Skip to main content

Full text of "Flora of Indiana"

See other formats 


ill 

1 

jjj 

|jj 

I  ij  l 

iil- 

tjtl 

11 

'1 

1  1 

fi 

'■'<  ij 
; 

:  ! 

Si 
1 

v.| 

111  il  111 

lllli 

T 

j;j 

1: 

17 


FLORA  of  INDIANA 


BY 


CHARLES  C.  DEAM,  M.A.,  D.Sc.,  LL.D. 

Research  State  Forester 


/\ 


INDIANAPOLIS: 

WM.   B.   BURFORD   PRINTING    CO.,   CONTRACTOR  FOR  STATE  PRINTING    AND   BINDING 

19  4  0 


For  sale  by  the  Department  of  Conser- 
vation at  the  cost  of  publication,  $3.50. 
Send    order    to    State    Forester,    State 
Library,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 


STATE  OF  INDIANA 
DEPARTMENT  OF  CONSERVATION 


JUNE,  1940 


Published   by    the 

Department  of  Conservation,  Division  of  Forestry 

Indianapolis,  Indiana 


The  Deam  Oak    (Quercus  Deamii  Trelease) 

This  oak  is  a  cos.  between  the  white  and  chinquapin  oaks  (X  Quercus  alba  X  Muhlenbergii ) .  It  was 
discovered  Oct  9  1904,  by  Lent  A.  Williamson  and  his  son  E.  Bruce  Williamson  on  the  border  of  a  woods 
a  onK   State   Road    116   about   3   miles   northwest  of   Bluffton.   Wells   County.    Indiana.     In    1904-5   the   author 

£S£S  aLttti^rjsauara  tfifsaa  ass  gmt  AS 

In  March.1989.  the  tree  measured  90  inches  in  circumference  at  breast  height. 


FOREWORD 


It  is  difficult  to  write  a  suitable  foreword  to  such  a  notable  book. 

In  his  "Flora  of  Indiana"  Dr.  Deam  has  set  new  standards  of  excel- 
lence in  many  lines. 

The  most  casual  examination  shows  that  it  was  based  upon  painstaking- 
field  studies — field  studies  covering  years  of  time  and  involving  thousands 
of  miles  of  travel.  While  local  lists  were  carefully  studied  no  plant  was 
admitted  to  the  Flora  upon  their  authority,  it  was  admitted  only  as  these 
field  studies  proved  its  presence  in  the  state,  or  it  could  be  verified  by 
actual  specimens  in  accessible  herbaria.  I  know  of  no  other  State  Flora 
based  upon  long  continued  field  studies  and  in  which  every  plant  admitted 
is  based  upon  an  actual  and  accessible  specimen. 

The  work  is  notable  because  of  its  accuracy.  Dr.  Deam,  not  content  to 
rest  upon  his  own  taxonomic  acumen,  has  referred  every  critical  genus 
and  species  to  specialists  for  their  confirmation  or  correction.  Scores  of 
shipments  of  such  specimens  to  these  specialists  were  made  up  to  the 
very  date  of  publication.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  in  no  other  regional  Flora 
has  such  meticulous  care  been  taken  to  secure  absolute  accuracy  in  de- 
termination, as  well  as  the  very  latest  word  in  these  special  studies.  The 
Flora  of  Indiana  is  accurate  and  up  to  date  in  an  unusual  degree. 

The  clearness  of  the  floral  picture  is  increased  by  a  series  of  unique  dis- 
tribution maps  showing  not  only  location  but  the  time  of  the  occurrence 
of  various  seasonal  phases. 

Perhaps  as  illuminating  as  any  single  feature  of  the  Flora  are  the 
incidental  ecological  notes  that  appear  on  almost  every  page.  From  the 
unity  of  treatment  that  characterizes  the  text,  plant  associations  stand  out 
with  amazing  distinctness.  It  adds  greatly  to  the  value  of  the  book  that 
while  no  attempt  is  made  to  emphasize  these  features,  they  take  their 
place  in  the  picture  of  the  flora  of  the  state  and  aid  in  its  interpretation, 
as  into  this  book  has  entered  the  experience  of  former  taxonomic  work 
by  the  author.  His  Trees  of  Indiana,  Shrubs  of  Indiana,  and  Grasses  of 
Indiana  are  models  of  what  such  reports  should  be  as  to  completeness, 
accuracy,  and  widespread  utility. 

The  canvas  is  of  course  larger  in  Flora  of  Indiana  but  there  has  been 
no  sacrifice  of  accuracy,  no  lessening  of  the  purpose  lying  back  of  all  these 
books — that  they  should  be  useful  to  citizens  of  Indiana. 

The  Flora  of  Indiana  will  be  a  treasure  trove  to  education  from  the  sec- 
ondary schools  to  the  university.  It  will  be  a  stimulus  and  guide  to  nature 
lovers;  it  will  be  of  immense  practical  value  to  every  agriculturist  and 
horticulturist.  It  will  have  its  place  in  libraries,  and  it  is  a  great  book  by 
an  author  whom  I  have  been  proud  to  claim  as  a  personal  friend  for 
nearly  half  a  century. 

Stanley  Coulter, 

Dean   (Emeritus)   School  of  Science, 
Purdue  University. 

(5) 


Table  of  Contents 


PAGE 

Foreword 5 

Introduction 9 

Abbreviations  of  names  of  authors 21 

Key  to  the  Families 25 

Ferns,  fern  allies,  and  vascular  plants  of  Indiana 36 

Excluded  species 1019 

Summary  of  families,  genera,  species,  varieties,  forms,  and  hybrids  composing  the  Flora.  .  1107 

List  of  new  forms  and  new  combinations 1112 

Names  of  collecting  places  that  are  no  longer  in  current  use 1113 

List  of  Indiana  collectors  whose  specimens  have  been  seen  or  referred  to  in  the  Flora.  .  .  .  1115 

Glossary  of  terms  used  in  botanical  description  in  the  Flora 1120 

Some  habitat  terms  defined  as  used  in  the  Flora 1125 

Bibliography 1 130 

Maps  showing  temperature  zones  in  Indiana 1162-1163 

Map  showing  floral  areas  in  Indiana 1164 

Finding  County  Map  of  Indiana 1165 

Index 1167 


>i! 


(7) 


INTRODUCTION 


The  first  flora  of  Indiana  was  a  "Catalogue  of  the  phaenogamous  and 
vascular  cryptogamous  plants  of  Indiana"  by  the  Editors1  of  the  Botanical 
Gazette  and  Prof.  Charles  R.  Barnes,  published  in  1881.  To  this  was 
added  a  supplement  in  April,  1882.  These  listed  1,194  species  native  to 
the  state  and  140  species  that  had  been  introduced. 

Stanley  Coulter  in  1897  compiled  a  list  of  Indiana  plants  by  families 
(Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1897:  158-165.  1898).  This  list  contains  124 
families,  534  genera,  and  1,369  species,  an  increase  of  only  35  species. 
The  names  of  the  species  are  not  given  and  the  totals  include  both  native 
and  introduced  species. 

The  second  flora  was  "A  Catalogue  of  the  flowering  plants,  ferns,  and 
fern  allies  indigenous  to  Indiana"  by  Stanley  Coulter,  published  in  1900. 
He  lists  1,765  species  but  this  number  includes  both  native  and  introduced 
species  and  some  erroneous  reports.  I  have  studied  this  catalogue  and  as 
I  interpret  the  species,  the  list  should  read  1,400  native  species,  177  estab- 
lished exotics,  34  not  yet  established,  and  154  species  to  be  excluded  for 
various  reasons.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  when  this  catalogue  was 
published  the  author  was  not  able  to  verify  reports  as  critically  as  has 
been  done  in  the  present  flora.  At  that  time  reports  by  recognized  botan- 
ists were  accepted.  It  must  be  remembered  that  our  early  botanists  did 
not  have  access  to  large  herbaria  and  had  few  books  or  perhaps  only 
one  book  to  guide  them  in  naming  plants. 

Since  the  publication  of  these  floras  much  work  has  been  done  in  the 
state  by  various  botanists.  Among  the  principal  collectors  the  following 
persons  may  be  mentioned:  Edna  Banta,  A.  R.  Bechtel,  Chas.  M.  Ek,  Ray 
C.  Friesner,  Ralph  M.  Kriebel,  Marcus  Lyon,  Jr.,  Scott  McCoy,  Madge 
McKee,  J.  A.  Nieuwland,  J.  E.  Potzger,  Paul  Weatherwax,  Winona  Welch, 
and  T.  G.  Yuncker. 

Improved  highways  and  the  automobile  have  greatly  facilitated  collect- 
ing. I  have  been  collecting  for  40  years.  Since  1914  I  have  used  an  auto- 
mobile, traveled  over  125,000  miles,  and  collected  in  each  of  the  1,016 
townships  in  Indiana.    My  accession  numbers  are  now  over  59,000. 

The  plan  of  this  flora  is  to  include  all  the  species  native  to  Indiana, 
although  a  few  are  now  known  only  from  herbarium  specimens,  and  in- 
troduced plants  that  are  known  to  be  established.  Introduced  plants  that 
have  been  reported  as  escapes  without  data  concerning  their  establish- 
ment are  carried  in  an  excluded  list  with  all  the  data  which  I  can  assemble. 
If  one  of  the  excluded  species  is  later  found  to  be  established,  the  data 
here  recorded  may  be  of  service.  In  the  excluded  list  are  included  also 
species  that  are  no  longer  regarded  as  segregates,  species  which  have 
been  erroneously  reported  for  the  state,  and  those  which  do  not  have 
sufficient  data  to  warrant  their  inclusion. 


1  J.   M.   Coulter  and  Stanley  Coulter. 

(9) 


10 

The  present  flora  is  an  attempt  to  bring  up  to  date  our  knowledge  of 
the  ferns,  fern  allies,  and  flowering  plants  of  Indiana.  It  became  neces- 
sary to  adopt  a  rule  or  standard  by  which  a  species  could  be  admitted 
or  excluded  from  the  flora,  and  it  was  decided  to  admit  only  those  species 
which  have  one  or  more  herbarium  specimens  to  verify  their  occurrence. 
An  exception  has  been  made  in  the  case  of  Adlumia  fungosa  which  I  saw 
in  a  woods  in  La  Porte  County.  Doubtless  a  few  species  have  been  ex- 
cluded that  do  occur  in  the  state.  I  refer  specifically  to  Podostemum 
ceratophyllum  and  Elatine  minima  which  have  been  reported  and  have 
Indiana  within  their  general  range.  I  have,  however,  made  strenuous 
but  unsuccessful  efforts  to  find  specimens  of  both  these  species.  I  have 
admitted  a  few  species  where  I  have  seen  no  specimen  but  the  evidence 
for  their  existence  in  Indiana  is  convincing. 

My  study  has  been  made  primarily  from  specimens  in  my  own  her- 
barium which  numbers  more  than  65,000  sheets,  more  than  47,000  of 
which  are  from  Indiana.  In  addition  I  have  examined  all  the  Indiana 
specimens  in  all  of  the  other  Indiana  herbaria  which  total  36,936  sheets 
but  these  were  studied  only  sufficiently  to  check  the  identification.  The 
keys  and  measurements  have  been  made  from  my  own  specimens.  The 
ecological  notes  have  been  taken  also  from  my  specimens. 

No  effort  or  expense  has  been  spared  to  have  my  specimens  named 
correctly.  In  order  that  specimens  belonging  to  critical  genera  be  au- 
thentically named,  I  have  sent  them  to  specialists  to  be  determined  or  to 
have  my  identifications  verified.  I  wish  here  to  express  my  sincere  ap- 
preciation to  the  following  persons  who  have  examined  my  specimens  in 
the  groups  upon  which  they  are  authorities :  L.  H.  Bailey  for  Rubus  and 
Vitis;  C.  R.  Ball  for  Salix;  J.  H.  Barnhart  for  Utricidariaceae;  Ezra 
Brainerd  (deceased)  for  Viola;  Agnes  Chase  and  A.  S.  Hitchcock  (de- 
ceased) for  Gramineae;  H.  S.  Conard  for  Nymphaeaceae;  Carl  Epling 
for  Labiatae  in  part ;  M.  L.  Fernald  for  Potamogeton  and  various  species ; 
Ray  C.  Friesner  for  Solidago;  Frederick  J.  Hermann  for  Carex  and 
Juncaceae;  Lawrence  E.  Hicks  for  Lemnaceae;  Milton  S.  Hopkins  for 
Arabis  in  part;  Theodor  Just  for  Chenopodiaceae;  Rogers  McVaugh  for 
Lobelia;  P.  A.  Munz  for  Onograceae  in  part;  E.  J.  Palmer  for  Crataegus 
and  miscellaneous  species;  Francis  W.  Pennell  for  Scrophulariaceae; 
Rosendahl,  Butters,  and  Lakela  for  Heuchera  and  Sidlivantia;  Paul 
Standley  for  Houstonia  in  part;  E.  E.  Watson  (deceased)  for  Helianthus; 
C.  A.  Weatherby  for  assistance  for  many  years  on  ferns ;  Louis  C. 
Wheeler  for  Euphorbia;  Edgar  T.  Wherry  for  Polemoniaceae;  K.  M. 
Wiegand  for  Amelanchier  and  Oxalidaceae;  and  T.  G.  Yuncker  for 
Cuscuta.  I  wish  here  to  thank  all  others  who  named  or  checked  over 
small  groups  or  who  loaned  me  Indiana  specimens  for  study. 

Distribution  of  Indiana  Plants. — The  general  distribution  of  a  species 
is  given  in  a  closing  paragraph  after  the  discussion  of  the  species.  The 
state  distribution  is  shown  by  a  map.  Published  records  that  do  not  cite 
specimens  are  omitted  but  sometimes  one  or  more  may  be  discussed. 
Some  more  or  less  complete  county  floras  have  been  published  without 


11 

verifying  specimens;  no  reference  is  made  to  these  except  that  when  a 
species  is  reported  which  does  not  occur  in  Indiana,  it  is  discussed  and 
placed  in  the  excluded  list  where  it  belongs. 

Those  plants  whose  mass  distribution  is  to  the  south  or  southwest  of 
Indiana  and  always  found  in  cultivated  grounds,  are  probably  introduced. 
These  are  discussed  in  the  text. 

The  date  of  flowering  of  a  species  is  given  in  the  vertical  column  at 
the  left  of  the  map.  No  effort  has  been  made  to  collect  plants  at  their  very 
earliest  or  latest  flowering  dates,  and  dates  and  the  number  of  specimens 
have  been  taken  from  my  collection  only. 

The  distribution  on  the  map  is  by  counties  and  is  indicated  by  letters 
which  are  symbols  for  the  herbaria  in  which  specimens  are  deposited.  I 
have  seen  all  the  Indiana  specimens  in  both  public  and  private  herbaria 
in  Indiana  and  many  specimens  cited  outside  of  Indiana.  Those  which  I 
have  not  seen  are  ones  cited  by  recent  authors.  Hermann  has  seen  all  of 
the  Carex  and  Juncaceae  cited. 

It  was  impracticable  to  go  through  all  the  herbaria  of  the  United 
States.  The  principal  collectors  of  Indiana  plants  are  known  and  I  have 
seen  their  plants  except  those  of  E.  J.  Hill  which  are  deposited  in  the 
herbarium  of  the  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  Illinois ;  those  of  H. 
Walton  Clark  and  B.  W.  Evermann  from  Marshall  County  which  are 
deposited  in  the  Field  Museum,  Chicago,  Illinois,  and  the  National 
Herbarium,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  and  those  collected  by  L.  M.  Umbach 
which  are  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison, 
Wisconsin.  Since  Hill  and  Umbach  did  most  of  their  collecting  in  the 
counties  along  Lake  Michigan  whose  flora  is  well  represented  later  by 
my  own  work,  and  by  that  of  Marcus  Lyon,  Jr.,  J.  A.  Nieuwland,  and 
others  it  is  doubtful  if  these  former  authors  found  anything  not  later 
collected  and  reported.  They  reported  all  the  rare  things  they  collected 
and  I  have  examined  all  of  these  rarities. 

When  the  area  of  the  county  is  too  small  to  hold  all  the  reports,  those 
of  private  herbaria  have  been  omitted. 

The  herbaria  indicated  by  symbols  and  their  location  are  as  follows: 

A  A Arnold  Arboretum,  Jamaica  Plain,  Massachusetts. 

B Butler  University,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 

Ba Private  herbarium  of  Edna  Banta,  Bloomington,  Indiana. 

C University  of  California,  Berkeley,  California. 

Cm Carnegie  Museum,  Pittsburgh,  Pennsylvania. 

Cu Cornell  University,  Ithaca,  New  York. 

D Deam  Herbarium,  Bluffton,  Indiana.   (Later  to  be  located  at   Indiana  University, 

Bloomington,  Indiana.) 

Dk South  Dakota  Agricultural  College,  Brookings,  South  Dakota. 

DP DePauw  University,  Greencastle,  Indiana. 

F Field  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Chicago,  Illinois. 

Fr Franklin  College,  Franklin,  Indiana. 

G Cray  Herbarium,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

H Private  herbarium  of  Frederick  J.  Hermann,  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan. 

Hi Private  herbarium  of  Lawrence  E.  Hicks,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

I Umiversity  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  Illinois. 

IU Indiana  University,  Bloomington,  Indiana. 

K Private  herbarium  of  Ralph  M.  Kriebel,  Bedford,  Indiana. 


12 

L Private  herbarium  of  Marcus  Lyon,  Jr.,  South  Bend,  Indiana. 

M University  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis,  Minnesota. 

MC Private  herbarium  of  Scott  McCoy,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 

Mi University  of  Michigan,  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan. 

MK Private  herbarium  of  Madge  McKee,  Goodland,  Indiana. 

Mo Missouri  Botanical  Garden,  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

Mvv Milwaukee  Public  Museum,  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin. 

X National  Herbarium,  Washington,  D.  C. 

XD. University  of  Notre  Dame,  Notre  Dame,  Indiana. 

XW Northwestern  University,  Evanston,  Illinois. 

XV New  York  Botanical  Garden,  Bronx  Park,  New  York. 

0 Oberlin  College,  Oberlin,  Ohio. 

I' Purdue  University,  West  Lafayette,  Indiana. 

Pa University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. 

Ph Philadelphia  Academy  of  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. 

Po Pomona  College,  Claremont,  California. 

S Private  herbarium  of  A.  S.  Slavin,  Rochester,  New  York. 

Sw State  College  of  Washington,  Pullman,  Washington. 

St Stanford  University,  Stanford  University,  California. 

T Private  herbarium  of  R.  M.  Tryon,  Jr.,  Chicago,  Illinois. 

W Wabash  College,  Crawfordsville,  Indiana. 

We Private  herbarium  of  Paul  Weatherwax,  Bloomington,  Indiana. 

Wi University  of  Wisconsin,  Madison,  Wisconsin. 

Botanical  Descriptions. — The  botanical  descriptions  have  been  drawn 
almost  exclusively  from  specimens  I  have  collected  because  they  have  been 
at  hand.  Technical  terms  have  been  avoided  whenever  possible  and  the 
few  found  necessary  to  use  are  defined  in  a  glossary.  The  measurements 
in  the  keys  have  been  taken  from  herbarium  specimens  and  are  given  in 
the  metric  system  and  those  in  the  descriptive  text  are  in  English  terms. 
The  frequent  use  of  "more  or  less,  usually,  and  generally"  is  objectionable 
to  some  people  but  to  me  these  expressions  are  the  shortest,  the  most 
definite,  and  most  comprehensive  way  of  expressing  the  wide  limits  of  a 
qualitative  or  quantitative  character.  The  ampersand  (&)  is  used  be- 
tween joint  authors  and  joint  collectors. 

Botanical  names  of  native  plants  are  printed  in  bold  face  type  and  are  in 
accordance  with  the  International  Rules  of  Botanical  Nomenclature.  When 
the  names  given  in  Gray's  Manual,  edition  7  and  Britton  and  Brown's, 
Illustrated  Flora  edition  2  differ  from  those  in  the  bold  face  type  for  the 
same  plant  they  are  regarded  as  synonyms  and  are  printed  in  italics. 
Botanical  names  in  the  text  are  printed  in  italics.  Botanical  names  of 
introduced  plants  and  common   names  are  printed   in   SMALL   capitals. 

The  accented  pronunciation  of  the  botanical  names  is  indicated  as  fol- 
lows: the  grave  C)  accent  indicates  the  long  English  sound  of  the  vowel, 
and  the  acute  ( ' )  accent  indicates  the  short  or  otherwise  modified  sound. 

The  use  of  the  term  "variety  typica"  to  designate  the  typical  form  of  a 
species  is  limited  to  those  species  where  I  have  found  it  used  as  such. 

The  common  names  are  those  given  as  such  in  "Standardized  Plant 
Names,"  with  few  exceptions.  In  many  instances  I  do  not  agree  with  this 
authority  but  1  believe  it  is  in  the  best  interest  of  uniformity  for  me  to 
accept  the  names  given  in  the  aforementioned  work.  In  rare  instances 
I  have  given  two  common  names  and  the  reason  for  so  doing.    Many  of 


13 

our  plants  do  not  have  accepted  common  names  and  I  have  left  these 
without  them. 

In  the  writing  of  the  manuscript  an  effort  has  been  made  to  conform  to 
some  supreme  rule.  In  spelling  and  in  the  use  of  the  hyphen  Webster's  New 
International  Dictionary,  latest  edition  has  been  followed  with  few  ex- 
ceptions. Since  there  is  no  universally  accepted  standard  of  colors,  al- 
though Ridgway's  "Color  standards  and  color  nomenclature"  is  used  by 
mammalogists,  ornithologists,  and  some  botanists,  and  since  color  terms 
have  been  loosely  used  by  authors  to  convey  color  concepts,  I  believe  it  is  in 
the  interest  of  uniformity  to  delete  all  hyphens  between  color  terms  because 
they  add  nothing  to  clarify  the  concept,  except  where  used  by  Ridgway 
when  they  represent  a  definite  color.  The  "Style  Manual  of  the  United 
States  Government  Printing  Office,"  1935,  edition  has  been  followed  with 
few  exceptions.  The  outstanding  innovation  is  the  omission  of  the  period 
after  abbreviations  used  in  the  metric  system.  The  exception  is  that  while 
this  authority  does  not  begin  proper  names  of  specific  and  subspecific  names 
with  a  capital  letter,  I  am  following  the  International  Botanical  Rules  and 
I  am  using  capital  letters.  I  wish  to  go  on  record  as  vigorously  opposing 
the  practice  of  decapitalizing  specific  or  subspecific  names  derived  from 
proper  nouns.  Biological  Abstracts  has  been  followed  in  the  matter  of 
abbreviating  and  listing  bibliographic  data. 

The  keys  and  how  to  use  them.— The  key  to  the  families  has  been 
copied  with  a  few  changes  from  Robinson  &  Fernald's  Gray's  Manual, 
edition  7,  published  in  1908  and  adapted  to  the  species  which  occur  in 
Indiana.  The  reason  that  I  have  adopted  this  key  is  that  I  have  used  it 
since  its  publication  and  I  have  found  it  satisfactory.  Other  botanists  with 
whom  I  have  conferred  upon  this  subject  all  agree  that  the  key  is  all 
that  is  to  be  desired.  I  wish  to  express  my  thanks  for  the  privilege  of  using 
it.  Keys  to  genera  and  species,  except  those  of  the  parts  contributed  by 
others,  I  have  written  myself  and  they  are  all  artificial. 

A  general  key  is  given  to  assist  the  student  in  learning  to  which  family 
an  unknown  plant  belongs.  It  is  arranged  in  pairs  of  leads.  The  second 
lead  of  a  pair  repeats  the  data  given  in  the  first  lead  but  in  a  negative 
form.  Each  succeeding  set  of  leads  is  placed  2  spaces  to  the  right  and 
some  of  the  sets  are  preceded  by  a  pair  of  letters  to  make  them  more  easily 
located,  especially  when  one  of  the  pair  is  very  far  from  the  other  with 
many  intervening  leads. 

To  name  a  plant,  read  the  first  lead.  If  it  fits  your  plant,  proceed  to  the 
next  set  of  leads.  If  it  fits  the  first  lead  of  this  set,  proceed  to  succeeding 
leads  until  it  leads  to  a  family  or  genus.  If  it  does  not  fit  a  lead,  try  the 
opposing  lead.  If  it  fits,  proceed  to  the  first  part  of  the  next  set  of  leads. 
Accept  or  reject  leads  until  the  key  leads  to  a  family  or  genus.  The  task 
is  not  as  easy  as  it  may  seem.  After  you  have  followed  the  key  to  a  family 
you  may  find  the  plant  does  not  fit  the  family.  Then  you  must  retrace 
the  steps  taken  and  be  more  careful  to  be  sure  the  terms  are  understood. 
Errors  are  usually  the  result  of  haste,  misunderstanding  of  terms  used, 
or  of  poor  or  inadequate  material  for  naming.    The  key  may  call  for  a 


14 

character  your  specimen  does  not  have.  Then  outside  aid  must  be  sought. 
One  who  is  interested  in  naming  the  flora  of  a  region  should  have  one  or 
more  manuals  of  botany  that  go  into  more  detail  than  can  be  given  in  a 
flora  of  this  kind.    An  illustrated  manual  will  be  of  great  assistance. 

After  you  have  reached  the  family  name,  turn  to  the  page  in  the  book 
where  the  family  is  found  and  proceed  through  the  family  key  to  the 
species. 

Sequence  of  families  and  genera. — The  sequence  of  families  and  genera 
and  their  interpretation  is  that  of  the  "Genera  Siphonogamarum"  by 
C.  G.  de  dalla  Torre  and  Dr.  H.  Harms.  This  sequence  is  in  accord  with 
the  "Engler  and  Prantl"  system  of  classification  which  is  in  current  use 
by  most  authors.  I  am  aware  that  several  newer  systems  of  classification 
have  been  offered  but  students  are  not  unanimous  in  accepting  them.  An 
exception  has  been  made  in  the  Graminae  in  which  the  sequence  is  that 
of  Hitchcock's  Manual  of  Grasses  which  is  used  by  most  students  of  grasses. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  numbers  that  precede  family  and  generic  names 
in  our  manuals  and  floras  differ.  This  disagreement  follows  because  each 
author  treats  a  different  area  and  he  numbers  only  the  families  and  genera 
that  are  found  within  the  area  he  considers.  The  innovation  in  this  flora 
is  that  the  numbers  of  families  and  genera  refer  to  the  families  and  genera 
of  the  whole  plant  kingdom  and  are  the  numbers  assigned  to  them  by  dalla 
Torre  and  Harms.  This  system  places  no  limit  upon  expansion  if  one 
wishes  to  build  up  an  herbarium  and  makes  it  easy  to  incorporate  it  into  a 
large  herbarium.  Plants  in  an  herbarium  should  not  be  arranged  alpha- 
betically but  according  to  their  relationship. 

Indiana,  its  location,  drainage,  and  climate. 

Indiana  is  one  of  the  north-central  states.  It  is  about  153  miles  wide 
and  275  miles  long  between  the  most  distant  points.  The  southern  boun- 
dary is  low  water  line  of  the  north  side  of  the  Ohio  River  and  the  northern 
boundary  is  Lake  Michigan  and  the  state  of  Michigan.  The  most  southern 
point  is  in  37° 40'  north  latitude  and  the  most  northern  point  is  in  41°  50' 
north  latitude.  In  longitude  it  lies  between  84°49'  on  the  east  and  88°2' 
on  the  west. 

The  land  area  occupies  36,045  square  miles  besides  280  square  miles  of 
rivers  and  interior  lakes  and  230  square  miles  of  Lake  Michigan. 

The  whole  of  the  state  has  been  glaciated  except  the  south-central  and 
southwestern  parts  (see  map  on  page  1164).  The  highest  point  in  the  state 
is  in  Randolph  County,  1,285  feet  above  sea  level,  and  the  lowest  is  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Wabash  River,  313  feet.  The  average  elevation  is  about 
700  feet. 

About  nine-tenths  of  the  state  drains  westward  and  south  westward  into 
the  Mississippi  Basin  and  about  a  tenth,  located  in  the  northern  part, 
drains  into  the  St.  Lawrence  Basin. 

The  average  annual  precipitation  is  about  39  inches.  The  average 
annual  temperature  is  about  52  degrees  Fahrenheit.  The  average  growing 
season  is  about  158  days  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  and  188  days  in 
the  southern  part.    (See  plates  on  pages  1162  and  1163.) 


15 


Floral  Areas  of  Indiana  (See  map  on  page  1164.) 

To  assist  in  understanding  the  distribution  of  a  species  in  the  state  and 
at  the  same  time  give  some  idea  of  its  habitat,  I  have  divided  the  state  into 
seven  areas.  These  are  not  all  strictly  floral  areas  but  for  convenience  they 
may  be  so  considered.  The  limits  of  the  ranges  of  certain  species  within 
the  area  determine  one  boundary  of  that  area. 

Dune  area 

The  dune  area  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan 
and  on  the  south  for  the  most  part  by  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad.  It 
is  about  four  miles  wide  at  the  west  end  and  half  a  mile  wide  at  the  east 
end.  In  Lake  County  this  area  consisted  of  low  dunes,  for  the  most  part 
from  5  to  15  feet  high,  alternating  with  sloughs  and  interdunal  flats.  In  the 
extreme  northwest  part  of  it  were  Wolf  Lake,  Berry  Lake  (now  extinct), 
and  Lake  George.  The  greatest  variety  of  plants  of  this  area  were  found 
in  this  county.  In  the  east  part  of  Lake  County  the  dunes  begin  to  rapidly 
increase  in  height  and  high  dunes  continue  to  Michigan  City.  The  highest 
dune  is  Mount  Tom  in  Dunes  Park,  Porter  County  and  is  192  feet  high. 
The  dunes  proper  are  almost  pure  sand  but  were  formerly  well  wooded. 
The  sloughs  and  interdunal  flats  are  more  or  less  mucky. 

The  following  list  is  of  plants  known  in  Indiana  only  from  this  small 
area  and  all  are  of  northern  range.  Those  preceded  by  "?"  are  probably 
extinct  and  those  preceded  by  "o"  are  now  known  from  one  colony  only. 


Ammophila  breviligulata 
?  Botrychium  simplex 

Cakile  edentula  var.  lacustris 

Carex  folliculata 

o  Carex  Richardsonii 

?  Ceanothus  ovatus 

Cirsium  Pitcheri 
o  Clintonia  borealis 
?  Corallorrhiza  trifida 

Cornus  canadensis 

Cyperus  Houghtonii 
o  Equisetum  variegatum 

Euphorbia  polygonifolia 

Hudsonia  tomentosa  var.  intermedia 
o  Myosotis  laxa 

Oryzopsis  asperifolia 
?  Panicum  lucidum 


?  Panicum  scoparioides 
?  Panicum  subvillosum 

Pinus  Banksiana 
o  Polygala  paucifolia 

Potentilla  Anserina 
o  Potamogeton  pusillus 
?  Psilocarya  nitens 
?  Pyrola  secunda 

Ptelea  trifoliata  var.  Deamiana 
?  Rhynchospora  cymosa 

Salix  adenophylla 
o  Scirpus  subterminalis 

Shepherdia  canadensis 
o  Solidago  Deamii 

Solidago  Gillmani 
o  Thuja  occidentalis 


Lake  area 

The  lake  area  occupies  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  southward  to  the 
Tipton  Till  Plain  but  is  not  sharply  separated  from  it.  For  practical  pur- 
poses the  south  line  of  this  area  may  be  considered  to  coincide  with  the 
north  line  of  the  Tipton  Till  Plain  which  may  be  given  roughly  as  a  line 
extending  westward  from  Fort  Wayne  to  Huntington,  Logansport,  and 
Monticello  to  the  state  line.  South  of  this  line  are  a  few,  nearly  extinct 
small  lakes.  There  is  one  in  each  of  the  following  counties:  Wells,  Black- 
ford, Grant,  and  Warren.  Deep  peat  deposits  in  Hamilton  and  Madison 
Counties  indicate  extinct  lakes. 


16 

The  area  has  a  great  variety  of  habitats  ranging  from  lakes  and  rivers, 
bogs  and  marshes,  dry  sand  and  gravelly  places,  prairies,  and  remnants 
of  prairies  (oak  openings)  to  the  mesophytic  forest.  Within  this  area  about 
300  species  of  a  northern  range  find  their  southern  limit.  Within  this  area 
a  small  number  of  plants  have  been  found  also  that  have  their  mass  distri- 
bution on  the  Coastal  Plain  and  the  Lower  Mississippi  Valley.  Among  these 
are  Panicum  albemarlense,  Panicum  spretum,  Panicum  verrucosum, 
Cyperus  dentatus,  Eleocharis  melanocarpa,  Eleocharis  Torreyana,  Fim- 
bristylis  puberula,  Scleria  pauciflora  var.  caroliniana,  Scleria  reticularis, 
Scleria  setacea,  and  Hypericum  adpressum.  These  are  found  in  a  few- 
marshes  and  on  their  borders  between  low  dunes  in  section  2  a  mile  east 
and  a  mile  and  a  half  south  of  Tefft,  Jasper  County,  or  about  4  miles  south 
of  the  Kankakee  River.  A  few  of  these  species  occur  also  in  the  dune  area 
and  in  a  few  adjacent  counties  in  like  habitats.  I  have  not  botanized  the 
marshes  in  adjacent  sections  to  ascertain  how  widely  these  species  are 
spread  or  whether  additional  species  may  be  found.  The  whole  area  for 
a  width  of  about  5  miles  from  Bass  Lake  in  Starke  County  westward  to 
the  Illinois  line,  a  distance  of  about  50  miles  is,  for  the  most  part,  a  series 
of  low  dunes  and  interdunal  marshes.  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  these  Coastal 
Plain  plants  have  migrated  into  Indiana  through  the  Mississippi  Valley 
rather  than  through  the  Mohawk  Valley  and  the  Great  Lakes  area  as 
Peattie  and  Svenson  suggest.  To  this  list  of  plants  should  be  added  Styrax 
americana  which  is  found  along  the  Kankakee  River  and  is  not  found  again 
until  the  Patoka  River  Basin  is  reached  in  Dubois  County.  Mikania  scan- 
dens  is  found  along  the  Kankakee  River  just  east  of  Baum  Bridge,  Porter 
County.  I  have  not  found  it  elsewhere  in  Indiana  although  it  has  been 
reported.  This  very  disjunct  distribution  suggests  migration  from  the 
Mississippi  Valley  by  streams  through  Illinois.  Recently  several  Coastal 
Plain  plants  have  been  found  in  Minnesota  which  adds  weight  to  the 
theory  that  our  Coastal  Plain  plants  came  into  Indiana  through  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley. 

Tipton  Till  Plain 

This  area  is  not  strictly  a  botanical  one  but  is  given  as  such  for  the  con- 
venience of  discussing  distribution  and  habitat.  Excepting  the  prairie 
area  it  nearly  coincides  with  the  physiographic  area  given  it  by  Malott 
(Handbook  of  Geology).  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  "lake  area" 
and  on  the  south  by  the  southern  boundary  of  the  Wisconsin  drift.  The 
surface  of  this  area  is  comparatively  level  although  marked  by  many  ter- 
minal moraines.  The  soil  is  mostly  neutral  or  only  slightly  acid.  The  soil 
acidity  factor  may  be  the  one  which  prevents  plants  from  migrating  into 
it  from  the  Illinoian  drift  area  where  the  soil  is  much  more  acid.  Within 
this  area  some  plants  from  all  directions  reach  their  limits  of  distribution 
in  Indiana.  This  area  contains  the  best  agricultural  land  of  the  state  and 
in  the  brief  period  of  a  hundred  years  almost  all  of  the  woodland  has  dis- 
appeared and  the  whole  is  now  under  cultivation.  As  a  consequence  it  is 
now  impossible  to  learn  just  how  far  plants  invaded  this  area  and  what 
stopped  them.     Too,  our  distribution  maps  show  few  records  because  the 


17 

plants  in  this  area  are  rare  or  have  been  exterminated  by  cultivation.  The 
area,  however,  contains  some  extinct  lake  areas  and  springy  places  which 
accounts  for  the  many  lake  area  plants  in  it. 

Illinoia/n  Drift  Area 

This  area  lies  south  of  the  Tipton  Till  Plain,  north  of  the  glacial  bound- 
ary, and  east  of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  area.  It  is  divided  into  an 
eastern  and  a  western  lobe.  The  topography  varies  from  level  areas  to 
deeply  cut  ravines.  The  flora  of  the  two  parts  has  several  species  not  in 
common.  The  Appalachian  flora  has  entered  in  a  small  degree  the  eastern 
part  while  the  southwestern  flora  has  entered  the  western  part.  In  Clark, 
Jefferson,  Jennings,  and  Ripley  Counties  are  level,  poorly  drained  areas 
with  an  acid  soil  that  are  locally  known  as  "flats."  These  may  be  divided 
into  high  and  low  "flats."  The  principal  tree  species  of  the  "high  flats" 
are  beech,  sweet  gum,  tulip,  and  black  gum.  Often  a  depression  a  foot  in 
depth  will  result  in  a  "low  flat"  wooded  with  swamp  chestnut  oak,  swamp 
white  oak,  pin  oak,  southern  red  oak,  and  red  maple.  Sometimes  the  low- 
est places  will  consist  of  a  pure  stand  of  pin  oak.  All  of  the  species  named 
will  not  be  found  in  the  same  "flat"  but  usually  two  or  three  of  them  will 
be  the  dominant  species.  The  western  part  has  some  low  areas  but  these 
are  usually  wooded  with  pin  oak  and  shingle  oak,  associated  with  hickory. 
In  the  western  lobe  are  sand  dunes  that  have  a  peculiar  flora.  Such  a  sand 
area  forms  the  terrace  of  the  Wabash  River  from  north  of  Terre  Haute 
southward  to  Posey  County.  In  Knox  County  in  places  its  width  increases 
to  more  than  a  mile.  On  this  sandy  terrace  are  found  plants  not  found 
elsewhere  in  Indiana  which  have  their  mass  distribution  in  the  Lower 
Mississippi  Valley.  East  of  the  North  fork  of  White  River  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Daviess  County  are  many  low  dunes  upon  which,  and  in 
the  low  places  between  them,  occur  several  Coastal  Plain  plants.  Among 
those  that  are  restricted  to  this  area  are  Gymnopogon  ambiguus  and  Gaura 
filipes. 

Prairie  Area 

This  area  is  small  and  the  boundary  very  irregular.  The  many  small 
prairies  and  "oak  openings"  that  occur  throughout  the  lake  and  Tipton  Till 
Plain  areas  are  not  included  in  this  area.  Our  distribution  maps  may  show 
a  prairie  species  fairly  well  distributed  over  the  whole  of  northern  Indiana 
which  does  not  mean  that  the  whole  area  is  an  uninterrupted  prairie. 
There  was  probably  not  a  county  in  the  lake  and  Tipton  Till  Plain  areas 
that  did  not  have  one  or  more  areas  of  an  acre  or  more  in  prairie.  The 
tension  zone  between  the  prairie  and  the  forest  is  one  of  the  most  interest- 
ing studies  in  plant  geography.  The  whole  area  is  now  devoted  to  agri- 
culture and  since  no  one  made  a  record  of  its  plant  life  before  cultivation, 
our  knowledge  of  it  must  now  be  gleaned  from  the  few  plants  that  have 
survived  along  railroads  and  roadsides  and  in  cemeteries  and  waste  places. 
Every  year  our  roadsides  are  mowed  and  the  rights  of  way  of  railroads 
are  mowed  and  usually  burned,  so  that  the  extermination  of  our  native 
prairie  plants  will  soon  be  complete. 


18 

Lower  Wabash  Valley 

This  is  a  narrow  strip  of  alluvial  land  on  the  east  side  of  the  Wabash 
River  from  Parke  County  southward  to  the  Ohio  River  and  thence  up  the 
Ohio  River  to  Little  Pigeon  Creek  in  Warrick  County.  To  it  belong  also 
the  short  alluvial  extensions  of  the  White  and  Patoka  Rivers.  The  whole 
area  is  usually  inundated  each  year  at  flood  stage.  Among  the  trees  re- 
stricted to  these  lowlands  are  Acer  rubrum  var.  Drummondii,  Carya  Pecan 
(with  few  exceptions),  Celtis  laevigata  (with  few  exceptions),  Forestiera 
acuminata  (with  one  exception),  Gleditsia  aquatica,  Gleditsia  texana, 
Taxodium  distichum,  and  Quercus  lyrata  (one  exception).  Other  plants 
are  Aristolochia  tomentosa,  Echinodorus  radicans,  Hottonia  inflata,  Lep- 
tochloa  panicoides,  Ludwigia  glandulosa,  Spigelia  marilandica,  Trache- 
lospermum  difforme,  and  Vitis  palmata.  All  these  species  belong  to  the 
flora  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  find  their  northeastern  limit  in  this  area. 

U n glaciated  area 

This  area  may  be  divided  into  eastern  and  western  parts.  The  western 
part  is  included  by  Malott  in  the  Wabash  Lowland  and  is  bounded  on  the 
east  by  Anderson  Creek  to  St.  Meinrad  and  then  extends  northwestward 
to  the  glacial  boundary.  The  eastern  half  of  this  part  is  hilly  and  wooded 
mostly  with  oaks.  The  western  part  has  gently  sloping  or  low  hills  and  is 
wooded  on  the  high  ground  with  beech,  tulip,  and  sugar  maple  and  in 
the  lowland  with  oak,  hickory,  elm,  and  sweet  gum.  I  do  not  regard  this 
as  a  botanical  area  but  only  a  part  of  a  region  where  some  southern 
plants  reach  the  northern  limit  of  their  distribution.  In  it,  however,  we 
have  Dicliptera  brachiata  and  Crotonopsis  elliptica  that  have  not  been 
found  outside  of  it. 

The  eastern  part  of  the  unglaciated  area  is  mostly  hilly  and  broken, 
being  divided  by  the  broad  valley  of  White  River.  I  think  a  good  com- 
mon name  for  it  would  be  the  "Chestnut  Oak  Upland"  area,  because  this 
species  of  oak  crowns  the  crests  of  all  of  the  high  ridges  of  the  area  and 
these  ridges  are  popularly  known  as  "chestnut  oak  ridges"  or  "knobs." 
Malott  divides  the  area  into  three  parts.  The  most  eastern  he  calls  the 
Norman  Uplift,  the  middle  the  Mitchell  Plain,  and  the  western  the  Craw- 
ford Upland.  With  the  exception  of  one  small  restricted  area  I  think 
these  uplands  can  be  considered  as  one  botanical  unit.  Pinus  virginiana, 
Virginia  pine,  crowns  the  crests  of  the  highest  ridges  in  Floyd  County, 
the  western  part  of  Clark  County,  a  fragment  of  the  southwestern  part 
of  Scott  County,  and  a  few  places  on  the  southeast  boundary  of  Wash- 
ington County.  The  total  area  of  pine  is  quite  small  and  might  well  be 
considered  a  separate  botanical  area  if  there  were  one  more  species  pecul- 
iar to  it. 

Within  the  chestnut  oak  area  many  plants  reach  their  northern  limit. 
Some,  such  as  Bumelia  lycioides,  Oxydendrum  arboreum,  Ligusticum 
canadense,  Eragrostis  capillaris,  and  Aconitum  uncinatum,  have  merely 
crossed  the  Ohio  River.  Others  such  as  Smilax  Bona-nox,  Gentiana  villosa, 
Melothria  pendula,  Kalmia  Mifolia,  Galactia  volubilis,  and  Cirsium  vir- 
ginianum  have  penetrated  5  to  25  miles.   Others  such  as  Quercus  montanu 


19 

and  Cunila  origanoides  have  covered  the  whole  area  but  not  beyond  it 
except  on  a  small  knob  in  Jefferson  County,  one  in  Spencer  County,  and 
one  in  Warrick  County.  Gaultheria  procumbens  and  Tsuga  canadensis 
are  evidently  relicts  on  this  old  rock  area.  There  also  remains  Carex  picta 
which  offers  a  problem  in  disjunct  distribution.  This  Carex  is  frequent 
in  Brown  County  in  certain  places  near  the  glacial  boundary  and  is  found 
sparingly  in  Monroe,  Jackson,  Lawrence,  Morgan,  and  Owen  Counties. 
I  have  watched  carefully  for  this  species  elsewhere  in  Indiana  but  have 
failed  to  discover  it.  It  is  known  only  in  the  area  mentioned  in  Indiana, 
in  Tennessee,  Alabama,  and  in  one  place  in  Louisiana.  Another  in- 
teresting relict  of  this  area  is  Betula  lutea  which  has  a  few  specimens 
struggling  for  existence  on  the  walls  of  the  gorges  about  a  mile  south- 
east of  Taswell,  Crawford  County.  It  is  associated  here  with  Tsuga 
canadensis. 

State  Flower 

The  Indiana  flora  is  rich  in  the  number  of  native  species  that  are  attrac- 
tive and  beautiful.  Out  of  our  abundance  of  native  flowers  we  should 
be  able  to  select  one  for  our  state  flower.  I  take  this  opportunity  which 
may  be  my  last  to  voice  my  protest  against  designating  as  a  state  flower 
one  that  is  not  a  well  known  native  of  the  state  nor  even  a  native  of  the 
United  States.  Our  first  state  flower  was  the  carnation  of  Europe.  I 
assisted  in  having  this  changed  in  1923  to  the  flower  of  the  tulip  tree 
which  is  found  in  every  county  of  Indiana  except  in  the  prairies.  It  is 
recognized  as  one  of  the  most  stately  trees  of  the  United  States.  In  1931 
the  legislature  named  the  blatant  zinnia  the  state  flower,  Zinnia  elegans 
(a  native  of  Mexico).  Why  advertise  some  foreign  country  and  our 
ignorance  of  our  native  plants  ?  I  appeal  to  readers  to  take  a  pride  in  our 
state  and  in  our  native  plants.  I  hope  that  our  next  legislature  will  not 
consider  the  state  flower  only  as  a  buttonhole  bouquet  and  will  name  one 
of  our  many  native  flowers  to  represent  us  and  cease  paying  homage  to 
any  other  country. 

Acknowledgments 

I  have  received  help  and  suggestions  from  many  persons  to  whom  I 
wish  to  make  grateful  acknowledgment.  First  to  the  persons  previously 
mentioned  who  have  examined  my  specimens  in  difficult  genera,  I  tender 
my  sincere  thanks. 

I  wish  especially  to  thank  those  who  have  contributed  difficult  parts  of 
the  text:  Frederick  J.  Hermann  of  the  University  of  Michigan  for  the 
text  of  Carex,  J  uncus,  and  Luzula;  Theodor  Just  of  the  University  of 
Notre  Dame  for  the  text  of  Chenopodiaceae ;  and  Ernest  J.  Palmer  of  the 
Arnold  Arboretum  for  the  text  of  Crataegus.  These  authors  have  with 
few  exceptions  followed  the  phraseology  of  the  flora. 

I  owe  much  to  Stanley  Coulter,  until  recently  Dean  of  the  School  of 
Science,  Purdue  University,  who  encouraged  me  to  write  a  flora  of  Indiana 
and  who  enlisted  the  aid  of  the  Department  of  Conservation.  He  has  also 
read  most  of  the  manuscript  and  has  been  helpful  in  many  ways. 


20 

C.  A.  Weatherby  of  the  Gray  Herbarium,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  has 
promptly  answered  my  many  letters  relative  to  botanical  nomenclature.  I 
wish  to  express  my  appreciation  for  this  special  service  and  reading  proof. 

Paul  Weatherwax  of  Indiana  University  has  read  the  manuscript  and 
given  me  helpful  suggestions. 

Frederick  J.  Hermann  of  the  University  of  Michigan  has  read  both  the 
manuscript  and  the  proof  and  has  been  exceedingly  helpful  in  many  ways. 

Mrs.  Leland  Winch,  of  West  Lafayette,  Indiana,  nee  Harriet  M.  Gragg, 
has  typed  the  manuscript.  She  has  been  most  helpful  in  the  English  com- 
position and  has  been  an  accurate,  earnest,  and  conscientious  assistant. 

I  wish  to  express  my  sincere  thanks  to  E.  P.  Wilson  for  his  interest  and 
efforts  in  having  the  Flora  published  in  the  best  manner  possible ;  also  for 
the  making  of  the  county  and  botanical  area  maps. 

Our  thanks  are  also  due  to  J.  H.  Armington  of  the  U.S.  Weather  Bureau 
for  the  two  full   page  maps,   showing  the  rainfall  and  temperature  of 

Indiana. 

I  wish  to  acknowledge  the  great  assistance  of  my  wife,  Stella  M.  Deam, 
who  has,  during  the  past  forty  years,  helped  to  collect  and  prepare  speci- 
mens, has  read  copy  and  proof,  and  has  shared  the  financial  burden  the 
work  has  entailed. 

Lastly,  I  wish  to  thank  the  Department  of  Conservation  for  the  oppor- 
tunity of  doing  this  work  and  publishing  the  results. 

Conclusion 

Active  work  of  writing  the  flora  was  begun  about  seven  years  ago.  Much 
data  on  the  distribution  of  rare  species  yet  remain  to  be  collected  but  since 
I  have  just  passed  my  seventy-third  birthday  it  seems  wise  to  conclude 

the  work. 

Chas.  C.  Deam. 

Bluff  ton,  Indiana,  Sept.  28,  1938. 

P.S.  In  order  to  keep  the  nomenclature  up  to  date  while  the  flora  was 
going  through  the  press  it  was  necessary  to  make  the  changes  in  footnotes 
and  omit  some  of  the  synonyms. 
Feb.  15,  1940.  Chas.  C.  Deam. 


21 


ABBREVIATIONS  OF  THE  NAMES  OF  AUTHORS 


Adans. — Adanson,    Michel. 

A.  DC. — De  Candolle,  Alphonse. 
Ait. — Aiton,  William. 

Ait.  f. — Aiton,  William  Townsend. 
All. — Allioni,  Carlo. 
Anders. — Andersson,  Nils  Johan. 
Andrz. — Andrzejowski,  Anton 

Lukianowicz. 
Am. — Arnott,  George  A.  Walker. 
Arrh. — Arrhenius,  Johan  Pehr. 
Asch. — Ascherson,  Paul. 

B.  &  H. — Bentham,   George,  and  Hooker, 

Joseph  Dalton. 
Bab. — Babington,  Charles  Cardale. 
Bail!. — Baillon,  Henri  Ernest. 
Baldw. — Baldwin,  William. 
Barnh. — Barnhart,  John  Hendley. 
Bart.— Barton,  William  P.C. 
Bartr. — Bartram,  William. 
Beauv. — Beauvois,  A. M.F.J.  Palisot  de. 
Benn. — Bennett,  Arthur. 
Benth. — Bentham,   George. 
Bernh. — Bernhardi,  Johann  Jacob. 
Bess. — Besser,  Wilhelm  S.J.G.  von. 
Bickn. — Bicknell,  Eugene  P. 
Big  el. — Bigelow,  Jacob. 
Biv. — Bivona-Bernardi,  Antonio. 
Bjornstr. — Bjornstrom,    Friedrich   Johann. 
Boeckl. — Boeckeler,  Otto. 
Boenn. — Boenninghausen,   C.M.F.  von. 
Boerh. — Boerhaave,  Hermann. 
Boiss. — Boissier,  Edmond. 
Borkh. — Borkhausen,  M.B. 
Br.,  A.Br. — Braun,  Alexander. 
Br.,  P.Br. — Browne,  Patrick. 
Br.,  R.Br. — Brown,  Robert. 
Briq. — Briquet,  John. 
Britt. — Britton,  Nathaniel  Lord. 
BSP. — Britton,     Nathaniel    Lord,    Sterns, 

E.  E.,  and  Poggenberg,  Justus  F. 
Buch. — Buchenau,  Franz. 
Burm.  f. — Burman,  Nikolaus  Laurens. 
C.    &    S. — Chamisso,    Adalbert    von,    and 

Schlechtendal,   D.F.L.  von. 
Carr. — Carriere,  Elie  Abel. 
Casp. — Caspary,  Robert. 
Cass. — Cassini,  Henri. 
Cav. — Cavanilles,  Antonio  Jose. 
Celak. — Celakovsky,  Ladislav. 
Chapm. — Chapman,   Alvan   Wentworth. 
Chr.,  C.Chr. — Christensen,  Carl. 
Clairv. — Clairville,  Joseph  Phillipe  de. 
Clayt. — Clayton,  John. 
Coss. — Cosson,  Ernest. 
Coult. — Coulter,  John  Merle. 
Cov. — Coville,  Frederick  V. 


Cyrill. — Cirillo,    Domenico. 

Darl. — Darlington,   William. 

Davenp. — Davenport,  George  Edward. 

DC. — De  Candolle,  Augustin  Pyramus. 

Dene. — Decaisne,  Joseph. 

Desf. — Desfontaines,  Rene  Louiche. 

Desr. — Desrousseaux,  Louis  Auguste 
Joseph. 

Desv. — Desvaux,  Augustin  Nicaise. 

Dietr. — Dietrich,  Albert. 

Dill. — Dillenius,   Johann  Jacob. 

Dougl. — Douglas,  David. 

Dv.fr. — Dufresne,  Pierre. 

Duham. — Du  Hamel  du  Monceau,  H.L. 

Dumont. — Du  Mont  de  Courset,  G.L.M. 

Dumort. — Dumortier,  Barthelemy  C. 

Eat. — Eaton,  Amos. 

Eggl.— Eggleston,  Willard  Webster. 

Ehrh. — Ehrhart,  Friedrich. 

Ell— Elliott,  Stephen. 

Endl. — Endlicher,  Stephan  Ladislaus. 

Engelm. — Engelmann,  George. 

Farw. — Farwell,  Oliver  A. 

F&rn. — Fernald,  Merritt  Lyndon. 

Fisoh. — Fischer,  F.E.  Ludwig  von. 

Forst. — Forster,  J.R.  and  George. 

Fourn. — Fournier,  Eugene. 

Fresn. — Fresenius,  J.B.G.W. 

Froel. — Froelich,  Joseph  Aloys. 

Gaertn. — Gaertner,  Joseph. 

Gatt. — Gattinger,  Augustin. 

Gaud. — Gaudichaud-Beaupre,    Charles. 

Germ. — Germain,  Ernest. 

Gilib. — Gilibert,  Jean  Emmanuel. 

Gmel. — Gmelin,  Samuel  Gottlieb. 

Gmel.,  J.F. — Gmelin,  Johann  Friedrich. 

Gmel.,  J.G. — Gmelin,  Johann  Georg. 

Godr. — Godron,  Dominique  Alexandre. 

Grab. — Grabowski,  Heinrich  Emanuel. 

Graebn. — Graebner,  Paul. 

Gren.  &  Godr. — Grenier,  Charles,  and  God- 
ron, D.A. 

Grev. — Greville,  Robert  Kaye. 

Griseb. — Grisebach,  Heinrich  R.A. 

Gronov. — Gronovius,  Jan  Fredrik. 

Guss. — Gussoni,  Giovanni. 

H.  &  A. — Hooker,   William   Jackson,   and 
Arnott,  G.A.  Walker. 

Hack. — Hackel,  Eduard. 

Hartm. — Hartman,  Carl  Johan. 

Hassk. — Hasskarl,  Justus  Carl. 

Haussk. — Haussknecht,  Carl. 

HBK. — Humboldt,  F.  Alexander  von,  Bon- 
pland,  Aime,  and  Kunth,  C.S. 

Heist. — Heister,  Lorentz. 

Herb. — Herbert,  William. 


99 


Hitchc. — Hitchcock,  Albert  Spear. 

Hocfist. — Hochstetter,  Christian  Frederich. 

Hoffm. — Hoffmann,  George  Franz. 

Hook. — Hooker,  William  Jackson. 

Hornem. — Hornemann,  Jens  Wilken. 

Houtt. — Houttuyn,  M. 

Hubb.— Hubbard,  F.  Tracy. 

Huds. — Hudson,  William. 

Jacq. — Jacquin,  Nicolaus  Joseph. 

Jord. — Jordan,  Alexis. 

Jkss. — Jussieu,  Antoine  Laurent  de. 

Juss.,  B. — Jussieu,  Bernard  de. 

Karst. — Karsten,  Hermann. 

Koel. — Koeler,  George  Ludwig. 

Krock. — Krocker,  Anton  Johann. 

Ktze. — Kuntze,  Otto. 

L. — Linnaeus,  Carolus,  or  Linne,  Carl  von. 

L.f. — Linne,  Carl  von  (the  son). 

Laestad. — Laestadius,  Lars  Levi. 

Lag. — Lagasca,  Mariano. 

hall. — Ave-Lallemant,  J.L.E. 

Lam. — Lamarck,  J.B.A.P.  Monnet. 

Lamb. — Lambert,  Aylmer  Bourke. 

Laxm. — Laxmann,  Eric. 

Leavenw. — Leavenworth,    Melines   C. 

Ledeb.- — Ledebour,  Carl  F.  von. 
Lehm. — Lehmann,  J.G.C. 

Lesp.  &  Thev. — Lespinasse,   Gustave,  and 
Theveneau,  A. 

Less. — Lessing,  Christian  Friedrich. 

Leyss. — Leysser,  Frederich  Wilhelm. 

L'Her.— L'Heriter,  de  Brutelle,  C.L. 

Lightf. — Lightfoot,  John. 

Lindl. — Lindley,  John. 

Lodd. — Loddiges,  Conrad. 

Loisel. — Loiseleur-Deslongchamps,  J.L.A. 

Loud. — Loudon,  John  Claudius. 

Lour. — Loureiro,  Juan. 

Macb. — Macbride,  J.  Francis. 

Mack. — Mackenzie,  Kenneth  Kent. 

MacM. — MacMillan,  Conway. 

Marsh. — Marshall,    Humphrey. 

Maxim. — Maximowicz,   Carl  Johann. 

Medic. — Medicus,  Friedrich  Casimir. 

Meisn. — Meisner,  Carl  Friedrich. 

Merr. — Merrill,  Elmer  D. 

Mert.  &  Koch. — Mertens,  Franz  Karl,  and 
Koch,  Wilhelm  Daniel  Heinrich. 

Mett. — Mettenius,  Georg  Heinrich. 

Mey. — Meyer,  Ernest  Heinrich  F. 

Mey.,  C.A. — Meyer,  Carl  Anton. 

Mey.,     G.F.W. — Meyer,     Georg     Friedrich 
Wilhelm. 

Mich. — Micheli,   Pier'  Antonio. 

Michx. — Michaux,    Andre. 

Michx.f. — Michaux,  Francois  Andre. 

Mill.— Miller,  Philip. 


Moq. — Moquin-Tandon,  Alfred. 

Muell.   Arg. — Mueller,   Jean    (of  Aargau). 

Muench. — Muenchhausen,      Otto     Freiherr 

von. 
Muhl. — Muhlenberg,   H.E. 
Murr. — Murray,  Johann  Andreas. 
Neck. — Necker,  Noel  Joseph  de. 
Nees — Nees  von  Esenbeck,  Christian 

Gottfried. 
Nees  &  Eberm. — Nees  von  Esenbeck,  T.F. 

L.,  and  Ebermaier,  K.H. 
Newm. — Newman,  Edward. 
Nieuivl. — Nieuwland,  Julius  Arthur. 
Nutt. — Nuttall,    Thomas. 
Pall. — Pallas,  Peter  Simon. 
Pari. — Parlatore,  Filippo. 
Pers. — Persoon,  Christian  Hendrik. 
Peterm. — Petermann,  Wilhelm  Ludwig. 
Planch. — Planchon,  Jules  Emile. 
Plum. — Plumier,  Charles. 
Poir. — Poiret,  Jean  Louis  Marie. 
Poll. — Pollich,  Johann  Adam. 
R.  &  P. — Ruiz,  Lopez  Hipolito,  and  Pavon, 

Josef. 
R.  &  S. — Roemer,  J.J.,  and  Schultes, 

August. 
Raf. — Rafinesque-Schmaltz,   C.S. 
Rehd. — Rehder,  Alfred. 
Reichenb. — Reichenbach,  H.G.L. 
Richards. — Richardson,  John. 
Rivin. — Rivinius,   August  Quirinus. 
Rodr. — Rodriguez,  Jose  Demetrio. 
Roem. — Roemer,  M.J. 
Rostk.— Rostkovius,  F.W.G. 
Rottb. — Rottboell,  Christen  Fries. 
Rupp. — Ruppius,  Heinrich  Bernhard. 
Rupr. — Ruprecht,  Franz  J. 
Rydb. — Rydberg,  Per  Axel. 
Salisb. — Salisbury,  Richard  Anthony. 
Sarg. — Sargent,  Charles  Sprague. 
Schk. — Schkuhr,   Christian. 
Schleich. — Schleicher,  J.C. 
Schleid. — Schleiden,  Matthias  Jacob. 
Schneid. — Schneider,  Camillo. 
Schrad. — Schrader,  Heinrich  Adolph. 
Schreb. — Schreber,  Johann  D.C.  von. 
Schwein. — Schweinitz,  Lewis  David  de. 
Scop. — Scopoli,  Johann  Anton. 
Scribn. — Lamson-Scribner,  Frank. 
Ser. — Serin ge,  Nicolas  Charles. 
Shuttlw. — Shuttleworth,  Robert. 
Sibth. — Sibthorp,   John. 
Sieb.  &  Zucc. — Siebold,  P.F.  von,  and 

Zuccarini,  J.G. 
Sm. — Smith,  James  Edward. 
Sin.,  J. — Smith,  John. 
Sm.,  J.D. — Smith,  John  Donnell. 


>3 


Sm.,  J.G. — Smith,  Jared  Gage. 

Soland. — Solander,  Daniel. 

Spreng. — Sprengel,  Kurt. 

Sternb. — Sternberg,  Caspar. 

Steud. — Steudel,  Ernst  Gottlieb. 

St.  Hil. — St.  Hilaire,  Auguste  de. 

Sudw. — Sudworth,  George  B. 

Sulliv. — Sullivant,  William  Starling. 

Sw. — Swartz,  Olaf. 

T.  &  G. — Torrey,  John,  and  Gray,  Asa. 

Thunb. — Thunberg,  Carl  Pehr. 

Tidestr. — Tidestrom,  Ivar. 

Ton: — Torrey,  John. 

Tourn. — Tournefort,  Joseph  Pitton  de. 

Traut. — Trautvetter,  Ernest  Rudolph. 

Trel. — Trelease,  William. 

Trev. — Treviranus,  Christian  Ludolf. 

Triyi. — Trinius,  Karl  Bernhard. 

Tucker~m. — Tuckerman,  Edward. 

Turcz. — Turczaninow,  Nicolaus. 

Undemv. — Underwood,  Lucien  Marcus. 

Vaill. — Vaillant,  Sebastien. 


Vent. — Ventenat,  Etienne  Pierre. 

Vict. — Marie-Victorin. 

Vill. — Villars,  Dominique. 

Wahlb.— Wahlberg,  Pehr  Frederik. 

Wahl. — Wahlenberg,  Georg. 

Waldst.  &  Kit. — Waldstein,  F.A.  von,  and 

Kitaibel,   P. 
Wa/flr  .—Wallroth,  K.F.W. 
Walp. — Walpers,  Wilhelm  Gerhard. 
Walt.— Walter,  Thomas. 
Wang. — Wangenheim,  F.A.J,  von. 
Wats. — Watson,  Sereno. 
Wats.  E.  E. — Watson,  Elba  Emanuel. 
Wendl. — Wendland,  Johann  Christoph. 
Wettst. — Wettstein,   Richard  von. 
Wieg. — Wiegand,  Karl  M. 
Willd. — Willdenow,   Carl  Ludwig. 
Wimm. — Wimmer,  Friedrich. 
With. — Withering,  William. 
Wormsk. — Wormskiold,  M.  von. 
W ulf.— Wulfen,  Franz  Xavier. 


Key  to  the  Families' 


(Carried  out,  in  some  cases,  to  genera.  The  numbers  preceding  the  fam- 
ily and  generic  names  refer  to  their  sequence  in  the  class  to  which  they 
belong.) 

PTERIDOPHYTA 

Plants  without  true  flowers,  reproducing  by  spores  (without  embryos)  ;  fernlike,  moss- 
like, rushlike,  or  aquatic  plants. 
A.  Plants  floating,  with  small,  2-ranked  leaves;  sporocarps  borne  on  the  under  side 

of  the  stem Salviniaceae,  p.     59. 

A.  Plants  terrestrial  or  submerged,  not  floating  B. 

B.  Stems    conspicuously    grooved    and    jointed,    their    nodes    covered    by    toothed 

sheaths;  sporangia  borne  on  the  scales  of  terminal,  dry,  conelike  spikes 

Equisetaceae,  p.     59. 

B.  Stems  not  conspicuously  grooved,  without  sheathing  joints  C. 

C.  Leaves    closely    imbricated,    short    or   long-linear    (from    a    cormlike    base); 
sporangia  sessile,  axillary. 
Stem  short,  cormlike;  leaves  linear,  in  a  rosette;  sporangia  borne  in  a  cavity 

on  the  inner  side  of  the  leaf-base Isoetaceae,  p.     66. 

Stem  elongate,  creeping  or  branching;   leaves  very  short,  crowded  or  imbri- 
cated. 
Plants  small  and  mosslike;  spores  of  two  sizes.  .  .  . Selaginellaceae,  p.     65. 

Plants  not  resembling  mosses ;  spores  all  of  one  size 

Lycopodiaceae,  p.     63. 

C.  Leaves    (fronds)    not  closely  imbricated  D. 

D.  Leaves  (fronds)  4-foliolate,  cloverlike ;  aquatic Marsileaceae,  p.  102. 

D.  Leaves    (fronds)    not  4-foliolate,   broad,   flat,   fernlike,   more   or  less   pin- 
nately   or  ternately  divided  or  entire;  terrestrial  E. 
E.  Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  flat,  entire;   the  fertile  ones  ending  in  long- 
stalked,  simple  spikes Ophioglossaceae,  p.     37. 

E.  Sterile  and  fertile  fronds  not  entire  F. 

F.  Fertile  fronds  or  fertile  portions  of  the  fronds  conspicuously  unlike 

the  sterile;  sporangia  not  on  the  lower  surface  of  green  leaves  G. 

G.  Rootstock  almost  none;  the  solitary   (rarely  2)   fronds  appearing  to 

rise   from    a   cluster    of   fleshy   roots;    lower    segments    sterile,   the 

upper    ones     fertile    and    bearing    2-ranked,     globular    sporangia. 

Botrychium,  p.     38. 

G.  Rootstock  well  developed,  elongate  or  stout,  the  roots  fibrous;  fronds 
numerous  H. 
H.   Sporangia    globose,    thin-walled,    2-valved,    densely    crowded,    not 

2-ranked   Osmundaceae,  p.     40. 

H.  Sporangia  within  firm,  2-ranked,  globose  and  distinct  or  connected 

in  beadlike  segments Onoclea,  p.  45. 

F.  Fertile  fronds  or  segments  essentially  like  the  sterile;  sporangia  borne 
on    the     lower    surface     or    on     the     margins    of    green     segments. 

POLYPODIACEAE,    p.       42. 

SPERMATOPHYTA 

Plants  with  true  flowers  containing  stamens  or  pistils  or  both,  reproducing  by  seed 
(containing  an  embryo). 
Ovules  not  in  a  closed  ovary;  trees  and  shrubs  with  needlelike  or  scalelike,  mostly 
evergreen  leaves;  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious    (Gymnosperms) . 

1  See  Introduction,  p.  13. 

(25) 


26  Key  to  the  Families 

GYMNOSPERMAE 

Flowers   solitary,   axillary;    seed   solitary,   enveloped    in    a   pulpy    disk    (berry- 
like)     5.  Taxaceae,  p.     66. 

Flowers  borne  in  catkins;  fruit  a  cone  or  a  several-seeded  berry 

6.  Pinaceae,  p.     66. 

Ovules  borne  in  a  closed  ovary  which,  at  maturity,  becomes  the  fruit;  herbs  or 
woody  plants,  with  broad  or  narrow,  evergreen  or  deciduous  leaves  (Angio- 
sperms)  J. 

ANGIOSPERMAE 

J.  Embryo  with  a  single  cotyledon;  early  leaves  always  alternate  (leaves  some- 
times whorled),  mostly  parallel-veined  (net-veined  in  Araceae  and  Dios- 
coreaceae;  parts  of  the  flower  in  threes  or  sixes,  never  in  fives;  stems  with- 
out a  central  pith  or  ringlike  layers,  but  with  woody  fibers  distributed 
through  them ;  our  species,  except  in  the  genus  Smilax,  herbaceous  ( Monocoty- 
ledons) K. 

MONOCOTYLEDONEAE 

K.  Plant  scarcely  differentiated  into  stem  and  leaf,  small,  usually  lens-shaped, 

ellipsoid  or  oblong;  free-swimming  aquatics  without  true  leaves 

24.  Lemnaceae,  p.  279. 

K.  Plant  with  stem  and  leaves  L. 

L.  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary  or  none  M. 

M.  Perianth  lacking,  or  of  scalelike  or  bristle-form  divisions  N. 

N.  Flowers  enclosed  or  subtended  by  scales    (glumes)  ;   plants  grasslike, 
with  jointed  stems,  sheathing  leaves,  and   1-seeded  fruit. 
Stems  hollow,  round  or  flattened;  leaf  sheaths  split;   anthers  attached 

at  the  middle 19.  Gramineae,  p.     93. 

Stems   solid,  usually  more  or  less  triangular;   leaf   sheaths   not   split; 

anthers  attached  at  the  base 20.  Cyperaceae,  p.  181. 

N.  Flowers    not    enclosed    in    scales     (though    sometimes    in    involucrate 
heads)  O. 
O.   Plants   immersed   aquatics,   branching   and   leafy,   the   upper   leaves 
often  floating. 

Leaves  opposite   or  ternate;    pistils   solitary,   naked 

12.  Najadaceae,  p.     84. 

Leaves    alternate    or    2-ranked;    pistils    aggregated    into    heads    or 
clusters. 
Fruit   in   heads,    the   nutlets    composing   it   tightly    compact,   with 

prominent,  conical  style  bases  mostly  2-4  mm  long 

10.     Sparganiaceae,  p.     72. 

Fruit    in    clusters;    nutlets    not    tightly    compact,    the    style    bases 
usually  short  or  very  slender 

11.    POTAMOGETONACEAE,    p.      75. 

O.  Plants  terrestrial  or  of  a  marsh  habitat. 

Leaves  petiolate,  the  blades  net-veined 23.  Araceae,  p.  277. 

Leaves  not  petiolate,  linear  or  sword-shaped,  parallel-veined   P. 
P.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

Flowers  and  fruit  in  a  cylindrical  spike.  .  .8.   Typhaceae,  p.     71. 
Flowers  and  fruit  in  heads. 

Heads  spheroidal,  pubescent,  involucrate 

30.    Eriocaulaceae,  p.  283. 

Heads  globose,  glabrous,  not  involucrate 

10.    Sparganiaceae,  p.     72. 


Key  to  the  Families  27 

P.  Flowers  perfect. 

Plants  with  flowers  in  a  dense  spike   (4-7  cm  long),  borne  on  the 

margin  of  a  long,  2-edged  scape;   rhizome  aromatic 

694.    Acorus,  p.  277. 

Plants   not   as   above,   the   flowers   not   in    spikes;    rhizomes    not 
aromatic. 

Carpels   3-6,   more   or   less   united,    separating   at   least   when 

ripe 14.    Juncaginaceae,  p.  85. 

Carpels    3,    completely    united,    not    separating    at    maturity. 

