the mountains to
Alabama, west to Minnesota and Missouri."

My specimens have been examined by two fern specialists and they
agree that most of them belong to this variety and some can not be deter-
mined with certainty.

A form of this species with large, abundant sori has been named f.
magnasora Clute (Fern Bull. 9: 65. 1901).

The true species has a range to the north of Indiana. In order to refer
specimens to their correct variety and form it is usually necessary for
them to have the indusium and rootstock which most of our specimens lack.
Since it is impossible to correctly name all of our specimens I have decided
that it is best to regard all of them as belonging to a species complex and
they are so indicated on the map.

Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Ga., Ala., Kans., Ariz., and s. Calif.

3. PTERfiTIS Raf.

Rachis glabrous throughout its entire length or only glabrate above the lowest pinnae
and polished below them 1. P. nodulosa.

Rachis more or less puberulent to pubescent throughout, at least above the lowest
pinnae; rachis below the lowest pinnae usually not polished

la. P. nodulosa f . pubescens.

1. Pteretis nodulosa (Michx.) Nieuwl. (Rhodora 21: 178. 1919.)
(Onoclea Struthiopteris and Matteuccia Struthiopteris of most authors.)
Ostrich Fern. Map 12. This species is, no doubt, very local in the

Onoclea

POLYPODIACEAE

K ^Sv" I

Jan.

' ,

* A

Fe b.

- 1 — H —

Mar.
Apr.

—

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec.j-

i ' —

l L^^y^

X Br • — ^

/ Mrles

r | r j \ y\ 7

1 50

Is^y^r 1 ^ Map 12

Pteretis nodulosa (Michx ) Nieuwl,

6 ~3o
Map 12a
Pteretis nodulosa
f pubescens (Terry) Fern.

~76

Map 13

Onoclea sensibilis L

state although it may have been overlooked because of its close resem-
blance to Osmunda, cinnamomea. My specimens are mostly from alluvial
flood plains of small streams.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to Va. and Iowa.

la. Pteretis nodulosa f. pubescens (Terry) Fern. (Rhodora 37: 219.
1935.) Map 12a. This form is not well marked in Indiana.

4. ONOCLfiA L.

1. Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern. Map 13. Frequent through-
out the state in low places in woodland, about lakes, and along roadsides.

Forma obtusilobata (Schkuhr) Gilbert is a form with fronds inter-
mediate between the normal fertile and normal sterile phases, bipinnate
or nearly so, the pinnules flat and nearly free-veined, rarely partly fertile.
This form has been found in Porter County by R. M. Tryon, Jr., who says
it is not infrequent in meadows that have been mowed in the early part of
the year. There is a specimen from Porter County in the herbarium of
the University of Notre Dame.

A form with the frond fertile, or somewhat so, on one side and sterile on
the other is forma hemiphyllddes (Kiss & Kummerle) Weatherby (Amer.
Fern Jour. 26 : 16. 1936) . This form was found on the right of way of the
Chicago, South Shore, and South Bend Railroad near Tremont, Porter
County. The right of way was mowed earlier in the year.

Newf. to Sask., southw. to Fla. and Okla.

5. DRYOPTERIS Adans.

Indusia lacking; blades of fronds triangular or ternate.

Blades ternate with the divisions nearly equal and petiolate, glabrous; rachis wing-
less. (See excluded species no. 2, p. 1019.) D. Linnaeana.

Blades bipinnatifid ; pinnae sessile and more or less decurrent on the rachis.

Fronds as wide as or wider than long, usually light green, finely puberulent or
glandular beneath; veins of the pinnules on the lowest pair of pinnae several
times forked 1. D. hexagonoptera.

46 POLYPODIACEAE Dryopteris

Fronds longer than wide, dark green, more coarsely pubescent beneath and with

prominent brown scales along the rachis; veins of the pinnules on the lowest

pair of pinnae simple or once forked. (See excluded species no. 3, p. 1019.)

D. Phegopteris.

Indusia present; blades of fronds not triangular or ternate.

Rootstocks creeping; veins simple or once forked; fronds lanceolate in outline.
Lowest pinnae gradually decreasing in size toward the base; the lowest usually

less than 1 cm long; veins simple; indusia glandular 2. D. noveboracensis.

Lowest pinnae scarcely smaller than the middle ones.

Veins of sterile fronds generally forked; sori crowded; indusia without glands.

3. D. Thelypteris var. pubescens.

Veins simple; sori distant; indusia glandular. (See excluded species no. 4,

p. 1020.) D' simulata.

Rootstocks short, suberect; fronds cespitose, never pubescent, their veins, at least
the lowest, more than once forked.

Sori marginal 4. D. marginalis.

Sori not marginal.

Pinnae widest above the base; basal scales of stipe dark chestnut color; sori
mostly 3-7 pairs; the largest fern of the genus (in Indiana) . .5. D. Goldiana.
Pinnae widest at the base; basal scales of stipe not so dark colored as the
preceding.
Surface of indusium glabrous.
Fronds bipinnatifid or pinnate.

Basal scales of stipe lance-linear, caudate-attenuate; segments with
parallel sides, serrate at the rounded apex and obscurely so, if at
all, on the sides, the teeth rarely somewhat spinulose; sori usually
on the lower half of the segment. (See excluded species no. 5,

p. 1020.) D. Filix-mas.

Basal scales of stipe wider; teeth of segments more or less spinulose;

sori not restricted to the lower half of the segment.

Fronds linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline; pinnae 5-8 cm long,

triangular-oblong or the lowest pair somewhat triangular-ovate,

usually the lower half of the frond conspicuously decreasing in

size toward the base 6. D. eristata.

Fronds wider; pinnae 8-15 cm long, oblong-lanceolate, the lower half

of the frond not decreasing in size toward the base

6a. D. eristata var. Clintoniana.

Fronds bipinnate, tripinnate, or tripinnatifid, segments with spinulose teeth.

Basal inferior and superior pinnules of the lowermost pinnae subopposite,

rarely more than 4 mm apart; the inferior 1-6 cm long, if more, then

twice as long as the superior; pinnules of the middle pinnae often

only toothed; pinnules pinnatifid or pinnate 7. D. spinulosa.

Basal inferior and superior pinnules of the lowest pinnae remote, 0.5-2
cm wider apart; the inferior 3-10 cm long, 2-4 times as long as the
superior; pinnules pinnatifid or pinnate. (See excluded species no. 7,

p. 1020.) D. spinulosa var. americami.

Surface of indusium glandular.

Frond commonly minutely glandular especially on the rachis and rachillae,

tripinnatifid or sometimes tripinnate; pinnae slightly ascending to

divergent, the basal inferior pinnule shorter than to rarely exceeding

the second inferior one ; scales of stipe usually dark brown at base.

Mature indusium 0.8-1.4 mm wide; pinnae gradually tapering to apex.

7a. D. spinulosa var. fructuosa.

Mature indusium 0.5-0.8 mm wide; pinnae usually narrowed rather

abruptly to prolonged lance-linear tips

7b. D. spinulosa var. intermedia.

Frond not minutely glandular but more or less chaffy, bipinnate or tripin-
natifid S. D. Boottii.

Dryopteris

POLYPODIACEAE

Map 14

Dryopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) C.Chr

Map 15

Dryopteris noveboracens i s (L.) A.Gray

Map 16
• ryYptens Thelypteris

var pubescens (Lawson) A. R. Prince

1. Dryopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.) C. Chr. (Phegopteris hexagon-
optera (Michx.) Fee.) Winged Woodfern. Broad Beechfern. Map 14.
Frequent in the southern half of the state, becoming less frequent north-
ward and even rare in some of our northern counties. This is a woodland
species found in all kinds of dry soils. It is found more frequently associ-
ated with black and white oak and only occasionally with beech and sugar
maple.

Cent. Maine to w. Que. and Minn., southw. to Fla., La., Iowa, and Okla.

2. Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) A. Gray. {Aspidium noveboraceiise
(L.) Sw.) New York Fern. Map 15. This species is found only in
slightly acid soil, hence its zonal distribution. It is infrequent to local in
the northern part of the state where it usually occurs in black and white
oak woods. It is rare or absent in the Tipton Till Plain, becoming infre-
quent to frequent southward in the hard, white clay soil of beech and
sweet gum woodland. In the southern part of the state is is usually closely
associated with beech.

Newf. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Ark.

3. Dryopteris Thelypteris (L.) A. Gray var. pubescens (Lawson) A. R.
Prince. {Aspidium Thelypteris of Gray, Man., ed. 7, not Sw. ; Dryopteris
Thelypteris of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, not A. Gray; and
Thelypteris palustris of authors, not Schott.) Marshfern. Map 16.
Common in the lake area and infrequent south of it. In the lake area it is
common in tamarack bogs, sedge marshes, and on the low borders of lakes.
South of this place it is found in springy and marshy areas.

Se. Newf., Que. to Man., southw. to Ga., Tenn., and Okla.

4. Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray. {Aspidium marginale (L.)
Sw.) Leather Woodfern. Map 17. This species is, for the most part,
restricted to the outcrops of sandstone or nearby residual soils which are
the product of sandstone in the southern part of the state. Most of my

POLYPODIACEAE

Dryopteris

<T~ "To

Map 17

Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray.

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

' "i

D
DP

r 1 -

-I

rtA

Dec C

10 B

I '

k 1 y

D 1
D t/

-1 D X \J

/ Miles

f f D

Dry

ens

Gol<

"K 70 50

if ^ / Map 18
fana (Hook.) A.Gray.

o ~~3o
Map 19

Dryopteris cristata ILJ A.Gray.

specimens are from wooded bluffs and slopes along streams. In addition
to my collections, it has been reported from Clark, Floyd, Monroe, and Vigo
Counties. It has been reported also from the dune area, and on May 30,
1935, R. M. Tryon, Jr. showed me large colonies of it on a north, wooded
slope in Memorial Park about a mile east of Michigan City. It is, without
question, a native here.

A form in which the pinnae are toothed or lobed has been named and
has been reported from Indiana. I have a few specimens with some of
the pinnae toothed but I do not think it is worth while to name such
minor fluctuations.

N. S. to B. C, southw. to Ga., Ala., Ark., Kans., and Okla.

5. Dryopteris Goldiana (Hook.) A. Gray. (Aspidium Goldianum
Hook.) Goldie Fern. Map 18. Infrequent to rare throughout the state
in deep humus, usually on the slopes of wooded ravines.

Cent. Maine to Minn., southw. to N. C, Tenn., and Iowa.

X Dryopteris Goldiana X marginalis Dowell. This hybrid was found in
Martin County by R. M. Tryon, Jr. (Amer. Fern Jour. 28: 74. 1938.)

5. Dryopteris Goldiana (Hook.) A. Gray. (Aspidium Goldianum
Crested Woodfern. Map 19. This species is restricted nearly to the lake
area where it is frequent in tamarack bogs and in low woods, usually in
masses of decaying organic matter. There are, however, reports of it
from Grant, Howard, and Monroe Counties.

Newf. to Sask., southw. to N. C.

6a. Dryopteris cristata var. Clintoniana (D. C. Eaton) Underw.
(Aspidium cristatum var. Clintonianum D. C. Eaton and Dryopteris Clin-
toniana (D. C. Eaton) Dowell.) Clinton Woodfern. My only specimens
of this fern are my no. 47776 from La Porte County and one collected by
Tryon in Porter County.

N. H. to Wis., southw. to N. C.

Dryopteris

POLYPODIACEAE

Map 20

Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F.Muell.) Wan

Map 20a
Dryopteris spinulosa
var. intermedia (Muhl.) Underw.

Map 21
Dryopteris Boottii (Tuckerm.) Underw.

X Dryopteris cristata X spinulosa C. Chr. is a closely allied form which
is represented in my collection by a single specimen. It is my no. 54091
from Lagrange County, which was determined by C. A. Weatherby.

7. Dryopteris spinulosa (0. F. Muell.) Watt. (Aspidium spinulosum
(O. F. Muell.) Sw.) (Amer. Fern Jour. 26: 65-69. 1936.) Toothed Wood-
fern. Map 20. The greater number of specimens are from the lake area
where it is usually frequent in wet woods, especially about ponds, in
tamarack bogs, and on the wet, wooded borders of lakes. Sometimes it is
found in dry woods after the water level has been lowered. This is one of
our commonest and most attractive ferns. It usually grows in clusters of
from 5 to 10 fronds.

Lab. to the Selkirks and Idaho, southw. to Va. and Ky.

7a. Dryopteris spinulosa var. fructuosa (Gilbert) Trudell. (Rhodora
28: 146. 1926.) My specimens are from tamarack bogs and very low
woods. I have no data concerning its general distribution.

7b. Dryopteris spinulosa var. intermedia (Muhl.) Underw. (Rhodora
21: 178. 1919 and Rhodora 22: 196. 1920.) (Aspidium spinulosum var.
intermedium (Muhl.) D. C. Eaton and Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl.)
Gray.) Common Woodfern. Map 20a. I have only a few specimens of
this fern although it has been reported from 10 counties not shown on the
map. It has a wide distribution in the state and seems to favor wooded
ravines.

Newf. to Wis., southw. to N. C. and Mo.

8. XDryopteris Boottii (Tuckerm.) Underw. (Aspidium Boottii Tuck-
erm.) Boott Woodfern. Map 21. I reported this fern from Noble and
Wells Counties but I now refer my specimens to other species. R. M. Tryon,
Jr. has found it in La Porte and Porter Counties. His determinations have
been checked by fern specialists. This species is regarded by some fern

POLYPODIACEAE

Polystichum

"50

Map 22
Polystichum acrostichoides

(Michx.)Schott

Map 23
Dennstaedtia punctilobula
li'chx.) Moore

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec. C

° ^~

'{*-,

i D

/ 10 T

B
D

BP _

bud

D »

B DI

T , h

1 1

B
DP

1 HO

[ '

s °

1 ° / J\

o | L^i

rJ D

K 1 '

f 1 B
1 B

As i 1

J// Miles

1 p <\Jl
Athynum p;

>J^W ^ Map 24

cnocarponlSprenglTidestr

students as a hybrid between Dryopteris cristata and Dryopteris spinulosa
var. intermedia.

N. S. to Minn., southw. to Va.

6. POLYSTICHUM Roth

1. Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. Christmas Fern. Map
22. This is a woodland species preferring the lower part of the slopes of
deep wooded ravines. It is infrequent to rare in some of the northern
counties, becoming frequent to common in the southern half of the state,
especially among the hills. In protected places in the southern part of the
state it is evergreen.

N. S. to Ont. and Wis. ; southw. to Ga. and Tex.

la. Polystichum acrostichoides f. incisum (Gray) Gilbert. (Polystichum
acrostichoides var. Schiveinitzii (Beck) Small.) I have a specimen of this
form from Daviess County. It has, however, been reported from several
other counties throughout the state.

lb. Polystichum acrostichoides f. crispum Clute. This is a form with
the margins of the pinnae crisped and ruffled. It has been found by R. M.
Tryon, Jr. in Porter County.

7. DENNSTAfiDTIA Bernh.

1. Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore. (Dicksonia punctilobula
(Michx.) Gray.) Hay-scented Fern. Map 23. This fern seems to be
rare in the state. It prefers the sandstone and shaly rocks of deep, wooded
ravines. Williamson, in "Fems of Kentucky," says it was found along
Silver Creek north of Louisville, Kentucky. It was rather common in a
rocky ravine in Turkey Run State Park. Outside of Indiana in suitable
habitats it often becomes an annoying weed in pastures.

N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Mo.

Athyrium

POLYPODIACEAE

Map 25

Athyrium thelypteroides (Michx.) Desv

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec. j-

r i

r 1

-I

1 B

"7 B

- i

D 1 S^ t

*TBa D D J

D A

/ Miles

J-

D
B

B B r

K J ■/

D U-
B 1 k^~/

r ) 8
I / » °

1 D

Athyrium asplenio

des (Mi

Map 26

:hx.) Desv.

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

UK 1

fr 1

■^z

r 1

Oec.f-

l p 1 J^i

/ Miles

Athy

ium

angusl

P\ / 50

Map 27

um(W;ild.)Presl

8. ATHYRIUM Roth

[Butters. The genus Athyrium and the North American ferns allied to
Athyrium Filix-femina. Rhodora 19 : 170-197. 1917. Pinkerton. Ferns of
Missouri. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20 : 54-57. 1933.]

Fronds pinnate.

Pinnae entire ^ A - pycnocarpon.

Pinnae deeply pinnatifid 2. A. acrostichoides.

Fronds bipinnate.

Rhizomes creeping, not densely covered with persistent bases of old fronds; stipe
usually about as long as the blade; scales of stipes very few, rarely persistent,
yellowish brown or tawny; blades widest near the base; young indusia with

glandular cilia; spores somewhat nigrescent, wrinkled 3. A. asplenioides.

Rhizomes horizontal, completely concealed by thick, fleshy bases of old fronds; stipe
about half as long as the blade; scales of stipes varying from Mars Brown
(Ridgway Standard) to nearly black; blades widest near the middle, the lower
pinnae shorter and often deflexed ; indusia toothed or short-ciliate, never glandu-
lar; spores yellow, smooth or slightly papillate.
Sori confluent at maturity and usually covering the lower side of the fertile
pinnules; fertile frond contracted.
Longest pinnae of fertile frond 5-12 cm long; pinnules 4-12 mm long; pinnules
of sterile fronds oblong, obtuse, slightly toothed or lobed. . .4. A. angustum.
Longest pinnae of fertile frond 1-2 dm long; pinnules 12-25 mm long, pinnatifid;
sori several on each of the lower segments, often horseshoe-shaped; pinnules
of sterile fronds oblong-lanceolate, strongly toothed or pinnatifid, some-
what acute 4a. A. angustum var. elatius.

Sori usually separate and distinct at maturity; fertile fronds not contracted;
pinnules lanceolate, subacute, strongly toothed or pinnatifid, the segments
toothed 4b. A. angustum var. rubellum.

1. Athyrium pycnocarpon (Spreng.) Tidestr. (Asplenium angustifol-
ium Michx. and Asplenium pycnocarpon Spreng.) Narrowleaf Spleen-
WORT. Map 24. Infrequent to frequent in southern Indiana, becoming less
frequent to rare northward. It prefers deep humus and is most commonly
found on the slopes of ravines in beech woods.

W. Que to Wis., southw. to Ga., Ala., Mo., and Kans.

POLYPODIACEAE

Athyrium

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aufc

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

) D

L j

/ D

: ' —

— i 1 ° i r^

Miles

Map 27a
Afhyrium angustum
var. elatius (Link) Butters

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec. C

3 D

11 D

D °

r 1

■r' d f p i

IBs pl J, '

/ Miles

var.

Athyrium angusturr
rubellum (Gilbert) B

3 50

Map 27b

utters

~^0

Map 28

Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link.

2. Athyrium thelypteroides (Michx.) Desv. (Asplenium acrostichoides
Sw. and Athyrium acrostichoides (Sw.) Diels.) Silvery Spleen wort.
Map 25. Infrequent in southern Indiana, becoming rare in the northern
part. It prefers a moist, deep humus soil in ravines and protected places
in beech and sugar maple or white oak woods.

N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Mo. ; also in Asia.

3. Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) Desv. Map 26. This species and
the next species and its varieties are the results of dividing an aggregate
that formerly had been designated as A. Filix-femina. For a detailed
study of this group see Butters' "Synoptical treatment of the Lady Fems
of Eastern North America" (Rhodora 19: 188-197. 1917). Butters has
gone into great detail in his study of the species and discusses "sun" and
"shade" forms. Some recent authors are disposed to regard some of the
forms as merely ecological variations. See Wiegand's comment on varieties
of the next species in "The Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin," page 32. 1926.
Pinkerton in "Ferns of Missouri" (Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20: 55. 1933)
says : "This species and A. angicstum are very difficult to distinguish. It is
often necessary to have the whole plant, fruiting and not too mature, to be
absolutely certain. I have taken the character of the spore as my ultimate
criterion."

I can not satisfactorily separate the species and their varieties and
would not publish on them were it not that C. A. Weatherby has named
nearly every one of my specimens. I hereby wish to express my appre-
ciation of the difficult task of naming so many of my specimens of this
complex.

Infrequent in the southern counties but frequent in its habitat. It
prefers a hard, white, moist, clay soil and is usually found in low, flat
woods associated with beech and sweet gum or sweet gum and pin oak.
It is also found in residual soil at the base of sandstone cliffs and in sand-
stone soil on wooded slopes.

Mass., Ohio to Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

Camptosorus Polypodiaceae 53

4. Athyrium angustum (Willd.) Presl. (Rhodora 19: 190-197. 1917.)

(Asplenium Filix-femina of most authors.) Map 27. Infrequent in moist,
rich woods throughout the state.
Lab. to Man., southw. to s. N. E., the mts. of Pa., and Mo.

4a. Athyrium angustum var. elatius (Link) Butters. Map 27a. This
variety is infrequent throughout the state and found in rich beech and
sugar maple and white and black oak woods.

Maine to Minn., southw. to R. I., N. Y., and Mo.

4b. Athyrium angustum var. rubellum (Gilbert) Butters. Map 27b.
This variety is infrequent throughout the state. The habitats of my speci-
mens are notable because of lack of uniformity. I have one specimen from
a tamarack bog and others from low, flat woods in hard, white clay soil,
dry black and white oak woods, bluffs of the Ohio River, and rich, moist
woods.

Newf. to Que., Ont., Minn., southw. to N. Y., Pa., Ohio, and Mo.

9. CAMPTOSORUS Link

1. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Walking Fern. Map 28.
Infrequent in the southern part of the state, becoming rare to absent in the
northern part. It grows in the shade in shallow soil on calcareous rocks on
rocky ledges, usually along streams. It is not usually abundant unless it is
found in deep shade and on rocks with considerable moisture.

Cent. Maine to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Ga. and Kans.

la. Camptosorus rhizophyllus f . auriculatus Clute. (Amer. Bot. 35 : 102.
1929.) This is a named form infrequently found with the species in this
state. It has the basal lobes of the leaves prolonged into slender tips.

10. ASPLENIUM L. Spleenwort

Frond long-attenuate at the apex.

Stipe greenish 1. A. pinnatifidum.

Stipe black and polished 3. A. ebenoides.

Frond not long-attenuate at the apex.

Frond pinnate; stipe and rachis polished, dark reddish brown.

Pinnules sessile, oblong or oblong-linear, mostly 10-30 mm long, and distinctly

auricled on the upper margin at the base 2. A. platyneuron.

Pinnules subsessile, roundish-oblong or oval, 3-7 mm long, not auricled on the

upper margin 4. A. Trichomanes.

Frond laxly 2-3-pinnate, ultimate segments long-cuneate at the base and finely
toothed at the apex; stipe and rachis green 5. A. cryptolepis.

1. Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt. PlNNATiFlD SPLEENWORT. Map 29.
Rare in pockets of dry soil on cliffs in the area of sandstone outcrops.
Usually closely associated with Asplenium Trichomanes but less frequent.

Se. Pa., Ohio, and Ind. to Mo., southw. to Ga.

2. Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes. Ebony SPLEEN WORT. Map 30.
Infrequent in the southern half of the state where it is restricted to the
unglaciated and sandstone areas. It probably reaches its greatest size on
shady slopes of some of the loess banks of the southwestern counties. In

POLYPODIACEAE

Asplenium

Map 29

Asplenium pinnatifidum Nutt.

Map 30

Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes.

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov

r~~

Dec.f-

i
i ' —

D .

k ( r

J Miles

plenosorus ebeno

H\ / 50
Map 31

des (Scott) Wherry

the northern half of the state it is either absent or restricted again to the
soils of sandstone outcrops and to the sand areas about Lake Michigan
where it is only local. I have never seen it except in slightly acid soil, and
when transplanted into an alkaline environment, even with great care and
in a half bushel of the soil in which it grew, it gradually disappeared in
a few years.

S. Maine to Ont., and Colo., southw. to the Gulf States and Tex.

2a. Asplenium platyneuron f. serratum (E. S. Miller) Hoffm. This is a
form with some of the pinnae more or less deeply and irregularly serrate.
I think this is merely a nutritional form. A fine example of this form was
found in Perry County by R. M. Tryon, Jr.

3. X Asplenosorus* ebenoides (Scott) Wherry. {Asplenium ebenoides
Pv. R. Scott.) Scott Spleenwort. Map 31. This fern is a hybrid between
Asplenium platyneuron and Camptosorns rhizophyllus . (Slosson. Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club. 29: 487-495. 1902.) Three colonies of this hybrid were
discovered in Lawrence County by Ralph M. Kriebel who fully described
them in Amer. Fern Jour. 23 : 52-59. 1933. Mr. Kriebel is one of the best
amateur botanists Indiana has ever had, and it is to his discriminating
collecting that we owe not only an authentic Indiana record of this hybrid
fern but also the records of three hybrid oaks and many other rare plants
of Lawrence County.

Vt. to Mo. and southw.

4. Asplenium Trichomanes L. Maidenhair Spleenwort. Map 32.
Infrequent to rare in pockets of soil on cliffs in the area of sandstone
outcrops of the state.

Nearly throughout N. A. except in the extreme northern part and in
Mex. ; also in Eurasia.

5. Asplenium cryptolepis Fern. (Rhodora 30: 41-43. 1928.) {Asplen-
ium Ruta-muraria of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus.

Amer. Fern Jour. 27: 56. 1937.

Woodwardia

POLYPODIACEAE

Map 32

Asplenium Trichomanes L.

Map 33

Asplenium cryptolepis Fern.

Map 34

Woodwardia virginica IL ) Sm.

Flora, ed. 2, not L.) American Wall-rue Spleen wort. Map 33. My only
specimens are from the rocks of the bluff of the Ohio River near Madison
and in Cliffy Falls State Park, Jefferson County. It was reported also from
Clark and Floyd Counties by the editors of the Botanical Gazette in their
list of the plants of Indiana, published in 1881. In 1939 R. M. Kriebel
found it in the eastern part of Clark County.
Vt. to n. Mich., southw. to N. C, Ala., and Mo.

11. WOODWARDIA J. E. Smith

1. Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. (Anchistea virginica (L.) Presl)
Virginia Chainfern. Map 34. This fern is infrequent to very local in the
area shown on the map. Usually where it is found it is common. It grows
in bogs and marshes. Its preferred habitat is old tamarack bogs and its
most common associate is Chamaedaphne.

The sterile fronds of this species resemble those of Osmunda, Dryopteris,
and Athyrium, but the fronds of Woodwardia may be distinguished by the
areolae in the venation along the midrib.

N. S. to Fla., La., and Ark., chiefly along the coast; also inland in the
Great Lake Region.

12. PELLAEA lank Cliffbrake

Stipe, rachis, and rachilla pubescent with long multicellular hairs, usually more or
less densely so, especially on the rachilla, scabrous to the touch. .1. P. atropurptirea.

Stipe, rachis, and rachilla glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, smooth to the touch.
2. P. glabella.

1. Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link. Purple Cliffbrake. Map 35.
Infrequent to very local in shallow soil on calcareous rocks. These rocks
usually are the perpendicular cliffs and ledges along streams but are often
small or large detached fragments at the base of cliffs. Sometimes it is
found in the seams of stratified rock outcrops only a few feet high. It
grows in both shade and sun, preferring shade of medium density. My

POLYPODIACEAE

Cheilanthes

Jan.

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct

Nov

Dec.

-, , r

ft* 1

TZri

uc S —

I / J D

J-r* : S" | ^J

BID

: 1 _b\

r >- j

Miles

^TO

Map 35

Pellaea atropurpurea (L.) Link,

o ~To
Map 36

Pellea glabella Mett.

"So

Map 37

Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx) Watt

Wabash County specimen was found about a mile southeast of Lagro on
Hanging Rock, which is 84 feet high. It is probably extinct there now
since that place has become a picnic ground.

Vt, N. Y. and n. Mich, to S. Dak., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Ariz.

2. Pellaea glabella Mett. Smooth Purple Cliffbrake. Map 36. This
species was not separated from the preceding species even in Britton and
Brown, Illustrated Flora, edition 2, published in 1913. Pickett (Amer.
Fern Jour. 4: 97-101. 1914) wrote an article entitled "A peculiar form of
Pellaea atropurpurea Link" and set forth the differences at length, but he
did not give it a name until in a later article (Amer. Fern Jour. 7: 3-5.
1917.) Butters (Amer. Fern Jour. 7: 77-87. 1917) took up the subject
and listed the specimens at the Gray Herbarium to show the range of the
two species.

This species has the habitat of the preceding but it is less frequent. Pel-
laea atropurpurea is regarded as the southern representative of the genus
in our area and has a mass distribution to the south of a line connecting
Kansas and Connecticut. Pellaea glabella is regarded as the northern
representative of the genus in our area and has its mass distribution north
of that of Pellaea atropurpurea.

Vt., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Pa., Ohio, Ind., Mo., and Okla.

13. CHEILANTHES Sw. Liffern

Fronds bipinnate, hirsute, especially beneath; hairs straightish, jointed, and often of

a rusty color, especially on the stipe 1. C. lanosa.

Fronds tripinnate, tomentose with white hairs. (See excluded species no. 10, p. 1020.)

C. tomentosa.

1. Cheilanthes lanosa (Michx.) Watt. Hairy Lipfern. Map 37. I
have found this species on the exposed cliffs along White River at the
McBride Bluffs about 5 miles north of Shoals in Martin County. I have
also found it in three places in Perry County. It is infrequent on the
stones capping the high cliffs along the Ohio River about 5 miles east of

Adiantum

POLYPODIACEAE

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov.

4 D
/ w

/ KD

T /

t f^

D
DP

" DP

r 1 -

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B B

B
I 1

B D J

\, fJ Ml1 "

K
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S D

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i/ Map 40
virginianum L

Cannelton, on the top of low, rocky ledges about 8 miles east of Cannelton,
and in the shade on a low cliff in the woods of Wm. Stahl about 3 miles
south of Mt. Pleasant. The plants were numerous here but were small
(mostly less than 2 dm high) because they grew in the shade.
Conn, to Kans., southw. to Ga. and Tex.

14. ADIANTUM [Tourn.] L.

1. Adiantum pedatum L. Maidenhair Fern. Map 38. Infrequent to
frequent throughout the state in deep humus in many kinds of soils and
with many kinds of associates. It prefers shade and shelter from wind,
hence it is most often found in protected places.

Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Ga., La., and Kans., and locally westward
to Utah and Calif. ; also in Asia.

15. PTERlDIUM Scop.

1. Pteridium latiusculum* (Desv.) Hieronymus. (Pteris aquilina of
Gray, Man., ed. 7, not L. and Pteridium aquilinum of Britton and Brown,
Illus. Flora, ed. 2, not Kuhn.) Bracken. Map 39. Infrequent but locally
common throughout the lake area in dry, sandy soil or in dry prairie habi-
tats. It is found also locally in a few of the southern counties on wooded
sandstone ridges.

Newf. to Wis., and Wyo., southw. to D. C, W. Va., 111., and Ariz.

16. POLYP6DIUM [Tourn] L.

Blades of fronds glabrous, green 1. P. virginianum,.

Blades of fronds densely scaly beneath, grayish. 2. P. polypodioides var. Michauxianum.

1. Polypoium virginianum L. (Rhodora 24: 125. 1922.) (Polypodium
vulgare of American authors, not L.) Common Polypody. Map 40.
Local on the ledges of rocks in the area of the state where outcrops of

* Variety pseudocaudatum (Clute) Maxon is now known from Crawford and Knox
Counties.

POLYPODIACEA

Polypodium

[

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

\—

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Vj-

_jL

Dec <-

—

DP
UC

B
K

B D J
"LJCJ

1 F T

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Polyp

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odioides
tar. Mic

) 50

Map 41
(L ) Watt
lauxianum Weatti

Map 42

Azolla carolmiana Wflld.

Map 43

Equisetum arvense L.

sandstone and knobstone occur. There are, however, a few reports for it
outside of this area. For example, Phinney reported it from the area
composed of Delaware, Jay, Randolph, and Wayne Counties, saying:
"Common. Moist woods". Van Gorder reported it from Noble County, say-
ing : "A common plant of moist woods". Neither of these authors report the
Christmas fern which occurs in their area, and, without doubt, their
reports for this Polypodium should be referred to Polystichum. Bradner
reported Polypodium from Steuben County but he also reported Poly-
stichum. In this instance I think he may have had a sterile specimen of
Polystichum and thought it was a Polypodium. This species was reported
from the vicinity of Lake Michigan by three authors. I have always
questioned these reports because my idea of the habitat of this species is
that of outcrops of sandstone rocks. Doubtless Buhl had the same idea
when he said (Amer. Midland Nat. 16: 250. 1935) that this report should
be deleted for lack of confirming specimens. To my great satisfaction
(because I always prefer to confirm rather than to deny a report) on May
30, 1935 through the courtesy of R. M. Tryon, Jr. I was shown a colony
of this species on a wooded dune in the Dunes State Park. Mr. Tryon has
had this colony under observation for several years and reports that it is
gradually diminishing. The plant is growing in dense shade on the north
side of a high dune which is well protected from the wind. Doubtless this
species was infrequent to frequent in the dunes before it had to compete
with fire and civilization.

Lab., Newf. to Man., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Mo.

2. Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt var. Michauxianum Weath.
(Contrib. Gray Herb. 124: 31. 1939.) (Polypodium polypodioides (L.) Watt
of recent authors.) Resurrection Fern. Map 41. Very local in a few coun-
ties in the southern part of the state. It is usually found in large mats,
clinging to almost perpendicular cliffs or on large detached fragments of
rock below the cliff. I found it once in Posey County in the crotch of a
large bur oak tree which grew on the border of one of the numerous sloughs
in the bottoms. It grew at a height of about 10 feet above the ground but

Azolla Salviniaceae 59

I did not take a specimen because I was not prepared to care for it. This
is the only specimen I have ever seen on a tree in Indiana although it is
common in this habitat in the South.

Md., 111., and Mo., sotithw. to Fla. and Tex. ; Guatemala.

4. SALVINIACEAE Reich. Salvinia Family

1. AZOLLA Lam.

1. Azolla caroliniana Willd. Water Fern. Map 42. This species is
found in stagnant water along streams, about lakes, and in dredged ditches.
It is doubtless much more frequent than our map indicates. I did not know
the species until recent years and I suspect that many collectors are not
acquainted with it. It is usually found associated with duckweeds. This
species was first reported from Indiana by Prince Maximilian in 1839. It
has been reported so far from Starke and St. Joseph Counties.

Mass., Ont. to B. C, southw. to Fla., Ariz., and Mex. ; also in tropical
Amer.

5. EQUISETACEAE Michx. Horsetail Family

1. EQUISETUM [Tourn.] L.

[Schaffner. How to distinguish the North American species of Equis-
etum. Amer. Fern Jour. 13: 33-40; 67-72. 1923. Diagnostic key to the
species of Equisetum. Amer. Fern Jour. 22 : 69-75 ; 122-128. 1932.]

J. H. Schaffner, our foremost authority on the genus Equisetum, has
seen and named all of my specimens. The following key has, for the most
part, been adapted from Schaff ner's keys.

Stems without or with little chlorophyll, unbranched at first or permanently so, always
terminating in a blunt cone.
Sheaths bright reddish brown and translucent, their teeth comparatively long,
cohering in 3 or 4 broad lobes; fertile stems finally developing whorls of com-
pound green branches; internodal ridges sometimes with rows of siliceous

spinules. (See excluded species no. 13, p. 1021.) E. sylvaticum.

Sheaths not reddish brown and translucent, their teeth not cohering in 3 or 4 broad

lobes.

Teeth of the sheaths light brown, membranous, usually soon becoming green; stems

soon developing whorls of 3-angled, green branches, with deltoid, membranous

teeth; internodal ridges sometimes with rows of spinules. (See excluded

species no. 14, p. 1021.) E. pratense.

Teeth of the sheaths dark brown, rigid, only slightly membranous at the margins ;
stems withering promptly after the spores are shed; sheaths rarely slightly

green; internodal ridges without spinules 1. E. arvense.

Stems green or with green branches, with or without cones.

Teeth of the lower sheaths of the main stem cohering in 3 or 4 broad lobes, com-
paratively long, bright reddish brown, and translucent, not deciduous; branches
of the whorls prominently compound, horizontal or often curving downward,
especially on the fertile shoots; stomata in bands; internodal ridges with or
without 2 rows of siliceous spinules; cones not apiculate. (See excluded

species no. 13, p. 1021.) E. sylvaticum.

Teeth of the sheaths of the main stem neither united in 3 or 4 broad lobes nor bright
reddish brown, deciduous or persistent.

60 Equisetaceae Equisetum

Stems usually not branched above the ground unless the plants are injured, or
the branches few, irregular and sporadic; stomata in regular rows; teeth of
the sheaths or their bristle-tips usually soon deciduous, but several species
with persistent teeth or the teeth forming pagodalike caps; cones with or
without a point.
Teeth of the sheath persistent or only their bristle-tips deciduous, white-
margined, not sharply differentiated from the sheath; sheath segments and
lower part of teeth distinctly quadricarinate; stems 5-10-grooved, erect in
tufts, evergreen; cones apiculate.
Ridges of internodes prominently biangulate (2 ridges to a sheath tooth), with
a double row of rounded tubercles.
Sheaths cylindric, tight, often crusty, partly or completely black; stems
rather large to medium, sometimes rather slender. . . .2. E. trachyodon.
Sheaths campanulate, usually discoloring tardily; stems mostly very slender

and small 3. E. variegatum.

Ridges of internodes not biangulate, with a single row of tubercles or cross

bands of silica 4. E. Nelsoni.

Teeth of the sheath soon deciduous, sharply differentiated from the sheath ; main
stem usually tall, 10-many-grooved, with a large central cavity.
Sheaths cylindrical, short, appressed, or only slightly dilated when young, at
first green, but soon turning black or gray, commonly gray with black
bands above and below, often split in age; stems usually very rough, ever-
green; sheath segments of the main stem tricarinate; ridges of the inter-
nodes with one row of tubercles; cones apiculate 5. E. prealtum.

Sheaths more or less funnel-shaped, elongate, green, the limb normally with a
narrow black band, sometimes the lower sheaths with bands of gray or
black below; stems evergreen or annual; cones with or without a point.

Cones tipped with a rigid point 6. E. laevigatum.

Cones rounded or the tip merely acute ; limb of the long green sheath dilated

upwards I.E. kansanum.

Stems usually much branched with several to many whorls of branches, rarely
with only few sporadic branches; stomata in broad bands or scattered in the
grooves of the internodes or only on the sheaths; teeth of the sheaths per-
sistent; cones not apiculate.
Branches hollow, usually simple, terete, both fertile and sterile stems green;
plants of wet soil or growing in water, sometimes without or with only
sporadic branches; sheaths of the main stem usually appressed, 15-20-
toothed; stems usually many-grooved, with a very large central cavity and

thin wall 8. E. fluviatile.

Branches solid, simple or compound, mostly sharply 3- or 4-angled; fei'tile stems
brown and at first without branches, soon withering or developing green
branches when mature; usually in moderately moist or dry situations.
Teeth of the branches with subulate tips; branches usually 4-angled (some-
times 3-angled) ; fertile stems withering after the spores are shed

1. E. arvense.

Teeth of the branches not subulate-tipped, deltoid, merely acute or long-acute,
usually white-membranous; branches generally 3-angled, very slender,
fertile stems developing green branches after the spores are shed. (See
excluded species no. 14, p. 1021.) E. pratense.

1. Equisetum arvense L. Field Horsetail. Map 43. Infrequent to
frequent throughout the state. Where it is found it usually forms large
colonies, especially in its preferred habitat along railroad embankments.
It prefers a moist, sandy soil, usually lean in organic matter, but it is also
found in moist places on the borders of bogs and along streams. It grows
in both shade and sun and its appearance is so erratic and it is so wide-
spread that I am not able to tell what controls its distribution. Once I saw

Equisetum

Equisetaceae

Map 44
Equisetum trachyodon A Br.

Equisetum vanegatum Schleich

~~ 55

Map 46

Equisetum Nelsoni (Eaton) Schaffner

where it had almost covered a sandy fallow field in the valley of Pigeon
River. The plant is extremely variable and many varieties have been
named, several of which have been reported from Indiana. According to
Schaffner these variations are all ecological and not worth recognition.
Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. C. and Calif. ; also in Eurasia.

2. Equisetum trachyodon A. Br. (Equisetum vanegatum var. Jesupi
A. A. Eaton). Rough-toothed Scouring-rush. Map 44. My only speci-
mens are from Pokagon State Park from the wet, sandy shore of the east
side of Lake James and from the east side of Crooked Lake, Noble County.

Que. and Ont., southw. to Conn, and 111. ; also in Eurasia.

3. Equisetum variegatum Schleich. Variegated Scouring-rush. Map
45. My only specimen is from the grassy border of a dried-up slough in
the dunes about a quarter of a mile south of Pine, Lake County (now along
Clark Street in Gary about a quarter of a mile south of Lake Michigan).
It has been reported also from Porter and La Porte Counties. This

—

Jan.
Feb.
Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Auj

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

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Map 47

nFfef

Map 49

Equisetum kansanum Schaffner

Equisetaceae

Equisetum

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

k -

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, -^T

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Map 50

Equisetum fluviatile L.

Map 5
Lycopodium Selago

var. patens (Beauv.) Desv.

Jan.

Feb

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

D D

r- -

E°

1 DP

/ f fl J .

J K

l, // Miles

Map 52

Lycopodium lucidulum Michx.

species much resembles the next one and is closely associated with it.
Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Maine, N. Y., and Wyo. ; also in Eurasia.

4. Equisetum Nelsoni (A. A. Eaton) Schaffner. (Equisetum variegatum
var. Nelsoni A. A. Eaton.) Nelson Scouring-rush. Map 46. Wet, moist,
or dry, sandy borders of lakes and sloughs.

N. Y. to Mich., Ind., and 111.

5. Equisetum prealtum Raf. (Equisetum hyemale var. affine (En-
gelm.) A. A. Eaton). Tall Scouring-rush. Map 47. Infrequent through-
out the state. It is usually found in rather moist, sandy soil and on the
slopes of the banks of streams ; sometimes the habitat may even be springy.
It grows in colonies, and these sometimes may extend along the bank for
several rods. It rarely occurs in other habitats but is found along railroad
embankments and in wet prairie habitats.

Canada to Mex.

6. Equisetum laevigatum A. Br. Smooth Scouring-rush. Map 48.
Infrequent in sandy to very sandy soil in the greater part of the state. It
is most commonly found on railroad embankments and less frequently in
moist, sandy soil of the slopes of the banks of streams and lakes.

Conn., N. J. to B. C, southw. to N. C, La., and Mex.

7. Equisetum kansanum Schaffner. (Equisetum laevigatum of A. A.
Eaton, not A. Br.) Kansas Scouring-rush. Map 49. Infrequent in north-
ern Indiana and probably rare in the southern part of the state. It has a
very wide range of habitat but is most frequently found in moist soil in
prairies; it is, however, also found on the wet, marl borders of lakes and
other moist habitats.

Mainly in the western Mississippi Basin, Ohio to Mont, and B. C,
southw. to Mo., N. Mex., Ariz., and Calif.

8. Equisetum fluviatile L. Water Horsetail. Map 50. Infrequent in
northern Indiana in marshes and bogs, in the dune area on the low borders
of sloughs, and rarely in wet prairies.

Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Va., Nebr., and Oreg. ; also in Eurasia.

Lycopodium

Lycopodiaceae

Map 53

Lycopodium inundatum L.

Map 54

Lycopodium obscurum L.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

-i"~

1 SD

- DP

Dec.f-

10 1, 1

K 1 >

"TBa 1

V Miles

1 p

Lycopodium flabellifi
(Fern.)Blanchard

'5d
Map 55
irme

6. LYCOPODIACEAE Michx. Clubmoss Family
1. LYCOPODIUM L. Clubmoss

[Wilson. The identity of Lycopodium porophilum. Rhodora 34 : 169-172.
1932. The spores of the genus Lycopodium in the United States and
Canada. Rhodora 36 : 13-19. 1934.]

Sporangia in the axils of normal leaves, not forming a well marked terminal spike.
Leaves linear-attenuate to lanceolate, entire (sometimes with a few minute serra-
tions toward the apex), usually widest below the middle; plants yellowish
green, tufted, erect or slightly decumbent at the base. . . 1. L. Selago var. patens.
Leaves oblanceolate, widest near or above the middle, serrate or entire, arranged in
alternate zones of shorter and longer leaves, the shorter ones more frequently
bearing sporangia in their axils; stems bright or dark green, in loose clusters,
decumbent.

Blades of leaves serrate 2. L. liicidulum.

Blades of leaves entire or slightly serrate, often some of them of a linear type.

(See excluded species no. 17, p. 1022.) L. lucidulum var. occidentale.

Sporangia borne only in the axils of the upper (bracteal) leaves, forming a spike.

Bracteal leaves linear-attenuate from a distinctly broadened ovate base

3. L. inundatum.

Bracteal leaves scalelike, yellowish, very different from those of sterile part of the

stem.

Ultimate sterile branches with their leaves mostly 5-10 mm wide, free portion of

leaves more than 3 mm long.

Stems creeping on the surface of the ground with short, leafy branches, the

leaves linear, bristle-tipped at apex; fertile branches terminating in a

slender peduncle (1-1.5 dm long), bearing 2-4 slender cylindrical spikes.

(See excluded species no. 15, p. 1021.) L. clavatum.

Stems subterranean, bearing scattered upright branches resembling miniature
coniferous seedlings; leaves merely acute at the apex; spikes 1-3, essentially

sessile 4. L. obscurum.

Ultimate sterile branches with their leaves less than 5 mm wide; free portion of

leaves less than 3 mm long.

Horizontal stems rather deeply buried in the ground; branchlets bluish green,

1-1.75 (2) mm wide; leaves on ventral and dorsal sides of the branchlets

about equal. (See excluded species no. 18, p. 1022.) L. tristachyum.

64 Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium

Horizontal stems on or near the surface of the ground; branchlets yellowish

green, (1.5) 2-3 mm wide; leaves on the ventral side of the branchlet

much shorter than those of the dorsal side.

Branchlets with new growth clearly separated from the old growth by a

constriction; branches mostly horizontal, or some erect, irregularly

divided; spikes 1-3. (See excluded species no. 16, p. 1021.)

L. complanatum.

Branchlets lacking new growth at the tips, having attained their full growth
the first year, therefore lacking constrictions; branches erect, the
branchlets disposed in the form of a funnel, appearing fan-shaped in
herbarium specimens; spikes 1-6, usually 4 5. L. flab elli forme.

1. Lycopodium Selago L. var. patens (Beauv.) Desv. (Lycopodium
porophilum Lloyd & Underw.) Map 51. I have this variety from three
places in Crawford County where I found it in dry soil in pockets of cliffs
of the knobstone or sandstone, and from Martin County where it was found
in dry soil pockets of the sandstone cliffs about a mile north of Shoals.

Que. to Wis., southw. to n. Vt. and Ky.

2. Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Shining Clubmoss. Map 52. Very
local. It grows in deep humus, sometimes forming large colonies. In the
lake area it is generally found in decadent tamarack bogs and southward
in moist, shaded woodland, although my Clay County specimen was found
in the open among rocks along Croy Creek.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to N. E., N. Y., Ind., Iowa, and Wash., and in
the mts. to S. C.

3. Lycopodium inundatum L. Map 53. Very local. It grows in wet,
somewhat acid sandy soil, usually on the borders of lakes and in the dunes.
It has also been reported from Marshall County. I have twice found it
associated with cranberry and hair-cap moss. In 1937 I revisited the
Steuben County station and found that it has been exterminated there.

Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Pa., 111., Idaho, and Wash. ; also in
Eurasia.

4. Lycopodium obscurum L. Groundpine. Map 54. Very local. In
addition to my specimens it has been reported from Lake, Montgomery,
Porter, and St. Joseph Counties. One of my specimens is from a small
colony at the base of a north beech slope, bordering a soft maple swamp,
and the other is also from a swamp bordering a lake.

My specimens are not typical and seem to be intermediate between the
species and the var. dendroideum (Michx.) D. C. Eaton.
Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. C. and Ind.

5. Lycopodium flabelliforme (Fern.) Blanchard. (Rhodora 13: 168-171.
1911.) (Lycopodium complanatum var. flabelliforme Fern.) Map 55.
Extremely local. Found on moist, rocky slopes.

This species is regarded by many authors as a variety of Lycopodium
complanatum. Blanchard (Pvhodora 13: 168-171. 1911) made a special
study of this species and L. complanatum in the field, and after nearly ten
years' observation, concluded that the two were distinct species. Victorin
(Contrib. Lab. Bot. Univ. Montreal, no. 3: 62-63. 1925) confirms Blanch-

Selaginella

Selaginellaceae

o— ~38
Map 56

Selaginella apoda (L.) Fern.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Auj

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

r r**

(r 1

■ k

J-

Dec. C

/ Miles

Sela

ginel

a ru

x? ^ Map 57

pestris (L.) Spring

6 58

Map 58

Isoetes Engelmanni A. Br

ard's observation of characters which seem to me also to be sufficient
to regard this form as a species rather than a variety. These two
species have definite geographical ranges which add to this opinion. The
range of L. complanatum in North America extends from Newfoundland
through the greater part of Canada to Alaska and southward to northern
Michigan, northern Wisconsin (not reaching New England), and Wash-
ington. L. flabelliforme is much more southern, occurring from New-
foundland, Nova Scotia, and the lower valley of the St. Lawrence River
westward to Minnesota, southward to North Carolina and Kentucky.
Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Ky.

7. SELAGINELLACEAE Underw.
1. SELAGINELLA Beauv. Selaginella

Leaves comparatively few, of 2 sizes, 4-ranked, spreading in 2 planes, ovate, acute or
cuspidate; plants usually a light green, of a wet or moist habitat 1. S. apoda.

Leaves very numerous, alike, appressed, widely overlapping, many-ranked, linear-
lanceolate, grooved on the back, ending in a slender, whitish awn; plants grayish
green, of a very dry habitat 2. S. rupestris.

1. Selaginella apoda (L.) Fern. (Rhodora 17: 68. 1915.) (Selaginella
apus Spring.) Basket Selaginella. Map 56. Occasionally throughout the
lake area, becoming infrequent to local in the southern part of the state.
It is, no doubt, more frequent than our map indicates. It prefers moist,
grassy places and in the lake area it is usually in calcareous, sandy soil.
In Dubois County I found it in a low woods in a hard, white clay soil with
sweet gum.

Maine and Ont. to the Rocky Mts., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

2. Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. Rock Selaginella. Map 57.
Local. Found only on dry, exposed sandstone rocks and in dry sand in the
dune area. It has also been reported from Montgomery County. Under-
wood (Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 1893: 257. 1894) says the report from

66 Taxaceae Taxus

Gibson County in the State Catalogue was an error.
N. S. and Ont., southw. to Ga. and Mo.

8. ISOETACEAE Underw. Quillwort Family

1. ISOETES L. Quillwort

[Pfeiffer. Monograph of the Isoetaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 9:
79-232. 8 pi. 1922.]

1. Isoetes Engelmanni A. Br. Engelmann Quillwort. Map 58. 1 have
found this species in artificial ponds in hard, white clay soil in three
counties, and in low woods in similar soil but richer in humus in Harrison
County. The colony in Floyd County is on the east side of the road south
of Martinsburg in an old mill pond on the Philip McGuirk farm. It is
abundant here and of large size.

Southern N. H. and Vt. to Ga., westw. to Mo.

SPERMATOPHYTA. Seed Plants or Flowering Plants

5. 1 TAXACEAE Lindl. Yew Family

18. 1 TAXUS [Tourn.] L. Yew

1. Taxus canadensis Marsh. Canada Yew. Map 59. This species is
local and is restricted to the sides of the steep slopes and cliffs along Sugar
Creek in Turkey Run State Park, Parke County, to like habitats along
Sugar Creek in the "Shades" in Montgomery County, and along Big Wal-
nut Creek about 3 miles northeast of Bainbridge, Putnam County. It is
usually found under hemlock.

Newf. to Man., southw. to Va. and Iowa.

6. PINACEAE Lindl. Pink Family

Leaves linear, in bundles of 2, 3, 5 or more than 5.

Leaves in bundles of 2, 3 or 5 22. Pints, p. 67.

Leaves in bundles of more than 5 (single on new shoots) 24. Larix, p. 68.

Leaves linear and solitary, or scalelike.
Leaves all linear.

Blades obtuse 27. TSUGA, p. 68.

Blades sharp-pointed.

Leaves green on both sides, alternate 35. Taxodium. p. 69.

Leaves glaucous beneath, opposite, or whorled 45. Juniperus. p. 70.

Leaves all scalelike, or scalelike on fruiting branchlets and linear and sharp-pointed
on sterile branchlets or juvenile plants, usually green on both sides.
Spray of branchlets flat; leaves all scalelike, the dorsal and ventral ones differing

from the lateral ones; fruit a cone of 8-12 imbricated but opposite scales

42. Thuja, p. 69.

Spray of branchlets not flat; leaves all scalelike or on most specimens some

branchlets with linear and sharp-pointed leaves; fruit berrylike, bluish black,

glaucous 45. Juniperus, p. 70.

1 See paragraph 2 on page 14 of introduction.

Pinus

PlNACEAE

~~ 30

Map 59

Taxus canadensis Marsh.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

» HI
P

« I D

" L I
/ HD

-L,

B P
D »
DP

-4

"1 1

- i

Dec. J—

[

i ' —

1/ Miles

Pinus

Strobus L

Map 60

o ^^3
Map 6

Pinus Banksiana Lamb.

22. PINUS [Tourn.] L. Pine

Leaves 5 (rarely more) in a bundle, 6-12 cm long 1. P. Strobus.

Leaves 2 or 3 in a bundle.

Scales of cones unarmed; leaves in 2's, 2-5 cm long 2. P. Banksiana.

Scales of cones tipped with a short spine; leaves 2 or 3 in a bundle.

Spine of cone-scale 2-3 mm long, curved ; leaves twisted, 4-8 cm long

3. P. virginiana.

Spine of cone-scale about 1 mm long; leaves straight, 7-13 cm long. (See ex-
cluded species no. 20, p. 1022.) P. echinata.

1. Pinus Strobus L. Northern White Pine. Map 60. This species
is local and is usually found in limited numbers, except along Bear Creek,
Fountain County and Big Pine Creek in Warren County where there were
formerly many acres of it. In the dune area it was scattered in its dis-
tribution with a large colony here and there. There formerly were several
acres of it in a bog east of Merrillville, Lake County, but it has now nearly
disappeared.

In our area its favored habitat was wet woods or boggy places, on the
dunes along Lake Michigan, on cliffs and high banks along Bear Creek,
Fountain County, and in a like habitat including adjacent lowland in
Warren County along Big Pine and Kickapoo Creeks.

Newf. to Man., southw. in the mts. to n. Ga., Tenn., and Iowa.

2. Pinus Banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine. Map 61. This pine is found
only on the dunes near Lake Michigan. I can recall when it was common
on the low dunes in Lake County but it has now nearly disappeared on
account of advancing civilization.

N. S. to n. N. Y., n. Ind. to Minn., northw.

3. Pinus virginiana Mill. VIRGINIA Pine. Map 62. This species is re-
stricted to the crests of some of the ridges of knobstone in three counties.
On some of the ridges it formed dense stands, but, on the whole, the species
is not a strong competitor of the other species. It, however, promptly
invades abandoned fields within and adjacent to the area of its natural

PlNACEAE

Larix

Map 62

Pinus virgin] jna Mill.

Map 63

Lanx lancina (Du Roil Koch

Map 64

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.

distribution. Also when planted in a favorable habitat, it freely escapes.
Notable examples of its escape are on the knobstone in northern
Washington County, on the bluffs along Raccoon Creek in Owen County,
and in Monroe County in a grove about 4 miles northwest of Ellettsville
and about Weimer's Lake 2i/ 2 miles west of Bloomington where it has been
established for more than 50 years. A colony of about 3 acres in Orange
County about 8 miles southeast of Paoli and just north of Danner's Chapel
originated from a tree planted in the church yard. Some of the trees have
already been cut for saw logs. R. M. Kriebel reports several large colonies
in Lawrence County. He has traced the origin of each colony to a planted
tree. In the knobstone area this species is truly "an old field" species.
Within a 25-year observation I have seen it cover abandoned fields although
it is a species difficult to transplant.

Long Island, N. Y., to Ind., southw. to S. C. and Ala.

24. LARIX [Tourn.] Mill. Larch

1. Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch. Tamarack. Map 63. Infrequent to
frequent in bogs and on the low borders of lakes and streams throughout
the lake area. It was formerly more or less common in many places that
have been drained and are now farmed. It has suffered much during the
past few years due to drought and is becoming scarce because of drainage
and cutting.

Lab. and Newf., N. W. Territory, southw. to N. J., n. Pa., n. 111., and

cent. Minn.

27. TStJGA [Endl.] Carr. Hemlock

1. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock. Map 64. Local
in the state and usually restricted to a fringe of trees on the tops and
slopes of high sandstone bluffs along streams. Rapidly disappearing in
some of its stations.

N. S., N. B. to Minn., southw. to Del., s. Ind., Wis., and in the mts. to
Ga. and Ala.

Taxodium Pinaceae 69

35. TAXODIUM Richard

1. Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Richard. Southern Cypress. Map
65. The cypress is restricted to five counties in the southwestern part of
the state. Collett (Rept. Ind. Geol. Surv. 5: 338. 1874) estimated that
20,000 acres of the southwestern part of Knox County were "covered with
a fine forest of cypress." In this whole area there are now only a few
straggling specimens left. In Little Cypress Swamp in the extreme south-
western corner of Knox County the species still persists and is reproducing
in small numbers. There were a few cypress sloughs in Posey County but
the trees have been slaughtered in most of them. There are no objections
to judicious cutting but an attempt to annihilate a species without sufficient
cause seems a tragedy. I found a few trees along Cypress Creek in War-
rick County about 20 years ago but I was not able to find them recently.
It has also nearly disappeared in Vanderburgh County. Baird & Taylor
reported it from Clark County but I am excluding this report for lack of
confirming specimens or convincing proof that it really did exist in this
county. There is, however, some evidence to support this report. Audubon
is quoted as having taken Rafmesque into extensive canebrakes in Indiana
north of Louisville, and Victor Lyon, former surveyor of Clark County,
also told me that he had seen large native pecan trees in the Silver Creek
bottoms. I have not been able to study this area sufficiently to find other
associate species of the cypress, and I leave this report to be confirmed.

I have never seen this species growing in Gibson County, but late in
1935 I met Smith White, who was 71 years old and who had always lived
in the Gibson County Bottoms, and he told me, in the presence of three
other persons, that it had never occurred in that area except for a single
tree in a slough in a woods on the farm of C. B. Balse, about 3 miles south
of East Mt. Carmel. These other three men had also seen the tree to which
he referred.

Atlantic coast from Del. to Fla., westw. along the Gulf to Tex. and
northw. in the Mississippi Valley to Ind.

42. THUJA L.

1. Thuja occidentals L. Northern White Cedar. Map 66. There are
three old reports for this species from Lake County and I have an Umbach
specimen collected near Pine. I collected it about 2 miles east of Indiana
Harbor in 1906 but I have not seen it since in this county. No doubt later
reports are based upon the early reports. Several authors report it from
Mineral Springs bog, Porter County and Lyon reports a few trees near
Tamarack. I have seen it in only two places in Porter County and, doubt-
less, there are only two colonies of it in the county. In the Mineral Springs
bog there are quite a number of trees 4-6 inches in diameter but their
number is rapidly decreasing. Buried remains of this species have been
found as far south as Henry County.

E. Que. to Man., southw. to Pa., Tenn., 111., and Minn, and in the mts.
to N. C.

PlNACEAE

Juniperus

Jan.

Feb

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

1 i

r 1

Dec (-

■ ' —

/ Miles

s /* J

DP 1

iut J

[

1 c~
axodi

jm d

StlC

"W 7

hum (L.) L.

) 50

Map 65

Z. Richard

Map 66

Thuja occidentalis L.

Map 67
Juniperus communis

var. depressa Pursh

45. JUNIPERUS [Tourn.] L. Juniper

Leaves mostly in whorls of o, glaucous beneath, all linear and sharp-pointed, mostly
7-15 mm long; stem divided at the surface of the ground, the several subdivisions
or branches decumbent and growing to great lengths, rarely one branch becoming
a leader 1. J. communis var. depressa.

Leaves not in whorls, scalelike on fertile branchlets and linear on sterile branchlets,
generally green on both sides, the scalelike ones 1-2 mm long and the linear ones
mostly less than 10 mm long; stems erect with lateral branches like those of other
trees 2. «/. virginiana var. crehra.

1. Juniperus communis L. var. depressa Pursh. (Juniperus sibirica of
Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Prostrate Juniper. Map 67.
This species has an erratic distribution and grows in widely different
habitats. It is frequent in the dunes near Lake Michigan where a single
plant will form a large clump. I found specimens in Steuben County in a
decadent tamarack bog, one of which had a spread of about 25 feet. The
branches were in a whorl and the plant was circular in shape with the
tips of the decumbent branches usually 4-7 feet high. In Elkhart County
I found a specimen in hard, clay soil 3 miles northwest of Goshen. This
specimen maintained an erect branch with a very strong taper. It had just
been cut and the upright branch was made into a small fence post. At the
base where the tree was cut off it was a foot in diameter and it had many
radiating branches that were several inches in diameter. I saw this variety
growing in both Jefferson and Wayne Counties in shallow soil on rocky
slopes. In 1923 I transplanted a seedling about 6 inches high from the
dunes into a black loam soil and it grew erect until it reached a height of
about 3 feet when the leader began to become decumbent and three
branches at the surface began to elongate. After 12 years all the branches,
numbering about 50, are decumbent and radiate in all directions, forming
a circular clump 15 feet across, the branches being 4-6 feet high. This
variety also occurs in Montgomery County.

Lab. to B. C, southw. to Conn., N. Y., and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo,
and Utah.

Typha

Typhaceae

Map 68
Juniperus virginiana L.
var. crebra Fernald & Griscom

Map 69

Typha latifoha L.

2. Juniperus virginiana L. var. crebra Fernald & Griscom. (Rhodora
37: 131-133. 1935.) {Juniperus virginiana f. Bremerae Standley & Mac-
bride.) Eastern Red Cedar. Map 68. In a recent study of the species
Fernald & Griscom found that our spirelike trees of the north and interior
are not like the ovoid type of tree of the south. The leaves of adult branch-
lets of the northern form are narrower and attenuate at the apex while
those of the southern form are rather broadly deltoid and obtuse or merely
subacute. The mature fruit of the north has sweet flesh and the seed
shallow pits at the base while those of the south have flesh with a pitchy
taste and deep pits at the base. Caution must be used in separating the two
forms by the character of the leaves because of transitional forms. All the
specimens I have examined belong to the northern variety.

The eastern red cedar is found throughout the state although there are
no records from the southwestern part. It is rare to infrequent in the
northern part except along the St. Joseph River where it is frequent on
its banks or close to them, becoming rare in the central part of the state,
and frequent to common in the southern part in the unglaciated area and
east of it. This tree seems to prefer calcareous soils, and in the unglaciated
area some eroded and abandoned fields have grown up thickly with it. It
has a wide range of habitats for I have seen it even in the "flats" in Clark
County. I am of the opinion that in the primitive forest this species was
restricted to high bluffs and banks of streams and eroded slopes where it
could compete with other species. While it is tolerant of shade it is rarely
found in the dense forest.

N. S. to w. Ont. and S. Dak., southw. at least to Mo. and Va.

8. TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil. Cattail Family

49. TYPHA [Town.] L. Cattail

Staminate and pistillate parts of spike contiguous; stems stout, usually 1-2 m high;
leaves flat, the lower ones 12-23 mm wide; sterile flowers shorter than the hairs;
pollen grains in 4's; stigmas fan-shaped; mature pistillate spikes about 2.5 cm
in diameter 1- T. latifolia.

72 Sparganiaceae Sparganium

Staminate and pistillate parts of spike usually separated by an interval of 0.5-6 cm;
stems slender, usually 8-12 dm high; leaves more or less dorsally convex, the
lower ones mostly 4-7 mm wide; sterile flowers scarcely shorter than the hairs;
pollen grains single; stigmas linear; mature pistillate spikes 10-18 mm in
diameter 2. T. angustifolia.

1. Typha latifolia L. Common Cattail. Map. 69. Found in ditches,
ponds, marshes, gravel pits, and marshy places about lakes and along
streams. It is frequent in the lake area, becoming infrequent to local in
the southern part of the state where its habitat is rarely found.

Throughout temperate N. A. ; cosmopolitan.

2. Typha angustifolia L. Nakrowleaf Cattail. Map 70. This species
is usually found on the borders of larger bodies of water than the preced-
ing species, but it seems to adapt itself to nearly the same habitats. Near
my home is a small gravel pit that has not been in use for about 10 years,
and it is now filled with both species of cattails, this species occupying
about a fourth of the space. It is to be noted that the pistillate part of the
spike sometimes divides. I have one specimen with a 5-parted spike. I
also have a specimen of the preceding species that has a 3-parted spike.
This species, as well as the preceding one, is variable, and several varieties
have been named. A giant form of this species is found on the east side
of Tippecanoe Lake in the southern part of Noble County. Peattie's var.
calumetensis seems to me to be an ecological form. Its diminutive size I
attribute to the pollution of the Grand Calumet River near where it is
found. In the summer when the soil along the bank is exposed it is slimy
and reddish.

N. S. to Fla., mainly along the coast, and inland mostly about the Great
Lakes ; almost cosmopolitan.

10. SPARGANIACEAE Agardh Bur-reed Family
54. SPARGANIUM [Tourn.] L. Bur-reed
[Fernald. Notes on Sparganium. Rhodora 24: 26-34. 1922.]
The following key has been adapted from this paper :

Achenes broadly obpyramidal, sessile, truncate or retuse at the summit, 4-8 mm in
diameter; stigmas 2; anthers 1.5-2 mm long; sepals nearly equaling the achenes.

1. S. eurycarpum.

Achenes fusiform, short-pedicelled, beaked, 1.2-3 mm in diameter; anthers 0.5-1.6 mm
long; sepals from much shorter than to two thirds as long as the achenes.
Staminate heads 2-20 (rarely only 1) ; fruiting heads 1.2-3.5 cm in diameter; mature
achenes strongly fusiform, 5.5-14 mm long, the stipe 1-4 mm long, the slender
beak 1.5-6 mm long; plants erect.
Pistillate heads or branches strictly axillary ; achenes with the beak abruptly con-
tracted above the dilated base; leaves 6-12 mm wide, without a scarious
margin.
Leaves stiffish, at least the middle keeled; inflorescence branched, some branches
all staminate, or some both staminate and pistillate, with 1-4 pistillate
heads and up to 8 staminate heads; stigmas 2-4 mm long; fruiting heads
usually 3-7, 2.5-3.5 mm in diameter; achenes lustrous, the body 5-7 mm
long- and 2.5-3 mm thick, the beak 4.5-6 mm long; anthers 1-1.6 mm long.

2. S. androcladum.

Sparganium

Sparganiaceae

^50

Map 71

Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm.

"50

Map 72
Sparganium androcladum

(Engelm.) Morong

1
1
1

Jar>.

Feb

Mar

Apr.

May

Juno

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

t ^

~rf

Dec f-

/lies

Sparganium

JA / o 50
J Map 73

imericanum Nutt.

Leaves soft and mostly translucent, flat or obscurely keeled; inflorescence simple
or, if branched, the branches strict with 1-3 pistillate and 1-6 staminate
heads; stigmas 1-2 mm long; fruiting heads 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter; achenes
slightly lustrous, the body 4.5-5.5 mm long, about 2 mm thick; anthers

0.8-1.2 mm long o. S. americanum.

Pistillate heads usually supra-axillary; achenes shining, the beak more gradually

narrowed upward; leaves 3-9 mm wide with a scarious margin near the base.

Plants commonly erect and emersed; leaves flat or slightly keeled, little, if at

all, dilated at the base (except for the scarious margin) ; staminate half of

the inflorescence 2-10 cm long, of 4-9 scattered heads (if shorter and with

fewer leads, the plant very low and with ribbonlike, translucent, erect, lower

bracts) ; beak of achenes 2-4.3 mm long; sepals appressed, cuneate-spatu-

late, scarcely narrowed to a claw.

Pistillate heads (1) 2-4, remote or subremote, at maturity 1.5-2.7 cm in

diameter, the lowest borne 1-6.5 dm above the base of the plant; staminate

half of the inflorescence 2-10 cm long, of 4-9 heads 4. S. chlorocarpum.

Pistillate heads 1-3, at least the upper usually approximate, at maturity
1.2-2.2 cm in diameter, the lowest borne 0.1-1.8 dm above the base of the
plant; staminate half of the inflorescence 1-4 (5) cm long, of 2-5 heads.

4a. S. chlorocarpum var. acaule.

Plants commonly submerged or floating, sometimes emersed; leaves rounded on
the back, the middle and upper with dilated and subinflated sheathing
bases; staminate half of the inflorescence 1-3 cm long, of 1-4 (rarely 6)
crowded heads; beak of achene about 2 mm long; sepals loosely ascending,
with slender claw and dilated tip. (See excluded species no. 26, p. 1023.)

S. angusti folium.

Staminate head 1; fruiting heads 5-12 mm in diameter; achenes ellipsoid or
slenderly obovoid-fusiform, 3.5-5 mm long; stipe obsolete or up to 1 mm long,
beak obsolete or up to 1.5 mm long; inflorescence simple, the heads all axillary;
sepals elliptic to cuneate-spatulate, a half to two thirds as long as the achene;
plants usually floating. (See excluded species no. 27, p. 1023.) . . . .S. minimum.

1. Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Giant Bur-reed. Map 71. Infre-
quent to frequent in the lake area and rare or possibly absent from the
southern part of the state. There are only three reports for it south of
Hamilton County, and it is barely possible that these should be referred
to the next species. It is found in wet places, mostly in ditches. It also

Sparganiaceae

Sparganium

Map 74

Sparcjanium chlorocarpum Rydt

Jan.

Feb

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec

. T^

D 1

n L

i l

Miles

Map 75
iparqanium chlorocarpum

/ar. acaule (Beeby)Fern.

occurs on the low borders of lakes, streams, and sloughs and in ponds
and springy places.

N. S., Maine, Que. to B. C, southw. to Fla., Mo., Utah, and Calif.

2. Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong. {Sparganium lucidum
Fern. & Eames.) Map 72. My only specimen is from a slough about 4
miles northwest of Grayville, Sullivan County. A specimen reported from
St. Joseph County should now be referred to Sparganium chlorocarpum.
The species of this genus are not well known, hence their distribution is
not, as yet, understood.

Newf. to Man., southw. to Fla. and westw.

3. Sparganium americanum Nutt. (Including var. androcladum Fern.
& Eames of Gray, Man., ed. 7.) Map 73. Infrequent in the lake area and
probably very local south of it. All of my specimens are from ditches,
sloughs, and outlets of lakes.

Newf. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Mo.

4. Sparganium chlorocarpum Rydb. {Sparganium diversifolium of au-
thors.) Map 74. All of the specimens, with one exception, and reports are
restricted to the lake area where it is infrequent. It is found in habitats
similar to those of the preceding species.

Newf. to Iowa, southw. to N. J., N. Y., and Ind.

4a. Sparganium chlorocarpum var. acaule (Beeby) Fern. {Sparganium
diversifolium var. acaule (Beeby) Fern. & Eames and Sparganium acaule
(Beeby) Rydb.) Map 75. All of my specimens are from the lake area
except one which was found in Hancock County in a springy place along
a creek. It is infrequent but probably more common in the state than the
species. The habitat is that of the other species of the genus.

Newf. to N. Dak., southw. to Va. and W. Va.

Potamogeton Potamogetonaceae 75

11. POTAMOGETONACAE Engl. Pond weed Family

Flowers perfect, borne in spikes; anthers 4; leaves alternate, or the upper ones
sometimes opposite 58. Potamogeton, p. 75.

Flowers unisexual, axillary; stamens 1 (2) ; leaves mostly opposite, filiform, 1-nerved,
entire 62. Zannichellia, p. 84.

58. POTAMOGETON [Tourn.] L. Pondweed

[Morong. The Naiadaceae of North America. Mem. Torrey Bot. Club
3: 11-65. 36 pi. 1893; Fryer and Bennett. Potamogetons of the British
Isles. 1-94. 60 col. pi. 1915; Hagstrom. Critical Researches on the Potamo-
getons. 1-281. 119 fig. Stockholm 1916; Fernald. The Linear-leaved North
American Species of Potamogeton, Section Axillares. Mem. Gray Herb.
3: 1-183. 40 pi. 1932.]

Note : M. L. Fernald named and cited many of my specimens during the
writing of his monograph, and these specimens have greatly aided me in
the study of this difficult genus. I have also made free use of his mono-
graph, and I wish to acknowledge this assistance.

I have never made a special effort to collect Potamogetons, and some
species have probably been overlooked; some which once occurred in the
state have doubtless been exterminated. Drainage has destroyed the plants
in many places. Cottages now surround most of our lakes, and the dredg-
ing of all kinds of aquatic vegetation to improve bathing beaches will
doubtless lead to extermination of some species. Many specimens are
covered more or less with a deposit of lime which may obscure such
characters as veins in the leaves. This can be removed at least in part by
gently brushing with a round bristle brush (about size no. 4), or in case
of badly incrusted linear-leaved specimens, it can be removed by immersing
them in dilute hydrochloric acid. After such treament the specimens
should be washed and dried between blotters.

A. Plants with both floating and submerged leaves; floating leaves more or less
coriaceous, usually on petioles half as long to much longer than the length of
the blades; submerged leaves thin, ranging from linear to ovate, or sometimes
reduced to a mere petiole.
R. Submerged leaves bladeless; floating leaves large, 17-29-nerved.

Floating leaves mostly broadly elliptic, subcordate at the base (rarely rounded),

21-29-nerved; fruit mostly 4-5 mm long, stramineous or greenish

1. P. natans.

Floating leaves mostly narrowly elliptic, narrowed at the base, usually 2-5

times as long as wide, 17-23-nerved ; fruit usually reddish (phase of this

species, having the blades of submerged leaves rotted off)

2. P. americanus.

B. Submerged leaves lanceolate to ovate or linear.

Blades of floating leaves 31-55-nerved, rounded at the base; blades of sub-
merged leaves mostly 25-39-nerved ; fruit 4-5.5 mm long, usually reddish.

3. P. amplifolins.

Blades of floating leaves with fewer than 31 nerves.
C. Submerged leaves linear, 0.2-13 mm wide.

Peduncles of spikes from the axils of submerged leaves, mostly less than 1.5
cm long; fruit up to 1.5 mm long.
Blades of submerged leaves with bristle tips, 0.2-0.6 mm wide.

76 Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton

Leaves thin, distinctly several-nerved; fruit with a sharp ridge on the

back, the sides concave 4. P. capillaceus.

Leaves 1-nerved (under high magnification 3-nerved) ; fruit rounded on
the back, the sides convex. (See excluded species no. 32, p. 1024.)

P. Vaseyi.

Blades of submerged leaves rounded, subobtuse or acute at the tips,

0.5-2 mm wide.

Submerged leaves obtuse, usually rounded at the tip; the connate leaf

sheath much longer than the free stipular tip; the space between the

midrib and the faint lateral nerves usually filled with lacunae; fruit

1.3-2.2 mm long, mostly about 2 mm long. (Should be sought in

northern Indiana.) P- Spirillus.

Submerged leaves subobtuse to acute; the connate leaf sheath about half
the length of the free stipular tip; the midrib of leaves rarely with

lacunae; fruit 1-1.5 mm long 5. P. diver si folius.

Peduncles from the axils of submerged leaves, more than 1.5 cm long.
Floating leaves obtuse at the apex; submerged leaves 6-14 cm long and up
to 10 mm wide, ribbonlike, the sides nearly parallel ... 14. P. epihydrus.
Floating leaves acute at the apex; submerged leaves 1-3 cm long, 2-13 mm

wide, apiculate, broadest about the middle

6. P. gramineus var. graminifolius.

C. Submerged leaves lanceolate to ovate; floating leaves large.

Floating leaves broad and distinctly cordate at the base, 25-37-nerved ; sub-
merged leaves 9-19-nerved; fruit 3-4 mm long 7. P. pulcher.

Floating leaves mostly broadly or narrowly elliptic, rounded or narrowed at

the base, generally 17-27-nerved; submerged leaves 7-29-nerved; fruit

3-4 mm long.

Blades of floating leaves usually narrowly elliptic, narrowed at the base;

submerged leaves not recurved.

Submerged leaves usually strongly mucronate; mature fruiting spikes

mostly 7-8.5 mm wide ; fruit green 8. P. angustifolius.

Submerged leaves acute or acuminate, mostly 17-23-nerved; mature fruit-
ing spikes generally 9-11 mm wide; fruit usually tinged red

2. P. americanus.

Blades of floating leaves rounded at the base, 17-27-nerved; submerged
leaves long, usually recurved, 13-29-nerved 9. P. ilhnoensis.

A. Plants with all the leaves submerged.

1). Blades of leaves lanceolate, oblong or broader, not linear.
Leaves sessile or short-petiolate, not clasping.

Margins of blades finely and sharply serrulate 10. P. crispus.

Margins of blades entire or some with a few minute teeth.
Submerged leaves all mucronate, or long-acuminate.

Fruit 2-2.5 mm long; submerged leaves 2.5-8 cm long

6. P. gramineus var. graminifolius.

Fruit 3-4 mm long; submerged leaves 4-20 cm long.

Fruit distinctly 3-keeled 8. P. angustifolius.

Fruit with rounded, scarcely keeled sides 11. P. lucens.

Submerged leaves all large, not mucronate 3. P. amplifolius.

Leaves with blades clasping the stem for half or more of its diameter.

Blades slightly clasping, lanceolate, rounded and cucullate at the apex (in
dried specimens often bifid), mostly 10-30 cm long; fruit 4-5 mm long, the
middle dorsal rib prominent and sharply keeled; stipules large, usually not

shredded 12. P. praelongus.

Blades strongly clasping, lanceolate to ovate-orbicular, 1-8 (11) cm long, obtuse
or acute; fruit 2.5-4 mm long, the dorsal ribs inconspicuous and rounded;
stipules short and mostly shredded 13. P. Richardsonii.

Potamogeton PotamogetonaceaE 77

D. Blades of leaves linear.
Leaves ribbonlike, 2 mm or more wide, with a broad, coarsely cellular-reticulate

space on each side of the midrib, 5-7-nerved; stipules very obtuse

14. P. epihydrus.

Leaves narrower, if 2 mm wide, without broad cellular-reticulate spaces along
the midrib.
E. Blades free from the stipules.

Leaves more than 7-nerved, 2-5 mm wide; peduncles stout, 1.5-5.5 cm long,
1-1.6 mm thick; fruit 3.5-5 mm long, with one strong, usually crested,

keel on the back 15. P. zosteriformis.

Leaves 1-7-nerved; fruit not more than 3 mm long.

Blades 5-7-nerved, usually with a pair of glands at the base, 1.5-3.5 mm
wide, usually 2-2.5 mm wide, rounded or short-mucronate at the apex;
stipules 7-11 mm long; fruit 2-3 mm long, rounded on the back.

16. P. Friesii.

Blades 1-3-nerved (if some leaves 5-nerved, plant not agreeing with the
other characters of the preceding species).
Leaves 1-nerved (under high magnification 3-nerved) ; fruit strongly com-
pressed with the sides almost fiat, 1.6-2.2 mm long. (See excluded

species no. 32, p. 1024.) P- Vaseyi.

Leaves 3-nerved, rarely some of them 5-nerved.

Blades usually without basal glands; peduncles 0.4-3 cm long, clavate;
spikes subcapitate, 2-6-flowered, in fruit 2-8 mm long; sepaloid con-
nectives 0.4-1 mm long; fruit compressed, 1.8-2.5 mm long, with a
thin or acute, undulate or coarsely dentate dorsal keel.
Primary leaves 4-10 cm long, 1.4-2.7 mm wide, 3-5-nerved, midnerve
with 1-3 rows of lacunae on each side at the base; stipules 0.7-1.8
cm long; fruit 2-2.5 mm long, beak broad at the base, 0.2-0.4 mm
long; winter buds sessile in the axils or on short (rarely elon-
gate) branches 17. P. foliosus var. genuinus.

Primary leaves 1-7 cm long, 0.3-1.5 mm wide, 1-3-nerved; midnerve
without marginal lacunae or with a single row on each side below
the middle; stipules 3-11 mm long; fruit green, 1.8-2.3 mm long,
beak slender, 0.3-0.8 mm long; winter buds terminating the mostly

elongate branches 17a. P. foliosus var. macellus.

Blades usually with a pair of basal glands; peduncles 1-9 cm long; spikes
interruptedly cylindric, of 2-5 remote whorls of flowers or sub-
globose, in fruit 0.6-1.5 cm long; sepaloid connectives 1-2.5 mm
long; fruit plump, 1.9-3 mm long, rounded on the back, dorsal keel
obscure.
Spikes subglobose, continuous or slightly interrupted, 2-8 mm long in

fruit ; leaves 3-7 cm long, rounded or acute at the apex

18. P. pusillus var. mucronatus.

Spikes cylindric, of 2-5 remote whorls of flowers, in fruit 0.6-1.5 cm
long.
Stipules strongly fibrous, becoming whitish.

Leaves mostly rigid, obtuse or abruptly contracted to muci-onate

tips ; stipules strongly fibrous

19. P. striotifolius var. typicus.

Leaves firm, scarcely rigid, very gradually tapering to a slender

tip ; stipules less strongly fibrous

19a. P. striotifolius var. rutiloides.

Stipules scarious-membranaceous or subherbaceous, greenish or
brownish.

Primary leaves 1-3 mm wide 20. P. panormitanus var. major.

Primary leaves only 0.3-1 mm wide

20a. P. panormitanus var. minor.

POTAMOGETONACEAE

Potamogeton

Map 77
Potamogeton americanus
Cham.&Schlecht

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

yx 1

** B

B
D

/ 1U
'

— B
D

r 1

B \
D i

-X

- X

Dec j-

i
\ — ' —

° 1^

U Miles

Potamoget

>n amphfolius

Map 78
Tuckerm

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

) j/

t ^

>u —

r 1

Dec. (-

fJ Miles

Pot

amogeton

P\ 10 50
Map 79

pillaceus Poir.

E. Blades with the stipules more or less adnate to the base.
Leaves 4-8 mm wide, auricled at the base, stiffly 2-ranked, with a cartilaginous,
finely and sharply serrate margin or the margin entire.

Margins of blades finely and sharply serrate ■ 21. P. Robbinsii.

Margins entire 21a. P. Robbinsii f. cultellatus.

Leaves less than 4 mm wide, not auricled at the base, their margins not finely

serrate.

Spikes from the axils of submerged leaves subglobose, sessile or on

peduncles only a few mm long; fruit compressed, with concave sides.

Submerged leaves obtuse, usually rounded at the tip; the connate leaf

sheath much longer than the free stipular tip; the space between the

midrib and faint lateral nerves usually filled with lacunae; fruit

1.3-2.2 mm long. (Should be sought in northern Indiana.)

P. Spirillus.

Submerged leaves subobtuse to acute at the tip, the connate sheath about
half the length of the free stipular tip; midrib of leaves rarely with

lacunae; fruit 1-1.5 mm long 5. P. diversifolius.

Spikes from the axils of submerged leaves elongate, with separated whorls
of flowers, usually 1 to several cm long; fruit 3.5-4.5 mm long, usually
with a beak about 0.5 mm long 22. P. pectinatus.

1. Potamogeton natans L. Map 76. All of my specimens are from
lakes in the northern part of the state. Usually found in all of our lakes.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to n. N. J., Pa., Nebr., and Calif.; throughout
the world in temperate climates.

2. Potamogeton americanus Cham. & Schlecht. Map 77. Frequent in
the lake area and rather local south of it. It is found mostly in streams,
and less often in lakes, dredged ditches, old canals, ponds, gravel pits, and
old stone quarries.

N. B. to B. C, southw. to Fla., Tex., Calif., Mex., and W. I. ; also in the
Old World.

3. Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. Map 78. Frequent in our lakes
and very local elsewhere. I have it, however, from a dredged ditch in Jen-
nings County.

N. S. to B. C, southw. to n. N. J., Ky., Mo., Kans., and Calif.

Potamogeton

POTAMOGETONACEAE

Map80

Potamogeton diversifolius Raf

Map 81
Potamogeton gramineus

var. graminif olius Fries

Map 82

Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm.

4. Potamogeton capillaceus Poir. Map 79. This species was reported
by Fernald (Mem. Gray Herb. 3: 111. 1932) as having been found by Hill
and by Chase in Goose Pond, near Dune Park, Porter County. This pond
is located mostly in section 28 about 4 miles northwest of Porter.

Coastal Plain from Maine to Fla. and Tex., and in Ind. and Wis. ; also
in Cuba and Isle of Pines.

5. Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. {Potamogeton hybridus Michx. of
Gray, Man., ed. 7.) Map 80. All of my specimens are from the southern
half of the state, although it has been reported repeatedly from the dune
area. The reports from the northern part of the state should probably be
referred to some other species.

L. I., Pa., s. Ind., Wis., Minn., Mont., s. Oreg., southw. to Ga., Tex., Calif.,
and n. Mex.

6. Potamogeton gramineus L. var. graminif olius Fries. {Potamogeton
heterophyllus of recent authors.) Map 81. Rather frequent in shallow
water in our lake area.

Throughout the greater part of N. A.

7. Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm. Map 82. My only specimen is from
a pond in Sullivan County. It has been reported from the dune area.

Maine to Fla. and westw. to Mo.

8. Potamogeton angustifolius Berchtold & Presl. Map 83. Rather-
frequent in the lakes that I have studied and probably well distributed in
the lake area. It has been reported from the dune area.

Mass., Que., Wyo. to Calif., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; also in W. I.,
Eurasia, and Africa.

9. Potamogeton illinoensis Morong. Map 84. Infrequent in the lakes
throughout the lake area.

Ind. to Minn., southw. to Mo.

POTAMOGETONACEAE

Potamogeton

Map 83
Potamogeton angustifolius
Berch.&Pres!

Map 86

Potamogeton lucens L.

~^0

Map 84

Potamogeton i 1 1 i noensi s Morong

Map 87

Potamogeton praelongus Wulfer

~^0

Map 85

Potamogeton crispus L.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

D D

-hU

Dec <-

i
■ ' —

Potamogeton Richardsonn
(Bennett) Rydb.

Miles
0"^ "S3

Map 88

10. Potamogeton crispus L. Map 85. I have found this species in
both Cedar Lake and Wolf Lake in Lake County. It was reported from
Wolf Lake as early as 1913. In 1937 I found a few plants in shallow water
on the south side of Lake Cicott, Cass County. Doubtless it is not common
in this lake because a few years ago I spent a half day in a boat in search
for pondweeds in this small lake and I did not find it.

Nat. of Eu. ; Mass. to Ont., southw. to Va. and Mo.

11. Potamogeton lucens L. Map 86. Infrequent in our lakes. It is
difficult to distinguish this species from Potamogeton angustifolius if float-
ing leaves and fruits are not present.

N. S. to Calif., southw. to Fla. and Mex. ; also found in W. I., Eurasia,
and Africa.

12. Potamogeton praelongus Wulfen. Map 87. Infrequent in the lakes
of the lake area.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to Conn., N. J., Ind., Iowa, Mont., and Calif.

Potamogeton

POTA MOGETON ACEAE

Jan.
Feb
Mar-
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.

"T —

*■

\\\-

Hv\

- 1 |

r^/ Miles

Map 89

Potamogeton epihydrus Raf.

'" 50

Map 90

Potamogeton zosterif ormis Fern.

13. Potamogeton Richardsonii (Bennett) Rydb. Map 88. In a few of

our northern lakes.

Que. to Mack, and B. C, southw. to N. E., N. Y., Ind., and Nebr.

14. Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. Map 89. Our only specimen is one
collected in 1936 by R. M. Tryon, Jr. It was found in State Line Creek in
La Porte County. It has been reported but, no doubt, all other reports
should be referred to other species.

N. B., Que. to Minn., southw. to N. J., W. Va., 111., and Iowa; also on the
Pacific coast from Wash, to Calif.

15. Potamogeton zosteriformis Fern. (Mem. Gray Herb. 3: 36-40.
1932.) {Potamogeton zosterif olius of American authors.) Map 90. Fre-
quent in the lakes of the lake area from which there are many reports.
Sterile specimens of this species closely resemble sterile specimens of
Heteranthera dubia from which they can be separated by the abruptly
acute leaf tips. Those of Heteranthera dubia have the blades gradually
tapering at the apex into a blunt tip.

Que., n. Alberta to s. B. C, southw. to Va., Ohio, n. Ind., n. 111., n. Iowa,
Nebr., nw. Mont., and n. Calif.

16. Potamogeton Friesii Rupr. Map 91. In a few of our northern
lakes.

Southern Lab. to B. C, southw. to N. S., Conn., N. Y., Mich., Iowa, and
Wash. ; also in Eu.

17. Potamogeton foliosus Raf. var. genuinus Fern. Map 92. Infrequent
throughout the state in creeks, small rivers, ditches, and gravel pits but
rarely in lakes.

Western N. Y., Ont., Mich., Wis., s. Man. to Wash., southw. through
the U. S. to W. I. and Cent. Amer.

17a. Potamogeton foliosus var. macellus Fern. (Mem. Gray Herb. 3:
46-51. 1932.) Map 92a. The distribution of the variety is indicated on

POTAMOGETONACEAE

Potamogeton

Map 92
Potamogeton foliosus Raf.

var. genulnus

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Auj

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

I u

-T— "T^

I
/ D

D s

rV"

| J—

7]_J-f"°

Miles

o 50

Map 92a
Potamogeton foliosus
var. macellus Fern.

^5
Map 93

Potamogeton pusillus
var. mucronatus (Fi'eber) Graebn.

the map. The habitat is that of the species, although I have more speci-
mens from lakes.

Cape Breton Island, N. S., Que. to Mack., southw. to Fla., Mo., Kans.,
Nev., and Calif. ; also in Hawaii.

18. Potamogeton pusillus L. var. mucronatus (Fieber) Graebn. Map 93.
Our only report is that of Fernald. The specimen was collected by E. B.
Williamson in Crooked Lake, Steuben County, June 17, 1900, and is de-
posited in the herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden.

Sw. Greenland, Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. S., s. N. E., L. I., Del.,
s. Minn., Mont., and Vancouver Island ; Eurasia.

19. Potamogeton strictifolius Bennett var. typicus Fern. (Mem. Gray
Herb. 3: 56-57. 1932.) Map 94. There are specimens from only a few of
our northwestern lakes.

Vt. to Sask., southw. to Mass., cent. N. Y., s. Ont., n. Ohio, n. Ind., n.
Wis., s. Minn., n. Nebr., and Utah.

19a. Potamogeton strictifolius var. rutiloides Fern. (Mem. Gray Herb.
3: 57-60. 1932.) Our only Indiana specimen was collected by Scovell
& Clark in Lake Maxinkuckee, Marshall County, and is deposited in the
herbarium of the Field Museum.

Sw. Que. to Mack., southw. to Vt., nw. N. Y., s. Mich., nw. Ind., s.
Minn., n. Nebr., and Utah.

20. Potamogeton panormitanus Biv. var. major G. Fischer. Map 95.
My only specimens are from a dredged ditch in Jasper County and from a
small lake in De Kalb County.

Magdalen Islands and Gaspe Co., Que. to n. Alberta and s. B. C,
southw. to Va., Ark. to s. Calif., and south-central Mex. ; Cuba, Azores,
and Eurasia.

Potamogeton

POTAMOGETONACEAE

Map 95
Potamogeton panormitanus
var. major G. Ffscher

"To

Map 95a
Potamogeton panormitanus
var. minor B'v.

o 50

Map 96

Potamogeton Robbinsii Oakes

o To

Map 97

Potamogeton pectinatus L.

o 50

Map 98
Z annYchellia palustris L.
/ar. major (Boenningh.l Koch

20a. Potamogeton panormitanus var. minor Biv. Map 95a. Our
specimens are from northern lakes.

Mass. to n. Man. and s. B. C, southw. to Md., s. Ala., La., Tex., and
w. Mex. ; Eurasia.

21. Potamogeton Robbinsii Oakes. Map 96. In a few lakes of the lake
area.

N. B. to n. Ont., southw. to Del., Pa., n. Ind. ; also Wyo. and s. B. C.

to Nev.

21a. Potamogeton Robbinsii f. cultellatus Fassett. (Rhodora 35: 389.
1933.) Fassett cites a specimen of this form which was collected by J. T.
Scovell in Lake Maxinkuckee and which is now in the Gray Herbarium.

Conn., Ont., Mich., Ind., and Wis.

22. Potamogeton pectinatus L. Map 97. This in frequent to common in
all of our lakes in the lake area.

Newf . to B. C, southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif. ; also in Eu.

Najadaceae

Zannichellia

~ 50

Map 99

Najas flexilis (Wflld.) Rostk.& Schmidt

o 50

Map 100

Najas guadalupensis (SprengJ Morong

5 50

Map 101

Najas gracillima (A.Br.) Morong

62. ZANNICHELLIA [Micheli] L.

1. Zannichellia palustris L. var. major (Boenningh.) Koch. HORNED
Pondweed. Map 98. I found this pondweed to be frequent in one foot of
water on the southwest side of Cedar Lake, Lake County. I found it in
Pulaski County about 13 miles west of Winamac, in Little Monon ditch
where it is crossed by State Road 14. It has been reported from Wolf Lake,
Lake County, by Peattie and from Vigo County by Blatchley. It may be
more frequent in the state than our reports indicate.

In fresh or brackish water nearly throughout North America, except
the extreme north ; widely distributed in the Old World.

12. NAJADACEAE Lindl.
64. NAJAS L. Naiad

[Clausen. Studies in the genus Najas in the northern United States.
Rhodora 38: 333-345. 1936.]

Leaves mostly (0.4) 0.5-1 mm wide and 1-1.5 cm long, gradually widening into a

clasping base.

Styles (including the stigmas) filiform, 0.8-2 mm long; fruit lustrous, indistinctly

marked with 30-50 longitudinal lines, enclosing obscure hexagonal areolae;

leaves gradually tapering from the base into a long drawn out point, the fine

teeth numerous 1- N. flexilis.

Styles (including the stigmas) stouter, 0.1-0.6 mm long; fruit dull, more distinctly
marked with about 10-20 longitudinal lines which enclose rectangular areolae;
leaves linear, with a rounded or merely acute apex, the teeth not so numerous

as in the preceding species but more conspicuous 2. N. guadalupensis.

Leaves mostly 0.25 mm wide, ranging from 0.2-0.3 mm wide and 1.5-2.5 cm long; fruit
somewhat curved, dull, the surface longitudinally marked with short, oblong
reticulations 3. N. gracillima.

1. Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. Map 99. So far as known,
this species is restricted to the lake area of the state. It is found princi-
pally in lakes and in a few rivers. A variety robusta Morong is a stouter

Triglochin

JUNCAGINACEAE

o 50

Map 102

Triglochin maritima L.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

D
10

Dec. C

—

/ Miles

["rigl

ochir

p\ 7

alustris

3 50

Map 103
L.

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.f-

I s - '

] MD

r 1 ^

i ' —

£/ Miles

y^T^V ^ Map 104
cheuchzeria palustrfs
var americana Fern.

form that rarely fruits, and, according to Clark, (Lake Maxinkuckee 2:

173. 1920), grows on muddy bottoms in deeper water than the species.

Md., Ohio, Ind., 111., Iowa, Idaho to Oreg., and northw. into Canada.

2. Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong. Map 100. This species is
found in lakes and is restricted to our lake area. I have never taken notes
concerning the habitats of this or the preceding species, but all that I have
collected were found on sandy or marly bottoms in less than 4 feet of
water.

Basin of the St. Lawrence River to Minn., and Oreg., southw. to Fla.
and Mex., W. I., and S. A.

3. Najas gracillima (A. Br.) Morong. (Najas gracillima (A. Br.)
Magnus of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.)
Map 101. This species was reported in 1876 by Schneck as found in the
"deeper ponds" of the Lower Wabash Valley. Our only specimens were
collected in 1935 by Kriebel in Lawrence County.

Maine, N. Y., Wis., and Minn., southw. to Mass., Conn., N. Y., Ind., and
Mo.

14.*JUNCAGINACEAE Lindl. Arrow-grass Family

Stem scapose; leaves all radical; flowers bractless, many, in a spikelike raceme;

ovaries 3-6, united until maturity 66. Triglochin, p. 85.

Stem leafy; flowers bracteate, few, in a loose raceme; ovaries 3, nearly distinct,

divaricate 67. Scheuchzeria, p. 86.

66. TRIGLOCHIN [Riv.] L. Arrow-grass

Fruit oblong or ovoid, mostly 3-6 mm long and 2-3.5 mm wide, rounded at the base;
carpels 6 (rarely 3 but none seen in Indiana), not beginning to separate first at
the base 1. T. maritima.

Fruit linear or clavate, mostly 7-8 mm long, about 1 mm wide, tapering to a narrow
base; carpels 3, separating first at the base 2. T. palustris.

86 Alismaceae Scheuchzeria

1. Triglochin maritima L. (Fernald. Some variations of Triglochin
maritima. Rhodora 5: 174-175. 1903.) Map 102. Infrequent in a few
counties in the lake area. It prefers calcareous soil and grows on the
marly borders of lakes and in springy places. I have seen it growing with
the next species in marl so strongly alkaline that only a few plants could
survive. In such a habitat it will usually be associated with EleocJuiris
pauciflora. - —

Lab. to Alaska, southw. to N. J. and Mex.

2. Triglochin palustris L. Map 103. Very local in marly springy areas
on marly shores of lakes in our northern counties and in a marly springy
place in Henry County.

Greenland to s. Maine along the coast, and inland to the Great Lakes,
westw. to Colo, and Alaska ; found also in Eurasia.

67. SCHEUCHZERIA L.

1. Scheuchzeria palustris L. var. americana Fern. (Rhodora 25: 177-.
179. 1923.) Map 104. Very local in some of the counties of the lake area.
I have it only from two counties but it has been reported also from
Cass, Fulton, Lake, Marshall, Porter, and St. Joseph Counties. It is usually
found in sphagnum with pitcherplant and cranberry.

Newf. to Hudson Bay and Alaska, southw. to N. J., Pa., Wis., and Calif.

15. ALISMACEAE DC. Water-plantain Family .

Flowers in a panicle, the branches bearing whorls of flowers in verticils of 3-10 flowers
each; flowers perfect; carpels in a single series, forming a ring on a small

receptacle 70. Alisma, p. 86.

Flowers in verticils; carpels in several series on a convex receptacle.

Flowers in verticils of 3-9 or more, in plants of average vigor with some of the
verticils with more than 3 flowers; leaf blades large, cordate or subcordate at

the base, usually with 5-7 primary veins; flowers all perfect

75. Echinodorus, p. 87.

Flowers mostly in verticils of 3, or 1 or 2 at a node; leaf blades sagittate or

lanceolate, usually with more than 5-7 veins.

Fruiting pedicels very thick, usually 2-5 cm long, at least the lowermost widely

spreading or recurved; sepals mostly suborbicular, large, surrounding the

mature fruit; lower verticils of flowers pistillate, the upper ones staminate;

stamens 9-15 76. Lophotocarpus, p. 88.

Fruiting pedicels not conspicuously thick, ascending; sepals not broad and sur-
rounding the fruit at maturity, usually reflexed; staminate flowers on
separate scapes or at the top of the scape above the pistillate ones; stamens
numerous 78. Sagittaria, p. 88.

70. ALISMA L. Water-plantain

Petals 1-2 mm long; anthers subspherical, 0.3-0.5 mm long; styles 0.2-0.3 mm long,
curved at the apex; achenes 1.5-2 (2.5) mm long 1. A. sub cord atum.

Petals 3.5-6 mm long; anthers oblong, 0.6-0.9 mm long; styles 0.4-0.7 mm long, slightly
curved; achenes 2.5-3 mm long 2. A. Plantago-aquatica var. brevipes.

1. Alisma subcordatum Raf. (Alisma Plantago-aqiiatica of Gray, Man.,
ed. 7 and of Indiana authors, in part, not of L.) Map 105. Infrequent to

Echinodorus

Alismaceae

Map 105a
Alisma Plantago -aquatica L.
jar. brevipes (Greene) Samuelsson

frequent throughout the state, being more common in the lake area where
dredged ditches are more frequent. It is found in muddy or mucky soil
in ditches, ponds, and sloughs and about lakes.
N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

2. Alisma Plantago-aquatica L. var. brevipes (Greene) Samuelsson.
Found only in our northern counties with the habitat of the preceding
species. This species was unknown to me until I studied my specimens.
It is probable that now since I know it, I could find it in more of our
northern counties. I have specimens from Lake, Elkhart, and Newton
Counties. This is the boreal representative of the genus.

N. S., Maine, Col. to Wash.

75. ECHINODORUS Richard

Scapes (stems) reclining or prostrate, 7-15 dm long, usually rooting at the nodes;
leaves cordate, blades 4-15 cm long; flowers in verticils at the nodes, their pedicels
2-5 cm long in fruit ; beak of achene a fourth as long as the body. . . 1. E. radioans.

Scapes erect, 10-30 cm high; leaves cordate, 2-11 cm long; pedicels stiff, 12-15 mm
long in fruit; beak of achene half as long as the body 2. E. cordifolius.

1. Echinodorus radicans (Nutt.) Engelm. Map 106. This species is
restricted to the Lower Wabash Valley where it is found on the muddy
borders of old river channels. Very local.

D. C. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

2. Echinodorus cordifolius (L.) Griseb. Map 107. The only specimen
of this species known to have been collected in Indiana is one in the
herbarium of DePauw University. It was collected by Blatchley on
the south side of Conover's Pond, now drained, which was located in the
southeast corner of sec. 9, now within the city limits of Terre Haute,
Vigo County. This species was reported from Tippecanoe County by
Wilson, but his specimen can not be located.

Ind.. 111. to Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

Alismaceae

Lophotocarpus

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov

Dec. t

> ' —

/ Miles

ch;

noc

orus

difolius (L

1 50

Map 107
.) Griseb.

Jan.

Feb

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

Dec.

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Map 108
.opfiotocarpus calycinus
(Engelm.) J. G. Smith

~ 30

Map 109

Sagittaria latifolia Willd.

76. LOPHOTOCARPUS Th. Durand

1. Lophotocarpus calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Smith. Map 108. Re-
stricted to the southern part of the state where it is found in artificial
ponds and in sinkholes. All of my specimens were found in such habitats
except one, which was from a muddy slough along White River in Greene
County. When once established in a pond or sinkhole, it soon becomes the
dominant plant, usually almost crowding out all other species. It is fast
migrating northward, and I now find it in places where it was absent 20
years ago. None of our early authors reported it. Probably introduced.

Del. to S. Dak., southw. to Ala. and N. Mex.

la. Lophotocarpus calycinus f. maximus (Engelm.) Fern. (Rhodora
38: 73. 1936.) This is a very wideleaf form with blades up to 3 dm wide
and with 18-21 nerves. Miss Edna Banta found it in an artificial pond
in Jefferson County.

Ohio and southw.

lb. Lophotocarpus calycinus f. depauperatus (Engelm.) Fern. (Rho-
dora 38: 73. 1936.) I collected a specimen of this form in an artificial
pond on the August Bocard farm on the road between Corydon and Mill-
town, about a mile south of DePauw, Harrison County.

78.[SAGITTARIA L. Arrowhead

Leaves all sagittate, rarely somewhat hastate, or some without lobes, the basal lobes

as long as, shorter, or longer than the terminal one; pistillate heads never sessile;

filaments of stamens glabrous.

Bracts ovate, obtuse or rarely merely acute, usually 4-8 (10) mm long; achenes

mostly 2-3 mm long; beaks of achenes, 0.5-2 mm long, horizontal, arising from

the inner margin and pointing inward; leaf blades usually about 1.5 dm long

(sometimes up to 4.5 dm long or as short as 3 cm long).

Bracts and pedicels pubescent. (See excluded species no. 35, p. 1024.)

S. pubescens.

Bracts and pedicels glabrous ; scape not ribbed or rarely so ; faces of achenes not
keeled or crested.

Sagittaria

Alismaceae

Jan.

Feb.

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June

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[ck^J^f Map 110

Sagittaria latifolia

var. obtusa (Muhl.) Wieg.

Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon

7
7

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

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agittaria fc

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^ Map 112

Mack. & Bush

Terminal lobes of leaves of an ovate type, wider than linear.

Apex of terminal lobe of leaves acute; plants usually monoecious; scapes

usually terete 1. S. latifolia.

Apex of terminal lobe of leaves obtuse or rounded; plants usually dioecious.

la. S. latifolia var. obtusa.

Terminal lobes of leaves linear lb. S. latifolia f . gracilis.

Bracts lanceolate or long-cuneate, usually long-acuminate at the apex, sometimes

merely acute in Sagittaria cuneata; beaks of achenes erect or if curved, bent

outward from an erect base.

Beaks of achenes very short, less than 0.5 nun long, usually about 0.3 mm long;

achenes 2-2.5 (3) mm long, strongly obovoid, their faces not keeled or

crested; leaves mostly 4-15 cm long, sagittate or sagittate-hastate; bracts

mostly 6-12 mm long 2. S. cuneata.

Beaks of achenes 0.5-2 mm long, usually about 1.5 mm long, arising from the

inner edge of the achene and forming with the top of the achene a minute

sinus, sometimes some of the beaks diverging; achenes keeled on each face

and their margins more or less notched.

Each face of the achene with a single keel ; sinus at the top of achene (between

the wing and beak) wide and rounded; scapes strongly ribbed; bracts

acuminate, mostly 8-25 mm long 3. S. brevirostra.

Each face of the achene with two or more crested keels and sometimes with one
or two short, intermediate ones ; sinus at the top of the achene deeper and

narrower, sometimes almost closed by the outwardly curved beak

4. S. australis.

Leaves all entire or with a few leaves lobed; blades linear, lanceolate, or elliptic;
filaments of stamens more or less glandular-pubescent; plants growing in shallow
water or in very wet places.
Pistillate heads sessile; beak of achene about 1.5 mm long; body of achene about

3 mm long 5. S. rigida.

Pistillate heads pedicellate; beak of achene very short, mostly 0.3-0.75 mm long,
lateral; body of achene about 2 mm long 6. S. graminea.

1. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Common Arrowhead. Map 109. The ex-
treme variability of the leaves of this species has led authors to describe
several forms, one of which has been reported from Indiana. I think that
much of the variations in leaf pattern is due to habitat. This species is

Alismaceae

Sagittaria

Map 114

Sagittaria rigida Pursh

Map 115

Sagittaria gramlnea Michx,

restricted mostly to the lake area with a few outlying stations. It
has been reported in various parts of the state because, no doubt, it has
not been separated from Sagittaria brevirostra. It is found on the muddy
borders of streams, ponds, and lakes and in ditches. It is rather frequent
in its habitat but its habitat is more or less local. Since there has been
no recent revision of the genus, the general distribution is not definitely
known and the best that can be done is to accept that of our most recent
authors.

N. B. to B. C, southw. to Fla. and Calif.

la. Sagittaria latifolia var. obtusa (Muhl.) Wieg. (Rhodora 27: 186.
1925.) (Sagittaria latifolia f. obtusa (Muhl.) Rob.) Map 110. This form
is probably local or infrequent throughout the state. The habitat is that
of the species. The general distribution is not known.

lb. Sagittaria latifolia f. gracilis (Pursh) Rob. This is a rare form
in our area. In 1936 I studied some large colonies on the marl border of
the northwest part of Crooked Lake, Steuben County. On the shore and
as far out as I could wade with boots, the typical form of the species
occurred. Beyond this, which I examined with a boat, the roots of the
marsh plants formed a floating mass among which the linear-lobed form
was frequent. Among them could be found plants with all the leaves
with two lobes. Others could be found where a single plant would have
leaves with two lobes, one lobe, and others without lobes (mere phyl-
lodia).

2. Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon. (Sagittaria arifolia Nutt.) Map 111.
All of our specimens are from the lake area where it is local, although
there are no reports from the dune area. Found on the muddy or wet,
sandy borders of streams, lakes, and ponds and in ditches.

N. S., Que. to B. C, southw. to Conn., Kans., N. Mex., and Calif.

3. Sagittaria brevirostra Mack. & Bush. Shortbeak Arrowhead. Map
112. This plant is found probably throughout the state and is probably

Anacharis Hydrocharitaceae 91

our most common species. This arrowhead is more robust than Sagittaria
latifolia with which it is sometimes associated. It is found on the muddy
shores of streams, ponds, and sloughs and in ditches. I have seen speci-
mens from Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, Missouri, and Tennessee.

4. Sagittaria australis (J. G. Smith) Small. Map 113. This is a south-
ern species which is known only from Perry County. It is found on muddy
shores.

Pa., Va., and Ind. to Ala.

5. Sagittaria rigida Pursh. (Sagittaria heterophylla Pursh.) STIFF
Arrowhead. Map 114. This species is essentially northern in its distribu-
tion and is practically restricted to our lake area with a few locations
south of it. It is infrequent and found on muddy borders and in ditches.
The leaves are extremely variable, ranging from linear to rather broadly
elliptic. Three forms have been named, but I believe these ecological
fluctuations do not merit names.

Que. to Minn., southw. to N. J., Tenn., and Kans.

6. Sagittaria graminea Michx. Map 115. Infrequent in a part of the
lake area and local southward. This species is usually found in shallow
water or in very wet places about lakes, ponds, and artificial ponds and
in ditches.

Newf. to Sask., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

17. HYDROCHARITACEAE Asch. Frogbit Family

Leaves less than 2 cm wide.

Plants with long, leafy submerged stems ; spathes very small, sessile

87A. Anacharis, p. 91

Plants stemless, submerged, with long narrow leaves ; spathes peduncled

89. Vallisneria, p. 92.

Leaves more than 2 cm wide 97. Limnobium, p. 92.

87A. ANACHARIS Bab. & Planch. Waterweed

[Victorin. L' Anacharis canadensis. Contrib. Lab. Bot. Univ. Montreal
18: 1-43. figs. 7. 1931.]

K. M. Wiegand has made an extensive study of the species of this genus
in the Cayuga Lake Basin and has published his findings in the "Flora of
the Cayuga Lake Basin," by Wiegand & Eames. I have taken the following
key from this work, and I here make acknowledgment for its use.
Leaves 1.2-4 mm wide (averaging 2.13 mm) ; spathe of the staminate flower oblong-
linear, 11-13 mm long, constricted at base into a stipelike part, the orifice gaping,
2-lobed ; staminate flower remaining attached by means of a long filiform peduncle ;
sepals or mature bud of the staminate flowers 3.8-5 mm long; anthers 2.2-2.5 mm

long; sepals or mature bud of the pistillate flowers 2.3-2.7 mm long

1. A. canadensis.

Leaves 0.7-1.8 mm wide (averaging 1.3 mm) ; spathe of the staminate flower globose,
apiculate, the body about 2 mm long; staminate flower sessile, breaking out of the
spathe and rising free to the surface before anthesis; sepals or mature bud of
the staminate flowers 2-2.5 mm long; anthers 0.8-1.1 mm long; sepals or mature
bud of the pistillate flowers 1.2-1.8 mm long 2. A. occidentalis.

Hydrocharitaceae

Vallisneria

o 5o

Map 116

Anacharis canadensis (Michx.) Planch.

~5o

Map 117

Anacharis occidentalis (Pursh) Vict.

^3
Map 118

Vallisneria americana Michx.

1. Anacharis canadensis (Michx.) Planch. (Eiodea of Gray, Man., ed. 7
and Philotria of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Canada Water-
weed. Map 116. Frequent to common in most of our lakes, ponds, slow
flowing streams, and ditches of the lake area, becoming rare southward
because its habitat is not found. It prefers clear and calcareous waters.
Wiegand, in his study of the species, concludes that Anacharis canadensis
is dioecious and that Anacharis Planchonii is the pistillate form of the
species.

Que., N. E. to Sask. and Wyo., southw. to N. Y., Ky., and 111.

2. Anacharis occidentalis (Pursh) Vict. (Contrib. Lab. Bot. Univ.
Montreal 18: 50: 1931.) {Philotria angustifolia of Britton and Brown,
Illus. Flora, ed. 2 and Eiodea Nuttallii (Planch.) St. John.) Western
Waterweed. Map 117. This species has the habitat of the preceding
species but is less frequent. Most of our specimens are from the lake
area.

Southern Maine to Wis. and Oreg., southw. to D. C, Mo., and Nebr.

89. VALLISNERIA [Micheli] L.

1. Vallisneria americana Michx. (Rhodora 20: 108. 1918.) {Vallisneria
spiralis of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.)
Wild Celery. Map 118. Infrequent to frequent or even common in the
lakes of the lake area and rare in our streams, except those of the lake area
where it may be common. The sepals of my specimens and those which I
have measured in the field are rounded at the apex and 3-3.5 mm wide
and 3-5 mm long, usually slightly less than 4 mm long. The peduncles
of the staminate inflorescences are mostly about 1 cm long and the leaves
are 6-8 mm wide. The widest leaf I have been able to find was 9 mm wide.

Cent. Maine to S. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

97. LIMNOBIUM Richard
See excluded species no. 38, p. 1024.

Gramineae 93

19. GRAMlNEAE Juss. Grass Family

[Hitchcock. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. 1040p. 1096
fig. 1935. Deam. Grasses of Indiana. 356p. 81 pi. 1929.]

The sequence of genera, nomenclature, and concept of species are those
of Hitchcock, "Manual of the Grasses of the United States." In a few in-
stances, however, where a named form of a species is distinct in Indiana
and is not given in Hitchcock's Manual, it is added here in the belief that
it will be appreciated by students who are making an intensive study of
the grasses.

It is to be noted that the numbers of the genera are not consecutive;
this is because they are the ones used in Hitchcock's Manual. For the
benefit of students who prefer to follow the sequence of genera as they
occur in Dalla Torre and Harms' General Siphonogamarum, those numbers
are also added, following the number used in Hitchcock's Manual.

KEY TO THE TRIBES

Plants woody, culms perennial 1. Bambuseae, p. 94.

Plants herbaceous, culms annual.

Spikelets 1-many-flowered, 1 terete or laterally compressed; sterile lemmas or in-
completely developed florets above the fertile ones, except in Uniola and the
Phalarideae, in each of which the spikelet has at least 3 florets, the lower 2
sterile or rudimentary, and in Arrhenatherum, which has 2 florets, the upper
perfect, the lower staminate.
Glumes present, rarely one of them obsolete.

Spikelets 3-flowered in plan, the uppermost floret perfect, the lower 2 staminate
or represented by sterile lemmas, which may be reduced to minute scales.

7. Phalarideae, p. 144.

Spikelets 1-many-flowered, no incomplete florets below the perfect ones, except

in Uniola, Phragmites, and Arrhenatherum, none of which has spikelets

3-flowered in plan.

Inflorescence of spikes or racemes, either solitary, digitate, racemose, or the

spikelets never long pedicellate.

Spikelets solitary or in clusters of 2-6, alternate on opposite sides of the

axis; spike solitary, terminal 3. Hordeae, p. 113.

Spikelets in 1-sided spikes or racemes, the spikes or racemes solitary or

several 6. Chlorideae, p. 141.

Inflorescence a panicle, open or contracted, sometimes spikelike.

Spikelets 1-flowered 5. Agrostideae, p. 125.

Spikelets 2-many-flowered.

Glumes shorter than the lowermost floret (see also Sphenopholis) ; lemmas
usually awnless, if awned, the awn terminal or from a minutely

bifid apex 2. Festuceae, p. 95.

Glumes at least as long as the lowermost floret (shorter in Sphenopholis) ;
lemmas awnless or with the awn attached to the back or from a bifid

apex 4. Aveneae, p. 121.

Glumes obsolete.

Flowers perfect, each having a pistil and at least 1 stamen. .8. Oryzeae, p. 145.

Flowers imperfect, staminate and pistillate flowers in different spikelets

9. Zizanieae, p. 146.

1 Spikelets of Panicum are apparently 1-flowered but examination shows them to be structurally 2-
flowered. The upper flower is fertile and the lower one is represented usually only by a lemma which is
the outer or loose one of the spikelet.

Bambuseae

Arundinaria

Jan.

Feb

Mar.
Apr.
May

\-i

June

July
Aug.

Sept.
Oct.
Nov.

J-f,

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Dec.j-

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1 K

Miles

Map 119
Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Chapm.

Map 120

Bromus stenlis L.

Map 121
Bromus tectorum L.

Spikelets essentially 2-flowered in structural plan, the lower floret represented by a
sterile lemma, the first glume sometimes lacking; various types of imperfect
flowers common; spikelets never strongly compressed laterally.
Spikelets usually not in pairs; fertile lemmas thicker or firmer than the glumes

and sterile lemmas 10. Paniceae, p. 147.

Spikelets in pairs (sometimes in threes), one member sessile, the other (or others)
pedicellate (occasionally both sessile or pedicellate), the pedicelled member
often variously reduced in structure, represented by only a pedicel or a
microscopic rudiment in extreme cases; fertile lemmas thin and papery;
glumes firmer.
Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and perfect, the other pedicellate and usually
staminate or neuter (the pedicellate one sometimes obsolete), rarely both

pedicellate; lemmas hyaline 11. Andropogoneae, p. 177.

Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate below, the staminate above, in the same in-
florescence or in separate inflorescences 12. Tripsaceae, p. 181.

1. BAMBUSEAE Nees. Bamboo Tribe

1M14'. ARUNDINARIA Michx. Cane

[Galloway. Bamboos : their culture and uses in the United States. U. S.
Dept. Agric. Bull. 1329 : 1-44. illus. 1925.]

Panicles on leafy branches; culms as much as 10 m high 1. A. gigantea.

Panicles on leafless shoots from creeping rhizomes. (See excluded species no. 39,
p. 1025.) A. tecta.

1. Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Chapm. (Arundinaria macrospenna
Michx. of Gray, Man., ed. 7, of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, and
of Deam, Grasses of Ind.) Southern Cane. Map 119. This species is
restricted to southern Indiana. I have found it only in the counties border-
ing the Ohio and Wabash Rivers. Kriebel, however, found it along Beaver
Creek near Huron, Lawrence County, and there is a place named "cane
marsh" in Greene County which indicates that it, at one time, did occur
in that county. This species is usually found in lowlands that are periodi-

1 The first number refers to the numbers used in Hitchcock's Manual of Grasses of the United States.
- The second number refers to the numbers used in Dalla Torre and Harms' Genera Siphonogamarum.

Bromus Festuceae 95

cally inundated. I have seen it on rocky wooded slopes, however, and on
the top of the bluff of the Ohio River, where it was 200 feet above the
water. In my opinion fire and grazing have been instrumental in limiting
its distribution on the uplands.

Se. U. S. from Va. to Mo. and Okla., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

2. FESTUCEAE Nees. Fescue Tribe

Plants stout, usually 1.5-2.5 m high; inflorescence large, plumelike; rachilla plumose.

26. Phragmites, p. 111.

Plants much shorter, rarely as high as 1.5 m; inflorescence not plumelike; rachilla not
plumose.
Lemmas prominently 3-nerved, without a cobwebby base.
Lemmas more or less villous on the nerves.

Nodes of stem glabrous; plants mostly 75-125 cm high, basal parts smooth to

the touch 31. Triodia, p. 113.

Nodes of stem pubescent; plants mostly 25-60 cm high, basal parts rough to

the touch 32. Triplasis, p. 113.

Lemmas not villous on the nerves, glabrous or scabrous.
Lemmas less than 5 mm long; fruit less than 5 mm long. .12. Eragrostis, p. 108.

Lemmas about 8 mm long; fruit about 5 mm long 15. Diarrhena, p. 110.

Lemmas 5-many-nerved (the intermediate pair in some species of Poa obscure).
Spikelets with 2 or 3 empty lemmas above the 2 or 3 fertile florets, or with 1-4
sterile lemmas below the 6 or 7 fertile florets.

Sterile lemmas above the fertile florets 28. Melica, p. 111.

Sterile lemmas below the fertile florets 20. Uniola, p. 110.

Spikelets without sterile lemmas (terminal florets often not developed).
Lemmas awned.

Lemmas awned or awn-tipped from a minutely bifid apex.

Grain pubescent at the summit ; callus of florets not bearded

2. Bromus, p. 95.

Grain not pubescent at the summit; callus of florets bearded

29. Schizachne, p. 112.

Lemmas awned from the tip, rounded on the back; grain not pubescent at

the summit 3. Festuca, p. 99.

Lemmas awnless.

Spikelets strongly flattened, subsessile in 1-sided clusters at the ends of long

naked branches, these spreading in anthesis, erect in fruit

21. Dactylis, p. 111.

Spikelets neither strongly flattened nor in clusters.

Florets cobwebby at the base 10. Poa, p. 104.

Florets not cobwebby at the base.

Lemmas plainly 7-nerved, scarious at the apex 6. Glyceria, p. 102.

Lemmas 5-nerved, sometimes 2 of the nerves obscure.

Lemmas 8-11 mm long 2. Bromus, p. 95.

Lemmas mostly less than 8 mm long.

Lemmas keeled on the back 10. Poa, p. 104.

Lemmas rounded on the. back 3. Festuca, p. 99.

2-389. BROMUS L. Bromegrass

[Shear. A revision of the North American species of Bromus occurring
north of Mexico. U. S. Dept. Agric. Agrost. Bull. 23 : 1-66. 1920. Wiegand.
Notes on some East- American species of Bromus. Rhodora 24: 89-92.
1922.]

[Note: Measurements of spikelets, glumes, and lemmas do not include awns.]

96 Festuceae Bromus

First glume 1-nerved (rarely 3-nerved in Bromus latiglumis, the leaves of which have
prominent flanges at the base).
Awns 12-25 mm long, straight.

Spikelets glabrous or more or less scabrous ; awns about 25 mm long

1. B. sterilis.

Spikelets pubescent; awns mostly 12-17 mm long 2. B. tectorum.

Awns less than 12 mm long or sometimes lacking.

Branches of panicle compact, erect or slightly spreading at maturity; glumes
and lemmas glabrous or more or less scabrous but not pubescent; sheaths
usually glabrous.
Creeping rhizomes present; sheaths glabrous (sometimes late shoots pubescent) ;

lemmas awnless or with awns up to 3 mm long 3. B. inermis.

Creeping rhizomes lacking; sheaths glabrous or somewhat pilose; lemmas with

awns 5-6 mm long. (See excluded species no. 42, p. 1025.) B. erectus.

Branches of panicle loose, drooping; glumes and lemmas more or less pubescent;

sheaths usually pubescent.

Glumes glabrous except the scabrous midnerve or sometimes the whole surface

more or less scabrous.

Nodes usually 4-6; lemmas strongly pubescent near the margin on the lower

half to three-fourths, their backs glabrous or scaberulous; plants of a

marsh or prairie habitat, flowering in July 4. B. ciliatus.

Nodes 10-20; lemmas more or less pubescent, especially on the back; plants of
dry woods, ravines, and dry banks of streams, flowering from July to

September 5. B. latiglumis.

Glumes more or less pubescent all over; lemmas more or less pubescent,
especially on the back ; plants of dry woods, ravines, and dry banks ; plants
flowering from May to July.
Nodes 4-6; sheaths shorter than the internodes or the lower ones longer, not
flaring at the summit.

Sheaths and blades more or less villous 6. B. purgans.

Sheaths and blades (except the lower ones) glabrous

6a. B. purgans f . laevivaginatus.

Nodes 10-20; sheaths longer than the internodes, at least the 4 lower ones

longer; plants flowering from July to September 5. B. latiglumis.

First glume 3- or 5-nerved.

Sheaths glabrous 7. B. secalinus.

Sheaths pubescent.

Lemmas awnless or with awns less than 5 mm long.

Glumes and lemmas glabrous or scabrous on the nerves; awnless or with short

awns 8. B. brizaeformis.

Glumes and lemmas silky-pubescent all over ; awns mostly 2-3 mm long

9. B. Kalmii.

Lemmas with awns more than 5 mm long.

Glumes and lemmas more or less silky-pubescent 10. B. mollis.

Glumes and lemmas glabrous or somewhat scabrous.

Branches of the panicle rather stiffly spreading or drooping, not flexuous;

awns straight 11. B- commutatus.

Branches of the panicle slender, lax or flexuous 12. B. japonicus.

1. Bromus sterilis L. Map 120. Our only report of this species is of
a colony which I found along Tanners Creek about a half mile southeast
of Guilford, Dearborn County. It was well established here along the
roadside.

Nat. of Eu. ; N. E. to 111., southw. to Va. and Ala., and in the west from
B. C. to Calif, and Colo.

Bromus

Festuceae

Map 123

Bromus ciliatus L.

Map 124

Bromus latiglumis (Shear! Hitchc.

2. Bromus tectorum L. Downy Chess. Map 121. This species is
now found throughout the state and has become a pernicious weed in all the
northern counties where a sandy soil is found. It is found along roadsides
and in waste places, hayfields, pastures, and fallow fields.

Nat. of Eu. ; throughout the U. S. as far south as Va. and Miss. Common
on the Pacific coast.

3. Bromus inermis Leyss. Smooth Brome. Map 122. I do not know
that this species has been intentionally sown to any extent in Indiana but
it is now found frequently along railroads and roadsides in sandy soil in the
northern half of the state. I found one farmer in Lagrange County who
had sown it with success in a field of blow-sand soil.

Native from central Europe to China; used in the western states as a
hay and pasture grass and now found as an escape in the northern half
of the United States.

4. Bromus ciliatus L. Fringed Brome. Map 123. Infrequent in marshes
and springy areas of the lake region. I found a specimen in Steuben
County with all the sheaths glabrous except the lowest one. This is Bromus
ciliatus f. denudatus VViegand (Rhodora 24: 91. 1922) which Fernald
now regards as the typical form of the species. (Rhodora 32: 70. 1930.)

Newf. to Wash., southw. to N. J., Tenn., Iowa, w. Tex., and s. Calif.

5. Bromus latiglumis (Shear) Hitchc. (Bromus altissimus Pursh,
Bromus purgans of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, and including
Bromus incanus (Shear) Hitchc.) Map 124. Infrequent throughout the
state. This species seems to prefer dense shade and is found most often on
wooded slopes along streams and in ravines, in fact, it is rarely found far
distant from a stream. This species was separated from the form with
densely pubescent sheaths by most authors but Hitchcock has united the
two forms under this name.

Maine to e. Mont., southw. to N. C, Tenn., Tex., and N. Mex.

Festuceae

Bromus

Map 125

Bromus purgans L.

Map 126

Bromus secalinus L.

•** D

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

H A. ""

-L.

r 1

-4

-^L:

Dec.f-

i i — i

i/ Miles

Brc

mus

mollis L.

Map 128

o ~1o
Map 129

Bromus commutatus Schrad.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

1 HO

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Map 130

Bromus japonicus Thunb.

6. Bromus purgans L. Canada Brome. Map 125. Infrequent to fre-
quent throughout the state in dry places, rarely in wet places, in black and
white oak woods and less frequent in beech and sugar maple woods.

Mass. to Alberta, southw. to Fla. and Ariz.

6a. Bromus purgans f. laevivaginatus Wieg. (Rhodora 24: 92. 1922.)

This is a form of the species that has all the sheaths glabrous except
sometimes the lowest one.

7. Bromus secalinus L. Chess. Map 126. Frequent to common in all
parts of the state. It is found almost everywhere in cleared grounds except
in pastures. It is most abundant in wheatfields and waste grounds. In
Indiana it is called cheat.

Nat. of Eu. ; now found throughout the U. S.

8. Bromus brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. Rattlesnake Chess. My only
specimen is from a waste place near the water works, Michigan City, in
La Porte County. Sometimes cultivated as an ornamental grass.

Festuca Festuceae 99

Nat. of Eu. ; rare in e. U. S. from Mass. to Del. and occasional in the
Pacific Coast States.

9. Bromus Kalmii Gray. Kalm Chess. Map 127. Infrequent on low,
open dunes and in marshy and springy places in the lake region.

Maine to Minn, and S. Dak., southw. to Md. and Iowa.

10. Bromus mollis L. {Bromus hordeaceus of recent authors.) Soft
Chess. Map 128. In 1913 I found this species to be frequent along the
roadside near the water works in Michigan City, La Porte County.

Nat. of Eu.; in e. U. S. from N. S. to N. C, and abundant on the
Pacific coast.

11. Bromus commutatus. Schrad. Hairy Chess. Map 129. This
species is now frequent to common throughout the state and is our most
common chess. It is found almost everywhere in cultivated and waste
grounds and along roadsides and railroads.

Nat. of Eu. ; now well established in most parts of the U. S. and abun-
dant in the Pacific Coast States.

12. Bromus japonicus Thunb. (Bromus patulus Mertens & Koch of
Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Japanese Chess. Map 130. This
species is now found throughout the state in habitats similar to those of
Bromus commutatus.

Native of the Old World; now found throughout the United States
except the Gulf States.

3-385. FESTUCA L. Fescue Grass

[Piper. North American species of Festuca. Contr. U. S. Nation.
Herb. 10: 1-42. 1906.]

Leaves involute, setaceous or capillary, less than 1.5 mm wide; internodes of rachilla

more or less scabrous.

Annual; some of the sheaths partly or entirely retrorsely pubescent, rarely all of

them glabrous; spikelets mostly 5-13-flowered; lemmas more or less scabrous

all over; stamens 1, generally included at anthesis.

Lower glumes 3.5-4.5 mm long; awns of lemmas 3.5-7 mm long.. . .1. F. octo flora.

Lower glumes 2.3-4 mm long; awns of lemmas 1-3 mm long

la. F. octo flora var. tenella.

Perennial; sheaths glabrous; spikelets 3-8-fiowered ; lemmas scabrous only toward
the apex; stamens 3, generally protruding at anthesis.
Culms in loose tufts, decumbent at the usually red, fibrillose base; awn of lemma

shorter than the body; blades smooth 2. F. rubra.

Culms erect.

Lemmas 3-3.8 mm long, awnless; spikelets 5-8 mm long; leaves capillary

3. F. capillata.

Lemmas 4-5 mm long, short-awned; spikelets 7-10 mm long; leaves narrow but

not capillary 4. F. ovina.

Leaves flat, more than 1.5 mm wide; internodes of rachilla glabrous.
Lemmas 5-7 mm long; spikelets 9-25 mm long; panicles nearly erect or slightly

curved, branches short 5. F. elatior.

Lemmas 4-4.5 mm long; spikelets mostly 5-7 mm long; panicles usually open and
nodding at maturity if of normal size, branches long.

100

Festuceae

Festuca

o 5o

Map 131

Festuca octoflora Walt.

Map 132
Festuca octoflora
var. tenella ( Wi lid.) Fern.

Lemmas mostly subacute; mature panicles strongly curved; spikelets somewhat
scattered at the ends of the panicle-branches 6. F. obtusa.

Lemmas more acute; mature panicles drooping; spikelets more clustered at the

ends of the panicle-branches ; florets more uniformly 3 or 4 to a spikelet

7. F. paradoxa.

1. Festuca octoflora Walt. Map 131. This species, as now known, is
restricted to the southern part of the state. It, and also the variety, are
more or less local because their habitat is local. On the whole, it is more
or less frequent and is found in bare, sandy, sometimes very sandy soil.

N. J. to Okla., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

la. Festuca octoflora var. tenella (Willd.) Fern. (Rhodora 34: 209-211.
1932.) Map 132. The variety is doubtless found in every county of the
state where its peculiar habitat is found. The slightly acid property of
the sandy soil in which it is found doubtless restricts its appearance in
the Tipton Till Plain.

Maine, Que., B. C, southw. to Ga., Ark., Tex., and Calif.

2. Festuca rubra L. Map 133. This grass was found by Madge
McKee in a vacant lot in Goodland, Newton County. It was well estab-
lished here. It was found in 1935 by R. C. Friesner at 3711 N. Gladstone
Ave. in Indianapolis, where it had taken possession of the lawn. It is
probably established in many other places throughout the state where it
has been introduced in lawns in grass seed, but it has not been detected
because of its close resemblance to Festuca ovina and Poa pratensis. In
1937 I found it along a roadside near a house in Noble County.

Lab. to Alaska, southw. in the mts. in the west to Ariz., in the Allegheny
Mts. to Ga., and along the Coastal Plain; probably mostly introduced in
the Eastern States.

3. Festuca capillata Lam. (Rhodora 18: 235. 1916.) (Festuca ovina
var. capillata (Lam.) Hack.) Hair Fescue. Map 134. I have a letter from

Festuca

Festuceae

101

—

Jan

Feb.

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

1
f

- H k

- L "T

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Dec.j-

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Fest

jca <

ullata L

Map 134

am.

Map 135

Festuca ovina L

" — 3o

Map 136

Festuca elatior L.

A. A. Hansen who says this species is established in the vicinity of
Lafayette, Tippecanoe County.

Newf. to Mich., southw. to N. C. and 111., and in Oreg.

4. Festuca ovina L. (Fernald. The allies of Festuca ovina in eastern
America. Rhodora 37: 250-252. 1935.) Sheep Fescue. Map 135. This
species prefers sandy soil and has been found in several places in open
woodland and waste places.

Nat. of Eu. ; Maine, Mich, to N. Dak. and southw. to S. C. and 111. and
N. Mex. ; also on the west coast from Alaska to Wash.

5. Festuca elatior L. Meadow Fescue. English Bluegrass. Map
136. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state. It is most frequent along
roadsides and in waste places and has sparingly escaped to open woodland.
Introduced as a forage plant. The Indiana farmers whom I have interro-
gated call it English bluegrass.

Nat. of Eurasia ; throughout the cooler parts of N. A.

6. Festuca obtusa Spreng. (Festuca nutans Spreng.) Nodding Fescue.
Map 137. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state in woodland of
many kinds.

N. S., Que. to Man, southw. to Fla. and e. Tex.

7. Festuca paradoxa Desv. (Opusc. 105. 1831.) (See Amer. Jour. Bot.
24:33. 1937.) (Festuca Shortii Kunth.) Short's Fescue. Map 138. This
species is easily recognized in the field but herbarium material is difficult
to determine. I have seen it growing in Posey County. I have herbarium
material from Decatur County which I believe belongs here. In Posey
County it grows in hard, white clay soil in low, open woodland with pin
oak.

Pa. to Iowa, southw. to S. C. and e. Tex.

102

Festuceae

Glyceria

~3o
Map 137

Festuca obtusa Spreng

Map 138

Festuca paradoxa Desv.

dp/ 50

Map 139

Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc.

6-383. GLYCERIA R. Br. Mannagrass

Spikelets 2-8 mm long.

Second glume about 1 mm long 1. G. striata.

Second glume about 2 mm long.
Lemmas 1.4-2.5 mm long.

Leaves 2-4 mm wide; panicles contracted (less than 5 cm wide) ; spikelets 3- or

4-flowered. (See excluded species no. 44, p. 1025.) G. melicaria.

Leaves mostly 5-15 mm wide; panicles open (more than 5 cm wide); spikelets

4-7 flowered 2. G. grandis.

Lemmas 3-3.5 mm long.

Second glume 1-nerved; florets smooth and glossy; lemmas abruptly acute;

anthers about 0.5 mm long 3. G. cayiadensis.

Second glume 3- or 5-nerved; florets not smooth and glossy; lemmas obtuse;

anthers 1-1.5 mm long 4. G. pallida.

Spikelets 10-40 mm long.

Lemmas obtuse, about equaling the palea.

Spikelets 10-15 mm long; lemmas hispid only on the nerves; anthers about 1 mm

long ; grain 1.5 mm long 5. G. borealis.

Spikelets 15-30 mm long; lemmas hispid on the nerves and on the spaces between

them; anthers 1-1.5 mm long; grain 2-2.5 mm long 6. G. septentrionalis.

Lemmas acute; palea about 1.5 mm longer than the lemma 7. G. acutiflora.

1. Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. (Proe. Biol. Soc. of Washington 41 :
157. 1928.) (Glyceria nervata ( Willd.) Trin. and Panicularia nervata
(Willd.) Ktze.) Fowl Mannagrass. Map 139. Frequent throughout the
state in wet soil in ditches, marshes, and wet woods, along streams,
and about ponds and swampy places.

Newf. to B. C., southw to Fla., Tex., and n. Calif.

2. Glyceria grandis Wats. (Panicularia grandis (Wats.) Nash.)
American Mannagrass. Map 140. This species grows in very wet places
or in shallow water in ponds or in ditches. I have found only a few plants
in three counties.

P. E. I. to Alaska, southw. to Ohio, Tenn., Iowa, Nebr., N. Mex., and
e. Oreg.

Glyceria

Festuceae

103

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct

Nov

D
D

-X

Dec. C

Miles

^30

Map 140

Glyceria grandis Wats.

Map 141

Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin.

3
2

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

D
1 H

1 10 D

i J.

- D He
P

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Dec j-

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Glj

ceria pa

lit

P\ 7
a (Torr

J 50
Map 142

) Trin.

Map 143

Glyceria borealis (Nashl Batchelder

Map 144
Glyceria septentnonalis Hitchc.

Map 145

Glyceria acutiflora Torr.

3. Glyceria canadensis (Michx.) Trin. (Panicularia canadensis
(Michx.) Ktze.) Canada Mannagrass. Map 141. Infrequent in the lake
area where it is found in wet habitats in marshes, ditches, and springy
places and about ponds.

Newf. to Minn., southw. to Md. and 111.

4. Glyceria pallida (Torr.) Trin. (Panicularia pallida (Torr.) Ktze.)
Pale Mannagrass. Map 142. This grass has been found infrequently in
a few of our northern counties. It grows in a very wet habitat, usually
in shallow water or in ponds that dry up in midsummer.

Maine to Wis., southw. to N. C. and Mo.

5. Glyceria borealis (Nash) Batchelder. (Panicularia borealis Nash.)
Northern Mannagrass. Map 143. This plant is doubtless very rare in
Indiana. The habitat is the same as that of the preceding species.

Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Conn., Ind., Iowa, S. Dak., and in the mts.
to N. Mex. and Calif.

104 Festuceae Poa

6. Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc. {Panicularia septentrioyudis
(Hitchc.) Bickn. and Glyceria plicata of Deam, Grasses of Ind.) Eastern
Mannagrass. Map 144. Infrequent to somewhat frequent in the lake area
and local in the southern part of the state. It has the habitat of the
preceding species, growing only in very wet places or in shallow water.

Que. to Minn., southw. to S. C. and e. Tex.

7. Glyceria acutifldra Torr. (Panicularia acutiflora (Torr.) Kuntze.)
Map 145. In 1919 I found this grass in an artificial pond in Harrison
County. The pond was revisited in 1935 and this species was still a common
plant in it. R. M. Kriebel found it in 1934 in a sinkhole on the farm of
Julius Blackwell, about two and a half miles northeast of Springville,
Lawrence County. On July 29, 1935, he found about a half acre in a but-
tonbush swamp of about three acres on the Cobb farm about two miles
northeast of Avoca, Lawrence County. Here it was associated with
Cephahinthiis occiolentalis, Populus heterophylla , Rosa palustris, Glyceria
septentrionalis, and Ranunculus flabellaris.

N. H. to Mich., southw. to Del. and Tenn.

10-378. POA L. Bluegrass

Annual, usually less than 40 cm high.

Lemmas not cottony at the base, plainly 5-nerved; mature anthers 0.7-1 mm long.

1. P. annua.

Lemmas cottony at the base, 3-nerved or with two additional obscure ones; mature

anthers about 0.2 mm long 2. P. Chapmaniana.

Perennial, usually more than 40 cm high.

Lemmas not cottony at the base 3. P. autumnalis.

Lemmas cottony at the base.

Plants bluish green; culms from creeping rootstocks, not tufted, distinctly
flattened; panicles contracted after anthesis and usually less than 1 cm wide
(shade forms sometimes slender and spreading and as wide as 2 cm),

branches of panicle erect; first glume 3-nerved 4. P. compressa.

Plants green (not bluish) ; culms terete or only slightly compressed; panicles
more or less expanded after anthesis, at least 2 cm wide, branches ascending
or spreading; first glume 1-nerved except in P. Wolfii.

Lemmas glabrous 5. P. langitida.

Lemmas pubescent or scabrous, at least on the keel.
Marginal nerves of lemmas glabrous.

Sheaths smooth; intermediate nerves of the flowering glume obscure;
spikelets 4-6 mm long; anthers 0.4-0.7 mm long, pink; ligule 1 mm
long or less; inflorescence silvery green, without spikelets close to the

rachis 6. P. ahode>:.

Sheaths scabrous; intermediate nerves prominent; spikelets 3.2-3.0 mm
long; anthers 1.6 mm long, pale; ligule 5-6 mm long; inflorescence
yellowish green or purplish, with normal rays and, in addition, many

spikelets on short branches closer to the rachis 7. P. trivially.

Marginal nerves of lemmas pubescent.
Intermediate nerves of lemmas obscure.

Plants slender, lax; ligules less than 2 mm long; anthers often purple,
0.5-0.8 (1) mm long; branches of panicles in 2's (rarely in 3's).
8. P. paludigena.

Plants robust; ligules more than 2 mm long; anthers 0.8-1.4 mm long;
branches of panicles in .'!'s or more 9. P. palustris.

Poa

Festuceae

105

12
11

Jan

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov

Dec <-

D
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Poa

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V 50

Map 146

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov.

~v_

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J
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£7

vj^^/^V Map 147
Poa Chapmaniana Scribn.

Feb.

Mar
Apr.
May

June

July

"in

Aug.

Sept.
Oct.
Nov.

n 1

Dec C

B
D
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D 1

I 1 D / J
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Miles

Map 148

Poa autumnalis Muhl.

Intermediate nerves of lemmas prominent.
Lemmas 2.5-3 mm long.

Midnerve of lemmas pubescent only on the basal half; lemmas acute or
subacute ; plants with creeping rootstocks ; anthers purple, mostly

1.4-1.5 mm long; 10. P. pratensis.

Midner/e of lemmas pubescent the entire length; lemmas obtuse;
plants without creeping rootstocks; anthers purple, 1.6-1.8 mm

long 11. P. sylvestris.

Lemmas 4-4.5 mm long.

Anthers 1-1.5 mm long; lemmas acute 12. P. Wolfii.

Anthers 2-2.5 mm long; lemmas obtuse 13. P. cuspidata.

1. Poa annua L. Annual Bluegrass. Map 146. This grass is found
throughout the state in almost all sorts of habitats except in very wet
places. It is most often found in lawns, gardens, orchards, and waste
places about dwellings. It is, however, found in logging roads in dense
woodland, in pastures, and along roadsides.

Nat. of Eu. ; Newf . and Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Fla. and Calif. ; also
in tropical America at high altitudes.

2. Poa Chapmaniana Scribn. Chapman Bluegrass. Map 147. This
species is restricted mostly to southern Indiana where it is usually found
in hard, white, slightly acid, clay soil in fallow fields where it is often abun-
dant and usually associated with Alopecurus carolinianus, Myosotis vir-
ginica, and Arabis virginica. Since all of my specimens are from fallow
and cultivated fields, it seems that one would be justified in assuming that
it is being introduced from the area to the south of us. In 1937 it was an
abundant weed in an Iris farm near Bluffton, Wells County.

Del. to Iowa, southw. to Ga. and Tex.

3. Poa autumnalis Muhl. Map 148. This species, as I know it, is a deep
woodland grass found in slightly acid soil in low beech and sweet gum, pin
oak, and red maple woods. All of our specimens are from southern Indiana,
although it is reported to occur in Michigan.

N. J. to Mich, and 111., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

106

Festuceae

Poa

5 50

Map 149

Poa compressa L.

Map 150

Poa languida Hitchc.

50
Map 151

Poa alsodes Gray

4. Poa compressa L. Canada Bluegrass. Map 149. Found throughout
the state almost everywhere except in very wet places and in dense wood-
land. It often forms a good part of permanent pastures but is inferior to
Kentucky bluegrass. It is sometimes confused with the last named species
from which it is easily separated by its flat stem. Roll the stem between
the fingers to ascertain if flat or round.

Nat. of Eu. ; Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Ga., Ala., Okla., N. Mex.,
and Calif.

5. Poa languida Hitchc. (Proc. Biol. Soc. of Washington 41 : 158. 1928.)
(Poa debilis Torr. of Gray, Man., ed. 7, of Britton and Brown, Illus.
Flora, ed. 2, and of Deam, Grasses of Ind.) Map 150. This is an infrequent
grass in our northern counties. It is strictly a dense woodland species, and
is usually found on black and white oak ridges, sometimes in moist
locations.

Newf., Que. to Wis., southw. to Pa., Ky., and Iowa.

6. Poa alsodes Gray. Map 151. This is a rare woodland species found
in a few of our northern counties and in one southern county. It is usually
found in dry soil in beech and sugar maple woods although I have one
specimen that was found in a low woods associated with white elm and
soft maple.

Maine to Minn., southw. to Del., and in the mts. to N. C. and Tenn.

7. Poa triviAlis L. Rough Bluegrass. Map 152. Although I have
found this species only once in the state, it has been reported from five
counties. In 1936 it was found in Grant County by J. E. Potzger. It is
often used in mixtures of lawn grass seed, and I was told by the superin-
tendent of parks at La Porte that it was the grass he had found to thrive
in shade. It is remarkable that it has not been found more often.

Nat. of Eu. ; Newf., Ont. to S. Dak., southw. to Va. and W. Va., and
on the Pacific coast from s. Alaska to n. Calif.

Poa

Festuceae

107

Map 152

Poa trivialis L.

Map 153

Poa paludigena Fern & Wiec

Map 154

Poa palustris L.

8. Poa paludigena Fern. & Wieg. (Rhodora 20: 126. 1918.) (Poa
leptocoma Trin. of Deam, Grasses of Ind.) Map 153. Only a few specimens
of this rare grass have been found, and in widely separated counties. In
Lagrange County it grew in tussocks of sphagnum about tamarack and in
Dubois County it grew in a swamp in sphagnum about Alnus rugosa.

N. Y., Mich., and Wis., southw. to Pa., Ind. and 111.

9. Poa palustris L. (Poa triflora Gilib. of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Britton
and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Fowl Bluegrass. Map 154. An infrequent
grass in the lake area in marshes and in wet prairies.

Newf. and Que., southw. to Va., Ind., Mo., N. Mex., and Calif. ; Eurasia.

10. Poa pratensis L. Kentucky Bluegrass. Map 155. Frequent to
common in all of the limestone areas of the state and rare or absent from
the areas of acid soil. It is our principal pasture grass and is found almost
everywhere, often as a weed in gardens. This species is here regarded as a
native and by others as introduced into Indiana. See the discussion in
Deam's Grasses of Indiana.

Native in northern N. A. and introduced from Eu. ; throughout the
U. S. except in the arid regions.

11. Poa sylvestris Gray. Map 156. This is strictly a woodland species
and is infrequent to frequent throughout the state. It is found in moist
soil and prefers beech and sugar maple woods, but it is found also in other
types of woodland.

N. Y. to Wis., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

12. Poa Wolfii Scribn. Wolf's Poa. Map 157. I found this species in
Jay County and Miss Madge McKee found it in a mesophytic forest along
the Iroquois River in Newton County. In 1937 it was found by J. E.
Potzger in Grant County.

Ohio to Minn, and Mo.

108

Festuceae

Eragrostis

Map 155

Poa pratensis L.

/ 50

Map 156

Poa syl vestris Gray

5 ~30

Map 157

Poa Wolfii Scnba

—1ft
Map 159

Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Stead.

Map 160

Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Link.

13. Poa cuspidata Nutt. (Poa brachyphyUa Schultes.) Known from
Indiana only by a specimen collected in 1837 near New Albany by Dr. A.
Clapp, which is now in the herbarium of Wabash College. I found it in
southern Ohio the last of March in a habitat that convinces me that it can
still be found in Indiana if search is made in early spring in the knobs on
the ridges of Virginia pine and chestnut oak.

Pa., Ohio, Ind., southw. to Ga. and e. Tenn.

12-341. ERAGROSTIS Host Lovegrass

Culms creeping and rooting at the nodes 1. E. hypnoides.

Culms not creeping and rooting at the nodes.
Perennials.

Sheaths villous along the margins, rarely smooth; panicles mostly purplish,
broadly spreading, more than half as wide as long; glumes about 1 mm long;

lemmas 1.8-2.5 mm long, obtuse 2. E. spectabilis.

Sheaths glabrous along the margins; panicles mostly yellow, narrow and elongate,
not half as wide as long; glumes mostly 2-3 mm long; lemmas mostly 2.5-3
mm long, acute. (See excluded species, no. 50, p. 1026.) E. trichodes.

Eragrostis

Festuceae

109

3
3

Jan

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Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

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Map 161
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Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

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June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

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jrostis F

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■J Map 162

rankii CA. Meyer

Map 163

Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees

Annuals.

Keels of glumes and lemmas more or less glandular.

Spikelets 2.5-4 mm wide; anthers 0.5 mm long 3. E. cilianensix.

Spikelets about 2 mm wide; anthers 0.2 mm long. (See excluded species no. 49,

p. 1026.) E. poaeoides.

Keels of glumes and lemmas not glandular.
Sheaths generally longer than the internodes; spikelets of lateral branchlets
spreading; spikelets of terminal panicles 2-5-flowered.
Culms branching only at the base; pedicels of lateral spikelets mostly 5-10

mm long or longer; grain with a longitudinal groove 4. E. capillaris.

Culms branching at the base and at each node or nearly so; pedicels of
lateral spikelets mostly 1-3 mm long; grain without a longitudinal

groove 5. E. Frankii.

Sheaths shorter than the internodes; spikelets of lateral branchlets appressed
or only slightly spreading; spikelets of terminal panicles usually 5-16-
flowered (shade forms often 2-5-flowered).

Lateral nerves of the lemmas plainly visible, at least at the base

6. E. pectinacea.

Lateral nerves of the lemmas not plainly visible.

Lemmas obtuse, their sides glabrous. (See excluded species no. 48, p. 1026.)

E. pilosa.

Lemmas subacute, their sides more or less scabrous. (See excluded species
no. 47, p. 1026.) E. mexicana.

1. Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. Creeping Eragrostis. Map 158.
Infrequent throughout the state but more frequent in the southwestern
part where its habitat is more frequent. It is found on sandy or gravelly
bars in ditches, creeks, and rivers and on the sandy shores of lakes. It is
also found in muddy habitats along streams and in dried-up ponds and
sloughs. In the latter habitats it often forms large mats.

Que. to Wash., southw. through Mex. and W. I. to Argentina; not found
in the Rocky Mts.

2. Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. {Eragrostis pectinacea of
Gray, Man., ed. 7, Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, and Eragrostis
spectabilis var. sparsihirsuta Farw.) Purple Lovegrass. Map 159. This
species is frequent to rare in sandy to very sandy soils throughout the

110 Festuceae Diarrhena

state and in hard, white clay soil in certain areas in the southern part of
the state. It may be absent from a few counties of the Tipton Till Plain.
Maine to Minn., southw. to Fla., Ariz., and n. Mex.

3. Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Link. (Eragrostis megastachya
(Koeler) Link of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Eragrostis major Host of Britton
and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Stinkgrass. Map 160. Infrequent to
frequent throughout the state. It prefers sandy soil and is frequently a
common grass in such soil about dwellings and in gardens and other culti-
vated grounds. It is generally found in cultivated grounds, in waste places,
and along roadsides.

Nat. of Eu.; Maine to Wash., southw. throughout the U. S. ; through
Mex. and W. I. to Argentina.

4. Eragrostis capillaris (L.) Nees. Lacegrass. Map 161. This is an
infrequent grass of southern Indiana which is found in poor soil, mostly
on the open crests and slopes of black oak and black oak-white oak ridges.

Maine to Wis., southw. to Ga. and e. Tex.

5. Eragrostis Frankii C. A. Meyer. FRANK'S LOVEGRASS. Map 162.
Infrequent to rare in all parts of the state. It prefers sandy soil and is
most often found on sandy bars of streams, along roadsides, and in pastures
and barnlots.

N. H. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Kans.

6. Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Nees. {Eragrostis Purshii Schrad.
and Eragrostis caroliniana (Spreng.) Scribn.) Map 163. This is our most
common species of the genus and is frequent throughout the state. It pre-
fers the open in sandy or muddy soils, and is found mostly along roadsides
and railroads and in waste places and fallow fields. It is less frequent on
sandy bars and muddy borders of streams and ditches.

Maine to N. Dak., southw. to Fla. and e. Tex.

15-356. DIARRHENA Beauv.

1. Diarrhena americana Beauv. (Diarrhena diandra (Michx.) Wood
and Kory carpus arundinaceus Zea.) Map 164. This is a woodland grass
usually found with oak, beech, and sugar maple. It is local to infrequent
and is often found on rocky wooded slopes as where it occurs in Clifty
Falls State Park.

W. Va. to Mich, and S. Dak., southw. to Tenn., Ark., Okla., and e. Tex.

20-365. UNIOLA L.

1. Uniola latifolia Michx. Broadleaf Uniola. Map 165. This is an open
woodland species and is found mostly in our southern counties although
Miss Madge McKee found it along the Iroquois River in Newton County.
It is found in greatest abundance in slightly acid, hard clay soils of the
bottomlands. It occurs, however, in upland woods and even on the rocky
cliffs along the Ohio River.

Pa., N. J. to 111. and Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

Dactylis

Festuceae

111

Map 164

Diarrhena americana Bea

Map 165

Uniola latifolia Michx

7
10

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21-372. DACTYLIS L.

1. Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard Grass. Map 166. This species has
now escaped in all parts of the state, commonly so in limestone areas. It
has been sown for both hay and pasture. It affords early pasture and is
drought resistant. I think its use is now on the decline.

Nat. of Eurasia; Newf. to se. Alaska, south w. to Fla. and cent. Calif.

26-333. PHRAGMITES Trin.

1. Phragmites communis Trin. Common Reed. Map 167. This grass
is found in wet marshes, on mucky borders of lakes and streams, and in
springy places in general, hence it is found mostly in our lake area. Here
it was once frequent, but it is now rather local on account of drainage.

N. S. to B. C, southw. to Fla. and Calif. ; also in Mex., W. I. to Chile and
Argentina. It is also found in Eurasia, Africa, and Australia.

28-355. MELICA L.

Upper surface of leaves generally glabrous and the lower surface generally pubescent;
spikelets with 2 fertile florets ; lateral nerves and midrib of the lemmas fading out
before reaching the hyaline apex; panicles simple or nearly so 1. M. mutica.

Upper surface of leaves generally pubescent and the lower surface scabrous or smooth;
spikelets with 2 or 3 fertile florets; lateral nerves and midrib of lemmas usually
reaching the apex; panicles compound 2. M. nitens.

1. Melica mutica Walt.* Two-flower Melic. Map 168. This is a local
grass in a few of the southern counties, where it is found on the rocky
crests or slopes of black oak ridges, and is rarely associated with beech
and sugar maple. I have seen this species a good many times but have
found only a few tufts here and there and only a few culms to a tuft.

Md. to Iowa, southw. to Fla. and Tex.

2. Melica nitens (Scribn.) Nutt. Three-flower Melic. Map 169. This
species is very local but usually abundant where found. Its habitat is so
varied that it seems worth while to give the habitat in which specimens

* Plants with spreading pubescent sheaths are Melica mutica f. diffusa (Pursh)
Fern. (Rhodora 41: 501. 1939.) I have it from Crawford and Perry Counties.

112

Festuceae

Melica

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Map 167

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orr.) Swallen

Map 168

Melica mutica Walt.

Map 171
Triodia f lava (L.) Smyth

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Map 169
) Nutt.

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Map 172
It.) Chapm

have been found. In Harrison and Clark Counties it occurs on top of
bluffs between 200 and 300 feet high along the Ohio River and at the very
edge of the bluff. I found a few specimens in an alluvial flat along a small
stream in Harrison County. In Greene County I found it along a railroad
and I assume that this single specimen was a waif. In Tippecanoe County
it occurs as a common plant near the top of the very high gravelly bank
of Big Wea Creek southwest of Lafayette. In Wabash County I found a
few plants on "hanging rock." This is a large rock isolated by erosion,
standing 84 feet high on the low bank of the Wabash River near Lagro.
Pa. to Iowa and Kans., southw. to Ky., Ark., Tex., and Ariz.

29-355A. SCHIZACHNE Hackel

1. Schizachne purpurascens (Torr.) Swallen. (Melica striata (Michx.)
Hitchc. of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and A vena Torreyi Nash of Britton and Brown,
Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Map 170. My only specimen was found along the

Agropyron

HORDEAE 113

Wabash River on the top of the first rocky bluff east of Georgetown or
about 6 miles west of Logansport.

Newf. to s. Alaska, southw. to Pa., Ky., S. Dak., and Mont, and in the
mts. from B. C. to N. Mex. ; also in Siberia and Japan.

31-335. TRIODIA R. Br.

1. Triodia flava (L.) Smyth. (Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. of Gray, Man.,
ed. 7 and Tridens flava (L.) Hitchc. of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed.
2.) Purpletop. Map 171. Infrequent to frequent or even locally common.
Possibly absent in a few counties where the soil is neutral and there are
no sandy areas. It prefers open, sandy soil; and it is usually most
abundant in prairie habitats.

N. H. to Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

32-335A. TRlPLASIS Beauv.

1. Triplasis purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. Map 172. This species is local
in the dry sand of the dunes about Lake Michigan and common in a similar
habitat in Newton County about three miles northwest of Morocco where
it occurs in open sandy woods and fallow fields over an area at least 4
miles long and a mile wide (1938).

N. H. to Minn., and Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

j»_

3. HORDEAE Lindl. Barley Tribe

Spikelets solitary at each node of the rachis (rarely 2 in species of Agropyron, but
never throughout) .
First glume (except in the terminal spikelet) lacking; spikelets placed edgewise to

the rachis 47. Lolium, p. 120.

First glume present; spikelets placed flatwise to the rachis.

Glumes 1-nerved; spikelets with 2 perfect florets 42. Secale, p. 115.

Glumes 3-many-nerved.

Glumes lanceolate or linear; spikelets 3-many-flowered. . . 39. Agropyron, p. 113.

Glumes ovate; spikelets 2-6-flowered 40. Triticum, p. 115.

Spikelets 2-6 at each node of the rachis.
Spikelets all alike, 2-6-flowered.

Glumes well developed, about as long as the florets, nerved ; spikes densely flowered,

the spikelets mostly imbricated 43. Elymus, p. 115.

Glumes obsolete or bristlelike, nerveless; spikes loosely flowered, the spikelets

widely spreading 45. Hystrix, p. 118.

Spikelets not all alike, (rarely 2- or 3-) 1-flowered, in 3's at each joint, the lateral pair
pedicellate, usually aborted 46. Hordeum, p. 119.

39-405. AGROPYRON Gaertn. Wheatgrass

Creeping rootstocks present; anthers about 4 mm long.

Spikelets mostly 4-6-flowered, 9-17 mm long 1. A. repens.

Spikelets mostly 7-12-flowered, 15-28 mm long 2. A. Smithii.

Creeping rootstocks lacking; anthers about 1.5 mm long.

Spikelets awnless or rarely a few with awns, the awns rarely up to 5 mm long

3. A. pauciflorum.

Spikelets all awned; awns usually all 6 mm long or longer 4. A. subsecundum.

114

HORDEAE

Agropyron

Map 173

Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.

Miles
50

Map 174

Agropyron Smithii Rydb.

"^5
Map 175

Agropyron pauciflorum (Schwem.) Hitchc.

1. Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Quackgrass. Map 173. This
species has become well established in the northern two thirds of the state,
especially along roadsides and railroads where there is no effort to extermi-
nate it. It is most abundant in the lake area where it sometimes covers
acres of cultivated fields and pastures. Most of the landowners have de-
spaired of exterminating it and merely use control measures. It is now
known that it can be eradicated by the use of chemicals, and every land-
owner should proceed without delay to exterminate it.

The extreme variability of this species has caused some confusion in its
recognition. It has been decided to treat the varied forms as a species
complex. Those who wish to divide the forms should see Fernald on the
American variations of Agropyron repens in Rhodora 35 : 182-185. 1933.

Nat. of Eurasia; Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. C, Ark., and Calif.

2. Agropyron Smithii Rydb. Bluestem Wheatgrass. Map 174. All
of my specimens were found along railroads, where the colonies will doubt-
less persist and spread. Apparently it does not propagate as vigorously as
the preceding species, but, when discovered, it should be eradicated. This
is a western species that has been introduced eastward of Iowa and Kansas.

N. Y., Mich, to Alberta and Wash., southw. to Ohio, Kans., Tex., Ariz.,
and Calif.

3. Agropyron pauciflorum (Schwein.) Hitchc. {Agropyron tenerum
Vasey of Gray, Man., ed. 7, Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, and
Agropyron caninum var. tenerum (Vasey) Pease & Moore of Deam,
Grasses of Ind.) Slender Wheatgrass. Map. 175. Very local. Found
in both dry and moist habitats in a few of our northern counties.

Lab. to Alaska, southw. to the mts. of W. Va., Mo., N. Mex., Calif., and
nw. Mex.

4. Agropyron subsecundum (Link) Hitchc. (Agropyron caninum f.
pubescens (Scribn. & Smith) Pease & Moore and Agropyron trachycaulum
(Link) Malte.) Bearded Wheatgrass. Map 176. This species is local in

Elymus

HORDEAE

115

8
1

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Apr.

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Aug

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Oct.

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nk) Hftchc.

Map 177

Elymus canadensis L.

a few of our northern counties, where it is found in dry, sandy or clayey
soil on the crests of low dunes, on wooded banks about lakes, and in
springy places and marshes.

Newf. to Alaska, southw. to the mts. of Md., Ind., Nebr., N. Mex.,
Ariz., and Calif.

40-408. TRITICUM L. Wheat

Wheat is a winter annual and it often grows where it finds lodgment
along roads, paths, fields, and waste places, but it does not persist. It has
been reported from Porter County by Lyon under the name of Triticum
aestivum and from Jasper County by Welch as Triticum sativum.

Wheat properly belongs with the excluded species because it fails to
perpetuate itself.

42-407. SECALE L. Rye

Rye is a winter annual which springs up where it may be scattered
along roads, in fields, and in waste places, but it will not persist. It has
been reported from Jasper County by Welch.

Rye properly belongs with the excluded species because it fails to per-
petuate itself.

43-411. ELYMUS L. Wild-rye

[Note: Measurements of glumes and lemmas include their awns, and measurements
of paleas are those of the first floret of a spikelet taken from the middle of the spike.]

Awns long and, at maturity, curved outward; paleas mostly 10-13 mm long

1. E. canadensis.

Awns straight; paleas mostly 6-9 mm long.

Glumes 0.5-1 mm wide (rarely up to 1.3 mm wide), straight or only slightly bowed
out at the base, mostly 3-nerved above the middle; spikes long-exserted.
Blades glabrous above and beneath; paleas 7-8 mm long; grain 5-6.5 mm long.
2. E. riparins.

116

HORDEAE

Elymus

Map 179

Elymus villosus Muhl.

1 — 1

Jan.
Feb

—

Mar.
Apr.

—

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May
June
July
Aug

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L <(j-\f Map 180

Elymus villosus

f. ark

ansanus IScribn. & Ball) Fern.

Blades villous above, smooth or scabrous beneath; paleas 5.5-7 mm long; grain
4-4.5 mm long.

Lemmas and glumes hirsute 3. E. villosus.

Lemmas and glumes glabrous or sparingly strigose-hispid

3a. E. villosus f . arkansanus.

Glumes mostly 1.3-2.5 mm wide (rarely as narrow as 1 mm), generally conspicuously
curved outward and indurated at the base, usually more or less dilated above
and twisted, generally plainly 5-nerved on the upper half (sometimes 3- or
4-nerved), the basal part generally rounded and nerveless.
Spikes included at the base or barely exserted.
Spikelets with awns more than 3 mm long.

Glumes and lemmas glabrous or scabrous on the margins only; upper surface

of leaves usually scabrous (rarely pubescent) 4. E. virginicus.

Glumes and lemmas hirsute ; upper surface of leaves glabrous

4a. E. virginicus var. intermedins.

Spikelets awnless or some with awns up to 3 mm long

4b. E. virginicus var. submuticus.

Spikes generally long-exserted.

Glumes and lemmas hirsute; upper surface of leaves villous

4c. E. virginicus var. australis.

Glumes and lemmas glabrous or strigose-scabrous.

Blades glabrous above; awns generally 5-15 mm long

4d. E. virginicus var. jejunus.

Blades hirsute above ; awns generally 15-30 mm long

4e. E. virginicus var. glabriflorus.

1. Elymus canadensis L. Canada Wild-rye. Map 177. Infrequent to
locally common in sandy soil along roadsides and railroads, in open wood-
land, on open dunes, and in prairie habitats. It becomes very local south
of the lake area and probably is absent from some of the southern counties.
It is extremely variable in the size of the spikes and in the density of
the pubescence of the spikelets.

Que. to s. Alaska, southw. to Ky., Mo., Tex., and Ariz.

2. Elymus riparius Wieg. (Rhodora 20: 84-86. 1918.) Map 178. This
is a recently described species and is infrequent probably throughout the

Elymus

HORDEAE

117

Map 182
Elymus virginicus

var. intermedius IVasey) Bush

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

T J

t ^

f 1

Dec £

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fmus

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J Map 183
var. submuticus Hook.

Map 184
Elymus virginicus

var. austrahs (Scribn. & Ball) Hitchc.

state. It is a low ground grass which is usually found on wooded, alluvial
areas and along streams.

Maine, Que., and Mich., southw. to N. C, Ohio, Ind., and Mo.

3. Elymus villosus Muhl. {Elymus striatus of recent authors, not
Willd.) Map 179. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state. This
species prefers a dry and rather sandy soil, although it is sometimes
found in moist situations. It is found mostly on wooded slopes, crests or
ridges, on alluvial banks, and rarely in the open along roadsides.

Vt. to Wyo., southw. to N. C, Ala., and Tex.

3a. Elymus villosus f. arkansanus (Scribn. & Ball) Fern. (Rhodora
35:195. 1933.) {Elymus striatus var. arkansanus (Scribn. & Ball) Hitchc.
and Elymus arkansanus Scribn. & Ball.) Map 180. This form has been
found in only a few counties. It grows in habitats similar to those of
the species.

Mass. to Ind. and Iowa, southw. to Md., Mo., and Okla.

4. Elymus virginicus L. Virginia Wild-rye. Map 181. Frequent to
common throughout the state. It grows in wet or moist soil and is found
mostly in alluvial areas along streams and ditches, in low places in wood-
land, and along roadsides.

The upper surface of the leaves is usually glabrous or somewhat sca-
brous or rarely with a few hairs on the veins. I have, however, a few
specimens with the upper surface of the blades softly pubescent. I think
these plants should have a distinguishing name. They are from Fayette,
Marion, Starke, and Warrick Counties.

Newf. to Alberta, southw. to Fla. and Ariz.

4a. Elymus virginicus var. intermedius (Vasey) Bush. (Amer. Midland
Nat. 10: 60. 1926.) {Elymus virginicus var. hirsutiglumis (Scribn.) Hitchc.
and Elymus hirsutiglumis Scribn.) Map 182. Infrequent throughout the
state in habitats similar to those of the species.

Maine to Iowa, southw. to Fla. and Tex.

118

HORDEAE

Hystrix

Map 185

Elymus virginicus
Var. jejunus (Ramaley) Bush

Map 186
/mus virginicus

var. glabriflorus (Vasey) Bush

Map 187
Hystrix patula Moench

4b. Elymus virginicus var. submuticus Hook. (Elymus curvatus Piper.)
Map 183. A rare form with the habitat of the species.

Que. to Wash., southw. to R. I., Ohio, Ky., Okla., and Mont.

4c. Elymus virginicus var. australis (Scribn. & Ball) Hitchc. {Elymus
austraUs Scribn. & Ball.) Map 184. This form has been found in a few
places in the southern half of the state on wooded ridges and on post
oak flats.

Vt. to Iowa, southw. to Fla. and Tex.

4d. Elymus virginicus var. jejunus (Ramaley) Bush. Map 185. This
rare form is known only from Umbach's specimen collected "on the sands
at Pine," Lake County, on June 29, 1898. Hitchcock does not recognize this
variety in his recent manual.

4e. Elymus virginicus var. glabriflorus (Vasey) Bush. (Elymus glabri-
florus Scribn.) Map 186. This variety has been found in several coun-
ties, and doubtless it will be found to be well distributed in the state
when intensive work is done. It is a woodland grass found in both moist
and dry situations.

Maine to Kans., southw. to Fla. and N. Mex.

45-412. HYSTRIX Moench

Spikelets glabrous \, H. patula.

Spikelets pubescent la. H. patula var. Bigeloviana.

1. Hystrix patula Moench. (Hystrix Hystrix (L.) Millsp.) Bottle-
brush. Map 187. This is an infrequent to frequent grass throughout the
state. It is a woodland species, but is often found growing in open places
along fences and roadsides. It prefers dry soil and occurs in almost all
types of woodland.

Maine, Ont., Mich., and Minn., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Ark.

Hordeum

Hordeae

119

Map 188
fystrix patula

war. Bigeloviana (Fern ) Deam

8
1

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct.

Nov.

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Map 189
Nutt.

Map 190

Hordeum nodosum L.

la. Hystrix patula var. Bigeloviana (Fern.) Deam. Map 188. The
habitat of the variety is the same as that of the species. It is sparingly
found in northern Indiana and is rare in the southern part of the state.

N. S. to N. Dak., southw. to Conn., Ohio, Ind., and Mo.

46-410. HORDEUM [Tourn.] L. Barley

[Wiggans. Classification of the cultivated varieties of barley. Cornell
Agric. Exper. Sta. Mem. 46: 365-456. 1921.]

Rachis of spikes disarticulating.

Awns of the glumes less than 20 mm long.

Glumes of fertile spikelets dilated above the base 1. H. pusillum.

Glumes of fertile spikelets not dilated above the base 2. H. nodosum.

Awns of the glumes more than 20 mm long 3. H. jubatum.

Rachis of spikes not disarticulating. (See excluded species no. 55, p. 1027.) . .H. vulgare.

1. Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Little Barley. Map 189. This species
is found usually in slightly acid soils in waste places and fallow fields and
along railroads and roadsides. It is infrequent to local in the southern
counties and has been found in four of our northern counties in waste
places and along railroads. I think that this species has been introduced
into the state and I am so recording it. Spillman found it in Knox County
in 1890, and, although Schneck reported a wild barley earlier, there is no
specimen to verify the report. Our early authors, Baird & Taylor, Barnes,
Clapp, J. M. Coulter, and Young, who collected intensively in some of the
Ohio River counties, did not report a wild barley of any kind. This
evidence, in addition to its habitats, convinces me that it has invaded the
state since that time.

Del. to Wash., southw. to Fla., s. Calif., and Mex.

2. Hordeum nodosum L. Meadow Barley. Map 190. Hansen (Proc.
Indiana Acad. Sci. 37 : 320. 1928) reported this species from Vanderburgh
County. He sent me a specimen to have his determination verified. Hansen

120

HORDEAE

Lolium

Hordeum jubatum L.

Map 192

Lolium perenne L.

~ S3
Map 193

Lolium multiflorum Lam.

says: "Found growing abundantly in Vanderburgh County during July."
I do not have any data except the county locality, so I have not been able
to visit the place to ascertain whether it persists or is spreading. I am
including this species in our flora upon his authority. Since this is a
western species, it has been introduced here and should be so regarded.

Mont, to Alaska, southw. to N. Mex., Calif., and in S. A. ; introduced in
some of the eastern states.

3. Hordeum jubatum L. Foxtail Barley. Map 191. This species has
become well established in the northern half of the state, especially in the
lake area where it has already become a veritable pest. It is found mostly
along roadsides and railroads and in waste places, fallow fields, and
pastures. It is extremely doubtful that this species is a native of Indiana.

Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Md., 111., Mo., Tex., Calif., and
Mex.; introduced in the Eastern States.

47-395. LOLIUM L. Ryegrass

Glumes shorter than the spikelets.

Lemmas mostly 5-6 mm long, awnless (sometimes short-awned) ; spikelets mostly

5-10 (12) -flowered 1. L. perenne.

Lemmas mostly 7-8 mm long, awned ; spikelets mostly 10-20-flowered

2. L. multiflomm.

(Humes as long as or longer than the spikelets. (See excluded species no. 56, p. 1027.)
L. temulentum.

1. Lolium perenne L. Perennial Ryegrass. Map 192. This species is
doubtless sparingly found throughout the state. It has been sown inten-
tionally as an adulterant of grass seed in meadows and lawns. It is now
found as an escape along roadsides, on the unkept borders of lawns, and
in waste places. Besides one small colony which I have seen, I have no
evidence to indicate that it is more than an occasional escape. Usually
known in commerce as English Ryegrass.

Nat. of Eu. ; Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Va. and Calif.

Koeleria

Aveneae

121

Map 194

Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers.

o 50

Map 195

Sphenopholis nitida (Spreng.) Scribn.

Map 196

Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb.

2. Lolium multiflorum Lam. Italian Ryegrass. Map 193. This rye-
grass has been found in several counties in the state in lawns, parks, and
golf grounds and may be considered established.

Nat. of Eu. ; common on the Pacific coast, infrequent eastward.

4. AVENEAE Nees. Oat Tribe

Spikelets not over 5 mm long.

Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes.

Inflorescence spikelike; plants of a dry, sandy habitat 52. Koeleria, p. 121.

Inflorescence a widely spreading panicle; plants of a springy habitat

55. Deschampsia, p. 123.

Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes.

Florets all perfect, awnless 53. Sphenopholis, p. 121.

Florets unlike, the lower perfect, awnless, the upper staminate and bearing a

hooked awn 59. Holcus, p. 124.

Spikelets more than 5 mm long.
Lemmas awned from the back.

Annual; spikelets more than 10 mm long 57. Avena, p. 123.

Perennial; spikelets less than 10 mm long 58. Arrhenatherum, p. 123.

Lemmas awned from between the two apical teeth 60. Danthonia, p. 124.

52-346. KOELERIA Pers.

1. Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Junegrass. Map 194. Infrequent to
local in the northwestern counties where it grows in dry sand on dunes and
sand hills, rarely on gravelly hills. The species is variable. The inflores-
ence expands in anthesis, and becomes spikelike afterward.

Ont. to B. C, southw. to Del., Mo., La., Calif., and Mex.

53-344. SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn. Wedgegrass

Sheaths and blades softly pubescent, sometimes only the sheaths pubescent.

First glume fully a third as wide as the second; glumes subequal; lemmas more or
less scabrous all over (at least the exposed apical end scabrous) ; anthers mostly
0.8-1.2 mm long; spikelets 3-4 mm long 1. S. nitida.

122 Aveneae Sphenopholis

First glume less than a third as wide as the second; lemmas smooth (rarely

slightly scabrous at the apex) ; anthers mostly 0.5-0.8 mm long.

Spikelets 3-4 mm long; second glume narrowly obovate or wider, subacute or

blunt at the apex; rachilla-internode below the second floret usually about

1 mm long; anthers mostly 0.5-0.6 mm long; panicles usually lax. (A rare

form of this species.) 2. S. intermedia.

Spikelets mostly about 2.5 mm long (rarely up to 3 mm or longer) ; second glume

broadly obovate, about as wide as long, broadly rounded or truncate at the

apex; rachilla-internode below the second floret about 0.5 mm long; anthers

about 0.8 mm long; panicles usually contracted. .3a. S. obtusata var. pubescens.

Sheaths and blades glabrous, smooth or scabrous.

Spikelets 3-4 mm long; second glume narrowly obovate or wider, subacute or blunt
at the apex; rachilla-internode below the second floret usually about 1 mm
long; anthers mostly 0.5-0.6 mm long; panicles usually lax. (Our common

form of the species.) 2. S. intermedia.

Spikelets usually about 2.5 mm long (rarely up to 3 mm or longer) ; second glume
broadly obovate, about as wide as long, broadly rounded or truncate at the
apex; rachilla-internode below the second floret about 0.5 mm long; anthers
about 0.8 mm long; panicles usually contracted 3. S. obtusata.

1. Sphenopholis nitida (Spreng.) Scribn. Map 195. Rather frequent in
the unglaciated area of southern Indiana and rare in the northern part
of the state. It is generally found on black and white oak ridges and
rarely with beech. It prefers a rich soil of weathered sandstone and it may
be entirely absent in neutral or alkaline soils.

A glabrous form of this species has been described but it may not occur
in Indiana as all of my 41 specimens are copiously pubescent.
Mass. to N. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

2. Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. {Sphenopholis pallens of
recent authors.) Slender Wedgegrass. Map 196. Infrequent to frequent
throughout the state. It prefers a dry soil and is found in many habitats.
Usually frequent in beech and sugar maple woods, white oak woods, and
white oak and black oak woods; less frequent in moist or wet woodland,
bogs, and fallow fields and along railroads. I have a specimen with pubes-
cent sheaths and leaves, which was found growing in sphagnum in a
decadent tamarack bog just east of Pokagon State Park, Steuben County.
This is the only pubescent specimen I have out of 79 Indiana specimens.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to Fla. and Ariz.

3. Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. Prairie Wedgegrass. Map
197. Infrequent to local throughout the state. Its habitat varies from the
crests of ridges in the "knobs" to low sand ridges and old lake and river
bottoms.

Maine to B. C, southw. to Fla., Ariz., Calif., and Mex.

3a. Sphenopholis obtusata var. pubescens (Scribn. & Merr.) Scribn.
This is a form with the sheaths and upper and lower surface of the leaves
pubescent. I have it from only the southern part of the state where it
occurs in Crawford, Perry, and Posey Counties. I segregate this form
from the species for the benefit of other workers who may be interested
in the geographical distribution of the form.

Deschampsia

AVENEAE

123

2
?

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct.

Nov

D
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Dec (- —

i
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henof

holi:

obt

r>\ 7 c
ata (Mic

vIap 197
ix.) Scribn.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

j H

t ^

\s-

[~L

J -

Dec £

\ p' Miles

eschampsia ca

f\l ° 50

J Map 198
espitosa (L) Beauv.

Map 199
Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Mert.&Koch

55-270. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Hairgrass

Blades flat or folded, stiff; awn included or slightly exserted, straight.. .1. D. caespitosa.

Blades filiform, fiexuous; awn exserted, geniculate, twisted. (See excluded species

no. 58, p. 1027.) D. flexuosa.

1. Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Tufted Hairgrass. Map 198.
I found this species to be a frequent grass in very marly soil in the outlet of
a marly, springy place about 6 miles southwest of South Bend, St. Joseph
County, and in a cold, marly, springy place on the border of Mill Creek
about a mile north of Mill Creek, La Porte County. Only a few plants
were seen at the latter station. Bradner reported this species from Steuben
County and his determination was, no doubt, correct, but no specimen has
been seen.

Greenland to Alaska, southw. to N. J., W. Va., Ind., 111., N. Dak., N. Mex.,
and Calif.

57-273. AVENA L. O

Lemmas pubescent with long, brown hairs. (See excluded species no. 60, p. 1027.)

A. fatua.

Lemmas glabrous or nearly so. (See excluded species no. 61, p. 1027.) A. sativa.

58-275. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv.

1. Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Mert. & Koch. Tall Oatgrass. Map
199. This is an infrequent escape throughout the state. All of my speci-
mens and those that I have seen are from roadsides. Usually not common
where it is found although, in a few instances, it was found for a mile or
more along roadsides.

Nat. of Eu. ; Newf. to B. C, southw. to Ga., Tenn., Iowa, Idaho,
and Calif.

124

AVENEAE

Holcus

■D

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct.

Nov.

(r 1

Dec C

1 '

K J -/

/ Miles

Icus

lanatus L.

Map 200

Map 201

Danthonia spicata IL.) Beauv.

18
9

Jan.

Feb

Mir

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

r
I
•i

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Cal

smagrostfs

-^V Map 202
canadensis (Michx) Beauv

Calamagrostis inexpansa Gray

Map 205

Calamovilfa longifolia (HookJ Scribn.

59-257. HOLCUS L.

1. Holcus lanatus L. (Ginnania lanata (L.) Hub., Rhodora 18:234.
1916.) Velvet Grass. Map 200. As yet, this species is a rare escape in
Indiana. Weatherwax found it in a hayfield in Owen County in 1918.
In 1933 he found it along a roadside in Brown County about 15 miles east
of Bloomington, and in 1934, about one and a fourth miles west of Mer-
riam, Noble County. Kriebel, in 1935, found about a dozen plants under
a beech tree in an open woods in sec. 18, Pleasant Run Township, Law-
rence County.

Nat. of Eu. ; Maine to Iowa, southw. to Ga. and La. ; common on the
Pacific coast, and in B. C, Idaho, and Ariz.

60-280. DANTHONIA Lam. & DC.

Ligule a band of short hairs usually less than 0.5 mm long 1. D. spicata.

Ligule a band of hairs usually 2-4 mm long. (See excluded species no. 62, p. 1027.)
D. compressa.

Calamagrostis Agrostideae 125

1. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. Poverty Oatgrass. Map 201. Infre-
quent to common in all parts of the state. It is common in poor soil in
open woods on the crests of ridges in southern Indiana, becoming less
frequent to rare in the rich, neutral soils of the central part of the state,
and again appearing as frequent on black and white oak ridges of the
northern counties. It is found also in post oak flats.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to Fla., e. Tex., e. Kans., and in the mts. of
N. Mex. and Oreg.

5. AGROSTIDEAE Kunth. Timothy Tribe

Lemmas 1-nerved.

Callus pilose 63. Calamovilfa, p. 126.

Callus glabrous.

Keels of glumes glabrous or more or less scabious 76. Sporobulus, p. 135.

Keels of glumes softly ciliate 79. Heleochloa, p. 1027.

Lemmas more than 1-nerved.

Spikelets articulated below the glumes.

Inflorescence a loose panicle 67. Cinna, p. 129.

Inflorescence a dense spikelike panicle 69. Alopecurus, p. 129.

Spikelets articulated above the glumes.
F'irst glume with 3 or 5 nerves.

Inflorescence spikelike; lemmas about 2 mm long 72. Phleum, p. 130.

Inflorescence paniculate; lemmas more than 2 mm long 85. Aristida, p. 138.

First glume 1-nerved or nerveless.

Lemmas indurate, much firmer than the glumes.

Lemmas awnless, glabrous 81. Milium, p. 137.

Lemmas awned, pubescent at least at the base.

Awns readily falling; callus blunt 82. Oryzopsis, p. 137.

Awns persistent; callus sharp-pointed, pubescent.

Lemmas 1-awned 84. Stipa, p. 138.

Lemmas 3-awned (sometimes the lateral pair short).. 85. Aristida, p. 138.
Lemmas not indurate, thinner than the glumes.
Spikelets (exclusive of awns) 9 mm or more long.

Lemmas with an inconspicuous awn; glumes as long as the body of the

lemma 62. Ammophila, p. 126.

Lemmas long-awned; glumes minute or lacking

80. Brachyelytrum, p. 136.

Spikelets not over 5 mm long, usually less.

Second glume 3-nerved 61. Calamagrostis, p. 125.

Second glume 1-nerved.

Glumes (at least the first one) slightly longer than the lemma; first glume
slightly longer than the second or glumes equal in length, awnless;

lemmas thin ; palea obsolete or lacking in our native species

64. Agrostis, p. 126.

Glumes generally shorter than the lemma, the first one obsolete, or shorter
than the second; if the first glume is as long as or longer than the
lemma, the glume with an awn 1-2 mm long; lemmas rather firm;
paleas present in normal lengths 75. Muhlenbergia, p. 131.

61-248. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Reedgrass

[Stebbins. A Revision of some North American species of Calamagrostis.

Rhodora32: 35-57. 1930.]

Blades usually flat or sometimes involute toward the tips, mostly 4-8 mm wide; panicle
usually expanded or loose; spikelets usually 3-3.5 mm long, rarely only 2.5 mm

126 Agrostideae Ammophila

long; lemma thin, glabrous or more or less sparsely scabrous; callus hairs three

fourths to as long as the lemma 1. C. canadensis.

Blades involute, except sometimes near the base, usually less than 4 mm wide; panicle
narrow, contracted; spikelets usually 3.5-4.2 mm long; lemmas firmer, scabrous all

over; callus hairs usually two thirds to three fourths as long as the lemma

2. C. inexpansa.

1. CalamagTOstis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. (Inman. Calamagrostis
canadensis and some related species. Rhodora 24 : 142-144. 1922) . Blue-
joint. Map 202. Frequent in marshes, wet prairies, and mucky places in
general in the lake area, but local southward because its habitat is lacking.
Where found, it often covers large areas and was formerly the source of
"wild hay" in the state and known as little bluestem grass. Since most
of the areas of its habitat have been drained and farmed, it has now
become infrequent.

Greenland to Alaska, southw. to Md., N. C. (Roan Mt.), Mo., Kans.,
and Calif.

2. Calamagrostis inexpansa Gray. Northern Reedgrass. Map 203.
This is an infrequent species in the lake area, where it prefers marly
marshes and springy places, although it is sometimes found in habitats
associated with pin oak and chokeberry. It is also found in prairie habitats.
Stebbins divided the species into varieties and, according to him, our
Indiana specimens belong to var. brevior (Vasey) Stebbins. Hitchcock, in
his Manual of Grasses, does not divide the species. According to Stebbins,
the distribution of the variety is as follows :

Newf., Que. to B. C, southw. to N. Y., Ind., Minn., Colo., Ariz., and Calif.

62-249. AMMOPHILA Host

1. Ammophila breviligulata Fern. (Rhodora 22: 70-71. 1920.)
(Ammophila arenaria of American authors, not Link.) Beachgrass. Map

204. Infrequent on the dunes bordering Lake Michigan. This species is
used in this country as a soil binder.

On dunes from Newf. to N. C, and on the shores of the Great Lakes
from Lake Ontario to Lake Superior and Lake Michigan.

63-250 CALAMOVILFA Hack.

1. Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribn. Longleaf Reedgrass. Map

205. This species is found in dry, shifting sands on the dunes about Lake
Michigan and on a few shifting dunes in Jasper and Newton Counties.

Mich, to Alberta, southw. to Ind., Colo., and Idaho.

64-242 AGROSTIS L. Bentgrass

[Hitchcock. North American species of Agrostis. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur.
Plant Ind. Bull. 68: 1-68. 1905. Piper. The agricultural species of bent
grasses. U. S. Dept. of Agric. Bull. 692: 1-26. 1918. Malte. Commercial
bent grasses (Agrostis) in Canada. Reprinted from Annual Report for
1926, National Museum of Canada, 105-126. 1928.]

Agrostis

Agrostideae

127

Map 206

Agrostis alba L.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

D
1 "

D
P

fH:

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Dec. C

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Agrostis

ustrfs h

:> 50
Map 207

uds.

21
4

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

f r^

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- i

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rost

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J ^ Map 208

iottiana Schulles

Palea about half as long as the lemma.

Plant perennial from strong creeping rhizomes, without creeping and rooting
stolons; culms erect or only slightly decumbent at the base, not rooting at the

lower nodes ; panicle open or spreading 1. A. alba.

Plant perennial without rhizomes, with creeping and more or less rooting stolons;
culms usually decumbent at the base and rooting at the lower nodes; panicle

usually contracted, sometimes open 2. A. palustris.

Palea minute or lacking.

Lemmas awned 3. A. Elliottiana.

Lemmas awnless.

Plants generally found growing in the open, usually flowering and maturing before
August 1; basal leaves narrow, stiff, mostly involute; panicles diffuse, gen-
erally purplish at maturity, the branches beginning to divide beyond the
middle.
Spikelets mostly 2-2.5 mm long; glumes connivent in fruit, covering the grain;
anthers mostly 0.5 mm long ; flowering in northern Indiana from about June

3 to July 10 A. A. scabra.

Spikelets mostly 1.4-1.9 mm long; glumes not connivent in fruit, exposing the
grain; anthers mostly about 0.2 mm long; beginning to flower in northern
Indiana the last of May and maturing the fruit usually by the middle of

June 5. A. hy emails.

Plants generally found growing in woods, usually flowering after August 1; basal
leaves flat, wider than in the two preceding species, generally lax; panicles open
or spreading, green or nearly so at maturity, the branches beginning to divide
mostly at or below the middle 6. A. perennans.

1. Agrostis alba L. (Agrostis stolonifera var. major (Gaud.) Farw.
and Agrostis palustris of recent American authors, not Huds.) Redtop.
Map 206. This species has been commonly sown as a pasture and hay
grass in all parts of the state, especially in the southern part. It has
abundantly escaped everywhere and is found along roadsides and railroads
and in fallow fields, pastures, and waste places.

Besides the commercial redtop, seed of other species of the bentgrasses
have been imported and sown in lawns and on golf courses. Several strains
of each species have been developed and some European authors credit one
species with 15 varieties and subvarieties. The species are separated with

128

Agrostideae

Agrostis

" 50

Map 210

Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) BSP.

17
6

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.f-

) 2d d

D D

" D

-S ^

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Agrost

/ I D jA 7

jerennans (Walt.!

Map 211
Tuckerm.

difficulty and the task is complicated by the addition of the many cultivated
forms.

Nat. of Eurasia ; in all the cooler parts of the U. S.

2. Agrostis palustris Huds. (Agrostis alba var. maritima (Lam.)
G. F. W. Mey., Agrostis maritima Lam., and Agrostis stolonifera var.
compacta Hartman of Deam, Grasses of Ind.) Creeping Bent. Map 207.
The few specimens of this species I have seen were found on the low borders
of streams, usually with a part of the colony in the running water.

Nat. of Eurasia; introduced in the northern part of the U. S., and
occasionally as far south as Tex. and N. Mex.

3. Agrostis Elliottiana Schultes. Elliott Bentgrass. Map 208. Fre-
quent to common throughout the area shown on the map in hard,
white clay soils with a pH value ranging from 6-6.6. The mass distribution
occurs in moist fallow fields and pastures. It is also found on washed slopes
and on crests of ridges in open woodland. The species is usually associated
with Agrostis hyemalis from which it is easily separated by its scabrous
feel, smaller size, and awned lemmas.

Md. to 111., Mo., and Kans., southw. to Ga., Ala., and e. Tex.; Yucatan.

4. Agrostis scabra Willd. (Agrostis hyemalis of recent authors, in
part.) (Rhodora 35: 207-209. 1933.) Northern Ticklegrass. Map 209.
In low sandy and mucky soils in the northern counties. This species very
much resembles the next one but it is separated from it by its larger size,
its broader and flat cauline leaves, larger panicle, longer-pedicelled spike-
lets, longer spikelets, longer anthers, its later flowering season, and its
northern range. This species flowers, on the whole, at least a half month
later than the next one.

Lab. and Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Pa., Ind., Iowa, Nebr., N. Mex.,
Ariz., and Calif.

Cinna Agrostideae 129

5. Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. (Agrostis antecedens Bickn. and
Agrostis hyemalis of recent authors, in part.) Ticklegrass. Map 210.
This species is infrequent to common in all parts of the state. It prefers
a slightly acid soil, hence it is infrequent to absent in the neutral soils of
the central counties. In the southern counties it occurs, in hard, white
clay soil and is usually common in fallow fields, on washed slopes, along
clayey roadsides, and in moist, sandy and mucky places in our northern
counties.

Mass. to Iowa and Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

6. Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Autumn Bent. Map 211.
Infrequent to frequent in all parts of the state except in the prairie areas.
This is a woodland species which seems to prefer a slightly acid soil and
is found in black and white oak woods, pin oak woods, aspen thickets,
at the bases of sandstone ledges, and rarely in prairie habitats or
fallow fields. This species shows great variation which I assume to be the
result of varying amounts of light, soil acidity, and nutriment.

Que. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and e. Tex.

67-241. CfNNA L.

Spikelets 5 mm long; panicle rather dense, the branches ascending. . . 1. C. arundinacea.
Spikelets 3.5-4 mm long; panicle loose, the branches spreading or drooping. (See ex-
cluded species no. 68, p. 1028.) C. latifolia.

1. Cinna arundinacea L. Woodreed. Map 212. Frequent to rather com-
mon in all parts of the state. It grows in wet soils in almost all kinds of
habitats except in pure sand. This is a woodland species but is sometimes
found in wet clearings if shaded by rank vegetation.

Maine to S. Dak., southw. to Ga. and e. Tex.

69-225. ALOPECURUS L. Foxtail

Spikelets about 5 mm long. . . . : 1. A. pratensis.

Spikelets less than 3 mm long.

Lemmas awned on the back about midway between the base and apex, the awn

usually included, sometimes exserted but not for more than 1 mm

2. A. aequalis.

Lemmas awned on the back at about a fourth the length of the lemma above the
base, the awn exserted about 2-3 mm 3. A. carolinianus.

1. Alopecurus pratensis L. Meadow Foxtail. Map 213. Specimens
of this species have been collected in Tippecanoe County, and I have it
from Wells County, where it was well established when collected in 1932.

Nat. of Eurasia; introduced from Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, southw.
to Del., Iowa, Idaho, and Oreg.

2. Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. (Alopecurus geniculatus var. aristulatus
Torr. of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Alopecurus geniculatus Michx. of Britton
and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Short-awn Foxtail. Map 214. This grass
is infrequent in the lake area and local south of it. It grows in shallow

130

Agrostideae

Phleum

Map 212

Cinna arundinacea L.

~T5

Map 215

Alopecurus carolinianus Walt.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

A -

s.^

1 \

r r±

Dec. t

T 1

£/ Miles

vS^Sy-^V Map 213
Alopecurus pratensis L.

o 55

Map2I6

Phleum pratense L.

Jan.
Feb.

^T"

1 D

J HD

D D

>*_y d

D D

"■ — r 1

Mar

Apr.

1 It

j i .

May

"S " -r

June

. DP

r 1

— 1

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July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

J - , ,

Dec j-

if Miles

Map 214

Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.

o 55

Map 217

Muhlenbergta capillarls (LamJ Trin.

water and on the muddy borders of ponds and swamps that usually become
dry in midsummer.

Greenland to Alaska, southw. to Pa.

3. Alopecurus carolinianus Walt. (Alopecums ramosus Poir. of Deam,
Grasses of Ind.) Map 215. Infrequent to local in the greater part of the
state. In the northern part it is found in mucky soil about ponds and in
ditches, and in the southern part it is usually found in slightly acid, white
clay soil in fallow fields, and usually associated with one or more of the
following plants : Poa Chapmaniana, Agrostis hyemalis, Myosotis vir-
ginica, and Arabis virginica.

N. J. to B. C., southw. to Fla., Tex., Ariz., and Calif.

72-223. PHLfeUM L.

1. Phleum pratense L. Timothy. Map 216. This species has abun-
dantly escaped in all parts of the state. It is usually found in either dry

Muhlenbergia Agrostideae 131

or moist soil along roadsides and railroads and in fallow fields, pastures,
and waste places.

Nat. of Eurasia; throughout the U. S.

75-215. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Muhly

[Note: In this genus the measurements of the spikelets, glumes, and lemmas do not
include the awns, unless so stated. In observing nodes and internodes, both the lower
and the upper ones of the plant should be examined.]

Panicles diffuse, more than 2.5 cm wide, usually 10-20 cm wide 1. M. capillaris.

Panicles not diffuse, less than 2.5 cm wide.

First glume obsolete ; second glume not over 0.6 mm long, very obtuse

2. M. Schreberi.

First glume not obsolete; second glume more than 0.6 mm long, not obtuse.

Spikelets 1.5-2.2 mm long; glumes shorter than the lemmas (if as long, see opposing
lead).

Lemmas acute to acuminate, not awned 3. M. sobolifera.

Lemmas awned 3a. M. sobolifera f . setigera.

Spikelets more than 2.2 mm long.

Lemmas not pilose at the base (on the callus).

Culms without creeping rootstocks; anthers about 1-1.5 mm long

4. M. cuspidata.

Culms with creeping scaly rootstocks; anthers about 0.5 mm long

5. M. glabriflora.

Lemmas short-pilose at the base (on the callus).
Nodes and infranodes glabrous.

Panicles included at the base, rarely short-exserted ; anthers about 0.5 mm
long.

Lemmas without awns, or some with short awns up to 2 mm long

6. M. mexicana.

Lemmas awned ; awns usually 5-10 mm long

6a. M . mexicana f . commutata.

Panicles usually very long-exserted ; anthers about 0.8 mm long

7. M. brachyphylla.

Nodes and infranodes not glabrous.

Nodes and infranodes puberulent; anthers about 0.8 mm long.

Glumes longer than the lemma ; panicles more than 5 mm wide

8. M. racemosa.

Glumes usually two thirds to three fourths as long as the lemma; panicles

generally less than 5 mm wide 9. M. tenuiflora.

Nodes glabrous; infranodes puberulent, rarely nearly all glabrous, but not
polished below the node; anthers about 0.5 mm long.
Culms usually puberulent below the panicles; spikelets crowded on the
branches, glumes about as long as the lemmas.

Lemmas awnless 10. M. foliosa.

Lemmas awned, awns 4-10 mm long 10a. M. foliosa f. ambigua.

Culms generally glabrous below the panicles; spikelets not at all crowded
on the branches; glumes about two thirds as long as the lemmas.

Lemmas awned 11. M. sylvatica.

Lemmas awnless 11a. M. sylvatica f. attenuata.

1. Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Trin. Map 217. My only specimen
was collected October 7, 1921, about 3 miles east of Elizabeth, on an open
wooded, rocky hillside, bordering the roadside of the Elizabeth Road to
Stewart's Landing, Harrison County. It was still persisting here in 1938.

Mass., Ind., and Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex. ; W. I. and e. Mex.

132

Agrostideae

Muhlenbergia

o 5o

Map 218

Muhlenbergia Schreben J. F.Gmel,

o 5o

Map 219

Muhlenbergia sob o li f era (Muhl)Trin.

Map 220

Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Nult.) Rydb.

2. Muhlenbergia Schreberi J. F. Gmel. Nimblewill. Map 218. Infre-
quent to frequent throughout the state. It is found usually in dry soils
and less frequently in moist soils in open woodland, clearings, woods pas-
tures, and pasture fields. It is usually conspicuous in pasture fields because
stock graze around it, preferring other herbage. It is also found about
dwellings and in lawns and is an obnoxious weed in flower gardens.

N. H. to Wis., e. Nebr., southw. to Fla., Tex., and e. Mex.

3. Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Map 219. This species is
found principally in the southern half of the state. It is strictly a wood-
land species and occurs on wooded slopes, preferring those along streams.
It is found in both beech and sugar maple, and black and white oak
woodland.

N. H. to Iowa, southw. to Va., Tenn., and Tex.

3a. Muhlenbergia sobohfera f. setigera (Scribn.) Deam. This is a form
with awned lemmas. I am referring my no. 32921 from Sullivan County
to this form.

Ind. to Ark. and Tex.

4. Muhlenbergia cuspidata (Nutt.) Rydb. PLAINS Muhly. Map 220.
This species is infrequent on the high, gravelly bank of the north side of
Big Wea Creek where the Shadeland Road crosses the creek about 4 miles
southwest of Lafayette. Its associates make it certain that it is a native
here.

Mich., Wis. to Alberta, southw. to Ohio and N. Mex.

5. Muhlenbergia glabriflora Scribn. (Rhodora 9: 22. 1907.) Map 221.
This species, as now known, is restricted to seven of our southwestern
counties. It is found in hard, white clay soil in moist or wet places, usually
in pin oak woods or in the pin oak and post oak flats of the southwestern
part of Posey County. Probably locally frequent and possibly well distrib-
uted in the southwestern counties where its habitat is found.

Md., Ind., 111., Mo., and Tex.

Muhlenbergia

Agrostideae

133

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

J '

• x

-L

Dec.j—

I la

\ // Miles

B f I

D J

>d r
Muh

aer

gia

D js\
glabri

J 50

^ Map 221
flora Scribn.

Map 222

Muhlenbergia mexicana (U Trin.

513

Map 223

Muhlenbergia mexicana
f. commutata (Scribn.) Wieg.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

-I

Dec. £

B r
1 '

K J

J Miles

o r j

10 /

i D

o r

Muhl

enbe

rgia

achyphy

3 50

Map 224
la Bush

Map 225

Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP.

4
6
7
3

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

D
•a

f X

(

/j'

Dec. j-

K —

D L-^:

D
ID

B / J
D j
10 (

1 °

~— rC?°
d L^— U

D . '

Miles

jhlenl

ergi

i ten

uif 1 or

D n so

^ Map 226

s (Will'd) BSP.

6. Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Wirestem Muhly. Map 222.
This species is frequent to common in all parts of the state except in our
northern counties, where it becomes rare to infrequent. It prefers a moist
soil but will grow and thrive in almost all kinds of soils. It prefers open,
alluvial soil along streams where it often forms exclusive stands. It is an
obnoxious weed when it invades cultivated fields because it propagates from
underground stems.

N. B. to N. D., southw. to the mts. of Ga. and Tex.

6a. Muhlenbergia mexicana f. commutata (Scribn.) Wieg. (Rhodora
26: 1. 1924.) Map 223. I have specimens of this long-awned form from
the counties shown on the map.

Maine, Que., and S. Dak., southw. to Va. and Mo.

7. Muhlenbergia brachyphylla Bush. (Araer. Midland Nat. 6: 41-42.
1919.) Map 224. Probably infrequent to rare in the southern part of the
state. At a distance it so closely resembles Muhlenbergia tenuiflora that

134

AUKOSTIDKAK

m unit* nuei gut

"To

Map 227
Muhlenbergia foliosa
(Roem. & Schult.) Trin.

it may not be detected. On close observation, however, it is easily separated
from this species by its glabrous nodes and infranodes. It is found in low,
flat woods and on wooded slopes. I am not well enough acquainted with
this species to understand its habitat.
Ind. to Nebr., southw. to Tex.

8. Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP. Marsh Muhly. Map 225.

This is an infrequent grass of the lake area. It is found in marshes and
springy places. Our plants south of the lake area are from springy places.
Newf. to B. C, southw. to Va., Md., Ky., Okla., and Ariz.

9. Muhlenbergia tenuiflora ( Willd.) BSP. Map 226. Local or infrequent
throughout the state. It is strictly a woodland species and is found on the
tops and slopes and along the bases of wooded slopes, usually of the black
and white oak type.

Vt., Ont., Wis. to Iowa, southw. to Va., Tenn., and Okla.

10. Muhlenbergia folidsa (Roem. & Schult.) Trin. Map 227. Infrequent
in the lake area and local south of it. It is generally found in marshes
and springy places, usually about lakes and in ditches.

Maine to Que. and Mont., southw. to N. C, Ind., N. Mex., and Ariz.

10a. Muhlenbergia foliosa f. ambigua (Torr.) Wieg. (Muhlenbergia
ambigua Torr.) This form has the habitat of the species. I have it from
Kosciusko, Lagrange, Marshall, Starke, Steuben, Warren, and Whitley
Counties.

11. Muhlenbergia sylvatica Torr. (Muhlenbergia urn b rasa Scribn.) Map
228. Infrequent throughout the state. It is usually a low ground, wood-
land species found on the borders of streams, ponds, and swamps, and
rarely on dry, wooded slopes.

Maine to S. Dak., southw. to AJa., Tex., and Ariz.

11a. Muhlenbergia sylvatica f. attenuata (Scribn.) Palmer & Steyer-
mark. I have this form from only Carroll, Clark, and Posey Counties.

Sporobolus

Agrostideae

135

r— 1

Jan.

H D

Feb.

■

-1 J

Mar

Apr.

—

u| S~

15
1

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

r-^

1 BD
B

- i

Oec. C—

1 "

i '

D D
E 1 ^

r^[w Ba y-— '

D (

e/C\*\

k_°jV

£/ Miles

{^S^Cj^S Map 231

Sporobolus neglectus Nash

2
9

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

B 11

-^IOmC

H 1
Iff]

1/ Miles

Decf—

E 1 J

orobo

ypt

drus (T<

o 56
Map 232

rr.) A.Gray

76-230. SPOROBOLUS B. Br. Dropseed

Lemma appressed-pubescent on the sides, at least near the base.

Plant annual, more or less decumbent at the base; terminal panicles included (very

rarely one free), lateral panicles common; spikelets 3.5-6 mm long

1. S. vaginiflorus.

Plant perennial, erect, not decumbent at the base; terminal panicles free (rarely one
partly included), lateral panicles absent (rarely one or more present); spike-
lets about 5-6 mm long 2. S. clandestinus.

Lemma glabrous on the sides, the keel usually somewhat scabrous.
Spikelets of the terminal panicles 2-3 mm long.

Plant annual; sheaths not bearded at the throat (sometimes a few long hairs on
the inside); terminal panicle less than 7 cm long, usually included, contracted

and spikelike ; grain about 1-1.5 mm long 3. S. neglectus.

Plant perennial; sheaths conspicuously bearded at the throat; terminal panicle
more than 7 cm long, usually almost free and widely spreading at maturity

(sometimes included and spikelike) ; grain about 1 mm long

A. S. cryptandrus.

Spikelets of the terminal panicles 3.5-5 mm long.

Glumes acuminate or aristate, the second one about 1-2 mm longer than the first;
panicles free at maturity and widely spreading; grain orbicular, smooth.

5.5. heterolepis.

Glumes obtuse, the second one about 1 mm longer than the first; panicles usually
included, contracted; grain flattened, reticulate 6. S. asper.

1. Sporobolus vaginiflorus (Torr.) Wood. Map 229. Infrequent to com-
mon in all parts of the state. It prefers poor, dry soils and is rarely absent
from the borders of limestone highways. It seems to be spreading for I
have seen it spread over a fallow field and over vacant lots in a few years.
It can now be found almost everywhere along roads made of crushed rock,
in waste places, on washed slopes, and in poor soil in pastures.

Maine, Ont. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Tex., and Ariz.

2. Sporobolus clandestinus (Spreng.) Hitchc. (Including Sporobolus
canovirens Nash.) Map 230. Infrequent in very sandy soil in prairie
habitats in the counties shown on the map. The range will doubtless be
extended to include the counties about Lake Michigan.

Conn, to 111. and Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

136

Agrostideae

Brachyelytrum

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

7] >

r-H-

■u

"f]H

Oec.j-

i- ' —

J MfTes

Spor

Dbolu

s he

terolepis

Map 233

VGray

Map 234

Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth

Map 235

Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv.

3. Sporobolus neglectus Nash. Map 231. Infrequent throughout the
state. It seems to have much the same habitat as Sporobolus vaginiflorus
and is often found with it.

Maine, Que. to N. Dak. and Wash., southw. to Md., Tenn., Tex., and Ariz.

4. Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray. Sand Dropseed. Map 232.
Infrequent in dry, sandy soil in the area shown on the map. The specimen
from Lawrence County was found in an old stone quarry and the Marion
County specimen was found in a waste place on North Meridian Street in
Indianapolis. I regard these plants as waifs. The fact that the panicle
sometimes remains in the sheath and does not expand has caused a form
to be named. I am following Hitchcock, considering the form to be without
taxonomic significance.

Maine, Ont. to Alberta and Wash., southw. to N. C, Ind., La., and Ariz.

5. Sporobolus heterolepis Gray. Prairie Dropseed. Map 233.
species is infrequent to very local in a few of our northern counties,
found in dry or moist prairie habitats.

Que. to Sask. and Wyo., southw. to Conn., 111., Ark., and e. Tex.

This
It is

6. Sporobolus asper (Michx.) Kunth. Map 234. This species is infre-
quent throughout the state. It is doubtful that this species is a native.
I have noted its advent into the state during the past few years. It now
often forms complete stands for rods along railroads, highways, and
adjacent fields. It will no doubt, in time, become a weed.

Vt., Mich, to N. Dak. and Utah, southw. to La. and N. Mex.

80-216. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv.

1. Brachyelytrum erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Map 235.. Infrequent to
frequent in all parts of the state where beech and sugar maple woods or
black and white oak woods are found. It prefers dry slopes and, for
this reason, it is often very local in some counties. I have botanized Wells

Milium

Agrostideae

137

—

Jar

B
I.
T

"""I D

D
D

Mar
Apr-

l-T"' 1

a
i

May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov

r 1 ^

-I

Dec.f-

T— '

/ Miles

( jS \ ^V J

3 50

S^j-^f Map 236

Milium effusum L.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

i
i

Dec 1-

i ' —

/ Miles

Oryzt

psis

pun

gens (Torr.

1 50

Map 237

Hitchc.

Map 238

Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx

County for 40 years and I have not found it, possibly because woods in
which it grew are now cultivated fields.
Newf. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Okla.

81-213. MILIUM L.

1. Milium effusum L. Map 236. This species is very local and is found
in peaty woods with soft maple or in mucky or springy places with skunk
cabbage.

N. C, Que. to Minn., southw. to Md. and 111. ; also in Eurasia.

82-210. ORYZOPSIS Michx. Ricegrass
Blades narrow, involute; spikelets (exclusive of awns) less than 5 mm long; awns not

more than 2 mm long l.O. pungens.

Blades broad, flat; spikelets (exclusive of awns) more than 5 mm long.

Leaves mostly basal; blades of culm generally less than 2 cm long, scabrous above.

2. O. asperifolia.

Leaves scattered along the culm; blades of culm more than 2 cm long, pubescent
above. 3. O. racemosa.

1. Oryzopsis pungens (Torr.) Hitchc. Map 237. A few tufts of this
species have been found in Porter County over a limited area about a
quarter mile east of Waverly Beach in the Dunes State Park. This is the
only locality now known in Indiana.

Lab. to B. C, southw. to Conn., Ind., S. Dak., and N. Mex.

2. Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx. Map 238. This species is known only
from La Porte and Porter Counties where it is found on open wooded dunes.

Newf., Man., B. C, southw. to Conn., Ind., S. Dak., and N. Mex.

3. Oryzopsis racemosa (J. E. Smith) Ricker. Map 239. The specimens
found in the southern part of the state are from rocky woods and those
from the northern part are from moist or dry, sandy woods. It is very
local and I cannot account for its widely different habitats and limited
distribution.

Que. to Minn., and S. Dak., southw. to Del., Ky., and Iowa.

138

Agrostideae

Stipa

2
1

i e

Jan.

Feb

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

-U

—I

— r,

DecJ-

D»
ID

w. 1, — 1

"f"Ba" D 1 I

U Miles

y:o

P s

s ra

:emc

sa (J.E.Sr

Map 239
nith) Ricker

Map 240

Stipa avenacea L.

Map 241

Stipa comata Trin.& Rupr.

84-209. STIPA L. Needlegrass
[Hitchcock. The North American species of Stipa. Contr. U. S. Nation.
Herb. 24: 215-289. 1925.]

Glumes about 10 mm long h S. avenacea.

Glumes about 15-40 mm long.

Lemmas 8-12 mm long 2. S. comata.

Lemmas 15-22 mm long 3. S. spartea.

1. Stipa avenacea L. Blackseed Needlegrass. Map 240. Local in
dry, sandy soil in a few of our northern counties.

Mass. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex., mostly on the Coastal Plain.

2. Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Needle-and-thread. Map 241. This
species is known only from a high gravelly hill on the northeast side of
Diamond Lake, Noble County.

Ind. and Mich, to Yukon Territory, southw. to Tex. and Calif.

3. Stipa spartea Trin. Porcupine Grass. Map 242. Local to infre-
quent or frequent on open sand knolls, sand ridges, and dunes, or rarely
on open gravelly places in the northwestern part of the state.

Ont, to B. C, southw. to Pa., Ind., Kans., and N. Mex.

85-208. ARISTIDA L. Three-awn Grass
[Hitchcock. North American species of Aristida. Contr. U. S. Nation.
Herb. 22 : 517-586. 1924. Henrard. A critical revision of the genus Aristida.
vii+701p. 1928. Supplement: 702-747. 1933. Rijks Herbarium. Leiden.]

Awns of lemma united into a column, 10-15 mm long, articulated with the lemma.

1 . A . tuberculosa.

Awns of lemma not united into a column and not articulated with the lemma.
Lemmas (exclusive of awns) less than 12 mm long.

Central awn of lemma coiled at the base at maturity; lateral awns rarely more

than 1.5 mm long 2. A. dichotoma.

Central awn of lemma not coiled at the base, but abruptly bent outward, usually
to a 45-90 degree angle, sometimes with a slight twist at the base; lateral
awns usually more than 1.5 mm long.

Aristida

Agrostideae

139

Map 243
Aristida tuberculosa Nutt .

Map 244

Aristida dichotoma Michx

Glumes mostly 4-5 mm long; lemmas (exclusive of awns) generally 4-5 mm

long, their central awns usually 5-15 mm long 3. A. longespica.

Glumes mostly 6-11 mm long; lemmas (exclusive of awns) generally 6-8 mm
long, their central awns usually 15-25 mm long.
Plant annual, 20-40 cm high; first glume shorter than or equaling the second.

4. A. intermedia.

Plant perennial, 40-70 cm high; first glume generally longer than the second.

5. A. purpurascens.

Lemmas (exclusive of awns) more than 12 mm long.

Central awn of lemma about 20 mm long, lateral awns much shorter, usually

1.5 mm long 6. A. ramosissima.

Central awn of lemma about 25-70 mm long, lateral awns usually about 5-10 mm
shorter than the central one 1. A. oligantha.

1. Aristida tuberculosa Nutt. Map 243. Local in the northwestern part
of the state where it grows in almost pure sand on old beaches and low
dunes.

Mass. to Ga. and Miss, near the coast ; around the southern end of Lake
Michigan, and locally in Wis., 111., Iowa, and Minn.