36.    Juncaceae,  p.  290. 

M.  Perianth    always    present,   herbaceous    or   colored,   neither   scalelike    nor 
bristle-form  Q. 

Q.  Pistils  numerous,  in  a  head  or  ring 15.    Alismaceae,  p.  86. 

Q.  Pistil  one,  compound   (cells  or  placentae  mostly  3)    R. 
R.  Stamens  3. 

Flowers  racemose  or  spicate 14.   Juncaginaceae,  p.     85. 

Flowers  in  dense,  scaly  heads 29.    Xyridaceae,  p.  282. 

Flowers  cymose 36.   Juncaceae,  p.  290. 

R.  Stamens  4    1119.   Maianthemum,  p.  318. 

R.  Stamens  6  S. 

S.  Stamens  all  alike  and  fertile. 

Ovary  of  3-6  carpels,  separating  at  maturity 

14.  Juncaginaceae,  p.     85. 

Ovary  not  deeply  cleft   (often  angled  or  lobed). 
Divisions  of  the  perianth  alike  or  nearly  so. 

Plants  rushlike;    perianth  small,  greenish  or  purplish  brown. 

36.   Juncaceae,  p.  290. 

Plants  not  rushlike 38.   Liliaceae,  p.  303. 

Divisions  of  the  pedianth  unlike;    the  3   sepals  green  and  2   or 
more  of  the  petals  colored. 
Stem  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  in  a  whorl  of  3;  flowers  solitary, 

terminal 1138.     Trillium,  p.  321. 

Stem  leave  of  a  linear  type,  not  in  whorls;  flowers  in  umbels.  . 

33.    Commelinaceae,  p.  283. 

S.   Stamens  dissimilar,  or  only  3  with  fertile  anthers. 

Perianth  of  6  yellow,  petaloid  segments 

Erythronium   americanum,  p.  314. 

Perianth  of  3  herbaceous  sepals  and  2  or  3  colored  ephemeral  petals 

(petals  rarely  white) 33.    Commelinaceae,  p.  283. 

Perianth  tubular,  6-lobed,  mostly  colored 

34.      PONTEDERIACEAE,    p.    287. 

L.  Perianth  present,  adnate  to  the  ovary. 

Stamens  1  or  2;  flowers  irregular;  seeds  many....  50.  Orchidaceae,  p.  335. 
Stamens  3  or  more;  flowers  mostly  regular  or  nearly  so. 

Plants  immersed   aquatics 17.    Hydrocharitaceae,  p.     91. 

Plants  terrestrial. 
Flowers  dioecious;  jjlants  twining;  leaves  net- veined 

43.    DlOSCOREACEAE,   p.   330. 

Flowers  perfect;  leaves  parallel-veined. 

Stamens  6 40.  Amaryllidaceae,  p.  328. 

Stamens  3;  leaves  2-ranked 44.  Iridaceae,  332. 

Embryo  with  a  pair  of  opposite  cotyledons;  leaves  net-veined  (except  in  Eryngium)  ; 
parts  of  the  flower  mostly  in  fours  and  fives;  stems  formed  of  bark,  wood,  and 
pith,  increasing  in  size  by  the  annual  addition  of  a  new  layer  (rarely  two)  to 
the  outside,  next  to  the  bark   (Dicotyledons.)    T. 


28  Key  to  the  Families 

DICOTYLEDONEAE 

T.  Corolla  none;  calyx  present  or  lacking  U. 

U.  Flowers    monoecious    or    dioecious    (rarely    polygamous),    one    or    both    sorts    in 
catkins  or  dense  heads  V. 
V.  Staminate  or  pistillate   (not  both)   flowers  in  catkins  or  catkinlike  heads. 
Pistillate  flowers  in  a  short  catkin  or  catkinlike  head.  .  .  .64.    Moraceae,  p.  394. 
Pistillate  flowers  single  or  clustered;  the  staminate  in  slender  catkins   (except 
in  Fagus) . 
Leaves  pinnate;  pistillate  flowers  and  fruit  naked.  .60.   Juglandaceae,  p.  365. 

Leaves  simple;  pistillate  flowers  1-3  in  a  cup  or  involucre 

62.     Fagaceae,  p.  378. 

V.  Staminate  and  pistillate   (both)   flowers  in  catkins  or  catkinlike  heads  W. 
W.  Ovary  many-ovuled;  fruit  many-seeded. 

Ovary  and  pod  2-celled;  seed  not  tufted 3298.    Liquidambar,  p.  523. 

Ovary  and  pod  1-celled;  seeds  hairy-tufted 56.  Salicaceae,  p.  352. 

W.  Ovary  1-  or  2-celled;  cells  1-ovuled;  fruit  1-seeded. 

Parasitic  on  trees;  fruit  a  berry 67.    Loranthaceae,  p.  402. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  not  parasitic. 

Calyx  regular  in  fertile  flower,  succulent  in  fruit.  .  .  .64.    Moraceae,  p.  394. 
Calyx  none  or  rudimentary  and  scalelike. 

Style  and  stigma  simple ;  leaves  palmately  angled  or  lobed 

124.    Platanaceae,  p.  523. 

Styles  or  long  stigmas  2. 

Pistillate  flowers  2  or  3  at  each  scale  of  the  catkin 

61.    Betulaceae,  p.  373. 

Pistillate  flowers  single  under  each  scale;  nutlets  naked,  drupelike 

57.    Myricaceae,  p.  365. 

U.  Flowers  not  in  catkins  X. 

X.     Ovary  or  its  cells  containing  only  1  or  2  (rarely  3  or  4)  ovules  Y. 
Y.  Pistil  composed  of  more  than  one  carpel;  carpels  distinct  or  nearly  so. 

Stamens  insterted  on  the  calyx;  leaves  with  stipules.  .126.    Rosaceae,  p.  524. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle. 

Leaves  punctate  with  transparent  glands 3990.   Zanthoxylum,  p.  632. 

Leaves  not  punctate  with  glands. 

Calyx  present,  usually  colored  or  petal-like 

91.     Ranunculaceae,  p.  454. 

Calyx  none;  flowers  in  a  spike 52.    Saururaceae,  p.  352. 

Y.  Pistil  simple  or  compound  but  without  distinct  carpels  Z. 
Z.  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx,  which  is  sometimes  lacking  a. 
a.  Stipules  (ocreae)  sheathing  the  stem  at  the  nodes. 

Calyx  none ;  trees 124.    Platanaceae,  p.  523. 

Calyx  present,  commonly  petal-like;  herbs.  .77.    Polygonaceae,  p.  405. 
a.  Stipules  not  sheathing  the  stem  or  lacking  b. 
b.  Herbs  c. 

c.  Plants  aquatic,  submerged  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  whorled,  dissected;  style  1...89.    Ceratophyllaceae,  p.  4:">4. 

Leaves  opposite,  entire;  styles  2;  ovary  4-celled 

148.    Callitrichaceae,  p.  646. 

c.  Plants  not  aquatic  d. 

d.  Styles  10;  ovary  and  berry  10-celled.  .83.   Phytolaccaceae,  p.  433. 
d.  Style,  if  any,  and  stigma  1. 

Flowers  unisexual;   ovary  of  the  fertile  flowers   1-celled 

65.   Urticaceae,  p.  397. 

Flowers  perfect;   pods  2-celled,  2-seeded 

2883.     Lepidum,  p.  487. 


Key  to  the  Families  29 

d.   Styles  2  or  3  or  branched;  ovary  1-4  celled  e. 

e.  Leaves  palmately  lobed  or  divided,  the  terminal  ones  sometimes 

simple 64.    Moraceae,  p.  394. 

e.  Leaves  not  palmately  lobed  or  divided  f. 

f.  Ovary  and  capsule  3-celled;  juice  usually  milky 

147.     EUPHORBIACEAE,    p.    636. 

f.  Ovary  1-celled;  juice  not  milky  g. 

g.  Leaves  stellate-pubescent  beneath 

4350.    Crotonopsis,  p.  638. 

g.  Leaves  not  stellate-pubescent  beneath. 

Stipules  scarious 2475.   Paronychia,  p.  442. 

Stipules  none. 
Leaves  opposite. 

Flowers    in    heads    or    spikes,    these    often    panicled; 

anthers  1-celled 79.    Amaranthaceae,  p.  427. 

Flowers  sessile  in  the  forks  of  a  branching  inflores- 
cence  2483.    Scleranthus,  p.  444. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Flowers  and  bracts  scarious 

79.     Amaranthaceae,  p.  427. 

Flowers  small,  chiefly  greenish,  no  scarious  bracts.  . .  . 
78.    Chenopodiaceae,  p.  418. 

b.  Trees  or  shrubs. 
Leaves  opposite. 

Fruit  1-celled,  a  single  samara 243.    Oleaceae,  p.  751. 

Fruit  2-celled,  a  double  samara 163.    Aceraceae,  p.  654. 

Fruit  3-celled,  not  winged 169.    Rhamnaceae,  p.  659. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Ovary  3-celled 169.   Rhamnaceae,  p.  659. 

Ovary  1-  or  2-celled. 

Styles  and  stigmas  2 63.   Ulmaceae,  p.  390. 

Style  and  stigma  1. 

Anthers  opening  lengthwise 214.    Thymelaeaceae,  p.  694. 

Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  lids 102.    Lauraceae,  p.  480. 

Z.  Ovary  inferior  or  so  closely  and  permanently  invested  by  the  calyx  as  to 
appear  so. 
Plants  parasitic  on  the  branches  of  trees 67.   Loranthaceae,  p.  402. 

Plants  not  parasitic  on  trees. 

Plants  aquatic 225.    Haloragidaceae,  p.  710. 

Plants  not  aquatic. 

Herbs  with  calyx  colored  like  a  corolla. 

Leaves  opposite,  simple 80.    Nyctaginaceae,  p.  432. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Leaves  simple 2112.  Comandra,  p.  402. 

Leaves  compound 3381.  Sanguisorba,  p.  573. 

Trees  or  shrubs. 

Leaves   scurfy 215.    Elaeagnaceae,  p.  695. 

Leaves  not  scurfy. 

Style  1;  flowers  solitary,  in  pairs  or  in  umbel-like  clusters 

6151.    Nyssa,  p.  728. 

Styles  2 123.    Hamamelidaceae,  p.  533. 

X.  Ovary  or  its  cells  containing  many  ovules  h. 
h.  Calyx  none;   ovary  and  fruit  naked. 

Aquatic  herbs 113.   Podostemaceae,  p.  512. 

Shrubs  or  trees 123A.    Altingiaceae,  p.  533. 

h.  Calyx  present  j. 
j.  Ovary  superior  k. 

k.  Ovaries  2  or  more,  separate 91.    Ranunculaceae,  p.  454. 


30  Key  to  the  Families 

k.  Ovary  single  m. 

m.  Ovary  5-celled,  5-beaked;  leaves  scattered 

. . . . 3173.     Penthorum,  p.  514. 

m.  Ovary  3-5-celled;  leaves  opposite  or  whorled 

84.    Aizoaceae,  p.  434. 

m.  Ovary  1-  or  2-celled. 

Leaves  compound 91.    Ranunculaceae,  p.  454. 

Leaves  simple. 

Style   1 216.    Lythraceae,  p.  695. 

Styles  2-5 87.    Caryophyllaceae,  p.  435. 

j.  Ovary  and  pod  inferior. 

Ovary  1-celled;  stamens  8-10 3199.    Chrysosplenium,  p.  519. 

Ovary  4-celled;  stamens  4 5793.    Ludwigia,  p.  700. 

Ovary  6-celled;  stamens  6-12 74.  Aristolochiaceae,  p.  403. 

T.  Corolla  and  calyx  both  present  n. 
n.  Corolla  of  separate  petals  o. 

o.  Stamens  numerous,  at  least  more  than  10    (rarely  9  or  10  in  Polanisia) ,  and 
more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals  or  calyx  lobes  p. 
p.  Calyx  entirely  free  and  separate  from  the  pistil  or  pistils  q. 
q.  Pistils  several  or  many,  wholly  distinct  or  united  at  the  base  into  a  strongly 
lobed  or  several-beaked  ovary  r. 

r.  Aquatic  plants  with  peltate  leaves 88.    Nymph aeaceae,  p.  450. 

r.  Terrestrial  plants. 
Plants  climbing. 

Leaves  alternate 94.    Menispermaceae,  p.  477. 

Leaves  opposite 2542.   Clematis,  p.  463. 

Plants  not  climbing. 

Filaments  of  stamens  united  into  a  tube 175.    Malvaceae,  p.  666. 

Filaments  not  united. 

Stamens  on  the  calyx 126.   Rosaceae,  p.  524. 

Stamens  on  the  receptacle  or  disk. 
Trees   or   shrubs. 

Sepals  and  petals  imbricated;   fruit  aggregate 

95.    Magnoliaceae,  p.  478. 

Sepals  and  petals  valvate ;  fruit  not  aggregate 

98.  Annonaceae,  p.  479. 

Herbs;  inflorescence  simple;  pistils  several,  simple 

91.    Ranunculaceae,  p.  454. 

q.  Pistils  strictly  one  as  to  ovary;  the  styles  or  stigmas  may  be  several  s. 

s.  Leaves  punctate  with  translucent  dots 187.    Hypericaceae,  p.  671. 

s.  Leaves  not  punctate  t. 
t.  Ovary  simple,  1-celled. 

Ovules  2 126.    Rosaceae,  p.  524. 

Ovules  many. 

Leaves  2-  or  3-ternately  compound  or  dissected 

91.    Ranunculaceae,  p.  454. 

Leaves  peltate,  lobed 2558.    Podophyllum,  p.  475. 

t.  Ovary  compound. 
Ovary  1-celled. 
Sepals    2     (rarely    3),    caducous;    sap    milky    or    colored;    placentae 

parietal 104.     Papaveraceae,  p.  481. 

Sepals  2 ;  sap  watery ;  placentae  central 

85.  PORTULACACEAE,  p.  434. 

Sepals  4;  sap  watery;  placentae  parietal.  .107.  Capparidaceae,  p.  510. 

Sepals  3  or  5,  persistent;  sap  watery;  placentae  parietal 

193.    Cistaceae,  p.  677. 


Key  to  the  Families  31 

Ovary    several-celled. 

Calyx  valvate  in  the  bud. 

Herbs  or  rarely  shrubs;  stamens  united;  anthers  1-celled 

175.     Malvaceae,  p.  666. 

Trees ;  anthers  2-celled 174.    Tiliaceae,  p.  665. 

Calyx  imbricate  in  the  bud. 

Leaves  tubular  with  a  flange  at  the  top,  radical 

110.    Sarraceniaceae,  p.  511. 

Leaves  petiolate,  mostly  peltate  or  flattish;  plants  aquatic 

88.    Nymphaeaceae,  p.  450. 

p.  Calyx  more  or  less  adherent  to  a  compound  ovary. 
Ovary  7-30-celled. 

Cells  many-ovuled ;   aquatic  herbs 88.    Nymphaeaceae,  p.  450. 

Cells  10,  each  1-ovuled;  shrubs  or  trees 3343.  Amelanchier,  p.  531. 

Ovary  6-celled 2170.    Asarum,  p.  403. 

Ovary  1-5-celled. 

Plants   without   leaves    (in   the   popular   sense),   more   or   less   spiny;   petals 

many,  yellow 210.   Cactaceae,  p.  694. 

Plants  with  leaves. 

Sepals  or  calyx  lobes  2;  ovules  arising  from  the  base  of  a  1-celled  ovary.  . 

85.   PORTULACACEAE,  p.  434. 

Sepals  or  calyx  lobes  more  than  2. 

Leaves  opposite;  stipules  none 117.    Saxi  frag  ace  ae,  p.  514. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Stipules  present 126.    Rosaceae,  p.  524. 

Stipules  none;   shrubs 241.    Styracaceae,  p.  751. 

o.  Stamens  not  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  u. 

u.  Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them. 

Ovaries  3-6,  separate;  herbaceous  vines   (rarely  woody  in  Indiana) 

94.   Menispermaceae,  p.  477. 

Ovary  only  one. 
Ovary  2-4-celled. 

Calyx  lobes  minute  or  obsolete;  petals  valvate 170.    Vitaceae,  p.  661. 

Calyx  4-  or  5-cleft;  petals  involute 169.    Rhamnaceae,  p.  659. 

Ovary  1-celled. 

Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  lids 93.   Berberidaceae,  p.  475. 

Anthers  not  opening  by  uplifted  lids. 

Style  1,  unbranched;  stigma  1 237.    Primulaceae,  p.  744. 

Styles,  style  branches  or  stigmas  more  than  1. 

Sepals  or  calyx  lobes  2 85.    Portulacaceae,  p.  434. 

Sepals  or  calyx  lobes  3-5 4350.  Crotonopsis,  p.  638. 

u.  Stamens  not  of  the   same   number  as  the  petals  or  if  of  the   same   number 
alternate  with  them  v. 
v.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  i.  e.  ovary  wholly  superior  w. 
w.  Ovaries  2  or  more,  wholly  separate  or  somewhat  united  x. 

x.  Stamens  united  with  each  other  and  with  a  large  thick  stigma  com- 
mon to  the  2  ovaries 248.    Asclepiadaceae,  p.  764. 

x.  Stamens  free  from  each  other  and  from  the  pistils  y. 
y.  Stamens  on  the  receptacle,  free  from  the  calyx. 

Leaves  punctate  with  translucent  dots 137.  Rutaceae,  p.  632. 

Leaves  without  translucent  dots. 

Trees 4124.    Ailanthus,  p.  632. 

Herbs. 

Ovaries  or  lobes  of  the  ovary  2-5,  with  a  common  style. 

Ovary  2-  or  3-lobed 152.    Limnanthaceae,  p.  647. 

Ovary   5-lobed 129.    Geraniaceae,  p.  623. 

Ovaries   with   separate   styles   or   sessile   stigmas 

91.    Ranunculaceae,  p.  454. 


32  Key  to  the  Families 

y.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

Plant  fleshy ;  stamens  not  twice  as  many  as  the  pistils 

115.    Crassulaceae,  p.  513. 

Plant  not  fleshy;   stamens  not  twice  as  many  as  the  pistils. 

Stipules   present 126.     Rosaceae,  p.  524. 

Stipules  none 117.    Saxifragaceae,  p.  514. 

w.  Ovary  1  z. 

z.  Ovary  simple  with  1  parietal  placenta 128.    Leguminosae,  p.  582. 

z.  Ovary  compound,  as  shown  by  the  number  of  its  cells,  placentae,  styles, 
or  stigmas  A. 
A.  Ovai'y  1-celled. 
Corolla  irregular. 

Petals  4;  stamens  6 104A.    Fumariaceae,  p.  482. 

Petals  and  stamens  5 198.   Violaceae,  p.  681. 

Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so. 
Ovule  solitary. 

Trees  or  shrubs 153.    Anacardiaceae,  p.  648. 

Herbs 105.     Cruciferae,  p.  484. 

Ovules   more   than   one. 

Ovules  at  the  center  or  bottom  of  the  cell. 

Petals  not  inserted  on  the  calyx.  .87.  Caryophyllaceae,  p.  435. 
Petals  inserted  on  the  throat  of  a  bell-shaped  or  tubular  calyx. 

216.    Lythraceae,  p.  695. 

Ovules  on  2  or  more  parietal  placentae. 

Leaves   punctate   with   transparent   dots 

187.    Hypericaceae,  p.  671. 

Leaves  with  gland-tipped  bristles.  .  .112.    Droseraceae,  p.  512. 
Leaves   neither   punctate    nor   bristly-glandular. 
Petals  4. 

Stamens  essentially  equal ;   pod  usually  stipitate 

107.    Capparidaceae,  p.  510. 

Stamens  unequal,  2  being  shorter  than  the  other  4;   pod 

sessile 105.    Cruciferae,  p.  484. 

Petals  3  or  5. 

Ovary  stipitate 203.    Passifloraceae,  p.  693. 

Ovary  sessile. 

Calyx  5-lobed  or  of  5  equal  sepals 

117.    Saxifragaceae,  p.  514. 

Calyx  of  3  equal  or  5  very  unequal  sepals 

193.    Cistaceae,  p.  677. 

A.  Ovary  2-several-celled  B. 
B.  Flowers  irregular  C. 

C.  Anthers  opening  at  the  top 145.    Polygalaceae,  p.  633. 

C.  Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

Stamens  12  and  petals  6  on  the  throat  of  the  gibbous  calyx 

5478.    Cuphea    p.  698. 

Stamens  5-10  and  petals  hypogynous  or  nearly  so. 

Ovary  3-celled;  trees  or  shrubs 4721.    Aesculus,  p.  658. 

Ovary   5-celled;    heros.      168.     Balsaminaceae,  p.  659. 

B.  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so  D. 

D.  Stamens  neither  just  as  many  nor  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 
Trees   or   shrubs. 

Stamens  fewer  than  the  4  petals 243.    Oleaceae,  p.  751. 

Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  petals 

163.     Aceraceae,  p.  654. 


Key  to  the  Families  33 

Herbs. 

Petals  5 187.    Hypericaceae.  p.  671. 

Petals  4 105.    Cruciferae,  p.  484. 

D.  Stamens  just  as  many  as  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  E. 
E.  Ovules  and  seeds  only  1  or  2  in  each  cell. 
Herbs. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious 

147.    Euphorbiaceae,  p.  636. 

Flowers  perfect  and  symmetrical. 

Cells  of  the  ovary  as  many  as  the  sepals. 

Ovary  2-  or  3-celled 152.    Limnanthaceae,  p.  647. 

Ovary  5-celled 129.    Geraniaceae,  p.  623. 

Cells  of  the  ovary  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals. 

Leaves  abruptly  pinnate 

135.    Zygophyllaceae,  p.  631. 

Leaves  simple 132.    Linaceae,  p.  629. 

Trees  or  shrubs. 
Leaves  compound. 

Leaves  3-foliolate,  punctate 4069.    Ptelea,  p.  632. 

Leaves  pinnate,  not  punctate.  .  .165.    Sapindaceae,  p.  658. 
Leaves  simple. 

Blades  palmately  veined 163.    Aceraceae,  p.  654. 

Blades   pinnately  veined. 
Leaves  alternate. 

Shrubs,  climbing 4625.    Celastrus,  p.  653. 

Shrubs,  erect 157.   Aquifoliaceae,  p.  651. 

Leaves  opposite 158.    Celastraceae,  p.  653. 

E.  Ovules,   and   usually   seed,   several   or  many   in   each   cell   F. 
F.  Leaves  compound. 

Trees  or  shrubs 161.    Staphyleaceae,  p.  654. 

Herbs;   leaves   alternate  or  all   radical 

130.       OXALIDACEAE.    p.    626. 

F.  Leaves  simple. 

Stipules   present   between   opposite    leaves 

189.    Elatinaceae,  p.  677. 

Stipules  none  when  the  leaves  are  opposite. 
Style  1. 

Stamens  free  from  the  calyx 233.   Ericaceae,  p.  733. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx.  .216.  Lythraceae,  p.  695. 
Styles  2-5  or  splitting  into  2  in  fruit. 

Stamens  free  from  the  calyx;  leaves  opposite 

87.     Caryophyllaceae,  p.  435. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx.. 233.  Ericaceae,  p.  733. 
v.  Calyx  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  at  least  to  its  lower  half  G. 

G.  Tendril-bearing  and  often  succulent  herbs.  .275.    Cucurbitaceae,  p.  892. 
G.  Tendrils  lacking  H. 

H.  Ovules  and  seed  only  1  in  each  cell. 
Stamens  5  or  10. 
Trees  or  shrubs. 

Leaves  simple,  not  prickly 3345.   Crataegus,  p.  533. 

Leaves  compound  or  prickly 227.    Araliaceae,  p.  712. 

Herbs. 

Fruit  dry,  splitting  at  maturity;   styles  2 

228.     Umbelliferae,  p.  714. 

Fruit  berrylike;   styles  2-5,  separate  or  united 

227.     Araliaceae,  p.  712. 

Stamens  2,  4  or  8. 

Style  and  stigma  1;  fruit  a  drupe 229.    Cornaceae,  p.  728. 


34  Key  to  the  Families 

Styles  or  stigmatic  branches  or  sessile  stigmas  usually  more  than  1; 
fruit  not  a  drupe. 

Shrubs  or  trees 123.    Hamamelidaceae,  p.  523. 

Herbs. 

Style  1;  stigma  2-4  lobed 224.   Onagraceae,  p.  699. 

Styles  or  sessile  stigmas  4 225.    Haloragidaceae,  p.  710. 

H.  Ovules  and  seed  more  than  1  in  each  cell. 
Ovary  1-celled. 

Sepals  or  calyx  lobes  2 ;  ovules  borne  at  the  base  of  the  ovary 

85.  PORTULACACEAE,  p.  434. 

Sepals  or  calyx  lobes  4  or  5;  placentae  2  or  3,  parietal 

117.     Saxifragaceae,  p.  514. 

Ovary  2-many-celled. 

Anthers  opening  by  pores  at  the  apex. .  .223.  Melastomaceae,  p.  698. 
Anthers  not  opening  by  pores. 

Stamens  inserted  on  or  about  a  flat  disk  which  covers  the  ovary. 

158.  Celastraceae,  p.  653. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

Style  1;  stamens  4  or  8  (rarely  5) 224.   Onagraceae,  p.  699. 

Styles  2  or  3,  distinct;  stamens  5  or  10 

117.  Saxifragaceae,  p.  514. 

n.  Petals  more  or  less  united  I. 

I.  Stamens  more  numeixms  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  J. 
J.  Ovary  1-celled. 

Placenta  1,  parietal 128.    Leguminosae,  p.  582. 

Placentae  2,  parietal 104A.    Fumariaceae,  p.  482. 

Placenta  at  the  center  or  base  of  the  ovary 241.    Styracaceae,  p.  751. 

J.  Ovary  2-celled;  cells  1-ovuled 145.   Polygalaceae,  p.  633. 

J.  Ovary  3-many-celled  K. 

K.  Stamens  free  from  the  corolla. 

Style  1 ;  leaves  simple 233.   Ericaceae,  p.  733. 

Styles  5 ;  leaves  3-foliolate 130.    Oxalidaceae,  p.  626. 

K.  Stamens  attached  to  the  base  or  tube  of  the  corolla. 

Saprophytic  herbs  without  green  foliage 6169.    Monotropa,  p.  737. 

Not  saprophytic;  foliage  green. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  anthers  mostly  2-celled. 

Filaments  united  at  the  base,  forming  a  tube 6411.    Styrax,  p.  751. 

Filaments  free  from  each  other. 

Style  1 233.    Ericaceae,  p.  733. 

Styles  4 240.    Ebenaceae,  p.  751. 

Herbs;  anthers  1-celled 175.   Malvaceae,  p.  666. 

I.  Stamens  not  more  numerous  than  the  corolla  lobes  L. 

L.  Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  corolla  lobes  and  opposite  them. 

Corolla  appendaged  with  scales  inside;  ovary  5-celled;  trees  or  shrubs 

239.     Sapotaceae,  p.  750. 

Corolla  not  appendaged  with  scales  inside;   ovary  1-celled;  herbs 

237.    Primulaceae,  p.  744. 

L.  Stamens  alternate  with  the  corolla  lobes  or  fewer  M. 
M.  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx  tube  (superior)  N. 
N.  Corolla  regular  O. 

O.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla  lobes  P. 
P.  Ovaries  more  than  1,  or  if  1,  deeply  lobed  Q. 
Q.  Ovaries  2,  or  if  1,  2-horned. 

Stamens  united 248.   Asclepiadaceae,  p.  764. 

Stamens  distinct. 

Stipules   or   stipular   membrane   or   line   between   opposite   leaves; 

ovary  2-horned 245.    Loganiaceae,  p.  754. 

Stipules  none;  ovaries  2 247.    Apocynaceae,  p.  760. 


Key  to  the  Families  35 

Q.  Ovary  deeply  4-lobed. 

Leaves  alternate 252.    Boraginaceae,  p.  787. 

Leaves  opposite 254.    Labiatae,  p.  798. 

P.  Ovary  1,  not  deeply  lobed  R. 
R.  Ovary  1-celled. 

Seed  1;  corolla  scarious 269.    Plantaginaceae,  p.  867. 

Seed  several-many. 

Leaves  entire,  opposite 246.    Gentian aceae,  p.  754. 

Leaves  toothed,  lobed,  or  compound. 

Whole   upper   surface   of   the   corolla   white-bearded;    leaflets   3, 

entire 6543.    Menyanthes,  p.  760. 

Corolla    not    conspicuously   bearded;    leaves,    if   compound,    with 

toothed  leaflets 251.    Hydrophyllaceae,  p.  784. 

R.  Ovary  2-10-celled. 

Leafless  twining  parasites 6968.    Cuscuta,  p.  770. 

Leaves  opposite,  their  bases  connected  by  a  stipular  line 

245.    Loganiaceae,  p.  754. 

Leaves  alternate  or,  if  opposite,  with  no  trace  of  stipules. 
Stamens  free  from  the  corolla  or  nearly  so. 

Style  1 233.    Ericaceae,  p.  733. 

Style  none ;  stamens  attached  to  the  base  of  the  corolla 

157.    Aquifoliaceae,  p.  651. 

Stamens  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla. 
Stamens  4. 

Leafy-stemmed ;  leaves  opposite ;  corolla  petaloid 

253.    Verbenaceae,  p.  795. 

Acaulescent;  corolla  scarious. .  .269.    Plantaginaceae,  p.  867. 
Stamens  5  or  rarely  more. 

Fruit  of  2  or  4  seedlike  nutlets 252.   Boraginaceae,  p.  787. 

Fruit  a  few-many-seeded  pod  or  berry. 
Styles  2. 
Pod  few,  mostly  4-seeded..  .249.    Convolvulaceae,  p.  770. 

Pod  many-seeded 251.    Hydrophyllaceae,  p.  784. 

Style  1,  often  branched. 

Branches    of    the    style     (or    at    least    the    lobes    of    the 
stigma)   3. 

Plants  twining 7003.    Ipomoea,  p.  776. 

Plants  not  twining 250.    Polemoniaceae,  p.  778. 

Branches  of  the  style  or  lobes  of  the  stigma  2  or  rarely  4, 
or  1   (in  Solanaceae). 

Seed  few,  mostly  4 249.    Convolvulaceae,  p.  770. 

Seed  many 256.    Solanaceae,  p.  826. 

O.  Stamens  fewer  than  the  corolla  lobes. 
Stamens  with  anthers  4,  in  pairs. 

Ovary  2-celled;  cells  several-seeded 266.    Acanthaceae,  p.  864. 

Ovary  2-4-celled;  cells  1-seeded;  ovary  not  lobed;  style  apical 

253.    Verbenaceae,  p.  795. 

Ovary  4-celled,  4-lobed;  style  basal 254.    Labiatae,  p.  798. 

Stamens  with  anthers  only  2  or  rarely  3. 

Ovary  4-lobed 7326.   Lycopus,  p.  821. 

Ovary  2-celled,  not  4-lobed. 
Herbs. 

Acaulescent;  corolla  scarious 269.    Plantaginaceae,  p.  867. 

Leafy-stemmed;  corolla  not  scarious 7579.    Veronica,  p.  845. 

Trees  or  shrubs 243.    Oleaceae,  p.  751. 

N.  Corolla  irregular  S. 

S.  Stamens  with  anthers  5. 


36  Key  to  the  Families 

Ovary  deeply  4-lobed  around  the  style 7118.    Echium,  p.  794. 

Ovary  not  deeply  lobed,  many-ovuled. 

Filaments  or  some  of  them  woolly 7460.    Verbascum,   p.  834. 

Filaments  not  woolly 7396.    Hyoscyamus,  p.  1087. 

S.  Stamens  with  anthers  2  or  4. 
Ovules  solitary  in  the  1-4  cells. 

Ovary  4-lobed;  style  arising  from  between  the  lobes 

254.    Labiatae,  p.  798. 

Ovary  not  lobed;  style  from  the  apex. 
Ovary  1-celled;  fruit  pointing  backwards.  .268.    Phrymaceae,  p.  866. 

Ovary  2-4-celled ;  fruit  not  pointing  backwards 

253.    Verben aceae,  p.  795. 

Ovules  2-many  in  each  cell. 

Ovary  imperfectly  4-  or  5-celled 260.    Martyniaceae,  p.  860. 

Ovary  1-  or  2-celled. 
Ovary  1-celled. 

Parasites  without  green  foliage,  terrestrial ;   stamens  4 

261.     Orobanchaceae,  p.  860. 

Not  parasitic,  chiefly  aquatic  or  mud  plants ;  stamens  2 

264.   Lentibulariaceae,  p.  862. 

Ovary  2-celled. 
Trees  or  woody  climbers;  placentae  parietal. . Bignoniaceae,  p.  858. 
Herbs,  rarely  trees;  placentae  in  the  axis. 

Seed    (mostly  numerous)    not  borne  on  hooks 

257.      SCROPHULARIACEAE,   p.   882. 

Seed   (2-12)    borne  on  hooklike  processes  of  the  placentae 

266.     ACANTHACEAE,    p.    864. 

M.  Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx  tube    (inferior)    T. 
T.  Tendril-bearing  herbs;  anthers  often  united. .  .275.    Cucurbitaceae,  p.  892. 
T.  Tendrils  none  U. 

U.  Stamens  separate  V. 

V.  Stamens  free   from  the   corolla  or  nearly  so,   as  many  as  its  lobes; 

stipules  none;  sap  milky 276.   Campanulaceae,  p.  893. 

V.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla. 

Stamens  1-3,  always  fewer  than  the   corolla  lobes 

273.    Valerianaceae,  p.  890. 

Stamens  4  or  5;  leaves  opposite  or  whorled. 
Ovary  2-5-celled. 
Leaves  opposite  or  perfoliate   but  never  whorled,  rarely  provided 

with  true  stipules 271.   Caprifoliaceae,  p.  878. 

Leaves  either  opposite  and  stipulate,  or  whorled  and  destitute  of 

stipules 270.   Rubiaceae,  p.  870. 

Ovary  1-celled ;  flowers  in  dense  involucrate  heads 

274.    Dipsacaceae,  p.  892. 

U.  Stamens  united  by  their  anthers,  these  joined  in  a  ring  or  tube. 

Flowers  separate,  not  involucrate ;  corolla  irregular 

276A.     Lobeliaceae,  p.  895. 

Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head 280.    Compositae,  p.  899. 


Ophioglossum  Ophioglossaceae  37 

PTERIDOPHYTA.     Ferns  and  Fern  Allies 

Note:  Ferns  and  their  allies  have  always  been  an  attractive  subject  of 
study  and  many  persons  have  made  intensive  studies  of  them  and  have 
designated  many  of  the  minute  differences  by  special  names.  No  attempt 
has  been  made  here  to  evaluate  the  status  of  these  variations  and  the  com- 
mon interpretation  of  them  has  been  accepted. 

In  this  treatment  the  term  frond  is  used  to  mean  the  expanded  portion  of 
the  leaf  of  a  fern. 

[Students  who  wish  to  use  the  stipe  to  assist  in  the  determination  of  the 
ferns  are  referred  to  "An  analytical  key  for  the  ferns  of  the  Northeastern 
States,  based  on  the  stipes,"  by  C.  E.  Waters,  published  in  1903  and  re- 
published as  a  supplement  to  the  American  Fern  Journal,  vol.  18:  no. 
2.  1928.] 

1.  OPHIOGLOSSACEAE  Presl  Adder's  Tongue  Family* 

Sporangia  cohering   in  a   simple   spike;   fronds    (leaves)    one,   rarely  2   or  3,   entire; 

veins  reticulate 1.    Ophioglossum,   p.   37. 

Sporangia  in  pinnate  or  compound  spikes,  rarely  in  a  simple  spike  but  not  cohering; 

fronds  (leaves)  not  simple;  veins  free 2.  Botrychium,  p.  38. 

1.  OPHIOGLOSSUM   [Tourn.]  L.  Adder's  Tongue 

Fronds  mostly  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  rarely  acute  but  never  apiculate 

1.0.  vulgatum. 

Fronds  more  or  less  acute  at  the  apex  and  apiculate 2.    0.  Engelmanni. 

1.  Ophioglossum  vulgatum  L.**  Common  Adder's  Tongue.  Map  1. 
Local  in  various  habitats  in  the  southern  half  of  the  state.  It  is  always  found 
in  dense  shade  and  most  commonly  associated  with  beech,  especially  in  low 
beech  and  sweet  gum  woods.  Ordinarily  it  seems  to  prefer  a  slightly  acid 
soil.  It  has  been  found  in  Lake  County  by  several  collectors,  where  it  is 
evidently  rather  frequent.  I  have  a  specimen  collected  by  Edwin  D.  Hull 
near  Liverpool,  Lake  County,  which  was  growing  under  some  shrubs  in 
almost  pure  sand  with  cranberry.  Mr.  Hull  found  more  than  30  fruiting 
specimens  at  this  time  at  the  place  mentioned  above.  Besides  the  counties 
shown  on  the  map  it  has  been  reported  from  Crawford,  Harrison,  and 
Wayne  Counties. 

Markle  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1915:  357.  1916)  in  1914  found  near 
Gary,  Lake  County,  many  plants  with  more  than  one  leaf.  He  reports  "of 
a  total  of  two  hundred  plants,  selected  at  random,  ninety-one  had  one  leaf 
above  ground,  one  hundred  and  five  had  two  leaves,  and  four  had  three 
leaves". 

la.  Ophioglossum  vulgatum  f.  pseudopodum  Blake.  (Rhodora  15:  87. 
1913.)  This  is  a  form  in  which  the  sterile  blade  is  narrowed  below  into  a 
stalklike  base  a  fourth  to  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  expanded  portion.  This 
form  has  been  found  in  St.  Joseph  County  by  R.  M.  Tryon,  Jr. 

P.  E.  I.,  Ont.  to  Alaska,  south w.  to  Fla.  and  Mex. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 

*  R.   T.    Clausen   checked   the   determination    of   all   my   specimens   and   rendered 
valuable  help. 

**  For  a  discussion  of  this  species  and  varieties  see  Rhodora  41:494-499.   1939. 


38 


Ophioglossaceae 


Botrychium 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

D 

j 

fr 

^    i 

'           y-1 

D 

T 

rV 

f    ^ 

\ 

DP 

F1- 

I 

■  / 

III 

-\. 

I 

r- 

Dec.  ^ 

— 

i 

D 
DP 

'l             ' 

B             X 

K     J— -— ■/ 

1               1 

D     J31 

1    ^A 

L    D / — ' 

3D 

1/    Miles 

rJ      I 

O  J    D     [ 

0 

jhioc 

D    J 

loss 

3    -P\          / 

jm  vulgatu 

0                 50 

Map   1 
■n  L. 

0  50 

Map   2 


Botrychium  simplex  E.Hitchcock 


0  35 

Map  3 

Botrychium  multifidum 
var  silaifolium  (Presl)  Brown 


2.  Ophioglossum  Engelmanni  Prantl.  There  is  a  fragmentary  specimen 
in  the  herbarium  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  which  R.  T.  Clausen 
has  seen  and  reported  in  the  Mem.  Torrey  Club  19:  no.  2:140.  1938  as  be- 
longing to  this  species.  Clausen  in  a  letter  to  me  dated  June  1,  1938,  con- 
firms his  examination  of  the  specimen  and  determination.  The  specimen 
was  collected  by  L.  M.  Underwood  in  June,  1893,  on  the  campus  of  Indiana 
University. 

Nw.  Va.,  s.  Ohio  and  111.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  cent.  Fla.,  La.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. ; 
cent,  and  s.  Mex. 


2.  BOTRYCHIUM  Sw.  Grapefern 

Fronds  small,  mostly  1-3  cm  long,  simple  and  roundish  or  pinnately  3-7-lobed 

1.  B.  simplex. 

Tronds  larger,  more  than  3  cm  long,  ternate. 

Fronds    on    long    petioles    (arising   from    near    the    base    of   the    stem),    bipinnate- 
pinnatifid. 
Sterile  frond  with  all  the  segments  of  about  the  same  size  and  shape;   segments 

ovate  or  obovate,  the  terminal  ones   not  elongate 

2.    B.   multifidum   var.    silaifolium. 

Sterile  fronds  with  segments  of  different  size  and  shape. 

Ultimate  divisions  of  the  frond  cut  into  linear  segments;  segments  more  or  less 

notched  at  the  apex 3.   B.  dissectum. 

Ultimate  divisions  of  the  frond  not  dissected  but  variously  and  unevenly  cut. 
Divisions  of  the  pinnae  oblong-ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  more  or  less  acute. 

Segments  of  frond  many  more  than  9 3a.  B.  dissectum  var.  obliquum. 

Segments  usually  about  9 3b.  B.  dissectum  var.  tenuifolium. 

Divisions  of  the  pinnae  broadly  ovate  and  obtuse 

3c.    B.    dissectum   var.    oneidense. 

Fronds  sessile  (arising  from  near  or  above  the  middle  of  the  stem),  the  short- 
stalked  primary  divisions  once  or  twice  pinnate  and  these  in  turn  once  or  twice 
pinnatifid 4.    B.  virginianum. 

1.  Botrychium  simplex  E.  Hitchcock.  HITCHCOCK  GRAPEFERN.  Map  2. 
I  have  seen  specimens  from  three  collections.  The  first  was  collected  in 
1910  by  W.  N.  Clute  along  the  Michigan  Central  Railroad  near  Glen  Park, 
Lake  County.  A  second  specimen  was  collected  in  1929  by  Marcus  W.  Lyon, 
Jr.,  on  the  wooded  border  of  an  interdunal  flat  in  Porter  County.     R.  T. 


Botrychium 


Ophioglossaceae 


39 


Clausen  has  seen  this  specimen  and  confirms  the  identification, 
was  collected  by  J.  A.  Nieuwland  at  Dune  Park,  Porter  County. 
P.  E.  I.  to  Pa.,  westw.  to  Oreg.  and  Calif. 


The  third 


2.      Botrychium    multifidum     (Gmel.)     Rupr.    var.    silaifolium     (Presl) 
Broun.    (Botrychium  tematum  var.  intermedium  D.  C.  Eaton.)    Map  3. 

This  report  is  based  upon  specimens  collected  by  Marcus  Lyon,  Jr.,  and 
R.  M.  Tryon,  Jr.,  in  the  Dunes  State  Park,  Porter  County.  Tryon  reported 
his  specimens  as  Botrychium  dissectum  f.  elongatum.  R.  T.  Clausen  and 
E.  T.  Wherry  have  seen  these  specimens  and  refer  them  to  this  species. 

Maine  to  Que.,  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Oreg. 


o  5o 

Map  4 


Botrychium  dissectum  Sprenc 


0              50 
Map  4a 
Botrychium  dissectum 
var.  obliquum  (Muhl )  Clute 


3.  Botrychium  dissectum  Spreng.  (Botrychium  obliquum  var.  dissec- 
tum (Spreng.)  Clute.)  Cutleaf  Grapefern.  Map  4.  Local  throughout 
the  state  in  either  dry  or  moist  soils.  All  of  my  specimens  are  from  wood- 
land; some  are  from  white  oak  woods,  some  are  from  beech  and  sugar 
maple  woods,  and  one  specimen  was  found  associated  with  sweet  gum  and 
white  elm. 

N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Mo.,  Ark.,  and  Mex. 

3a.  Botrychium  dissectum  var.  obliquum  (Muhl.)  Clute.  {Botrychium 
obliquum  Muhl.)  Oblique  Grapefern.  Map  4a.  Infrequent  throughout 
the  state  in  wet  or  dry  woodland.  Most  of  my  specimens  were  found  in 
low,  flat  woods  associated  with  sweet  gum  and  beech,  and  a  few  were 
found  in  dry  woodland  with  beech  and  sugar  maple. 

A  form  with  less  divided  and  oblong  pinnae  has  been  described  by  E.  W. 
Graves  (Amer.  Fern  Jour.  22:  50-52.  1932)  as  Botrychium  obliquum  var. 
oblongifolium.  Graves  named  one  of  my  specimens  from  Marion  County 
and  one  from  Crawford  County  as  belonging  to  this  variety.  Since  fern 
students  are  not  agreed  upon  the  status  of  this  fern,  I  record  the  data 
without  comment. 

N.  B.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 


40 


OSMUNDACEAE 


Osmunda 


3b.  Botrychium  dissectum  var.  tenuifolium  (Underw.)  Farw.  I  have 
a  specimen  of  this  variety  collected  in  a  low  woods  about  3  miles  northwest 
of  Leavenworth,  Crawford  County,  which  is  referred  to  this  variety  by 
both  R.  T.  Clausen  and  E.  T.  Wherry.  This  variety  is  found  chiefly  in  the 
southern  states. 

3c.  Botrychium  dissectum  var.  oneidense  (Gilbert)  Farw.  According 
to  Clausen's  determination  this  variety  occurs  in  De  Kalb,  Howard,  Porter, 
and  Steuben  Counties. 

4.  Botrychium  virginianum  (L.)  Sw.  Rattlesnake  Fern.  Map  5. 
This  is  strictly  a  woodland  species  and  is  found  in  moist,  rich  woods  of 
many  kinds  throughout  the  state.  For  a  treatment  of  the  varieties  of  this 
species  and  a  key  to  them  see  Butters'  discussion   (Rhodora  19:  207-215. 

1917). 

Lab.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  Ariz.,  and  Wash. ;  also  in  Mex.,  W.  I., 

and  Eurasia. 


2.  OSMUNDACEAE  R.  Br.  Royal  Fern  Family 

1.  OSMUNDA  [Tourn.]  L. 

Fronds  bipinnate,  the  fertile  ones  fertile  at  the  summit. .  .1.  0.  regalis  var.  spectabilis. 
Fronds  pinnate,  the  sterile  pinnae  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  generally  entire. 

Fertile  fronds  with  fertile  pinnae  near  the  middle;  no  tuft  of  wool  at  the  base  of 

the  pinnae   2-  0.  Claytoniana. 

Fertile  fronds  separate  from  the  sterile  ones;  pinnae  of  sterile  fronds  with  a  tuft 
of  wool  in  the  axils. 
Pinnae  of  sterile  fronds  with  entire  segments  and  the  fertile  frond  entirely  fertile. 

3.    O.    cinnamomea. 

Pinnae  with  the  basal  segments  on  the  lower  side   (or  rarely  on  both  sides)  much 
elongated  and  deeply  and  sharply  toothed,  other  segments  normal  or  nearly 

so   3a.  0.  cinnamomea  f.  auriculata. 

Pinnae   (at  least  some  of  them)   of  fertile  fronds  more  or  less  sterile   (usually  the 

lower  ones)    3b.  0.  cinnamomea  f.  frondosa. 

Pinnae   (at  least  some  of  them)    of  sterile  fronds  with  lobes  more  or  less  cut  or 
pinnatifid    3c.   0.  cinnamomea  f .  incisa. 


Miles 
0  56 

Map  6 


Osmunda  regalis 
var.  spectabilis  (Willd.)Gray 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec. 


D        J 

B 

r     i 
i 

D 

B 

"V_ 

m  I 

s 

■jv 

v- 

L 

DP  I ,--j. 

_L 

JTP  ° 

1 K 

1 

D             r~\ 

)f  L  «  |L 

Miles 


0  ^30 

Map  7 


Osmunda  Claytoniana  L 


0 
Map  8 


Osmunda  cinnamomea  L. 


Osmunda  Osmundaceae  41 

Supplementary  Key  for  the  Separation  of  Sterile  Fronds  of  Some 
Species  That  Superficially  Look  Much  Alike. 

In  my  early  study  of  ferns  I  was  not  aware  that  sterile  fronds  could  be 
identified.  Sterile  specimens  of  Osmunda  and  Pteretis  much  resemble  each 
other  and  I  had  never  been  able  to  find  the  last  named  genus  until  I  was 
able  to  identify  the  sterile  specimen.  Since  that  time  I  have  found  several 
colonies  and  I  think  if  all  of  our  fern  students  knew  how  to  separate  these 
genera  that  many  more  colonies  of  Pteretis  would  be  found.  Likewise 
there  is  a  possibility  that  sterile  specimens  of  Woodiva?'dia  virginica  and 
certain  species  of  Athyrium  and  Dryoyteris  might  be  confused  with  Os- 
munda.  Hence  this  key. 

Veins  simple,  not  forked;  pinnules  entire;  vascular  bundles  in  stipe  7 Pteretis. 

Veins  not  simple,  more  or  less  forked. 

Veins  usually  forked  once ;  vascular  bundle  in  the  stipe  1 ;  stipe  stramineous. 

Sterile  fronds  with  tufts  of  wool  at  the  base  of  the  pinnae .  .  Osmunda  cinnamomea. 

Sterile  fronds  without  tufts  of  wool  at  the  base  of  the  pinnae 

Osmunda  Claytoniana. 

Veins  with  areolae  on  both  sides  of  the  midrib  with  which  simple  or  rarely  forked 

veins   connect  the  margin;   vascular  bundles  more   than   5;    stipe   dark   brown. 

Woodwardia. 

1.  Osmunda  regalis  L.  var.  spectabilis  (Willd.)  Gray.  (Rhodora  21: 
179.  1919.)  (Osmunda  regalis  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown, 
Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  not  L.)  Royal  Fern.  Map  6.  Frequent  in  the  lake  area 
and  infrequent  to  local  south  of  it.  It  is  not  especially  particular  as  to  its 
habitat  except  that  it  must  be  a  moist  or  wet  one.  It  is  found  mostly  in 
low  woods,  about  ponds  and  lakes,  and  less  frequently  in  the  open  in  wet 
prairies. 

Newf.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Miss. 

2.  Osmunda  Claytoniana  L.  Interrupted  Fern.  Map  7.  Infrequent 
to  local  throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  state.  Besides  the  counties 
shown  on  the  map,  there  are  reports  from  thirteen  additional  counties.  It 
seems  to  prefer  the  moist  bases  of  black  and  white  oak  slopes.  In  the 
southern  part  of  the  state  it  is  found  on  the  slopes  of  deep,  wooded  ravines. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.,  Ky.,  and  Mo. ;  a  variety  also  in  s.  Asia. 

3.  Osmunda  cinnamomea  L.  CINNAMON  FERN.  Map  8.  Frequent  in  the 
lake  area,  becoming  infrequent  to  local  south  of  it.  In  the  lake  area  it  is 
usually  common  in  tamarack  bogs  and  swamps  about  lakes,  and  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state  it  grows  in  low,  fiat  woods,  associated  with  sweet 
gum  and  red  maple.  Throughout  its  range  it  is  found  only  in  wet  soil  in 
bogs  or  about  ponds  and  marshes  and  rarely  on  shaded  slopes. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  N.  Mex. ;  also  in  Mex.,  S.  A., 
W.  I.,  and  Eurasia. 

3a.  Osmunda  cinnamomea  f.  auriculata  (Hopkins)  Kittredge.  (Bull. 
Conn.  State  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  48:  12.  1931.)  This  form  has  the 
basal  segments  much  elongated  and  deeply  and  sharply  toothed  on  the 
lower  side  or  rarely  on  both  sides.  The  other  segments  are  normal  or 
nearly  so.     It  has  been  found  in  Porter  County  by  R.  M.  Tryon,  Jr. 


•12  Polypodiaceae  Osmunda 

3b.  Osmunda  cinnamomea  f.  fronddsa  (T.  &  G.)  Britt.  (Cat.  Plants  of 
New  Jersey,  p.  312.  1890.)  This  form  has  the  fertile  frond  partly  leafy, 
the  fertile  and  sterile  pinnae  variously  intermixed.  I  found  this  unusual 
form  in  Lagrange  County  and  Nieuwland  found  it  in  St.  Joseph  County. 

3c.  Osmunda  cinnamomea  f.  incisa  (Huntington)  Gilbert.  (List  North 
American  Ptericlophytes,  pp.  13,  28.  1901.)  This  form  usually  has  acutely 
toothed  or  lobed  segments.   I  found  it  in  De  Kalb  County. 

3.  POLYPODIACEAE  R.  Br.  Fern  Family 

Fronds  conspicuously  dimorphic,  the  fertile  ones  with  divisions  greatly  contracted  or 
berrylike,  brown  when  fully  mature. 
Sterile   fronds   pinnatifid,   the   veins   netted;   fertile   fronds   bipinnate,   the   divisions 

berrylike 4.    Onoclea,  p.  45. 

Sterile  fronds  bipinnatifid,  the  veins  free;  fertile  fronds  pinnate,  the  divisions  linear, 

strongly  ascending 3.    Pteretis,  p.  44. 

Fronds  not  conspicuously  dimorphic,  all  green. 

Sori  marginal,  the  indusium  appearing  to  consist  of  the  reflexed  margin  of  the  seg- 
ments of  the  frond  or  of  a  marginal  cup. 
Fronds  with  sporangia  borne  in  minute  cuplike  indusia  near  the  notches  of  the 
segments,  the  sori  separate;  fronds  bipinnate,  the  lower  surface  well  covered 

with  short,  erect,  glandular  hairs 7.    Dennstaedtia,  p.  50. 

Fronds  not  as  above. 

Stipes  stout   (2-4  mm  in  diameter),  commonly  solitary,  green   (stramineous  or 

pale  brown  in  dried  specimens) 15.    Pteridum,  p.  57. 

Stipes  less  than  2  mm  in  diameter,  commonly  clustered  (brown  to  blackish). 
Pinnules  pubescent  above  and  below  with  long,  white  hairs,  densely  so  along 

the  margins  below , 13.    Cheilanthes,  p.  56. 

Pinnules  glabrous  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs. 

Indusia   of  pinnules   continuous;    fronds   coriaceous,   pinnate   or   bipinnate. 

12.     Pellaea,  p.  55. 

Indusia  definitely  interrupted  on  the  fanlike  margin  of  the  pinnule;  fronds 
delicate,    branched    at    the    summit,    the    branches    definitely    pinnate. 

14.     Adiantum,  p.  57. 

Sori  dorsal,  not  marginal  (except  in  Dryopteris  marginalis) . 

Sori  and  indusia  (when  present)  more  or  less  circular,  or  reniform. 

Fronds   pinnate,    pinnules   narrowly   oblong-lanceolate   with    an   auricle   at   the 
base  of  the  upper  margin,  the  stipe  and  rachis  thickly  covered  with  scales ; 
pinnules  of  fertile  fronds  contracted;  sori  confluent.  .6.   Polystichum,  p.  50. 
Fronds  not  as  above. 

Stipe,  rachis,  and  lower  surface  of  the  pinnae  more  or  less  glandular-puberu- 

lent;  stipe  and  rachis  deciduously  chaffy 1.    Woodsia,  p.  43. 

Stipe,  rachis,  and  lower  surface  of  pinnae  not,  or  not  all,  more  or  less  glandu- 
lar-puberulent. 
Fronds  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  divisions  confluent  at  the  base;   sori  naked; 

blades  of  fronds  coriaceous 16.   Polypodium,  p.  57. 

Fronds  not  as  above. 

Indusia   attached   in   the   center   or  lacking,   if   lacking   then  the   rachis 

pubescent  and  chaffy 5.   Dryopteris,  p.  45. 

Indusia  attached  by  a  broad  base  on  the  side  toward  the  midrib  and  partly 
under  the  sori,  opening  on  the  opposite  side.  .  .2.    Cystopteris,  p.  43. 
Sori  elongated,  oblong  to  linear,  often  curved. 

Sori  in  rows  parallel  to  the  midribs  of  the  pinnae  and  along  the  midveins  of  the 

segments 11.     Woodwardia,  p.  55. 

Sori  not  disposed  as  above. 


Woodsia 


POLYPODIACEAE 


43 


Blades  of  fronds  simple,  long-attenuate  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  en- 
tire or  undulate 9.    Camptosorus,  p.  53. 

Blades  once  to  several  times  divided. 

Sori  straight  or  slightly  curved;  fronds  mostly  10-40  cm  long 

10.    Asplenium,  p.  53. 

Sori  often  curved  over  the  ends  of  the  veins;  fronds  mostly  35-90  cm  long. 
8.    Athyrium,  p.  51. 

1.  WOODSIA  R.  Br.  Woodsia 

1.  Woodsia  obtusa  (Spreng.)  Torr.  Common  Woodsia.  Map  9.  Infre- 
quent to  rare  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state  and  very  local  northward 
to  the  counties  shown  on  the  map.  Probably  not  found  in  Indiana  north 
of  the  counties  shown  on  the  map.  It  no  doubt  occurs  also  in  Wabash 
County  but  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  it.  It  is  usually  found  in  shallow  soil 
on  rocky  slopes.    It  prefers  sandstone  but  is  also   found  on   limestone. 

Cent.  Maine  to  Wis.,  B.  C,  and  Alaska,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  Tex. 
and  Ariz. 

2.  CYSTOPTERIS  Bernh. 

Fronds  lanceolate,  attenuate,  often  bulblet-bearing  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  upper 
part ;    segments   and   teeth   crowded ;    rachis   not  winged ;    pinnules   mostly  oblong, 

very  obtuse;    indusium  truncate   on   the   free   side,  minutely   glandular 

1.   C.   btdbifera. 

Fronds  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  not  bulblet-bearing;  segments  and  teeth  more 
distant,  decurrent  on  the  slightly  margined  rachis;  pinnules  mostly  oval,  more 
pointed ;  indusium  acute  or  acuminate,  and  often  lacerate  on  the  free  side,  not 
glandular    2.   C.  fragilis. 

1.  Cystopteris  bulbifera  (L.)  Bernh.  (Filix  bulbifera  (L.)  Underw.) 
Berry  Bladder  Fern.  Map  10.  Infrequent  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state, 
becoming  very  local  to  absent  in  the  northern  part.  This  species  grows 
only  in  wet  places  or  places  that  are  usually  constantly  kept  moist  in  shady, 
rocky  ravines  and  in  pockets  or  crevices  of  shaded  cliffs.  It  is  usually  found 
along  the  outlets  of  springs  in  southern  Indiana.  My  Steuben  County  speci- 
men was  found  in  an  old  tamarack  bog. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  Ark.,  and  Iowa. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

r 

1    D 

DP 

ji 

'  r^ 

i 

DP 

f 

_ 

r?    ', 

B              L 

T~ 

B 

J^ 

\    HD        Wl 

_J— 

D 

Dec.C— 

l       " 

B 

DP 
ID 

1         ' 

B     K 

D     P 

la     1 j. 

D                 L 
HD             y 
p       C 

B  D    Ib\B 

^—?~/  p  Ij 

D 

/       J  B 

ID  [          [O 

1               P 

J/    Miles 

0 

Woo 

D 

dsi 

3   C 

btu 

r  {>   \      J 

sa  (Spren 

0                50 

Map  9 

g.)  Torr. 

0  "To 

Map  10 


Cystopteris  bulbifera  (L.)  Bernh. 


Cystopteris  fragilis  (L.)  Bernh. 


44  Polypodiaceae  Cystopteris 

2.  Cystopteris  fragilis  (L.)  Bernh.  {Filix  fragilis  (L.)  Underw.) 
Brittle  Fern.  Map  11.  This  species  prefers  the  deep,  rich  leaf  mold  of 
beech  and  sugar  maple  and  white  oak  woods  and  is  frequent  to  common 
throughout  the  state  south  of  the  Wabash  River  where  woods  of  this  kind 
are  found.  North  of  the  Wabash  River  it  is  infrequent  to  very  rare.  It  is 
absent  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state  in  the  areas  where  low,  flat  woods 
occur.   It  is  found  in  exposed  places  on  sandstone  ridges  and  bluffs. 

Students  sometimes  find  difficulty  in  distinguishing  this  species  from 
Woodsia  obtusa.  The  stipe  of  the  last  named  species  is  covered  more  or 
less  densely  with  short,  stipitate  glands  while  the  stipe  of  Cystopteris  is 
entirely  glabrous  or  with  only  a  few  glands  near  the  summit. 

The  Cystopteris  fragilis  species  complex  has  been  restudied  by  C.  A. 
Weatherby.  He  has  recently  described  a  new  variety  to  which,  in  my 
opinion,  all  or  most  all  of  our  specimens  belong.   It  is  described  as  follows : 

"Cystopteris  fragilis  (L.)  Bernh.  var.  protrusa  Weatherby.  (Rhodora 
37:  373-375.  1935.)  Rootstock  creeping,  only  sparsely  beset  with  bases 
of  old  fronds,  the  growing  point  hardly  paleaceous,  produced  2-4  cm  beyond 
the  fronds  of  the  season ;  well-developed  blades  nearly  bipinnate-pinnatifid, 
11-22  cm  long,  5-11.5  cm  wide,  pinnae  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
pinnules  toward  the  base  of  the  pinnae  deltoid-ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
subacute,  usually  shortly  but  distinctly  petiolulate,  deeply  pinnatifid  into 
oblong,  obtuse  lobes ;  in  juvenile  or  depauperate  blades  less  lobed  and  more 
obtuse;  indusium  about  0.5  mm  long,  shallowly  lobed  or  nearly  entire  at 
apex.  Southern  New  York,  south  in  the  piedmont  and  the  mountains  to 
Alabama,  west  to  Minnesota  and  Missouri." 

My  specimens  have  been  examined  by  two  fern  specialists  and  they 
agree  that  most  of  them  belong  to  this  variety  and  some  can  not  be  deter- 
mined with  certainty. 

A  form  of  this  species  with  large,  abundant  sori  has  been  named  f. 
magnasora  Clute  (Fern  Bull.  9:  65.   1901). 

The  true  species  has  a  range  to  the  north  of  Indiana.  In  order  to  refer 
specimens  to  their  correct  variety  and  form  it  is  usually  necessary  for 
them  to  have  the  indusium  and  rootstock  which  most  of  our  specimens  lack. 
Since  it  is  impossible  to  correctly  name  all  of  our  specimens  I  have  decided 
that  it  is  best  to  regard  all  of  them  as  belonging  to  a  species  complex  and 
they  are  so  indicated  on  the  map. 

Newf.  and  Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  Kans.,  Ariz.,  and  s.  Calif. 

3.  PTERfiTIS  Raf. 

Rachis  glabrous  throughout  its  entire  length  or  only  glabrate  above  the  lowest  pinnae 
and  polished  below  them 1.  P.  nodulosa. 

Rachis  more  or  less  puberulent  to  pubescent  throughout,  at  least  above  the  lowest 
pinnae;  rachis  below  the  lowest  pinnae  usually  not  polished 

la.  P.  nodulosa  f .  pubescens. 

1.  Pteretis  nodulosa  (Michx.)  Nieuwl.  (Rhodora  21:  178.  1919.) 
(Onoclea  Struthiopteris  and  Matteuccia  Struthiopteris  of  most  authors.) 
Ostrich   Fern.    Map  12.    This  species  is,  no  doubt,  very  local  in  the 


Onoclea 


POLYPODIACEAE 


45 


K       ^Sv"   I 

Jan. 

'       , 

*  A 

Fe  b. 

Jy 

0 

-1 — H — 



Mar. 
Apr. 

1 

Jv 

r 

— 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

f? 

r 

" 

X 

r 

fm 

J 

t 

Dec.j- 

i ' — 

l         L^^y^ 

X  Br     • — ^ 

/    Mrles 

r  |  r  j  \  y\   7 

1                   50 

Is^y^r1^            Map  12 

Pteretis  nodulosa  (Michx  )  Nieuwl, 

6         ~3o 
Map  12a 
Pteretis  nodulosa 
f  pubescens  (Terry)  Fern. 


0  ~76 

Map  13 


Onoclea  sensibilis  L 


state  although  it  may  have  been  overlooked  because  of  its  close  resem- 
blance to  Osmunda,  cinnamomea.  My  specimens  are  mostly  from  alluvial 
flood  plains  of  small  streams. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Iowa. 

la.  Pteretis  nodulosa  f.  pubescens  (Terry)  Fern.  (Rhodora  37:  219. 
1935.)    Map  12a.   This  form  is  not  well  marked  in  Indiana. 

4.  ONOCLfiA  L. 

1.  Onoclea  sensibilis  L.  Sensitive  Fern.  Map  13.  Frequent  through- 
out the  state  in  low  places  in  woodland,  about  lakes,  and  along  roadsides. 

Forma  obtusilobata  (Schkuhr)  Gilbert  is  a  form  with  fronds  inter- 
mediate between  the  normal  fertile  and  normal  sterile  phases,  bipinnate 
or  nearly  so,  the  pinnules  flat  and  nearly  free-veined,  rarely  partly  fertile. 
This  form  has  been  found  in  Porter  County  by  R.  M.  Tryon,  Jr.,  who  says 
it  is  not  infrequent  in  meadows  that  have  been  mowed  in  the  early  part  of 
the  year.  There  is  a  specimen  from  Porter  County  in  the  herbarium  of 
the  University  of  Notre  Dame. 

A  form  with  the  frond  fertile,  or  somewhat  so,  on  one  side  and  sterile  on 
the  other  is  forma  hemiphyllddes  (Kiss  &  Kummerle)  Weatherby  (Amer. 
Fern  Jour.  26 :  16.  1936) .  This  form  was  found  on  the  right  of  way  of  the 
Chicago,  South  Shore,  and  South  Bend  Railroad  near  Tremont,  Porter 
County.  The  right  of  way  was  mowed  earlier  in  the  year. 

Newf.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Okla. 


5.  DRYOPTERIS  Adans. 

Indusia  lacking;  blades  of  fronds  triangular  or  ternate. 

Blades  ternate  with  the  divisions  nearly  equal  and  petiolate,  glabrous;  rachis  wing- 
less.   (See  excluded  species  no.  2,  p.  1019.) D.  Linnaeana. 

Blades  bipinnatifid ;  pinnae  sessile  and  more  or  less  decurrent  on  the  rachis. 

Fronds  as  wide  as  or  wider  than  long,  usually  light  green,  finely  puberulent  or 
glandular  beneath;  veins  of  the  pinnules  on  the  lowest  pair  of  pinnae  several 
times  forked 1.  D.  hexagonoptera. 


46  POLYPODIACEAE  Dryopteris 

Fronds  longer  than  wide,  dark  green,  more  coarsely  pubescent  beneath  and  with 

prominent  brown  scales  along  the  rachis;  veins  of  the  pinnules  on  the  lowest 

pair  of  pinnae  simple  or  once  forked.     (See  excluded  species  no.  3,  p.  1019.) 

D.  Phegopteris. 

Indusia  present;  blades  of  fronds  not  triangular  or  ternate. 

Rootstocks  creeping;  veins  simple  or  once  forked;  fronds  lanceolate  in  outline. 
Lowest  pinnae  gradually  decreasing  in  size  toward  the  base;  the  lowest  usually 

less  than  1  cm  long;  veins  simple;  indusia  glandular 2.  D.  noveboracensis. 

Lowest  pinnae  scarcely  smaller  than  the  middle  ones. 

Veins  of  sterile  fronds  generally  forked;  sori  crowded;  indusia  without  glands. 

3.  D.  Thelypteris  var.  pubescens. 

Veins   simple;    sori   distant;    indusia   glandular.      (See   excluded   species   no.   4, 

p.  1020.) D'  simulata. 

Rootstocks  short,  suberect;   fronds  cespitose,  never  pubescent,  their  veins,  at  least 
the  lowest,  more  than  once  forked. 

Sori  marginal 4.  D.  marginalis. 

Sori  not  marginal. 

Pinnae  widest  above  the  base;   basal  scales  of  stipe  dark  chestnut  color;   sori 
mostly  3-7  pairs;  the  largest  fern  of  the  genus  (in  Indiana) .  .5.  D.  Goldiana. 
Pinnae  widest  at  the  base;   basal   scales   of  stipe   not   so  dark   colored   as   the 
preceding. 
Surface  of  indusium  glabrous. 
Fronds  bipinnatifid  or  pinnate. 

Basal  scales  of  stipe  lance-linear,  caudate-attenuate;  segments  with 
parallel  sides,  serrate  at  the  rounded  apex  and  obscurely  so,  if  at 
all,  on  the  sides,  the  teeth  rarely  somewhat  spinulose;  sori  usually 
on    the    lower   half   of   the    segment.     (See    excluded    species    no.    5, 

p.  1020.) D.  Filix-mas. 

Basal  scales  of  stipe  wider;  teeth  of  segments  more  or  less   spinulose; 

sori  not  restricted  to  the  lower  half  of  the  segment. 

Fronds    linear-oblong   or   lanceolate   in    outline;    pinnae    5-8    cm    long, 

triangular-oblong   or   the   lowest   pair   somewhat   triangular-ovate, 

usually  the  lower  half  of  the   frond   conspicuously  decreasing   in 

size  toward  the  base 6.  D.  eristata. 

Fronds  wider;   pinnae  8-15  cm  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  the  lower  half 

of  the  frond  not  decreasing  in  size  toward  the  base 

6a.  D.  eristata  var.  Clintoniana. 

Fronds  bipinnate,  tripinnate,  or  tripinnatifid,  segments  with  spinulose  teeth. 

Basal  inferior  and  superior  pinnules  of  the  lowermost  pinnae  subopposite, 

rarely  more  than  4  mm  apart;  the  inferior  1-6  cm  long,  if  more,  then 

twice  as  long  as  the  superior;   pinnules  of  the  middle  pinnae  often 

only  toothed;  pinnules  pinnatifid  or  pinnate 7.    D.  spinulosa. 

Basal  inferior  and  superior  pinnules  of  the  lowest  pinnae  remote,  0.5-2 
cm  wider  apart;  the  inferior  3-10  cm  long,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the 
superior;  pinnules  pinnatifid  or  pinnate.    (See  excluded  species  no.  7, 

p.   1020.) D.   spinulosa  var.   americami. 

Surface  of  indusium  glandular. 

Frond  commonly  minutely  glandular  especially  on  the  rachis  and  rachillae, 

tripinnatifid    or    sometimes    tripinnate;    pinnae    slightly    ascending    to 

divergent,  the  basal  inferior  pinnule  shorter  than  to  rarely  exceeding 

the  second  inferior  one ;  scales  of  stipe  usually  dark  brown  at  base. 

Mature  indusium  0.8-1.4  mm  wide;   pinnae  gradually  tapering  to  apex. 

7a.  D.  spinulosa  var.  fructuosa. 

Mature    indusium    0.5-0.8    mm    wide;    pinnae    usually    narrowed    rather 

abruptly  to  prolonged  lance-linear  tips 

7b.  D.  spinulosa  var.  intermedia. 

Frond  not  minutely  glandular  but  more  or  less  chaffy,  bipinnate  or  tripin- 
natifid    S.  D.  Boottii. 


Dryopteris 


POLYPODIACEAE 


47 


0  50 

Map  14 


Dryopteris  hexagonoptera  (Michx.)  C.Chr 


0  50 

Map  15 


Dryopteris  noveboracens i  s  (L.)  A.Gray 


0  M5 

Map  16 
•  ryYptens  Thelypteris 

var  pubescens  (Lawson)  A. R.  Prince 


1.  Dryopteris  hexagonoptera  (Michx.)  C.  Chr.  (Phegopteris  hexagon- 
optera (Michx.)  Fee.)  Winged  Woodfern.  Broad  Beechfern.  Map  14. 
Frequent  in  the  southern  half  of  the  state,  becoming  less  frequent  north- 
ward and  even  rare  in  some  of  our  northern  counties.  This  is  a  woodland 
species  found  in  all  kinds  of  dry  soils.  It  is  found  more  frequently  associ- 
ated with  black  and  white  oak  and  only  occasionally  with  beech  and  sugar 
maple. 

Cent.  Maine  to  w.  Que.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  Iowa,  and  Okla. 

2.  Dryopteris  noveboracensis  (L.)  A.  Gray.  {Aspidium  noveboraceiise 
(L.)  Sw.)  New  York  Fern.  Map  15.  This  species  is  found  only  in 
slightly  acid  soil,  hence  its  zonal  distribution.  It  is  infrequent  to  local  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  state  where  it  usually  occurs  in  black  and  white 
oak  woods.  It  is  rare  or  absent  in  the  Tipton  Till  Plain,  becoming  infre- 
quent to  frequent  southward  in  the  hard,  white  clay  soil  of  beech  and 
sweet  gum  woodland.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  state  is  is  usually  closely 
associated  with  beech. 

Newf.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Ark. 

3.  Dryopteris  Thelypteris  (L.)  A.  Gray  var.  pubescens  (Lawson)  A.  R. 
Prince.  {Aspidium  Thelypteris  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7,  not  Sw. ;  Dryopteris 
Thelypteris  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  not  A.  Gray;  and 
Thelypteris  palustris  of  authors,  not  Schott.)  Marshfern.  Map  16. 
Common  in  the  lake  area  and  infrequent  south  of  it.  In  the  lake  area  it  is 
common  in  tamarack  bogs,  sedge  marshes,  and  on  the  low  borders  of  lakes. 
South  of  this  place  it  is  found  in  springy  and  marshy  areas. 

Se.  Newf.,  Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tenn.,  and  Okla. 

4.  Dryopteris  marginalis  (L.)  A.  Gray.  {Aspidium  marginale  (L.) 
Sw.)  Leather  Woodfern.  Map  17.  This  species  is,  for  the  most  part, 
restricted  to  the  outcrops  of  sandstone  or  nearby  residual  soils  which  are 
the  product  of  sandstone  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.    Most  of  my 


48 


POLYPODIACEAE 


Dryopteris 


<T~       "To 

Map  17 


Dryopteris  marginalis  (L.)  A.  Gray. 


— 

6 

0 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

D 

'     "i 

\ 

|V 

" 

0 

D 

D 
DP 

r1- 

-I 

D 

i 

rtA 

Dec  C 

10                  B 

I      ' 

B 

k    1 y 

D     1 
D            t/ 

-1     D X        \J 

/    Miles 

? 

f  fD 

Dry 

op 

ens 

Gol< 

"K      70                50 

if    ^/   Map  18 
fana  (Hook.)  A.Gray. 

o         ~~3o 
Map  19 


Dryopteris  cristata  ILJ  A.Gray. 


specimens  are  from  wooded  bluffs  and  slopes  along  streams.  In  addition 
to  my  collections,  it  has  been  reported  from  Clark,  Floyd,  Monroe,  and  Vigo 
Counties.  It  has  been  reported  also  from  the  dune  area,  and  on  May  30, 
1935,  R.  M.  Tryon,  Jr.  showed  me  large  colonies  of  it  on  a  north,  wooded 
slope  in  Memorial  Park  about  a  mile  east  of  Michigan  City.  It  is,  without 
question,  a  native  here. 

A  form  in  which  the  pinnae  are  toothed  or  lobed  has  been  named  and 
has  been  reported  from  Indiana.  I  have  a  few  specimens  with  some  of 
the  pinnae  toothed  but  I  do  not  think  it  is  worth  while  to  name  such 
minor  fluctuations. 

N.  S.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  Ark.,  Kans.,  and  Okla. 

5.  Dryopteris  Goldiana  (Hook.)  A.  Gray.  (Aspidium  Goldianum 
Hook.)  Goldie  Fern.  Map  18.  Infrequent  to  rare  throughout  the  state 
in  deep  humus,  usually  on  the  slopes  of  wooded  ravines. 

Cent.  Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Tenn.,  and  Iowa. 

X Dryopteris  Goldiana  X  marginalis  Dowell.  This  hybrid  was  found  in 
Martin  County  by  R.  M.  Tryon,  Jr.    (Amer.  Fern  Jour.  28:  74.    1938.) 

5.  Dryopteris  Goldiana  (Hook.)  A.  Gray.  (Aspidium  Goldianum 
Crested  Woodfern.  Map  19.  This  species  is  restricted  nearly  to  the  lake 
area  where  it  is  frequent  in  tamarack  bogs  and  in  low  woods,  usually  in 
masses  of  decaying  organic  matter.  There  are,  however,  reports  of  it 
from  Grant,  Howard,  and  Monroe  Counties. 

Newf.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  N.  C. 

6a.  Dryopteris  cristata  var.  Clintoniana  (D.  C.  Eaton)  Underw. 
(Aspidium  cristatum  var.  Clintonianum  D.  C.  Eaton  and  Dryopteris  Clin- 
toniana (D.  C.  Eaton)  Dowell.)  Clinton  Woodfern.  My  only  specimens 
of  this  fern  are  my  no.  47776  from  La  Porte  County  and  one  collected  by 
Tryon  in  Porter  County. 

N.  H.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  C. 


Dryopteris 


POLYPODIACEAE 


49 


0  50 

Map  20 


Dryopteris  spinulosa  (O.F.Muell.)  Wan 


0  50 

Map  20a 
Dryopteris  spinulosa 
var.  intermedia  (Muhl.)  Underw. 


Map  21 
Dryopteris  Boottii  (Tuckerm.)  Underw. 


X Dryopteris  cristata  X  spinulosa  C.  Chr.  is  a  closely  allied  form  which 
is  represented  in  my  collection  by  a  single  specimen.  It  is  my  no.  54091 
from  Lagrange  County,  which  was  determined  by  C.  A.  Weatherby. 

7.  Dryopteris  spinulosa  (0.  F.  Muell.)  Watt.  (Aspidium  spinulosum 
(O.  F.  Muell.)  Sw.)  (Amer.  Fern  Jour.  26:  65-69.  1936.)  Toothed  Wood- 
fern.  Map  20.  The  greater  number  of  specimens  are  from  the  lake  area 
where  it  is  usually  frequent  in  wet  woods,  especially  about  ponds,  in 
tamarack  bogs,  and  on  the  wet,  wooded  borders  of  lakes.  Sometimes  it  is 
found  in  dry  woods  after  the  water  level  has  been  lowered.  This  is  one  of 
our  commonest  and  most  attractive  ferns.  It  usually  grows  in  clusters  of 
from  5  to  10  fronds. 

Lab.  to  the  Selkirks  and  Idaho,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Ky. 

7a.  Dryopteris  spinulosa  var.  fructuosa  (Gilbert)  Trudell.  (Rhodora 
28:  146.  1926.)  My  specimens  are  from  tamarack  bogs  and  very  low 
woods.  I  have  no  data  concerning  its  general  distribution. 

7b.  Dryopteris  spinulosa  var.  intermedia  (Muhl.)  Underw.  (Rhodora 
21:  178.  1919  and  Rhodora  22:  196.  1920.)  (Aspidium  spinulosum  var. 
intermedium  (Muhl.)  D.  C.  Eaton  and  Dryopteris  intermedia  (Muhl.) 
Gray.)  Common  Woodfern.  Map  20a.  I  have  only  a  few  specimens  of 
this  fern  although  it  has  been  reported  from  10  counties  not  shown  on  the 
map.  It  has  a  wide  distribution  in  the  state  and  seems  to  favor  wooded 
ravines. 

Newf.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Mo. 

8.  XDryopteris  Boottii  (Tuckerm.)  Underw.  (Aspidium  Boottii  Tuck- 
erm.) Boott  Woodfern.  Map  21.  I  reported  this  fern  from  Noble  and 
Wells  Counties  but  I  now  refer  my  specimens  to  other  species.  R.  M.  Tryon, 
Jr.  has  found  it  in  La  Porte  and  Porter  Counties.  His  determinations  have 
been  checked  by  fern  specialists.    This  species  is  regarded  by  some  fern 


50 


POLYPODIACEAE 


Polystichum 


0  "50 

Map  22 
Polystichum  acrostichoides 

(Michx.)Schott 


0  50 

Map  23 
Dennstaedtia  punctilobula 
li'chx.)  Moore 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.  C 

D 

D 

0 

°      ^~ 

S 

'{*-, 

D 

i   D 

/  10  T 

B 
D 

B 

BP_ 

bud 

D    » 

B          DI 

B 

no 

T       ,     h 

B 

D 

DP 

10 

1 1 

B 
DP 

D 

1     HO 

D 

n 

1      0 

[       ' 

s  ° 

1   °   /  J\ 

o    |      L^i 

rJ     D 

0 

0           i 

K       1 ' 

f         1    B 
1    B 

D 

As  i1 

J//    Miles 

1 p    <\Jl 
Athynum  p; 

>J^W      ^    Map  24 

cnocarponlSprenglTidestr 

students  as  a  hybrid  between  Dryopteris  cristata  and  Dryopteris  spinulosa 
var.  intermedia. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va. 

6.  POLYSTICHUM  Roth 

1.  Polystichum  acrostichoides  (Michx.)  Schott.  Christmas  Fern.  Map 
22.  This  is  a  woodland  species  preferring  the  lower  part  of  the  slopes  of 
deep  wooded  ravines.  It  is  infrequent  to  rare  in  some  of  the  northern 
counties,  becoming  frequent  to  common  in  the  southern  half  of  the  state, 
especially  among  the  hills.  In  protected  places  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
state  it  is  evergreen. 

N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Wis. ;  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

la.  Polystichum  acrostichoides  f.  incisum  (Gray)  Gilbert.  (Polystichum 
acrostichoides  var.  Schiveinitzii  (Beck)  Small.)  I  have  a  specimen  of  this 
form  from  Daviess  County.  It  has,  however,  been  reported  from  several 
other  counties  throughout  the  state. 

lb.  Polystichum  acrostichoides  f.  crispum  Clute.  This  is  a  form  with 
the  margins  of  the  pinnae  crisped  and  ruffled.  It  has  been  found  by  R.  M. 
Tryon,  Jr.  in  Porter  County. 


7.  DENNSTAfiDTIA  Bernh. 

1.  Dennstaedtia  punctilobula  (Michx.)  Moore.  (Dicksonia  punctilobula 
(Michx.)  Gray.)  Hay-scented  Fern.  Map  23.  This  fern  seems  to  be 
rare  in  the  state.  It  prefers  the  sandstone  and  shaly  rocks  of  deep,  wooded 
ravines.  Williamson,  in  "Fems  of  Kentucky,"  says  it  was  found  along 
Silver  Creek  north  of  Louisville,  Kentucky.  It  was  rather  common  in  a 
rocky  ravine  in  Turkey  Run  State  Park.  Outside  of  Indiana  in  suitable 
habitats  it  often  becomes  an  annoying  weed  in  pastures. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 


Athyrium 


POLYPODIACEAE 


51 


0  50 

Map  25 


Athyrium  thelypteroides  (Michx.)  Desv 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.  j- 

I 

B 

r            i 

B 

B 

V 

K 

B 

r1 

-I 

B 

1    B 

"7                   B 

r 

-  i 

D      1        S^    t 

*TBa     D      D J 

D  A 

/    Miles 

J- 

D 
B 

i 

B                 B  r 

K             J ■/ 

D       U- 
B     1        k^~/ 

r      )  8 
I   /  »     ° 

1              D 

Athyrium  asplenio 

des  (Mi 

50 

Map  26 

:hx.)  Desv. 

— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

UK  1 

D 

B 

0 

0 

s 

fr1 

X 

D 

" 

r 

1 

■^z 

J 

r1 

Oec.f- 

D 

l              p   1     J^i 

0    j 

/    Miles 

Athy 

ium 

angusl 

P\       /  0                 50 

Map  27 

um(W;ild.)Presl 

8.  ATHYRIUM  Roth 

[Butters.  The  genus  Athyrium  and  the  North  American  ferns  allied  to 
Athyrium  Filix-femina.  Rhodora  19 :  170-197.  1917.  Pinkerton.  Ferns  of 
Missouri.  Ann.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  20 :  54-57.  1933.] 

Fronds  pinnate. 

Pinnae  entire ^  A-  pycnocarpon. 

Pinnae  deeply  pinnatifid 2.  A.  acrostichoides. 

Fronds  bipinnate. 

Rhizomes  creeping,  not  densely  covered  with  persistent  bases  of  old  fronds;  stipe 
usually  about  as  long  as  the  blade;  scales  of  stipes  very  few,  rarely  persistent, 
yellowish  brown  or  tawny;   blades  widest  near  the  base;   young  indusia  with 

glandular  cilia;  spores  somewhat  nigrescent,  wrinkled 3.  A.  asplenioides. 

Rhizomes  horizontal,  completely  concealed  by  thick,  fleshy  bases  of  old  fronds;  stipe 
about  half  as  long  as  the  blade;   scales  of  stipes  varying  from  Mars   Brown 
(Ridgway  Standard)   to  nearly  black;  blades  widest  near  the  middle,  the  lower 
pinnae  shorter  and  often  deflexed ;  indusia  toothed  or  short-ciliate,  never  glandu- 
lar; spores  yellow,  smooth  or  slightly  papillate. 
Sori   confluent   at  maturity   and   usually   covering  the   lower   side   of   the   fertile 
pinnules;  fertile  frond  contracted. 
Longest  pinnae  of  fertile  frond  5-12  cm  long;  pinnules  4-12  mm  long;  pinnules 
of  sterile  fronds  oblong,  obtuse,  slightly  toothed  or  lobed.  .  .4.  A.  angustum. 
Longest  pinnae  of  fertile  frond  1-2  dm  long;  pinnules  12-25  mm  long,  pinnatifid; 
sori  several  on  each  of  the  lower  segments,  often  horseshoe-shaped;  pinnules 
of   sterile   fronds   oblong-lanceolate,    strongly   toothed   or   pinnatifid,    some- 
what acute 4a.  A.  angustum  var.  elatius. 

Sori  usually  separate  and  distinct  at  maturity;  fertile  fronds  not  contracted; 
pinnules  lanceolate,  subacute,  strongly  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  the  segments 
toothed 4b.  A.  angustum  var.  rubellum. 

1.  Athyrium  pycnocarpon  (Spreng.)  Tidestr.  (Asplenium  angustifol- 
ium  Michx.  and  Asplenium  pycnocarpon  Spreng.)  Narrowleaf  Spleen- 
WORT.  Map  24.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in  southern  Indiana,  becoming  less 
frequent  to  rare  northward.  It  prefers  deep  humus  and  is  most  commonly 
found  on  the  slopes  of  ravines  in  beech  woods. 

W.  Que  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  Mo.,  and  Kans. 


52 


POLYPODIACEAE 


Athyrium 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aufc 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


Id 

)  D 

T 

L          j 

/                                        D 

D 

^_ 

D 

"( 

3        0 

T 

i 

:     ' — 

— i      1  °  i  r^ 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  27a 
Afhyrium  angustum 
var.  elatius  (Link)  Butters 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.  C 

f 

D 

3            D 

r 

11             D 

j 

D 

V 

f^ 

D               ° 

D 

"1 

r1 

X 

P 

D 

■r'  d    f  p     i 

IBs  pl    J, ' 

/     Miles 

J 

D 

D 

0 

var. 

Athyrium  angusturr 
rubellum  (Gilbert)  B 

3                 50 

Map  27b 

utters 

0  ~^0 

Map  28 


Camptosorus  rhizophyllus  (L.)  Link. 


2.  Athyrium  thelypteroides  (Michx.)  Desv.  (Asplenium  acrostichoides 
Sw.  and  Athyrium  acrostichoides  (Sw.)  Diels.)  Silvery  Spleen  wort. 
Map  25.  Infrequent  in  southern  Indiana,  becoming  rare  in  the  northern 
part.  It  prefers  a  moist,  deep  humus  soil  in  ravines  and  protected  places 
in  beech  and  sugar  maple  or  white  oak  woods. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Mo. ;  also  in  Asia. 

3.  Athyrium  asplenioides  (Michx.)  Desv.  Map  26.  This  species  and 
the  next  species  and  its  varieties  are  the  results  of  dividing  an  aggregate 
that  formerly  had  been  designated  as  A.  Filix-femina.  For  a  detailed 
study  of  this  group  see  Butters'  "Synoptical  treatment  of  the  Lady  Fems 
of  Eastern  North  America"  (Rhodora  19:  188-197.  1917).  Butters  has 
gone  into  great  detail  in  his  study  of  the  species  and  discusses  "sun"  and 
"shade"  forms.  Some  recent  authors  are  disposed  to  regard  some  of  the 
forms  as  merely  ecological  variations.  See  Wiegand's  comment  on  varieties 
of  the  next  species  in  "The  Flora  of  the  Cayuga  Lake  Basin,"  page  32.  1926. 
Pinkerton  in  "Ferns  of  Missouri"  (Ann.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  20:  55.  1933) 
says :  "This  species  and  A.  angicstum  are  very  difficult  to  distinguish.  It  is 
often  necessary  to  have  the  whole  plant,  fruiting  and  not  too  mature,  to  be 
absolutely  certain.  I  have  taken  the  character  of  the  spore  as  my  ultimate 
criterion." 

I  can  not  satisfactorily  separate  the  species  and  their  varieties  and 
would  not  publish  on  them  were  it  not  that  C.  A.  Weatherby  has  named 
nearly  every  one  of  my  specimens.  I  hereby  wish  to  express  my  appre- 
ciation of  the  difficult  task  of  naming  so  many  of  my  specimens  of  this 
complex. 

Infrequent  in  the  southern  counties  but  frequent  in  its  habitat.  It 
prefers  a  hard,  white,  moist,  clay  soil  and  is  usually  found  in  low,  flat 
woods  associated  with  beech  and  sweet  gum  or  sweet  gum  and  pin  oak. 
It  is  also  found  in  residual  soil  at  the  base  of  sandstone  cliffs  and  in  sand- 
stone soil  on  wooded  slopes. 

Mass.,  Ohio  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


Camptosorus  Polypodiaceae  53 

4.     Athyrium  angustum  (Willd.)  Presl.    (Rhodora  19:  190-197.    1917.) 

(Asplenium  Filix-femina  of  most  authors.)    Map  27.   Infrequent  in  moist, 
rich  woods  throughout  the  state. 
Lab.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  s.  N.  E.,  the  mts.  of  Pa.,  and  Mo. 

4a.  Athyrium  angustum  var.  elatius  (Link)  Butters.  Map  27a.  This 
variety  is  infrequent  throughout  the  state  and  found  in  rich  beech  and 
sugar  maple  and  white  and  black  oak  woods. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  R.  I.,  N.  Y.,  and  Mo. 

4b.  Athyrium  angustum  var.  rubellum  (Gilbert)  Butters.  Map  27b. 
This  variety  is  infrequent  throughout  the  state.  The  habitats  of  my  speci- 
mens are  notable  because  of  lack  of  uniformity.  I  have  one  specimen  from 
a  tamarack  bog  and  others  from  low,  flat  woods  in  hard,  white  clay  soil, 
dry  black  and  white  oak  woods,  bluffs  of  the  Ohio  River,  and  rich,  moist 
woods. 

Newf.  to  Que.,  Ont.,  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  Ohio,  and  Mo. 

9.  CAMPTOSORUS   Link 

1.  Camptosorus  rhizophyllus  (L.)  Link.  Walking  Fern.  Map  28. 
Infrequent  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  becoming  rare  to  absent  in  the 
northern  part.  It  grows  in  the  shade  in  shallow  soil  on  calcareous  rocks  on 
rocky  ledges,  usually  along  streams.  It  is  not  usually  abundant  unless  it  is 
found  in  deep  shade  and  on  rocks  with  considerable  moisture. 

Cent.  Maine  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Kans. 

la.  Camptosorus  rhizophyllus  f .  auriculatus  Clute.  (Amer.  Bot.  35 :  102. 
1929.)  This  is  a  named  form  infrequently  found  with  the  species  in  this 
state.   It  has  the  basal  lobes  of  the  leaves  prolonged  into  slender  tips. 

10.  ASPLENIUM  L.  Spleenwort 

Frond  long-attenuate  at  the  apex. 

Stipe  greenish 1.  A.  pinnatifidum. 

Stipe  black  and  polished 3.  A.  ebenoides. 

Frond  not  long-attenuate  at  the  apex. 

Frond  pinnate;  stipe  and  rachis  polished,  dark  reddish  brown. 

Pinnules  sessile,  oblong  or  oblong-linear,  mostly   10-30   mm  long,   and   distinctly 

auricled  on  the  upper  margin  at  the  base 2.  A.  platyneuron. 

Pinnules  subsessile,   roundish-oblong  or  oval,   3-7   mm  long,   not  auricled  on  the 

upper  margin 4.  A.  Trichomanes. 

Frond   laxly   2-3-pinnate,   ultimate    segments    long-cuneate    at   the   base    and    finely 
toothed  at  the  apex;  stipe  and  rachis  green 5.  A.  cryptolepis. 

1.  Asplenium  pinnatifidum  Nutt.  PlNNATiFlD  SPLEENWORT.  Map  29. 
Rare  in  pockets  of  dry  soil  on  cliffs  in  the  area  of  sandstone  outcrops. 
Usually  closely  associated  with  Asplenium  Trichomanes  but  less  frequent. 

Se.  Pa.,  Ohio,  and  Ind.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Ga. 

2.  Asplenium  platyneuron  (L.)  Oakes.  Ebony  SPLEEN  WORT.  Map  30. 
Infrequent  in  the  southern  half  of  the  state  where  it  is  restricted  to  the 
unglaciated  and  sandstone  areas.  It  probably  reaches  its  greatest  size  on 
shady  slopes  of  some  of  the  loess  banks  of  the  southwestern  counties.    In 


54 


POLYPODIACEAE 


Asplenium 


0  50 

Map  29 


Asplenium  pinnatifidum  Nutt. 


0  50 

Map  30 


Asplenium  platyneuron  (L.)  Oakes. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

f 



r~~ 

\ 

f^ 

" 

X 

r 

.1 

m 

J 

1* 

Dec.f- 

i 
i  ' — 

a 

D                   . 

k    (         r 

J     Miles 

As 

plenosorus  ebeno 

H\       /  0                50 
Map  31 

des  (Scott)  Wherry 

the  northern  half  of  the  state  it  is  either  absent  or  restricted  again  to  the 
soils  of  sandstone  outcrops  and  to  the  sand  areas  about  Lake  Michigan 
where  it  is  only  local.  I  have  never  seen  it  except  in  slightly  acid  soil,  and 
when  transplanted  into  an  alkaline  environment,  even  with  great  care  and 
in  a  half  bushel  of  the  soil  in  which  it  grew,  it  gradually  disappeared  in 
a  few  years. 

S.  Maine  to  Ont.,  and  Colo.,  southw.  to  the  Gulf  States  and  Tex. 

2a.  Asplenium  platyneuron  f.  serratum  (E.  S.  Miller)  Hoffm.  This  is  a 
form  with  some  of  the  pinnae  more  or  less  deeply  and  irregularly  serrate. 
I  think  this  is  merely  a  nutritional  form.  A  fine  example  of  this  form  was 
found  in  Perry  County  by  R.  M.  Tryon,  Jr. 

3.  X  Asplenosorus*  ebenoides  (Scott)  Wherry.  {Asplenium  ebenoides 
Pv.  R.  Scott.)  Scott  Spleenwort.  Map  31.  This  fern  is  a  hybrid  between 
Asplenium  platyneuron  and  Camptosorns  rhizophyllus .  (Slosson.  Bull. 
Torrey  Bot.  Club.  29:  487-495.  1902.)  Three  colonies  of  this  hybrid  were 
discovered  in  Lawrence  County  by  Ralph  M.  Kriebel  who  fully  described 
them  in  Amer.  Fern  Jour.  23 :  52-59.  1933.  Mr.  Kriebel  is  one  of  the  best 
amateur  botanists  Indiana  has  ever  had,  and  it  is  to  his  discriminating 
collecting  that  we  owe  not  only  an  authentic  Indiana  record  of  this  hybrid 
fern  but  also  the  records  of  three  hybrid  oaks  and  many  other  rare  plants 
of  Lawrence  County. 

Vt.  to  Mo.  and  southw. 

4.  Asplenium  Trichomanes  L.    Maidenhair  Spleenwort.    Map  32. 
Infrequent  to  rare  in  pockets  of  soil  on  cliffs  in  the  area  of  sandstone 
outcrops  of  the  state. 

Nearly  throughout  N.  A.  except  in  the  extreme  northern  part  and  in 
Mex. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 

5.  Asplenium  cryptolepis  Fern.  (Rhodora  30:  41-43.  1928.)  {Asplen- 
ium Ruta-muraria  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus. 

Amer.  Fern  Jour.  27:  56.    1937. 


Woodwardia 


POLYPODIACEAE 


55 


0  50 

Map  32 


Asplenium  Trichomanes  L. 


0  50 

Map  33 


Asplenium  cryptolepis  Fern. 


0  50 

Map  34 


Woodwardia  virginica  IL  )  Sm. 


Flora,  ed.  2,  not  L.)  American  Wall-rue  Spleen  wort.  Map  33.  My  only 
specimens  are  from  the  rocks  of  the  bluff  of  the  Ohio  River  near  Madison 
and  in  Cliffy  Falls  State  Park,  Jefferson  County.  It  was  reported  also  from 
Clark  and  Floyd  Counties  by  the  editors  of  the  Botanical  Gazette  in  their 
list  of  the  plants  of  Indiana,  published  in  1881.  In  1939  R.  M.  Kriebel 
found  it  in  the  eastern  part  of  Clark  County. 
Vt.  to  n.  Mich.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ala.,  and  Mo. 

11.  WOODWARDIA  J.  E.  Smith 

1.  Woodwardia  virginica  (L.)  Sm.  (Anchistea  virginica  (L.)  Presl) 
Virginia  Chainfern.  Map  34.  This  fern  is  infrequent  to  very  local  in  the 
area  shown  on  the  map.  Usually  where  it  is  found  it  is  common.  It  grows 
in  bogs  and  marshes.  Its  preferred  habitat  is  old  tamarack  bogs  and  its 
most  common  associate  is  Chamaedaphne. 

The  sterile  fronds  of  this  species  resemble  those  of  Osmunda,  Dryopteris, 
and  Athyrium,  but  the  fronds  of  Woodwardia  may  be  distinguished  by  the 
areolae  in  the  venation  along  the  midrib. 

N.  S.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Ark.,  chiefly  along  the  coast;  also  inland  in  the 
Great  Lake  Region. 


12.  PELLAEA  lank  Cliffbrake 

Stipe,  rachis,  and  rachilla  pubescent  with  long  multicellular  hairs,  usually  more  or 
less  densely  so,  especially  on  the  rachilla,  scabrous  to  the  touch.  .1.  P.  atropurptirea. 

Stipe,  rachis,  and  rachilla  glabrous  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs,  smooth  to  the  touch. 
2.   P.   glabella. 

1.  Pellaea  atropurpurea  (L.)  Link.  Purple  Cliffbrake.  Map  35. 
Infrequent  to  very  local  in  shallow  soil  on  calcareous  rocks.  These  rocks 
usually  are  the  perpendicular  cliffs  and  ledges  along  streams  but  are  often 
small  or  large  detached  fragments  at  the  base  of  cliffs.  Sometimes  it  is 
found  in  the  seams  of  stratified  rock  outcrops  only  a  few  feet  high.  It 
grows  in  both  shade  and  sun,  preferring  shade  of  medium  density.     My 


56 


POLYPODIACEAE 


Cheilanthes 


Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec. 


-,    ,    r 

t 

f? 

D 

ft*1 

W 

TZri 

0     \ 

in 

uc    S — 

I         /      J              D 

J-r*  :S"  |  ^J 

BID 

:    1  _b\ 

r     >- j 

Miles 


0         ^TO 

Map  35 


Pellaea  atropurpurea  (L.)  Link, 


o         ~To 
Map  36 


Pellea  glabella  Mett. 


0  "So 

Map  37 

Cheilanthes  lanosa  (Michx)  Watt 


Wabash  County  specimen  was  found  about  a  mile  southeast  of  Lagro  on 
Hanging  Rock,  which  is  84  feet  high.  It  is  probably  extinct  there  now 
since  that  place  has  become  a  picnic  ground. 

Vt,  N.  Y.  and  n.  Mich,  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. 

2.  Pellaea  glabella  Mett.  Smooth  Purple  Cliffbrake.  Map  36.  This 
species  was  not  separated  from  the  preceding  species  even  in  Britton  and 
Brown,  Illustrated  Flora,  edition  2,  published  in  1913.  Pickett  (Amer. 
Fern  Jour.  4:  97-101.  1914)  wrote  an  article  entitled  "A  peculiar  form  of 
Pellaea  atropurpurea  Link"  and  set  forth  the  differences  at  length,  but  he 
did  not  give  it  a  name  until  in  a  later  article  (Amer.  Fern  Jour.  7:  3-5. 
1917.)  Butters  (Amer.  Fern  Jour.  7:  77-87.  1917)  took  up  the  subject 
and  listed  the  specimens  at  the  Gray  Herbarium  to  show  the  range  of  the 
two  species. 

This  species  has  the  habitat  of  the  preceding  but  it  is  less  frequent.  Pel- 
laea atropurpurea  is  regarded  as  the  southern  representative  of  the  genus 
in  our  area  and  has  a  mass  distribution  to  the  south  of  a  line  connecting 
Kansas  and  Connecticut.  Pellaea  glabella  is  regarded  as  the  northern 
representative  of  the  genus  in  our  area  and  has  its  mass  distribution  north 
of  that  of  Pellaea  atropurpurea. 

Vt.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Ohio,  Ind.,  Mo.,  and  Okla. 


13.  CHEILANTHES  Sw.  Liffern 

Fronds  bipinnate,  hirsute,  especially  beneath;  hairs  straightish,  jointed,  and  often  of 

a  rusty  color,  especially  on  the  stipe 1.  C.  lanosa. 

Fronds  tripinnate,  tomentose  with  white  hairs.    (See  excluded  species  no.  10,  p.  1020.) 

C.  tomentosa. 

1.  Cheilanthes  lanosa  (Michx.)  Watt.  Hairy  Lipfern.  Map  37.  I 
have  found  this  species  on  the  exposed  cliffs  along  White  River  at  the 
McBride  Bluffs  about  5  miles  north  of  Shoals  in  Martin  County.  I  have 
also  found  it  in  three  places  in  Perry  County.  It  is  infrequent  on  the 
stones  capping  the  high  cliffs  along  the  Ohio  River  about  5  miles  east  of 


Adiantum 


POLYPODIACEAE 


57 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

4      D 
/     w 

/  KD 

T        / 

r 

t  f^ 

\ 

D 
DP 

0 
"     DP 

r1- 

\j- 

i 

T~L 

J 

0 

r, 

DecJ- 

B           B 

ID 

B 
I      1 

B     D  J 

\,   fJ      Ml1" 

K 
(^         ND 

S                D 

P( 

>lypo 

diurr 

i/              Map  40 
virginianum  L 

Cannelton,  on  the  top  of  low,  rocky  ledges  about  8  miles  east  of  Cannelton, 
and  in  the  shade  on  a  low  cliff  in  the  woods  of  Wm.  Stahl  about  3  miles 
south  of  Mt.  Pleasant.     The  plants  were  numerous  here  but  were  small 
(mostly  less  than  2  dm  high)  because  they  grew  in  the  shade. 
Conn,  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

14.  ADIANTUM  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Adiantum  pedatum  L.  Maidenhair  Fern.  Map  38.  Infrequent  to 
frequent  throughout  the  state  in  deep  humus  in  many  kinds  of  soils  and 
with  many  kinds  of  associates.  It  prefers  shade  and  shelter  from  wind, 
hence  it  is  most  often  found  in  protected  places. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Ga.,  La.,  and  Kans.,  and  locally  westward 
to  Utah  and  Calif. ;  also  in  Asia. 

15.  PTERlDIUM  Scop. 

1.  Pteridium  latiusculum*  (Desv.)  Hieronymus.  (Pteris  aquilina  of 
Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7,  not  L.  and  Pteridium  aquilinum  of  Britton  and  Brown, 
Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  not  Kuhn.)  Bracken.  Map  39.  Infrequent  but  locally 
common  throughout  the  lake  area  in  dry,  sandy  soil  or  in  dry  prairie  habi- 
tats. It  is  found  also  locally  in  a  few  of  the  southern  counties  on  wooded 
sandstone  ridges. 

Newf.  to  Wis.,  and  Wyo.,  southw.  to  D.  C,  W.  Va.,  111.,  and  Ariz. 


16.  POLYP6DIUM  [Tourn]  L. 

Blades  of  fronds  glabrous,  green 1.  P.  virginianum,. 

Blades  of  fronds  densely  scaly  beneath,  grayish.  2.  P.  polypodioides  var.  Michauxianum. 

1.  Polypoium  virginianum  L.  (Rhodora  24:  125.  1922.)  (Polypodium 
vulgare  of  American  authors,  not  L.)  Common  Polypody.  Map  40. 
Local  on  the  ledges  of  rocks  in  the  area  of  the  state  where  outcrops  of 

*  Variety  pseudocaudatum    (Clute)   Maxon  is  now  known  from  Crawford  and  Knox 
Counties. 


58 


POLYPODIACEA 


Polypodium 


[ 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

1 

*f 

./ 

\— 

$  ^ 

! 

Vj- 

X 

_jL 

J 

J~ 

r, 

Dec  <- 

— 

DP 
UC 

' 

B 
K 

r 

T 

B    D      J 
"LJCJ 

1            FT 

1            K 

0        1 

Polyp 

)dium 

polyf 

T  J^\ 

odioides 
tar.  Mic 

)  0               50 

Map  41 
(L )  Watt 
lauxianum  Weatti 

0  TO 

Map  42 


Azolla  carolmiana  Wflld. 


0  50 

Map  43 


Equisetum  arvense  L. 


sandstone  and  knobstone  occur.  There  are,  however,  a  few  reports  for  it 
outside  of  this  area.  For  example,  Phinney  reported  it  from  the  area 
composed  of  Delaware,  Jay,  Randolph,  and  Wayne  Counties,  saying: 
"Common.  Moist  woods".  Van  Gorder  reported  it  from  Noble  County,  say- 
ing :  "A  common  plant  of  moist  woods".  Neither  of  these  authors  report  the 
Christmas  fern  which  occurs  in  their  area,  and,  without  doubt,  their 
reports  for  this  Polypodium  should  be  referred  to  Polystichum.  Bradner 
reported  Polypodium  from  Steuben  County  but  he  also  reported  Poly- 
stichum. In  this  instance  I  think  he  may  have  had  a  sterile  specimen  of 
Polystichum  and  thought  it  was  a  Polypodium.  This  species  was  reported 
from  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Michigan  by  three  authors.  I  have  always 
questioned  these  reports  because  my  idea  of  the  habitat  of  this  species  is 
that  of  outcrops  of  sandstone  rocks.  Doubtless  Buhl  had  the  same  idea 
when  he  said  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  250.  1935)  that  this  report  should 
be  deleted  for  lack  of  confirming  specimens.  To  my  great  satisfaction 
(because  I  always  prefer  to  confirm  rather  than  to  deny  a  report)  on  May 
30,  1935  through  the  courtesy  of  R.  M.  Tryon,  Jr.  I  was  shown  a  colony 
of  this  species  on  a  wooded  dune  in  the  Dunes  State  Park.  Mr.  Tryon  has 
had  this  colony  under  observation  for  several  years  and  reports  that  it  is 
gradually  diminishing.  The  plant  is  growing  in  dense  shade  on  the  north 
side  of  a  high  dune  which  is  well  protected  from  the  wind.  Doubtless  this 
species  was  infrequent  to  frequent  in  the  dunes  before  it  had  to  compete 
with  fire  and  civilization. 

Lab.,  Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Mo. 

2.  Polypodium  polypodioides  (L.)  Watt  var.  Michauxianum  Weath. 
(Contrib.  Gray  Herb.  124:  31.  1939.)  (Polypodium  polypodioides  (L.)  Watt 
of  recent  authors.)  Resurrection  Fern.  Map  41.  Very  local  in  a  few  coun- 
ties in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  It  is  usually  found  in  large  mats, 
clinging  to  almost  perpendicular  cliffs  or  on  large  detached  fragments  of 
rock  below  the  cliff.  I  found  it  once  in  Posey  County  in  the  crotch  of  a 
large  bur  oak  tree  which  grew  on  the  border  of  one  of  the  numerous  sloughs 
in  the  bottoms.   It  grew  at  a  height  of  about  10  feet  above  the  ground  but 


Azolla  Salviniaceae  59 

I  did  not  take  a  specimen  because  I  was  not  prepared  to  care  for  it.  This 
is  the  only  specimen  I  have  ever  seen  on  a  tree  in  Indiana  although  it  is 
common  in  this  habitat  in  the  South. 

Md.,  111.,  and  Mo.,  sotithw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  Guatemala. 

4.  SALVINIACEAE  Reich.  Salvinia  Family 

1.  AZOLLA  Lam. 

1.  Azolla  caroliniana  Willd.  Water  Fern.  Map  42.  This  species  is 
found  in  stagnant  water  along  streams,  about  lakes,  and  in  dredged  ditches. 
It  is  doubtless  much  more  frequent  than  our  map  indicates.  I  did  not  know 
the  species  until  recent  years  and  I  suspect  that  many  collectors  are  not 
acquainted  with  it.  It  is  usually  found  associated  with  duckweeds.  This 
species  was  first  reported  from  Indiana  by  Prince  Maximilian  in  1839.  It 
has  been  reported  so  far  from  Starke  and  St.  Joseph  Counties. 

Mass.,  Ont.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ariz.,  and  Mex. ;  also  in  tropical 
Amer. 

5.  EQUISETACEAE  Michx.  Horsetail  Family 

1.  EQUISETUM  [Tourn.]  L. 

[Schaffner.  How  to  distinguish  the  North  American  species  of  Equis- 
etum.  Amer.  Fern  Jour.  13:  33-40;  67-72.  1923.  Diagnostic  key  to  the 
species  of  Equisetum.   Amer.  Fern  Jour.  22 :  69-75 ;  122-128.  1932.] 

J.  H.  Schaffner,  our  foremost  authority  on  the  genus  Equisetum,  has 
seen  and  named  all  of  my  specimens.  The  following  key  has,  for  the  most 
part,  been  adapted  from  Schaff ner's  keys. 

Stems  without  or  with  little  chlorophyll,  unbranched  at  first  or  permanently  so,  always 
terminating  in  a  blunt  cone. 
Sheaths    bright    reddish    brown    and    translucent,    their    teeth    comparatively    long, 
cohering  in  3  or  4  broad  lobes;  fertile  stems  finally  developing  whorls  of  com- 
pound   green    branches;    internodal    ridges    sometimes    with    rows    of    siliceous 

spinules.    (See  excluded  species  no.  13,  p.  1021.) E.  sylvaticum. 

Sheaths  not  reddish  brown  and  translucent,  their  teeth  not  cohering  in  3  or  4  broad 

lobes. 

Teeth  of  the  sheaths  light  brown,  membranous,  usually  soon  becoming  green;  stems 

soon  developing  whorls  of  3-angled,  green  branches,  with  deltoid,  membranous 

teeth;    internodal    ridges    sometimes   with    rows    of    spinules.     (See    excluded 

species  no.  14,  p.  1021.) E.  pratense. 

Teeth  of  the  sheaths  dark  brown,  rigid,  only  slightly  membranous  at  the  margins ; 
stems  withering  promptly  after  the  spores  are  shed;   sheaths  rarely  slightly 

green;   internodal  ridges  without  spinules 1.  E.  arvense. 

Stems  green  or  with  green  branches,  with  or  without  cones. 

Teeth  of  the  lower  sheaths  of  the  main  stem  cohering  in  3  or  4  broad  lobes,  com- 
paratively long,  bright  reddish  brown,  and  translucent,  not  deciduous;  branches 
of  the  whorls  prominently  compound,  horizontal  or  often  curving  downward, 
especially  on  the  fertile  shoots;  stomata  in  bands;  internodal  ridges  with  or 
without    2    rows    of    siliceous    spinules;    cones    not    apiculate.      (See    excluded 

species  no.  13,  p.  1021.) E.  sylvaticum. 

Teeth  of  the  sheaths  of  the  main  stem  neither  united  in  3  or  4  broad  lobes  nor  bright 
reddish  brown,  deciduous  or  persistent. 


60  Equisetaceae  Equisetum 

Stems  usually  not  branched  above  the  ground  unless  the  plants  are  injured,  or 
the  branches  few,  irregular  and  sporadic;  stomata  in  regular  rows;  teeth  of 
the  sheaths  or  their  bristle-tips  usually  soon  deciduous,  but  several   species 
with   persistent  teeth   or  the   teeth   forming  pagodalike   caps;    cones  with   or 
without  a  point. 
Teeth    of    the    sheath    persistent    or    only    their    bristle-tips    deciduous,    white- 
margined,  not  sharply  differentiated  from  the  sheath;  sheath  segments  and 
lower  part  of  teeth  distinctly  quadricarinate;   stems  5-10-grooved,  erect  in 
tufts,  evergreen;  cones  apiculate. 
Ridges  of  internodes  prominently  biangulate  (2  ridges  to  a  sheath  tooth),  with 
a  double  row  of  rounded  tubercles. 
Sheaths   cylindric,   tight,   often   crusty,   partly   or   completely   black;    stems 
rather  large  to  medium,  sometimes  rather  slender.  . .  .2.  E.  trachyodon. 
Sheaths  campanulate,  usually  discoloring  tardily;  stems  mostly  very  slender 

and  small 3.  E.  variegatum. 

Ridges  of  internodes  not  biangulate,  with  a  single  row  of  tubercles  or  cross 

bands  of  silica 4.  E.  Nelsoni. 

Teeth  of  the  sheath  soon  deciduous,  sharply  differentiated  from  the  sheath ;  main 
stem  usually  tall,  10-many-grooved,  with  a  large  central  cavity. 
Sheaths  cylindrical,  short,  appressed,  or  only  slightly  dilated  when  young,  at 
first  green,  but  soon  turning  black  or  gray,  commonly  gray  with  black 
bands  above  and  below,  often  split  in  age;  stems  usually  very  rough,  ever- 
green; sheath  segments  of  the  main  stem  tricarinate;  ridges  of  the  inter- 
nodes with  one  row  of  tubercles;  cones  apiculate 5.  E.  prealtum. 

Sheaths  more  or  less  funnel-shaped,  elongate,  green,  the  limb  normally  with  a 
narrow  black  band,  sometimes  the  lower  sheaths  with  bands  of  gray  or 
black  below;  stems  evergreen  or  annual;  cones  with  or  without  a  point. 

Cones  tipped  with  a  rigid  point 6.  E.  laevigatum. 

Cones  rounded  or  the  tip  merely  acute ;  limb  of  the  long  green  sheath  dilated 

upwards   I.E.  kansanum. 

Stems  usually  much  branched  with  several  to  many  whorls  of  branches,  rarely 
with  only  few  sporadic  branches;  stomata  in  broad  bands  or  scattered  in  the 
grooves  of  the  internodes  or  only  on  the  sheaths;  teeth  of  the  sheaths  per- 
sistent; cones  not  apiculate. 
Branches  hollow,  usually  simple,  terete,  both  fertile  and  sterile   stems  green; 
plants  of  wet  soil  or  growing  in  water,   sometimes  without  or  with   only 
sporadic    branches;    sheaths   of   the   main    stem    usually    appressed,    15-20- 
toothed;  stems  usually  many-grooved,  with  a  very  large  central  cavity  and 

thin  wall 8.  E.  fluviatile. 

Branches  solid,  simple  or  compound,  mostly  sharply  3-  or  4-angled;  fei'tile  stems 
brown  and  at  first  without  branches,  soon  withering  or  developing  green 
branches  when  mature;  usually  in  moderately  moist  or  dry  situations. 
Teeth  of  the  branches  with  subulate  tips;  branches  usually  4-angled   (some- 
times 3-angled)  ;  fertile  stems  withering  after  the  spores  are  shed 

1.  E.  arvense. 

Teeth  of  the  branches  not  subulate-tipped,  deltoid,  merely  acute  or  long-acute, 
usually  white-membranous;  branches  generally  3-angled,  very  slender, 
fertile  stems  developing  green  branches  after  the  spores  are  shed.  (See 
excluded  species  no.  14,  p.  1021.) E.  pratense. 

1.  Equisetum  arvense  L.  Field  Horsetail.  Map  43.  Infrequent  to 
frequent  throughout  the  state.  Where  it  is  found  it  usually  forms  large 
colonies,  especially  in  its  preferred  habitat  along  railroad  embankments. 
It  prefers  a  moist,  sandy  soil,  usually  lean  in  organic  matter,  but  it  is  also 
found  in  moist  places  on  the  borders  of  bogs  and  along  streams.  It  grows 
in  both  shade  and  sun  and  its  appearance  is  so  erratic  and  it  is  so  wide- 
spread that  I  am  not  able  to  tell  what  controls  its  distribution.   Once  I  saw 


Equisetum 


Equisetaceae 


61 


Map  44 
Equisetum  trachyodon  A  Br. 


Equisetum  vanegatum  Schleich 


0  ~~ 55 

Map  46 

Equisetum  Nelsoni  (Eaton)  Schaffner 


where  it  had  almost  covered  a  sandy  fallow  field  in  the  valley  of  Pigeon 
River.  The  plant  is  extremely  variable  and  many  varieties  have  been 
named,  several  of  which  have  been  reported  from  Indiana.  According  to 
Schaffner  these  variations  are  all  ecological  and  not  worth  recognition. 
Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Calif. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 

2.  Equisetum  trachyodon  A.  Br.  (Equisetum  vanegatum  var.  Jesupi 
A.  A.  Eaton).  Rough-toothed  Scouring-rush.  Map  44.  My  only  speci- 
mens are  from  Pokagon  State  Park  from  the  wet,  sandy  shore  of  the  east 
side  of  Lake  James  and  from  the  east  side  of  Crooked  Lake,  Noble  County. 

Que.  and  Ont.,  southw.  to  Conn,  and  111. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 

3.  Equisetum  variegatum  Schleich.  Variegated  Scouring-rush.  Map 
45.  My  only  specimen  is  from  the  grassy  border  of  a  dried-up  slough  in 
the  dunes  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  south  of  Pine,  Lake  County  (now  along 
Clark  Street  in  Gary  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  south  of  Lake  Michigan). 
It  has  been  reported  also  from   Porter  and  La   Porte   Counties.     This 


— 

Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Auj 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

0 

m: 

M 

D 

i 

)   ■> 

D         : 

\/ 

o     -J 

" 

t 

Q 

o         a 

s 

o      o      0 

DP 

(%rU 

0 

( 

D 
P 

dS 

DP 

I 

D 
-    DP 

r1 

y 

D            P 

<■ 

y 

,j'          j- 

r 

71 

0 

Dec  j- 

1  ? 

5 

10 

tt     i d  I  is 

PL_w 

D  1         j 
1  D    1 

iu  \— 

^_^Tpa     D         ) 

\fJ    Miles 

0 

E< 

uise 

urn 

r    V, 

preaftur 

Jo'           50 
Map  47 

nFfef 

0  So 

Map  49 


Equisetum  kansanum  Schaffner 


62 


Equisetaceae 


Equisetum 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


D 

D 

k  - 

D 

'.       A- 

1) 

HD 

,    -^T 

„   K 

"J     D 

0        " 

^" 

<~ 

D 

I 

ir 

L 

r 

\ 

r1 

i 

i          j 

■  >- 

y£J    Miles 

0  50 

Map  50 


Equisetum  fluviatile  L. 


0  50 

Map  5 
Lycopodium  Selago 

var.  patens  (Beauv.)  Desv. 


Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


D            D 

r-    - 

E° 

1 

1                DP 

ID 

/          f   fl               J . 

J              K   

l, //    Miles 

0 

Map  52 


Lycopodium  lucidulum  Michx. 


species  much  resembles  the  next  one  and  is  closely  associated  with  it. 
Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Maine,  N.  Y.,  and  Wyo. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 

4.  Equisetum  Nelsoni  (A.  A.  Eaton)  Schaffner.  (Equisetum  variegatum 
var.  Nelsoni  A.  A.  Eaton.)  Nelson  Scouring-rush.  Map  46.  Wet,  moist, 
or  dry,  sandy  borders  of  lakes  and  sloughs. 

N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  Ind.,  and  111. 

5.  Equisetum  prealtum  Raf.  (Equisetum  hyemale  var.  affine  (En- 
gelm.)  A.  A.  Eaton).  Tall  Scouring-rush.  Map  47.  Infrequent  through- 
out the  state.  It  is  usually  found  in  rather  moist,  sandy  soil  and  on  the 
slopes  of  the  banks  of  streams ;  sometimes  the  habitat  may  even  be  springy. 
It  grows  in  colonies,  and  these  sometimes  may  extend  along  the  bank  for 
several  rods.  It  rarely  occurs  in  other  habitats  but  is  found  along  railroad 
embankments  and  in  wet  prairie  habitats. 

Canada  to  Mex. 

6.  Equisetum  laevigatum  A.  Br.  Smooth  Scouring-rush.  Map  48. 
Infrequent  in  sandy  to  very  sandy  soil  in  the  greater  part  of  the  state.  It 
is  most  commonly  found  on  railroad  embankments  and  less  frequently  in 
moist,  sandy  soil  of  the  slopes  of  the  banks  of  streams  and  lakes. 

Conn.,  N.  J.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  C,  La.,  and  Mex. 

7.  Equisetum  kansanum  Schaffner.  (Equisetum  laevigatum  of  A.  A. 
Eaton,  not  A.  Br.)  Kansas  Scouring-rush.  Map  49.  Infrequent  in  north- 
ern Indiana  and  probably  rare  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  It  has  a 
very  wide  range  of  habitat  but  is  most  frequently  found  in  moist  soil  in 
prairies;  it  is,  however,  also  found  on  the  wet,  marl  borders  of  lakes  and 
other  moist  habitats. 

Mainly  in  the  western  Mississippi  Basin,  Ohio  to  Mont,  and  B.  C, 
southw.  to  Mo.,  N.  Mex.,  Ariz.,  and  Calif. 

8.  Equisetum  fluviatile  L.  Water  Horsetail.  Map  50.  Infrequent  in 
northern  Indiana  in  marshes  and  bogs,  in  the  dune  area  on  the  low  borders 
of  sloughs,  and  rarely  in  wet  prairies. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Va.,  Nebr.,  and  Oreg. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 


Lycopodium 


Lycopodiaceae 


63 


0  50 

Map  53 


Lycopodium  inundatum  L. 


0  55 

Map  54 


Lycopodium  obscurum  L. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

OP 

1 

-i"~ 

1      SD 

./ 

\ 

A 

\ 

-   DP 

-\ 

' 

tm 

r 

Dec.f- 

DP 

10   1, 1 

B 

K      1 > 

"TBa 1 

V    Miles 

1         p 

Lycopodium  flabellifi 
(Fern.)Blanchard 

'5d 
Map  55 
irme 

6.  LYCOPODIACEAE  Michx.  Clubmoss  Family 
1.  LYCOPODIUM  L.  Clubmoss 

[Wilson.  The  identity  of  Lycopodium  porophilum.  Rhodora  34 :  169-172. 
1932.  The  spores  of  the  genus  Lycopodium  in  the  United  States  and 
Canada.  Rhodora  36 :  13-19.  1934.] 

Sporangia  in  the  axils  of  normal  leaves,  not  forming  a  well  marked  terminal  spike. 
Leaves  linear-attenuate  to  lanceolate,  entire  (sometimes  with  a  few  minute  serra- 
tions toward  the  apex),  usually  widest  below  the  middle;  plants  yellowish 
green,  tufted,  erect  or  slightly  decumbent  at  the  base. .  .  1.  L.  Selago  var.  patens. 
Leaves  oblanceolate,  widest  near  or  above  the  middle,  serrate  or  entire,  arranged  in 
alternate  zones  of  shorter  and  longer  leaves,  the  shorter  ones  more  frequently 
bearing  sporangia  in  their  axils;  stems  bright  or  dark  green,  in  loose  clusters, 
decumbent. 

Blades  of  leaves  serrate 2.  L.  liicidulum. 

Blades  of  leaves  entire  or  slightly  serrate,  often  some  of  them  of  a  linear  type. 

(See  excluded  species  no.  17,  p.  1022.) L.  lucidulum  var.  occidentale. 

Sporangia  borne  only  in  the  axils  of  the  upper   (bracteal)   leaves,  forming  a  spike. 

Bracteal  leaves  linear-attenuate  from  a  distinctly  broadened  ovate  base 

3.    L.    inundatum. 

Bracteal  leaves  scalelike,  yellowish,  very  different  from  those  of  sterile  part  of  the 

stem. 

Ultimate  sterile  branches  with  their  leaves  mostly  5-10  mm  wide,  free  portion  of 

leaves  more  than  3  mm  long. 

Stems  creeping  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  with  short,  leafy  branches,  the 

leaves    linear,   bristle-tipped    at   apex;    fertile   branches    terminating   in    a 

slender  peduncle    (1-1.5   dm  long),  bearing  2-4   slender  cylindrical  spikes. 

(See  excluded  species  no.  15,  p.  1021.) L.  clavatum. 

Stems  subterranean,  bearing  scattered  upright  branches  resembling  miniature 
coniferous  seedlings;  leaves  merely  acute  at  the  apex;  spikes  1-3,  essentially 

sessile 4.  L.  obscurum. 

Ultimate  sterile  branches  with  their  leaves  less  than  5  mm  wide;  free  portion  of 

leaves  less  than  3  mm  long. 

Horizontal  stems  rather  deeply  buried  in  the  ground;  branchlets  bluish  green, 

1-1.75    (2)   mm  wide;  leaves  on  ventral  and  dorsal  sides  of  the  branchlets 

about  equal.    (See  excluded  species  no.  18,  p.  1022.) L.  tristachyum. 


64  Lycopodiaceae  Lycopodium 

Horizontal  stems  on  or  near  the  surface  of  the  ground;   branchlets  yellowish 

green,    (1.5)    2-3   mm   wide;   leaves   on   the   ventral   side   of   the   branchlet 

much  shorter  than  those  of  the  dorsal  side. 

Branchlets   with   new   growth   clearly   separated   from   the   old   growth   by   a 

constriction;     branches    mostly    horizontal,    or    some    erect,    irregularly 

divided;  spikes  1-3.    (See  excluded  species  no.  16,  p.  1021.) 

L.    complanatum. 

Branchlets  lacking  new  growth  at  the  tips,  having  attained  their  full  growth 
the  first  year,  therefore  lacking  constrictions;  branches  erect,  the 
branchlets  disposed  in  the  form  of  a  funnel,  appearing  fan-shaped  in 
herbarium  specimens;  spikes  1-6,  usually  4 5.  L.  flab elli forme. 

1.  Lycopodium  Selago  L.  var.  patens  (Beauv.)  Desv.  (Lycopodium 
porophilum  Lloyd  &  Underw.)  Map  51.  I  have  this  variety  from  three 
places  in  Crawford  County  where  I  found  it  in  dry  soil  in  pockets  of  cliffs 
of  the  knobstone  or  sandstone,  and  from  Martin  County  where  it  was  found 
in  dry  soil  pockets  of  the  sandstone  cliffs  about  a  mile  north  of  Shoals. 

Que.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  n.  Vt.  and  Ky. 

2.  Lycopodium  lucidulum  Michx.  Shining  Clubmoss.  Map  52.  Very 
local.  It  grows  in  deep  humus,  sometimes  forming  large  colonies.  In  the 
lake  area  it  is  generally  found  in  decadent  tamarack  bogs  and  southward 
in  moist,  shaded  woodland,  although  my  Clay  County  specimen  was  found 
in  the  open  among  rocks  along  Croy  Creek. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  Iowa,  and  Wash.,  and  in 
the  mts.  to  S.  C. 

3.  Lycopodium  inundatum  L.  Map  53.  Very  local.  It  grows  in  wet, 
somewhat  acid  sandy  soil,  usually  on  the  borders  of  lakes  and  in  the  dunes. 
It  has  also  been  reported  from  Marshall  County.  I  have  twice  found  it 
associated  with  cranberry  and  hair-cap  moss.  In  1937  I  revisited  the 
Steuben  County  station  and  found  that  it  has  been  exterminated  there. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  111.,  Idaho,  and  Wash. ;  also  in 
Eurasia. 

4.  Lycopodium  obscurum  L.  Groundpine.  Map  54.  Very  local.  In 
addition  to  my  specimens  it  has  been  reported  from  Lake,  Montgomery, 
Porter,  and  St.  Joseph  Counties.  One  of  my  specimens  is  from  a  small 
colony  at  the  base  of  a  north  beech  slope,  bordering  a  soft  maple  swamp, 
and  the  other  is  also  from  a  swamp  bordering  a  lake. 

My  specimens  are  not  typical  and  seem  to  be  intermediate  between  the 
species  and  the  var.  dendroideum  (Michx.)  D.  C.  Eaton. 
Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ind. 

5.  Lycopodium  flabelliforme  (Fern.)  Blanchard.  (Rhodora  13:  168-171. 
1911.)  (Lycopodium  complanatum  var.  flabelliforme  Fern.)  Map  55. 
Extremely  local.   Found  on  moist,  rocky  slopes. 

This  species  is  regarded  by  many  authors  as  a  variety  of  Lycopodium 
complanatum.  Blanchard  (Pvhodora  13:  168-171.  1911)  made  a  special 
study  of  this  species  and  L.  complanatum  in  the  field,  and  after  nearly  ten 
years'  observation,  concluded  that  the  two  were  distinct  species.  Victorin 
(Contrib.  Lab.  Bot.  Univ.  Montreal,  no.  3:  62-63.    1925)  confirms  Blanch- 


Selaginella 


Selaginellaceae 


65 


o—     ~38 
Map  56 


Selaginella  apoda  (L.)  Fern. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Auj 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

DP 

0 
a 

r          r** 

\ 

\ 

(r1 

" 

X 

r 

■  k 

J- 

t 

Dec.  C 

/    Miles 

Sela 

ginel 

a  ru 

x?     ^   Map  57 

pestris  (L.)  Spring 

6  58 

Map  58 


Isoetes  Engelmanni  A.  Br 


ard's  observation  of  characters  which  seem  to  me  also  to  be  sufficient 
to  regard  this  form  as  a  species  rather  than  a  variety.  These  two 
species  have  definite  geographical  ranges  which  add  to  this  opinion.  The 
range  of  L.  complanatum  in  North  America  extends  from  Newfoundland 
through  the  greater  part  of  Canada  to  Alaska  and  southward  to  northern 
Michigan,  northern  Wisconsin  (not  reaching  New  England),  and  Wash- 
ington. L.  flabelliforme  is  much  more  southern,  occurring  from  New- 
foundland, Nova  Scotia,  and  the  lower  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River 
westward  to  Minnesota,  southward  to  North  Carolina  and  Kentucky. 
Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ky. 


7.  SELAGINELLACEAE  Underw. 
1.  SELAGINELLA  Beauv.  Selaginella 

Leaves  comparatively  few,  of  2  sizes,  4-ranked,  spreading  in  2  planes,  ovate,  acute  or 
cuspidate;  plants  usually  a  light  green,  of  a  wet  or  moist  habitat 1.  S.  apoda. 

Leaves  very  numerous,  alike,  appressed,  widely  overlapping,  many-ranked,  linear- 
lanceolate,  grooved  on  the  back,  ending  in  a  slender,  whitish  awn;  plants  grayish 
green,  of  a  very  dry  habitat 2.  S.  rupestris. 

1.  Selaginella  apoda  (L.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  17:  68.  1915.)  (Selaginella 
apus  Spring.)  Basket  Selaginella.  Map  56.  Occasionally  throughout  the 
lake  area,  becoming  infrequent  to  local  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state. 
It  is,  no  doubt,  more  frequent  than  our  map  indicates.  It  prefers  moist, 
grassy  places  and  in  the  lake  area  it  is  usually  in  calcareous,  sandy  soil. 
In  Dubois  County  I  found  it  in  a  low  woods  in  a  hard,  white  clay  soil  with 
sweet  gum. 

Maine  and  Ont.  to  the  Rocky  Mts.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Selaginella  rupestris  (L.)  Spring.  Rock  Selaginella.  Map  57. 
Local.  Found  only  on  dry,  exposed  sandstone  rocks  and  in  dry  sand  in  the 
dune  area.  It  has  also  been  reported  from  Montgomery  County.  Under- 
wood  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1893:   257.    1894)   says  the  report  from 


66  Taxaceae  Taxus 

Gibson  County  in  the  State  Catalogue  was  an  error. 
N.  S.  and  Ont.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

8.  ISOETACEAE  Underw.  Quillwort  Family 

1.  ISOETES  L.  Quillwort 

[Pfeiffer.  Monograph  of  the  Isoetaceae.  Ann.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  9: 
79-232.  8  pi.  1922.] 

1.  Isoetes  Engelmanni  A.  Br.  Engelmann  Quillwort.  Map  58.  1  have 
found  this  species  in  artificial  ponds  in  hard,  white  clay  soil  in  three 
counties,  and  in  low  woods  in  similar  soil  but  richer  in  humus  in  Harrison 
County.  The  colony  in  Floyd  County  is  on  the  east  side  of  the  road  south 
of  Martinsburg  in  an  old  mill  pond  on  the  Philip  McGuirk  farm.  It  is 
abundant  here  and  of  large  size. 

Southern  N.  H.  and  Vt.  to  Ga.,  westw.  to  Mo. 

SPERMATOPHYTA.     Seed  Plants  or  Flowering  Plants 

5.1  TAXACEAE  Lindl.  Yew  Family 

18.1  TAXUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Yew 

1.  Taxus  canadensis  Marsh.  Canada  Yew.  Map  59.  This  species  is 
local  and  is  restricted  to  the  sides  of  the  steep  slopes  and  cliffs  along  Sugar 
Creek  in  Turkey  Run  State  Park,  Parke  County,  to  like  habitats  along 
Sugar  Creek  in  the  "Shades"  in  Montgomery  County,  and  along  Big  Wal- 
nut Creek  about  3  miles  northeast  of  Bainbridge,  Putnam  County.  It  is 
usually  found  under  hemlock. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Iowa. 

6.  PINACEAE  Lindl.  Pink   Family 

Leaves  linear,  in  bundles  of  2,  3,  5  or  more  than  5. 

Leaves  in  bundles  of  2,  3  or  5 22.  Pints,  p.  67. 

Leaves  in  bundles  of  more  than  5   (single  on  new  shoots) 24.  Larix,  p.  68. 

Leaves  linear  and  solitary,  or  scalelike. 
Leaves  all  linear. 

Blades  obtuse 27.   TSUGA,   p.   68. 

Blades   sharp-pointed. 

Leaves  green  on  both  sides,  alternate 35.  Taxodium.  p.  69. 

Leaves  glaucous  beneath,  opposite,  or  whorled 45.  Juniperus.  p.  70. 

Leaves  all  scalelike,  or  scalelike  on  fruiting  branchlets  and  linear  and  sharp-pointed 
on  sterile  branchlets  or  juvenile  plants,  usually  green  on  both  sides. 
Spray  of  branchlets  flat;  leaves  all  scalelike,  the  dorsal  and  ventral  ones  differing 

from  the  lateral  ones;  fruit  a  cone  of  8-12  imbricated  but  opposite  scales 

42.  Thuja,  p.  69. 

Spray   of   branchlets   not   flat;    leaves    all    scalelike   or   on   most   specimens    some 

branchlets  with  linear  and  sharp-pointed  leaves;  fruit  berrylike,  bluish  black, 

glaucous   45.  Juniperus,  p.  70. 

1  See  paragraph  2  on  page  14  of  introduction. 


Pinus 


PlNACEAE 


67 


0  ~~ 30 

Map  59 


Taxus  canadensis  Marsh. 


1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 

D 

Id 

L 

E 

»     HI 
P 

«  I    D 

"       L               I 
/   HD 

h 

Jv 

r 

-L, 

B      P 
D     » 
DP 

-4 

f 

"1      1 

-    i 

J~ 

r, 

Dec. J— 

[ 

i  ' — 

1/    Miles 

Pinus 

Strobus  L 

0                50 

Map  60 

o      ^^3 
Map  6 

Pinus  Banksiana  Lamb. 


22.  PINUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Pine 

Leaves  5   (rarely  more)  in  a  bundle,  6-12  cm  long 1.  P.  Strobus. 

Leaves  2  or  3  in  a  bundle. 

Scales  of  cones  unarmed;  leaves  in  2's,  2-5  cm  long 2.  P.  Banksiana. 

Scales  of  cones  tipped  with  a  short  spine;  leaves  2  or  3  in  a  bundle. 

Spine  of  cone-scale  2-3  mm  long,  curved ;  leaves  twisted,  4-8  cm  long 

3.  P.  virginiana. 

Spine  of  cone-scale  about  1  mm  long;  leaves  straight,  7-13  cm  long.     (See  ex- 
cluded species  no.  20,  p.  1022.) P.  echinata. 

1.  Pinus  Strobus  L.  Northern  White  Pine.  Map  60.  This  species 
is  local  and  is  usually  found  in  limited  numbers,  except  along  Bear  Creek, 
Fountain  County  and  Big  Pine  Creek  in  Warren  County  where  there  were 
formerly  many  acres  of  it.  In  the  dune  area  it  was  scattered  in  its  dis- 
tribution with  a  large  colony  here  and  there.  There  formerly  were  several 
acres  of  it  in  a  bog  east  of  Merrillville,  Lake  County,  but  it  has  now  nearly 
disappeared. 

In  our  area  its  favored  habitat  was  wet  woods  or  boggy  places,  on  the 
dunes  along  Lake  Michigan,  on  cliffs  and  high  banks  along  Bear  Creek, 
Fountain  County,  and  in  a  like  habitat  including  adjacent  lowland  in 
Warren  County  along  Big  Pine  and  Kickapoo  Creeks. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  in  the  mts.  to  n.  Ga.,  Tenn.,  and  Iowa. 

2.  Pinus  Banksiana  Lamb.  Jack  Pine.  Map  61.  This  pine  is  found 
only  on  the  dunes  near  Lake  Michigan.  I  can  recall  when  it  was  common 
on  the  low  dunes  in  Lake  County  but  it  has  now  nearly  disappeared  on 
account  of  advancing  civilization. 

N.  S.  to  n.  N.  Y.,  n.  Ind.  to  Minn.,  northw. 

3.  Pinus  virginiana  Mill.  VIRGINIA  Pine.  Map  62.  This  species  is  re- 
stricted to  the  crests  of  some  of  the  ridges  of  knobstone  in  three  counties. 
On  some  of  the  ridges  it  formed  dense  stands,  but,  on  the  whole,  the  species 
is  not  a  strong  competitor  of  the  other  species.  It,  however,  promptly 
invades  abandoned  fields  within  and  adjacent  to  the  area  of  its  natural 


68 


PlNACEAE 


Larix 


0  5o 

Map  62 


Pinus  virgin] jna  Mill. 


0  50 

Map  63 


Lanx  lancina  (Du  Roil  Koch 


0  50 

Map  64 


Tsuga  canadensis  (L.)  Carr. 


distribution.  Also  when  planted  in  a  favorable  habitat,  it  freely  escapes. 
Notable  examples  of  its  escape  are  on  the  knobstone  in  northern 
Washington  County,  on  the  bluffs  along  Raccoon  Creek  in  Owen  County, 
and  in  Monroe  County  in  a  grove  about  4  miles  northwest  of  Ellettsville 
and  about  Weimer's  Lake  2i/2  miles  west  of  Bloomington  where  it  has  been 
established  for  more  than  50  years.  A  colony  of  about  3  acres  in  Orange 
County  about  8  miles  southeast  of  Paoli  and  just  north  of  Danner's  Chapel 
originated  from  a  tree  planted  in  the  church  yard.  Some  of  the  trees  have 
already  been  cut  for  saw  logs.  R.  M.  Kriebel  reports  several  large  colonies 
in  Lawrence  County.  He  has  traced  the  origin  of  each  colony  to  a  planted 
tree.  In  the  knobstone  area  this  species  is  truly  "an  old  field"  species. 
Within  a  25-year  observation  I  have  seen  it  cover  abandoned  fields  although 
it  is  a  species  difficult  to  transplant. 

Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  S.  C.  and  Ala. 

24.  LARIX  [Tourn.]  Mill.  Larch 

1.  Larix  laricina  (DuRoi)  Koch.  Tamarack.  Map  63.  Infrequent  to 
frequent  in  bogs  and  on  the  low  borders  of  lakes  and  streams  throughout 
the  lake  area.  It  was  formerly  more  or  less  common  in  many  places  that 
have  been  drained  and  are  now  farmed.  It  has  suffered  much  during  the 
past  few  years  due  to  drought  and  is  becoming  scarce  because  of  drainage 
and  cutting. 

Lab.  and  Newf.,  N.  W.  Territory,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  n.  Pa.,  n.  111.,  and 

cent.  Minn. 

27.  TStJGA  [Endl.]  Carr.  Hemlock 

1.  Tsuga  canadensis  (L.)  Carr.  Eastern  Hemlock.  Map  64.  Local 
in  the  state  and  usually  restricted  to  a  fringe  of  trees  on  the  tops  and 
slopes  of  high  sandstone  bluffs  along  streams.  Rapidly  disappearing  in 
some  of  its  stations. 

N.  S.,  N.  B.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Del.,  s.  Ind.,  Wis.,  and  in  the  mts.  to 
Ga.  and  Ala. 


Taxodium  Pinaceae  69 

35.  TAXODIUM  Richard 

1.  Taxodium  distichum  (L.)  L.  C.  Richard.  Southern  Cypress.  Map 
65.  The  cypress  is  restricted  to  five  counties  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
the  state.  Collett  (Rept.  Ind.  Geol.  Surv.  5:  338.  1874)  estimated  that 
20,000  acres  of  the  southwestern  part  of  Knox  County  were  "covered  with 
a  fine  forest  of  cypress."  In  this  whole  area  there  are  now  only  a  few 
straggling  specimens  left.  In  Little  Cypress  Swamp  in  the  extreme  south- 
western corner  of  Knox  County  the  species  still  persists  and  is  reproducing 
in  small  numbers.  There  were  a  few  cypress  sloughs  in  Posey  County  but 
the  trees  have  been  slaughtered  in  most  of  them.  There  are  no  objections 
to  judicious  cutting  but  an  attempt  to  annihilate  a  species  without  sufficient 
cause  seems  a  tragedy.  I  found  a  few  trees  along  Cypress  Creek  in  War- 
rick County  about  20  years  ago  but  I  was  not  able  to  find  them  recently. 
It  has  also  nearly  disappeared  in  Vanderburgh  County.  Baird  &  Taylor 
reported  it  from  Clark  County  but  I  am  excluding  this  report  for  lack  of 
confirming  specimens  or  convincing  proof  that  it  really  did  exist  in  this 
county.  There  is,  however,  some  evidence  to  support  this  report.  Audubon 
is  quoted  as  having  taken  Rafmesque  into  extensive  canebrakes  in  Indiana 
north  of  Louisville,  and  Victor  Lyon,  former  surveyor  of  Clark  County, 
also  told  me  that  he  had  seen  large  native  pecan  trees  in  the  Silver  Creek 
bottoms.  I  have  not  been  able  to  study  this  area  sufficiently  to  find  other 
associate  species  of  the  cypress,  and  I  leave  this  report  to  be  confirmed. 

I  have  never  seen  this  species  growing  in  Gibson  County,  but  late  in 
1935  I  met  Smith  White,  who  was  71  years  old  and  who  had  always  lived 
in  the  Gibson  County  Bottoms,  and  he  told  me,  in  the  presence  of  three 
other  persons,  that  it  had  never  occurred  in  that  area  except  for  a  single 
tree  in  a  slough  in  a  woods  on  the  farm  of  C.  B.  Balse,  about  3  miles  south 
of  East  Mt.  Carmel.  These  other  three  men  had  also  seen  the  tree  to  which 
he  referred. 

Atlantic  coast  from  Del.  to  Fla.,  westw.  along  the  Gulf  to  Tex.  and 
northw.  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Ind. 