2. Aristida dichotoma Michx. Map 244. Infrequent to frequent in the
southern half of the state. It is usually a common plant where it is found.
It prefers hard, white clay soil in abandoned and fallow fields, on washed
slopes, and along clayey roadsides.

All the species of this genus, when found in habitats similar to those
just mentioned, are known in Indiana as poverty grasses.

This species is often confused with A?*istida longespica from which it
may be separated by its dichotomously branched culms, its shorter terminal
panicles, its tighter second glume, the coiled central awn, and its straight
lateral awns being 1 mm long. In the other species the glumes are usually
much looser and the lateral awns of the lemma are much longer, diverging,
or widely spreading.

This species was reported from Marshall County by Clark but there is
no verifying specimen.

Maine to Mich. (Hemes) and e. Kans., southw. to s. Fla. and Tex.

140

Agrostideae

Aristida

~^0

Map 245

Aristida longespica Pon

1
?

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

I »

HI ,-

N.^D

t ^

! »

\-r-

Dec C

VA^ Miles

Aristida intermet

iaS

/ °

Map 246
cnbn.& Ball

n --

»
"i Li

D I

^1 D

*1 S » D

D
Be *e

Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct.

Nov.

" 1 —

-I

-"L:

r 1

Dec (-

i
i ' —

/ Miles

D I
10 (

Aristid

) pu

purascens

Map 247
Poir.

3. Aristida longespica Poir. (Aristida gracilis Ell.) Map 245. Infre-
quent to frequent, but plentiful where found, in the southern part of the
state. Usually abundant in hard, white clay soil in low, flat, fallow fields
and in habitats similar to those of the preceding species. Probably also
infrequent in the sandy areas of the northwestern part of the state,
although there are specimens only from Starke County. Our specimens
vary somewhat in the length of their awns, but I do not think the varia-
tion has any taxonomic value.

N. H. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex., especially on the Coastal Plain.

4. Aristida intermedia Scribn. & Ball. Map 246. This species seems to
be local but abundant where it is found. I have seen acres of it in Newton
County in the old lake bed, and in Noble County it forms large colonies
on the former bottom of Tippecanoe Lake. Local in moist, sandy soil on
interdunal flats about Lake Michigan, in moist sandy, prairie habitats,
and on moist sandy borders of lakes.

Ind. to Nebr., southw. to Miss, and Tex.

5. Aristida purpurascens Poir. Map 247. Infrequent in very dry sand
in the northwestern part of the state and in a similar habitat in Knox
County. Its habitat is found in contiguous counties, and doubtless its
range will be extended.

Mass. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

6. Aristida ramosissima Engelm. Map 248. This is an infrequent grass
of the southwestern counties in hard, white clay soil in abandoned and
fallow fields, on washed slopes, along clayey roadsides, and infrequently
in yellow clay soil.

Ind. to Iowa, southw. to Tenn., La., and Tex.

7. Aristida oligantha Michx. Prairie Three-awn Grass. Map 249.
Like the other species of the genus, this species is partial to a slightly acid
soil and is infrequent to frequent in the southern half of the state where

Leptochloa

Chlorideae

141

Map 248
Anstida ramosissima Engelm.

Map 249

Aristida oligantha Mich*.

4
3

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec. C

J 1

^ — .

i l

- i

r* D

D ( {
T 1

1/ Miles

_eptoc

hloa

fin

d i>\~ / 50

■J Map 250
ormis (Lam.) Beauv.

its habitat is found. It is usually found in hard, white clay soil in aban-
doned and fallow fields, on washed slopes, along clayey roadsides, and
locally in sandy soil in the northern counties.
Mass. to S. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

6. CHLORIDEAE Kunth. Grama Tribe

Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes; large coarse grasses, usually more than a

meter high 99. Spartina, p. 143.

Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes; grasses shorter than the preceding.

Spikes digitate or, in Eleusine, one or rarely 2 spikes remote (rarely as distant as
2.5 cm) .
Spikelets 1-flowcred.

Spikelets awnless 95. Cynodon, p. 143.

Spikelets awned 102. Chloris, p. 144.

Spikelets more than 1-flowered.

Rachis extending beyond the florets into a naked sharp point; second glume and

at least the lowest lemma cuspidate 94. Dactyloctenium, p. 142.

Rachis not extending beyond the florets and not ending in a sharp point; glumes

and lemmas not cuspidate 93. Eleusine, p. 142.

Spikes racemose, on an axis more than 5 cm long.

Spikes ascending or widely spreading, slender, elongate.

Lemmas with an awn 4-6 mm long 101. Gymnopogon, p. 143.

Lemmas awnless 90. Leptochloa, p. 141.

Spikes drooping, dense, short 104. Bouteloua, p. 144.

90-307. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. Sprangletop Grass

[Hitchcock. North American species of Leptochloa. U. S. Dept. Agric.
Bur. PI. Ind. Bull. 33: 1-21. 1903.]

Sheaths papillose-pilose; second glume acute; grain 3-angled, grooved on the side

toward the palea 1. L. filiformis.

Sheaths smooth; second glume obtuse; grain compressed, not grooved. .2. L. panicoides.

1. Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv. Red Sprangletop. Map 250.
Infrequent in the counties along the Ohio River. It grows in sandy soil
on the slope of the bank of the Ohio River where it is washed at flood

142

Chlorideae

Eleusine

o "30
Map 251

Leptochloa panicoides (Presl 1 Hitchc.

Map 252

Eleusine indica (L.)Gaertn.

Map 253

Cynodon Dactylon (|_.) Pers.

stages. Also found in sandy, alluvial fields along the Ohio River, and rarely
in a similar habitat away from the river. Usually rather plentiful where
it occurs.

Va. to s. Ind. and e. Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex., s. Calif., and
throughout tropical America.

2. Leptochloa panicoides (Presl) Hitchc. (Leptochloa floribunda Doell
of Deam, Grasses of Ind.) Map 251. In 1916 I found a few specimens of
this species in a large, miry, muddy flat in what is locally known as
Pitcher's Lake, about 5 miles west of Mt. Vernon, Posey County. Pitcher's
Lake is in reality a shallow lagoon about 2 miles long and a half mile wide.
It is filled with water during the winter months and is usually nearly or
entirely dry in autumn. This grass was found with Lindemia, Cyperus,
Acnida, and Leersia oryzoides. I revisited the place in 1920 and found a
few more specimens. The Indiana specimens are the only ones known
north of Mississippi. The species is rare, having been found only in
Indiana, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, and southward to Brazil.

93-304. ELEUSINE Gaertn.

1. Eleusine Indica (L.) Gaertn. Goosegrass. Map 252. This species is
doubtless found in every county of the state although our records are less
frequent in the northern counties. It prefers a moist, sandy habitat and
is found about dwellings, along roadsides and footpaths and in waste
places, pastures, and cultivated fields.

Nat. of the Old World ; Mass. to S. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex. ; occa-
sional in Oreg. and Calif.

94-305. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd.
See excluded species no. 71, p. 1028.

Cynodon

CHLORIDEAE

143

o 50

Map 254

Spartina pectinata Link

Map 255

Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) BSP.

Map 256
Bouteloua curtfpendula (MichxJ Torr.

95-282. CYNODON Richard

1. Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers. (Capriola Dactylon (L.) Ktze. Ber-
muda Grass. Map 253. This grass has become sparingly established in
the state and I predict that in time it will become a grass used frequently
for lawns and pasturage. It thrives well in sandy soil where bluegrass
will not.

In a waste, vacant lot in Bluffton, Wells County, two large colonies
have been established for several years and these were not injured by a
temperature of twenty-one degrees below zero of the winter of 1935-1936.

Introduced in America, and found in the warm regions of both hemi-
spheres. Md. to Okla., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif. ; occasionally northw.
from N. H. to Mich, and Oreg.

99-283. SPARTINA Schreber

[Merrill. The North American species of Spartina. U. S. Dept. Agric.
Bur. PI. Ind. Bull. 9: 1-16. 1902. Saint-Yves, Alf. Monographia Spartin-
arum. Candollea 5 : 19-100. Dec. 1932.]

1. Spartina pectinata Link. (Spartina MicJiauxiana Hitchc.) Prairie
Cordgrass. Map 254. This species is infrequent or rarely frequent and
seems to be restricted to the lake and prairie areas and to the slope of the
bank of the Ohio River, usually in crevices of shale. In the lake area, it is
found on the low borders of lakes and streams and in marshy places. In
the prairie area, it is found in wet places, usually closely associated with
Calamagrostis canadensis.

Newf., Que. to e. Wash, and Oreg., southw. to N. C, Ky., 111., Ark., Tex.,
and N. Mex.

101-290. GYMNOPOGON Beauv.

1. Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.) BSP. Map 255. On September 19,
1934, I found a large colony of this species in very sandy soil on the crest
of a sand ridge in an open place in a woods in sec. 35 about 5 miles north-

144 Phalarideae Hierochloe*

west of Washington, Daviess County. In 1938 Kriebel found it here and
in a woods a mile southwest of Plainville and in a woods 4 miles north of
Washington.

Coastal Plain, N. J., Fla., and Tex. ; in the Mississippi Valley, Ind., Tenn.,
Kans., and southw.

102-288. CHLORIS Sw.

See excluded species no. 72, p. 1029.

104-195. BOUTELOUA Lag. Grama Grass

1. Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. (Atheropogon curtipendulus
(Michx.) Fourn.) Side-oats Gram A. Map 256. Very local in the state
and usually restricted to small areas. It is found in dry soil, either sandy
or clayey, on sandy knolls, gravelly hills and slopes, and on bluffs of
streams.

Maine, Ont. to Mont., southw. to Md., W. Va., Ala., Tex., Ariz., and s.
Calif. ; introduced in S. C.

7. PHALARIDEAE Link. Canary Grass Tribe

Glumes 1-nerved; sterile lemmas awned 109. Anthoxanthum, p. 144.

Glumes 3-nerved (sometimes the lateral pair of the first glume faint) ; lemmas not
awned.

Glumes very thin, not keeled 108. Hierochloe, p. 144.

Glumes firm, strongly keeled 110. Phalaris, p. 144.

108-206. HIEROCHLOE R. Br.

1. Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv. (Hierochloe odorata (L.) Wahl.,
Savastana odorata (L.) Scribn., and Hierochloe odorata var. fragrans
(Willd.) Richt.) Sweetgrass. Map 257. Infrequent in some of our north-
ern counties where it is usually found in open marshes. I have one speci-
men from mucky soil of a fallow cornfield.

Lab. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Ind., Iowa, Oreg., and in the mts. to
N. Mex. and Ariz.

109-205. ANTHOXANTHUM L.

1. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet Vernalgrass. Map 258. While
this grass has been reported from all parts of the eastern United States,
in Indiana it has been reported from only 2 counties in addition to those
shown on the map. Found along railroads and in pastures, waste places,
and meadows.

Nat. of Eurasia; Greenland and Newf. to La. and Mich., and on the
Pacific coast from B. C. to n. Calif.

110-204. PHALARIS L. Canary Grass

Inflorescence 6-16 cm long; glumes not dilated above the middle; fertile floret about
3.5 mm long 1. P. arundinacea.

Inflorescence 2-4 cm long; glumes dilated above the middle; fertile floret about 5 mm
long. (See excluded species no. 73, p. 1029.) P. canariensis.

Leersia

Oryzeae

145

Map 257
Hierochloe odorata (U Beauv.

Map 258

Anthoxanthum odoratum L.

Map 259

Phalaris arundinacea L.

1. Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary Grass. Map 259. This species
is infrequent in the lake area and local south of it. In most places in the
lake area it seems to be a native while southward it is doubtless an escape.
It is usually found in marshes but will thrive in almost any habitat. It
is recommended as a fodder plant for low grounds, especially in the north-
west. My observation and personal experience with it is that it is wise
not to plant it if one wishes ever to get rid of it. I have found it as difficult
to exterminate as most pernicious weeds.

Nat. of Eurasia; N. B. to se. Alaska, southw. to N. C, Ky., Okla., N. Mex.,
Ariz., and ne. Calif.

la. Phalaris arundinacea var. picta L. This is a variety with the
leaves striped with white. It is often used in cultivation and found as an
escape in colonies along roadsides and in waste places.

8. ORYZEAE Kunth Rice Tribe
112-194. LEERSIA Sw.

Culms compressed; foliage more or less scabrous or scabrous-pubescent; spikelets 3-3.5
mm long (rarely one 4 mm long), 1-1.3 mm wide; stamens 1 or 2; grain about 2.5

mm long, 1 mm wide 1. L. virginica.

Culms terete; foliage more or less hispid; spikelets 4.1-5 mm long, 1.5-4 mm wide;
stamens 2 or 3; grain 3-3.5 mm long, 1.5-1.8 mm wide.
Spikelets oblong, 1.5-1.8 mm wide; stamens 3; grain about 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide.

2. L. oryzoides.

Spikelets broadly oval to nearly orbicular, 3-4 mm wide; stamens 2; grain about 3.5
mm long, 1.8 mm wide 3. L. lenticularis.

1. Leersia virginica Willd. (Homalocenchrus virginicus (Willd.)
Britt.) Whitegrass. Map 260. An infrequent to frequent grass in low
woodland of all kinds in all parts of the state. It is usually found where
the mineral soil is exposed, hence it is most frequent on old logging roads.

Que. to S. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

146

ZlZANIEAE

Zizania

1
11

1?
1

ID D

Jan.

Feb

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

/id

i B

. T^-

-U D

' BT »

°"

"• 1 B D

•

IIC

I D

[<■

1 ° °

Dec f-

We S 1

D D ■
I l_ ,

D L,

J- — 1 —

t /

* L

^/vviv

^j\

d y

XJ Miles

v A j"v V J

vS^y^V Map 260

Leersia virginica Willd.

Map 261

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw.

2. Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. (Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll.)
Rice Cutgrass. Map 261. This species is found throughout the state
but on account of its habitat and light requirements it is infrequent. It
prefers full sunlight and is found in low, wet places, especially along
ditches, old river channels, outlets of springs, in springy places, and about
lakes. The species varies considerably. In late flowering forms, sometimes
the panicles do not expand and are included. Rarely forms with smooth
sheaths are found.

Maine, Que. to e. Wash., southw to Fla., Tex., Colo., Ariz., and s. Calif. ;
also in Eu.

3. Leersia lenticularis Michx. (Homalocenchrus lenticularis (Michx.)
Scribn.) Catchfly Grass. Map 262. This grass seems to be restricted
to the stream courses of the southwestern part of the state and the valley
of the Kankakee River. It is usually found in low ground in woods, on
the borders of ponds, about sloughs, and in ditches. It is infrequent but
where found often plentiful.

Ind. to Minn., southw. to S. C, Fla., and Tex.

9. ZIZAMEAE Hitchc. Indian Rice Tribe

113-190. ZIZANIA L. Wildrice

[Fassett. A study of the genus Zizania. Rhodora 26 : 153-160. 1924.]

Pistillate lemmas thin and papery, dull, finely striate, scabrous over the whole surface;

aborted spikelets slender and shriveled, less than 1 mm thick 1. Z. aquatica.

Pistillate lemmas firm and tough, with a lustrous and coarsely corrugate surface,
scabrous on the margins, at the summit, along the awn, and sometimes along the
nerves, otherwise glabrous; aborted spikelets with a distinct body 1.5-2 mm thick.
Culms 60-120 cm high; blades generally less than 10 mm wide; lower pistillate
branches with 2-6 spikelets; lower or middle staminate branches with 5-15 spike-
lets la. Z. aquatica var. angustifolia.

Culms mostly 125-275 cm high; blades generally 10-50 mm wide; lower pistillate
branches with 11-29 spikelets; lower or middle staminate branches with (20)
30-60 spikelets lb. Z. aquatica var. interior.

Zizania

Paniceae

147

Map 264
Digitaria fihformi's (L.) KoeL

Map 265
Digitaria Ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl.

1. Zizania aquatica L. (Zizania palnstris of recent authors, not L.)
Annual Wildrice. Map 263. Infrequent to local in the lake area in
dredged ditches, sloughs, and swamps.

This grass affords protection and food for water birds, especially wild
ducks, and it is now often planted for these purposes.

The following are popular publications on this subject: Wild rice;
its uses and propagation, by Brown and Scofield. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur.
PI. Ind. Bull. 50: 1-23. 7 pi. 1903; Wild rice, by Fyles. Dept. Agric.
Dominion of Canada, Bull. 42, n.s. 1-20. 1920; Propagation of wild-duck
foods, by McAtee. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 465. 1917.

Que. to N. Dak. and Idaho, southw. to Fla., and La.

la. Zizania aquatica var. angustifolia Hitchc. (Zizania palustris L.)
Northern Wildrice. This variety has the habitat of the species.
N. B., Que., and N. Dak., southw. to N. Y. and Nebr.

lb. Zizania aquatica var. interior Fassett. This is a form of the species
which Fassett recognizes but Hitchcock does not. It seems to be distinct
in our area. Its habitat is that of the species.

10. PANICEAE R. Br. Millet Tribe

Spikelets enclosed in globose spiny burs 137. Cenchrus, p. 177.

Spikelets not as above.

Spikelets subtended by 1-several scabrous bristles; inflorescence a spikelike panicle.

135. Setaria, p. 176.

Spikelets not subtended by bristles.

Spikelets awned or with an acuminate and spiny-hispid second glume and sterile

lemma 133. Echinochloa, p. 174.

Spikelets not awned nor spiny-hispid.

Spikelets in slender one-sided racemes, subsessile and in two rows; first glume
obsolete.
Spikelets obovate to suborbicular or, if narrowly elliptic, the rachis broadly

winged 128. Paspalum, p. 149.

Spikelets lanceolate or elliptic, on a narrow rachis. .. .121. Digitaria, p. 148.

148 Paniceae Digitaria

Spikelets in an open or contracted panicle.

Fruiting lemma firm, with flat, hyaline margins; pedicels 3-angled at the

summit 122. Leptoloma, p. 148.

Fruiting lemma chartaceous-indurate, the margins inrolled

129. Panicum, p. 150.

121-166A. DIGITARIA Heist. Crabgkass

[Nash. The Genus Syntherisma in North America. Bull. Torrey Bot.

Club 25 : 289-303. 1898.]

Lower blades glabrous or nearly so; mature fertile lemmas (fruit) dark brown or
black, about 2 mm long.

Lower sheaths papillose-hirsute ; rachis wingless, about 0.3 mm wide

1. D. filifomiis.

Lower sheaths glabrous or with a few straggling hairs; rachis winged, about 1 mm

w j(je 2. D. Ischaemum.

Lower blades more or less pubescent; mature fertile lemmas (fruit) light gray to
light drab, about 3 mm long 3. D. sanguinalis.

1. Digitaria filiformis (L.) Koel. (Syntherisma filiforme (L.) Nash.)
Map 264. This species is known from only eleven counties and reported
from Marshall County. It is very local but common enough where found.
My specimens are from very sandy soil in shallow depressions on low,
sandy ridges in open woodland, in a moist prairie habitat, and in dry,
sandy soil in pastures.

N. H. to Iowa and Kans., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Mex.

2. Digitaria Ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl. (Digitaria humifusa Pers.
and Syntherisma Ischaemum (Schreb.) Nash.) Smooth Crabgrass. Map
265. Infrequent in the northern part of the state and frequent to com-
mon in moist, clayey flats in the southwestern counties. Like the next
species, it is found almost everywhere except in dense woodland and very
wet soil. It prefers a moist, sandy soil and is found generally in culti-
vated fields, pastures, meadows, and waste places and along roadsides.
In the southwestern counties in the moist, clayey, fallow fields, it forms
dense mats over large areas.

Nat. of Eurasia; Que. to N. Dak., southw. to S. C, Tenn., and Ark.

3. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. (Syntherisma sanguinalis (L.)
Dulac.) Crabgrass. Map 266. This species is a common weed throughout
the state, especially in truck gardens, lawns, gardens, and cultivated
grounds of all kinds.

Nat. of Eu. ; throughout the U. S., more common in the East and South.

122-166C. LEPTOLOMA (has,

1. Leptoloma cognatum (Schult.) Chase. Map 267. This grass is found
in very sandy soil on sand ridges and sandy knolls, usually in fallow fields,
along roadsides, and in open woodland.

N. H. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex., and westw. to Ariz.

Paspalum

Paniceae

149

Map 266

Digitaria sanguinalis (U Scop.

Map 267
Leptoloma cognatum (Schult.) Chase

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

-L.

V 1

^Z-

1 1

Dec C

U We

D /
V J
P 1

Miles

Map 268

Paspalum f luitans (Ell.) Kunth

128-161. PASPALUM L.

[Chase. The North American species of Paspalum. Contr. U. S. Nation.
Herb. 28: 1-310. 1929.]

Racemes more than 10 to a panicle 1. P. fluitans.

Racemes fewer than 10 to a panicle.
Spikelets 2.5-3.2 mm long.

Spikelets solitary 2. P. drculare.

Spikelets in pairs 3. P. pubiflorum var. glabrtim.

Spikelets 1.5-2.4 mm long.

Blades from sparsely to rather densely pilose, rather thin.

Spikelets 2 mm long A. P. pubescens.

Spikelets about 1.5 mm long. (See excluded species no. 77, p. 1029.) . .P. setaceum.

Blades puberulent on both surfaces, with long hairs intermixed, or the lower

surface nearly or quite glabrous except a few long hairs along the midrib

and margin, usually rather firm 5. P. stramineum.

1. Paspalum fluitans (Ell.) Kunth. (Paspalum mucronatum Muhl. and
Paspalum repens Berg.) Map 268. Infrequent to local in the state and
restricted to the muddy banks of ponds, sloughs, and streams. The oldest
specimen seen was one collected in 1836 near New Albany by Dr. Clapp.

S. C. to Ind., Kans., and Tex., southw. to Argentina.

2. Paspalum circulare Nash. Map 269. Infrequent to frequent in the
southern part of the state where it is usually found in hard, white clay
soil in roadside ditches, low places in woodland, and fallow fields. The
specimen from Marion County was found along the Monon Railroad and
doubtless was introduced.

Conn, to N. C. and Miss., northw. to Ind., Kans., and westw. to Tex.

3. Paspalum pubiflorum Rupr. var. glabrum Vasey. Map 270. Infre-
quent in a few of our southern counties. Usually found in moist,
sandy soil in ditches and in low ground. It is a common plant in the
street gutters in the southeastern part of Mt. Vernon.

N. C. to Ind. and Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

150

Paniceae

Panicum

Map 269

Paspalum circulare Nash

o 50

Map 270
Paspalum pubiflorum

var. glabrum Vasey

Map 271

Paspalum pubescens Muhl.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct

Nov

Dec.

n « /

■ y- 1

»lj--^. X DP "■ f'

Rf+rro

\Mr±

- r | J~r

1 1 Is*

Miles

Map 272

Paspalum stramineum Nash

Map 273

Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.

Map 274

Panicum flexile (Gatt.) Scnbn,

4. Paspalum pubescens Muhl. (Including Paspalum Muhlenbergii
Nash.) Map 271. This species is found sparingly in the northern two
thirds of the state and is infrequent to frequent in the southern part. It
prefers moist, sandy soil but adapts itself to many habitats. It is usually
found in pastured fields and woodlots.

Vt. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

5. Paspalum stramineum Nash. Map 272. A few specimens of this
species have been found in a few of the northwestern counties in very
dry, sandy soil along roadsides and in waste places.

Ind. to Minn., southw. to Tex., Ariz., and nw. Mex.

129-166. PANICUM L. Panicum

[Hitchcock and Chase. The North American species of Panicum. Contr.
U. S. Nation. Herb. 15: 1-396. 1910. Fernald. Realignments in the genus
Panicum. Rhodora 36: 61-87. 1934.]

Panicum Paniceae 151

Annual or perennial grasses of various habit, foliage, and inflorescence ;
spikelets disarticulating below the glumes, arranged in open or compact
panicles, rarely racemose, 1- or 2-flowered, the lower flower usually repre-
sented by a sterile lemma and palea, the palea usually not developed or
rarely lacking, when 2-flowered the lower staminate only; glumes 2,
asually very unequal, the first smaller and often minute, the second
;ypically equaling the sterile lemma, the latter of the same texture and
simulating a third glume ; stamens 3 ; fertile lemma chartaceous-indurate,
Lhe nerves obsolete, the margins inrolled and enclosing a palea of the
same texture.

KEY TO SECTIONS OF INDIANA PANICUM.

Basal leaves similar to those of the culm; plants not forming winter rosettes.
First glume truncate or triangular-tipped, usually about a fourth (rarely longer)
as long as the acute or acuminate glabrous spikelet; annual

1. DlCHOTOMIFLORA, p. 156.

First glume not truncate, more than a fourth as long as the spikelet, usually a third
to nearly half as long; annual or perennial.
Spikelets 2-5 mm long, smooth, or the keels more or less scabrous, but the spikelet
not warty.

Annual 2. Capillaria, p. 156.

Perennial.

Spikelets on long pedicels in large, open panicles; plants with creeping root-
stocks 3. Virgata, p. 158.

Spikelets on short pedicels, arranged close together in one-sided branches in
large panicles; plants without creeping rootstocks. .4. Agrostoidea, p. 158.

Spikelets 1.8-2 mm long, warty 5. Verrucosa, p. 159.

Basal leaves not similar to those of the culm; plants forming winter rosettes.
Culm leaves elongated, not over 5 mm (rarely 6 mm) wide, more than 20 times as
long as wide; spikelets 2.2-4 mm long, beaked in P. depauperatum and its

variety; autumnal phase branching at the base 6. Depauperata, p. 160.

Culm leaves not elongated (if elongated, glabrous on both surfaces with spikelets 2.2-3

mm long, or the blades softly pubescent on both surfaces and the spikelets 1.8-2

mm long) ; autumnal phase branching above the base or remaining simple.

Plants with elongate foliage aggregated at the base, light green, softly pubescent,

the basal leaves not in distinct rosettes in autumn; ligules nearly obsolete;

spikelets 1.8-2 mm long; autumnal phase branching near the base, forming

close, fiat tufts, with reduced panicles 7. Laxiflora, p. 161.

Plants not as above.

Uppermost leaves elongate, generally longest, stiff, widely spreading, 3-8 (10)
mm wide and up to 22 cm long, glabrous on both surfaces ; sheaths glabrous
or only the margins pubescent; spikelets 2.3-3 mm long

8. BlCKNELLIANA, p. 162.

Uppermost leaves and spikelets not as above.

Culms glabrous or only the nodes pubescent; spikelets not over 3 mm long.
Ligules less than 1.2 mm long, usually nearly obsolete.

Culms bearded at the nodes, at least the lower ones (rarely only the upper

ones puberulent in P. mattamuskeetense) 9. Dichotoma, p, 162.

Culms not bearded at the nodes.

Spikelets more than 1.8 mm long 9. Dichotoma, p. 162.

Spikelets less than 1.8 mm long 13. Sphaerocarpa, p. 170.

Ligules 2-5 mm long 10. Spreta, p. 164.

Culms and sheaths more or less strongly pubescent; if glabrous except the
nodes, the spikelets more than 3 mm long.
Ligules 2-5 mm long 11. Lanuginosa, p. 164.

152 Paniceae Panicum

Ligules not more than 2 mm long.

Spikelets nearly spherical at maturity, less than 1.8 mm long; blades

glabrous, firm, cordate 13. Sphaerocarpa, p. 170.

Spikelets elliptic or obovate, more than 1.7 mm long (except in P.
columbianum) .
Blades not cordate at the base.

Spikelets less than 3 mm long 12. Columbiana, p. 169.

Spikelets more than 3 mm long 14. Oligosanthia, p. 171.

Blades cordate at the base.

Spikelets 2.5-2.9 mm long 15. Commutata, p. 172.

Spikelets 3-5 mm long 16. Latifolia, p. 173.

KEY TO THE INDIANA SPECIES OF PANICUM

A. Spikelets glabrous.

Spikelets 3 mm long or longer.
Annual.

Spikelets 4-5 mm long and more than 1.8 mm wide. (See excluded species no.

82, p. 1030.) P. miliaceum.

Spikelets 3-4 mm long, less than 1.8 mm wide 2. P. flexile, p. 157.

Perennial.

Panicles 20-40 cm long; spikelets gaping or curved at the apex.
Ligules 2-4 mm long; first glume two thirds to three fourths as long as the

spikelet 6. P. virgatum, p. 158.

Ligules less than 1 mm long; first glume a third to half as long as the

spikelet 7. P. anceps, p. 159.

Panicles 3-8 cm long; spikelets not gaping or curved at the apex.

Blades elongated, not over 5 mm wide and more than 20 times as long as

wide; spikelets beaked or pointed at the apex. .11. P. depauperatum, p. 160.

Blades not elongated, less than 20 times as long as wide; spikelets blunt at

the apex 43. P. Scribnerianum, p. 171.

Spikelets less than 3 mm long.

Spikelets warty 10. P. verrucosum, p. 159.

Spikelets not warty.

Annual; basal leaves similar to those of the culm; plants not forming winter
rosettes; panicles more than 12 cm long (except in depauperate plants).
Sheaths glabrous.

Spikelets 2-3.5 mm long, usually about 2.9 mm long (rarely a few as short
as 2 mm), acute; plants usually large and spreading, 50-100 cm long.

1. P. dichotomiflorum, p. 156.

Spikelets 1.8-2.2 mm long, usually about 2 mm long, blunt; plants shorter

and more slender than the preceding

la. P. dichotomifloruvi var. puritanorum, p. 156.

Sheaths pubescent.

Pulvini of the panicle hispid.

Panicles included at the base, usually large, about as wide as long, gen-
erally about half as long as the whole plant; blades thickly papillose-
hispid above and beneath 3. P. capillare, p. 157.

Panicles exserted, ovoid, usually not as large as the preceding, about a
third as long as the whole plant; blades sparsely hirsute above and

beneath 4. P. philadelphicum, p. 157.

Pulvini of panicle glabrous 5. P. Gattingeri, p. 157.

Perennial; basal leaves not like those of the culm; plants forming winter
rosettes; panicles not over 12 cm long, except those of Panicum agrostoides
which are much longer.
Pedicels mostly about half as long as the spikelets; spikelets subsecund on

the lower side of the branchlets of the inflorescence

9. P. agrostoides, p. 159.

Panicum Paniceae 153

Pedicels mostly longer than the spikelets; spikelets not subsecund on the lower
side of the branchlets of the inflorescence.
Spikelets not more than 1.8 mm long.

Nodes bearded; ligule less than 1 mm long; sheaths usually covered more

or less with white spots 16. P. microcarpon, p. 162.

Nodes not bearded; ligule more than 1 mm long; sheaths without white

spots 22. P. sprettim, p. 164.

Spikelets 1.9-2.8 mm long.

Sheaths or some of them usually marked more or less with white spots,
the overlapping margin usually glabrous; spikelets more than 2.2

mm long (mostly 2.3-2.5 mm long) 21. P. yadkinense, p. 164.

Sheaths not marked with white spots, the overlapping margin pubescent;
spikelets 2-2.8 mm long.

Spikelets 2.3-2.8 mm long 15. P. Bicknellii, p. 162.

Spikelets 2-2.2 mm long.

Plants of dry ground; culms erect, rarely autumnal plants reclin-
ing 17. P. dichotomum, p. 163.

Plants of bogs and swamps ; culms weak, soon becoming decumbent

and trailing 20. P. lucidum, p. 163.

\. Spikelets pubescent.
Blades mostly more than 15 mm wide.

Sheaths, at least the lower ones and those of the branches, papillose-hispid;

spikelets 2.7-3 mm long (rarely longer) 46. P. clandestinum, p. 173.

Sheaths not papillose-hispid.

Nodes retrorsely bearded; spikelets 4-4.5 mm long.

Blades glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces 48. P. Boscii, p. 174.

Blades velvety to the touch beneath 48a. P. Boscii var. molle, p. 174.

Nodes not retrorsely bearded, glabrous or minutely appressed-pubescent.

Spikelets 3.2-3.7 mm long 47. P. latifolium, p. 174.

Spikelets 2.5-3 mm long 45. P. commutatum, p. 173.

Spikelets 1.4-1.6 mm long 39. P. polyanthes, p. 170.

Blades mostly less than 15 mm wide.

Blades elongated, not over 5 mm wide and more than 20 times as long as wide.
Spikelets beaked, mostly 3.2-3.8 mm long (rarely as short as 3 mm).

Sheaths pilose 11 . P. depauperatum, p. 160.

Sheaths glabrous or nearly so. .11a. P. depauperatum var. psilophylhmi, p. 160.
Spikelets not beaked, 3 mm or less in length (rarely 3.2 mm long).

Spikelets 2.7-3.2 mm long; panicles narrow, usually less than a third as wide

as long; ligules mostly about 1 mm long 12. P. perlongum, p. 161.

Spikelets 2.2-2.7 mm long; panicles usually more than a third as wide as
long; ligules mostly less than 1 mm long.

Sheaths pilose 13. P. lineari folium, p. 161.

Sheaths glabrous or nearly so.. 13a. P. lineari folium var. Werneri, p. 161.
Blades not elongated or, if elongated, more than 5 mm wide.
Spikelets 3 mm or more long.

Spikelets beaked, somewhat curved, smooth except the scabrous keels

7. P. anceps, p. 159.

Spikelets obovate, not curved, more or less pubescent with spreading hairs.
Ligule less than 0.5 mm long; blades papillose-hispid above and beneath;

spikelets papillose-hispid 41. P. Leibergii, p. 171.

Ligule more than 0.5 mm long; blades not papillose-hispid; spikelets not
papillose.
Culms and at least the lower sheaths with an appressed pubescence;
ligules mostly 1.5 mm long with longer hairs intermixed; spikelets

oblong-obovate, mostly 3.5-4 mm long and 1.7-1.9 mm wide

42. P. oligosanthes, p. 171.

154 Paniceae Panicum

Culms and sheaths with a spreading pubescence; ligules about 1 mm
long; spikelets bluntly obovate, mostly 3-3.5 mm iong and 2 mm

■wide 43. P. Scribnerianam, p. 171.

Spikelets less than 3 mm long.

Sheaths retrorsely pilose 14. P. xalapense, p. 161.

Sheaths not retrorsely pilose.

Basal leaves like those of the culm; plants not forming winter rosettes.

Spikelets 1.8-2.3 mm long; fruit not stalked 9. P. agrostoides, p. 159.

Spikelets 2.4-2.8 mm long; fruit with a basal stalk 0.2-0.4 mm long.

8. P. stipitatum, p. 159.

Basal leaves not like those of the culm; plants forming winter rosettes B.
B (to left to save space).
B. Culms glabrous or only the nodes pubescent.

Ligule more than 1.5 mm long; spikelets 1.3-1.6 mm long.

Panicles narrow, a fourth to a third as wide as long (somewhat wider in anthesis) ;

spikelets elliptic 22. P. spretum, p. 164.

Panicles open, two thirds as wide as long or longer; spikelets obovate

23. P. Lindheimeri, p. 164.

Ligule less than 1.5 mm long; spikelets 1.4-2.9 mm long.
Spikelets 1.4-1.7 mm long.

Nodes of culms usually copiously barbed with long, lax, retrorse hairs; at
least the lower sheaths more or less marked with white spots between the
nerves; leaves usually glabrous, 6-14 mm wide, spreading or the upper

reflexed 16. P. microcarpon, p. 162.

Nodes of culms minutely appressed-pubescent.

Upper three blades usually 10-20 cm long and 25 mm wide, the upper blade
usually not much smaller than the other two, the blades below the upper

three usually much smaller; anthers mostly 0.4-0.5 mm long

39. P. polyanthes, p. 170.

Upper three blades usually 5-10 cm long and 7-14 mm wide, the upper one
usually much reduced, the blades below the upper three usually not
reduced; anthers mostly 0.6-0.8 mm long. . . .40. P. sphaerocarpon, p. 170.
Spikelets 1.8-2.9 mm long.
Spikelets 1.8-2.2 mm long.

Culms soon decumbent and trailing, the nodes usually glabrous or the lowest
with a few soft spreading hairs; vernal blades spreading, mostly 4-6 mm

wide; plants of a wet habitat 20. P. lucidum, p. 163.

Culms erect, never trailing; vernal blades erect or spreading, mostly 4-14 mm

wide.

Vernal blades mostly 4-8 mm wide, rarely some of them wider ; lower part of

culms usually more or less geniculate; lowest nodes of culms usually

more or less barbed with soft hairs; plants usually of a dry habitat,

often reclining in the autumnal phase and the nodes glabrous

17. P. dichotomum, p. 163.

Vernal blades mostly 6-14 mm wide, more erect; culms not geniculate and
the nodes usually all glabrous or with only a few soft hairs on the

lowest; plants of a wet habitat 19. P. boreale, p. 163.

Spikelets 2.3-2.9 mm long.

Blades mostly less than 8 mm wide, glabrous on both surfaces, not cordate

at the base; spikelets oblong-elliptic, 2.3-2.9 mm long

15. P. Bicknellii, p. 162.

Blades mostly 8-12 mm wide, cordate at the base, usually pubescent or the

upper surface glabrous; spikelets elliptic, about 2.5 mm long

18. P. mattamuskeetense, p. 163.

B. Culms and sheaths more or less puberulent to strongly pubescent.
C. Ligule 2 mm or more long.

Plants grayish velvety-pubescent; spikelets 1.3-1.4 mm long

24. P. miburne, p. 166.

anicum Paniceae 155

Plants pubescent, often villous but not velvety.
Culms conspicuously pilose with long horizontal hairs, branching before the

expansion of the primary panicles; spikelets mostly 1.8-1.9 mm long

25. P. praecocius, p. 166.

Culms vai-iously pubescent, if pilose the hairs appressed or widely spreading;
culm not branching before the expansion of the primary panicles.
Spikelets less than 2 mm long.

Vernal blades glabrous or nearly so above, 6-10 cm long and 5-10 mm wide.

26. P. tennesseense, p. 166.

Vernal blades pubescent above or, if glabrous, smaller than the preceding,
sometimes pilose above near the base and margins only.
Spikelets 1.3-1.5 mm long.

Upper surface of blades puberulent as well as long-villous

27. P. albemarlense, p. 166.

Upper surface of blades villous but lacking the short, appressed
puberulence.
Axis of panicle pilose, the lowest branches widely spreading;

spikelets 1.5 mm long 28. P. implication, p. 166.

Axis of panicle puberulent only, the lowest branches ascending;

spikelets 1.3-1.4 mm long 29. P. meridionale, p. 167.

Spikelets 1.6-1.9 mm long.
Pubescence on upper surface of vernal blades short-pilose, appressed
at least on the apical half; first glume about a third the length of
the spikelet, blunt or acute.

Blades stiff, erect 30. P. huachucae, p. 167.

Blades lax, spreading. . .30a. P. huachucae var. fasciculatum, p. 168.
Pubescence on upper surface of vernal blades long-pilose, ascending;

first glume about half as long as the spikelet, acuminate

31. P. subvillosum, p. 168.

Spikelets 2-2.4 mm long.

Upper internodes shortened; leaves approximate, the blades often equaling

the panicles; pubescence sparse and stiff. . . .32. P. scoparioides, p. 168.

Upper internodes not shortened, the pubescence usually copious and rather

silky.

Culms, sheaths, and lower surface of blades pilose but lacking the short

pubescence; center of blades not glabrous; spikelets about 2 mm

long 33. P. villosissimum, p. 168.

Culms, sheaths, and lower surface of blades puberulent as well as pilose;

center of blades glabrous; spikelets 2.1-2.4 mm long

34. P. pseudopubescens, p. 168.

C. Ligules not over 2 mm long.

Spikelets nearly spheric at maturity, less than 1.8 mm long.

Upper three blades usually 10-20 cm long and 25 mm wide, the upper blade
usually not much smaller than the other two, the blades below the upper

three usually much smaller; anthers mostly 0.4-0.5 mm long

39. P. polyanthes, p. 170.

Upper three blades usually 5-10 cm long and 7-14 mm wide, the upper one
usually much reduced, the blades below the upper three usually not

reduced; anthers mostly 0.6-0.8 mm long 40. P. sphaerocarpon, p. 170.

Spikelets elliptic or obovoid.

Blades not cordate at the base, spikelets more than 1.7 mm long except in
P. columbianum.

Spikelets mostly 2.8-2.9 mm long 35. P. Deamii, p. 169.

Spikelets 2-2.2 mm long 36. P. Addisonii, p. 169.

Spikelets mostly 1.8-1.9 mm long 37. P. tsugetorum, p. 169.

Spikelets mostly 1.5-1.7 mm long 38. P. columbianum, p. 169.

Blades cordate at the base.

156 Paniceae Panicum

Culms and sheaths usually densely crisp-puberulent (sometimes sparsely so) ;

blades generally less than 12 mm wide; spikelets 2.2-2.5 mm long

44. P. Ashei, p. 172.

Culms and sheaths generally nearly glabrous or only sparsely puberulent

(not crisp-puberulent); blades or some of them usually more than 12

mm wide; spikelets 2.5-3 mm long, generally about 2.7 mm long

45. P. commiitahim, p. 173.

1. DICHOTOMIFLORA

Annual plants with smooth culms ; ligule membranous below, densely
ciliate above; spikelets glabrous; fruit smooth and shining.

Spikelets 2-3.5 mm long, usually about 2.9 mm long (rarely a few as short as 2 mm),
acute; plants usually large and spreading, 50-100 cm long. . .1. P. dichotomiflorum.

Spikelets 1.8-2.2 mm long, usually about 2 mm long, blunt; plants shorter and more
slender than the preceding la. P. dichotomiflorum var. puritanorum.

1. Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. Fall Panicum. Map 273. This
is an infrequent to frequent grass in all parts of the state, being much
more frequent in the southern part. It prefers a wet or moist soil, and
is found on the muddy shores of streams; in moist, open places in wood-
land, especially in old logging roads; and in moist places in stubblefields,
cornfields, waste places, and roadside ditches.

Maine to Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

la. Panicum dichotomiflorum var. puritanorum Svenson. (Rhodora
22: 154-155. 1920.) My only specimen of this variety is from a dried-up
pond about 3 miles southwest of Tefft, Jasper County, where it was closely
associated with Panicum spretum. The specimen I reported from Kosciusko
County I am now referring to Panicum Gattingeri Nash.

Mass., Conn., L. I., and Ind.

2. CAPILLARIA

Annuals; sheaths papillose-hispid; ligules membranous, 1-3 mm long,
ciliate ; panicles many-flowered, mostly diffuse ; spikelets glabrous, pointed ;
first glume large, clasping ; fruit smooth and shining.

Panicles drooping; spikelets 4.5-5 mm long. (See excluded species no. 80, p. 1030.)

P. miliaceum.

Panicles erect; spikelets not more than 4 mm long.
Spikelets mostly 3-3.5 mm long; second glume and sterile lemma 7-9-nerved; pulvini

glabrous LP. flexile.

Spikelets mostly 1.8-2.9 mm long; second glume and sterile lemma 5-nerved.
Pulvini of panicle hispid.

Terminal panicles generally about half as long as the length of the whole plant
(except when crowded by other vegetation, when the terminal panicle may
be much shorter), usually large, about as wide as long, generally included at
the base; blades thickly papillose-hispid above and beneath, 5-15 mm wide;

spikelets mostly 2-2.5 mm long 2. P. capillar e.

Terminal panicles about a third the length of the entire plant, generally about
half as wide as long, usually long-exserted ; blades sparsely papillose-
pubescent on both surfaces, 2-6 (8) mm wide; spikelets 1.7-2 (2.2) mm
long 3. P. philadelphicum.

Panicum

Paniceae

ir,7

Map 275

Panicum c a pi 1 1 are L.

6
3

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.P

VK 1

h j

y Miles

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ID l^-L_

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Panicum

3 J

phil

3 d

elphicurr

Map 276
Bernh

Map 277

Panicum Gattingeri Nash

Pulvini of panicle glabrous (sometimes the lower ones pubescent).
Leaf blades mostly 6-10 mm wide; spikelets 2 (2.2) mm long; plants yellowish

green, freely branching at the nodes 4. P. Gattingeri.

Leaf blades 2-6 mm wide (according to Hitchcock), 1-10 mm wide (according
to Fernald). (Rhodora 21: 112-114. 1919.) (See excluded species no. 82,
p. 1030. ) P- Tuckermani.

1. Panicum flexile (Gatt.) Scribn. Map 274. Infrequent in the north-
ern and southern counties. In the north it is found in dry or moist, sandy
soil, usually on the marly borders of lakes, and on interdunal flats. In
the southern counties it is found in poor, dry soil in open places on the
crests of ridges, on washed or rocky slopes, and in dry pastures.

N. Y., Que. to S. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

2. Panicum capillare L. Witchgrass. Map 275. A pernicious weed
in all parts of the state in all kinds of soils and in all kinds of habitats
except in dense woodland. It shows great variation in size and form,
depending upon how much it is crowded in growing. In dried-up ponds
where it germinates late, mature plants may be only a few inches high.

Maine to Mont., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

3. Panicum philadelphicum Bernh. Map 276. A local to infrequent
or frequent species found mostly in the southern half of the state. It is
found in poor soil, probably slightly acid, generally in fallow fields and
on washed slopes.

Conn, to Wis., southw. to Ga. and Tex.

4. Panicum Gattingeri Nash. Map 277. Infrequent throughout the
state. It is usually found in moist, sandy soil along streams, about ponds,
in old logging roads, and along moist roadsides.

Panicum Tuckermani Fern, is a closely allied species which I am not
able to separate from Panicum Gattingeri. Some of my specimens have
been named for me as Panicum Tuckermani, but I am referring them

158

Paniceae

Panicum

o 5o

Map 278

Panicum virgatum L.

Map 280

Panicum stipitatum Nash

to Panicum Gattingeri until satisfactory characters are found to separate
them.

N. Y., Ont. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Tenn.

3. VIRGATA

Perennials from stout rootstocks; spikelets gaping at the apex, owing
to the well developed staminate floret and its palea in addition to the
perfect one; species mostly maritime, only one in Indiana.

6. Panicum virgatum L. (Linder. Some varieties of Panicum virgatum.
Rhodora 24: 11-16. 1922.) Switchgrass. Map 278. This species is found
as a native in almost all the counties in the state and is now introduced
in sand ballast along railroads in many counties. It is not a native of
Wells County but I have found it along railroads in three widely separated
places in the county. It prefers the open and a sandy soil. Where it is
found, it is generally common over the extent of its habitat. It is found
in sandy prairies, "oak openings," on gravelly banks of lakes and streams,
and along the Ohio River it often grows among the cobblestones of boat
landings and in the seams of outcrops of shale.

Maine, Que. to Mont., southw. to Fla., Nev., and Ariz.; Mex. and
Cent. Amer.

4. AGROSTOIDIA

Tufted perennials; culms erect, compressed; sheaths keeled; ligules
membranous, 0.5-1 mm long; spikelets short-pediceled, lanceolate, pointed,
glabrous, 5-7-nerved; fruit smooth and shining, with a minute tuft of
stout hairs at the apex.

Rootstocks present; blades pilose above toward the base; spikelets 3-3.8 mm long

7. P. anceps.

Rootstocks lacking; blades not pilose above toward the base; spikelets less than 3 mm
long.
Spikelets 2.4-2.8 mm long, conspicuously secund; fruit with a basal stalk 0.2-0.4 mm
l on g 8. P. stipitatum.

Panicum

Paniceae

159

Map 281

Panicum agrostoides Spreng.

1
1

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

— -lo

OP
H

1 K

| t

Dec.j- —

i
i ' —

1/ Miles

o 50

^AS^<y^V Map 282

Panicum verrucosum Muhl.

o m

Map 283

Panicum depauperatum Muhl.

Spikelets 1.8-2.3 mm long, not conspicuously secund; fruit without a stalk at the base
(if stalked, the stalk less than 0.2 mm long) 9. P. agrostoides.

7. Panicum anceps Michx. Map 279. This species is restricted to the
southern part of the state where it is infrequent and found in woodland
in open, wet places about ponds, swamps, and sloughs and in roadside
ditches.

N. J. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

8. Panicum stipitatum Nash. Map 280. An infrequent grass in a few
counties of southern Indiana. It is usually found in hard, white clay
soil in wet places in swamps, clearings, fallow fields, and ditches. It is
frequently associated with Panicum agrostoides with which it is often
confused.

Conn, to Mo., southw. to Ga. and Tex.

9. Panicum agrostoides Spreng. Map 281. Infrequent to frequent in
the sandy areas of the northwestern part of the state; more frequent in
the southwestern part, where it usually grows in large clumps in hard,
white clay soil in dried-up swamps and on the borders of streams, lakes,
ditches, sloughs, and old canals. In our northern counties it grows in wet,
sandy, or muddy soil.

Maine to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; Vancouver Island and Calif.

5. VERRUCOSA

Annuals, glabrous; culms weak, divaricately branching, decumbent at
the base ; ligule ciliate ; panicles divaricate, the branches capillary, spikelet-
bearing toward the ends.

10. Panicum verrucosum Muhl. Map 282. This species is very local
and is found in wet or moist, sandy soil about sloughs near Lake Michigan
and in marshes and roadside ditches in sec. 12 of Jasper County about
3 miles southeast of Tefft. We have specimens from only Jasper and

160

Paniceae

Panicum

Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

o .
« i

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, ^-

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-4

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^30

Map 284

Panicum perlongum Nash

3
12

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Decj-

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linearifolium

'50

Map 285

Scribn.

o 33

Map 286
Panicum linearifolium
^ar. Wernen (Scribn.) Fern.

Porter Counties although it has been reported from Lake County where
it probably occurs or was once found. The mass distribution of this species
is along the Coastal Plain.

Mass. to Fla., westw. to Mich., Tenn., and Tex.

6. DEPAUPERATA

Culms simple, the vernal ones generally 15-35 cm high, the nodes
ascending-pilose; ligule a band of hairs of irregular length up to 1 mm
long; blades long-linear; spikelets 2.2-4 mm long, somewhat shrunken at
the base; palea of sterile floret usually half to two thirds as long as the
fruit; fruit smooth, glossy, the lemma strongly indurated. The panicles
of the autumnal phase are borne on short branches from the lower nodes.

Spikelets beaked, mostly 3.2-3.8 mm long (rarely as short as 3 mm or as long as 4 mm).

Sheaths pilose IIP. depauperatum.

Sheaths glabrous or nearly so 11a. P. depauperatum var. psilophyllum.

Spikelets not beaked, 3 mm long or less (rarely 3.2 mm long).

Spikelets 2.7-3.2 mm long; panicles narrow, usually less than a third as wide as

long; ligules mostly about 1 mm long 12. P. perlongum.

Spikelets 2.2-2.7 mm long; panicles usually more than a third as wide as long; ligules
mostly less than 1 mm long.

Sheaths pilose 13. P. linearifolium.

Sheaths glabrous or nearly so 13a. P. linearifolium var. Werneri.

11. Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Map 283. Infrequent in southern
Indiana in open woodland on the crests of black oak, black and white oak,
and chestnut oak ridges. In the northern part of the state it is local
except in the dune area, where it is frequent in very sandy soil on open,
wooded dunes or on sandy knolls and ridges.

N. S., Que. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Tex.

11a. Panicum depauperatum var. psilophyllum Fern. (Rhodora 23:
193-194. 1921.) This northern variety has the habitat of the species and
is found only in sandy areas of the northern part of the state.

Panicum

Paniceae

161

Map 287

Panicum xalapense H.B.K.

[— I

_ 1 "1

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

I ,J

May

June

July

Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.

r 1

Dec. j-

D
10

1 — T» —

a J

y Miles

6 50

S^Cr^s Map 288

Panicum Bicknellii Nash

18
5

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

' X,

[

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10

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JJ Miles

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o 5(
Map 289

Panicum microcarpon Muhl.

12. Panicum perlongum Nash. Map 284. This is an infrequent species
in the sand areas of the northern part of the state. It is found in very
dry soil on the crests of open dunes and on sandy knolls and ridges, some-
times in dry, sandy prairies.

Ind. to Man. and N. Dak., southw. to Colo, and Tex.

13. Panicum linearifolium Scribn. Map 285. Infrequent in the un-
glaciated area of the southern part of the state and in sandy habitats of
the lake area. In the south it is found in open woodland on the crests of
ridges, and in the lake area it is found in dry, sandy soil on open dunes,
sandy knolls, and sandy ridges.

Que., Maine, and Mich., southw. to Ga. and Tex.

13a. Panicum linearifolium var. Werneri (Scribn.) Fern. (Rhodora 23:
194. 1921.) {Panicum Werneri Scribn.) Map 286. This variety is found
with the species but is less frequent, especially in the northern part of
the state.

Que., Maine to Minn., southw. to Va., Ky., and Tex.

7. LAXIFLORA

Vernal culms 15-50 cm high, tufted, erect to spreading; foliage aggre-
gated toward the base, not in distinct rosettes in autumn; blades pilose
on one or both surfaces or nearly glabrous, usually short-ciliate ; ligules
nearly obsolete; panicles sometimes reduced and exceeded by the leaves;
spikelets pilose, 1.8-2 mm long.

14. Panicum xalapense HBK. {Panicum laxiflorum of Britton and
Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, not Lam.) Map 287. An infrequent species in
the area shown on the map. It is usually found on wooded slopes, most
often at their bases.

Md. to 111. and Mo., southw. to Fla., Tex., Mex., and Guatemala; also
in Santo Domingo.

162 Paniceae Panicum

8. BICKNELLIANA

Perennial ; culms few to several in a tuft ; ligules usually nearly obsolete
(rarely up to 1 mm long) ; blades elongated, stiffly ascending or spreading ;
3-8 (10) mm wide, 7-15 cm long; panicles few-flowered; spikelets on long
pedicels, 2.3-3 mm long, 7-nerved; autumnal form sparingly branching
from the upper and middle nodes.

15. Panicum Bicknellii Nash. Map 288. Occasional plants have been
found on dry, wooded slopes in a few of the southern counties.

Conn, and Mich., southw. to Ga. and Mo.

9. DICHOTOMA

Glabrous as a whole or nearly so, or the nodes and rarely the lower
sheaths and blades pubescent; ligule minute; spikelets 1.5-2.5 mm long,
5-7-nerved; autumnal phase freely branching.

Nodes bearded (at least the lower ones).

Spikelets 1.5-1.6 mm long 16. P. microcarpon.

Spikelets more than 1.6 mm long.

Spikelets 2 (2.2) mm long; blades rarely more than 8 mm wide

17. P. dichotomum.

Spikelets 2.3-2.7 mm long; blades 8-12 mm wide 18. P. mattamuskeetense.

Nodes not bearded (glabrous or puberulent, rarely with a few long hairs).
Spikelets pubescent.

Culms erect, never trailing.

Nodes glabrous (rarely a few with hairs) ; margins of upper sheaths glabrous;

blades mostly 6-14 mm wide; spikelets 2-2.2 mm long 19. P. boreale.

Nodes puberulent or somewhat bearded; margins of upper sheaths pubescent
(rarely entirely glabrous).

Blades 3-8 mm wide; spikelets 2 (2.2) mm long 17. P. dichotomum.

Blades mostly 8-12 mm wide; spikelets 2.3-2.7 mm long

18. P. mattamuskeetense.

Culms weak, soon becoming decumbent and trailing 20. P. lucidum.

Spikelets glabrous.
Sheaths, or some of them, usually marked more or less with white spots, the
margins glabrous; spikelets more than 2.2 mm long (mostly 2.3-2.5 mm

long) 21. P. yadkinense.

Sheaths not marked with white spots, the margins pubescent; spikelets mostly
2-2.1 mm long.

Plants of dry ground; culms erect (rarely autumnal plants reclining)

17. P. dichotomum.

Plants of bogs and swamps; culms weak, soon becoming decumbent and trailing.
20. P. lucidum .

16. Panicum microcarpon Muhl. Map 289. Rather frequent in the
southern third of the state. It seems to prefer a slightly acid soil and is
usually found in low, flat woods with sweet gum, pin oak, and beech, al-
though it is sometimes found in drier situations with different associates.
The Tryon specimen from La Porte County lacks the white spots on the
sheaths.

The report of this species from Marshall County is evidently an error
in determination ; its habitat is not in that area, and the detailed descrip-
tion given by the collector does not apply to this species.

Mass. to 111., southw. to Fla. and e. Tex.

Panicum

Paniceae

163

o ~~To
Map 290

Panicum dichotomum L.

Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe

«
1

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

Jul>

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

DecJ-

t L-
1 »

tM ,

J Mllei

i ' —

Panicum

boreale N

56
Map 292

ash

17. Panicum dichotomum L. (Including Panicum barbulatum Michx.)
Map 290. Frequent in the northern and southern counties. It is usually
found in open places on the crests and slopes of black and white oak woods
and less frequently in beech and sugar maple woods. It prefers a poor
soil and is sometimes found in the dunes growing in almost pure sand.

Some authors separate from this species, under the name of Panicum
barbulatum Michx., plants with broad leaves and pubescent nodes. In
Indiana the two forms intergrade so that I cannot make a satisfactory
division of them.

N. B. to 111., southw. to Fla. and e. Tex.

18. Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe. Map 291. Our only specimens
were found in 1935 by Ralph M. Kriebel in the northeastern corner of
section 16 of Pleasant Run Township, Lawrence County. They were found
in a shallow drainage ditch near Little Salt Creek bridge between Helton-
ville and Bartlettsville where they were associated with Panicum clandes-
tinum. The determination was made by Agnes Chase. Since this was
written Kriebel found another colony near Huron, about 20 miles distant.

N. Y., along the coast to N. C, and in Ind.

19. Panicum boreale Nash. Map 292. A rare grass of marshes in the
lake area. It is also occasionally found in the mucky borders of ponds
and lakes.

Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. J. and Ind.

20. Panicum lucidum Ashe. Map 293. Our Indiana record is based
upon Umbach's specimen no. 4962 collected at Dune Park, Porter County,
which is deposited in the U. S. National Herbarium. Pepoon reports it
also from the same area. It is an inhabitant of wet woods and sphagnum
marshes.

Coastal Plain, Mass. to Fla., Ark., and Tex. ; also Ind. and Mich.

164

Paniceae

Panicum

Map 294

Panicum yadkinense Ashe

Map 295

Panicum spretum Schultes

21. Panicum yadkinense Ashe. Map 294. Infrequent in a few southern
counties on the slopes and bases of wooded, usually high hills.

Pa. to 111., southw. to Ga. and La.

10. SPRETA

Culms tufted, rather stiff, glabrous or rarely the lower internodes and
sheaths ascending-pubescent; ligules mostly 2-5 mm long; blades not over
8 mm wide ; spikelets pubescent, rarely glabrous ; second glume and sterile
lemma 5-7-nerved; autumnal form with more or less tufted branchlets,
reduced blades and panicles.

Panicles narrow, a fourth to a third as wide as long (somewhat wider in anthesis) ;

spikelets elliptic 22. P. spretum.

Panicles open, at least two thirds as wide as long; spikelets obovate

23. P. Lindheimeri.

22. Panicum spretum Schultes. Map 295. In moist, sandy soil in open
places and on the borders of marshes that do not yet have a sod of other
grasses. Local but usually frequent where found.

Coastal Plain, N. S. to Tex. ; Ind.

23. Panicum Lindheimeri Nash. {Panicum lanuginosum var. Lind-
heimeri (Nash) Fern.) Map 296. This species is probably somewhat re-
stricted to the lake area and to the hilly areas of the southern part of
the state. It is usually found in dry, sandy soil in open woodland and
open, dry places, or in moister situations at the bases of sandy slopes,
and rarely in dry, sandy, clay soil.

Que., Maine to Minn., southw. to Fla. and N. Mex. ; Calif.

11. LANUGINOSA

Plants more or less pubescent throughout; ligules densely hairy, 2-5 mm
long; blades not over 10 mm wide; spikelets 1.3-2.4 mm long, spreading-

Panicum

Paniceae

165

4
3
2

Jan
Feb

i-r
ml"

D P
II

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct

Nov

n I-

r 1

Dec.j-

■ ' —

I L >

D JxO

' ».

D / J
1 »
(1 J

eC?£ll<-

1/ Miles

r D

\S^<Cr^ Map 296

Panicum Lindheimeri Nash

—

Feb
Mar
Apr.

—

May
June

^^— i _

-t_

July
Aug.
Sept.

Oct

Nov.

r 1

Oecf—

{/ Miles

V Map 297

Panicum

auburne Ashe

Jan.

Feb

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct

Nov

Dec

T g Ti-I,-

-pi—

f-r

_tZ

(WTI7^f

~— — s\ b *

Miles

Map 298

Panicum praecocius Hitchc. & Chase

pubescent; second glume and sterile lemma 5-7-nerved or 7-9-nerved on

large spikelets.

Plants grayish, velvety-pubescent; spikelets 1.3-1.4 mm long 24. P. auburne.

Plants pubescent, often villous but not velvety.

Culms conspicuously pilose with long, horizontal hairs 4-5 mm long, and branching
before the expansion of the primary panicles; spikelets mostly 1.8-1.9 mm long.

25. P. praecocius.

Culms variously pubescent, if pilose the hairs appressed or some widely spreading,
less than 4 mm long; culms not branching before the expansion of the
primary panicles.
Spikelets less than 2 mm long.

Vernal blades glabrous or nearly so above (6-10 cm long and 5-10 mm wide) ;

spikelets 1.5-1.7 mm long 26. P. tennesseense.

Vernal blades pubescent above or if glabrous smaller than the preceding, some-
times pilose near the base and margins only.
Spikelets 1.3-1.5 mm long.

Upper surface of blades puberulent as well as long-villous

27. P. albemariense.

Upper surface of blades villous but lacking the short, appressed pubescence ;
vernal plants usually purplish with erect leaves, autumnal plants
usually greenish; nodes with short hairs, if bearded.
Sheaths papillose-pilose with no short, appressed pubescence in the
spaces between the nerves; lower surface of blades with a subap-
pressed, papillose pubescence and lacking a short, appressed
pubescence; axis of panicle generally pilose, the lowest panicle-
branches spreading and tangled 28. P. implicatum.

Sheaths more or less softly papillose-pilose, some or all of them with a
short, appressed pubescence on the spaces between the nerves;
blades erect; lower surface of the blades more or less short ap-
pressed-puberulent, in addition to a longer pubescence; axis of
panicle generally puberulent, the lowest panicle-branches ascending

and not tangled 29. P. meridionale.

Spikelets 1.6-1.9 mm long; plants green, rarely purplish; nodes mostly bearded,

usually with long, spreading hairs.

Pubescence on upper surface of vernal blades short-pilose, rarely long-pilose,

appressed at least on the apical half (rarely not appressed); nodes

usually densely pilose with spreading hairs; spikelets rarely less than

166 Paniceae Panicum

1.6 mm long; first glume about a third the length of the spikelet,
blunt, subacute.

Blades stiff, erect 30. P. huachucae.

Blades lax, spreading 30a. P. huachucae var. fasciculatum.

Pubescence on upper surface of vernal blades long-pilose, ascending; first
glume about half as long as the spikelet, acuminate. .31. P. subvillosum.
Spikelets 2-2.5 mm long.

Upper internodes shortened; leaves approximate, the blades often equaling the

panicle; pubescence sparse and stiff 32. P. scoparioides.

Upper internodes not shortened; the pubescence usually copious and rather silky.
Culms, sheaths, and lower surface of blades pilose but lacking short pubes-
cence; center of upper surface of blades not glabrous; spikelets about 2

mm long; axis of panicle usually pubescent 33. P. villosissimum.

Culms, sheaths, and lower surface of blades puberulent as well as pilose; center
of upper surface of blades glabrous; spikelets 2.1-2.5 mm long (usually
2.2-2.4 mm long) ; axis of panicle pilose 34. P. pseudopubescens.

24. Panicum auburne Ashe. Map 297. Our only specimen is one col-
lected by Hill, July 8, 1913, in dry sand by a woods road at Dune Park,
Porter County. It is Hill's no. 7 and is deposited in the herbarium of the
University of Illinois. I have a duplicate of this number.

Coastal Plain, Mass. to n. Fla. and La. ; Ark. and Ind.

25. Panicum praecocius Hitchc. & Chase. Map 298. This species is rare
in the sands of the northern counties. I have, also, a specimen which was
found in Harrison County, about 3 miles east of Elizabeth on a rocky
wooded slope along the road leading from Elizabeth to Stuart's Landing
on the Ohio River. This rocky slope is rich in rare Indiana plants such
as Eragrostis capillaris.

Mich, to Minn., southw. to Mo. and e. Tex.

26. Panicum tennesseense Ashe. (Panicum languinosum var. septen-
trionale Fern.) Map 299. This is an infrequent grass found throughout
the state in various habitats. My specimens are from dry sands, moist
sand on the marly shore of a lake, wooded slopes, and hard, white clay soil
in a fallow field in the Wabash Bottoms.

Maine, Que. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Tex. ; westw. to Utah and Calif.

27. Panicum albemaiiense Ashe. (Panicum meridionale var. albe-
marlense (Ashe) Fern.) Map 300. I have only one specimen of this grass
from Indiana and it is in the autumnal phase. I am not able to make a satis-
factory study of this species from the few specimens at hand. Some au-
thors refer it to a form of Panicum meridionale, to which it may belong.
It is found in sandy soils.

Coastal Plain, Mass. to N. C. ; n. Mich., Wis., Ind. to Tenn.

28. Panicum implicatum Scribn. (Panicum lanuginosum var. implica-
tum (Scribn.) Fern.) Map 301. Local to infrequent but common in its
habitat. It is generally found in moist, sandy soil on the marly borders of
lakes, in interdunal flats, and rarely in dry, sandy soil.

I think this grass is restricted to the lake area and that all reports of
it from south of this area should be referred to some other species, most

Panicum

Paniceae

167

o 50

Map 299

Panicum tennesseense Ashe

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

i /^

r 1

ffij

;

Dec <-

1 ■ 1 —

/ Miles

Panirum alt

emarlense

3 56
Map 300

Ashe

Map 301
Panicum implicatum Scrrbn

Map 302

Panicum meridionale Ashe

Map 303

Panicum huachucae Ashe

Map 304
Panicum huachucae
var, fasciculatum (Torr.) F. T Hubb.

probably to Panicum huachucae. This Panicum is difficult to separate from
Panicum huachucae, but usually the length of the spikelet and the color of
the whole plant are sufficient to distinguish them.
Newf. to Wis., southw. to Del. and Mo.

29. Panicum meridionale Ashe. Map 302. Infrequent in the lake area,
probably rather local. It is found in moist soil on the borders of marshes,
in interdunal flats, and on the bases of wooded slopes where there are open
spaces not sodded over with grasses and sedges. This plant usually can be
distinguished easily from the preceding and the following species by the
puberulence in the channels between the nerves of the sheaths and some-
times of the culms, and the puberulent panicle.

N. S. to Wis., southw. to Ala.

30. Panicum huachucae Ashe. Map 303. This is a frequent to common
species of dry ground throughout the state. It is found in open places in

168

Paniceae

Panicum

Map 305

Panicum subvillosum Ashe

Map 306

Panicum scoparioides Ashe

Map 307
Panicum villosissimum Nash

all kinds of woodland, preferring dry soil but often common in bottom
lands along streams and in clearings and along roadsides. I have not seen
it in wet places.

N. S. to Mont., southw. to N. C. and Tex. ; westw. here and there to Calif.

30a. Panicum huachucae var. fasciculatum (Torr.) F. T. Hubb. (Pan-
icum lanuginosum var. fasciculatum Fern, and Panicum huachucae
var. silvicola Hitch. & Chase.) Map 304. Frequent throughout the state
and associated with the species. It is doubtful whether this variety is
distinct from the species. It seems to be only a shade or drought form.

Que. to Minn, and Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex. ; also in Ariz.

31. Panicum subvillosum Ashe. Map 305. This species has been found
only in Lake County and our record is based upon two specimens in the
U. S. National Herbarium and one in the herbarium of the University of
Wisconsin.

N. S. to Minn., southw. to N. Y., Ind., and Mo.

32. Panicum scoparioides Ashe. (Panicum villosissimum var. sco-
parioides (Ashe) Fern.) Map 306. Known only from Lake County. Our
record in based upon a specimen in the U. S. National Herbarium, collected
by Umbach near Gary, June 29, 1909. A duplicate specimen is in the
herbarium of the University of Wisconsin.

Vt. to Del.; Mich, and Ind. to Minn, and Iowa.

33. Panicum villosissimum Nash. Map 307. Local probably throughout
the lake area. It is found in open places in dry, sandy or gravelly soil,
usually on black and white oak ridges and in the dunes.

Mass. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. ; also in Guatemala.

34. Panicum pseudopubescens Nash. (Panicum villosissimum var.
pseudopubescens (Nash) Fern.) Map 308. As now known, this species is
restricted to the northwestern counties. Further study will doubtless

Panicum

Paniceae

169

o 58

Map 308

Panicum pseudopubescens Nash

1
1
1

Jan.

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

I
— f'

I 1

^S n

D
P >

{

•o

Dec C

■ ' —

/ Miles

Panicum

Dean

iii

r>\ 7

HItchc.

) 50

Map 309

£ Chase

o— — If
Map 310

Panicum Add isonii Nash

extend its range to a few adjoining counties. It grows in very dry, sandy
soil in the open on knolls, dunes, and ridges, where it is usually associated
with black and white oak.

Conn, to Wis., southw. to Fla., Miss., Mo., and Kans.

12. COLUMBIANA

Culms tufted, stiff, crisp-puberulent to appressed-pubescent ; ligules
usually less than 1 mm long, rarely longer; blades firm; spikelets pubes-
cent; branches and blades of the autumnal phase appressed or ascending.

Spikelets 2-2.9 mm long; sheaths usually copiously pilose, short hairs few or lacking.

Spikelets mostly 2.8-2.9 mm long; vernal blades 7-15 cm long 35. P. Deamii.

Spikelets mostly 2-2.2 mm long; vernal blades usually all less than 8 cm long

36. P. Addisonii.

Spikelets 1.5-1.9 mm long; sheaths sparingly pilose but densely pubescent with short,
appressed hairs.

Spikelets 1.8-1.9 mm long 37. P. tsugetorum.

Spikelets 1.5-1.7 mm long 38. P. columbianum.

35. Panicum Deamii Hitchc. & Chase. Map 309. Local in a few of the

northwestern counties, where it is found on open, wooded dunes and sandy
knolls.

Ind. and Iowa.

36. Panicum Addisonii Nash. Map 310. Local in our northern counties,
Adhere it is found in dry sand on open, wooded dunes and sandy knolls.

Coastal Plain, Mass. to S. C. ; Ind.

37. Panicum tsugetorum Nash. Map 311. This is another Panicum
which is restricted to the northern part of the state and is found in dry,
sandy or gravelly soils on wooded slopes and dunes. It is included by some
authors with Panicum columbianum Scribn.

Maine to Wis., southw. to Ga. and Tenn.

38. Panicum columbianum Scribn. Map 312. My only specimens are
from the H. H. Peele woods abouc a mile and a half southwest of Knox,

170

Paniceae

Panicum

Panicum tsuqetorum Nash

o 50

Map 312

Panicum columbianum Scribn

Starke County. They were found in dry, sandy soil in a flat, black and
white oak woods where they were closely associated with Panicum Deamii.

In 1938 I found it in Steuben County.

Maine to N. C. ; Ind.

13. SPHAEROCARPA

Culms glabrous ; ligule obsolete or nearly so ; blades cordate and ciliate
at the base; spikelets obovoid-spherical at maturity; second glume and
sterile lemma 5-7-nerved; autumnal form remaining simple or but spar-
ingly branching; the thick, white-margined blades of the winter rosette
conspicuous.

Upper three blades usually 10-20 cm long and 10-25 mm wide, the upper blade usually
not much smaller than the other two, the blades below the three usually much
smaller than the upper three; anthers mostly 0.4-0.5 mm long.. .39. P. polyanthes.

Upper three blades usually 5-10 cm long and 7-14 mm wide, the upper one usually
much reduced, the blades below the three upper ones usually not reduced; anthers
mostly 0.6-0.8 mm long 40. P. sphaerocarpon.

39. Panicum polyanthes Schultes. Map 313. This species is restricted
to the southern half of the state and is rather frequent in the counties
along the Ohio River. It prefers a slightly acid soil and is found in dry
soil associated with black oak, and in moist soil associated with sweet gum.
It is also found sparingly in fallow fields.

Conn., Ind. to Okla., southw. to Ga. and Tex.

40. Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. Map 314. This species is infrequent
in the lake area and reappears in the unglaciated area where it is rather
local. In the lake area it is found in very dry, sandy or gravelly places
and in the southern part of the state on black oak and black and white
oak ridges.

This species much resembles the preceding from which it may easily be
separated by its larger anthers and usually much reduced upper leaf. It
also much resembles Panicum microcarpon which has the nodes of the

Panicum

Paniceae

171

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

D »

■

3
»

r '

■J,

Dec. C

i ' —

V Miles

Panicum teiberc

P\ / 50

Map 315

ii (Vasey) Scribn.

o sd

Map 316

Panicum oligosanthes Schultes

culms bearded, sheaths with conspicuous white marks, and very short
ligules.

Vt, Wis. to Kans., southw. to n. Fla. and Tex. ; Mex. and Venezuela.

14. OLIGOSANTHIA

Culms rather stout; spikelets obovate, 3-4 mm long, usually papillose-
hirsute, strongly 7-9-nerved; autumnal phase with the branches more or
less crowded toward the summit.

Ligule less than 0.5 mm long; blades papillose-hispid above and below; spikelets

papillose-hirsute 41. P. Leibergii.

I.igule more than 0.5 mm long; blades not papillose-hispid; spikelets not papillose.
Culms and at least the lower sheaths with an appressed pubescence; ligules mostly
1.5 mm long with longer hairs intermixed; spikelets oblong-obovate, mostly

3.5-4 mm long and 1.7-1.9 mm wide 42. P. oligosanthes.

Culms and sheaths with a spreading pubescence; ligules about 1 mm long; spikelets
bluntly obovate, mostly 3-3.5 mm long and 2 mm wide 43. P. Scribnerianum.

41. Panicum Leibergii (Vasey) Scribn. Map 315. Very local in the
northern part of the state, where it is found in dry, sandy or gravelly soils,
usually in prairie habitats. The pH value was taken for only one specimen
and it was 6.01.

N. Y. to Man. and N. Dak., southw. to Ind. and Kans.

42. Panicum oligosanthes Schultes. Map 316. Local in the lake area
and reappearing on the low dunes of the southwestern part of the state.
It grows in very sandy, dry soils on open, wooded dunes and cleared, open
dunes and sand knolls. It is usually associated with Panicum Scribner-
ianum which is the more common species. These two grasses are closely
related and most easily separated in the field. The leaves of this species
are narrower and the upper ones are relatively longer and more spreading.

Mass. to Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

43. Panicum Scribnerianum Nash. (Panicum oligosanthes var. Scrib-
nerianum (Nash) Fern.) Map 317. Rather frequent in the lake area

172

Paniceae

Panicum

Map 317

Panicum Scribnerlanum Nash

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

n 1 1

Dec.(—

i ■ 1 1

D t
H 1 J

U Miles

/ ) D

Z
( N

nicum

^ / Map 318
shel Pearson

Map 319

Panicum commutatum Schultes

where it is found in very sandy, dry soil on open dunes and sand hills and
sometimes in rather dry, gravelly soil. Our specimens from the western
part of the state are from sand dunes and sandy knolls.
Maine to B. C, southw. to Md., Tenn., Tex., and Ariz.

15. COMMUTATA

Culms tufted, glabrous or puberulent ; ligule obsolete or nearly so ; blades
relatively broad, cordate at the base ; spikelets pubescent.

Culms and sheaths usually densely crisp-puberulent (sometimes sparsely so) ; blades
generally less than 12 mm wide; spikelets 2.2-2.5 (2.7) mm long... 44. P. Ashei.

Culms and sheaths generally nearly glabrous or only sparingly puberulent (not crisp-
puberulent) ; blades or some of them usually more than 12 mm wide; spikelets
2.5-3 mm long, generally about 2.7 mm long 45. P. commutatum.

44. Panicum Ashei Pearson. Map 318. This species, as now known in
the state, is restricted to the unglaciated area, with the exception of a
typical specimen which I have from Porter County found on a sandy black
oak and white pine ridge about 4 miles southwest of Michigan City. In the
southern part of the state it is found mostly on the crests and slopes of
chestnut oak ridges.

No single character will separate Indiana specimens of this grass from
those of the next. The two plants intergrade to such an extent that it is
questionable whether an attempt should be made to keep them separate,
even regarding one as a variety, as has been done by Fernald (Rhodora 36 :
83-87. 1934). If all of our forms of this species complex are considered
as one species, then the same treatment applied to borderline species in
other groups would unite them. This case seems to be a decision between
the "grouping" and the "splitting" of forms (species) . Until an exhaustive
study is made of the group, any disposition made of these plants must be
mere opinion or for convenience. For these reasons I am following Hitch-
cock and treating our plants as two species. Such treatment leaves the
problem open to future study.

Mass. to Mich, and Mo., southw. to n. Fla., Miss., and Okla.

Panicum

Paniceae

173

45. Panicum commutatum Schultes. Map 319. This species is restricted
usually to the high hills of the unglaciated area, although it is found in
Jefferson County on the bluff of the Ohio River and in Jennings County on
the sandstone outcrop along the Muscatatuck River near Vernon. It is
rather local except in the knobstone, where it is frequent. My no. 27633
from Clark County is exceptional in that the whole plant is soft-pubescent,
including both surfaces of the leaves.

Mass. to Mich, and Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

16. LATIFOLIA

Culms stout, usually more than 50 cm high; ligules mostly less than
1 mm long; blades cordate at the base and long-acuminate at the apex,
usually more than 15 mm wide; spikelets 2.7-4.5 mm long, 7-11 nerved; the
autumnal phase sparingly branching at the middle nodes, becoming top-
heavy, and lodging.

Sheaths, at least the lower ones and those of the branches, papillose-hispid; spikelets

2.7-3 mm long (rarely longer) 46. P. clandestinum.

Sheaths glabrous or softly villous (hairs not stiff as in the preceding species) .

Nodes glabrous or nearly so; spikelets 3.2-3.7 mm long 47. P. latifolium.

Nodes retrorsely bearded; spikelets 4-4.5 mm long.

Blades glabrous or nearly so on both surfaces 48. P. Boscii.

Blades velvety to the touch beneath 48a. P. Boscii var. molle.

46. Panicum clandestinum L. Map 320. This species is infrequent to
rare in the northern part of the state ; rare, local, or absent in the central
counties ; and frequent in most of the southern half of the state. It prefers
low ground and is more abundant in areas where the soil is slightly acid.
It is generally found on the moist slopes of streams and ditches. It usually
forms large colonies, and often specimens with exserted panicles are
absent, especially in the autumnal phase.

N. S. and Que. to Kans., southw. to n. Fla. and Tex.

174

Paniceae

Echinochloa

9
1

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr. •

May

June

July

Aug.

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"Panicum Boscii
var. molle (Vasey) Hitchc & Chase

Map 324

Echinochloa crusgalli (L) Beat

0^ 50

Map 325

Echinochloa Walteri (Pursh) Heller

47. Panicum latifolium L. Map 321. Rather frequent in dry or moist
white oak and black oak woods in the lake area. Infrequent to local in the
southern part of the state where it is largely replaced by the next species
which is absent in our northern counties.

Maine, Que. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Kans.

48. Panicum Boscii Poir. Map 322. An infrequent species in the south-
ern half of the state, where it is found in dry woodland, associated with
black and white oak and white oak and hickory.

Mass. to Wis., and Okla., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

48a. Panicum Boscii var. molle (Vasey) Hitchc. & Chase. Map 323. This
variety has the range and habitat of the species in Indiana. It is doubtful
whether it should be maintained as a variety since I have found culms
from the same rootstock which would qualify for the species and the
variety. The general range of the variety is nearly the same as that of
the species.

133-166B. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv.

[Hitchcock. The North American species of Echinochloa. Contr. U. S.
Nation. Herb. 22: 133-153. 1920. Wiegand. The genus Echinochloa in
North America. Rhodora 23: 49-65. 1921. Farwell. Notes on the Michi-
gan flora, II. Michigan Acad. Sci. Rept. 21: 349-350. 1920.]

Sheaths glabrous (rarely the lower ones somewhat pubescent or papillose-hispid) ;

second glume pointed, not awned; fruit ovate-elliptic, usually 1.5-2 mm wide

1. E. crusgalli.

Sheaths (at least the lower ones) papillose-hispid (rarely glabrous) ; second glume

with an awn usually 2-10 mm long (rarely shorter) ; fruit elliptic, generally less

than 1.5 mm wide 2. E. Walteri.

1. Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard Grass. Map 324. Fre-
quent to common in all parts of the state. "The common name of this grass
suggests that it might be a grass restricted to the vicinity of habitations,

Echinochloa

Paniceae

175

Map 326

Setaria lutescens (Weigel) F. T. Hubb.

o 50

Map 327
Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.

1
1
1
1

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Feb.

Mar.

Apr

May

June

July

Aug.

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Oct

Nov

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which is not true. While it is found in waste places about barns and dwell-
ings, it is found in almost all kinds of habitats except dense shade. It
prefers the sunshine. As to soil requirements, it is found from minimacid
soils to the marl borders of lakes. It prefers a moist soil but will grow in
wet or dry places. It is found in roadside and dredged ditches, in low
places about lakes, in bayous, along streams, and in cultivated fields and
pastures.

"I am regarding this species as a polymorphic one. A careful examina-
tion of more than 60 Indiana specimens shows that sheaths are usually
glabrous, but sometimes the lower ones are scabrous to more or less papil-
lose-hispid. The spikelets are usually more or less awned, the awns up to
3 cm long, but the spikelets of some panicles are all or nearly all awnless.
In one specimen the primary panicle has awnless spikelets and the axillary
panicle has awned spikelets. In another specimen the reverse is true. The
spikelets of some panicles have scarcely any papillose hairs while those of
others rarely have hairs without the papillose base. The amount and
length of the pubescence vary on the same plant as well as on separate
plants. The color of the spikelets varies from green to purple. In ponds
and sloughs, where germination may be delayed on account of the reces-
sion of the water, I have seen mature plants only a few inches high in
fruit while on the higher margin of the same pond would be plants several
feet high.

"Some authors have given names to the many forms of this species.
Some variations have been called species, some varieties, and some forms.
The limit in assigning names seems to have been reached by Jackson who
named a 'variegated purple form' of the awnless form (Guide to Nature
16: 11. 1923). For a discussion of the so-called varieties and forms see
the literature cited." (Deam, Grasses of Ind. p. 304-305, 1929.)

Hitchcock, in his manual of the grasses of the United States, also re-
gards this species as polymorphic, but recognizes an awnless variety.

N. B. to Wash., southw. to Fla. and Calif. ; Eastern Hemisphere.

176 Paniceae Setaria

2. Echinochloa Walteri (Pursh) Heller. Map 325. Infrequent to local
in the lake area, with one specimen from the muddy flat of a bayou in
Posey County. In the lake area it is found in wet places about lakes, often
in shallow water, and at the water edge in rivers.

Mass. to Fla., and Tex. ; N. Y. to Wis., Iowa, and Ky.

2a. Echinochloa Walteri f. laevigata Wieg. (Rhodora 23: 62. 1921.)

This is a form with glabrous sheaths, which I have from Posey and Starke
Counties.

135-171. SETARIA Beauv.

[Scribner & Merrill. The North American species of Chaetochloa. U. S.

Dept. Agric. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 1-44. 1900. Hubbard. A taxonomic
study of Setaria italica and its immediate allies. Amer. Jour. Bot. 2:

169-198. 1915. Hitchcock. The North American species of Chaetochloa.

Contr. U. S. Nation. Herb. 22: 155-208. 1920. Copple & Aldous. The

identification of certain native and naturalized grasses by their vegetative

characters. Kansas Agric. Exper. Sta. Tech. Bull. 32: 1-73. 1932.]

Bristles below each spikelet numerous, at least more than 5, upwardly scabrous.
Blades usually with a half twist beyond the middle; spikelets about 3 mm long,
very turgid on the convex side; second glume slightly more than half as long

as the spikelet 1. S. lutescens.

Blades without a twist beyond the middle; spikelets 2-2.5 mm long; second glume
almost as long as the spikelet.
Fruit disarticulating with the spikelet below the glumes, leaving a cup-shaped scar.

2. S. viridis.

Fruit disarticulating above the glumes 3. S. italica.

Bristles below each spikelet 1 or, by abortion of the spikelets, 2 or 3; bristles down-
wardly scabrous 4. S. verticillata.

1. Setaria lutescens (Weigel) F. T. Hubb. (Setaria glauca and
Chaetochloa glauca of authors.) Yellow Bristlegrass. Yellow Foxtail.
Map 326. A common weed throughout the state in cultivated grounds and
waste places and along roads and railroads.

Nat. of Eu. ; widely distributed in temperate regions.

2. Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. (Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn.)
Green Bristlegrass. Green Foxtail. Map 327. A common weed through-
out the state in cultivated and waste grounds and along roads and rail-
roads. It is not as common as the preceding species.

Nat. of Eu. ; common throughout the cooler parts of the U. S., infrequent
in the southern states and in the mountains; Newf. to B. C, southw. to
Fla. and Calif.

3. Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. (Chaetochloa italica (L.) Scribn.)
Foxtail Millet. Map 328. This species has been sparingly sown as a
forage crop and has escaped. For detailed information on the value of the
species as a forage crop and its culture, see H. N. Vinall on Foxtail Millet
(U. S. Dept. Agric. Farmers' Bull. 793).

Nat. of Eurasia; escaped in waste places and roadsides throughout the
U.S.

Cenchrus

Andropogoneae

177

1
1

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept

Oct

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Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth.

Andropoqon scoparius Michx.

4. Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. (Chaetochloa verticillata (L.)
Scribn.) Bur Bristlegrass. Map 329. This species has been reported
from 7 counties. It is found sparingly (in waste places) probably through-
out the state. I have known it in Wells County for 10 years. I first found
it in a vacant lot in Bluffton and 10 years later I found it along the road-
side outside of the city. Doubtless wherever it gets a start it will gradu-
ally spread.

Nat. of Eu.; Mass. to N. Dak., southw. to Ala., and Mo.; occasionally
westw. to Calif.

137-174. CENCHRUS L.

[Chase. The North American species of Cenchrus. Contr. U. S. Nation.
Herb. 22: 45:77. 1920.]

1. Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth. (Cenchrus carolinianus of Gray, Man.,
ed. 7 in part and Cenchrus tribuloides of Britton and Brown, Illus.
Flora, ed. 2, not L.) Field Sandbur. Map 330. This sandbur prefers dry,
sandy to very sandy soil and is found throughout the state where its
habitat occurs. It is local where its habitat is absent and is frequent to
common in the northern part of the state in the sandy areas, where it is a
very obnoxious weed. It is found in cultivated grounds and waste places,
in sandy railroad ballast, and along roadsides.

Maine to Oreg., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif. ; Mexican Plateau, coastal
region of tropical America, and s. S. A.

11. ANDROPOGONEAE Presl Sorghum Tribe

Spikelets all alike, perfect.

Rachis of the racemes not articulated; panicle fan-shaped, the panicle axis short.

Miscanthus, p. 178.

Rachis articulated; panicle axis elongated 143. Erianthus, p. 178.

Spikelets of two kinds, one sessile and perfect, the other pedicellate, staminate, empty,
or reduced to a mere scale or pedicel.

178 Andropogoneae Andropogon

Spikelets in slender, solitary, or digitate racemes which are terminal or lateral

145. Andropogon, p. 178.

Spikelets in terminal panicles only.

Pedicellate spikelets present; culms solid 147. Sorghum, p. 180.

Pedicellate spikelets lacking (only the hairy pedicel present); culms hollow

148. SORGHASTRUM, p. 181.

143-112. ERIANTHUS Michx.

1. Erianthus alopecuroides (L.) Ell. {Erianthus diva r teat us (L.)
Hitchc. of Gray, Man., ed. 7, Britton and Brown, lllus. Flora, ed. 2, and
Deam, Grasses of Ind.) Silver Plumegrass. This species is known as a
native only in Perry County where I found it on a wooded slope along the
Ohio River about 5 miles east of Cannelton. It was also noted in a fallow
field in the same county.

Southern N. J., s. Ind., s. Mo., and Okla., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

Erianthus Ravennae (L.) Beauv. Ravenna or Plume Grass. This
species is a native of southern Europe and is often cultivated. There is no
record of its escape. It is easily distinguished from the preceding species
by having three stamens and by its scabrous sheaths.

Miscanthus sinensis Anders. Eulalia. This grass is a native of China
and is often cultivated. There is no record of its escape. It is easily dis-
tinguished from Erianthus by the fan-shaped panicle and by the continuous
rachis of the racemes.

145-134. ANDROPOGON L.

Branches of inflorescence ending in a single raceme 1. A. scoparius.

Branches of inflorescence ending in a pair or fascicle of racemes.

Racemes of each branchlet generally 3-7, 5-13 cm long; sessile spikelets 6.5-10 mm

long; stamens 3 2. A. furcatus.

Racemes of each branchlet 2 (rarely 3 or 4), 1.5-4 cm long; sessile spikelets less
than 6 mm long; stamens 1.
Awns coiled at the base; sessile spikelets generally 4-4.5 mm long, 0.7-0.8 mm wide;
peduncles of the primary racemes elongated so that the racemes are borne

beyond the spathes; spathes inflated, at least at maturity 3. A. Elliottii.

Awns not coiled at the base; sessile spikelets 3-3.5 mm long, about 0.6 mm wide;
none of the peduncles elongated so that the racemes extend beyond the
spathes ; spathes not inflated 4. A. virginicus.

1. Andropogon scoparius Michx. (Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.)
Nash of Britton and Brown, lllus. Flora, ed. 2.) Prairie Beardgrass.
BROOMSEDGE. Map 331. This species occurs throughout the state in poor
or impoverished soils and moist or dry, sandy soils, and is also rapidly
becoming established in the better soils of the Tipton Till Plain. It is
found on washed slopes and interdunal flats, in abandoned fields, and along
roadsides and railroads.

The extreme variability of this species has led authors to describe many
forms. My Indiana specimens show a wide range of variability, yet I hesi-
tate to refer any of my specimens to a variety. For example, about half
of my specimens are glabrous, and the other half vary from those with a
few hairs on the sheaths to those with a villous pubescence. Andropogon

Andropogon

Andropogoneae

179

Map 332

Andropogon furcatus Muhl.

Map 333
Andropogon Elliottii Chapm.

Map 334

Andropogon virginicus L.

scoparius var. frequens, Andropogon scoparius var. littoralis, Andropogon
scopaj'ius var. polycladus, and Andropogon scoparius var. villosissimus
have been reported from Indiana but Buhl (Amer. Midland Nat. 16: 250.
1935) refers all of them to the typical form.

Plants along Lake Michigan, growing on the bases of the low dunes in
West Gary, present, in the field, a striking difference because they are
smaller and very glaucous. However, an examination of the floral parts
shows them to be identical, or nearly so, with the typical form.

Maine, Que. to Alberta and Idaho, southw. to Fla. and Ariz.

2. Andropogon furcatus Muhl. (Andropogon provincialis Lam. of
Deam, Grasses of Ind.) Big Bluestem. Map 332. Found sparingly
throughout the state except in the prairie areas where it is common and
where, before cultivation, it usually formed complete stands over all of the
drier parts. This grass prefers a rather dry, sandy habitat but I have
found it in hard, white clay soil in the Lower Wabash Bottoms and on
rocky bars in streams. Outside the prairie area it is very erratic in its
locations.

Maine, Que. to Sask. and Mont., southw. to Fla., Ariz., and Mex.

3. Andropogon Elliottii Chapm. (Andropogon Elliottii var. projectus
Fern. & Grisc.) Elliott Beardgrass. Map 333. As now known, this
species is restricted practically to the unglaciated area where it is usually
found with Andropogon virginicus. It is most often found in dry, im-
poverished soil on washed slopes and in abandoned fields. A variety pro-
jectus has been named by Fernald & Griscom (Rhodora 37: 139. 1935).
The Indiana record is based upon my collection no. 26865. This variety is
described as having the racemes on long-exserted peduncles. This is merely
the early phase of the inflorescence, and late in the season the long-
exserted racemes usually fall and the broad sheaths open, exposing the
subsessile pairs of racemes in their axils.

Coastal Plain from N. J. to Fla. and Tex., northw. to s. Mo., Ind., and
Tenn.

180

Andropogoneae

Sorghum

o ~To
Map 335

Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.

j a n

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nutans (L.) Nash

4. Andropogon virginicus L. (Fernald. A review of Andropogon vir-
ginicus and Andropogon glomeratus. Rhodora 37: 139-143. 1935.) Broom-
sedge. Map 334. This species is restricted essentially to the southern half
of the state where it is local to infrequent or common in slightly acid soil.
It prefers moist soil but thrives also in dry situations. It is commonly
found in old, worn out fields, hayfields, and pastures.

Mass., N. Y., Ind., and Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex. ; Mex.

147-134A. SORGHUM Pers.

Perennial, with long, creeping rootstocks; spikelets disarticulating from the pedicel at

maturity 1. S. halepense.

Annual; spikelets not disarticulating from the pedicel at maturity.
Spikelets not opening and exposing the grain at maturity.

Culms usually more than 6 mm in diameter; sheaths longer than the internodes;

blades mostly more than 20 mm wide 2. S. vulgare var. Dmmmondii.

Culms usually less than 6 mm in diameter; sheaths shorter than the internodes;

blades mostly less than 20 mm wide. (See no. 2.). .S. vulgare var. sudanense.

Spikelets opening, exposing the grain at maturity. (See no. 2.) S. vulgare.

1. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson Grass. Map 335. Infre-
quent but spreading in the southwestern part of the state. It is found
mostly along roadsides and railroads and sometimes in cultivated fields,
these usually contiguous to streams or railroads. Several years ago I found
it in large colonies in the cornfields of the Wabash Bottoms and landown-
ers were not aware of its weedy nature. While this grass has forage crop
value, it should be exterminated, because it is difficult to eradicate and car-
ries the possibility of seeding adjacent areas where it is not desired.

Native of the Mediterranean region, and found in the tropical and
warmer regions of both hemispheres. Mass. to Iowa, southw. to Fla. and
Tex., and westw. to Calif.

2. Sorghum vulgare var. Drummondii (Nees) Hitchc. Chicken
Corn. This grass was first reported from Posey and Vanderburgh
Counties in 1923. I have seen it as a common weed in the cornfields in

Sorghastrum Tripsaceae 181

Point Township of Posey County where it often overtopped the corn. A
pioneer in that vicinity informed me that he thought it was introduced
about 1890.

Probably a native of Africa.

Sorghum vulgare var. sudanense (Piper) Hitchc. Sudan Grass. This
is an annual grass which has been recently introduced as a forage crop
but there are no reports that it has escaped and become established.

Probably a native of Africa.

Sorghum vulgare Pers. Sorghum. This is the cultivated sorghum, of
which there are many varieties. It has been cultivated from pioneer
times in this state, but there are no reports that it has perpetuated itself.

Nat. of Africa.

148-134B. SORGHASTRUM Nash

1. Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash. Indian Grass. Map 336. This
is essentially a prairie grass and is found in "oak openings" which are
remnants of prairies. It is frequent throughout the state where prairie
habitats occur and is rare or absent elsewhere. It is sometimes found in
marshy places and its most common associate is Andropogon furcatus.

Maine, Que. to Man. and N. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Ariz. ; Mex.

12. TRIPSACEAE Hitchc. Corn Tribe

157-103. TRIPSACUM L.

1. Tripsacum dactyloides L. Eastern Gamagrass. Map 337. I have
found this species only twice. A few colonies were in a low, wet woods
about three fourths of a mile southeast of the old Spencer School, about
10 miles southwest of Mt. Vernon, Posey County ; and it was common along
a ditch through a low field about 5 miles east of Lincoln City, Spencer
County. I moved two colonies to Bluffton 6 years ago, and they are hardy
and spreading.

Mass. to Mich., Iowa, and Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; W. I. and
Mex. to Brazil.

159-102. ZEA L.

Zea Mays L. Corn. This is our cultivated corn. It appears spontane-
ously but does not become established. Origin probably in Central America
or southeastern Mexico.

20. CYPERACEAE J. St, Hil. Sedge Family

Flowers all perfect, rarely some of them with stamens or pistil abortive.

Basal empty scales of spikelets none, rarely 2, and sometimes 3 in Eleooharis
Smallii.
Scales of the spikelets strictly 2-ranked, conduplicate and keeled.
Flowers without bristles; achenes beakless; inflorescence terminal.

Spikelets few- to many-flowered, usually elongated or slender

459. Cyperus, p. 183.

Spikelets 1-flowered (but of 3 or 4 scales), glomerate in sessile heads

462. Kyllinga, p. 190.

182 Cyperaceae Hemicarpha

Flowers with bristles; achenes beaked; inflorescence axillary

458. Dulichium, p. 183.

Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricated.

Base of style persistent on the achene as a tubercle.

Spikelets 1; leaves reduced to sheaths; bristles usually present

469. Eleocharis, p. 198.

Spikelets several or numerous; leaves blade-bearing; bristles none

471A. Bulbostylis, p. 206.

Base of style not persistent as a tubercle.
Flowers without any inner scales.

Base of style enlarged; bristles none 471. Fimbristylis, p. 205.

Base of style not enlarged; bristles usually present.
Bristles 6 but each 4-6-cleft to near the base, making them appear num-
erous, silky, usually white, all much exserted; stamens 1-3

466. Eriophorum, p. 190.

Bristles 0-8, short, not silky and only rarely whitish and long-exserted,

sometimes lacking; stamens 2 or 3 468. Scirpus, p. 192.

Flowers with 1 or more inner scales.

Bristles 3, barbed 467. Fuirena, p. 191.

Bristles none 453. Hemicarpha, p. 182.

Basal empty scales of the spikelets 3 or more.

Styles 2-cleft; enlarged base of style persistent on the achene as a tubercle.

Spikelets few-flowered; bristles usually present 492. Rhynchospora, p. 207.

Spikelets many-flowered; bristles none 472. Psilocarya, p. 207.

Styles 3-cleft; enlarged base of style not persistent on the achene; bristles none.
489. Cladium, p. 207.

Flowers all imperfect.

Pistillate flower subtended by a flat scale; achene naked, bony, and usually white.

515. Scleria, p. 209.

Pistillate flower wholly enclosed by a sac (perigynium), the style protruding through
an opening at the top 525. Carex, p. 212.

453. HEMICARPHA Nees & Ain.

Plants growing in dense clumps, the outer culms recurved-spreading; length of an
average culm (measured up to the inflorescence), 1-7 cm; height of leaves about
half the average length of the culms; longest involucral bracts (those appearing
as continuations of the culms) 2-4.5 cm long; average spikelets 2-4 mm long; scales
of spikelets generally with short, spreading or recurved tips; achenes terete,
slightly obovoid, usually about 0.6 mm long and 0.3 mm wide 1. H. micrantha.

Plants growing in loose clumps, the culms erect or ascending; length of an average
culm (measured up to the inflorescence), 4-9 cm; height of leaves about a third
the average length of the culms; longest involucral bracts (those appearing as
continuations of the culms) 1-1.5 cm long; average spikelets 4-7 mm long; scales
of spikelets generally appressed; achenes terete or slightly lenticular-obovoid,
usually about 0.7 mm long and 0.35 mm wide 2. H. Drummondii.

1. Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Pax. Map 338. Infrequent to rare
in the area shown on the map. Found in wet, sandy places on the borders
of lakes and sloughs and in ditches.

N. H., the Great Lakes area to Wash., southw. to Fla., Mex., and S. A.

2. Hemicarpha Drummondii Nees. Map 339. Found only in wet sand
on the borders of sloughs or in sloughs when dried up, in wet, interdunal
flats in the dune area, and in a dredged ditch in Newton County.

W. Ont., Ind., 111. to Ark., Kans., and Tex.

Dulichium

Cyperaceae

183

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:arpha mfcrantha (Vahl) Pan

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Hemicarpha Drummondii Nees

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Map 340

Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt.

458. DULICHIUM Pers.

1. Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt. Map. 340. Generally found in
sedge marshes or associated usually with some sedge on the low borders
of lakes, sloughs, and ponds. It is rather frequent in the lake area, be-
coming rare south of it because its habitat is rare in southern Indiana.

Newf. to Wash., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

459. CYPERUS [Tourn.] L.

[Geise. The Indiana species of Cyperus. Amer. Midland Nat. 15 : 241-
291. 1934.]

Stigmas 2; achenes lenticular, not 3-angled; spikelets flat; scales falling from the

rachis at maturity.

Scales of spikelets stramineous, about 2 mm long, so closely imbricated as to hide

the achenes even in dried specimens; achenes 0.75-1 mm long, distinctly blackish,

plump, strongly compressed, strongly obovoid, transverse wrinkles distinct,

superficial cells oblong 1. C. flavescens.

Scales of spikelets generally margined with reddish brown, 2-3 mm long; achenes

lenticular, with transverse wrinkles, gray or brownish gray, mostly 1-1.4 mm

long, superficial cells more or less quadrate.

Exserted style branches many, usually exserted 2-4 mm; scales dull, thin, mostly

about 2.5 mm long, rather loosely imbricated so that at least the base of the

achene is visible in dried specimens 2. C. diandrus.

Exserted style branches few, usually exserted 1-1.5 mm; scales lustrous, sub-
coriaceous, usually 2-2.4 mm long, so closely imbricated that the achenes are

hidden 3. C. rivularis.

Stigmas 3; achenes 3-angled.

Scales long-acuminate at the apex, usually ending in a sharp point, the upper
fourth to a third of them widely spreading or recurved; plants cespitose, mostly

3-9 cm high, fragrant when dried 4. C. inflexus.

Scales and plants not as above.
Scales slightly outcurved at the apex; spikelets very flat; stamens 1.

Plants annual, 0.5-3.5 dm high; scales ovate, 3-nerved; achenes about 1 mm long

and half as wide 5. C. acuminatus.

Plants perennial, 4-10 dm high; scales oblong, 1-nerved; achenes oblong, about 1
mm long and 0.3 mm wide 6. C. pseudovegetus.

184 Cyperaceae Cyperus

Scales straight on the back to the apex, sometimes a few near the apex of the

spikelet with slightly curved tips in C. dentatus; stamens 2 or 3.

Spikelets arranged in globose heads or aggregated in short clusters at the ends

of the culms or the rays, the common rachis not more than 1 cm long.

Inflorescence usually composed of 5 or G globose heads, usually one sessile

or nearly so, the others on rays 2-5 (or more) cm long; culms leafy at

the base, the leaves mostly more than 15 cm long; spikelets 4-5 mm long,

2- or 3-flowered, usually maturing a single achene; culms with cormlike

bases 7. C. ovularis.

Inflorescence and plant not as above.

Involucral bracts recurved or widely spreading at maturity, rarely one or
more erect; leaves narrowly linear, mostly less than 2 mm wide and
rarely as wide as 3 mm, the lowest leaves of the culm less than 15 cm
long, rarely one longer; culms below the inflorescence 0.5-1 mm in
diameter.
Spikelets in a loose or close, terminal cluster, the principal ones 8-12-

flowered 8. C. filiculmis.

Spikelets in compact, terminal, globose or ovoid-globose, usually solitary
heads, sometimes with one or two smaller heads on short rays, in
depauperate specimens the heads small and spikelets not compact;
spikelets all less than 8-flowered or only a few with 8 or more flowers.

8a. C. filiculmis var. macilentus.

Involucral bracts erect or ascending; culms usually more than 1 mm in

diameter below the inflorescence; leaves linear and usually wider than

those of the preceding group; spikelets usually in flat clusters.

Scales scarcely or faintly nerved, their margins reddish brown, midnerve

of scale not excurrent; culms not cormlike at the base, very leafy;

inflorescence umbellate; spikelets very flat; style branches exserted

more than 1 mm 9. C. dentatus.

Scales strongly nerved, their margins hyaline; midnerve of scale excur-
rent; culms with cormlike bases; inflorescence racemose; style branches
usually not exserted, or generally not more than 1 mm.
Culms, leaves, and rays smooth; leaves much shorter than the culm;
spikelets 5-9-flowered; scales 2-2.5 mm long, the mucro less than

0.5 mm long; achenes 1.5-2 mm long 10. C. Houghtonii.

Culms (at least below the inflorescence), margins of leaves, and rays
rough; spikelets 4-16-flowered; scales mostly 3-4.5 mm long, the

mucro usually 0.5-1 mm long; achenes 2.5-3 mm long

11. C. Schiveinitzii.

Spikelets arranged along an elongated rachis, the rachis usually 1-3 cm long.
Flowers remote, the successive scales not reaching the bases of the ones above

on the same side of the rachilla 12. C. Engelmanni.

Flowers approximate, the successive scales overlapping the bases of those
above. .
Scales mostly 2.75-4.5 mm long; culms with cormlike bases.

Spikelets erect or ascending, more than 2.5 mm wide; achenes ellipsoid,

about 2.5 mm long and half as wide 11. C. Schweinitzii.

Spikelets widely spreading or reflexed, less than 2.5 mm wide; achenes
linear-oblong, mostly 1.5-2 mm long and about 0.3 mm wide except
in C. strigoszis var. multifiorus.

Spikelets 4-20-flowered, stramineous, very flat 13. C. strigosus.

Spikelets 10-35-flowered, reddish brown, terete or nearly so; achenes
0.75 mm wide and 2 mm long.. . .13a. C. strigosus var. multifiorus.
Scales less than 2.75 mm long; culms without cormlike bases.

Scales about 1.5 mm long, reddish brown; flowers very closely imbricated,
the scales overlapping more than half their length; spikelets 10-40-

Cyperus

Cyperaceae

185

Cyperus flavescens L.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec f-

nil

' D

D „D

-I

/ Miles

D
' '

Cyperus

diandrus T

) 50
Map 342

orr.

»
— fo

•i

"l "

2d »

j> hd
P F

Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.

May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.

3 P 1

id ./

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p
i

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£ d y
-, | W/ Miles

Cyperus

rivularis K

Map 343

unth

flowered, all of the flowers maturing achenes ; achenes about 0.8 mm

long and 0.5 mm wide 14. C. erythrorhizos.

Scales mostly 2-2.5 mm long; flowers not very closely imbricated, the

scales usually overlapping less than half their length; achenes 1-1.5

mm long.
Plants with numerous fibrous roots, annual; culms with 1-4 leaves;
longest rays of umbel generally less than 5 cm long, rarely one or
more of them longer; spikelets usually dense, reddish brown, at

maturity easily broken into segments below the flowers

15. C. ferruginescens.

Plants with numerous, scaly stolons that at length bear a tuber; culms
very leafy; leaves usually more than 4; longest rays of umbels
usually 4-13 cm long, only rarely all the rays shorter; spikelets
usually stramineous, sometimes light reddish brown, at maturity
not separating into segments below the flowers.. .16. C. esculentus.