42.  THUJA  L. 

1.  Thuja  occidentals  L.  Northern  White  Cedar.  Map  66.  There  are 
three  old  reports  for  this  species  from  Lake  County  and  I  have  an  Umbach 
specimen  collected  near  Pine.  I  collected  it  about  2  miles  east  of  Indiana 
Harbor  in  1906  but  I  have  not  seen  it  since  in  this  county.  No  doubt  later 
reports  are  based  upon  the  early  reports.  Several  authors  report  it  from 
Mineral  Springs  bog,  Porter  County  and  Lyon  reports  a  few  trees  near 
Tamarack.  I  have  seen  it  in  only  two  places  in  Porter  County  and,  doubt- 
less, there  are  only  two  colonies  of  it  in  the  county.  In  the  Mineral  Springs 
bog  there  are  quite  a  number  of  trees  4-6  inches  in  diameter  but  their 
number  is  rapidly  decreasing.  Buried  remains  of  this  species  have  been 
found  as  far  south  as  Henry  County. 

E.  Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Tenn.,  111.,  and  Minn,  and  in  the  mts. 
to  N.  C. 


70 


PlNACEAE 


Juniperus 


Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

f 

1       i 

Jv 

f^ 

r1 

J, 

" 

r 

m 

j 

Dec  (- 

■  ' — 

/    Miles 

s  /*    J 

DP  1 

iut     J 

[ 

T 

1  c~ 
axodi 

jm  d 

StlC 

"W       7 

hum  (L.)  L. 

)                50 

Map  65 

Z.  Richard 

0  50 

Map  66 


Thuja  occidentalis  L. 


0  50 

Map  67 
Juniperus  communis 

var.  depressa  Pursh 


45.  JUNIPERUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Juniper 

Leaves  mostly  in  whorls  of  o,  glaucous  beneath,  all  linear  and  sharp-pointed,  mostly 
7-15  mm  long;  stem  divided  at  the  surface  of  the  ground,  the  several  subdivisions 
or  branches  decumbent  and  growing  to  great  lengths,  rarely  one  branch  becoming 
a   leader 1.   J.   communis   var.   depressa. 

Leaves  not  in  whorls,  scalelike  on  fertile  branchlets  and  linear  on  sterile  branchlets, 
generally  green  on  both  sides,  the  scalelike  ones  1-2  mm  long  and  the  linear  ones 
mostly  less  than  10  mm  long;  stems  erect  with  lateral  branches  like  those  of  other 
trees 2.  «/.  virginiana  var.  crehra. 

1.  Juniperus  communis  L.  var.  depressa  Pursh.  (Juniperus  sibirica  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Prostrate  Juniper.  Map  67. 
This  species  has  an  erratic  distribution  and  grows  in  widely  different 
habitats.  It  is  frequent  in  the  dunes  near  Lake  Michigan  where  a  single 
plant  will  form  a  large  clump.  I  found  specimens  in  Steuben  County  in  a 
decadent  tamarack  bog,  one  of  which  had  a  spread  of  about  25  feet.  The 
branches  were  in  a  whorl  and  the  plant  was  circular  in  shape  with  the 
tips  of  the  decumbent  branches  usually  4-7  feet  high.  In  Elkhart  County 
I  found  a  specimen  in  hard,  clay  soil  3  miles  northwest  of  Goshen.  This 
specimen  maintained  an  erect  branch  with  a  very  strong  taper.  It  had  just 
been  cut  and  the  upright  branch  was  made  into  a  small  fence  post.  At  the 
base  where  the  tree  was  cut  off  it  was  a  foot  in  diameter  and  it  had  many 
radiating  branches  that  were  several  inches  in  diameter.  I  saw  this  variety 
growing  in  both  Jefferson  and  Wayne  Counties  in  shallow  soil  on  rocky 
slopes.  In  1923  I  transplanted  a  seedling  about  6  inches  high  from  the 
dunes  into  a  black  loam  soil  and  it  grew  erect  until  it  reached  a  height  of 
about  3  feet  when  the  leader  began  to  become  decumbent  and  three 
branches  at  the  surface  began  to  elongate.  After  12  years  all  the  branches, 
numbering  about  50,  are  decumbent  and  radiate  in  all  directions,  forming 
a  circular  clump  15  feet  across,  the  branches  being  4-6  feet  high.  This 
variety  also  occurs  in  Montgomery  County. 

Lab.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo, 
and  Utah. 


Typha 


Typhaceae 


71 


0  50 

Map  68 
Juniperus  virginiana  L. 
var.  crebra  Fernald  &  Griscom 


0  50 

Map  69 


Typha  latifoha  L. 


2.  Juniperus  virginiana  L.  var.  crebra  Fernald  &  Griscom.  (Rhodora 
37:  131-133.  1935.)  {Juniperus  virginiana  f.  Bremerae  Standley  &  Mac- 
bride.)  Eastern  Red  Cedar.  Map  68.  In  a  recent  study  of  the  species 
Fernald  &  Griscom  found  that  our  spirelike  trees  of  the  north  and  interior 
are  not  like  the  ovoid  type  of  tree  of  the  south.  The  leaves  of  adult  branch- 
lets  of  the  northern  form  are  narrower  and  attenuate  at  the  apex  while 
those  of  the  southern  form  are  rather  broadly  deltoid  and  obtuse  or  merely 
subacute.  The  mature  fruit  of  the  north  has  sweet  flesh  and  the  seed 
shallow  pits  at  the  base  while  those  of  the  south  have  flesh  with  a  pitchy 
taste  and  deep  pits  at  the  base.  Caution  must  be  used  in  separating  the  two 
forms  by  the  character  of  the  leaves  because  of  transitional  forms.  All  the 
specimens  I  have  examined  belong  to  the  northern  variety. 

The  eastern  red  cedar  is  found  throughout  the  state  although  there  are 
no  records  from  the  southwestern  part.  It  is  rare  to  infrequent  in  the 
northern  part  except  along  the  St.  Joseph  River  where  it  is  frequent  on 
its  banks  or  close  to  them,  becoming  rare  in  the  central  part  of  the  state, 
and  frequent  to  common  in  the  southern  part  in  the  unglaciated  area  and 
east  of  it.  This  tree  seems  to  prefer  calcareous  soils,  and  in  the  unglaciated 
area  some  eroded  and  abandoned  fields  have  grown  up  thickly  with  it.  It 
has  a  wide  range  of  habitats  for  I  have  seen  it  even  in  the  "flats"  in  Clark 
County.  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  in  the  primitive  forest  this  species  was 
restricted  to  high  bluffs  and  banks  of  streams  and  eroded  slopes  where  it 
could  compete  with  other  species.  While  it  is  tolerant  of  shade  it  is  rarely 
found  in  the  dense  forest. 

N.  S.  to  w.  Ont.  and  S.  Dak.,  southw.  at  least  to  Mo.  and  Va. 


8.  TYPHACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.  Cattail  Family 

49.  TYPHA  [Town.]  L.  Cattail 

Staminate  and  pistillate  parts  of  spike  contiguous;  stems  stout,  usually  1-2  m  high; 
leaves  flat,  the  lower  ones  12-23  mm  wide;  sterile  flowers  shorter  than  the  hairs; 
pollen  grains  in  4's;  stigmas  fan-shaped;  mature  pistillate  spikes  about  2.5  cm 
in   diameter 1-    T.   latifolia. 


72  Sparganiaceae  Sparganium 

Staminate  and  pistillate  parts  of  spike  usually  separated  by  an  interval  of  0.5-6  cm; 
stems  slender,  usually  8-12  dm  high;  leaves  more  or  less  dorsally  convex,  the 
lower  ones  mostly  4-7  mm  wide;  sterile  flowers  scarcely  shorter  than  the  hairs; 
pollen  grains  single;  stigmas  linear;  mature  pistillate  spikes  10-18  mm  in 
diameter 2.    T.   angustifolia. 

1.  Typha  latifolia  L.  Common  Cattail.  Map.  69.  Found  in  ditches, 
ponds,  marshes,  gravel  pits,  and  marshy  places  about  lakes  and  along 
streams.  It  is  frequent  in  the  lake  area,  becoming  infrequent  to  local  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  state  where  its  habitat  is  rarely  found. 

Throughout  temperate  N.  A. ;  cosmopolitan. 

2.  Typha  angustifolia  L.  Nakrowleaf  Cattail.  Map  70.  This  species 
is  usually  found  on  the  borders  of  larger  bodies  of  water  than  the  preced- 
ing species,  but  it  seems  to  adapt  itself  to  nearly  the  same  habitats.  Near 
my  home  is  a  small  gravel  pit  that  has  not  been  in  use  for  about  10  years, 
and  it  is  now  filled  with  both  species  of  cattails,  this  species  occupying 
about  a  fourth  of  the  space.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  pistillate  part  of  the 
spike  sometimes  divides.  I  have  one  specimen  with  a  5-parted  spike.  I 
also  have  a  specimen  of  the  preceding  species  that  has  a  3-parted  spike. 
This  species,  as  well  as  the  preceding  one,  is  variable,  and  several  varieties 
have  been  named.  A  giant  form  of  this  species  is  found  on  the  east  side 
of  Tippecanoe  Lake  in  the  southern  part  of  Noble  County.  Peattie's  var. 
calumetensis  seems  to  me  to  be  an  ecological  form.  Its  diminutive  size  I 
attribute  to  the  pollution  of  the  Grand  Calumet  River  near  where  it  is 
found.  In  the  summer  when  the  soil  along  the  bank  is  exposed  it  is  slimy 
and  reddish. 

N.  S.  to  Fla.,  mainly  along  the  coast,  and  inland  mostly  about  the  Great 
Lakes ;  almost  cosmopolitan. 

10.   SPARGANIACEAE  Agardh  Bur-reed  Family 
54.  SPARGANIUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Bur-reed 
[Fernald.  Notes  on  Sparganium.  Rhodora  24:  26-34.   1922.] 
The  following  key  has  been  adapted  from  this  paper : 

Achenes  broadly  obpyramidal,  sessile,  truncate  or  retuse  at  the  summit,  4-8  mm  in 
diameter;  stigmas  2;  anthers  1.5-2  mm  long;  sepals  nearly  equaling  the  achenes. 

1.  S.  eurycarpum. 

Achenes  fusiform,  short-pedicelled,  beaked,  1.2-3  mm  in  diameter;  anthers  0.5-1.6  mm 
long;  sepals  from  much  shorter  than  to  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  achenes. 
Staminate  heads  2-20  (rarely  only  1)  ;  fruiting  heads  1.2-3.5  cm  in  diameter;  mature 
achenes  strongly  fusiform,  5.5-14  mm  long,  the  stipe  1-4  mm  long,  the  slender 
beak  1.5-6  mm  long;  plants  erect. 
Pistillate  heads  or  branches  strictly  axillary ;  achenes  with  the  beak  abruptly  con- 
tracted  above   the    dilated   base;    leaves    6-12   mm   wide,   without   a    scarious 
margin. 
Leaves  stiffish,  at  least  the  middle  keeled;  inflorescence  branched,  some  branches 
all   staminate,   or   some   both    staminate   and    pistillate,   with    1-4   pistillate 
heads  and  up  to  8  staminate  heads;   stigmas  2-4  mm  long;   fruiting  heads 
usually   3-7,   2.5-3.5   mm    in    diameter;    achenes   lustrous,   the   body   5-7   mm 
long-  and  2.5-3  mm  thick,  the  beak  4.5-6  mm  long;   anthers  1-1.6  mm  long. 

2.   S.   androcladum. 


Sparganium 


Sparganiaceae 


73 


0  ^50 

Map  71 


Sparganium  eurycarpum  Engelm. 


0        "50 

Map  72 
Sparganium  androcladum 

(Engelm.)  Morong 


1 
1 
1 

Jar>. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

Juno 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 

D 

D 

D 

0 

t        ^ 

1 

i 

r 

~rf 

J 

Dec  f- 

i 

c 

1 

D 

X 

w/ 

/lies 

Sparganium 

JA      /  o             50 
J            Map  73 

imericanum  Nutt. 

Leaves  soft  and  mostly  translucent,  flat  or  obscurely  keeled;  inflorescence  simple 
or,  if  branched,  the  branches  strict  with  1-3  pistillate  and  1-6  staminate 
heads;  stigmas  1-2  mm  long;  fruiting  heads  1.5-2.5  cm  in  diameter;  achenes 
slightly   lustrous,   the   body   4.5-5.5   mm   long,   about  2   mm   thick;    anthers 

0.8-1.2  mm  long o.  S.  americanum. 

Pistillate  heads  usually  supra-axillary;  achenes  shining,  the  beak  more  gradually 

narrowed  upward;  leaves  3-9  mm  wide  with  a  scarious  margin  near  the  base. 

Plants  commonly  erect  and  emersed;  leaves  flat  or  slightly  keeled,  little,  if  at 

all,  dilated  at  the  base  (except  for  the  scarious  margin)  ;  staminate  half  of 

the  inflorescence  2-10  cm  long,  of  4-9  scattered  heads   (if  shorter  and  with 

fewer  leads,  the  plant  very  low  and  with  ribbonlike,  translucent,  erect,  lower 

bracts)  ;  beak  of  achenes  2-4.3  mm  long;  sepals  appressed,  cuneate-spatu- 

late,  scarcely  narrowed  to  a  claw. 

Pistillate  heads    (1)    2-4,   remote   or    subremote,    at   maturity    1.5-2.7    cm    in 

diameter,  the  lowest  borne  1-6.5  dm  above  the  base  of  the  plant;  staminate 

half  of  the  inflorescence  2-10  cm  long,  of  4-9  heads 4.  S.  chlorocarpum. 

Pistillate  heads  1-3,  at  least  the  upper  usually  approximate,  at  maturity 
1.2-2.2  cm  in  diameter,  the  lowest  borne  0.1-1.8  dm  above  the  base  of  the 
plant;  staminate  half  of  the  inflorescence  1-4   (5)   cm  long,  of  2-5  heads. 

4a.  S.  chlorocarpum  var.  acaule. 

Plants  commonly  submerged  or  floating,  sometimes  emersed;  leaves  rounded  on 
the  back,  the  middle  and  upper  with  dilated  and  subinflated  sheathing 
bases;  staminate  half  of  the  inflorescence  1-3  cm  long,  of  1-4  (rarely  6) 
crowded  heads;  beak  of  achene  about  2  mm  long;  sepals  loosely  ascending, 
with  slender  claw  and  dilated  tip.      (See  excluded  species  no.  26,  p.  1023.) 

S.  angusti folium. 

Staminate  head  1;  fruiting  heads  5-12  mm  in  diameter;  achenes  ellipsoid  or 
slenderly  obovoid-fusiform,  3.5-5  mm  long;  stipe  obsolete  or  up  to  1  mm  long, 
beak  obsolete  or  up  to  1.5  mm  long;  inflorescence  simple,  the  heads  all  axillary; 
sepals  elliptic  to  cuneate-spatulate,  a  half  to  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  achene; 
plants  usually  floating.     (See  excluded  species  no.  27,  p.  1023.)  .  . .  .S.  minimum. 

1.  Sparganium  eurycarpum  Engelm.  Giant  Bur-reed.  Map  71.  Infre- 
quent to  frequent  in  the  lake  area  and  rare  or  possibly  absent  from  the 
southern  part  of  the  state.  There  are  only  three  reports  for  it  south  of 
Hamilton  County,  and  it  is  barely  possible  that  these  should  be  referred 
to  the  next  species.    It  is  found  in  wet  places,  mostly  in  ditches.    It  also 


74 


Sparganiaceae 


Sparganium 


0  50 

Map  74 


Sparcjanium  chlorocarpum  Rydt 


Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec 


<* 

D 

I 

1 

j- 

m 

- 

.   T^ 

D 

D    1 

f 

r 

i 

K^ 

r 

r, 

n    L 

i  l 

Miles 


0 

Map  75 
iparqanium  chlorocarpum 

/ar.  acaule  (Beeby)Fern. 


occurs  on  the  low  borders  of  lakes,  streams,  and  sloughs  and  in  ponds 
and  springy  places. 

N.  S.,  Maine,  Que.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Mo.,  Utah,  and  Calif. 

2.  Sparganium  androcladum  (Engelm.)  Morong.  {Sparganium  lucidum 
Fern.  &  Eames.)  Map  72.  My  only  specimen  is  from  a  slough  about  4 
miles  northwest  of  Grayville,  Sullivan  County.  A  specimen  reported  from 
St.  Joseph  County  should  now  be  referred  to  Sparganium  chlorocarpum. 
The  species  of  this  genus  are  not  well  known,  hence  their  distribution  is 
not,  as  yet,  understood. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  westw. 

3.  Sparganium  americanum  Nutt.  (Including  var.  androcladum  Fern. 
&  Eames  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7.)  Map  73.  Infrequent  in  the  lake  area  and 
probably  very  local  south  of  it.  All  of  my  specimens  are  from  ditches, 
sloughs,  and  outlets  of  lakes. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Mo. 

4.  Sparganium  chlorocarpum  Rydb.  {Sparganium  diversifolium  of  au- 
thors.) Map  74.  All  of  the  specimens,  with  one  exception,  and  reports  are 
restricted  to  the  lake  area  where  it  is  infrequent.  It  is  found  in  habitats 
similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species. 

Newf.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  N.  Y.,  and  Ind. 

4a.  Sparganium  chlorocarpum  var.  acaule  (Beeby)  Fern.  {Sparganium 
diversifolium  var.  acaule  (Beeby)  Fern.  &  Eames  and  Sparganium  acaule 
(Beeby)  Rydb.)  Map  75.  All  of  my  specimens  are  from  the  lake  area 
except  one  which  was  found  in  Hancock  County  in  a  springy  place  along 
a  creek.  It  is  infrequent  but  probably  more  common  in  the  state  than  the 
species.   The  habitat  is  that  of  the  other  species  of  the  genus. 

Newf.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  W.  Va. 


Potamogeton  Potamogetonaceae  75 

11.  POTAMOGETONACAE  Engl.  Pond  weed  Family 

Flowers  perfect,  borne  in  spikes;  anthers  4;  leaves  alternate,  or  the  upper  ones 
sometimes  opposite 58.  Potamogeton,  p.   75. 

Flowers  unisexual,  axillary;  stamens  1  (2)  ;  leaves  mostly  opposite,  filiform,  1-nerved, 
entire 62.   Zannichellia,  p.  84. 

58.  POTAMOGETON  [Tourn.]  L.  Pondweed 

[Morong.  The  Naiadaceae  of  North  America.  Mem.  Torrey  Bot.  Club 
3:  11-65.  36  pi.  1893;  Fryer  and  Bennett.  Potamogetons  of  the  British 
Isles.  1-94.  60  col.  pi.  1915;  Hagstrom.  Critical  Researches  on  the  Potamo- 
getons. 1-281.  119  fig.  Stockholm  1916;  Fernald.  The  Linear-leaved  North 
American  Species  of  Potamogeton,  Section  Axillares.  Mem.  Gray  Herb. 
3:  1-183.  40  pi.  1932.] 

Note :  M.  L.  Fernald  named  and  cited  many  of  my  specimens  during  the 
writing  of  his  monograph,  and  these  specimens  have  greatly  aided  me  in 
the  study  of  this  difficult  genus.  I  have  also  made  free  use  of  his  mono- 
graph, and  I  wish  to  acknowledge  this  assistance. 

I  have  never  made  a  special  effort  to  collect  Potamogetons,  and  some 
species  have  probably  been  overlooked;  some  which  once  occurred  in  the 
state  have  doubtless  been  exterminated.  Drainage  has  destroyed  the  plants 
in  many  places.  Cottages  now  surround  most  of  our  lakes,  and  the  dredg- 
ing of  all  kinds  of  aquatic  vegetation  to  improve  bathing  beaches  will 
doubtless  lead  to  extermination  of  some  species.  Many  specimens  are 
covered  more  or  less  with  a  deposit  of  lime  which  may  obscure  such 
characters  as  veins  in  the  leaves.  This  can  be  removed  at  least  in  part  by 
gently  brushing  with  a  round  bristle  brush  (about  size  no.  4),  or  in  case 
of  badly  incrusted  linear-leaved  specimens,  it  can  be  removed  by  immersing 
them  in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid.  After  such  treament  the  specimens 
should  be  washed  and  dried  between  blotters. 

A.  Plants  with  both   floating  and   submerged   leaves;   floating  leaves  more   or  less 
coriaceous,  usually  on  petioles  half  as  long  to  much  longer  than  the  length  of 
the  blades;  submerged  leaves  thin,  ranging  from  linear  to  ovate,  or  sometimes 
reduced  to  a  mere  petiole. 
R.  Submerged  leaves  bladeless;  floating  leaves  large,  17-29-nerved. 

Floating  leaves  mostly  broadly  elliptic,  subcordate  at  the  base  (rarely  rounded), 

21-29-nerved;  fruit  mostly  4-5  mm  long,  stramineous  or  greenish 

1.    P.   natans. 

Floating   leaves   mostly   narrowly   elliptic,   narrowed   at   the   base,   usually   2-5 

times  as  long  as  wide,  17-23-nerved ;   fruit  usually  reddish    (phase  of  this 

species,  having  the  blades  of  submerged  leaves  rotted  off) 

2.   P.   americanus. 

B.  Submerged  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate  or  linear. 

Blades   of   floating   leaves   31-55-nerved,   rounded    at   the   base;    blades   of   sub- 
merged leaves  mostly  25-39-nerved ;   fruit  4-5.5  mm  long,  usually  reddish. 

3.    P.    amplifolins. 

Blades  of  floating  leaves  with  fewer  than  31  nerves. 
C.  Submerged  leaves  linear,  0.2-13  mm  wide. 

Peduncles  of  spikes  from  the  axils  of  submerged  leaves,  mostly  less  than  1.5 
cm  long;  fruit  up  to  1.5  mm  long. 
Blades  of  submerged  leaves  with  bristle  tips,  0.2-0.6  mm  wide. 


76  Potamogetonaceae  Potamogeton 

Leaves  thin,  distinctly  several-nerved;   fruit  with  a  sharp  ridge  on  the 

back,  the  sides  concave 4.  P.  capillaceus. 

Leaves  1-nerved    (under  high  magnification  3-nerved)  ;  fruit  rounded  on 
the  back,  the  sides  convex.      (See  excluded  species  no.  32,  p.  1024.) 

P.    Vaseyi. 

Blades    of    submerged    leaves    rounded,    subobtuse    or    acute    at    the    tips, 

0.5-2  mm  wide. 

Submerged  leaves  obtuse,  usually  rounded  at  the  tip;   the  connate  leaf 

sheath  much  longer  than  the  free  stipular  tip;  the  space  between  the 

midrib  and  the  faint  lateral  nerves  usually  filled  with  lacunae;  fruit 

1.3-2.2  mm  long,   mostly   about  2   mm   long.     (Should  be   sought   in 

northern    Indiana.) P-    Spirillus. 

Submerged  leaves  subobtuse  to  acute;  the  connate  leaf  sheath  about  half 
the  length  of  the  free  stipular  tip;  the  midrib  of  leaves  rarely  with 

lacunae;  fruit  1-1.5  mm  long 5.  P.  diver  si  folius. 

Peduncles  from  the  axils  of  submerged  leaves,  more  than  1.5  cm  long. 
Floating  leaves  obtuse  at  the  apex;  submerged  leaves  6-14  cm  long  and  up 
to  10  mm  wide,  ribbonlike,  the  sides  nearly  parallel ...  14.   P.  epihydrus. 
Floating  leaves  acute  at  the  apex;  submerged  leaves  1-3  cm  long,  2-13  mm 

wide,  apiculate,  broadest  about  the  middle 

6.   P.   gramineus   var.   graminifolius. 

C.  Submerged  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate;  floating  leaves  large. 

Floating  leaves  broad  and  distinctly  cordate  at  the  base,  25-37-nerved ;   sub- 
merged leaves  9-19-nerved;   fruit  3-4  mm  long 7.  P.  pulcher. 

Floating  leaves  mostly  broadly  or  narrowly  elliptic,  rounded  or  narrowed  at 

the   base,   generally    17-27-nerved;    submerged    leaves    7-29-nerved;    fruit 

3-4  mm  long. 

Blades  of  floating  leaves  usually  narrowly  elliptic,  narrowed  at  the  base; 

submerged  leaves  not  recurved. 

Submerged   leaves   usually   strongly   mucronate;    mature   fruiting   spikes 

mostly  7-8.5  mm  wide ;  fruit  green 8.  P.  angustifolius. 

Submerged  leaves  acute  or  acuminate,  mostly  17-23-nerved;  mature  fruit- 
ing spikes  generally  9-11  mm  wide;  fruit  usually  tinged  red 

2.   P.   americanus. 

Blades   of   floating   leaves    rounded   at   the   base,    17-27-nerved;    submerged 
leaves  long,  usually  recurved,  13-29-nerved 9.  P.  ilhnoensis. 

A.  Plants  with  all  the  leaves  submerged. 

1).  Blades  of  leaves  lanceolate,  oblong  or  broader,  not  linear. 
Leaves  sessile  or  short-petiolate,   not  clasping. 

Margins  of  blades  finely  and  sharply  serrulate 10.  P.  crispus. 

Margins  of  blades  entire  or  some  with  a  few  minute  teeth. 
Submerged  leaves  all  mucronate,  or  long-acuminate. 

Fruit  2-2.5  mm  long;  submerged  leaves  2.5-8  cm  long 

6.  P.  gramineus  var.  graminifolius. 

Fruit  3-4  mm  long;  submerged  leaves  4-20  cm  long. 

Fruit  distinctly  3-keeled 8.  P.  angustifolius. 

Fruit  with  rounded,  scarcely  keeled  sides 11.  P.  lucens. 

Submerged  leaves  all  large,  not  mucronate 3.  P.  amplifolius. 

Leaves  with  blades  clasping  the  stem  for  half  or  more  of  its  diameter. 

Blades  slightly  clasping,  lanceolate,  rounded  and  cucullate  at  the  apex  (in 
dried  specimens  often  bifid),  mostly  10-30  cm  long;  fruit  4-5  mm  long,  the 
middle  dorsal  rib  prominent  and  sharply  keeled;  stipules  large,  usually  not 

shredded 12.  P.  praelongus. 

Blades  strongly  clasping,  lanceolate  to  ovate-orbicular,  1-8  (11)  cm  long,  obtuse 
or  acute;  fruit  2.5-4  mm  long,  the  dorsal  ribs  inconspicuous  and  rounded; 
stipules  short  and  mostly  shredded 13.  P.  Richardsonii. 


Potamogeton  PotamogetonaceaE  77 

D.  Blades  of  leaves  linear. 
Leaves  ribbonlike,  2  mm  or  more  wide,  with  a  broad,  coarsely  cellular-reticulate 

space  on  each  side  of  the  midrib,  5-7-nerved;  stipules  very  obtuse 

14.  P.  epihydrus. 

Leaves   narrower,   if  2  mm  wide,   without  broad   cellular-reticulate   spaces   along 
the  midrib. 
E.  Blades  free  from  the  stipules. 

Leaves  more  than  7-nerved,  2-5  mm  wide;   peduncles   stout,   1.5-5.5  cm  long, 
1-1.6  mm  thick;   fruit  3.5-5  mm  long,  with  one  strong,   usually  crested, 

keel  on  the  back 15.  P.  zosteriformis. 

Leaves  1-7-nerved;  fruit  not  more  than  3  mm  long. 

Blades  5-7-nerved,  usually  with  a  pair  of  glands  at  the  base,  1.5-3.5  mm 
wide,  usually  2-2.5  mm  wide,  rounded  or  short-mucronate  at  the  apex; 
stipules    7-11    mm    long;    fruit    2-3    mm    long,    rounded    on    the    back. 

16.  P.  Friesii. 

Blades   1-3-nerved    (if  some  leaves   5-nerved,   plant  not  agreeing  with   the 
other  characters  of  the  preceding  species). 
Leaves  1-nerved  (under  high  magnification  3-nerved)  ;  fruit  strongly  com- 
pressed with  the  sides  almost  fiat,   1.6-2.2  mm  long.     (See  excluded 

species  no.  32,  p.  1024.) P-  Vaseyi. 

Leaves  3-nerved,  rarely  some  of  them  5-nerved. 

Blades  usually  without  basal  glands;  peduncles  0.4-3  cm  long,  clavate; 
spikes  subcapitate,  2-6-flowered,  in  fruit  2-8  mm  long;  sepaloid  con- 
nectives 0.4-1  mm  long;  fruit  compressed,  1.8-2.5  mm  long,  with  a 
thin  or  acute,  undulate  or  coarsely  dentate  dorsal  keel. 
Primary  leaves  4-10  cm  long,  1.4-2.7  mm  wide,  3-5-nerved,  midnerve 
with  1-3  rows  of  lacunae  on  each  side  at  the  base;  stipules  0.7-1.8 
cm  long;  fruit  2-2.5  mm  long,  beak  broad  at  the  base,  0.2-0.4  mm 
long;  winter  buds  sessile  in  the  axils  or  on  short   (rarely  elon- 
gate)  branches 17.  P.  foliosus  var.  genuinus. 

Primary  leaves  1-7  cm  long,  0.3-1.5  mm  wide,  1-3-nerved;  midnerve 
without  marginal  lacunae  or  with  a  single  row  on  each  side  below 
the  middle;  stipules  3-11  mm  long;  fruit  green,  1.8-2.3  mm  long, 
beak  slender,  0.3-0.8  mm  long;  winter  buds  terminating  the  mostly 

elongate  branches 17a.  P.  foliosus  var.  macellus. 

Blades  usually  with  a  pair  of  basal  glands;  peduncles  1-9  cm  long;  spikes 
interruptedly  cylindric,  of  2-5  remote  whorls  of  flowers  or  sub- 
globose,  in  fruit  0.6-1.5  cm  long;  sepaloid  connectives  1-2.5  mm 
long;  fruit  plump,  1.9-3  mm  long,  rounded  on  the  back,  dorsal  keel 
obscure. 
Spikes  subglobose,  continuous  or  slightly  interrupted,  2-8  mm  long  in 

fruit ;  leaves  3-7  cm  long,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex 

18.  P.  pusillus  var.  mucronatus. 

Spikes  cylindric,  of  2-5  remote  whorls  of  flowers,  in  fruit  0.6-1.5  cm 
long. 
Stipules  strongly  fibrous,  becoming  whitish. 

Leaves  mostly  rigid,  obtuse  or  abruptly  contracted  to  muci-onate 

tips ;   stipules  strongly  fibrous 

19.    P.  striotifolius  var.  typicus. 

Leaves  firm,  scarcely  rigid,  very  gradually  tapering  to  a  slender 

tip ;    stipules   less   strongly  fibrous 

19a.  P.  striotifolius  var.  rutiloides. 

Stipules    scarious-membranaceous    or    subherbaceous,    greenish    or 
brownish. 

Primary  leaves  1-3  mm  wide 20.  P.  panormitanus  var.  major. 

Primary  leaves  only  0.3-1  mm  wide 

20a.  P.  panormitanus  var.  minor. 


78 


POTAMOGETONACEAE 


Potamogeton 


o 

Map  77 
Potamogeton  americanus 
Cham.&Schlecht 


1 

3 

1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

B 
0 

yx  1 

f 

**       B 

B 
D 

/            1U 
' 0 

—                    B 
D 

r  1 

B        \ 
D    i 

J 

M 

-X 

,i 

t 

-  X 

J 

T~ 

r, 

Dec  j- 

1 

i 
\ — ' — 

°     1^ 

U     Miles 

Potamoget 

>n  amphfolius 

0                 50 

Map  78 
Tuckerm 



Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Ml 

f 

)      j/ 

^~ 

Jv 

t  ^ 

r 

>u — 

L 

r 

j 

J 

r1 

Dec.  (- 

fJ    Miles 

Pot 

amogeton 

tt 

P\       10                50 
Map  79 

pillaceus  Poir. 

E.  Blades  with  the  stipules  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  base. 
Leaves  4-8  mm  wide,  auricled  at  the  base,  stiffly  2-ranked,  with  a  cartilaginous, 
finely  and  sharply  serrate  margin  or  the  margin  entire. 

Margins  of  blades  finely  and  sharply  serrate ■ 21.  P.  Robbinsii. 

Margins  entire 21a.  P.  Robbinsii  f.  cultellatus. 

Leaves  less  than  4  mm  wide,  not  auricled  at  the  base,  their  margins  not  finely 

serrate. 

Spikes    from    the    axils    of    submerged    leaves    subglobose,    sessile    or    on 

peduncles  only  a  few  mm  long;  fruit  compressed,  with  concave  sides. 

Submerged  leaves   obtuse,  usually  rounded  at  the  tip;   the  connate   leaf 

sheath  much  longer  than  the  free  stipular  tip;  the  space  between  the 

midrib    and   faint    lateral    nerves   usually    filled   with    lacunae;    fruit 

1.3-2.2  mm  long.    (Should  be  sought  in  northern  Indiana.) 

P.    Spirillus. 

Submerged  leaves  subobtuse  to  acute  at  the  tip,  the  connate  sheath  about 
half  the  length  of  the  free  stipular  tip;  midrib  of  leaves  rarely  with 

lacunae;  fruit  1-1.5  mm  long 5.  P.  diversifolius. 

Spikes  from  the  axils  of  submerged  leaves  elongate,  with  separated  whorls 
of  flowers,  usually  1  to  several  cm  long;  fruit  3.5-4.5  mm  long,  usually 
with  a  beak  about  0.5  mm  long 22.  P.  pectinatus. 

1.  Potamogeton  natans  L.  Map  76.  All  of  my  specimens  are  from 
lakes  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state.   Usually  found  in  all  of  our  lakes. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  n.  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Nebr.,  and  Calif.;  throughout 
the  world  in  temperate  climates. 

2.  Potamogeton  americanus  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Map  77.  Frequent  in 
the  lake  area  and  rather  local  south  of  it.  It  is  found  mostly  in  streams, 
and  less  often  in  lakes,  dredged  ditches,  old  canals,  ponds,  gravel  pits,  and 
old  stone  quarries. 

N.  B.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  Calif.,  Mex.,  and  W.  I. ;  also  in  the 
Old  World. 

3.  Potamogeton  amplifolius  Tuckerm.  Map  78.  Frequent  in  our  lakes 
and  very  local  elsewhere.  I  have  it,  however,  from  a  dredged  ditch  in  Jen- 
nings County. 

N.  S.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  n.  N.  J.,  Ky.,  Mo.,  Kans.,  and  Calif. 


Potamogeton 


POTAMOGETONACEAE 


79 


0  50 

Map80 


Potamogeton  diversifolius  Raf 


0  50 

Map  81 
Potamogeton  gramineus 

var.  graminif olius  Fries 


0  50 

Map  82 


Potamogeton  pulcher  Tuckerm. 


4.  Potamogeton  capillaceus  Poir.  Map  79.  This  species  was  reported 
by  Fernald  (Mem.  Gray  Herb.  3:  111.  1932)  as  having  been  found  by  Hill 
and  by  Chase  in  Goose  Pond,  near  Dune  Park,  Porter  County.  This  pond 
is  located  mostly  in  section  28  about  4  miles  northwest  of  Porter. 

Coastal  Plain  from  Maine  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  and  in  Ind.  and  Wis. ;  also 
in  Cuba  and  Isle  of  Pines. 

5.  Potamogeton  diversifolius  Raf.  {Potamogeton  hybridus  Michx.  of 
Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7.)  Map  80.  All  of  my  specimens  are  from  the  southern 
half  of  the  state,  although  it  has  been  reported  repeatedly  from  the  dune 
area.  The  reports  from  the  northern  part  of  the  state  should  probably  be 
referred  to  some  other  species. 

L.  I.,  Pa.,  s.  Ind.,  Wis.,  Minn.,  Mont.,  s.  Oreg.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tex.,  Calif., 
and  n.  Mex. 

6.  Potamogeton  gramineus  L.  var.  graminif  olius  Fries.  {Potamogeton 
heterophyllus  of  recent  authors.)  Map  81.  Rather  frequent  in  shallow 
water  in  our  lake  area. 

Throughout  the  greater  part  of  N.  A. 

7.  Potamogeton  pulcher  Tuckerm.  Map  82.  My  only  specimen  is  from 
a  pond  in  Sullivan  County.  It  has  been  reported  from  the  dune  area. 

Maine  to  Fla.  and  westw.  to  Mo. 

8.  Potamogeton  angustifolius  Berchtold  &  Presl.  Map  83.  Rather- 
frequent  in  the  lakes  that  I  have  studied  and  probably  well  distributed  in 
the  lake  area.   It  has  been  reported  from  the  dune  area. 

Mass.,  Que.,  Wyo.  to  Calif.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  also  in  W.  I., 
Eurasia,  and  Africa. 

9.  Potamogeton  illinoensis  Morong.  Map  84.  Infrequent  in  the  lakes 
throughout  the  lake  area. 

Ind.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Mo. 


80 


POTAMOGETONACEAE 


Potamogeton 


0  50 

Map  83 
Potamogeton  angustifolius 
Berch.&Pres! 


0  50 

Map  86 


Potamogeton  lucens  L. 


0  ~^0 

Map  84 


Potamogeton  i  1 1  i  noensi  s  Morong 


0  50 

Map  87 


Potamogeton  praelongus  Wulfer 


0  ~^0 

Map  85 


Potamogeton  crispus  L. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 

f 

J 

D             D 

\ 

|V 

" 

<w 

" 

r, 

-hU 

Dec  <- 

i 
■  ' — 

Potamogeton  Richardsonn 
(Bennett)   Rydb. 


Miles 
0"^  "S3 

Map  88 


10.  Potamogeton  crispus  L.  Map  85.  I  have  found  this  species  in 
both  Cedar  Lake  and  Wolf  Lake  in  Lake  County.  It  was  reported  from 
Wolf  Lake  as  early  as  1913.  In  1937  I  found  a  few  plants  in  shallow  water 
on  the  south  side  of  Lake  Cicott,  Cass  County.  Doubtless  it  is  not  common 
in  this  lake  because  a  few  years  ago  I  spent  a  half  day  in  a  boat  in  search 
for  pondweeds  in  this  small  lake  and  I  did  not  find  it. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Mass.  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Mo. 

11.  Potamogeton  lucens  L.  Map  86.  Infrequent  in  our  lakes.  It  is 
difficult  to  distinguish  this  species  from  Potamogeton  angustifolius  if  float- 
ing leaves  and  fruits  are  not  present. 

N.  S.  to  Calif.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Mex. ;  also  found  in  W.  I.,  Eurasia, 
and  Africa. 

12.  Potamogeton  praelongus  Wulfen.  Map  87.  Infrequent  in  the  lakes 
of  the  lake  area. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Conn.,  N.  J.,  Ind.,  Iowa,  Mont.,  and  Calif. 


Potamogeton 


POTA  MOGETON  ACEAE 


81 


Jan. 
Feb 
Mar- 
Apr. 
May 
June 
July 
Aug 
Sept 
Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 


~l 

"T — 

/ 

*■ 

c 

\\\- 

Hv\ 

- 1    | 

r^/    Miles 

0  50 

Map  89 


Potamogeton  epihydrus  Raf. 


0  '"  50 

Map  90 


Potamogeton  zosterif ormis  Fern. 


13.  Potamogeton  Richardsonii  (Bennett)  Rydb.    Map  88.    In  a  few  of 

our  northern  lakes. 

Que.  to  Mack,  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  and  Nebr. 

14.  Potamogeton  epihydrus  Raf.  Map  89.  Our  only  specimen  is  one 
collected  in  1936  by  R.  M.  Tryon,  Jr.  It  was  found  in  State  Line  Creek  in 
La  Porte  County.  It  has  been  reported  but,  no  doubt,  all  other  reports 
should  be  referred  to  other  species. 

N.  B.,  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  W.  Va.,  111.,  and  Iowa;  also  on  the 
Pacific  coast  from  Wash,  to  Calif. 

15.  Potamogeton  zosteriformis  Fern.  (Mem.  Gray  Herb.  3:  36-40. 
1932.)  {Potamogeton  zosterif olius  of  American  authors.)  Map  90.  Fre- 
quent in  the  lakes  of  the  lake  area  from  which  there  are  many  reports. 
Sterile  specimens  of  this  species  closely  resemble  sterile  specimens  of 
Heteranthera  dubia  from  which  they  can  be  separated  by  the  abruptly 
acute  leaf  tips.  Those  of  Heteranthera  dubia  have  the  blades  gradually 
tapering  at  the  apex  into  a  blunt  tip. 

Que.,  n.  Alberta  to  s.  B.  C,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ohio,  n.  Ind.,  n.  111.,  n.  Iowa, 
Nebr.,  nw.  Mont.,  and  n.  Calif. 

16.  Potamogeton  Friesii  Rupr.  Map  91.  In  a  few  of  our  northern 
lakes. 

Southern  Lab.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  S.,  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  Iowa,  and 
Wash. ;  also  in  Eu. 

17.  Potamogeton  foliosus  Raf.  var.  genuinus  Fern.  Map  92.  Infrequent 
throughout  the  state  in  creeks,  small  rivers,  ditches,  and  gravel  pits  but 
rarely  in  lakes. 

Western  N.  Y.,  Ont.,  Mich.,  Wis.,  s.  Man.  to  Wash.,  southw.  through 
the  U.  S.  to  W.  I.  and  Cent.  Amer. 

17a.  Potamogeton  foliosus  var.  macellus  Fern.  (Mem.  Gray  Herb.  3: 
46-51.    1932.)    Map  92a.    The  distribution  of  the  variety  is  indicated  on 


82 


POTAMOGETONACEAE 


Potamogeton 


0  50 

Map  92 
Potamogeton  foliosus  Raf. 

var.  genulnus 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Auj 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


I       u 

-T—                     "T^ 

I 
/                         D 

0        D       s 

D 

rV" 

|     J— 

j 

IT 

7]_J-f"° 

Miles 


o  50 

Map  92a 
Potamogeton  foliosus 
var.  macellus  Fern. 


0 ^5 
Map  93 

Potamogeton  pusillus 
var.  mucronatus  (Fi'eber)  Graebn. 


the  map.   The  habitat  is  that  of  the  species,  although  I  have  more  speci- 
mens from  lakes. 

Cape  Breton  Island,  N.  S.,  Que.  to  Mack.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Mo.,  Kans., 
Nev.,  and  Calif. ;  also  in  Hawaii. 

18.  Potamogeton  pusillus  L.  var.  mucronatus  (Fieber)  Graebn.  Map  93. 
Our  only  report  is  that  of  Fernald.  The  specimen  was  collected  by  E.  B. 
Williamson  in  Crooked  Lake,  Steuben  County,  June  17,  1900,  and  is  de- 
posited in  the  herbarium  of  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden. 

Sw.  Greenland,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  S.,  s.  N.  E.,  L.  I.,  Del., 
s.  Minn.,  Mont.,  and  Vancouver  Island ;  Eurasia. 

19.  Potamogeton  strictifolius  Bennett  var.  typicus  Fern.  (Mem.  Gray 
Herb.  3:  56-57.  1932.)  Map  94.  There  are  specimens  from  only  a  few  of 
our  northwestern  lakes. 

Vt.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Mass.,  cent.  N.  Y.,  s.  Ont.,  n.  Ohio,  n.  Ind.,  n. 
Wis.,  s.  Minn.,  n.  Nebr.,  and  Utah. 

19a.  Potamogeton  strictifolius  var.  rutiloides  Fern.  (Mem.  Gray  Herb. 
3:  57-60.  1932.)  Our  only  Indiana  specimen  was  collected  by  Scovell 
&  Clark  in  Lake  Maxinkuckee,  Marshall  County,  and  is  deposited  in  the 
herbarium  of  the  Field  Museum. 

Sw.  Que.  to  Mack.,  southw.  to  Vt.,  nw.  N.  Y.,  s.  Mich.,  nw.  Ind.,  s. 
Minn.,  n.  Nebr.,  and  Utah. 

20.  Potamogeton  panormitanus  Biv.  var.  major  G.  Fischer.  Map  95. 
My  only  specimens  are  from  a  dredged  ditch  in  Jasper  County  and  from  a 
small  lake  in  De  Kalb  County. 

Magdalen  Islands  and  Gaspe  Co.,  Que.  to  n.  Alberta  and  s.  B.  C, 
southw.  to  Va.,  Ark.  to  s.  Calif.,  and  south-central  Mex. ;  Cuba,  Azores, 
and  Eurasia. 


Potamogeton 


POTAMOGETONACEAE 


83 


0  50 

Map  95 
Potamogeton  panormitanus 
var.  major  G.  Ffscher 


0  "To 

Map  95a 
Potamogeton  panormitanus 
var.  minor  B'v. 


o  50 

Map  96 


Potamogeton  Robbinsii  Oakes 


o  To 

Map  97 


Potamogeton  pectinatus  L. 


o  50 

Map  98 
Z  annYchellia  palustris  L. 
/ar.  major  (Boenningh.l  Koch 


20a.  Potamogeton  panormitanus  var.  minor  Biv.  Map  95a.  Our 
specimens  are  from  northern  lakes. 

Mass.  to  n.  Man.  and  s.  B.  C,  southw.  to  Md.,  s.  Ala.,  La.,  Tex.,  and 
w.  Mex. ;  Eurasia. 

21.  Potamogeton  Robbinsii  Oakes.  Map  96.  In  a  few  lakes  of  the  lake 
area. 

N.  B.  to  n.  Ont.,  southw.  to  Del.,  Pa.,  n.  Ind. ;  also  Wyo.  and  s.  B.  C. 

to  Nev. 

21a.  Potamogeton  Robbinsii  f.  cultellatus  Fassett.  (Rhodora  35:  389. 
1933.)  Fassett  cites  a  specimen  of  this  form  which  was  collected  by  J.  T. 
Scovell  in  Lake  Maxinkuckee  and  which  is  now  in  the  Gray  Herbarium. 

Conn.,  Ont.,  Mich.,  Ind.,  and  Wis. 

22.  Potamogeton  pectinatus  L.  Map  97.  This  in  frequent  to  common  in 
all  of  our  lakes  in  the  lake  area. 

Newf .  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Calif. ;  also  in  Eu. 


84 


Najadaceae 


Zannichellia 


0    ~  50 

Map  99 


Najas  flexilis  (Wflld.)  Rostk.&  Schmidt 


o  50 

Map  100 


Najas  guadalupensis  (SprengJ  Morong 


5  50 

Map  101 


Najas  gracillima  (A.Br.)  Morong 


62.  ZANNICHELLIA  [Micheli]  L. 

1.  Zannichellia  palustris  L.  var.  major  (Boenningh.)  Koch.  HORNED 
Pondweed.  Map  98.  I  found  this  pondweed  to  be  frequent  in  one  foot  of 
water  on  the  southwest  side  of  Cedar  Lake,  Lake  County.  I  found  it  in 
Pulaski  County  about  13  miles  west  of  Winamac,  in  Little  Monon  ditch 
where  it  is  crossed  by  State  Road  14.  It  has  been  reported  from  Wolf  Lake, 
Lake  County,  by  Peattie  and  from  Vigo  County  by  Blatchley.  It  may  be 
more  frequent  in  the  state  than  our  reports  indicate. 

In  fresh  or  brackish  water  nearly  throughout  North  America,  except 
the  extreme  north ;  widely  distributed  in  the  Old  World. 

12.  NAJADACEAE  Lindl. 
64.  NAJAS  L.  Naiad 

[Clausen.  Studies  in  the  genus  Najas  in  the  northern  United  States. 
Rhodora  38:  333-345.    1936.] 

Leaves  mostly    (0.4)    0.5-1  mm  wide   and   1-1.5   cm  long,  gradually  widening   into   a 

clasping  base. 

Styles    (including  the  stigmas)   filiform,  0.8-2  mm  long;  fruit  lustrous,  indistinctly 

marked    with    30-50    longitudinal    lines,    enclosing    obscure    hexagonal    areolae; 

leaves  gradually  tapering  from  the  base  into  a  long  drawn  out  point,  the  fine 

teeth   numerous 1-   N.   flexilis. 

Styles  (including  the  stigmas)  stouter,  0.1-0.6  mm  long;  fruit  dull,  more  distinctly 
marked  with  about  10-20  longitudinal  lines  which  enclose  rectangular  areolae; 
leaves  linear,  with  a  rounded  or  merely  acute  apex,  the  teeth  not  so  numerous 

as  in  the  preceding  species  but  more  conspicuous 2.  N.  guadalupensis. 

Leaves  mostly  0.25  mm  wide,  ranging  from  0.2-0.3  mm  wide  and  1.5-2.5  cm  long;  fruit 
somewhat  curved,  dull,  the  surface  longitudinally  marked  with  short,  oblong 
reticulations 3.    N.    gracillima. 

1.  Najas  flexilis  (Willd.)  Rostk.  &  Schmidt.  Map  99.  So  far  as  known, 
this  species  is  restricted  to  the  lake  area  of  the  state.  It  is  found  princi- 
pally in  lakes  and  in  a  few  rivers.   A  variety  robusta  Morong  is  a  stouter 


Triglochin 


JUNCAGINACEAE 


85 


o  50 

Map  102 


Triglochin  maritima  L. 


2 

1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

i 

D 

D 
10 

D               0 

r 

\ 

|V 

" 

t 

X 

1 

-^ 

Dec.  C 

— 

/    Miles 

["rigl 

ochir 

'P 

p\       7 

alustris 

3                 50 

Map  103 
L. 

— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.f- 

Is-  ' 

]     MD 

D 

P 

j 

4. 

r1  ^ 

i 

lu 

f 

r- 

' 

~1 

i 

J 

j- 

r, 

i 

i  ' — 

£/    Miles 

5 

y^T^V     ^   Map  104 
cheuchzeria  palustrfs 
var  americana  Fern. 

form  that  rarely  fruits,  and,  according  to  Clark,   (Lake  Maxinkuckee  2: 

173.    1920),  grows  on  muddy  bottoms  in  deeper  water  than  the  species. 

Md.,  Ohio,  Ind.,  111.,  Iowa,  Idaho  to  Oreg.,  and  northw.  into  Canada. 

2.  Najas  guadalupensis  (Spreng.)  Morong.  Map  100.  This  species  is 
found  in  lakes  and  is  restricted  to  our  lake  area.  I  have  never  taken  notes 
concerning  the  habitats  of  this  or  the  preceding  species,  but  all  that  I  have 
collected  were  found  on  sandy  or  marly  bottoms  in  less  than  4  feet  of 
water. 

Basin  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  Minn.,  and  Oreg.,  southw.  to  Fla. 
and  Mex.,  W.  I.,  and  S.  A. 

3.  Najas  gracillima  (A.  Br.)  Morong.  (Najas  gracillima  (A.  Br.) 
Magnus  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.) 
Map  101.  This  species  was  reported  in  1876  by  Schneck  as  found  in  the 
"deeper  ponds"  of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley.  Our  only  specimens  were 
collected  in  1935  by  Kriebel  in  Lawrence  County. 

Maine,  N.  Y.,  Wis.,  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Mass.,  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  and 
Mo. 

14.*JUNCAGINACEAE  Lindl.  Arrow-grass  Family 

Stem   scapose;    leaves    all   radical;    flowers   bractless,   many,    in    a    spikelike    raceme; 

ovaries  3-6,  united  until  maturity 66.    Triglochin,  p.  85. 

Stem   leafy;    flowers   bracteate,   few,   in   a   loose   raceme;    ovaries   3,   nearly   distinct, 

divaricate 67.     Scheuchzeria,  p.  86. 


66.  TRIGLOCHIN  [Riv.]  L.  Arrow-grass 

Fruit  oblong  or  ovoid,  mostly  3-6  mm  long  and  2-3.5  mm  wide,  rounded  at  the  base; 
carpels  6  (rarely  3  but  none  seen  in  Indiana),  not  beginning  to  separate  first  at 
the  base 1.   T.  maritima. 

Fruit  linear  or  clavate,  mostly  7-8  mm  long,  about  1  mm  wide,  tapering  to  a  narrow 
base;  carpels  3,  separating  first  at  the  base 2.  T.  palustris. 


86  Alismaceae  Scheuchzeria 

1.  Triglochin  maritima  L.  (Fernald.  Some  variations  of  Triglochin 
maritima.  Rhodora  5:  174-175.  1903.)  Map  102.  Infrequent  in  a  few 
counties  in  the  lake  area.  It  prefers  calcareous  soil  and  grows  on  the 
marly  borders  of  lakes  and  in  springy  places.  I  have  seen  it  growing  with 
the  next  species  in  marl  so  strongly  alkaline  that  only  a  few  plants  could 
survive.  In  such  a  habitat  it  will  usually  be  associated  with  EleocJuiris 
pauciflora.  -         — 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Mex. 

2.  Triglochin  palustris  L.  Map  103.  Very  local  in  marly  springy  areas 
on  marly  shores  of  lakes  in  our  northern  counties  and  in  a  marly  springy 
place  in  Henry  County. 

Greenland  to  s.  Maine  along  the  coast,  and  inland  to  the  Great  Lakes, 
westw.  to  Colo,  and  Alaska ;  found  also  in  Eurasia. 

67.  SCHEUCHZERIA  L. 

1.  Scheuchzeria  palustris  L.  var.  americana  Fern.  (Rhodora  25:  177-. 
179.  1923.)  Map  104.  Very  local  in  some  of  the  counties  of  the  lake  area. 
I  have  it  only  from  two  counties  but  it  has  been  reported  also  from 
Cass,  Fulton,  Lake,  Marshall,  Porter,  and  St.  Joseph  Counties.  It  is  usually 
found  in  sphagnum  with  pitcherplant  and  cranberry. 

Newf.  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Wis.,  and  Calif. 

15.  ALISMACEAE  DC.  Water-plantain  Family     . 

Flowers  in  a  panicle,  the  branches  bearing  whorls  of  flowers  in  verticils  of  3-10  flowers 
each;    flowers   perfect;    carpels   in    a    single    series,   forming   a    ring    on    a    small 

receptacle 70.     Alisma,  p.  86. 

Flowers  in  verticils;  carpels  in  several  series  on  a  convex  receptacle. 

Flowers  in  verticils  of  3-9  or  more,  in  plants  of  average  vigor  with  some  of  the 
verticils  with  more  than  3  flowers;  leaf  blades  large,  cordate  or  subcordate  at 

the  base,  usually  with  5-7  primary  veins;  flowers  all  perfect 

75.    Echinodorus,  p.  87. 

Flowers  mostly  in  verticils   of  3,  or   1   or   2   at   a   node;    leaf  blades   sagittate   or 

lanceolate,  usually  with  more  than  5-7  veins. 

Fruiting  pedicels  very  thick,  usually  2-5  cm  long,  at  least  the  lowermost  widely 

spreading   or   recurved;    sepals   mostly   suborbicular,   large,   surrounding   the 

mature  fruit;  lower  verticils  of  flowers  pistillate,  the  upper  ones  staminate; 

stamens  9-15 76.    Lophotocarpus,  p.  88. 

Fruiting  pedicels  not  conspicuously  thick,  ascending;  sepals  not  broad  and  sur- 
rounding the  fruit  at  maturity,  usually  reflexed;  staminate  flowers  on 
separate  scapes  or  at  the  top  of  the  scape  above  the  pistillate  ones;  stamens 
numerous 78.     Sagittaria,  p.  88. 

70.  ALISMA  L.  Water-plantain 

Petals  1-2  mm  long;  anthers  subspherical,  0.3-0.5  mm  long;  styles  0.2-0.3  mm  long, 
curved  at  the  apex;  achenes  1.5-2  (2.5)  mm  long 1.  A.  sub  cord  atum. 

Petals  3.5-6  mm  long;  anthers  oblong,  0.6-0.9  mm  long;  styles  0.4-0.7  mm  long,  slightly 
curved;  achenes  2.5-3  mm  long 2.  A.  Plantago-aquatica  var.  brevipes. 

1.     Alisma  subcordatum  Raf.  (Alisma  Plantago-aqiiatica  of  Gray,  Man., 
ed.  7  and  of  Indiana  authors,  in  part,  not  of  L.)    Map  105.    Infrequent  to 


Echinodorus 


Alismaceae 


87 


0  50 

Map  105a 
Alisma    Plantago  -aquatica    L. 
jar.   brevipes    (Greene)    Samuelsson 


frequent  throughout  the  state,  being  more  common  in  the  lake  area  where 
dredged  ditches  are  more  frequent.    It  is  found  in  muddy  or  mucky  soil 
in  ditches,  ponds,  and  sloughs  and  about  lakes. 
N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Alisma  Plantago-aquatica  L.  var.  brevipes  (Greene)  Samuelsson. 
Found  only  in  our  northern  counties  with  the  habitat  of  the  preceding 
species.  This  species  was  unknown  to  me  until  I  studied  my  specimens. 
It  is  probable  that  now  since  I  know  it,  I  could  find  it  in  more  of  our 
northern  counties.  I  have  specimens  from  Lake,  Elkhart,  and  Newton 
Counties.    This  is  the  boreal  representative  of  the  genus. 

N.  S.,  Maine,  Col.  to  Wash. 


75.  ECHINODORUS  Richard 

Scapes  (stems)  reclining  or  prostrate,  7-15  dm  long,  usually  rooting  at  the  nodes; 
leaves  cordate,  blades  4-15  cm  long;  flowers  in  verticils  at  the  nodes,  their  pedicels 
2-5  cm  long  in  fruit ;  beak  of  achene  a  fourth  as  long  as  the  body. . .  1.  E.  radioans. 

Scapes  erect,  10-30  cm  high;  leaves  cordate,  2-11  cm  long;  pedicels  stiff,  12-15  mm 
long  in  fruit;  beak  of  achene  half  as  long  as  the  body 2.  E.  cordifolius. 

1.  Echinodorus  radicans  (Nutt.)  Engelm.  Map  106.  This  species  is 
restricted  to  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  where  it  is  found  on  the  muddy 
borders  of  old  river  channels.   Very  local. 

D.  C.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Echinodorus  cordifolius  (L.)  Griseb.  Map  107.  The  only  specimen 
of  this  species  known  to  have  been  collected  in  Indiana  is  one  in  the 
herbarium  of  DePauw  University.  It  was  collected  by  Blatchley  on 
the  south  side  of  Conover's  Pond,  now  drained,  which  was  located  in  the 
southeast  corner  of  sec.  9,  now  within  the  city  limits  of  Terre  Haute, 
Vigo  County.  This  species  was  reported  from  Tippecanoe  County  by 
Wilson,  but  his  specimen  can  not  be  located. 

Ind..  111.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


88 


Alismaceae 


Lophotocarpus 


— 

f" 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

1 

\ 

[V 

" 

X 

"k 

J 

DP 

r 

r 

Dec.  t 

>  ' — 

/    Miles 

E 

ch; 

noc 

orus 

co 

difolius  (L 

1                 50 

Map  107 
.)  Griseb. 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec. 


r-rfT 



1 

Sr 

{ 

J-  -L 

V 

tttn 

I            K    n 

i^T  d  / 

) — H — i —     D 
Iff          K 

— --Y&jSlh^ 

_- ~y~L —     0 

D      L LA 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  108 
.opfiotocarpus  calycinus 
(Engelm.)  J.  G.  Smith 


0  ~ 30 

Map  109 


Sagittaria  latifolia  Willd. 


76.  LOPHOTOCARPUS  Th.  Durand 

1.  Lophotocarpus  calycinus  (Engelm.)  J.  G.  Smith.  Map  108.  Re- 
stricted to  the  southern  part  of  the  state  where  it  is  found  in  artificial 
ponds  and  in  sinkholes.  All  of  my  specimens  were  found  in  such  habitats 
except  one,  which  was  from  a  muddy  slough  along  White  River  in  Greene 
County.  When  once  established  in  a  pond  or  sinkhole,  it  soon  becomes  the 
dominant  plant,  usually  almost  crowding  out  all  other  species.  It  is  fast 
migrating  northward,  and  I  now  find  it  in  places  where  it  was  absent  20 
years  ago.    None  of  our  early  authors  reported  it.    Probably  introduced. 

Del.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  N.  Mex. 

la.  Lophotocarpus  calycinus  f.  maximus  (Engelm.)  Fern.  (Rhodora 
38:  73.  1936.)  This  is  a  very  wideleaf  form  with  blades  up  to  3  dm  wide 
and  with  18-21  nerves.  Miss  Edna  Banta  found  it  in  an  artificial  pond 
in  Jefferson  County. 

Ohio  and  southw. 

lb.  Lophotocarpus  calycinus  f.  depauperatus  (Engelm.)  Fern.  (Rho- 
dora 38:  73.  1936.)  I  collected  a  specimen  of  this  form  in  an  artificial 
pond  on  the  August  Bocard  farm  on  the  road  between  Corydon  and  Mill- 
town,  about  a  mile  south  of  DePauw,  Harrison  County. 


78.[SAGITTARIA  L.  Arrowhead 

Leaves  all  sagittate,  rarely  somewhat  hastate,  or  some  without  lobes,  the  basal  lobes 

as  long  as,  shorter,  or  longer  than  the  terminal  one;  pistillate  heads  never  sessile; 

filaments  of  stamens  glabrous. 

Bracts  ovate,  obtuse  or  rarely  merely  acute,  usually  4-8    (10)    mm  long;   achenes 

mostly  2-3  mm  long;  beaks  of  achenes,  0.5-2  mm  long,  horizontal,  arising  from 

the  inner  margin  and  pointing  inward;  leaf  blades  usually  about  1.5  dm  long 

(sometimes  up  to  4.5  dm  long  or  as  short  as  3  cm  long). 

Bracts  and  pedicels  pubescent.    (See  excluded  species  no.  35,  p.  1024.) 

S.  pubescens. 

Bracts  and  pedicels  glabrous ;  scape  not  ribbed  or  rarely  so ;  faces  of  achenes  not 
keeled  or  crested. 


Sagittaria 


Alismaceae 


89 


D 

__ 

Jan. 

D 

D             0 

Feb. 

-^yv 

"1 



Mar. 

UK  1 

\ 

P 

A       1  . 

— 

May 
June 

( 

~^n 

» 

-A 

D 

2 

3 
1 

July 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 

t 

D 

yc 

D 

uc       h 

a  1 

-  i 

D 

J 

J~ 

r,  • 

Dec.  C — , 

1 

D 

T ' 

hTb»      > 

J  D     ) 

1*1                \               ° 

1/    Miles 

0                 50 

[ck^J^f            Map  110 

Sagittaria  latifolia 

var.  obtusa  (Muhl.)  Wieg. 

Sagittaria  cuneata  Sheldon 


2 

7 
7 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 

D        I 
UX  1 

D 

HD 

La 

a     l 

" 

f'rU 

-I    ° 

< 

w 

DP 

\^- 

a 

F 

0 

—      B 
D 

[ 

r 

1 

r 

Dec.  C 

0 

D    1 

\lJ    Miles 

(    0        D 
— J^-v— Li 

S 

d         \      r' 

agittaria  fc 

revirostra 

JO                 50 

^   Map  112 

Mack.  &  Bush 

Terminal  lobes  of  leaves  of  an  ovate  type,  wider  than  linear. 

Apex  of   terminal   lobe   of  leaves   acute;    plants   usually  monoecious;    scapes 

usually  terete 1.  S.   latifolia. 

Apex  of  terminal  lobe  of  leaves  obtuse  or  rounded;  plants  usually  dioecious. 

la.  S.  latifolia  var.  obtusa. 

Terminal  lobes  of  leaves  linear lb.  S.  latifolia  f .  gracilis. 

Bracts  lanceolate  or  long-cuneate,  usually  long-acuminate  at  the  apex,   sometimes 

merely  acute  in  Sagittaria  cuneata;  beaks  of  achenes  erect  or  if  curved,  bent 

outward  from  an  erect  base. 

Beaks  of  achenes  very  short,  less  than  0.5  nun  long,  usually  about  0.3  mm  long; 

achenes    2-2.5    (3)    mm    long,    strongly    obovoid,    their    faces    not    keeled    or 

crested;    leaves   mostly  4-15   cm  long,   sagittate   or   sagittate-hastate;    bracts 

mostly  6-12  mm  long 2.  S.  cuneata. 

Beaks  of  achenes  0.5-2  mm  long,  usually  about  1.5  mm  long,  arising  from  the 

inner  edge  of  the  achene  and  forming  with  the  top  of  the  achene  a  minute 

sinus,  sometimes  some  of  the  beaks  diverging;   achenes  keeled  on  each  face 

and  their  margins  more  or  less  notched. 

Each  face  of  the  achene  with  a  single  keel ;  sinus  at  the  top  of  achene  (between 

the   wing   and   beak)    wide   and    rounded;    scapes    strongly   ribbed;    bracts 

acuminate,  mostly  8-25  mm  long 3.  S.  brevirostra. 

Each  face  of  the  achene  with  two  or  more  crested  keels  and  sometimes  with  one 
or  two  short,  intermediate  ones ;  sinus  at  the  top  of  the  achene  deeper  and 

narrower,  sometimes  almost  closed  by  the  outwardly  curved  beak 

4.    S.    australis. 

Leaves   all  entire  or  with   a  few  leaves  lobed;   blades  linear,   lanceolate,   or  elliptic; 
filaments  of  stamens  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent;  plants  growing  in  shallow 
water  or  in  very  wet  places. 
Pistillate  heads  sessile;  beak  of  achene  about  1.5  mm  long;  body  of  achene  about 

3   mm  long 5.  S.  rigida. 

Pistillate  heads   pedicellate;   beak   of   achene  very   short,  mostly   0.3-0.75   mm  long, 
lateral;  body  of  achene  about  2  mm  long 6.  S.  graminea. 

1.  Sagittaria  latifolia  Willd.  Common  Arrowhead.  Map  109.  The  ex- 
treme variability  of  the  leaves  of  this  species  has  led  authors  to  describe 
several  forms,  one  of  which  has  been  reported  from  Indiana.  I  think  that 
much  of  the  variations  in  leaf  pattern  is  due  to  habitat.     This  species  is 


90 


Alismaceae 


Sagittaria 


0  50 

Map  114 


Sagittaria  rigida  Pursh 


0 S3 

Map  115 


Sagittaria  gramlnea  Michx, 


restricted  mostly  to  the  lake  area  with  a  few  outlying  stations.  It 
has  been  reported  in  various  parts  of  the  state  because,  no  doubt,  it  has 
not  been  separated  from  Sagittaria  brevirostra.  It  is  found  on  the  muddy 
borders  of  streams,  ponds,  and  lakes  and  in  ditches.  It  is  rather  frequent 
in  its  habitat  but  its  habitat  is  more  or  less  local.  Since  there  has  been 
no  recent  revision  of  the  genus,  the  general  distribution  is  not  definitely 
known  and  the  best  that  can  be  done  is  to  accept  that  of  our  most  recent 
authors. 

N.  B.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. 

la.  Sagittaria  latifolia  var.  obtusa  (Muhl.)  Wieg.  (Rhodora  27:  186. 
1925.)  (Sagittaria  latifolia  f.  obtusa  (Muhl.)  Rob.)  Map  110.  This  form 
is  probably  local  or  infrequent  throughout  the  state.  The  habitat  is  that 
of  the  species.   The  general  distribution  is  not  known. 

lb.  Sagittaria  latifolia  f.  gracilis  (Pursh)  Rob.  This  is  a  rare  form 
in  our  area.  In  1936  I  studied  some  large  colonies  on  the  marl  border  of 
the  northwest  part  of  Crooked  Lake,  Steuben  County.  On  the  shore  and 
as  far  out  as  I  could  wade  with  boots,  the  typical  form  of  the  species 
occurred.  Beyond  this,  which  I  examined  with  a  boat,  the  roots  of  the 
marsh  plants  formed  a  floating  mass  among  which  the  linear-lobed  form 
was  frequent.  Among  them  could  be  found  plants  with  all  the  leaves 
with  two  lobes.  Others  could  be  found  where  a  single  plant  would  have 
leaves  with  two  lobes,  one  lobe,  and  others  without  lobes  (mere  phyl- 
lodia). 

2.  Sagittaria  cuneata  Sheldon.  (Sagittaria  arifolia  Nutt.)  Map  111. 
All  of  our  specimens  are  from  the  lake  area  where  it  is  local,  although 
there  are  no  reports  from  the  dune  area.  Found  on  the  muddy  or  wet, 
sandy  borders  of  streams,  lakes,  and  ponds  and  in  ditches. 

N.  S.,  Que.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Conn.,  Kans.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Calif. 

3.  Sagittaria  brevirostra  Mack.  &  Bush.  Shortbeak  Arrowhead.  Map 
112.    This  plant  is  found  probably  throughout  the  state  and  is  probably 


Anacharis  Hydrocharitaceae  91 

our  most  common  species.  This  arrowhead  is  more  robust  than  Sagittaria 
latifolia  with  which  it  is  sometimes  associated.  It  is  found  on  the  muddy 
shores  of  streams,  ponds,  and  sloughs  and  in  ditches.  I  have  seen  speci- 
mens from  Iowa,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Missouri,  and  Tennessee. 

4.  Sagittaria  australis  (J.  G.  Smith)  Small.  Map  113.  This  is  a  south- 
ern species  which  is  known  only  from  Perry  County.  It  is  found  on  muddy 
shores. 

Pa.,  Va.,  and  Ind.  to  Ala. 

5.  Sagittaria  rigida  Pursh.  (Sagittaria  heterophylla  Pursh.)  STIFF 
Arrowhead.  Map  114.  This  species  is  essentially  northern  in  its  distribu- 
tion and  is  practically  restricted  to  our  lake  area  with  a  few  locations 
south  of  it.  It  is  infrequent  and  found  on  muddy  borders  and  in  ditches. 
The  leaves  are  extremely  variable,  ranging  from  linear  to  rather  broadly 
elliptic.  Three  forms  have  been  named,  but  I  believe  these  ecological 
fluctuations  do  not  merit  names. 

Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Tenn.,  and  Kans. 

6.  Sagittaria  graminea  Michx.  Map  115.  Infrequent  in  a  part  of  the 
lake  area  and  local  southward.  This  species  is  usually  found  in  shallow 
water  or  in  very  wet  places  about  lakes,  ponds,  and  artificial  ponds  and 
in  ditches. 

Newf.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

17.  HYDROCHARITACEAE  Asch.  Frogbit  Family 

Leaves  less  than  2  cm  wide. 

Plants  with  long,  leafy  submerged  stems ;  spathes  very  small,  sessile 

87A.    Anacharis,  p.  91 

Plants  stemless,  submerged,  with  long  narrow  leaves ;  spathes  peduncled 

89.    Vallisneria,  p.  92. 

Leaves  more  than  2  cm  wide 97.    Limnobium,  p.  92. 

87A.  ANACHARIS  Bab.  &  Planch.  Waterweed 

[Victorin.   L'  Anacharis  canadensis.    Contrib.  Lab.  Bot.  Univ.  Montreal 
18:  1-43.  figs.  7.  1931.] 

K.  M.  Wiegand  has  made  an  extensive  study  of  the  species  of  this  genus 
in  the  Cayuga  Lake  Basin  and  has  published  his  findings  in  the  "Flora  of 
the  Cayuga  Lake  Basin,"  by  Wiegand  &  Eames.  I  have  taken  the  following 
key  from  this  work,  and  I  here  make  acknowledgment  for  its  use. 
Leaves  1.2-4  mm  wide   (averaging  2.13  mm)  ;  spathe  of  the  staminate  flower  oblong- 
linear,  11-13  mm  long,  constricted  at  base  into  a  stipelike  part,  the  orifice  gaping, 
2-lobed ;  staminate  flower  remaining  attached  by  means  of  a  long  filiform  peduncle ; 
sepals  or  mature  bud  of  the  staminate  flowers  3.8-5  mm  long;  anthers  2.2-2.5  mm 

long;  sepals  or  mature  bud  of  the  pistillate  flowers  2.3-2.7  mm  long 

1.    A.    canadensis. 

Leaves  0.7-1.8  mm  wide  (averaging  1.3  mm)  ;  spathe  of  the  staminate  flower  globose, 
apiculate,  the  body  about  2  mm  long;  staminate  flower  sessile,  breaking  out  of  the 
spathe  and  rising  free  to  the  surface  before  anthesis;  sepals  or  mature  bud  of 
the  staminate  flowers  2-2.5  mm  long;  anthers  0.8-1.1  mm  long;  sepals  or  mature 
bud  of  the  pistillate  flowers  1.2-1.8  mm  long 2.  A.  occidentalis. 


92 


Hydrocharitaceae 


Vallisneria 


o  5o 

Map  116 


Anacharis  canadensis  (Michx.)  Planch. 


0  ~5o 

Map  117 


Anacharis  occidentalis  (Pursh)  Vict. 


0 ^3 
Map  118 


Vallisneria  americana  Michx. 


1.  Anacharis  canadensis  (Michx.)  Planch.  (Eiodea  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7 
and  Philotria  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Canada  Water- 
weed.  Map  116.  Frequent  to  common  in  most  of  our  lakes,  ponds,  slow 
flowing  streams,  and  ditches  of  the  lake  area,  becoming  rare  southward 
because  its  habitat  is  not  found.  It  prefers  clear  and  calcareous  waters. 
Wiegand,  in  his  study  of  the  species,  concludes  that  Anacharis  canadensis 
is  dioecious  and  that  Anacharis  Planchonii  is  the  pistillate  form  of  the 
species. 

Que.,  N.  E.  to  Sask.  and  Wyo.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  Ky.,  and  111. 

2.  Anacharis  occidentalis  (Pursh)  Vict.  (Contrib.  Lab.  Bot.  Univ. 
Montreal  18:  50:  1931.)  {Philotria  angustifolia  of  Britton  and  Brown, 
Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2  and  Eiodea  Nuttallii  (Planch.)  St.  John.)  Western 
Waterweed.  Map  117.  This  species  has  the  habitat  of  the  preceding 
species  but  is  less  frequent.  Most  of  our  specimens  are  from  the  lake 
area. 

Southern  Maine  to  Wis.  and  Oreg.,  southw.  to  D.  C,  Mo.,  and  Nebr. 

89.  VALLISNERIA  [Micheli]  L. 

1.  Vallisneria  americana  Michx.  (Rhodora  20:  108.  1918.)  {Vallisneria 
spiralis  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.) 
Wild  Celery.  Map  118.  Infrequent  to  frequent  or  even  common  in  the 
lakes  of  the  lake  area  and  rare  in  our  streams,  except  those  of  the  lake  area 
where  it  may  be  common.  The  sepals  of  my  specimens  and  those  which  I 
have  measured  in  the  field  are  rounded  at  the  apex  and  3-3.5  mm  wide 
and  3-5  mm  long,  usually  slightly  less  than  4  mm  long.  The  peduncles 
of  the  staminate  inflorescences  are  mostly  about  1  cm  long  and  the  leaves 
are  6-8  mm  wide.  The  widest  leaf  I  have  been  able  to  find  was  9  mm  wide. 

Cent.  Maine  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


97.  LIMNOBIUM  Richard 
See  excluded  species  no.  38,  p.  1024. 


Gramineae  93 

19.  GRAMlNEAE  Juss.  Grass  Family 

[Hitchcock.  Manual  of  the  Grasses  of  the  United  States.  1040p.  1096 
fig.  1935.    Deam.  Grasses  of  Indiana.  356p.  81  pi.  1929.] 

The  sequence  of  genera,  nomenclature,  and  concept  of  species  are  those 
of  Hitchcock,  "Manual  of  the  Grasses  of  the  United  States."  In  a  few  in- 
stances, however,  where  a  named  form  of  a  species  is  distinct  in  Indiana 
and  is  not  given  in  Hitchcock's  Manual,  it  is  added  here  in  the  belief  that 
it  will  be  appreciated  by  students  who  are  making  an  intensive  study  of 
the  grasses. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  numbers  of  the  genera  are  not  consecutive; 
this  is  because  they  are  the  ones  used  in  Hitchcock's  Manual.  For  the 
benefit  of  students  who  prefer  to  follow  the  sequence  of  genera  as  they 
occur  in  Dalla  Torre  and  Harms'  General  Siphonogamarum,  those  numbers 
are  also  added,  following  the  number  used  in  Hitchcock's  Manual. 

KEY  TO  THE  TRIBES 

Plants  woody,  culms  perennial 1.  Bambuseae,  p.  94. 

Plants  herbaceous,  culms  annual. 

Spikelets  1-many-flowered,1  terete  or  laterally  compressed;  sterile  lemmas  or  in- 
completely developed  florets  above  the  fertile  ones,  except  in  Uniola  and  the 
Phalarideae,  in  each  of  which  the  spikelet  has  at  least  3  florets,  the  lower  2 
sterile  or  rudimentary,  and  in  Arrhenatherum,  which  has  2  florets,  the  upper 
perfect,  the  lower  staminate. 
Glumes  present,  rarely  one  of  them  obsolete. 

Spikelets  3-flowered  in  plan,  the  uppermost  floret  perfect,  the  lower  2  staminate 
or  represented  by  sterile  lemmas,  which  may  be  reduced  to  minute  scales. 

7.    Phalarideae,  p.  144. 

Spikelets  1-many-flowered,  no  incomplete  florets  below  the  perfect  ones,  except 

in   Uniola,  Phragmites,  and  Arrhenatherum,  none  of  which  has   spikelets 

3-flowered  in  plan. 

Inflorescence  of  spikes  or  racemes,  either  solitary,  digitate,  racemose,  or  the 

spikelets  never  long  pedicellate. 

Spikelets  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  2-6,  alternate  on  opposite  sides  of  the 

axis;  spike  solitary,  terminal 3.    Hordeae,  p.  113. 

Spikelets  in  1-sided  spikes  or  racemes,  the  spikes  or  racemes  solitary  or 

several 6.     Chlorideae,  p.  141. 

Inflorescence  a  panicle,  open  or  contracted,  sometimes  spikelike. 

Spikelets  1-flowered 5.    Agrostideae,  p.  125. 

Spikelets  2-many-flowered. 

Glumes  shorter  than  the  lowermost  floret  (see  also  Sphenopholis)  ;  lemmas 
usually   awnless,   if   awned,   the   awn   terminal  or   from   a  minutely 

bifid  apex 2.    Festuceae,  p.  95. 

Glumes  at  least  as  long  as  the  lowermost  floret  (shorter  in  Sphenopholis)  ; 
lemmas  awnless  or  with  the  awn  attached  to  the  back  or  from  a  bifid 

apex 4.    Aveneae,  p.  121. 

Glumes  obsolete. 

Flowers  perfect,  each  having  a  pistil  and  at  least  1  stamen.  .8.   Oryzeae,  p.  145. 

Flowers  imperfect,  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  different  spikelets 

9.    Zizanieae,  p.  146. 

1  Spikelets  of  Panicum  are  apparently  1-flowered  but  examination  shows  them  to  be  structurally  2- 
flowered.  The  upper  flower  is  fertile  and  the  lower  one  is  represented  usually  only  by  a  lemma  which  is 
the  outer  or  loose  one  of  the  spikelet. 


94 


Bambuseae 


Arundinaria 


V 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 
Apr. 
May 

\-i 

n^ 

June 

July 
Aug. 

Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 

J-f, 

_jZ 

Dec.j- 

r 

T — 

"     1 

P     J 
1  Jv_ 

1             K 

Miles 


TB 


Map  119 
Arundinaria  gigantea  (Walt.)  Chapm. 


0  50 

Map  120 


Bromus  stenlis  L. 


Map  121 
Bromus  tectorum  L. 


Spikelets  essentially  2-flowered  in  structural  plan,  the  lower  floret  represented  by  a 
sterile  lemma,  the  first  glume  sometimes  lacking;   various  types  of  imperfect 
flowers  common;   spikelets  never  strongly  compressed  laterally. 
Spikelets  usually  not  in  pairs;  fertile  lemmas  thicker  or  firmer  than  the  glumes 

and  sterile  lemmas 10.    Paniceae,  p.  147. 

Spikelets  in  pairs  (sometimes  in  threes),  one  member  sessile,  the  other  (or  others) 
pedicellate  (occasionally  both  sessile  or  pedicellate),  the  pedicelled  member 
often  variously  reduced  in  structure,  represented  by  only  a  pedicel  or  a 
microscopic  rudiment  in  extreme  cases;  fertile  lemmas  thin  and  papery; 
glumes  firmer. 
Spikelets  in  pairs,  one  sessile  and  perfect,  the  other  pedicellate  and  usually 
staminate  or  neuter  (the  pedicellate  one  sometimes  obsolete),  rarely  both 

pedicellate;   lemmas  hyaline 11.    Andropogoneae,  p.  177. 

Spikelets  unisexual,  the  pistillate  below,  the  staminate  above,  in  the  same  in- 
florescence or  in  separate  inflorescences 12.    Tripsaceae,  p.  181. 


1.     BAMBUSEAE    Nees.    Bamboo  Tribe 

1M14'.  ARUNDINARIA  Michx.  Cane 

[Galloway.  Bamboos :  their  culture  and  uses  in  the  United  States.  U.  S. 
Dept.  Agric.  Bull.  1329 :  1-44.  illus.  1925.] 

Panicles  on  leafy  branches;  culms  as  much  as  10  m  high 1.  A.  gigantea. 

Panicles   on    leafless    shoots   from   creeping   rhizomes.    (See    excluded    species   no.    39, 
p.  1025.) A.  tecta. 

1.  Arundinaria  gigantea  (Walt.)  Chapm.  (Arundinaria  macrospenna 
Michx.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7,  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  and 
of  Deam,  Grasses  of  Ind.)  Southern  Cane.  Map  119.  This  species  is 
restricted  to  southern  Indiana.  I  have  found  it  only  in  the  counties  border- 
ing the  Ohio  and  Wabash  Rivers.  Kriebel,  however,  found  it  along  Beaver 
Creek  near  Huron,  Lawrence  County,  and  there  is  a  place  named  "cane 
marsh"  in  Greene  County  which  indicates  that  it,  at  one  time,  did  occur 
in  that  county.   This  species  is  usually  found  in  lowlands  that  are  periodi- 


1  The  first  number  refers  to  the  numbers  used  in  Hitchcock's  Manual  of  Grasses  of  the  United  States. 
-  The  second  number  refers  to  the  numbers  used  in  Dalla  Torre  and  Harms'   Genera  Siphonogamarum. 


Bromus  Festuceae  95 

cally  inundated.  I  have  seen  it  on  rocky  wooded  slopes,  however,  and  on 
the  top  of  the  bluff  of  the  Ohio  River,  where  it  was  200  feet  above  the 
water.  In  my  opinion  fire  and  grazing  have  been  instrumental  in  limiting 
its  distribution  on  the  uplands. 

Se.  U.  S.  from  Va.  to  Mo.  and  Okla.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.    FESTUCEAE    Nees.     Fescue  Tribe 

Plants  stout,  usually  1.5-2.5  m  high;  inflorescence  large,  plumelike;  rachilla  plumose. 

26.    Phragmites,  p.  111. 

Plants  much  shorter,  rarely  as  high  as  1.5  m;  inflorescence  not  plumelike;  rachilla  not 
plumose. 
Lemmas   prominently  3-nerved,  without  a  cobwebby  base. 
Lemmas  more  or  less  villous  on  the  nerves. 

Nodes  of  stem  glabrous;  plants  mostly  75-125  cm  high,  basal  parts  smooth  to 

the  touch 31.    Triodia,  p.  113. 

Nodes  of  stem  pubescent;   plants  mostly  25-60  cm  high,  basal  parts  rough  to 

the  touch 32.    Triplasis,  p.  113. 

Lemmas  not  villous  on  the  nerves,  glabrous  or  scabrous. 
Lemmas  less  than  5  mm  long;  fruit  less  than  5  mm  long.  .12.   Eragrostis,  p.  108. 

Lemmas  about  8  mm  long;  fruit  about  5  mm  long 15.    Diarrhena,  p.  110. 

Lemmas  5-many-nerved  (the  intermediate  pair  in  some  species  of  Poa  obscure). 
Spikelets  with  2  or  3  empty  lemmas  above  the  2  or  3  fertile  florets,  or  with  1-4 
sterile  lemmas  below  the  6  or  7  fertile  florets. 

Sterile  lemmas  above  the  fertile  florets 28.    Melica,  p.  111. 

Sterile  lemmas  below  the  fertile  florets 20.    Uniola,  p.  110. 

Spikelets  without  sterile  lemmas  (terminal  florets  often  not  developed). 
Lemmas  awned. 

Lemmas  awned  or  awn-tipped  from  a  minutely  bifid  apex. 

Grain  pubescent  at  the  summit ;  callus  of  florets  not  bearded 

2.    Bromus,  p.  95. 

Grain  not  pubescent  at  the  summit;  callus  of  florets  bearded 

29.    Schizachne,  p.  112. 

Lemmas  awned  from  the  tip,  rounded  on  the  back;   grain  not  pubescent  at 

the  summit 3.    Festuca,  p.  99. 

Lemmas  awnless. 

Spikelets  strongly  flattened,  subsessile  in  1-sided  clusters  at  the  ends  of  long 

naked  branches,  these  spreading  in  anthesis,  erect  in  fruit 

21.    Dactylis,  p.  111. 

Spikelets  neither  strongly  flattened  nor  in  clusters. 

Florets  cobwebby  at  the  base 10.    Poa,  p.  104. 

Florets  not  cobwebby  at  the  base. 

Lemmas  plainly  7-nerved,  scarious  at  the  apex 6.    Glyceria,  p.  102. 

Lemmas  5-nerved,  sometimes  2  of  the  nerves  obscure. 

Lemmas  8-11  mm  long 2.    Bromus,  p.  95. 

Lemmas  mostly  less  than  8  mm  long. 

Lemmas  keeled  on  the  back 10.    Poa,  p.  104. 

Lemmas  rounded  on  the.  back 3.   Festuca,  p.  99. 

2-389.  BROMUS  L.  Bromegrass 

[Shear.  A  revision  of  the  North  American  species  of  Bromus  occurring 
north  of  Mexico.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  Agrost.  Bull.  23 :  1-66.  1920.  Wiegand. 
Notes  on  some  East- American  species  of  Bromus.  Rhodora  24:  89-92. 
1922.] 

[Note:    Measurements  of  spikelets,  glumes,  and  lemmas  do  not  include  awns.] 


96  Festuceae  Bromus 

First  glume  1-nerved   (rarely  3-nerved  in  Bromus  latiglumis,  the  leaves  of  which  have 
prominent  flanges  at  the  base). 
Awns  12-25  mm  long,  straight. 

Spikelets  glabrous  or  more  or  less  scabrous ;  awns  about  25  mm  long 

1.   B.  sterilis. 

Spikelets  pubescent;  awns  mostly  12-17  mm  long 2.  B.  tectorum. 

Awns  less  than  12  mm  long  or  sometimes  lacking. 

Branches   of   panicle   compact,   erect   or   slightly   spreading   at   maturity;    glumes 
and  lemmas  glabrous  or  more   or  less   scabrous  but  not  pubescent;    sheaths 
usually  glabrous. 
Creeping  rhizomes  present;  sheaths  glabrous  (sometimes  late  shoots  pubescent)  ; 

lemmas  awnless  or  with  awns  up  to  3  mm  long 3.  B.  inermis. 

Creeping  rhizomes  lacking;  sheaths  glabrous  or  somewhat  pilose;  lemmas  with 

awns  5-6  mm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  42,  p.  1025.) B.  erectus. 

Branches  of  panicle  loose,  drooping;  glumes  and  lemmas  more  or  less  pubescent; 

sheaths  usually  pubescent. 

Glumes  glabrous  except  the  scabrous  midnerve  or  sometimes  the  whole  surface 

more  or  less  scabrous. 

Nodes  usually  4-6;  lemmas  strongly  pubescent  near  the  margin  on  the  lower 

half  to  three-fourths,  their  backs  glabrous  or  scaberulous;   plants  of  a 

marsh  or  prairie  habitat,  flowering  in  July 4.  B.  ciliatus. 

Nodes  10-20;  lemmas  more  or  less  pubescent,  especially  on  the  back;  plants  of 
dry  woods,  ravines,  and  dry  banks  of  streams,  flowering  from  July  to 

September 5.    B.    latiglumis. 

Glumes    more    or    less    pubescent    all    over;    lemmas    more    or    less    pubescent, 
especially  on  the  back ;  plants  of  dry  woods,  ravines,  and  dry  banks ;  plants 
flowering  from  May  to  July. 
Nodes  4-6;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes  or  the  lower  ones  longer,  not 
flaring    at  the    summit. 

Sheaths  and  blades  more  or  less  villous 6.  B.  purgans. 

Sheaths   and   blades    (except  the   lower   ones)    glabrous 

6a.   B.  purgans  f .   laevivaginatus. 

Nodes  10-20;  sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes,  at  least  the  4  lower  ones 

longer;  plants  flowering  from  July  to  September 5.  B.  latiglumis. 

First  glume  3-  or  5-nerved. 

Sheaths  glabrous 7.   B.  secalinus. 

Sheaths  pubescent. 

Lemmas  awnless  or  with  awns  less  than  5  mm  long. 

Glumes  and  lemmas  glabrous  or  scabrous  on  the  nerves;  awnless  or  with  short 

awns 8.   B.   brizaeformis. 

Glumes  and  lemmas  silky-pubescent  all  over ;  awns  mostly  2-3  mm  long 

9.   B.   Kalmii. 

Lemmas  with  awns  more  than  5  mm  long. 

Glumes  and  lemmas  more  or  less  silky-pubescent 10.  B.  mollis. 

Glumes  and  lemmas  glabrous  or  somewhat  scabrous. 

Branches  of  the   panicle  rather   stiffly  spreading  or  drooping,   not  flexuous; 

awns   straight 11.   B-   commutatus. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  slender,  lax  or  flexuous 12.  B.  japonicus. 

1.  Bromus  sterilis  L.  Map  120.  Our  only  report  of  this  species  is  of 
a  colony  which  I  found  along  Tanners  Creek  about  a  half  mile  southeast 
of  Guilford,  Dearborn  County.  It  was  well  established  here  along  the 
roadside. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  E.  to  111.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Ala.,  and  in  the  west  from 
B.  C.  to  Calif,  and  Colo. 


Bromus 


Festuceae 


97 


0  50 

Map  123 


Bromus  ciliatus  L. 


0 

Map  124 


Bromus  latiglumis  (Shear!  Hitchc. 


2.  Bromus  tectorum  L.  Downy  Chess.  Map  121.  This  species  is 
now  found  throughout  the  state  and  has  become  a  pernicious  weed  in  all  the 
northern  counties  where  a  sandy  soil  is  found.  It  is  found  along  roadsides 
and  in  waste  places,  hayfields,  pastures,  and  fallow  fields. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  throughout  the  U.  S.  as  far  south  as  Va.  and  Miss.  Common 
on  the  Pacific  coast. 

3.  Bromus  inermis  Leyss.  Smooth  Brome.  Map  122.  I  do  not  know 
that  this  species  has  been  intentionally  sown  to  any  extent  in  Indiana  but 
it  is  now  found  frequently  along  railroads  and  roadsides  in  sandy  soil  in  the 
northern  half  of  the  state.  I  found  one  farmer  in  Lagrange  County  who 
had  sown  it  with  success  in  a  field  of  blow-sand  soil. 

Native  from  central  Europe  to  China;  used  in  the  western  states  as  a 
hay  and  pasture  grass  and  now  found  as  an  escape  in  the  northern  half 
of  the  United  States. 

4.  Bromus  ciliatus  L.  Fringed  Brome.  Map  123.  Infrequent  in  marshes 
and  springy  areas  of  the  lake  region.  I  found  a  specimen  in  Steuben 
County  with  all  the  sheaths  glabrous  except  the  lowest  one.  This  is  Bromus 
ciliatus  f.  denudatus  VViegand  (Rhodora  24:  91.  1922)  which  Fernald 
now  regards  as  the  typical  form  of  the  species.    (Rhodora  32:  70.    1930.) 

Newf.  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Tenn.,  Iowa,  w.  Tex.,  and  s.  Calif. 

5.  Bromus  latiglumis  (Shear)  Hitchc.  (Bromus  altissimus  Pursh, 
Bromus  purgans  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  and  including 
Bromus  incanus  (Shear)  Hitchc.)  Map  124.  Infrequent  throughout  the 
state.  This  species  seems  to  prefer  dense  shade  and  is  found  most  often  on 
wooded  slopes  along  streams  and  in  ravines,  in  fact,  it  is  rarely  found  far 
distant  from  a  stream.  This  species  was  separated  from  the  form  with 
densely  pubescent  sheaths  by  most  authors  but  Hitchcock  has  united  the 
two  forms  under  this  name. 

Maine  to  e.  Mont.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Tenn.,  Tex.,  and  N.  Mex. 


98 


Festuceae 


Bromus 


0  30 

Map  125 


Bromus  purgans  L. 


0  50 

Map  126 


Bromus  secalinus  L. 


1 

l 

•**        D 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

H    A.      ""       

r 

\ 

J 

-L. 

r1 

-4 

r 

-^L: 

Dec.f- 

i  i — i 

i/    Miles 

1 

Brc 

mus 

mollis  L. 

0                 50 

Map  128 

o        ~1o 
Map  129 


Bromus  commutatus  Schrad. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


1     HO 

D 

"t~ 

S 

B 

fHn 

i 
p 

|=   0 

V— 

/ 

B 

B 

_ 

i 

r- 

1          f    " 

i 

no 

n        D 
He  , 

K 

/  "X 

1      ft  1 

~/X** a  1  /— 

1H\^ 

Miles 


0  55 

Map  130 


Bromus  japonicus  Thunb. 


6.  Bromus  purgans  L.  Canada  Brome.  Map  125.  Infrequent  to  fre- 
quent throughout  the  state  in  dry  places,  rarely  in  wet  places,  in  black  and 
white  oak  woods  and  less  frequent  in  beech  and  sugar  maple  woods. 

Mass.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ariz. 

6a.     Bromus  purgans  f.  laevivaginatus  Wieg.    (Rhodora  24:  92.  1922.) 

This  is  a  form  of  the  species  that  has  all  the  sheaths  glabrous  except 
sometimes  the  lowest  one. 

7.  Bromus  secalinus  L.  Chess.  Map  126.  Frequent  to  common  in  all 
parts  of  the  state.  It  is  found  almost  everywhere  in  cleared  grounds  except 
in  pastures.  It  is  most  abundant  in  wheatfields  and  waste  grounds.  In 
Indiana  it  is  called  cheat. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  now  found  throughout  the  U.  S. 

8.  Bromus  brizaeformis  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Rattlesnake  Chess.  My  only 
specimen  is  from  a  waste  place  near  the  water  works,  Michigan  City,  in 
La  Porte  County.    Sometimes  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  grass. 


Festuca  Festuceae  99 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  rare  in  e.  U.  S.  from  Mass.  to  Del.  and  occasional  in  the 
Pacific  Coast  States. 

9.  Bromus  Kalmii  Gray.  Kalm  Chess.  Map  127.  Infrequent  on  low, 
open  dunes  and  in  marshy  and  springy  places  in  the  lake  region. 

Maine  to  Minn,  and  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Md.  and  Iowa. 

10.  Bromus  mollis  L.  {Bromus  hordeaceus  of  recent  authors.)  Soft 
Chess.  Map  128.  In  1913  I  found  this  species  to  be  frequent  along  the 
roadside  near  the  water  works  in  Michigan  City,  La  Porte  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu.;  in  e.  U.  S.  from  N.  S.  to  N.  C,  and  abundant  on  the 
Pacific  coast. 

11.  Bromus  commutatus.  Schrad.  Hairy  Chess.  Map  129.  This 
species  is  now  frequent  to  common  throughout  the  state  and  is  our  most 
common  chess.  It  is  found  almost  everywhere  in  cultivated  and  waste 
grounds  and  along  roadsides  and  railroads. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  now  well  established  in  most  parts  of  the  U.  S.  and  abun- 
dant in  the  Pacific  Coast  States. 

12.  Bromus  japonicus  Thunb.  (Bromus  patulus  Mertens  &  Koch  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Japanese  Chess.  Map  130.  This 
species  is  now  found  throughout  the  state  in  habitats  similar  to  those  of 
Bromus  commutatus. 

Native  of  the  Old  World;  now  found  throughout  the  United  States 
except  the  Gulf  States. 

3-385.  FESTUCA  L.  Fescue  Grass 

[Piper.  North  American  species  of  Festuca.  Contr.  U.  S.  Nation. 
Herb.  10:  1-42.  1906.] 

Leaves  involute,  setaceous  or  capillary,  less  than  1.5  mm  wide;  internodes  of  rachilla 

more  or  less  scabrous. 

Annual;  some  of  the  sheaths  partly  or  entirely  retrorsely  pubescent,  rarely  all  of 

them  glabrous;   spikelets  mostly  5-13-flowered;   lemmas  more  or  less   scabrous 

all  over;  stamens  1,  generally  included  at  anthesis. 

Lower  glumes  3.5-4.5  mm  long;  awns  of  lemmas  3.5-7  mm  long..  .  .1.  F.  octo flora. 

Lower  glumes  2.3-4  mm  long;  awns  of  lemmas  1-3  mm  long 

la.   F.  octo  flora  var.  tenella. 

Perennial;   sheaths  glabrous;   spikelets  3-8-fiowered ;   lemmas  scabrous  only  toward 
the  apex;  stamens  3,  generally  protruding  at  anthesis. 
Culms  in  loose  tufts,  decumbent  at  the  usually  red,  fibrillose  base;  awn  of  lemma 

shorter  than  the  body;  blades  smooth 2.  F.  rubra. 

Culms  erect. 

Lemmas  3-3.8  mm  long,  awnless;  spikelets  5-8  mm  long;  leaves  capillary 

3.    F.    capillata. 

Lemmas  4-5  mm  long,  short-awned;  spikelets  7-10  mm  long;  leaves  narrow  but 

not   capillary 4.   F.   ovina. 

Leaves  flat,  more  than  1.5  mm  wide;  internodes  of  rachilla  glabrous. 
Lemmas   5-7  mm  long;   spikelets   9-25   mm  long;    panicles   nearly  erect  or  slightly 

curved,  branches  short 5.   F.   elatior. 

Lemmas  4-4.5  mm  long;   spikelets  mostly  5-7  mm  long;   panicles  usually  open   and 
nodding  at  maturity  if  of  normal  size,  branches  long. 


100 


Festuceae 


Festuca 


o  5o 

Map  131 


Festuca  octoflora  Walt. 


0  50 

Map  132 
Festuca  octoflora 
var.  tenella  ( Wi lid.)  Fern. 


Lemmas  mostly  subacute;  mature  panicles  strongly  curved;  spikelets  somewhat 
scattered  at  the  ends  of  the  panicle-branches 6.  F.  obtusa. 

Lemmas  more  acute;   mature   panicles   drooping;    spikelets  more   clustered   at  the 

ends  of  the  panicle-branches ;  florets  more  uniformly  3  or  4  to  a  spikelet 

7.    F.    paradoxa. 

1.  Festuca  octoflora  Walt.  Map  131.  This  species,  as  now  known,  is 
restricted  to  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  It,  and  also  the  variety,  are 
more  or  less  local  because  their  habitat  is  local.  On  the  whole,  it  is  more 
or  less  frequent  and  is  found  in  bare,  sandy,  sometimes  very  sandy  soil. 

N.  J.  to  Okla.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

la.  Festuca  octoflora  var.  tenella  (Willd.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  34:  209-211. 
1932.)  Map  132.  The  variety  is  doubtless  found  in  every  county  of  the 
state  where  its  peculiar  habitat  is  found.  The  slightly  acid  property  of 
the  sandy  soil  in  which  it  is  found  doubtless  restricts  its  appearance  in 
the  Tipton  Till  Plain. 

Maine,  Que.,  B.  C,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ark.,  Tex.,  and  Calif. 

2.  Festuca  rubra  L.  Map  133.  This  grass  was  found  by  Madge 
McKee  in  a  vacant  lot  in  Goodland,  Newton  County.  It  was  well  estab- 
lished here.  It  was  found  in  1935  by  R.  C.  Friesner  at  3711  N.  Gladstone 
Ave.  in  Indianapolis,  where  it  had  taken  possession  of  the  lawn.  It  is 
probably  established  in  many  other  places  throughout  the  state  where  it 
has  been  introduced  in  lawns  in  grass  seed,  but  it  has  not  been  detected 
because  of  its  close  resemblance  to  Festuca  ovina  and  Poa  pratensis.  In 
1937  I  found  it  along  a  roadside  near  a  house  in  Noble  County. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  in  the  mts.  in  the  west  to  Ariz.,  in  the  Allegheny 
Mts.  to  Ga.,  and  along  the  Coastal  Plain;  probably  mostly  introduced  in 
the  Eastern  States. 

3.  Festuca  capillata  Lam.  (Rhodora  18:  235.  1916.)  (Festuca  ovina 
var.  capillata  (Lam.)  Hack.)  Hair  Fescue.  Map  134.  I  have  a  letter  from 


Festuca 


Festuceae 


101 


— 

Jan 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

1 
f 

V 

[V 

~ 

0 

X 

r 

-Hk 

-L"T 

r1 

Dec.j- 

i 

\~       1 

1/    Miles 

Fest 

jca  < 

3 

ullata  L 

0                 50 

Map  134 

am. 

0  50 

Map  135 


Festuca  ovina  L 


"  0  — 3o 

Map  136 


Festuca  elatior  L. 


A.   A.   Hansen  who   says  this   species   is   established   in   the   vicinity   of 
Lafayette,  Tippecanoe  County. 

Newf.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  111.,  and  in  Oreg. 

4.  Festuca  ovina  L.  (Fernald.  The  allies  of  Festuca  ovina  in  eastern 
America.  Rhodora  37:  250-252.  1935.)  Sheep  Fescue.  Map  135.  This 
species  prefers  sandy  soil  and  has  been  found  in  several  places  in  open 
woodland  and  waste  places. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Maine,  Mich,  to  N.  Dak.  and  southw.  to  S.  C.  and  111.  and 
N.  Mex. ;  also  on  the  west  coast  from  Alaska  to  Wash. 

5.  Festuca  elatior  L.  Meadow  Fescue.  English  Bluegrass.  Map 
136.  Infrequent  to  frequent  throughout  the  state.  It  is  most  frequent  along 
roadsides  and  in  waste  places  and  has  sparingly  escaped  to  open  woodland. 
Introduced  as  a  forage  plant.  The  Indiana  farmers  whom  I  have  interro- 
gated call  it  English  bluegrass. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia ;  throughout  the  cooler  parts  of  N.  A. 

6.  Festuca  obtusa  Spreng.  (Festuca  nutans  Spreng.)  Nodding  Fescue. 
Map  137.  Infrequent  to  frequent  throughout  the  state  in  woodland  of 
many  kinds. 

N.  S.,  Que.  to  Man,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  e.  Tex. 

7.  Festuca  paradoxa  Desv.  (Opusc.  105.  1831.)  (See  Amer.  Jour.  Bot. 
24:33.  1937.)  (Festuca  Shortii  Kunth.)  Short's  Fescue.  Map  138.  This 
species  is  easily  recognized  in  the  field  but  herbarium  material  is  difficult 
to  determine.  I  have  seen  it  growing  in  Posey  County.  I  have  herbarium 
material  from  Decatur  County  which  I  believe  belongs  here.  In  Posey 
County  it  grows  in  hard,  white  clay  soil  in  low,  open  woodland  with  pin 
oak. 

Pa.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  S.  C.  and  e.  Tex. 


102 


Festuceae 


Glyceria 


0         ~3o 
Map  137 


Festuca  obtusa  Spreng 


0  50 

Map  138 


Festuca  paradoxa  Desv. 


dp/  0  50 

Map  139 


Glyceria  striata  (Lam.)  Hitchc. 


6-383.  GLYCERIA  R.  Br.  Mannagrass 

Spikelets  2-8  mm  long. 

Second  glume  about  1  mm  long 1.  G.  striata. 

Second  glume  about  2  mm  long. 
Lemmas  1.4-2.5  mm  long. 

Leaves  2-4  mm  wide;  panicles  contracted   (less  than  5  cm  wide)  ;  spikelets  3-  or 

4-flowered.    (See  excluded  species  no.  44,  p.  1025.) G.  melicaria. 

Leaves  mostly  5-15  mm  wide;  panicles  open   (more  than  5  cm  wide);  spikelets 

4-7  flowered 2.   G.  grandis. 

Lemmas  3-3.5  mm  long. 

Second   glume    1-nerved;    florets    smooth   and   glossy;    lemmas    abruptly   acute; 

anthers  about  0.5  mm  long 3.  G.  cayiadensis. 

Second  glume  3-  or  5-nerved;   florets  not  smooth  and  glossy;   lemmas  obtuse; 

anthers  1-1.5  mm  long 4.  G.  pallida. 

Spikelets  10-40  mm  long. 

Lemmas  obtuse,  about  equaling  the  palea. 

Spikelets  10-15  mm  long;  lemmas  hispid  only  on  the  nerves;  anthers  about  1  mm 

long ;   grain  1.5  mm  long 5.   G.   borealis. 

Spikelets  15-30  mm  long;  lemmas  hispid  on  the  nerves  and  on  the  spaces  between 

them;  anthers  1-1.5  mm  long;  grain  2-2.5  mm  long 6.  G.  septentrionalis. 

Lemmas  acute;  palea  about  1.5  mm  longer  than  the  lemma 7.  G.  acutiflora. 

1.  Glyceria  striata  (Lam.)  Hitchc.  (Proe.  Biol.  Soc.  of  Washington  41 : 
157.  1928.)  (Glyceria  nervata  ( Willd.)  Trin.  and  Panicularia  nervata 
(Willd.)  Ktze.)  Fowl  Mannagrass.  Map  139.  Frequent  throughout  the 
state  in  wet  soil  in  ditches,  marshes,  and  wet  woods,  along  streams, 
and  about  ponds  and  swampy  places. 

Newf.  to  B.  C.,  southw  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  n.  Calif. 

2.  Glyceria  grandis  Wats.  (Panicularia  grandis  (Wats.)  Nash.) 
American  Mannagrass.  Map  140.  This  species  grows  in  very  wet  places 
or  in  shallow  water  in  ponds  or  in  ditches.  I  have  found  only  a  few  plants 
in  three  counties. 

P.  E.  I.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Ohio,  Tenn.,  Iowa,  Nebr.,  N.  Mex.,  and 
e.  Oreg. 


Glyceria 


Festuceae 


103 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

\ 

/"      0 

D 
D 

r 

\ 

J 

\ 

-X 

r 

-^ 

Dec.  C 

Miles 


0  ^30 

Map  140 


Glyceria  grandis  Wats. 


0  50 

Map  141 

Glyceria  canadensis  (Michx.)  Trin. 


3 
2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

D 
1    H 

f 

1      10          D 

D 

i        J. 

-  D     He 
P 

f^ 

~\ 

f^ 

X 

"Li 

J 

J" 

r 

Dec  j- 

1 

1  — 

/    Miles 

Glj 

ceria  pa 

lit 

P\     7 
a  (Torr 

J                50 
Map  142 

)  Trin. 

0  50 

Map  143 


Glyceria  borealis  (Nashl  Batchelder 


Map  144 
Glyceria  septentnonalis  Hitchc. 


0  50 

Map  145 


Glyceria  acutiflora  Torr. 


3.  Glyceria  canadensis  (Michx.)  Trin.  (Panicularia  canadensis 
(Michx.)  Ktze.)  Canada  Mannagrass.  Map  141.  Infrequent  in  the  lake 
area  where  it  is  found  in  wet  habitats  in  marshes,  ditches,  and  springy 
places  and  about  ponds. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Md.  and  111. 

4.  Glyceria  pallida  (Torr.)  Trin.  (Panicularia  pallida  (Torr.)  Ktze.) 
Pale  Mannagrass.  Map  142.  This  grass  has  been  found  infrequently  in 
a  few  of  our  northern  counties.  It  grows  in  a  very  wet  habitat,  usually 
in  shallow  water  or  in  ponds  that  dry  up  in  midsummer. 

Maine  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Mo. 

5.  Glyceria  borealis  (Nash)  Batchelder.  (Panicularia  borealis  Nash.) 
Northern  Mannagrass.  Map  143.  This  plant  is  doubtless  very  rare  in 
Indiana.   The  habitat  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  preceding  species. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Conn.,  Ind.,  Iowa,  S.  Dak.,  and  in  the  mts. 
to  N.  Mex.  and  Calif. 


104  Festuceae  Poa 

6.  Glyceria  septentrionalis  Hitchc.  {Panicularia  septentrioyudis 
(Hitchc.)  Bickn.  and  Glyceria  plicata  of  Deam,  Grasses  of  Ind.)  Eastern 
Mannagrass.  Map  144.  Infrequent  to  somewhat  frequent  in  the  lake  area 
and  local  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  It  has  the  habitat  of  the 
preceding  species,  growing  only  in  very  wet  places  or  in  shallow  water. 

Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  S.  C.  and  e.  Tex. 

7.  Glyceria  acutifldra  Torr.  (Panicularia  acutiflora  (Torr.)  Kuntze.) 
Map  145.  In  1919  I  found  this  grass  in  an  artificial  pond  in  Harrison 
County.  The  pond  was  revisited  in  1935  and  this  species  was  still  a  common 
plant  in  it.  R.  M.  Kriebel  found  it  in  1934  in  a  sinkhole  on  the  farm  of 
Julius  Blackwell,  about  two  and  a  half  miles  northeast  of  Springville, 
Lawrence  County.  On  July  29,  1935,  he  found  about  a  half  acre  in  a  but- 
tonbush  swamp  of  about  three  acres  on  the  Cobb  farm  about  two  miles 
northeast  of  Avoca,  Lawrence  County.  Here  it  was  associated  with 
Cephahinthiis  occiolentalis,  Populus  heterophylla ,  Rosa  palustris,  Glyceria 
septentrionalis,  and  Ranunculus  flabellaris. 

N.  H.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Del.  and  Tenn. 

10-378.  POA  L.  Bluegrass 

Annual,  usually  less  than  40  cm  high. 

Lemmas  not  cottony  at  the  base,  plainly  5-nerved;   mature  anthers  0.7-1  mm  long. 

1.  P.  annua. 

Lemmas  cottony  at  the  base,  3-nerved  or  with  two  additional  obscure  ones;  mature 

anthers  about  0.2  mm   long 2.   P.   Chapmaniana. 

Perennial,  usually  more  than  40  cm  high. 

Lemmas  not  cottony  at  the  base 3.  P.  autumnalis. 

Lemmas  cottony  at  the  base. 

Plants  bluish  green;  culms  from  creeping  rootstocks,  not  tufted,  distinctly 
flattened;  panicles  contracted  after  anthesis  and  usually  less  than  1  cm  wide 
(shade    forms    sometimes    slender    and    spreading    and    as    wide    as    2    cm), 

branches  of  panicle  erect;  first  glume  3-nerved 4.  P.  compressa. 

Plants  green  (not  bluish)  ;  culms  terete  or  only  slightly  compressed;  panicles 
more  or  less  expanded  after  anthesis,  at  least  2  cm  wide,  branches  ascending 
or  spreading;  first  glume  1-nerved  except  in  P.  Wolfii. 

Lemmas  glabrous 5.   P.   langitida. 

Lemmas  pubescent  or  scabrous,  at  least  on  the  keel. 
Marginal  nerves  of  lemmas  glabrous. 

Sheaths  smooth;  intermediate  nerves  of  the  flowering  glume  obscure; 
spikelets  4-6  mm  long;  anthers  0.4-0.7  mm  long,  pink;  ligule  1  mm 
long  or  less;  inflorescence  silvery  green,  without  spikelets  close  to  the 

rachis 6.  P.  ahode>:. 

Sheaths  scabrous;  intermediate  nerves  prominent;  spikelets  3.2-3.0  mm 
long;  anthers  1.6  mm  long,  pale;  ligule  5-6  mm  long;  inflorescence 
yellowish  green  or  purplish,  with  normal  rays  and,  in  addition,  many 

spikelets  on  short  branches  closer  to  the  rachis 7.  P.  trivially. 

Marginal  nerves  of  lemmas  pubescent. 
Intermediate  nerves  of  lemmas  obscure. 

Plants  slender,  lax;  ligules  less  than  2  mm  long;  anthers  often  purple, 
0.5-0.8  (1)  mm  long;  branches  of  panicles  in  2's  (rarely  in  3's). 
8.    P.    paludigena. 

Plants  robust;  ligules  more  than  2  mm  long;  anthers  0.8-1.4  mm  long; 
branches  of  panicles  in  .'!'s  or  more 9.  P.  palustris. 


Poa 


Festuceae 


105 


12 
11 

1 

1 

Jan 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

Dec  <- 

D 
f 

i  y 
ia  1 

f 

I      0 

D 

v'                     N 

J 

D 

(      ^ 

D 

1 

I 

f 

D 
DP 

r1 

IB 

D 

T  „ 

B 

i      D 

0 

iL 

□ 

r 

■  u 

We 

D 

K         — 

\  fJ    Miles 

D     J 

B 

D             \ 

B      V 

Poa 

annua 

V  0                 50 

Map  146 

L. 

ii 

Jan 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

~v_ 

f^ 

0 

f 

'1 

1 

Sol' 

i 

J 
D 

J" 

r, 

Dec  f- 

ID1 

We 

0 

1 

IU 
N 

u. 

iC 

D     H 

1  a\_r 

8s             J 

Miles 

1  K 

£7 

vj^^/^V              Map  147 
Poa  Chapmaniana  Scribn. 

f 

D 

Feb. 

Mar 
Apr. 
May 

y^ 

f^ 

June 

y 

July 

"in 

Aug. 

fi 

Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 

r 

n1 

Dec  C 

B 
D 
IU 

D 

K       1 

D        1 

I             1     D    /       J 
D                // 

D  b  iy — r— K 

__>"YBe             J 

|  D 

Miles 


0  30 

Map  148 


Poa  autumnalis  Muhl. 


Intermediate  nerves  of  lemmas  prominent. 
Lemmas  2.5-3  mm  long. 

Midnerve  of  lemmas  pubescent  only  on  the  basal  half;  lemmas  acute  or 
subacute ;   plants  with  creeping  rootstocks ;   anthers  purple,  mostly 

1.4-1.5  mm  long; 10.  P.  pratensis. 

Midner/e    of    lemmas    pubescent    the    entire    length;    lemmas    obtuse; 
plants    without    creeping    rootstocks;    anthers    purple,    1.6-1.8    mm 

long 11.   P.  sylvestris. 

Lemmas  4-4.5  mm  long. 

Anthers  1-1.5  mm  long;  lemmas  acute 12.  P.  Wolfii. 

Anthers  2-2.5  mm  long;  lemmas  obtuse 13.  P.  cuspidata. 

1.  Poa  annua  L.  Annual  Bluegrass.  Map  146.  This  grass  is  found 
throughout  the  state  in  almost  all  sorts  of  habitats  except  in  very  wet 
places.  It  is  most  often  found  in  lawns,  gardens,  orchards,  and  waste 
places  about  dwellings.  It  is,  however,  found  in  logging  roads  in  dense 
woodland,  in  pastures,  and  along  roadsides. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf .  and  Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. ;  also 
in  tropical  America  at  high  altitudes. 

2.  Poa  Chapmaniana  Scribn.  Chapman  Bluegrass.  Map  147.  This 
species  is  restricted  mostly  to  southern  Indiana  where  it  is  usually  found 
in  hard,  white,  slightly  acid,  clay  soil  in  fallow  fields  where  it  is  often  abun- 
dant and  usually  associated  with  Alopecurus  carolinianus,  Myosotis  vir- 
ginica,  and  Arabis  virginica.  Since  all  of  my  specimens  are  from  fallow 
and  cultivated  fields,  it  seems  that  one  would  be  justified  in  assuming  that 
it  is  being  introduced  from  the  area  to  the  south  of  us.  In  1937  it  was  an 
abundant  weed  in  an  Iris  farm  near  Bluffton,  Wells  County. 

Del.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

3.  Poa  autumnalis  Muhl.  Map  148.  This  species,  as  I  know  it,  is  a  deep 
woodland  grass  found  in  slightly  acid  soil  in  low  beech  and  sweet  gum,  pin 
oak,  and  red  maple  woods.  All  of  our  specimens  are  from  southern  Indiana, 
although  it  is  reported  to  occur  in  Michigan. 

N.  J.  to  Mich,  and  111.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


106 


Festuceae 


Poa 


5  50 

Map  149 


Poa  compressa  L. 


0  50 

Map  150 


Poa  languida  Hitchc. 


0 50 
Map  151 


Poa  alsodes  Gray 


4.  Poa  compressa  L.  Canada  Bluegrass.  Map  149.  Found  throughout 
the  state  almost  everywhere  except  in  very  wet  places  and  in  dense  wood- 
land. It  often  forms  a  good  part  of  permanent  pastures  but  is  inferior  to 
Kentucky  bluegrass.  It  is  sometimes  confused  with  the  last  named  species 
from  which  it  is  easily  separated  by  its  flat  stem.  Roll  the  stem  between 
the  fingers  to  ascertain  if  flat  or  round. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  Okla.,  N.  Mex., 
and  Calif. 

5.  Poa  languida  Hitchc.  (Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  of  Washington  41 :  158.  1928.) 
(Poa  debilis  Torr.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7,  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus. 
Flora,  ed.  2,  and  of  Deam,  Grasses  of  Ind.)  Map  150.  This  is  an  infrequent 
grass  in  our  northern  counties.  It  is  strictly  a  dense  woodland  species,  and 
is  usually  found  on  black  and  white  oak  ridges,  sometimes  in  moist 
locations. 

Newf.,  Que.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Ky.,  and  Iowa. 

6.  Poa  alsodes  Gray.  Map  151.  This  is  a  rare  woodland  species  found 
in  a  few  of  our  northern  counties  and  in  one  southern  county.  It  is  usually 
found  in  dry  soil  in  beech  and  sugar  maple  woods  although  I  have  one 
specimen  that  was  found  in  a  low  woods  associated  with  white  elm  and 
soft  maple. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Del.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 

7.  Poa  triviAlis  L.  Rough  Bluegrass.  Map  152.  Although  I  have 
found  this  species  only  once  in  the  state,  it  has  been  reported  from  five 
counties.  In  1936  it  was  found  in  Grant  County  by  J.  E.  Potzger.  It  is 
often  used  in  mixtures  of  lawn  grass  seed,  and  I  was  told  by  the  superin- 
tendent of  parks  at  La  Porte  that  it  was  the  grass  he  had  found  to  thrive 
in  shade.   It  is  remarkable  that  it  has  not  been  found  more  often. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf.,  Ont.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  W.  Va.,  and 
on  the  Pacific  coast  from  s.  Alaska  to  n.  Calif. 


Poa 


Festuceae 


107 


0  50 

Map  152 


Poa  trivialis  L. 


0  50 

Map  153 


Poa  paludigena  Fern  &  Wiec 


0  50 

Map  154 


Poa  palustris  L. 


8.  Poa  paludigena  Fern.  &  Wieg.  (Rhodora  20:  126.  1918.)  (Poa 
leptocoma  Trin.  of  Deam,  Grasses  of  Ind.)  Map  153.  Only  a  few  specimens 
of  this  rare  grass  have  been  found,  and  in  widely  separated  counties.  In 
Lagrange  County  it  grew  in  tussocks  of  sphagnum  about  tamarack  and  in 
Dubois  County  it  grew  in  a  swamp  in  sphagnum  about  Alnus  rugosa. 

N.  Y.,  Mich.,  and  Wis.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Ind.  and  111. 

9.  Poa  palustris  L.  (Poa  triflora  Gilib.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton 
and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Fowl  Bluegrass.  Map  154.  An  infrequent 
grass  in  the  lake  area  in  marshes  and  in  wet  prairies. 

Newf.  and  Que.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ind.,  Mo.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Calif. ;  Eurasia. 

10.  Poa  pratensis  L.  Kentucky  Bluegrass.  Map  155.  Frequent  to 
common  in  all  of  the  limestone  areas  of  the  state  and  rare  or  absent  from 
the  areas  of  acid  soil.  It  is  our  principal  pasture  grass  and  is  found  almost 
everywhere,  often  as  a  weed  in  gardens.  This  species  is  here  regarded  as  a 
native  and  by  others  as  introduced  into  Indiana.  See  the  discussion  in 
Deam's  Grasses  of  Indiana. 

Native  in  northern  N.  A.  and  introduced  from  Eu. ;  throughout  the 
U.  S.  except  in  the  arid  regions. 

11.  Poa  sylvestris  Gray.  Map  156.  This  is  strictly  a  woodland  species 
and  is  infrequent  to  frequent  throughout  the  state.  It  is  found  in  moist 
soil  and  prefers  beech  and  sugar  maple  woods,  but  it  is  found  also  in  other 
types  of  woodland. 

N.  Y.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

12.  Poa  Wolfii  Scribn.  Wolf's  Poa.  Map  157.  I  found  this  species  in 
Jay  County  and  Miss  Madge  McKee  found  it  in  a  mesophytic  forest  along 
the  Iroquois  River  in  Newton  County.  In  1937  it  was  found  by  J.  E. 
Potzger  in  Grant  County. 

Ohio  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 


108 


Festuceae 


Eragrostis 


0  50 

Map  155 


Poa  pratensis  L. 


/  0  50 

Map  156 


Poa  syl vestris  Gray 


5  ~30 

Map  157 


Poa  Wolfii  Scnba 


0         —1ft 
Map  159 


Eragrostis  spectabilis  (Pursh)  Stead. 


0  56 

Map  160 


Eragrostis  cilianensis  (All.)  Link. 


13.  Poa  cuspidata  Nutt.  (Poa  brachyphyUa  Schultes.)  Known  from 
Indiana  only  by  a  specimen  collected  in  1837  near  New  Albany  by  Dr.  A. 
Clapp,  which  is  now  in  the  herbarium  of  Wabash  College.  I  found  it  in 
southern  Ohio  the  last  of  March  in  a  habitat  that  convinces  me  that  it  can 
still  be  found  in  Indiana  if  search  is  made  in  early  spring  in  the  knobs  on 
the  ridges  of  Virginia  pine  and  chestnut  oak. 

Pa.,  Ohio,  Ind.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  e.  Tenn. 


12-341.  ERAGROSTIS  Host   Lovegrass 

Culms  creeping  and  rooting  at  the  nodes 1.  E.  hypnoides. 

Culms  not  creeping  and  rooting  at  the  nodes. 
Perennials. 

Sheaths  villous  along  the  margins,  rarely  smooth;  panicles  mostly  purplish, 
broadly  spreading,  more  than  half  as  wide  as  long;  glumes  about  1  mm  long; 

lemmas  1.8-2.5  mm  long,  obtuse 2.  E.  spectabilis. 

Sheaths  glabrous  along  the  margins;  panicles  mostly  yellow,  narrow  and  elongate, 
not  half  as  wide  as  long;  glumes  mostly  2-3  mm  long;  lemmas  mostly  2.5-3 
mm  long,  acute.     (See  excluded  species,  no.  50,  p.   1026.) E.  trichodes. 


Eragrostis 


Festuceae 


109 


3 
3 

Jan 

1 

/ 

t— 



Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

^y 

r 

\ 

f  r1- 

\ 

^ — 

' 

i 

i      I 

-  X 

~r 

j- 

c, ! 

Dec  f- 

\ 

BID          B 
D          10        0 
re       UC 

1      ' — 

I      « 

'~\           f  nj 
£/    Miles 

U 

\       D 

* 

D 

Er 

rost 

D        ) 

s  ca 

pillaris  (L 

0                 50 

Map  161 
)  Nees 

3 
14 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

C 

f 

D 

h 

DP 
UK      j 
D    \  D 

N    1 

J          Id    h 

r 

f 

B 

D 

D 

\ 

V 

DF 

- 

B 

r  k  i 

B 

",! 

Dec.  (- — 

7 

D 
10 

B              l^l 

D      1U 

D               D    H 

D  /     r 

iul 

i        D 

JJ    Miles 

E 

0 

ra 

jrostis  F 

XJ  o            '515 
■J            Map  162 

rankii  CA.  Meyer 

0  50 

Map  163 


Eragrostis  pectinacea  (Michx.)  Nees 


Annuals. 

Keels  of  glumes  and  lemmas  more  or  less  glandular. 

Spikelets  2.5-4  mm  wide;  anthers  0.5  mm  long 3.  E.  cilianensix. 

Spikelets  about  2  mm  wide;  anthers  0.2  mm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  49, 

p.  1026.) E.  poaeoides. 

Keels  of  glumes  and  lemmas  not  glandular. 
Sheaths   generally   longer   than   the   internodes;    spikelets    of    lateral    branchlets 
spreading;   spikelets  of  terminal  panicles  2-5-flowered. 
Culms  branching  only  at  the  base;   pedicels  of  lateral   spikelets  mostly  5-10 

mm  long  or  longer;  grain  with  a  longitudinal  groove 4.  E.  capillaris. 

Culms    branching    at   the    base    and    at    each    node    or   nearly    so;    pedicels    of 
lateral    spikelets    mostly    1-3    mm    long;    grain    without    a    longitudinal 

groove 5.   E.  Frankii. 

Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  spikelets  of  lateral  branchlets  appressed 
or  only  slightly  spreading;  spikelets  of  terminal  panicles  usually  5-16- 
flowered    (shade   forms   often   2-5-flowered). 

Lateral  nerves  of  the  lemmas  plainly  visible,  at  least  at  the  base 

6.   E.  pectinacea. 

Lateral  nerves  of  the  lemmas  not  plainly  visible. 

Lemmas  obtuse,  their  sides  glabrous.    (See  excluded  species  no.  48,  p.  1026.) 

E.  pilosa. 

Lemmas  subacute,  their  sides  more  or  less  scabrous.     (See  excluded  species 
no.  47,  p.  1026.) E.  mexicana. 

1.  Eragrostis  hypnoides  (Lam.)  BSP.  Creeping  Eragrostis.  Map  158. 
Infrequent  throughout  the  state  but  more  frequent  in  the  southwestern 
part  where  its  habitat  is  more  frequent.  It  is  found  on  sandy  or  gravelly 
bars  in  ditches,  creeks,  and  rivers  and  on  the  sandy  shores  of  lakes.  It  is 
also  found  in  muddy  habitats  along  streams  and  in  dried-up  ponds  and 
sloughs.   In  the  latter  habitats  it  often  forms  large  mats. 

Que.  to  Wash.,  southw.  through  Mex.  and  W.  I.  to  Argentina;  not  found 
in  the  Rocky  Mts. 

2.  Eragrostis  spectabilis  (Pursh)  Steud.  {Eragrostis  pectinacea  of 
Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7,  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  and  Eragrostis 
spectabilis  var.  sparsihirsuta  Farw.)  Purple  Lovegrass.  Map  159.  This 
species  is  frequent  to  rare  in  sandy  to  very  sandy  soils  throughout  the 


110  Festuceae  Diarrhena 

state  and  in  hard,  white  clay  soil  in  certain  areas  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  state.   It  may  be  absent  from  a  few  counties  of  the  Tipton  Till  Plain. 
Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ariz.,  and  n.  Mex. 

3.  Eragrostis  cilianensis  (All.)  Link.  (Eragrostis  megastachya 
(Koeler)  Link  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Eragrostis  major  Host  of  Britton 
and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Stinkgrass.  Map  160.  Infrequent  to 
frequent  throughout  the  state.  It  prefers  sandy  soil  and  is  frequently  a 
common  grass  in  such  soil  about  dwellings  and  in  gardens  and  other  culti- 
vated grounds.  It  is  generally  found  in  cultivated  grounds,  in  waste  places, 
and  along  roadsides. 

Nat.  of  Eu.;  Maine  to  Wash.,  southw.  throughout  the  U.  S. ;  through 
Mex.  and  W.  I.  to  Argentina. 

4.  Eragrostis  capillaris  (L.)  Nees.  Lacegrass.  Map  161.  This  is  an 
infrequent  grass  of  southern  Indiana  which  is  found  in  poor  soil,  mostly 
on  the  open  crests  and  slopes  of  black  oak  and  black  oak-white  oak  ridges. 

Maine  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  e.  Tex. 

5.  Eragrostis  Frankii  C.  A.  Meyer.  FRANK'S  LOVEGRASS.  Map  162. 
Infrequent  to  rare  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  prefers  sandy  soil  and  is 
most  often  found  on  sandy  bars  of  streams,  along  roadsides,  and  in  pastures 
and  barnlots. 

N.  H.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Kans. 

6.  Eragrostis  pectinacea  (Michx.)  Nees.  {Eragrostis  Purshii  Schrad. 
and  Eragrostis  caroliniana  (Spreng.)  Scribn.)  Map  163.  This  is  our  most 
common  species  of  the  genus  and  is  frequent  throughout  the  state.  It  pre- 
fers the  open  in  sandy  or  muddy  soils,  and  is  found  mostly  along  roadsides 
and  railroads  and  in  waste  places  and  fallow  fields.  It  is  less  frequent  on 
sandy  bars  and  muddy  borders  of  streams  and  ditches. 

Maine  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  e.  Tex. 

15-356.  DIARRHENA  Beauv. 

1.  Diarrhena  americana  Beauv.  (Diarrhena  diandra  (Michx.)  Wood 
and  Kory carpus  arundinaceus  Zea.)  Map  164.  This  is  a  woodland  grass 
usually  found  with  oak,  beech,  and  sugar  maple.  It  is  local  to  infrequent 
and  is  often  found  on  rocky  wooded  slopes  as  where  it  occurs  in  Clifty 
Falls  State  Park. 

W.  Va.  to  Mich,  and  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Tenn.,  Ark.,  Okla.,  and  e.  Tex. 

20-365.  UNIOLA  L. 

1.  Uniola  latifolia  Michx.  Broadleaf  Uniola.  Map  165.  This  is  an  open 
woodland  species  and  is  found  mostly  in  our  southern  counties  although 
Miss  Madge  McKee  found  it  along  the  Iroquois  River  in  Newton  County. 
It  is  found  in  greatest  abundance  in  slightly  acid,  hard  clay  soils  of  the 
bottomlands.  It  occurs,  however,  in  upland  woods  and  even  on  the  rocky 
cliffs  along  the  Ohio  River. 

Pa.,  N.  J.  to  111.  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


Dactylis 


Festuceae 


111 


0  50 

Map  164 


Diarrhena  americana  Bea 


0  50 

Map  165 


Uniola  latifolia  Michx 


7 
10 

1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec  C 

n 

D 

L   s 

J     HO 

D             D 

r 
I 
»i 

D 

.7 

D            B 

D 

\  DP 

ash 

\ 

J    r^ 

D 

f 

■ 

p 

L  B 

1 

Y 

1 

B 

F 

n 

Df 

. 

_ 

B    IU 

8pu0- 

H  K 

-  i 

D 

i: 

,!  e 

l      " 

w1! 

We 

1         l 

D 

X       J -■ 

D    1 

^T'Ba      1   D J 

0    V 

£/    Miles 

°  r 

uc 

B 

Da 

ctylis 

glomerate 

0                 50 

Map  166 

L. 

21-372.  DACTYLIS  L. 

1.  Dactylis  glomerata  L.  Orchard  Grass.  Map  166.  This  species  has 
now  escaped  in  all  parts  of  the  state,  commonly  so  in  limestone  areas.  It 
has  been  sown  for  both  hay  and  pasture.  It  affords  early  pasture  and  is 
drought  resistant.   I  think  its  use  is  now  on  the  decline. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  Newf.  to  se.  Alaska,  south w.  to  Fla.  and  cent.  Calif. 

26-333.  PHRAGMITES  Trin. 

1.  Phragmites  communis  Trin.  Common  Reed.  Map  167.  This  grass 
is  found  in  wet  marshes,  on  mucky  borders  of  lakes  and  streams,  and  in 
springy  places  in  general,  hence  it  is  found  mostly  in  our  lake  area.  Here 
it  was  once  frequent,  but  it  is  now  rather  local  on  account  of  drainage. 

N.  S.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. ;  also  in  Mex.,  W.  I.  to  Chile  and 
Argentina.   It  is  also  found  in  Eurasia,  Africa,  and  Australia. 

28-355.  MELICA  L. 

Upper  surface  of  leaves  generally  glabrous  and  the  lower  surface  generally  pubescent; 
spikelets  with  2  fertile  florets ;  lateral  nerves  and  midrib  of  the  lemmas  fading  out 
before  reaching  the  hyaline  apex;  panicles  simple  or  nearly  so 1.  M.  mutica. 

Upper  surface  of  leaves  generally  pubescent  and  the  lower  surface  scabrous  or  smooth; 
spikelets  with  2  or  3  fertile  florets;  lateral  nerves  and  midrib  of  lemmas  usually 
reaching  the  apex;  panicles  compound 2.  M.  nitens. 

1.  Melica  mutica  Walt.*  Two-flower  Melic.  Map  168.  This  is  a  local 
grass  in  a  few  of  the  southern  counties,  where  it  is  found  on  the  rocky 
crests  or  slopes  of  black  oak  ridges,  and  is  rarely  associated  with  beech 
and  sugar  maple.  I  have  seen  this  species  a  good  many  times  but  have 
found  only  a  few  tufts  here  and  there  and  only  a  few  culms  to  a  tuft. 

Md.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Melica  nitens  (Scribn.)  Nutt.  Three-flower  Melic.  Map  169.  This 
species  is  very  local  but  usually  abundant  where  found.  Its  habitat  is  so 
varied  that  it  seems  worth  while  to  give  the  habitat  in  which  specimens 

*  Plants  with  spreading  pubescent  sheaths  are  Melica  mutica  f.  diffusa  (Pursh) 
Fern.    (Rhodora  41:  501.   1939.)    I  have  it  from  Crawford  and  Perry  Counties. 


112 


Festuceae 


Melica 


4 

10 
1 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

[Vn 

r 

A 

IK] 

!°     D 

J      D 

D 

•• 

u  x1  ' 

D 

0 

"^rV 

p           h  r 

«/-^-i 

[ 

D 

f 

B 

1       D    B 

f 

0 

1 

_ 

"1 

:  i 

j 

y~ 

r, 

Dec  J- 

r 

■  ' — 

0     1 

£/   Miles 

P 

irag 

nites 

communi 

0                50 
Map  167 

5  Trin 

i 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

r  1 

v 

(r1 

N 

-i 

„ 

r 

J-rl 

r~ 

J" 

r1 

_U 

Dec  f- 

i  ' — 

/    Miles 

Set 

izach 

ne  p 

jrpu 

a: 

cens  (T 

3                 50 

Map  170 
orr.)  Swallen 

0  50 

Map  168 


Melica  mutica  Walt. 


Map  171 
Triodia  f lava  (L.)  Smyth 


3 

2 

Jan 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

J"~ 

~~\ 

(    ^ 

a 

1 

V 
P» 

V| 

f 

,_ 

J 

f 

-  i 

j 

r1 

r, 

Dec  (- 

i 
i  ' — 

j  0   k 

~i— .-}  iu  i> 

i 

d  a 

£/    Miles 

Melica 

J     1         u\n    I 

nitens  (Scribn 

0                50 

Map  169 
)  Nutt. 

4 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec  j- 

T 

D 
H    \ 

'-3  | 

ffl 

^~ 

s 

f^ 

f 

y— 

7_L 

Jr 

J 

J- 

r 

i,  //    Miles 

Triplasis  f 

urpt 

rea  IWc 

1  0            ""  "50 

Map  172 
It.)  Chapm 

have  been  found.  In  Harrison  and  Clark  Counties  it  occurs  on  top  of 
bluffs  between  200  and  300  feet  high  along  the  Ohio  River  and  at  the  very 
edge  of  the  bluff.  I  found  a  few  specimens  in  an  alluvial  flat  along  a  small 
stream  in  Harrison  County.  In  Greene  County  I  found  it  along  a  railroad 
and  I  assume  that  this  single  specimen  was  a  waif.  In  Tippecanoe  County 
it  occurs  as  a  common  plant  near  the  top  of  the  very  high  gravelly  bank 
of  Big  Wea  Creek  southwest  of  Lafayette.  In  Wabash  County  I  found  a 
few  plants  on  "hanging  rock."  This  is  a  large  rock  isolated  by  erosion, 
standing  84  feet  high  on  the  low  bank  of  the  Wabash  River  near  Lagro. 
Pa.  to  Iowa  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Ky.,  Ark.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. 


29-355A.  SCHIZACHNE  Hackel 

1.  Schizachne  purpurascens  (Torr.)  Swallen.  (Melica  striata  (Michx.) 
Hitchc.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  A  vena  Torreyi  Nash  of  Britton  and  Brown, 
Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)     Map  170.    My  only  specimen  was  found  along  the 


Agropyron 


HORDEAE  113 


Wabash  River  on  the  top  of  the  first  rocky  bluff  east  of  Georgetown  or 
about  6  miles  west  of  Logansport. 

Newf.  to  s.  Alaska,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Ky.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Mont,  and  in  the 
mts.  from  B.  C.  to  N.  Mex. ;  also  in  Siberia  and  Japan. 

31-335.  TRIODIA  R.  Br. 

1.  Triodia  flava  (L.)  Smyth.  (Tridens  flavus  (L.)  Hitchc.  of  Gray,  Man., 
ed.  7  and  Tridens  flava  (L.)  Hitchc.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed. 
2.)  Purpletop.  Map  171.  Infrequent  to  frequent  or  even  locally  common. 
Possibly  absent  in  a  few  counties  where  the  soil  is  neutral  and  there  are 
no  sandy  areas.  It  prefers  open,  sandy  soil;  and  it  is  usually  most 
abundant  in  prairie  habitats. 

N.  H.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

32-335A.  TRlPLASIS  Beauv. 

1.  Triplasis  purpurea  (Walt.)  Chapm.  Map  172.  This  species  is  local 
in  the  dry  sand  of  the  dunes  about  Lake  Michigan  and  common  in  a  similar 
habitat  in  Newton  County  about  three  miles  northwest  of  Morocco  where 
it  occurs  in  open  sandy  woods  and  fallow  fields  over  an  area  at  least  4 
miles  long  and  a  mile  wide   (1938). 

N.  H.  to  Minn.,  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


j»_ 


3.     HORDEAE  Lindl.  Barley  Tribe 

Spikelets  solitary  at  each  node  of  the  rachis    (rarely  2  in  species  of  Agropyron,  but 
never  throughout) . 
First  glume   (except  in  the  terminal  spikelet)   lacking;  spikelets  placed  edgewise  to 

the  rachis 47.   Lolium,  p.  120. 

First  glume  present;  spikelets  placed  flatwise  to  the  rachis. 

Glumes  1-nerved;  spikelets  with  2  perfect  florets 42.  Secale,  p.   115. 

Glumes  3-many-nerved. 

Glumes  lanceolate  or  linear;  spikelets  3-many-flowered. .  . 39.  Agropyron,  p.  113. 

Glumes  ovate;  spikelets  2-6-flowered 40.  Triticum,  p.  115. 

Spikelets  2-6  at  each  node  of  the  rachis. 
Spikelets  all  alike,  2-6-flowered. 

Glumes  well  developed,  about  as  long  as  the  florets,  nerved ;  spikes  densely  flowered, 

the  spikelets  mostly  imbricated 43.  Elymus,  p.  115. 

Glumes   obsolete   or   bristlelike,   nerveless;    spikes   loosely   flowered,    the   spikelets 

widely  spreading 45.   Hystrix,  p.  118. 

Spikelets  not  all  alike,  (rarely  2-  or  3-)  1-flowered,  in  3's  at  each  joint,  the  lateral  pair 
pedicellate,  usually  aborted 46.  Hordeum,  p.   119. 

39-405.  AGROPYRON  Gaertn.  Wheatgrass 

Creeping  rootstocks  present;  anthers  about  4  mm  long. 

Spikelets  mostly  4-6-flowered,  9-17  mm  long 1.  A.  repens. 

Spikelets  mostly  7-12-flowered,  15-28  mm  long 2.  A.  Smithii. 

Creeping  rootstocks  lacking;  anthers  about  1.5  mm  long. 

Spikelets  awnless  or  rarely  a  few  with  awns,  the  awns  rarely  up  to  5  mm  long 

3.  A.  pauciflorum. 

Spikelets  all  awned;  awns  usually  all  6  mm  long  or  longer 4.  A.  subsecundum. 


114 


HORDEAE 


Agropyron 


0  50 

Map  173 


Agropyron  repens  (L.)  Beauv. 


Miles 
0  50 

Map  174 


Agropyron  Smithii  Rydb. 


0         "^5 
Map  175 


Agropyron  pauciflorum  (Schwem.)  Hitchc. 


1.  Agropyron  repens  (L.)  Beauv.  Quackgrass.  Map  173.  This 
species  has  become  well  established  in  the  northern  two  thirds  of  the  state, 
especially  along  roadsides  and  railroads  where  there  is  no  effort  to  extermi- 
nate it.  It  is  most  abundant  in  the  lake  area  where  it  sometimes  covers 
acres  of  cultivated  fields  and  pastures.  Most  of  the  landowners  have  de- 
spaired of  exterminating  it  and  merely  use  control  measures.  It  is  now 
known  that  it  can  be  eradicated  by  the  use  of  chemicals,  and  every  land- 
owner should  proceed  without  delay  to  exterminate  it. 

The  extreme  variability  of  this  species  has  caused  some  confusion  in  its 
recognition.  It  has  been  decided  to  treat  the  varied  forms  as  a  species 
complex.  Those  who  wish  to  divide  the  forms  should  see  Fernald  on  the 
American  variations  of  Agropyron  repens  in  Rhodora  35 :  182-185.    1933. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ark.,  and  Calif. 

2.  Agropyron  Smithii  Rydb.  Bluestem  Wheatgrass.  Map  174.  All 
of  my  specimens  were  found  along  railroads,  where  the  colonies  will  doubt- 
less persist  and  spread.  Apparently  it  does  not  propagate  as  vigorously  as 
the  preceding  species,  but,  when  discovered,  it  should  be  eradicated.  This 
is  a  western  species  that  has  been  introduced  eastward  of  Iowa  and  Kansas. 

N.  Y.,  Mich,  to  Alberta  and  Wash.,  southw.  to  Ohio,  Kans.,  Tex.,  Ariz., 
and  Calif. 

3.  Agropyron  pauciflorum  (Schwein.)  Hitchc.  {Agropyron  tenerum 
Vasey  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7,  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  and 
Agropyron  caninum  var.  tenerum  (Vasey)  Pease  &  Moore  of  Deam, 
Grasses  of  Ind.)  Slender  Wheatgrass.  Map.  175.  Very  local.  Found 
in  both  dry  and  moist  habitats  in  a  few  of  our  northern  counties. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  the  mts.  of  W.  Va.,  Mo.,  N.  Mex.,  Calif.,  and 
nw.  Mex. 

4.  Agropyron  subsecundum  (Link)  Hitchc.  (Agropyron  caninum  f. 
pubescens  (Scribn.  &  Smith)  Pease  &  Moore  and  Agropyron  trachycaulum 
(Link)  Malte.)    Bearded  Wheatgrass.   Map  176.   This  species  is  local  in 


Elymus 


HORDEAE 


115 


8 
1 

0 

f 

D 
D           *e 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

3        A- 

B 

D 

We 

Jv 

[V 

" 

-I 

nr 

.- 

1 

--k 

J 

r- 

r 

Dec  <- 

■  ' — 

!/    Miles 

Ag 

rof 

yr 

)fl  su 

bse< 

:ur 

dum  (L 

0                 50 

Map  176 
nk)  Hftchc. 