1. Cyperus flavescens L.* Map 341. Rare in northern Indiana and in-
frequent in the southern part in wet, sandy soil on bars in streams and
ditches, in the outlets of springs, along ditches, and about artificial ponds.

N. Y. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Mex. ; also in Cent. Amer. and the
Old World.

2. Cyperus diandrus Torr. Map 342. Infrequent to rare. My specimens
were found in wet, sandy soil on the borders of lakes and sloughs and in
mucky soil in dried-up sloughs and in like habitats along streams.

N. B. to Minn., southw. to S. C. and Kans.

3. Cyperus rivularis Kunth. Map. 343. Rather frequent throughout
the state in wet, sandy or gravelly soil on the borders of lakes and streams
and on bars in ditches and small streams.

Maine, s. Ont. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Ark.

X Cyperus Nieuwlandii Geise. (Cyperus flavescens X rivularis.) This
hybrid was described by Geise (Amer. Midland Nat. 15: 245-246. 1934).
She reports three specimens collected by Nieuwland in the vicinity of
Chain Lakes in St. Joseph County. I have seen these specimens and their
determination seems to be correct.

* Fernald (Rhodora 41: 529-530. 1939) has shown that the true species belongs to
Eurasia and Africa and that the plant of eastern North America should be designated
as Cyperus flavescens L. var. poaeformis (Pursh) Fern.

186

Cyperaceae

Cyperus

Jan.
Feb.
Mat
Apr.

"rl

June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.

» :

{

[r 1

> 1

-I

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_ 1d( ^^
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rus

exus M

Map 344
uhl.

~^0

Map 345
Cyperus acuminatus Torr & Hook.

Map 346

Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud.

4. Cyperus inflexus Muhl. (Cyperus aristatus Rottb.) Map 344. In-
frequent in wet, sandy or muddy soil on bars in streams and ditches and
on the shores of lakes and borders of sloughs. Specimens of this species
when dried have a pleasing odor, similar to that of dried slippery elm
leaves.

N. B. to B. C, southw. to Fla., Tex., Calif., and Mex.

5. Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook. Map 345. I have found this
species only in Crawford and Greene Counties. I am not able to locate my
Crawford County specimen now. Friesner also found it in Greene County.
Geise cites a specimen from near Chesterton, Porter County, collected by
E. T. Harper in 1888. This specimen is deposited in the herbarium of the
University of Wisconsin. I have seen it and the determination is correct.

Ind. to N. Dak. and Wash., southw. to Ga., Tex., and Calif.

6. Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud. Map 346. Infrequent in ditches and
swamps in Point Township of Posey County. It has been found also in
Gibson, Pike, and Jefferson Counties. Where found it is usually common.

N. J. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

7. Cyperus ovularis (Michx.) Torr. Map 347. This species is found in
very dry to moist, sandy habitats. It is local in the southwestern coun-
ties. It has been reported from Lake County, but Geise did not find a
specimen. I believe that the Lake County report should be referred to
Cyperus filiculmis var. macilentus.

N. Y. to 111. and Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

8. Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. Map 348. Fernald & Griscom discuss
this species and its varieties in Rhodora 37 : 153-154. 1935. If I interpret
their discussion correctly the distribution of this species is principally
on the Atlantic slope and in the Great Plains states. My only specimen

Cyperus

Cyperaceae

187

o 55

Map 347

Cyperus ovularis (Michx) Torr.

Map 348

Cyperus filiculmis Vahl

Map 349
Cyperus filiculmis
var macilentus Fern

is from a dry, sandy ridge in Gibson County. Geise (Amer. Midland Nat.
15: 254. 1934) cites specimens from Lake, La Porte, Marshall, Porter, and
St. Joseph Counties, but I refer these specimens to the variety.

8a. Cyperus filiculmis var. macilentus Fern. Map 349. This variety
grows in very sandy soil and is found mostly on sand ridges and dunes, in
sandy fallow fields, and in the moist intervening sandy areas between sand
ridges and dunes. In its habitat it is usually frequent, elsewhere it is
absent. Its distribution in the state is well represented by the map.

Cent. Maine, sw. Que. to Minn., southw. to Va., Ohio, Ind., 111., and Mo.

9. Cyperus dentatus Torr. (Including Cyperus dentatus var. cteno-
stachys Fern.) Map 350. This Coastal Plain species is found in only
three counties. It is local but usually common where it is found. It
grows in moist, sandy soil in ditches through marshes and on the wet,
sandy shore of Bass Lake in Starke County. Specimens with 15-40-
flowered spikelets have received a varietal name, but since both short and
long spikelets are found on the same plant it is obvious that the variety
is only a luxuriant form of the species.

N. S. to Inch, southw. to N. C. ; principally near the coast.

10. Cyperus Houghtonii Torr. Map 351. This is a species of the dune
area and it has been found only in Lake and Porter Counties.

Mass. to Man. and Oreg., southw. to Va., Kans., and Ariz.

11. Cyperus Schweinitzii Torr. Map 352. This species grows in very
dry sand and has its mass distribution on the dunes near Lake Michigan.
The Warren County specimen was found on the very high, gravelly bank
along the Big Four Railroad about 2 miles northwest of Covington.

Western N. Y., s. Ont. to Man., southw. to Ind. and Kans.

X Cyperus mesochorus Geise. (Cyperus Houghtonii X Schweinitzii.)
This hybrid is described in Amer. Midland Nat. 15 : 249-250. 1934. Geise

188

Cyperaceae

Cyperus

Map 350

Cyperus dentatus Torr.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec

OP T

r i

~je

J—

jvW

J Li—

\ y — 1 —

Miles

o ^5
Map 351

Cyperus Houqhtonii Torr.

Jan.

"eb

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

OP ,
D

UX 1,

HO/

» J.

fr 1

r 1

Dec.f-

1 —

/ Miles

Cyperus S

veinitzii

Map 352

Torr,

50
Map 353

Cyperus Encjelmanni Steud,

Map 354

Cyperus striqosus L.

Map 355

Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl

cites numerous specimens from Lake and Porter Counties. She also refers
specimens of my collecting from La Porte, Newton, and Warren Counties
to this hybrid.

12. Cyperus Engelmanni Steud. Map 353. Infrequent in the lake area.
All of my specimens are from the wet, sandy or muck borders of lakes.

Mass. to Minn., southw. to N. J. and Mo.

13. Cyperus strigosus L. (Including Cyperus strigosus var. capitatus
Boeckl., Cyperus strigosus var. compositus Britt., and Cyperus strigosus
var. robustior Kunth.) Map 354. This species is, without doubt, found in
every county in the state. The extreme variability of this species has led
authors to assign botanical names to the variations. I agree with some
other authors in thinking that the forms are a matter of nutrition or
of habitat and have no taxonomic value; hence I am referring all forms
to the species. It is found in moist soil of almost all kinds and in all

Cyperus Cyperaceae 189

kinds of habitats. Probably most abundant along ditches and in corn-
fields.

Maine, Ont. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

13a. Cyperus strigosus var. multiflorus Geise. This form was de-
scribed by Geise in Amer. Midland Nat. 15: 253. 1934. I collected speci-
mens in the dried-up mucky soil on the south side of Lake Cicott, Cass
County, in 1931 and 1932 which were years of severe drought. I also
found a few specimens in a similar habitat on the border of an extinct
lake about 2 miles north of North Liberty, St. Joseph County. The domi-
nant associate was Cyperus ferruginescens. This plant is conspicuous and
can be distinguished from any other Cyperus at a long distance. After a
careful study of this form, it seems to me that it is a hybrid of Cyperus
strigosus and Cyperus ferruginescens. The plants (2.5-15 cm high) are
too small for Cyperus strigosus, and the spikelets have about twice the
number of flowers that average plants of that species have. The cormlike
base is a character of Cyperus strigosus but the terete, reddish brown
spikelets belong to Cyperus ferruginescens.

14. Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Map 355. Infrequent throughout the
state but usually common where it is found. It is generally found on the
muddy shores of streams, in dried-up sloughs, and along ditches.

Mass. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif.

15. Cyperus ferruginescens Boeckl. (Rhodora 37: 148-150. 1935.)
(Cyperus speciosus Vahl, in part, of most recent authors.) Map 356. In-
frequent to frequent throughout the state. It grows in moist, wet, muddy
or mucky soils of almost all kinds.

Mass. to Minn., southw. probably to Fla. and Tex.

16. Cyperus esculentus L. (Including Cyperus esculentus var. lepto-
stachyus Boeckl.) Chufa. Map 357. Rather frequent in southern Indiana,
becoming infrequent to rare in the northern part. This species prefers
moist or wet, rich soil and is found along streams and in cultivated fields
and truck gardens. I have seen it in dried-up sloughs where it formed
complete stands. We allowed it to grow unmolested in our arboretum of
about 3 acres before we knew of its weedy nature and we have been trying
to exterminate it for about 10 years but still find a plant occasionally. I
have noted it as a pernicious weed in truck gardens, especially along the
Ohio River. The tubers are sweet and edible. They have been used as
food since ancient times, having been found in Egyptian tombs dating
back to 2400 years before Christ.

The species is extremely variable in the size of its spikelets. Plants
with long spikelets have been named but I think they are a result of
nutrition and should not receive taxonomic names. It is to be noted that
plants with small inflorescences rarely mature more than a few seed
while plants with large inflorescences usually mature many seed.

N. B. to Minn., Nebr., and Alaska, southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif. ; also
found in the tropics; Eurasian.

190

Cyperaceae

Kyllinga

Map 356

Cyperus ferruginescens Boeckl.

o 50

Map 357

Cyperus esculentus L.

6
9

Jar

Feb

Mar.
Apr.
May

June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.

-I -

5 —
1

J
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umila M

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Map 358

chx.

462. KYLLINGA Rottb.

1. Kyllinga pumila Michx. (Cyperus densicaespitosus Mattf. &
Kukenth. Pflanzenr. 20: 597. 1936.) Map 358. Infrequent in southern
Indiana and rare or absent from many of our northern counties. It is
usually found in moist or wet soil along streams, on bars in streams, along
ditches, and sometimes in cornfields along streams.

Del., Ohio, 111. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; also W. I., Mex., and
southw.

466. ERIOPHORUM L. Cotton Grass

Spikelets solitary; involucre none; scales lead color 1. E. spissum.

Spikelets 2-several; involucre of 1-several leafy bracts.

Leaves 1-2 mm wide, channeled their entire length; upper leaf blade shorter than

its sheath; involucral bract 1; achenes ellipsoid, about 2.5 mm long

2. E. gracile.

Leaves 1.5-G mm. wide, fiat at least below the middle; involucral bracts more than

1; achenes oblong-obovoid, mostly 2.5-3.5 mm long.

Scales of spikelets with only 1 prominent rib ; stamens 3 ; plants of May and June.

Upper leaf sheaths dark-girdled at the summit; midrib of scales not extending

to the apex, the upper part of the scale hyaline and the rib prominent below

the hyaline apex 3. E. angustifolium.

Upper leaf sheaths not dark-girdled at the summit; midrib of scales extending to

the apex 4. E. viridi-carinatu m .

Scales of spikelets with several prominent ribs; stamen 1; bristles varying from
tawny to white; plants of August and September, beginning to flower about
July 15 5. E. virginicnm.

1. Eriophorum spissum Fern. (Rhodora 27: 208-209. 1925.) (Erio-
phorum ccdlitrix of recent American authors, not Cham.) Map 359. Our
specimens were found in tamarack bogs.

Baffinland and Lab. to Athabaska, southw. to Newf., N. S., N. E., mts.
of Pa., n. Ind., and Wis.

2. Eriophorum gracile Koch. Map 360. Borders of sloughs in the dune
area and elsewhere in marshes and in sphagnum in bogs.

Fuirena

Cyperaceae

191

Map 359

Eriophorum spissum Fern.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec

N-r-f \

L_| II

V
(

^-Ul.

(— \ ^

i ' — \y

Miles

Map 360

Eriophorum g r a c i I e Koch

Eriophorum angustifolium Roth

Newf. to B. C, southw. to Conn., Pa., Ind., Nebr., and Calif.; also in
Eurasia.

3. Eriophorum angustifolium Roth. Map 361. Infrequent on the bor-
ders of sloughs and in marshes and bogs.

Subarctic Amer., southw. to Maine, Ont., 111., Iowa, and mts. of Colo,
and Oreg. ; also in Eurasia.

4. Eriophorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fern. Map 362. Infre-
quent throughout our northern counties where it is usually found growing
in sphagnum in open tamarack bogs and less often in sedge marshes.

Newf. to Sask. and B. C, southw. to Conn., N. Y., Ohio, Wis., Oreg.,
and in the mts. to Ga.

5. Eriophorum virginicum L. (Including Eriophorum virginicum f.
album (Gray) Wieg.) Map. 363. Since the bristles of this species vary
from tawny to white with intermediate forms, I have not attempted to
separate our plants on the basis of this character. Nearly all of our
plants at maturity have white or whitish bristles. It is found in marshes
and tamarack bogs.

Newf. to Ont. and Man., southw. to Fla. and Nebr.

467. FUIRENA Rottb. Umbrella Grass

1. Fuirena pumila Torr. (Rhodora 40: 396-398. 1938.) (Fuirena
squarrosa of recent authors, not Michx.) Map 364. This sedge is very
local, having been found in only a few places in two counties. It grows
in moist sand in interdunal swamps and in wet sand on the borders of
lakes. I found it to be rather frequent in wet sand on the south side of
Walker Lake in Porter County.

Mass. to Mich, and Ind., southw. to Fla.

192

Cyperaceae

Scirpus

4
3

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

1
f

ID D

D D

- D
P

Dec.f

1 ' —

/ Miles

Eno

phor
(

urn

Inge

viridi- car
'lm.) Fern.

3 50

Map 362
natum

Map 363

Eriophorum virginicum L.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept

Oct.

Nov.

D /

n 1

I 1

-I

J-

Dec.j- —

/ Miles

( x 1 \ «J*V J

) 50

Is^S^Kj-^? ^ Map 364

Fuirena squarrosa Mich*.

468. SCIRPUS [Tourn.] L. Bulrush

[Sr. M. St. Leona Thornton. The Indiana species of Scirpus. Amer.
Midland Nat. 15: 292-322. 1934.]

Sister Thornton's treatment of Indiana Scirpus seems to be compre-
hensive and authentic. I have seen most of the specimens she cites. I am
accepting her determinations of the few I have not seen and they also are
indicated on the distribution maps.

Involucral bract none. (This is Sr. Thornton's Scirpus pancifloirus which is now re-
ferred to Eleocharis pauciflora var. Fernaldii Svenson. (See Rhodora 36: 380.
1934.)
Involucral bract solitary (the inflorescence appearing as if on the side of the stem).
Spikelets 1, 6-13 mm long; stem cylindric, conspicuously nodulose, normally growing
in shallow water but often emersed in dry weather; achenes trigonous, about
2.5 mm long and about 1.6 mm wide, brown, smooth; bristles retrorsely barbed,

about equaling the achene 1. S. subterminalis.

Spikelets normally more than 1.

Plants usually less than 5 dm high; annuals with tufted roots; culms terete or

obtusely angled.

Culms obtusely triangular; mature involucral bract usually divaricate; achenes

obovoid, unequally biconvex, about 1.7 mm long, surface black with shallow

and irregular pits; bristles longer than the achene, with increasing width

toward the base, mostly 0.015 mm wide near the base 2. »S. debilis.

Culms terete; mature involucral bract usually erect; achenes obovoid, plano-
convex, 1.5-1.8 mm long, surface black without pits or with very incon-
spicuous ones; bristles very slender, of almost equal width, generally about
0.01 mm wide near the base.

Bristles lacking 3. S. SynitJiii.

Bristles present, usually 6, sometimes fewer, longer than the achene

3a. S. Smithii var. setosus.

Plants usually more than 5 dm high; perennials with creeping rootstocks; culms
triangular or terete.
Involucral bract much longer than the inflorescence.

Culms sharply triangular; involucral bract acute; achenes plano-convex,
smooth; bristles shorter than the achene 4. S. americanus.

Scirpus Cyperaceae 193

Culms obtusely 3-angled with concave sides; leaves nodulose; involucral bract
blunt; achenes trigonous, smooth; bristles much longer than the achene.

5. S. Torreyi.

Involucral bract usually shorter than the inflorescence or merely equaling it.

Culms rather soft; inflorescence lax, usually drooping; spikelets many, ovoid,
on long, drooping pedicels; achenes obovoid, 1.5-2 mm long, plano-convex;
bristles usually longer than the achene 6. S. validus.

Culms rather stiff and firm; inflorescence erect, the spikelets and pedicels
erect or ascending, compact; spikelets subcylindric ; achenes obovoid, in
my specimens ranging from 2.3-3 mm long, unequally biconvex; bristles
about equaling the achene or slightly shorter 7. S. aciitus.

Involucral bracts 2 or more.

Bristles retrorsely barbed or lacking.

Spikelets large, usually 1.5-4 cm long; achenes trigonous, about 4 mm long

8. S. fluviatilis.

Spikelets small, generally less than 1 cm long.

Bristles scarcely longer than the achene, usually slightly shorter, rudimentary,

or lacking; scales of mature spikelets with a light reddish background

suffused with a lead color; achenes colorless, obovoid-oblong, trigonous,

about 1 mm long.

Bristles present, about equaling the achene; lower sheaths nodulose; leaves

usually 10-18 mm wide; major glomerules usually more than 7 mm in

diameter 9. S. atrovirens.

Bristles lacking or rudimentary; lower sheaths not nodulose or only faintly so;
leaves usually less than 10 mm wide; major glomerules usually not over
7 mm in diameter; rays of inflorescences usually longer than in the

preceding; glomerules usually not so crowded

9a. S. atrovirens var. georgianus.

Bristles twice the length of the achene; scales of spikelets rufous brown with

green midribs; principal leaves usually 6-8 mm wide 10. S. polyphyllus.

Bristles smooth or with a few ascending barbs, curly.

Rays and pedicels smooth or somewhat scabrous below the involucels, not con-
spicuously striate, both usually drooping; scales reddish brown with strong,
green midribs prolonged into sharp, short, spreading points; achenes about
1 mm long, Fawn Color (Ridgway Standard) ; bristles weak, about twice the

length of the achene, included 11. S. lineatus.

Rays (except the primary ones) and pedicels strongly upwardly scabrous, con-
spicuously striate, at least the principal rays inclined to be erect; scales of
spikelets reddish, sometimes suffused with greenish black, the midrib not
green, somewhat obtuse at the apex; achenes about 0.8 mm or less in length,
colorless; bristles curled and much exserted beyond the scales.
Spikelets mostly sessile, in glomerules of 3-15.

Involucres and involucels reddish brown; scales reddish brown.

Spikelets ovoid, 3-6 mm long 12. S. cyperinus.

Spikelets cylindric, 7-10 mm long 12a. S. cyperinus f. Andrewsii.

Involucres and involucels drab with a blackish base.

Rays of normal length, the glomerules distinct, scales brownish, suffused with

greenish black 12b. S. cyperinus var. pelius.

Rays abbreviated, the glomerules crowded into dense, irregular masses.

12c. S. cyperinus var. pelius f. condensatus.

Spikelets mostly pedicellate, usually arranged in small clusters with the central
one sessile and the remainder on pedicels of different lengths.

Involucels red brown or terra cotta 13. S. Eriophorum.

Involucels dull brown, not reddish 14. S. pedicellatus.

Involucels black. (See excluded species no. 88, p. 10.'! 1.) S. atrocinctus.

194

Cyperaceae

Scirpus

Map 365

Scirpus subterminalis Torr.

4
3

Jar,.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aufc

Sept

Oct.

Nov.

"l D

1 DI

., '

-I

-"Ir

r 1

Dec.C

i ' —

/ Miles

Scirpu

s S

nith

i v

ar. seto

50
Map 368

sus Fern,

o — KJ

Map 366

Scirpus debilis Pursh

o 50

Map 369

Scirpus americanus Pers.

"To
Map 367

Scirpus Smithii Gray

Map 370

Scirpus Torreyi Olney

1. Scirpus subterminalis Torr. Map. 365. My only specimens were
found in a colony on the muddy border of the south side of Long Lake,
Porter County, about a mile east of the Lake County line, where it was
associated with Scirpus validus. In walking the entire length of the lake
I noted only one colony. This was in very mucky soil from which the
water had receded just far enough to expose the soil.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to N. J., Pa., Ind., and Idaho.

2. Scirpus debilis Pursh. Map 366. This species has been found in a
few counties only in wet or mucky soil about sloughs in the dunes.

Maine, Ont. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Nebr.

3. Scirpus Smithii Gray. Map. 367. On the wet, sandy borders of lakes
and sloughs.

Maine, Ont. to Mich., southw. to Pa., Ind., and 111.

3a. Scirpus Smithii var. setosus Fern. Map 368. Found in habitats

Scirpus

Cyperaceae

195

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

» S

I 1

L r

i y'

D
D "" —

D '

/ l

r 1

1 ,

1 •-

Mfles

o ^5o
Map 372

SciYpus acutus Muhl.

Miles

5 — 58

Map 373

Scirpus fluvi'atilis (Torr.) Gray

similar to those in which the species is found. This variety is difficult to
separate from Scirpus debilis. In fact, they are united in Britton and
Brown, Illustrated Flora, ed. 2. The shape of the stem seems to be the
only constant character. The divaricating bract of Scirpus debilis is
very characteristic but it seems that all plants do not have a divaricating
bract. The shape of the achene can not be relied upon since on the same
plant one can find plano-convex as well as biconvex achenes.
Maine and Mass. to 111.

4. Scirpus americanus Pers. Map 369. Frequent on the sandy shores
of lakes and on gravelly bars in streams.

Throughout temperate N. A. ; also found in S. A. and Eu.

5. Scirpus Torreyi Olney. Map 370. Very local in a few swamps of the
northwestern part of the state.

Maine to Man., southw. to R. I. and Minn.

6. Scirpus validus Vahl. Map 371. This species grows in sandy or
mucky soil in shallow water (usually 1-4 feet deep) in lakes and along
streams. It is usually found in every lake of the state and when a lake
begins to dry up it usually is the first species to occupy the area.

Throughout temperate N. A.; also found in W. I.

7. Scirpus acutus Muhl. (Scirpus occidentalis (Wats.) Chase.) Map
372. Rather frequent in the lake area in habitats similar to those of the
preceding species.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to Mass., cent. N. Y., Mo., Ariz., and Calif.

8. Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray. Map 373. Infrequent in the lake
area and in the Lower Wabash Valley. It is usually found in wet places
about lakes, along streams, and in ditches and ponds. I have seen about
five acres of it in Knox County on the west side of Swan Pond.

N. B. to the region of the Great Lakes and Minn., southw. to D. C, and
Kans.

196

Cyperaceae

Scirpus

Map 374

Scirpus atrovirens Muhl.

Map 375 '
Scirpus atrovirens
var. georgianus (Harper) Fern.

3
1

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

D D

( ^

■w

Dec J-

■ 1

■> / A

D J/)

!/ Miles

)

Scirpu

J l 1

> po

yphyllus

50
Map 376

Vahl

9. Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. Map 374. Frequent to common in almost
all parts of the state. It is usually found in wet, mucky soil in ditches
and ponds, along streams, and about lakes. One can infrequently find
a specimen in which the rays of the inflorescence are short and the
glomerules form a closed head. This form has received a name but I do
not believe it is of taxonomic significance.

Maine to Sask., southw. to Ga. and Mo.

9a. Scirpus atrovirens var. georgianus (Harper) Fern. (Rhodora 23:
134. 1921.) (Scirpus georgianus Harper.) Map 375. This variety is
infrequent in the southern half of the state, becoming rare in our north-
ern counties. The species and variety are distinct in their extremes but
they so intergrade that their separation is not entirely satisfactory.

Newf. to Wis., southw. to Ga. and Ark.

9b. Scirpus atrovirens f. proliferus Hermann. This is a viviparous
form, occasionally with the species.

10. Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl. Map 376. Infrequent in springy places
and in low beech and sweet gum woods in the southern half of the state.
Its associates would indicate that it prefers a slightly acid soil. Viviparous
forms are rather frequent.

Western N. E. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Ark.

11. Scirpus lineatus Michx. Map 377. This is the most common bulrush
of the state. It is frequent throughout and, for the most part, is found
in roadside ditches and along low roadsides. It prefers a moist or wet
soil along streams, in low, open woodland and fallow fields, and about
lakes and sloughs.

N. H., Ont. to Oreg., southw. to Ga. and Tex.

12. Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Map 378. Infrequent throughout
the state in wet grounds of all kinds. It is more common in the lake area
in wet places about lakes, in marshes, and along streams ; southward it is
found in roadside ditches, ponds, sloughs, sinkholes, and springy places

Scirpus

Cyperaceae

197

I— 1

J KD

D S«

o o

Feb

y^ »

Mar
Apr.

\ DP
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Aug.
Sept
Oct
Nov.

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n ■

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,-i

y i

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i °

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f H

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L < S /-^V ^ Map 377

(

kirpus lineatus Michx.

o 5o

Map 378

Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth

)

Feb.

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov

-■ ~v

A -

"jo.

J 1

-4

Dec.(—

i
i ' — -

D U

Z J

<^Td " 1 o.

^/ Miles

( D

Scirp

Eriophorum

Map 378-1

Michx.

and along streams. This species is extremely variable throughout its
range in the grouping or segregation of the spikelets, the color of the
involucre and involucels, and the color of the scales of the spikelets.
Some authors do not recognize these differences while others do. I am
dividing the species into the commonly recognized forms in order that
those who do wish to separate these forms may have the advantage of
the experience of other authors. The range of the several forms has not
yet been ascertained and the range of the aggregate is given here.
Newf., Ont. to Sask., southw. to Fla. and La.

12a. Scirpus cyperinus f. Andrewsii (Fern.) Carpenter. (Dole. Flora of
Vermont, p. 74. 1937.) This form has been found only in Allen County.

12b. Scirpus cyperinus var. pelius Fern. This form is very local and is
found in the habitat of the species. I have it only from Allen, Jasper, and
Whitley Counties.

Newf. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Conn., N. Y., Ind., and Wis.

12c. Scirpus cyperinus var. pelius f. condensatus (Fern.) Blake. Found
only in La Porte and Porter Counties. Its general range is that of the
variety.

13. Scirpus Eriophorum Michx. Map 378-1. A botanical authority has
referred to this species four sheets of my specimens of the Scirpus
cyperinus-pedicellatus complex. It is to be noted that Britton and Brown,
Illustrated Flora, ed. 2, refer this species and the next one to Scirpus
cyperinus.

Conn, to Fla., westw. to La. and northw. in the Mississippi Valley to
Ind.

14. Scirpus pedicellatus Fern. Map 379. This so-called species is infre-
quent and is found throughout the state in habitats similar to those of
Scirpus cyperinus.

E. Que., southw. to Conn., N. Y., Ind., and Wis.

198

(JYPERACEAE

lueochans

Jar
Feb

HO 1.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov

n y

i I

- i

r 1 -

Dec C

\ D

B
IU

' '

k ! y

> T

— 1 o 1 J
o IS)

> Miles

\ D

irpu

> pe

dicellatus

G 50

Map 379
Fern.

B P
1 D

Feb.

1 D

Mar.
Apr.

May

-L.

June

r 1

— 1

July
Aug.

Sept.
Oct.
Nov.

-\z

Dec (-

> ' —

Miles

Map 380
Eleocharfs equfsetoides (EIIJ Torr.

Map 381
Eleocharis qaudrangulata
(Michy) R. 8, S. var crassior Fern.

469. ELEOCHARIS K. Br. Spikerush

[Fernald and Brackett. The representatives of Eleocharis palustris in
North America. Rhodora 31 : 56-77. 1929. Svenson. Monographic studies
in the genus Eleocharis. Rhodora 31 : 121-135, 152-163, 167-191, 199-219,
224-242. 1929; 34: 193-203, 215-227. 1932; 36: 377-389. 1934; 39: 210-
231. 1937; 41: 1-19, 43-77. 1939.]

The following key is adapted from Svenson's monographic studies of the
genus. Svenson has checked the determination of all of my specimens.

Scales of mature spikelets persistent; spikelets scarcely thicker than the culms.
Fruiting culms more than 2 mm in diameter; nerves of scales faint.

Culms terete, with conspicuous cross-partitions 1. E. equisetoides.

Culms quadrangular, without cross-partitions. . .2. E. quadrangulata var. crassior.

Fruiting culms not more than 2 mm in diameter; nerves of scales distinct

3. E. Robbinsii.

Scales of mature spikes deciduous; spikelets thicker than the culms.
Styles 2-cleft.

Upper sheaths loose, with white, scarious tips 4. E. olivacea.

Upper sheaths close and firm, not scarious at the tips.
Annual, with fibrous roots.

Tubercle (style base) often depressed or saucer-shaped 5. E. geniculata.

Tubercle more or less conical.

Width of tubercle less than two thirds that of the achene.

Achenes smooth; tubercle about half as wide as the achene.. .6. E. ovata.

Achenes pitted; tubercle about a fourth as wide as the achene

7. E. intermedia.

Width of tubercle nearly or quite equal to that of the achene.

Tubercle deltoid, a third to nearly a half as high as the body of the
achene; bristles much exceeding the achene.

Spikelets ovoid-cylindric 8. E. obtusa.

Spikelets ellipsoid 8a. E. obtusa var. ellipsoidalis.

Tubercle very low, not more than a fourth as high as the body of the
achene; summit of achene appearing truncate; bristles equaling the
achene or rudimentary.

Bristles about equaling the achene 9. E. Engelmanni.

Bristles absent or rudimentary 9a. E. Engelmanni f. detonsa.

Eleocharis Cyperaceae 199

Perennial, with horizontal rootstocks.

Culms 0.5-5 mm in diameter (in dried material) at the summit of the upper
sheath; basal scales of spikelet usually 2 or 3 below the thinner fertile
scales; median scales acute; tubercle broadly ovate, as wide as long.
10. E. Smallii.

Culms 0.5-1.5 mm in diameter at the summit of the upper sheath; basal scales
of the spikelet solitary, spathiform, usually completely encircling the
base of the spikelet; median scales obtuse; tubercle conical, as long as
or longer than wide 11. E. calva.

Styles 3-cleft.

Achenes less than 2 mm long; style base not confluent with the apex of the achenes,
forming a tubercle.
Surface of the achene regularly marked off by longitudinal and transverse lines.
Culms not more than 0.5 mm in diameter; achenes obscurely 3-angled; bristles

equaling or longer than the achene or absent 12. E. acicidaris.

Culms about 1 mm in diameter ; achenes pyriform ; bristles none

13. E. Wolfii.

Surface of the achene smooth or pitted, the pits arranged irregularly or in
regular, longitudinal lines.
Achenes smooth.

Achenes tui-binate-lenticular.
Bristles longer than the achene.

Spikelets ovoid-cylindric 8. E. obtusa.

Spikelets ellipsoid 8a. E. obtusa var. ellipsoidalis.

Bristles shorter than or equaling the achene 9. E. Engelmannii.

Achenes triangular; bristles not exceeding the achene or absent.

Mature achenes nearly black, the body not tapering toward the apex,
the angles blunt; 1 mm or more long; tubercle closely capping the

crown of the achene; bristles absent 14. E. Melanocarpa.

Mature achenes nearly black, the body not tapering toward the apex, the
angles blunt; 1 mm or more long; tubercle closely capping the crown

of the achene; bristles absent 14. E. melanocarpa.

Achenes pitted, the pits arranged irregularly or in regular, longitudinal
lines.
Culms slender, erect; style bases depressed.

Culms 4-8 angled; scales of spikelets obtuse or merely acute, not con-
spicuously whitened at the apex.
Achenes Wax Yellow (Ridgway Standard), in age becoming golden
yellow to dull orange, averaging 1-1.1 mm long (including the
style base); pits of achene usually shallow; culms usually 6-8-

angled 16. E. elliptica.

Achenes Olivaceous (Ridgway Standard); pits of achene usually deep

with some of the cell-projections verrucose; culms 5-angled

17. E. tenuis var. verrucosa.

Culms flattened; scales of spikelets (except sometimes in var. atrata) with
conspicuously whitened, often bifid, acuminate tips.

Scales chestnut brown 18. E. compressa.

Scales conspicuously blackened 18a. E. compressa var. atrata.

Culms capillary, diffusely spreading; scales obtuse; style base narrow-
conic, about twice as long as wide; achenes finely pitted in longitudinal

lines I.E. intermedia.

Achenes 2-3 mm long; style base confluent with the apex of the achene, not form-
ing a tubercle.
Culms 1-2 mm in diameter, (2) 3-10 dm long, flattened, erect, or the sterile
ones reclining and often rooting at the tips; beak of achene about a third

as long as the body 19. E. rostellata.

Culms less than 1 mm wide, 0.5-3 dm high, scarcely flattened, erect; beak of
achene about a fourth as long as the body. . . 20. E. pauciflora var. Fernaldii.

200

Cyperaceae

Eleocharis

Map 382

Eleocharis Rob bin si i Oakes

o 50

Map 383

Eleocharis oh vacea Torr.

Map 384

Eleocharis geniculate (U R. & S.

1. Eleocharis equisetoides (Ell.) Torr. (Eleocharis interstincta of
authors.) Knotted Spikerush. Map 380. In shallow water on the sandy
bottoms of some of our northern lakes.

Mass. to Fla. and Tex. and inland to Mich., Wis., and Mo.

2. Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) R. & S. var. crassior Fern.
(Rhodora 37: 393. 1935.) (Eleocharis mutata of Britton and Brown,
Illus. Flora, ed. 2, not Scirpus mutatus L. and Eleocharis quadrangulata
of Indiana authors, not Scirpus quadrangulatus Michx.) Angled Spike-
rush. Map 381. In sandy or mucky soil in shallow water or on the
borders of lakes, ponds, and sinkholes.

Mass. to s. Ont., southw. to Ga., Tex., and Mexico.

3. Eleocharis Robbinsii Oakes. Robbins Spikerush. Map 382. In
marly soil on the borders of lakes. This species apparently does not fruit
every year and it may be more frequent in Indiana than our records
indicate.

N. S. and s. N. B. to Fla., chiefly along the Coastal Plain, and westw.
through cent. N. Y. to Mich., Ind., and Ont.

4. Eleocharis olivacea Torr. (Eleocharis flaccida (Reichenb.) Urban
var. olivacea (Torr.) Fern. & Grisc. Rhodora 37: 155. 1935.) Bright
Green Spikerush. Map 383. Wet, sandy or muddy, marl borders of
lakes.

N. S., Ont. to Mich., southw. to Fla., Pa., Ohio, and Ind.

5. Eleocharis geniculata (L.) R. & S. (Rhodora 41: 50-52. 1939.)
(Eleocharis capitata R. Br. and Eleocharis caribaea (kottb.) Blake.) Map
384. In wet, marl borders of lakes and in dried-up sloughs. In addition
to the counties shown on the map, it is known in the Great Lakes area
only from Washtenaw County, in southeastern Michigan and from south-
ern Ontario.

Eleocharis

Cyperaceae

201

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

o 1

(r 1

— 1 —

Dec.f

i ' —

/ Miles

Eleo

char

r\ 7

a (Roth

3 50

Map 385
1R.&S.

Eleocharis intermedia

Map 386

Schultes

Map 387

Eleocharis obtusa (WilldJ Schultes

6. Eleocharis ovata (Roth) R. & S. OVOID Spikerush. Map 385. My
only specimen was collected in the bottom of a dried-up dredged ditch about
4 miles southeast of Conrad in Newton County and determined by H. K.
Svenson. It has been reported from Lake and Porter Counties by Peattie
but I have not seen a specimen.

Local from Newf . and e. Que. to Maine, Vt., Conn., and Mass. ; also in
Mich., Wis., Minn., and Wash.

7. Eleocharis intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes. (Rhodora41: 67. 1939.)
Matted Spikerush. Map 386. Muddy borders of ponds and lakes, wet,
marl borders of lakes, and in the outlets of springs.

Que. to w. Ont., southw. to N. J., Pa., Ohio, and Iowa.

8. Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes. Blunt Spikerush. Map 387.
Throughout the state in muddy or wet places in almost all habitats, prin-
cipally in ditches, sloughs, swamps, and ponds and on the borders of
streams and lakes.

The species is variable and my no. 45541 from Monroe County and no.
24288 from Posey County are here cited as exceptional plants.

Cape Breton and e. N. B. to Nebr., southw. to the Gulf of Mexico;
appearing again in the northwest from B. C. to Calif. ; also in the Hawaiian
Islands.

8a. Eleocharis obtusa var. ellipsoidalis Fern. (Rhodora 31: 218. 1929.)
I have a specimen from a tamarack bog in La Porte County that Svenson
refers to this variety.

E. Mass. to Va. and Ind.

9. Eleocharis Engelmanni Steud. Engelmann Spikerush. Map 388.
In muddy places in roadside ditches and on the muddy borders of artificial
and natural ponds.

S. Maine to Va., westw. through Ind., Tenn., and Mo. to Okla.

202

Cyperaceae

Eleocharis

o IS

Map 388

Eleocharis Engelmanni Steud.

~30

Map 389

Eleocharis S ma 1 1 If Britton

Map 390

Eleocharis calva Torr.

o ~50

Map 391
Eleocharis aciculan's R.&S.
var. typica Swenson

Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.

May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.

N. -

*T )

i-L

fl^

^ J ,

"1— h

\J/ Miles

~^5

Map 392

Eleocharis Wolfii A.Gray

[ °

1 H

Feb.

( A

Mar.
Apr.
May

3 1 —

June

-J,

July
Aug

Sept.
Oct.

Nov.

- k

Dec.f-

■ —

Miles

Map 393
Eleocharis melanocarpa Torr.

9a. Eleocharis Engelmanni f. detonsa (Gray) Svenson. (Eleocharis
Engelmanni var. detonsa Gray.) My specimen was collected in a field 2
miles northwest of Culver on the muddy border of a pond, where it was
frequent. Also collected by E. J. Hill in La Porte County.

Mass., Pa., Mich., Ind., 111. and Ariz.

10. Eleocharis Smallii Britton. (Eleocharis palustris in part, of Gray,
Man., ed. 7 and of Indiana authors.) Small's Spikerush. Map 389. In
muddy, peaty or wet, sandy places in ditches, sloughs, ponds, marshes, and
like habitats on the borders of streams and lakes.

Sw. N. S. to Mich, and Nebr., southw. to Del., Pa., Ind., 111., and Mo.

11. Eleocharis calva Torr. (Eleocharis palustris var. calva (Torr.)
Gray and Eleocharis palustris var. glaucescens of Indiana authors.) Map
390. In muddy, sandy or peaty soil in ditches, sloughs, and marshes and

Eleocharis Cyperaceae 203

on the borders of streams and lakes. In wet, stony or gravelly places
along the Ohio River and in springy, marl borders of some lakes.

Que. to Alberta and Wash., southw. to Fla. and Okla., and n. Mex. ; also
in Hawaii and e. Asia.

12. Eleocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. var. typica Svenson. Needle
Spikerush. Map 391. In the muddy or sandy bottoms or borders of
ditches, sloughs, streams, and lakes. Sometimes on the springy marl
borders of lakes.

Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Fla. and Okla.

13. Eleocharis Wolfii Gray. Wolf's Spikerush. Map 392. My only
specimens were found in Jefferson County in low, flat clearings about 31/2
miles southwest of Hanover and 3 miles southeast of Hanover.

Ind. to Kans. and La.

14. Eleocharis melanocarpa Torr. Black-fruited Spikerush. Map
393. Wet or moist, sandy borders of marshes and sloughs.

Atlantic coast from Mass. to Texas, and in nw. Ind.

15. Eleocharis microcarpa Torr. var. filiculmis Torr. (Rhodora 39: 228-
229. 1937.) (Eleocharis Torreyana Boeckl.) Map 394. Our only specimens
were found in moist sand in the bottom of a roadside ditch about 2 miles
southeast of Tefft in Jasper County.

Atlantic coast from Conn, to Fla. and Tex. ; also in Cuba.

16. Eleocharis elliptica Kunth. (Rhodora 41: 65. 1939.) (Eleocharis
capitata var. borealis Svenson. Rhodora 34: 200-202. 1932.) Map 395.
This sedge seems to have a wide distribution in the state. In the lake area
it is found in strongly marl borders of lakes and elsewhere in moist prairie
habitats.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to N. J., Tenn., Ind., and 111.

17. Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schultes var. verrucosa (Svenson) Sven-
son. (Rhodora 41 : 66. 1939.) (Eleocharis capitata var. verrucosa Svenson
and Eleocharis tenuis of authors.) Map 396. For the most part, our
specimens are from wet, hard, clay soil of the borders of ponds and wet
woods. Our Jasper County specimen is from a wet, interdunal flat.

Va., Ind., 111. to Ark. and Okla., southw. to La.

18. Eleocharis compressa Sulliv. (Eleocharis acuminata (Muhl.)
Nees.) Map 397. I have only three specimens from Indiana and these are
from a wide range of distance and kinds of habitats. The Ohio County
specimen was found on the slope of the bank of the Ohio River, the
specimen from Tipton County is from a wet, prairie habitat along the
railroad just west of Goldsmith, and the specimen from Wabash County
was found on the border of a small lake. It has been reported from Lake
and St. Joseph Counties, but I have not seen the specimens.

W. Que. to Sask. and B. C, southw. to Ga., Okla., and the Pacific States.

204

Cyperaceae

Eleocharis

0" 50

Map 394
Eleocharis microcarpa
var. filiculmfs Torr.

Map 395
Eleocharis elliplica Kunlh

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

1 D

■ ' —

1 [ D

-/Mja °M . '

Miles

Map 396

Eleocharis tenuis IWilld.) Schultes

var. verrucosa (Sven.l Sven.

1
1

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

t r±

r 1

-■"i

Dec f-

i ' —

L/ Miles

Ele

ocha

ris

compress

Map 397

i Soil.

2
2
2
2

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

\ D D

D B

D D

r 1

Dec.f-

1 '

/ Miles

Elc

och

iris

\ /

stellata

1 50

Map 398
Torr.

o ~~ 3o
Map 399
Eleocharis pauciflora (LightJ Link
var. Fernaldii Svenson

18a. Eleocharis compressa var. atrata Svenson. (Rhodora 34: 218.
1932.) Under his description of this variety Svenson refers to it Bebb's
specimen no. 2048 from Lake County which is in the herbarium of the
University of Wisconsin. There is also a specimen in the Field Museum
collected by Lansing near Indiana Harbor in 1903. It is labeled Eleocharis
acuminata (Muhl.) Nees.

N. Mich., and Wis., southw. to N. Y., Pa., and Ind.

19. Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Beaked Spikerush. Map 398. Springy
marshes and wet, marl borders of lakes.

N. S. to Fla., chiefly in salt marshes along the coast ; rare inland, becom-
ing common in the alkaline regions of the West; also in Bermuda, Cuba,
and Mex.

20. Eleocharis pauciflora (Lightf.) Link var. Fernaldii Svenson. Rho-
dora 36: 380. 1934.) (Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf.) Few-flowered Spike-
rush. Map 399. This sedge prefers the wet or moist, marly borders of

Fimbristylis

Cyperaceae

205

Miles

Map 400

Fimbristylis puberula (Michx.) Vahl

Map 401

Fimbristylis autumnalis (UR.&S.
var. mucronulata (Michx) Fern.

o 50

Map 402

Stenophyllus capillaris (L ) Britton

lakes and, where such a habitat occurs, it is often found in nearly pure
stands over large areas. It is also found in a few marshes and along the
borders of some of the sloughs in Lake County. It has been reported also
from Newton County.

Newf. to Que., southw. to n. N. E., N. Y., Ind., and 111.

471. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl

Stigmas 2; achenes lenticular.

Scales of spikelets, at least the lower ones, puberulent or minutely pubescent; achenes
slightly obovoid, truncate, about 1.5 mm long, longitudinally pitted, grayish.

1. F. puberula.

Scales of spikelets glabrous, glossy. (See excluded species no. 94, p. 1031)

F. castanea.

Stigmas 3; achenes 3-angled, colorless.
Umbels usually simple, sometimes compound ; spikelets ovoid ; achenes about 0.75 mm

long. (See excluded species no. 93, p. 1031) F. autumnalis.

Umbels mostly compound; spikelets linear; achenes about 0.5 mm long

2. F. autumnalis var. mucronulata.

1. Fimbristylis puberula (Michx.) Vahl. Map 400. In moist, sandy
soil in an interdunal flat habitat. It must be very local since I have seen it
only three times.

Southern N. Y. to Fla. and La., and from Ont., Mich., Ind., and 111. to
Kans. and Tex.

2. Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) R. & S. var. mucronulata (Michx.)
Fern. (Rhodora 37: 398. 1935.) {Fimbristylis autumnalis of some
authors.) Map 401. Moist, sandy, and muddy shores of lakes, sloughs, and
streams and in ditches.

This is a highly variable species both as to habit and morphological char-
acters. When growing in the mud or in moist sand, the plant may be short
and the umbels simple. When growing in its preferred habitat or among
vegetation it may be 8-12 inches high. The margins of the leaves may be
entire or rather closely serrate. The achenes may be plainly reticulated

206

Cyperaceae

Bulbostylis

o 5o

Map 403

Psilocarya nitens(Vahl)Wood

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

r °

L .

D -i
P

1 J

{

1 l

_~L

i | I
• ' —

Miles

Map 404

Psilocarya scirpoides Torr,

Cladfum mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr.

crosswise or very faintly so, varying somewhat in length, and free of
tubercles or covered with them more or less all over the surface. I have
not seen a specimen of the typical form of this species and the data given
in the key have been obtained from published studies. Doubtless all Indiana
plants belong to this variety.

Conn, to 111., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

471 A. BULBOSTYLIS [Kunth] C. B. Clarke

''Plant bearing crowded sessile spikelets at the bases of the leaves; spikelets of the
terminal umbel rather crowded, 3-10 mm long, longer than their pedicels" (Rhodora
40: 395. 1938) 1. B. capillaris.

Plant not bearing sessile spikelets at the base of the leaves; lateral spikelets of umbels

2.5-6 mm long, shorter than the pedicels; pedicels unequal, 0.1-10 mm long

la. B. capillaris var. crebra.

1. Bulbostylis capillaris (L) C. B. Clarke. (Rhodora 40: 395. 1938.)
(Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britt.) This change of name came too late
to change the name on the map. Map 402. I have the typical form of this
species from Elkhart, Kosciusko, Lagrange, St. Joseph, and Starke Coun-
ties. The map shows both the typical form and the variety.

This plant is infrequent in the northern part of the state and rare in the
southern part. It is found in very dry, sandy soil, usually in fallow fields
and clearings, on open, sandy knolls and dunes, and the variety sometimes
in residual soil on the crests of sandstone ridges and on cliffs.

Southern Maine to Minn., southw. to Va. and Mo.

la. Bulbostylis capillaris var. crebra Fern. (Rhodora 40: 395. 1938.)
This variety has the same habitat as that of the species and ranges through-
out the state. Only thorough field study will convince me that this variety
is distinct in Indiana.

Md. to s. 111., southw. to Ga., Ala., Ark., and Tex.

Psilocarya

CYPERACEAE

207

Jan.
Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

Dec

■^ D S HD

1 ' (

— i

H-J

KS^

r — '

- J \\

Miles

Map 406

Rhynchospora alba (LJ Vahl

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

Dec.

m^t

) ° °

/ DP

--CT"

i H

i^jV

pLL

1 —

Miles

Map 407

Rhynchospora capillacea Torr

472. PSILOCARYA Ton.

Tubercle short, merely capping the achene, its greatest height much less than 0.5 mm;

achene strongly transversely wrinkled 1. P. nitens.

Tubercle sword-shaped, more than 0.5 mm long; achene not strongly transversely

wrinkled 2.. P. scirpoides.

1. Psilocarya nitens (Vahl) Wood. Map 403. In sandy soil on the
borders of sloughs. My only specimen is one collected by Umbach on the
border of a slough at Dune Park, Porter County, in 1899. Evidently it is
very local.

Atlantic coast from Long Island, N. Y. to Fla. and along the Gulf to Tex.
and along Lake Michigan in Ind.

2. Psilocarya scirpoides Torr. Map 404. This species is local but com-
mon to abundant where found. It grows in wet, sandy soil in marshes and
on the borders of sloughs and lakes.

Mass. to R. I. and in n. Ind.

489. CLADIUM P. Br.

1. Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. (Rhodora 25: 49. 1923.) Map

405. Rather frequent or locally common where found in the lake area in
shallow water and on the wet borders of lakes and in marshes and springy
places. It is usually found in very marly places.

N. S. to Ont. to Sask. and Minn., southw. to Fla., Ky., and Iowa.

492. RHYNCHOSPORA Vahl Beakrush

Mature achenes (exclusive of tubercle) 4.5-6 mm long.

Bristles longer than the achene 1- R- macrostachya.

Bristles shorter than the achene 2. R. cornicalata var. interior.

Mature achenes (exclusive of tubercle) less than 4 mm long.

Achenes transversely wrinkled; bristles upwardly barbed 3. R. cymosa.

Achenes smooth; bristles downwardly barbed or smooth.

Scales of spikelets (when fresh) white or nearly so, becoming tawny with age;

208 Cyperaceae Rhynchospora

spikelets in terminal and axillary corymbose heads, perfecting only one flower;

stamens 2; bristles 9-12 (20) 4. R. alba.

Scales of spikelets chestnut color; spikelets perfecting more than one flower;

stamens 3; bristles (5, rarely more.
Leaves all filiform; spikelets 3-6 in terminal clusters.

Bristles barbed 5. R. capillacea.

Bristles not barbed 5a. R. capillacea f. leviseta.

Leaves wider, flat; spikelets numerous in clusters or heads.

Bristles barbed 6. R. glomerata var. minor.

Bristles not barbed 6a. R. glomerata var. minor f. discutiens.

1. Rhynchospora macrostachya Torr. (Rynchospora corniculata in part,
of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Map 412. Very local in a few
counties of the lake area on the sedge borders of lakes and sloughs.

Mass. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

2. Rhynchospora corniculata (Lam.) Gray var. interior Fern. (Rho-
dora 20 : 140. 1918.) Map 409. This is a tall, coarse sedge found growing in
wet woods and roadside ditches in a few of the Ohio River counties. Very
local.

Ind., southw. to Ala., Ark., and Tex.

3. Rhynchospora cymosa Ell. Map 410. This species has been reported
from Lake and Porter Counties. In the herbarium of the University of
Wisconsin there are 2 sheets from Lake County and 4 sheets from Porter
County collected by Umbach. These specimens were found in wet, sandy
soil along sloughs and in bogs.*

N. J., Pa. to 111., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

4. Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. Map 406. Mostly in the lake area.
Infrequent in sedge marshes and bogs, usually on the borders of lakes.

Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Fla., Ky., and in n. Calif.

5. Rhynchospora capillacea Torr. Map 407. Local in marly, springy
places in the lake area, usually associated with the preceding species and
with Scleria vertidllata.

N. B., e. Que. to w. Ont., southw. to N. J., Pa., Ohio, Ind., and Mo.

5a. Rhynchospora capillacea f . leviseta (E. J. Hill) Fem. (Rhodora 37 :
252. 1935.) Map 408. Local in a few of the northern counties. Usually
found on marly borders of lakes and in interdunal flats.

Maine, Ont., Mich., and Ind.

6. Rhynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl var. minor Britt. (Rhodora 37:
401-402. 1935. ) (Rynchospora glomerata of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Britton
and Brown, lllus. Flora, ed. 2.) Map 411. Infrequent in wet or moist sedge
borders of lakes and in interdunal flats. This is our most common species
of this genus and at a short distance it might be confused with Cladium
mariscoides but the latter is much stiffer in habit.

N. B. to Ont. and Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

* Collected in Newton County in H»38 by Madge McKee in swampy land about 3
miles northwest of Morocco. Specimen in her herbarium.

Scleria

Cyperaceae

209

Map 409
Rhynchospora corniculata
var. interior Fern.

o 50

Map 412

Rhynchospora macrostachya Torr.

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

i (

— t—

Dec.j-

i
■ ' —

/ Miles

Rhynch

ospora

y>\ jo so

Map 410
cymosa Ell.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

-I

Dec. f-

i
i ' —

D Pi" I ,

-/ Miles

:len

)

\ H /

sntha I 1

Map 413

/lichx.

Map 41
Rhynchospora glomerata
var. minor Britt.

G,/ -

—

Jan.
Feb.
Mar.

L
H
H

T d

P J

d r

V-

Apr.

D J H

irt

i —

h i

—

May
June

July

■

Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.

r 1

Dec.f- —

> ' —

J Miles

o 50

{s^$ x< ^S^ii> Map 414

Scleria reticularis Michx.

6a. Rhynchospora glomerata var. minor f. discutiens (Clarke) Fern.
(Rhodora 37: 402-403. 1935.) This form has been seen from only Lake,
Porter, and Starke Counties. The habitat is that of the species.

N. J. to Ind. and southw.

515. SCLERIA Bergius Nutrush

Achenes smooth, ovoid, about 3 mm long including the basal disk (hypogynium) .

Hypogynium entirely covered with a white crust 1. S. triglomerata.

Hypogynium naked at the base, supporting about 9 very short tubercles just below

the achene 2. S. oligantha.

Achenes not smooth, spheroidal, 1.5-2 mm long (2.5 mm long in Scleria setacea).
Achenes irregularly papillose or warty, or transversely wrinkled.

Culms, leaves, and scales densely pubescent 3. S. panciflora var. caroliniana.

Culms, leaves, and scales essentially glabrous 4. S. verticillata.

Achenes irregularly pitted.

Surface of achene glabrous; achenes 2 mm or less in length; lobes of hypogynium
emarginate or cleft, somewhat obtuse; culms usually erect; peduncles sessile
or short ' 5. S. reticularis.

210

Cyperaceae

Scleria

Map 415

scleria setacea

Map 416

Scleria triglomerata Michx.

0~~ -^S
Map 417

Scleria verticillata Muhl.

Surface of achene more or less pubescent; achenes 2-2.5 mm long; lobes of hypo-
gynium acute or acuminate; culms spreading; axillary peduncles long and
filiform, the spikelets usually drooping 6. S. setacea.

1. Scleria triglomerata Michx. Map 416. Very local and only a few
plants found at a place. It grows in moist, sandy soil in prairie habitats or
in marshes.

Vt. to Ont. and Wis., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

2. Scleria oligantha Michx. Map 413. On dry rocky, open, wooded
slopes in three of the Ohio River counties. Very local and only a few
plants found.

D. C, Va. to Ind. and Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

3. Scleria pauciflora Muhl. var. caroliniana (Willd.) Wood. Fassett
(Rhodora 35: 202. 1933) writes that two collections from Miller and three
from Dune Park in the herbarium of the University of Wisconsin named
Scleria pauciflora Muhl. should be referred to the variety. I have seen
these specimens and I agree with Fassett. I have this variety also from
Jasper County.

Mass. to Ga. along the coast, cent. N. Y., Ohio, and Ind. to Mo.

4. Scleria verticillata Muhl. Map 417. Infrequent to frequent in marly
marshes throughout the lake area. It is rather inconspicuous and is often
overlooked, although where it is found it usually forms a dense stand. The
report by Core (Brittonia 2: 23. 1936) for Chase from Shelby County
should be referred to Shelby, Lake County. Mrs. Chase wrote me that she
had never collected in Shelby County.

Mass., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Tex., Mex., and W. I.

5. Scleria reticularis Michx. Map 414. In damp or wet, sandy soil in a
few marshes of northwestern Indiana. Very local. This species was
erroneously cited by Core (Brittonia 2 : 82. 1936) as having been collected
in Greene County by Nieuwland. Nieuwland's specimens of the number

>cleria Cyperaceae 211

ited by Core in the herbarium of the University of Notre Dame are from
'orter County.
Mass. to Fla., and in n. Ind.

6. Scleria setacea Poir. (Scleria reticularis var. pubescens Britt.) Map
15. There is a specimen in the herbarium of the University of Wisconsin
ollected by Umbach in 1908 near Dune Park, Porter County, which I am
ef erring to this species. This specimen has the pubescent achenes and
he long, filiform peduncles of the lateral spikelets but the lobes of the
ypogynium are not acute or only scarcely so. Witmer Stone, in his "Flora
f Southern New Jersey," on page 284 says : "The width of the leaves and
iubescence of the achenes are characters which are very variable." The
ize of the achenes of our plants is about the same as those of S. reticu-
iris. While the achenes of typical S. reticularis are glabrous, sometimes
n achene is found which has a trace of pubescence which is a character
f S. setacea.

This species is somewhat frequent on the moist or dry, sandy border of
lie west end of the second marsh from the north side of section 2 and on
hie east side of this section about 2i/ 2 miles southeast of Tefft, Jasper
bounty. It is closely associated with S. triglomerata Michx. and S. pauci-
lora var. caroliniana (Willd.) Wood. This is an interdunal marsh between
ather low sand hills which are covered with black oak. The marsh is
overed with Calamagrostis canadensis. Besides the Sclerias already named,
n the border of this marsh are found also Hypericum adpressum and
'anicum verrucosum. This marsh and others nearby are noted for the
umber of Coastal Plain plants found in them.

Conn, to the Great Lakes and Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; also in
lex., W. I., and Cent. Amer.

212 Cyperaceae Carex

525. CAREX [Dill.] L. Sedge*

A genus of nearly 2000 species and the largest genus of vascular plants
in Indiana. Few species have any economic value but the ecological role
of the genus is of great importance. The species of marshes and muddy
borders of lakes which form extensive colonies, and to some extent the
less gregarious species, comprise an essential step in the successional stages
from open water to the culmination in climax forest or prairie. Much of
the fertile soils of our region today would still be barren mudflats were it
not for the part played by these sedges in the conversion of the once vast
boggy areas into a turf, thus enabling less hydrophytic plants to become
established and add further to the fertility of the soil.

For the identification of species in this genus it is nearly always neces-
sary to have a specimen with ripe fruit (perigynia) and as a rule the
roots are also essential. In the key closely related species have been grouped
for convenience into sections, roughly corresponding in size to most of the
genera in other groups. After only a slight acquaintance with the sedges
of an area it is generally possible to recognize at sight the group or section
to which an unknown species belongs, especially since a few of the sections
(Ovales, Bracteosae, Laxiflorae, Acutae, and Lupulinae) will include the
great majority of the individuals found in the field.

The most recent and exhaustive treatment of the species of Carex in our
area is K. K. Mackenzie's monograph in North American Flora 18 : 1-478.
1931-35. In the following account this monograph has been freely used in
the preparation of the keys and in giving distribution.

NATURAL KEY TO THE SECTIONS OF INDIANA CARICES

Stigmas two; achenes lenticular; spikes usually bisexual, the lateral sessile

Subgenus Vignea.

Stigmas three; achenes triangular; or if stigmas two and achenes lenticular, the

lateral spikes peduncled; spikes normally unisexual Subgenus Eu-Carex.

Subgenus Vignea

Terminal or all spikes androgynous; perigynia not subterete.

Culms arising singly or few together from long-creeping rootstocks.

Heads elongate, 2-7 cm long; culms not branching; perigynia thin- or wing-
margined; not plants of sphagnum bogs.
Perigynia thin- but not wing-margined, ovate-orbicular, thick-plano-convex,
3.4-5 mm long; spikes all androgynous; plants of wet habitats

1. § INTERMEDIAE, p. 218.

Perigynia narrowly wing-margined, oblong-lanceolate, plano-convex, 4.75-6 mm
long; lowest spikes usually pistillate, the middle staminate, and terminal

androgynous; plants of dry sandy habitats 2. § Arenariae, p. 218.

Heads ovoid, 0.5-1.2 cm long; culms becoming decumbent and branching; perigynia
neither thin- nor wing-margined, oblong-obovate, thick-plano-convex, 2.5-3.75

mm long; plants of sphagnum bogs 3. § Chordorrhizae, p. 219.

Culms cespitose, the rootstocks sometimes short-prolonged with short internodes but
not long-creeping.
Perigynia abruptly contracted into the beak; culms not flaccid and not flattening
in drying.
Spikes few (generally 10 or fewer), usually greenish. .4. § Bracteosae, p. 219.

* Contributed by Frederick J. Hermann, University of Michigan.

Carex Cyperaceae 213

Spikes numerous, yellowish or brownish at maturity; leaf sheaths often red-
dotted ventrally.
Perigynia plano-convex, thin, yellowish; bracts mostly much exceeding the
spikes ; leaf sheaths usually transversely rugulose ventrally

5. § MULTIFLORAE, p. 224.

Perigynia thick-plano-convex or unequally biconvex, brown; bracts mostly

shorter than the spikes; leaf sheaths not transversely rugulose

6. § Paniculatae, p. 225.

Perigynia tapering into the beak or, if abruptly contracted, culms flaccid and

flattening in drying 7. § Vulpinae, p. 226.

Terminal or all spikes gynaecandrous or, if androgynous, perigynia subterete and
spikes 1-3-flowered.
Perigynia without winged margins, at most thin-edged.
Perigynia 2-4 mm long.

Perigynia not thin-edged, ascending or appressed, elliptic

8. § Heleonastes, p. 229.

Perigynia thin-edged, spreading, ovoid, usually broadest below the middle

9. § Stellulatae, p. 230.

Perigynia 4-5 mm long, narrowly lanceolate, appressed. .10. § Deweyanae, p. 232.
Perigynia with winged margins 11. § Ovales, p. 232.

Subgenus Eu-Carex
Style articulated with the achene, at length deciduous; achenes apiculate or blunt at
the apex; perigynia closely enveloping the achenes or moderately inflated.
Spikes solitary, androgynous; perigynia beakless, rounded at the apex, glabrous.

12. § POLYTRICHOIDEAE, p. 237.

Spikes one to many, when one the perigynia not as above.

Lower pistillate scales bractlike; achenes rounded at the apex, strongly con-
stricted at the base 13. § Phyllostachyae, p. 238.

Lower pistillate scales not bractlike; achenes apiculate-tipped, not strongly con-
stricted at the base.
Achenes with sides convex above, closely enveloped by the perigynia; bracts

sheathless, scalelike or setaceous 14. § Montanae, p. 238.

Achenes with flat or concave sides; bracts from sheathless to long-sheathing.
Achenes closely enveloped by the perigynia; bracts, when present, strongly
sheathing.
Perigynia pubescent or puberulent, at least at the base of the beak.
Bracts either reduced to sheaths or absent.

Culms not dioecious; spikes more than one; bracts bladeless

15. § DlGITATAE, p. 242.

Culms dioecious; spike solitary, bractless 16. § Pictae, p. 243.

Bracts with well-developed blades 17. § Triquetrae, p. 243.

Perigynia glabrous 18. § Albae, p. 243.

Achenes not closely enveloped by the perigynia except at the base.

Bracts long-sheathing (except in C. prasina of § Gracillimae, a species with
sharply triangular perigynia which are long- and flat-beaked, nerveless
except for the prominent lateral pair of nerves) ; achenes triangular
(except in § Bicolores, species with pulverulent or golden yellow
perigynia) .
Beak of perigynium entire, emarginate, or obliquely cut and at length
bidentate.
Pistillate spikes short, oblong to linear, erect or, if drooping, the
perigynia acutely triangular.

Achenes lenticular; stigmas two 19. § Bicolores, p. 244.

Achenes triangular; stigmas three.

Perigynia with few to many strongly raised nerves.

Perigynia tapering at the base, triangular; achenes usually
closely enveloped.

214 Cyperaceae Carex

Rootstocks elongate, producing long horizontal stolons

20. § Paniceae, p. 244.

Rootstocks not elongate, not producing long horizontal stolons.

21. § Laxiflorae, p. 246.

Perigynia rounded at the base, suborbicular in cross section;

achenes loosely enveloped 22. § Granulares, p. 250.

Perigynia with numerous fine impressed nerves.

Perigynia tapering at the base, constricted at the apex, obtusely

triangular; achenes closely enveloped

23. § Oligocarpae, p. 251.

Perigynia rounded at both ends, orbicular or orbicular-triangular

in cross section 24. § Griseae, p. 252.

Pistillate spikes elongate, linear to cylindric, slender-peduncled, the
lower drooping.
Perigynia beakless or short-beaked; terminal spike gynaecandrous

(except in C. prasina, and rarely in C. gracillima)

25. § Gracillimae, p. 253.

Perigynia conspicuously beaked; terminal spike staminate (rarely
with a few perigynia at the base).
Pistillate spikes narrowly linear, 3-4 mm wide; culms strongly

reddish-tinged at the base, aphyllopodic

26. § Sylvaticae, p. 254.

Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, 8-10 mm wide; culms not strongly

reddish-tinged at the base, phyllopodic

27. § Longirostres, p. 255.

Beak of perigynium bidentate 28. § Extensae, p. 256.

Bracts sheathless or very short-sheathing (rarely the lowest long-sheathing
in C. lasiocarpa of § Hirtae) .
Perigynia or foliage (especially the sheaths) or both pubescent.

Beak of perigynium at most shallowly bidentate; styles very short,

thickish, leaves not septate-nodulose 29. § Virescentes, p. 257.

Beak of perigynium strongly bidentate; styles long, slender; leaves

septate-nodulose 30. § Hirtae, p. 258.

Perigynia and foliage not pubescent.
Achenes triangular; stigmas three.

Perigynia strongly beaked, scabrous 30a. § Anomalae, p. 259.

Perigynia beakless or short-beaked, not scabrous.

Perigynia transversely corrugated 31. § Shortianae, p. 259.

Perigynia not transversely corrugated, papillate.

Terminal spike staminate; roots closely clothed with a yellowish

felt 32. § Limosae, p. 260.

Terminal spike gynaecandrous; roots not clothed with a yellowish

felt 33. § Atratae, p. 260.

Achenes lenticular; stigmas two.

Achenes not constricted in the middle; pistillate scales obtuse to

acuminate 34. § Acutae, p. 260.

Achenes constricted in the middle; pistillate scales long-awned

35. § Cryptocarpae, p. 262.

Style not articulated, continuous with the achene, persistent, indurated; perigynia mod-
erately to strongly inflated (only slightly so in some species of § Paludosae and
§ Pseudo-Cyperi) .
Perigynia many-nerved, lanceolate, tapering into the beak.

Spikes solitary, androgynous; perigynia widely spreading or reflexed, early de-
ciduous; leaf blades involute, 0.5 mm wide 35a. § Orthocerate., p. 263.

Spikes several; perigynia ascending, not early deciduous; leaf blades flat, 5-15 mm

wide 36. § Folliculatae, p. 263.

Perigynia strongly ribbed, usually broader, generally abruptly contracted into the
beak.

Carex Cyperaceae 215

Perigynia finely and closely ribbed 37. § Pseudo-Cyperi, p. 263.

Perigynia coarsely ribbed.
Perigynia subcoriaceous; foliage or perigynia or both sometimes pubescent.

38. § Paludosae, p. 264.

Perigynia membranaceous; foliage and perigynia not pubescent (except peri-
gynia sometimes hispidulous in C. Grayii of § Lupulinae).
Perigynia obconic or broadly obovoid, truncately contracted into a long subu-
late beak 39. § Squarrosae, p. 266.

Perigynia from lanceolate to ovoid or globose-ovoid, not truncately contracted.

Perigynia 7-10 mm long; achenes 2-3 mm long, 1.25-2.5 mm wide

40. § Vesicariae, p. 267.

Perigynia 10-20 mm long; achenes 2.5-6 mm long, 2-4 mm wide

41. § Lupulinae, p. 269.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE SECTIONS OF INDIANA CARICES

Spike one.

Perigynia strongly inflated, sessile or nearly so, not becoming reflexed; pistillate

scales persistent 39. § Squarrosae, p. 266.

Perigynia not inflated.

Pistillate scales not foliaceous; perigynia not abruptly beaked.

Pistillate scales deciduous; perigynia stipitate, at least the lower reflexed at

maturity 35a. § Orthocerates, p. 263.

Pistillate scales persistent; perigynia not reflexed.

Perigynia rounded at the apex ; spike androgynous

12. § POLYTRICHOIDEAE, p. 237.

Perigynia abruptly tapering to a pointed, slightly bidenticulate apex; spike

entirely staminate or pistillate 16. § Pictae, p. 243.

Lower pistillate scales foliaceous; perigynia abruptly beaked

13. § Phyllostachyae, p. 238.

Spikes more than one.

Stigmas two; achenes lenticular.

Lateral spikes sessile, short; terminal spike usually androgynous or gynaecan-
drous. (Vignea.)
Culms arising singly or few together from long-creeping rootstocks; perigynia
not subterete.
Heads elongate, 2-7 cm long; culms not branching; perigynia thin- or wing-
margined; not plants of sphagnum bogs.
Perigynia thin- but not wing-margined, ovate orbicular, thick-plano-convex,

3-4.5 mm long; spikes all androgynous; plants of wet habitats

1. § Intermediae, p. 218.

Perigynia narrowly wing-margined, oblong-lanceolate, plano-convex, 4.75-6
mm long; lowest spikes usually pistillate, the middle staminate, and

terminal androgynous ; plants of dry sandy habitats

2. § Arenariae, p. 218.

Heads ovoid, 0.5-1.2 cm long; culms becoming decumbent and branching;
perigynia neither thin- nor wing-margined, oblong-obovate, thick-plano-
convex, 2.5-3.75 mm long; plants of sphagnum bogs

3. § Chordorrhizae, p. 219.

Culms cespitose, the rootstocks occasionally somewhat prolonged with short inter-
nodes but not long-creeping (except occasionally in C. disperma of § Heleon-
astes which has subterete perigynia).
Spikes androgynous, many-flowered; perigynia not subterete.

Perigynia abruptly contracted into the beak; culms not flaccid and not
flattening in drying.

Spikes few (generally 10 or fewer) , usually greenish

4. § Bracteosae, p. 219.

21G Cyperaceae Carex

Spikes numerous, yellowish or brownish at maturity; leaf sheaths often
red-dotted ventrally.
Perigynia plano-convex, thin, yellowish; bracts mostly much exceeding
the spikes; leaf sheaths usually transversely rugulose ventrally.

5. § MULT1FLORAE, p. 224.

Perigynia thick-plano-convex or unequally biconvex, brown; bracts
mostly shorter than the spikes ; leaf sheaths not transversely

rugulose 6. § Paniculatae, p. 225.

Perigynia tapering into the beak or, if abruptly contracted, culms flaccid and

flattening in drying 7. § Vulpinae, p. 226.

Spikes not androgynous or, if so, perigynia subterete and spikes only 1-3-
flowered.
Perigynia without winged margins, at most thin-edged.
Perigynia 2-4 mm long.

Perigynia not thin-edged, ascending or appressed, elliptic

8. § Heleonastes, p. 229.

Perigynia thin-edged, spreading, ovoid, usually broadest below the

middle 9. § Stellulatae, p. 230.

Perigynia 4-5 mm long, narrowly lanceolate, appressed

10. § Deweyanae, p. 232.

Perigynia with winged margins 11. § Ovales, p. 232.

Lateral spikes peduncled or, if sessile, elongate; terminal spike usually staminate.
(Eu-Carex.)
Style articulated with the achene, at length deciduous; perigynia not lustrous.
Lowest bract long-sheathing; perigynia pulverulent or golden yellow at ma-
turity 19. § Bicolores, p. 244.

Lowest bract sheathless or rarely short-sheathing, perigynia not pulverulent
or golden yellow.
Achenes not constricted in the middle; scales not long-awned, 1-nerved.

34. § Acutae, p. 260.

Achenes constricted in the middle; scales long-awned, 3-nerved

35. § Cryptocarpae, p. 262.

Style continuous with the achene, persistent, indurated; perigynia lustrous

40. § Vesicariae, p. 267.

Stigmas three; achenes triangular.
Perigynia pubescent or scabrous.

Style articulated with the achene, at length deciduous.

Achenes closely enveloped by the perigynia; bracts sheathless or nearly so.
Perigynia obtusely triangular or orbicular-triangular in cross section; plant

(except perigynia) glabrous 14. § Montanae, p. 238.

Perigynia sharply triangular; plant pubescent. . . . 17. § Triquetrae, p. 243.
Achenes not closely enveloped by the perigynia or, if so, the bracts strongly
sheathing.
Bracts sheathing, their blades absent or rudimentary; achenes closely en-
veloped by the perigynia 15. § Digitatae, p. 242.

Bracts with well-developed blades.

Bracts sheathless or the lower short-sheathing.
Perigynia pubescent.

Beak of perigynium at most shallowly bidentate; styles very short,

thickish; leaves not septate-nodulose. .29. § Virescentes, p. 257.

Beak of perigynium strongly bidentate; styles long, slender; leaves

septate-nodulose .' 30. § Hirtae, p. 258.

Perigynia scabrous 30a. § Anomalae, p. 259.

Bracts, at least the lower ones, long-sheathing.

Beak of perigynium not strongly bidentate ... 21. § Laxiflorae, p. 246.

Beak of perigynium strongly bidentate 30. ij Hirtae, p. 258.

Style not articulated, continuous with the achene, persistent, indurated.

Perigynia less than 1 cm long; spikes cylindric 38. § Paludosae, p. 264.

Carex Cyperaceae 217

Perigynia 1 cm long or longer; spikes globose

C. Grayii in 41. § Lupulinae, p. 269.

Perigynia glabrous.

Style articulated with the achene, at length deciduous.

Achenes strongly constricted at the base, rounded at the apex; lower pistillate

scales bractlike 13. § Phyllostachyae, p. 238.

Achenes not strongly constricted at the base, apiculate at the apex; lower
pistillate scales not bractlike.
Bracts long-sheathing, at least the lower ones.
Bracts bladeless or with rudimentary blades.

Leaf blades filiform 18. § Albae, p. 243.

Leaf blades not filiform 21. § Laxiflorae, p. 246.

Bracts with well-developed blades.

Foliage, especially the sheaths, pubescent or puberulent.

Perigynia beakless or short-beaked; terminal spike gynaecandrous
(rarely staminate in C. gracillima) . . .25. § Gracillimae, p. 253.

Perigynia conspicuously beaked; terminal spike staminate

26. § Sylvaticae, p. 254.

Foliage glabrous.

Beak of perigynium not bidentate, at most emarginate.

Pistillate spikes short, oblong to linear, erect or, if drooping, either
on long capillary peduncles or the perigynia acutely triangular.
Perigynia with few to many strongly raised nerves.

Perigynia tapering at the base, triangular, closely enveloping
the achenes.
Rootstocks elongate, often producing long horizontal stolons.

20. § Paniceae, p. 244.

Rootstocks not elongate, not producing long horizontal stol-
ons 21. § Laxiflorae, p. 246.

Perigynia rounded at the base, suborbicular in cross section,
loosely enveloping the achenes. .22. § Granulares, p. 250.
Perigynia with numerous fine impressed nerves.

Perigynia tapering at the base, constricted at the apex, obtusely

triangular, closely enveloping the achenes

23. § Oligocarpae, p. 251.

Perigynia rounded at both ends, orbicular to orbicular-tri-
angular in cross section 24. § Griseae, p. 252.

Pistillate spikes elongate, linear to cylindric, on slender peduncles,
the lower usually drooping; perigynia not acutely triangular.
Perigynia beakless or short-beaked; terminal spike gynaecan-
drous 25. § Gracillimae, p. 253.

Perigynia conspicuously beaked; terminal spike staminate.

Pistillate spikes narrowly linear, 3-4 mm wide; culms strongly

reddish-tinged at the base, aphyllopodic

26. § Sylvaticae, p. 254.

Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, 8-10 mm wide; culms not

strongly reddish-tinged at the base, phyllopodic

27. § Longirostres, p. 255.

Beak of perigynium bidentate.

Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, on slender drooping peduncles;

perigynia obliquely cut, at length bidentate

27. § Longirostres, p. 255.

Pistillate spikes suborbicular to short-oblong, on short erect or
ascending peduncles or sessile, perigynia equally bidentate.

28. § Extensae, p. 256.

Bracts (lower) sheath less or very short-sheathing.

Terminal spike staminate (in C. prasina occasionally bearing a few

218 Cyperaceae Carex

perigynia) ; perigynia appressed or ascending; leaf sheaths not sep-
tate-nodulose.
Perigynia rounded and minutely beaked at the apex; pistillate spikes

oblong, 1-2.5 cm long 32. § Limosae, p. 260.

Perigynia tapering into a beak neai'ly the length of the body; pistillate
spikes linear, 2-6 cm long. .C. prasina in 25. § Gracillimae, p. 253.
Terminal spike gynaecandrous.

Perigynia transversely corrugated 31. § Shortianae, p. 259.

Perigynia not transversely corrugated 33. § Atratae, p. 260.

Style persistent, indurated, continuous with the achene.

Perigynia subcoriaceous and firm 38. §Paludosae, p. 264.

Perigynia membranaceous.

Perigynia obconic or broadly obovoid, truncately contracted into the long,

subulate beaks 39. § Squarrosae, p. 266.

Perigynia from lanceolate to ovoid or globose-ovoid, not truncately con-
tracted.
Perigynia lanceolate or ovoid-lanceolate, tapering into the beak.

Perigynia many-nerved, slightly inflated, 3 mm wide or less, yellowish

green; achenes 3.5 mm long 36. § Folliculatae, p. 263.

Perigynia strongly ribbed, strongly inflated, ovoid-lanceolate, 3.5 mm
wide or more, green; achenes 5 mm long. .41. § Lupulinae, p. 269.
Perigynia broader, abruptly contracted into the beak, usually strongly
ribbed.

Perigynia finely and closely ribbed 37. § Pseudo-Cyperi, p. 263.

Perigynia coarsely ribbed.

Perigynia 7-10 mm long; achenes 2-3 mm long, 1.25-2.25 mm wide.

40. § Vesicariae, p. 267.

Perigynia 10-20 mm long; achenes 2.5-6 mm long, 2-4 mm wide.
41. § Lupulinae, p. 269.

1. § INTERMEDIAE

Perigynia ovate-orbicular, 2.5-3 mm long, 1.5-1.75 mm wide, abruptly contracted into
a beak about a fourth the length of the body 1. C. Sartwellii.

Perigynia elliptic, 4-4.5 mm long, 1-1.3 mm wide, very gradually long-beaked

la. C. Sartwellii var. stenorrhyncha .

1. Carex Sartwellii Dewey. Map 418. Occasional in marshes and marly
sloughs, more rarely in sandy ditches, in the northern half of the state;
becoming frequent in the dune area.

Ont. and w. N. Y. to B. C, southw. to 111., Mo., Nebr., and Colo.

la. Carex Sartwellii var. stenorrhyncha Hermann. (Rhodora 40: 78.
1938.) Map 418a. Known only from two localities, both in Lake County:
in a prairie marsh south of Sheffield St. and west of Calumet Ave., two
miles north of Hammond, Deam no. 53920 (Deam Herbarium) ; and on
a prairie east of Wolf Lake, Hermann no. 6052 (Type in Gray Herbarium).

2. § ARENARIAE

2. Carex siccata Dewey. (Carex foenea Willd., according to Svenson
in Rhodora 40: 325-329. 1938.) Map 419. Infrequent in the lake area in
dry open sandy soil and in open black oak woods.

Maine to Wash, and Mack., southw. to N. J., Ind, Nebr., and in the
mts. to Ariz.

Carex

Cyperaceae

219

Map 418

Carex Sartwelhi Dewe

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Mov

Dec

- r | i J

' —

Miles

Map 418a
Carex Sartwellii
var. stenorrhyncha Hermann

Carex siccata Dew

Map 419

3. § CHORDORRHIZAE

3. Carex chordorrhiza L. f. Map 420. A northern species reaching the
southern limit of its range in northern Indiana where it is rare. The two
Indiana collections are from very wet sphagnum bogs ; elsewhere in its
range it is found also on peaty borders of lakes. The Indiana stations are :
in a tamarack bog a mile south of Leesburg, Kosciusko County, and in an
open tamarack bog west of Goose Lake, Whitley County.

Lab. and Newf . to Keewatin, southw. to N. Y., Ind., Iowa, and Sask. ;
also in n. Eurasia.

4. § BRACTEOSAE

Sheaths tight, inconspicuously or not at all mottled with green and white or septate-
nodulose dorsally (except sometimes in C. Leavenwortkii) ; leaf blades 1-4.5 mm
wide.
Perigynia distended and spongy at the base, usually widely spreading or reflexed at
maturity.
Beaks of perigynia smooth, scarcely exceeding the acuminate, deciduous scales.

4. C. retro flexa.

Beaks of perigynia minutely serrulate, much exceeding the obtuse or somewhat
acute, persistent scales.
Stigmas long, slender, usually not twisted, light reddish; perigynium tapering

into the beak ; leaf blades 1-2 mm wide 5. C. rosea.

Stigmas short, stout, strongly twisted or contorted, deep red; perigynium
abruptly contracted into the beak.
Leaf blades 1.5-3 (averaging 2.5) mm wide; spikes with 6-20 perigynia;

perigynia 3.25-4.5 mm long 6. C. convoluta.

Leaf blades 1-1.75 (averaging 1) mm wide; spikes with 2-6 perigynia; peri-
gynia 2.25-3 mm long. (See excluded species no. 1, p. 271) . . . . C. radiata.
Perigynia not distended and spongy at the base, mostly ascending.
Inflorescence ovoid or oblong-ovoid; spikes densely capitate.
Scales much shorter than the bodies of the perigynia.

Perigynia broadest below the middle, round-tapering at the base, with raised

margins ventrally; beaks long, serrulate 7. C. cephalophora.

Perigynia broadest at the truncate-cordate base, flat ventrally; beaks short,

smooth 8. C. Leavenworthii.

Scales from little shorter to longer than the bodies of the perigynia.

220

Cyperaceae

Carex

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

-f

./ .

Dec. C

T '

1/ Miles

)rex

cho

rdorrhiza

Map 420

L.f.

—

Jan.

Feb

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

( r^

r 1

\j —

~\.

Dec (-

i ■ i —

/ Miles

f D [

arex

D J

ret

•v J

flexa M

Map 421

uhl.

5 35

Map 422

Carex rosea Schkuhr

Culms lax; perigynia faintly nerved dorsally; stigmas short.. .9. C. mesochorea.
Culms stiff, erect; perigynia generally strongly nerved to ribbed dorsally;

stigmas long, slender 10a. C. Muhlenbergii var. enervis.

Inflorescence oblong or linear-oblong to elongate and interrupted; spikes not
capitate.
Perigynia strongly nerved and low-convex ventrally, the margins usually slightly

raised 10. C. Muhlenbergii.

Perigynia nerveless or nerved only at the base ventrally, the margins not raised
at maturity.
Perigynia sessile, short-beaked, spreading, 3-3.5 mm long; bracts not broadly
dilated at the base; scales about the length of and narrower than the

bodies of the perigynia, cuspidate or short-aristate

10a. C. Muhlenbergii var. enervis.

Perigynia stipitate, long-beaked, ascending, 3.5-5 mm long; bracts broadly
dilated at the base; at least the lower scales exceeding and as wide as

the perigynia, long-awned. (See excluded species no. 2, p. 272)

C. austrina.

Sheaths loose, mottled with green and white and usually septate-nodulose dorsally; leaf

blades 4.5-8 (in C. aggregata rarely only 3) mm wide.

Perigynia not deep green at maturity, with border raised ventrally only above the

middle, the beak a fourth to a third the length of the ovate or suborbicular

body or, if longer, the ventral suture deep; spikes approximate in a cylindric

or ovoid head.

Perigynia ovate, tapering into the beak, typically smooth or faintly nerved

dorsally, beak very sharply bidentate, the teeth about 1 mm long; pistillate

scales mostly strongly awned; leaf blades rarely over 5 mm wide

11. C. gravida.

Perigynia broadly ovate to suborbicular, abruptly beaked, typically strongly ribbed
dorsally; beak less sharply bidentate, the teeth about 0.5 mm long; pistillate
scales mostly acuminate to short-awned; leaf blades often 6-8 mm wide....

11a. C. gravida var. Lunelliana.

Perigynia deep green, the beak a third the length of the ovate body or more or, if

rarely shorter, the ventral suture shallow.

Mature perigynia membranaceous, flat ventrally; leaf blades 3-7 mm wide; spikes

approximate or the lower separate.

Scales acute or somewhat obtuse, half the length of the bodies of the perigynia;

stigmas short; sheaths truncate at the mouth, the lower transversely

rugulose; perigynia narrowly ovate or even elliptic with a narrow, gradually

contracted beak; culms often slightly winged 12. C. cepJialoidea.

Carex

Cyperaceae

221

Map 423

Carex convoluta Mack,

Map 424

Carex cephalophora Muhl

o 50

Map 425

Carex Leavenworthii Dewey

Scales acuminate or short cuspidate (rarely merely acute), about the length of
the bodies of the perigynia; stigmas long and slender; sheaths concave
at the mouth, usually not at all transversely rugulose; culms sulcate and

white-striate up to the inflorescence, their angles usually smooth

13. C. aggregata.

Mature perigynia subcoriaceous, ovate, with border raised ventrally to the base,
abruptly contracted into a short, stout beak, culms sulcate and white-striate
only below, minutely winged or thin-margined up to the inflorescence, serrulate
on the angles; leaf blades 5-10 mm wide; lower sheaths usually transversely
rugulose; lower spikes usually separate; stigmas short and stout; scales short,
blunt to acute 14. C. s-parganioides.

4. Carex retroflexa Muhl. Map 421. Very local in northern Indiana;
frequent in the unglaciated area of the southwestern counties. A woodland
species partial to dry rocky white oak woods, especially in sandstone areas.

Vt. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

5. Carex rosea Schkuhr. Map 422. Very common in both dry and moist
woods. This species and C. convoluta are perhaps the most plentiful wood-
land sedges in the state as a whole.

N. S. to N. Dak., southw. to Ga. and La.

6. Carex convoluta Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 428. 1916.)
{Carex rosea of authors.) Map 423. Very common in dry and low woods
of all types. Often in somewhat richer soils than C. rosea.

N. S. to Man., southw. to Ala., Tenn., and Ark.

7. Carex cephalophora Muhl. Map 424. Very common in oak and
beech-maple woods ; occasional along open grassy roadsides and in thickets.

Maine to Man., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

8. Carex Leavenworthii Dewey. Map 425. Frequent, except in the
lake area, in open grassy, generally dry or sandy, oak woods and bordering
thickets; occasionally bordering woods in clay fallow fields.

Southern N. J., sw. Ont. and Iowa to Fla. and Tex.

222

Cyperaceae

Carex

Map 426

Carex mesochorea Mack.

Map 427

Carex Muhlenbergii Schkuhr

Map 428
Carex Muhlenbergii
var. enervis Boott

9. Carex mesochorea Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 246. 1910.)
(Carex mediterranean Mack.) Map 426. Rare or local in pasture fields and
on open, wooded, grassy slopes. At the Montgomery County station, on an
open white oak ridge 5 miles west of New Market, it is associated with
Poa pratensis, Danthonia spicata, Luzula echinata var. mesochorea, Anten-
naria neglecta and "reindeer moss."

Southern Mass. and N. Y., to D. C, Tenn., and Ind.

10. Carex Muhlenbergii Schkuhr. Map 427. Frequent to common in
the lake area in dry sandy fallow fields and open oak woods and on dunes ;
occasional in southern Indiana.

Maine to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

10a. Carex Muhlenbergii var. enervis Boott. (Carex plana Mack. Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club 50: 350. 1923.) Map 428. Frequent on slopes, in sandy
open woods, on wooded dunes, and in dry sandy fields. It is partial to
somewhat less open habitats than the species and is less often on low or
level ground, its favorite habitat being on or near the crests of wooded
dunes, river bluffs, and oak ridges.

Specimens intermediate between C. Muhlenbergii and var. enervis in
some or most of their characters seem to be too frequent to warrant the
treatment of the latter as a species. The ventrally flat perigynium is a
conspicuous character of typical var. enervis when fully mature or over-
ripe but it is very inconstant and specimens with a pronounced raised
border up to maturity are especially frequent.

Maine to Nebr., southw. to Ala. and Tex.

11. Carex gravida Bailey. (Including Carex gravida var. laxifolia
Bailey.) Map 429. Known in Indiana only from the prairie area in the
westernmost tier of counties where it is found on sandy bur oak ridges
and sandy and gravelly railroad embankments.

Carex

Cyperaceae

223

Map 429

Carex gravida Bailey.

Map 430
"Carex gravida
var. Lunelliana (Mack-) Hermann

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

-L

-1^

_7_J

■_L

\~y Mi,es

Map 43!

Carex cephaloldea Dewey

Reported from Lake County by Peattie and by Pepoon but no authentic
specimens could be found. The Lake County reports were probably based
upon specimens of C. Muhlenbergii in the Field Museum and University of
Wisconsin herbaria which were collected by Umbach and distributed as
C. gravida. The report from Fayette County by Deam was based upon a
specimen of C. aggregata which was referred to C. gravida by Mackenzie.

Deam no. 43219 is intermediate between C. gravida and its var. Lunel-
liana.

Sw. Ont. and Ohio to N. Dak. and Wyo., southw. to Mo. and Kans.

11a. Carex gravida var. Lunelliana (Mack.) Hermann. (Amer. Midland
Nat. 17: 855. 1936.) {Carex Lunelliana Mack. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42:
615. 1915.) Map 430. On sandy roadsides and railroad embankments in
the westernmost tier of counties where it is rare. Some of the Benton
County specimens intergrade slightly with the species but the Vigo County
plants from very sandy soil on a roadside knoll 5 miles north of Terre
Haute are a good match with the type material of C. Lunelliana.

Ind. and Iowa to Tex. and N. Mex.

12. Carex cephaloidea Dewey. Map 431. Rich woods. In Indiana known
only from two collections by Deam : beech-sugar maple woods a mile and
a half west of New Waverly, Cass County; and low woods bordering
Tippecanoe River north of DeLong, Fulton County. It is probably more
frequent than the few collections would indicate since it resembles the
ubiquitous C. sparganioides so closely that it is apt to be passed by as that
species.

The Tippecanoe County report by Smith is not supported by a specimen
nor could any specimen be found to confirm Peattie's report from Lake
County.

Specimens of C. alopecoidea (§ Vulpinae) before fully mature, and
particularly when from an open habitat, often closely simulate C. cepha-
loidea. These may be most readily distinguished by their acuminate to
cuspidate or aristate pistillate scales which are more than half the length

224

Cyperaceae

Carex

Map 432

Carex aggregata Mack.

Map 433

Carex sparganioides Muhl.

Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.

1 D

~i"

f 1 "^

D
H

r 1

-hH

Oec.f-

i ■<

K I j

D C

D k

IBs ^t^ / —

-/ Miles

D I

(

,are>

annectens B

Map 434
Ickn.

of the bodies of the perigynia and have a conspicuous green center. In C.
cephaloidea the pistillate scales are obtuse or at most acute, half the length
of the bodies of the perigynia or shorter, and are hyaline throughout (never
becoming coppery-tinged at maturity as in C. alopecoidea) except for the
faint green midrib.

N. B. to Minn., southw. to N. J. and 111.

13. Carex aggregata Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 246. 1910.)
Map 432. Infrequent on banks of creeks, on dry grassy and partially
wooded slopes, in low open woods, and as a weed in lawns. The perigynia
are very susceptible to infection by a smut which often prevents their
maturing.

N. J. to D. C, westw. to Kans. and Okla.

14. Carex sparganioides Muhl. Map 433. Very common in dry woods
(usually sugar maple, beech or white oak), thickets, and along roadsides.
One of the most abundant sedges in the state.

Que. to S. Dak., southw. to Va., Ky., and Kans.

5. § MULTIFLORAE

Beak of perigynium much shorter than the body; perigynium subcoriaceous; leaves
usually shorter than the culms.
Perigynia mostly broadest at the base, usually nerved dorsally, 2 mm or more wide;

beak of perigynium prominent, conspicuously cleft 15. C. annectens.

Perigynia mostly broadest at or below the middle, nerveless dorsally, usually less
than 2 mm wide; beak of perigynium very small, obscurely cleft; heads gen-
erally horter and denser 15a. C. annectens var. xanthocarpa.

Beak of perigynium about equaling the body; perigynium membranaceous; leaves
normally exceeding the culms.

Perigynia ovate, the body corky-margined to the base, contracted into the beak

1(5. C. vulpinoidea.

Perigynia narrowly lanceolate, the body thin-edged and not at all corky-margined,
tapering gradually into the beak; teeth of perigynium almost obsolete; plant
low, densely cespitose; leaves narrow, rigid; inflorescence short, broad, and con-
gested. (See excluded species no. 3, p. 272) . . . .C. vulpinoidea var. pycnocephala.

Carex

Cyperaceae

225

Map 435

Carex vulpinoidea Michx

—

Jan.

Feb

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

r 1

f <\ -r

■o

r 1

Dec. J—

■ ' —

E J /

U Miles

arex

decomposita

Map 436

Muhl.

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec. C

DP 1
F

D D

—

H i

( ^

D
DP

[

I 1

■ ' —

U Miles

Carei

diandra Scr

56'
Map 437

rank

15. Carex annectens Bickn. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 492. 1908.)
(C. setacea Dewey var. ambigua (Barratt) Fern.) Map 434. Fairly com-
mon in the southern counties ; infrequent in northern Indiana. In southern
Indiana it occurs most commonly in low flat woods although it is frequently
found in wet fallow clay fields; in the northern counties it is usually in
marshes or pastures.

Maine to Wis., southw. to Tex. and Fla.

15a. Carex annectens var. xanthocarpa (Bickn.) Wieg. (Bull. Tor-
rey Bot. Club 23: 22. 1896; Rhodora 24: 74. 1922.) (Carex xantho-
carpa Bickn. and Carex brachyglossa Mack.) Known in Indiana from a
single collection : Deam no. 42927, in a low place in an open post oak flat
south of Half Moon Pond, 10 miles southwest of Mt. Vernon, Posey
County.

The report from Knox County by Deam was based upon a collection
determined by Mackenzie as C. brachyglossa but the specimen should be
referred to C. annectens.

Maine to Iowa, southw. to Va. and Kans.

16. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Map 435. One of the commonest sedges
of swampy places throughout the state. Its favorite habitat is in roadside
ditches but it is found also in marshes, swamps, low open woods, and
ravines, on flood plains, and banks of streams and ponds.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to Fla., Tex., Ariz., and Oreg.

6. § PANICULATAE

Leaf blades 3-8 mm wide ; perigynia very abruptly short-beaked, tapering at the base ;

inflorescence usually 8-15 cm long, obviously branched 17. C. decomposita.

Leaf blades 1-3 mm wide; perigynia tapering or contracted into the beak, rounded or

truncate at the base; inflorescence 2.5-5 (8) cm long, obscurely branched.

Sheaths not copper-colored at the mouth; head little interrupted; perigynia 2-2.5

mm long, convex ventrally, lustrous, not concealed by the scales. . . 18. C. diandra.

Sheaths copper-colored at the mouth; head interrupted; perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm long,

flat or concave ventrally, dull, nearly concealed by the scales .... 19. C. prairea.

226

Cyperaceae

Carex

Map 438

Carex prairea Dewey

Map 439

Carex stipata Muhl.

Map 440

Carex stipata var, maxima Chapm.

17. Carex decomposita Muhl. Map 436. Specimens to confirm the Mar-
shall and Lake County reports for this very local species could not be
located. From Pepoon's statement that it is an abundant species in the
Chicago region it seems very likely that his report was based upon mate-
rial of C. diandra or perhaps of C. vulpinoidea. Specimens of C. vulpinoidea
collected by Umbach from the Illinois portion of the Chicago region and
labeled C. decomposita were found in the University of Wisconsin Herba-
rium. C. decomposita is represented from Indiana by two collections:
Deam, June 26, 1898, in bunches of moss on logs in a drained pond, Little's
woods, Lancaster Twp., six miles northeast of Bluffton, Wells County;
and Kriebel no. 2221, in a knothole at base of tree in swamp, two and a
half miles northeast of Avoca, Lawrence County.

N. Y. to Mich., southw. to Fla., La., and Mo.

18. Carex diandra Schrank. (Carex teretiuscula Gooden.) Map 437.
Frequent in the lake area on marly and sandy borders of lakes and in
swales, marshes, or bogs. The specimen upon which Coulter's report from
Daviess County was based should probably be referred to C. prairea. The
specimen could not be located in the Indiana herbaria.

Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Ind., and Colo. ; also in Eurasia.

19. Carex prairea Dewey. (Carex teretiuscula var. ramosa Boott and
Carex diandra var. ramosa (Boott) Fern.) Map 438. Frequent, except in
southernmost counties, in marshes, tamarack bogs, marly swamps and on
borders of streams or lakes.

Que. to Sask., southw. to N. J., Ind., Iowa, and Nebr.

7. § VULPINAE

Perigynium tapering into the beak, the body strongly nerved ventrally or perigynium
very long beaked.
Perigynium 4-6 mm long, rounded at the base, strongly nerved ventrally, the beak
1-2 times the length of the body; sheaths not dotted with purple ventrally.

Carex

Cyperaceae

227

—

Jan.

Feb

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct.

Nov

■L. '

r 1

■

D p

O D

Dec j-

i ' —

i j j

D t — 1

J Miles

o 1
rex li

eviv

agin

ata (Kuke

j 5d
Map 441

ith) Mack.

—

Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June

July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov.

1 D
Wl

■

[ B Q

Dec j-

■ ' —

H D

X J— -— v/
|

/ Miles

[ D [

Carex C

D )

rus

-corvi Sh

J 50

Map 442
uttlw.

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec J-

i
i ' —

/ Miles

Carex ;

\ /\ 7

lopecoidia Tut

) " '50

Map 443
:kerm.

Sheaths not thickened at the mouth, cross-rugulose ventrally, easily broken, pro-
longed upward at the mouth.
Perigynium 4-5 mm long, the beak about the length of the body ; leaf blades 4-8

mm wide 20. C. stipata.

Perigynium 5-6 mm long, the beak longer than the body; leaf blades 8-15 mm

wide 20a. C. stipata var. maxima.

Sheaths thickened (often cartilaginous) at the mouth, rarely cross-rugulose ven-
trally, not easily broken, concave or truncate at the mouth

21. C. laevivaginata.

Perigynium 6-7 mm long, abruptly enlarged below into a disklike base, obscurely
nerved ventrally except at the base, the beak 2-3 times the length of the body;

sheaths dotted with purple ventrally 22. C. Grus-corvi.

Perigynium contracted into a beak not longer than the body, the body nerveless ven-
trally except sometimes at the base.
Sheaths not cross-rugulose ventrally; spikes yellowish or tawny at maturity; per-
igynium narrow, faintly nerved dorsally, the beak about the length of the body.

23. C. alopecoidea.

Sheaths cross-rugulose ventrally; spikes green; perigynium broad, usually strongly

nerved dorsally, the beak generally about half the length of the body

24. C. conjuncta.

20. Carex stipata Muhl. Map 439. Very common in wet habitats
throughout Indiana. It is usually found on borders of ponds and streams
and in low woods, roadside ditches, swamps, marshes, bogs, and woodland
swales.

Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. C, Tenn., Kans., N. Mex., and Calif.

20a. Carex stipata var. maxima Chapm. (Carex stipata var. uberior
Mohr and Carex uberior (Mohr) Mack.) Map 440. Rare; it is usually
found on the borders of ponds and streams, in low woods, roadside
ditches, swamps, marshes, bogs, and woodland swales.

In the western portion of its range transitional forms between this plant
and C. stipata occur with a frequency which discourages attempts to main-
tain it as specifically distinct. Of the five collections known from Indiana
three are typical of var. maxima in all their characters while two (Deam
no. 36082, with leaves averaging only 7 mm wide, and Deam no. 38688,

228

Cyperaceae

Carex

x conjuncta Boott

Map 445

Carex disperma Dewey

o fo

Map 446

Carex trisperma Dewey

with no perigynia over 5 mm long and some less, with the beaks of the
perigynia only slightly longer than the bodies but leaves averaging 10 mm
wide) approach the typical form of C. stipata.

N. J. and Pa. southw. along the coast to Fla. and Tex., and northw. in the
Mississippi Valley to Mo. and Ind.

21. Carex laevivaginata (Kiikenth.) Mack. (Britton and Brown, Illus.
Flora, ed. 2, 1 : 371. 1913. See also Fernald, Rhodora 17: 231. 1915.) Map
441. Infrequent in wet ravines, swamps, swales in woods and on muddy
banks of creeks.

Mass. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Mo.

22. Carex Crus-corvi Shuttlw. Map 442. Frequent in southern Indiana
in low open woods, especially flat pin oak woods ; occasional in northern
Indiana on borders of ponds in woods. Reported from Lake County by
Peattie and by Pepoon but no specimens from the county could be located.

Tenn. southw. to Fla. and Tex.; in the Mississippi Valley from s. Mich.,
s. Minn., and e. Nebr. to La.

23. Carex alopecoidea Tuckerm. Map 443. Known in Indiana from a
single collection : Deam no. 41282, in a low place in white oak woods 3
miles south of Yorktown, Delaware County. No specimens could be
found to confirm the reports by Peattie and by Pepoon from Lake County,
by Pepoon from Porter County, and by Phinney from Jay, Randolph, and
Wayne Counties.

Que. to Minn., southw. to N. J. and Iowa.

24. Carex conjuncta Boott. Map 444. Frequent to common in central
Indiana; frequent elsewhere except in the lake and prairie areas. Its pre-
ferred habitat is on wooded alluvial banks of streams, but it is also found
in low woods and on moist wooded slopes.

N. J. to D. C. westw. to S. Dak. and Kans.

Carex

Cyperaceae

229

Map 447

Carex canescens L.

var. disjuncta Fern.

—

Jan.

Feb

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

D D

T A.

D V

^ ^

[

n V

Dec f-

> ' —

J/ Miles

Carex
Jdr. subl

i/ Map 448
canescens

oliacea Laest.

—

Jan.

Feb

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept

Oct.

Nov.

BD y- 1 -
iri y^

i —

i* 1

-"k

Dec. f-

i ' —

/ Miles

arex

r^V Map 449
seorsa E.C.Howe

8. S HELEONASTES

.25. C. disperma.

Spikes androgynous; perigynia unequally biconvex

Spikes gynaecandrous; perigynia plano-convex.

Lowest bract bristlelike, many times longer than its spike; perigynia 3-3.5 mm long.

26. C. trisperma.

Lowest bract much shorter; perigynia about 2 mm long.

Perigynia distinctly short-beaked, loosely spreading; leaves green, 1-2.5 mm wide.

(See excluded species no. 5, p. 272) C. brunnescens.

Perigynia apiculate, appressed-ascending, leaves glaucous, 2-4 mm wide.

Spikes 6-12 mm long, remote, the lowest 2-4 cm apart; perigynia 2.3-3 mm long.

27. C. canescens var. disjuncta.

Spikes 4-7 mm long, subapproximate or remote; perigynia barely 2 mm long.
27a. C. canescens var. subloliacea.

25. Carex disperma Dewey. (Carex tenella Schkuhr.) Map 445. Fre-
quent in the northern counties in sphagnum in tamarack bogs and on
mucky borders of lakes. Reported from Putnam County by Coulter but no
specimen from that county could be found.

Newf. to Yukon, southw. to N. J., Ind., N. Mex., and Calif.; also in
Eurasia.

26. Carex trisperma Dewey. Map 446. Restricted to the tamarack bogs
of the northernmost counties where it is locally plentiful in sphagnum. No
specimen could be located to substantiate Coulter's report from Putnam
County.

Newf. to Sask., southw. to Md., 111., and Minn.

27. Carex canescens L. var. disjuncta Fern. Map 447. Frequent in
the counties along the northern border of Indiana in tamarack bogs or low
wet woods.

Lab. to Wis., southw. to Pa. and Ind.

27a. Carex canescens var. subloliacea Laest. Map 448. Infrequent
in the northernmost counties in swampy woods and in sphagnum in tama-
rack bogs.

Lab. to B. C, southw. locally to Conn, and Ind.

230

Cyperaceae

Carex

— TO

Map 450

Carex interior Bailey

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

ID /?

-4c

r 1

Dec.j-

> ' —

J Miles

Carex

y\j o so

Map 451
)wei Mack.

,arex incomperta

9. § STELLULATAE

Perigynium broadest near the middle, strongly nerved both ventrally and dorsally, with

smooth beak 28. C. seorsa.

Perigynium broadest at the base, with serrulate beak.

Perigynia 2.25-3.25 mm long, the beak very shallowly bidentate.

Perigynia nerveless or few-nerved at the base ventrally, brownish or tawny, the
beak with ventral false suture inconspicuous; scales obtuse; anthers 1 mm or

less long; leaf blades 1-3 mm wide 29. C. interior.

Perigynia strongly nerved ventrally, deep green, the beak with ventral false
suture conspicuous; scales subacute; anthers 1-1.5 mm long; leaf blades

0.25-1 mm wide 30. C. Howei.

Perigynia 2.75-4.75 mm long, the beak deeply bidentate.

Perigynia deep green at maturity, strongly nerved ventrally, the body suborbicu-
lar or very broadly ovate with raised margins, the beak less than half the

length of the body, the teeth short, straight, rigid 31. C. incomperta.

Perigynia stramineous to brown at maturity, faintly nerved ventrally, the body

ovate to ovate-lanceolate (occasionally broadly ovate in C. sterilis).

Staminate flowers terminal, basal, or in separate spikes; margin of perigynium

slightly if at all raised, setulose-serrulate toward the beak; beak of

perigynium half the length of the body or more, the teeth broad, largely

hyaline and soft, generally bent or twisted; scales chestnut brown, with

lustrous white margins 32. C. sterilis.

Staminate flowers mostly at the base of the terminal spikes; margin of peri-
gynium serrulate toward the beak, the teeth short, stiff; scales tinged
yellowish brown, with narrow hyaline margin.
Perigynia 2.75-3.3 mm long, the beak about a third the length of the body,

the teeth triangular; scales somewhat obtuse to acute 33. C. laricina.

Perigynia 3.5-4 mm long, the beak about half the length of the body, the teeth
subulate; scales acute to somewhat cuspidate. (See excluded species
no. 9, p. 273) C. cephalantha.

28. Carex seorsa E. C. Howe. {Carex rosaeoides E. C. Howe.) Map
449. Rare in wet woods and tamarack bogs in the dune area. The known
localities for this sedge in Indiana are : Dune Park, Keiser, and Tamarack
in Porter County and Pine Station (now north Clark Street, Gary) in
Lake County.

Mass. to Ga., locally westw. to Ind.

Carex

Cyperaceae

231

Map 453

Carex sterilis Willd.

— 50
Map 454

Carex laricina Mack.

o n

Map 455

Carex bromoldes Schkuhr

29. Carex interior Bailey. (Carex scirpoides Schkuhr, not Carex scir-
poidea Michx.) Map 450. Frequent to common except in southern Indi-
ana ; in tamarack bogs and swamps and on springy banks.

Newf. to B. C., southw. to Pa., lnd., Kans., Calif, and Chihuahua.