0  50 

Map  177 


Elymus  canadensis  L. 


a  few  of  our  northern  counties,  where  it  is  found  in  dry,  sandy  or  clayey 
soil  on  the  crests  of  low  dunes,  on  wooded  banks  about  lakes,  and  in 
springy  places  and  marshes. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  the  mts.  of  Md.,  Ind.,  Nebr.,  N.  Mex., 
Ariz.,  and  Calif. 

40-408.  TRITICUM  L.  Wheat 

Wheat  is  a  winter  annual  and  it  often  grows  where  it  finds  lodgment 
along  roads,  paths,  fields,  and  waste  places,  but  it  does  not  persist.  It  has 
been  reported  from  Porter  County  by  Lyon  under  the  name  of  Triticum 
aestivum  and  from  Jasper  County  by  Welch  as  Triticum  sativum. 

Wheat  properly  belongs  with  the  excluded  species  because  it  fails  to 
perpetuate  itself. 

42-407.  SECALE  L.  Rye 

Rye  is  a  winter  annual  which  springs  up  where  it  may  be  scattered 
along  roads,  in  fields,  and  in  waste  places,  but  it  will  not  persist.  It  has 
been  reported  from  Jasper  County  by  Welch. 

Rye  properly  belongs  with  the  excluded  species  because  it  fails  to  per- 
petuate itself. 


43-411.  ELYMUS  L.  Wild-rye 

[Note:     Measurements  of  glumes  and  lemmas  include  their  awns,  and  measurements 
of  paleas  are  those  of  the  first  floret  of  a  spikelet  taken  from  the  middle  of  the  spike.] 

Awns  long  and,  at  maturity,  curved  outward;  paleas  mostly  10-13  mm  long 

1.  E.  canadensis. 

Awns  straight;  paleas  mostly  6-9  mm  long. 

Glumes  0.5-1  mm  wide   (rarely  up  to  1.3  mm  wide),  straight  or  only  slightly  bowed 
out  at  the  base,  mostly  3-nerved  above  the  middle;  spikes  long-exserted. 
Blades  glabrous  above  and  beneath;   paleas  7-8  mm  long;   grain   5-6.5  mm  long. 
2.  E.  riparins. 


116 


HORDEAE 


Elymus 


Map  179 


Elymus  villosus  Muhl. 


1 — 1 

Jan. 
Feb 

— 



Mar. 
Apr. 

r 

V 

— 

1    J 

1 

May 
June 
July 
Aug 

;     ^-i 

f 

-X 

{■ 



Sept 
Oct 

Nov 

V 

0 

"" 

,1 

IU 

i1 

-  X 

r 

Dec  J- 

J 

i  , 

i 

i  ' — 

'TJ  °                ' 

X>     Miles 

0                 50 

L<(j-\f            Map  180 

Elymus  villosus 

f.  ark 

ansanus  IScribn.  &  Ball)  Fern. 

Blades  villous  above,  smooth   or  scabrous  beneath;   paleas   5.5-7  mm  long;    grain 
4-4.5  mm  long. 

Lemmas  and  glumes  hirsute 3.  E.  villosus. 

Lemmas  and  glumes  glabrous  or  sparingly  strigose-hispid 

3a.  E.  villosus  f .  arkansanus. 

Glumes  mostly  1.3-2.5  mm  wide  (rarely  as  narrow  as  1  mm),  generally  conspicuously 
curved  outward  and  indurated  at  the  base,  usually  more  or  less  dilated  above 
and   twisted,   generally   plainly    5-nerved   on   the    upper  half    (sometimes    3-   or 
4-nerved),  the  basal  part  generally  rounded  and  nerveless. 
Spikes  included  at  the  base  or  barely  exserted. 
Spikelets  with  awns  more  than  3  mm  long. 

Glumes  and  lemmas  glabrous  or  scabrous  on  the  margins  only;  upper  surface 

of  leaves  usually  scabrous  (rarely  pubescent) 4.  E.  virginicus. 

Glumes  and  lemmas  hirsute ;  upper  surface  of  leaves  glabrous 

4a.  E.  virginicus  var.  intermedins. 

Spikelets  awnless  or  some  with  awns  up  to  3  mm  long 

4b.  E.  virginicus  var.  submuticus. 

Spikes  generally  long-exserted. 

Glumes  and  lemmas  hirsute;  upper  surface  of  leaves  villous 

4c.  E.  virginicus  var.  australis. 

Glumes  and  lemmas  glabrous  or  strigose-scabrous. 

Blades  glabrous  above;  awns  generally  5-15  mm  long 

4d.  E.  virginicus  var.  jejunus. 

Blades  hirsute  above ;  awns  generally  15-30  mm  long 

4e.  E.  virginicus  var.  glabriflorus. 

1.  Elymus  canadensis  L.  Canada  Wild-rye.  Map  177.  Infrequent  to 
locally  common  in  sandy  soil  along  roadsides  and  railroads,  in  open  wood- 
land, on  open  dunes,  and  in  prairie  habitats.  It  becomes  very  local  south 
of  the  lake  area  and  probably  is  absent  from  some  of  the  southern  counties. 
It  is  extremely  variable  in  the  size  of  the  spikes  and  in  the  density  of 
the  pubescence  of  the  spikelets. 

Que.  to  s.  Alaska,  southw.  to  Ky.,  Mo.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. 

2.  Elymus  riparius  Wieg.  (Rhodora  20:  84-86.  1918.)  Map  178.  This 
is  a  recently  described  species  and  is  infrequent  probably  throughout  the 


Elymus 


HORDEAE 


117 


Map  182 
Elymus  virginicus 

var.  intermedius  IVasey)  Bush 


2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

F 

T    J 

\ 

t    ^ 

f 

\j 

1 

- 

J 

f1 

r, 

Dec  £ 

■  ' — 

~^\            \   D  J 

U     Miles 

'ile 

El 

D 

fmus 

/irginicus 

J            Map  183 
var.  submuticus  Hook. 

0  50 

Map  184 
Elymus  virginicus 

var.  austrahs  (Scribn.  &  Ball)  Hitchc. 


state.   It  is  a  low  ground  grass  which  is  usually  found  on  wooded,  alluvial 
areas  and  along  streams. 

Maine,  Que.,  and  Mich.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ohio,  Ind.,  and  Mo. 

3.  Elymus  villosus  Muhl.  {Elymus  striatus  of  recent  authors,  not 
Willd.)  Map  179.  Infrequent  to  frequent  throughout  the  state.  This 
species  prefers  a  dry  and  rather  sandy  soil,  although  it  is  sometimes 
found  in  moist  situations.  It  is  found  mostly  on  wooded  slopes,  crests  or 
ridges,  on  alluvial  banks,  and  rarely  in  the  open  along  roadsides. 

Vt.  to  Wyo.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ala.,  and  Tex. 

3a.  Elymus  villosus  f.  arkansanus  (Scribn.  &  Ball)  Fern.  (Rhodora 
35:195.  1933.)  {Elymus  striatus  var.  arkansanus  (Scribn.  &  Ball)  Hitchc. 
and  Elymus  arkansanus  Scribn.  &  Ball.)  Map  180.  This  form  has  been 
found  in  only  a  few  counties.  It  grows  in  habitats  similar  to  those  of 
the  species. 

Mass.  to  Ind.  and  Iowa,  southw.  to  Md.,  Mo.,  and  Okla. 

4.  Elymus  virginicus  L.  Virginia  Wild-rye.  Map  181.  Frequent  to 
common  throughout  the  state.  It  grows  in  wet  or  moist  soil  and  is  found 
mostly  in  alluvial  areas  along  streams  and  ditches,  in  low  places  in  wood- 
land, and  along  roadsides. 

The  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  is  usually  glabrous  or  somewhat  sca- 
brous or  rarely  with  a  few  hairs  on  the  veins.  I  have,  however,  a  few 
specimens  with  the  upper  surface  of  the  blades  softly  pubescent.  I  think 
these  plants  should  have  a  distinguishing  name.  They  are  from  Fayette, 
Marion,  Starke,  and  Warrick  Counties. 

Newf.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ariz. 

4a.  Elymus  virginicus  var.  intermedius  (Vasey)  Bush.  (Amer.  Midland 
Nat.  10:  60.  1926.)  {Elymus  virginicus  var.  hirsutiglumis  (Scribn.)  Hitchc. 
and  Elymus  hirsutiglumis  Scribn.)  Map  182.  Infrequent  throughout  the 
state  in  habitats  similar  to  those  of  the  species. 

Maine  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


118 


HORDEAE 


Hystrix 


0  50 

Map  185 


Elymus  virginicus 
Var.  jejunus  (Ramaley)  Bush 


0  50 

Map  186 
/mus  virginicus 

var.  glabriflorus  (Vasey)  Bush 


Map  187 
Hystrix  patula  Moench 


4b.  Elymus  virginicus  var.  submuticus  Hook.  (Elymus  curvatus  Piper.) 
Map  183.   A  rare  form  with  the  habitat  of  the  species. 

Que.  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  R.  I.,  Ohio,  Ky.,  Okla.,  and  Mont. 

4c.  Elymus  virginicus  var.  australis  (Scribn.  &  Ball)  Hitchc.  {Elymus 
austraUs  Scribn.  &  Ball.)  Map  184.  This  form  has  been  found  in  a  few 
places  in  the  southern  half  of  the  state  on  wooded  ridges  and  on  post 
oak  flats. 

Vt.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

4d.  Elymus  virginicus  var.  jejunus  (Ramaley)  Bush.  Map  185.  This 
rare  form  is  known  only  from  Umbach's  specimen  collected  "on  the  sands 
at  Pine,"  Lake  County,  on  June  29,  1898.  Hitchcock  does  not  recognize  this 
variety  in  his  recent  manual. 

4e.  Elymus  virginicus  var.  glabriflorus  (Vasey)  Bush.  (Elymus  glabri- 
florus Scribn.)  Map  186.  This  variety  has  been  found  in  several  coun- 
ties, and  doubtless  it  will  be  found  to  be  well  distributed  in  the  state 
when  intensive  work  is  done.  It  is  a  woodland  grass  found  in  both  moist 
and  dry  situations. 

Maine  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  N.  Mex. 


45-412.  HYSTRIX  Moench 

Spikelets  glabrous \,  H.  patula. 

Spikelets  pubescent la.  H.   patula   var.   Bigeloviana. 

1.  Hystrix  patula  Moench.  (Hystrix  Hystrix  (L.)  Millsp.)  Bottle- 
brush.  Map  187.  This  is  an  infrequent  to  frequent  grass  throughout  the 
state.  It  is  a  woodland  species,  but  is  often  found  growing  in  open  places 
along  fences  and  roadsides.  It  prefers  dry  soil  and  occurs  in  almost  all 
types  of  woodland. 

Maine,  Ont.,  Mich.,  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Ark. 


Hordeum 


Hordeae 


119 


0  50 

Map  188 
fystrix  patula 

war.  Bigeloviana  (Fern )    Deam 


8 
1 

rT 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

K 

1T1 

i 

N 

T    ] 

V 

J     r^ 

[ 

N 
P 

DP 

-4 

J_ 

F 

r 

i 

D 

r 

Dec.  f- — 

| 

I 

//    Miles 

\  UC 

I      1° 

j  D  IT" 

D    |D     [d 
"Ijjl 

H 

D    / 
P    \ 

Hor 

^IU Jl' 

deum 

M5\  ■■"•  7 
pusillum 

0                 50 

Map  189 
Nutt. 

0  50 

Map  190 


Hordeum  nodosum  L. 


la.  Hystrix  patula  var.  Bigeloviana  (Fern.)  Deam.  Map  188.  The 
habitat  of  the  variety  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  species.  It  is  sparingly 
found  in  northern  Indiana  and  is  rare  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state. 

N.  S.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Conn.,  Ohio,  Ind.,  and  Mo. 


46-410.  HORDEUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Barley 

[Wiggans.  Classification  of  the  cultivated  varieties  of  barley.  Cornell 
Agric.  Exper.  Sta.  Mem.  46:  365-456.   1921.] 

Rachis  of  spikes  disarticulating. 

Awns  of  the  glumes  less  than  20  mm  long. 

Glumes  of  fertile  spikelets  dilated  above  the  base 1.  H.  pusillum. 

Glumes  of  fertile  spikelets  not  dilated  above  the  base 2.  H.  nodosum. 

Awns  of  the  glumes  more  than  20  mm  long 3.  H.  jubatum. 

Rachis  of  spikes  not  disarticulating.    (See  excluded  species  no.  55,  p.  1027.) .  .H.  vulgare. 

1.  Hordeum  pusillum  Nutt.  Little  Barley.  Map  189.  This  species 
is  found  usually  in  slightly  acid  soils  in  waste  places  and  fallow  fields  and 
along  railroads  and  roadsides.  It  is  infrequent  to  local  in  the  southern 
counties  and  has  been  found  in  four  of  our  northern  counties  in  waste 
places  and  along  railroads.  I  think  that  this  species  has  been  introduced 
into  the  state  and  I  am  so  recording  it.  Spillman  found  it  in  Knox  County 
in  1890,  and,  although  Schneck  reported  a  wild  barley  earlier,  there  is  no 
specimen  to  verify  the  report.  Our  early  authors,  Baird  &  Taylor,  Barnes, 
Clapp,  J.  M.  Coulter,  and  Young,  who  collected  intensively  in  some  of  the 
Ohio  River  counties,  did  not  report  a  wild  barley  of  any  kind.  This 
evidence,  in  addition  to  its  habitats,  convinces  me  that  it  has  invaded  the 
state  since  that  time. 

Del.  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  s.  Calif.,  and  Mex. 

2.  Hordeum  nodosum  L.  Meadow  Barley.  Map  190.  Hansen  (Proc. 
Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  37 :  320.  1928)  reported  this  species  from  Vanderburgh 
County.  He  sent  me  a  specimen  to  have  his  determination  verified.  Hansen 


120 


HORDEAE 


Lolium 


Hordeum  jubatum  L. 


0  50 

Map  192 


Lolium  perenne  L. 


0         ~ S3 
Map  193 


Lolium  multiflorum  Lam. 


says:  "Found  growing  abundantly  in  Vanderburgh  County  during  July." 
I  do  not  have  any  data  except  the  county  locality,  so  I  have  not  been  able 
to  visit  the  place  to  ascertain  whether  it  persists  or  is  spreading.  I  am 
including  this  species  in  our  flora  upon  his  authority.  Since  this  is  a 
western  species,  it  has  been  introduced  here  and  should  be  so  regarded. 

Mont,  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  Mex.,  Calif.,  and  in  S.  A. ;  introduced  in 
some  of  the  eastern  states. 

3.  Hordeum  jubatum  L.  Foxtail  Barley.  Map  191.  This  species  has 
become  well  established  in  the  northern  half  of  the  state,  especially  in  the 
lake  area  where  it  has  already  become  a  veritable  pest.  It  is  found  mostly 
along  roadsides  and  railroads  and  in  waste  places,  fallow  fields,  and 
pastures.   It  is  extremely  doubtful  that  this  species  is  a  native  of  Indiana. 

Newf.  and  Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Md.,  111.,  Mo.,  Tex.,  Calif.,  and 
Mex.;  introduced  in  the  Eastern  States. 


47-395.  LOLIUM  L.  Ryegrass 

Glumes  shorter  than  the  spikelets. 

Lemmas  mostly  5-6   mm  long,  awnless    (sometimes   short-awned)  ;    spikelets  mostly 

5-10  (12)  -flowered 1.  L.  perenne. 

Lemmas  mostly  7-8  mm  long,  awned ;  spikelets  mostly  10-20-flowered 

2.  L.  multiflomm. 

(Humes  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  spikelets.    (See  excluded  species  no.  56,  p.  1027.) 
L.  temulentum. 

1.  Lolium  perenne  L.  Perennial  Ryegrass.  Map  192.  This  species  is 
doubtless  sparingly  found  throughout  the  state.  It  has  been  sown  inten- 
tionally as  an  adulterant  of  grass  seed  in  meadows  and  lawns.  It  is  now 
found  as  an  escape  along  roadsides,  on  the  unkept  borders  of  lawns,  and 
in  waste  places.  Besides  one  small  colony  which  I  have  seen,  I  have  no 
evidence  to  indicate  that  it  is  more  than  an  occasional  escape.  Usually 
known  in  commerce  as  English  Ryegrass. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Calif. 


Koeleria 


Aveneae 


121 


0  50 

Map  194 


Koeleria  cristata  (L.)  Pers. 


o  50 

Map  195 


Sphenopholis  nitida    (Spreng.)  Scribn. 


0  50 

Map  196 


Sphenopholis  intermedia  (Rydb.)  Rydb. 


2.  Lolium  multiflorum  Lam.  Italian  Ryegrass.  Map  193.  This  rye- 
grass has  been  found  in  several  counties  in  the  state  in  lawns,  parks,  and 
golf  grounds  and  may  be  considered  established. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  common  on  the  Pacific  coast,  infrequent  eastward. 

4.     AVENEAE    Nees.     Oat  Tribe 

Spikelets  not  over  5  mm  long. 

Spikelets  disarticulating  above  the  glumes. 

Inflorescence  spikelike;  plants  of  a  dry,  sandy  habitat 52.  Koeleria,  p.  121. 

Inflorescence  a  widely  spreading  panicle;  plants  of  a  springy  habitat 

55.  Deschampsia,  p.  123. 

Spikelets  disarticulating  below  the  glumes. 

Florets  all  perfect,  awnless 53.  Sphenopholis,  p.  121. 

Florets   unlike,  the   lower  perfect,   awnless,   the   upper  staminate   and   bearing   a 

hooked  awn 59.  Holcus,  p.  124. 

Spikelets  more  than  5  mm  long. 
Lemmas  awned  from  the  back. 

Annual;  spikelets  more  than  10  mm  long 57.  Avena,  p.  123. 

Perennial;  spikelets  less  than  10  mm  long 58.  Arrhenatherum,  p.   123. 

Lemmas  awned  from  between  the  two  apical  teeth 60.  Danthonia,  p.   124. 

52-346.  KOELERIA  Pers. 

1.  Koeleria  cristata  (L.)  Pers.  Junegrass.  Map  194.  Infrequent  to 
local  in  the  northwestern  counties  where  it  grows  in  dry  sand  on  dunes  and 
sand  hills,  rarely  on  gravelly  hills.  The  species  is  variable.  The  inflores- 
ence  expands  in  anthesis,  and  becomes  spikelike  afterward. 

Ont.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Del.,  Mo.,  La.,  Calif.,  and  Mex. 


53-344.  SPHENOPHOLIS  Scribn.  Wedgegrass 

Sheaths  and  blades  softly  pubescent,  sometimes  only  the  sheaths  pubescent. 

First  glume  fully  a  third  as  wide  as  the  second;  glumes  subequal;  lemmas  more  or 
less  scabrous  all  over  (at  least  the  exposed  apical  end  scabrous)  ;  anthers  mostly 
0.8-1.2  mm  long;  spikelets  3-4  mm  long 1.  S.  nitida. 


122  Aveneae  Sphenopholis 

First   glume   less   than   a   third   as   wide   as   the   second;    lemmas    smooth    (rarely 

slightly  scabrous  at  the  apex) ;  anthers  mostly  0.5-0.8  mm  long. 

Spikelets   3-4   mm   long;    second   glume   narrowly   obovate   or  wider,   subacute   or 

blunt  at  the  apex;  rachilla-internode  below  the  second  floret  usually  about 

1  mm  long;  anthers  mostly  0.5-0.6  mm  long;   panicles  usually  lax.    (A  rare 

form  of  this  species.) 2.  S.  intermedia. 

Spikelets  mostly  about  2.5  mm  long  (rarely  up  to  3  mm  or  longer) ;  second  glume 

broadly  obovate,  about  as  wide  as  long,  broadly  rounded  or  truncate  at  the 

apex;   rachilla-internode  below  the  second  floret  about  0.5  mm  long;  anthers 

about  0.8  mm  long;  panicles  usually  contracted.  .3a.  S.  obtusata  var.  pubescens. 

Sheaths  and  blades  glabrous,  smooth  or  scabrous. 

Spikelets  3-4  mm  long;  second  glume  narrowly  obovate  or  wider,  subacute  or  blunt 
at  the  apex;  rachilla-internode  below  the  second  floret  usually  about  1  mm 
long;    anthers   mostly    0.5-0.6    mm    long;    panicles   usually    lax.     (Our    common 

form  of  the  species.) 2.  S.  intermedia. 

Spikelets  usually  about  2.5  mm  long  (rarely  up  to  3  mm  or  longer)  ;  second  glume 
broadly  obovate,  about  as  wide  as  long,  broadly  rounded  or  truncate  at  the 
apex;  rachilla-internode  below  the  second  floret  about  0.5  mm  long;  anthers 
about  0.8  mm  long;  panicles  usually  contracted 3.  S.  obtusata. 

1.  Sphenopholis  nitida  (Spreng.)  Scribn.  Map  195.  Rather  frequent  in 
the  unglaciated  area  of  southern  Indiana  and  rare  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  state.  It  is  generally  found  on  black  and  white  oak  ridges  and 
rarely  with  beech.  It  prefers  a  rich  soil  of  weathered  sandstone  and  it  may 
be  entirely  absent  in  neutral  or  alkaline  soils. 

A  glabrous  form  of  this  species  has  been  described  but  it  may  not  occur 
in  Indiana  as  all  of  my  41  specimens  are  copiously  pubescent. 
Mass.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Sphenopholis  intermedia  (Rydb.)  Rydb.  {Sphenopholis  pallens  of 
recent  authors.)  Slender  Wedgegrass.  Map  196.  Infrequent  to  frequent 
throughout  the  state.  It  prefers  a  dry  soil  and  is  found  in  many  habitats. 
Usually  frequent  in  beech  and  sugar  maple  woods,  white  oak  woods,  and 
white  oak  and  black  oak  woods;  less  frequent  in  moist  or  wet  woodland, 
bogs,  and  fallow  fields  and  along  railroads.  I  have  a  specimen  with  pubes- 
cent sheaths  and  leaves,  which  was  found  growing  in  sphagnum  in  a 
decadent  tamarack  bog  just  east  of  Pokagon  State  Park,  Steuben  County. 
This  is  the  only  pubescent  specimen  I  have  out  of  79  Indiana  specimens. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ariz. 

3.  Sphenopholis  obtusata  (Michx.)  Scribn.  Prairie  Wedgegrass.  Map 
197.  Infrequent  to  local  throughout  the  state.  Its  habitat  varies  from  the 
crests  of  ridges  in  the  "knobs"  to  low  sand  ridges  and  old  lake  and  river 
bottoms. 

Maine  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ariz.,  Calif.,  and  Mex. 

3a.  Sphenopholis  obtusata  var.  pubescens  (Scribn.  &  Merr.)  Scribn. 
This  is  a  form  with  the  sheaths  and  upper  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves 
pubescent.  I  have  it  from  only  the  southern  part  of  the  state  where  it 
occurs  in  Crawford,  Perry,  and  Posey  Counties.  I  segregate  this  form 
from  the  species  for  the  benefit  of  other  workers  who  may  be  interested 
in  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  form. 


Deschampsia 


AVENEAE 


123 


2 
? 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov 

D 
F 
I> 

D 
WeU 

r 

r  J 

0 

1 " 

J^ 

f'^ 

B 

l' 

-I 

D 
K.7 

i 

r 

-^ 

Dec  (- — 

i 
i  ' — 

/    Miles 

Sp 

D 

henof 

holi: 

obt 

us 

r>\     7  c 
ata  (Mic 

50 

vIap  197 
ix.)  Scribn. 

2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

\ 

j  H 

\_ 

t    ^ 

r 

\s- 

h 

[~L 

X 

J 

J- 

r 

Dec  £ 

i 

\  p'     Miles 

c 

eschampsia  ca 

f\l  °                 50 

J            Map  198 
espitosa  (L)  Beauv. 

0  50 

Map  199 
Arrhenatherum  elatius  (L.)  Mert.&Koch 


55-270.  DESCHAMPSIA  Beauv.  Hairgrass 

Blades  flat  or  folded,  stiff;  awn  included  or  slightly  exserted,  straight..  .1.  D.  caespitosa. 

Blades   filiform,    fiexuous;    awn    exserted,    geniculate,    twisted.    (See   excluded    species 

no.  58,  p.  1027.) D.  flexuosa. 

1.  Deschampsia  caespitosa  (L.)  Beauv.  Tufted  Hairgrass.  Map  198. 
I  found  this  species  to  be  a  frequent  grass  in  very  marly  soil  in  the  outlet  of 
a  marly,  springy  place  about  6  miles  southwest  of  South  Bend,  St.  Joseph 
County,  and  in  a  cold,  marly,  springy  place  on  the  border  of  Mill  Creek 
about  a  mile  north  of  Mill  Creek,  La  Porte  County.  Only  a  few  plants 
were  seen  at  the  latter  station.  Bradner  reported  this  species  from  Steuben 
County  and  his  determination  was,  no  doubt,  correct,  but  no  specimen  has 
been  seen. 

Greenland  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  W.  Va.,  Ind.,  111.,  N.  Dak.,  N.  Mex., 
and  Calif. 


57-273.  AVENA  L.  O 


AT 


Lemmas  pubescent  with  long,  brown  hairs.    (See  excluded  species  no.  60,  p.  1027.) 

A.  fatua. 

Lemmas  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  (See  excluded  species  no.  61,  p.  1027.) A.  sativa. 


58-275.  ARRHENATHERUM  Beauv. 

1.  Arrhenatherum  elatius  (L.)  Mert.  &  Koch.  Tall  Oatgrass.  Map 
199.  This  is  an  infrequent  escape  throughout  the  state.  All  of  my  speci- 
mens and  those  that  I  have  seen  are  from  roadsides.  Usually  not  common 
where  it  is  found  although,  in  a  few  instances,  it  was  found  for  a  mile  or 
more  along  roadsides. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tenn.,  Iowa,  Idaho, 
and  Calif. 


124 


AVENEAE 


Holcus 


1 

\ 

■D 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 

r 

\ 

(r1 

it 

X 

B 

r 

"^ 

r 

Dec  C 

i 

D 

1         ' 

D 

K       J -/ 

/    Miles 

Ho 

Icus 

lanatus  L. 

50 

Map  200 

0  50 

Map  201 


Danthonia  spicata  IL.)  Beauv. 


18 
9 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mir 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

r 
I 
•i 

— \ 
la  1 

^C  i 

D          I 

I          ' 

1     ND 

D 

CP 

'  P   p»   OF 

[ 

o      -J 

»      a 

'       IU       0 

D  DP 
P    H 

J          0 

>P       I,         o 

fBS/-M 

3 
□ 

1 

B 
D 

b   y 

D 

t 

D 

D 

B 

8               - 
0 

U 

mT^"0 

i 

- 

Dec  (- 

f 

D 

\ //    Miles 

Cal 

smagrostfs 

-^V              Map  202 
canadensis  (Michx)  Beauv 

Calamagrostis  inexpansa  Gray 


0  50 

Map  205 


Calamovilfa  longifolia  (HookJ  Scribn. 


59-257.  HOLCUS  L. 

1.  Holcus  lanatus  L.  (Ginnania  lanata  (L.)  Hub.,  Rhodora  18:234. 
1916.)  Velvet  Grass.  Map  200.  As  yet,  this  species  is  a  rare  escape  in 
Indiana.  Weatherwax  found  it  in  a  hayfield  in  Owen  County  in  1918. 
In  1933  he  found  it  along  a  roadside  in  Brown  County  about  15  miles  east 
of  Bloomington,  and  in  1934,  about  one  and  a  fourth  miles  west  of  Mer- 
riam,  Noble  County.  Kriebel,  in  1935,  found  about  a  dozen  plants  under 
a  beech  tree  in  an  open  woods  in  sec.  18,  Pleasant  Run  Township,  Law- 
rence  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Maine  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  La. ;  common  on  the 
Pacific  coast,  and  in  B.  C,  Idaho,  and  Ariz. 


60-280.   DANTHONIA  Lam.  &  DC. 

Ligule  a  band  of  short  hairs  usually  less  than  0.5  mm  long 1.  D.  spicata. 

Ligule  a  band  of  hairs  usually  2-4  mm   long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  62,  p.   1027.) 
D.  compressa. 


Calamagrostis  Agrostideae  125 

1.  Danthonia  spicata  (L.)  Beauv.  Poverty  Oatgrass.  Map  201.  Infre- 
quent to  common  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  is  common  in  poor  soil  in 
open  woods  on  the  crests  of  ridges  in  southern  Indiana,  becoming  less 
frequent  to  rare  in  the  rich,  neutral  soils  of  the  central  part  of  the  state, 
and  again  appearing  as  frequent  on  black  and  white  oak  ridges  of  the 
northern  counties.   It  is  found  also  in  post  oak  flats. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  e.  Tex.,  e.  Kans.,  and  in  the  mts.  of 
N.  Mex.  and  Oreg. 

5.     AGROSTIDEAE  Kunth.     Timothy  Tribe 

Lemmas   1-nerved. 

Callus  pilose 63.    Calamovilfa,  p.  126. 

Callus  glabrous. 

Keels  of  glumes  glabrous  or  more  or  less  scabious 76.    Sporobulus,  p.  135. 

Keels  of  glumes  softly  ciliate 79.  Heleochloa,  p.  1027. 

Lemmas  more  than  1-nerved. 

Spikelets  articulated  below  the  glumes. 

Inflorescence  a  loose  panicle 67.  Cinna,  p.  129. 

Inflorescence  a  dense  spikelike  panicle 69.  Alopecurus,  p.   129. 

Spikelets  articulated  above  the  glumes. 
F'irst  glume  with  3  or  5  nerves. 

Inflorescence  spikelike;  lemmas  about  2  mm  long 72.  Phleum,  p.   130. 

Inflorescence  paniculate;  lemmas  more  than  2  mm  long 85.  Aristida,  p.   138. 

First  glume  1-nerved  or  nerveless. 

Lemmas    indurate,    much    firmer    than    the    glumes. 

Lemmas  awnless,  glabrous 81.  Milium,  p.  137. 

Lemmas  awned,  pubescent  at  least  at  the  base. 

Awns  readily  falling;  callus  blunt 82.  Oryzopsis,  p.  137. 

Awns  persistent;  callus  sharp-pointed,  pubescent. 

Lemmas    1-awned 84.    Stipa,  p.   138. 

Lemmas  3-awned  (sometimes  the  lateral  pair  short).. 85.  Aristida,  p.  138. 
Lemmas  not  indurate,  thinner  than  the  glumes. 
Spikelets  (exclusive  of  awns)  9  mm  or  more  long. 

Lemmas  with  an  inconspicuous   awn;   glumes  as   long  as  the  body  of  the 

lemma 62.    Ammophila,  p.  126. 

Lemmas  long-awned;  glumes  minute  or  lacking 

80.   Brachyelytrum,  p.  136. 

Spikelets  not  over  5  mm  long,  usually  less. 

Second  glume  3-nerved 61.  Calamagrostis,  p.  125. 

Second  glume  1-nerved. 

Glumes  (at  least  the  first  one)  slightly  longer  than  the  lemma;  first  glume 
slightly  longer  than  the  second  or  glumes  equal  in  length,  awnless; 

lemmas  thin ;  palea  obsolete  or  lacking  in  our  native  species 

64.  Agrostis,  p.  126. 

Glumes  generally  shorter  than  the  lemma,  the  first  one  obsolete,  or  shorter 
than  the  second;  if  the  first  glume  is  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the 
lemma,  the  glume  with  an  awn  1-2  mm  long;  lemmas  rather  firm; 
paleas  present  in  normal  lengths 75.  Muhlenbergia,  p.  131. 

61-248.  CALAMAGROSTIS  Adans.  Reedgrass 

[Stebbins.  A  Revision  of  some  North  American  species  of  Calamagrostis. 

Rhodora32:  35-57.  1930.] 

Blades  usually  flat  or  sometimes  involute  toward  the  tips,  mostly  4-8  mm  wide;  panicle 
usually  expanded  or  loose;   spikelets  usually  3-3.5  mm   long,  rarely  only  2.5  mm 


126  Agrostideae  Ammophila 

long;  lemma  thin,  glabrous  or  more  or  less  sparsely  scabrous;  callus  hairs  three 

fourths  to  as  long  as  the  lemma 1.  C.  canadensis. 

Blades  involute,  except  sometimes  near  the  base,  usually  less  than  4  mm  wide;  panicle 
narrow,  contracted;  spikelets  usually  3.5-4.2  mm  long;  lemmas  firmer,  scabrous  all 

over;  callus  hairs  usually  two  thirds  to  three  fourths  as  long  as  the  lemma 

2.  C.  inexpansa. 

1.  CalamagTOstis  canadensis  (Michx.)  Beauv.  (Inman.  Calamagrostis 
canadensis  and  some  related  species.  Rhodora  24 :  142-144.  1922) .  Blue- 
joint.  Map  202.  Frequent  in  marshes,  wet  prairies,  and  mucky  places  in 
general  in  the  lake  area,  but  local  southward  because  its  habitat  is  lacking. 
Where  found,  it  often  covers  large  areas  and  was  formerly  the  source  of 
"wild  hay"  in  the  state  and  known  as  little  bluestem  grass.  Since  most 
of  the  areas  of  its  habitat  have  been  drained  and  farmed,  it  has  now 
become  infrequent. 

Greenland  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Md.,  N.  C.  (Roan  Mt.),  Mo.,  Kans., 
and  Calif. 

2.  Calamagrostis  inexpansa  Gray.  Northern  Reedgrass.  Map  203. 
This  is  an  infrequent  species  in  the  lake  area,  where  it  prefers  marly 
marshes  and  springy  places,  although  it  is  sometimes  found  in  habitats 
associated  with  pin  oak  and  chokeberry.  It  is  also  found  in  prairie  habitats. 
Stebbins  divided  the  species  into  varieties  and,  according  to  him,  our 
Indiana  specimens  belong  to  var.  brevior  (Vasey)  Stebbins.  Hitchcock,  in 
his  Manual  of  Grasses,  does  not  divide  the  species.  According  to  Stebbins, 
the  distribution  of  the  variety  is  as  follows : 

Newf.,  Que.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  Minn.,  Colo.,  Ariz.,  and  Calif. 

62-249.  AMMOPHILA  Host 

1.  Ammophila  breviligulata  Fern.  (Rhodora  22:  70-71.  1920.) 
(Ammophila  arenaria  of  American  authors,  not  Link.)    Beachgrass.   Map 

204.  Infrequent  on  the  dunes  bordering  Lake  Michigan.    This  species  is 
used  in  this  country  as  a  soil  binder. 

On  dunes  from  Newf.  to  N.  C,  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes 
from  Lake  Ontario  to  Lake  Superior  and  Lake  Michigan. 

63-250  CALAMOVILFA  Hack. 

1.     Calamovilfa  longifolia  (Hook.)  Scribn.   Longleaf  Reedgrass.    Map 

205.  This  species  is  found  in  dry,  shifting  sands  on  the  dunes  about  Lake 
Michigan  and  on  a  few  shifting  dunes  in  Jasper  and  Newton  Counties. 

Mich,  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Ind.,  Colo.,  and  Idaho. 

64-242  AGROSTIS  L.  Bentgrass 

[Hitchcock.  North  American  species  of  Agrostis.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  Bur. 
Plant  Ind.  Bull.  68:  1-68.  1905.  Piper.  The  agricultural  species  of  bent 
grasses.  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agric.  Bull.  692:  1-26.  1918.  Malte.  Commercial 
bent  grasses  (Agrostis)  in  Canada.  Reprinted  from  Annual  Report  for 
1926,  National  Museum  of  Canada,  105-126.    1928.] 


Agrostis 


Agrostideae 


127 


0  50 

Map  206 


Agrostis  alba  L. 


2 

1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 
1   " 

f 

D 
P 

I 

0 

\ 

fH: 

" 

"TTe 

X  » 

Wo 

r 

J 

if\ 

J 

Dec.  C 

i 

>  ' — 

We  Jjr 

J     Miles 

Agrostis 

3a 

ustrfs  h 

:>             50 
Map  207 

uds. 

21 
4 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

h 

"I 

f  r^ 

r 

J^— 

B 

1 

"1      I 

-  i 

J 
D 

rT 

r, 

Dec.  f- 

f?o 

1          1 

0                   J3 

N   7  B  Cd 
k     0  J  D  V, 

~^^1  o    J     7 

D                  /     -A 

■Te    1        J-^    f 

nTaaN  0      D  _J 

"°7 

TfeX 

t/    Miles 

UC 

0     f  D    [ 

A( 

110/ 

rost 

sEI 

J    ^   Map  208 

iottiana  Schulles 

Palea  about  half  as  long  as  the  lemma. 

Plant    perennial    from    strong    creeping    rhizomes,    without    creeping    and    rooting 
stolons;  culms  erect  or  only  slightly  decumbent  at  the  base,  not  rooting  at  the 

lower  nodes ;  panicle  open  or  spreading 1.  A.  alba. 

Plant  perennial  without  rhizomes,  with  creeping  and  more  or  less  rooting  stolons; 
culms  usually  decumbent  at  the  base  and  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes;  panicle 

usually  contracted,  sometimes  open 2.  A.  palustris. 

Palea  minute  or  lacking. 

Lemmas  awned 3.  A.  Elliottiana. 

Lemmas  awnless. 

Plants  generally  found  growing  in  the  open,  usually  flowering  and  maturing  before 
August  1;  basal  leaves  narrow,  stiff,  mostly  involute;   panicles  diffuse,  gen- 
erally  purplish   at  maturity,   the   branches   beginning   to   divide   beyond   the 
middle. 
Spikelets  mostly  2-2.5  mm  long;  glumes  connivent  in  fruit,  covering  the  grain; 
anthers  mostly  0.5  mm  long ;  flowering  in  northern  Indiana  from  about  June 

3  to  July  10 A.  A.  scabra. 

Spikelets  mostly  1.4-1.9  mm  long;  glumes  not  connivent  in  fruit,  exposing  the 
grain;  anthers  mostly  about  0.2  mm  long;  beginning  to  flower  in  northern 
Indiana  the  last  of  May  and  maturing  the  fruit  usually  by  the  middle  of 

June 5.  A.  hy emails. 

Plants  generally  found  growing  in  woods,  usually  flowering  after  August  1;  basal 
leaves  flat,  wider  than  in  the  two  preceding  species,  generally  lax;  panicles  open 
or  spreading,  green  or  nearly  so  at  maturity,  the  branches  beginning  to  divide 
mostly  at  or  below  the  middle 6.  A.  perennans. 

1.  Agrostis  alba  L.  (Agrostis  stolonifera  var.  major  (Gaud.)  Farw. 
and  Agrostis  palustris  of  recent  American  authors,  not  Huds.)  Redtop. 
Map  206.  This  species  has  been  commonly  sown  as  a  pasture  and  hay 
grass  in  all  parts  of  the  state,  especially  in  the  southern  part.  It  has 
abundantly  escaped  everywhere  and  is  found  along  roadsides  and  railroads 
and  in  fallow  fields,  pastures,  and  waste  places. 

Besides  the  commercial  redtop,  seed  of  other  species  of  the  bentgrasses 
have  been  imported  and  sown  in  lawns  and  on  golf  courses.  Several  strains 
of  each  species  have  been  developed  and  some  European  authors  credit  one 
species  with  15  varieties  and  subvarieties.   The  species  are  separated  with 


128 


Agrostideae 


Agrostis 


0  "  50 

Map  210 


Agrostis  hyemalis  (Walt.)  BSP. 


17 
6 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.f- 

[d 

D 

> 

)  2d     d 

D              D 

D 

L 

"       D 

-S  ^ 

1     "            ° 

ij» 

D    vr 

JO         1      D 

D 

D        D 

7 

ii-)      -, 

S- 

0 

r~ 

D 

t 

1 

P 

D  _  t 1- 

p 

w 

B 

D 

B   D        5 

id       n 
we     — 

"1X 

-  ir 

D     P 

D 
D 

D 

|ID  UC     D 

r 

B   \    1          B 

5        UC        D 

ioI^J 

X               B 
|B~T[ 

ID  L, 

d    liTT'v 

D                /       1 

~b    y 
i/    Miles 

/n/D 

d      in 

3      /       J 
UC  f            D 

1              10 

CD     | 

Agrost 

0 

IS 

/       I    D    jA          7 

jerennans  (Walt.! 

0                 50 

Map  211 
Tuckerm. 

difficulty  and  the  task  is  complicated  by  the  addition  of  the  many  cultivated 
forms. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia ;  in  all  the  cooler  parts  of  the  U.  S. 

2.  Agrostis  palustris  Huds.  (Agrostis  alba  var.  maritima  (Lam.) 
G.  F.  W.  Mey.,  Agrostis  maritima  Lam.,  and  Agrostis  stolonifera  var. 
compacta  Hartman  of  Deam,  Grasses  of  Ind.)  Creeping  Bent.  Map  207. 
The  few  specimens  of  this  species  I  have  seen  were  found  on  the  low  borders 
of  streams,  usually  with  a  part  of  the  colony  in  the  running  water. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  introduced  in  the  northern  part  of  the  U.  S.,  and 
occasionally  as  far  south  as  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. 

3.  Agrostis  Elliottiana  Schultes.  Elliott  Bentgrass.  Map  208.  Fre- 
quent to  common  throughout  the  area  shown  on  the  map  in  hard, 
white  clay  soils  with  a  pH  value  ranging  from  6-6.6.  The  mass  distribution 
occurs  in  moist  fallow  fields  and  pastures.  It  is  also  found  on  washed  slopes 
and  on  crests  of  ridges  in  open  woodland.  The  species  is  usually  associated 
with  Agrostis  hyemalis  from  which  it  is  easily  separated  by  its  scabrous 
feel,  smaller  size,  and  awned  lemmas. 

Md.  to  111.,  Mo.,  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  e.  Tex.;  Yucatan. 

4.  Agrostis  scabra  Willd.  (Agrostis  hyemalis  of  recent  authors,  in 
part.)  (Rhodora  35:  207-209.  1933.)  Northern  Ticklegrass.  Map  209. 
In  low  sandy  and  mucky  soils  in  the  northern  counties.  This  species  very 
much  resembles  the  next  one  but  it  is  separated  from  it  by  its  larger  size, 
its  broader  and  flat  cauline  leaves,  larger  panicle,  longer-pedicelled  spike- 
lets,  longer  spikelets,  longer  anthers,  its  later  flowering  season,  and  its 
northern  range.  This  species  flowers,  on  the  whole,  at  least  a  half  month 
later  than  the  next  one. 

Lab.  and  Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Ind.,  Iowa,  Nebr.,  N.  Mex., 
Ariz.,  and  Calif. 


Cinna  Agrostideae  129 

5.  Agrostis  hyemalis  (Walt.)  BSP.  (Agrostis  antecedens  Bickn.  and 
Agrostis  hyemalis  of  recent  authors,  in  part.)  Ticklegrass.  Map  210. 
This  species  is  infrequent  to  common  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  prefers 
a  slightly  acid  soil,  hence  it  is  infrequent  to  absent  in  the  neutral  soils  of 
the  central  counties.  In  the  southern  counties  it  occurs,  in  hard,  white 
clay  soil  and  is  usually  common  in  fallow  fields,  on  washed  slopes,  along 
clayey  roadsides,  and  in  moist,  sandy  and  mucky  places  in  our  northern 
counties. 

Mass.  to  Iowa  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

6.  Agrostis  perennans  (Walt.)  Tuckerm.  Autumn  Bent.  Map  211. 
Infrequent  to  frequent  in  all  parts  of  the  state  except  in  the  prairie  areas. 
This  is  a  woodland  species  which  seems  to  prefer  a  slightly  acid  soil  and 
is  found  in  black  and  white  oak  woods,  pin  oak  woods,  aspen  thickets, 
at  the  bases  of  sandstone  ledges,  and  rarely  in  prairie  habitats  or 
fallow  fields.  This  species  shows  great  variation  which  I  assume  to  be  the 
result  of  varying  amounts  of  light,  soil  acidity,  and  nutriment. 

Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  e.  Tex. 

67-241.  CfNNA  L. 

Spikelets  5  mm  long;  panicle  rather  dense,  the  branches  ascending.  .  .  1.  C.  arundinacea. 
Spikelets  3.5-4  mm  long;  panicle  loose,  the  branches  spreading  or  drooping.     (See  ex- 
cluded species  no.  68,  p.  1028.) C.  latifolia. 

1.  Cinna  arundinacea  L.  Woodreed.  Map  212.  Frequent  to  rather  com- 
mon in  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  grows  in  wet  soils  in  almost  all  kinds  of 
habitats  except  in  pure  sand.  This  is  a  woodland  species  but  is  sometimes 
found  in  wet  clearings  if  shaded  by  rank  vegetation. 

Maine  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  e.  Tex. 

69-225.  ALOPECURUS  L.  Foxtail 

Spikelets  about  5  mm  long. .  . .  : 1.  A.  pratensis. 

Spikelets  less  than  3  mm  long. 

Lemmas  awned  on  the  back  about  midway  between  the  base  and  apex,  the  awn 

usually  included,  sometimes  exserted  but  not  for  more  than  1  mm 

2.  A.  aequalis. 

Lemmas  awned  on  the  back  at  about  a  fourth  the  length  of  the  lemma  above  the 
base,  the  awn  exserted  about  2-3  mm 3.  A.  carolinianus. 

1.  Alopecurus  pratensis  L.  Meadow  Foxtail.  Map  213.  Specimens 
of  this  species  have  been  collected  in  Tippecanoe  County,  and  I  have  it 
from  Wells  County,  where  it  was  well  established  when  collected  in  1932. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  introduced  from  Newf.  and  Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw. 
to  Del.,  Iowa,  Idaho,  and  Oreg. 

2.  Alopecurus  aequalis  Sobol.  (Alopecurus  geniculatus  var.  aristulatus 
Torr.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Alopecurus  geniculatus  Michx.  of  Britton 
and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Short-awn  Foxtail.  Map  214.  This  grass 
is  infrequent  in  the  lake  area  and  local  south  of  it.    It  grows  in  shallow 


130 


Agrostideae 


Phleum 


0  50 

Map  212 


Cinna  arundinacea  L. 


0  ~T5 

Map  215 


Alopecurus  carolinianus  Walt. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

1 

/ 

A     - 

s.^ 

j 

1           \ 

r  r± 

\ 

p 

T 

f 

- 

r 

J 

r 

r, 

Dec.  t 

T 1 

£/   Miles 

vS^Sy-^V             Map  213 
Alopecurus  pratensis  L. 

o  55 

Map2I6 


Phleum  pratense  L. 


Jan. 
Feb. 

0 

^T" 

1       D 

J     HD 

D            D 

I 

>*_y              d 

D            D 

"■ — r1 

Mar 

D 

^V 

D 

Apr. 

1    It 

p 

I 

j    i . 

May 

f 

f 

"S      "    -r 

D 

: 

June 

DP 

.  DP 

r1 

— 1 

■ 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

f 

D 

1 

Oct. 

Nov. 

J-,     , 

Dec  j- 

u_ 

if    Miles 

0                50 

Map  214 

Alopecurus  aequalis  Sobol. 


o  55 

Map  217 


Muhlenbergta  capillarls  (LamJ  Trin. 


water  and  on  the  muddy  borders  of  ponds  and  swamps  that  usually  become 
dry  in  midsummer. 

Greenland  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Pa. 

3.  Alopecurus  carolinianus  Walt.  (Alopecums  ramosus  Poir.  of  Deam, 
Grasses  of  Ind.)  Map  215.  Infrequent  to  local  in  the  greater  part  of  the 
state.  In  the  northern  part  it  is  found  in  mucky  soil  about  ponds  and  in 
ditches,  and  in  the  southern  part  it  is  usually  found  in  slightly  acid,  white 
clay  soil  in  fallow  fields,  and  usually  associated  with  one  or  more  of  the 
following  plants :  Poa  Chapmaniana,  Agrostis  hyemalis,  Myosotis  vir- 
ginica,  and  Arabis  virginica. 

N.  J.  to  B.  C.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  Ariz.,  and  Calif. 


72-223.  PHLfeUM  L. 

1.     Phleum  pratense  L.   Timothy.   Map  216.   This  species  has  abun- 
dantly escaped  in  all  parts  of  the  state.    It  is  usually  found  in  either  dry 


Muhlenbergia  Agrostideae  131 

or  moist  soil  along  roadsides  and  railroads  and  in  fallow  fields,  pastures, 
and  waste  places. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  throughout  the  U.  S. 

75-215.  MUHLENBERGIA  Schreb.  Muhly 

[Note:  In  this  genus  the  measurements  of  the  spikelets,  glumes,  and  lemmas  do  not 
include  the  awns,  unless  so  stated.  In  observing  nodes  and  internodes,  both  the  lower 
and  the  upper  ones  of  the  plant  should  be  examined.] 

Panicles  diffuse,  more  than  2.5  cm  wide,  usually  10-20  cm  wide 1.  M.  capillaris. 

Panicles  not  diffuse,  less  than  2.5  cm  wide. 

First  glume  obsolete ;  second  glume  not  over  0.6  mm  long,  very  obtuse 

2.  M.  Schreberi. 

First  glume  not  obsolete;  second  glume  more  than  0.6  mm  long,  not  obtuse. 

Spikelets  1.5-2.2  mm  long;  glumes  shorter  than  the  lemmas  (if  as  long,  see  opposing 
lead). 

Lemmas  acute  to  acuminate,  not  awned 3.  M.  sobolifera. 

Lemmas  awned 3a.  M.  sobolifera  f .  setigera. 

Spikelets  more  than  2.2  mm  long. 

Lemmas  not  pilose  at  the  base  (on  the  callus). 

Culms  without  creeping  rootstocks;  anthers  about  1-1.5  mm  long 

4.  M.  cuspidata. 

Culms  with  creeping  scaly  rootstocks;  anthers  about  0.5  mm  long 

5.  M.  glabriflora. 

Lemmas  short-pilose  at  the  base  (on  the  callus). 
Nodes  and  infranodes  glabrous. 

Panicles  included  at  the  base,  rarely  short-exserted ;  anthers  about  0.5  mm 
long. 

Lemmas  without  awns,  or  some  with  short  awns  up  to  2  mm  long 

6.  M.  mexicana. 

Lemmas  awned ;   awns  usually  5-10  mm  long 

6a.  M .  mexicana  f .  commutata. 

Panicles  usually  very  long-exserted ;  anthers  about  0.8  mm  long 

7.  M.  brachyphylla. 

Nodes  and  infranodes  not  glabrous. 

Nodes  and  infranodes  puberulent;  anthers  about  0.8  mm  long. 

Glumes  longer  than  the  lemma ;  panicles  more  than  5  mm  wide 

8.  M.  racemosa. 

Glumes  usually  two  thirds  to  three  fourths  as  long  as  the  lemma;  panicles 

generally  less  than  5  mm  wide 9.  M.  tenuiflora. 

Nodes  glabrous;  infranodes  puberulent,  rarely  nearly  all  glabrous,  but  not 
polished  below  the  node;  anthers  about  0.5  mm  long. 
Culms  usually  puberulent  below  the  panicles;   spikelets  crowded  on  the 
branches,  glumes  about  as  long  as  the  lemmas. 

Lemmas  awnless 10.  M.  foliosa. 

Lemmas  awned,  awns  4-10  mm  long 10a.  M.  foliosa  f.  ambigua. 

Culms  generally  glabrous  below  the  panicles;  spikelets  not  at  all  crowded 
on  the  branches;  glumes  about  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  lemmas. 

Lemmas  awned 11.  M.  sylvatica. 

Lemmas  awnless 11a.  M.  sylvatica  f.  attenuata. 

1.  Muhlenbergia  capillaris  (Lam.)  Trin.  Map  217.  My  only  specimen 
was  collected  October  7,  1921,  about  3  miles  east  of  Elizabeth,  on  an  open 
wooded,  rocky  hillside,  bordering  the  roadside  of  the  Elizabeth  Road  to 
Stewart's  Landing,  Harrison  County.   It  was  still  persisting  here  in  1938. 

Mass.,  Ind.,  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  W.  I.  and  e.  Mex. 


132 


Agrostideae 


Muhlenbergia 


o  5o 

Map  218 


Muhlenbergia  Schreben  J.  F.Gmel, 


o  5o 

Map  219 


Muhlenbergia  sob o li f era  (Muhl)Trin. 


0  50 

Map  220 


Muhlenbergia  cuspidata  (Nult.)  Rydb. 


2.  Muhlenbergia  Schreberi  J.  F.  Gmel.  Nimblewill.  Map  218.  Infre- 
quent to  frequent  throughout  the  state.  It  is  found  usually  in  dry  soils 
and  less  frequently  in  moist  soils  in  open  woodland,  clearings,  woods  pas- 
tures, and  pasture  fields.  It  is  usually  conspicuous  in  pasture  fields  because 
stock  graze  around  it,  preferring  other  herbage.  It  is  also  found  about 
dwellings  and  in  lawns  and  is  an  obnoxious  weed  in  flower  gardens. 

N.  H.  to  Wis.,  e.  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  e.  Mex. 

3.  Muhlenbergia  sobolifera  (Muhl.)  Trin.  Map  219.  This  species  is 
found  principally  in  the  southern  half  of  the  state.  It  is  strictly  a  wood- 
land species  and  occurs  on  wooded  slopes,  preferring  those  along  streams. 
It  is  found  in  both  beech  and  sugar  maple,  and  black  and  white  oak 
woodland. 

N.  H.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Va.,  Tenn.,  and  Tex. 

3a.  Muhlenbergia  sobohfera  f.  setigera  (Scribn.)  Deam.  This  is  a  form 
with  awned  lemmas.  I  am  referring  my  no.  32921  from  Sullivan  County 
to  this  form. 

Ind.  to  Ark.  and  Tex. 

4.  Muhlenbergia  cuspidata  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  PLAINS  Muhly.  Map  220. 
This  species  is  infrequent  on  the  high,  gravelly  bank  of  the  north  side  of 
Big  Wea  Creek  where  the  Shadeland  Road  crosses  the  creek  about  4  miles 
southwest  of  Lafayette.  Its  associates  make  it  certain  that  it  is  a  native 
here. 

Mich.,  Wis.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Ohio  and  N.  Mex. 

5.  Muhlenbergia  glabriflora  Scribn.  (Rhodora  9:  22.  1907.)  Map  221. 
This  species,  as  now  known,  is  restricted  to  seven  of  our  southwestern 
counties.  It  is  found  in  hard,  white  clay  soil  in  moist  or  wet  places,  usually 
in  pin  oak  woods  or  in  the  pin  oak  and  post  oak  flats  of  the  southwestern 
part  of  Posey  County.  Probably  locally  frequent  and  possibly  well  distrib- 
uted in  the  southwestern  counties  where  its  habitat  is  found. 

Md.,  Ind.,  111.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 


Muhlenbergia 


Agrostideae 


133 


7 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

v. 

S~ 

"1 

y 

\_ 

J     ' 

•  x 

f 

L 

-L 

[J 

i 

0 

T~ 

r, 

Dec.j— 

"1 

i 

D 

I    la 

\ //    Miles 

B     f        I 

D    J 

>d  r 
Muh 

D 

en 

aer 

gia 

D  js\ 
glabri 

J  0                 50 

^   Map  221 
flora  Scribn. 

0  50 

Map  222 


Muhlenbergia  mexicana  (U  Trin. 


0  513 

Map  223 


Muhlenbergia    mexicana 
f.     commutata    (Scribn.)    Wieg. 


1 

4 

3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

\ 

}~ 

V 

f^ 

-I 

0 
S 

tn 

j 

T~ 

r 

Dec.  £ 

1 

B                                   r 
1            ' 

K         J 

J    Miles 

fi 

o  r     j 

10  / 

i        D 

o  r 

Muhl 

enbe 

rgia 

br 

achyphy 

3                 50 

Map  224 
la  Bush 

0  50 

Map  225 


Muhlenbergia  racemosa  (Michx.)  BSP. 


4 
6 
7 
3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

j 

D 
•a 

i 

r- 

f     X 

( 

DP 

D 

D 

if 

/j' 

D 

j 

i; 

n 

Dec.  j- 

is 

i 

D 

K          — 

D                    L-^: 

\ 

D 
ID 

B    /      J 
D  j 
10  ( 

1               ° 

~— rC?° 
d    L^— U 

D         . ' 

Miles 

M 

jhlenl 

ergi 

i  ten 

uif  1  or 

D  n        so 

^   Map  226 

s  (Will'd)  BSP. 

6.  Muhlenbergia  mexicana  (L.)  Trin.  Wirestem  Muhly.  Map  222. 
This  species  is  frequent  to  common  in  all  parts  of  the  state  except  in  our 
northern  counties,  where  it  becomes  rare  to  infrequent.  It  prefers  a  moist 
soil  but  will  grow  and  thrive  in  almost  all  kinds  of  soils.  It  prefers  open, 
alluvial  soil  along  streams  where  it  often  forms  exclusive  stands.  It  is  an 
obnoxious  weed  when  it  invades  cultivated  fields  because  it  propagates  from 
underground  stems. 

N.  B.  to  N.  D.,  southw.  to  the  mts.  of  Ga.  and  Tex. 

6a.  Muhlenbergia  mexicana  f.  commutata  (Scribn.)  Wieg.  (Rhodora 
26:  1.  1924.)  Map  223.  I  have  specimens  of  this  long-awned  form  from 
the  counties  shown  on  the  map. 

Maine,  Que.,  and  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Mo. 

7.  Muhlenbergia  brachyphylla  Bush.  (Araer.  Midland  Nat.  6:  41-42. 
1919.)  Map  224.  Probably  infrequent  to  rare  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
state.    At  a  distance  it  so  closely  resembles  Muhlenbergia  tenuiflora  that 


134 


AUKOSTIDKAK 


m  unit*  nuei  gut 


0  "To 

Map  227 
Muhlenbergia  foliosa 
(Roem.  &  Schult.)  Trin. 


it  may  not  be  detected.  On  close  observation,  however,  it  is  easily  separated 
from  this  species  by  its  glabrous  nodes  and  infranodes.   It  is  found  in  low, 
flat  woods  and  on  wooded  slopes.    I  am  not  well  enough  acquainted  with 
this  species  to  understand  its  habitat. 
Ind.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Tex. 

8.  Muhlenbergia  racemosa  (Michx.)  BSP.    Marsh  Muhly.    Map  225. 

This  is  an  infrequent  grass  of  the  lake  area.    It  is  found  in  marshes  and 
springy  places.  Our  plants  south  of  the  lake  area  are  from  springy  places. 
Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Va.,  Md.,  Ky.,  Okla.,  and  Ariz. 

9.  Muhlenbergia  tenuiflora  ( Willd.)  BSP.  Map  226.  Local  or  infrequent 
throughout  the  state.  It  is  strictly  a  woodland  species  and  is  found  on  the 
tops  and  slopes  and  along  the  bases  of  wooded  slopes,  usually  of  the  black 
and  white  oak  type. 

Vt.,  Ont.,  Wis.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Va.,  Tenn.,  and  Okla. 

10.  Muhlenbergia  folidsa  (Roem.  &  Schult.)  Trin.  Map  227.  Infrequent 
in  the  lake  area  and  local  south  of  it.  It  is  generally  found  in  marshes 
and  springy  places,  usually  about  lakes  and  in  ditches. 

Maine  to  Que.  and  Mont.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ind.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Ariz. 

10a.  Muhlenbergia  foliosa  f.  ambigua  (Torr.)  Wieg.  (Muhlenbergia 
ambigua  Torr.)  This  form  has  the  habitat  of  the  species.  I  have  it  from 
Kosciusko,  Lagrange,  Marshall,  Starke,  Steuben,  Warren,  and  Whitley 
Counties. 

11.  Muhlenbergia  sylvatica  Torr.  (Muhlenbergia  urn b rasa  Scribn.)  Map 
228.  Infrequent  throughout  the  state.  It  is  usually  a  low  ground,  wood- 
land species  found  on  the  borders  of  streams,  ponds,  and  swamps,  and 
rarely  on  dry,  wooded  slopes. 

Maine  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  AJa.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. 

11a.  Muhlenbergia  sylvatica  f.  attenuata  (Scribn.)  Palmer  &  Steyer- 
mark.  I  have  this  form  from  only  Carroll,  Clark,  and  Posey  Counties. 


Sporobolus 


Agrostideae 


135 


r— 1 

Jan. 

H    D            0 

Feb. 

■ 

-1 J 

Mar 

_v 

Apr. 

— 

u|    S~ 

H 

15 
1 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Y 

r-^ 

r 

* 

1    BD 
B 

» 

* 

0 
UC 

i 

n 

-  i 

D 

17 

r, 

Oec.  C— 

1    " 

i       ' 

D              D 
E        1 ^ 

r^[w     Ba           y-— ' 

D     ( 

e/C\*\ 

k_°jV 

£/   Miles 

0                 50 

{^S^Cj^S              Map  231 

Sporobolus  neglectus  Nash 

2 
9 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

V 

r 

X 

1 

! 

Hi 

<B 

D 

B  11 

/ 





-^IOmC 

L 

D 

H    1 
Iff] 

B 

jl 

V 

" 

J, 

1 

r 

1/    Miles 

r~ 

r 

Decf— 

1 

D 

E      1 J 

Sp 

orobo 

us 

CI 

ypt 

an 

drus  (T< 

o              56 
Map  232 

rr.)  A.Gray 

76-230.  SPOROBOLUS  B.  Br.  Dropseed 

Lemma  appressed-pubescent  on  the  sides,  at  least  near  the  base. 

Plant  annual,  more  or  less  decumbent  at  the  base;  terminal  panicles  included   (very 

rarely  one  free),  lateral  panicles  common;  spikelets  3.5-6  mm  long 

1.  S.  vaginiflorus. 

Plant  perennial,  erect,  not  decumbent  at  the  base;  terminal  panicles  free  (rarely  one 
partly  included),  lateral  panicles  absent  (rarely  one  or  more  present);  spike- 
lets  about  5-6  mm  long 2.  S.  clandestinus. 

Lemma  glabrous  on  the  sides,  the  keel  usually  somewhat  scabrous. 
Spikelets  of  the  terminal  panicles  2-3  mm  long. 

Plant  annual;  sheaths  not  bearded  at  the  throat   (sometimes  a  few  long  hairs  on 
the  inside);  terminal  panicle  less  than  7  cm  long,  usually  included,  contracted 

and  spikelike ;  grain  about  1-1.5  mm  long 3.  S.  neglectus. 

Plant   perennial;    sheaths   conspicuously   bearded   at   the   throat;   terminal   panicle 
more  than  7  cm  long,  usually  almost  free  and  widely  spreading  at  maturity 

(sometimes  included  and  spikelike)  ;   grain  about   1  mm  long 

A.  S.  cryptandrus. 

Spikelets  of  the  terminal  panicles  3.5-5  mm  long. 

Glumes  acuminate  or  aristate,  the  second  one  about  1-2  mm  longer  than  the  first; 
panicles    free    at   maturity    and    widely    spreading;    grain    orbicular,    smooth. 

5.5.  heterolepis. 

Glumes  obtuse,  the  second  one  about  1  mm  longer  than  the  first;  panicles  usually 
included,  contracted;  grain  flattened,  reticulate 6.  S.  asper. 

1.  Sporobolus  vaginiflorus  (Torr.)  Wood.  Map  229.  Infrequent  to  com- 
mon in  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  prefers  poor,  dry  soils  and  is  rarely  absent 
from  the  borders  of  limestone  highways.  It  seems  to  be  spreading  for  I 
have  seen  it  spread  over  a  fallow  field  and  over  vacant  lots  in  a  few  years. 
It  can  now  be  found  almost  everywhere  along  roads  made  of  crushed  rock, 
in  waste  places,  on  washed  slopes,  and  in  poor  soil  in  pastures. 

Maine,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. 

2.  Sporobolus  clandestinus  (Spreng.)  Hitchc.  (Including  Sporobolus 
canovirens  Nash.)  Map  230.  Infrequent  in  very  sandy  soil  in  prairie 
habitats  in  the  counties  shown  on  the  map.  The  range  will  doubtless  be 
extended  to  include  the  counties  about  Lake  Michigan. 

Conn,  to  111.  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


136 


Agrostideae 


Brachyelytrum 


1 

3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 

7] > 

< 

D 

r 

| 

r-H- 

f 

■u 

i 

"f]H 

r 

r, 

Oec.j- 

i- ' — 

J    MfTes 

i 

Spor 

Dbolu 

s  he 

terolepis 

0                50 

Map  233 

VGray 

0  50 

Map  234 


Sporobolus  asper  (Michx.)  Kunth 


0  3D 

Map  235 


Brachyelytrum  erectum  (Schreb.)  Beauv. 


3.  Sporobolus  neglectus  Nash.  Map  231.  Infrequent  throughout  the 
state.  It  seems  to  have  much  the  same  habitat  as  Sporobolus  vaginiflorus 
and  is  often  found  with  it. 

Maine,  Que.  to  N.  Dak.  and  Wash.,  southw.  to  Md.,  Tenn.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. 

4.  Sporobolus  cryptandrus  (Torr.)  Gray.  Sand  Dropseed.  Map  232. 
Infrequent  in  dry,  sandy  soil  in  the  area  shown  on  the  map.  The  specimen 
from  Lawrence  County  was  found  in  an  old  stone  quarry  and  the  Marion 
County  specimen  was  found  in  a  waste  place  on  North  Meridian  Street  in 
Indianapolis.  I  regard  these  plants  as  waifs.  The  fact  that  the  panicle 
sometimes  remains  in  the  sheath  and  does  not  expand  has  caused  a  form 
to  be  named.  I  am  following  Hitchcock,  considering  the  form  to  be  without 
taxonomic  significance. 

Maine,  Ont.  to  Alberta  and  Wash.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ind.,  La.,  and  Ariz. 


5.  Sporobolus  heterolepis  Gray.  Prairie  Dropseed.  Map  233. 
species  is  infrequent  to  very  local  in  a  few  of  our  northern  counties, 
found  in  dry  or  moist  prairie  habitats. 

Que.  to  Sask.  and  Wyo.,  southw.  to  Conn.,  111.,  Ark.,  and  e.  Tex. 


This 
It  is 


6.  Sporobolus  asper  (Michx.)  Kunth.  Map  234.  This  species  is  infre- 
quent throughout  the  state.  It  is  doubtful  that  this  species  is  a  native. 
I  have  noted  its  advent  into  the  state  during  the  past  few  years.  It  now 
often  forms  complete  stands  for  rods  along  railroads,  highways,  and 
adjacent  fields.     It  will  no  doubt,  in  time,  become  a  weed. 

Vt.,  Mich,  to  N.  Dak.  and  Utah,  southw.  to  La.  and  N.  Mex. 


80-216.  BRACHYELYTRUM  Beauv. 

1.  Brachyelytrum  erectum  (Schreb.)  Beauv.  Map  235..  Infrequent  to 
frequent  in  all  parts  of  the  state  where  beech  and  sugar  maple  woods  or 
black  and  white  oak  woods  are  found.  It  prefers  dry  slopes  and,  for 
this  reason,  it  is  often  very  local  in  some  counties.   I  have  botanized  Wells 


Milium 


Agrostideae 


137 


— 

Jar 

. 

To 

B 
I. 
T 

1 

"""I    D 

T 

la 

D 

n 

We 

D 
D 

Mar 
Apr- 

r 

\ 

l-T"'     1 

a 
i 

3 

May 
June 
July 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov 

1 

r1^ 

-I 

fn 

J 

j~ 

r 

Dec.f- 

T—     ' 

/   Miles 

(    jS  \    ^V  J 

3                 50 

S^j-^f            Map  236 

Milium  effusum  L. 

a 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

i 
i 

i 

r 

\ 

K 

" 

1* 

J, 

r 

nH 

J 

Dec  1- 

i  ' — 

/    Miles 

Oryzt 

psis 

pun 

gens  (Torr. 

1                 50 

Map  237 

Hitchc. 

0  50 

Map  238 


Oryzopsis  asperifolia  Michx 


County  for  40  years  and  I  have  not  found  it,  possibly  because  woods  in 
which  it  grew  are  now  cultivated  fields. 
Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Okla. 

81-213.  MILIUM  L. 

1.  Milium  effusum  L.  Map  236.  This  species  is  very  local  and  is  found 
in  peaty  woods  with  soft  maple  or  in  mucky  or  springy  places  with  skunk 
cabbage. 

N.  C,  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Md.  and  111. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 

82-210.  ORYZOPSIS  Michx.  Ricegrass 
Blades  narrow,  involute;  spikelets  (exclusive  of  awns)  less  than  5  mm  long;  awns  not 

more  than  2  mm  long l.O.  pungens. 

Blades  broad,  flat;  spikelets  (exclusive  of  awns)  more  than  5  mm  long. 

Leaves  mostly  basal;  blades  of  culm  generally  less  than  2  cm  long,  scabrous  above. 

2.   O.   asperifolia. 

Leaves  scattered  along  the  culm;   blades  of  culm  more  than  2  cm  long,  pubescent 
above.     3.  O.  racemosa. 

1.  Oryzopsis  pungens  (Torr.)  Hitchc.  Map  237.  A  few  tufts  of  this 
species  have  been  found  in  Porter  County  over  a  limited  area  about  a 
quarter  mile  east  of  Waverly  Beach  in  the  Dunes  State  Park.  This  is  the 
only  locality  now  known  in  Indiana. 

Lab.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Conn.,  Ind.,  S.  Dak.,  and  N.  Mex. 

2.  Oryzopsis  asperifolia  Michx.  Map  238.  This  species  is  known  only 
from  La  Porte  and  Porter  Counties  where  it  is  found  on  open  wooded  dunes. 

Newf.,  Man.,  B.  C,  southw.  to  Conn.,  Ind.,  S.  Dak.,  and  N.  Mex. 

3.  Oryzopsis  racemosa  (J.  E.  Smith)  Ricker.  Map  239.  The  specimens 
found  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state  are  from  rocky  woods  and  those 
from  the  northern  part  are  from  moist  or  dry,  sandy  woods.  It  is  very 
local  and  I  cannot  account  for  its  widely  different  habitats  and  limited 
distribution. 

Que.  to  Minn.,  and  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Del.,  Ky.,  and  Iowa. 


138 


Agrostideae 


Stipa 


2 
1 

f 

i    e 

D 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

V 

J 

-U 

—I 

— r, 

T~ 

r, 

DecJ- 

1 

D» 
ID 

w.  1, — 1 

"f"Ba"  D  1       I 

U    Miles 

Or 

y:o 

Ps 

s  ra 

:emc 

sa  (J.E.Sr 

0                 50 

Map  239 
nith)  Ricker 

0  50 

Map  240 


Stipa  avenacea  L. 


0  50 

Map  241 


Stipa  comata  Trin.&  Rupr. 


84-209.  STIPA  L.  Needlegrass 
[Hitchcock.  The  North  American  species  of  Stipa.  Contr.  U.  S.  Nation. 
Herb.  24:  215-289.  1925.] 

Glumes  about  10  mm  long h  S.  avenacea. 

Glumes  about  15-40  mm  long. 

Lemmas  8-12  mm  long 2.  S.  comata. 

Lemmas  15-22  mm  long 3.  S.  spartea. 

1.  Stipa  avenacea  L.  Blackseed  Needlegrass.  Map  240.  Local  in 
dry,  sandy  soil  in  a  few  of  our  northern  counties. 

Mass.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  mostly  on  the  Coastal  Plain. 

2.  Stipa  comata  Trin.  &  Rupr.  Needle-and-thread.  Map  241.  This 
species  is  known  only  from  a  high  gravelly  hill  on  the  northeast  side  of 
Diamond  Lake,  Noble  County. 