30. Carex Howei Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 245. 1910.)

(Carex interior var. capillacea Bailey and Carex scirpoides var. capillacea
(Bailey) Fern.) Map 451. Known in Indiana from a single collection by
M. W. Lyon, Jr.: moist woods on dunes at Mineral Springs, Porter
County, June 17, 1923.
N. S. to Fla. and La., westw., locally to Mich, and lnd.

31. Carex incomperta Bickn. (Carex stellulata var. excelsior Fern.)
Map 452. Occasional in tamarack bogs, generally in sphagnum.

Mass. and N. Y., to Mich, and lnd., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

32. Carex sterilis Willd. (Carex scirpoides Schkuhr, in part.) Map
453. Frequent on marshy banks of streams and occasional in open swamps,
bogs, and springy places in woods. Not known from the unglaciated area.

Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. J., Pa., and 111.

33. Carex laricina Mack. (N. Amer. Flora 18: 113. 1931.) Map 454.
Rare, in tamarack bogs and on mucky borders of lakes in the northeastern
counties.

The type collection of this species is Deam no. 10927 from a tamarack
bog a mile south of Leesburg, Kosciusko County. The other two Indi-
ana stations for it are : in a bog a mile south of Garrett, De Kalb County,
and in sphagnum on the border of a small lake in Jackson Twp., Wells
County.

Ont. and nw. Pa. to Wis., and southw. to lnd.

232 Cyperaceae Carex

10. § deweyAnae

34. Carex bromoides Schkuhr. Map 455. Frequent to common except
in the unglaciated area, in wet woods, swamps, and bogs and on borders
of ponds and springy banks of streams.

Que. to Wis., southw. to Fla. and La.

11. § O VALES

Wing of perigynium not narrowed near the middle of the body; leaf blades of sterile
culms erect or ascending, usually clustered toward the top; sterile culms often
poorly developed.
Perigynia not obovate, widest near the middle or base.
Leaf sheaths strongly white-hyaline ventrally.

Perigynia lanceolate to narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 3 to 4 times as long as wide. .

35. C. scoparia.

Perigynia ovate-lanceolate or broader, at most twice as long as wide.
Perigynia narrowly to broadly ovate, 3-4 mm long.

Leaf blades 1.5-4.5 (averaging 2.5) mm wide; sheaths not mott'ed with
green and white dorsally.
Perigynia 3-3.5 mm long; spikes closely aggregated, not clavate at base. . .

36. C. Bebbii.

Perigynia 3.5-4.5 mm long; spikes not aggregated, usually in a flexuous,

monilif orm inflorescence, clavate at base 37. C. tenera.

Leaf blades 2.5-6 (averaging 4) mm wide; sheaths mottled with green and
white dorsally; perigynia less abruptly beaked and beak narrower than

in C. tenera 38. C. normalis.

Perigynia (2.75) 3.5-6.5 mm long, the body suborbicular.

Perigynia 3.5-5.5 mm long, thick, coriaceous or subcoriaceous, usually plano-
convex.
Perigynia averaging (2.75) 3.5-4 mm long, the beak half the length
of the body or more; achene 1.5 mm long, oblong-ovoid; spikes in a

moniliform inflorescence 39. C. festucacea.

Perigynia 3.75-5.5 mm long, the beak less than half the length of the body;

achenes 1.75-2 mm long, orbicular or suborbicular when fully mature;

spikes aggregated or in a moniliform inflorescence.

Perigynia ovate, submembranaceous, few-nerved ventrally, broadest near

the base, tapering into the beak, the beak broader than in C. brevior,

especially toward the base 40. C. molesta.

Perigynia broadly ovate to suborbicular, coriaceous, usually nerveless
or nearly so ventrally, broadest near the middle, abruptly contracted

into the beak 41. C. brevior.

Perigynia 5.6-6.5 mm long, flat and thin, nearly transparent

42. C. Bicknellii.

Leaf sheaths green and strongly nerved ventrally nearly to the mouth.

Scales cuspidate or even obtuse; perigynia nerveless or nearly so ventrally;

spikes 2-5, aggregated into a stiff head 43. C. suberecta.

Scales long-acuminate to aristate; perigynia nerved ventrally; spikes 4-8, in a

very flexuous inflorescence 44. C. Richii.

Perigynia obovate, the body widest near the top.

Scales obtuse to short-acuminate; achenes sessile or substipitate; perigynia 1.5-3
mm wide.
Tips of perigynia appressed; perigynia with body rounded at apex; spikes ap-
proximate or aggregated, greenish to silvery brown.
Perigynia nerveless ventrally; spikes 5-25, densely aggregated; leaf blades
of sterile culms 3.5-5 mm wide 45. C. cumulata.

Carex

Cyperaceae

233

6 33

Map 457

Carex Bebbii Olne

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

j ■

11 "

-I ■

Dec. C

—

X )— 1/

/ Miles

J \ J*\ 7
Carex tenera Dew

Map 458

Perigynia nerved ventrally; spikes 3-10, aggregated or somewhat separate;
leaf blades of sterile culms 2.5-3 mm wide; scales either nearly equaling

perigynia or blunt 46. C. Longii.

Tips of perigynia spreading; perigynia with body truncate-rounded at apex,
very abruptly beaked; spikes not aggregated, not silvery; scales acute, con-
spicuously shorter than the perigynia 47. C. albolutescens.

Scales long-acuminate to aristate; achenes slenderly stipitate; perigynia 2.5-4 mm

wide 48. C. alata.

Wing of perigynium rather abruptly narrowed near the middle of the body; leaf blades

of sterile culms widely spreading, numerous, not clustered at the apex; sterile

culms strongly developed.

Perigynia 3-7 mm long; spikes 4-15 mm long; achenes oblong-oval, 1.5 mm long;

ligule much longer than wide.

Tips of perigynia appressed or ascending; perigynia thin, scarcely distended over

the achenes 49. C. tribuloides.

Tips of perigynia recurved or widely spreading; perigynia firm, obviously dis-
tended over the achenes 50. C. cristatella.

Perigynia 7-10 mm long; spikes 16-25 mm long; achenes linear-oblong, 2.5 mm long;
ligule as wide as long 51. C. muskingumensis.

35. Carex scoparia Schkuhr. (Including - Carex scoparia var. condensa
Fern.) Map 456. Common in marshes and open swampy places ; occasional
in low open woods and on sandy lake borders. This sedge is frequently
the dominant plant in marshes or "sedge meadows" where it is usually
associated with Juncus effusas var. solutus, Juncus Dudleyi, and Carex
vulpinoidea.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to S. C, N. Mex., and Oreg.

36. Carex Bebbii Olney. Map 457. Infrequent in marshes and inter-
dunal swales in Lake County. In Noble County a single collection was
made by Deam in a ditch along a railroad a mile east of Kimmel.

Plants of Carex Bebbii lacking sterile culms are occasionally difficult to
distinguish from C. cristatella especially before the perigynia are fully
mature. Leaf blades of C. Bebbii, however, vary from 2 to 4.5 mm
broad, those of C. cristatella from 3 to 7 mm broad. In C. Bebbii the pistil-

234

Cyperaceae

Carex

Map 459
Carex normalis Mack.

—

Jan.

Feb

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov

—

r 1

Oec f-

i ' —

D 1
1 °

'T r iu 1 i

!/ Miles

Carex

[ )

fest

Jr\ J

jcacea Sc

o So
Map 460

ikuhr

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov

sol

J D

P~~

r 1

D H

Dec. t

7 '

K _ f

D J7-

/ Miles

rJ °

Carex mole

<"\ J o S3
Map 461

sta Mack.

late scales are relatively longer, acuminate to acute or occasionally blunt;
in C. cristatelki the scales are shorter, with dilated hyaline blunt tips.
Umbach no. 3651 and Bebb nos. 541 and 874, all from Lake County, are
intermediate between C. Bebbii and C. cristatella in most of their char-
acters. Similar material from Michigan has been identified by Mackenzie
as a hybrid between the two species.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to N. J., 111., Colo., and Wash.

37. Carex tenera Dewey. (Carex straminea of recent authors, not
Willd. ; Carex tenera var. echinodes (Fern.) Wieg.) Map 458. Frequent
in or near the lake area and in the southern counties in dry or moist,
usually open, woods, on borders of ponds in woods, and along railroad
ditches. Generally the heads are fewer-flowered in this sedge than in other
species of § Ovales and this condition and the widely spreading perigynia
sometimes result in a superficial resemblance to species of § Stellulatae.

Que. to Alberta, southw. to D. C, N. C, and 111.

38. Carex normalis Mack. (Carex mirabilis Dewey, not Host.) Map
459. Very common in dry or moist woods and thickets. In the eastern
part of its range this species seems to be partial to dry open habitats, but
in Indiana it has been most often collected in low or flat woods, shaded
ravines, marshy habitats on the borders of ponds, and on the flood plains
of streams.

Maine to Man., southw. to N. C. and Okla.

39. Carex festucacea Schkuhr. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 608. 1915.)
Map 460. Frequent in southern Indiana in low flat woods, especially pin
oak woods, and on moist wooded slopes; occasional in roadside and rail-
road ditches in the northern counties.

Mass. to Ind. and Iowa, southw. to Ga. and La.

Carex

Cyperaceae

235

Map 463

Carex Bicknellii Britton

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept

Oct

Nov

1~T

■

n V-

D
" IU

Dec C

— —

/ Miles

Carex

Jerecti

Map 464
(Ulney) Britton

40. Carex molesta Mack. (N. Amer. Flora 18: 151. 1931.) Map 461.
Infrequent to rare along railroad sidings and roadsides and in ditches and
dry woodlands.

N. Y. to Kans. and Nebr.

41. Carex brevior (Dewey) Mack. (Carex festucacea var. brevior
(Dewey) Fern.) Map 462. Common in dry open woods and moist ditches
and along railroads and roadsides, especially in the prairie area.

Que. to B. C, southw. to D. C, Tenn., Tex., N. Mex., and Oreg.

42. Carex Bicknellii Britt. Map 463. Frequent to common along rail-
road sidings and grassy roadsides in northern Indiana; rare in the south-
ern counties and not known from the unglaciated area. Occasional in low,
moist sandy habitats ; very rare in open woods.

Maine to Sask., southw. to Del., Ark., and Okla.

43. Carex suberecta (Olney) Britt. Map 464. Frequent to common,
except in the southern counties, in open swamps, marshes, and moist
ditches and on wet sandy borders of lakes. Not known from the un-
glaciated area.

Ont. to Va., Minn., and Mo.

44. Carex Richii (Fern.) Mack. (Carex hormathodes var. Richii Fern.
and Carex straminea of Svenson, Rhodora 40: 329-330. 1938.) Map 465.
Rare and local in open swampy woods and borders of ponds in woods, less
frequently in open non-calcareous marshes or swamps. The known sta-
tions are all in either the lake area or the unglaciated area.

Mass. to N. J. and D. C, westw. to Mich, and Ind.

45. Carex cumulata (Bailey) Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 49: 366.
1922.) (Carex albolutescens var. cumulata Bailey.) Map 466. Known in
Indiana only from Newton County where in 1936 a colony was found by
Miss Madge McKee along a roadside ditch 3 miles northwest of Morocco.
It is a local species throughout most of its range.

N. S. to N. J., westw. to Sask.

236

Cyperaceae

Carex

Map 465

Carex Richii (Fern.) Mack

o 50

Map 466

Carex cumulata (Bailey) Mack.

Map 467

Carex Longii Mack.

46. Carex Longii Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 49: 372. 1922.) (Carex
albolutescens of recent authors, not Schwein.) Map 467. Infrequent in
the northwestern counties where it is found in acid swamps and sloughs,
less often in sandy interdunal swales.

Mass. to Venezuela; nw. Ind. and sw. Mich.; also in Bermuda.

47. Carex albolutescens Schwein. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 49: 372.
1922.) (Carex straminea of Mack., probably not of Willd., Rhodora 40:
329-330. 1938.) Map 468. Frequent in southern Indiana in low flat
woods, associated principally with sweet gum and pin oak. It also is found
rarely along the northern border of the state where it occurs in low woods,
associated with beech and sugar maple, and occasionally in swamps.

N. S. southw. along the coast to Fla., westw. along the Gulf to Tex. and
northw. in the Mississippi Valley to Ind. and sw. Mich.

48. Carex alata Torr. Map 469. Infrequent in swamps and sandy
swales in the lake area. It is seldom plentiful in any locality; frequently
only one or two plants can be found at a station.

Mass. to Fla. and Tex., westw. to Mich., Ind., and Mo.

49. Carex tribuloides Wahl. (Including Carex tribuloides var. sang-
amonensis Clokey.) Map 470. Very common throughout the state in
swamps, open marshes, low woods, and ditches and on the low borders of
streams and ponds.

Que. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and La.

50. Carex cristatella Britt. (Carex cristata Schwein., not Clairv.)
Map 471. Common in low open woods, swamps, marshes, and roadside
ditches and on flood plains and banks of streams. Rare in the unglaciated
area.

Mass. to N. Dak., southw. to Va. and Mo.

51. Carex muskingumensis Schwein. Map 472. Frequent in low wet
places in woods where it often forms extensive and pure stands if not

Carex

Cyperaceae

2H7

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

171

1 D

-•-

'Hn

-r

Dec {—

[

1 D / T

K ]— -

'To*']
/ Ba

»"[\- J

cC °

/"D 7
lT H X

-1 J D

l, // Miles

Car

bol

j5\ H

utescen

J 50

Map 468
s Schwein.

Map 471

Carex cristatella Britt,

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.f-

171

1 A

•— i _

-L_

- i

■ ' —

t/ MFles

arex

■J Map 469
alata Torr.

Map 472

Carex muskingumensis Schwein.

o 50

Map 470

Carex tribuloides Wahl.

~tt

Map 473

Carex leptalea Wahl.

obstructed by undergrowth. Occasional in buttonbush swamps and wet
woods and on flood plains. Northward it is usually found with bur oak.
Ohio and Ky. to Man., Kans., and Ark.

12. § POLYTRICHOIDEAE

Perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm long, slightly overlapping; achenes lustrous, obtusely angled. . . .

52. C. leptalea.

Perigynia 4-5 mm long, strongly overlapping; achenes barely lustrous, sharply angled. .

52a. C. leptalea var. Harperi.

52. Carex leptalea Wahl. Map 473. Common in northern Indiana in
tamarack bogs and occasional in wet woods. Infrequent in central Indiana,
in swamps and on banks of streams. It is generally plentiful wherever
found and in tamarack bogs it is usually associated with Carex trisperma.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to Pa., Mo., Colo., and Calif.

52a. Carex leptalea var. Harperi (Fern.) Stone. (Carex Harperi
Fern.) Map 474. Rare in central and southern Indiana. In Indiana its

238

Cyperaceae

Carex

Map 4 74
larex leptalea
Var, Harperi (Fern.) Stone

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov.

1 —

1 — ~

( ^

(

-I

-4e

1 ,

Dec C

D D

10 1, 1

— M |c

D » J^
p ^

D J d k? ;

D | J^ f
1 ( — ^*-/^

b 7
1/ Miles

s ° °

Carex

' 1 D ii\ H 7

Will denowii S

Map 475

chkuhr

Map 476

Carex Jamesii Schwein.

habitat is almost invariably at the springy bases of high wooded river
bluffs and terraces.

N. J. to Fla., westw. to Ind. and Tex.

13. § PHYLLOSTACHYAE

Bodies of perigynia oblong-oval; lowest scale 5-15 mm long; pistillate flowers 3-10;
staminate scales 2-2.4 mm long, obtuse or somewhat acute; staminate spike 0.7-0.9
mm in diameter 53. C. Willdenowii.

Bodies of perigynia subglobose; lowest scale 15-45 mm long; pistillate flowers 2-3;
staminate scales 1.5-1.8 mm long, truncate, erose, with a dark transverse band
near the apex; staminate spike 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter 54. C. Jamesii.

53. Carex Willdenowii Schkuhr. Map 475. Common in southern Indiana
(mostly in the unglaciated area and the "flats") on dry wooded, especially
oak, slopes, generally in poor, sandy, acid soils ; rarely in low beech or pin
oak woods.

Vt. to Ont. and Ind., southw. to Ga. and Tex.

54. Carex Jamesii Schwein. Map 476. Very common throughout In-
diana except in the northwestern counties from which we have no records.
It is a plant of rich woods, occurring in dry neutral soil, especially on the
slopes of deep ravines. It is most frequently associated with either Carex
Hitchcoekiana or C. oligocarpa or both.

Ont. and N. Y. to Iowa, southw. to W. Va., Mo., and Kans.

14. § MONTANAE

Fertile culms all alike, elongated (7-40 cm long), bearing both staminate and pistillate
spikes, basal spikes absent.
Body of perigynium elliptic to oblong-ovoid, much longer than wide; staminate spike
slender.
Perigynia conspicuous in the spikes, not concealed by the scales, 2.5-3 mm long.
Staminate scales obtuse or short-acute, closely appressed, not cucullate at the
tip, the midvein usually not extending to the tip; pistillate spikes usually

not aggregated; culms erect 55. C. artitecta.

Staminate scales ascending to loosely spreading, the midvein extending to the tip.
Beaks of perigynia 1.75-2 mm long; staminate spike peduncled, conspicuous,

;arex

Cyperaceae

239

Map 477

Carex artitecta Mack.

Map 478
Carex artitecta
subtilirostris Hermann

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov.

Dec f

D ["^

sd ^

D D

^S H

-I

■"

-~r

{

i
> ' —

/ Miles

Carei

v> Map 479

nmonsii Dewey

10-16 mm long, 1.6-2.3 mm wide; pistillate spikes not at all aggregated;

culms erect 55a. C. artitecta var. subtilirostris.

Beaks of perigynia 0.5-1 mm long; staminate spike sessile, usually incon-
spicuous, 2-8 mm long, 1.5 mm wide; at least the upper pistillate spikes

closely aggregated or congested; culms weak, more or less arcuate

56. C. Emmonsii.

Perigynia inconspicuous in the spikes, largely concealed by the scales, 3-4 mm

long 57. C. nigromarginata.

Body of perigynium suborbicular to somewhat obovoid, about as long as wide.
Ligule conspicuous, longer than wide; lowest bract truncate or bifid, abruptly
awned; leaf blades 2.5-4.5 mm wide; culms generally aphyllopodic, little

fibrillose at the base, without long, horizontal stolons 58. C. communis.

Ligule short, much wider than long; lowest bract usually gradually acuminate;
leaf blades 2.5 (very rarely 3) mm wide or less; culms generally phyllopodic,
conspicuously fibrillose at the base, with long horizontal stolons; staminate
spike stout.

Mature perigynia 1.75-2 mm wide, the body suborbicular in cross section

59. C. heliophila.

Mature perigynia about 1.5 mm wide, the body obtusely trigonous in cross

section 60. C. pennsylvanica.

Fertile culms of two types, some short (1-5 cm long), partly hidden among the densely

tufted bases and bearing only pistillate spikes, others elongated (5-11 cm long)

and bearing staminate spikes only or both staminate and pistillate spikes.

Leaf blades rather thin, not stiff, erect or ascending, 1.5-3 mm wide; perigynia

membranaceous, 2.25-4 mm long, the body short-pubescent above.

Perigynia 2.25-3.25 mm long, 1-1.25 mm wide, the beak about half the length of

the body; achenes orbicular-obovoid 61. C. umbellata.

Perigynia 3.25-4 mm long, the beak nearly the length of the body; achenes oblong-

obovoid, minutely roughened 62. C. rugosperma.

Leaf blades thick, rigid, widely spreading at maturity, 2-4.5 mm wide; perigynia
subcoriaceous, 3.5-4.5 mm long, the body glabrous or very sparsely pubescent
above 63. C. tonsa.

55. Carex artitecta Mack. (Carex varia Muhl., not Lumnitzer nor
Host.) Map 477. Common in dry open woods, especially on rocky white
oak slopes ; occasional in thickets or low woods.

Vt. to Iowa, southw. to S. C. and Okla.

240

Cyperaceae

Carex

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec

~\_

v- -}-

■"

<— \ ^

i /i —

1 — L-^?

Miles

Map 480
Carex nigromarcjinata Schwein.

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

fr 1 "

D
H

fjM

Dec .(-

i — ' —

/ Miles

arex

• \ /

)hila V

3 50

Map 482
ack.

55a. Carex artitecta var. subtilirostris Hermann. (Rhodora 40: 79.
1938.) Map 478. Known in Indiana only from the type collection:
Deam no. 54764, wooded slope along a small creek about 3 miles northwest
of Clinton, Vermillion County, May 5, 1934.

Ind. and Tenn.

56. Carex Emmonsii Dewey. (Carex albicans of authors, doubtfully of
Willd., Rhodora 40: 330-331. 1938.) Map 479. A coastal plain species
found sparingly in the northern counties of the lake area. It grows in
sandy open woods and on moist sandy borders of marshes or thickets in
the dunes, but its preferred habitat is dry black oak ridges.

Indiana plants tend to have the culms longer and less arcuate and the
pistillate spikes fewer and less congested than in the characteristic plant
of the Atlantic Coastal Plain.

N. S. to Fla. mostly along the coast, and about the Great Lakes.

57. Carex nigromarginata Schwein. Map 480. A southern and eastern
species known in Indiana from a single collection : Deam no. 44074A, top
of the wooded bluff of the Ohio River, about a quarter of a mile north of
Fredonia, Crawford County, April 24, 1927.

Conn, to Tenn., Fla., and La., mostly along the coast, and northw. in the
Mississippi Valley to Mo. and s. Ind.

58. Carex communis Bailey. Map 481. Common in dry woods of all
types, particularly on rocky slopes. It is one of the earliest sedges to
flower and fruit.

Deam no. 33881 (Gray Herbarium) is abnormal in having the leaf
sheaths prolonged laterally and ventrally, forming auricles reaching almost
to the summit of the ligule. Typically the leaf sheaths are deeply concave
at the mouth.

N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Ky., and Ark.

Carex

Cyperaceae

241

Map 483

Carex penn sy Ivanica Lan

Map 484

Carex umbellata Schkuhr

Map 485

Carex rugosperma Mack.

59. Carex heliophila Mack. (Torreya 13: 15. 1913.) (Carex penusyl-
vanica var. digyna Bock.) Map 482. A prairie species represented from
Indiana by two collections by Deam: in a sandy black oak woods 2 miles
southwest of Tefft, Jasper County, June 6, 1924, and on top of the high
gravelly bank of Big Wea Creek terrace 4 miles southwest of Lafayette,
Tippecanoe County, June 3, 1924, and May 24, 1932. At the latter station
it was plentiful in an open black oak-shagbark hickory grove with such
other prairie or western species as Androsace occidentalis, Petalo sternum
purpureum, Arenaria patula, Opuntia Rafinesquii, and, nearby, Muhlen-
bergia cuspidata, Sporobolus clandestinus, and Erysimum asperum. Other
associated plants were Festuca octo flora, Poa pratensis, Penstemon hirsu-
tus, Houstonia longi folia, and Acerates viridiflora.

Man. to Alberta, southw. to Ind., Mo., and N. Mex.

60. Carex pennsylvanica Lam. Map 483. Common in northern Indiana,
less frequent southward, and rare or absent from the southernmost coun-
ties. Like Carex communis it is a species flowering in early spring, found
in similar localities but preferring somewhat more open habitats and gen-
erally in more sterile soils. It usually forms rather extensive colonies,
sometimes comprising the dominant floor cover in open oak woods.

N. S. to N. Dak., southw. to S. C, Tenn., and Iowa.

61. Carex umbellata Schkuhr. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 621. 1915.)
(Carex abdita Bickn. and Carex umbellata var. brevirostris Boott.) Map
484. Infrequent in northern Indiana in dry sandy soil, usually in open
woods ; frequent in southeastern Indiana on crests of rocky wooded ridges
and river bluffs. This and the two following species may be more common
than the records indicate because they are low, inconspicuous plants, easily
overlooked by collectors.

In this species the longest peduncles are typically not over 8 cm in
length and generally bear a staminate spike only. But on the dunes the
prevalent form has elongated peduncles 12-20 cm in length which usually
bear one or more pistillate spikes in addition to the staminate. This

242

Cyperaceae

Carex

Map 486

Carex tonsa (Fern.) Bi'ck

o To

Map 487

Carex Richardsonii R. Br.

Map 488
Carex picta Steud.

form is analogous to the plant which has been called Carex umbellata f.
vicina (Dewey) Wieg. but the type specimen upon which that form is based
is the long-beaked plant (C. rugosperma Mack.) so that the name cannot
be applied to the Indiana plant.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to D. C. and 111.

62. Carex rugosperma Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 621. 1915.)

(Carex umbellata of many recent authors, not Schkuhr.) Map 485. Infre-
quent in the northern tier of counties. It is found in dry, sandy oak
woods, open drained low woods, and on borders of drained marshes.
N. S. to Minn., southw. to Md. and Ind.

63. Carex tonsa (Fern.) Bickn. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 35: 492. 1908.)
(Carex umbellata var. tonsa Fern.) Map 486. Frequent in the dune area
on low, open dunes and in dry, open woods.

Que. to Alberta, southw. to D. C. and Ind.

15. § DIGITATAE

Basal spikes present; terminal spikes androgynous; pistillate scales abruptly cuspidate
or short-awned. (See excluded species no. 15, p. 274.) C. pedimculata.

Basal spikes absent; terminal spike staminate; pistillate scales blunt to acute

64. C. Richardsonii.

64. Carex Richardsonii R. Br. Map 487. Known in Indiana only from
the dunes at Pine, Lake county. Pine is now within Gary on the east
side of Clark Street, an eighth of a mile south of Lake Michigan. Here
on a sandy knoll at the edge of a marsh, Carex Richardsonii is associated
with Andropogon scoparius, Castilleja coccinea, Erigeron pulchellus,
Senecio pauperculus var. Balsamitae, Lithospermum canescens, Potentilla
fruticosa, Carex umbellata and C. aurea, Liatris spicata, Betula papyrifera,
Pedicularis canadensis, Krigia bi flora, Rhus trilobata var. arenaria, R.
radicans, R. Vernix, Arabis lyrata, Hypoxis hi7*suta, and Koeleria cristata.

This is one of the rarest sedges in the eastern states where it is very
local in its distribution (although its known range seems to indicate that

Carex

Cyperaceae

243

—

Jan.

Feb

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept

Oct.

Nov.

Dec C

) KD

, D D

t~v

f D An D °

ODD

[

— L b °

D T

D
D

D J

7^ K

J
I

n, ■

DP D

1 '

" D

* J -f

— D |

D r y

D 1 L^

D f D f D
\ [ D

fJ Miles

D 1

Care

J I
X h

rtifolia \l

Map 489
ack.

0" 50

Map 490

Carex eburnea Boott

Carex Garberi Fern.

it occurs generally at or near the Niagara Escarpment) and its season is
very brief. After flowering it matures its fruit rapidly and then com-
pletely withers away. At Pine it is in its prime about May 30. Of the
six known collections made from this station four were made on May 29
(1897; 1900; 1904, and 1935), one on May 12 (1877) and one on June 13
(1935), but at the last date the majority of the perigynia had fallen and
the plants were already badly withered.

Western N. Y. and Ont. to Alberta, southw. to 111. and S. Dak.

16. § PICTAE

65. Carex picta Steud. Map 488. In Indiana in the unglaciated region
only where it is local and largely confined to the northern half of the knob
area (Chestnut Oak Upland). It is found on wooded hilltops under oak,
chestnut, and beech, generally forming rather extensive colonies. Deam
has noted that it "has the habit of growing in circular tufts with a hollow
center" and from this characteristic the species may be readily recognized
long after its flowering and fruiting season is past. It is the earliest
sedge to bloom in the state, coming into flower in early April or even in
late March.

Ind., Ala., and La.

17.

TRIQUETRAE

66. Carex hirtifolia Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 244. 1910.)
(Carex pubescens Muhl., not Poir.) Map 489. Very common through-
out the state in woodland habitats of all types, showing a slight preference
for beech woods.

N. B. to Minn., southw. to D. C, Ky., and Kans.

18. § ALBAE

67. Carex eburnea Boott. Map 490. Apparently restricted to the north-
western and southeastern corners of the state. In the north it is known

244 Cyperaceae Carex

only on the dunes in dry sandy thickets and in open situations. In southern
Indiana it is found in wet crevices of limestone bluffs near the Ohio River.

Carex eburnea retains its fruit over a longer period than any of our
other species due to the tendency of the perigynia to persist in the spikes
long after maturity. Although the fruit ripens from May to July most
of the plants have dropped relatively few of their perigynia, as a rule,
by October and frequently the old prostrate culms from the preceding
year will be found to have spikes in which many perigynia are still firmly
attached.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to Va., Mo., and Nebr.

19. § BICOLORES

Pistillate scales averaging three fourths the length of the perigynia or more, reddish
brown, appressed; terminal spike androgynous, rarely staminate; mature per-
igynia white-pulverulent, elliptic-obovoid, not translucent or fleshy. .68. C. Garberi.

Pistillate scales averaging half the length of the perigynia or less, generally pale
yellowish brown and cuspidate, widely spreading at maturity; terminal spike
staminate, rarely with a few perigynia at the base; mature perigynia golden
yellow or brownish, orbicular-obovoid, translucent, fleshy 69. C. aarea.

68. Carex Garberi Fern. (Rhodora 37: 253. 1935.) (Carex bicolor of
recent American authors, not All. and Carex Hassei of recent authors, not
Bailey.) Map 491. Infrequent in the lake area (mostly in the dune
region) where it grows along the wet sanely edges of swales in the
dunes and on old lake beds, chiefly in calcareous soils. It is frequently
associated with Carex Crawei, C. tetanica, C. Meadii, C. viridula, and
C. Haleana. Apparently it was formerly more plentiful than at pres-
ent as collections from the Indiana dunes forty and fifty years ago
are much more numerous in herbaria than recent collections. At Pine,
where this species is closely associated with Carex tetanica, plants of
the latter species showing many characteristics of C. Garberi and plants
of C. Garberi having characteristics of C. tetanica are frequent. The gen-
eral aspect of such plants and the conditions under which they are found
are strongly suggestive of hybridization.

Que. to Mich., Ind., and Wis.; also in Alberta and B. C.

69. Carex aurea Nutt. Map 492. Frequent on the dunes in Lake
County. Its habitat is often that of Carex Garberi, on moist sandy edges
of swales and similar situations, but it is also frequently found in richer,
mucky soils such as on the border of sloughs and of low wet woods.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to Conn., Ind., Nebr., N. Mex., and Calif.

20. § PANfCEAE

Culms phyllopodic; stolons deep-seated, slender, whitish; plants of open marly or
sandy habitats.
Pistillate spikes linear to linear-oblong, 3.5-4.5 mm wide; perigynia appressed or
ascending, 2.5-3.5 mm long, slightly excurved and tapering to the apex, very

minutely beaked or beakless; leaf blades 2-4 mm wide; culms slender

70. C. tetanica.

Carex

Cyperaceae

245

Map 492
Carex aurea Nutt.

Map 493

Carex tetanica Schkuhr

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec. (-

■i r

\a. 1

- D

r 1

/ Miles

i
r * —

D I D [

Carex N/

■ \ /

dii Dew

3 50
Map 494

Pistillate spikes oblong or linear-oblong, 5-8 mm wide; perigynia spreading at

maturity, 3-5 mm long, abruptly narrowed at the apex into a minute, more or

less strongly bent beak; leaf blades 2.7-7 mm wide; culms stout. . . .71. C. Meadii.

Culms strongly aphyllopodic; stolons superficial; plants of rich humus in shady woods.

72. C. Woodii.

70. Carex tetanica Schkuhr. Map 493. Infrequent in northern Indiana
in marly or sandy soils, bordering marshes and lakes ; becoming frequent
to locally common on the dunes where it occurs especially on low sandy
interdunal flats ; rare in southern Indiana, in open post oak flats.

Mass. to Alberta, southw. to Pa. and Iowa.

71. Carex Meadii Dewey. {Carex tetanica var. Meadii (Dewey) Bailey.)
Map 494. Infrequent in the lake area and in southeastern Indiana; fre-
quent in the dune area. Its habitat is much that of C. tetanica except that
C. Meadii also occurs in drier soils and in even more open situations.
Carex Meadii as a rule is readily distinct from C. tetanica except at Pine
in Lake County where the two species are closely associated and inter-
mediate forms are frequent. The same is true of C. tetanica and C. Garberi,
at this station, and, as noted under the latter species, such transitional
forms may be due to hybridization.

N. J. to Sask., southw. to Ga. and Tex.

72. Carex Woodii Dewey. (Carex tetanica var. Woodii (Dewey) Wood;
Carex colorata Mack.) Map 495. Rare in the northern counties. So far
this species is known in Indiana from three collections only, all by Deam :
in a moist red and white oak woods 4 miles northwest of Valparaiso,
Porter County, June 2, 1927, in a rich beech-maple woods 1 mile south-
east of North Liberty, St. Joseph County, May 23, 1934, and June 13,
1935 and at the base of a sugar maple slope in Steuben County. At
the latter locality it was associated with Impatiens biflora, Solidago caesia,
Viola canadensis, Smilacina racemosa, Polygonum virginianum, Isopyrum
biternatum, and Caulophyllum thalictroides.

N. Y. to Man., southw. to D. C. and Mo.

246

Cyperaceae

Carex

—

J 3

Fet

)

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

r~.

fjH

r 1

Dec C—

/ Miles

f *-^ \ ^r\ 1

3 50

£f45 a < v/ r'V Map 495

Carex Woodii Dewey

o ~T5
Map 496

Carex plantaginea Lam.

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

X \ BD D

' S o

f/4

JS D

r 1

Dec.f-

i - 1 —

k ] y

/ Miles

Carex C

T\ Y o
vT ^ Map 497

areyana Torr.

21. § LAXIFLORAE

Bract-sheaths, base of culms, and staminate scales strongly red-tinged.*

Leaf blades of fertile culms rudimentary, the sheaths concave at the mouth; bracts

bladeless; perigynia 4-5 mm long 73. C. plantaginea.

Leaf blades of fertile culms well-developed, the sheaths prolonged upward at the

mouth; bracts with blades well-developed; perigynia 5.3-6 mm. long

74. C. Careyana.

Bract-sheaths not red-tinged, base of culms rarely so; staminate scales tinged greenish
white to dull reddish brown.
Perigynia sharply triangular, short-tapering at the base, closely 35-50-nerved.

Spikes erect, nearly sessile; leaf blades very smooth except for the margins, the
larger 12-25 mm wide, those of the fertile culms much smaller than those of

the sterile 75. C. platyphylla.

Spikes drooping on fiiliform peduncles; leaf blades hispidulous on the veins, 2-12
mm wide, those of the fertile culms moderately smaller than those of the
sterile.
Staminate spike sessile or subsessile, inconspicuous; pistillate spikes approxi-
mate; lowest bract subspathaceous, exceeding the inflorescence

76. C. abscondita.

Staminate spike peduncled, conspicuous; pistillate spikes scattered; lowest bract
not at all spathaceous, not exceeding the inflorescence.
Pistillate spikes without a staminate flower at the base; leaf blades 2-5 mm

wide, erect, green 77. C. digitalis.

Pistillate spikes with 1-2 staminate flowers at the base; leaf blades 5-12 mm
wide, weak, glaucous green.
Angles of the culms blunt, minutely serrulate only below the bracts; edges
of the bract-sheaths entire; perigynia tapering at the apex, short-
beaked 78. C. laxiculmis.

Angles of the culms sharp, minutely serrulate; edges of the bract-sheaths
minutely serrulate; perigynia rounded or round-tapering at the apex,
blunt or abruptly very short-beaked. . . .78a. C. laxiculmis var. cojndata.
Perigynia obtusely triangular (at least below), long-tapering at the base.

Bract-sheaths smooth on the edges or shallowly serrulate; beak of perigynium
straight or slightly oblique.

* This color is often called "purple" in Carex descriptions. It is a close match with
Ridgway's "Bordeaux" which is 90% red and 10% violet.

a rex

Cyperaceae 247

Sterile shoots developing conspicuous culms; leaves not semi-evergreen; peri-
gynia rather sharply angled above; pistillate spikes few-flowered, the lower

on long capillary peduncles 79. C. styloflexa.

Sterile shoots reduced to tufts of leaves; leaves semi-evergreen; perigynia

obtusely triangular 80. C. laxiflora.

Bract-sheaths strongly serrulate on the edges.

Sterile shoots reduced to tufts of leaves, not forming culms.

Pistillate scales acuminate to strongly cuspidate, more than half the length of
the perigynia; beak of perigynium conspicuous, straight or oblique; leaves

semi-evergreen; staminate spike peduncled, conspicuous

80a. C. laxiflora var. semdata.

Pistillate scales broadly obovate-orbicular, half the length of the perigynia or
less, strongly divergent at the base; beak of perigynium short, abruptly
bent; leaves not semi-evergreen, the blades 7-30 mm wide; staminate

spike sessile, very slender, inconspicuous 81. C. albursina.

Sterile shoots developing conspicuous culms; leaf blades 3-12 mm wide, not
semi-evergreen; pistillate scales mucronate to long-awned; beak of peri-
gynium short, abruptly bent.
Culms not reddish-tinged at the base; lower pistillate spikes not on long
capillary peduncles; staminate scales usually greenish white or slightly
tinged with reddish brown; staminate spike typically sessile or very

short-peduncled; perigynia obovoid, 3-4 mm long 82. C. blanda.

Culms reddish-tinged at the base; lower pistillate spikes on long capillary
peduncles; staminate scales strongly tinged with reddish brown; staminate

spike long-peduncled; perigynia broadly obovoid, 2.5-3.2 mm long

83. C. gracilescens.

73. Carex plantaginea Lam. Map 496. Rather infrequent in the north-
ern counties in rich woods. South of the lake area it is local and found
mostly in humus on the wooded sandstone slopes of deep ravines, usually
in dense shade and associated with Hydrophyllum appendiculatum. No
specimen was found to confirm the report in Coulter's Catalogue from
Tippecanoe County.

Que. to Sask., southw. to N. C. and Ky.

74. Carex Careyana Torr. Map 497. Frequent but local in moist rich
woods, particularly in ravines.

N. Y. to Mich., southw. to Va. and Mo.

75. Carex platyphylla Carey. Map 498. All the Indiana collections of
this species are from the knob area (Chestnut Oak Upland) with the
exception of a single collection from Vigo County and one from Putnam
County. It is found in calcareous soils on dry open woodland slopes. No
specimen could be found to confirm Bradner's report from Steuben County,
but the occurrence of the species in the northern counties is not improbable
since it is known from southern Michigan.

Que. to Mich., southw. to N. C. and 111.

76. Carex abscondita Mack. (Carex ptychocarpa Steud.) Map 499.
A southern and Coastal Plain species found in Indiana in the southern
counties only. It is rare in dry beech woods and very rare in black-white
oak woods.

Mass. to Ind.. southw. to Fla. and La.

•J IS

Cyperaceae

Carex

— '

Jin
Feb
Vjr

Apr

Mly

June
July
AuJ
Sept
Oct.
N ■

\-T

f ; L

-lr

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r-,

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D 1

o L^ — p- S

D U-— *-J
_j^_ V

W/ Miles

(

.arex

pla

typhy

J 50
^ Map 498

la Carey

—

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Mar.

Apr

May

June

July

Auj

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

r 1

*.s

f ^

TL^

J T-

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D
-L D J D V

o jy\
fJ Miles

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scondita

50
Map 499

Mack.

77. Carex digitalis Willd. (Including Carex digitalis var. macropoda
Fern. Rhodora 40: 400-401. 1938.) Map 500. Common in southern
Indiana; locally frequent in the northern counties. A woodland species
preferring dry beech woods but frequent also in dry or moist black or white
oak woods.

The length of the peduncle of the staminate spike in this species, as in
Carex laxicvlmis, is extremely variable. An extreme form in which the
staminate spike is born on a peduncle overtopping the uppermost pistillate
spike and bract has been described by Professor Fernald as var. macropoda,
and under this variety he cites Deam no. 27837 from Crawford County
and no. 27119 from Perry County. In the Deam Herbarium, Deam no.
44066 from Perry County apparently represents this extreme of the species
but is too immature to be placed here with certainty. Among the numerous
intermediate collections Deam no. 20378 from Harrison County and no.
20592 from Washington County most nearly approximate var. macropoda.

78. Carex laxiciiimis Schwein. Map 501. Fairly common in woods and
thickets. Plants intermediate between the species and the following
variety are not infrequent ; such are Deam nos. 844 ; 24750 ; 35708 ; 35924 ;
:;<;p»7; 10669; and 51825.

Maine to Wis., southw. to N. C. and Mo.

78a. Carex laxiculmis var. copulata (Bailey) Fern. {Carex copulata
(Bailey) Mack.) Map 502. Frequent in eastern Indiana in dry woods,
principally white oak and beech; rare in the western counties. The variety
is said to be a calciphile while the species prefers neutral or only slightly
calcareous soils.

N. J. to Mich, and Mo.

79. Carex stylollexa Buckley. (Carex la xi flora var. styloflexa (Buck-
ley) Boott.) Map 503. An eastern and southern species chiefly of the
Coastal Plain known in Indiana from a collection by Mrs. C. C. Deam:
in moist woods near Adams. Decatur County. May 13, 1911, no. 8149.

Carex

Cyperaceae

249

Map 501

o S3

Map 502

^arex laxiculmis
var. copu lata (Bailey) Fern.

Map 503
Carex styloflexa Buckley

Conn, to Fla. and Tex., mostly along the coast, northw. in the Mississippi
Valley to s. Ind.

80. Carex laxiflora Lam. (Carex heterosperma Wahl., Carex anceps
Muhl. and Carex laxiflora var. patulifolia (Dewey) Carey.) (Including
Carex striatula Michx., Carex laxiflora var. striatula (Michx.) Carey, and
"Carex laxiflora" Mack., not Lam., in Small, Manual of the Southeastern
Flora.) Map 504. Common in dry woods, especially beech-sugar maple,
throughout the state.

The form commonly referred to Carex striatula Michx. may deserve
varietal recognition, at least in the southern part of its range and on the
Coastal Plain where it attains the extreme of its differentiation, but in
Indiana intermediates so far outnumber the extremes that all attempts
to separate it even varietally have been unsuccessful.

N. S. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

80a. Carex laxiflora var. serrulata Hermann. (Rhodora 40: 80. 1938.)
Map 505. Known from four counties all in the eastern half of the
state. Its habitat is that of the species. The type collection (Deam no.
6458) came from a wooded ravine two miles northwest of Henry ville,
Clark County, May 25, 1910.

Pa. and Ind.

81. Carex albursina Sheldon. (Carex laxiflora var. latifolia Boott.)
Map 506. Common on wooded slopes, chiefly in limestone areas; rare in
low, moist or alluvial woods.

Deam's collection of May 7, 1905, from Blackford County is exceptional
in having the leaves semi-evergreen and rather rigid.
Que. to Minn., southw. to Va. and Ark.

82. Carex blanda Dewey. (Carex laxiflora var. varians of authors, not
Bailey.) Map 507. Very common throughout the state, doubtless occurring
in every county. In woods of all types it is the commonest species of this
section of the genus. The other Indiana species of the C. laxiflora group

250

(VPERACEAE

Carex

~T3
Map 504

Carex I axif lora Lam.

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

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ucl

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Map 507

~T3

Map 505
Carex laxiflora var. serrulata Hermann

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Auj

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

ucl

" ~v

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ilescens

o So"
Map 508

steud.

—

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Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aufc

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

^_y id

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jrsina Sh«

o 54
Map 506

Idon

Map 509
Carex Haleana Olney

are rarely found in either very sandy or (except C. gracilescens) very
moist woods as C. blanda frequently is.
Que. to N. Dak. southw. to Ala. and Tex.

83. Carex gracilescens Steud. ("Carex laxiflora" Mack., not Lam., in
Britton and Brown, lllus. Flora, ed. 2 and Carex laxiflora var. gracillima of
< .ray. Man., ed. 7.) Map 508. Common in low woods and on wooded slopes.
It is generally less plentiful where found than is C. blanda at its stations.

Que. to Wis., southw. to Va. and Ark.

22. § GRAMLARES

Staminate spike short-peduncled or sessile; the two upper pistillate spikes usually
contiguous; rootstocks not long-creeping.
Perigynia elliptic-obovoid to elliptic-ovoid, 2-2.5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, ascending,
not ventricose-squarrose, rounded at the apex, abruptly very minutely beaked.

84. C. Haleana.

Carex

CYPERACEA.E

251

—

F I

D »

Jan.

Feb.

""'

Mar.

V-

—

Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec j-

| —

i D

D D
H

- DP

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H ,

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( ki n i

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y S Jr^\ /

3 SO

L <0"^V Map 510

2arex granulans Muhl.

o "~55
Map 512

Carex oh'gocarpa Schkghr

Perigynia broadly ovoid to broadly obovoid, 2.5-4 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, soon

ventricose-squarrose, tapering at the apex, minutely beaked. .85. C. granularis.

Staminate spike long-peduncled; spikes all widely separate; rootstocks long-creeping.. .

86. C. Crawei.

84. Carex Haleana Olney. (Carex granularis var. Halea?ia (Olney)
Porter and Carex Shriveri Britt.) Map 509. Infrequent in low ground,
principally along creeks; occasionally on calcareous sandy shores. More
frequent northward, and not known from the unglaciated area.

Que. to Sask., southw. to Va., Ind., and Kans.

85. Carex granularis Muhl. Map 510. Common throughout the state in
moist openings, low woods and on banks of creeks, especially in clay soils ;
frequent in dry open woods.

Vt. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Ark.

86. Carex Crawei Dewey. Map 511. Known in Indiana from Lake
County only where it is locally plentiful on moist sandy interdunal flats.
Here it is commonly associated with Carex Garberi, C. aurea, C. Meadii,
and often with C. viridula.

Que. to Alberta and Wash., southw. to ne. N. J., s. Ala., Tenn., Kans.,
and Wyo.

23. § OLIGOCARPAE

Bract-sheaths glabrous, the lower 0.6-2 cm long; perigynia 4 mm or less long; leaf
blades 2-4.5 mm wide; culms reddish-tinged at the base 87. C. oligocarpa.

Bract-sheaths strongly hispidulous, the lower 2-6 cm long; perigynia 4.5-5 mm long;
leaf blades 3-7 mm wide; culms brownish-tinged at the base. .88. C. Hitchcockiana.

87. Carex oligocarpa Schkuhr. Map 512. Common in rich woods except
in the three northern tiers of counties where it is rare. It is a plant of
calcareous soils and its favorite habitats are moist, wooded ravines and
beech or beech-maple slopes. Occasionally it occurs on dry slopes and in
open woods.

Vt. and Ont. to Iowa, southw. to Ala., Ky., and Tex.

252

Cyperaceae

Carex

—

Jjn.

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov.

•

r 1

Dec i-

S »
i j — /i

— 1

T v^ /

/ Miles

rex

Hitcl

icockiana

o 56
Map 513

Dewey

Map 514

Carex conoidea Schkuhr

Map 515

Carex amphiloba Steud.

88. Carex Hitchcockiana Dewey. Map 513. In calcareous or neutral
soils; common in rich woods and moist ravines and on river banks; rarely
in dry, sandy woods. It is often associated with Carex Jamesii, C. oligo-
carpa, C. blanda, and C. gracillima.

Vt. and Ont. to Wis., southw. to W. Va., Ky., and Mo.

24. § GRISEAE

Perigynia elliptic, 1.5 mm wide; bract-sheaths minutely serrulate on the edges;

peduncles of pistillate spikes rough; leaf blades 2-4 mm wide 89. C. conoidea.

Perigynia oblong-oval to broadly obovoid, 2- (occasionally 1.5 in C. amphibola) 2.5 mm
wide; bract-sheaths glabrous; peduncles of pistillate spikes glabrous or nearly so;
leaf blades 2-18 mm wide.
Pistillate spikes 3-12 flowered; leaves slightly if at all glaucous, thin and soft;
bract-sheaths tight.
Pistillate spikes widely separated, the lower nearly basal; culms strongly reddish-
tinged at the base; perigynia scarcely turgid; leaf blades 2-4 mm wide, erect;

achenes slenderly stipitate 90. C. amphibola.

Lower pistillate spikes not nearly basal; culms brownish-tinged at the base;
perigynia more or less turgid; leaf blades (2) 4-7 mm wide, ascending;

achenes substipitate 91. C. grisea.

Pistillate spikes (12) 15-35-flowered; leaves very glaucous, thick and firm; bract-
sheaths enlarged upward 92. C. glaucodea.

89. Carex conoidea Schkuhr. Map 514. Infrequent in the northwestern
counties in wet sandy fields and on banks of ditches. It is always a very
local species and this may account for the lack of specimens or reports from
northeastern Indiana where it should be found. The reports from Putnam
County by Coulter, from Clark County by Baird & Taylor, and from the
Low.)- Wabash Valley by Schneck are unsupported by specimens.

Newf. to Minn., southw. to Del., Ohio, and Iowa; also in the mts.
of N. C.

90. Carex amphibola Steud. (Carex grisea var. angusti folia Boott.)
Map 515. Frequent in southern Indiana especially in the unglaciated area,

Carex

Cyperaceae

253

~30

Map 516

Carex grisea Wahl.

Map 517

Carex glaucodea Tuckerm.

Map 518

Carex gracillima Schweln.

in dry beech, beech-maple, and white oak woods. Reported from Putnam
and Hamilton Counties by Wilson but no specimens could be found to
authenticate these reports.

N. J. to Inch, southw. to Fla. and Tex.

91. Carex grisea Wahl. Map 516. Very common throughout the
state in rich dry or moist woods and thickets, in ditches, on banks of
streams, and along roadsides. It is extremely variable in its vegetative
characteristics and in the shape and size of its perigynia.

N. B. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Ga. and Tex.

92. Carex glaucodea Tuckerm. Map 517. Frequent in southern Indiana
on wooded or open hillsides in either dry or moist soils. It is partial to
slopes and ridges and its most frequent habitats are abandoned roads
in woods and paths on open grassy hills. No specimens could be located
to authenticate the reports from Lake County by Coulter and by Peattie.
All the known Indiana collections have come from within or very near
the unglaciated area.

Mass. to Ont. and 111., southw. to N. C. and Ark.

25. § GRACILLIMAE

Sheaths (except the lower which are dorsally somewhat hispidulous) and leaves
glabrous; perigynia less than 2 mm thick.

Bracts long-sheathing; perigynia bluntly angled, obtuse at the apex

93. C. gracillmia.

Bracts sheathless; perigynia sharply angled, tapering into a triangular, often

twisted, beak nearly as long as the body 94. C. prasina.

Sheaths and often leaf blades pubescent; perigynia 2-2.5 mm thick 95. C. Davisii.

93. Carex gracillima Schwein. Map 518. Doubtless found in every
county in the state. It is common in wooded ravines and in low woods of
all types, although it shows a preference for open beech or beech-maple
woods.

Newf. to Man., southw. to Va., Ky., and Mo.

254

('YPERACEAE

Carex

~33
Map 519

Carex prasina Wahl.

Map 520

Carex Davisii Schwein. & Torr.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept

Oct.

Nov.

*■

^—r

Dec f-

HOP
t 1 ,

1 B
D Jr

D J D V I

Id / J

/ Miles

Carex d

ebilis Mic

Map 521

hx.

94. Carex prasina Wahl. Map 519. Infrequent, becoming frequent in
the southeastern counties. A species of very wet or springy habitats in
deep woods, growing generally along streamlets and frequently on bars
and rocks in streams.

Que. to Mich., southw. to D. C. and Ky., and in the Alleghenies to Ga.

95. Carex Davisii Schwein. & Torr. Map 520. Frequent in neutral or
calcareous soils in low, especially alluvial, beech and beech-maple woods
and in moist roadside ditches. It sometimes superficially resembles luxu-
riant forms of Carex grisea from which it may be readily distinguished by
the terminal spike which is gynaecandrous in C. Davisii and staminate in
C. grisea.

Vt. to Minn., southw. to Md., Term., and Tex.

26. § SYLVATICAE

Perigynia sessile or substipitate; scales obtuse to short acuminate, usually half the
length of the perigynia or less; achenes conspicuously stipitate; broadest basal
leaves 2-4.5 mm wide.
Perigynia G-10 mm long, narrowly lanceolate, broadest below the middle, very gradu-
ally tapering toward the apex or the broad portion elongate; pistillate scales

mostly rounded on the back, rarely tinged with reddish brown 96. C. debilis.

Perigynia 4.5-7 mm long, broadly ovate-lanceolate, broadest at the middle, abruptly
tapering at both ends, the broad portion short; pistillate scales mostly keeled

and tinged with reddish brown 96a. C. debilis var. Rudgei.

Perigynia strongly stipitate; scales strongly cuspidate or awned, usually more than
half the length of the perigynia; achenes substipitate or sessile; broadest basal
leaves 5-10 mm wide. ( See excluded species no. 21, p. 275.) C. arctata.

96. Carex debilis Michx. Map 521. Infrequent in southern Indiana,
principally in the southeastern counties, where it is found in low wet
woods, especially flat or even swampy pin oak and beech-sweet gum woods.

Carex

Cyperaceae

255

if o

Jan.

Feb.

I ,

Mar. ""

May
June

V>-

July
Aug. "f

/
1

Sept. y
Oct. }
Nov.

Dec j—

i ^

Miles

o — =^
Map 522

Carex debilis var. Rudgei Bailey

o ~~ To

Map 523

Carex Sprengelif Dewey

Miles
' 50

Map 524

var.

Carex Oederi
viridula (Michx.)

Kijk

ent

It is not known in Indiana from the habitat ascribed to it by Mackenzie
("dry woods and copses," N. Amer. Flora 18: 290. 1935).
Mass. and s. Ind., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

96a. Carex debilis var. Rudgei Bailey. (Carex flexuosa Muhl., Carex
tenuis Ruclge, and Carex debilis var. strictior Bailey.) Map 522. Infre-
quent near the northern border of Indiana where it is found in low
beech-maple woods. Any specimens which may have formed the basis for
the report of this variety (as C. tenuis) from Jefferson County in Coulter's
Catalogue doubtless should be referred to C. debilis.

Although Carex debilis and its variety Rudgei are geographically widely
separated in Indiana their ranges overlap farther east.

Newf. to Wis., southw. to Va. and Mo.; also in the mts. of N. C. and
Tenn.

27. § LONGIROSTRES

97. Carex Sprengelii Dewey. (Carex longi7*ostris Torr.) Map 523. A
local species known in the state only from the lake area. The Miami and
Noble County stations are in bluegrass sod along roadsides; that of
De Kalb County, on a wooded flood plain with beech and black maple ; that
of Steuben County, a low depression in woods ; the Wabash County, the
side of "Hanging Rock" on the south bank of the Wabash River, southeast
of Lagro ; the White County, a moist wooded bottom along the Tippe-
canoe River, northeast of Buffalo. Its usual habitats, outside Indiana, are
rich rocky woods especially in moist depressions, and on crests of calcare-
ous river bluffs or the tops of limestone boulders in open woods. It is often
in large colonies where found.

N. B. to Alberta, southw. to Del., Pa., Nebr., and Colo.

256

( lYPBRACEAE

Carex

Miles
—55
Map 525
"Carex Oederi
var. prolifera H. B. Lord

' !

D
H

-0 IT d
P I H

Feb

Mar

■1

H 1

—

May

June

-l

July
Aug
Sept

~ 7

Oct

Nov.

■*—r

Dec C—

1/ Miles

6 50

^<j-\f Map 526

Carex cryptolepis Mack.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

L L

) KD

s —

Oec J-

1
1 ^

T H \

^JJ Miles

3arex flava

y b 50
Map 527

28. § EXTENSAE

Perigynia 2-3 mm long, little if at all deflexed, the beak much shorter than the body;
spikes oblong, 4-7 mm wide.
Spikes 2-7, the lower often separate, the terminal usually staminate, conspicuous;

pistillate scales usually reddish-tinged 98. C. viridula.

Spikes 4-15, mostly densely aggregated, the terminal usually androgynous with the
staminate portion very small and inconspicuous; pistillate scales usually very

slightly if at all reddish-tinged 98a. Carex viridula f. intermedia.

Perigynia 3.5-6 mm long, at least the lower conspicuously deflexed, the beak equaling
the body; spikes subglobose, 7-12 mm wide.
Perigynia 3.5-4.5 mm long, the beak smooth, pale at the tip; scales slightly if at all
reddish-tinged, largely concealed by the perigynia; leaf blades 1-3 mm wide.

99. C. cryptolepis.

Perigynia 4.5-6 mm long, the beak serrulate, reddish-tinged at the tip; scales
strongly reddish-tinged, conspicuous in the spikes; leaf blades 3-5 mm wide.
100. C. flava.

98. Carex viridula Michx. (See, Jour. Bot. 77: 301-304. Nov. 1939.)
{Carex Oederi var. viridula, Carex Oederi var. pumila (Coss. & Germ.)
Fern., and Carex irregularis Schwein.) Map 524. Frequent on marly and
sandy lake borders, and in swales among the dunes.

Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Ind., N. Mex., Utah, and Calif.

98a. Carex viridula f. intermedia (Dudley) Hermann, comb. nov. (Carex
Oederi f. intermedia Dudley, Bull. Cornell Univ. 2:117. 1886.) (Carex
chlorophila Mack, and Carex Oederi var. prolifera H. B. Lord.) Map
525. Infrequent in the habitats of the preceding variety.

the characters employed by .Mackenzie to distinguish his C. chlorophila from
('. viridula very few seem to hold with any degree of constancy. A careful study of an
ext< series of both plants has shown the characteristics ascribed to the leaf blades

and sheaths to be wholly unreliable. The characters used in the above key to separate
c. chlorophila from c. viridula (the former here considered as a form of C. viridula),
although often well-marked, are tendencies only and they, together with a generally
lat<T flowering and fruiting date (contrarj to Mackenzie's note in \. Amer. Flora 18:

' that C. Oederi, C. viridula, and C. chlorophila "bl n and bear fruit from early

Bummer until frost"), do nol seem suflicientlj constant to maintain C. chlorophila as a
species. Qmbach's collections oi June I and 24, L899, and Deam nos. 14412 (June 3,
1927) and 42172 (Aug. L9, L925) are intermediate in nearly all characters, but on the
basis of the early fruiting date of the first three they may be referred to C. .viridula
while the late date of the last would place it nearer f. intermedia.

Carex Cyperaceae 257

Between C. viridula and f . intermedia there is a more or less well-defined
seasonal difference in flowering and maturing of the fruit as may be seen
from the collection dates with Maps 524 and 525. In Indiana C. viridula
is in its prime in June ; f . intermedia in August.

N. Y. to Wis., southw. to N. J. and Ind.

99. Carex cryptolepis Mack. {Carex flava var. rectirostra Gaudin, in
part.) Map 526. Frequent in northern Indiana on marly lake borders
and in marshes rich in marl ; infrequent on wet sandy lake shores.

Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. J. and Ind.

100. Carex flava L. Map 527. A widespread species which is common
throughout most of its range but rare and very local in Indiana. The two
known localities for it in the state are : marly marsh on the Wolverton
Estate, 7 miles southwest of South Bend, St. Joseph County, Deam nos.
54874 and 55079 ; and springy wooded bank of Flat Rock River, three-
fourths of a mile above St. Paul, Decatur County, Mrs. C. C. Deam nos.
10766 and 13400.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to N. J., Ind., and Mont.; also in Europe.

29. § VIRESCENTES

Perigynia densely pubescent; spikes about 3-4 mm thick, the lower more or less widely
separated and peduncled; ligule much longer than wide.
Pistillate spikes oblong or oblong-globose, abrupt or rounded at the base, the lowest
5-20 mm long; perigynia broadly obovoid; anthers 0.8-1.6 mm long; leaves

usually exceeding the culms 101. C. Swanii.

Pistillate spikes linear, attenuate at the base, the lowest 15-40 mm long; perigynia
oblong-elliptic or narrowly obovoid; anthers 1.5-2.5 mm long; leaves usually

shorter than the culms 102. C. virescens.

Perigynia glabrous; spikes 4-8 mm thick, contiguous or nearly so, sessile or subsessile;
ligule not longer than wide.
Perigynia strongly flattened ventrally, rounded at the apex, nerved, achenes with a

somewhat bent short-apiculate tip 103. C. hirsutella.

Perigynia turgid, nearly round in cross section, short-pointed at the apex, coarsely
nerved or ribbed; achenes with a very abruptly bent apiculate tip or style.
Leaf blades glabrate; perigynia 2 mm long; pistillate scales not pilose, obtuse or

short-cuspidate 104. C. caroliniana.

Leaf blades pubescent, especially below; perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm long; pistillate scales
sparingly pilose, long-acuminate, cuspidate or awned 105. C. Bushii.

101. Carex Swanii (Fern.) Mack. (Carex virescens var. Swanii Fern.)
Map 528. Common in clearings in low woods, and in moist open oak
woods ; infrequent along roadsides, on flood plains, and on wooded slopes.

N. S. to Wis., southw. to N. C, Tenn., and Ark.

102. Carex virescens Muhl. Map 529. Fairly common in the southern
counties, especially in the knob area (Chestnut Oak Upland), on wooded
bluffs, slopes, and river banks; infrequent in level woods. It is known
from the lake area from a single collection and most reports from the
northern third of the state were doubtless based upon material of
C. Swanii.

Maine to Ind., southw. to Ga. and Tenn.

2 58

Cyperaceae

Carex

Carei Swanii (FernJ Mack.

r— 1

r*~"

sT~

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

J 1

May

[Y^n It-

J — J -

June

'\i — _

July

—

Aug.
Sept.

D
n

1 " »

—

Oct.

Nov

- i

r 1 -

Dec (- —

B k

V uc

DF I,—

- L ^[ o / ^J

H ,

-r' h iJ (

) D l [d

£ Tl
D %>

i r - N-'

C-^\ D Id

/V t H

D H ( S r fc

J Miles

r o

iv d j°^v. 7

3 50

vS^^V Map 530

Carex hirsutella Mack.

103. Carex hirsutella Mack. (Carex triceps var. hirsuta (Willd.)
Bailey; "Carex complanata" Mack., not Torr., in Britton and Brown, Illus.
Flora, ed. 2.) Map 530. Common in southern Indiana, usually in sterile soil,
in dry open woods and fallow fields and along sandy roadsides ; infrequent
in low or flat woods; becoming less frequent northward and rare in the
northernmost counties.

Maine to Mich., southw. to Ala. and Tex.

104. Carex caroliniana Schwein. (Carex triceps var. Smithii Porter.)
Map 531. Frequent in southern Indiana in low flat woods and in clay soil
in fallow fields.

N. J. to N. C. and Tex.

105. Carex Bushii Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37: 241. 1910.) Map
532. Known in Indiana only from three stations, found by Deam, all in the
unglaciated area. It is common in the Posey County locality in low, open
post oak flats south of Half Moon Pond, 9 miles southwest of Mount
Vernon. The two localities in Spencer County are in a low fallow field
one mile north of Bloomfield (4 miles northwest of Chrisney), and in a
low, open pin oak and post oak flat two miles southeast of Dale.

Mackenzie has pointed out the marked general resemblance of this
species to the wholly unrelated Carex Buxbaumii.
Mass. to Mich., southw. to D. C, Miss., and Tex.

30. § HlRTAE

Leaf blades fiat, 2-5 mm wide; culms sharply triangular; achenes straight-apiculate.

106. C. lanuginosa.

Leaf blades involute-filiform, 2 mm wide or less; culms obtusely triangular; achenes

bent-apiculate 107. C. lasiocarpa.

106. Carex lanuginosa Michx. Map 533. Common in northern Indiana
in swamps, sloughs, wet ditches, open swampy woods, and on lake borders ;
infrequent in southern Indiana. This, like the following species, is usually
plentiful where found, often being the dominant plant in a marsh or on a

Carex

Cyperaceae

259

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept

Oct.

./"

f ^

r 1 -

>v|

1 — '

-\JA

Nov. | 1

1 ,

Dec.i-

>LLJ

D L
T_" J \ J

!/ Miles

/V°

3ar

ex (

aro

iniana Sc

1 ~3o
Map 531

hwein.

Map 532

Carex Bushii Mack.

lanuginosa

lake border. It is one of the most widely distributed sedges in North
America.

Schneck's report from the Lower Wabash Valley is unsupported by
specimens; in fact, no material has been seen from any of the south-
western counties.

N. B. to B. C, southw. to Tenn., Ark., N. Mex., and Calif.

107. Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. (Carex filiformis of authors, not L.)
Map 534. Frequent in the lake area in sloughs and sphagnum bogs and
on lake borders. Like the preceding species, it often forms large colonies.

No specimen could be found to substantiate Schneck's report from the
Lower Wabash Valley, an area far south of the normal range of C.
lasiocarpa.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to N. J., Pa., Iowa, Idaho, and Wash.; also in
Europe.

30A. § ANOMALAE
Carex scabrata Schwein. (See excluded species no. 23, p. 275.)

31. § SHORTIANAE

108. Carex Shortiana Dewey. Map 535. Common except in northern
Indiana. It is found in moist open woods and roadside ditches and on
banks of creeks.

Attempts to locate a specimen to support Peattie's report from Lake
County have been unsuccessful and the species is not otherwise known
in western Indiana north of Tippecanoe County.

Pa. to Iowa, south, to Va., Tenn., and Okla.

108a. X Carex Deamii Hermann. (Rhodora 40: 81. 1938.) A sterile
hybrid between Carex Shortiana and C. typhina which was discovered by
Deam in Pike County in 1926. The only known locality for it is at the
edge of a low woods on the east side of the road dividing sections 17 and 18,
Jefferson Twp., two miles southwest of Otwell.

260

('VPERACEAE

Car ex

Jin.
Feb

Way
June
July
Aug

KSl

Sept
Oct
Nov

r 1 -^-

_~L

Dec <-

Miles

5(5

Map 534

Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh.

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov

"H D

t ^l''

D
- DP

8 S 1

Dec (-

rj " D
1

K 1 y

~U°J \)

r P

1/ Miles

lie

y^D

uc p 1

arex

3 3\_ 7

ortiana D

o 56
Map 535

ewey

Miles

o 56

Map 536

Carex limosa L.

32. § LIMOSAE

109. Carex limosa L. Map 536. Infrequent in tamarack bogs and on
mucky lake borders in northern Indiana. It is usually found in sphagnum.

Lab. and Newf . to Yukon, southw. to Del., Iowa, Mont., and Calif. ;
also in Eurasia.

33. § ATRATAE

110. Carex Buxbaumii Wahl. {Carex polygama Schkuhr, not Gmelin.)
Map 537. Rather common among the dunes; infrequent elsewhere in
northern Indiana. Among the dunes it is found in swales and on inter-
dunal flats; elsewhere in marshes and low sandy or marly openings. In
southern Indiana it occurs in swampy woods.

Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Ga., Ark., Colo., Utah, and Calif.; also in
Eurasia.

34. § ACUTAE

Beak of perigynium very short, or absent, not twisted; pistillate spikes erect; culms

relatively slender to the base, very rough above.

Culms strongly phyllopodic (sterile shoots sometimes aphyllopodic) ; fertile culms

surrounded at the base by the dried-up leaves of the previous year; perigynia

strongly flattened, not at all turgid, obovoid, 2.75-3.2 mm long, 1.5-2.75 mm

wide HI. C. substricta.

Culms aphyllopodic; fertile culms all or mostly arising laterally and not surrounded

at the base by the previous year's tufts of leaves; perigynia 2-2.75 mm long,

1.25-1.75 mm wide.

Perigynia inflated, strongly biconvex, brownish at maturity, broadly ovate to

suborbicular, 2-2.25 mm long; pistillate scales divaricate at maturity; ligule

sligbtly longer than wide; lower sheaths slightly if at all filamentose; stolons

short, ascending; achenes suborbicular 112. C. Haydenii.

Perigynia not inflated, closely enveloping the achenes, unequally biconvex, green

or straw colored, 2.25-2.75 mm long; stolons long, many, horizontal; achenes

oblong to obovate.

Lower sheaths not filamentose ventrally, strongly septate-nodulose dorsally;

ligule much wider than long; pistillate spikes (3) 4-5, the lower 2-10 cm

long; perigynia ovate or obovate, 1.5-1.75 mm wide 113. C. Emoryi.

Carex

Cyperaceae

261

Jan.

Feb

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

D }

1—

I >-l —

Miles

o 3o

Map 538

Carex substricta (Kukenth.) Mack,

Map 539

Carex H ay den i i Dewey

Lower sheaths filamentose ventrally; ligule much longer than wide; pistillate
spikes usually 3, the lower 1-6 cm long; perigynia elliptic to narrowly or
broadly ovate, 1.5 mm wide; pistillate scales appressed at maturity.
Leaf sheaths glabrous ventrally, without a minute hyaline jagged-ciliate

margin at the mouth 114. C. stricta.

Leaf sheaths hispidulous ventrally (and dorsally), usually with a minute
jagged-ciliate margin at the mouth; leaves usually paler green or

glaucous 114a. C. stricta var. strictior.

Beak of perigynium prominent, twisted when dry; at least the lower pistillate spikes
nodding or recurving; culms usually stout at the base, smooth above; stolons very
short and ascending or none 115. C. torta.

111. Carex substricta (Kukenth.) Mack. (In Rydb., Flora Rocky Mts.
139. 1917.) (Carex aquatilis var. substricta Kukenth.) Map 538. Infre-
quent but locally plentiful in the northernmost tier of counties in marshes
and sloughs and on lake or river borders.

Most of the reports of C. aquatilis from Indiana were doubtless based
upon specimens of this species.

Newf. to Wash., southw. to N. J., Ind., and Nebr.

112. Carex Haydenii Dewey. (Carex stricta var. decora Bailey.) Map
539. Infrequent in northwestern Indiana in wet prairies, ditches, and low
clearings in open oak woods.

N. B. to Minn., southw. to N. J., 111., and Mo.

113. Carex Emoryi Dewey. Map 540. Frequent along banks of creeks
and in swamps, sloughs, and swales in woods. Not known from the ungla-
ciated area.

N. J. and Va. to Man. and Colo., southw. to Tex. and N. Mex.

114. Carex stricta Lam. (Carex stricta var. angustata (Boott) Bailey.)
Map 541. Frequent in northwestern Indiana in marshes and open swamps
and on borders of creeks where it generally forms dense tussocks. Less
common than the following variety except in Lake County.

2G2

Cyperaceae

Carex

Map 540
Carei Emoryi Dewey

~"53

Map 541

Carex stricta Lam.

Miles

r — tb

Map 542
"Carei strlda
var. strictior (Dewey) Carey

The dominant plant of "sedge meadows" is most frequently this species
or var. strictior.

Maine to N. C, and along the Coastal Plain to Tex. ; also locally in the
Great Lakes region.

114a. Carex stricta var. strictior (Dewey) Carey. {Carex strictior
Dewey.) Map 542. Common in northern Indiana in marshes and road-
side ditches, often in very marly soil; infrequent southward along the
western border of the state.

This plant is reputed to grow in beds (not dense tussocks) while C.
stricta is supposed to occur in very dense tussocks only. Field observations
in Indiana, however, do not indicate that this distinction is at all reliable ;
C. strictior has often been seen to form conspicuous tussocks and C. stricta
was frequently found in beds. The distinctions ascribed by Mackenzie to
the foliage characters (leaf blades deep green, channeled and keeled toward
the base in C. stricta, glaucous to blue-green, flat or nearly so to the base in
C. strictior) seem to be particularly inconstant. The lowest bract is gen-
erally larger and more leaflike in var. strictior, but this, too, is merely a
tendency. P^orms which are transitional in nearly all characters are so
frequent in Indiana that it seems best to regard C. strictior as not more
than a variety.

Que. to Minn., southw. to D. C. (in the mts. to N. C. and Tenn.) and Iowa.

115. Carex torta Boott. Map 543. Frequent south of the lake area on
rocky beds of streams, and sand bars in creeks and on their springy banks ;
rare in woodland swales.

Que. to Minn., southw. to N. C, Tenn., and Ark.

35. § CRYPTOCARPAE

116. Carex crinita Lam. Map 544. Common in swampy woods and
thickets ; frequent in swales, sloughs, ditches, and swamps.
Que. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Tex.

Carex

Cyperaceae

263

o 55

Map 543

Carex torta Boot t

Map 544

Carex crinita Lam.

—

Jar
Feb

L
11

p' ■

Mar.
Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov.

fr 1

-i

r 1

Dec (-

1/ Miles

Carex f

iculata

5(5
Map 545

35A. § ORTHOCERATES

Carex pauciflora Lightf. (See excluded species no. 28, p. 276.)

36. § FOLLICULATAE

117. Carex folliculata L. Map 545. Known in Indiana only from the
dune area in Porter and La Porte Counties where it is locally frequent on
mucky borders of wet woods. One collection of Deam's (4 miles northeast
of Michigan City) is from a sedge marsh.

Newf. to Wis., southw. to D. C. (in the mts. to N. C. and Tenn.) and Ind.,
but best developed on the Coastal Plain.

37. § PSEUDO-CYPERI

Teeth of perigynia not over 0.5 mm long; perigynia suborbicular in cross section,
inflated, membranaceous, spreading; culms stoloniferous; ligule . not longer than

wide 1 18. C hystricina.

Teeth of perigynia 0.5 mm or more long; perigynia flattened-triangular, scarcely

inflated, coriaceous, more or less reflexed; culms not stoloniferous; ligule much

longer than wide.

Teeth of perigynia recurved-spreading, 1.2-2 mm long; beaks of perigynia (exclusive

of the teeth) 1.5-2.2 mm long, equaling or longer than the bodies; perigynia 6 mm

long 119. C. comosa.

Teeth of perigynia erect or slightly spreading, 0.5-1 mm long; beaks of perigynia
(exclusive of the teeth) averaging 1 mm long, shorter than the bodies; perigynia
4-5 mm long 120. C. Pseudo-Cyperus.

118. Carex hystricina Muhl. (Carex hystricina var. Dudleyi Bailey and
Carex hystricina var. Cooleyi Wood.) Map 546. Common in most of the
glaciated area of Indiana in swamps and wet habitats of all types but
usually in calcareous soils.

No corroborating specimen for Schneck's report from the Lower Wabash
Valley could be found.

Que. to Wash., southw. to Va., Ky., Tex., and Calif.

119. Carex comosa Boott. (Carex Pseudo-Cyperus var. americana
Hochst.) Map 547. Fairly common in northern Indiana on low borders

264

Cyperaceae

Carex

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct

Nov

r i

_«D>

D D
H f

D J*

r -

i ^

I 1

1 «

Dec C

—

■LL

1/ Miles

I (

K |

acu

Care
>tns

x riparra

" 56

Map 549

Map 547

Carex comosa Boott

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

r r^° °

' D

r 1

D .

D D

D C

D D

Dec.f-

1 '

1/ Miles

rJ d

° i c 1

rex

hyal

inolepis 5

50
Map 550

teud.

Map 548

Carex Pseudo-Cyperus L.

o 53

Map 551

Carex subimpressa Cloke

of lakes (often in shallow water) and in swamps, sloughs, and ditches. In
southern Indiana it is known only from a single collection from Floyd
County.

Que. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and La. ; also locally in the Pacific Coast
States.

120. Carex Pseudo-Cyperus L. Map 548. Rare on lake borders and in
sloughs and swamps in northern Indiana where it reaches the southern
limit of its range. Like C. comosa it frequently grows in shallow water,
rooted in muck.

Newf. to Sask., southw. to Conn., N. Y., Ind., and Minn. ; also in Eurasia.

38. § PALUDOSAE

Beaks of perigynia much shorter than the hody, the teeth short, about 0.5 mm long,
erecl or nearly so; foliage glabrous.
Perigynia glabrous.

Carex Cyperaceae 265

Mature perigynia strongly nerved; fertile culms aphyllopodic, strongly reddish-
tinged at the base, the lower sheaths filamentose ventrally; ligule at least

twice as long as wide 121. C. riparia var. lacustris.

Mature perigynia impressed-nerved; fertile culms phyllopodic, less strongly or
not at all reddish-tinged at the base, the lower sheaths not filamentose
ventrally; ligule shorter or moderately (less than one and a half times) longer

than wide 122. C. hyalinolepis.

Perigynia hairy, the ribs mostly hidden by the short dense pubescence

122 a. X C. siibimpressa.

Beaks of perigynia (including teeth) nearly as long as the body; the teeth prominent,
1-3 mm long, erect to widely spreading.
Perigynia glabrous; leaf sheaths pubescent; at least the lower leaf blades sparsely

hairy below toward the base 123. C. atherodes.

Perigynia hairy; leaf sheaths and blades glabrous 124. C. trichocarpa.

121. Carex riparia Curtis var. lacustris (Willd.) Kiikenth. (Carex
lacustris Willd.) Map 549. Common in calcareous soils in marshes and
ditches and on borders of swamps, lakes, and streams. It often forms ex-
tensive stands in marshes. This, and to a lesser extent the following species,
seem to be somewhat periodic in fruiting, at least in the Great Lakes States.
Often throughout one or more seasons in a large colony, only a few plants,
if any, will be found with fertile culms.

Que. to Sask., southw. to Va. and Iowa.

122. Carex hyalinolepis Steud. (Carex riparia var. impressa S. H.
Wright and Carex impressa (S. H. Wright) Mack.) Map 550. Common,
except in the northern three tiers of counties, in roadside ditches and wet
depressions in low open woods and on flood plains and borders of ponds.

N. J. to Ont. and Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

122a. X Carex siibimpressa Clokey. (Rhodora 21: 84. 1919; Carex
languinosa X impressa Clokey, Torreya 16: 199. 1916.) Map 551. Known
in Indiana from collections by Deam from four counties along the north-
eastern border, where it is very local but usually occurs in colonies which
are probably clones. It is found in ditches along roadsides or railroads
and in low ground in open woods.

No verifying specimens were found for Clokey's reports from Porter
and Posey Counties or for Peattie's report from Lake and Porter Counties.

Ind. and 111.

123. Carex atherodes Spreng. (Carex trichocarpa var. imberbis Gray
and Carex trichocarpa var. aristata (R. Br.) Bailey.) Map 552. Rare in
northern Indiana in marshes and wet prairie habitats.

Reported from Marshall County by Clark but no specimens could be
located.

Ont. to Yukon, southw. to N. Y., Ind., Mo., Kans., Colo., Utah, and Oreg. ;
also in Eurasia.

124. Carex trichocarpa Muhl. Map 553. Rare in swamps, low openings,
and swales in woods ; chiefly in eastern-central Indiana.

Reported from Madison County by Smith but no specimens were found.
Que. and Vt. to Minn., southw. to N. J., Ind., and Iowa.

266

Cyperaceae

Carex

—

Jan.

Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May

June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.

t~ °

H 1

D,„

-4

~? D d

r 1

Dec C

i ' —

A/ Miles

Carex

trie

hocarpa

Map 553

Muhl.

o 33

Map 554

Carex FrankFI Kunth

39. § SQUARROSAE

Perigynia shorter than the rough-awned scales, 14-20-ribbed; terminal spike usually
staminate, narrowly linear, small (0.5-2.5 cm long); ligule slightly, if at all, longer

than wide; achenes about 1.5 mm long 125. C. Frankii.

Perigynia much longer than the scales, several-ribbed above; terminal spike gynae-
candrous; ligule much longer than wide; achenes 2.2-3 mm long.
Beaks of perigynia mostly appressed-ascending; spikes oblong-cylindric; achenes
obovoid, their sides concave; pistillate scales mostly blunt; style straight

b e l ow 126. C. typhina.

Beaks of perigynia widely radiating; spikes oval or oblong-oval; achenes linear-
oval, their sides almost flat; pistillate scales acute to short-awned; style strongly
curved or bent below 127. C. squwrosa.

125. Carex Frankii Kimth. (Carex stenolepis Torr.) Map 554. Not
known from the two northern tiers of counties. Except in the lake and
prairie areas very common in ditches and low roadsides and on banks of
creeks; frequent in swamps, low flat woods, ravines, marshes, and wet
fallow fields.

Pa. and N. Y. to 111. and Kans., southw. to Ga. and Tex.; also in S. A.

126. Carex typhina Michx. (Carex typhinoides Schwein.) Map 555.
Fairly common in the southern counties, infrequent in northern Indiana,
and not known from the central portion of the state. Its favorite habitat
is low flat woods, especially pin oak, but it is also found on borders of
ponds and in marshes, swamps, and roadside ditches.

Specimens to confirm Wilson's reports from Hamilton and Tippecanoe
Counties could not be found.

Que. to Wis. and Iowa, southw. to Ga. and La.

127. Carex squarrosa L. Map 556. Common, especially southward, in
low or swampy woods and roadside ditches; frequent on wet borders of
ponds and creeks.

Que. to Wis. and Nebr., southw. to N. C. and Ark.

Carex

Cyperaceae

267

—

Jan.
Feb

1 D

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov.

Dec J-

v_^

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t Av

r 1

1 '

1 rV

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h y

1/ Miles

r* D

L D p*

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x ty

phina Mi<

o 5o
Map 555

'hx.

~T3

Map 556

Carex squarrosa L.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

n -

1 lf

~v^

<-±_ ]

L ' \S

Miles

Map 557

Carex vesicana L.

40. § VESICARIAE

Pistillate scales not rough-awned.

Pistillate spikes oblong to cylindric, 17-many-flowered; leaf blades flat or the margins
somewhat revolute.
Perigynia not reflexed; bracts moderately exceeding the inflorescence.
Achenes not excavated on one side; perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm wide.

Culms sharply triangular below the spikes, rough; perigynia appressed or
ascending; teeth of perigynia long or perigynia tapering gradually into
the beak; lower sheaths fragile, becoming strongly filamentose; ligule
much longer than wide; rootstocks short-creeping, without long horizontal

stolons 128. C. vesicaria.

Culms bluntly triangular below the spikes, smooth; perigynia spreading to
squarrose at maturity; teeth of perigynia short or perigynia abruptly
contracted into the beak; lower sheaths not fragile, not becoming
filamentose; ligule slightly if at all longer than wide; rootstocks with

long horizontal stolons 129. C. rostrata.

Achenes deeply excavated on one side; perigynia 5-6.5 mm wide

130. C. Tuckermani.

Lower perigynia reflexed or widely spreading, somewhat falcate; bracts many

times exceeding the inflorescence 131. C. retrorsa.

Pistillate spikes globose or short-oblong, 3-18-flowered; leaf blades involute

132. C. oligosperma.

Pistillate scales rough-awned 133. C. lurida.

128. Carex vesicaria L. (Including Car ex vesicaria var. monile (Tuck-
erm.) Fern.) Map 557. Infrequent in the lake area in swamps, swales,
and swampy woods.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to Del., Ind., Mo., N. Mex., and Calif.; also in
Eurasia.

129. Carex rostrata Stokes. (Including Carex rostrata var. utriculata
(Boott) Bailey.) Map 558. Frequent in northern Indiana in marshes,
swamps, low woods, wet roadside ditches, and swales and on borders of
ponds and lakes, often in shallow water. It is a very widespread species
but generally is not plentiful in any one locality.

268

Cyperaceae

Carex

Map 558

Carex rostrata Stokes

Tuck

ermani

Map 559
Boott

o ~w
Map 560

Carex retrorsa Schwein.

Greenland to Alaska, southw. to Del., W. Va., Ind., S. Dak., N. Mex., and
Calif. ; also in Eurasia.

130. Carex Tuckermani Boott. Map 559. Frequent in northeastern
Indiana; otherwise known in the state only from the dune area and from
Floyd County. It is found in swales in woods, swamps, and on borders of
ponds, frequently in shallow water.

N. B. to Minn., southw. to N. J., Ind., and Iowa.

131. Carex retrorsa Schwein. Map 560. Known in Indiana from two
collections near the northern border of the state ; edge of swamp, East
Chicago, Lake County, W. S. Moffatt, July 2, 1893, and, near St. Mary's
Academy, Notre Dame, St. Joseph County, J. A. Nieuwland, July 9, 1913.

No corroborating specimens have been seen for the report in Coulter's
Catalogue from Gibson County, Wilson's report from Hamilton County or
Schneck's from the Lower Wabash Valley.

Que. to B. C, southw. to N. J., Ind., Iowa, Colo., and Oreg.

132. Carex oligosperma Michx. Map 561. Frequent in the dune area,
otherwise quite local in northern Indiana. It prefers Chamaedaphne and
tamarack bogs, but is found also in marshes and swales and on borders
of ponds.

Newf. to Mack., southw. to Mass., Pa., and Ind.

L33. Carex lurida Wahl. Map 562. Very common; in southern In-
diana ubiquitous in swamps, sloughs, ditches, and wet habitats of all types.

Carex lurida is frequently confused with C. hijstncina and with C.
lupulina. The following distinctions, in addition to those given in the key
to the sections, may be useful in separating it from these. The achene of
C. lurida is strongly rough-papillate; that of C. lupulina is perfectly
smooth. Also the teeth of the perigynia in C. lurida are very short (aver-
aging 0.5 mm long) and the stigmas all protrude from one side; in C.
hijmlinn the teeth are long (0.75-2 mm) and the stigmas radiate irregu-
larly from the orifice. In C. hystricina the teeth of the perigynia are longer

Carex

Cyperaceae

269

Carex oligosperma Michx.

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

Dec.J-

L
I
1

1 SD

-^ 1

D K

'.Hrf

D UP u

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D
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H

j J

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J D [ D

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\$J Miles

D 1
p

arex

D -r\

lurida

7 50

Map 562
Wahl.

o 13

Map 563

Carex Grayii Carey

and spreading or ascending ; in C. lurida the teeth are erect or appressed,
the perigynia are more abruptly beaked and the beak is longer and
narrower.

N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Vera Cruz, Mex.

41. § LUPULINAE

Pistillate spikes globose to short-ovoid; style straight or the bend remote from the

achene.

Perigynia radiating in all directions, cuneate at the base, subcoriaceous, usually

somewhat hispidulous; staminate spike usually subsessile or short-peduncled;

achenes obscurely trigonous, almost suborbicular in cross section, the angles

inconspicuous 134. C. Grayii.

Perigynia ascending, rounded at the base, membranaceous, smooth and shining;
staminate spike normally long-peduncled; achenes with blunt angles but con-
spicuously trigonous.

Perigynia broadly ovoid, about half as broad (5-8 mm) as long

135. C. intumescens.

Perigynia narrowly ovoid, a fourth to a third as broad (3.5-5 mm) as long

135a. C. intumescens var. Fernaldii.

Pistillate spikes oblong to cylindric; style abruptly bent immediately above the achene.

Achenes conspicuously longer than wide, the angles not prominently knobbed, the

sides shallowly concave; pistillate spikes short-oblong to oblong-cylindric.

Culms arising one to few together from elongate rootstocks; staminate spike

narrow, 2.5 mm wide, very long-peduncled; pistillate scales blunt to acute,

rarely short-mucronate; leaf blades 2-6 mm wide 136. C. louisianica.

Culms cespitose; staminate spike 3-5 mm wide, sessile or short-peduncled; pistillate

scales acuminate to rough-awned; leaf blades 4-15 mm wide

137. C. lupulina.

Achenes not longer than wide, the angles prominently knobbed, the sides deeply
concave; pistillate spikes cylindric or oblong-cylindric.
Perigynia ascending or slightly spreading, the beak less than twice the length

of the body; achenes about as wide as long 138. C. lupuliformis.

Perigynia widely spreading at maturity, the beak 2-3 times the length of the body;
achenes much wider than long 139. C. gigantea.

134. Carex Grayii Carey. (Carex Grayii var. hispidula Gray and

270

Cyperaceae

Carex

Jin
fet>

Mar

Apr
May

June

July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov

r »

t D

D
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Map 564

udge

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Map 565
Carex intumescens
var. Fernaldii Bailey

—

Jan

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

1 — ,—
L

fr 1

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- k

Dec (-

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arex

louisianica E

Map 566
ai ley

Carea: Asa^Grayi Bailey.) Map 563. Common, but local, in low rich woods
and on banks of creeks and borders of swamps. Widely distributed in the
state but generally not found in abundance at any one locality. It is one
of the most conspicuous of the sedges and so is apt to be collected more
often than some of the inconspicuous species which may be actually more
common.

The form known as var. hispidula shows no geographic segregation and
doubtless does not merit even formal recognition. J. K. Underwood, of the
University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, writes that he
has observed the same plants which one year had hispidulous perigynia to
be perfectly glabrous the next season.

Vt. to Wis., southw. to Ga., Tenn., and Mo.

135. Carex intumescens Rudge. Map 564. Frequent to locally common
in depressions in low woods (maple, beech, sweet gum or pin oak) and in
flat woods.

N. H. to Wis., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

135a. Carex intumescens var. Fernaldii Bailey. Map 565. Infrequent
in northern Indiana, chiefly in the lake area, in habitats similar to those
of the species.

Newf. to Keewatin, southw. to Mass., N. Y., Ind., and 111. and in the mts.
to N. C.

136. Carex louisianica Bailey. (Carex Halei Carey.) Map 566. A
southern species which reaches its northwestern limit in southern Indiana
where it is infrequent in low open woods, flat woods, and cypress swamps,
mostly in the unglaciated area.

N. J. to Ind., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

137. Carex lupulina Muhl. (Carex lupulina var. pedwiculata Gray.)
Map 567. Very common in swamps, ditches, and low open woods and on
borders of ponds and rivers.

N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

Carex

Cyperaceae

271

"TO

Map 567

Carex lupulina Muhl.

Map 570

Acorus Calamus L

o 50

Map 568
Carex lupulif ormis Sartwell

Map 571
Symplocarpus foetidus (L ) Nutt

Map 569
Carex gigantea Rudge

138. Carex lupuliformis Sartwell. Map 568. Infrequent and local in
swampy woods, wet ditches, and buttonbush swamps, and on borders of
ponds.

Vt. to Minn., southw. to Va., La., and Tex.

139. Carex gigantea Rudge. Map 569. Rare and local in the southern
counties in cypress swamps and swampy or low open woods.

Del. to Ky., Ind., and Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

EXCLUDED SPECIES

1. Carex radiata (Wahl.) Dewey. Reported, as Carex rosea var. radiata
Dewey, from Allen County, the Chicago region (including Lake and Porter
Counties) , and the Lower Wabash Valley but the reports were made before
this species and C. rosea were clearly understood. The specimen upon
which the Allen County record was based is C. rosea and doubtless the

°72

( \ peraceae Carex

specimens forming the bases of other reports should be referred to the

same species.

Que. to Mich.. Bouthw. to N. C. and Tenn.

2 Carex austrina (Small) Mack. Deam reported this southern and
western species from Benton County in 1928 on the basis of a collection
(Deam no. 18219) which Mackenzie so determined. This collection is C.
gravida. The specimen in the Deam Herbarium approaches var. Lunelliana
in its rather broadly ovate, short-beaked perigynia. In his treatment of
the Cariceae in North American Flora (18: 57. 1931.) Mackenzie does not
cite Carex austrina from Indiana.

Mo. and Kans. to Ark. and Tex.

3 Carex vulpinoidea Michx. var. pycnocephala Hermann. A collection
by Deam (Steuben County, June 17, 1903) is referred to this variety in
Rhodora 38: 363. 1936. Since this is the only specimen known from In-
diana, however, and since it is not entirely typical it seems best to exclude
it until additional and characteristic material may be found.

Mich, and Minn. ; probably elsewhere on sandy shores of the Great Lakes.

4. Carex canescens L. There have been many reports of this northern
species from Indiana but all specimens so labeled proved to be either var.
disjuncta or var. subloliacea (except E. J. Hill's no. 60, which is C. tenera.)
Without doubt typical C. canescens is not found in Indiana.

Lab. to B. C, locally southw. to Conn, and n. Mich. ; also in Eurasia.

5. Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. Both Pepoon and Peattie have re-
ported this sedge from Lake County but no specimens from there could
be located in the Indiana herbaria, nor in the Field Museum, Chicago
Academy of Sciences, Gray Herbarium, National Herbarium or the herbaria
of the Universities of Illinois, Wisconsin, or Michigan. Since the species
is known from Ohio and from at least as far southwest as Kalamazoo
County, Michigan, it is not improbable that it does occasionally reach
northern Indiana.

Greenland, Lab., and Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. J. (in the mts. to
N. C.)i Colo., and Wash.; also in Eurasia.

6. Carex exilis Dewey. A species principally of the Coastal Plain,
known in the Great Lakes region only from northern Michigan, Ontario,
and Minnesota. Its occurrence in Steuben County, from which Bradner
reported it, seems unlikely and it is excluded for want of a confirming
specimen.

Lab. to Del. ; locally inland in Vt., N. Y., Ont., Mich., and Minn.

7. Carex slellulata Gooden. This and Carex Leersii Willd. are now con-
sidered to be synonymous with C. muricata L. The numerous Indiana
reports of C. stellulata and C. Leersii may have been based upon almost
any species of § Stellulatae, probably chiefly upon C. inconvperta and C.
sterilis.

8. Carex muricata L. A boreal species known from Greenland to New-
foundland, Quebec, Alaska, and northern Eurasia. It is hardly feasible to

Carex Cyperaceae 273

attempt to make any disposition of MacDougal's report from Putnam
County in Coulter's Catalogue. Carex muricata of most American authors
of that period was C. spicata Hudson, a European species of %Bracteosae
which has become established locally from Nova Scotia to Virginia and
Ohio.

9. Carex cephalantha (Bailey) Bickn. This northern and eastern
species was reported by Pepoon from Lake County as C. stellulata var.
cephalantha (Bailey) Fern., but no specimen could be found. Its occur-
rence in Indiana is improbable.

Newf. to n. Mich, and Wis., southw. to Md., also on the Pacific coast
in Wash, and Vancouver Island.

10. Carex Merritt-Fernaldii Mack. Peattie reports this species from
Dune Park (Porter County) and the Calumet District (Lake County).
The only specimen which could be found bearing this name, a collection
by Umbach from Lake County in the University of Wisconsin Herbarium,
is C. brevior. C. Merritt-Ferimldii has not been found in southern Michi-
gan and it is not likely that its range extends as far south as Indiana.

Maine to Man., southw. to Mass. and n. N. Y.

11. Carex hormathodes Fern. Pepoon includes this species of the salt
marshes of the Atlantic coast in his "Flora of the Chicago Region" with the
statement "bogs, not common." Collections upon which this report was
based could not be found but in all probability they should be referred to
C. Richii. Deam no. 54013, from near a small creek in a field a fourth
mile south of Archerville, Tippecanoe County, is more suggestive of this
species than any other but the specimen is immature. No other Coastal
Plain species are known from this area so that an occurrence of C. horma-
thodes here would seem to be almost certainly a chance introduction.

Along the coast, Newf. to Va., in or near salt marshes.

12. Carex projecta Mack. (Carex tribuloides var. reducta Bailey.)
Reported from Hendricks and Marion Counties but the specimens upon
which these reports were based are C. tribuloides.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to D. C. and Iowa.

13. Carex foenea Willd. (Carex argyrantha Tuckerm.) Reported from
the Lower Wabash Valley and from Gibson and Marshall Counties. Speci-
mens upon which Schneck's report from the Lower Wabash Valley was
based were not found but they should undoubtedly be referred to some
other species and the other reports also were probably based upon mis-
identifications.

Que. to Mich., southw. to Va. and Ohio.

14. Carex deflexa Hornem. A far northern species reported from
Miller (Lake County) by Peattie with the statement "according to Gates."
No specimen of his could be found, but in the University of Illinois
Herbarium is a collection of C. Emmonsii which bore the label "Carex
deflexa Hornem., sandy thicket, Miller, Ind. Agnes Chase no. 1791, May
30, 1902." The nearest known locality for C. deflexa is on the Keweenaw

274 Cyperaceae Carex

Peninsula, Michigan, the extreme northern tip of the Upper Peninsula.
The report of its occurrence in Indiana is not plausible.
Greenland to Alaska, southw. to Mass., n. Mich., and B. C.

15. Carex pedunculata Muhl. Coulter says of this species, in his
Catalogue, "Specimens I have examined leave no room for doubt as to its
occurrence in our area," and he ascribes a record from Steuben County
to Bradner and one from Noble County to Van Gorder. It is more than
likely that the species occurs, or did occur, in these northern counties
since it is known from Kalamazoo County, Michigan, and from Jo Daviess
County, Illinois, but it must be excluded at present for lack of a confirm-
ing specimen. It should be looked for in rich beech or maple woods in the
northern counties early in May as it matures early and the fruiting culms
rapidly wither away.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to Va., 111., and S. Dak.

16. Carex livida (Wahl.) Willd. Reported from Clark County by
Baird & Taylor and from Lake County by Pepoon. No specimens could be
found and doubtless specimens forming the basis of these reports should
be referred to some other species.

Sphagnum bogs, Lab. and Man. to Alaska, southw. to Conn., N. J., Mich.,
Idaho, and n. Calif. ; also in n. Europe.

17. Carex saltuensis Bailey. (Carex vaginata of American authors.)
A boreal species reported from Lake County by Higley & Raddin and by
Peattie (who ascribe the record to Hill) , and by Pepoon, but no collections
bearing this name could be found. A species which reaches the southern
limit of its known range so much farther north is not to be expected in
Indiana.

Lab. to Yukon, southw. to n. New England, n. N. Y., n. Mich., n.
Minn., and B. C.

18. Carex ormostachya Wiegand. (Rhodora 24: 196-197. 1922.)
Deam's report in 1928 for this species from Porter County was based
upon a collection (Deam no. 44381) so named by Mackenzie. This collection
should be referred to C. laxiflora, a determination confirmed (as C. anceps
Muhl.) by Professor Wiegand in 1935.

Que. to Minn., southw. to Mass. and Pa.

19. Carex rectior Mack. (N. Amer. Flora 18: 261. 1935.) (Carex
granulans var. recta Dewey.) This seems questionably distinct from C.
granularis. Mackenzie (N. Amer. Flora 18: 262. 1935.) credits it to
Indiana in addition to Alabama and Louisiana but the two Indiana collec-
tions referred by him to C. rectior are immature. One (Deam no. 44317,
Elkhart County) is so immature that it cannot be distinguished fromTTT.
granularis by means of his key or description; the other (Deam no. 41204,
Jefferson County) is sufficiently mature to show the perigynia to be
strongly ribbed and sessile, characters used by Mackenzie to distinguish
C. granularis from C. rectior.

Carex Cyperaceae 275

20. Carex formosa Dewey. Reported from Putnam County by Grimes.
The specimen upon which this report was based (Grimes no. 540, in
DePauw University Herbarium) is C. Davisii. In Coulter's Catalogue
also C. formosa is reported from Putnam County and the record ascribed
to MacDougal. The collection which formed the basis of this report, too,
should doubtless be referred to some other species.

Que. to Wis., southw. to Conn, and N. Y. ; very local.

21. Carex arctata Boott. Bradner reported this species from Steuben
County but no specimen could be found so it must be excluded. It is known
in Ohio and in southwestern Michigan (Kalamazoo County; reported also
from Berrien County) so that it is quite possible that it is, or was, native
in dry rich woods in northern Indiana.

Newf. to Minn., southw. to Pa. and Ohio.

22. Carex pallescens L. Both Pepoon and Peattie report this species
from Lake County, basing the reports on a record by Hill from Berry
Lake. No specimens have been seen. Smith's report from Marion County
and Schneck's from the Lower Wabash Valley unquestionably must have
been based upon misidentifications, and the occurrence of the species even
in northernmost Indiana is very doubtful.

Newf. to Wis., southw. to N. J., Pa., and 111. ; also in Eurasia.

23. Carex scabrata Schwein. Reported from Lake County by Higley &
Raddin and by Peattie but no Indiana specimens could be found.

N. S. to Ont. and Mich., southw. mostly in the mts. to S. C. and Tenn.

24. Carex paupercula Michx. A northern species reported from Pine,
Lake County, by Peattie and by Pepoon (as C. paupercula var. irrigua
(Wahl.) Fern.) who ascribe the record to Hill. In all probability collec-
tions upon which these reports were based, but which could not be found
should be referred to C. limosa.

Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Pa., Minn., Colo., and Utah; also in n.
Eurasia.

25. Carex aquatilis Wahl. A far northern and western species which
has been reported from Lake, Porter, La Porte, and Marion Counties. All
material forming the basis of Indiana reports should be referred to other
species. C. aquatilis of most manuals for this area is C. substricta
(Kiikenth.) Mack.

Greenland to Alaska, southw. to Que. and in the w. mts. to N. Mex.
and Calif. ; also in n. Eurasia.

26. Carex nebraskensis Dewey. This western sedge has been reported
from' Fayette, Jefferson, and Tippecanoe Counties by H. S. Jackson, ap-
parently through the misapplication of a synonym. He lists it as the
host of a rust and cites for it a correct synonym, Carex Jamesii Torr.
But Prof. Arthur states that the rust occurs on Carex Jamesii Schwein.,
and without doubt that is the species that Jackson had.

S. Dak. and Kans. to N. Mex., Calif., and B. C.

276 Cyperaceae Carex

27. Carex crinita Lam. var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & Torr.
Reported, as Carex gynandra Schwein., by Clark from Lake Maxinkuckee,
Marshall County. Clark's specimen upon which this report was based was
found in the National Herbarium and it is typical C. crinita.

Newf. to Wis., southw. to Fla. and La.

28. Carex pauciflora Lightf. Pepoon reports this species from the
Chicago region as common in bogs "southeast" (i.e. Lake or Porter
Counties, Ind.), and Peattie reports it from the Calumet District (Lake
County). No Indiana specimens could be found except a sheet in the
herbarium of Notre Dame University bearing the label "By Mineral
Springs (Porter County), Ind., J. A. Nieuwland, 1918." Since Dr. Nieuw-
land usually gave the exact collection date for his specimens instead of
merely the year, as well as a collection number, it seems possible that this
label may have been made out from memory, rather than from field notes,
at a date long after the actual collection. If this were so there could be
some question whether he was really certain that the specimen had been
collected in Indiana. The present evidence for the occurrence of the
species in the state is hardly sufficiently conclusive to admit it as a member
of the Indiana flora.

Sphagnum bogs; Newf. to Alaska, southw. to Conn., Pa., and Minn.,
and near the Pacific coast to Wash. ; also in n. Eurasia.

29. Carex Baileyi Britt. {Carex lurida var. gracilis (Boott) Bailey.)
Reported from Clark, Marion, and Putnam Counties. Specimens were not
found but doubtless all Indiana reports were based upon incorrect determi-
nations.

N. H. to N. Y., southw. in the mts. to Va. and Tenn.

30. Carex comosa X hystricina var. Dudleyi. A hybrid reported from
Lake County by Higley & Raddin and by Peattie. No specimens could be
found.

Acorus Araceae 277

23. ARACEAE Neck. Arum Family

Spadix cylindrical without an obvious spathe, borne on the side of a leaf like scape;
flowers perfect, perianth present; leaves linear; rootstocks and leaves aromatic. . . .

694. Acorus, p. 277.

Spadix subtended by a spathe; leaves broader than the linear type.

Spadix globose, enveloped in a very fleshy, ovoid spathe; flowers perfect, perianth
present; mature leaves large, simple, mostly 1.5-2.5 dm wide, malodorous when

bruised 708. Symplocarpus, p. 277.

Spadix longer than wide; flowers without a perianth; leaves, if undivided, generally
less than 1.5 dm wide.
Spathes flat, divaricate, white within; spadix short-cylindric, the whole surface

covered with flowers, at least the lower ones perfect 710. Calla, p. 277.

Spathes convolute, at least below, enveloping the spadix; spadix elongate; flowers
monoecious or dioecious.

Leaves sagittate, simple; flowers covering the whole surface of the spadix

747. Peltandra, p. 278.

Leaves not sagittate, more or less divided into 3 or more segments; upper part
of spadix not flower-bearing 786. Arisaema, p. 278.

694. ACORUS L.

1. Acorus Calamus L. Sweetflag. Calamus. Map 570. Widely dis-
tributed in the state, mostly in noncalcareous springy places along streams
and about lakes. Local in the lake area and in the Tipton Till Plain and
very local to rare in the unglaciated area. It is usually found in large
colonies, sometimes covering acres in old stream beds. This species
flowers and fruits throughout the state. In medicine, the rootstock is
known as calamus.

N. S. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex. ; also in Eurasia.

708. SYMPLOCARPUS Salisb.

1. Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt. (Spathyema foetida (L.) Raf.)
Skunkcabbage. Map 571. In noncalcareous springy places throughout the
state although there are few records from the southwestern and un-
glaciated parts. While the habitat of this species is usually somewhat
wetter than that of sweetflag, but otherwise similar, I have never seen
them growing together. Acorus Calamus, however, prefers sunlight while
this species prefers dense shade. The colonies vary in size, usually occupy-
ing all the available space in the habitat.

N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Iowa.

710. CALLA L.

1. Calla palustris L. Wild Calla. Map 572. This species still occurs
in La Porte County in a decadent tamarack bog about six miles west of
La Porte and in Noble County in sec. 12 of Washington Township where
it is found in mucky soil among Cephalanthus on the border of a Chamae-
daphne bog. It was reported from two places in Noble County by Van
Gorder but at both of these stations the habitat has been destroyed by
drainage. It was reported in 1913 from La Porte and St. Joseph Counties

278

Araceae

Peltandra

5 !3

Map 573

Peltandra virgin ica (L ) Kunlh

Map 575
Arisaema pusillum (Peck) Nash

by Nieuwland, who later told me that the St. Joseph County report was
an error. Peattie reported it on the authority of Nieuwland as found
at Tamarack Station in Porter County, but I have not seen a specimen.
There is no specimen from Porter County in the herbarium of the Uni-
versity of Notre Dame.

N. S. to Hudson Bay and Minn., southw. to N. J., Pa., Wis., and Iowa;
also in Eurasia.

747. PELTANDRA Raf.

1. Peltandra virginica (L.) Kunth. Virginia Arrow-arum. Map 573.
In shallow water or in wet, mucky soil on the borders of lakes and ponds
and along streams. Rather frequent in the lake area but rare to absent
south of this area. The leaf blades of this species are highly variable, and
a wide variation can be noted between the inner and outer leaves of the
same plant. Besides the typical form, Blake (Rhodora 14: 102-106. 1 pi.
1912) adds six forms, one of which has been reported from Indiana. I
doubt that any of the extreme forms occur in the state although Peattie
has reported f. hastifolia Blake from the dune region.

S. Maine to Ont. and Mich., southw. to Fla., La., and Mo.

786. ARISAEMA Martius

Leaves pedately divided into 7-13 segments; spathe straight, narrow; spadix elongated

into a caudate tip much longer than the spathe 1. A. Dracontium.

Leaves 3-foliolate; lateral leaflets rarely cleft or parted; spathe hooded, rarely straight;
spadix shorter than the spathe.
Leaves green beneath; spathes purplish brown within and without; flowering about

the middle of June; growing in bogs 2. A. pusillum.

Leaves usually glaucous beneath ; spathes greenish or more or less densely purplish
brown within, usually green or greenish without, rarely purplish; flowering
before the middle of June; not growing in bogs 3. A. triphyllum.

1. Arisaema Dracontium (L.) Schott. DRAGONROOT. Map 574. More or
less frequent throughout the state, growing in the shade in moist, rich
soil.

N. E. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

Arisaema

Araceae

279

o 5o

Map 576

Arisaema trlphyllum (L.) Schott.

6 56

Map 577

Sp'rodela polyrhiza (LJ Schle'd.

Map 578

lemna cyclostasa (Ell.) Chevalier

2. Arisaema pusillum (Peck) Nash. (Arisaema deflexum Nieuwland
& Just, Amer. Midland Nat. 12: 217-220. 1931.) Map 575. A comparison
of specimens of Arisaema deflexum with a series of specimens of Arisaema
pusillum from Maine, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and New York shows no
essential difference. In fact, Arisaema pvisillum itself seems to be only an
extreme form of Arisaema trlphyllum and it is reduced to synonomy in
Gray, Manual but is maintained as a species in Britton and Brown, Il-
lustrated Flora, ed. 2. Wiegand and Eames in their flora of the Cayuga
basin say: "It has not been possible to separate A. pusillum (Peck) Nash
in this region from the species (A. trlphyllum) by any constant char-
acters." My opinion is that this plant as found in Indiana is only a well
marked form or variety of the next species. It has been found as yet
only in St. Joseph County where it grew in bogs.

Maine to N. Y. and Pa., along the coast to n. Ga. and reported in s.
Mich.

3. Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott. (Arisaema trlphyllum (L.) Torr.)
Jack-in-THE-Pulpit. Map 576. Infrequent to frequent throughout the
state in moist, rich woodland. It is a shade-loving species, found from
the alluvial plains to the crests of the highest ridges and seems to have
no correlation with Arisaema Dracontlum in its distribution. A study of
my 69 specimens from Indiana shows that they have green and purplish
spathes but very few have the hood purplish above, none flower as late
as the middle of June, and none have been found in bogs. This species
is extremely variable in the color of its spathe, in the shape of the blade
of its hood, and in the shape of its leaflets. I have a specimen from
De Kalb County with 4 leaflets and one each from Lake and Steuben
Counties with the lateral leaflets parted.

N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla., La., and Kans.

24. LEMNACEAE Dumort. Duckweed Family

[Thompson, Charles Henry. A revision of the American Lemnaceae
north of Mexico. Ann. Rept. Missouri Bot. Gard. 9 : 1-43. 3 pi. 1898. Hicks,

280

Lemnaceae Spirodela

Lawrence E. The Lemnaceae of Indiana. Amer. Midland Nat. 18: 774-

789. 1937.]

Plants of this family are small in size and wholly aquatic, living on or
under the surface of the water. Anyone interested in the study of this
family of plants should read the "Lemnaceae of Indiana" by Lawrence E.
Hicks. All of my specimens have been studied by Prof. Hicks. The follow-
ing text has been copied from his paper and acknowledgment is hereby
made.

Plants with roots and two reproductive pouches from each node.

Each plant of a group with several roots growing out in a fascicle from the node;
plants 2.2-6.5 mm wide and 2.4-9.5 mm long, usually reddish below and with
a red eye spot (the node) above; dorsal surface of living specimens a glossy
green 794. Spirodela, p. 280.

Each plant of a group with only one root 795. Lemna, p. 280.

Plants without roots and with only one reproductive pouch from each node.

Plants thick and globular 796. Wolffia, p. 281.

Plants thin and straplike, usually submerged and attached in groups shaped like
rimless wheels 796A. Wolffiella, p. 282.

794. SPIRODELA Schleid.

1. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. GREATER DUCKWEED. Map 577.
Locally abundant throughout the state in lakes, ponds, swamps, ditches,
and sluggish streams. These plants are preyed upon by insects.

N. S., Ont. to B. C, southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif. ; also in Eu., Asia,
and tropical Amer.

795. LfiMNA L.

Plants feather-shaped with the basal portions of the long internodes narrowed into

petiolelike stems, usually submerged 1. L. trisulca.

Plants oval to oblong, without petiolelike stems, connecting plants appearing sessile,
usually floating.
Shape of plants symmetrical or nearly so.

Plants deep green, thickish, convex on both surfaces, obscurely 3-veined, cavernous
throughout, appearing medium thick when pressed, sometimes reddish or

purplish, especially below; margins thick 2. L. minor.

Plants usually pale green, lower surface nearly flat, obscurely 1-nerved, cavernous

in the middle portions only; membranous when dried; margins thin

3. L. minima.

Shape of plants unsymmetrical.

Body of plant obliquely obovate, medium thick, usually deep green with some
reddish purple, distinctly 3-veined, cavernous throughout; root sheath with

lateral wing appendages 4. L. perpusilla.

Body of plant long-oblong, thin, pale green, obscurely 1-veined; root sheath unap-
pendaged; cavernous in the middle portions only 5. L. cyclostasa.

1. Lemna trisulca L. SUBMERGED DUCKWEED. Map 578. Found com-
monly in ponds, shallow lakes, sloughs, and bogs, often growing beneath
floating species, preferring cold, shaded water.

N. S., Ont. to B. C, southw. to Fla., Tex., and Calif. ; also in parts of Eu.,
Asia, Africa, and Australia.

2. Lemna minor L. Lesser Duckweed. Map 579. Throughout the state

Wolffia

Lemnaceae

281

—

Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Au&
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.

rj ■»

r ^

[

j i_^

Dec |-

!/ Miles

V. t

D /
HI \

;mn,

nima Phil

o ~53
Map 579

ipi

Map 580

Lemna minor L

but more general in the lake area and in the area drained by the Wabash
River.

Throughout continental America except the extreme northern part ; also
in Eu., Asia, Africa, and Australia.

3. Lemna minima Phillipi. Least Duckweed. Map 580. The habitats
are similar to those of the other species of the genus. It is known in
Indiana only from Allen, Cass, and Sullivan Counties. The only Ohio
record is from a pond in Paulding County within three or four miles of
Allen County, Indiana.

Ohio, Ind., Minn., Wyo. to Calif., southw. to Fla., La., and Tex. ; also in
Mex., Cent. Amer., into S. A.

4. Lemna perpusilla Torr. Minute Duckweed. Map 581. Known only
in the northern third of the state. The only Ohio record is from Mercer
County within six miles of Randolph County, Indiana.

Mass., N. Y., Ohio, Ind., Wis., Minn, to N. Dak., southw. to Fla., Ark.,
and Kans. ; also in S. A.

5. Lemna cyclostasa (Ell.) Chevalier. Pale Duckweed. Map 582. This
species is local in the lake area and found in organic debris in completely
stagnant water in swamps and ponds.

Mass., N. Y., Ohio, Ind., 111., Wis., Wyo. to Nev., southw. to Fla., Tex.,
and Calif. ; also in Jamaica, Mex., Cent. Amer., and S. A.

796. WOLFFIA Horkel

Plants globose or nearly so, not punctate, loosely cellular; upper surface convex with
usually three conspicuous papules; plants not prominent above the surface of the

water 1. W. Columbiana.

Plants more or less flattened above and gibbous beneath, brown-punctate, more com-
pactly cellular; plants prominent on the surface of the water.
Body of plant rounded-ovate, strongly gibbous, slightly unsymmetrical; dorsal sur-
face with a single large conical papule 2. W. papulifera.

Body of plant more or less oblong with upturned acute tip (peanut-shaped), slightly
gibbous, symmetrical; dorsal surface with a prominent papule near the center.
3. W. punctata.

282

Xyridaceae

Wolffiella

Map 583

Wolf f la columbiana Karst.

Miles
56

Map 584

Wolffia punctata Griseb.

1. Wolffia columbiana Karst. COMMON WOLFFIA. Map 583. Locally very
abundant in permanently stagnant waters that abound in organic debris.

Mass., N. Y., Mich, to Minn., southw. to Fla., La., and Tex.; also in
Mex., Cent. Amer., and S. A.

2. Wolffia papulifera Thompson. Pointed Wolffia. Found in isolated
small colonies in permanent pools of stagnant water rich in organic matter.
Known in Indiana only from Posey County. It has been found in only
eight states.

Ohio, Ind., 111., Ky., Tenn., Mo., Ark., and Kans.

3. Wolffia punctata Griseb. Dotted Wolffia. Map 584. Locally abun-
dant in the habitats of the genus.

Conn., N. Y., Mich, to Minn., southw. to La. and Tex.

796A. WOLFFIELLA Hegelmaier

1. Wolffiella floridana (J. D. Smith) Thompson. STAR WOLFFIELLA. Map
585. Restricted to wholly stagnant bodies of water and very local in the
northern range of its distribution.

Ont., Mich., Wis., and Mo., southw. to Fla., La., and Tex.; also in Mex.

29. XYRIDACEAE Lindl. Yellow-eyed Grass Family

826. XYRIS [Gronov.] L. Yellow-eyed Grass

Base of plant bulbous; lateral sepals wingless, the keel ciliate 1. X. torta.

Base of plant not bulbous; lateral sepals winged, the keel winged and erose above the
middle 2. X. caroliniana.

1. Xyris torta J. E. Smith. (Xyris flexuosa Muhl.) Map 586. Local in
the northwestern part of the state in moist, sandy soil about lakes and
in prairie habitats and fallow fields.

Maine to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Mo.

2. Xyris caroliniana Walt. Map 587. In the moist, sandy borders of
lakes, sloughs, and marshes. This species is very local. The fact that a
few plants were found on the border of a small lake in Wells County

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulaceae

283

*] D \

Feb.
Mar.

1 i

D A

Apr.

1 r J 1

—

May
June

July

Aj-

Aug.

Sept.

"t_

—

Oct.

1—

Dec.j- —

\)j Miles

J o ' "ft

£p-ls^<j^V ^ Map 587

Xyris caroliniana Walt

suggests that it may have been more frequent than our reports indicate
because the plant is so inconspicuous.

In the Coastal Plain states from Maine to Fla. and La. ; also in n. Ind.
and s. Mich.

30. ERIOCAULACEAE Lindl. Pipewort Family
828. ERIOCAULON [Gronov.] L.
1. Eriocaulon septangulare With. (Eriocaulon articulatum (Huds.)
Morong.) (Rhodora 11: 40-41. 1909.) Map 588. Local but common where
found, in shallow water on the borders of lakes, usually in marly soil.
Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. J. and Ind.

33. COMMELINACEAE Reichenb. Spiderwort Family
Petals unequal; perfect stamens 3; filaments naked; bracts spathelike

896. Commelina, p. 283.

Petals equal; perfect stamens 6; filaments bearded; bracts leaf like or small and

scarious 911. Tradescantia, p. 285.

896. COMMELINA [Plum.] L. Dayflower

[Pennell. The genus Commelina [Plum.] L. in the United States. Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club 43: 96-111. 1916.]

The species of this genus have not been understood, hence most of our
records are of uncertain identity. I do not attempt to give the synonomy of
all of our species.

Spathelike involucre open at the base, the edges not united, ciliate or minutely rough-
ened; leaves mostly of a lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate type, 4-8 cm long.
Two posterior petals blue; anterior petal much smaller, narrow, white; capsules
2-celled; seed 2 in each cell; plants usually much branched; top of leaf sheath

without long, rusty hairs 1. C. communis.

All three petals blue, the anterior one much smaller; capsules 3-celled, one cell

1-seeded and indehiscent; seed 5 2. C. diffusa.

Spathelike involucre with the edges united at the base, the margins smooth; leaves of
a linear-lanceolate or lanceolate type, or very wide (2-5 cm) and of a lanceo-
late or elliptic type.

284

COMMELINACEAE

Commelina

4
1

Jjn.
Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

AuJ

Sept

Oct.

Nov.

*\ '

■

L J-

-I

■k

Dec j-

/ Miles

Eri'o

:aulo

n si

P«

>v 7

angular

5 56
Map 588

e With.

Map 589

Commelina communis L.

I 1 |

—

Jan.
Feb

—

Mar
Apr.

■Li

rJ 1

—

May
June
July

r^->

Aug.
Sept.
Oct.

Nov

-^k

Dec.C

<~~ '

»y

CL° J D

_, D j ^ ,

J Miles

tjXy^X/^

o 50
Map 590

Commelina diffusa Burm. f.

Top of leaf sheath with long, rusty hairs; plants relatively robust and erect; leaves
mostly lanceolate, usually 2-5 cm wide and 8-20 cm long; all petals blue and
nearly equal; capsules 3-celled, one cell 1-seeded and indehiscent, the other two

cells with 2 seed each, sometimes one seed aborting 3. C. virginica.

Top of leaf sheath without long, rusty hairs; plants rather slender, erect or ascend-
ing; leaves linear or lance-linear, smaller than those of the preceding; two petals
blue, one white and much smaller; capsules 3-celled, 1 seed in each cell, 1 cell
indehiscent, rotund.
Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate; posterior petals usually 10-15 (20) mm long;
anterior petal about 1 mm wide; seed of an orbicular type.. .4. C. angustifolia.
Leaves lanceolate; posterior petals usually 12-25 mm long, the anterior one rudi-
mentary, usually about 1 mm wide and 3-5 mm long 5. C. erecta.

1. Commelina communis L. (Pennell. "Commelina communis" in the
Eastern United States. Bartonia 19: 19-22. 1938.) Common Dayflower.
Map 589. My specimens are mostly from moist soil along roadsides and
in cultivated grounds. Three specimens were measured in the field and
their measurements are as follows: blades of the blue petals 5-11 mm
wide and about as long; the white one about 3 mm wide and 5 mm long.

Peattie (Amer. Midland Nat. 10: 130. 1926. Note that in this volume
there are two pages numbered 130) described and named a form of this
species. He says this is a form with "the branches in whorls of 3-5 and
the leaves broadly ovate; large ovate-lanceolate papery bracts accompany
each verticel." Type specimen in the Field Museum, collected near Pine,
Lake County, October 31, 1908, by C. W. Duesner. I have seen this
specimen and I believe it is only a late autumnal form of the species.

Nat. of e. Asia; Mass. to N. C, westw. to Mo., Kans., and Tex.

2. Commelina diffusa Burm. f. (Jour. Arnold Arb. 18: 64-65. 1937.)
(Commelina longicaulis Jacq. and Commelina nudiftora of Britton and
Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Map 590. In moist, wet, or muddy places along
streams and in ditches and cultivated grounds in the southern part of the
state. The petals are very variable in size. Five specimens were measured
in the field and the measurements are as follows: the blades of the largest
petals ranged from 2.25-10 mm wide and about as long, the smallest were

Tradescantia Commelinaceae 285

about 1.25-4 mm wide and nearly as long. This is a tropical species that
ranges northward to the southern part of this state.

N. J. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex., and in tropical Amer.

3. Commelina virginica L. (Commelina hirtella Vahl.) VIRGINIA Day-
flower. Map 591. Found only in the southern part of the state in wet
woods and sloughs and along streams. This is our largest species and
usually forms colonies. No doubt all early reports of this species for the
state should be referred to some other species. Commelina erecta of Gray,
Man., ed. 5 is a synonym of this species and Coulter's and Young's reports
for it from Jefferson County should be referred to Commelina virginica L.

Pa. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

4. Commelina angustifolia Michx. Narrowleaf Dayflower. Map 592.
This species grows in almost pure, fine sand and is found on sand hills
along roadsides, on high, sandy banks of lakes and streams, and on the
open dunes about Lake Michigan. Three specimens were measured in the
field and the blades of the posterior petals averaged from 17-18 mm wide
and 14-17 mm long and the anterior or white petals averaged about 1 mm
wide.

N. C. to Ind., southw. to Fla. and Tex. ; also in Cuba.

5. Commelina erecta L. (Including the reports of Commelina crispa
Wooton from Indiana.) I found a specimen along the roadside 2 miles
west of Yankeetown, Warrick County, which I am referring to this
species. Pennell (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 107. 1916) reported two
specimens from the dunes about Lake Michigan as Commelina crispa
Wooton and I am including them in this species. The name of this species
should not be confused with the same name applied to other species by
early authors.

N. Y. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

911. TRADESCANTIA [Rupp.] L. Spiderwort

[Anderson and Woodson. The species of Tradescantia indigenous to the
United States. Contr. Arnold Arboretum 9: 1-132. 1935.]

Plants glaucous, essentially glabrous throughout, robust, mostly of a dry, sandy
habitat; flowering from the first of June through the summer; sepals glabrous

or with a few hairs at the apex, 8-15 mm long; pedicels 1-1.5 cm long

1. T. canaliculata.

Plants not glaucous, more or less pubescent throughout; woodland species of a moist
or dry habitat; sepals pubescent, rarely glabrous.
Plants dwarf, generally less than 1 dm high, rarely 1.5 dm high, covered all over
with long, weak hairs; sepals tinted with pink, about 1 cm long. (See excluded

species no. 127, p. 1033.) T. brevicaulis.

Plants usually more than 1 dm high, not covered all over with long, weak hairs;

sepals very green.

Stems fiexuous, at least above the lowest inflorescence; leaves lanceolate, the

median ones usually 2-5 cm wide; flowering from the first of June until frost;

cymes both terminal and axillary; sepals mostly 6-8 mm long; pedicels 1-1.5

cm long 2. T. subaspera.

Stems not flexuous; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, the median ones less than
2 cm wide; sepals 8-15 mm long.

2«l>

COMMELINACEAE

Tradescantia

•

Jan.
Feb

Mjr
Apr.
May

June

July

AuJ

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

J-

Dec j-

Jt-

/ Miles

D J D f
1 °

omm

elin,

vlrginica

J 50

Map 591
L.

Map 592

Commelina angustifolia Michx.

Map 593

Tradescantia cana Mculata Raf.

Pubescence of pedicels and sepals non-glandular; plants of dry woodland, flower-
ing from the last of April to the first of June and usually soon dying down;
cymes mostly terminal, rarely both terminal and axillary; pedicels 1.5-4
cm long 3. T. virginiana.

Pubescence of pedicels and sepals glandular. (See excluded species no. 126,
p. 1032. ) T. bracteata.

1. Tradescantia canaliculata Raf. {Tradescantia reflexa Raf. of Gray,
Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Glaucous Spider-
wort. Map 593. This species prefers the open and is generally found in
dry, sandy or gravelly soil, along roadsides, on sand hills and high banks
of lakes, and on the dunes. It is rarely found in swampy places but is
frequent in moist, prairie habitats. This is a rank growing species with
several color forms which have been named and which persist under
cultivation.

N. C., Ohio to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

la. Tradescantia canaliculata f. albifldra (Slavin & Nieuwl.) comb. nov.
(Tradescantia reflexa f. albi flora Slavin & Nieuwl. Amer. Midland Nat. 11 :
600. 1929.) This is a white-flowered form which is rather frequent where
the species is found.

lb. Tradescantia canaliculata f. Lesteri (Standley) comb. nov.
(Tradescantia reflexa f. Lesteri Standley. Rhodora 32: 32. 1930.) This
is a form with "poppy-red" colored flowers which was found near Tremont,
Porter County, by Lester A. Beatty.

lc. Tradescantia canaliculata f. Mariae (Standley) comb. nov.
(Tradescantia reflexa f. Mariae Standley. Rhodora 32: 32. 1930.) This
form with white petals, margined with lilac was found near Fowler, Benton
County, by Mary Bremer.

2. Tradescantia subaspeia Ker var. typica Anderson & Woodson.
(Contr. Arnold Arboretum 9: 49. 1935.) (Tradescantia pilosa Lehm.)
Zigzag Spiderwort. Map 594. Usually infrequent but well distributed
throughout the state except in the northern part from which there are no

Pontederia

PONTEDERIACEAE

287

Map 594
I radescantia subaspera Ker
var typica Anderson & Woodson

o 53

Map 596

Pontederia cordata L

records or specimens. It is a woodland species and is rarely found in the
open. It prefers the moist, rich, wooded terrace slopes along streams and
the slopes of ravines and is less frequent in level woods.
Pa. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and La.

3. Tradescantia virginiana L. Virginia Spiderwort. Map 595. Infre-
quent but well distributed in the southern two thirds of the state, becoming
less frequent to very rare in the northern counties. This is a woodland
species and is rarely found in the open. It is usually found in dry clayey
soil in white oak, white oak and black oak, and beech and sugar maple
woods. White and rose colored forms are sometimes found and they
persist under cultivation.

Southern N. Y. to S. Dak., southw. to Va., Ky., and Ark.

34. PONTEDERIACEAE Dumort. Pickerelweed Family

[Moldenke. Pontederiaceae of North America. N. Amer. Flora 19:
51-60. 1937.]

Plants erect; leaves large, cordate to lanceolate; flowers blue, 2-lipped; stamens 6;

utricle 1-seeded 922. Pontederia, p. 287.

Plants floating or prostrate on mud; leaves linear, very narrow or reniform; flowers

yellow, white or pale blue; perianth salver-shaped; stamens 3; capsule many-seeded.

924. Heteranthera, p. 288.

922/ PONTEDERIA L.

[Fernald (Rhodora 27: 80. 1925) gives a key to the "Pontederias of
temperate North America," which is copied here in part.]

Leaves cordate at base.

Leaves narrowly deltoid-ovate, tapering with straight sides from the base to the

apex 1. p. cordata.

Leaves broadly ovate, gradually curved from the broad base to the blunt summit

la. P. cordata f. latifolia.

Leaves truncate to tapering at base, narrowly deltoid to linear-lanceolate

lb. P. cordata f. angustifolia.

288

PONTEDERIACEAE

Heteranthera

"TO

Map 597

Heteranthera reniformis R.& P.

Map 598

Heteranthera dubia (Jacq) MacM.

0" 5o

Map 599
Juncus effusus L
var. s&Jutus Fern. & Wieg.

1. Pontederia cordata L. Pickerelweed. Map 956. This species is fre-
quent throughout most of the lake area but is absent or very local south
of it. It must have its base in water most of the time, but otherwise it
does not seem particular as to where it grows. It seems to grow nearly as
well in almost pure marl areas as in sandy, muddy, and mucky borders.
However, I find the largest specimens in mucky borders of lakes. The
trimorphic flowers of this species are interesting to one who can give the
time to their study.

N. S. to Minn., southw. to Va. and Tex.

la. Pontederia cordata f. latifolia (Farw.) House. This form, in the
extreme, is well marked but our specimens seem to intergrade so much
that it is a question whether the two forms should be maintained. The
range is the same as that of the species.

115. Pontederia cordata f. angustifolia (Pursh) Solms-Laubach. This
form is distinctly marked but I am not certain that another form may not
be on the same rhizome. On the low, marly shore of the southeast side of
Simonton Lake, Elkhart County, I made a study of this form. I found it
farther out in the lake in a zone of water a little deeper than where the
species grew. The species grew in a dense stand while the form was not
so dense. I did not realize, until recently, the significance of this form
although I have found it in several counties. Rather rare in Indiana.

P. E. I. to Wis., southw. to Ind. and southeast of the Appalachian Mts.

924. HETERANTHERA H. & P. Mud Plantain

Leaves reniform; flowers white or pale blue 1. H. reniformis.

Leaves linear; flowers yellow 2. H. dubia.

1. Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. MUD PLANTAIN. Map 597. Very
local in ponds in the southern counties. I have found it on the muddy shore
of Hovey Lake, Posey County and elsewhere in natural and artificial ponds.

Heteranthera Pontederiaceae 289

There is a specimen in the herbarium of DePauw University which was
collected by D. T. MacDougal in Putnam County, Sept. 12, 1889.

Conn., Nebr., southw. to Ga. and Tex. ; also in W. I. and to Cent. Amer.

2. Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM. Water Stargrass. Map 598.
Rather frequent in the lake area on the shallow borders of lakes, in the
Tippecanoe and St. Joseph Rivers, and on sandy bars and mud flats along
streams, becoming rare in the southern part of the state. It is so inconspic-
uous that it is usually overlooked. Sometimes it grows in great masses with
such acquatic plants as Potamogeton and Utricularia. The deepest water
from which I have a specimen is 4 feet but I know that it grows in even
deeper water. It is most conspicuous on muddy flats in late autumn when
the water of its habitat recedes.

Que. to Oreg., southw. to N. C, Ark. and Ariz.

290 JUNCACEAE JuilCUS

36. JUNCACEAE Vent. Rush Family*

Plants glabrous; capsule usually 3-celled, with very numerous minute seeds

936. Juncus. p. 290.

Plants hairy or arachnoid; capsule 1-celled, with 3 large seeds 997. Lnzula, p. 300.

936. JUNCUS [Tourn.] L.

Inflorescence apparently growing from the side of the culm, the involucral bract terete,
erect and appearing like a continuation of the culm; culm leaves reduced to blade-
less sheaths. (Section Genuini.)
Stamens 3, opposite the sepals; inflorescence greenish or stramineous; rootstocks
short-creeping with inconspicuous internodes; culms densely cespitose.
Sepals not exceeding the petals, rarely exceeding the capsule, 2.5-3.5 mm long,
slightly if at all spreading, about the same color as the capsule; culms not

sulcate 1. J. effusus var. solutus.

Sepals exceeding both the petals and the capsule, 2.7-4 mm long, more rigid and
spreading, usually lighter in color than the capsule; culms sulcate below the

inflorescence la. J. effusus var. Pylaei.

Stamens 6, opposite the sepals and petals; inflorescence dark brown at maturity;
rootstocks long-creeping with conspicuous internodes; culms usually well sepa-
rated, arising in a single row.
Inflorescence not diffuse, 1.5-3.5 cm long; flowers approximate or subapproximate.

2. J. balticus var. littoralis.

Inflorescence diffuse, 4-12 cm long; flowers widely separated

2a. J. balticus var. littoralis f . dissitiflorus.

Inflorescence obviously terminal or, if not, the involucral bracts fiat or channeled along
the upper side; culm leaves with well developed blades.
Leaves flat, or in age involute, not septate (in J. Greenei terete but not septate).
Flowers borne singly on the branches of the inflorescence, not in heads, each with
a pair of bracteoles at the base in addition to the bractlet at the base of the
pedicel. (Section Poiophylli.)
Inflorescence more than half the height of the plant; flowers scattered along the

loose forking branches; annual 3. J. bufonius.

Inflorescence much less than half the height of the plant; perennial.

Perianth segments obtuse, appressed ; leaf sheaths covering half of the stem or

more 4. J. Gerardi.

Perianth segments acute or acuminate, usually more or less spreading; leaf
sheaths covering a fourth of the stem or less.
Leaves terete; capsule much exceeding the perianth, reddish or castaneous.

5. J. Greenei.

Leaves flat; capsule little if at all exceeding the perianth, green to stramine-
ous or dull brown.
Bracts shorter than the inflorescence; flowers conspicuously secund on
the usually incurved branches; capsule 3-celled; leaves usually less

than a third the height of the culms 6. J. sectindus.

Rracts (at least the lowermost) exceeding the inflorescence; flowers not

conspicuously secund; capsule 1-celled or imperfectly 3-celled; leaves

usually about half the height of the culms.

Auricles at the summit of the sheaths very thin, white, and scarious,

conspicuously produced beyond the point of insertion, 1-3.5 mm

long; bracteoles blunt.

Flowers mostly clustered at the tips of the branches I.J. macer.

Flowers scattered or somewhat secund along the branches.

* Contributed by Frederick J. Hermann, University of Michigan.

Juncus Juncaceae 291

Ultimate floriferous branchlets widely spreading, 0.5-2 cm long....

7a. J. macer f. Williamsii.

Ultimate floriferous branchlets elongate and ascending.

Ultimate floriferous branchlets rarely over 4 cm long; sepals
and petals mostly subequal; capsule averaging three fourths
the length of the acuminate sepals; plant generally stout. . . .

7b. J. macer f . anthelatus.

Ultimate floriferous branchlets often 7 cm long; sepals attenuate-
subulate, usually conspicuously longer than the petals;
capsule averaging half the length of the sepals; plant gen-
erally slender, often lax 7c. J. macer f. discretiflorus.

Auricles at the summit of the sheaths firm, not conspicuously produced
beyond the point of insertion.

Bracteoles acuminate to aristate; auricles with the very slight-
ly produced portion membranaceous, not rigid (easily
broken), stramineous, often tinged with brown or light
red, occasionally somewhat cartilaginous along the sides
below the summit; inflorescence generally loose; perianth

from appressed to slightly spreading 8. /. interior.

Bracteoles blunt to acute; auricles cartilaginous, yellow, be-
coming brown with age, very rigid and glossy, especially
the short produced portion; inflorescence generally com-
pact; perianth widely spreading 9. J. Dudleyi.

Flowers in heads, not bracteolate, i.e., with only the bractlet at the base of the
pedicel. (Section Graminifolii.)
Stamens not exserted in fruit; perianth exceeding the obovate, usually dull
capsule; heads few (2-20), flowers many (5-10) in a head; culms cespitose,

bulbous at base 10. «/. marginatus.

Stamens exserted in fruit; perianth usually shorter than the ovoid, shining
capsule; heads numerous (20-100); flowers few (2-6) in a head; culms
solitary or few together from an elongate, nodulose rhizome; plant taller
and coarser.

Inflorescence loose; heads remote, 2-3 (rarely 6)-flowered 11. J. bifloms.

Inflorescence compact; heads approximate, 3-6-flowered

11a. J. bifiorus f. adinus.

Leaves terete, hollow, septate. (Section Septati.)
Seeds with tail-like appendages.

Heads few to many; flowers 5-50 in a head; flowers with mature fruit about 4
mm long; perianth segments subulate-tipped; capsule equaling or moder-
ately exceeding the calyx; seed (including tails) 1-1.8 mm long, with con-
spicuous tails 12. J. canadensis.

Heads numerous in a diffuse panicle; flowers 3-5 in a head; flowers with
mature fruit 2.5-3.5 mm long; perianth segments obtuse or nearly so,
scarious-margined, less rigid; capsule usually much exceeding the calyx;

seed (including tails) barely 1 mm long, the tails very short

13. J. brachycephalus.

Seeds without tail-like appendages.
Stamens 3, opposite the sepals.

Capsule tapering evenly to the tip or subulate-beaked, distinctly exceed-
ing the calyx.
Heads numerous; flowers 2-7 in a head; inflorescence very large and

diffuse; capsule gradually attenuate 14. J. diffusissimus.

Heads few; flowers very numerous in a head; capsule subulate

15. J. scirpoides.

Capsule obtuse or acute at the apex, from shorter than to slightly exceed-
ing the calyx.

292 Juncaceae Juncus

Capsule half to two thirds as long as the calyx; sepals rigid, subulate,
much longer than the petals; heads spherical; culms from thick,

elongate rhizomes 16. J. brachycarpus.

Capsule nearly equaling or exceeding the calyx; sepals and petals sub-
equal; heads usually hemispherical; culms cespitose, not rhizomatous.
Heads 1-50; flowers several to many in a head; perianth 3-3.5 mm long;

capsule acute or mucronate 17. J. acuminatus.

Heads 200-500; flowers few in a head; perianth 2-2.5 mm long; capsule
shorter, broader, much less rigid, blunt; nodes fewer, less con-
spicuous, of the same color as the culm 18. J. nodatus.

Stamens 6.

Flowers solitary or in pairs, often reduced to fascicles of small leaves

19. J. pelocarpus.

Flowers more numerous, in heads.

Heads spherical, few, large (7-15 mm wide); capsule subulate; sepals
subulate; involucral bract usually exceeding the inflorescence.
Plant low, 1-4 dm high; leaf blades erect or ascending; flowers 3-4 mm

long; petals usually equaling or exceeding the sepals

20. J. nodosus.

Plant taller, 4-10 dm high; leaf blades divaricate; flowers 4-5 mm long;

petals usually shorter than the sepals 21. J. Torreyi.

Heads hemispherical, more numerous, smaller (6 mm wide or less); capsule
ovoid or ellipsoid; sepals blunt or acute; involucral bract shorter than
the inflorescence.
Sepals and petals acute or acuminate; capsule strongly acute; branches
of the inflorescence usually widely spreading. .. .22. /. articulatus.
Sepals and petals mostly obtuse, often scarious at the apex; capsule
from obtuse to broadly acute or apiculate; branches of the inflores-
cence rarely widely spreading.
Heads loosely few-flowered, usually with one or more flowers ele-
vated on slightly prolonged peduncles; branches of the inflores-
cence erect or strongly ascending. . .23. J. alpinus var. rariflorus.
Heads compactly and regularly several- to many-flowered; branches

of the inflorescence spreading-ascending

23a. J. alpinus var. fuscescens.

1. Juncus effusus L. var. solutus Fern. & Wieg. (Rhodora 12:
90. 1910.) Map 599. Very common in ditches, sloughs, low fields, wet
open woods, marshes, bogs and on borders of lakes. Often locally abundant.

N. S. to Wis., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

la. Juncus effusus var. Pylaei (Laharpe) Fern. & Wieg. (Rhodora
12: 92. 1910.) Map 599a. Infrequent in the northern part of the lake area,
except on the dunes where it is frequent. A northern variety growing in
habitats similar to the preceding variety and reaching the southern limit
of its range in northern Indiana.

Newf. to Wis., southw. to W. Va. and Ind.

2. Juncus balticus Willd. var. littoralis Engelm. Map 600. Infrequent
in the dune area where it is found on the sandy borders of sloughs and
lakes, in interdunal swales and marshes, and in moist depressions of the
sandy beach of Lake Michigan. The elongate rootstocks of this rush, and
of the following form, usually radiate in many directions from a common
center and often attain a length of a yard or even several yards.

Newf. to N. Y., Pa., and the Great Lakes.

J uncus

JUNCACEAE

293

Map 599a
Juncus effusus L.

var. Pylaei (Laharpe) Fern. & Wieq.

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec. C

UK
ND "l

» H

D S^

□

„ ~V

f-rLr

r 1 !

Kj —

1 D / A.

'J Miles

1 '

K 1 /•

)

3 J

Jun

cus

bufonius 1

o 50
Map 601

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec £

D 1

r i

r —

( ^

V Miles

i ' —

~yy i'V / o so
X/^-i/ Map 600
Juncus balticus Wi'lld.
var. littoralis Enqelm.

o 50

Map 602

Juncus Gerardi Lofsel

Miles

Map 600a
Juncus balticus
var. littoralis f. dissitif lorus Enqelm.

Map 603

Juncus Greenei Oakes & Tuckerm.

2a. Juncus balticus var. littoralis f . dissitiflorus Engelm. (Rhodora 25 :
208. 1923.) Map 600a. Confined to the dune area where it grows in the
habitats of the variety but is much more common.

Range of the variety but more common inland.

3. Juncus bufonius L. Map 601. Common on sandy or clay roadsides
and abandoned roads in open woods or marshes; frequent on low sandy
lake shores, in ditches, sandy swales, and low fallow fields.

Almost throughout North America ; cosmopolitan.

4. Juncus Gerardi Loisel. Map 602. A Coastal Plain species which Mr.
C. M. Ek found established in Howard County. He reports a colony about
5 by 10 feet (July 20, 1935) on dry open ground along the Nickle Plate
Railway 4 miles east of Kokomo. It is doubtless introduced here. In the
"Flora of the Indiana Dunes" by Peattie the species is reported from Lake
County but no specimens could be found.

Along the coast, mostly in salt marshes, Newf . to Fla. ; also on the nw.
Pacific coast, in Eurasia, and n. Africa.

294

JUNCACEAE

Juncus

Q— — 53

Map 605a
Juncus macer
f. Will lamsii (Fern.) Hermann

5. Juncus Greenei Oakes & Tuckerm. Map 603. Infrequent in the north-
western counties in sandy soil along low roadsides, in moist depressions on
the dunes, and especially in prairie habitats along railroads.

Maine to Vt. and N. J. ; locally in the Great Lakes region.

6. Juncus secundus Beauv. Map 604. Known in Indiana from a single
collection : wet clay border of a cattail pond in a fallow field 3 miles east
of Livonia, Washington County, June 17, 1935, F. J. Hermann no. 6705.
It has been reported from Putnam County by Wilson but no specimen
could be found to substantiate the report.

Maine to Vt. and N. C, and in the Mississippi Valley from Tenn. to 111.
and Mo.

7. Juncus macer S. F. Gray. (Jour. Bot. 68: 367. 1930.) (Juncus tenuis
of authors, not Willd. ; including Juncus monostichus Bartlett.) Map 605.
Very common in fields, pastures, ditches, open woods, waste places, and
especially in paths and on roadsides ; infrequent on banks of streams and
in swampy habitats.

Juncus monostichus (originally described from Madison County) is a
pathologic phase of this species in which the peculiar form of the inflores-
cence, the shortening of the capsules, and the tendency toward sterility
are induced by a fungus infection.

Deam no. 55051 is exceptional in having the auricles scarcely prolonged,
the inflorescence much congested and perianth unusually large. Inter-
mediates between the species and its forms are frequent; thus Deam nos.
44784 and 53949, Peattie no. 2102, Lansing no. 2730, and Bechtel no. 13381
approach f. Williamsii; Deam no. 25456 approaches f. anthelatus; and
Deam no. 24 approaches f. discretiflorus.

Almost throughout North America ; adventive in Europe, South America,
and Australia.

7a. Juncus macer f. Williamsii (Fern.) Hermann. (Rhodora 40: 82.
1938.) (Juncus tenuis var. Williamsii Fern, and Juncus macer var.

Juncus

JUNCACEAE

295

Map 605b
\luncus macer
f. anthetatus (Wieg.) Hermann

Map 607

Juncus Dudley! Wieg.

o 3o

Map 605c
Juncus macer
f. discret iflorus Hermann

Map 608

Juncus marginatus Rostk,

1 —

Jan.

*1 HI ,1

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

DP |

rJ 1

—

May
June

July
Aug.

{

-s ,

I.D U „

Sept.

—

Oct.

Nov.

- X

Dec.j-

— —

hi f

'/ Miles

J-* D 1 J^\ 1

i 50

<Jr^V ^ / Map 606

Juncus interior Wieg.

o 55

Map 609

Juncus biflorus Ell.

Williamsii Fern.) Map 605a. Sporadic but infrequent in the habitats of
the species.

Local but range apparently that of the species.

7b. Juncus macer f. anthelatus (Wieg.) Hermann. (Rhodora 40: 81.
1938.) (Juncus tenuis var. anthelatus Wieg. and Juncus macer var.
anthelatus (Wieg.) Fern.) Map 605b. Common in most of the habitats
of the species but usually in wetter soils. It is more often found in
ditches and low fallow fields and on borders of swamps or ponds than is
the species and much less frequently along paths or dry roadsides.

Range apparently that of the species except probably absent from arid
regions.

7c. Juncus macer f. discretiflorus Hermann. (Rhodora 40: 82. 1938.)
Map 605c. Frequent in southern Indiana in low woods and swamps and
on wet or moist clay roadsides and banks of streams.

Southern Ind. ; doubtless also in Ky., s. Ohio, and s. 111.

296

JUNCACEAE

J uncus

—

Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.

May

June
July
Aufc
Sept
Oct

JP L

1 °

H
1 CP

' ) D

D D
H •

' _L

- "-^OP H D

-OH

J? H

r <,

H |

Id h

4 r

i
■

Nov.

Dec C —

i I

""[ 8a 1 J

-/ Miles

D / r

ca'

adensis >i

'56'
Map 610

.Gay

6 50

Map 6
Juncus brachycephalus

(Engelm.) Buchenau

0^ 55

Map 612

Juncus diffu sissimus Buckley

8. Juncus interior Wieg. Map 606. Frequent in moist sandy clearings,
prairies, fallow fields, open oak flats, and ditches.

Ind. to Wyo. and Tex.

9. Juncus Dudleyi Wieg. Map 607. Very common in wet fields, marshes,
ditches, low open woods, sandy or marly borders of lakes, and other moist
open habitats.

Newf. to Sask. and Wash., southw. to Tenn., Kans., and Mex. ; adventive
in Scotland and Germany.

10. Juncus marginatum Rostk. Map 608. Frequent in the western
portion of the lake area and also in southern Indiana where it is chiefly in
the unglaciated area. It is found in moist sandy clearings, in clay fields
or meadows, and rarely in marshes and on low prairies and borders
of ponds.

Maine to Ont., southw. to Fla. and Nebr.

11. Juncus biflorus Ell. (Rhodora 37: 156. 1935.) (Juncus aristulatus
of authors, not Michx. and Juncus marginatus var. biflorus (Ell.) Wood.)
Map 609. Common in southern Indiana in hard white clay soils of low
fallow fields and grassy meadows, in roadside ditches, and rare in open
flat woods; infrequent in the lake area in moist open sandy or gravelly
habitats, especially on borders of lakes.

Mass. to Mich., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Mex.

11a. Juncus biflorus f. adinus Fern. & Grisc. (Rhodora 37: 156. 1935.)
Deam no. 26197 from a swampy fallow field a mile and a half west of
Huron, Martin County, is typical of this form.

12. Juncus canadensis J. Gay. (J uncus canadensis var. lotigicaudatus
Engelm.) Map 610. Very common in the lake area but infrequent south
of it. It is found in marshes, swales, bogs, sandy or marly ditches, and on
low borders or sandy shores of lakes.

Newf. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and La.

J uncus

JUNCACEAE

297

o 55

Map 613

Juncus scirpoides Lam.

Map 614

Juncus brachycarpus Engelm.

Map 615

Juncus acuminatus Michx.

13. Juncus brachycephalus (Engelm.) Buch. (Juncus canadensis var.
brachycephalus Engelm.) Map 611. Frequent in the northern half of
Indiana, becoming common in the lake area. It is often associated with
other rushes, especially with /. nodosus, on low sandy or marly borders of
lakes, in marshes and sloughs, and on springy calcareous terraces.

A form of this species having six stamens instead of the more usual
three has been named J. brachycephalus f. hexandrus Martin (Rhodora
40 : 460. 1938) and Deam no. 54539A in the Herbarium of the University
of West Virginia is designated as the type. The six-stamened condition is
frequent in J. brachycephalus (as in /. canadensis and related species) ; in
fact most of the Indiana collections have at least a few of the flowers with
six stamens. As a rule a single plant will have flowers predominantly either
3-stamened or 6-stamened ; occasionally the number will be about equally
divided between the two, but rarely, if ever, is a plant found in which all
of the flowers have reverted to the 6-stamened state.

Maine to Wis., southw. to N. J., Pa., and 111.

14. Juncus diffusissimus Buckley. Map 612. Common in southern Indi-
ana, especially in the unglaciated area, in roadside ditches, low fallow
fields (mostly in hard white clay soil), swampy open woods, and along the
banks of or on gravel bars in creeks.

N. Y. to Ind. and Kans., southw. to Tex. and Ga.

15. Juncus scirpoides Lam. Map 613. Known in Indiana from only the
dune area where it is found in open, wet sandy habitats. Of the 22 collec-
tions seen from Lake and Porter Counties only one was made later than
1913. Previous to that date the species apparently was frequent to fairly
common on the dunes.

No specimen could be found to confirm the reports of Barnes and of Coul-
ter from Jefferson County. In all probability these reports were based upon
collections of Juncus brachycarpus, a species common in Jefferson County
and superficially resembling /. scirpoides. J. brachycarpus is the only one

298

JUNCACEAE

Juncus

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

? »

-I

r 1

Dec £

— i ° i

1/ Miles

1 l

uncu

s. n

itus Co

50
Map 616

/file

Miles
' ' '5(5
Map 617

Juncus pelocarpus Mey.

Jan.
Feb.
Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct

Nov

Dec.

ll 1
D ) ND

E E

1 1

- D

11^*-*.*

—SL

| J~

frVlr-

' '

- i

Miles

Map 618

Juncus nodosus L.

of all the species with small spherical heads to which Coulter's statement
under J. scirpoides, "found throughout the state," is applicable.
N. Y. to Mich., southw. to Fla., Mo., and Tex.

16. Juncus brachycarpus Engelm. Map 614. Fairly common in southern
Indiana ; frequent elsewhere except in the central and eastern counties. Its
favorite habitats are low fallow or grassy fields where the soil is usually a
hard white clay, and sandy ditches, but it occurs also on wet roadsides and
in flat woods and on the dunes in sloughs and sandy swales.

Mass. to Ont., southw. to Ga., Miss., and Tex.

17. Juncus acuminatum Michx. Map 615. Very common in ditches and
wet, usually more or less open, habitats of all types ; frequently in shallow
water in ponds or swamps. Occasionally the heads are proliferous, espe-
cially after the habitat has been flooded.

N. S. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Tex.

18. Juncus nodatus Coville. (Juncus robustus (Engelm.) Coville, not
Wats.) Map 616. Infrequent and local. This southern species was
apparently first collected in the state at its northernmost known station:
along a wet railroad siding near Lake Maxinkuckee, Marshall County,
J. T. Scovell and H. W. Clark no. 1468, Oct. 16, 1900. Its usual habitat in
southern Indiana is on borders of ponds in low, often flooded, pin oak
woods where it is associated with buttonbush and with Car ex Crus-corvi
and C. lupuliformis.

Northern Ind. to Kans., Okla., Tex., and La.

19. Juncus pelocarpus E. Mey. Map 617. Fairly common in the north-
western counties, mostly in the dune area. A species of wet open habitats,
occurring on sandy or mucky borders of ponds, lakes, and swamps and in
sloughs and swales. The more diffuse proliferous plants are often entirely
sterile.

Newf. to N. J., Ind., and Minn.

20. Juncus nodosus L. Map 618. Fairly common in the northern

Juncus

JUNCACEAE

299

o To

Map 620

Juncus articulatus L.

Map 621
Juncus alpinus Vill.
var. rarif lorus Hartm.

counties and known from a single locality in Wayne County. It is found
in a variety of wet habitats : in marshes, bogs, and swales, occasionally in
ditches and sloughs, but most commonly on low sandy or marly shores.

No specimens were found to support Schneck's report from the Lower
Wabash Valley.

The relatively huge grotesque heads often produced by galls in many
species of § Septati occur with greatest frequency in this species, although
they are frequent too in J. Torreyi, J. canadensis and J. acuminatum.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to Va., 111., and Nebr.

21. Juncus Torreyi Coville. {Juncus nodosus var. megacephalus Torr.)
Map 619. Common, especially in the lake area, in ditches, sloughs, and low
prairies and on the borders of lakes, ponds, and creeks. It grows in both
clay and sandy soils.

Mass. to Sask. and Wash., southw. to Ala., Tex., and Ariz.

22. Juncus articulatus L. Map 620. Known in Indiana from a single
collection : on an abandoned road through a marsh on the southeast side
of Lake Wawasee, Kosciusko County, Deam no. 56408, July 19, 1935.
Here it was abundant in 1935.

Specimens could not be located to corroborate the reports from Lake
County made by Coulter, Deam, Peattie, and Pepoon.

Newf. to Ind. and B. C, southw. to Mass. and N. Y. ; local in n. Calif.;
also in Eurasia.

23. Juncus alpinus Vill. var. rariflorus Hartm. (Rhodora 35: 233.
1933.) (Juncus alpinus var. insignis Fries and Juncus Richardsonianus
Schultes.) Map 621. Largely confined to the dune area in Indiana where
it is often locally plentiful on wet sandy or marshy shores of lakes and
ponds, on borders of sloughs, and in low sandy ditches.

Que. to B. C, southw. to Pa., Ind., Nebr., and Wash. ; also in Eurasia.

23a. Juncus alpinus var. fuscescens Fern. Map 621a. A single In-
diana collection (Bebb no. 663, Clarke Junction, Lake County, Aug. 14,

300

JUNCACEAE

Luzula

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Au&

Sept

Od.

Nov.

' X

-I.

J-

Dtc.f—

T" '

Jj Miles

ncu

s alpfnus
scescens

Map 621a
Vill.
r ern.

1901) is characteristic of this variety, although transitional forms between
the preceding variety and var. fuscescens are occasional. Its habitats are
the same as those of var. rariflorus.
Vt. to B. C. and Mo.

937. LtJZULA DC. Wood Rush
[Fernald and Wiegand. The variations of Luzula campestris in North
America. Rhodora 15: 38-43. 1913.]

Flowers solitary at the tips of the branches of the inflorescence

1. L. carolinae var. saltuensis.

Flowers crowded in spikelike clusters or glomerules.

Rays of umbel erect or ascending, relatively stout; heads mostly cylindric.

Cauline leaves large, (7) 9-14 cm long, 4-6 (9) mm wide; filaments equaling the
anthers; perianth averaging 3 mm long, usually slightly exceeding the capsule;

heads pale; base of plant rarely producing bulbs 2. L. midtiflora.

Cauline leaves small, 3-5.5 cm long, 2-3 mm wide; filaments shorter than the
anthers; perianth averaging 2.5 mm long, shorter than the capsule; heads
dark; base of plant commonly producing bulbs. .2a. L. midtiflora var. bulbosa.
Rays of umbel mostly strongly divergent, some elongate and filiform; heads hemi-
spheric or short-cylindric; leaves mostly clustered at the base of the plant, the
cauline small, 2-7 cm long, 1.5-3 mm wide.
Filaments half the length of the anthers or less; perianth conspicuously exceeding

the capsule, generally 3 mm or more long 3. L. echinata.

Filaments more than half the length of the anthers; perianth from shorter than

to slightly exceeding the capsule, generally about 2.5 mm long •

3a. L. echinata var. mesochorea.

1. Luzula carolinae S. Wats. var. saltuensis (Fern.) Fern. (Rhodora
40: 404. 1938.) (Luzula saltuensis Fern., Juncoides carolinae of Britton
and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, and Juncoides pilosum of American authors.)
Map 622.* A northern plant known in Indiana from only two collections:
base of a low wooded slope near pond in woods on the Douglas farm 21/2
miles southeast of Hamilton, De Kalb County, Deam no. 44268, May 25,
1927, and about 4 miles north of Notre Dame, St. Joseph County, J. A.
Nieuwland no. 9115, in 1909.

* The name of this plant was changed after the map was made.

Luzula

JUNCACEAE

301

o 50

Map 624
Gjzula multiflora
var. bulbosa (Wood) Hermann

Miles
50

Map 625
Luzula echinata (Small) Hermann

0~ ~^o
Map 625a
Luzula echinata
var. mesochorea Hermann

Newf. to Sask., southw. to N. J. (in the mts. to Ga.), Ind., and Minn.;
also in e. Asia.

2. Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lejeune. (Rhodora 40: 83-84. 1938.)
(Luzula campestris var. multiflora (Ehrh.) Celak., Luzula intermedia
(Thuill.) A. Nels., Juncoides campestre of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora,
ed. 2, in part, and Juncoides intermedia (Thuill.) Rydb.) Map 623. Con-
fined to the lake area where it is very common in dry open oak woods,
especially on hills or slopes, and occasionally in grassy clearings. It is
frequently associated with Carex pennsylvanica and C. communis.

Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Pa., 111., Utah, and Calif. ; also in
Eurasia.

2a. Luzula multiflora var. bulbosa (Wood) Hermann. (Rhodora 40:
84. 1938.) (Luzula campestris var. bulbosa Wood and Juncoides bulbosum
(Wood) Small.) Map 624. Known in Indiana from only the northwestern
counties and apparently confined to the lake and prairie areas where its
habitat, very sandy open oak woods, is common.

N. J. and Pa. to Kans., southw. to Ga. and Tex.

3. Luzula echinata (Small) Hermann. (Rhodora 40: 84. 1938.)
(Luzula campestris var. echinata (Small) Fern. & Wieg. and Juncoides
echinatum Small.) Map 625. Fairly common in southern Indiana in dry
oak woods, especially on wooded slopes and steep river banks.

N. J. and Pa. to Ga. and Tex., and in the Mississippi Valley at least in
s. Ind.

3a. Luzula echinata var. mesochorea Hermann. (Rhodora 40: 84.
1938.) Map 625a. The most widespread Luzula in Indiana; common south
of the lake area and very common in the knob area. It is found in dry open
woods, especially on white oak slopes, knobs or ridges, and occasionally in
hard clay soil in fallow fields and clearings.

Ind., doubtless also in Ohio, Ky., and 111.

302 Juncaceae Juncus

EXCLUDED SPECIES

1. Juncus coriaceus Mack. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 56: 28. 1929.)
(Juncus setaceus of authors, not Rostk.) Reported from Lake County by
Pepoon in the "Flora of the Chicago Region" but no specimen could be
found.

Del. to Fla. and La., usually in brackish habitats.

2. Juncus tenuis Willd. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 56 : 25-27. 1929.) ) Jun-
cus dichotomies Ell.) This species of the Coastal Plain has been reported
many times from Indiana but no authentic material from the state could be
found. The reports from Jasper and La Porte Counties were based upon
specimens of /. Greenei and that from Gibson County upon an immature
specimen of /. macer. Other reports likewise were probably based upon
errors in indentification.

Conn, to Fla. and Argentina.

3. Juncus brevicaudatus (Engelm.) Fern. (Juncus canadensis var.
brevicaudatus Engelm. and Juncus canadensis var. coarctatus Engelm.)
Reported from Lake County by both Pepoon and Peattie but the one speci-
men found which had been referred to this species (a collection of Umbach's
from Pine, Lake County, labeled Juncus canadensis var. coarctatus, Uni-
versity of Wisconsin Herbarium) is /. alpinus var. rariflorus. Indiana is
considerably south of the known range of J. brevicaudatus.

Newf. to Minn., southw. to Conn., Pa., and W. Va.

4. Juncus debilis Gray. (Juncus acuminatus var. debilis (Gray)
Engelm.) No specimen could be found to confirm the report from Vigo
County by Blatchley of this eastern and southern species. A specimen in
the Wabash College Herbarium labeled Juncus acuminatus var. debilis
(Coulter no. 1918 from Hanover) was probably the basis of Barnes' report
from Jefferson County. This specimen is /. diffusissimus.

R. I. to Fla., Miss., and Ark.

LlLIACEAE 303

38. LlLIACEAE Adans. Lily Family

Flowers dioecious; some of the species woody vines.

Inflorescence umbellate; fruit a 1-4-seeded berry 1151. Smilax, p. 324.

Inflorescence a spicate raceme; fruit a 3-celled, ellipsoid capsule, 7-10 mm long,

with linear-oblong seed 950. Chamaelirium, p. 304.

Flowers perfect or monoecious.

Leaves all, nearly or quite basal or lacking at flowering time.
Flowers large, the perianth segments 6-11 cm long.

Flowers orange 1019. Hemerocallis, p. 308.

Flowers white 1103. Yucca, p. 316.

Flowers smaller, the perianth segments less than 6 cm long.

Plants with solitary flowers; leaves 2, fleshy, mottled. 1076. Erythronium, p. 314.
Plants not as above.

Flowers deep blue, reflexed, racemose, many, divisions of perianth united;

leaves narrowly linear 1095. Muscari, p. 315.

Flowers not as above.

Leaves 2-5, usually 2 or 3, mostly 4-10 cm wide.
Flowers in an umbel, usually 3-6 1117. Clintonia, p. 317.

Flowers in a raceme, several, white, very fragrant; leaves 2 or 3

1128. Convallaria, p. 320.

Leaves not as above.

Stems and pedicels glandular, the glands usually blackish; leaves grass-
like 942. Tofieldia, p. 304.

Stems and pedicels not glandular.

Plants without a bulbous base; leaves lanceolate, mostly 5-15 cm long,
7-20 mm. wide, strongly veined; flowers many, tubular, yellowish
white, in a terminal, spikelike raceme; stems usually with 1 or more

leaflike bracts 1143. Aletris, p. 324.

Plants not as above; leaves usually narrow-linear.

Flowers in a long, terminal raceme, usually bluish but sometimes

white ; leaves long, linear, the widest usually 8-20 mm wide

1087. Camassia, p. 315.

Flowers in terminal umbels or corymbose.

Midrib of leaves whitish; flowers corymbose

1089. Ornithogalum, p. 315.

Midrib of leaves not whitish; flowers all in terminal umbels.

Bulbs globose, about 1 cm in diameter (in dried specimens),
without an onionlike odor; leaves present at flowering time.

1050. Nothoscordum, p. 311.

Bulbs elongate-ovoid, usually much larger than those of Notho-
scordum, with an onionlike odor; leaves absent at flowering
time, mostly 10-20 cm long and 3-6 cm wide; flowers many,

white (Allium tricoceum) 1049. Allium, p. 309.

Leaves cauline, rarely with both basal and cauline leaves.

Flowers large, 4-10 cm in diameter, orange or maroon purple, generally spotted

within; perianth segments all similarly colored 1072. Lilium, p. 311.

Flowers smaller or, if large, the calyx green.
Leaves whorled.

Blades of leaves parallel- veined; leaves in 2 or rarely 3 whorls; perianth seg-
ments all similar in color; rootstock white, tuberlike

1135. Medeola, p. 321.

Blades of leaves net-veined; leaves 3, in a terminal whorl; sepals green; petals
white, maroon or purple; rootstock dark, wrinkled. .1138. Trillium, p. 321.
Leaves alternate.

304 LlLIACEAE

Tofieldia

Mature plants forking at the first or second leaf; leaves perfoliate or sessile;
flowers solitary and from the axil of the first leaf above the fork or, if
the flowers are 2, the second flower usually in the axil of the leaf above
the first flower; flowers yellow or yellowish green, 15-30 mm long; capsules

3-angled or 3-winged 966. Uvularia, p. 308.

Mature plants not as above.
Flowers axillary; fruit a black or red berry.

Stems simple, very rarely with axillary branches; widest leaves 1-10 cm

wide; fruit a black berry 1123. Polygonatum, p. 319.

Stems much branched, usually 1-2 m. high; the so-called leaves in alternate

clusters, filiform, about 1 cm long; fruit a 1-seeded red berry

1113. Asparagus, p. 316.

Flowers in a terminal panicle or umbel.
Leaves linear, not petiolate.

Stem and inflorescence glabrous.

Plants with an onionlike odor, their bases a fleshy bulb; inflorescence
a terminal umbel, consisting entirely of flowers or sometimes

partly or wholly of bulblets 1049. Allium, p. 309.

Plants without the the onionlike odor; flowers in panicles.

Plants glaucous; panicle sparsely flowered; flowers mostly 8-10 mm
long, shorter than their pedicels; sepals with a large, dark

gland near the base 958. Zigadenus, p. 306.

Plants not glaucous; panicle many-flowered; flowers mostly 5-7 mm
long, longer than their pedicels; sepals lacking the black gland

near the base 957. Stenanthium, p. 305.

Stem and especially the inflorescence pubescent; inflorescence paniculate;

fruit a 3-celled capsule 959. Melanthium, p. 307.

Leaves not linear, either sessile or petiolate.

Flowers dark maroon to nearly black; panicles generally 20-50 cm long,
basal stem leaves large, narrowed into long, sheathing petioles;

fruit a capsule 960. Veratrum, p. 307.

Flowers white; basal stem leaves lacking; fruit a globose, 1- or 2-
seeded berry.
Stem leaves generally 2, rarely 3, cordate at the base, usually less
than 9 cm long, the lower one generally petiolate; perianth of 4

parts 1119. Maianthemum, p. 318.

Stem leaves usually more than 3, generally all sessile, usually more
than 9 cm long; perianth of 6 parts 1118. Smilacina, p. 317.

942. TOFIELDIA Huds.

1. Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. Map 626. Found in wet, marly soil
in a few marshes and springy places in the northern counties. Local and,
where found, sometimes frequent over the entire area of its habitat.

Newf. to Minn, and Alaska, southw. to Maine, Ohio, Ind., Oreg\, and in
the mts. to N. C.

950. CHAMAELlRIUM Willd.

1. Chamaelirium luteum (L.) Gray. Map 627. I found a single plant
in an exposed place on a limestone slope 3 miles north of Milltown, Craw-
ford County where it was associated with Comandra Richardsiana and
Lithospermum croceum. I found another specimen in a woods about 7
miles southwest of Evansville where it was closely associated with Fagus
grandifolia, Quercus alba, Cornus Uorida, Sassafras albidum and Phyto-

Stenanthium

LlLIACEAE

305

Jan.

Feb

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Au&

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

D
-.-

13 3D
1L

1
E

J r^ "

— 1 _

—I

- (-

J L

". 1

Dec.C—

6/ Miles

•

fofiel

d i" a

luti

nosa (Mic

Map 626

hx.) Pers.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr,

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

h—

— ill

4-4XB

—__/"(" »

Miles

Map 627

Chamaelirium luteum (L.) Gray

Map 628
Stenanthium gramineum
(Ker) Moronq.

lacca americana. In both instances I found only a single specimen although
I made extended search for others. Clapp reported it from the barrens near
New Albany, and Barnes reported it from Jefferson County without com-
ment. The distribution of this species is erratic and observers do not seem
to understand what factors are involved. It has been reported from 15
counties in Ohio but northward it has not been reported until the Upper
Peninsula of Michigan is reached.

Mass., Mich, to Nebr., southw. to Fla., Miss., and Ark.

957. STENANTHIUM (Gray) Kunth

Capsules reflexed at maturity, mostly 7-8 mm long; leaves mostly 6-10 mm wide; plant
flowering mostly in July 1. S. gramineum.

Capsules erect at maturity, mostly 7-10 mm long; leaves mostly 10-16 mm wide; plant
flowering mostly in August 2. S. robustum.

1. Stenanthium gramineum (Ker) Kunth. Map 628. This species is
local in Indiana and apparently so throughout its range. It is infrequent
in sandy soil for half a mile in an open, black and white oak woods on
the south side of the Tippecanoe River north of Rochester, Fulton County,
and I found one plant in a sandy prairie habitat a mile north of Rochester.
There is a small colony on a low, sandy, open black and white oak ridge
between swamps in section 12 about 2*4 miles southeast of Etna Green,
Kosciusko County. I found it to be frequent for a short distance in sandy
soil at the base of a white and black oak slope on the south side of a large
swamp about 3 miles northwest of Hoover, Cass County. In the same
colony I found a specimen of the next species. The remainder of my speci-
mens were found in similar habitats. I have several times transplanted it
to the open in neutral soil in our garden and it has lived for only a few
years.

Va., Ind. to Mo., southw. to Fla. and Miss.

2. Stenanthium robustum Wats. Map 629. I have only two specimens
from Indiana which I refer to this species. Data concerning this species
and the preceding one are meager ; some authors do not separate them and

306

LlLIACEAE

Zigadenus

Jan.

Fet>.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct.

Nov.

■M

-4

*■

fiM

Dec £

1/ Miles

Ste

nant

lium

robustun

Map 629

i Wats.

Map 630

Zigadenus glaucus Nutt

Map 631
Melanthium virginicum L.

one has made this a mere form of the preceding. Robert Ridgway was
interested in this problem and wrote me concerning it. He was firmly
convinced that the two species are distinct. I quote, in part, from his letter
to me dated January 13, 1925, Olney, Illinois: "I have several of the former
(Stenanthium gramineum) transplanted from the "wilds hereabout" and
one of the latter (Stenanthium robustum) from the Highland Nursery,
North Carolina. They are planted near together, in identical soil, and all
local conditions governing them are the same. The first blooms from June
21 to July 11 (average date July 1) ; while the last blooms from August
1-24 (average date August 18), a difference of more than six weeks."

The specific name for this species seems to be well chosen, since the
whole plant is larger and more robust in all of its parts. The leaves are
wider, the floral segments longer, the fruit longer, and the stigmas slightly
longer. The width of the leaves and the position of the mature fruit are
sufficient to distinguish the species. Since I found both species in the same
colony I am not entirely satisfied that there are two species of our plants
but until sufficient data are accumulated I believe it is best to separate
them, placing them in the taxonomic category which the differences suggest.

Pa. and Ind., southw. to S. C, Tenn., and Mo.

958. ZIGADENUS Michx.

1. Zigadenus glaucus Nutt. (Rhodora 37: 256-258. 1935.) (Zigadenus
chloranthus of Gray, Man., ed. 7, not Richardson, and Anticlea elegans
of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Map 630. This species
is rare and local. I found a few plants in a marly place in the large swamp
in a woods about 3 miles northwest of Hoover, Cass County. In Lagrange
County I found a number of specimens in a marsh of about an eighth of
an acre surrounded by young tamarack ; the area where it was found was
probably too alkaline for the tamarack, although I found it in a similar
position but in a very small opening in a tamarack bog about a mile and a
half southeast of Mongo. I have seen it in only two other places, and

Melanthium

LlLIACEAE

307

Jan.

Feb

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct.

Nov.

D
F

D
DP

r 1

Dec £

K 1 }

B j V i

D L/)
~C *a ^ — '

J Miles

rata

m V

In 7
Voodii Ro

) 50

Map 632
jbins

Map 633

Uvular fa grandiflora J.E.Smith

^35
Map 634

Uvularia sess'lifolia L.

both of them were sedge marshes. Blatchley found it in a marsh near
Lake James, Steuben County. Van Gorder found it in Noble County, in
sec. 10 of Noble Township.

Que. to Man., southw. to N. B., n. Vt., n. N. Y., n. Ohio, and n. 111.

959. MELANTHIUM L.

1. Melanthium virginicum L. Bunchflower. Map 631. Rare and very
local. My White County specimen was found in a wet prairie habitat a half
mile east of Idaville. My Cass County specimen was found in mucky soil
in a large swamp about 3 miles northwest of Hoover. I found a single
specimen on a springy, gravelly slope in the open at "Crows' Nest" about 8
miles north of Indianapolis. It has also been reported from Franklin and
St. Joseph Counties, from the vicinity of New Albany, and from the area
of Delaware, Jay, Randolph, and Wayne Counties by Phinney, who
assigns it to "wet meadows."

R. I., s. N. Y. to Minn., southw. to n. Fla. and Tex.

960. VERATRUM [Tourn.] L.

1. Veratrum Woodii Robbins. Map 632. Local throughout the area
indicated on the map. Where it is found, however, it is usually frequent
over a small area. It is usually found in rich soil on the south sides of
deep ravines, although I found a single specimen in a crevice of a limestone
cliff along the Muscatatuck River about a mile above Vernon, Jennings
County. This species interested me years before I knew what it was. I had
seen the large root leaves and watched to see the plant flower but could
never find one. I transplanted one to our garden and it was several years
before it bloomed. I have not kept a record but I estimate that it flowers
about every 4 or 5 years. This plant, during the 15 or more years that it
has been under observation, has increased to only two plants. The flowers
are deep maroon, or some of them almost black. One specimen in particu-
lar was observed. The inflorescence was 23 inches long and three and a

308

LlLIACEAE Uvularia

half inches wide. The first flowers expanded the last of July and insects
continued to visit the inflorescence until in September. Harry Dietz, a
visiting entomologist, observed within five minutes 2 species of Antho-
myids, 4 species of Muscids, 1 species of Ortalid, 2 species of Phorids,
and 1 species of Syrphid on one plant. It has been reported also from Cass,
Greene, Hamilton, Monroe, Putnam, Tippecanoe, and Vigo Counties.
Ind. to Mo.

966. UVULARIA L.

[Anderson and Whitaker. Speciation in Uvularia. Jour. Arnold Arb. 15:

28-42. 1934.]

Leaves perfoliate; capsules obtusely 3-angled.

Blades whitish-pubescent beneath; perianth segments smooth within or nearly so..

1. U. grandiflora.

Blades glabrous beneath; perianth segments granular-pubescent within. (See ex-
cluded species no. 132, p. 1033.) U. perfoliata.

Leaves sessile; capsules sharply 3-angled, acute at each end 2. U. sessilifolia.

1. Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith. Big Merrybells. Map 633. Infre-
quent to frequent in moist, rich soil throughout the state. It is never found
outside of thick woodland, unless persisting after woodland has been
cleared, but does well in cultivation in sun or shade. This species has been
confused by some of our early authors with Uvularia perfoliata, the range
of which is shown by recent studies to be restricted to the Allegheny Moun-
tains and eastward to the Coast.

Que., w. N. Y. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Tenn., and Kans.

2. Uvularia sessilifolia L. (Oakesia sessilifolia (L.) Wats.) Little
Merrybells. Map 634. Colonies are infrequently found in the southern
counties where it grows in hard, clay soil, usually associated with beech,
beech and sweet gum, and lowland oaks. It propagates mostly from the
rootstocks and a note on one of my labels reads : "I found, in a low woods
about 3 miles southwest of Dale, Spencer County, two colonies about 10 X
20 feet and this species formed a mat over these areas."

N. B., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Ark.

1019. HEMEROCALLIS L. Daylii .y

[Bailey. Hemerocallis: the day-lilies. Gentes Herbarum 2: 143-156.
1930.]
Flowers dark, tawny, fulvous or reddish orange, not fragrant, blooming in summer.

1. H. fulva.

Flowers light, clear yellow or lemon color, more or less fragrant, blooming in spring

and summer. (See excluded species no. 133, p. 1033.) H. flava.

1. Hemerocallis fOlva L. Tawny Daylily. Map 635. This species is
ornamental and on account of its easy cultivation it has been freely planted
since pioneer times. It never produces seed naturally in this country and
propagates entirely by its many tuberous roots. A. B. Stout, of the New
York Botanical Garden, has succeeded in producing seed by artificial polli-
nation. He has written many articles on the species and anyone interested
should read them.

Allium Liliaceae 309

This species is found infrequently in small or large colonies throughout
the state along roadsides and about abandoned habitations. When it is once
established, nothing can compete with it ; hence it forms pure stands. The
nativity of the species is not known but most authors give it as Eurasian.

N. B. to Ont., southw. to N. C. and Tenn. ; escaped from cultivation.

1049. ALLIUM L

Blades of leaves elliptic, usually 3-10 cm wide, 15-20 cm long, not present at flowering

time 1. A. tricoccum.

Blades of leaves linear, terete or flat, present at flowering time.
Leaves terete.

Umbels bulblet-bearing; spathe 1-valved, generally 10-30 mm long; flowers about
4 mm long; pedicels mostly 15-30 mm long; stamens slightly longer than the
perianth segments; filaments petal-like, the upper half divided into 3 linear
divisions, the middle division bearing an anther about 0.5 mm long; introduced

species 2. A. vineale.

Umbels not bulblet-bearing; stamens included; filaments linear, entire, bearing an
anther about 1 mm long.
Divisions of the perianth elliptic-lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, acute; pedicels

mostly 8-10 mm long; plant of Eurasia. (Cultivated chive.)

A. ScJwenoprasum.

Divisions of the perianth linear-lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate; perianth mostly
8-15 mm long; pedicels about 5 mm long; plant indigenous at least north-
ward. (See excluded species no. 134, p. 1033.)

A. Schoenoprasum var. sibiricum.

Leaves flat or keeled.
Umbels bulblet-bearing.

Spathe 1-valved, the beak more than 1 cm long, usually about 10 cm long;

summit of the stem curved or coiled before flowering 3. A. sativum.

Spathe more than 1-valved, the beak short, less than 1 cm long.

Bulbs not multiplying; leaves flat, narrow, mostly 2-3 mm wide and keeled
beneath; beak of spathe mostly 3-5 mm long; flowers few, white or
pinkish, 4-6 mm long; filaments of all of the stamens entire; pedicels

10-40, usually 15-20 mm long; native species 4. A. canadense.

Bulbs producing bulblets; leaves flat, mostly 8-16 mm wide, the margins
scabrous; flowers purplish; filaments of alternate stamens toothed. (See

excluded species no. 135, p. 1034.) A. Scorodoprasum.

Umbels not bulblet-bearing.

Umbels nodding, the 2 bracts persistent; scapes sharply keeled; stamens con-
spicuously exserted 5. A. c&rnuum.

Umbels erect, the 2 bracts soon deciduous; scapes terete or nearly so; stamens
about as long as the perianth segments. (See excluded species no. 136, p.
1034.) A. stellatum.

1. Allium tricoccum Ait. Wood Leek. Map 636. Infrequent to rare in
moist, rich soil throughout the state, although there are no records from
the southwestern counties. It seems to prefer slopes and woods near
streams and it is most often found associated with beech and sugar maple.

N. B. to Minn, and Iowa, southw. to Ga. and Tenn.

2. Allium vineale L. Crow Garlic. Map 637. My specimens are all
from southern Indiana where it is one of the most pernicious of all weeds.
A pioneer who lived in Point Township, Posey County, told me that when
he was a boy (about 1860) both the garlic and wild onion were common

310

LlLIACEAE

Allium

Map 635

Hemerocalh's fulva L.

2
1

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct.

Nov.

B
D

J HD

"H-

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i
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it f r

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All

ium

vineale L

50
Map 637

in the woodland. Henry Hollingsworth (Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1: 311-
313. 1789, ed. 2) writes that sowing wheat stubble to oats will practically
eradicate it. This indicates that it has been a weed since early times.

This species is found along roadsides and streams and in cultivated fields
and pastures. It is difficult to eradicate because it propagates both by bulbs
and bulblets. The principal objection to this species as well as to others of
this genus is that milch cows can not be pastured where it grows because
the garlic odor is transmitted to the milk. The task of ridding the soil of
this and other species of this genus is a difficult one, especially if the area
is subject to overflow because the bulblets are freely transported. Much
literature has been published on the eradication of this species. Copies of
this literature may be obtained gratis from the U. S. Department of Agri-
culture, Washington, D. C. and from the Purdue University Agricultural
Experiment Station, West Lafayette, Indiana.

Nat. of Eu. ; N. H. to Mo., southw. to Ga. and Ark.

3. Allium sativum L. Garlic. Map 638. Well established on a rocky,
wooded slope in McCormick Creek State Park, Owen County. Hansen
(Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 37: 319. 1928) writes that a number of farms,
gardens, and a cemetery in Jefferson County are infested with the escaped
form of the cultivated garlic {Allium sativum L.) . It is almost certain that
if a species of Allium becomes established it will persist unless it is de-
stroyed by man.

Nat. of Eurasia.

4. Allium canadense L. Meadow Garlic. Map 639. Found throughout
the state. Frequent or common in the southwestern counties in moist soil
in woodland and cultivated fields, where it sometimes becomes a pernicious
weed.

N. B. to Minn, and Colo., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

5. Allium cernuum Roth. Nodding Onion. Map 640. Infrequent
throughout the state although there are no records from the southwestern
counties. Where it is found, especially on the banks of streams, it is gen-

Nothoscordum

Liliaceae

311

^50

Map 638

Allium sativum L.

Map 639

Allium canadense L.

9
1

/ DP

D HD

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec. t

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Allium

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Map 640

Roth.

erally common except in marshes and springy places. This species has a
wide range of habitat and distribution. It is usually found on the high and
dry banks of streams but it is also found in low, sedge marshes, in marly
springy places, and on gravelly bars in rivers. The color of the flowers
ranges from white to deep pink. The white form has been named and I
have it from Wabash County.

N. Y., Minn, to B. C, southw. to W. Va., Ky., N. Mex., and Calif.

1050. NOTHOSCORDUM Kunth False Garlic

1. Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton. False Garlic. Map 641. A few

colonies of this plant have been found in the southwestern counties but 1
think it is much more common than our records show. Since it reproduces
only by seed it may be more restricted than I think it to be. I found it to be
common in alluvial bottoms about 4 miles northwest of Bloomfield, Greene
County and also in low ground in the post oak flats south of Half Moon
Pond in Posey County.

Va., Ohio, Ind. to Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex.; also in Bermuda
and Jamaica.

1072. LtLIUM L. Lily

Flowers erect; perianth segments narrowed below into claws; bulbs not rhizomatous.

Leaves lanceolate, mostly in whorls. (See excluded species no. 138, p. 1034.)

L. philadelphicum.

Leaves linear, usually scattered on the stem except for a whorl at the summit

1. L. philadelphicum var. andinum.

Flowers more or less nodding; perianth segments not clawed; bulbs rhizomatous.
Leaves all or nearly all in whorls, not bulblet-bearing in the upper axils; stems
glabrous above; native species.
Blades all smooth beneath, long-attenuate at both ends; perianth segments
strongly recurving from near the base, mostly 7-8 cm long; anthers mostly

(17) 20-25 mm long 2. L. superbum.

Blades, at least some of them, more or less scabrous on the veins beneath;
perianth segments recurving or spreading from near the middle; anthers
mostly 8-12 (17) mm long, sometimes elongating after anthesis.

.•',12

LlLIACEAE

Lilium

< ) '

Jan.

B I

D / HO

Feb.

f „y

-, _

Mar.

-pY

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June

July
Aug

(

Sept.
Oct.

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- "X.

Nov.

Vi_

Dec.l—

P Miles

S^Cr^-J Map 642

Lilium philadelphicum

var andinum (Nutl) Ker

Jan.

Feb

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

1 1 1

fflj

^-J-

Dec. j-

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D r
J Miles

Lil

urn

perbum

Map 643

Perianth segments spreading (not recurving or scarcely so), base of perianth
a reddish purple; plants of dry, wooded slopes. .3. L. canadense f. rubrum.

Perianth segments strongly recurved, orange or reddish orange on the outside;

plants of a moist habitat such as prairies, marshes, and low woods

4. L. michiganense.

Leaves all scattered, none in whorls, the upper ones usually bearing black bulblets in
some of the axils; stem more or less gray-pubescent above; plants escaped from
cultivation 5. L. tigrinum.

1. Lilium philadelphicum L. var. andinum (Nutt.) Ker. (Lilium umbel-
latum Pursh.) Western Lily. Map 642. It is doubtful whether the species
occurs in the state. All of the specimens I have seen belong to the variety
and I think all reports of it from Indiana should be referred to the variety.

All of the reports of the variety and all of my specimens are from
northern Indiana. Our reports for the species, however, extend the range
to Hamilton, Vigo, Monroe, Clark, and Jefferson Counties and the Lower
Wabash Valley. Prince Maximilian, June 10, 1834, reported finding Lilium
Catesbaei in Knox County north of Hazelton. Since this species as now
known is not found in Indiana and its flowering season is much later, I
think this report should be referred to L. philadelphicum var. andinum.
This lily is local and all the specimens I have seen were found in wet
prairies or in similar habitats. Coulter, in his report from Jefferson County,
says : "Common on the sand flats." There is a specimen in the herbarium
of Wabash College collected in Harrison County by Clapp.

Ont. to Sask., southw. to Ohio and Ark.

2. Lilium superbum L. AMERICAN TURK'S-CAP Lily. Map 643. This
species has been reported from various parts of the state but I think it is
very rare and that most of our reports should be referred to Lilium michi-
ijunense. I have found it only three times and always on wooded slopes.
This species is easily confused with Lilium michiganense if the character
of the roughness or smoothness of the under surface of the leaves is
the only one used. The spreading of the perianth, which begins at the
base, and the length of the anthers will easily separate them, but the

Lilium Liliaceae 313

spreading of the perianth is a note often omitted, and herbarium specimens
do not always clearly show this character. The map shows the location of
the specimens that I have seen. Birkbeck passed through Indiana in 1817
and on page 112 of his "Notes on a journey in America from Virginia to
the Illinois Territory" he says : "The road from Sholt's tavern to this place
[from thirty-six miles east of Vincennes to Vincennes] is partly across
barrens, that is, land of middling quality, thinly set with timber, or covered
with long grass, and shrubby undergrowth; generally level and dry, and
gaudy with marigolds, sunflowers, martagon lilies, and many other bril-
liant flowers." We have no way of determining the species of lily Birkbeck
saw, but I think it was this species, although this is a mere guess.

From Lilium michiganense this species can be distinguished by several
characters in addition to those given in the key. It is about half again as
high; the leaves are more numerous in at least a few of the whorls, and
all the leaves are longer and conspicuously long taper-pointed at both ends ;
the more numerous flowers, 3-15, are in umbels or pyramidal racemes,
while the flowers in the other species are strictly in umbels, generally num-
bering 1-5 flowers. We have had both species moved from the wild and in
cultivation for many years and the greatest number of flowers of the first
has been 21 while of the second I have no record; but, as I recall, the
number ranges mostly from 3 to 5 in vigorous plants, and these are always
in umbels.

N. B., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Va. and Mo.

3. Lilium canadense L. f. rubrum Britt. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 17:
125. 1890.) Canada Lily. Map 644. This lily has been confused with the
next, and possibly all, or nearly all reports for it should be referred to the
next species. All of my specimens are from rocky, wooded slopes and were
associated with Vaccinium vacillans and Asclepias tuberosa. This species
is now considered to be Alleghanian and its distribution is not known
because of its confusion with the next species. It is known to occur near
Lawton in Kalamazoo County, Michigan (Nieuwland).

4. Lilium michiganense Farwell. (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 352-354.
1915.) Map 645. Infrequent throughout the northern part of the state and
probably rare in the southern part or even absent from the southeastern
part. It has been confused with the preceding species and our knowledge
of its distribution and habitat can be now ascertained only from field
studies or from existing specimens. Almost all of the reports for lilies in
Indiana must be ignored on account of the recently acquired knowledge
of the genus.

Lilium michiganense grows in moist prairie habitats, in mucky soil about
lakes and in low woods, and in moist, black soil along roadsides and rail-
roads. Locally it may be common over a small area. When once established
it is very persistent, competing successfully with blue grass sod. I have
known it to be a common plant for possibly 25 years in black, moist soil
along the railroad through the old prairie north of Poneto, Wells County.
It is to be noted with this species, as with the others, that the available

314

LlLIACEAE

Erythronium

Map 644

Lilium canadense L.

5 ~5o

Map 645

Lilium michiganense Farwell

Map 646

Erythronium albidum Nutt.

amount of moisture has a marked effect upon the number of flowers on the
plants. Where it is driest, most of the plants will have only one flower.
The distribution is probably nearly as follows:
Ont., Mich, to Minn., southw. to Ky. and Mo.

5. Lilium tigrinum L. Tiger Lily. Nieuwland writes (Amer. Mid-
land Nat. 3: 106. 1913) that this species is an "escape to the woods at
Notre Dame, growing perfectly wild and maintaining itself and spreading."
I have paid little attention to plants of any kind that have escaped and this
species may be more frequent than I know. I have a specimen which I
found along a railroad about a mile south of Connersville, Fayette County.

Nat. of China and Japan.

1076. ERYTHRONIUM L. Trout Lily

Flowers white or pinkish; stigmas mostly 2-3 mm long, curved outward. .1. E. albidum.
Flowers yellow ; stigmas usually shorter, erect 2. E. americanum.

1. Erythronium albidum Nutt. White Trout Lily. Map 646. Infre-
quent to frequent in moist woods throughout the state, usually more
frequent and abundant in rich, alluvial flats along streams. This species
and the next one have been reported from all parts of the state. It has a
short flowering period, from the last of April to the first part of May,
which accounts for the few specimens I have collected. This species and
the next are usually called dogtooth violet in Indiana.

Ont. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and La.

2. Erythronium americanum Ker. Common Trout Lily. Map 647.
Infrequent to frequent throughout the state. Like the preceding species,
where it is found it usually forms dense colonies because of its mode of
reproduction. After the seed germinate, it usually takes four years' growth
to produce a flower. The seedling, from the beginning of the second year,
produces annual crops of runners and bulbs, each going deeper until the
necessary depth, size, and vigor are reached to produce a flower, in

Camassia

Liliaceae

315

o Bo

Map 647

Erythronium amencanum Ker

Map 648

Camassia scillioides (Raf.) Cor

5 ^"33
Map 649

Ornithogalum umbellatum L.

addition to the leaf buds which have been produced each previous year.
Considering the great number of single-leaf plants, the number of flower-
ing ones is small. This species prefers rich, moist soil of wooded slopes
in beech and sugar maple woods. It is found also in rich soil in almost
all kinds of woods and is often abundant on alluvial wooded plains. In
Indiana it is more frequent than the preceding species.
N. B., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

1087. CAMASSIA Lindl.

1. Camassia scillioides (Raf.) Cory. (Rhodora 38: 405. 1936.) (Camas-
sia esculenta (Ker) Rob. and Quamasia hyacinthina (Raf.) Britt.)
Common Camas. Map 648. Moist, wooded slopes, usually bordering
streams. It is found throughout the state, becoming rare or absent in the
northern counties.

Pa. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Tex.

1089. ORNITHOGALUM [Touin] L.

1. Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Common Star-of-Bethlehem.
Map 649. This species has been reported as an escape in many parts of
the state. I have found it as an escape in considerable numbers in fallow
fields and in open woodland along streams in the counties shown on the
map. In some instances it covered an acre or more. The plant grows in
such masses that it crowds out all other vegetation, and where it is found
it should be exterminated at once.

Nat. of Eu.

1091. MUSCARI [Tourn.] Mill.

Flowers globose, 3-5 mm long, not fragrant, deep blue ; leaves 6-13 mm wide

1. M. botryoides.

Flowers oblong, urn-shaped 4-5 mm long, fragrant, deep blue; leaves 2-3 mm wide.

2. M . racemosum.

316

Liliaceae Yucca

1. MUSCARI BOTRYOIDES (L.) Mill. Common Grape-hyacinth. This
species is commonly cultivated and has been reported as an escape in sev-
eral parts of the state. I have never collected it except in our own orchard
where it has escaped.

Nat. of s. Eu. and Asia.

2. Muscari racemosum (L.) Mill. Starch Grape-hyacinth. There
are only two reports of this as an escape although it may also be wider in
distribution than our reports indicate. Nieuwland (Amer. Midland Nat.
3: 107. 1913) says: "Very well established in a sandy field northwest of
St. Mary's, Notre Dame, and spreading along a road very fast." In 1910
I found it frequent to common all over a 10-acre clover field on the Aaron
Wolfe farm about 7 miles northwest of Corydon.

Nat. of Eu.

1103. YUCCA [Rupp.] L.

1. Yucca filamentosa L. Common Yucca. This yucca has been re-
ported as an escape several times and remarks have been made as to its
persistence and its ability to spread. It is frequently planted in cemeteries
from which it has most often escaped. I recall having seen it covering a
hillside near a cemetery in Crawford County near the Blue River Church.
I also saw it in a woods as an escape from a cemetery in Fulton County.
It is so massive that I have never collected it.

In the original Coblentz edition of "Travels in the Interior of North
America" published in 1839-41, Prince Maximilian writes of his travels
from Owensville, Gibson County to Vincennes, on June 10, 1834, as fol-
lows : "The region on the other side [north side of the White River, which
he crossed in the vicinity of what is now known as Hazelton] changes
considerably ; and here appears in a now again sandy soil nearly the same
plants as are found in the sandy soil and the prairies of St. Louis, with
the addition of a few new ones, a fire-colored lily (Lilium catesbaei), the
great-flowered lady slipper (Cypripedium spectabile), a species of Yucca,
and many others." It is not known what species Maximilian saw. It may
have been this one or Yucca glauca Nutt. both of which may have at that
time extended up the Mississippi Valley into Indiana.

Nat. from N. C. along the coast to Fla. and westw. to Miss, and Tenn. ;
beyond this area probably escaped.

1113. ASPARAGUS [Tourn.] L.

1 . Asparagus officinalis L. Garden Asparagus. Map 650: Asparagus
has been reported from many counties and I have found it in several. I
recall seeing only a few colonies of it, but usually single specimens here
and there along roads, railroads, and streams and in fallow grounds and
open woodland. We have had it in cultivation for years and I have rarely
found a seedling near our cultivated plants but it is sporadic all over
our field and orchard and along our fences.

Nat. of Eu.

Clinton ia

LlLIACEAE

317

Jan.
Feb.
Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec

D »

3 A

■■

Lpl

i — j

H- f

r~W]

Miles

~ 50

Map 651
Clintonia borealis (AitJ Raf.

o "To

Map 652

Smilfcma racemosa (L.) Desf.

1117. CLINTONIA Raf.

1. Clintonia borealis (Ait.) Raf. Bluebead. Map 651. This is a very
rare plant in Indiana and I have specimens from only three places. I have
a specimen collected by Umbach on May 14, 1898, in full flower in a swamp
near Miller, Lake County. I have another specimen discovered by M. W.
Lyon, Jr., and Mrs. Lyon in a tamarack bog near Dune Park, Porter
County. In 1935 I collected a specimen discovered by R. M. Tryon, Jr., in
a decadent bog in the eastern part of Porter County.

This species will probably reach extinction in Indiana before long.

Lab. to Man. and Minn., southw. in the mts. to N. C.

1118. SMILACINA Desf.

Leaves 2-4, rarely 1; inflorescence pedunculate. (See excluded species no. 139, p. 1034.)

S. trifolia.

Leaves 6-many.

Inflorescence pedunculate, paniculate; perianth segments 1-2 mm long; leaves not

glaucous.

Panicles on a peduncle usually less than half the length of the panicle, ovoid or

pyramidal, 0.7-1.7 dm long, 3-10 cm wide, three eighths to three fourths as

broad as long; longest branches of panicle 2-6 cm long and with 8-24 flowers.

1. S. racemosa var. typica.

Panicles on a peduncle half to one and a fourth times as long as the panicle,
nearly cylindric, 4.5-8.5 (-13) cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide, a fourth to three
eighths as broad as long; longest branches 1-2.5 cm long and with 6-10

flowers la. S. racemosa var. cylindrata.

Inflorescence sessile or nearly so, racemose; perianth segments 3.4-5.5 mm long;
leaves glaucous 2. S. stellata.

1. Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. var. typica Fern. False Solomon's-
seal. Map 652. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state in beech and
sugar maple and black and white oak woods.

This species has recently been studied by M. L. Fernald, who records
his studies in Rhodora no. 478 from which I have made my key.

Que. to B. C, southw. to N. S., Va., Tenn., 111., Mo., Ariz., and Oreg.

318

LlLIACEAE

Maiantheinum

o 5o

Map 654

Maianthemum canadense Desv.

Map 655
Maianthemum canadense
var. interfus Fern.

la. Smilacina racemosa var. cylindrata Fern. (Rhodora 40: 406. 1938.)
This is the southern form of the species. Although the variety and the
typical form of the species overlap with intermediate forms in Indiana,
the northern or typical form of the species and the southern form are
quite distinct. The two forms are found throughout the state. Both forms
are given on one map because the map was made before the variety was
recognized.

N. H., N. Y., s. Ont., Ohio, 111., Kans., and Colo., southw. to Ga. and Ariz.

2. Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. Starry False Solomon's-seal. Map
653. Infrequent to frequent in the northern half of the state and rare or
absent from the southern counties. It prefers moist soil and is most often
found on moist slopes and springy banks but is also found on dry banks, in
black and white oak woods, and is most abundant on the sand dunes about
Lake Michigan. The lower surface of the leaves is very variable, ranging
from glabrous to densely short-pubescent. Two varieties of this species
have been described and we have both of them, but I think, judging from
the descriptions, they are only ecological forms.

Lab. to B. C, southw. to Va., Ky., Kans., and Calif. ; also in Eu.

1119. MAIANTHEMUM [Weber in] Wiggers

[Butters. Taxonomic studies in the genus Maianthemum. Minnesota
Studies in Plant Science 5: 429-444. 1927.]

Lower surface of leaves glabrous; margins of blades merely papillate or crenulate

1. M. canadense.

Lower surface of leaves pubescent at least on the veins; margins of blades ciliate-
pubescent la. M. canadense var. interius.

1. Maianthemum canadense Desf. (Unifolium canadense (Desf.)
Greene). Two-leaf Solomon's-seal. Map 654. Infrequent but usually
common where found in low woods and in tamarack bogs throughout
the northern part of the lake area. I found it in Jefferson County in a
low, flat woods in soil of a pH value of 5.6 where it was associated with

Polygon atum

LlLIACEAE

319

Map 656
Polygonatum pubescens

(Willd.) Pursh

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

[TO-

^rTT- "

lUIIi

(

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HttH

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^J-7 1

D D 1 I / D

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Map 657

Polygonatum biflorum (WaltJ El

20
2

-f

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Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct.

Nov.

.xl

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Dec £

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Polyqona

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cana

D JA To 50
i/ Map 657a

liculatum (Muhl ) Pursh

beech, sweet gum, and pin oak. Grimes reported it from Putnam County
where it was associated with hemlock.

Plants of this species with 3 leaves have been named Maianthemum
canadense f. trifolium (Farw.) Vict. (Contr. Lab. Bot. Univ. Montreal 14:
17. 1929.)

Lab. to Md. and in the mts. to N. C, westw. to Minn, and northw.

la. Maianthemum canadense var. interius Fern. (Rhodora 16: 211.
1914.) Map 655. The variety has about the same range as the species in
the northern part of Indiana but it is not found in the southern part of
the state. The species and its variety are of nearly equal abundance but
one rarely finds the two in the same colony. The mass distribution of the
variety is about the Great Lakes but it has outlying posts as far east as
Massachusetts and ranges westward through central Ohio to central Iowa
and northward.

1123. POLYGCNATUM [Tourn] Hill

[Farwell. Notes on Michigan species of Polygonatum. Bull. Torrey Bot.

Club 42: 247-257. 1915. Gates. A revision of the genus Polygonatum in

North America. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 44: 117-126. 1917. Bush. The

species of Polygonatum. Amer. Midland Nat. 10: 385-400. 1927.]

Leaves more or less puberulent beneath, at least on the veins, 6-16 in number, 2-6 cm

wide and 4-13 cm long, narrow- to wide-elliptic, or slightly ovate-elliptic, generally

broad at the base, rarely somewhat cuneate; peduncles usually beginning at the

second leaf axil, rarely beginning at the first or at the third leaf axil, 1-4-flowered,

usually 1- or 2-flowered, or a mixture of 1 and 2 flowers; flowers 7-12 mm long;

filaments of stamens more or less papillose; stems usually beginning to curve above

the second leaf; rhizomes near the surface; plants usually found in thick woodland.

1. P. pubescens.

Leaves glabrous beneath, mostly 10-21 in number; blades of wideleaf forms 2.5-10.5
cm wide and 12-21 cm long, very broadly ovate-elliptic or broadly elliptic, those
of the narrowleaf forms 1.5-3 cm wide and 6.5-14 cm long, mostly narrow-elliptic
or oblong-elliptic; peduncles very variable in length, rarely more than one from an
axil, the first one generally from the third to the fifth leaf axil of the wideleaf

320 Liliaceae Polygonatum

forms and from the second to the third leaf axil of the narrowleaf forms; flowers
single or in twos on the narrowleaf forms and in clusters of 2-8 on the wideleaf
forms; stems of the narrowleaf forms usually much more curved than those of the
tall wideleaf forms; flowers mostly 15-19 mm long; filaments of stamens glabrous
or nearly so; rhizomes deep in the ground (usually 1-1.5 dm); the narrowleaf forms
usually in woodland, the wideleaf forms usually along roadsides and in clearings
and open places 2 - P - biflorum complex.

1. Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh. (Polygonatum bifiorum of
recent authors.) Hairy Solomon 's-seal. Map 656. Frequent in moist, rich
woods in the northern two thirds of the state, becoming very rare in the
southern part. I have 86 specimens of my own collecting from which I
made this study.

N. B. and N. S. to Ont., Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

2. Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. (complex). (Polygonatum com-
mutatum.) Smooth Solomon's-seal. This species complex is found
throughout the state: the tall plants with wide leaves usually along
roadsides and fences and in open places in general except in cultivated
fields; the small plants with narrow leaves are generally found in moist
woodland. The fleshy, insipid fruit is eaten by birds and the stony seeds
are widely distributed. The wideleaf form is of a somewhat weedy nature.
The rhizomes are deep in the ground and if the terminal end is broken off
the plant persists. For this reason it is difficult to eradicate from flower

beds.

My study of this species complex was made from 155 specimens which
I have collected from all parts of the state. I am not satisfied with the
treatment of this species but I am not able to find differences sufficient to
distinctly separate them. My specimens form a lineal series and when I
have used the term wideleaf and narrowleaf forms it is in a general sense.
I do not think they are all the same species and I think a character may
sometime be found that will separate them satisfactorily. The genus has
been monographed by three authors and my specimens have been seen by
one of them but I can not accept their treatment of this complex.

Since the preceding was written a monographic study of the genus has
been undertaken by Miss Ruth E. Peck who has studied all my specimens.
I now learn that this complex is composed of at least Polygonatum biflorum
(Walt.) Ell. and Polygonatum canaliculatum (Muhl.) Pursh. See maps 657
and 657a. I refer students of this complex to the forthcoming monograph.

A form of this species from St. Joseph County was described by McGiv-
ney (Amer. Midland Nat. 9: 662-664. 1925.) under the name of Polygona-
tum commutatum f. ramosum McGivney. It differs from the species by
having short branches in the leaf axils and is our only report of this form.

Western N. H. to Man. and Rocky Mts., southw. to Ga., La., N. Mex.,
and Ariz.

1128. CONVALLARIA L. Lily-of-the-V alley
See excluded species no. 140, p. 1035.

Medeola

LlLIACEAE

321

Map 658

Medeola virginiana L.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec C

I, n

D ° f

J r J - D

D D

[

D
P

B
D
DP

D |b d

3 D

D B

D „

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( . ft,

[

B B
10 " D

1 '

1C I

D L

( B l

1 D 1 D J

D j F [

/!/ Miles

Tri

lium sessile

Map 659
L.

' 50

Map 660

Trillium recurvatum Beck

1135. MEDEOLA [Gronov.] L.

1. Medeola virginiana L. Indian Cucumber-root. Map 658. Infre-
quent throughout the state although there are no records from the south-
western counties. In the hilly counties it is found mostly in deep, wooded
ravines and northward it is found mostly in beech woods, on rather acid,
sandy flats and on the lower parts of slopes about lakes and swamps.

N. B. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tenn.

1138. TRILLIUM L.

[W. A. Anderson. Notes on the flora of Tennessee. Rhodora 36: 119-
128. 1934.] Note : Description and measurements of the floral parts in the
key apply to flowers in and after anthesis.
Flowers sessile.

Leaves sessile; sepals not reflexed; petals not clawed.

Petals maroon 1- T. sessile.

Petals greenish yellow la. T. sessile f. luteum.

Leaves petiolate, sometimes very shortly so; sepals reflexed; petals clawed.

Petals maroon 2. T. recurvatum.

Petals greenish yellow 2a. T. recurvatum i. luteum.

Flowers pedunculate.

Leaves petiolate, oval or ovate, obtuse; petals white; filaments as long as the ovary;

among the first herbaceous plants to flower in Indiana 3. T nivale.

Leaves sessile or essentially so, sometimes 1 of the 3 with a petiole a few mm long.
Stigmas slender and of uniform diameter, straight and not curved or coiled at the
tip, or only slightly so, erect or spreading; petals usually very large and
obovate, white, turning pink with age, cheir bases ascending, the upper part
spreading; anthers exceeding the stigmas, mostly 10-15 mm long; ovary
white, small, globose at maturity; peduncles 3-10 cm long, well above the

leaves 4. T. grandiflorum.

Stigmas short, stout, tapering from the base to the apex, recurved or coiled at the
tip, about half as long as the ovary; petals lanceolate, ovate, oblong-oval or
obovate, spreading from the base; anthers usually not exceeding but only
equaling the stigmas; peduncles erect, horizontal or sometimes declined be-
neath the leaves.
Filaments half as long as the anthers or longer.

322 LlLlACEAE Trillium

Ovary very dark purple; filaments about half as long as the anthers, about

3.5-4 mm long. (See excluded species no. 142, p. 1035.) T. erectum.

Ovary white or nearly so; filaments two thirds as long as the anthers or
longer; anthers pinkish or purplish, 2.5-6.5 mm long.
Petals 5-9 mm wide; mature anthers 2.5-4.5 mm long. (See excluded

species no. 141, p. 1035.) T. cernuvm.

Petals 10-17 mm wide; mature anthei-s 4-6.5 mm long

5. T. cernuum var. macranthum.

Filaments very short, about a third as long as the anthers or less.

Petals white; filaments yellowish white; ovary white or nearly so

6. T. Gleasoni.

Petals purplish or maroon; filaments yellowish white, purplish or maroon;
ovary white or partly purplish or maroon, rarely entirely reddish brown.
7. T. Gleasoni f . Walpolei.

1. Trillium sessile L. Sessile-flower Trillium. Map 659. Infrequent
to frequent throughout the greater part of the state, but becoming rare to
absent in the southwestern counties. It is found mostly in rich, moist
woods.

I have had plants with 4 and 5 leaves and one with greenish yellow
petals under cultivation and they have come true for at least 10 years.
I also have plants with 2 and 3 stems from the same rootstock. In one
instance one stem has 3 leaves and the other has 4 leaves.

Pa. to Minn., southw. to Va., Tenn., Ark., and La. (Brown).

la. Trillium sessile f. luteum (Muhl.) Peattie. (Jour. Elisha Mitchell
Soc. 42: 197. 1927.) This is a form with greenish yellow petals which I
have found in Adams, Allen, and Wells Counties. Beyer (Torreya 27: 83.
1927) names this form f. viridiflorum, but since Peattie's treatment ante-
dates Beyer's by four months, Peattie's name is used here.

2. Trillium recurvatum Beck. Reflexed-sepal Trillium. Map 660.
Infrequent throughout the state. All of my specimens are from woodland
of different kinds although I recall seeing the species along the railroad
south of Battle Ground, Tippecanoe County.

Ohio, Mich, to Minn., southw. to w. Tenn. and Ark.

2a. Trillium recurvatum f. luteum Clute. (Amer. Bot. 28: 79. 1922.)
Reported from Monroe County by Friesner, and there are specimens in the
herbarium of Butler University from Lawrence and Montgomery Counties.
There is a specimen from Johnson County in the herbarium of Franklin
College.

3. Trillium nivale Riddell. Snow Trillium. Map 661. In rocky or
gravelly soil in protected places on steep, wooded slopes, usually along or
near streams. It is local to very local and probably closely restricted to the
area indicated on the map after the reports from Clark, Decatur, and
Marion Counties are added. On account of its very early appearance it
may not have been collected in many places where its occurs, and it may
be more widespread than the reports indicate. Authors do not mention that
the stem in cross section is hexagonal with the angles more or less winged
and minutely roughened.

Western Pa. to Minn., southw. to Ky. and Iowa.

Trillium

LlLIACEAE

323

Map 661

Trillium nivale Riddell

o 50

Map 662
Trillium grandif lorum (Michx.) Salisb.

o~~ 50

Map 663
Trillium cernuum
var. macranthum Eames & Wieq.

4. Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Large-flower Trillium.
Map 662. This species is frequent in the northeastern part of the state,
becoming infrequent to rare southward. Friesner reports it from Harrison
County. It is found mostly in moist woods and is also found in springy
places in woods, on moist, wooded slopes, and in marshes.

W. Vt., w. Que. to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Mo.

5. Trillium cernuum L. var. macranthum Eames & Wieg. (Rhodora 25 :
191. 1923.) Purple-anther Trillium. Map 663. I found a few specimens
in a low, wet woods 8 miles east of Michigan City, La Porte County, and
Peattie reports finding it in moist woods near Mineral Springs, Porter
County. This variety is northern in its general distribution and in Indiana
it is found only in the northern counties.

Vt., Ont. to Sask., southw. to Pa., n. Ind., n. 111., Wis., and Minn.

6. Trillium Gleasoni Fern. (Rhodora 34: 21. 1932.) (Trillium declina-
tum (Gray) Gleason). Map 664. This is our common Trillium found
throughout the state. The fact that the peduncles are often erect as well
as horizontal or declined has led early authors to determine it also as
Trillium erectum or Trillium cernuum. The early records are so confused
that they should be disregarded. Friesner (Butler Univ. Bot. Stud. 1: 34-
36. 1929), after an exhaustive study of this species and its forms, con-
cluded that there were not two forms (Trillium erectum and Trillium
Gleasoni) in this state, and that our plant is one highly variable species.
It is now evident that the true Trillium erectum occurs east and south of
Indiana. Trillium cernuum, likewise, is out of our area. Its range is chiefly
along the Coastal Plain and it is represented here only by its var.
macranthum.

Southern Mich, to s. Minn., southw. to Ohio and Mo.

6a. Trillium Gleasoni Fernald forma Walpolei (Farw.) Deam, comb,
nov. (Trillium cernuum var. declinatum Gray f. Walpolei Farw. Rept.
Mich. Acad. Science 21 : 363. 1920.) Map 664a. This is a form which is

324

LlLIACEAE

Aletris

Map 664

Trillium Gleasoni Fern,

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

-I

^-J-

Dec. t

iv b e
r. 1

- I L .

3 L/>
"T'b » 1 1

'/ Miles

Tritliu

Walpole

m
(

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Map 664a
Gleasoni
Farw.) Deam

Map 665

Aletris farinosa L.

described as having- the petals, and often the filaments and anthers
maroon. Specimens occur in this state which also have the ovaries partly
or entirely reddish brown. These should not, however, be confused with
either Trillium erectum, which has a very dark purple ovary or with
Trillium cernuum var. macranthum, which has purplish anthers. Both of
the last named forms have much longer filaments than f. Walpolei. Doubt-
less this is Trillium cernuum var. atrorubens Wood. (Rept. Indiana Geol.
Survey 2: 286-287. 1871.)

This form seems to occur with the species in all parts of the state.

1143. ALETRIS L.

1. Aletris farinosa L. Stargrass. Map 665. Infrequent throughout the
northern part of the state as indicated on the map. In addition there are
reports from Floyd and Vigo Counties and Schneck says it was found in
prairies in the Lower Wabash Valley but is nearly extinct. It is found in
moist, sandy soil in wet or moist prairies, in prairie habitats in open
woods, and in open woods. I have made repeated attempts to establish
this species in our garden but it fails in a few years although I have
transplanted it into both neutral and sandy soils with an abundance of
the original soil.

Southern Maine to Minn., southw. to Fla. and La.

1151. SMILAX [Tourn.] L.

[Pennell. Smilax, subgenus Nemexia (Raf.), in the eastern United
States. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 409-421. 1916.]

Plants herbaceous, without prickles.

Mature leaves not glaucous beneath but sparsely pubescent with colorless hairs, ovate-
oblong, very thin, yellow green, glossy above and beneath, mostly cordate at the
base, sometimes subcordate or even truncate, usually long-acuminate at the
apex, the margins generally erose and usually more or less ciliate with long
and short, colorless hairs, blades not decurrent on the petioles or scarcely so;

segments of staminate flowers mostly 4-5 mm long, lanceolate; fruit black

1. S. pulverulenta.

Smilax

LlLIACEAE

325

o 50

Map 666

Sm'lax pulverulenta M'chx

o 50

Map 667

Smilax herbacea L.

Map 668
Smilax herbacea
var. lasioneura (Hook) A. DC.

Mature leaves glaucous beneath, of an ovate type, bluish green, cordate, subcordate
or truncate at the base, short-acuminate at the apex; margins not conspicu-
ously erose and lacking the colorless hairs or with a few short ones; fruit
glaucous.
Leaves all glabrous beneath; bracts on the stem below the leaves appressed; umbels

of both pistillate and staminate plants generally with 25-80 flowers

2. S. herbacea.

Leaves more or less pubescent beneath with a mixture of short and long color-
less hairs; bracts on the stem below the leaves loose.
Umbels of pistillate and staminate plants with more than 25 flowers, usually
30-110 flowers, sometimes fewer on branches; leaves of an ovate type,
sometimes very broad and sometimes narrow, especially on branches;
peduncles usually from the axils of leaves but sometimes 1-3 below the
leaves, usually longer to many times longer than the petioles, rarely shorter;
plants usually tall and very large ones in exposed places often bent over,

generally 1-3 m long 2a. S. herbacea var. lasioneura.