Ind.  and  Mich,  to  Yukon  Territory,  southw.  to  Tex.  and  Calif. 

3.  Stipa  spartea  Trin.  Porcupine  Grass.  Map  242.  Local  to  infre- 
quent or  frequent  on  open  sand  knolls,  sand  ridges,  and  dunes,  or  rarely 
on  open  gravelly  places  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state. 

Ont,  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Ind.,  Kans.,  and  N.  Mex. 

85-208.  ARISTIDA  L.  Three-awn  Grass 
[Hitchcock.    North  American  species  of  Aristida.    Contr.  U.  S.  Nation. 
Herb.  22 :  517-586.  1924.  Henrard.  A  critical  revision  of  the  genus  Aristida. 
vii+701p.  1928.  Supplement:   702-747.  1933.  Rijks  Herbarium.  Leiden.] 

Awns  of  lemma  united  into  a  column,   10-15  mm   long,  articulated   with   the   lemma. 

1 .   A .   tuberculosa. 

Awns  of  lemma  not  united  into  a  column  and  not  articulated  with  the  lemma. 
Lemmas  (exclusive  of  awns)  less  than  12  mm  long. 

Central  awn  of  lemma  coiled  at  the  base  at  maturity;  lateral  awns  rarely  more 

than  1.5  mm  long 2.  A.  dichotoma. 

Central  awn  of  lemma  not  coiled  at  the  base,  but  abruptly  bent  outward,  usually 
to  a  45-90  degree  angle,  sometimes  with  a  slight  twist  at  the  base;  lateral 
awns  usually  more  than  1.5  mm  long. 


Aristida 


Agrostideae 


139 


Map  243 
Aristida  tuberculosa  Nutt . 


0  50 

Map  244 


Aristida  dichotoma  Michx 


Glumes  mostly  4-5  mm  long;   lemmas    (exclusive  of  awns)    generally  4-5   mm 

long,  their  central  awns  usually  5-15  mm  long 3.  A.  longespica. 

Glumes  mostly  6-11  mm  long;   lemmas    (exclusive  of  awns)    generally  6-8  mm 
long,  their  central  awns  usually  15-25  mm  long. 
Plant  annual,  20-40  cm  high;  first  glume  shorter  than  or  equaling  the  second. 

4.  A.  intermedia. 

Plant  perennial,  40-70  cm  high;  first  glume  generally  longer  than  the  second. 

5.  A.  purpurascens. 

Lemmas  (exclusive  of  awns)  more  than  12  mm  long. 

Central   awn   of  lemma   about   20   mm   long,   lateral   awns   much    shorter,   usually 

1.5  mm  long 6.  A.  ramosissima. 

Central  awn  of  lemma  about  25-70  mm  long,  lateral  awns  usually  about  5-10  mm 
shorter  than  the  central  one 1.  A.  oligantha. 

1.  Aristida  tuberculosa  Nutt.  Map  243.  Local  in  the  northwestern  part 
of  the  state  where  it  grows  in  almost  pure  sand  on  old  beaches  and  low 
dunes. 

Mass.  to  Ga.  and  Miss,  near  the  coast ;  around  the  southern  end  of  Lake 
Michigan,  and  locally  in  Wis.,  111.,  Iowa,  and  Minn. 

2.  Aristida  dichotoma  Michx.  Map  244.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in  the 
southern  half  of  the  state.  It  is  usually  a  common  plant  where  it  is  found. 
It  prefers  hard,  white  clay  soil  in  abandoned  and  fallow  fields,  on  washed 
slopes,  and  along  clayey  roadsides. 

All  the  species  of  this  genus,  when  found  in  habitats  similar  to  those 
just  mentioned,  are  known  in  Indiana  as  poverty  grasses. 

This  species  is  often  confused  with  A?*istida  longespica  from  which  it 
may  be  separated  by  its  dichotomously  branched  culms,  its  shorter  terminal 
panicles,  its  tighter  second  glume,  the  coiled  central  awn,  and  its  straight 
lateral  awns  being  1  mm  long.  In  the  other  species  the  glumes  are  usually 
much  looser  and  the  lateral  awns  of  the  lemma  are  much  longer,  diverging, 
or  widely  spreading. 

This  species  was  reported  from  Marshall  County  by  Clark  but  there  is 
no  verifying  specimen. 

Maine  to  Mich.  (Hemes)  and  e.  Kans.,  southw.  to  s.  Fla.  and  Tex. 


140 


Agrostideae 


Aristida 


0  ~^0 

Map  245 


Aristida  longespica  Pon 


1 
? 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

I    » 

NY 

HI      ,- 

N.^D 

: 

v_ 

1 

t    ^ 

!  » 

\-r- 

^ 

(1 

j 

J~ 

r 

Dec  C 

1 

i 

VA^     Miles 

Aristida  intermet 

iaS 

/   ° 

Map  246 
cnbn.&  Ball 

n  -- 

» 
"i  Li 

D         I 

f 

^1     D 

*1     S  »        D 

D            0 
Be          *e 



i 

14 

1 

Feb. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

So 

"  1 — 

no 

-I 

r 

-"L: 

J 

r1 

Dec  (- 

i 
i  ' — 

/    Miles 

D     I 
10  ( 

Aristid 

)  pu 

purascens 

50 

Map  247 
Poir. 

3.  Aristida  longespica  Poir.  (Aristida  gracilis  Ell.)  Map  245.  Infre- 
quent to  frequent,  but  plentiful  where  found,  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
state.  Usually  abundant  in  hard,  white  clay  soil  in  low,  flat,  fallow  fields 
and  in  habitats  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species.  Probably  also 
infrequent  in  the  sandy  areas  of  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state, 
although  there  are  specimens  only  from  Starke  County.  Our  specimens 
vary  somewhat  in  the  length  of  their  awns,  but  I  do  not  think  the  varia- 
tion has  any  taxonomic  value. 

N.  H.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  especially  on  the  Coastal  Plain. 

4.  Aristida  intermedia  Scribn.  &  Ball.  Map  246.  This  species  seems  to 
be  local  but  abundant  where  it  is  found.  I  have  seen  acres  of  it  in  Newton 
County  in  the  old  lake  bed,  and  in  Noble  County  it  forms  large  colonies 
on  the  former  bottom  of  Tippecanoe  Lake.  Local  in  moist,  sandy  soil  on 
interdunal  flats  about  Lake  Michigan,  in  moist  sandy,  prairie  habitats, 
and  on  moist  sandy  borders  of  lakes. 

Ind.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Miss,  and  Tex. 

5.  Aristida  purpurascens  Poir.  Map  247.  Infrequent  in  very  dry  sand 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state  and  in  a  similar  habitat  in  Knox 
County.  Its  habitat  is  found  in  contiguous  counties,  and  doubtless  its 
range  will  be  extended. 

Mass.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

6.  Aristida  ramosissima  Engelm.  Map  248.  This  is  an  infrequent  grass 
of  the  southwestern  counties  in  hard,  white  clay  soil  in  abandoned  and 
fallow  fields,  on  washed  slopes,  along  clayey  roadsides,  and  infrequently 
in  yellow  clay  soil. 

Ind.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Tenn.,  La.,  and  Tex. 

7.  Aristida  oligantha  Michx.  Prairie  Three-awn  Grass.  Map  249. 
Like  the  other  species  of  the  genus,  this  species  is  partial  to  a  slightly  acid 
soil  and  is  infrequent  to  frequent  in  the  southern  half  of  the  state  where 


Leptochloa 


Chlorideae 


141 


0  50 

Map  248 
Anstida  ramosissima  Engelm. 


0  50 

Map  249 


Aristida  oligantha  Mich*. 


4 
3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec.  C 

r^ 

~\ 

J       1 

r 

"" 

^ — . 

r 

_ 

i  l 

"C 

r 

-  i 

i 

r*     D 

D 

D     (       { 
T    1 

1/    Miles 

_eptoc 

hloa 

fin 

d  i>\~     /  0                50 

■J            Map  250 
ormis  (Lam.)  Beauv. 

its  habitat  is  found.    It  is  usually  found  in  hard,  white  clay  soil  in  aban- 
doned and  fallow  fields,  on  washed  slopes,  along  clayey  roadsides,  and 
locally  in  sandy  soil  in  the  northern  counties. 
Mass.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

6.     CHLORIDEAE  Kunth.     Grama  Tribe 

Spikelets  disarticulating  below  the  glumes;  large  coarse  grasses,  usually  more  than  a 

meter  high 99.  Spartina,  p.  143. 

Spikelets  disarticulating  above  the  glumes;  grasses  shorter  than  the  preceding. 

Spikes  digitate  or,  in  Eleusine,  one  or  rarely  2  spikes  remote  (rarely  as  distant  as 
2.5  cm) . 
Spikelets  1-flowcred. 

Spikelets  awnless 95.  Cynodon,  p.  143. 

Spikelets  awned 102.  Chloris,  p.  144. 

Spikelets  more  than  1-flowered. 

Rachis  extending  beyond  the  florets  into  a  naked  sharp  point;  second  glume  and 

at  least  the  lowest  lemma  cuspidate 94.  Dactyloctenium,  p.  142. 

Rachis  not  extending  beyond  the  florets  and  not  ending  in  a  sharp  point;  glumes 

and  lemmas  not  cuspidate 93.  Eleusine,  p.  142. 

Spikes  racemose,  on  an  axis  more  than  5  cm  long. 

Spikes  ascending  or  widely  spreading,  slender,  elongate. 

Lemmas  with  an  awn  4-6  mm  long 101.  Gymnopogon,  p.  143. 

Lemmas  awnless 90.  Leptochloa,  p.  141. 

Spikes  drooping,  dense,  short 104.  Bouteloua,  p.  144. 


90-307.  LEPTOCHLOA  Beauv.  Sprangletop  Grass 

[Hitchcock.  North  American  species  of  Leptochloa.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric. 
Bur.  PI.  Ind.  Bull.  33:  1-21.  1903.] 

Sheaths   papillose-pilose;    second   glume   acute;    grain   3-angled,   grooved    on   the   side 

toward  the  palea 1.  L.  filiformis. 

Sheaths  smooth;  second  glume  obtuse;  grain  compressed,  not  grooved.  .2.  L.  panicoides. 

1.  Leptochloa  filiformis  (Lam.)  Beauv.  Red  Sprangletop.  Map  250. 
Infrequent  in  the  counties  along  the  Ohio  River.  It  grows  in  sandy  soil 
on  the  slope  of  the  bank  of  the  Ohio  River  where  it  is  washed  at  flood 


142 


Chlorideae 


Eleusine 


o         "30 
Map  251 


Leptochloa  panicoides  (Presl  1  Hitchc. 


0  50 

Map  252 

Eleusine  indica  (L.)Gaertn. 


0  5o 

Map  253 


Cynodon  Dactylon  (|_.)  Pers. 


stages.  Also  found  in  sandy,  alluvial  fields  along  the  Ohio  River,  and  rarely 
in  a  similar  habitat  away  from  the  river.  Usually  rather  plentiful  where 
it  occurs. 

Va.  to  s.  Ind.  and  e.  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  s.  Calif.,  and 
throughout  tropical  America. 

2.  Leptochloa  panicoides  (Presl)  Hitchc.  (Leptochloa  floribunda  Doell 
of  Deam,  Grasses  of  Ind.)  Map  251.  In  1916  I  found  a  few  specimens  of 
this  species  in  a  large,  miry,  muddy  flat  in  what  is  locally  known  as 
Pitcher's  Lake,  about  5  miles  west  of  Mt.  Vernon,  Posey  County.  Pitcher's 
Lake  is  in  reality  a  shallow  lagoon  about  2  miles  long  and  a  half  mile  wide. 
It  is  filled  with  water  during  the  winter  months  and  is  usually  nearly  or 
entirely  dry  in  autumn.  This  grass  was  found  with  Lindemia,  Cyperus, 
Acnida,  and  Leersia  oryzoides.  I  revisited  the  place  in  1920  and  found  a 
few  more  specimens.  The  Indiana  specimens  are  the  only  ones  known 
north  of  Mississippi.  The  species  is  rare,  having  been  found  only  in 
Indiana,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  and  Texas,  and  southward  to  Brazil. 

93-304.  ELEUSINE  Gaertn. 

1.  Eleusine  Indica  (L.)  Gaertn.  Goosegrass.  Map  252.  This  species  is 
doubtless  found  in  every  county  of  the  state  although  our  records  are  less 
frequent  in  the  northern  counties.  It  prefers  a  moist,  sandy  habitat  and 
is  found  about  dwellings,  along  roadsides  and  footpaths  and  in  waste 
places,  pastures,  and  cultivated  fields. 

Nat.  of  the  Old  World ;  Mass.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  occa- 
sional in  Oreg.  and  Calif. 


94-305.  DACTYLOCTENIUM  Willd. 
See  excluded  species  no.  71,  p.  1028. 


Cynodon 


CHLORIDEAE 


143 


o  50 

Map  254 


Spartina  pectinata  Link 


0  "M 

Map  255 


Gymnopogon  ambiguus  (Michx.)  BSP. 


Map  256 
Bouteloua  curtfpendula  (MichxJ  Torr. 


95-282.  CYNODON  Richard 

1.  Cynodon  Dactylon  (L.)  Pers.  (Capriola  Dactylon  (L.)  Ktze.  Ber- 
muda Grass.  Map  253.  This  grass  has  become  sparingly  established  in 
the  state  and  I  predict  that  in  time  it  will  become  a  grass  used  frequently 
for  lawns  and  pasturage.  It  thrives  well  in  sandy  soil  where  bluegrass 
will  not. 

In  a  waste,  vacant  lot  in  Bluffton,  Wells  County,  two  large  colonies 
have  been  established  for  several  years  and  these  were  not  injured  by  a 
temperature  of  twenty-one  degrees  below  zero  of  the  winter  of  1935-1936. 

Introduced  in  America,  and  found  in  the  warm  regions  of  both  hemi- 
spheres. Md.  to  Okla.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Calif. ;  occasionally  northw. 
from  N.  H.  to  Mich,  and  Oreg. 

99-283.  SPARTINA  Schreber 

[Merrill.  The  North  American  species  of  Spartina.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric. 
Bur.  PI.  Ind.  Bull.  9:  1-16.  1902.  Saint-Yves,  Alf.  Monographia  Spartin- 
arum.   Candollea  5 :  19-100.  Dec.  1932.] 

1.  Spartina  pectinata  Link.  (Spartina  MicJiauxiana  Hitchc.)  Prairie 
Cordgrass.  Map  254.  This  species  is  infrequent  or  rarely  frequent  and 
seems  to  be  restricted  to  the  lake  and  prairie  areas  and  to  the  slope  of  the 
bank  of  the  Ohio  River,  usually  in  crevices  of  shale.  In  the  lake  area,  it  is 
found  on  the  low  borders  of  lakes  and  streams  and  in  marshy  places.  In 
the  prairie  area,  it  is  found  in  wet  places,  usually  closely  associated  with 
Calamagrostis  canadensis. 

Newf.,  Que.  to  e.  Wash,  and  Oreg.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ky.,  111.,  Ark.,  Tex., 
and  N.  Mex. 

101-290.  GYMNOPOGON  Beauv. 

1.  Gymnopogon  ambiguus  (Michx.)  BSP.  Map  255.  On  September  19, 
1934,  I  found  a  large  colony  of  this  species  in  very  sandy  soil  on  the  crest 
of  a  sand  ridge  in  an  open  place  in  a  woods  in  sec.  35  about  5  miles  north- 


144  Phalarideae  Hierochloe* 

west  of  Washington,  Daviess  County.  In  1938  Kriebel  found  it  here  and 
in  a  woods  a  mile  southwest  of  Plainville  and  in  a  woods  4  miles  north  of 
Washington. 

Coastal  Plain,  N.  J.,  Fla.,  and  Tex. ;  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  Ind.,  Tenn., 
Kans.,  and  southw. 

102-288.  CHLORIS  Sw. 

See  excluded  species  no.  72,  p.  1029. 

104-195.  BOUTELOUA  Lag.  Grama  Grass 

1.  Bouteloua  curtipendula  (Michx.)  Torr.  (Atheropogon  curtipendulus 
(Michx.)  Fourn.)  Side-oats  Gram  A.  Map  256.  Very  local  in  the  state 
and  usually  restricted  to  small  areas.  It  is  found  in  dry  soil,  either  sandy 
or  clayey,  on  sandy  knolls,  gravelly  hills  and  slopes,  and  on  bluffs  of 
streams. 

Maine,  Ont.  to  Mont.,  southw.  to  Md.,  W.  Va.,  Ala.,  Tex.,  Ariz.,  and  s. 
Calif. ;  introduced  in  S.  C. 

7.     PHALARIDEAE  Link.     Canary  Grass  Tribe 

Glumes  1-nerved;  sterile  lemmas  awned 109.  Anthoxanthum,  p.  144. 

Glumes  3-nerved  (sometimes  the  lateral  pair  of  the  first  glume  faint)  ;  lemmas  not 
awned. 

Glumes  very  thin,  not  keeled 108.    Hierochloe,  p.  144. 

Glumes  firm,  strongly  keeled 110.  Phalaris,  p.  144. 

108-206.  HIEROCHLOE  R.  Br. 

1.  Hierochloe  odorata  (L.)  Beauv.  (Hierochloe  odorata  (L.)  Wahl., 
Savastana  odorata  (L.)  Scribn.,  and  Hierochloe  odorata  var.  fragrans 
(Willd.)  Richt.)  Sweetgrass.  Map  257.  Infrequent  in  some  of  our  north- 
ern counties  where  it  is  usually  found  in  open  marshes.  I  have  one  speci- 
men from  mucky  soil  of  a  fallow  cornfield. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ind.,  Iowa,  Oreg.,  and  in  the  mts.  to 
N.  Mex.  and  Ariz. 

109-205.  ANTHOXANTHUM   L. 

1.  Anthoxanthum  odoratum  L.  Sweet  Vernalgrass.  Map  258.  While 
this  grass  has  been  reported  from  all  parts  of  the  eastern  United  States, 
in  Indiana  it  has  been  reported  from  only  2  counties  in  addition  to  those 
shown  on  the  map.  Found  along  railroads  and  in  pastures,  waste  places, 
and  meadows. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  Greenland  and  Newf.  to  La.  and  Mich.,  and  on  the 
Pacific  coast  from  B.  C.  to  n.  Calif. 

110-204.  PHALARIS  L.  Canary  Grass 

Inflorescence  6-16  cm  long;  glumes  not  dilated  above  the  middle;  fertile  floret  about 
3.5  mm  long 1.  P.  arundinacea. 

Inflorescence  2-4  cm  long;  glumes  dilated  above  the  middle;  fertile  floret  about  5  mm 
long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  73,  p.  1029.) P.  canariensis. 


Leersia 


Oryzeae 


145 


0  50 

Map  257 
Hierochloe  odorata  (U  Beauv. 


0  50 

Map  258 


Anthoxanthum  odoratum  L. 


0  50 

Map  259 


Phalaris  arundinacea  L. 


1.  Phalaris  arundinacea  L.  Reed  Canary  Grass.  Map  259.  This  species 
is  infrequent  in  the  lake  area  and  local  south  of  it.  In  most  places  in  the 
lake  area  it  seems  to  be  a  native  while  southward  it  is  doubtless  an  escape. 
It  is  usually  found  in  marshes  but  will  thrive  in  almost  any  habitat.  It 
is  recommended  as  a  fodder  plant  for  low  grounds,  especially  in  the  north- 
west. My  observation  and  personal  experience  with  it  is  that  it  is  wise 
not  to  plant  it  if  one  wishes  ever  to  get  rid  of  it.  I  have  found  it  as  difficult 
to  exterminate  as  most  pernicious  weeds. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  N.  B.  to  se.  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ky.,  Okla.,  N.  Mex., 
Ariz.,  and  ne.  Calif. 

la.  Phalaris  arundinacea  var.  picta  L.  This  is  a  variety  with  the 
leaves  striped  with  white.  It  is  often  used  in  cultivation  and  found  as  an 
escape  in  colonies  along  roadsides  and  in  waste  places. 


8.     ORYZEAE  Kunth     Rice  Tribe 
112-194.  LEERSIA  Sw. 

Culms  compressed;  foliage  more  or  less  scabrous  or  scabrous-pubescent;  spikelets  3-3.5 
mm  long  (rarely  one  4  mm  long),  1-1.3  mm  wide;  stamens  1  or  2;  grain  about  2.5 

mm  long,  1  mm  wide 1.  L.  virginica. 

Culms  terete;  foliage  more  or  less  hispid;   spikelets  4.1-5  mm  long,  1.5-4  mm  wide; 
stamens  2  or  3;  grain  3-3.5  mm  long,  1.5-1.8  mm  wide. 
Spikelets  oblong,  1.5-1.8  mm  wide;  stamens  3;  grain  about  3  mm  long,  1.5  mm  wide. 

2.  L.  oryzoides. 

Spikelets  broadly  oval  to  nearly  orbicular,  3-4  mm  wide;  stamens  2;  grain  about  3.5 
mm  long,  1.8  mm  wide 3.  L.  lenticularis. 

1.  Leersia  virginica  Willd.  (Homalocenchrus  virginicus  (Willd.) 
Britt.)  Whitegrass.  Map  260.  An  infrequent  to  frequent  grass  in  low 
woodland  of  all  kinds  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  is  usually  found  where 
the  mineral  soil  is  exposed,  hence  it  is  most  frequent  on  old  logging  roads. 

Que.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


146 


ZlZANIEAE 


Zizania 


1 
11 

21 

1? 
1 

0 

ml 

n 

I 

ID            D 

0           » 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

/id 

0           0 

iB 

.  T^- 

0 

-U  D 

'                 BT     » 

°" 

» 

D 

p 

I 

"•    1  B    D 

D 

0 

D 

D 

• 

OP 

IIC 

e 

D 

IU 

D 

J 

I    D 

[<■ 

1     °          ° 

Dec  f- 

10 

We  S 1 

D           D     ■ 
I      l_       , 

D      L, 

0    J- — 1 — 

t     / 

D 

D 

*  L 

^/vviv 

^j\ 

d  y 

XJ    Miles 

To 

v  A  j"v  V  J 

0                50 

vS^y^V             Map  260 

Leersia  virginica  Willd. 

0  50 

Map  261 


Leersia  oryzoides  (L.)  Sw. 


2.  Leersia  oryzoides  (L.)  Sw.  (Homalocenchrus  oryzoides  (L.)  Poll.) 
Rice  Cutgrass.  Map  261.  This  species  is  found  throughout  the  state 
but  on  account  of  its  habitat  and  light  requirements  it  is  infrequent.  It 
prefers  full  sunlight  and  is  found  in  low,  wet  places,  especially  along 
ditches,  old  river  channels,  outlets  of  springs,  in  springy  places,  and  about 
lakes.  The  species  varies  considerably.  In  late  flowering  forms,  sometimes 
the  panicles  do  not  expand  and  are  included.  Rarely  forms  with  smooth 
sheaths  are  found. 

Maine,  Que.  to  e.  Wash.,  southw  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  Colo.,  Ariz.,  and  s.  Calif. ; 
also  in  Eu. 

3.  Leersia  lenticularis  Michx.  (Homalocenchrus  lenticularis  (Michx.) 
Scribn.)  Catchfly  Grass.  Map  262.  This  grass  seems  to  be  restricted 
to  the  stream  courses  of  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  and  the  valley 
of  the  Kankakee  River.  It  is  usually  found  in  low  ground  in  woods,  on 
the  borders  of  ponds,  about  sloughs,  and  in  ditches.  It  is  infrequent  but 
where  found  often  plentiful. 

Ind.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  S.  C,  Fla.,  and  Tex. 


9.    ZIZAMEAE  Hitchc.     Indian  Rice  Tribe 

113-190.  ZIZANIA  L.  Wildrice 

[Fassett.    A  study  of  the  genus  Zizania.    Rhodora  26 :  153-160.    1924.] 

Pistillate  lemmas  thin  and  papery,  dull,  finely  striate,  scabrous  over  the  whole  surface; 

aborted  spikelets  slender  and  shriveled,  less  than  1  mm  thick 1.  Z.  aquatica. 

Pistillate  lemmas  firm   and   tough,  with   a   lustrous   and   coarsely   corrugate   surface, 
scabrous  on  the  margins,  at  the  summit,  along  the  awn,  and  sometimes  along  the 
nerves,  otherwise  glabrous;  aborted  spikelets  with  a  distinct  body  1.5-2  mm  thick. 
Culms   60-120   cm  high;   blades   generally   less   than   10   mm  wide;    lower   pistillate 
branches  with  2-6  spikelets;  lower  or  middle  staminate  branches  with  5-15  spike- 
lets    la.  Z.  aquatica  var.  angustifolia. 

Culms  mostly  125-275  cm  high;  blades  generally  10-50  mm  wide;  lower  pistillate 
branches  with  11-29  spikelets;  lower  or  middle  staminate  branches  with  (20) 
30-60  spikelets lb.  Z.  aquatica  var.  interior. 


Zizania 


Paniceae 


147 


Map  264 
Digitaria  fihformi's  (L.)  KoeL 


Map  265 
Digitaria  Ischaemum  (Schreb.)  Muhl. 


1.  Zizania  aquatica  L.  (Zizania  palnstris  of  recent  authors,  not  L.) 
Annual  Wildrice.  Map  263.  Infrequent  to  local  in  the  lake  area  in 
dredged  ditches,  sloughs,  and  swamps. 

This  grass  affords  protection  and  food  for  water  birds,  especially  wild 
ducks,  and  it  is  now  often  planted  for  these  purposes. 

The  following  are  popular  publications  on  this  subject:  Wild  rice; 
its  uses  and  propagation,  by  Brown  and  Scofield.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  Bur. 
PI.  Ind.  Bull.  50:  1-23.  7  pi.  1903;  Wild  rice,  by  Fyles.  Dept.  Agric. 
Dominion  of  Canada,  Bull.  42,  n.s.  1-20.  1920;  Propagation  of  wild-duck 
foods,  by  McAtee.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  Bull.  465.   1917. 

Que.  to  N.  Dak.  and  Idaho,  southw.  to  Fla.,  and  La. 

la.     Zizania  aquatica  var.  angustifolia  Hitchc.     (Zizania  palustris  L.) 
Northern  Wildrice.   This  variety  has  the  habitat  of  the  species. 
N.  B.,  Que.,  and  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.  and  Nebr. 

lb.  Zizania  aquatica  var.  interior  Fassett.  This  is  a  form  of  the  species 
which  Fassett  recognizes  but  Hitchcock  does  not.  It  seems  to  be  distinct 
in  our  area.   Its  habitat  is  that  of  the  species. 


10.     PANICEAE  R.  Br.     Millet  Tribe 

Spikelets  enclosed  in  globose  spiny  burs 137.  Cenchrus,  p.  177. 

Spikelets  not  as  above. 

Spikelets  subtended  by  1-several  scabrous  bristles;  inflorescence  a  spikelike  panicle. 

135.  Setaria,  p.  176. 

Spikelets  not  subtended  by  bristles. 

Spikelets  awned  or  with  an  acuminate  and  spiny-hispid  second  glume  and  sterile 

lemma 133.  Echinochloa,  p.  174. 

Spikelets  not  awned  nor  spiny-hispid. 

Spikelets  in  slender  one-sided  racemes,  subsessile  and  in  two  rows;  first  glume 
obsolete. 
Spikelets  obovate  to  suborbicular  or,  if  narrowly  elliptic,  the  rachis  broadly 

winged 128.   Paspalum,  p.  149. 

Spikelets  lanceolate  or  elliptic,  on  a  narrow  rachis.  ..  .121.  Digitaria,  p.  148. 


148  Paniceae  Digitaria 

Spikelets  in  an  open  or  contracted  panicle. 

Fruiting   lemma  firm,   with   flat,  hyaline   margins;    pedicels   3-angled   at   the 

summit 122.  Leptoloma,  p.  148. 

Fruiting  lemma   chartaceous-indurate,   the  margins   inrolled 

129.    Panicum,  p.  150. 

121-166A.  DIGITARIA  Heist.  Crabgkass 

[Nash.    The  Genus  Syntherisma  in  North  America.    Bull.  Torrey  Bot. 

Club  25 :  289-303.   1898.] 

Lower  blades  glabrous  or  nearly  so;   mature  fertile  lemmas    (fruit)    dark   brown  or 
black,  about  2  mm  long. 

Lower  sheaths  papillose-hirsute ;  rachis  wingless,  about  0.3  mm  wide 

1.  D.  filifomiis. 

Lower  sheaths  glabrous  or  with  a  few  straggling  hairs;  rachis  winged,  about  1  mm 

wj(je 2.  D.  Ischaemum. 

Lower  blades  more  or  less  pubescent;   mature  fertile  lemmas    (fruit)    light  gray   to 
light  drab,  about  3  mm  long 3.  D.  sanguinalis. 

1.  Digitaria  filiformis  (L.)  Koel.  (Syntherisma  filiforme  (L.)  Nash.) 
Map  264.  This  species  is  known  from  only  eleven  counties  and  reported 
from  Marshall  County.  It  is  very  local  but  common  enough  where  found. 
My  specimens  are  from  very  sandy  soil  in  shallow  depressions  on  low, 
sandy  ridges  in  open  woodland,  in  a  moist  prairie  habitat,  and  in  dry, 
sandy  soil  in  pastures. 

N.  H.  to  Iowa  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Mex. 

2.  Digitaria  Ischaemum  (Schreb.)  Muhl.  (Digitaria  humifusa  Pers. 
and  Syntherisma  Ischaemum  (Schreb.)  Nash.)  Smooth  Crabgrass.  Map 
265.  Infrequent  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  and  frequent  to  com- 
mon in  moist,  clayey  flats  in  the  southwestern  counties.  Like  the  next 
species,  it  is  found  almost  everywhere  except  in  dense  woodland  and  very 
wet  soil.  It  prefers  a  moist,  sandy  soil  and  is  found  generally  in  culti- 
vated fields,  pastures,  meadows,  and  waste  places  and  along  roadsides. 
In  the  southwestern  counties  in  the  moist,  clayey,  fallow  fields,  it  forms 
dense  mats  over  large  areas. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  Que.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  S.  C,  Tenn.,  and  Ark. 

3.  Digitaria  sanguinalis  (L.)  Scop.  (Syntherisma  sanguinalis  (L.) 
Dulac.)  Crabgrass.  Map  266.  This  species  is  a  common  weed  throughout 
the  state,  especially  in  truck  gardens,  lawns,  gardens,  and  cultivated 
grounds  of  all  kinds. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  throughout  the  U.  S.,  more  common  in  the  East  and  South. 

122-166C.  LEPTOLOMA  (has, 

1.  Leptoloma  cognatum  (Schult.)  Chase.  Map  267.  This  grass  is  found 
in  very  sandy  soil  on  sand  ridges  and  sandy  knolls,  usually  in  fallow  fields, 
along  roadsides,  and  in  open  woodland. 

N.  H.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  and  westw.  to  Ariz. 


Paspalum 


Paniceae 


149 


0  50 

Map  266 


Digitaria  sanguinalis  (U  Scop. 


0  50 

Map  267 
Leptoloma  cognatum  (Schult.)  Chase 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

\ 

-L. 

"m 

V1 

f^ 

l' 

^Z- 

1 

X 

r, 

1   1 

Dec  C 

D 

U  We 

D      / 
V     J 
P     1 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  268 


Paspalum  f luitans  (Ell.)  Kunth 


128-161.  PASPALUM  L. 

[Chase.  The  North  American  species  of  Paspalum.  Contr.  U.  S.  Nation. 
Herb.  28:  1-310.    1929.] 

Racemes  more  than  10  to  a  panicle 1.  P.  fluitans. 

Racemes  fewer  than  10  to  a  panicle. 
Spikelets  2.5-3.2  mm  long. 

Spikelets  solitary  2.  P.  drculare. 

Spikelets  in  pairs 3.  P.  pubiflorum  var.  glabrtim. 

Spikelets  1.5-2.4  mm  long. 

Blades  from  sparsely  to  rather  densely  pilose,  rather  thin. 

Spikelets  2  mm  long A.  P.  pubescens. 

Spikelets  about  1.5  mm  long.   (See  excluded  species  no.  77,  p.  1029.) .  .P.  setaceum. 

Blades   puberulent   on   both   surfaces,   with   long  hairs   intermixed,   or   the   lower 

surface  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  except  a  few  long  hairs  along  the  midrib 

and  margin,  usually  rather  firm 5.  P.  stramineum. 

1.  Paspalum  fluitans  (Ell.)  Kunth.  (Paspalum  mucronatum  Muhl.  and 
Paspalum  repens  Berg.)  Map  268.  Infrequent  to  local  in  the  state  and 
restricted  to  the  muddy  banks  of  ponds,  sloughs,  and  streams.  The  oldest 
specimen  seen  was  one  collected  in  1836  near  New  Albany  by  Dr.  Clapp. 

S.  C.  to  Ind.,  Kans.,  and  Tex.,  southw.  to  Argentina. 

2.  Paspalum  circulare  Nash.  Map  269.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state  where  it  is  usually  found  in  hard,  white  clay 
soil  in  roadside  ditches,  low  places  in  woodland,  and  fallow  fields.  The 
specimen  from  Marion  County  was  found  along  the  Monon  Railroad  and 
doubtless  was  introduced. 

Conn,  to  N.  C.  and  Miss.,  northw.  to  Ind.,  Kans.,  and  westw.  to  Tex. 

3.  Paspalum  pubiflorum  Rupr.  var.  glabrum  Vasey.  Map  270.  Infre- 
quent in  a  few  of  our  southern  counties.  Usually  found  in  moist, 
sandy  soil  in  ditches  and  in  low  ground.  It  is  a  common  plant  in  the 
street  gutters  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Mt.  Vernon. 

N.  C.  to  Ind.  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


150 


Paniceae 


Panicum 


0  50 

Map  269 


Paspalum  circulare  Nash 


o  50 

Map  270 
Paspalum  pubiflorum 

var.  glabrum  Vasey 


0  50 

Map  271 


Paspalum  pubescens  Muhl. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec. 


n                «     / 

■              y-1 

»lj--^.  X  DP                               "■ f' 

Rf+rro 

\Mr± 

-  r     |      J~r 

1       1 Is* 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  272 


Paspalum  stramineum  Nash 


0  50 

Map  273 

Panicum   dichotomiflorum  Michx. 


Map  274 


Panicum  flexile  (Gatt.)  Scnbn, 


4.  Paspalum  pubescens  Muhl.  (Including  Paspalum  Muhlenbergii 
Nash.)  Map  271.  This  species  is  found  sparingly  in  the  northern  two 
thirds  of  the  state  and  is  infrequent  to  frequent  in  the  southern  part.  It 
prefers  moist,  sandy  soil  but  adapts  itself  to  many  habitats.  It  is  usually 
found  in  pastured  fields  and  woodlots. 

Vt.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5.  Paspalum  stramineum  Nash.  Map  272.  A  few  specimens  of  this 
species  have  been  found  in  a  few  of  the  northwestern  counties  in  very 
dry,  sandy  soil  along  roadsides  and  in  waste  places. 

Ind.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Tex.,  Ariz.,  and  nw.  Mex. 


129-166.  PANICUM  L.  Panicum 

[Hitchcock  and  Chase.  The  North  American  species  of  Panicum.  Contr. 
U.  S.  Nation.  Herb.  15:  1-396.  1910.  Fernald.  Realignments  in  the  genus 
Panicum.   Rhodora  36:  61-87.    1934.] 


Panicum  Paniceae  151 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  of  various  habit,  foliage,  and  inflorescence ; 
spikelets  disarticulating  below  the  glumes,  arranged  in  open  or  compact 
panicles,  rarely  racemose,  1-  or  2-flowered,  the  lower  flower  usually  repre- 
sented by  a  sterile  lemma  and  palea,  the  palea  usually  not  developed  or 
rarely  lacking,  when  2-flowered  the  lower  staminate  only;  glumes  2, 
asually  very  unequal,  the  first  smaller  and  often  minute,  the  second 
;ypically  equaling  the  sterile  lemma,  the  latter  of  the  same  texture  and 
simulating  a  third  glume ;  stamens  3 ;  fertile  lemma  chartaceous-indurate, 
Lhe  nerves  obsolete,  the  margins  inrolled  and  enclosing  a  palea  of  the 
same  texture. 

KEY  TO  SECTIONS  OF  INDIANA  PANICUM. 

Basal  leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  culm;  plants  not  forming  winter  rosettes. 
First  glume  truncate  or  triangular-tipped,  usually  about  a  fourth    (rarely  longer) 
as  long  as  the  acute  or  acuminate  glabrous  spikelet;   annual 

1.  DlCHOTOMIFLORA,    p.    156. 

First  glume  not  truncate,  more  than  a  fourth  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  usually  a  third 
to  nearly  half  as  long;  annual  or  perennial. 
Spikelets  2-5  mm  long,  smooth,  or  the  keels  more  or  less  scabrous,  but  the  spikelet 
not  warty. 

Annual 2.  Capillaria,  p.  156. 

Perennial. 

Spikelets  on  long  pedicels  in  large,  open  panicles;  plants  with  creeping  root- 
stocks 3.  Virgata,  p.  158. 

Spikelets  on  short  pedicels,  arranged  close  together  in  one-sided  branches  in 
large  panicles;  plants  without  creeping  rootstocks.  .4.  Agrostoidea,  p.  158. 

Spikelets  1.8-2  mm  long,  warty 5.  Verrucosa,  p.  159. 

Basal  leaves  not  similar  to  those  of  the  culm;  plants  forming  winter  rosettes. 
Culm  leaves  elongated,  not  over  5  mm   (rarely  6  mm)   wide,  more  than  20  times  as 
long   as   wide;    spikelets   2.2-4   mm   long,   beaked    in   P.   depauperatum   and   its 

variety;  autumnal  phase  branching  at  the  base 6.  Depauperata,  p.  160. 

Culm  leaves  not  elongated  (if  elongated,  glabrous  on  both  surfaces  with  spikelets  2.2-3 

mm  long,  or  the  blades  softly  pubescent  on  both  surfaces  and  the  spikelets  1.8-2 

mm  long)  ;  autumnal  phase  branching  above  the  base  or  remaining  simple. 

Plants  with  elongate  foliage  aggregated  at  the  base,  light  green,  softly  pubescent, 

the  basal  leaves  not  in  distinct  rosettes  in  autumn;   ligules  nearly  obsolete; 

spikelets  1.8-2  mm  long;   autumnal  phase  branching  near  the  base,  forming 

close,  fiat  tufts,  with  reduced  panicles 7.  Laxiflora,  p.  161. 

Plants  not  as  above. 

Uppermost  leaves  elongate,  generally  longest,  stiff,  widely  spreading,  3-8  (10) 
mm  wide  and  up  to  22  cm  long,  glabrous  on  both  surfaces ;  sheaths  glabrous 
or  only  the  margins  pubescent;   spikelets  2.3-3  mm  long 

8.    BlCKNELLIANA,    p.    162. 

Uppermost  leaves  and  spikelets  not  as  above. 

Culms  glabrous  or  only  the  nodes  pubescent;  spikelets  not  over  3  mm  long. 
Ligules  less  than  1.2  mm  long,  usually  nearly  obsolete. 

Culms  bearded  at  the  nodes,  at  least  the  lower  ones  (rarely  only  the  upper 

ones  puberulent  in  P.  mattamuskeetense) 9.  Dichotoma,  p,  162. 

Culms  not  bearded  at  the  nodes. 

Spikelets  more  than  1.8  mm  long 9.  Dichotoma,  p.  162. 

Spikelets  less  than  1.8  mm  long 13.  Sphaerocarpa,  p.  170. 

Ligules  2-5  mm  long 10.  Spreta,  p.  164. 

Culms  and  sheaths  more  or  less  strongly  pubescent;   if  glabrous  except  the 
nodes,  the  spikelets  more  than  3  mm  long. 
Ligules  2-5  mm  long 11.  Lanuginosa,  p.  164. 


152  Paniceae  Panicum 

Ligules  not  more  than  2  mm  long. 

Spikelets   nearly   spherical   at  maturity,   less  than   1.8  mm  long;    blades 

glabrous,  firm,  cordate 13.    Sphaerocarpa,  p.  170. 

Spikelets    elliptic    or    obovate,    more    than    1.7    mm    long    (except    in    P. 
columbianum) . 
Blades  not  cordate  at  the  base. 

Spikelets  less  than  3  mm  long 12.    Columbiana,  p.  169. 

Spikelets  more  than  3  mm  long 14.  Oligosanthia,  p.  171. 

Blades  cordate  at  the  base. 

Spikelets  2.5-2.9  mm  long 15.  Commutata,  p.  172. 

Spikelets  3-5  mm  long 16.  Latifolia,  p.  173. 

KEY  TO  THE  INDIANA  SPECIES  OF  PANICUM 

A.  Spikelets  glabrous. 

Spikelets  3  mm  long  or  longer. 
Annual. 

Spikelets  4-5  mm  long  and  more  than  1.8  mm  wide.      (See  excluded  species  no. 

82,  p.  1030.) P.  miliaceum. 

Spikelets  3-4  mm  long,  less  than  1.8  mm  wide 2.  P.  flexile,  p.  157. 

Perennial. 

Panicles  20-40  cm  long;  spikelets  gaping  or  curved  at  the  apex. 
Ligules  2-4  mm  long;  first  glume  two  thirds  to  three  fourths  as  long  as  the 

spikelet 6.  P.  virgatum,  p.  158. 

Ligules   less   than   1   mm  long;   first  glume   a  third  to  half  as   long  as   the 

spikelet 7.    P.   anceps,  p.  159. 

Panicles  3-8  cm  long;  spikelets  not  gaping  or  curved  at  the  apex. 

Blades  elongated,  not  over  5  mm  wide  and  more  than  20  times  as  long  as 

wide;  spikelets  beaked  or  pointed  at  the  apex.  .11.  P.  depauperatum,  p.  160. 

Blades  not  elongated,  less  than  20  times  as  long  as  wide;  spikelets  blunt  at 

the  apex 43.    P.  Scribnerianum,  p.  171. 

Spikelets  less  than  3  mm  long. 

Spikelets  warty 10.  P.  verrucosum,  p.  159. 

Spikelets  not  warty. 

Annual;  basal  leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  culm;  plants  not  forming  winter 
rosettes;  panicles  more  than  12  cm  long   (except  in  depauperate  plants). 
Sheaths  glabrous. 

Spikelets  2-3.5  mm  long,  usually  about  2.9  mm  long  (rarely  a  few  as  short 
as  2  mm),  acute;  plants  usually  large  and  spreading,  50-100  cm  long. 

1.  P.   dichotomiflorum,  p.  156. 

Spikelets  1.8-2.2  mm  long,  usually  about  2  mm  long,  blunt;  plants  shorter 

and  more  slender  than  the  preceding 

la.  P.  dichotomifloruvi  var.  puritanorum,  p.  156. 

Sheaths  pubescent. 

Pulvini  of  the  panicle  hispid. 

Panicles  included  at  the  base,  usually  large,  about  as  wide  as  long,  gen- 
erally about  half  as  long  as  the  whole  plant;  blades  thickly  papillose- 
hispid  above  and  beneath 3.  P.  capillare,  p.  157. 

Panicles  exserted,  ovoid,  usually  not  as  large  as  the  preceding,  about  a 
third  as  long  as  the  whole  plant;  blades  sparsely  hirsute  above  and 

beneath 4.  P.  philadelphicum,  p.  157. 

Pulvini  of  panicle  glabrous 5.  P.  Gattingeri,  p.  157. 

Perennial;    basal    leaves    not   like   those   of   the    culm;    plants    forming   winter 
rosettes;  panicles  not  over  12  cm  long,  except  those  of  Panicum  agrostoides 
which  are  much  longer. 
Pedicels  mostly  about  half  as  long  as  the  spikelets;   spikelets  subsecund  on 

the  lower  side  of  the  branchlets  of  the  inflorescence 

9.  P.  agrostoides,  p.  159. 


Panicum  Paniceae  153 

Pedicels  mostly  longer  than  the  spikelets;  spikelets  not  subsecund  on  the  lower 
side  of  the  branchlets  of  the  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  not  more  than  1.8  mm  long. 

Nodes  bearded;  ligule  less  than  1  mm  long;  sheaths  usually  covered  more 

or  less  with  white  spots 16.  P.  microcarpon,  p.  162. 

Nodes  not  bearded;  ligule  more  than  1  mm  long;  sheaths  without  white 

spots 22.  P.  sprettim,  p.  164. 

Spikelets  1.9-2.8  mm  long. 

Sheaths  or  some  of  them  usually  marked  more  or  less  with  white  spots, 
the   overlapping  margin   usually  glabrous;    spikelets  more   than   2.2 

mm  long   (mostly  2.3-2.5  mm  long) 21.  P.  yadkinense,  p.  164. 

Sheaths  not  marked  with  white  spots,  the  overlapping  margin  pubescent; 
spikelets  2-2.8  mm  long. 

Spikelets  2.3-2.8  mm  long 15.  P.  Bicknellii,  p.  162. 

Spikelets  2-2.2  mm  long. 

Plants  of  dry  ground;   culms  erect,  rarely  autumnal   plants   reclin- 
ing   17.  P.  dichotomum,  p.  163. 

Plants  of  bogs  and  swamps ;   culms  weak,  soon  becoming  decumbent 

and  trailing 20.  P.  lucidum,  p.  163. 

\.  Spikelets  pubescent. 
Blades  mostly  more  than  15  mm  wide. 

Sheaths,   at   least   the   lower   ones    and   those   of   the   branches,    papillose-hispid; 

spikelets  2.7-3  mm  long  (rarely  longer) 46.  P.  clandestinum,  p.  173. 

Sheaths  not  papillose-hispid. 

Nodes  retrorsely  bearded;  spikelets  4-4.5  mm  long. 

Blades  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  both  surfaces 48.  P.  Boscii,  p.  174. 

Blades  velvety  to  the  touch  beneath 48a.  P.  Boscii  var.  molle,  p.  174. 

Nodes  not  retrorsely  bearded,  glabrous  or  minutely  appressed-pubescent. 

Spikelets  3.2-3.7  mm  long 47.  P.  latifolium,  p.  174. 

Spikelets  2.5-3  mm  long 45.  P.  commutatum,  p.  173. 

Spikelets  1.4-1.6  mm  long 39.  P.  polyanthes,  p.  170. 

Blades  mostly  less  than  15  mm  wide. 

Blades  elongated,  not  over  5  mm  wide  and  more  than  20  times  as  long  as  wide. 
Spikelets  beaked,  mostly  3.2-3.8  mm  long  (rarely  as  short  as  3  mm). 

Sheaths  pilose 11 .  P.  depauperatum,  p.  160. 

Sheaths  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  .11a.  P.  depauperatum  var.  psilophylhmi,  p.  160. 
Spikelets  not  beaked,  3  mm  or  less  in  length   (rarely  3.2  mm  long). 

Spikelets  2.7-3.2  mm  long;  panicles  narrow,  usually  less  than  a  third  as  wide 

as  long;  ligules  mostly  about  1  mm  long 12.  P.  perlongum,  p.  161. 

Spikelets   2.2-2.7  mm  long;   panicles  usually  more  than  a  third   as  wide   as 
long;  ligules  mostly  less  than  1  mm  long. 

Sheaths  pilose 13.  P.  lineari folium,  p.  161. 

Sheaths  glabrous  or  nearly  so..  13a.  P.  lineari  folium  var.  Werneri,  p.  161. 
Blades  not  elongated  or,  if  elongated,  more  than  5  mm  wide. 
Spikelets  3  mm  or  more  long. 

Spikelets  beaked,  somewhat  curved,  smooth  except  the  scabrous  keels 

7.  P.  anceps,  p.  159. 

Spikelets  obovate,  not  curved,  more  or  less  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs. 
Ligule  less  than  0.5  mm  long;  blades  papillose-hispid  above  and  beneath; 

spikelets  papillose-hispid 41.  P.  Leibergii,  p.  171. 

Ligule  more  than  0.5  mm  long;   blades  not  papillose-hispid;   spikelets   not 
papillose. 
Culms   and   at   least   the   lower   sheaths   with   an   appressed   pubescence; 
ligules  mostly  1.5  mm  long  with  longer  hairs  intermixed;    spikelets 

oblong-obovate,  mostly  3.5-4  mm  long  and  1.7-1.9  mm  wide 

42.  P.  oligosanthes,  p.  171. 


154  Paniceae  Panicum 

Culms   and   sheaths   with   a   spreading   pubescence;    ligules   about    1   mm 
long;    spikelets   bluntly   obovate,   mostly   3-3.5   mm  iong   and   2   mm 

■wide 43.   P.   Scribnerianam,  p.  171. 

Spikelets  less  than  3  mm  long. 

Sheaths  retrorsely  pilose 14.  P.  xalapense,  p.  161. 

Sheaths  not  retrorsely  pilose. 

Basal  leaves  like  those  of  the  culm;  plants  not  forming  winter  rosettes. 

Spikelets  1.8-2.3  mm  long;  fruit  not  stalked 9.  P.  agrostoides,  p.   159. 

Spikelets   2.4-2.8   mm   long;    fruit   with   a   basal   stalk   0.2-0.4   mm   long. 

8.  P.  stipitatum,  p.  159. 

Basal  leaves  not  like  those  of  the  culm;  plants  forming  winter  rosettes  B. 
B  (to  left  to  save  space). 
B.  Culms  glabrous  or  only  the  nodes  pubescent. 

Ligule  more  than  1.5  mm  long;   spikelets  1.3-1.6  mm  long. 

Panicles  narrow,  a  fourth  to  a  third  as  wide  as  long  (somewhat  wider  in  anthesis)  ; 

spikelets  elliptic 22.   P.  spretum,  p.  164. 

Panicles  open,  two  thirds  as  wide  as  long  or  longer;  spikelets  obovate 

23.  P.  Lindheimeri,  p.   164. 

Ligule  less  than  1.5  mm  long;  spikelets  1.4-2.9  mm  long. 
Spikelets  1.4-1.7  mm  long. 

Nodes  of  culms  usually  copiously  barbed  with  long,  lax,  retrorse  hairs;  at 
least  the  lower  sheaths  more  or  less  marked  with  white  spots  between  the 
nerves;    leaves   usually   glabrous,   6-14   mm   wide,   spreading   or   the   upper 

reflexed 16.  P.  microcarpon,  p.  162. 

Nodes  of  culms  minutely  appressed-pubescent. 

Upper  three  blades  usually  10-20  cm  long  and  25  mm  wide,  the  upper  blade 
usually  not  much  smaller  than  the  other  two,  the  blades  below  the  upper 

three  usually  much  smaller;  anthers  mostly  0.4-0.5  mm  long 

39.    P.   polyanthes,  p.  170. 

Upper  three  blades  usually  5-10  cm  long  and  7-14  mm  wide,  the  upper  one 
usually   much    reduced,    the   blades    below    the    upper   three    usually    not 
reduced;  anthers  mostly  0.6-0.8  mm  long.  .  .  .40.  P.  sphaerocarpon,  p.  170. 
Spikelets  1.8-2.9  mm  long. 
Spikelets  1.8-2.2  mm  long. 

Culms  soon  decumbent  and  trailing,  the  nodes  usually  glabrous  or  the  lowest 
with  a  few  soft  spreading  hairs;  vernal  blades  spreading,  mostly  4-6  mm 

wide;  plants  of  a  wet  habitat 20.  P.  lucidum,  p.  163. 

Culms  erect,  never  trailing;  vernal  blades  erect  or  spreading,  mostly  4-14  mm 

wide. 

Vernal  blades  mostly  4-8  mm  wide,  rarely  some  of  them  wider ;  lower  part  of 

culms  usually  more  or  less  geniculate;   lowest  nodes  of  culms  usually 

more  or  less  barbed  with  soft  hairs;  plants  usually  of  a  dry  habitat, 

often  reclining  in  the  autumnal  phase  and  the  nodes  glabrous 

17.  P.  dichotomum,  p.   163. 

Vernal  blades  mostly  6-14  mm  wide,  more  erect;  culms  not  geniculate  and 
the  nodes  usually  all  glabrous  or  with  only  a  few  soft  hairs  on  the 

lowest;  plants  of  a  wet  habitat 19.  P.  boreale,  p.  163. 

Spikelets  2.3-2.9  mm  long. 

Blades  mostly  less  than  8  mm  wide,  glabrous  on  both  surfaces,  not  cordate 

at  the  base;   spikelets  oblong-elliptic,  2.3-2.9  mm  long 

15.  P.  Bicknellii,  p.  162. 

Blades  mostly  8-12  mm  wide,  cordate  at  the  base,  usually  pubescent  or  the 

upper  surface  glabrous;   spikelets  elliptic,  about  2.5  mm  long 

18.   P.   mattamuskeetense,  p.   163. 

B.  Culms  and  sheaths  more  or  less  puberulent  to  strongly  pubescent. 
C.  Ligule  2  mm  or  more  long. 

Plants  grayish  velvety-pubescent;   spikelets   1.3-1.4  mm  long 

24.   P.   miburne,  p.  166. 


anicum  Paniceae  155 

Plants  pubescent,  often  villous  but  not  velvety. 
Culms   conspicuously   pilose   with   long   horizontal   hairs,   branching   before   the 

expansion  of  the  primary  panicles;  spikelets  mostly  1.8-1.9  mm  long 

25.   P.   praecocius,  p.  166. 

Culms  vai-iously  pubescent,  if  pilose  the  hairs  appressed  or  widely  spreading; 
culm  not  branching  before  the  expansion  of  the  primary  panicles. 
Spikelets  less  than  2  mm  long. 

Vernal  blades  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  6-10  cm  long  and  5-10  mm  wide. 

26.  P.   tennesseense,  p.  166. 

Vernal  blades  pubescent  above  or,  if  glabrous,  smaller  than  the  preceding, 
sometimes  pilose  above  near  the  base  and  margins  only. 
Spikelets  1.3-1.5  mm  long. 

Upper  surface  of  blades  puberulent  as  well  as  long-villous 

27.  P.  albemarlense,  p.  166. 

Upper    surface    of    blades    villous    but    lacking    the    short,    appressed 
puberulence. 
Axis    of    panicle     pilose,    the    lowest    branches    widely    spreading; 

spikelets  1.5  mm  long 28.  P.  implication,  p.  166. 

Axis    of    panicle    puberulent    only,    the    lowest    branches    ascending; 

spikelets  1.3-1.4  mm  long 29.  P.  meridionale,  p.  167. 

Spikelets  1.6-1.9  mm  long. 
Pubescence  on  upper  surface   of  vernal  blades   short-pilose,   appressed 
at  least  on  the  apical  half;  first  glume  about  a  third  the  length  of 
the  spikelet,  blunt  or  acute. 

Blades  stiff,  erect 30.  P.  huachucae,  p.  167. 

Blades  lax,  spreading.  .  .30a.  P.  huachucae  var.  fasciculatum,  p.  168. 
Pubescence  on  upper   surface   of  vernal  blades   long-pilose,   ascending; 

first  glume  about  half  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  acuminate 

31.   P.  subvillosum,  p.  168. 

Spikelets  2-2.4  mm  long. 

Upper  internodes  shortened;  leaves  approximate,  the  blades  often  equaling 

the  panicles;  pubescence  sparse  and  stiff.  . .  .32.  P.  scoparioides,  p.  168. 

Upper  internodes  not  shortened,  the  pubescence  usually  copious  and  rather 

silky. 

Culms,  sheaths,  and  lower  surface  of  blades  pilose  but  lacking  the  short 

pubescence;    center    of   blades   not   glabrous;    spikelets    about   2    mm 

long 33.   P.   villosissimum,  p.  168. 

Culms,  sheaths,  and  lower  surface  of  blades  puberulent  as  well  as  pilose; 

center  of  blades  glabrous;   spikelets  2.1-2.4  mm   long 

34.  P.  pseudopubescens,  p.  168. 

C.  Ligules  not  over  2  mm  long. 

Spikelets  nearly  spheric  at  maturity,  less  than  1.8  mm  long. 

Upper  three  blades  usually   10-20  cm  long  and  25  mm  wide,  the  upper  blade 
usually  not  much  smaller  than  the  other  two,  the  blades  below  the  upper 

three  usually  much  smaller;   anthers  mostly  0.4-0.5  mm  long 

39.  P.  polyanthes,  p.  170. 

Upper   three  blades   usually   5-10  cm  long  and   7-14  mm   wide,  the  upper  one 
usually    much    reduced,    the    blades    below    the    upper    three    usually    not 

reduced;  anthers  mostly  0.6-0.8  mm  long 40.  P.  sphaerocarpon,  p.  170. 

Spikelets  elliptic  or  obovoid. 

Blades   not  cordate  at  the  base,   spikelets   more   than   1.7   mm   long  except  in 
P.  columbianum. 

Spikelets  mostly  2.8-2.9  mm  long 35.  P.  Deamii,  p.  169. 

Spikelets  2-2.2  mm  long 36.  P.  Addisonii,  p.  169. 

Spikelets  mostly  1.8-1.9  mm  long 37.  P.  tsugetorum,  p.  169. 

Spikelets  mostly  1.5-1.7  mm  long 38.  P.  columbianum,  p.  169. 

Blades  cordate  at  the  base. 


156  Paniceae  Panicum 

Culms  and  sheaths  usually  densely  crisp-puberulent   (sometimes  sparsely  so)  ; 

blades  generally  less  than  12  mm  wide;  spikelets  2.2-2.5  mm  long 

44.    P.    Ashei,  p.  172. 

Culms    and    sheaths    generally    nearly    glabrous    or    only    sparsely    puberulent 

(not   crisp-puberulent);    blades   or   some   of   them   usually   more   than    12 

mm  wide;  spikelets  2.5-3  mm  long,  generally  about  2.7  mm  long 

45.  P.  commiitahim,  p.  173. 

1.  DICHOTOMIFLORA 

Annual  plants  with  smooth  culms ;  ligule  membranous  below,  densely 
ciliate  above;  spikelets  glabrous;  fruit  smooth  and  shining. 

Spikelets  2-3.5  mm  long,  usually  about  2.9  mm  long  (rarely  a  few  as  short  as  2  mm), 
acute;  plants  usually  large  and  spreading,  50-100  cm  long.  .  .1.  P.  dichotomiflorum. 

Spikelets  1.8-2.2  mm  long,  usually  about  2  mm  long,  blunt;  plants  shorter  and  more 
slender  than  the  preceding la.  P.  dichotomiflorum  var.  puritanorum. 

1.  Panicum  dichotomiflorum  Michx.  Fall  Panicum.  Map  273.  This 
is  an  infrequent  to  frequent  grass  in  all  parts  of  the  state,  being  much 
more  frequent  in  the  southern  part.  It  prefers  a  wet  or  moist  soil,  and 
is  found  on  the  muddy  shores  of  streams;  in  moist,  open  places  in  wood- 
land, especially  in  old  logging  roads;  and  in  moist  places  in  stubblefields, 
cornfields,  waste  places,  and  roadside  ditches. 

Maine  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

la.  Panicum  dichotomiflorum  var.  puritanorum  Svenson.  (Rhodora 
22:  154-155.  1920.)  My  only  specimen  of  this  variety  is  from  a  dried-up 
pond  about  3  miles  southwest  of  Tefft,  Jasper  County,  where  it  was  closely 
associated  with  Panicum  spretum.  The  specimen  I  reported  from  Kosciusko 
County  I  am  now  referring  to  Panicum  Gattingeri  Nash. 

Mass.,  Conn.,  L.  I.,  and  Ind. 

2.  CAPILLARIA 

Annuals;  sheaths  papillose-hispid;  ligules  membranous,  1-3  mm  long, 
ciliate ;  panicles  many-flowered,  mostly  diffuse ;  spikelets  glabrous,  pointed ; 
first  glume  large,  clasping ;  fruit  smooth  and  shining. 

Panicles  drooping;   spikelets  4.5-5  mm  long.     (See  excluded  species  no.   80,  p.   1030.) 

P.   miliaceum. 

Panicles  erect;  spikelets  not  more  than  4  mm  long. 
Spikelets  mostly  3-3.5  mm  long;  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  7-9-nerved;  pulvini 

glabrous LP.  flexile. 

Spikelets  mostly  1.8-2.9  mm  long;  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  5-nerved. 
Pulvini  of  panicle  hispid. 

Terminal  panicles  generally  about  half  as  long  as  the  length  of  the  whole  plant 
(except  when  crowded  by  other  vegetation,  when  the  terminal  panicle  may 
be  much  shorter),  usually  large,  about  as  wide  as  long,  generally  included  at 
the  base;  blades  thickly  papillose-hispid  above  and  beneath,  5-15  mm  wide; 

spikelets  mostly  2-2.5  mm  long 2.  P.  capillar e. 

Terminal  panicles  about  a  third  the  length  of  the  entire  plant,  generally  about 
half  as  wide  as  long,  usually  long-exserted ;  blades  sparsely  papillose- 
pubescent  on  both  surfaces,  2-6  (8)  mm  wide;  spikelets  1.7-2  (2.2)  mm 
long 3.  P.  philadelphicum. 


Panicum 


Paniceae 


ir,7 


0  50 

Map  275 


Panicum  c  a  pi  1 1  are  L. 


1 

2 

6 
3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.P 

VK  1 

D 

h  j 

D 

V 

K 

s 

" 

X 

0 

B 
0 

y     Miles 

J 
B 

D 

B 

a 

D                      D 
ID   l^-L_ 

'"     d     : 

ID     le 

|D  [    0 

o  Qv 

Panicum 

3      J 

phil 

3  d 

elphicurr 

0                 50 

Map  276 
Bernh 

0  50 

Map  277 


Panicum  Gattingeri  Nash 


Pulvini  of  panicle  glabrous    (sometimes  the  lower  ones  pubescent). 
Leaf  blades  mostly  6-10  mm  wide;  spikelets  2   (2.2)  mm  long;  plants  yellowish 

green,  freely  branching  at  the  nodes 4.  P.  Gattingeri. 

Leaf  blades  2-6  mm  wide  (according  to  Hitchcock),  1-10  mm  wide  (according 
to  Fernald).  (Rhodora  21:  112-114.  1919.)  (See  excluded  species  no.  82, 
p.   1030. ) P-   Tuckermani. 

1.  Panicum  flexile  (Gatt.)  Scribn.  Map  274.  Infrequent  in  the  north- 
ern and  southern  counties.  In  the  north  it  is  found  in  dry  or  moist,  sandy 
soil,  usually  on  the  marly  borders  of  lakes,  and  on  interdunal  flats.  In 
the  southern  counties  it  is  found  in  poor,  dry  soil  in  open  places  on  the 
crests  of  ridges,  on  washed  or  rocky  slopes,  and  in  dry  pastures. 

N.  Y.,  Que.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Panicum  capillare  L.  Witchgrass.  Map  275.  A  pernicious  weed 
in  all  parts  of  the  state  in  all  kinds  of  soils  and  in  all  kinds  of  habitats 
except  in  dense  woodland.  It  shows  great  variation  in  size  and  form, 
depending  upon  how  much  it  is  crowded  in  growing.  In  dried-up  ponds 
where  it  germinates  late,  mature  plants  may  be  only  a  few  inches  high. 

Maine  to  Mont.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  Panicum  philadelphicum  Bernh.  Map  276.  A  local  to  infrequent 
or  frequent  species  found  mostly  in  the  southern  half  of  the  state.  It  is 
found  in  poor  soil,  probably  slightly  acid,  generally  in  fallow  fields  and 
on  washed  slopes. 

Conn,  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

4.  Panicum  Gattingeri  Nash.  Map  277.  Infrequent  throughout  the 
state.  It  is  usually  found  in  moist,  sandy  soil  along  streams,  about  ponds, 
in  old  logging  roads,  and  along  moist  roadsides. 

Panicum  Tuckermani  Fern,  is  a  closely  allied  species  which  I  am  not 
able  to  separate  from  Panicum  Gattingeri.  Some  of  my  specimens  have 
been  named  for  me  as  Panicum  Tuckermani,  but  I  am  referring  them 


158 


Paniceae 


Panicum 


o  5o 

Map  278 


Panicum  virgatum  L. 


0 53 

Map  280 


Panicum  stipitatum  Nash 


to  Panicum  Gattingeri  until  satisfactory  characters  are  found  to  separate 
them. 

N.  Y.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 

3.  VIRGATA 

Perennials  from  stout  rootstocks;  spikelets  gaping  at  the  apex,  owing 
to  the  well  developed  staminate  floret  and  its  palea  in  addition  to  the 
perfect  one;  species  mostly  maritime,  only  one  in  Indiana. 

6.  Panicum  virgatum  L.  (Linder.  Some  varieties  of  Panicum  virgatum. 
Rhodora  24:  11-16.  1922.)  Switchgrass.  Map  278.  This  species  is  found 
as  a  native  in  almost  all  the  counties  in  the  state  and  is  now  introduced 
in  sand  ballast  along  railroads  in  many  counties.  It  is  not  a  native  of 
Wells  County  but  I  have  found  it  along  railroads  in  three  widely  separated 
places  in  the  county.  It  prefers  the  open  and  a  sandy  soil.  Where  it  is 
found,  it  is  generally  common  over  the  extent  of  its  habitat.  It  is  found 
in  sandy  prairies,  "oak  openings,"  on  gravelly  banks  of  lakes  and  streams, 
and  along  the  Ohio  River  it  often  grows  among  the  cobblestones  of  boat 
landings  and  in  the  seams  of  outcrops  of  shale. 

Maine,  Que.  to  Mont.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Nev.,  and  Ariz.;  Mex.  and 
Cent.  Amer. 

4.  AGROSTOIDIA 

Tufted  perennials;  culms  erect,  compressed;  sheaths  keeled;  ligules 
membranous,  0.5-1  mm  long;  spikelets  short-pediceled,  lanceolate,  pointed, 
glabrous,  5-7-nerved;  fruit  smooth  and  shining,  with  a  minute  tuft  of 
stout  hairs  at  the  apex. 

Rootstocks  present;  blades  pilose  above  toward  the  base;  spikelets  3-3.8  mm  long 

7.    P.    anceps. 

Rootstocks  lacking;  blades  not  pilose  above  toward  the  base;  spikelets  less  than  3  mm 
long. 
Spikelets  2.4-2.8  mm  long,  conspicuously  secund;  fruit  with  a  basal  stalk  0.2-0.4  mm 
long 8.  P.  stipitatum. 


Panicum 


Paniceae 


159 


0  50 

Map  281 


Panicum  agrostoides  Spreng. 


1 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

— -lo 

OP 
H 

1  K 

|  t 

r 

\ 

U 

X 

_ 

\ 

In 

J 

i 

Dec.j- — 

i 
i  ' — 

1/    Miles 

o             50 

^AS^<y^V             Map  282 

Panicum  verrucosum  Muhl. 

o         m 

Map  283 


Panicum  depauperatum  Muhl. 


Spikelets  1.8-2.3  mm  long,  not  conspicuously  secund;  fruit  without  a  stalk  at  the  base 
(if  stalked,  the  stalk  less  than  0.2  mm  long) 9.  P.  agrostoides. 

7.  Panicum  anceps  Michx.  Map  279.  This  species  is  restricted  to  the 
southern  part  of  the  state  where  it  is  infrequent  and  found  in  woodland 
in  open,  wet  places  about  ponds,  swamps,  and  sloughs  and  in  roadside 
ditches. 

N.  J.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

8.  Panicum  stipitatum  Nash.  Map  280.  An  infrequent  grass  in  a  few 
counties  of  southern  Indiana.  It  is  usually  found  in  hard,  white  clay 
soil  in  wet  places  in  swamps,  clearings,  fallow  fields,  and  ditches.  It  is 
frequently  associated  with  Panicum  agrostoides  with  which  it  is  often 
confused. 

Conn,  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

9.  Panicum  agrostoides  Spreng.  Map  281.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in 
the  sandy  areas  of  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state;  more  frequent  in 
the  southwestern  part,  where  it  usually  grows  in  large  clumps  in  hard, 
white  clay  soil  in  dried-up  swamps  and  on  the  borders  of  streams,  lakes, 
ditches,  sloughs,  and  old  canals.  In  our  northern  counties  it  grows  in  wet, 
sandy,  or  muddy  soil. 

Maine  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  Vancouver  Island  and  Calif. 


5.  VERRUCOSA 

Annuals,  glabrous;  culms  weak,  divaricately  branching,  decumbent  at 
the  base ;  ligule  ciliate ;  panicles  divaricate,  the  branches  capillary,  spikelet- 
bearing  toward  the  ends. 

10.  Panicum  verrucosum  Muhl.  Map  282.  This  species  is  very  local 
and  is  found  in  wet  or  moist,  sandy  soil  about  sloughs  near  Lake  Michigan 
and  in  marshes  and  roadside  ditches  in  sec.  12  of  Jasper  County  about 
3  miles  southeast  of  Tefft.    We  have   specimens  from  only  Jasper  and 


160 


Paniceae 


Panicum 


Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar. 
Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

o     . 
«     i 

SY     f 

1  o 

L     D        B 
>     I         ■ 

l?».       D 

,     ^- 

J 

^ 

^ 

r1 

-4 

i 

r, 

"^ 

Dec.j- 

i 
■  ' — 

Miles 


0  ^30 

Map  284 


Panicum  perlongum  Nash 


3 
12 

J. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Decj- 

■ 

) 

/           D 

8     ! 

'            D          D 

D 

■*~s 

» 

\ 

t  ^ 

0 

[ 

B 

D 

* 

i^l 

3 

H 

-  X 

J 

J~ 

r 

Lb  n 

D»e       B 
1        ' 

r.     1* 

D    L, 
. j5 

IV 

L/    Miles 

Dan!curr 

D    S  B     J°\          / 

<  mrj     ^y 

linearifolium 

0                '50 

Map  285 

Scribn. 

o  33 

Map  286 
Panicum  linearifolium 
^ar.  Wernen  (Scribn.)  Fern. 


Porter  Counties  although  it  has  been  reported  from  Lake  County  where 
it  probably  occurs  or  was  once  found.  The  mass  distribution  of  this  species 
is  along  the  Coastal  Plain. 

Mass.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Mich.,  Tenn.,  and  Tex. 


6.  DEPAUPERATA 

Culms  simple,  the  vernal  ones  generally  15-35  cm  high,  the  nodes 
ascending-pilose;  ligule  a  band  of  hairs  of  irregular  length  up  to  1  mm 
long;  blades  long-linear;  spikelets  2.2-4  mm  long,  somewhat  shrunken  at 
the  base;  palea  of  sterile  floret  usually  half  to  two  thirds  as  long  as  the 
fruit;  fruit  smooth,  glossy,  the  lemma  strongly  indurated.  The  panicles 
of  the  autumnal  phase  are  borne  on  short  branches  from  the  lower  nodes. 

Spikelets  beaked,  mostly  3.2-3.8  mm  long  (rarely  as  short  as  3  mm  or  as  long  as  4  mm). 

Sheaths  pilose IIP.  depauperatum. 

Sheaths  glabrous  or  nearly  so 11a.  P.  depauperatum  var.  psilophyllum. 

Spikelets  not  beaked,  3  mm  long  or  less   (rarely  3.2  mm  long). 

Spikelets  2.7-3.2  mm  long;   panicles  narrow,  usually  less  than  a  third  as  wide  as 

long;  ligules  mostly  about  1  mm  long 12.  P.  perlongum. 

Spikelets  2.2-2.7  mm  long;  panicles  usually  more  than  a  third  as  wide  as  long;  ligules 
mostly  less  than  1  mm  long. 

Sheaths  pilose 13.  P.  linearifolium. 

Sheaths  glabrous  or  nearly  so 13a.  P.  linearifolium  var.   Werneri. 