Umbels of pistillate plants generally with fewer than 20 flowers; umbels of
staminate plants generally with fewer than 25 flowers (in counting the
flowers add the scars on the peduncle denoting fallen flowers); mature
leaves large, broadly ovate, 11-17 cm long and 9-12 cm wide, few, usually
4-9 to a plant, not tendril-bearing; peduncles 1 or 2 below the leaves or
opposite the lowest leaf, shorter than the petioles; plants of low woods,

4-6 dm high 3. S. ecirrhata.

Plants woody, vines, with prickles.

Leaves glaucous beneath 4. S. glauca.

Leaves green beneath.

Stem more or less stellate-pubescent at least near the base; leaves mostly more
or less contracted near the middle; denticulations and prickles of leaf margins

generally colored; margin of leaf thicker than the blade 5. S. Bona-nox.

Stem glabrous; leaves not contracted near the middle (rarely leaves of a plant
contracted); denticulations and prickles of leaf margins generally colorless;
margin of leaf not thicker than the blade.
Prickles of stem all more or less flattened, the lower half green; peduncles gen-
erally shorter than the petioles; fruit more or less glaucous; seed usually

2 or 3 6. S. rotandifolia.

Prickles of stem round and black; peduncles longer than the petioles; fruit
black, not glaucous; seed usually 1 7. S. hispida.

326

Liliaceae Smilax

1. Smilax pulverulenta Michx. Map 666. Infrequent to rare in the
southern part of the state where it is usually found in hard, dry soil on
wooded slopes, associated with oaks, and rarely in dry, sandy soil. I found
it also in a low post oak flat south of Half Moon Pond in the southwestern
part of Posey County. There is a specimen in the herbarium of the Univer-
sity of Notre Dame collected by Nieuwland in St. Joseph County that I
doubtfully refer to this species.

Southern N. Y., s. Ind. to s. Mo., southw. to N. C. and Tenn.

2. Smilax herbacea L. Smooth Carrion-flower. Map 667. This plant
is variable in size and in its habitat. I found a specimen in Franklin
County that was 15 feet long. On the whole, plants of the variety are
larger than those of the typical form. It is infrequent to rare throughout
the state and is found on wooded slopes and alluvial plains, and rarely in
the open, usually associated with beech and white oak.

Out. to Nebr., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Mo.

2a. Smilax herbacea var. lasioneura (Hook.) A. DC. Map 668. The
variety has the range and habitats of the species but is much more fre-
quent,* especially in sandy soil in the northern part of the state where it is
somewhat frequent along roadsides.

I admit that I do not know this species and its variety and the next
species. My attention was first called to them when Pennell revised this
section of the genus. For several years I have been assembling the aber-
rant forms in our garden with the hope that a study of them would solve
the problem, but I have found that the plants of this genus grow very
slowly and most of the specimens I have planted are not yet old enough for
study. Ordinarily each rhizome sends up one stem, although I have one
plant that had 8 stems in 1936 and 9 in 1937. The number of stems from
a single rhizome seems yet to be ascertained. This variety is so extremely
variable that it seems that no character will hold to separate a large series
of plants. I think the complex consists of several forms that might well
be recognized. We have some plants that reach 4-6 feet in height that are
simple and others that are usually 3-5 feet that are so much branched that
they form a compact mass. Some plants will be in flower when others are
just peeping through the ground. Some will have 1-3 long peduncles below
all the leaves while others will have the peduncles mostly about the middle
of the stem. Some plants have wide leaves, few peduncles, and only a very
few tendrils, and in all the herbaria I have visited they are referred to
Smilax ecirrhata, but they can always be separated from that species by
their tendrils and, what I think to be our best character, the fewer-flow-
ered umbels. Under this variety I have included several forms which I hope
can be satisfactorily distinguished by someone in the future.

Ont. and Ohio to Wyo., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Colo.

3. Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm.) Wats. Map 669. Probably infrequent to
rare throughout the state, although I recall seeing it rather frequently in
the Lower Wabash Valley in low woods bordering sloughs, especially in

Smilax

LlLIACEAE

327

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

D A-

4-h .

1L1M

{

V,r

i — i — n J/s

Miles

o 5o
Map 669

Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm.) Wats.

Map 670
smilax glauca Walt,
var. genuina Blake

Map 671

Smilax Bona-nox L.

Gibson and Vigo Counties. All of my specimens are from low woods on the
flood plains of streams.

Ont. to Minn., southw. to Tenn. and Mo.

4. Smilax glauca Walt. var. genuina Blake. Sawbrier. Map 670. Our
plant is the typical form of the species, distinguished by Blake (Rhodora
20: 78-80. 1918) as var. genuina. Infrequent to common in the hilly
counties of the southern part of the state and extending as far northward
as Marion and Putnam Counties. It is found in open woodland and in fal-
low and abandoned fields. When it becomes established in cultivated
ground, it is difficult to eradicate on account of its deep, tuberous rhizomes
which, when broken, send up new stems.

Va. to s. 111., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

5. Smilax Bona-nox L. Fringed Greenbrier. Map 671. I have seen
specimens from only the counties indicated on the map and I think
Andrews' report from Monroe County can safely be transferred to the
next species. So far it has been found only on the high hills near the Ohio
River where it is usually associated with the next species.

Va., s. Ind. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

6. Smilax rotundifdlia L. Roundleaf Greenbrier. Map 672. This species
is rare to infrequent in the northern counties, rare or absent in many of
the counties in the Tipton Till Plain, becoming frequent to common in the
southern counties. It is found in dry soil in woods, clearings, and aban-
doned fields where it often forms impenetrable thickets. It forms long
vines, and, on account of its many prickles, it is an objectionable plant.

N. S. to Iowa, southw. to Ga. and Tex.

7. Smilax hispida Muhl. Hispid Greenbrier. Map 673. An infrequent
species throughout the state. It prefers a moist, rich soil.

Conn., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Va., Tenn., and Tex.

328

Amaryllidaceae

Hymenocallis

Jan,

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept

Oct.

Nov.

Dec

— —

r y'

-— r

"V_

■0

"H_

- DP b H-

j. 1 D

l» !

1 IU Jj

B I J

»_vrf

— o

D / j

I J J 10

-~/t B *Jkl >-

lW |lD

b LL-LJ ^-^

s'^Vr

[bd"> / . .

Miles

Map G72

Smilax rotund if olia L.

Map 673

Smilax hispida Muhl.

Map 674
Hymenocallis occidentals
(Le Conte) Kunth.

40. AMARYLLIDACEAE Lindl. Amaryllis Family

Bulbous herbs with flowers on scapes.

Flowers clustered; filaments united in a cup-shaped crown; anthers long-exserted.

1194. Hymenocallis, p. 328.

Flowers solitary.

Perianth naked in the throat 1181. Zephyranthes, p. 328.

Perianth with a crown in the throat 1201. Narcissus, p. 329.

Bulbless herbs with rootstocks or corms.

Tall plants with large, fleshy, basal leaves; flowers not yellow; anthers versatile

1219. Agave, p. 329.

Low plants with linear leaves ; flowers yellow ; anthers not versatile

1230. Hypoxis, p. 329.

1181. ZEPHYRANTHES Herb.
See excluded species no. 146, p. 1036.

1194. HYMENOCALLIS Salisb.

1. Hymenocallis occidentalis (Le Conte) Kunth. Spiderlily. Map 674.
The spiderlily grows in low woodland that is usually inundated each year
and in soil which is comparatively free from organic matter and which
becomes very hard during the summer months. The bulbs are usually 6-9
inches below the surface in a compact, blue clay. It is rather frequent in
the southern part of Posey County where its habitat is frequent and local
elsewhere. It is found in the Big Creek bottoms near Wadesville, Posey
County, local in the bottoms along Pigeon Creek in the northern part of
Warrick" County and the southern part of Gibson County, and local in its
habitat along Little Pigeon Creek in Spencer County. It doubtless has a
range wider than the location given above, but, as I understand its habitat,
it will be restricted to the peculiar low places along streams and low spots
in woods of the southwestern counties. Where it is found it is compara-
tively abundant.

In a restricted habitat southw. from s. Ind. to Ga. and Mo.

Narcissus

Amaryllidaceae

329

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

Dec

TJ4

>L_

y-±_

— L^ 4

J J D
) f p f D *

"\^^\ — D

Miles

o 5o

Map 675

Agave virginica L.

6 35
Map 676

Hypoxls hirsuia (L.) Covllle

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

-I

Dec C

fS*

D (

/ Miles

Dioscorea h

^\ y o so

Map 677
caulls Bartlett

1201. NARCfSSUS [Tourn.] L.

Flowers white, crown small, usually much less than half as long as the perianth
segments, crisped, red-edged. (See excluded species no. 147, p. 1036.) . . .N. poeticus.

Flowers yellow, crown equaling or exceeding the perianth segments. (See excluded
species no. 148, p. 1036.) N. Pseudo-Narcissus.

1219. AGAVE L.

1. Agave virginica L. (Manfreda virginica (L.) Salisb.) False Aloe.
Map 675. Local but rather frequent in southern Indiana. It is generally
found only in soil of low fertility in open places on the crests and spurs of
post oak and black oak ridges. It is frequent also in the post oak flats of
the southwestern part of Posey County. The plants are usually 3-5 feet
high and not branched. It is perfectly hardy at Bluffton and does well in
black loam soil. In 1932 we had one plant that was 6.4 feet high and
that had a long, flowering branch at almost every node, eight branches in
all. Ralph M. Kriebel found a large colony on top of a limestone bluff
along White River about a mile below Tunnelton in Lawrence County,
which had by actual count about 2000 individuals. Outside the range
shown on the map it has been reported from Daviess, Jefferson, and Scott
Counties.

Va. to s. Ohio, s. Ind. to Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

1230. HYPOXIS L.

1. Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville. Goldeye-grass. Map 676. Infre-
quent throughout the state but usually common where it is found, especially
in marshland in moist, prairie habitats. It seems to prefer an acid habitat
but I have seen it growing in marly bogs with Parnassia. In southern Indi-
ana it is found in rather sandy soil on the crests of black oak ridges, on
sandstone outcrops, and in the post oak flats, while in the northern part of
the state it is usually found in sandy soil at the base of black oak slopes, in
mucky soil in marshes, and in moist, black sandy soil in prairies.

Sw. Maine to Sask., southw. to Fla., e. Kans., and Tex.

330 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea

43. DIOSCOREACEAE Lindl. Yam Family
1252. DIOSCOREA [Plumier] L.

[Bartlett. The source of the drug Dioscorea, with a consideration of the
Dioscorese found in the United States. U.S. Bureau of Plant Industry,
Bull. 189: 1-29. 1910.]

The rhizomes of the species that occur in Indiana are used in medicine.
Their great variation in size and shape led Bartlett to make a study of the
species of the United States. There are authors who have not accepted
Bartlett's division of the genus and it offers an interesting study to one
with accumulated data who can restudy the genus with all the species
under cultivation. All of the species are perfectly hardy at Bluffton. About
10 years ago I began to plant rhizomes from all parts of the state and I
now have a considerable number of plants but failure to use permanent
labels prevents me from drawing conclusions. The following key and treat-
ment of our species should be regarded as only provisional until our species
are better understood.

Lower leaves alternate, approximate, or in whorls of 3 (or 4); rhizomes linear, the
older ones with lateral branches, dried ones generally 5-8 (10) mm in diameter.
Internodes, at least the lowermost, more or less spreading-pubescent with stiff, color-
less or reddish brown hairs mostly 0.2-0.5 mm long; lower surface of the leaves
pubescent or glabrous; staminate inflorescence axillary, in short and narrow
panicles up to 6 cm long; pistillate inflorescence in axillary racemes, developing
up to 10 triangular capsules; capsules usually slightly obovoid or elliptic and
broader than long, up to 24 mm long; seed broadly winged, up to 16 mm long,

the body of the seed mostly about 5 mm wide 1. D. hirticaulis.

Internodes glabrous; staminate inflorescence axillary, in widely spreading panicles up
to 12 cm long; pistillate inflorescence, capsules, and seed similar to the pre-
ceding but the racemes usually developing 5 or 6 capsules 2. D. villosa.

Lower leaves in whorls of 4-9, mostly of 5-7, ovate-cordate; rhizomes more or less

contorted or, if linear, with many short, knoblike branches, usually (8) 10-15 mm

in diameter.

Leaves glaucous beneath, usually until maturity; leaves of lowest whorl 5-9, generally

6, the margins rarely somewhat undulate, sparsely pubescent on the principal

veins beneath, rarely a plant with dense pubescence; petioles at the insertion of

the blade usually more densely pubescent than the blade, glabrous nearly to the

base; nodes of stem usually minutely puberulent at the base of the petioles;

capsules up to 6 in a raceme, up to 30 mm long, variable in shape; sometimes

broadly elliptic and obovoid ones found on the same raceme; seed up to 20

mm long, the margins colorless, body orbicular, up to 5 mm in diameter; rhizomes

generally about 10 mm in diameter, contorted, extremely variable in shape, the

many laterals diverging in all directions 3. D. glauca.

Leaves green beneath, those of the lowest whorl generally 4-6; margins of the first
whorl of leaves and often the second and third whorl conspicuously undulate;
lower surface of blades glabrous (although there are specimens with the lower
surface densely pubescent that are referred to this species complex); petioles of
typical specimens glabrous at insertion of the blade as well as at the base;
internodes generally glabrous (except the pubescent forms); capsules like the
preceding but usually much larger; seed similar but larger and with a brown
wing; body orbicular and about 5 mm in diameter; rhizomes mostly about 15
mm in diameter, generally of a linear type but with numerous knoblike laterals.
4. D. quaternata.

Dioscorea

DlOSCOREACEAE

331

o 5o

Map 678

Dioscorea villosa L.

Jan.

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec j-

i ' —

D L-

a. L^l

YbHTJ

/ Miles

Dioscorea

A Jo 5o
Map 679

g lauca Muhl.

Map 680
Dioscorea quaternata (Walt.) Gmel.

1. Dioscorea hirticaulis Bartlett. Map 677. This species is found in low
woodland that usually is inundated at some time of the year, associated
with pin oak, sweet gum, red maple, and black gum. Like all the other
Indiana species it has both glabrous and pubescent forms and I have
not seen intermediates. I think that they are distinct but a paucity
of specimens does not warrant a decision in the matter.

Va., N. C. to Ga. and Ind.

2. Dioscorea villosa L. Wild Yam-root. Map 678. Rather frequent in
the northern half of the state, becoming rare or infrequent in the southern
part. It prefers moist soil of rich woodland. The lower surface of the
blades of all the specimens I have seen is densely pubescent. The glabrous
variety has not been found in the state. This species and the preceding
can be determined definitely only when the whole plant, including the
rhizome is at hand. The long, slender rhizomes with few or no laterals
are conclusive in naming this species.

Mass. to Minn., southw. to Va. and Tex.

3. Dioscorea glauca Muhl. (Dioscorea quaternata var. glauca (Muhl.)
Fern. Rhodora 39: 399-400. 1937.) Map 679. This species prefers
slopes of deep ravines and is usually associated with beech and sugar
maple. When the leaves are not glaucous beneath this species is difficult to
separate from the next species. Small, in his Flora of the Southeastern
States, separates them on the size of the staminate flowers. In the typical
form the lower surface of the leaves is sparsely pubescent on the principal
nerves ; the number of leaves in the basal whorl is usually 6, their margins
rarely undulate ; rhizomes much branched. The wings of the seed of all of
my plants are white while those of the next species are brown.

Pa. to Mo., southw. to S. C. and Ark.

4. Dioscorea quaternata (Walt.) Gmel. Map 680. Infrequent in the
state within the area shown on the map. It is found in wooded ravines, on
the crests of chestnut oak ridges, and on the bluffs of the Ohio River.

332 Iridaceae Iris

There are two distinct forms in the state. "The common and typical form
has the lower surface of the leaves glabrous and the other has the lower
surface of the leaves rather densely pubescent.
Va. to Mo., southw. to Fla. and La.

44. IRIDACEAE Lindl. Iris Family

Leaves long and narrow, all or at least some of them 1 cm wide; flowers large, at least

2 cm long; capsules generally more than 1 cm long; perennials with creeping

rhizomes.

Flowers blue to lilac (albino forms rare), usually few, more than 3 cm long; sepals

recurved or spreading while the petals are erect, both usually widest above the

middle; seeds irregular in shape 1264. Iris, p. 332.

Flowers orange yellow, mottled with many crimson purple spots, generally less than
3 cm long; sepals and petals remaining in the same plane, not reflexed, narrow-
elliptic in shape, persistent and coiled together on top of the ovary after

flowering; seed globose, black, shining 1285. Belamcanda, p. 333.

Leaves long and narrow but none 1 cm wide; flowers regular, less than 2 cm long;
capsules usually globose and less than 1 cm long; seeds globose, small; perennials
without rhizomes 1286. Sisyrinciiium, p. 334.

1264/IRIS [Tourn.] L. Iris

[E. Anderson. The species problem in Iris. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 23:
457-509. 1936.]

Plants less than 1.5 dm high; rootstocks slender, creeping near the surface; flowers
light lavender, appearing the last of April to the last of May; perianth tube usually

4-5 cm long; sepals crested but not bearded; capsules sharply triangular

1. 7. cristata.

Plants more than 1.5 dm high; rootstocks thickened and not very close to the surface;
flowers blue to lilac, appearing the last of May to the last of June.
Capsules hexagonal ; stem decumbent or prostrate, bearing flowers from near the

base 2. I. brevicaulis.

Capsules 3-angled; stem erect, bearing flowers on the upper part.

Petals obovate-spatulate, nearly as long as the sepals, thin in texture, readily
wilting; sepals with a bright yellow, pubescent blotch at the base, the hairs
longer than the thickness of the sepal; capsule usually long and narrow, inner
surface dull; seed round to D-shaped, dull, with occasional broad depressions

as seen under a hand lens 3. I. virginica var. Shrevei.

Petals lanceolate, much shorter than the sepals, firm in texture, not readily wilting;
sepals usually without a conspicuous spot at the base, when present, greenish
or greenish yellow, the pubescence of microscopic hairs shorter than the thick-
ness of the sepal; capsule short and thick, inner surface shining; seed all
D-shaped in outline, the surface appearing regularly pitted, the pits in definite
rows under a hand lens. (Range concides very nearly with that of the

northern coniferous forest, but should be sought in northern Indiana.)

/. versicolor.

1. Iris cristata Ait. Crested Iris. Map 681. Local in the knobstone
area from Monroe County southward. The Randolph County record is the
only one from the glacial area. I found it in a low woods with beech and
white ash. In the knobstone area it is usually found on the bases of
wooded slopes and where found, it generally forms large colonies.

Md., Ohio to Mo., southw. to Ga. and Tex.

Belamcanda

IRIDACEAE

333

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

r j

J X,

[

D
f

Dec. C—

[

III

, 1

J j f B

17 D
X } {

^" B* . '

U Miles

\ /j'A/

v5^<j-^V Map 681

Iris cnstata Ait.

Map 682

Iris brevicaulis Raf

var.

^50

Map 683
Iris virgin Tea L.

Shrevei (Small) Anderson

2. Iris brevicaulis Raf. (Contr. Gray Herb. 114: 41. 1936.) (Iris hexa-
gona of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Iris foliosa of Britton and Brown, Illus.
Flora, ed. 2.) Lamance Iris. Map 682. This species, as I have found it, is
restricted to low, overflow land along streams and to the slopes of overflow
terraces and slopes bordering streams, ponds, and sloughs. It will, no
doubt, be found in suitable habitats along all of our principal streams.
Where it becomes established, it usually forms large colonies.

Ohio and Ky., westw. to Ark. and Kans. ; also on the Coastal Plain
(Small).

3. Iris virginica L. var. Shrevei (Small) E. Anderson. (Ann. Missouri
Bot. Gard 23 : 469. 1936.) (7ns versicolor in part, of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and
Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) (E. Anderson. The problem of
species in the the Northern Blue Flag, Iris versicolor L. Ann. Missouri Bot.
Gard. 15: 241-332. 1928.) Virginia Iris. Map 683. This plant has been
confused, by many authors, with Iris versicolor L. which has a more
northern range. /. versicolor has been found in the extreme northwestern
part of Ohio and should be sought in our northern counties and it is for
this reason that it appears in the key. /. virginica var. Shrevei is more
or less frequent throughout the state along ditches, banks of streams, the
borders of lakes, ponds, sloughs, and in low places in general.

Nieuwland (Amer. Midland Nat. 3: 115. 1913) described a variety of
/. versicolor which he called var. blandescens and which, no doubt, should
be referred to some form of this species.

D. C. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

1285. BELAMCANDA Adans.

1. Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. (Gemmingia chinensis (L.) Ktze.)
Blackberry-lily. Map 684. This plant is an escape from cultivation and
at present is restricted mostly to the southwestern part of the state where
it has become well established, especially in sandy soil in the western part
of Sullivan County. My specimens are mostly from the slopes of open

334

IRIDACEAE

Sisyrinchium

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov.

- 1 I

r 1

1 —

- k

r 1

Dec C

I L y"

D V^
"I-? J D \J

1/ Miles

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Bela

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)

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nensis

Map 684
(L.) D.C.

Map 685

Sisyrinchium albidum Raf,

~~5o

Map 686

Sisyrinchium graminoides Bic knell

woodland that have a sandy soil. I found it well established over an area
of about 2 acres south of Battle Ground, Tippecanoe County, where it was
growing in dry, gravelly soil in open woodland.

Nat. of Asia. ; Conn, to Kans., southw. to Ga. and Tex.

1286. SISYRINCHIUM L. Blue-eyed-grass

Spathes sessile and terminal.

Spathes 2, with a single, outer, leaflike bract 1. S. albidum.

Spathes solitary.

Outer, elongate bract with margins free to the base; capsules pale. (See excluded

species no. 153, p. 1037.) S. campestre.

Outer bract with the margins united above the base.

Pedicels loosely spreading, much exceeding the inner bract; capsules 2-4 mm

long. (See excluded species no. 154, p. 1037.) S. mucronatum.

Pedicels suberect, scarcely exceeding the inner bract; capsules 4-6 mm long. .. .

2. S. angustifolium.

Spathes peduncled from the axil of the leaflike bract.

Inner bract of spathe 1.5-3 cm long; stems broadly winged 3. S. graminoides.

Inner bract of spathe 1-1.5 cm long; stems slender and narrowly margined; capsules
beaked or beakless 4. S. atlanticum.

1 . Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. Map 685. This species prefers a moist or
dry, sandy soil. It is infrequent on sandy, white and black oak ridges and
most frequent and abundant in moist, sandy soil of prairie habitats. It is
also sometimes found in marshes. It is infrequent throughout the lake
area, probably absent or rare in some of the counties of the Tipton Till
Plain, and again appears sparingly in the southern counties. Most of our
species seem to thrive best in full sunshine and are usually found in slightly
acid soil. Most of our reports of Sisyrinchium angustifolium which were
made before 1908 should, no doubt, be referred to this species.

Ont. to Wis., southw. to N. C, Ala., and La.

2. Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. This species was reported from
many parts of the state by early authors before our manuals recognized
Sisyrinchium albidum. Probably most of these reports should be referred

Sisyrinchium

Orchidaceae

335

Map 687

Sisyrinchium at lanticum Bic knell

o 50

Map 688

Cypripedium reginae Walt.

Miles

o 'sd

Map 689

Cypripedium candidum Muhl.

to the last named species. Peattie reported this species from the Calumet
Region where I, also, have found it. It is infrequent in moist soil on the
low, open dunes along north Clark Street in Gary about an eighth of a
mile south of Lake Michigan. Not yet known from any other county.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to Va., Pa., Mich., Minn., and in the Rocky Mts.

3. Sisyrinchium graminoides Bickn. (Sisyrinchium gr&mineum Curtis.)
Map 686. Infrequent to rare in the northern part of the state, becoming
frequent in the southern part. This species always has yellow roots, pre-
fers a slightly acid soil, and is generally found in dry places in open wood-
land and clearings, along fence rows, and infrequently in open places with
herbs and grasses of equal height.

N. S. to Minn ; southw. to Fla. and Tex.

4. Sisyrinchium atlanticum Bickn. Map 687. This is primarily an
Atlantic coast species that has possibly migrated into Indiana from the
Mississippi Valley. In addition to the records on the map, it has been
reported from Porter and White Counties. The species seems to be entirely
distinct and is local in Indiana. It is generally found in moist, sandy soil,
but my Posey County specimen was found in a moist, white clay loam on
the second bottom along the Ohio River south of Caborn in a hayfield
where it formed a large colony.

Maine to Fla., westw. to the Mississippi Valley and northw. to Ind.
and Mich.

50. ORCHIDACEAE Lindl. Orchid Family

Plants with green leaves present at flowering time.
Flower with a spur.
Leaves all basal, 2.

Blades usually large and rather fleshy, oblong-obovate; flowers with pinkish

hoods and white or spotted lips, expanding mostly in May

1396. Orchis, p. 339.

.;:y,

Orchidaceae Cypripedium

Blades large and usually nearly orbicular, or elliptic, not fleshy; flowers greenish

yellow or greenish white, usually expanding after May

1422. Habenaria, p. 339.

Leaves'all c'aul'ine: '. '. '.'.'. '.'.'.'. '.'.'.'• '.'.'.'. '•'•['•'■'■ ' • 1422. Habenaria, p. 339.

Flower without a spur.

Plants with only one leaf. (Bracts not to be confused with leaves.)

Leaves ovate; flowers greenish white, about 3 mm long 1552. Malaxis, p. 349.

Leaves linear or lance-oval; flowers rose or purplish.

Flowers solitary, rarely 2, terminal, subtended by a large, green bract almost

as long as the flower; leaves lance-oval 1464. Pogonia, p. 344.

F lowers generally 3-12, rarely solitary in depauperate plants, not subtended by

a large, green bract; leaves linear, usually 15-30 cm long

1534. Calopogon, p. 348.

Plants with more than one leaf.
Flowers in racemes.

Leaves all near the base and conspicuously marked with white veins

1504. Goodvera, p. 347.

Leaves not conspicuously veined.

Stems with bulbous bases; leaves 2, basal; flowers madder purple or yellowish

green 1556. Liparis, p. 350.

Stems without bulbous bases.

Flowers white; leaves of a linear type, mostly less than 1 cm wide, at

least the lower ones petiolate; plants mostly 2-5 dm. high

1490. Spiranthes, p. 345.

Flowers greenish, suffused with madder purple; median leaves of an ovate
type, the largest usually 2-4 cm wide, sessile; plants usually 3-7 dm.

high 1482. Epipactis, p. 345.

Flowers not in racemes.
Plants with a whorl of 5 obovate or lanceolate leaves at the summit; flowers

terminal, solitary, rarely 2, purplish 1467. Isotria, p. 344.

Plants not as above,
Leaves usually very large and long; flowers inflated, slipper-shaped, yellow,

pinkish or white 1391. Cypripedium, p. 336.

Leaves small, about 1 cm long, clasping, broadly ovate; flowers not inflated

or slipper-shaped, usually pinkish or nearly white

1466. Triphora, p. 344.

Plants without green leaves at flowering time, rarely a withered basal one persisting.

Flower solitary, terminal, rose purple 1474. ARETHUSA, p. 344.

Flowers not as above.

Stems bulbous at the base.

Flowers with long spurs; basal leaf purplish beneath. . . .1560. Tipularia, p. 350.

Flowers without spurs; basal leaf green beneath 1642. Aplectrum, p. 351.

Stems not bulbous at the base.

Plants with 1-several long, tuberous roots; flowers white

1490. Spiranthes, p. 345.

Plants with scaly or corallike rootstocks; flowers not white.

Flowers cadmium orange 1629. Hexalectris, p. 351.

Flowers more or less purplish 1548. Corallorriiiza, p. 348.

1391. CYPRIPEDIUM L. Ladyslippeb

Plants with leafy stems; flowers 1 or 2, rarely several.

Sepals and petals shorter than the lip; tall plants of only cold, springy, and boggy
places; flowers white except the variegated crimson lip 1. C. reginae.

Sepals and petals equalling or longer than the lip,

Leaves 3 or 4, strongly overlapping at the base, rather narrow-elliptic or
lanceolate; outside of lip white, in dried specimens generally less than

Cypripedium Orchidaceae 337

20 mm long, rarely up to 25 mm long; dried plants mostly 25-35 cm long

2. C. candidum.

Leaves 4 or 5, rarely only 3, not overlapping at the base or only rarely so, usually
broadly oval to narrowly elliptic; lip yellow outside, generally 2-4.5 cm long-
in dried specimens, sometimes only 1.5 cm long in depauperate specimens;
plants of dry woods or of boggy and springy places.
Lip 2-3 cm long; sepals of a madder purple color; flowers very fragrant; leaves

3 or 4 3. C. parviflomm.

Lip 3-5 cm long; sepals of a greenish yellow color, streaked with fine lines of
madder purple; less fragrant than the preceding; leaves larger, 4 or 5, rarely

6 3a. C. parviflomm var. pubescens.

Plants without stems, with 2 opposite basal leaves, rarely a third near the base of the
scape; leaves very variable in width and length, oval to narrowly elliptic; flowers
pinkish (white in albino forms); lip usually 4-7 cm long in dried specimens; gen-
erally found only in tussocks of sphagnum in Indiana 4. C. acaide.

1. Cypripedium reginae Walt. (Cypripedium hirsutum Mill.) Showy
Ladyslipper. Map 688. This orchid was formerly rather frequent in its
habitat in our northern counties, but now like the other species of the genus
has become rare on account of drainage and grazing. It prefers a wet, cold
soil and is usually found in muck in springy places or in peat in tamarack
bogs, often in tussocks of sphagnum. In optimum conditions it reaches
a height of 3 feet and I once measured a leaf that was nearly 7 inches wide
and 1 foot long. I found it to be a common plant in a large springy area at
the base of the high bank along Sugar Creek in Montgomery County. R. C.
Friesner found a few plants in a marly springy area on the slope of the
high bank of Flint Creek about 3 miles northwest of Westpoint, Tippe-
canoe County and gave me a specimen. It has been reported also from
Hamilton, Kosciusko, Marshall, Noble, and St. Joseph Counties.

Newf. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Mo.

2. Cypripedium candidum Muhl. White Ladyslipper. Map 689. This
species is very local and I now know of only six places in the state where it
occurs. There are no reports for it in Indiana outside of the range indi-
cated on the map except that Schneck in 1876 reported it as occurring in
the Lower Wabash Valley, saying: "Rapidly disappearing, once common
here." I was informed by a reliable authority that it has been found in
two places on springy banks in Tippecanoe County. It is generally found
on "raised springy areas" and usually associated with Zizia aurea. It
occurs in Porter County in a cattail mucky area.

N. Y. to s. Minn., southw. to N. J., Ky., and Mo.

3. Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb. Small Yellow Ladyslipper. Map
690. Since Indiana has been so completely drained the typical form of this
species has become very rare. It is generally found in boggy places and in
the dunes on the wet borders of sloughs. It is rarely found in woodland.

Newf. to Que., Man., Sask., to B. C, southw. to Ga., Ohio, 111., Iowa,
and Wash.

3a. Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens (Willd.) Knight. Large
Yellow Ladyslipper. Map 691. The large-flowered variety seems to be
quite distinct from the typical form for the most part but intergrading

338

Orchidaceae

Cypripedium

Jan

Feb
Mar
Apr.
May

June
July
AuJ
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.

■

L /

r-f

■

r, ,

Dec C

Miles

5 50

Map 690

Cypripedium parviflorum Saii'sb.

n Map 691
Sedium parviflorum

var. pubescens (Willd.) Knight

Map 692

Cypripedium acaule Ait.

specimens have influenced some authors to regard it as a nutritional form.
Some claim that when the large-flowered form is transplanted it will
change in time to the small-flowered form. This transition is contradicted
by the experience of others. Until it is proven that the one is merely a
passing form of the other it is best to regard them as distinct with inter-
grading forms. In Indiana the habitat seems to distinguish them. The
variety grows in deep leaf mold in moist or dry woods while the typical
form grows for the most part in very wet or boggy places. The habitat dis-
tinction, however, does not hold even for the few specimens I have. All of
my specimens of the typical form grew in boggy places except one which
grew in woodland. All of my specimens of the variety grew in woodland
except one that grew in a tamarack bog.

Que. to B. C, southw. to N. C, Ala., Mo., and N. Mex.

Since the preceding was written, Donovan S. Correll has published his
study of the North American yellow ladyslippers in Bot. Mus. Leafl. of
Harvard University 7: 1-18. 1938. He concludes that our plants are a
variety of the yellow ladyslipper of Eurasia and assigns to them the name
Cypripedium Calceolus war. pubescens (Willd.) Correll. He gives the range
of the variety as Newf., Que. to Yukon and B. C, southw. to S. C, Ga.,
Miss., La., N. Mex. and Wash.

4. Cypripedium acaule Ait. (Fissipes acaulis (Ait.) Small.) Pink
Ladyslipper. Map 692. This species is found only in the sphagnum bogs
of northern Indiana. In addition to the counties shown on the map it has
been reported from Lake County. Its habitat occurs in all of these counties
and also did occur in Marshall and Starke Counties, but the report from
Monroe County by Andrews must be an error. It was formerly a common
plant and showed great variation in the size and shape of its leaves. Since
its habitat is restricted, and our sphagnum bogs are fast disappearing, it
will soon become rare in our state.

Newf. to Winnipeg and Minn., southw. to N. J., Ohio, and Ind., and in
the mts. to N. C. and Tenn.

Orchis

Orchidaceae

339

Map 693

Orchis spectabilis L.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

S ND

KD j- 1 -

y d

{

r h-i

D
P

— J_

'i L

Miles

Map 694
Habenana viridi's (L.) R. Br.
var. bracteata (Muhl.) Gray

Map 695

Habenaria flava (LI Gra

1396. ORCHIS [Tourn.] L.

1. Orchis spectabilis L. (Galeorchis spectabilis (L.) Rydb.) Showy
Orchis. Map 693. Infrequent to rare throughout the state except in the
prairies where it is absent. It is found usually in deep leaf mold in beech
and sugar maple woods and in black and white oak woods.

N. B., Que., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Tenn., and Mo.

1422. HABENARIA Willd.

Lip not fringed.

Leaves cauline; stem more or less bracted above the leaves and into the inflorescence.
Leaves several, at least more than 2.

Lip lobed at the base or toothed at the apex.

Lip 3-toothed at the apex; spur shorter than the lip

1. Habenaria viridis var. bracteata.

Lip with a lobe on each side at the base and a median tubercle near the base;
spur longer than the lip.

Bracts mostly longer than the flowers; lip decidedly longer than wide

2. H. flava.

Bracts mostly shorter than the flowers; lip about as wide as long

3. H. sciitellata.

Lip entire, lanceolate to linear, subacute or rounded at the apex.

Flowers white, fragrant; lip dilated at the base 4. H. dllatata.

Flowers greenish, scarcely fragrant; lip not dilated at the base

5. H. hyperborea.

Leaves 1 or 2; lip entire at the base; bracts shorter than the flowers

6. H. clavellata.

Leaves basal.

Scape bracted; flowers greenish white 7. H. orbiculata.

Scape bractless ; flowers greenish yellow 8. H. Hookeri.

Lip fringed or erose-denticulate.

Lip evenly fringed all around, not divided.

Flowers orange yellow; lip oblong, 1 cm long, the fringe 3-5 mm long

9. H. ciliaris.

Flowers white; lip narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 8-10 mm long, the fringe 0.5-1.5
mm long. (See excluded species no. 155, p. 1037.) H. blephariglottis.

8I<)

Orchidaceae

Habenaria

Jan.

Feb

Mar

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

t ^

r 1

>v|

Nov.
Dec C

i i —

J Miles

Hat

D 1 1

enarl

a sc

utel

ata (Nutt.

D 50
Map 696

) F. Morris

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

«0

1 D

\t A

( ^ .

-^k

Dec.j-

■ ' —

L/ Miles

Habenaria

dil

~}K JO

J Map 697
atata (Pursh) Gray

Map 698

Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br.

Lip more or less 3-parted, the divisions fringed or erose-denticulate.

Petals entire; flowers gi - eenish; lip deeply parted, the divisions narrow and deeply

fringed 10. H. lacera.

Petals not entire, more or less minutely denticulate.
Lip deeply fringed and 3-parted; fringe 2-5 mm long.

Flowers white, not crowded on the spike 11. H. leucophaea.

Flowers purplish, crowded on the spike 12. H. psycodes.

Lip shallowly erose-denticulate, the teeth usually about 0.5 mm long, the termi-
nal lobe usually bifid by an incision 2-3 mm long, 3-parted, rarely cut

into 5 divisions; flowers purplish; found only in southern Indiana

13. if. peramoena.

1. Habenaria viridis (L.) R. Br. var. bracteata (Muhl.) Gray. (Habe-
naria bracteata (Willd.) R. Br. and Coeloglossum bracteatum (Willd.)
Pari.) Satyr Orchid. Map 694. Usually not more than a single plant is
found in any one locality. It occurs in moist, rich woods, in tamarack bogs
or on low borders of lakes. In Noble County I found two large colonies
on the low border of Crooked Lake in among Cornus obliqua and Acer
rubrum. This is the only place I have seen two specimens or more in a
place. It has been reported also from Lake and White Counties.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to N. C, Ohio, 111., Mont., and Wash.; also in
Japan and China.

2. Habenaria flava (L.) Gray. (Perularia flava (L.) Farw.) TUBERCLED
Orchid. Map 695. Mostly in the lake region in tamarack bogs, marshes,
and sandy, wet places. It has been reported from Marshall and Vigo
Counties. It is very rare and usually a single specimen is found at a place.

N. S., Que., Ont, to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

3. Habenaria scutellata (Nutt.) F. Morns. (Perularia scutellata (Nutt.)
Small.) Map 696. On September 28, 1923, I found a large colony of
this species in flower and in fruit in Posey County, growing in a bare
place under a clump of buttonbush where it must have been submerged
much of the year. I transferred some of it to our garden in Bluffton where

Habenaria

Orchidaceae

341

"To

Map 699

Habenaria clavellata (Mich*.) Spreng.

Map 700

Habenaria orbtculata (Pursh) Torr.

(5 50

Map 701

Habenaria Hookeri Torr,

it did well for several years. This is the only record I know of from
Indiana.

Pa., Ind., and Ark., southw. to Fla.

4. Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Gray. {Limnorchis dilatata (Pursh)
Rydb. of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) White Bog-orchid.
Map 697. A few plants of this species were found in a bog on the
Wolverton Estate about 7 miles southwest of South Bend, St. Joseph
County. The area was heavily grazed and it will soon disappear if grazing
continues. This species was reported by Nieuwland for Umbach (Amer.
Midland Nat. 3: 119. 1913) but through the courtesy of N. C. Fassett the
Umbach herbarium at the University of Wisconsin was searched, and no
specimen was found. There are, however, specimens collected by Nieuw-
land in Lake and Porter Counties which are deposited in the herbarium of
the University of Notre Dame. The location of this species in Indiana is
the extreme southern limit of its range.

Subarctic America; Lab. to B. C. and Alaska, southw. to N. J., Ind.,
Minn., Mont., Idaho, Colo., and Wash.

5. Habenaria hyperborea (L.) R. Br. (Limnorchis hyperborea (L.)
Rydb.) Northern Green Orchid. Map 698. Our specimens and reports
are from our northern tier of counties. It must be very rare in Indiana.
I have collected it only twice. Besides the counties shown on the map it
has been reported from La Porte and St. Joseph Counties.

Newf. to Que., Ont. to B. C, northw. to Alaska, Iceland, and Greenland,
and southw. to N. Y., Pa., Ind., 111., Nebr., Colo., and Oreg.

6. Habenaria clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. (Gymnadeniopsis clavellata
(Michx.) Rydb.) Small Green Wood Orchid. Map 699. My specimens
are from moist, sandy or gravelly borders of lakes and sloughs. The distri-
bution is restricted to our northern counties with the exception of a

342

Orchidaceae

Habenaria

~~T5

Map 702

Habenaria ciliaris (L ) R.Br

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

^tT] i / ,d d l d

m _j- \ —

BfffFH

- 1 ] LfT

1 — L- - ^ 1

L J \// Miles
tM P\ 7 5C

Map 703
Habenaria I acera (Michx.) Lodd.

Map 704

Habenaria leucophaea (Nutt.) Gray

specimen collected in a swamp in Monroe County by J. E. Potzger. There
is a report from St. Joseph County which is not shown on the map.
Newf., Que., Ont. to Minn., southw. to N. Y., Fla., and La.

7. Habenaria orbiculata (Pursh) Torr. (Lysias orbiculata (Pursh)
Rydb.) Large Roundleaf Orchid. Map 700. This is one of our rarest
orchids. I have found it twice. Van Gorder found it in Noble County and
I have his specimen. It grows in very rich, sandy soil with sugar maple
and beech.

Newf., Que., Ont. to B. C. and northw. to Alaska, southw. to Pa., W. Va.,
Md., and in the mts. to S. C, Tenn., Ohio, 111., Mont., and Wash.

8. Habenaria Hookeri Torr. (Lysias Hookeriana (A. Gray) Rydb.)
Hooker Orchid. Map 701. This is also one of our rarest orchids. It has
been reported from Lake, La Porte, Noble, and Porter Counties. There
is a specimen in the Field Museum which was collected by Agnes Chase,
June 21, 1897, east of Edgemoor (probably near what is now known as the
Buffington Cement Plant or West Gary). The specimen in the Field
Museum so labeled and collected by Bross in La Porte County is Orchis
spectabilis. The report from Noble County is not supported by a specimen
and I refer the report to Habenaria orbiculata. Dr. Lyon found a few
plants in Porter County. It has been found also by R. M. Tryon, Jr., in
Dunes State Park, Porter County and he has given me a specimen.

N. S., Que., Ont. to Minn., southw. to N. Y., Pa., Ohio, Ind., Wis., and
Iowa.

9. Habenaria ciliaris (L.) R. Br. (Blephari glottis ciliaris (L.) Rydb.)
Yellow Fringe-orchid. Map 702. In marshes, moist, sandy borders of
lakes and sloughs, prairie habitats, and low, open and sandy woods. This
species was formerly not rare but is now becoming scarce. Its distribution
is restricted to our northern counties and besides those indicated on the
map it has been reported from Marshall County.

Vt., Ont. to Mich., 111., and Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

Habenaria

Orchidaceae

343

Map 705

Habenaria psycodes (L.) Spreng,

Jan.

Feb

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept

Oct.

Nov.

Dec <-

-f

r~~

fr L

[ J -

of o / ^

'Un-ft— i

D A

-/ Miles

B s

> '

K ,1 j/

1 D

\ D

iafc

D V 1 I

enaria

jeramoena

50
Map 706

Gray

Map 707

Poqonia ophioglossoides (L ) Ker.

10. Habenaria lacera (Michx.) Lodd. (Blephariglottis lacera (Michx.)
Farw.) Green Fringe-orchid. Map 703. This species is somewhat fre-
quent in the lake area and has a wide range of habitats. It is usually found
in tamarack bogs, marshes, and marshy and springy places anywhere. I
once found it under a beech tree in a woods and once in a sandy, fallow
field that had been fallow for at least 25 years. In addition to the counties
indicated on the map it has been reported from Fulton, Lake, and Marshall
Counties.

Newf., Que., Ont. to Man., southw. to N. C, Ala., and Mo.

11. Habenaria leucophaea (Nutt.) Gray. (Blephariglottis leucophaea
(Nutt.) Farw.) Prairie White Fringe-orchid. Map 704. Probably local
in the lake area years ago but now rare. I have found it in only five
places. In addition to these counties it has been reported from the follow-
ing counties: Hamilton, Kosciusko, Lake, and Marshall. My specimens
are from sphagnum in tamarack bogs.

N. S., Ont. to Minn., southw. to N. Y., Ohio, 111., Mo., and La.

12. Habenaria psycodes (L.) Spreng. (Blephariglottis psycodes (L.)
Rydb.) Small Purple Fringe-orchid. Map 705. Rather rare in the lake
area in mucky soil about lakes and in low woods. In addition to the counties
shown on the map it has been reported from Jay County. It has also been
reported from Clark and Jefferson Counties but these reports doubtless
should be referred to the next species.

Newf., Que., Ont. to Minn., southw. to N. C, Ohio, 111., and Iowa.

13. Habenaria peramoena Gray. (Blephariglottis peramoena (Gray)
Rydb.) Fringeless Purple Orchid. Map 706. This species is not infre-
quent in our southern counties in low, flat woods, usually associated with
beech and sweet gum and pin oak. It has also been reported from Monroe
County. Usually rather frequent where found.

Pa., Ohio, 111., and Mo., southw. to N. C, Ala., and Tenn.

344

Orchidaceae

Pogonia

Map 708

Tnphora trianthophora (SwJ Rydb.

Map 709

Isotria verticillata (Willd.) Raf.

1464. POGONIA Juss.

1. Pogonia ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Rose Pogonia. Map 707. For-
merly frequent in peat bogs in the lake area, now infrequent to rare
on account of drainage. In addition to the counties shown on the map it
has been reported from Fulton and Marshall Counties.

Newf., Que., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

1466. TRfPHORA Nutt.

1. Triphora trianthophora (Sw.) Rydb. {Pogonia trianthophora (Sw.)
BSP.) Nodding Pogonia. Map 708. An infrequent plant throughout the
state. It is generally found in deep humus, usually in beech and sugar
maple and oak woods. The flowers are mostly nodding but the fruit is
erect. I once found a large colony on a bare, sandy flat in a deep, wooded
ravine. Besides the counties indicated on the map it has been reported
from the following counties : Fayette, Hamilton, and Steuben.

Maine to Wis., southw. to Fla., Ala., and Mo.

1467. ISOTRIA Raf.

1. Isotria verticillata (Willd.) Raf. (Pogonia verticillata (Willd.)
Nutt.) Whorled Pogonia. Map 709. An inconspicuous plant and appar-
ently very rare and erratic in its distribution. In the lake area it is found
in sphagnum in tamarack bogs and south of this area it has been found in
white oak woods.

Maine, N. Y. to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

1474. ARETHtSA [Gronov.] L.

1. Arethusa bulbosa L. Arethusa. Map 710. An extremely rare plant
found in sphagnum in bogs. In addition to the counties shown on the map

Arethusa

Orchidaceae

345

Map 711
Epipactis latifolia (Huds.) All.

Map 712

Spiranthes Beckii Lindl.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

D /"*-

~~V

— 1

-I

B D

Dec.j-

D Jit

no LXj

T B» D '

/ Miles

\ K |

S P

iranthes

r
graci

lis (Big

) 50
Map 713

■IJ Beck

it has been reported from Carroll and Starke Counties. It must now be
very rare or almost extinct in the state.

Newf., Ont. to Minn., southw. to N. J., Pa., Ohio, Ind., and in the mts.
to S. C.

1482. EPIPACTIS Swartz

1. Epipactis latifolia (Huds.) All. (Serapias Helleborine L.) Broad-
leaf Epipactis. Map 711. Reported from La Porte County by Nieuw-
land & Just (Amer. Midland Nat. 12: 220. 1931). They write: "Inter-
laken, Laporte Co., spreading very rapidly in abundance on a dry clay
hillside facing the lake, VII. 18. 1930.) (Probably introduced.) " I have seen
their specimens and I am admitting it upon their statement that it is
spreading rapidly. Found in 1937 by Lyon in South Bend.

Que., Ont., N. Y., and Pa. ; also in Eu. Probably all, or most all of our
reports are based upon escaped plants because it was formerly cultivated
for its supposed medicinal qualities.

1490. SPIRANTHES Richard Ladies' Tresses

Upper part of stem and lower part of the rachis of the spike glabrous; leaves basal and
usually absent at flowering time; stems slender, usually less than 1 mm in
diameter just below the inflorescence.

Rachis of inflorescence not twisted; stems bearing a solitary subcylindrical root

1. S. Beckii.

Rachis of inflorescence twisted; stems bearing more than one subcylindrical root,

usually 3 or more 2. S. gracilis.

Upper part of stem and lower part of rachis of the spike more or less pubescent; leaves
not all basal and some present at flowering time except in no. 3 where they may be
absent; stems usually 1 mm or more in diameter just below the inflorescence.
Flowering from May through July; base of lip truncate, without callosities or with

small, spreading ones 3. S. lucida.

Flowering in Sept. and Oct.; base of lip cuneate and with two, incurved, nipplelike
callosities.
Flowers about 4, not more than 5, mm long; spikes slender, less than 15 mm wide;

petals lanceolate, dilated at the base 4. S. ovalis.

316

Orchidaceae

Spiranthes

Map 714
Spiranthes lucida (H. H. Eaton) Ames

0~ —J5
Map 715

Spiranthes ovalis Lindl.

Map 716

Spiranthes cernua (L.) Richard

Flowers about 6, at least more than 5, mm long; spikes stout, mostly about 20
mm wide, rarely as narrow as 15 mm; petals linear, not dilated at the base.

Corolla white; spikes usually blunt; lower bracts shorter than the corolla

5. S. cernua.

Corolla yellowish; spikes acute; bracts longer than the corolla. (See excluded
species no. 157, p. 1037.) S. cernua var. ochroleuca.

1. Spiranthes Beckii Lindl. {Ibidium Beckii (Lindl.) House.) BECK
Ladies' Tresses. Map 712. I have found this species in only two counties.
It grew in hard, clay soil in open white and black oak woods.

Mass., Md., Ky., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

2. Spiranthes gracilis (Bigel.) Beck. (Ibidium gracile (Bigel.) House.)
Slender Ladies' Tresses. Map 713. This species is, no doubt, sparingly
distributed throughout the state. In addition to the counties shown on the
map it has been reported from Kosciusko, Noble, and Tippecanoe Counties.
My specimens are from sandy or clayey soil in open, white and black oak
woods and fallow fields and from sandy, black soil in a prairie habitat.

P. E. I., Que., Ont. to Man., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

3. Spiranthes lucida (H. H. Eaton) Ames. {Ibidium plantagineum
(Raf.) House.) Wideleaf Ladies' Tresses. Map 714. This species is local
in the lake area where it is sparingly found on the springy, marl borders
of lakes and in bogs elsewhere. In Jennings County in southern Indiana I
found it at the base of a 75-foot cliff along the Muscatatuck River growing
on narrow ledges of limestone in soil kept continually wet by seepage. In
addition to the counties shown on the map it has been reported from
Tippecanoe County.

Maine, Que., Ont. to Mich., southw. to Va. and Ohio.

4. Spiranthes ovalis Lindl. (Ibidium ovale (Lindl.) House.) Map 715.
This species is very rare throughout its range and I have found it in only
two counties. One specimen is from the wooded bluff of the Ohio River

Goodyera Orchidaceae 347

on the north side of Leavenworth, Crawford County. The other was found
on a low, wooded promontory in the Louis B. Wilkerson woods in sec. 3
about 7 miles southwest of Rockport, Spencer County. Here it was grow-
ing under a beech tree and also under a tulip tree. Specimens from this
place supplied the photograph of this species for "Our Wild Orchids" by
Morris & Eames.

Ga., Ala., Miss., Tex., Okla., Tenn., Ark., Mo., and Ind.

5. Spiranthes cernua (L.) Richard. (Ibidium cernuum (L.) House.)
Nodding Ladies' Tresses. Map 716. Well distributed in the lake area
where it may be common over acres of recently drained mucky land. It
prefers calcareous springy areas and marshes and is usually found in the
open. In the southern part of the state it is generally found as an indi-
dividual plant here and there growing in hard clay or sandy soil in open,
black and white oak woods, on chestnut oak ridges, and less frequently
in low woods with sweet gum and pin oak, and sometimes on sandy knolls
in the southwestern part of the state. It is also frequent in wet prairies
where such habitats occur. A variety of this species has been reported
from Indiana but I am excluding it. See excluded species for a discussion
of it.

N. S., Ont. to Minn., and southw. to Ga., Tex., and N. Mex.

1504. GOODYERA R. Br.

1. Goodyera pubescens R. Br. (Epipactis pubescens (Willd.) A. A.
Eaton and Peramium pubescens (Willd.) MacM.) Downy Rattlesnake-
plantain. Map 717. Local in many parts of the state where its habitat
exists. It generally prefers a deep humus soil that is slightly acid. I have
seen it as a common plant on residual sandstone soil in Clay and Crawford
Counties and only a few plants in a colony here and there in sandy soil
in black oak woods. In addition to the distribution shown on the map it
has been reported from Lake, Putnam, and Vigo Counties.

N. E., Que. to Minn., southw. to N. C, Ala., and 111.

1534. CALOPOGON R. Br.

1. Calopogon pulchellus (Salisb.) R. Br. (Limodorum tuberosum L. in
part.) Grass-pink Orchid. Map 718. More or less frequent in its habitat
throughout the lake area. It grows in the open in both peaty and marly
springy places, in tamarack bogs, and in a moist, prairie habitat. In addi-
tion to the counties shown on the map it has been reported from Cass and
White Counties.

Newf., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

348

Orchidaceae

Calapogon

Map 717

Goodyera pubescens R. Be

Jan.
Feb.

Mir

Apr.

Mjy

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

8 C

^{ D \ L KD
ID / P "

D I

D »D

B
D

T f

^/iD

P D

Miles

Map 718

Calopogon pulchellus (Salisb.) R.Br.

5 55

Map 719

Corallorrhiza Wisteriana Conrad

1548. CORALLORRHIZA [Haller] Chatelain

Flowering in Indiana before July 1, mostly in May and early June.

Plants northern in their distribution, reaching only northern Indiana; flowers greenish
or yellowish; perianth generally 5 mm or less in length; lip truncate at the apex.

1. C. trifida.

Plants southern in their distribution, not yet found in northern Indiana; flowers and
stem more or less purplish; perianth generally 6-8 mm long; lip notched at the

apex 2. C. Wisteriana.

Flowering in Indiana after July 1, mostly in August and September.
Lip with a short lobe on each side at the base; mature capsule about 10 mm long. . . .

3. C. macidata.

Lip without lateral lobes; mature capsule about 6 mm long 4. C. odontorhiza.

1. Corallorrhiza trifida Chatelain. Early Coralroot. This species is
admitted to our flora upon the authority of Pepoon, who says : "Frequent
in the dune swale woods northeast of Dune Park" (Porter County), and
upon the basis of a specimen collected by Umbach in 1892 at Miller
(Lake County), now in the herbarium of the University of Wisconsin. It
was also reported from Floyd County but that record should, no doubt, be
referred to some other species.

Newf., Que., Sask., B. C. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Pa., Ohio, Colo.,
and Oreg. ; also in Eurasia.

2. Corallorrhiza Wisteriana Conrad. Wister Coralroot. Map 719.
Infrequent and rather local in the southern third of the state, rarely in
small colonies, but, where found, the specimens are usually a rod or more
apart. It grows in humus, generally on wooded, beech slopes, sometimes in
black or black and white oak woods, and rarely in white oak woods. This
is by far our most common coralroot.

Pa. to Ind., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

3. Corallorrhiza maculata Raf. SPOTTED CORALROOT. Map 720. My
specimens are all from the lake area except the one from Brown County.
All grew in rather deep humus in black, black and white, or white oak
woods. In addition to the counties shown on the map it has been reported

Malaxis

Orchidaceae

349

Map 720
Corallorrhiza macuiata Raf.

Jan.

Feb

M 3 r

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

D A-

^r-

|_L

E J

d 1 sr

)^T*I\1 wl ,

Miles

" 50

Map 721
Corallorrhiza odontorhiza Nutt.

1
1

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

1
f

-f

-l

r 1

Dec.*-

/ Miles

Malaxis

'folia M

3 '50

Map 722

'chx.

from Jefferson, Lake, and La Porte Counties. The report from Jefferson
County may probably be wrong since the author did not report Coral-
lorrhiza Wisteriana which occurs there.

Newf., Que., Sask. to B. C, southw. to Va., N. C, Ind. and Calif.

4. Corallorrhiza odontorhiza Nutt. Late Coralroot. Map 721 This
species is found in slightly acid soil in bare places in fallow fields, or in
rather sandy soil in deep humus in black and white oak woods. Very local
in its distribution but probably found here and there throughout the state.
It has been reported from other counties but wrong determinations are so
frequent that to enumerate them might lead to confusion.

Southern Maine to Ont. and Mich., southw. to Fla. and Mo.

1552. MALAXIS Sw.

Pedicels straight, mostly 3-6 mm long, longer than the ovary 1. M. unifolia.

Pedicels twisted, 1-2 mm long, shorter than the ovary. (See excluded species no. 160,
p. 1038. ) M. brachypoda.

1. Malaxis unifolia Michx. (Microstylis unifolia (Michx.) BSP.) Green
Adder's Mouth. Map 722. I have specimens from four counties : one from
Vigo County from a wooded slope, one from Monroe County from "Huckle-
berry Hill," one from Noble County near Pleasant Lake, and one from a
clump of sphagnum in the Leesburg bog, Kosciusko County. Blatchley col-
lected a specimen at "Huckleberry Hill" in Monroe County, June 15, 1887.

Newf. to Man., southw. to Fla., Ala., and Mo.

1556. LlPARIS Richard Twayblade

Flowers usually light madder purple; lip wedge-obovate, mostly 10 mm long; leaves
elliptic or ovate; plants usually of dry ground 1. L. lilii folia.

Flowers yellowish green or light green; lip obovate or oblong, about 5 mm long; leaves
elliptic-lanceolate; plants of a boggy habitat 2. L. Loeselii.

1. Liparis liliifolia (L.) Richard. Lily Twayblade. Map 723. Prob-
ably found in all parts of the state, being local in the northern part and

350

Orchidaceae

Liparis

Map 723

Liparis liliifolia (L.) Richard

o 50

Map 724

Liparis Loesellii (L.) Richard

3
3

Jan.

Feb

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

fjM

Dec. j-

1 '

D L.

"(Ba ijtI _— >
J /

/ Miles

aria

! P r-

discol

r 5 V 7

jr (Purs

J 50

Map 725
h) Nutt.

more or less frequent in the southern part. The plant is very inconspicuous
and doubtless it is more abundant than our records indicate. It evidently
prefers a slightly acid soil and is generally found in deep humus in beech
or white oak woods and more rarely in black and white oak woods. In
Putnam County about 3 miles northwest of Greencastle, on June 3, 1910, I
found it in a 19-year old Catalpa planting that had been first cultivated
to strawberries and later abandoned. Here the plant was growing by the
hundreds. In addition to the counties shown on the map it has been
reported from these counties : Lake, Union, and Vigo.
N. H. and Mass. to Minn., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Mo.

2. Liparis Loeselii (L.) Richard. Loesel Twayblade. Map 724. The
majority of my specimens were found in sphagnum in tamarack bogs and
in open boggy places. It is very local and is restricted to the lake area. In
addition to the counties shown on the map it has been reported from Fulton,
Kosciusko, La Porte, and Marshall Counties. It has already become very
rare.

N. S. to Sask., southw. to N. C, Ala. and Mo.

1560. TIPULARIA Nutt.

1. Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt. {Tipularia uni folia (Muhl.) BSP.)
Cranefly Orchid. Map 725. This species is restricted to our southern
counties but it may have a wider range than the map shows. I have a
memorandum that I saw it in Brown County but I did not preserve speci-
mens. In 1938 Benjamin W. Douglass wrote me he found it near Trevlac.
The leaves disappear before flowering time and look much like those of
Orchis spectabilis or those of Aplectrwm, hyemale. Tipularia may
easily be distinguished because the lower surface is purplish instead of
green. One does not usually collect leaf specimens but in this species a leaf
specimen makes a record as authentic as a flowering one. I am of the
opinion that it will be found all over the unglaciated area, but very locally.
Where it is found it is usually somewhat frequent but it is so inconspicuous

Hexalectris

Orchidaceae

351

Jan.

Feb

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct

Nov.

Dec

— hi

- 1

Y^/ Miles

O 50

Map 726
Hexalectris spicata (Wall.) Barnh.

Map 727

Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl.) Torr.

Map 728

Saururus cernuus L.

that it may be overlooked. It grows in deep humus on protected slopes with
beech or white oak and in black and white oak woods.

N. J., Ohio, and Ind., southw. to Fla. and Ala.

1629. HEXALECTRIS Raf.

1. Hexalectris spicata (Walt.) Barnh. (Torreya 4: 121. 1904.) (Hexa-
lectris aphylla (Nutt.) Raf.) Crested Coralroot. Map 726. On August
3, 1922 I found a few scattered flowering plants on a black and white
oak slope in a woods bordering the Ohio River in sec. 14 about 151/2
miles southeast of Corydon. R. C. Friesner found it near Edwards-
ville in Floyd County August 20, 1923 and again on August 14, 1926.
Blatchley reported it as growing on a high, wooded hill 2 miles south of
Wyandotte Cave, Crawford County, July 25, 1896. These are our only
reports.

Va. to Ind., southw. to Fla., Tex., and Ariz. ; also in n. Mex.

1642. APLECTRUM [Nutt.] Torr.

1. Aplectrum hyemale (Muhl.) Torr. Puttyroot. Map 727. This orchid
is found sparingly throughout the state. In addition to the counties shown
on the map it has been reported from the following counties : Hamilton,
Lake, Marshall, Porter, Steuben, and Tippecanoe. It is found in deep
humus in well protected and shaded spots in beech, black and white, and
white oak woods. I recall that on the Clark County State Forest a large
colony grew on a slope in a tangle of dense second growth of white oak
and grape vines. During the winter the vines and excess of forest growth
were removed and I never saw a plant there after that time. I have
tried to grow the species at Bluffton in neutral soil in a shaded location but
in a few years it disappears.

Vt. to Sask., southw. to Ga., Mo., and Kans.

352

Saururaceae

Saururus

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Populus heterophylla L.

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Michx.

52. SAURURACEAE Lindl. Lizardtail Family
1856. SAURURUS [Plum.] L.

1. Saururus cernuus. L. Common Lizardtail. Map 728. Infrequent to
frequent throughout the state in wet woodland, along muddy borders of
streams, and about ponds and sloughs. Where it is found it usually forms
almost a complete stand over the area.

R. I. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

56. SALICACEAE Lindl. Willow Family

Buds with several scales; leaves ovate or deltoid; bracts of flowers laciniate; disk
below each flower cup-shaped 1872. Populus, p. 352.

Buds with a single scale; leaves lanceolate or narrower, rarely wider; bracts of flowers

entire or subentire; disk below each flower consisting of one or more glands

1873. Salix, p. 354.

1872. POPULUS [Tourn.] L. Poplar

Branchlets, outer bud scales, and lower surface of leaves white-tomentose; leaves more
or less lobed (rarely a branch with unlobed leaves and these usually with about

7 coarse teeth ) 1. P. alba.

Branchlets, outer bud scales, and lower surface of leaves not white-tomentose; leaves
never lobed.
Petioles rounded and more or less channeled above.

Leaf blades 10-17 cm long, gradually narrowed toward the apex into an obtuse or

merely acute point; pedicels of fruit usually 5-10 mm long. .2. P. heterophylla.

Leaf blades 6-15 cm long; fruit nearly sessile or on pedicels up to 3 mm long.

Blades typically ovate-lanceolate, whitish, waxy, glabrous or sparsely pubescent

1 ciieath, usually acuminate at the apex; base acute, rounded or subcordate.

3. P. Tacamahacca.

Blades broader, mote rounded in outline, pubescent and usually with longer

hairs; the apex usually acute; base more deeply cordate; teeth coarser

3a. /'. Tacamahacca var. candicans.

Petioles more or less flattened, especially near the blade.

Tips of the branchlets curved upward (in winter phase); mature leaves broadly
deltoid and mostly more than 7 cm wide (or rhombic-ovate and cuneate at the
base) ; stamens 20 or more; capsules 4-8 mm in diameter 4. P. deltoides.

Populus Salicaceae 353

Tips of the branchlets not curved upward (in winter phase); mature leaves ovate,

broadly ovate to nearly orbicular, mostly less than 8 cm wide (except those of

root and coppice shoots); stamens 6-12; capsules 1.5-3 mm in diameter.

Winter buds more or less pubescent, dull; young branchlets gray-tomentose at

first; leaves generally with less than 12 teeth on each side (except those of

root shoots) 5. P.. grandidentata.

Winter buds glabrous, glossy; young branchlets glabrous or nearly so at first;
leaves mostly with more than 12 teeth on each side 6. P. tremuloides.

1. Populus alba L. White Poplar. This species has been freely
planted throughout the state and has escaped in all parts. It rapidly
spreads from root shoots, and, when not restricted, it soon spreads in all
directions, in fields and woodland in all kinds of soils except very wet ones.
It is no longer planted by anyone familiar with its habit of spreading or
one who knows that the branches are killed by the oyster-shell scale.

Nat. of Eurasia.

2. Populus heterophylla L. Swamp Cottonwood. Map 729. In Indiana
it is infrequent in the lake area, local in the central part, local to frequent
in the southern part, and possibly absent in the southeastern part. It be-
comes a tall, slender tree, 10-16 inches in diameter. It grows on the borders
of ponds in woodlands which have for a subsoil a stiff blue clay, locally
called "gumbo." The habitat simulates that of pin oak but I do not recall
ever seeing these species growing together. It is usually associated with
red maple, sweet gum, and cypress. Where there are more than a few trees
it is usually found in a pure stand. It is most abundant in the sloughs of
the Lower Wabash Bottoms.

Atlantic coast from Conn, to Fla., westw. to La., and northw. in the
Mississippi Valley to n. Ohio, s. Mich., and Mo.

3. Populus Tacamahacca Mill. (Populus balsamifera of some recent
authors.) Balsam Poplar. A few colonies of this poplar have been found
along Lake Michigan in Lake, Porter, and La Porte Counties, and it has
been found in St. Joseph County. The trees I have seen are small ones
near the lake front.

Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, southw. and reaching the U. S. only on
the northern border.

3a. Populus Tacamahacca var. candicans (Ait.) Stout. (Populus candi-
cans Ait.) See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 25-37. 1929. This variety is
found in the eastern part of the range of the species and is found as a
small tree along Lake Michigan. The clon, Balm of Gilead, originating
from a specimen of this variety, has been freely planted but I do not know
of any place where it is spreading.

4. Populus deltoides Michx. Cottonwood. Map 730. This is one of the
largest trees of the state and is found throughout. It grows only in low
ground about ponds, in woodland, and along streams and ditches.

N. H., w. Que. to the Rocky Mts., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

354

Salicaceae

Salix

o ~T6
Map 732

Populus tremuloides Michx.

Map 733

Salix nigra Marsh.

~~ 30

Map 734

Salix amygdaloides Anders.

5. Populus grandidentata Michx. Largetooth Aspen. Map 731. This
is a tree of small or medium size found more or less frequently in the
lake area and less frequently in the unglaciated area. Outside these areas
it is local or absent. In the northern part of the state it is found in low-
ground while in the unglaciated area it is usually found on the crests of
the highest ridges.

N. B. to Minn., southw. in the mts. to S. C, Ohio, Ind., and Iowa.

6. Populus tremuloides Michx. ASPEN. Map 732. This small tree is
common in low ground in the lake area and I have never seen it growing
on hills. It has been reported from all parts of the state but all of the speci-
mens I have seen from the southern part of the state should be referred
to the preceding species. It is doubtful whether it occurs far south of the
stations shown on the map, and, if so, it will be found very locally.

Newf. and Lab. to Alaska, southw. to Term., Mo., Nebr., and in the mts.
to Mex. and Calif.

1873. SALIX [Tourn.] L. Willow

Note: Specimens of this genus are difficult to determine because the
species are dioecious, are highly variable, and freely hybridize. Hence it is
advisable to collect a flowering specimen and later to collect a mature leaf
specimen from the same plant to make determination easy and certain.

KEY BASED PRIMARILY ON PISTILLATE FLOWERS AND CAPSULES

Ovary glabrous; bracts of flowers usually deciduous before maturity of the capsule.
Ovary sessile or subsessile.

Leaves cordate at the base, silky-pubescent above 17. S. adenophylla.

Leaves cuneate at the base.

Blades more or less pubescent at flowering time; capsules 3-5 mm long. 6. S. alba.

Blades usually glabrous at flowering time; branches pendulous; capsules 1.5-2

mm long. (See excluded species no. 162, p. 1038.) S. babylonica.

Salix Salicaceae 355

Ovary stalked, sometimes the stalk rather short.

Stigmas sessile or subsessile (style, if any, less than 0.5 mm long); petioles without
glands.

Leaf margins entire; leaves glaucous beneath 15. S. pedicellaris.

Leaf margins more or less serrate.

Margins of leaves with widely spaced, slender, sharp teeth 8. S. interior.

Margins of leaves finely and evenly serrate.
Petioles of mature leaves 3-6 mm long.

Blades green beneath 1. S. nigra.

Blades whitish beneath 5. S. longipes var. Wardi.

Petioles of mature leaves 6-15 mm long; blades paler beneath

2. S. amygdaloides.

Stigmas on distinct styles 0.5-1 mm long; petioles mostly glandular at the apex.
Petioles not glandular; leaves glaucous beneath.

Leaves more than 5 mm wide 19. S. glaucophylla.

Leaves less than 5 mm wide 16a. S. Candida var. denudata.

Petioles glandular at the apex; leaves not glaucous beneath.

Capsules maturing after June 20, 7-9 mm long 3. S. serissima.

Capsules maturing before June 20, 5-8 mm long.

Catkins sessile 18. S. cordata.

Catkins distinctly stalked.

Leaves of branchlet below the catkin stalk entire 7. S. fragilis.

Leaves of branchlet below the catkin stalk serrulate.

Catkins loosely flowered; capsules conic-subulate; pedicel twice as long
as the gland. (See excluded species no. 166, p. 1038.) <S. pentandra.
Catkins densely flowered; capsules conic-ovoid; pedicel 2-3 times as
long as the gland.

Leaves glabrous on both surfaces 4. S. lucida.

Leaves pubescent beneath 4a. S. lucida var. intonsa.

Ovary pubescent; bracts of flowers persistent.
Ovaries pedicellate.

Stigmas sessile or subsessile.

Catkins sessile or subsessile 14. S. Bebbiana.

Catkins on short, leafy stalks S. S. interior.

Stigmas on short styles, usually 0.25-1 mm long.

Catkins on short, leafy stalks 10. S. petiolaris.

Catkins sessile or subsessile, rarely with 1-3 bracts at the base, appearing on old
wood mostly before the leaves.

Bracts of flowers not darker at the apex 16. S. Candida.

Bracts of flowers darker at the apex.

Mature capsules 3-5 mm long, blunt 11. S. sericea.

Mature capsules mostly 6-12 mm long.

Branchlets of previous year glabrous or nearly so; catkins in flower
mostly more than 2.5 cm long, 3-8 cm long in fruit. . . .9. S. discolor.
Branchlets of previous year more or less densely puberulent.

Catkins more than 2.5 cm long; leaves 5-10 cm long and 2-3.5 cm wide,

the margins somewhat toothed 9a. S. discolor var. latifolia.

Catkins less than 2.5 cm long, usually 1-1.5 cm long; leaves smaller,
more or less undulate or entire, rarely with a few teeth.
Shrubs mostly 6-12 dm high; mature leaves erect or spreading,
glabrous or glabrate above and beneath, or the midrib remaining

pubescent 12. S. humilis.

Shrubs mostly 4-8 dm high; mature leaves erect, pubescent above and
more or less tomentose beneath; petioles about 3 mm long, for
the most part shorter than those of the preceding. . .13. S. tristis.
Ovaries sessile or subsessile; catkins appearing before the leaves.

356 Salicaceae Salix

Capsules 2-3 mm long; stigmas sessile. (See excluded species no. 167, p. 1038.)

5. purpurea.

Capsules 6-8 mm long; stigmas stalked. (See excluded species no. 168, p. 1039.)
S. viminalis.

KEY BASED PRIMARILY ON STAMINATE FLOWERS

Stamens 3 or more (rarely nos. 6 and 7 found here) ; catkins on leafy or at least on
bracted stalks.
Catkins slender, mostly 8-10 mm wide at the widest diameter and 5-7 cm long;
petioles not glandular.
Floral bracts generally woolly-pubescent all over the outer face, about 1.5-2 mm

long; stamens usually more than twice as long as the bract 1. S. nigra.

Floral bracts generally woolly-pubescent only on the lower half of the outer face,

usually about 2 mm long; stamens about twice as long as the bract

2. S. amygdaloides.

Catkins stouter, mostly 11-13 mm wide at the widest diameter and 2-5 cm long;
petioles glandular.
Leaves green or slightly glaucous beneath; plants of northern Indiana.
Plants flowering from the middle of May to the middle of June.

Leaves glabrous beneath 4 «S. lucida.

Leaves somewhat rusty-pubescent beneath 4a. S. lucida var. intonsa.

Plants flowering after the middle of June 3. S. serissima.

Leaves whitish beneath; gnarled shrubs of the rocky banks or beds of streams in

southern Indiana 5. S. longipes var. Wardi.

Stamens 2 (sometimes 3 or 4 in nos. 6 and 7.)
Filaments more or less pubescent.
Filaments separate, not fused.

Filaments usually pubescent half their length (shrubs) 8. S. interior.

Filaments usually pubescent only at the base (trees).

Young branchlets and leaves more or less silky 6. S. alba.

Young branchlets and leaves glabrous or only slightly silky 7. S. fragilis.

Filaments fused nearly or quite to the anthers. (See excluded species no. 167,

p. 1038. ) S. purpurea.

Filaments glabrous, not fused at the base.

Catkins appearing with or after the leaves on leafy-bracted branchlets, these
sometimes very short.
Branchlets and leaves densely pubescent, finely glandular-serrate.

Upper surface of leaves densely silky-pubescent (plants found only along

Lake Michigan) U.S. adenophylla.

Upper surfaces of leaves glabrous or sparsely silky 18. S. cordata.

Branchlets and leaves glabrous or glabrate.

Leaves entire; low shrubs of a bog habitat. .15. S. pedicellaris var. hypoglauca.
Leaves closely glandular-serrate; shrubs also of a wet or boggy habitat, mostly

in the dune area 19. S. glaucophylln.

Catkins appearing with or after the leaves, sessile or subsessile, without bracts
or with 1-3 small ones at the base.
Branchlets of previous year puberulent, at least at the summit.
Anthers red.

Leaves impressed-nerved above.

Leaves woolly-pubescent above 16. S. Candida.

Leaves glabrous or glabrate above 16a. S. Candida var. denudata.

Leaves not impressed-nerved above 12. S. humilis.

Anthers yellow.

Bracts of flowers of a uniform, light color 14. S. Bebbiana.

Bracts of flowers with darkened tips.

Anthers (dry) about 0.9 mm long 9a. S. discolor var. latifolia.

Anthers (dry) usually less than 0.8 mm long.

Salix Salicaceae 357

Catkins 10-15 (18) mm long; young foliage somewhat tawny

10. iS. petiolaris.

Catkins (15) 18-28 mm long; young foliage glabrous or white-pubes-
cent.
Anthers (dry) 0.4-0.5 mm long; young foliage white-silky; hairs of
bracts silky, scarcely curled or matted; twigs brittle at the base.

11. S. sericea.

Anthers (dry) 0.6-0.8 mm long; young foliage glabrous, or, if white-
pubescent, scarcely silky; hairs of the bracts curly or matted,

scarcely silky; twigs tough at the base 18. S. cordata.

Branchlets of previous year glabrous; anthers (dry) about 0.9 mm long

9. S. discolor.

KEY BASED PRIMARILY ON MATURE LEAVES AND BRANCHLETS

A. Leaves green on both sides.

Margins of leaves with unequally spaced, minute teeth.

Blades linear, acute at both ends, often somewhat falcate, less than 1 cm wide,

mostly 4-6 mm wide, rarely somewhat paler beneath 8. S. interior.

Blades, at least some of them, linear-oblong, acute at both ends, some or many

of them more than 1 cm wide, bluish green beneath

8a. S. interior var. Wheeleri.

Margins of leaves closely serrate with equally spaced teeth.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, mostly 6-12 cm long, usually 7-10 times as long as wide,
rarely 2 cm wide, mostly 1-1.5 cm wide, acute or acuminate, sometimes falcate;

teeth usually 6-10 per cm 1. S. nigra.

Leaves not as above.

Blades silky-pubescent on both sides, acute at the apex, subcordate at the base,

ovate (plants along Lake Michigan) 17. S. adenophylla.

Blades not as above.

Petioles glandular at the summit; leaves shining above, more than 2 cm wide,
long-acuminate or caudate at the apex, rounded at the base.

Blades glabrous on both sides 4. S. lucida.

Blades mostly permanently more or less pubescent beneath with reddish

hairs 4a. S. lucida var. intonsa.

Petioles not glandular at the summit; leaves not shining above

18. S. cordata.

A. Leaves glaucous or paler beneath.

Leaves subopposite, cuneate-oblanceolate, bluish green, very smooth; stipules

early deciduous. (See excluded species no. 167, p. 1038.) S. purpurea.

Leaves strictly alternate.

Margins of leaves finely and distinctly serrate.

Petioles glandular at the summit (sometimes obscurely so in S. alba).

Leaves linear-lanceolate, 8-16 cm long, long-acuminate, glabrous, primary
veins regular, ending in the border to form a rather straight line;
branchlets of previous year slender, pendulous, tough. (See excluded

species no. 162, p. 1038.) S. babylonica.

Leaves not as above.

Blades ovate or ovate-oblong, 4-12 cm long, closely glandular-serrate,
glabrous from the first, short-acuminate, rounded or subcordate at the
base; petioles 6-10 mm long. (See "excluded species no. 166, p. 1038.)

S. pentandra.

Blades not as above, mostly lanceolate.

Leaves glossy above, glabrous, some, or most of them, more than 2 cm
wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, teeth (8) 10-20 per cm; pri-
mary veins so prominent above as to make the upper surface of dried
specimens rough to the touch; native shrubs, up to 4.5 m high, flower-
ing in late June and in July 3. S. serissima.

358 Salicaceae Salix

Leaves not as above; introduced trees, flowering in May and early
June (the following two species difficult to separate).
Serrations of blades rather coarse, generally 3-8 per cm and 0.4-1
mm deep; blades rather firm, glabrous or appressed-pubescent,
especially beneath, acuminate or long-acuminate, the primary veins
so prominent above as to make the upper surface of dried specimens
rough to the touch; branchlets of previous year brittle at the

base 7. S. fragilis.

Serrations of blades generally 6-12 per cm and 0.1-0.4 mm deep;
blades thinner than the preceding, smooth to the touch above,
usually more or less appressed-pubescent or glabrous, acute or
acuminate at apex.

Leaves distinctly silky beneath; branchlets greenish 6. S. alba.

Leaves subglabrous beneath; branchlets yellowish

6a. S. alba var. vitellina.

Petioles not glandular (not to be confused with glands at the base of the

blade).

Leaves glabrous on both sides. (No. 18 often so glabrous that it might be

wrongly placed here.)

Blades small, broadest about the middle, usually 5-10 mm wide, rarely

up to 15 mm wide, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, teeth generally 5 or 6

per cm; mostly acuminate 10. S. petiolaris.

Blades larger, broadest above or below the middle, mostly (10) 15-30 mm

wide, long-acuminate, obtuse or acute.

Blades broadest below the middle, lanceolate to broadly lanceolate or

ovate-lanceolate, long-attenuate at the apex, broadly cuneate to

rounded at the base, teeth mostly 7-12 per cm of margin measured

midway between base and apex; stipules rarely present; petioles

mostly 6-15 mm long 2. S. amygdaloides.

Blades generally broadest above the middle, or below the middle in some
forms of leaves, usually oblanceolate to ovate or elliptic-lanceolate,
or ovate on coppice shoots, acute at the apex, rarely acuminate,
broadly cuneate or rounded at the base, cordate in the ovate type
of leaves; teeth mostly 3-6 per cm; stipules usually present, especially
on vegetative branchlets, subcordate to broadly reniform, 3-10 mm

long, acute; petioles mostly 3-10 mm long 19. S. glaucophylla.

Leaves more or less pubescent, at least some of them so.

Leaves white silky-pubescent beneath, at least some of them more or less
pubescent on one or both sides, especially along the midrib and toward
the base on the lower surface, and pubescent at the apical end on the
upper surface of terminal leaves.
Blades rather thin, small, narrow, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, mostly
5-8 cm long and 5-10 mm wide, rarely up to 14 mm wide; pubescence,
when present, usually tawny, rarely all whitish; teeth of margins
usually 5 or 6 per cm; petioles 4-10 mm long; stipules none; branch-
lets more or less fascicled 10. S. petiolaris.

Blades mostly longer, wider, and thicker than the preceding.

Leaves silvery-pubescent beneath, the pubescence strongly or loosely up-
wardly appressed or sometimes glabrate or glabrous beneath, nar-
rowly to broadly lanceolate or somewhat oblanceolate, usually about
5 times as long as" wide, rounded or narrowed at the base, the lateral
veins both above and beneath usually conspicuous.
Lower surface of leaves strongly upwardly appressed-pubescent,
silvery (rarely somewhat glabrate in age) ; blades strongly taper-
ing at the base; stipules soon deciduous 11. S. sericea.

Lower surface of leaves loosely appressed-pubescent when young,
usually becoming glabrous or glabrate at maturity or remaining

Salix Salicaceae 359

sparsely pubescent; blades rounded at the base, stipules per-
sistent at least on vigorous branchlets 18. S. cordata.

Leaves glabrous and glaucous beneath, oblong-lanceolate or narrow-
lanceolate, mostly 6-9 times as long as wide, rounded at the base;

shrubs of streams near the Ohio Eiver 5. S. longipes var. Wardi.

Margins of leaves entire, remotely dentate or serrulate, mostly revolute.

Leaves strictly glabrous, oblanceolate, rarely obovate or narrowly to broadly
elliptic, 2-4 or up to 6 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, closely reticulate on both
surfaces, thin, entire, often bluish beneath; apex obtuse, rounded or rarely

acute (see also no. 12) ; small shrubs of a bog habitat

15. S. pedicellaris var. hypoglauca.

Leaves not as above.

Serrations (not undulations) of margins, if any, generally more than 0.3 mm
deep; leaves large, mostly elliptic-oblanceolate, elliptic or obovate, mostly
5-10 cm long, 2-3 cm wide; petioles generally 5-20 mm long.

Branchlets of previous year and leaves entirely glabrous 9. S. discolor.

Branchlets of previous year and at least some of the leaves pubescent.
Blades rarely impressed-nerved above, some or most of them nearly
glabrous beneath, the pubescence straight or woolly, all or at least
some of the leaves with a few tawny hairs; petioles mostly 8-25 mm

l on g 9a. S. discolor var. latifolia.

Blades generally impressed-nerved above and strongly rugose-veined be-
neath, lower surface of all more or less densely woolly-pubescent;

petioles mostly 4-12 mm long 14. S. Bebbiana.

Serrations (not undulations), if any, mostly less than 0.3 mm deep; leaves
linear-oblanceolate or oblanceolate, rarely wider, tomentose or glabrate
beneath; petioles 2-6 mm long.
Leaves generally 7-16 times as long as wide, usually densely tomentose
beneath; midrib deeply impressed above; plants of a bog habitat.

Leaves pubescent above 16. S. Candida.

Leaves glabrous above 16a. S. Candida var. denudata.

Leaves generally less than 7 times as long as wide; midrib not deeply im-
pressed above; plants of a dry or prairie habitat.

Blades mostly 5-10 cm long 12. S. humilis.

Blades mostly 3-7 cm long, thicker and more tomentose beneath

13. S. tristis.

1. Salix nigra Marsh. BLACK Willow. Map 733. Infrequent to fre-
quent throughout the state in low ground mostly along streams and about
lakes. In southwestern Indiana along old river channels it often becomes
a large tree.

The leaves of this species vary much in outline but I do not think the
variations have any taxonomic value. The form with narrow and falcate
leaves is known as var. falcata (Pursh) Torr.

N. B. to N. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

2. Salix amygdaloides Anders. Peachleaf Willow. Map 734. The
habitat of this willow is low ground along streams and about lakes. This
species is restricted to the lake area with two outposts south of that area
where it was found in swamps. It is usually infrequent and only locally
frequent.

Cent. N. Y. and Ont. to B. C. and the Rocky Mts., southw. to Tex.
and N. Mex.

360

S U.kWCEAE

Salix

. : : 3

5 .' i . [ : ■

Salix serissima (Bailey) Fern. AUTUMN Willow. Map 733. This
- .-. low ground shrub and is found along streams, about lakes, and in
rshes. It is kx. - icted to a few counties of the northeastern

f the state.
Newf. to Alberta, southw. to X. J.. X. Y.. and the Great Lakes.

4. Salix lucida Muni. Shining Willow. Map 736. An infrequent
willow in the lake area about lakes, along streams, and in swamps and

Lab. to Alberta, southw. to X. J.. Ky.. and Xebr.

Salix lucida var. intonsa Fern. Map 787. A shrub 4-12 feet high:
:nd locally in t: out lakes, along streams, and in swamps

and marshes. N - Tequei - the species.
XV : I Que., southw. to w. X. Y. and Ind.

Salix longipes Shuttl. var. Wardi (Bebb) Schneid. (SaUx Wardi

Bebb.) Ward Willow. M. ~ 8. This low. sprawling shrub I have found

growing in the crevices of large rocks along the bank of the Ohio River

about 6 miles above Cannelton. in Perry County, and in crevices of rocks

in the overflow bank of Buck Creek, about 6 miles north of Laconia in

Ha s aty A. s .bout 2 inches in diameter and 6 feet high

- ">und growing between - of limestone rock, about a foot above

the water from a bank about 2 feet high on the north side of Laughery

Creek about a fourth mile east : Friendship. Ripley County. Good speci-

difficult I .in because in all V I es the plants are submerged

during high water. The s s a sprawling in character because debris

and ice continually keep them broken off, although they are very tough.

a - - d willow and should be sought all along the Ohio River.

Potoj s - 111. to se. K; - southw. to Cuba and Tex."

\ R. Ball ret ts at this species

He, Franklin Coir

.ix

361

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6. Sales .axea L. European White Willow. Map 739. This is a Euro-
pean species that, no doubt, has been planted more or less throughout the

ite. I have found it as an escape only a few times although it has been
reported from 12 counties - -e in which I have found it

Nat. of Eu.

6a. Salix alba var. vitellina (L.) Stokes. Golden Willow. This
willow has been reported from 10 counties, mostly by our early auth
who were not careful to distinguish between escaped and planted -..-
I believe it is far more common than our white willow but I have seen
it only a few times where I would consider it as an escape. I doubt that
it ever escapes by seed but only by means of branchlets which have been
broken off and carried down streams and deposited where they are
covered with mud.

Nat. of Eu.

7. Salix feagilis L. Beittle Willow. Map 740. This European
willow has been freely planted throughout the state and is found more
commonly as an escape, I believe, because the branchlets are very easily
broken off by wind and ice and scattered where they are covered with
soil and easily propagate.

I recall the ingenious use of this species by a farmer in Wayne County
who, about 1857, had planted several rows of the trees and spaced them
close and in zigzag rows across a creek bottom. When I asked why
he so planted them he told me that it was to catch the rails and wheat
that came down the stream during floods.

Nat. of Eu.

8. Salix interior Rowlee. (Salix longifolia Muhl.) Longleaf Willow.
Sandbar Wdllo'-v. Map 741. Found throughout the state along strear
especially on gravelly bars, about lakes, and along ditches. It usually
forms dense colonies and often covers large areas.

Eastern Que. to Man., southw. in the interior to Va.. Tenn., and Te
generally absent from N. E. and the Coastal Plain.

362

Salicaceae

Salix

6
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Salix discolor var. latifolia Anders.

Map 74 2

Salix interior var. Wheeleri Rowlee

Map 743

Salix discolor Muhl.

Miles

Map 746

Salix sericea Marsh.

8a. Salix interior var. Wheeleri Rowlee. (Salix longifolia var. Wheeleri
(Rowlee) Schneid.) Wheeler Willow. Map 742. This form is common
along the Ohio River where it is associated with the species but may easily
be distinguished at a long distance by its bluish green color.

N. B. to James Bay and e. N. Dak., southw. to Conn., Pa., and Iowa.

9. Salix discolor Muhl. Pussy Willow. Map 743. Found throughout
the state where swampy land occurs. Frequent in the lake area and local
to infrequent south of it. Usually a large shrub, it sometimes reaches a
diameter of several inches a few feet above the ground.

Newf. to Man., southw. to Del. (and in the mts. to N. C), 111., and Mo.

9a. Salix discolor var. latifolia Anders. (Salix discolor var. eriocephala
(Michx.) Anders.) (Schneider. Jour. Arnold Arb. 2: 5. 1920.) Map 744.
This variety is found throughout the state in swamps and low land in
general. It is rather frequent in the lake area, becoming local to infrequent
south of it. It has the same habitat as the species and both are often
associated.

Probably the range of the species.

Salix

Salicaceae

363

Map 747

Map 748

Salix tristis Ait.

Map 749

Salix Bebbiana Sar

10. Salix petiolaris J. E. Smith. Map 745. This is an infrequent shrub
4-7 feet high, and found mostly in marshy and mucky land in the lake area.
The species is variable and I have two named varieties from the state but
I do not regard them as of taxonomic value and do not report them. I feel
that of the named variations too many are ecological forms.

N. B. to N. Dak. and Man., southw. to N. J. and Tenn.

11. Salix sericea Marsh.* Silky Willow. Map 746. Infrequent to
frequent throughout the state except in the northwestern part from which
there are no specimens. It is generally found in wet habitats although I
have a few specimens collected from moist, sandy habitats.

N. B. and N. S. to Mich., southw. to N. C.

12. Salix humilis Marsh. Prairie Willow. Map 747. This is a low,
bushy species that grows mostly in dry, sandy habitats, usually in prairies
or in similar places. It is frequent in our western prairie area, becoming
local in northern and southern Indiana.

Newf. to Minn., southw. to N. C, Tenn., and Kans.

13. Salix tristis Ait. Dwarf Pussy Willow. Map 748. This is a small
shrubby willow with a habit and habitat similar to the preceding species.
It also has nearly the same distribution but is much less frequent and, in
fact, as I understand the plant, it would be restricted to our western prairie
area. Since almost all of my specimens were named by C. R. Ball, I am
using his determinations to show the distribution in Indiana.

After studying my specimens carefully and noting the habitats from
which they came, I have come to the conclusion that this species is merely
an ecological form of the preceding species. Griggs and Schaffner both
regard it as a variety of the preceding. This and the preceding species are
most common in White County and I have seen them growing side by side

* After the Flora was in page proof C. R. Ball wrote me that a restudy of my
specimens of willows shows that Salix subsericea (Anders.) Schneid. (Rhodora 11: 12.
1909) occurs in Indiana in Allen, Elkhart, Kosciusko, Lake, La Porte, and Starke
Counties.

364

Salicaceae

Salix

~M)

Map 750
Salix pedicellaris
var. hypoglauca Fern.

Map 751

Salix Candida Fliigge

o 50

Map 752

Salix adenophylla Hook

in a strictly prairie habitat, which fact might be used to support their
separation, but I am not able to find any constant structural difference.
Mass. to N. Dak., southw. to Fla., Tenn., e. Nebr. and e. S. Dak.

14. Salix Bebbiana Sarg. (Salix rostrata Richardson.) Bebb Willow.
Map 749. Rather frequent in the lake area and rare south of it.

Newf. to Alaska, southw. to N. J., Nebr., and Utah.

15. Salix pedicellaris Pursh var. hypoglauca Fern. (Salix pedicellaris
Pursh in part.) BOG Willow. Map 750. Infrequent in the lake area with
an outlying post in the Elliott's Mill Bog in Wayne County. It is a small
bog willow and usually found in sphagnum in tamarack bogs.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to N. J. ( ?) , Pa., 111., and Iowa.

16. Salix Candida Fliigge. Sage Willow. Map 751. This is an infre-
quent low willow in the bogs of the northern part of the lake area. It is
generally found with sedges, cranberry, and bog-rosemary.

Newf. and Que., southw. to N. Y. and Wis.

16a. Salix Candida var. denudata Anders. This variety differs from the
species in having narrower leaves, which are glabrate or glabrescent on
both sides, especially above, and sometimes glaucescent beneath. I have
only one specimen from a bog on the south side of Pigeon River about 2
miles east of Mongo, Lagrange County.

17. Salix adenophylla Hook. (Salix syrticola Fern. Rhodore 9: 225-
226. 1907.) (Schneider. Jour. Arnold Arb. 1: 158-160. 1920.) Glandleaf
Willow. Map 752. Formerly more or less frequent along Lake Michigan at
the base of the first dune on the side facing the beach. It is now nearly
extinct on account of the encroachments of civilization and the attacks of
the oyster-shell scale.

Lab. to James Bay, southw. to the Great Lakes, including Ohio, Ind.,
and Wis.

Comptonia

Myricaceae

365

o 50

Map 753

Salix cordata Muhl .

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

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glaucophylla E

) 50

Map 754
iebb

Map
Comptonia peregrina L.I Coulter

50
755

18. Salix cordata Muhl. Heartleaf Willow. Map 753. This willow is
infrequent throughout the lake area, becoming progressively less frequent
southward and probably entirely absent from the southwestern part. It pre-
fers a moist soil but does not demand a very wet soil such as is found in
bogs and marshes. Salix cordata var. angustata Anders, is a narrowleaf
form which I have from Wabash County. The species freely hybridizes and
I have several specimens of each of two of its hybrids, S. cordata ) : nigra
and S. cordata X sericea.

Newf. to B. C, southw. to Va., Mo., Colo., and Calif.

19. Salix glaucophylla Bebb. Blueleaf Willow. Map 754. Very local
except along the sides of the dune facing Lake Michigan where it is more
or less frequent. Away from the lake it is found in bogs and swamps. The
variety brevifolia Bebb, which has been reported by Peattie and by Pepoon,
is a shortleaf form which I do not regard as having any taxonomic
standing.

Eastern Que. to Alberta, southw. to N. B., Maine, and the Great Lakes.

57. MYRICACEAE Dumort. Bayberry Family
1874. COMPTONIA Banks

1. Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter. (Myrica asplenifolia L.) For a
discussion of the nomenclature see Rhodora 40: 408-412. 1938. Sweet-
FERN. Map 755. Infrequent to frequent or local in acid soils, sometimes
forming large colonies. It is a shrub mostly one and a half to two and a
half feet high and usually found in black, sandy soil in open places in pin
oak and black oak woods.

N. B. to Sask., southw. to N. C, Tenn., and Ind.

60. JUGLANDACEAE Lindl. Walnut Family

Pith of twigs chambered; staminate catkins thick, sessile or short-stalked; stamens
8-40, glabrous; nuts with a network of rough projections (in ours); husk not
splitting 1881. JuGLANS, p. 366.

Pith of twigs not chambered; staminate catkins slender, long-stalked; stamens 3-10,
pubescent; nuts more or less angled but smooth; husk splitting. . 1882. Carya, p. 367.

366

JUGLANDACEAE

Juglans

Juglans cinerea L.

1881. JUGLANS L. Walnut

Bark gray, ridges smooth; upper part of leaf-scar of last year's leaves with a mat of
hairs; pith dark brown; fruit oblong, husk viscid 1. /. cinerea.

Bark dark brown, ridges rough; upper part of leaf -scar of last year's leaves without
a mat of hairs; pith light brown; fruit orbicular to slightly elongate, husk not
viscid 2 - J ' ni 9 ra -

1. Juglans cinerea L. BUTTERNUT. Map 756. An infrequent tree
throughout the state and probably absent from Benton and Newton Coun-
ties. It is local in its distribution and generally only a few trees are found
in a locality. I have seen it only a few times as a frequent tree and then
only over small areas. Its preferred habitats are terraces and banks of
streams, but it is also found in ravines and rarely in tamarack bogs. It
rarely reaches a large size before the ends of the branches in the crown
die. This condition may be due to civilization, since I was told by a pioneer
that large trees were formerly to be found. Like the maple, the concen-
trated sap of this species produces sugar.

Valley of the St. Lawrence River to Nebr., southw. to the Gulf States.

2. Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut. Map 757. This species is prob-
ably a native of every county of the state. It is infrequent but well dis-
tributed in all parts of the state where it will grow. It will grow almost
anywhere and is a native in all kinds of soils except on the hills and in
the flats of the southern part and on the sand hills of the northern
part. It grew to a great size. A pioneer whose veracity was unquestioned,
told me that a tree 8 feet in diameter was cut near Bluffton, and 60 feet
of it was used as a "dugout" in which flour and other merchandise were
transported on the Wabash River from Murray to Huntington. He said
he knew of another walnut tree near Montpelier that was 9 feet in diameter.
It must be remembered that I have no data as to the height above the
ground at which these measurements were taken.

W. Mass., Out. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

Carya Juglandaceae 367

1882. CARYA Nutt. Hickory

The specimens representing a single species of Carya often vary greatly
in respect to the bark of both trunks and branches, size and pubescence of
branchlets, number and size of the leaflets, and size and shape of the nuts.
No attempt has been made to describe all of the extreme forms. Measure-
ments refer to dried specimens.

Bud scales 4 or 6, valvate; leaflets generally curved backward (falcate).
Nuts generally elongate, nearly terete; husk thin, splitting to the base; kernel

sweet; leaflets 9, 11, 13, 15 or 17, generally about 13 1. Carya Pecan.

Nuts generally as broad as long, compressed, irregularly angled and reticulate;
kernel bitter.
Winter buds dark reddish brown; leaflets 7, 9, 11 or 13; husk tardily splitting

to about the middle. (See excluded species no. 169, p. 1039.) C. aquatica.

Winter buds bright yellow, glandular; leaflets 5, 7 or 9 (11) ; husk usually splitting

to about the middle 2. C. cordiformis.

Bud scales 6 or more, imbricated (not in pairs); leaflets not curved backward.

A. Branchlets usually stout; terminal buds large, 10-27 mm long; the year's growth
usually more or less pubescent; dry husks of fruit (4) 5-10 mm thick; nuts
usually strongly angled.
Prevailing number of leaflets 5 (none of the leaves with more than 5, coppice

shoots might have more) 3. C. ovata.

Prevailing number of leaflets more than 5.

Trees of low ground; bark of young trees tight and light, that of older trees
scaly, separating into long, thin plates (see exception in text); leaf stalks
of leaves of the previous season usually persisting until spring (this char-
acter peculiar to this species); branchlets at first pubescent, generally
becoming glabrous or nearly so at maturity, light brown; nuts usually
large, compressed, generally angled, 3-6 cm long, wedge-shaped at the

base; kernel sweet and not at all astringent 4. C. laciniosa.

Trees usually of high ground; bark of young trees tight and dark, that of older
trees tight and usually deeply furrowed, the thick ridges generally broken
into short lengths which on very old trees sometimes loosen at the base;
leaf stalks of the leaves of the previous season not persisting; pubescence
of leaf stalks usually longer and denser than that of the preceding species,
and persisting longer, often of a rusty color; branchlets more or less pubes-
cent until maturity, reddish brown; nuts usually about half as large as the
preceding and usually with a rounded base; kernel very mildly astringent.. .

5. C. tomentosa.

A. Branchlets usually slender; terminal buds small, 5-12 mm long; the year's
growth usually glabrous, rarely pubescent; dry husk 1-4.5 mm thick.
B. Branchlets and leaves not covered with a rusty brown pubescence when they
first appear; dry husk 1-3 mm thick at thinnest point, rarely thicker.
Involucre of fruit 1-3 mm thick; winter buds glabrous or puberulous.

Prevailing number of leaflets 5, rarely 7; bark of trunk and branches tight;
fruit generally smooth and usually tapering at the base to a short stem
(figlike); husk not opening or splitting only above the middle; nut smooth,
the shell thick, about 1.5 mm thick at the thinnest point; kernel sweet,

mildly astringent 6. C. glabra.

Prevailing number of leaflets 7, rarely 5; bark of trunk and branches usually
somewhat scaly a few feet above the ground, sometimes scarcely at all
scaly; fruit granular, the sutures winged, rarely tapering at the base to a
short stem (figlike); husk usually splitting to the base; nut angled or

368

JUGLANDACEAE

Carya

1 io

Jan

Feb.

Mar.

Apr

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

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- B
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is (Wang

Map 759

) K.Koch

smooth, the shell thin, rarely thick, thinner than that of the preceding
species; kernel sweet without astringency.
C. Nuts ellipsoidal.

Inner surface of fresh husk without a resinous odor; nut rounded at base,

acute at apex, broadest about the middle 7. C. ovalis.

Inner surface of fresh husk with a resinous odor; nuts smaller and

usually more compressed than those of the preceding

7a. C. ovalis var. odorata.

C. Nuts obovoid or oblong.

D. Nuts taper-pointed or rounded at the apex, broadest above the middle.

Nut without an elongate or stipitate base 7b. C. ovalis var. obovalis.

Nut with an elongate or stipitate base

7c. C. ovalis var. obovalis f . acuta. '

D. Nuts oblong, cordate or subcordate at the apex.

Branchlets glabrous at fruiting time 7d. C. ovalis var. obcordata.

Branchlets more or less pubescent at fruiting time

7e. C. ovalis var. obcordata f. vestita.

Involucres 3-4.5 mm thick; winter buds reddish brown, at least the margins of

the scales pubescent 8. C. pallida.

B. Branchlets and leaves densely covered with a rusty brown pubescence when
they first appear; dry husk 3-3.5 mm thick 9. C. Buckleyi var. arkansana.

1. Carya Pecan (Marsh.) Engler & Graebner. (Carya illinoensis
(Wang.) K. Koch and Hicoria Pecan (Marsh.) Britt.) Pecan. Map
758. Infrequent or local in the Ohio River Bottoms as far east as Beth-
lehem, Clark County, up the Wabash River as far north as 4 miles south
of Covington, Fountain County, up White River into Greene County, and
known up the Muscatatuck River into Washington County. It was formerly
a common tree in Point Township of Posey County and in the southwest
part of Gibson County. Its habitat is river bottoms that are usually inun-
dated annually.

Mississippi Valley from Ind. to Iowa, southw. to La. and Tex.

2. Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch. (Hicoria cordiformis (Wang.)
Britt.) Bitternut Hickory. Generally known in Indiana as pignut
hickory. Map 749. An infrequent to frequent tree throughout the state.

Carya Juglandaceae 369

This species prefers a moist soil but will be found also on wooded slopes.

The species is variable in the number and size of its leaflets. The usual
number of leaflets is 5 or 7, but trees with 7 or 9 leaflets are frequent. The
leaflets of the greater number of trees rarely exceed 3.5 cm in width but
the lateral leaflets of some trees are more than twice as wide. Sargent calls
the wide-leaflet form var. latifolia Sarg. He says the under surface of
the leaflet is usually more pubescent. This is usually true but can not be
used as a character to separate the two forms. In Indiana, the forms with
wide leaflets are found in the southern half of the state, especially on the
wooded slopes of the hill country.

Valley of the St. Lawrence River to Nebr., southw. to the Gulf States.

3. Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. (Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britt.) Shag-
bark Hickory. Map 760. Infrequent to common in every county of the
state. Its habitat is moist, rich woodland but it is sometimes found on
slopes of hills. It is usually associated with red oak, bigleaf shagbark
hickory, swamp white oak, basswood, white ash, slippery elm, sugar maple,
beech, and sweet gum.

N. E., Ont. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

3a. Carya ovata var. fraxinifolia Sarg. (Sargent. Trees and Shrubs 2:
207. 1913.) This variety is described as "having leaflets lanceolate to
slightly oblanceolate, acuminate, thick and firm in texture, lustrous above,
pubescent along the midribs below, the terminal 1.4-1.5 dm long, from
4.4-5 cm wide, and raised on a slender puberulous petiolule, the lateral
leaflets asymmetric at the base, sessile, those of the lowest pair 7-9 cm long,
and 2.5-3 cm wide." Sargent referred specimens which I had collected from
Daviess, Martin, and Wells Counties to this variety.

3b. Carya ovata var. Nuttalli Sarg. (Sargent. Trees and Shrubs 2 : 207.
1913.) This variety is described as having "nut rounded, obcordate or
rarely pointed at apex, rounded or abruptly pointed at the base, much
compressed, prominently angled, about 1.5 cm long, and 1-1.2 cm thick;
involucre 4-10 mm thick and splitting freely to the base. Except in size
of the fruit there appears to be no character by which the variety can be
distinguished from the common Shagbark." This variety is more or less
frequent in the northeastern part of the state.

4. Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud. (Hicoria laciniosa (Michx. f.)
Sarg.) Bigleaf Shagbark Hickory. Map 761. Rare, infrequent or fre-
quent to common throughout the state, although there are no specimens
or records from the northwestern counties. I was told that it occurred in
the northern part of Porter County. It may be absent from a few of these
counties. This species grows in wet woodland and is usually associated
with the shagbark hickory. Locally it is common and throughout the Lower
Wabash Valley it is common. It is associated with many species that
inhabit wet woods and in one locality in the Spencer County Bottoms
southwest of Rockport I found this species and beech the dominant trees.

Exception : In the Lower Wabash Bottoms, there is a form of this hickory

370

JUGLANDACEAE

Carya

■

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept

Oct.

Nov.

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-4

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Dec. j-

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.arya

torn

entosa (La

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Map 762

id Nutt.

o ~^5o
Map 763

Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet

Map 764

Carya ovalis (Wang) Sarg.

that has a tight bark, like that of the mockernut hickory, otherwise it is
like the species. This form has the most palatable nut of the genus. The
nut is compressed, short, of more than medium size, and has the best
cracking quality of all the forms. I have known the nut of this form for
many years but I have not had the opportunity of working out the taxon-
omy of it. For many years we bought nuts from this area for table use,
and I was always able to recognize this nut without mistake.
N. Y., se. Ont., to e. Iowa, and se. Nebr., southw. to W. Va., Ala., and La.

5. Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt. (Carya alba (L.) K. Koch and Hicoria
alba (L.) Britt.) Mockernut. Map 762. Very rare in the northern
part of the state, becoming infrequent to frequent in the extreme southern
part. It is doubtful whether all reports from the northern part of the state
by other authors are authentic. It is essentially a tree of dry and usually
poor soil but it is found in the lowlands of the Lower Wabash Valley where
it is often associated with the preceding species. In the unglaciated area, it
is generally found associated with the pignut hickory, black and white
oaks, and often with the tulip tree.

E. Mass., sw. Ont., s. Mich, to se. Iowa, southw. to Fla. and Tex.

5a. Carya tomentosa var. subcoriacea (Sarg.) Palmer & Steyermark.
This variety is known from a single tree on the east bank of the cypress
swamp in the southwestern part of Posey County. For several years I
bought hickory nuts for table use from this area and nuts of this variety
were not infrequent in the lot. It is distinguished from the species by the
larger size and shape of the fruit and nut. The dried fruit is 5 cm long,
oblong. The nut is oblong, 4.4 cm long, pointed at both ends, or some nuts
are somewhat ovoid and more rounded at the base, little compressed, and
strongly angled ; shell very thick, 5 mm at the thinnest place ; kernel very
small and sweet.

6. Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet. (Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britt.) PIGNUT
Hickory. (Generally known in Indiana as black hickory.) Map 763.
This species is found principally in the southern half of the state. I think

Carya Juglandaceae 371

that most of the reports of it from the northern part of the state should
be referred to Carya ovalis or some of its many forms. One or more trees
grow on the high sand bank of the north side of Lake Ann, about 5 miles
northeast of Fremont, Steuben County. E. J. Palmer has verified the
determination. My record from Delaware County I am now referring to
Carya ovalis variety. This species and the next are entirely distinct, but
it is impossible to name correctly herbarium specimens which are incom-
plete, immature, or without field data. In collecting specimens of these two
species, it is desirable that a note be made whether the bark of the trunk
and principal branches is tight or somewhat scaly and whether the surface
of the fruit is smooth or granular. The prevailing number of leaflets also
should be recorded. Fruiting specimens should not be collected until
mature, usually after the first of October. Flowering specimens should
always be accompanied by a fruiting specimen from the same tree.

6a. Carya glabra var. megacarpa Sarg. (Sargent. Bot. Gaz. 66: 244.
1918.) This variety is distinguished from the type by its larger obovoid
fruit, 2.5-4.5 cm long and by the husk, 2.5-3 mm thick. I have a specimen
from Franklin County given this varietal name by Sargent.

Infrequent to common on hills with black and white oak. It is especially
common in the knobstone area of the state.

Vt., se. Ont., s. Ind. to sw. 111., southw. to Va., and in the mts. to Ga., n.
Ala., and e. Miss.

7. Carya ovalis (Wang.) Sarg. (Carya microcarpa Nutt. in part, and
Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britt.) Sm all-fruited Hickory. Map 764.
All of the varieties are shown on the map with the species. Found through-
out the state but infrequent to rare south of the lake area except on some of
the sandy ridges of the southwestern part. In the lake area it is usually
frequent to common on clay and sandy ridges with black and white oak.

This species is extremely variable in the character of the bark and in the
shape of its fruit and nuts. The bark is generally scaly on the principal
branches and on the trunk except near the base of the tree. It is usually
not thick but I know of one specimen in Lagrange County that has very
thick and tight bark. The nuts of this tree are almost cubical, but otherwise
the tree is typical Carya ovalis. The nuts vary from ellipsoidal to obovoid,
with the base acute or rounded, the apex acute, rounded or obcordate, little
or strongly compressed, the surface from nearly smooth to strongly ridged
or somewhat roughened.

Mass. to Wis., southw. to Ga., Ala., and Miss.

7a. Carya ovalis var. odorata (Marsh.) Sarg. This variety is separated
by the resinous odor of the inner surface of the fresh husk, but I have not
been able to test this character. I am referring to this variety my speci-
mens which Sargent so named. My specimens are all from the extreme
northeastern part of the state, from Allen, Grant, Lagrange, Steuben, and
Wells Counties.

Conn., Pa. to Mo.

372

JUGLANDACEAE

Carya

Map 765

Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn.

o ^30
Map 766

Carya Buckley? var. arkansana Sarg.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

r"
ml

5 /

L D

: D

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var.

k <j-^V Map 767
arpinus caroliniana Walt.

virginiana (MarshJ Fern.

7b. Carya ovalis var. obovalis Sarg. This form is probably found
throughout the state. It is associated with the species but less frequent.
Mass. to Va. and westw. to Mo.

7c. Carya ovalis var. obovalis f. acuta Sarg. I have this extreme form
from Steuben and Wells Counties. The Steuben County specimen is from
a native tree in Pokagon State Park and is placed with this form only
provisionally.

7d. Carya ovalis var. obcordata (Muhl.) Sarg. This variety is also
probably found throughout the range of the species and with it, but more
rarely.

Rehder gives the distribution as Ont. to Mich.

7e. Carya ovalis var. obcordata f. vestita Sarg. I collected the type
from a tree in Knox County. I also have a specimen from La Porte County
which I am calling this form.

8. Carya pallida (Ashe) Engler & Graebner. Map 765. One or more
trees in the Princeton fine sand on the terrace of the Wabash River about 4
miles south of Vincennes and half a mile north of the Duncan Siding of the
Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad. This tree is one of a few hickories
and oaks on a narrow strip of land about 100 feet wide on the west of the
railroad and east of the adjacent lowland. There are four hickory trees
here at this station and I have made complete collections from all but I
withhold their names until I can check my specimens by another collection
of them.

N. J. to Ga., westw. to La. and northw. in the Mississippi Valley to Ind.

9. Carya Buckleyi Durand var. arkansana Sarg. (Bot. Gaz. 66: 24.
1918.) Map 766. This hickory so far has been found only in Knox County.
I found one tree about 2 miles north of Decker and two trees about 4 miles
south of Vincennes in a strip of woods along the railroad just north of
the Duncan Siding.

Knox County. Ind., southw. in the Mississippi Valley to La. and Tex.

Carpinus

Betulaceae

373

Map 768

Ostrya virginiana (MillJ K.Koch

" 50

Map 769
Ostrya virginiana

f. glandulosa (Spach) Macbr.

61. BETULACEAE Agardh. Birch Family

Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, without a calyx; pistillate flowers

with a calyx; nut wingless.

Small trees; leaves ovate-oblong, lower surface generally with more than 6 pairs of

prominent veins; nuts 5-7 mm long.

Bark of tree smooth; trunk more or less grooved; lower large veins of leaves not

forked; staminate aments in winter enclosed in bud scales; nut exposed, its

subtending bract more or less irregularly 3-cleft 1884. Carpinus, p. 373.

Bark of older trees shreddy; trunk not grooved; lower large veins of leaves gen-
erally forked; staminate aments in winter naked; nut enclosed in a bladder-
like bract 1885. Ostrya, p. 373.

Shrubs; leaves ovate to nearly orbicular, the lower surface usually with 5 or 6

pairs of prominent veins; nuts 10-15 mm long 1886. Corylus, p. 374.

Staminate flowers 3-6 in the axil of each bract, with a calyx; pistillate flowers without
a calyx; nut winged.
Winter buds sessile; stamens 2; fruiting bract deciduous at the end of the season

when the nut escapes 1887. Bbtula, p. 374.

Winter buds stalked; stamens 4; fruiting bracts woody and persisting after the nuts
escape 1888. Alnus, p. 377.

1884. CARPINUS [Tourn.] L.

1. Carpinus caroliniana Walt. var. virginiana (Marsh.) Fern. (Rhodora
37:425. 1935.) (Carpinus caroliniana of Indiana authors.) Blue Beech.
Map 767. Often called water beech. Frequent to common throughout
the state in moist woodland. It prefers a moist, rich soil but has a
range of habitats in the state from the tamarack bog to the dry, black and
white oak slope. It is tolerant of shade. Having no commercial value,
it is regarded by foresters as a weed tree.

N. S. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to uplands of N. C. and Ark.

1885. OSTRYA [Micheli] Scop.

1. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. HOP-HORNBEAM. Map 768. In
Indiana this tree is generally called ironwood. The species or its form
is frequent to common in most parts of the state, although it is extremely

374

Betulaceae

Corylus

Map 771
Betula lutea var. macrolepis Fern.

Map 772

Betula populifolia Marsh.

D~ ~ 13
Map 773

Betula papyrifera Marsh.

rare in the Lower Wabash Valley. It prefers a dry soil, is of slow growth,
and since it has no commercial value in Indiana, it is regarded by foresters
as a weed tree.

N. S. to Man., southw. to Va., Ga., Tenn., Mo., and Okla.

la. Ostrya virginiana f. glandulosa (Spach) Macbr. (Field Mus. Nat.
Hist. Publ. Bot. Ser. 4: 192. 1929.) Map 769. This form has the branch-
lets, petioles, peduncles, and often the midrib and veins of the lower sur-
face of the leaves covered more or less with short, erect, reddish, glandular
hairs. The form is found with the species but is not as frequent and is
more northern in its distribution.

1886. CORYLUS [Town.] L.

1. Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut. Map 770. Infre-
quent to frequent throughout the state. It adapts itself to both moist and
dry soils but reaches its greatest size in the moist, black loam soils of the
northern part of the state.

Maine to Sask., southw. to Fla. and Okla.

1887. BETULA [Tourn.] L. Birch

Bark of small branches usually with some wintergreen flavor; leaves with 7-15,
usually Il-ll pairs of prominent veins, rounded, subcordate or narrowed at the
base; mature fertile catkins generally more than 10 mm in diameter, sessile.
Outer side of scales of fruiting catkins more or less pubescent.

Scales of fruiting catkins 5-8 mm long, basal part 1-2.5 mm long 1. B. lutea.

Scales of fruiting catkins 8-13 mm long, basal part 2.5-6 mm long

la. B. lutea var. macrolepis.

Outer side of scales of fruiting catkins glabrous. (See excluded species no. 173,

p. 1039.) B. lenta.

Bark of small branches usually bitter, without wintergreen flavor; leaves with 4-11,
usually 4-9, pairs of prominent veins, narrowed or truncate at the base; mature
fertile catkins less than 10 mm in diameter (sometimes more than 10 mm in
B. nigra), pedunculate.

Betula Betulaceae 375

Bark of trunk white, peeling in very thin strips; mature fruiting catkins drooping
or spreading; wings of fruit wider than the nut.
Trunk of tree with a darkened triangular area at the base of lateral branches;

leaves long-acuminate, lustrous above; staminate catkins usually solitary

2. B. populifolia.

Trunk of tree without a darkened area at the base of lateral branches; leaves

ovate, not lustrous above; staminate catkins usually 2 or 3. . .3. B. papyrifera.

Bark of trunk (tree or shrub) dark or reddish brown, not peeling off in thin strips

(flaking off in thick plates in B. nigra); fruiting catkins erect or nearly so;

wings of fruit narrower than the nut.

Bark of large specimens peeling or flaking; leaves triangular-ovate, widest below

the middle, mostly with 7-9 pairs of prominent veins; bracts of mature fruiting

catkins 6-10 mm long, densely pubescent; trees 4. B. nigra.

Bark tight; leaves oblong-ovate, elliptic, obovate, rarely ovate, mostly with 3-6

(7) pairs of prominent veins; bracts of mature fruiting catkins 4-7 mm long,

glabrous except the ciliate margins; shrubs or shrublike trees.

Blades generally with 3 or 4 pairs of distinct veins, 2-4 cm long on fruiting

branchlets, obovate, rounded at the apex, rarely short-acute, cuneate at

the base.

Leaves not glandular 5. B. pumila.

Leaves more or less glandular, glands usually plentiful on both sides

5a. B. pumila var. glandulifera.

Blades generally with 6 or 7 pairs of distinct veins, mostly 5-6 cm long on fruiting
branchlets, oblong-ovate, elliptic or rarely ovate, acute at the apex, mostly
rounded or subcordate at the base 6. X B. Ptirpusii.

1. Betula lutea Michx. f. (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) Yellow Birch.
After a careful study of my specimens, I believe they all belong to the
variety rather than to the species. Fernald (Rhodora 24: 170. 1922)
refers to two specimens of the species from Indiana.

Newf. to Man., southw. to Del., 111., and Minn, and in the mts. of N. C.
and W. Va.

la. Betula lutea var. macrolepis Fern. (Rhodora 24: 170. 1922.)
Yellow Birch. Map 771. This tree is found locally in the northern part
of the state and on the sides of two deep, rocky ravines about a mile
east of Taswell in Crawford County. In northern Indiana it apparently
is one of the chief species in the succession after tamarack and is asso-
ciated with white elm, red maple, black ash, and silver maple. All
of my northern specimens have a dark bark and I believe they all belong
to the dark bark form recently described by Fassett (Rhodora 34: 95.
1932) as Betula lutea Michx. f. forma fallax Fassett.

N. B. to Wis., southw. to Tenn. and 111.

2. Betula populifolia Marsh. Gray Birch. Map 772. The few trees
of this species found in Indiana are the remnants of a relic colony because
the nearest location of this species is three to four hundred miles to the
northeast. In 1911 I found a few trees in a dying condition on the border
of Fish-trap Lake near La Porte in La Porte County. I have a specimen
collected by Blatchley in Lake County (Ind. Geol. Rept. 22: 100. 1898).
He says: "Sand ridges west of Miller's; scarce." This species has been

376

Betulaceae

Betula

Map 774

Jetula nigra L.

Jan.

Feb.

Mor

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov

<f !

: .

IB '

B IU 8 D
F "F .1

f i (

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P

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etui

)umila L

1 50

Map 775

Map 776

Alnus incana var. amencana Reqel

reported from St. Joseph and Tippecanoe Counties also, but these records
may be based upon planted trees.

N. S. to s. Ont, southw. to Del. and Pa. and a relic colony in Ind.

3. Betula papyrifera Marsh. (Betula alba L. var. papyrifera (Marsh.)
Spach.) Paper Birch. Map 773. This is a far northern species and is
found in Indiana only in the counties shown on the map. There are a few
small colonies of it and it grows in rather moist, sandy soil.

Newf. to Alaska, southw. to n. Pa., cent. Mich., n. Ind., n. Wis., e. Nebr.,
and Wyo.

4. Betula nigra L. River Birch. Map 774. More or less frequent in
all the counties bordering the Kankakee River, on the south side of Cedar
Lake, Lake County, on the east shore of Lake of the Woods in Marshall
County, along the Tippecanoe River in White County, and more or less
frequent along some of the streams of the southwestern part of the state.
It is a common tree in a few places in the "flats" of Jackson and Scott
Counties.

Mass. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

5. Betula pumila L. Dwarf Birch. Map 775. Restricted to the lake
area where it is found in bogs and marshes. Infrequent to rare. It is to
be noted that the under surface of the leaves of all of my specimens is
glaucous.

Newf. to Wis., southw. to N. J., Ohio, and Ind.

5a. Betula pumila var. glandulifera Regel. The variety differs from
the species in that the young branchlets, leaves, and bracts are covered
more or less with glandular dots or resinous glands. In our area, the dis-
tinction is not always clear since in the same clump of shrubs one can
often find some densely resinous specimens and others with only a minute
amount of resin.

Ont. to Sask., southw. to Ind., and to se. Minn.

6. X Betula Purpusii Schneider. (Betula lutea X pumila var. ylanduli-

Alnus

Betulaceae

377

Map 777
Alnus rugosa (Ehrh.) Spreng.

Map 778

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh,

Map 779

Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.

fera.) This is a natural hybrid. I found it in a tamarack bog about a
fourth of a mile north of Mineral Springs Stop on the South Shore Elec-
tric Line, in Porter County and in a marsh about two and a half miles
northwest of Porter in the same county.

The general range is unknown. Known to occur in Mich., Ind., and
Minn.

1888. ALNUS [Tourn.] Hill. Alder

Leaves broadly elliptic to ovate, mostly rounded at the base, acute at the apex, margins
doubly serrate (that is, the 9-13 primary veins ending in the apices of large teeth
which in turn are finely serrate), glaucous, glaucescent, or green beneath, deeply
impressed-nerved above, not noticeably glutinous beneath ; shrubs or small trees . . .
1. A. incana var. americana.

Leaves obovate, acute at the base, generally more or less rounded at the apex, some-
times acute, margins finely and nearly evenly serrate, green and sometimes notice-
ably glutinous beneath, usually not impressed-nerved above but sometimes so;
shrubs 2. A. ragosa.

1. Alnus incana (L.) Moench var. americana Regel. (Alnus incana of
Gray, Man., ed. 7 and of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Speckled
Alder. Map 776. Frequent in low ground about sloughs in the dunes near
Lake Michigan and rare to very rare elsewhere in low woods or in low
ground along streams. All of my specimens have the leaves more or
less glaucous beneath and more or less pubescent, at least on the principal
veins.

Newf. to Sask., southw. to Pa., Iowa, and Nebr.

2. Alnus rugosa (Ehrh.) Spreng. (Almis rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng. of
Gray, Man., ed. 7, Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, and Deam,
Shrubs of Indiana, ed. 2.) Hazel Alder. Map 777. Locally in colonies
but rare to infrequent in the parts of the state where it is found. It
inhabits springy places in woodland or in the open. Its habitat and asso-
ciates indicate that it requires a slightly acid soil.

Maine to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

378 Fagaceae Fagus

62. FAGACEAE Drude. The Beech Family

Winter buds long and slender, at least 4 times as long as wide; staminate flowers in

globose heads on drooping peduncles; nuts sharply 3-angled. .1890. Fagus, p. 378.

Winter buds not long and slender and less than 4 times as long as wide; staminate

flowers in slender catkins; nuts not as above.

Staminate catkins erect or spreading; nut flattened on one or two sides and enclosed

in a prickly husk 1891. Castanea, p. 378.

Staminate catkins drooping; nuts not flattened, seated in a scaly, woody cup

1893. Quercus, p. 379.

1890. FAGUS [Tourn.J L. Beech

1. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. American Beech. Map 778. Found in
every county of the state except probably Benton, Jasper, and Newton
Counties. It is a frequent to common tree throughout the lake and Tipton
Till Plain areas on the ridges and hills unless these are sandy or a hard
clay when they will be covered more or less with black and white oaks
and hickories. In the unglaciated area it is also frequent to common but
is usually found in the coves or on low hills. The higher hills with their
poorer soil are usually covered with oaks and hickories. In the "flats"
of the Illinoian drift it is found in low, flat woods where it is the
principal species, associated with sweet gum, black gum, red maple, and
oaks. Its most constant associate in the northern and central part of the
state is the sugar maple.

N. S., s. Ont. to Wis., southw. to the Gulf States and Tex.

la. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. f. pubescens Fern. & Rehd. This is a
form with the entire under surface of the leaves more or less pubescent.
It is to be noted that the leaves of none of our specimens are entirely
glabrous beneath but generally have the principal veins covered with long
hairs. This form is found throughout Indiana with the species.

The bark of the beech is usually smooth but sometimes a tree is found
that has the bark of the lower part of the trunk broken into ridges and
furrows. Usually the ridges are not continuous but in sections of a few
inches in length.

1891. CASTANEA [Tourn.] Hill. Chestnut

1. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. American Chestnut. Map
779. The chestnut is restricted to the part of the state indicated on the
map. It is found usually on sandstone outcrops and is usually local. In
1936 it was reported from Ripley County by Dorothy Parker. On account
of its excellent qualities for shingles, posts, and poles, the large trees have
all been cut. It is especially valuable for its timber and nuts, but its use
as a forest tree will be curtailed because the chestnut blight has already
appeared in a few places in Indiana.

Maine, s. Ont., and Mich., southw. to Del., and in the mts. to Ala.
and Ark.

Quercus Fagaceae 379

1893. QUERCUS [Tourn.] L. Oak

[Dyal, Sarah C. A key to the species of oaks of Eastern North America
based on foliage and twig characters. Rhodora 38 : 53-63. 1936.]

Note: In collecting leaf specimens of oaks for identification, it should
be kept in mind that the foliage is variable. The leaves of seedlings,
coppice shoots, and vigorous shoots of old trees sometimes vary con-
siderably in size, form, and margin. Leaves in the shade on old trees
usually have the margins more nearly entire than the typical leaves. For
example, on the lower and inner branches of a pin oak, leaves may be
found whose lobes are not as long or longer than the undivided portion
of the leaf, and this character refers them to the red oak group. In the
case of Q. bicolor and Q. lyrata, while the pubescence of the under surface
of the leaves is normally a white or gray tomentum, the shade leaves
may be without the tomentum and may be green and merely pubescent.

Mature leaves never with bristle tips; fruit maturing the first year; inner surface of
shell of nut glabrous; bark gray (except in no. 5), more or less scaly. (The White
Oaks.)
Leaves glaucous and glabrous beneath at maturity (rarely a specimen retaining its

pubescence until maturity) 1. Q. alba.

Leaves generally covered beneath with a dense, gray tomentum, often accompanied
by some long, simple or fascicled hairs, rarely the tomentum lacking on the
leaves of lower branches and then the surface more or less densely pubescent,
rarely a specimen with leaves pubescent only on the principal veins.
Primary lateral veins of the lower surface of the leaves regularly spaced or some
of the leaves with an irregular spacing; margins rather regularly sinuate-
dentate or with irregular shallow lobes in no. 3.
Shrubs; leaf blades mostly 5-10 cm long; teeth of blades usually fewer than 8 to

a side; fruit sessile 2. Q. prinoides.

Trees; leaf blades mostly more than 10 cm long; teeth of blades mostly more than

8 to a side (except blades from the top of some trees of Q. Muhlenbergii) .

Lower surface of leaves mostly with 4-10 pairs of lateral veins; veins of most

of the leaves not all ending in teeth of the margin; blades usually not

bilaterally symmetrical; fruit on peduncles longer than the petioles; one

year old branches never corky 3. Q. bicolor.

Lower surface of leaves mostly with 7-12 pairs of veins; veins all ending in
teeth of the margin; leaves essentially bilaterally symmetrical.
Apex of leaves of fruiting branches sharp-pointed, the sides of the apex

usually forming an acute angle; fruit sessile or nearly so

4. Q. Muhlenbergii.

Apex of leaves of fruiting branches rounded or, if sharp-pointed, the angle
formed by the sides rarely an acute angle; fruit peduncled.
Leaves dark green above and generally velvety-pubescent to the touch
beneath; scales of cup free to the base; bark like that of white oak;

trees of low ground 5. Q. Prinus.

Leaves yellowish green and generally densely pubescent beneath but the
pubescence not velvety to the touch; scales of cup free only at the
tip; bark like that of the red oak; trees of high ground, usually on the

crests and slopes of sandstone and knobstone ridges in Indiana

6. Q. montana.

Primary lateral veins of the lower surface of the leaves not regularly spaced;
leaves deeply lobed or pinnatifid.
Branchlets densely pubescent; leaves strongly obovate in outline; blades mostly
less than 15 cm long, cut into 5 principal lobes, the two upper lateral lobes

380 Fagaceae Quercus

the largest and widest; the under surface usually yellow green and more or
less densely pubescent with fascicled hairs, rarely with some tomentum, the
upper surface often with straggling hairs; nuts mostly less than 12 mm in

diameter at maturity 7. Q. stellata.

Branchlets glabrous at the end of the season or only sparsely pubescent; leaves

mostly obovate in outline, rarely oblong, cut into 5-9 lobes; blades white- to

gray-tomentose beneath, or those of lower branches often green and

pubescent beneath; nuts more than 12 mm in diameter.

Upper scales of cup awned, forming a fringe about the cup; blades mostly

1-2.5 dm long, generally deeply lobed or pinnatifid; nuts very large, rarely

nearly covered by the cup; vigorous one year old branches sometimes

corky 8. Q. macrocarpa.

Upper scales of the cup not awned but sometimes the upper scales forming
a ragged rim about the top, which should not be mistaken for awned
scales; nut usually covered or almost so by the cup; leaves generally

much smaller than those of the preceding species 9. Q. lyrata.

Mature leaves with bristle tips; fruit maturing the second year; inner surface of shell
of nut tomentose; bark dark, tight, and furrowed. (The Black Oaks.)

Leaves entire (rarely a seedling or coppice shoot with some toothed leaves)

10. Q. imbricaria.

Leaves more or less deeply lobed, the lobes and teeth conspicuously bristle-pointed.

Mature leaves smooth beneath, except for tufts of hairs in the principal axils (rarely

some of the leaves of no. 16 glabrous).

Lateral lobes of all leaves (measured along the upper side from the tip to the

base of the sinus) about as long as, or slightly longer than, the undivided

portion of the blade.

Cup flat on the bottom, shallow (saucer-shaped); blades not lustrous above. . . .

11. Q. borealis var. maxima.

Cup rounded on the bottom.

Scales at the top of the cup closely appressed. (Should be sought in Indiana.)

Q. borealis.

Scales at the top of the cup loosely imbricated, their free tips forming
a fringelike border; terminal buds large, grayish-pubescent, generally

somewhat 4-sided; blades lustrous above 12. Q. velutina.

Lateral lobes of leaves (measured along the upper side from the tip to the base
of the sinus) usually much longer than the undivided portion of the blade
(lower leaves of no. 14 often not cut so deeply); blades lustrous above.
Cup flat or only slightly convex on the bottom, shallow (saucer-shaped),
usually covering about a fourth of the nut.

Cup thin, usually less than 1.6 cm broad 13. Q. palustris.

Cup thick, more than 1.6 cm broad (fruit resembling that of no. 11)

14. Q. Shumardii.

Cup strongly convex on the bottom, usually covering more than a fourth to

about half of the nut.

Scales at the top of the cup loosely imbricated, their free tips forming

a fringelike border, generally gray-pubescent all over, never tuberculate

on the back; inner bark yellow; buds large, 4-sided, gray-pubescent....

12. Q. velutina.

Scales at the top of the cup all closely appressed (in dried specimens some-
times becoming more or less loose) ; buds generally glabrous or nearly
so, generally not so large and rarely 4-sided; lower scales usually
glabrous but the upper generally pubescent.

Cup covering a fourth to a third of the nut

14a. Q. Shumardii var. Schneckii.

Cup covering about half of the nut.

Inner bark yellowish or orange; nut generally ellipsoidal; kernel of nut
yellowish or orange and very bitter 15. Q. ellipsoidalis.

Quercus

Fagaceae

381

Map 780

Quercus alba L.

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

^C L B 31

J d m

-I

L k

Dec.£

1
1 '

/ Miles

uercus f

~}K Yo

v* Map 781
rinoides Willd.

Map 782

Quercus bicolor Willd.

Inner bark reddish or gray; nut generally ovoid; scales glossy and

glabrous or nearly so; kernel white and not very bitter

16. Q. coccinea.

Mature leaves more or less pubescent on the whole under surface.

Leaves drooping, grayish or yellowish pubescent beneath; blades variously lobed,
specimens usually having some falcate lobes; rarely specimens with 3-lobed
leaves, this form more common on small trees or coppice shoots; scales of
cup with a reddish brown border; nut enclosed for about a third of its length.

17. Q. falcata.

Leaves brownish or rusty-pubescent beneath, sometimes appearing grayish;

scales of cup without a dark border; nut enclosed for about half its length.

Blades expanded at the apex, and generally with only three lobes; mature

twigs generally scurfy-pubescent 18. Q. marilandica.

Blades with more than three lobes; mature twigs generally glabrous

12. Q. velutina.

1. Quercus alba L. White Oak. Map 780. This species is found in
every county of Indiana. Knowing this fact, I have not tried to preserve
specimens from every county, but have tried to secure a series of the
widely varying forms. The leaves vary greatly in their lobing, especially
in the depth to which the blade is cut. We have some specimens in
which the width of the blade between the lobes is only 5 mm. In others,
the lobes are shallow and the uncut part of the blade is 30-40 mm wide.
The lower surface of the blades is glaucous and entirely glabrous at ma-
turity. My Starke County specimen, which is pubescent over nearly the
entire lower surface, is an exception. The nuts vary from 10-30 mm long.

It is found throughout the state except in low, wet grounds.

Maine, s. Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

la. Quercus alba f. latiloba (Sarg.) Palmer & Steyermark. I am in-
cluding with the species this form with the blades cut less than half way
to the midrib. This form is more abundant in the northern part of the
range of the species.

X Quercus Beadlei Trelease. So named by William Trelease. Probably
a hybrid between Quercus alba and Quercus Prinus. I found a large tree

382 Fagaceae Quercus

standing in a field about 3 miles east of Medora, Jackson County. It has
been found in Lawrence County by Kriebel and in Knox County by
Friesner.

X Quercus Deamii Trelease. This is believed to be a hybrid between
Quereus alba and Quercus Muhlenbergii. A tree was discovered in a woods
about 4 miles northwest of Bluffton, by L. A. Williamson and his son, E. B.
Williamson. About a third of an acre of ground on which this tree stands
was bought and donated to the state. The tree has borne viable nuts and
seedlings have been planted in the space about the tree to perpetuate it.
Graft wood has been distributed so that the identity of the tree will be
preserved.

X Quercus Fernowii Trelease. This is evidently a hybrid between Quer-
cus alba and Quercus stellata. A tree was found by Carl M. Carpenter on
a wooded ridge along Fire Lane 9 in the Brown County State Forest about
10 miles southeast of Nashville, Brown County.

X Quercus Jackiana Schneider. This is evidently a hybrid between Quer-
cus alba and Quercus bicolor. I found a specimen of this form in the woods
of J. M. Hopper about 2 miles northeast of Onward, Cass County. There
is another in the Deam Arboretum at Bluffton, Indiana, where it grew
from Indiana seed planted there.

2. Quercus prinoides Willd. Dwarf Chinquapin Oak. Map 781. I
found this shrub in Elkhart County while inspecting the Cooley Lake
Club land in company with T. E. Shaw and Glenn B. Banks. The woods
is about 6 miles northeast of Elkhart and about a quarter of a mile south
of the Michigan state line. The shrub was plentiful in the north part of
a cut-over woods in the southeast quarter of section 10 where it was
growing in very sandy soil with black oak and white oak. I was not able
to ascertain how widely it is distributed. This species has been reported
from Cass County in Michigan which joins Elkhart County on the north.

Maine to Minn., southw. to N. C. and Tex.

3. Quercus bicolor Willd. Swamp White Oak. Map 782. This species
is more or less frequent throughout the state although there are no reports
from Benton, Jasper, and Newton Counties. In the northern part of the
state, it is usually found on a "gumbo" hardpan soil associated most com-
monly with pin oak. In the southern part of the state in the "flats," it is
found in hard, white clay soil with pin oak and swamp chestnut oak.

Maine, s. Ont. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Ark.

X Quercus Schuettei Trelease. This is believed to be a hybrid between
Quercus bicolor and Quercus macrocarpa. This hybrid is known from a
specimen collected by R. M. Kriebel from a single tree in Lawrence County.

4. Quercus Muhlenbergii Engelm. Chinquapin Oak. Map 783. In
northern Indiana this species is called sweet oak. Infrequent to rare in
all parts of the state although Hill's report from Lake County is the

Quercus

Fagaceae

383

o 50

Map 783

Quercus Muhlenbergii Engelm.

Map 784

Quercus Prinus L.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

-I

-hM

I 1

Dec.f-

D B
10 ISO

D 5 1

K >

TBT7~nD

y Miles

J D

Quercus

jA p 7
montana

3 50

Map 785
Wild.

only one from the northwestern part. It is generally found on the dry
banks of streams, river terraces, rocky, wooded bluffs, and only rarely in
level, moist woods.

Vt., s. Ont. to Wis., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

5. Quercus Prinus L. (Quercus Michauxii Nutt.) Swamp Chestnut
Oak. Map 784. This species is restricted to low, flat woods of the southern
part of the state. It is local in the southwestern part although it forms
about 20 per cent of the stand in a few of the woods along Prairie Creek
in Daviess County. It is more frequent in the "flats" of the southeastern
part of the state where it is associated with sweet gum, red maple, and
pin oak.

Del., s. Ind. to Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

6. Quercus montana Willd. (Quercus Prinus of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and
Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Chestnut Oak. Map 785. In
Indiana this species is restricted to the area indicated on the map where
it is found on the ridges and slopes of sandstone and of knobstone. Where
it is found it is usually the dominant tree.

Maine, n. shore of Lake Erie to w. cent. Ind., southw. to Ga. and Ala.

7. Quercus stellata Wang. Post Oak. Map 786. This species is, for
the most part, restricted to the southwestern part of the state. In the
unglaciated area it is found mostly on the crests of ridges with black
oak. West of this area it is found in bottom land along the Little Pigeon
Creek and in the southwestern part of Posey County on the higher
bottoms. It is generally associated with white and black oak, winged
elm, and mockernut hickory. In this area, it is also found sparingly on
some sandy ridges.

In 1932, I found a single tree about 9 inches in diameter on the slope
of the high, gravelly bank of Big Wea Creek about 4 miles southwest
of Lafayette. It has been reported from Lake and Porter Counties but

384

Fagaceae

Quercus

1
1

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

-r 1 1

-i

Dec £

> ' —

B D

■ o j b K7

T~ Bo . *

J Miles

B /o j

wet*

> i'jj ^,

uerc

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illate "A

Map 786
ang.

Map 787

Quercus macrocarpa Michx

Map 788

Quercus I y rat a Walt.

Buhl (Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci. 5: 10. 1934), in his Supplement to Pepoon,
Flora of the Chicago Region, deletes these reports.

Mass. to Ind. and s. Iowa, southw. to Fla., Okla., and Tex.

8. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Bur Oak. Mossycup Oak. Map 787.
Doubtless occurring in every county of the state, although it may be very
rare in some of the hilly counties of the unglaciated area. This species is
generally found in wet places in woods and along streams. It is a pioneer
tree in the prairie counties where it grows both in low ground and on high
ground and even on sandy ridges. In the prairie area it sometimes forms
pure stands. I have noted it as a common tree in areas that undoubtedly
were formerly prairies in Kosciusko, Lagrange, Noble, and Steuben
Counties.

N. S. to Man., southw. to Ga., Tex., and Wyo.

8a. Quercus macrocarpa var. olivaeformis (Michx. f.) Gray. This
variety is distinguished from the typical form by its shallow cup and
the long, oval nut which is often 3 cm long. The cup is semi-hemispheric
and encloses the nut for about half its length. It is rare. I have speci-
mens from Wells County, and it has been reported from Gibson and
Hamilton Counties.

X Quercus Hillii Trelease. This is believed to be a hybrid between Qn< r-
cus macrocarpa and Quercus Muhlenbergii. A single tree was found by Hill
near Roby, Indiana. I report this on the authority of Sargent. I have a
duplicate specimen but I believe it is only a specimen of the bur oak. I
question the determination of this specimen because the last named parent
of the hybrid does not occur there or, if it does, it is extremely rare.

9. Quercus lyrata Walt. Overcup Oak. Map 788. This species is very
local in the southwestern counties where it grows about river sloughs and
in swamps and low, wet woods. Its habitat is usually inundated each -year.
I have not seen it common except in a low woods along Prairie Creek about
5 miles northwest of Montgomery in Daviess County. Here it is associated

Quercus

Fagaceae

385

I
I

"Hdp

mill

S »D

Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.

D
DP

^B 1 B

May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov

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Map 789

Quercus imbricaria Michx.

o 35

Map 790

Quercus boreal is var.

maxima (Marsh.) Ashe,

Map 791

Quercus velutina Lam,

with the swamp chestnut oak. In 1931, on the bank of Slim Pond (an
old river channel) in Posey County, I measured a specimen that was 56
inches in diameter at breast height, and had a clear bole of about 12 feet.
Clapp writes he saw it in the vicinity of New Albany.
Md. to Iowa, southw. to Fla. and Tex.

10. Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak. Map 789. Found spar-
ingly throughout the state. In some places it is very local and in a few
areas it is frequent and locally abundant. Usually it is a tree of low ground
and in some places in prairie habitats, it seems to be the pioneer tree species.
In the Patoka bottoms it is usually a frequent to common tree in ground
just a little higher than where the pin oak grows. On high ground it is
usually closely associated with the black oak.

Pa., Mich, to Nebr., southw. to Ga. and Ark.

X Quercus exacta Trelease. This is believed to be a hybrid between
Quercus imbficaria and Quercus palustris. I found a single tree in Posey
County.

X Quercus Leana Nutt. This seems to be a hybrid between Quercus
imbricaria and Quercus velutina. I collected it in Lawrence County and
Lake County. I also have a specimen collected by Ralph M. Kriebel from
a tree in Lawrence County. Recently Kriebel has collected it in Knox
County.

11. Quercus borealis Michx. var. maxima (Marsh.) Ashe. (Quercus
rubra of Gray, Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.)
Red Oak. Map 790. This oak is infrequent to frequent throughout the
state and even common in some parts. It may be entirely absent from
Benton, Newton, and possibly Lake Counties and is rare or absent in the
Lower Wabash Valley. While our map shows no specimens from the
southwestern part of the state, there are reports from that part and I
have seen it growing there. The paucity of specimens of this and other
species of oak is due to the fact that oaks do not produce fruit every

386

Fagaceae

Quercus

Map 792

Quercus palustris Muench.

Map 793

Quercus Shumardii Buckley

Feb.

—

Mar.
Apr.

J r

May
June

July

V*-i

<j —

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.
Nov.

- i

Dec f— -

U Miles

£c^A5 vX < v r^-v , Map 794

Quercus ellipsoidalis E.J.Hill

year. To make a good specimen it is necessary to secure a branchlet that
has grown in the sun with its leaves and mature fruit. This oak, in most
of its area, grows on low ground but sometimes it is found on high ground
with white and black oak and on the bluffs of streams.
N. S. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

12. Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak. Map 791. This species is
without doubt found in every county of the state. In abundance, it ranks
next to white oak, with which it is generally associated, except in very
poor soil where it will be the only species or associated with post and
chestnut oaks. It prefers a dry soil and is generally found on sandy and
clayey ridges.

Maine, s. Ont., s. Iowa, s. Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

13. Quercus palustris Muench. Pin Oak. Map 792. Infrequent to
common in all parts of the state. It may be absent from Benton County.
It is found only in wet habitats and prefers a hard, compact, clay soil
with little drainage. It is locally frequent to common in the northern part
of the state and in the southern part it is abundant in the lowlands along
streams and grows to great size in the low woods along the Patoka River.
It is also locally common in the "flats" in the southeastern part of the
state.

In Indiana there are trees with two very distinct kinds of nuts. The
common form has a large nut which is depressed at the top. The other has
a much smaller, ovoid nut with a conical apex. I have this form from
Pike and Wells Counties.

Mass., sw. Ont., Mich., to Iowa, southw. to Va. and Okla.

14. Quercus Shumardii Buckley. SHUMARD Red Oak. Map 793.
Probably frequent throughout the state where its habitat occurs. Ralph

M. Kriebel in 1937 studied its distribution in relation to its habitats in
different soil types and found it in sixty-four counties and I am indebted
to him for this information. He, however, was unsuccessful in Benton

Quercus Fagaceae 387

and in several other counties in the northwestern part of the state. Since
several authentic collections have been made in southern Michigan, it is
believed to grow in most of our counties.

In southern Indiana it is found in well-drained bottom land along streams
and on the slopes of flood plain terraces. In the general area of the
Wisconsin glaciations it is not found along water courses but mostly in
swampy areas on the general levels, especially in soil of the Crosby and
Brookston series.

This oak, together with its variety, the Schneck oak, and the red oak,
are often found growing together. They look similar and thus are often
confused but can easily be separated by studying the leaves, buds, and
fruit.

The leaves of red oak are dull dark green above, cut less than halfway
to the midrib, 7-11-lobed, sinuses wide at the top, and the axils of the
under surface have no tufts of hairs. The cup is saucer-shaped and flat
on the bottom.

The leaves of the Schneck and Shumard oaks are lustrous above, cut
more than halfway to the midrib, 5-7-lobed, the lobes slightly converging
at the top, with tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins beneath. These
two oaks differ, however, in the shape of the cups of the fruit. The
cup of the Shumard oak is gray and flat on the bottom while that of the
Schneck oak is rounded and deeper and the scales tinged reddish brown.

The terminal buds of the Shumard and Schneck oaks are generally gray-
ish, somewhat compressed and acute at the apex while those of the red
oak are generally blunt at the apex, smaller, shiny, and reddish brown.

The bark of the red oak has the furrows continuous, the plates wide
and gray while the bark of the Schneck and Shumard oaks is dark and the
furrows broken.

Atlantic States from s. Pa. to Fla., following the Gulf States to Tex.
and up the Mississippi Valley to Iowa, s. Mich., and Ind.

14a. Quercus Shumardii var. Schneckii (Britt.) Sarg. (Quercus texana
Buckl. in part and Quercus Schneckii Britt.) Schneck Red Oak.

This variety differs from the type in its deep cup which is strongly
convex on the bottom. The nuts are usually smaller than those of the
type or those of the red oak. The variety in its characteristic form is
easily separated from the type but there are intermediate forms in Indiana
that can be called either the species or the variety. If this fact is kept
in mind, controversies over determinations of this group may be avoided.

Southern Ala., La. to Tex., northw. in the Mississippi Valley to Wells
County, Ind.

15. Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill. Jack Oak. Map 794. The distribu-
tion of this species in Indiana is not known. It is very difficult to identify
in the field unless one is familiar with it because it is easily confused with
the scarlet and black oaks. I have specimens from the type tree, from a
tree in Lagrange County, and from one in White County. In 1938 R. M.
Kriebel made a study of its distribution in Indiana and found it through-

388

Fagaceae

Quercus

T 1 1

Jan.

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Od.

Nov.

n y-

i ,fi

-I

—\ i n

J ~r

r 1

■

Dec. t

T '

K f ~~f

l D s —

J Miles

ercu

5 C(

ccinea M

3 50
Map 795

uench.

Jan.
Feb.
Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov

-4:

^-T"

r 1

Dec j-

i
i ' —

D L_

y Miles

r* p

/^B J

* cv

3uercus

ilcata rv

Map 796

ichx.

Jan.

Feb

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

-■ —

—I

i 1

- i

r -

Dec.f—

■ ' —

:o r
( B 1

B~7

t/ Miles

D P

rJ "

B X J
DID

1 D

Quercus

l o 15\ 7
J 1 /^ v^y

marilandica

Map 797

Muench.

out northwestern Indiana and in the northern tier of counties. Hill re-
ported it as locally frequent in Lake County, especially near Liverpool. Ac-
cording- to Hill, the tree is found on sandy and clayey uplands. Andrews'
report from Monroe County may safely be ignored.

Higgins Lake, Mich, to se. Minn., southw. to nw. Ind. and nw. Mo.

16. Quercus coccinea Muench. Scarlet Oak. Map 795. This species
is local and, no doubt, has a wider range than the map indicates. It is
so often confused with the black oak that all records for it must be care-
fully checked. It is always intimately associated with black oak and is
found in poor soil mostly on the crests of ridges. I believe it has its mass
distribution in the unglaciated area, and outside of that it is a rare and
local tree.

Maine, s. Ont. to s. Nebr., southw. to N. C, Ala., and Ark.

16a. Quercus coccinea var. tuberculata Sarg. This variety differs from
the typical form in that the back of the scales is prominently thickened
below the middle of the turbinate cup. The upper row of scales is thin
and forms a distinct marginal ring. This form has been found in Lawrence
and Vanderburgh Counties.

Mass. to Ind., southw. to Tenn. and Ala.

17. Quercus falcata Michx. (Quercus rubra of some recent authors
and of Sudworth's Check List of the trees of the United States. 1927.)
Map 796. All of our forms are shown on one map. The leaves of this
species are extremely variable and this fact has led authors to divide
it into two species and several forms. Trelease (The American oaks. Mem.
Nat. Acad. Sci. 20: 201. 1924) recognized 14 forms of this species. For
the benefit of those who wish to try to separate the species into groups
1 am giving a brief key for a few of the forms that occur in Indiana.

Leaves all obovate, usually expanded above the middle into 2 lateral lobes and 1

terminal, rather rounded lobe 17a. Q. falcata f. triloba.

Leaves not all obovate, most of them with more than 3 lobes, the lobes mostly acute.

Quercus Fagaceae 389

Blades mostly 3-7-lobed, the lobes irregular and more or less strongly falcate.

Pubescence of lower surface of blades whitish; blades of leaves from the lower

branches not conspicuously different from those of the upper branches

17. Q. falcata.

Pubescence of the lower surface of blades brownish; leaves of the lower branches
conspicuously different from those of the upper ones, those of the upper
branches broader at the apex than those of the next variety; leaves of the

lower branches slightly obovate, and usually 7-lobed

17b. Q. falcata var. leucophylla.

Blades mostly 5-11-lobed, the lobes more regular and mostly acute, the blades mostly
12-25 cm long and 8-15 cm wide, usually very much less falcate than those of

the species; pubescence of lower surface of leaves whitish to grayish

17c. Q. falcata var. pagodaefolia.

17. Quercus falcata Michx. Southern Red Oak. In 1910, for four
days I followed timber cutters who were making ties in Posey County.
They favored me by cutting trees of this species which I had marked.
This gave me the opportunity to study the leaves of the trees from the
bottom to the top. This study convinced me that the species is polymorphic
as to leaf form. I have found no difference in the fruit of the many forms.
It is true that the three-lobed form (f. triloba) is the prevailing form on
high ground and on sandy ridges.

This oak is restricted to the southern part of the state. In Clark and
Jefferson Counties it is locally frequent in the "flats" where it is usually
associated with beech, sweet gum, and black gum. In Harrison and Wash-
ington Counties I found it on high ground associated with black and post
oaks. In the western part of Gibson and Posey Counties it becomes fre
quent and it is associated with the low ground oaks and hickories.

Along the Atlantic coast from Pa. to Fla., along the Gulf States to
Tex. and up the Mississippi Valley and Ohio River Valley to s. Ind., Ohio,
and W. Va.

17a. Quercus falcata f. triloba (Michx.) Palmer & Steyermark. This
form is rare and is restricted to sandy ridges and dry soil. It is to be noted
that all of the coppice shoots of Quercus falcata I have ever seen have
obovate, 3-lobed leaves.

17b. Quercus falcata var. leucophylla (Ashe) Palmer & Steyermark.
Palmer designates my no. 10339 from Posey County as belonging to this

variety.

Va. to Fla., through the Gulf States to e. Tex., and northw. to Ark.

and Ind. , . ,

17c. Quercus falcata var. pagodaefolia Ell. This variety grows on low
banks and in low land in close proximity to sloughs, bayous, and ponds in
Gibson and Posey Counties.

Md. to n. Fla., westw. to Ark., and northw. in the Mississippi Valley

to Ind.

18. Quercus marilandica Muench. Blackjack Oak. Map 797. Local
and infrequent, mostly in the southwestern part of the state where it is
found in poor soil on the crests of ridges or in very poor soil on sand

390 Ulmaceae Ulmus

ridges. I found it in Point Township of Posey County on a very low ridge
in a pin oak woods. It was local here; there were only a few trees and
it was associated with post oak. It is usually associated with black and
post oaks.

N. Y. to Nebr., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

X Queicus Biishii Sarg. This is a hybrid between Quercus marilandica
and Qua reus velutina. I found a single tree on a sandy ridge on the farm
of Frank Plass about 2 miles north of Decker or just northwest of the
Vollmer Siding of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad in Knox County.
Seed of this tree were generously distributed in 1933 to the larger
arboretums of the United States.

63. ULMACEAE Mirbel Elm Family

Branchlets with solid pith; leaves with parallel primary veins; flowers borne on the
branchlets of the preceding year 1896. Ulmus, p. 390

Branchlets with chambered pith; leaves 3-veined at the base; flowers borne on the
branchlets of the year 1898. Celtis, p. 392.

1896. ULMUS [Tourn.] L. Elm

Inner bark mucilaginous; upper surface of the leaves very scabrous to the touch,

usually densely covered with stiff, more or less erect hairs arising from large,

whitish, hollow, papillose bases; branchlets densely gray -pubescent, generally

becoming brownish at maturity; bud scales more or less pubescent and ciliate with

rufous hairs; flowers nearly sessile; calyx densely ciliate with rufous hairs;

samaras mostly suborbicular, 13-19 mm long, both sides of the body densely

woolly-pubescent, the wings nearly glabrous, the margins glabrous. . . .1. U. fulva.

Inner bark not mucilaginous; leaves glabrous or somewhat scabrous above; flowers on

slender, jointed pedicels; samaras ciliate or pubescent all over.

One and two year old branches (at least some of them) with one or both sides covered

more or less with a corky excrescence; samaras pubescent all over.

Buds ovate, not twice as long as wide, obtuse or short-pointed, dark brown; bud

scales pubescent and ciliate; leaves large, 8-15 cm long, not twice as long as

wide, glabrous above except along the midrib; calyx lobes 7-9, not ciliate;

samaras oval, 1.5-2 cm long 2. U. racemosa.

Buds small, narrow, twice as long as w T ide, light brown, very sharply pointed;
bud scales glabrous or merely puberulent; leaves narrow, the blades 4-8 cm
long, twice as long as wide, glabrous or more or less scabrous above; calyx

lobes 5, not ciliate; samaras oval, the oval part 6-10 mm long 3. U. alata.

One and two year old branches without corky wings; branchlets ashy gray, pubes-
cent or glabrate, at maturity becoming light brown and glabrous or remaining
pubescent; leaves more or less appressed-pubescent above (at least near the
margins and the base), rarely entirely glabrous when observed under a lens,
often smooth to the touch but the surface usually covered with short, appressed
hairs, sometimes more or less scabrous but the hairs usually without the large,
white, papillose bases, rarely a few hairs with such but not distributed over the
entire surface as in no. 1; calyx not ciliate; samaras oval, about 10 mm long,
both sides glabrous, the margins ciliate 4. U. americana.

1. Ulmus fulva Michx. Slippery Elm. Map 798. This species is found
in every county of the state. It is rare to infrequent in a few of our
prairie counties but frequent to common in all parts of the state out-
side of the oak-hickory forests and in wet woodland. Where woodland has

Ulmus

Ulmaceae

391

Map 798
Ulmus fulva Michx.

Map 799

Ulmus racemosa Thomas

' 50

Map 800

Ulmus alata Michx

been heavily cut over and left for a second crop this species is usually
well represented, sometimes forming the major stand. The inner bark
was formerly chewed as a remedy for stomach trouble and used in medicine
in powdered form for poultices.

Western Que. and w. N. E. to N. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

2. Ulmus racemosa Thomas. (Ulmus Thomasi Sarg.) Map 799. Rock
Elm. Infrequent to frequent or rare within the area shown on the map,
to which should be added Floyd, Monroe, and St. Joseph Counties. This
species is found in a habitat a little drier than that of the American elm
and usually in a more moist habitat than that of the slippery elm. It
is almost always associated with the American elm and is difficult to dis-
tinguish from it when only the trunk and base are available as char-
acters for separation. The American elm usually has a more buttressed
base than the rock elm.

Western Que. and w. Vt. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to n. N. J., Ky.,
and Mo.

3. Ulmus alata Michx. Winged Elm. Map 800. Probably restricted
to the area shown on the map. This species has two rather distinct habitats.
In the hilly counties it is found on the sides of cliffs, on steep rocky slopes,
and on the crests of high ridges. It is usually found on or near sand-
stone and generally associated with American chestnut and black, chest-
nut, and scarlet oaks. In this habitat it is usually a scrubby or small tree
with the corky excrescence on the branches well developed. The other
habitat is in hard, white clay flats of the southwestern counties where
it is associated mostly with sweet and black gum and pin oak. In the
"flats" it sometimes reaches a large size. Rarely specimens are seen which
have few or no corky excrescences.

Va. to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

4. Ulmus americana L. AMERICAN Elm. Map 801. Found in every
county of the state. It prefers a moist or wet soil and is frequent to com-

392

Ulmaceae

Celtis

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Map 801

Ulmus americana L.

Jan.

Feb.

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Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec. C

1 KD

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eltis
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Map 802

arg.

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Celtis
crassifol

Map
occfdentalis
a (Lam.) Gray

^30
803

mon in such habitats throughout the state except in the dunes. This species
is commonly known as white elm.

Newf. to Man., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

1898. CELTIS [Tourn.] L. Hackberry

Margins of leaves of fruiting branchlets and shoots sharply serrate all around to

the base; leaf blades of an ovate to broadly ovate type, oblique at base, sometimes

strongly so, those of fruiting branchlets 5-15 cm long; pedicels of fruit much

longer than the petioles; nutlets 6-8 mm long; small or large trees.

Leaf blades broadly ovate, acute or short-acuminate, smooth above. (See excluded

species no. 182, p. 1040.) C. occidentalis.

Leaf blades generally narrower than the type, apical half narrower, more curved, and
long-attenuate at the apex, usually smooth above but sometimes slightly rough . .

l.C. occidentalis var. canina.

Leaf blades as large as or larger than those of the preceding, more of an oblong-
ovate type, very rough above la. C. occidentalis var. crassifolia.

Margins of leaves of fruiting branchlets usually entire, or some with a few teeth on

one side or with a few teeth on both sides but never serrate on either side to the

base; margins of leaves of vegetative branchlets and shoots similar to those of

fruiting branchlets, or with the margins serrate nearly all around but never

serrate to the base; pedicels of fruit shorter or only slightly longer than the

petioles; nutlets 5-6 mm long.

Leaves generally of an oblong-lanceolate type, generally thin, ours smooth above

and medium green on both sides, not lighter or yellow green beneath ; blades

of fruiting branchlets mostly 4-12 cm long and 2-4.5 cm wide; mature fruit a

light cherry red; medium sized trees of a wet habitat 2. C. laevigata.

Leaves mostly of an ovate-lanceolate type, sometimes ovate to broadly ovate or rarely
oblong-lanceolate, generally thick and yellow green beneath, generally smooth
but sometimes rough above; blades extremely variable in size and shape, mostly
3-10 cm long and 2-6 cm wide, usually about half the maximum size; branchlets
usually more or less pubescent; pedicels shorter or longer than the petioles;
mature fruit (collected in October) a dark cherry red; trees usually 1-2.5 m
high, but sometimes 4-6 m high and up to 1 dm in diameter near the base; of
a dry sandy, gravelly or rocky habitat ?>. C. pumila.

1. Celtis occidentalis L. var. canina (Raf.) Sarg. (Celtis occidentalis
in part, of Cray. Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.)

Celtis

Ulmaceae

393

Jan.

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

r 1

Dec C

■ ' —

■> 1

P Jt-

/ Miles

IU 1

Celt'

s l<

igata W

3 50

Map 804
■11 d-

Map 805

pumila (Muhl) Pursh

o 50

Map 806

Morus rubra L.

HACKBERRY. Map 802. This tree is no doubt found in every county of
the state. It prefers the moist, alluvial soil along streams but is some-
times found in sandy upland and on wooded slopes. It is rare in northern
and southern Indiana but frequent along our major streams. It is infre-
quent to rare in low woods at a distance from a stream. This is the com-
mon hackberry in the state.

Que. to N. Dak., southw. to Mass., N. Y., Ga., and Okla.

la. Celtis occidentalis var. crassifolia (Lam.) Gray. (Celtis crassifolia
Lam.) Bigleaf Hackberry. Map 803. This form is found probably
throughout the state with the preceding but is rare or infrequent. I am
not convinced that this variety has any standing. I have found both
smooth and rough leaf forms on the same tree. Undoubtedly mere
roughness of leaves has little significance.

Va. and Ind. to Minn, and Wyo., southw. to N. C. and Tex.

2. Celtis laevigata Willd. (Celtis mississippiensis Bosc of Gray, Man.,
ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Sugarberry. Map 804.
Infrequent to rare or locally common in low woods in the southwestern
part of the state. It is usually found in low woodlands, especially those
that are more or less inundated. It is abundant in the bottoms along the
Wabash River and frequent in the bottoms near the mouth of Little
Pigeon Creek. It no doubt formerly followed the larger streams farther
northward than our map indicates. It prefers a hard soil and is rarely
found in a porous, alluvial soil. The leaves of this species are usually
almost uniform but variations are found. A mile and a half northwest of
Griffin, Posey County, I found a large tree that had small leaves, in size and
shape like those of the next species but here and there among the leaves
were typical ones. The location of the typical leaves indicated to me that
the dwarfing was a matter of nutrition but in this I may be in error.
The typical leaves are thin and not at all coriaceous but sometimes the
leaves are more or less coriaceous. The thickening of the leaves may be due

394

MORACEAE

Celtis

u °

Jan.

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

u J.

° D

- S

-i

r H

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atarica

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Map 807

(L.) Loud.

Map 808

Madura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid.

Map 809

Humulus japonicus Sieb.& Zucc.

to location of the tree, because, as I now recall, trees of this sort were
found in the open. In fact, most of our specimens are taken from low,
round-topped trees of the open because specimens could not easily be ob-
tained from tall, forest-grown trees. The effects of the environment of the
trees must therefore have consideration. This species is usually associated
with pecan, sweet gum, pumpkin ash, cane, and soft maple.
Va. to Mo. and e. Kans., southw. to the Gulf States and Tex.

3. Celtis pumila (Muhl.) Pursh. (Celtis pumila var. Deamii Sarg. and
Celtis occidentdlis var. pumila Muhl.) Dwarf Hackberry. Map 805.
Very local and rare to infrequent where it is found. In Lake County it
was rather frequent on the sand dunes about Miller. I found it in Steuben
County on the high, gravelly slope east of Hogback Lake. In Lawrence
County a few very small trees are found on a limestone slope in Spring
Mill State Park, associated with dwarf specimens of Zanthoxylum and
Rhamnus lanceolata. In Washington County a few trees were found
on a wooded slope near Big Spring. In Jefferson County Miss Edna
Banta found a few trees in Cliffy Falls State Park near the southern
end of Trail no. 1. It is found in Crawford County along Blue River near
Milltown. In Harrison County it occurs on a rocky, wooded slope 3 miles
east of Elizabeth. In Perry County I found it on several ridges about 7
miles east of Cannelton.

The leaves of this species are extremely variable, but no more so than
its habitat.

Pa., Ind. to Mo., southw. to Fla., Ga., and Tenn.

64. MORACEAE Lindl. Mulberry Family

Plants woody, small trees.

Branches without spines; leaves serrate; pistillate flowers in spikes

1913. Morus, p. 395.

Branches with spines; leaves entire; pistillate flowers in heads

1918. Maclura, p. 395.

Morus MORACEAE 395

Plants herbaceous, tall, erect or long and twining.

Leaves mostly 3-lobed, rarely the blade lobed deeper than to the middle or the upper

ones not lobed; long, twining, perennial plants 1972. Humuiajs, p. 396.

Leaves 5-7-divided to near the base, the divisions narrow; tall, erect annual plants;

introduced 1973. Cannabis, p. 397.

1913. MORUS [Tourn.] L. Mulberry

Leaves soft-pubescent with spreading hairs over the entire lower surface, rarely lobed
except on vigorous branches or coppice growth, abruptly long-acuminate at the
apex, cordate or subcordate at the base; fruit dark purple or black, mostly 2.5-3.5

cm long 1. M. rubra.

Leaves glabrous beneath except the midrib or midrib and principal nerves, these ciliate-
pubescent with appressed hairs.
Leaves of an ovate type, rarely lobed; fruit whitish. (See excluded species no. 183,

p. 1040.) M. alba.

Leaves of an ovate type, mostly 3-5-lobed; fruit mostly 1-2 cm long, reddish or
purplish 2. M. alba var. tatarica.

1. Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry. Map 806. Found as scattered trees
probably in every county of the state. Its distribution in the primitive
forest can only be conjectured, but since it is a low, round-topped tree and
very intolerant of shade, its distribution was, no doubt, very limited. It
is abundantly distributed by birds and I have seen it as a frequent to
common tree in second growth forests where it is soon shaded out by
taller species by the time it reaches a diameter of 4-8 inches. Along fences
and in fields it often reaches a diameter of 1-2 feet and usually has a
clear bole of 8-10 feet. It is rarely seen in the high forest except in an
opening.

Vt. to Mich, and S. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

2. Morus alba L. var. tatarica (L.) Loud. Russian Mulberry. Map
807. This species was formerly recommended for forest planting for
growing fence post timber. It is a small, crooked tree and is a failure for
the purpose recommended. It is very hardy and annually produces an
abundant crop of fruit which is greedily eaten by birds. Through the
agency of birds this species has become widely distributed in woodland
and along fences. A neighbor 3 blocks away has a large tree in his yard
and each year I have the task of digging about 50-100 seedlings from our
garden.

Probably introd. from Russia, hence its common name.

1918. MACLURA Nutt.

1. Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. (Toxylon pomiferum Raf. of
Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) OSAGE-ORANGE. Map 808. This
tree was formerly much planted for farm fences and windbreaks, especial-
ly in our prairie area. Since land has become valuable its use has been
discontinued. It has sparingly escaped in all parts of the state and it is a
wonder that it has not become an obnoxious weed tree. I recall that
I studied two lines of large trees that were planted on each side of a
deserted lane in the Ohio River bottoms in Perry County. The line of trees

396 Moraceae Humulus

was about a quarter of a mile long and the trees were mostly 10-15 inches
in diameter near the base. I estimated that on the ground there were not
less than 25 bushels of fruit and 1 assumed that the trees fruited almost
annually. Yet 1 did not find a single seedling and I do not believe any
were dug up. I made no special inquiry to ascertain the cause of the fail-
ure of reproduction.

Mo. and Kans., southw. to Tex.

1972. HUMULUS L. Hop

[Bailey. Humulus. Manual of Cultivated Plants, 239-240. 1924.]

Petioles of principal leaves much longer than the blades; leaves 5-7-lobed; bracts
of pistillate flowers greenish, usually eglandular, narrow, generally long-acuminate,
their margins densely long-ciliate; parts of the staminate involucre usually very

glandular, narrow, acute to acuminate; anthers eglandular 1. H. japonicus.

Petioles of principal leaves shorter than or only equaling the blades, rarely one or more

longer; leaves usually 3-lobed; sometimes all of the leaves on the upper part of

the stem unlobed; bracts of pistillate flowers glandular at least at the base, not

ciliate, stramineous, not green, broad, the lower acuminate, the middle ones

broadly ovate, acute or obtuse; parts of the staminate involucre glandular but the

glands easily detached and often becoming eglandular, broad, obtuse; anthers more

or less glandular.

Lobes of leaves short-acute at the apex or obtuse, coarsely serrate or dentate, the

terminal lobe nearly as wide as long; lower surface of leaves sparsely glandular;

anthers mostly with fewer than 10 glands. (See excluded species no. 187, p. 1041.)

H. Lupulus.

Lobes of leaves attenuate to the apex, the teeth of the margins finer than those of the
preceding species, the terminal lobe narrower at the base than at the middle,
generally at least twice as long as wide; lower surface of leaves usually copiously
glandular; anthers generally with more than 10 glands 2. H. americanus.

1. Humulus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese Hop. Map 809. Re-
ported from Tippecanoe County by Wilson but probably more frequent
than our knowledge of its distribution indicates. I found it along road-
sides near Warsaw and Hobart. Found, also, by Chas. M. Ek in Howard
County along a railroad.

Nat. of Japan ; sparingly naturalized.

2. Humulus americanus Nutt. American Hop. Map 810. Probably
found in all or nearly all of the counties of the state. It prefers a moist
and sandy soil and is found infrequently in low ground along streams,
about lakes, and along roadsides. Our manuals have not separated this
from the Eurasian species and all but one of our reports for the wild hop
have been made under the name, Humulus Lupulus. I doubt that the exotic
species is found in Indiana and if so, it is very rare. I have not seen a speci-
men of it from Indiana. Bailey says : "Lobes of leaves often 5-11," but none
of the leaves of my specimens have more than 3 lobes. Since the two species
have been confused by most authors I am not able to give the distribution
of our native hop, but probably it is nearly the same as that given by
authors for the exotic species which is as follows :

Cannabis

Urticaceae

397

Map 810

Humulus amen'canus Nutt.

Map 811

Cannabis sativa L.

Map 812

Urtica procera Muhl.

N. S. to Wyo., southw. to Fla. and Ariz. The western hop is sometimes
considered to be specifically distinct but is usually treated as a variety of
Humulus americanus.

1973. CANNABIS [Tourn.] L.

1. Cannabis sativa L. Common Hemp. Map 811. This species yields
a strong fibre which is extensively used for cordage. It was formerly sown
in northern Indiana for its fibre. The seed of this plant are much used
in commercial bird foods, and this accounts for its escape in all parts of
the state. The plant grows 6-10 feet high and produces an abundance of
seed; it might well be grown for winter food for birds, and people who
provide feed for birds during the winter months should be interested in
sowing enough hemp to produce a few sheaves of it to be used for this
purpose. Hemp is also the source of the narcotic hashish or marihuana,
and growing it in Indiana is now prohibited.

This species prefers a moist, rich soil but I have found it in almost
all kinds of soils and locations. It is usually found in waste places, along
roadsides, streams and railroads, and infrequently in fallow fields and
open woods. In the Kankakee region it is frequent in low ground along
fences and on ditch banks.

Nat. of Asia; naturalized from N. B. to Minn., southw. to Ga. and Kans.

65. URTICACEAE Reichenb. Nettle Family

Leaves opposite.

Flowers in axillary panicles.

Plants with stinging hairs, the whole plant more or less pubescent, generally 8-15
dm high; leaves generally with more than 15 pairs of teeth; achenes inclosed

by the calyx 1974. Urtica, p. 398.

Plants without stinging hairs, the whole plant glabrous, generally 3-7 dm high;
leaves generally with fewer than 15 pairs of teeth; achenes longer than the

calyx 1984. Pilea, p. 399.

Flowers in single, axillary spikes, these with or without axillary glomerules; plants
without stinging hairs, more or less pubescent throughout; achenes more or less
uncinate-pubescent 1990. Boehmeria, p. 400.

398 Urticaceae Urtica

Leaves alternate.

Plants with stinging hairs; leaves large, with many pairs of sharp teeth; achenes

about twice as long as the calyx, oblique, the style lateral

1980. Laportea, p. 398.

Plants without stinging hairs; leaves small, entire and undulate; achenes not as long
as the calyx, ovate, the style terminal 2007. Parietaria, p. 401.

1974. URTlCA [Tourn.] L. Nettle

Blades of leaves at the lower inflorescences generally more than half as wide as long,
ovate to broadly ovate, rather deeply cordate at the base, the lower surface gen-
erally covered with numerous, setose hairs, coarsely toothed 1. U. dioica.

Blades of leaves at the lower inflorescences generally much less than half as wide as
long, ovate-lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, rounded, truncate or sub-
cordate at the base, the lower surface lacking the setose hairs or with only a few
on the principal nerves and midrib, the margins with smaller and more regular
teeth than the preceding species 2. U. procera.

1. Urtica dioica L. There is a specimen of this species in the
herbarium of the University of Notre Dame. It was collected by Nieuw-
land on the border of St. Joseph Lake, in St. Joseph County. He said it
is established there.

Nat. of Eu. ; sparingly naturalized in the e. U. S.

2. Urtica procera Muhl. in Willd. (Rhodora 28: 195. 1926.) (Urtica
gracilis of authors.) Tall Nettle. Map 812. Infrequent to frequent in the
lake area, becoming infrequent to very rare south of this area and re-
stricted mostly to low places in the alluvial bottoms of our principal
streams. It grows in rich, porous soil only in low ground and is found
about lakes and ponds in low woods, in low places along unimproved roads
in the lake area, in springy places throughout, and in wet places along
streams.

This species is often confused with Urtica dioica L. which is a native
of Europe and has been reported as sparingly escaped in the eastern part
of the United States. It has been reported from Indiana but I am refer-
ring all of our reports except the one from St. Joseph County to this
species. The two species are difficult to separate. The leaves are variable
in texture, in shape of the blade and its base, in the number of setose hairs
on either surface, in the number of setose hairs on the stem, petioles,
and in the inflorescence, and in the size of the panicles. I have 28 speci-
mens from Indiana and 20 of these are monoecious and 8 are pistillate.
My specimens represent only the part of the plant with leaves when col-
lected and it is probable that the lower leaves and staminate inflorescences
of the pistillate specimens had fallen before the plants were collected. The
density of the stand of the plants has a marked influence upon them.

N. S., Que. to N. Dak., southw. to N. C. and La.

1980. LAPORTEA Gaud.

1. Laportea canadensis (L.) Gaud. (Urticastrum divaricatum (L.)
Ktze.) Canada Nettle. Map 813. This is strictly a woodland nettle and
is found more or less frequently in low, wet woods throughout the

Laportea

Urticaceae

399

5
17
1

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov.

Dec.f-

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Map 813

..) Gaud

Map 814

Pilea pumila (L.) Gray

o "To

Map 815

Pilea fontana (Lune II ) Rydb.

state except in the hilly counties where it becomes infrequent or rare.
N. B. and N. S. to Ont. and Minn., southw. to Fla. and Kans.

1984. PILEA Lindl. Clearweed

Pericarp relatively thin, the inside whitish or very light brown; fruit ovate, green
(sometimes violet), the surface more or less irregularly marked with purplish
brown (on immature fruit it may be dark green to brown), the total area of the
markings covering about half the surface, the markings, under a 25 diameter
magnification, appearing as ridges or excrescences; margins of fruit not con-
spicuously differing in color from the body; leaves generally cuneate at the base,
rarely somewhat rounded or truncate, the number of teeth to a side of average

blades 8-15; plants of moist soil and usually growing in cool, shady places

1. P. pumila.

Pericarp relatively firm, the inside purplish; fruit ovate, blackish, dull, the surface
smooth but unequally bossed all over; margins of fruit conspicuously colorless
(whitish) ; leaves rounded, truncate or more rarely cuneate at the base, the
greatest number of teeth to a blade 4-9 (10) on a side; longest petioles 0.5-6.5 cm
long, varying according to the size of the plant; plants of very wet or springy
habitats 2. P. fontana.

1. Pilea pumila (L.) Gray. (Including Pilea pumila var. Deamii (Lu-
nell) Fern. For a discussion of this variety see Fernald, Rhodora 38:
169. 1936.) Clearweed. Map 814. This plant prefers a cool, shady place
in which to grow and is found in moist, rich soil throughout the state. I
once found it growing on an old cypress log in a cypress swamp in Posey
County. It is usually found in colonies and when a colony in rich soil is
studied it will be found that the plants that are crowded are simple or
with few branches at the top while those on the outside of the colony may
have long branches even to the ground. Single plants in a similar habitat
may be so large that they become decumbent half their length and have
side branches that are nearly as long as the remainder of the main stem.
The plants are variable in all their parts; the branches at the base may
be short or long; the leaves are usually cuneate at the base although I
have a specimen with leaves that are truncate at the base ; the teeth of the
margins vary from 3-17 on a side and vary from rounded to rather sharply

400

Urticaceae Boehmeria

serrate or the margins of the lower leaves are sometimes entire ; the fruits
vary in size and in the amount of brown markings and are of a greenish
color. My no. 48006 from Crawford County, Oct. 2, 1929, and two just
like it from Clark County have purplish fruits, but the inside of the peri-
carp is white and they lack the white margins of Piled fontana.

In a dry season I collected in the bottom of a pond a sheet of depauper-
ate plants only a few inches high. These were named for me by a special-
ist as typical Pilea pumila (L.) Gray. Two years later I revisited the
same pond when it was full of water and I found only large plants about
the pond. Like all annuals delayed germination or lack of moisture pro-
duces small or dwarf plants.

My collection of 132 sheets from Indiana shows the above variations and
others not mentioned.

Que., e. Canada to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

2. Pilea fontana (Lunell) Rydb. (Adicea fontana Lunell.) Map 815.
Found in favorable habitats probably throughout the state although its
habitat is rarely found south of the lake area. This species grows only
in very wet, springy, and boggy places, usually on the borders of lakes
and streams. It commonly forms dense stands and usually is 6-12 inches
high although I have a specimen more than 3 feet high. One of its favorite
habitats is among dead or live cattails. This species can easily be sepa-
rated from the preceding species by the white margin of the fruit and the
purple color of the inside of the pericarp. It has not been recognized
for a time long enough to ascertain its range.

P. E. I. to N. Dak., southw. to Fla. and Nebr.

1990. BOEHMERIA Jacq.

Leaves mostly broadly ovate, ascending, not folded, generally long-acuminate, smooth,
smoothish or somewhat scabrous above; petioles of median leaves (20) 25-80 mm
long; achenes generally yellowish green, without purplish splotches, the body
usually glabrous 1. B. cylindrica.

Leaves narrowly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, some or all drooping and generally more
or less folded, somewhat scabrous above; petioles of median leaves (3) 5-20 (25)
mm long; achenes more or less splotched with purple, the wings and usually the
body with uncinate hairs la. B. cylindrica var. Drummondiana.

1. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. False Nettle. Map 816. Infrequent
to frequent throughout the state in low places in woodlands and less fre-
quent in marshes and wet prairies.

Maine, Ont. to Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

la. Boehmeria cylindrica var. Drummondiana Weddell. {Boehmeria
cylindrica var. scabra Porter of Gray, Man., ed. 7.) Droopingleaf False
Nettle. Map 817. Infrequent to locally frequent in the lake area in open
marshes, infrequent to local in wet places in woods and wet prairies, and
rare in low places in woods or in springy places in the southern part of the
state. It is to be noted that this variety intergrades into the species and in-

Phoradendron

LORANTHACEAE

401

o 50

Map 816

Boehmeria cylindrica IL.) Sv

Map 817
Boehmena cylfndrica var.
Drummondiana Weddell

~^6

Map 818

Parietarfa pennsylvanica Muhl,

termediates are found that are difficult to place. The scabrous upper surface
of the leaves is not a constant character and is of little value. The long-
acuminate apex of the leaves generally holds for the species. The length
of the petioles, drooping leaves, and purplish achenes are the most reliable
characters for their separation. The wings of the achenes are variable in
both the species and the variety. Sometimes they are developed more on
one side than on the other; they may extend to the base on both sides or
on one side only ; the mass of them may be below the median line or it may
be above it. On the whole, the achenes with their wings are about 1-1.25
mm wide in the species and 1.25-1.5 mm wide in the variety.

It is possible that the alkalinity of the soil has a decided influence on the
plant since most of my specimens are from a more alkaline soil than are
those of the species. The stem of the variety is usually much more
uncinate-pubescent than the stem of the species.

Mass., N. Y., and Mich, to Kans., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

2007. PARIETARIA L.

1. Parietaria pennsylvanica Muhl. Pennsylvania Pellitory. Map
818. Infrequent to frequent throughout the state. It is usually found in
colonies in dry soil in all kinds of woodland but prefers a sandy soil and
is often found in large colonies in mucky or peaty areas that have been
drained.

Maine, Minn, to B. C, southw. to Fla. and Mex.

67. LORANTHACEAE D. Don Mistletoe Family
2089. PHORADENDRON Nutt.

1. Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. American Mistletoe. Map
819. Formerly frequent to common in the southern counties, now almost
extinct. It no doubt covered the southern third of the state. There are
reports from as far north as Bartholomew and Franklin Counties and Ridg-

402

Santalaceae

Comandra

b 50

Map 819

Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt

Map 820

Comandra Richardsiana Fern.

way says: "Fully 90 per cent of the white elm trees in the White and
Wabash Rivers bottoms are affected by this parasite. I saw it on no other
species except honey locust and elm." The more common hosts, however,
include Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum, Gleditsia triacanthos, Jugkuis
nigra, Nyssu sylvatica, Quercus palustris, and Ulmus americana. I have
noted walnut trees almost killed by it in both Perry and Posey Counties.

In 1934 I saw a large specimen growing on a very large native elm tree
in the yard of J. F. Schmid in sec. 18 of Spencer Twp. in Jennings County.
It was growing so high that I was unable to secure a specimen.

N. J., s. Ind. to Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

69. SANTALACEAE R. Br. Sandalwood Family

Leaves sessile; flowers in corymbiform cymes at the ends of the branches; style slender.

2112. Comandra, p. 402.

Leaves on short petioles; flowers in 1-3-flowered lateral cymes; style short

2112A. Geocaulon, p. 403.

2112. COMANDRA Nutt.

Rootstock just beneath the surface; leaves lanceolate to ovate, thick, not paler be-
neath, when dried the lower surface obscurely veiny; inflorescence corymbose, 1-3
cm wide, of 1-few-flowered cymules on ascending branches. . . .1. C. Richardsiana.

Rootstock underground; leaves oblong, thin, pale beneath, when dried the midrib pale
beneath; inflorescence, when fully developed, an ellipsoid-oblong panicle with the
cymules of smaller more numerous flowers on divergent branches. (See excluded
species no. 188, p. 1041.) C. umbellata.

1. Comandra Richardsiana Fern. {Comandra umbellata in part, of
Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Richards Bastard Toadflax. Map
820. Infrequent in dry, sandy soil under black and white oak in northern In-
diana and rare in a similar habitat in the southern counties. I have speci-
mens from three counties which were found in black, sandy soil in prairies
and a specimen from Lagrange County found in a drained tamarack bog
where it was associated with tamarack and poison sumac. Most of them
were seen by M. L. Fernald and he says that all of my specimens and all

Asarum

Aristoloch iaceae

403

Map 822

Asarum canadense L.

Map 823

Arl stolochi a Serpentaria L.

Map 824

Aristolochia tomentosa Si

of those in the Gray Herbarium from west of the Allegheny Mountains be-
long to this species. It is doubtfully separated from Comandra umbellata
and in Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2, it was regarded as a
synonym. Fernald gives the range of Comandra umbellata as restricted
to the area east of the Allegheny Mountains. Whether this species is main-
tained as distinct or is regarded merely as a geographical form, our speci-
mens belong to the segregate of plants with the lower surface of the
leaves not paler beneath and with a superficial rootstock.

Eastern Que. to Assina., southw. to N. Y., Ind., Mo., and Kans.

2112A. GEOCAULON Fern.
See excluded species no. 189, p. 1041.

74. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Blume Birthwort Family

Acaulescent herbs; stamens 12, with more or less distinct filaments; capsule fleshy

2170. Asarum, p. 403.

Caulescent herbs or woody vines; stamens 6, the sessile anthers adnate to the stigma;
capsule dry 2174. Aristolochia, p. 404.

2170. ASARUM [Tourn.] L.

Calyx lobes usually reflexed in anthesis, triangular, acute or short-acuminate, generally
about as long or less than twice as long as the tube; internodes of the rhizomes,
except the last one, generally glabrous 1. A. reflexum.

Calyx lobes erect or spreading in anthesis, lanceolate, long-acuminate to caudate, much
longer than the tube; internodes of the rhizomes mostly more or less pubescent. . .
2. A. canadense.

1. Asarum reflexum Bickn. (Asarum canadense var. reflexum (Bickn.)
Rob.) Curly Wildginger. Map 821. Infrequent to frequent in moist, rich
soils in woods throughout the state. It spreads mostly by underground
stems, hence it is always found in dense colonies, usually in the lee of an
old log or treetop where there is an abundance of leaf mold or in some
sheltered situation on a wooded slope or in a ravine.

Conn., s. N. Y. to Mich, and Iowa, southw. to Mo. and Kans.

404 Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia

2. Asarum canadense L. Canada Wildginger. Map 822. Infrequent
to rare throughout the state or absent from some areas. It is found in
habitats similar to those of the preceding species but in more protected
situations; hence it is restricted more to deep ravines and steep wooded
slopes. The length and position of the acuminate portion of the calyx
lobes are variable. In Indiana the length of the acuminate part varies
from 5-20 mm and the calyx lobe and its appendage may vary from erect to
spreading or spreading with the tips incurved. The whole plant in this
and the preceding species varies greatly in size and the flowers vary in
proportion. As a rule, the more vigorous the plant the longer the calyx
lobes. All of our reports for Asarum canadense var. acuminatum Ashe I
am referring to this species.

N. B. to Man., southw. to N. C, Mo., and Kans.

2174. ARISTOLOCHIA [Tourn] L.

Erect herbs up to 6 dm high 1. A. Serpentaria.

Long, twining, woody vines 2. A. tomentosa.

1. Aristolochia Serpentaria L. Virginia Snakeroot. Map 823. Infre-
quent to frequent in moist, rich woods throughout the state except the
northwestern corner. This herb has been much used in medicine as a
bitter tonic since pioneer times. The fact that the tonic was prepared by
adding the roots to whiskey may have added to its popularity.

Conn, to Mich., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

2. Aristolochia tomentosa Sims Woolly Pipe-vine. Map 824. Local
in the Lower Wabash Valley from the southwestern corner of Knox County
southward. It is rather frequent along the lower course of White River
in both Gibson and Knox Counties. South of Coffee Bayou in Gibson
County it is rare until Point Township in Posey County is reached where
it again is local. It climbs to great heights on bushes and small trees. I
have seen the dead trunks of large trees shingled with it to a great height.
Ridgway (Proc. Nat. Mus. 17: 421. 1894) records the measurements of a
vine found in the Lower Wabash Valley as "83 feet long and 10 inches in
circumference." I measured a leaf in Posey County, the blade of which
was 10 inches wide and 9 inches long. We have had 'it planted for years
as a porch trellis and it serves this purpose well but it spreads vigorously
by root suckers.

N. C, Ind., 111., and Mo., southw. to Fla. and Okla.

77. POLYGONACEAE Lindl. Buckwheat Family
Sepals 6, the 3 inner ones much longer and enlarged in fruit (except in Rumex
Acetosella) ; flowers greenish yellow, frequently tinged with red; stigmas fringed.

2195. Rumex, p. 405.

Sepals 5, sometimes 4, nearly equal in length; flowers purple, pink, white, greenish
white, greenish pink or greenish yellow in a few species (these with linear leaves) ;
stigmas not fringed.
Flowers in fascicles in the bracts (generally called sheaths or ocreae in this family)
or solitary; if solitary, the flowers not pink and the leaves linear.

Achenes enclosed by the calyx lobes; if exserted, the leaves linear

2201. Polygonum, p. 407.

Rumex POLYGONACEAE 405

Achenes much exserted; plants erect, with triangular-hastate leaves

2202. Fagopyrum, p. 418.

Flowers solitary in the bracts, rose color; stamens 8; leaves linear

2203. POLYGONELLA, p. 418.

2195. RUMEX L. Docks and Sorrels

[Rechinger, K. H., Jr. The North American species of Rumex. Field Mus.
Nat. Hist. Publ. Bot. Ser. 17 : 1-151. 1937.]

Leaves hastate; flowers dioecious; plants generally less than 5 dm high.

Achene much exserted from the scarcely changed calyx 1. R. Acetosella.

Achene enclosed by the inner calyx lobes (valves). (See excluded species no. 192,

p. 1042.) R- hastatulus.

Leaves not hastate; flowers not dioecious; plants generally more than 5 dm high.
Inner sepals (valves) entire, crenate or denticulate.

Number of valves of fruits bearing a tubercle generally 1, these mixed more or less
with fruits with 2 valves bearing a tubercle.
Leaves flat, green, tapering at the base ; valves usually bearing only one tubercle.

2. R. altissimus.

Leaves wavy, generally with red veins, cordate or subcordate at the base. (See

excluded species no. 195, p. 1042.) R. sanguineus.

Number of valves of fruits bearing a tubercle generally 3, these mixed more or
less with fruits with only 2 valves bearing a tubercle.
Leaves flat, light green.

Pedicels enlarged upward, more than twice as long as the fruit, not con-
spicuously enlarged at the joint; fruit maturing the last of June and first

of July 3. R. vertidllatus.

Pedicels not enlarged upward, not twice as long as the fruit

4. R. triangulivalvis.

Leaves wavy-margined or crisped, dark green.

Mature valves less than 2 mm wide. (See excluded species no. 190, p. 1041.) . .

R. conglomeratus.

Mature valves more than 2 mm wide.

Plants very tall, mostly 1.2-2.5 m high; median leaves generally more than
4 cm wide, narrowed at the base; pedicel longer than the fruit, the joint
not conspicuously enlarged; fruit maturing in September and October. .

5. R. Britannioa.

Plants mostly less than 1 m high; leaves rounded or cordate at the base,
the median ones less than 5 cm wide; pedicel about as long as the
fruit, conspicuously swollen at the joint; fruit maturing mostly in

June and July 6. R. crispus.

Inner sepals or valves spinulose-dentate or pinnatifid 7. R. obtusifolius.

1. Rumex Acetosella L. Field Sorrel. Map 825. An abundant weed
in some cultivated fields. Its presence is usually indicative of impoverished
and minimacid soils. In the sandy areas of the northwestern part of the
state it is an obnoxious weed, covering sometimes whole fields. It is some-
what frequent in the entire northern part of the state, rare in the central,
and frequent in the southern part.

Nat. of Eu. Throughout temperate N. A.

2. Rumex altissimus Wood. Pale Dock. Map 826. Infrequent to fre-
quent throughout the state in low ground along streams and in low ground
elsewhere.

106

POLYGONACEAE

Rumex

o 50

Map 825

Rumex Acetosella L.

—

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept

Oct.

Nov.

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Map 826

i/Vood

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Map 827

Rumex verticillatus L.

Peattie observed (Amer. Midland Nat. 10: 130. 1926) that one valve of
each fruit had a complete tubercle and a second valve might have an
aborted tubercle. He gave this form a name, but if he had read carefully
the original description of the species, he would have seen that this phe-
nomenon was included in the description of the species. The tendency to
double the number of tubercles is frequent among the fruits of this species.

Conn, to N. Dak., southw. to Md. and Tex.

3. Rumex verticillatus L. Swamp Dock. Map 827. Found in the
muddy borders of ponds, swamps, and sloughs in all parts of the state.
Where it is found, it sometimes forms dense colonies.

Que. to Iowa, southw. to Fla. and Tex.

4. Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f. Map 828. (Rumex mexi-
canus of Indiana authors, not Meisn.) This species and species no. 2
are very similar and can be distinguished only by the number of valves
which bear tubercles.

In addition to my records, this species has been reported only from
St. Joseph County. I believe it is much more frequent, however, than
our reports indicate simply because it is so easily confused with R.
altissimus and both have the same habitat.

Newf. and Lab. to B. C, southw. to Maine, Ind., Mo., and along the
Rocky Mts. to Mex.

5. Rumex Britannica L. Great Water Dock. Map 829. Usually in
boggy or marshy places but sometimes in a habitat that is rather muddy,
such as about ponds and in swamps. Infrequent. No doubt all the re-
ports of it from southern Indiana should be transferred to some other
species. In 1932, E. B. Williamson found a plant along Pigeon River in
Lagrange County that had a leaf with a blade 35 inches long.

Newf., Ont., and Minn., southw. to N. J. and Kans.

6. Rumex crIspus L. Curly Dock. Map 830. A common weed in low

Rumex

POLYGONACEAE

407

Map 828

Rumex triangulivalvis
(Danser ) Rech. f.

Map 829

Rumex Britannica L.

Map 830

Rumex crispus L.

ground in cultivated fields, along streams, and in woodland on the border
of swamps, ponds, and sloughs. It is one of our most obnoxious weeds.
The root was formerly official in medicine and was sold usually under
the name of yellow dock. Formerly the early spring leaves were mixed
with those of the dandelion and cooked for food. The mixture was called
"greens." The discovery, however, that the leaves contain calcium oxalate,
which is injurious, has decreased the popularity of this practice.

The farmers in Indiana usually call this plant sour dock.

The tubercles of the valves of the same plant may vary at the apex
from obtuse to acute. Rumex elongatus Guss. is a form of this species
with acute tubercles but since both acute and obtuse forms can be found
on the same plant, all reports for this species should be referred to Rumex
crispiis.

Nat. of Eu. Now found throughout temperate N. A.

7. Rumex obtusifolius L. Bluntleaf Dock. Map 831. Infrequent to
frequent throughout the state. It is found almost everywhere in moist
or rather moist soil in open woodland, fallow fields, and wasteland and
along roadsides. The veins of the leaves of this species are sometimes
red and I think our reports for Rumex sanguineus should be referred
to this species.

Nat. of Eu. ; Newf. to B. C. and Oreg., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

2201. POLYGONUM [Tourn.] L. Knotweed, Smartweed

[Some recent authors divide this genus into several small genera. Since
I am following Dalla Torre and Harms I am not dividing the genus.]

A. Plants not twining.

B. Stems not armed with prickles.

C. Flowers axillary (solitary or in clusters).
Stems and branches terete and striate.

Plants erect, mostly 0.4-1.5 m high, rather sparsely branched, the branches

408

POLYGONACEAE

Polygonum

17
3

Jar

t>
D

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

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B [ 1
UC

I 1

Dec <-

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i 1 r

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J Miles

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) 50
Map 831

s L.

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lr --

Feb

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irel D

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S^j-^if Map 832

Polygonum exsertum Small

^3o
Map 833

Polygonum erectum L.

stiffly ascending; leaves usually narrowly lanceolate or linear, mostly 1.5-5
cm long, usually acute or acuminate at both ends.
Sepal lobes with white or pinkish margins; normal achenes about 2.5 mm
long and included in the perianth (plants of autumn often have some

or all of the achenes long-exserted) 1. P. exsertum.

Sepal lobes with yellowish green margins; achenes 3-3.5 mm long (plants of
autumn rarely have exserted achenes). (See excluded species no. 202,

p. 1043. ) P- ramosissimum.

Plants not as above.

Stems erect or ascending.

Sepal lobes with yellowish green margins; stems generally solid and erect;

leaves oval, elliptic, or obovate, generally acute 2. P. erectum.

Sepal lobes with white or pinkish margins; stems generally hollow and
ascending; leaves like the preceding but smaller and usually nar-
rower 3. P. monspeliense.

Stems prostrate, or diffusely spreading.

Leaves thick, prominently veined, oblong, oval or spatulate, obtuse or
rounded at the apex, usually pale; ocreae very conspicuous; faces of

the achenes granular 4. P. buxiforme.

Leaves thin, not prominently veined, lanceolate or linear, acutish, acute,
or sometimes acuminate at the apex, light or dull bluish green; ocreae
not conspicuous; faces of the achenes finely striate.
Perianth 2.5-3.5 mm long; achenes 2.5-3 mm long, acute; leaves 2-4

cm long, oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtusely pointed

5. P. aviculare.

Perianth 2-2.5 mm long; achenes 2-2.5 mm long, acuminate; leaves
mostly less than 2 cm long, linear-lanceolate or linear, acute (some-
times acuminate) at the apex 6. P. neglectum.

Stems and branches strongly angled, erect; leaves linear, sharp-pointed, minutely
ciliolate 7. P. tenue.

C. Flowers in terminal spikes.

Styles short, soft, scarcely exserted, withering in fruit; leaves neither large-
ovate nor acuminate.
Sheaths not ciliate, except rarely the uppermost.

Spikes 1 or 2, rarely 3; perennial, aquatic or marsh plants (sometimes
persisting for years or even spreading in a terrestrial form after drain-
age) with long rootstocks, rooting in the mud.
Peduncles glabrous; aquatic plants with floating leaves; leaves elliptic
or narrow-ovate, obtuse or subacute 8. P. natans.

Polygonum Polygonaceae 409

Peduncles more or less pubescent and glandular; plants semiaquatic or
terrestrial; leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, very acute or
short-acuminate.

Sheaths with herbaceous tips 8a. P. natans f . Hartwrightii.

Sheaths without herbaceous tips 9. P. coccineum.

Spikes several; annuals, preferring a rich, moist habitat.

Peduncles copiously glandular-pubescent; spikes erect; stamens 8; achenes
2.2-3.5 mm wide.
Leaves copiously strigose-pubescent beneath and often above; achenes

mostly 2.2-2.8 mm wide 10. P. pennsylvanicum var. genuinum.

Leaves glabrous or glabrescent ; achenes mostly 2.5-3.5 mm wide.

Glands of hairs red 10a. P. pennsylvanicum var. laevigatum.

Glands of hairs without pigment

10b. P. pennsylvanicum var. laevigatum f. pallescens.

Peduncles without stalked glands, smooth or with sessile glands, rarely

with a few stipitate glands; spikes drooping or erect; stamens 8;

achenes 1.5-2.5 mm wide.

Lower surface of leaves glabrous or scabrous on the principal veins;

peduncles glabrous or rarely covered more or less with sessile

glands; spikes 3-8 cm long, drooping; achenes generally less than

2 mm wide 11. P. lapathifolium.

Lower surface of leaves (at least the lower ones) scurfy or covered

with a more or less deciduous, flocculent tomentum; peduncles with

sessile glands; spikes 1-3 cm long, erect; achenes more than 2

mm wide. (See excluded species no. 204, p. 1043.) . .P. tomentosum.

Sheaths ciliate with a row of bristles.

Stem and peduncles glandular-hispid 12. P. Careyi.

Stem and peduncles not glandular-hispid.
Sepals glandular-dotted.

Achenes dull, generally triangular; spikes usually strongly arched, the
flowers not far apart except toward the base of the spike, often
1 or more flowers in the axil of the next to the top leaf; flowers
greenish, generally with pinkish borders; stems often reddish, the
internodes short, generally 2-4 cm long; stamens 6.
Pedicels strongly exserted from the ocreolae; achenes 2-3 mm long. . .

13. P. Hydropiper var. projectum.

Pedicels not strongly exserted from the ocreolae; achenes mostly

3-3.5 mm long. (See excluded species no. 200, p. 1042.)

P. Hydropiper.

Achenes shining, generally triangular; spikes elongated, flexuous, very
loosely flowered down to the first leaf but none below it; flowers
greenish, rarely purplish, with white borders; stamens 3-8; stems
with longer internodes than in the preceding, usually 3-8 cm

L° n E 14. P. punctatum.

Sepals not glandular-dotted or with only a few glands about the middle
of the perianth in forms of no. 16.

Leaves lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm wide; spikes generally much less than 1
cm wide, erect or slightly flexuous; flowers 2-3 mm long.
Upper part of internodes of the stem mostly entirely glabrous;
spikes erect, mostly more than 7 mm wide, the longest usually
2-4 cm long; flowers generally close together; calyx lobes rose
color, usually slightly longer than the achenes; pedicels gen-
erally exserted less than 1 mm; stamens 6

15. P. Persicaria.

Upper part of internodes of the stem generally more or less strigose
below the node, usually for a third of its length; spikes gen-
erally more or less curved, mostly less than 7 mm wide, the

410 Polygon aceae Polygonum

longest generally 5-7 cm long; flowers not crowded; calyx
lobes much longer than the achene, usually pink; pedicels
generally exserted 1-2 mm; stamens 8 or fewer.

Achenes all triangular 16. P. hydropiperoides.

Achenes both lenticular and triangular. (See excluded species

no. 201, p. 1043.).... P. Ivydropiperoides var. persicarioides.

Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, more than 3 cm wide; spikes stout,

usually more than 1 cm wide, nodding, deep rose; flowers 3-5 mm

] on g 17. P. orientale.

Styles long, stiff, exserted, persistent, deflexed, and hooked at the tip in fruit;
spikes very long and slender, rigid, greenish; leaves large-ovate and acumi-
nate 18. P. virginianum.

B. Stems armed with hooked prickles, reclining.

Leaves hastate; pedicels hispid and often glandular; achenes lenticular

19. P. arifolium var. lentiforme.

Leaves sagittate ; pedicels generally glabrous ; achenes triangular

20. P. sagittatum.

A. Plants twining; leaves broadly ovate, cordate at the base.

Calyx not keeled or winged in fruit; achenes dull, minutely longitudinally striate,

about 3 mm long 21. P. Convolvulus.

Calyx strongly winged in mature fruit; achenes shining, surface not striate.

Mature calyx 5-8 mm long; achenes 2.5-3 mm long 22. P. dumetorum.

Mature calyx 7-12 mm long; achenes mostly 3.5-5 mm long 23. P. scandens.

1. Polygonum exsertum Small. Map 832. Very local. All of our speci-
mens were found in hard, dry soil on the washed slopes of the banks of
streams and sloughs. Some were very near the water and only one grew
on the top of the bank. Bicknell (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 36: 450. 1909.)
says : "I am unable to see that P. exsertum is anything more than a semi-
viviparous state of Polygonum ramosissimum Michx." My observation is
that this character applies to late flowering plants of all of the species of
the Section Avicularia which occur in Indiana. On November 14, 1932,
I studied in the field several large mats of Polygonum avicukire, and I was
able to find only exserted achenes. A study of my herbarium material
showed exserted achenes on all of the plants collected late in the fall, some
with a few and some with a great number of exserted achenes. Early
flowering specimens of Polygonum exsertum show a large number of
achenes of the normal form, while plants collected in September usually
have few or no normal fruits.

N. B. to Minn., southw. to N. J. and Mo.

2. Polygonum erectum L. Map 833. This species has been reported
from all parts of the state, and no doubt is generally distributed. Since
this section of the genus has been divided, however, some of the reports
doubtless belong to other species. Most authors give the habitat as rich
soil about dwellings and in waste places. With one exception, all of my
specimens were found in moist, open woodland, usually in hard, clay soil.

Ont. to Alberta, southw. to Ga., Colo., and Tex.

3. Polygonum monspeliense Thiebaud. ( ^Polygonum aviculare var.
rcgrtnni of (I ray, .Man., ed. 7.) .Map 834. My specimens are from barn-
yards, waste places, and roadsides. It is local, but no doubt when the

Polygonum

POLYGONACEAE

411

Map 834

Polygonum monspeliense Thiebaud

Jan.

Fe b-

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

D
J

d A-

-L,

-4

r 1

Dec.f-

i/ Miles

Polygonum

buxfforme

Map 835

Small

Map 836

Polygonum aviculare L.

knotweeds are more thoroughly studied it will be found throughout the
state.

Nat. of Eu. ; becoming naturalized.

4. Polygonum buxiforme Small. Map 835. This species is very local
but I believe when the knotweeds are studied more intensively it will be
found throughout the state.

Ont. to B. C, southw. to Va. and Tex.

5. Polygonum aviculare L. Knotweed. Map 836. An annoying weed
in gardens, truck gardens, lawns, pastures, and cultivated fields. It is found,
also, along logging roads in woodland, in fallow fields, and along roadsides.

Found throughout N. A. and also in Eurasia.

6. Polygonum neglectum Besser. {Polygonum aviculare var. angust-
issimum Meisn.) Map 837. Local. No doubt a more intensive study of
the knotweeds will greatly extend its range. In sandy to very sandy soil
in pastures, clearings, on black oak ridges, and along roadsides. Rydberg
gives its habitat as waste places and says it is more common than
Polygonum aviculare.

Nat. of Eu.

7. Polygonum tenue Michx. Map 838. This species prefers a slightly
acid soil and is generally found in exposed places without ground cover
and where there are very few or no other plants. In the lake area it is
generally found on the crests, slopes, and bases of black and white oak
ridges. South of the lake area it is generally found on sandstone bluffs,
on exposed crests of chestnut oak ridges, and in sandy places similar to
those in the northern part of the state.

Maine to Man., southw. to S. C, Ga., and Tex.

8. Polygonum natans A. Eaton f. genuinum Stanford. (Stanford. The
amphibious group of Polygonum, subgenus Persicaria. Rhodora 27 : 156-
166. 1925.) Map 839. All of our reports for Persicaria amphibia (L.)

412

POLYGONACEAE

Polygonum

Map 837

Polygonum neglectum Besser

Map 839
Polygonum natans A.Eaton
f. genuinum Stanford

S. F. Gray, Persicaria fluitans (Eaton) Greene, Polygonum amphibium L.,
and Polygonum amphibium var. aquaticum Willd. I am referring to this
species. The nomenclature of this and the next species has long been so
involved that their distribution in the state can not be determined from
the published records. It is, no doubt, restricted to the lake area of the
state.

Newf., P. E. I., N. S., Que., southw. to Pa. and westw. across the con-
tinent to the Pacific Coast States.

8a. Polygonum natans f. Hartwrightii (Gray) Stanford. Map 840. I
am referring to this form all of our reports for Polygonum amphibium var.
Hartwrightii (Gray) Bissell, Persicaria ammophila Greene, Persicaria
carictorum Nieuwl., and Persicaria Hartwrightii (Gray) Greene.

Mostly in sedge marshes and on the borders of lakes.

Newf. and Ont., southw. to N. Y., and westw. to the Pacific Coast States.

9. Polygonum coccineum Muhl. Map 841. This species is an aggregate
to which, since I am not able to separate it satisfactorily into forms and
varieties, I am referring all reports from Indiana of the following:
Persicaria coccinea (Muhl.) Greene, Persicaria coccinea var. asprella
Greene, Persicaria coccinea var. tanaophylla Nieuwl., Persicaria emersa
(Michx.) Small, Persicaria grandifolia Greene, Persicaria lonchophylla
Greene, Persicaria mesochora var. arenicola Nieuwl., Persicaria Muhlen-
bergii (Wats.) Small, Persicaria pratincola Greene, Persicaria tanaophylla
Nieuwl., Polygonum coccineum var. pratincola (Greene) Stanford, Poly-
gonum emersum (Michx.) Britt., Persicaria mesochora Greene, and Poly-
gonum Muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats.

The named variations of this species and the segregates from it are
based mostly upon leaf characters, such as the general shape and base
of the blades. Using these characters, I have one specimen which belongs
to three species. I have a series of specimens of this species all from the
same rootstock which might be referred to different species. The species is
perennial. One year it may be in deep water, the next year it may be in

Polygonum

POLYGONACEAE

413

Map 840
Polygonum natans

f. Hartwrightii (Gray) Stanford

~50

Map 842
Dlyg^num pennsylvani'cum

var. genuinum Fern.

shallow water or for part of the year it may be on dry ground. The species
has great ability to persist even when its habitat is drained, and it often
advances from ditches along railroads up the banks of the fills to high
ground where it seems to thrive better than in a wet habitat. The habitat
and the vigor of the plants greatly change the character of the leaves.
Therefore, I believe it is useless to try to name all of the many forms.
Que. and Maine, to B. C, southw. to Va., La., Calif., and Mex.

10. Polygonum pennsylvanicum L. var. genuinum Fern. (Persicaria
Pennsylvania (L.) Small, in part.) (Fernald. Variations of Polygonum
pennsylvanicum. Rhodora 19 : 70-73. 1917, and Stanford. Polygonum penn-
sylvanicum and related species. Rhodora 27: 173-184. 1925.) Map 842. In-
frequent to frequent or common in low ground along streams and road-
sides, in cultivated grounds, and in low grounds in general. No doubt it
is found throughout the state. It has been my method to collect a single
specimen of each species from each county. This species has been divided
only recently and most of my collecting was done before the division was
made. Since my specimens are now distributed among the three present
groups, the absence of records from the northern part of the state is,
I think, accidental.

This species, as well as others of the genus, varies greatly in size, de-
pending upon habitat and date of germination of the seed. Apparently
the seed do not germinate under water and when they find lodgment in
areas which are submerged until summer, the delayed germination, no
doubt, accounts for the smaller plants. The largest one of which I have
record is my specimen no. 39887 from low ground in Gibson County which
I measured in the field. The height was 86 inches above the ground and
the longest branch was 82 inches long.

Coastal Plain from Mass. to Miss., northw. through the Mississippi
Valley to Ont. and cent. N. Y.

Ill

POLYGONACEAE

Polygonum

Map 843
-"olygonum pennsylvanicum

var. laevigatum Fern.

Map 844
Polygonum pennsylvanicum

ar. laevigatum f. pallescens Stanford

Map 845

Polygonum lapathifolium L.

10a. Polygonum pennsylvanicum var. laevigatum Fern. (See species
references.) Map 843. Frequent throughout the state in habitats similar
to those of the species.

N. B. to S. Dak. and Colo., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

10b. Polygonum pennsylvanicum var. laevigatum f. pallescens Stan-
ford. (See species references.) Map 844. Frequent throughout the state
in habitats similar to those of the species. It is probable that some of the
specimens referred to this form belong to the preceding variety since it
is difficult to distinguish this form in dried specimens.

Distribution given by Stanford is Vt. to Pa. No doubt it is frequent
throughout Ind. if I understand the form.

11. Polygonum lapathifolium L. (Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Small.)
Map 845. Frequent in low and wet grounds throughout the state, pre-
ferring the low borders of streams. It is also found in cultivated and
fallow fields.

Throughout temperate N. A. and also in Eurasia.

12. Polygonum Careyi Olney. (Persicaria Careyi (Olney) Greene.)
Carey Smartweed. Map 846. Very local but usually common where it is
found. It prefers a black, sandy soil in pin oak and low black and white
oak woods. I found it abundant in black, mucky soil in a fallow field north
of Ora in Starke County. The plants are usually about a yard high with
few or many branches.

This species was reported from Jefferson County by Young, but since
neither Coulter nor Barnes mention it in their lists of Jefferson County
plants, this report may be safely ignored. It has also been reported from
Kosciusko and Noble Counties. These reports, no doubt, are correct.

Maine, Ont., and Mich., southw. to N. J., Pa., and Ohio.

13. Polygonum Hydropiper L. var. projectum Stanford. (Polygonum
Hydropiper L. in part, and Persicaria Hydropiper (L.) Opiz.) (Stanford.
Polygonum Hydropiper in Europe and North America. Rhodora 29: 77-87.

Polygonum

POLYGONACEAE

415

Map 846

Polygonum Careyi Olney

o ~3o

Map 847
Polygonum Hydropiper L.

var. projectum Stanford

Map 848

Polygonum punctatum Ell.

1927.) Water Pepper. Map 847. Infrequent to frequent in moist soil
along streams, roadsides, and ditches, about lakes, ponds, and sloughs,
and in low ground in fields and woodland.

N. S. and Que. to Wis., southw. to Ga. and Okla., and westw. to Calif.

14. Polygonum punctatum Ell. (Polygonum acre HBK. and var. lepto-
stachyum Meisn. and PersicaHa punctata (Ell.) Small.) (Stanford. Poly-
gonum Hydropiper in Europe and North America. Rhodora 29 : 77-87.
1927.) Water Smartweed. Map 848. Frequent to common in all parts
of the state in habitats similar to those of the preceding species.

Probably throughout N. A. except the extreme north.

15. Polygonum Persic aria L. {PersicaHa Persicaria (L.) Small.)
Lady's Thumb. Map 849. Frequent throughout the state in wet ground
along roadsides and streams and in woodland and fallow fields. This
species begins to flower much earlier than P. hydropiperoides. It and
others of the genus are the source of smartweed honey.

Nat. of Eu. ; throughout N. A. except the extreme north.

16. Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. (Persicaria hydropiperoides
(Michx.) Small.) (Stanford. Polygonum hydropiperoides and P. opelou-
sanum. Rhodora 28 : 22-29. 1926.) Mild Water Pepper. Map 850. Fre-
quent throughout the state in dried-up ponds and sloughs, in wet ground
along streams and about lakes, and in marshes and ditches.

N. S., Que., and Minn., southw. to Fla. and Tex.

16a. Polygonum hydropiperoides var. strigosum (Small) Stanford. This
variety was reported from Indiana by Small. It is separated from the
species by having a strigose-pubescent stem. The stems of the specimens
at hand vary from glabrous below the nodes to densely strigose for a
third of the length of the internode. One branch of a specimen may have
all of the internodes glabrous and another have some of the internodes
strigose below the nodes. Since a close lineal series from glabrous to

■116

POLYGONACEAE

Polygonum

o 5o

Map 849

Polygonum Persicaria L.

Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx.

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Map 852

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Map 853
Polygonum aritolium L.
I var. lentiforme Fernald & Griscom

Map 854

Polygonum sagittatum L.

densely strigose can be found, I prefer to say that the species varies from
glabrous to densely strigose.

Polygonum setaceum Bald. var. inter jectum Fern., a closely related spe-
cies, has been reported by Fernald (Rhodora 40: 414. 1938), after the
manuscript of the Flora was written, as having been found by Peattie under
buttonbush at the edge of a Chamaedaphne bog near Rolling Prairie,
La Porte County.

17. Polygonum orientale L. Princes-plume. Map 851. This species
is cultivated as an ornamental and has been reported as an escape through-
out the state.

Nat. of India, China, Japan; naturalized and escaped throughout e