11.  Panicum  depauperatum  Muhl.  Map  283.  Infrequent  in  southern 
Indiana  in  open  woodland  on  the  crests  of  black  oak,  black  and  white  oak, 
and  chestnut  oak  ridges.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  state  it  is  local 
except  in  the  dune  area,  where  it  is  frequent  in  very  sandy  soil  on  open, 
wooded  dunes  or  on  sandy  knolls  and  ridges. 

N.  S.,  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

11a.  Panicum  depauperatum  var.  psilophyllum  Fern.  (Rhodora  23: 
193-194.  1921.)  This  northern  variety  has  the  habitat  of  the  species  and 
is  found  only  in  sandy  areas  of  the  northern  part  of  the  state. 


Panicum 


Paniceae 


161 


0  50 

Map  287 


Panicum  xalapense  H.B.K. 


[— I 

_             1        "1 

Jan. 

Feb. 



Mar. 

\ 



I    ,J 

1 

4 

May 

June 

July 

r 

X 



Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 

r 

J 

fn 

J 

r1 

Dec.  j- 

D 
10 

1 — T» — 

R 

a    J 

y     Miles 

6                50 

S^Cr^s             Map  288 

Panicum  Bicknellii  Nash 

18 
5 

1 

T 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

\ 

'  X, 

[ 

-V 

I 

v 



T 

1 

L 

B 
10 

r 

1— 

Deaf— 

le       B       p 
"            H 

Df  it   JO    L 

1      D 

/hfa     0  1    ° . 

JJ    Miles 

i  N 

o             5( 
Map  289 

Panicum  microcarpon  Muhl. 

12.  Panicum  perlongum  Nash.  Map  284.  This  is  an  infrequent  species 
in  the  sand  areas  of  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  It  is  found  in  very 
dry  soil  on  the  crests  of  open  dunes  and  on  sandy  knolls  and  ridges,  some- 
times in  dry,  sandy  prairies. 

Ind.  to  Man.  and  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Colo,  and  Tex. 

13.  Panicum  linearifolium  Scribn.  Map  285.  Infrequent  in  the  un- 
glaciated  area  of  the  southern  part  of  the  state  and  in  sandy  habitats  of 
the  lake  area.  In  the  south  it  is  found  in  open  woodland  on  the  crests  of 
ridges,  and  in  the  lake  area  it  is  found  in  dry,  sandy  soil  on  open  dunes, 
sandy  knolls,  and  sandy  ridges. 

Que.,  Maine,  and  Mich.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

13a.  Panicum  linearifolium  var.  Werneri  (Scribn.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  23: 
194.  1921.)  {Panicum  Werneri  Scribn.)  Map  286.  This  variety  is  found 
with  the  species  but  is  less  frequent,  especially  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  state. 

Que.,  Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  and  Tex. 


7.  LAXIFLORA 

Vernal  culms  15-50  cm  high,  tufted,  erect  to  spreading;  foliage  aggre- 
gated toward  the  base,  not  in  distinct  rosettes  in  autumn;  blades  pilose 
on  one  or  both  surfaces  or  nearly  glabrous,  usually  short-ciliate ;  ligules 
nearly  obsolete;  panicles  sometimes  reduced  and  exceeded  by  the  leaves; 
spikelets  pilose,  1.8-2  mm  long. 

14.  Panicum  xalapense  HBK.  {Panicum  laxiflorum  of  Britton  and 
Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  not  Lam.)  Map  287.  An  infrequent  species  in 
the  area  shown  on  the  map.  It  is  usually  found  on  wooded  slopes,  most 
often  at  their  bases. 

Md.  to  111.  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  Mex.,  and  Guatemala;  also 
in  Santo  Domingo. 


162  Paniceae  Panicum 

8.  BICKNELLIANA 

Perennial ;  culms  few  to  several  in  a  tuft ;  ligules  usually  nearly  obsolete 
(rarely  up  to  1  mm  long) ;  blades  elongated,  stiffly  ascending  or  spreading ; 
3-8  (10)  mm  wide,  7-15  cm  long;  panicles  few-flowered;  spikelets  on  long 
pedicels,  2.3-3  mm  long,  7-nerved;  autumnal  form  sparingly  branching 
from  the  upper  and  middle  nodes. 

15.  Panicum  Bicknellii  Nash.  Map  288.  Occasional  plants  have  been 
found  on  dry,  wooded  slopes  in  a  few  of  the  southern  counties. 

Conn,  and  Mich.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

9.  DICHOTOMA 

Glabrous  as  a  whole  or  nearly  so,  or  the  nodes  and  rarely  the  lower 
sheaths  and  blades  pubescent;  ligule  minute;  spikelets  1.5-2.5  mm  long, 
5-7-nerved;  autumnal  phase  freely  branching. 

Nodes  bearded   (at  least  the  lower  ones). 

Spikelets  1.5-1.6  mm  long 16.  P.  microcarpon. 

Spikelets  more  than  1.6  mm  long. 

Spikelets  2  (2.2)  mm  long;  blades  rarely  more  than  8  mm  wide 

17.  P.  dichotomum. 

Spikelets  2.3-2.7  mm  long;  blades  8-12  mm  wide 18.  P.  mattamuskeetense. 

Nodes  not  bearded   (glabrous  or  puberulent,  rarely  with  a  few  long  hairs). 
Spikelets  pubescent. 

Culms  erect,  never  trailing. 

Nodes  glabrous  (rarely  a  few  with  hairs)  ;  margins  of  upper  sheaths  glabrous; 

blades  mostly  6-14  mm  wide;  spikelets  2-2.2  mm  long 19.  P.  boreale. 

Nodes  puberulent  or  somewhat  bearded;   margins  of  upper  sheaths  pubescent 
(rarely  entirely  glabrous). 

Blades  3-8  mm  wide;  spikelets  2   (2.2)   mm  long 17.  P.  dichotomum. 

Blades  mostly  8-12  mm  wide;  spikelets  2.3-2.7  mm  long 

18.   P.   mattamuskeetense. 

Culms  weak,  soon  becoming  decumbent  and  trailing 20.  P.  lucidum. 

Spikelets  glabrous. 
Sheaths,  or  some   of  them,  usually  marked  more  or  less  with  white   spots,   the 
margins    glabrous;    spikelets   more    than    2.2    mm    long    (mostly    2.3-2.5    mm 

long) 21.  P.  yadkinense. 

Sheaths  not  marked  with  white   spots,  the  margins  pubescent;   spikelets   mostly 
2-2.1  mm  long. 

Plants  of  dry  ground;  culms  erect    (rarely  autumnal  plants  reclining) 

17.  P.  dichotomum. 

Plants  of  bogs  and  swamps;  culms  weak,  soon  becoming  decumbent  and  trailing. 
20.  P.  lucidum . 

16.  Panicum  microcarpon  Muhl.  Map  289.  Rather  frequent  in  the 
southern  third  of  the  state.  It  seems  to  prefer  a  slightly  acid  soil  and  is 
usually  found  in  low,  flat  woods  with  sweet  gum,  pin  oak,  and  beech,  al- 
though it  is  sometimes  found  in  drier  situations  with  different  associates. 
The  Tryon  specimen  from  La  Porte  County  lacks  the  white  spots  on  the 
sheaths. 

The  report  of  this  species  from  Marshall  County  is  evidently  an  error 
in  determination ;  its  habitat  is  not  in  that  area,  and  the  detailed  descrip- 
tion given  by  the  collector  does  not  apply  to  this  species. 

Mass.  to  111.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  e.  Tex. 


Panicum 


Paniceae 


163 


o         ~~To 
Map  290 


Panicum  dichotomum  L. 


Panicum  mattamuskeetense  Ashe 


« 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

Jul> 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

DecJ- 

t   L- 
1 » 

f 

D 

0 

r 

V 

tM     , 

.1 

r 

J     Mllei 

i  ' — 

Panicum 

boreale  N 

0               56 
Map  292 

ash 

17.  Panicum  dichotomum  L.  (Including  Panicum  barbulatum  Michx.) 
Map  290.  Frequent  in  the  northern  and  southern  counties.  It  is  usually 
found  in  open  places  on  the  crests  and  slopes  of  black  and  white  oak  woods 
and  less  frequently  in  beech  and  sugar  maple  woods.  It  prefers  a  poor 
soil  and  is  sometimes  found  in  the  dunes  growing  in  almost  pure  sand. 

Some  authors  separate  from  this  species,  under  the  name  of  Panicum 
barbulatum  Michx.,  plants  with  broad  leaves  and  pubescent  nodes.  In 
Indiana  the  two  forms  intergrade  so  that  I  cannot  make  a  satisfactory 
division  of  them. 

N.  B.  to  111.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  e.  Tex. 

18.  Panicum  mattamuskeetense  Ashe.  Map  291.  Our  only  specimens 
were  found  in  1935  by  Ralph  M.  Kriebel  in  the  northeastern  corner  of 
section  16  of  Pleasant  Run  Township,  Lawrence  County.  They  were  found 
in  a  shallow  drainage  ditch  near  Little  Salt  Creek  bridge  between  Helton- 
ville  and  Bartlettsville  where  they  were  associated  with  Panicum  clandes- 
tinum.  The  determination  was  made  by  Agnes  Chase.  Since  this  was 
written  Kriebel  found  another  colony  near  Huron,  about  20  miles  distant. 

N.  Y.,  along  the  coast  to  N.  C,  and  in  Ind. 

19.  Panicum  boreale  Nash.  Map  292.  A  rare  grass  of  marshes  in  the 
lake  area.  It  is  also  occasionally  found  in  the  mucky  borders  of  ponds 
and  lakes. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Ind. 

20.  Panicum  lucidum  Ashe.  Map  293.  Our  Indiana  record  is  based 
upon  Umbach's  specimen  no.  4962  collected  at  Dune  Park,  Porter  County, 
which  is  deposited  in  the  U.  S.  National  Herbarium.  Pepoon  reports  it 
also  from  the  same  area.  It  is  an  inhabitant  of  wet  woods  and  sphagnum 
marshes. 

Coastal  Plain,  Mass.  to  Fla.,  Ark.,  and  Tex. ;  also  Ind.  and  Mich. 


164 


Paniceae 


Panicum 


0  50 

Map  294 


Panicum  yadkinense  Ashe 


0  3o 

Map  295 


Panicum  spretum  Schultes 


21.  Panicum  yadkinense  Ashe.  Map  294.  Infrequent  in  a  few  southern 
counties  on  the  slopes  and  bases  of  wooded,  usually  high  hills. 

Pa.  to  111.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  La. 

10.  SPRETA 

Culms  tufted,  rather  stiff,  glabrous  or  rarely  the  lower  internodes  and 
sheaths  ascending-pubescent;  ligules  mostly  2-5  mm  long;  blades  not  over 
8  mm  wide ;  spikelets  pubescent,  rarely  glabrous ;  second  glume  and  sterile 
lemma  5-7-nerved;  autumnal  form  with  more  or  less  tufted  branchlets, 
reduced  blades  and  panicles. 

Panicles  narrow,  a  fourth  to  a  third  as  wide  as  long   (somewhat  wider  in  anthesis)  ; 

spikelets  elliptic 22.   P.   spretum. 

Panicles  open,  at  least  two  thirds  as  wide  as  long;  spikelets  obovate 

23.  P.  Lindheimeri. 

22.  Panicum  spretum  Schultes.  Map  295.  In  moist,  sandy  soil  in  open 
places  and  on  the  borders  of  marshes  that  do  not  yet  have  a  sod  of  other 
grasses.   Local  but  usually  frequent  where  found. 

Coastal  Plain,  N.  S.  to  Tex. ;  Ind. 

23.  Panicum  Lindheimeri  Nash.  {Panicum  lanuginosum  var.  Lind- 
heimeri (Nash)  Fern.)  Map  296.  This  species  is  probably  somewhat  re- 
stricted to  the  lake  area  and  to  the  hilly  areas  of  the  southern  part  of 
the  state.  It  is  usually  found  in  dry,  sandy  soil  in  open  woodland  and 
open,  dry  places,  or  in  moister  situations  at  the  bases  of  sandy  slopes, 
and  rarely  in  dry,  sandy,  clay  soil. 

Que.,  Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  N.  Mex. ;  Calif. 


11.  LANUGINOSA 

Plants  more  or  less  pubescent  throughout;  ligules  densely  hairy,  2-5  mm 
long;  blades  not  over  10  mm  wide;  spikelets  1.3-2.4  mm  long,  spreading- 


Panicum 


Paniceae 


165 


4 
3 
2 

a 

Jan 
Feb 

i 

i-r 
ml" 

D 

f 

If 

D     P 
II 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

n     I- 

iv 

D 

" 

X 

"" 

r 

B 

1 

T 

r1 

Dec.j- 

■  ' — 

B 

I     L > 

D             JxO 

i 

N 

'  ». 

D     /      J 
1          » 
(1       J 

eC?£ll<- 

1/    Miles 

rD 

0                  50 

\S^<Cr^            Map  296 

Panicum  Lindheimeri  Nash 

i 



— 

Feb 
Mar 
Apr. 

J 

V 

— 

J 

1 

— 

May 
June 

/ 

^^— i      _ 

-t_ 

l 

July 
Aug. 
Sept. 

c 

" 

Oct 

\ 

j 

Nov. 

J 

r1 

r, 

Oecf— 

i 

{/    Miles 

0                 50 

V              Map  297 

Panicum 

auburne  Ashe 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec 


D 

T  g  Ti-I,- 

-pi— 

f-r 

_tZ 

(WTI7^f 

~— — s\  b* 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  298 


Panicum  praecocius  Hitchc.  &  Chase 


pubescent;  second  glume  and  sterile  lemma  5-7-nerved  or  7-9-nerved  on 

large  spikelets. 

i 

Plants  grayish,  velvety-pubescent;  spikelets  1.3-1.4  mm  long 24.  P.  auburne. 

Plants  pubescent,  often  villous  but  not  velvety. 

Culms  conspicuously  pilose  with  long,  horizontal  hairs  4-5  mm  long,  and  branching 
before  the  expansion  of  the  primary  panicles;  spikelets  mostly  1.8-1.9  mm  long. 

25.   P.  praecocius. 

Culms  variously  pubescent,  if  pilose  the  hairs  appressed  or  some  widely  spreading, 
less    than    4    mm    long;    culms    not    branching    before    the    expansion    of    the 
primary  panicles. 
Spikelets  less  than  2  mm  long. 

Vernal  blades  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above   (6-10  cm  long  and  5-10  mm  wide)  ; 

spikelets  1.5-1.7  mm  long 26.  P.  tennesseense. 

Vernal  blades  pubescent  above  or  if  glabrous  smaller  than  the  preceding,  some- 
times pilose  near  the  base  and  margins  only. 
Spikelets  1.3-1.5  mm  long. 

Upper  surface  of  blades  puberulent  as  well  as  long-villous 

27.    P.    albemariense. 

Upper  surface  of  blades  villous  but  lacking  the  short,  appressed  pubescence ; 
vernal    plants    usually    purplish    with    erect    leaves,    autumnal    plants 
usually  greenish;  nodes  with  short  hairs,  if  bearded. 
Sheaths    papillose-pilose    with    no    short,    appressed    pubescence    in    the 
spaces  between  the  nerves;   lower  surface  of  blades  with  a  subap- 
pressed,     papillose     pubescence     and     lacking     a     short,     appressed 
pubescence;    axis    of    panicle    generally    pilose,    the    lowest    panicle- 
branches  spreading  and  tangled 28.  P.  implicatum. 

Sheaths  more  or  less  softly  papillose-pilose,  some  or  all  of  them  with  a 
short,  appressed  pubescence  on  the  spaces  between  the  nerves; 
blades  erect;  lower  surface  of  the  blades  more  or  less  short  ap- 
pressed-puberulent,  in  addition  to  a  longer  pubescence;  axis  of 
panicle  generally  puberulent,  the  lowest  panicle-branches  ascending 

and  not  tangled 29.  P.  meridionale. 

Spikelets  1.6-1.9  mm  long;  plants  green,  rarely  purplish;  nodes  mostly  bearded, 

usually  with  long,  spreading  hairs. 

Pubescence  on  upper  surface  of  vernal  blades  short-pilose,  rarely  long-pilose, 

appressed  at  least   on   the   apical  half    (rarely   not   appressed);   nodes 

usually  densely  pilose  with  spreading  hairs;  spikelets  rarely  less  than 


166  Paniceae  Panicum 

1.6   mm   long;   first   glume   about   a   third   the   length   of   the   spikelet, 
blunt,  subacute. 

Blades   stiff,   erect 30.   P.   huachucae. 

Blades  lax,  spreading 30a.  P.  huachucae  var.  fasciculatum. 

Pubescence  on  upper  surface  of  vernal  blades  long-pilose,  ascending;  first 
glume  about  half  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  acuminate.  .31.  P.  subvillosum. 
Spikelets  2-2.5  mm  long. 

Upper  internodes  shortened;  leaves  approximate,  the  blades  often  equaling  the 

panicle;  pubescence  sparse  and  stiff 32.  P.  scoparioides. 

Upper  internodes  not  shortened;  the  pubescence  usually  copious  and  rather  silky. 
Culms,  sheaths,  and  lower  surface  of  blades  pilose  but  lacking  short  pubes- 
cence; center  of  upper  surface  of  blades  not  glabrous;  spikelets  about  2 

mm  long;  axis  of  panicle  usually  pubescent 33.  P.  villosissimum. 

Culms,  sheaths,  and  lower  surface  of  blades  puberulent  as  well  as  pilose;  center 
of  upper  surface  of  blades  glabrous;  spikelets  2.1-2.5  mm  long  (usually 
2.2-2.4  mm  long) ;  axis  of  panicle  pilose 34.  P.  pseudopubescens. 

24.  Panicum  auburne  Ashe.  Map  297.  Our  only  specimen  is  one  col- 
lected by  Hill,  July  8,  1913,  in  dry  sand  by  a  woods  road  at  Dune  Park, 
Porter  County.  It  is  Hill's  no.  7  and  is  deposited  in  the  herbarium  of  the 
University  of  Illinois.    I  have  a  duplicate  of  this  number. 

Coastal  Plain,  Mass.  to  n.  Fla.  and  La. ;  Ark.  and  Ind. 

25.  Panicum  praecocius  Hitchc.  &  Chase.  Map  298.  This  species  is  rare 
in  the  sands  of  the  northern  counties.  I  have,  also,  a  specimen  which  was 
found  in  Harrison  County,  about  3  miles  east  of  Elizabeth  on  a  rocky 
wooded  slope  along  the  road  leading  from  Elizabeth  to  Stuart's  Landing 
on  the  Ohio  River.  This  rocky  slope  is  rich  in  rare  Indiana  plants  such 
as  Eragrostis  capillaris. 

Mich,  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Mo.  and  e.  Tex. 

26.  Panicum  tennesseense  Ashe.  (Panicum  languinosum  var.  septen- 
trionale  Fern.)  Map  299.  This  is  an  infrequent  grass  found  throughout 
the  state  in  various  habitats.  My  specimens  are  from  dry  sands,  moist 
sand  on  the  marly  shore  of  a  lake,  wooded  slopes,  and  hard,  white  clay  soil 
in  a  fallow  field  in  the  Wabash  Bottoms. 

Maine,  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. ;  westw.  to  Utah  and  Calif. 

27.  Panicum  albemaiiense  Ashe.  (Panicum  meridionale  var.  albe- 
marlense  (Ashe)  Fern.)  Map  300.  I  have  only  one  specimen  of  this  grass 
from  Indiana  and  it  is  in  the  autumnal  phase.  I  am  not  able  to  make  a  satis- 
factory study  of  this  species  from  the  few  specimens  at  hand.  Some  au- 
thors refer  it  to  a  form  of  Panicum  meridionale,  to  which  it  may  belong. 
It  is  found  in  sandy  soils. 

Coastal  Plain,  Mass.  to  N.  C. ;  n.  Mich.,  Wis.,  Ind.  to  Tenn. 

28.  Panicum  implicatum  Scribn.  (Panicum  lanuginosum  var.  implica- 
tum  (Scribn.)  Fern.)  Map  301.  Local  to  infrequent  but  common  in  its 
habitat.  It  is  generally  found  in  moist,  sandy  soil  on  the  marly  borders  of 
lakes,  in  interdunal  flats,  and  rarely  in  dry,  sandy  soil. 

I  think  this  grass  is  restricted  to  the  lake  area  and  that  all  reports  of 
it  from  south  of  this  area  should  be  referred  to  some  other  species,  most 


Panicum 


Paniceae 


167 


o  50 

Map  299 

Panicum  tennesseense  Ashe 


1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

i 

1 

i     /^ 

C 

>p 

\ 

\^ 

~ 

r1 

X 

r 

r 

ffij 

; 

Dec  <- 

1    ■  1 — 

/    Miles 

Panirum  alt 

emarlense 

3               56 
Map  300 

Ashe 

Map  301 
Panicum  implicatum  Scrrbn 


0  50 

Map  302 


Panicum  meridionale  Ashe 


0  50 

Map  303 


Panicum  huachucae  Ashe 


Map  304 
Panicum  huachucae 
var,  fasciculatum  (Torr.)  F.  T  Hubb. 


probably  to  Panicum  huachucae.  This  Panicum  is  difficult  to  separate  from 
Panicum  huachucae,  but  usually  the  length  of  the  spikelet  and  the  color  of 
the  whole  plant  are  sufficient  to  distinguish  them. 
Newf.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Del.  and  Mo. 

29.  Panicum  meridionale  Ashe.  Map  302.  Infrequent  in  the  lake  area, 
probably  rather  local.  It  is  found  in  moist  soil  on  the  borders  of  marshes, 
in  interdunal  flats,  and  on  the  bases  of  wooded  slopes  where  there  are  open 
spaces  not  sodded  over  with  grasses  and  sedges.  This  plant  usually  can  be 
distinguished  easily  from  the  preceding  and  the  following  species  by  the 
puberulence  in  the  channels  between  the  nerves  of  the  sheaths  and  some- 
times of  the  culms,  and  the  puberulent  panicle. 

N.  S.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ala. 

30.  Panicum  huachucae  Ashe.  Map  303.  This  is  a  frequent  to  common 
species  of  dry  ground  throughout  the  state.    It  is  found  in  open  places  in 


168 


Paniceae 


Panicum 


0  50 

Map  305 


Panicum  subvillosum  Ashe 


0  50 

Map  306 

Panicum  scoparioides  Ashe 


Map  307 
Panicum  villosissimum  Nash 


all  kinds  of  woodland,  preferring  dry  soil  but  often  common  in  bottom 
lands  along  streams  and  in  clearings  and  along  roadsides.  I  have  not  seen 
it  in  wet  places. 

N.  S.  to  Mont.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tex. ;  westw.  here  and  there  to  Calif. 

30a.  Panicum  huachucae  var.  fasciculatum  (Torr.)  F.  T.  Hubb.  (Pan- 
icum lanuginosum  var.  fasciculatum  Fern,  and  Panicum  huachucae 
var.  silvicola  Hitch.  &  Chase.)  Map  304.  Frequent  throughout  the  state 
and  associated  with  the  species.  It  is  doubtful  whether  this  variety  is 
distinct  from  the  species.    It  seems  to  be  only  a  shade  or  drought  form. 

Que.  to  Minn,  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  also  in  Ariz. 

31.  Panicum  subvillosum  Ashe.  Map  305.  This  species  has  been  found 
only  in  Lake  County  and  our  record  is  based  upon  two  specimens  in  the 
U.  S.  National  Herbarium  and  one  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  and  Mo. 

32.  Panicum  scoparioides  Ashe.  (Panicum  villosissimum  var.  sco- 
parioides (Ashe)  Fern.)  Map  306.  Known  only  from  Lake  County.  Our 
record  in  based  upon  a  specimen  in  the  U.  S.  National  Herbarium,  collected 
by  Umbach  near  Gary,  June  29,  1909.  A  duplicate  specimen  is  in  the 
herbarium  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin. 

Vt.  to  Del.;  Mich,  and  Ind.  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

33.  Panicum  villosissimum  Nash.  Map  307.  Local  probably  throughout 
the  lake  area.  It  is  found  in  open  places  in  dry,  sandy  or  gravelly  soil, 
usually  on  black  and  white  oak  ridges  and  in  the  dunes. 

Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  also  in  Guatemala. 

34.  Panicum  pseudopubescens  Nash.  (Panicum  villosissimum  var. 
pseudopubescens  (Nash)  Fern.)  Map  308.  As  now  known,  this  species  is 
restricted   to   the   northwestern   counties.     Further   study   will    doubtless 


Panicum 


Paniceae 


169 


o 58 

Map  308 

Panicum  pseudopubescens  Nash 


1 
1 
1 

a 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

0 

I 
— f' 

0 

I  1 

\ 

^S  n 

r 

D 
P          > 

{ 

^ 

1 

•o 

fM 

J 

J~ 

r 

Dec  C 

■  ' — 

/    Miles 

Panicum 

Dean 

iii 

r>\       7 

HItchc. 

)                 50 

Map  309 

£  Chase 

o—     — If 
Map  310 


Panicum  Add isonii  Nash 


extend  its  range  to  a  few  adjoining  counties.  It  grows  in  very  dry,  sandy 
soil  in  the  open  on  knolls,  dunes,  and  ridges,  where  it  is  usually  associated 
with  black  and  white  oak. 

Conn,  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Miss.,  Mo.,  and  Kans. 


12.  COLUMBIANA 

Culms  tufted,  stiff,  crisp-puberulent  to  appressed-pubescent ;  ligules 
usually  less  than  1  mm  long,  rarely  longer;  blades  firm;  spikelets  pubes- 
cent; branches  and  blades  of  the  autumnal  phase  appressed  or  ascending. 

Spikelets  2-2.9  mm  long;  sheaths  usually  copiously  pilose,  short  hairs  few  or  lacking. 

Spikelets  mostly  2.8-2.9  mm  long;  vernal  blades  7-15  cm  long 35.  P.  Deamii. 

Spikelets  mostly  2-2.2  mm  long;  vernal  blades  usually  all  less  than  8  cm  long 

36.   P.  Addisonii. 

Spikelets  1.5-1.9  mm  long;  sheaths  sparingly  pilose  but  densely  pubescent  with  short, 
appressed  hairs. 

Spikelets  1.8-1.9  mm  long 37.  P.  tsugetorum. 

Spikelets  1.5-1.7  mm  long 38.  P.  columbianum. 

35.  Panicum  Deamii  Hitchc.  &  Chase.   Map  309.   Local  in  a  few  of  the 

northwestern  counties,  where  it  is  found  on  open,  wooded  dunes  and  sandy 
knolls. 

Ind.  and  Iowa. 

36.  Panicum  Addisonii  Nash.  Map  310.  Local  in  our  northern  counties, 
Adhere  it  is  found  in  dry  sand  on  open,  wooded  dunes  and  sandy  knolls. 

Coastal  Plain,  Mass.  to  S.  C. ;  Ind. 

37.  Panicum  tsugetorum  Nash.  Map  311.  This  is  another  Panicum 
which  is  restricted  to  the  northern  part  of  the  state  and  is  found  in  dry, 
sandy  or  gravelly  soils  on  wooded  slopes  and  dunes.  It  is  included  by  some 
authors  with  Panicum  columbianum  Scribn. 

Maine  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

38.  Panicum  columbianum  Scribn.  Map  312.  My  only  specimens  are 
from  the  H.  H.  Peele  woods  abouc  a  mile  and  a  half  southwest  of  Knox, 


170 


Paniceae 


Panicum 


Panicum  tsuqetorum  Nash 


o  50 

Map  312 


Panicum  columbianum  Scribn 


Starke  County.    They  were  found  in  dry,  sandy  soil  in  a  flat,  black  and 
white  oak  woods  where  they  were  closely  associated  with  Panicum  Deamii. 

In  1938  I  found  it  in  Steuben  County. 

Maine  to  N.  C. ;  Ind. 


13.  SPHAEROCARPA 

Culms  glabrous ;  ligule  obsolete  or  nearly  so ;  blades  cordate  and  ciliate 
at  the  base;  spikelets  obovoid-spherical  at  maturity;  second  glume  and 
sterile  lemma  5-7-nerved;  autumnal  form  remaining  simple  or  but  spar- 
ingly branching;  the  thick,  white-margined  blades  of  the  winter  rosette 
conspicuous. 

Upper  three  blades  usually  10-20  cm  long  and  10-25  mm  wide,  the  upper  blade  usually 
not  much  smaller  than  the  other  two,  the  blades  below  the  three  usually  much 
smaller  than  the  upper  three;  anthers  mostly  0.4-0.5  mm  long..  .39.  P.  polyanthes. 

Upper  three  blades  usually  5-10  cm  long  and  7-14  mm  wide,  the  upper  one  usually 
much  reduced,  the  blades  below  the  three  upper  ones  usually  not  reduced;  anthers 
mostly  0.6-0.8  mm  long 40.  P.  sphaerocarpon. 

39.  Panicum  polyanthes  Schultes.  Map  313.  This  species  is  restricted 
to  the  southern  half  of  the  state  and  is  rather  frequent  in  the  counties 
along  the  Ohio  River.  It  prefers  a  slightly  acid  soil  and  is  found  in  dry 
soil  associated  with  black  oak,  and  in  moist  soil  associated  with  sweet  gum. 
It  is  also  found  sparingly  in  fallow  fields. 

Conn.,  Ind.  to  Okla.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

40.  Panicum  sphaerocarpon  Ell.  Map  314.  This  species  is  infrequent 
in  the  lake  area  and  reappears  in  the  unglaciated  area  where  it  is  rather 
local.  In  the  lake  area  it  is  found  in  very  dry,  sandy  or  gravelly  places 
and  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state  on  black  oak  and  black  and  white 
oak  ridges. 

This  species  much  resembles  the  preceding  from  which  it  may  easily  be 
separated  by  its  larger  anthers  and  usually  much  reduced  upper  leaf.  It 
also  much  resembles  Panicum  microcarpon  which  has  the  nodes  of  the 


Panicum 


Paniceae 


171 


3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D  » 

f 

D 

■ 

3 
» 

r  ' 

L 

f^ 

" 

■J, 

B 

- 

J 

-^ 

J 

V" 

r 

Dec.  C 

1 

i ' — 

V    Miles 

Panicum  teiberc 

P\       /  0                50 

Map  315 

ii  (Vasey)  Scribn. 

o  sd 

Map  316 

Panicum  oligosanthes  Schultes 


culms  bearded,   sheaths  with  conspicuous  white  marks,  and  very  short 
ligules. 

Vt,  Wis.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  n.  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  Mex.  and  Venezuela. 

14.  OLIGOSANTHIA 

Culms  rather  stout;  spikelets  obovate,  3-4  mm  long,  usually  papillose- 
hirsute,  strongly  7-9-nerved;  autumnal  phase  with  the  branches  more  or 
less  crowded  toward  the  summit. 

Ligule   less   than    0.5   mm   long;    blades   papillose-hispid    above    and   below;    spikelets 

papillose-hirsute 41.   P.  Leibergii. 

I.igule  more  than  0.5  mm  long;  blades  not  papillose-hispid;  spikelets  not  papillose. 
Culms  and  at  least  the  lower  sheaths  with  an  appressed  pubescence;  ligules  mostly 
1.5   mm   long   with    longer   hairs   intermixed;    spikelets   oblong-obovate,   mostly 

3.5-4  mm  long  and  1.7-1.9  mm  wide 42.  P.  oligosanthes. 

Culms  and  sheaths  with  a  spreading  pubescence;  ligules  about  1  mm  long;  spikelets 
bluntly  obovate,  mostly  3-3.5  mm  long  and  2  mm  wide 43.  P.  Scribnerianum. 

41.  Panicum  Leibergii  (Vasey)  Scribn.  Map  315.  Very  local  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  state,  where  it  is  found  in  dry,  sandy  or  gravelly  soils, 
usually  in  prairie  habitats.  The  pH  value  was  taken  for  only  one  specimen 
and  it  was  6.01. 

N.  Y.  to  Man.  and  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Ind.  and  Kans. 

42.  Panicum  oligosanthes  Schultes.  Map  316.  Local  in  the  lake  area 
and  reappearing  on  the  low  dunes  of  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state. 
It  grows  in  very  sandy,  dry  soils  on  open,  wooded  dunes  and  cleared,  open 
dunes  and  sand  knolls.  It  is  usually  associated  with  Panicum  Scribner- 
ianum which  is  the  more  common  species.  These  two  grasses  are  closely 
related  and  most  easily  separated  in  the  field.  The  leaves  of  this  species 
are  narrower  and  the  upper  ones  are  relatively  longer  and  more  spreading. 

Mass.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

43.  Panicum  Scribnerianum  Nash.  (Panicum  oligosanthes  var.  Scrib- 
nerianum   (Nash)    Fern.)     Map  317.    Rather  frequent  in  the  lake  area 


172 


Paniceae 


Panicum 


0  50 

Map  317 

Panicum  Scribnerlanum  Nash 


5 

1 

v 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

* 

c 

V 

\ 

V 

" 

X 

*" 

l 

n1    1 

r 

Dec.(— 

1 

D 

i  ■     1 1 

D               t 
H       1 J 

U    Miles 

/      )  D 

Z 
(                N 

Pa 

nicum 

A 

^/   Map  318 
shel  Pearson 

0  50 

Map  319 

Panicum  commutatum  Schultes 


where  it  is  found  in  very  sandy,  dry  soil  on  open  dunes  and  sand  hills  and 
sometimes  in  rather  dry,  gravelly  soil.    Our  specimens  from  the  western 
part  of  the  state  are  from  sand  dunes  and  sandy  knolls. 
Maine  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Md.,  Tenn.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. 

15.  COMMUTATA 

Culms  tufted,  glabrous  or  puberulent ;  ligule  obsolete  or  nearly  so ;  blades 
relatively  broad,  cordate  at  the  base ;  spikelets  pubescent. 

Culms  and  sheaths  usually  densely  crisp-puberulent  (sometimes  sparsely  so)  ;  blades 
generally  less  than  12  mm  wide;  spikelets  2.2-2.5    (2.7)   mm  long... 44.  P.  Ashei. 

Culms  and  sheaths  generally  nearly  glabrous  or  only  sparingly  puberulent  (not  crisp- 
puberulent)  ;  blades  or  some  of  them  usually  more  than  12  mm  wide;  spikelets 
2.5-3  mm  long,  generally  about  2.7  mm  long 45.  P.  commutatum. 

44.  Panicum  Ashei  Pearson.  Map  318.  This  species,  as  now  known  in 
the  state,  is  restricted  to  the  unglaciated  area,  with  the  exception  of  a 
typical  specimen  which  I  have  from  Porter  County  found  on  a  sandy  black 
oak  and  white  pine  ridge  about  4  miles  southwest  of  Michigan  City.  In  the 
southern  part  of  the  state  it  is  found  mostly  on  the  crests  and  slopes  of 
chestnut  oak  ridges. 

No  single  character  will  separate  Indiana  specimens  of  this  grass  from 
those  of  the  next.  The  two  plants  intergrade  to  such  an  extent  that  it  is 
questionable  whether  an  attempt  should  be  made  to  keep  them  separate, 
even  regarding  one  as  a  variety,  as  has  been  done  by  Fernald  (Rhodora  36 : 
83-87.  1934).  If  all  of  our  forms  of  this  species  complex  are  considered 
as  one  species,  then  the  same  treatment  applied  to  borderline  species  in 
other  groups  would  unite  them.  This  case  seems  to  be  a  decision  between 
the  "grouping"  and  the  "splitting"  of  forms  (species) .  Until  an  exhaustive 
study  is  made  of  the  group,  any  disposition  made  of  these  plants  must  be 
mere  opinion  or  for  convenience.  For  these  reasons  I  am  following  Hitch- 
cock and  treating  our  plants  as  two  species.  Such  treatment  leaves  the 
problem  open  to  future  study. 

Mass.  to  Mich,  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  n.  Fla.,  Miss.,  and  Okla. 


Panicum 


Paniceae 


173 


45.  Panicum  commutatum  Schultes.  Map  319.  This  species  is  restricted 
usually  to  the  high  hills  of  the  unglaciated  area,  although  it  is  found  in 
Jefferson  County  on  the  bluff  of  the  Ohio  River  and  in  Jennings  County  on 
the  sandstone  outcrop  along  the  Muscatatuck  River  near  Vernon.  It  is 
rather  local  except  in  the  knobstone,  where  it  is  frequent.  My  no.  27633 
from  Clark  County  is  exceptional  in  that  the  whole  plant  is  soft-pubescent, 
including  both  surfaces  of  the  leaves. 

Mass.  to  Mich,  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


16.  LATIFOLIA 

Culms  stout,  usually  more  than  50  cm  high;  ligules  mostly  less  than 
1  mm  long;  blades  cordate  at  the  base  and  long-acuminate  at  the  apex, 
usually  more  than  15  mm  wide;  spikelets  2.7-4.5  mm  long,  7-11  nerved;  the 
autumnal  phase  sparingly  branching  at  the  middle  nodes,  becoming  top- 
heavy,  and  lodging. 

Sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones  and  those  of  the  branches,  papillose-hispid;  spikelets 

2.7-3  mm  long   (rarely  longer) 46.  P.  clandestinum. 

Sheaths  glabrous  or  softly  villous   (hairs  not  stiff  as  in  the  preceding  species) . 

Nodes  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  spikelets  3.2-3.7  mm  long 47.  P.  latifolium. 

Nodes  retrorsely  bearded;   spikelets  4-4.5  mm  long. 

Blades  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  both  surfaces 48.  P.  Boscii. 

Blades  velvety  to  the  touch  beneath 48a.  P.  Boscii  var.  molle. 

46.  Panicum  clandestinum  L.  Map  320.  This  species  is  infrequent  to 
rare  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state ;  rare,  local,  or  absent  in  the  central 
counties ;  and  frequent  in  most  of  the  southern  half  of  the  state.  It  prefers 
low  ground  and  is  more  abundant  in  areas  where  the  soil  is  slightly  acid. 
It  is  generally  found  on  the  moist  slopes  of  streams  and  ditches.  It  usually 
forms  large  colonies,  and  often  specimens  with  exserted  panicles  are 
absent,  especially  in  the  autumnal  phase. 

N.  S.  and  Que.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  n.  Fla.  and  Tex. 


174 


Paniceae 


Echinochloa 


e 

9 
1 

t 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr.  • 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

n 

V 

fr1 

X 

" 

r 

j 

B 

m 

0 

J 

t1 

DecJ- 

B 

1         ' 

B 

"      V> 

D           °> 

0  H    J       Td~J 

TBa     3       . — ' 

/    Miles 

D 
S 

°  i 
i  / 

D 
I 

r  i 

d  (  «  S   \ »  f^V  7 

)                 50 

Map  323 

"Panicum  Boscii 
var.  molle  (Vasey)  Hitchc  &  Chase 

0  50 

Map  324 


Echinochloa  crusgalli  (L)  Beat 


0^  50 

Map  325 

Echinochloa  Walteri    (Pursh)  Heller 


47.  Panicum  latifolium  L.  Map  321.  Rather  frequent  in  dry  or  moist 
white  oak  and  black  oak  woods  in  the  lake  area.  Infrequent  to  local  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state  where  it  is  largely  replaced  by  the  next  species 
which  is  absent  in  our  northern  counties. 

Maine,  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Kans. 

48.  Panicum  Boscii  Poir.  Map  322.  An  infrequent  species  in  the  south- 
ern half  of  the  state,  where  it  is  found  in  dry  woodland,  associated  with 
black  and  white  oak  and  white  oak  and  hickory. 

Mass.  to  Wis.,  and  Okla.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

48a.  Panicum  Boscii  var.  molle  (Vasey)  Hitchc.  &  Chase.  Map  323.  This 
variety  has  the  range  and  habitat  of  the  species  in  Indiana.  It  is  doubtful 
whether  it  should  be  maintained  as  a  variety  since  I  have  found  culms 
from  the  same  rootstock  which  would  qualify  for  the  species  and  the 
variety.  The  general  range  of  the  variety  is  nearly  the  same  as  that  of 
the  species. 


133-166B.  ECHINOCHLOA  Beauv. 

[Hitchcock.  The  North  American  species  of  Echinochloa.  Contr.  U.  S. 
Nation.  Herb.  22:  133-153.  1920.  Wiegand.  The  genus  Echinochloa  in 
North  America.  Rhodora  23:  49-65.  1921.  Farwell.  Notes  on  the  Michi- 
gan flora,  II.  Michigan  Acad.  Sci.  Rept.  21:  349-350.   1920.] 

Sheaths   glabrous    (rarely   the   lower   ones   somewhat   pubescent   or   papillose-hispid)  ; 

second  glume  pointed,  not  awned;  fruit  ovate-elliptic,  usually  1.5-2  mm  wide 

1.    E.    crusgalli. 

Sheaths    (at  least  the   lower  ones)    papillose-hispid    (rarely  glabrous)  ;    second  glume 

with  an  awn  usually  2-10  mm  long   (rarely  shorter)  ;  fruit  elliptic,  generally  less 

than  1.5  mm  wide 2.  E.   Walteri. 

1.  Echinochloa  crusgalli  (L.)  Beauv.  Barnyard  Grass.  Map  324.  Fre- 
quent to  common  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  "The  common  name  of  this  grass 
suggests  that  it  might  be  a  grass  restricted  to  the  vicinity  of  habitations, 


Echinochloa 


Paniceae 


175 


0  50 

Map  326 


Setaria  lutescens  (Weigel)  F.  T.  Hubb. 


o  50 

Map  327 
Setaria  viridis  (L.)  Beauv. 


1 
1 
1 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

r 

ID 

0 

i 
i 

N 

0 

IU 

\ 

V 

p 

ff 

HI 

X  ' 

r 

fflj 

J    Miles 

Dec.  t— 

in 
»• 

i      ' 

0 
IU 

K     } y 

10 

rJ        " 

c 

let 

iria  it, 

ilica  (L)  B 

50 

Map  328 

;auv. 

which  is  not  true.  While  it  is  found  in  waste  places  about  barns  and  dwell- 
ings, it  is  found  in  almost  all  kinds  of  habitats  except  dense  shade.  It 
prefers  the  sunshine.  As  to  soil  requirements,  it  is  found  from  minimacid 
soils  to  the  marl  borders  of  lakes.  It  prefers  a  moist  soil  but  will  grow  in 
wet  or  dry  places.  It  is  found  in  roadside  and  dredged  ditches,  in  low 
places  about  lakes,  in  bayous,  along  streams,  and  in  cultivated  fields  and 
pastures. 

"I  am  regarding  this  species  as  a  polymorphic  one.  A  careful  examina- 
tion of  more  than  60  Indiana  specimens  shows  that  sheaths  are  usually 
glabrous,  but  sometimes  the  lower  ones  are  scabrous  to  more  or  less  papil- 
lose-hispid. The  spikelets  are  usually  more  or  less  awned,  the  awns  up  to 
3  cm  long,  but  the  spikelets  of  some  panicles  are  all  or  nearly  all  awnless. 
In  one  specimen  the  primary  panicle  has  awnless  spikelets  and  the  axillary 
panicle  has  awned  spikelets.  In  another  specimen  the  reverse  is  true.  The 
spikelets  of  some  panicles  have  scarcely  any  papillose  hairs  while  those  of 
others  rarely  have  hairs  without  the  papillose  base.  The  amount  and 
length  of  the  pubescence  vary  on  the  same  plant  as  well  as  on  separate 
plants.  The  color  of  the  spikelets  varies  from  green  to  purple.  In  ponds 
and  sloughs,  where  germination  may  be  delayed  on  account  of  the  reces- 
sion of  the  water,  I  have  seen  mature  plants  only  a  few  inches  high  in 
fruit  while  on  the  higher  margin  of  the  same  pond  would  be  plants  several 
feet  high. 

"Some  authors  have  given  names  to  the  many  forms  of  this  species. 
Some  variations  have  been  called  species,  some  varieties,  and  some  forms. 
The  limit  in  assigning  names  seems  to  have  been  reached  by  Jackson  who 
named  a  'variegated  purple  form'  of  the  awnless  form  (Guide  to  Nature 
16:  11.  1923).  For  a  discussion  of  the  so-called  varieties  and  forms  see 
the  literature  cited."    (Deam,  Grasses  of  Ind.  p.  304-305,  1929.) 

Hitchcock,  in  his  manual  of  the  grasses  of  the  United  States,  also  re- 
gards this  species  as  polymorphic,  but  recognizes  an  awnless  variety. 

N.  B.  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. ;  Eastern  Hemisphere. 


176  Paniceae  Setaria 

2.  Echinochloa  Walteri  (Pursh)  Heller.  Map  325.  Infrequent  to  local 
in  the  lake  area,  with  one  specimen  from  the  muddy  flat  of  a  bayou  in 
Posey  County.  In  the  lake  area  it  is  found  in  wet  places  about  lakes,  often 
in  shallow  water,  and  at  the  water  edge  in  rivers. 

Mass.  to  Fla.,  and  Tex. ;  N.  Y.  to  Wis.,  Iowa,  and  Ky. 

2a.     Echinochloa  Walteri  f.  laevigata  Wieg.     (Rhodora  23:  62.    1921.) 

This  is  a  form  with  glabrous  sheaths,  which  I  have  from  Posey  and  Starke 
Counties. 

135-171.  SETARIA  Beauv. 

[Scribner  &  Merrill.  The  North  American  species  of  Chaetochloa.   U.  S. 

Dept.  Agric.  Div.  Agrost.  Bull.  21:   1-44.    1900.    Hubbard.    A  taxonomic 
study  of  Setaria  italica  and  its  immediate  allies.    Amer.  Jour.   Bot.   2: 

169-198.    1915.    Hitchcock.    The  North  American  species  of  Chaetochloa. 

Contr.  U.  S.  Nation.  Herb.  22:   155-208.    1920.    Copple  &  Aldous.    The 

identification  of  certain  native  and  naturalized  grasses  by  their  vegetative 

characters.  Kansas  Agric.  Exper.  Sta.  Tech.  Bull.  32:  1-73.   1932.] 

Bristles  below  each  spikelet  numerous,  at  least  more  than  5,  upwardly  scabrous. 
Blades  usually  with  a  half  twist  beyond  the  middle;    spikelets   about  3  mm  long, 
very  turgid  on  the  convex  side;  second  glume  slightly  more  than  half  as  long 

as  the  spikelet 1.  S.  lutescens. 

Blades  without  a  twist  beyond  the  middle;   spikelets  2-2.5  mm  long;   second  glume 
almost  as  long  as  the  spikelet. 
Fruit  disarticulating  with  the  spikelet  below  the  glumes,  leaving  a  cup-shaped  scar. 

2.    S.    viridis. 

Fruit  disarticulating  above  the  glumes 3.  S.  italica. 

Bristles  below  each  spikelet  1  or,  by  abortion  of  the  spikelets,  2  or  3;  bristles  down- 
wardly scabrous 4.  S.  verticillata. 

1.  Setaria  lutescens  (Weigel)  F.  T.  Hubb.  (Setaria  glauca  and 
Chaetochloa  glauca  of  authors.)  Yellow  Bristlegrass.  Yellow  Foxtail. 
Map  326.  A  common  weed  throughout  the  state  in  cultivated  grounds  and 
waste  places  and  along  roads  and  railroads. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  widely  distributed  in  temperate  regions. 

2.  Setaria  viridis  (L.)  Beauv.  (Chaetochloa  viridis  (L.)  Scribn.) 
Green  Bristlegrass.  Green  Foxtail.  Map  327.  A  common  weed  through- 
out the  state  in  cultivated  and  waste  grounds  and  along  roads  and  rail- 
roads.  It  is  not  as  common  as  the  preceding  species. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  common  throughout  the  cooler  parts  of  the  U.  S.,  infrequent 
in  the  southern  states  and  in  the  mountains;  Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to 
Fla.  and  Calif. 

3.  Setaria  italica  (L.)  Beauv.  (Chaetochloa  italica  (L.)  Scribn.) 
Foxtail  Millet.  Map  328.  This  species  has  been  sparingly  sown  as  a 
forage  crop  and  has  escaped.  For  detailed  information  on  the  value  of  the 
species  as  a  forage  crop  and  its  culture,  see  H.  N.  Vinall  on  Foxtail  Millet 
(U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  Farmers'  Bull.  793). 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  escaped  in  waste  places  and  roadsides  throughout  the 
U.S. 


Cenchrus 


Andropogoneae 


177 


1 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

f 

— l T~"       "| 

L 

^' 

D 

N 

f 

P 

a 

p 

s 

I 'J 

"1 

-  i 

J 

r1 

r, 

OecJ- 

I, 

1      ' 

£/    Miles 

Set 

aria 

vert 

cillata  (L.) 

0                 50 

Map  329 
Beauv. 

0    '      ~~ 50 
Map  330 


Cenchrus  pauciflorus  Benth. 


Andropoqon  scoparius  Michx. 


4.  Setaria  verticillata  (L.)  Beauv.  (Chaetochloa  verticillata  (L.) 
Scribn.)  Bur  Bristlegrass.  Map  329.  This  species  has  been  reported 
from  7  counties.  It  is  found  sparingly  (in  waste  places)  probably  through- 
out the  state.  I  have  known  it  in  Wells  County  for  10  years.  I  first  found 
it  in  a  vacant  lot  in  Bluffton  and  10  years  later  I  found  it  along  the  road- 
side outside  of  the  city.  Doubtless  wherever  it  gets  a  start  it  will  gradu- 
ally spread. 

Nat.  of  Eu.;  Mass.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Ala.,  and  Mo.;  occasionally 
westw.  to  Calif. 

137-174.  CENCHRUS  L. 

[Chase.  The  North  American  species  of  Cenchrus.  Contr.  U.  S.  Nation. 
Herb.  22:  45:77.   1920.] 

1.  Cenchrus  pauciflorus  Benth.  (Cenchrus  carolinianus  of  Gray,  Man., 
ed.  7  in  part  and  Cenchrus  tribuloides  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus. 
Flora,  ed.  2,  not  L.)  Field  Sandbur.  Map  330.  This  sandbur  prefers  dry, 
sandy  to  very  sandy  soil  and  is  found  throughout  the  state  where  its 
habitat  occurs.  It  is  local  where  its  habitat  is  absent  and  is  frequent  to 
common  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  in  the  sandy  areas,  where  it  is  a 
very  obnoxious  weed.  It  is  found  in  cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places, 
in  sandy  railroad  ballast,  and  along  roadsides. 

Maine  to  Oreg.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Calif. ;  Mexican  Plateau,  coastal 
region  of  tropical  America,  and  s.  S.  A. 


11.     ANDROPOGONEAE  Presl    Sorghum  Tribe 

Spikelets  all  alike,  perfect. 

Rachis  of  the  racemes  not  articulated;   panicle  fan-shaped,  the  panicle  axis  short. 

Miscanthus,  p.  178. 

Rachis  articulated;  panicle  axis  elongated 143.  Erianthus,  p.  178. 

Spikelets  of  two  kinds,  one  sessile  and  perfect,  the  other  pedicellate,  staminate,  empty, 
or  reduced  to  a  mere  scale  or  pedicel. 


178  Andropogoneae  Andropogon 

Spikelets  in  slender,  solitary,  or  digitate  racemes  which  are  terminal  or  lateral 

145.  Andropogon,  p.  178. 

Spikelets  in  terminal  panicles  only. 

Pedicellate  spikelets  present;  culms  solid 147.  Sorghum,  p.  180. 

Pedicellate  spikelets  lacking   (only  the  hairy  pedicel  present);  culms  hollow 

148.    SORGHASTRUM,    p.    181. 

143-112.  ERIANTHUS  Michx. 

1.  Erianthus  alopecuroides  (L.)  Ell.  {Erianthus  diva  r teat  us  (L.) 
Hitchc.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7,  Britton  and  Brown,  lllus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  and 
Deam,  Grasses  of  Ind.)  Silver  Plumegrass.  This  species  is  known  as  a 
native  only  in  Perry  County  where  I  found  it  on  a  wooded  slope  along  the 
Ohio  River  about  5  miles  east  of  Cannelton.  It  was  also  noted  in  a  fallow 
field  in  the  same  county. 

Southern  N.  J.,  s.  Ind.,  s.  Mo.,  and  Okla.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

Erianthus  Ravennae  (L.)  Beauv.  Ravenna  or  Plume  Grass.  This 
species  is  a  native  of  southern  Europe  and  is  often  cultivated.  There  is  no 
record  of  its  escape.  It  is  easily  distinguished  from  the  preceding  species 
by  having  three  stamens  and  by  its  scabrous  sheaths. 

Miscanthus  sinensis  Anders.  Eulalia.  This  grass  is  a  native  of  China 
and  is  often  cultivated.  There  is  no  record  of  its  escape.  It  is  easily  dis- 
tinguished from  Erianthus  by  the  fan-shaped  panicle  and  by  the  continuous 
rachis  of  the  racemes. 

145-134.  ANDROPOGON  L. 

Branches  of  inflorescence  ending  in  a  single  raceme 1.  A.  scoparius. 

Branches  of  inflorescence  ending  in  a  pair  or  fascicle  of  racemes. 

Racemes  of  each  branchlet  generally  3-7,  5-13  cm  long;  sessile  spikelets  6.5-10  mm 

long;  stamens  3 2.  A.  furcatus. 

Racemes  of  each  branchlet  2    (rarely  3  or  4),  1.5-4  cm  long;  sessile  spikelets  less 
than  6  mm  long;  stamens  1. 
Awns  coiled  at  the  base;  sessile  spikelets  generally  4-4.5  mm  long,  0.7-0.8  mm  wide; 
peduncles  of  the  primary  racemes  elongated  so  that  the  racemes  are  borne 

beyond  the  spathes;  spathes  inflated,  at  least  at  maturity 3.  A.  Elliottii. 

Awns  not  coiled  at  the  base;  sessile  spikelets  3-3.5  mm  long,  about  0.6  mm  wide; 
none  of  the  peduncles  elongated  so  that  the  racemes  extend  beyond  the 
spathes ;  spathes  not  inflated 4.  A.  virginicus. 

1.  Andropogon  scoparius  Michx.  (Schizachyrium  scoparium  (Michx.) 
Nash  of  Britton  and  Brown,  lllus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Prairie  Beardgrass. 
BROOMSEDGE.  Map  331.  This  species  occurs  throughout  the  state  in  poor 
or  impoverished  soils  and  moist  or  dry,  sandy  soils,  and  is  also  rapidly 
becoming  established  in  the  better  soils  of  the  Tipton  Till  Plain.  It  is 
found  on  washed  slopes  and  interdunal  flats,  in  abandoned  fields,  and  along 
roadsides  and  railroads. 

The  extreme  variability  of  this  species  has  led  authors  to  describe  many 
forms.  My  Indiana  specimens  show  a  wide  range  of  variability,  yet  I  hesi- 
tate to  refer  any  of  my  specimens  to  a  variety.  For  example,  about  half 
of  my  specimens  are  glabrous,  and  the  other  half  vary  from  those  with  a 
few  hairs  on  the  sheaths  to  those  with  a  villous  pubescence.    Andropogon 


Andropogon 


Andropogoneae 


179 


0  50 

Map  332 


Andropogon  furcatus  Muhl. 


Map  333 
Andropogon    Elliottii    Chapm. 


0  53 

Map  334 


Andropogon  virginicus  L. 


scoparius  var.  frequens,  Andropogon  scoparius  var.  littoralis,  Andropogon 
scopaj'ius  var.  polycladus,  and  Andropogon  scoparius  var.  villosissimus 
have  been  reported  from  Indiana  but  Buhl  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  250. 
1935)  refers  all  of  them  to  the  typical  form. 

Plants  along  Lake  Michigan,  growing  on  the  bases  of  the  low  dunes  in 
West  Gary,  present,  in  the  field,  a  striking  difference  because  they  are 
smaller  and  very  glaucous.  However,  an  examination  of  the  floral  parts 
shows  them  to  be  identical,  or  nearly  so,  with  the  typical  form. 

Maine,  Que.  to  Alberta  and  Idaho,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ariz. 

2.  Andropogon  furcatus  Muhl.  (Andropogon  provincialis  Lam.  of 
Deam,  Grasses  of  Ind.)  Big  Bluestem.  Map  332.  Found  sparingly 
throughout  the  state  except  in  the  prairie  areas  where  it  is  common  and 
where,  before  cultivation,  it  usually  formed  complete  stands  over  all  of  the 
drier  parts.  This  grass  prefers  a  rather  dry,  sandy  habitat  but  I  have 
found  it  in  hard,  white  clay  soil  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Bottoms  and  on 
rocky  bars  in  streams.  Outside  the  prairie  area  it  is  very  erratic  in  its 
locations. 

Maine,  Que.  to  Sask.  and  Mont.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ariz.,  and  Mex. 

3.  Andropogon  Elliottii  Chapm.  (Andropogon  Elliottii  var.  projectus 
Fern.  &  Grisc.)  Elliott  Beardgrass.  Map  333.  As  now  known,  this 
species  is  restricted  practically  to  the  unglaciated  area  where  it  is  usually 
found  with  Andropogon  virginicus.  It  is  most  often  found  in  dry,  im- 
poverished soil  on  washed  slopes  and  in  abandoned  fields.  A  variety  pro- 
jectus has  been  named  by  Fernald  &  Griscom  (Rhodora  37:  139.  1935). 
The  Indiana  record  is  based  upon  my  collection  no.  26865.  This  variety  is 
described  as  having  the  racemes  on  long-exserted  peduncles.  This  is  merely 
the  early  phase  of  the  inflorescence,  and  late  in  the  season  the  long- 
exserted  racemes  usually  fall  and  the  broad  sheaths  open,  exposing  the 
subsessile  pairs  of  racemes  in  their  axils. 

Coastal  Plain  from  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  northw.  to  s.  Mo.,  Ind.,  and 
Tenn. 


180 


Andropogoneae 


Sorghum 


o         ~To 
Map  335 


Sorghum  halepense  (L.)  Pers. 


13 

22 

£ 

j  a  n 

D 
F 
K 

- 
:; 

:.: 
II 

0 

r 

a        j 

D 

D 
D           le 

D 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

_^  " 

<v 

J          Id    uc         c 

D 

7 

0 

N 
P 

r 

_L,a  0 

f 

B      "l *" 

B 

D 
1 

-}.e       0 

-  i 

3J 

D 

J^ 

r 

Oec.f— 

1 

1  ' — 
0 

U    Miles 

D 

?.* 

"       /      1 
ill    (     D 

D. 

Sorcjha  strum 

~r>V     Y  0                 50 

■J            Map  336 
nutans  (L.)  Nash 

4.  Andropogon  virginicus  L.  (Fernald.  A  review  of  Andropogon  vir- 
ginicus  and  Andropogon  glomeratus.  Rhodora  37:  139-143.  1935.)  Broom- 
sedge.  Map  334.  This  species  is  restricted  essentially  to  the  southern  half 
of  the  state  where  it  is  local  to  infrequent  or  common  in  slightly  acid  soil. 
It  prefers  moist  soil  but  thrives  also  in  dry  situations.  It  is  commonly 
found  in  old,  worn  out  fields,  hayfields,  and  pastures. 

Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  Mex. 


147-134A.  SORGHUM  Pers. 

Perennial,  with  long,  creeping  rootstocks;  spikelets  disarticulating  from  the  pedicel  at 

maturity 1.   S.   halepense. 

Annual;  spikelets  not  disarticulating  from  the  pedicel  at  maturity. 
Spikelets  not  opening  and  exposing  the  grain  at  maturity. 

Culms  usually  more  than  6  mm  in  diameter;  sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes; 

blades  mostly  more  than  20  mm  wide 2.  S.  vulgare  var.  Dmmmondii. 

Culms  usually  less  than  6  mm  in  diameter;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes; 

blades  mostly  less  than  20  mm  wide.  (See  no.  2.).  .S.  vulgare  var.  sudanense. 

Spikelets  opening,  exposing  the  grain  at  maturity.    (See  no.  2.) S.  vulgare. 

1.  Sorghum  halepense  (L.)  Pers.  Johnson  Grass.  Map  335.  Infre- 
quent but  spreading  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state.  It  is  found 
mostly  along  roadsides  and  railroads  and  sometimes  in  cultivated  fields, 
these  usually  contiguous  to  streams  or  railroads.  Several  years  ago  I  found 
it  in  large  colonies  in  the  cornfields  of  the  Wabash  Bottoms  and  landown- 
ers were  not  aware  of  its  weedy  nature.  While  this  grass  has  forage  crop 
value,  it  should  be  exterminated,  because  it  is  difficult  to  eradicate  and  car- 
ries the  possibility  of  seeding  adjacent  areas  where  it  is  not  desired. 

Native  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  and  found  in  the  tropical  and 
warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres.  Mass.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Fla.  and 
Tex.,  and  westw.  to  Calif. 

2.  Sorghum  vulgare  var.  Drummondii  (Nees)  Hitchc.  Chicken 
Corn.  This  grass  was  first  reported  from  Posey  and  Vanderburgh 
Counties  in  1923.    I  have  seen  it  as  a  common  weed  in  the  cornfields  in 


Sorghastrum  Tripsaceae  181 

Point  Township  of  Posey  County  where  it  often  overtopped  the  corn.  A 
pioneer  in  that  vicinity  informed  me  that  he  thought  it  was  introduced 
about  1890. 

Probably  a  native  of  Africa. 

Sorghum  vulgare  var.  sudanense  (Piper)  Hitchc.  Sudan  Grass.  This 
is  an  annual  grass  which  has  been  recently  introduced  as  a  forage  crop 
but  there  are  no  reports  that  it  has  escaped  and  become  established. 

Probably  a  native  of  Africa. 

Sorghum  vulgare  Pers.  Sorghum.  This  is  the  cultivated  sorghum,  of 
which  there  are  many  varieties.  It  has  been  cultivated  from  pioneer 
times  in  this  state,  but  there  are  no  reports  that  it  has  perpetuated  itself. 

Nat.  of  Africa. 

148-134B.  SORGHASTRUM  Nash 

1.  Sorghastrum  nutans  (L.)  Nash.  Indian  Grass.  Map  336.  This 
is  essentially  a  prairie  grass  and  is  found  in  "oak  openings"  which  are 
remnants  of  prairies.  It  is  frequent  throughout  the  state  where  prairie 
habitats  occur  and  is  rare  or  absent  elsewhere.  It  is  sometimes  found  in 
marshy  places  and  its  most  common  associate  is  Andropogon  furcatus. 

Maine,  Que.  to  Man.  and  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ariz. ;  Mex. 

12.     TRIPSACEAE  Hitchc.     Corn  Tribe 

157-103.  TRIPSACUM  L. 

1.  Tripsacum  dactyloides  L.  Eastern  Gamagrass.  Map  337.  I  have 
found  this  species  only  twice.  A  few  colonies  were  in  a  low,  wet  woods 
about  three  fourths  of  a  mile  southeast  of  the  old  Spencer  School,  about 
10  miles  southwest  of  Mt.  Vernon,  Posey  County ;  and  it  was  common  along 
a  ditch  through  a  low  field  about  5  miles  east  of  Lincoln  City,  Spencer 
County.  I  moved  two  colonies  to  Bluffton  6  years  ago,  and  they  are  hardy 
and  spreading. 

Mass.  to  Mich.,  Iowa,  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  W.  I.  and 
Mex.  to  Brazil. 

159-102.  ZEA  L. 

Zea  Mays  L.  Corn.  This  is  our  cultivated  corn.  It  appears  spontane- 
ously but  does  not  become  established.  Origin  probably  in  Central  America 
or  southeastern  Mexico. 

20.  CYPERACEAE  J.  St,  Hil.  Sedge  Family 

Flowers  all  perfect,  rarely  some  of  them  with  stamens  or  pistil  abortive. 

Basal   empty   scales   of   spikelets    none,   rarely   2,    and   sometimes    3    in   Eleooharis 
Smallii. 
Scales  of  the  spikelets  strictly  2-ranked,  conduplicate  and  keeled. 
Flowers  without  bristles;  achenes  beakless;  inflorescence  terminal. 

Spikelets  few-  to  many-flowered,  usually  elongated  or  slender 

459.  Cyperus,  p.  183. 

Spikelets  1-flowered  (but  of  3  or  4  scales),  glomerate  in  sessile  heads 

462.   Kyllinga,   p.  190. 


182  Cyperaceae  Hemicarpha 

Flowers  with  bristles;   achenes  beaked;   inflorescence  axillary 

458.  Dulichium,  p.  183. 

Scales  of  the  spikelets  spirally  imbricated. 

Base  of  style  persistent  on  the  achene  as  a  tubercle. 

Spikelets  1;  leaves  reduced  to  sheaths;  bristles  usually  present 

469.    Eleocharis,  p.  198. 

Spikelets  several  or  numerous;  leaves  blade-bearing;  bristles  none 

471A.     Bulbostylis,  p.  206. 

Base  of  style  not  persistent  as  a  tubercle. 
Flowers  without  any  inner  scales. 

Base  of  style  enlarged;  bristles  none 471.  Fimbristylis,  p.  205. 

Base  of  style  not  enlarged;  bristles  usually  present. 
Bristles  6  but  each  4-6-cleft  to  near  the  base,  making  them  appear  num- 
erous, silky,  usually  white,  all  much  exserted;  stamens  1-3 

466.  Eriophorum,  p.  190. 

Bristles  0-8,  short,  not  silky  and  only  rarely  whitish  and  long-exserted, 

sometimes  lacking;  stamens  2  or  3 468.    Scirpus,  p.  192. 

Flowers  with  1  or  more  inner  scales. 

Bristles  3,  barbed 467.   Fuirena,  p.   191. 

Bristles  none 453.  Hemicarpha,  p.  182. 

Basal  empty  scales  of  the  spikelets  3  or  more. 

Styles  2-cleft;  enlarged  base  of  style  persistent  on  the  achene  as  a  tubercle. 

Spikelets  few-flowered;  bristles  usually  present 492.    Rhynchospora,  p.  207. 

Spikelets  many-flowered;  bristles  none 472.  Psilocarya,  p.  207. 

Styles  3-cleft;  enlarged  base  of  style  not  persistent  on  the  achene;  bristles  none. 
489.  Cladium,  p.  207. 

Flowers  all  imperfect. 

Pistillate  flower  subtended  by  a  flat  scale;  achene  naked,  bony,  and  usually  white. 

515.  Scleria,  p.  209. 

Pistillate  flower  wholly  enclosed  by  a  sac  (perigynium),  the  style  protruding  through 
an  opening  at  the  top 525.  Carex,  p.  212. 

453.  HEMICARPHA  Nees  &  Ain. 

Plants  growing  in  dense  clumps,  the  outer  culms  recurved-spreading;  length  of  an 
average  culm  (measured  up  to  the  inflorescence),  1-7  cm;  height  of  leaves  about 
half  the  average  length  of  the  culms;  longest  involucral  bracts  (those  appearing 
as  continuations  of  the  culms)  2-4.5  cm  long;  average  spikelets  2-4  mm  long;  scales 
of  spikelets  generally  with  short,  spreading  or  recurved  tips;  achenes  terete, 
slightly  obovoid,  usually  about  0.6  mm  long  and  0.3  mm  wide 1.  H.  micrantha. 

Plants  growing  in  loose  clumps,  the  culms  erect  or  ascending;  length  of  an  average 
culm  (measured  up  to  the  inflorescence),  4-9  cm;  height  of  leaves  about  a  third 
the  average  length  of  the  culms;  longest  involucral  bracts  (those  appearing  as 
continuations  of  the  culms)  1-1.5  cm  long;  average  spikelets  4-7  mm  long;  scales 
of  spikelets  generally  appressed;  achenes  terete  or  slightly  lenticular-obovoid, 
usually  about  0.7  mm  long  and  0.35  mm  wide 2.  H.  Drummondii. 

1.  Hemicarpha  micrantha  (Vahl)  Pax.  Map  338.  Infrequent  to  rare 
in  the  area  shown  on  the  map.  Found  in  wet,  sandy  places  on  the  borders 
of  lakes  and  sloughs  and  in  ditches. 

N.  H.,  the  Great  Lakes  area  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Mex.,  and  S.  A. 

2.  Hemicarpha  Drummondii  Nees.  Map  339.  Found  only  in  wet  sand 
on  the  borders  of  sloughs  or  in  sloughs  when  dried  up,  in  wet,  interdunal 
flats  in  the  dune  area,  and  in  a  dredged  ditch  in  Newton  County. 

W.  Ont.,  Ind.,  111.  to  Ark.,  Kans.,  and  Tex. 


Dulichium 


Cyperaceae 


183 


1 

5 
3 
8 

J3' 

. 

r 

ffi 

D 

ndI 

f 

ID 

rj    / 

y 

D 
P 



Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec  £ 

*>*.■/  D 

J 

Jr 

f^ 

H 

X 

'l 

B 

^n 

D 

,.r~ 

r 

i  ' — 

D 

/    Miles 

J  \    J*\    7 

3                50 

y^V             Map  338 

Hemi 

:arpha  mfcrantha  (Vahl)  Pan 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

Dec 


D 

PI        L 

C: 

\J 

1  r^~ 

^ 

^r 

^ 

L 

r 

t            j 
i  ' — 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  339 


Hemicarpha  Drummondii  Nees 


o  5o 

Map  340 

Dulichium  arundinaceum  (L.)  Britt. 


458.  DULICHIUM  Pers. 

1.  Dulichium  arundinaceum  (L.)  Britt.  Map.  340.  Generally  found  in 
sedge  marshes  or  associated  usually  with  some  sedge  on  the  low  borders 
of  lakes,  sloughs,  and  ponds.  It  is  rather  frequent  in  the  lake  area,  be- 
coming rare  south  of  it  because  its  habitat  is  rare  in  southern  Indiana. 

Newf.  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

459.  CYPERUS  [Tourn.]  L. 

[Geise.  The  Indiana  species  of  Cyperus.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  15 :  241- 
291.  1934.] 

Stigmas  2;   achenes  lenticular,   not  3-angled;    spikelets  flat;    scales   falling  from   the 

rachis  at  maturity. 

Scales  of  spikelets  stramineous,  about  2  mm  long,  so  closely  imbricated  as  to  hide 

the  achenes  even  in  dried  specimens;  achenes  0.75-1  mm  long,  distinctly  blackish, 

plump,    strongly    compressed,    strongly    obovoid,    transverse    wrinkles    distinct, 

superficial  cells  oblong 1.  C.  flavescens. 

Scales  of  spikelets  generally  margined  with  reddish  brown,  2-3  mm  long;   achenes 

lenticular,  with  transverse  wrinkles,  gray  or  brownish  gray,  mostly  1-1.4  mm 

long,  superficial  cells  more  or  less  quadrate. 

Exserted  style  branches  many,  usually  exserted  2-4  mm;  scales  dull,  thin,  mostly 

about  2.5  mm  long,  rather  loosely  imbricated  so  that  at  least  the  base  of  the 

achene  is  visible  in  dried  specimens 2.  C.  diandrus. 

Exserted   style   branches   few,   usually  exserted   1-1.5   mm;    scales   lustrous,   sub- 
coriaceous,  usually  2-2.4  mm  long,  so  closely  imbricated  that  the  achenes  are 

hidden 3.   C.  rivularis. 

Stigmas  3;  achenes  3-angled. 

Scales   long-acuminate   at   the   apex,   usually   ending   in   a   sharp   point,   the   upper 
fourth  to  a  third  of  them  widely  spreading  or  recurved;  plants  cespitose,  mostly 

3-9  cm  high,  fragrant  when  dried 4.  C.  inflexus. 

Scales  and  plants  not  as  above. 
Scales  slightly  outcurved  at  the  apex;  spikelets  very  flat;  stamens  1. 

Plants  annual,  0.5-3.5  dm  high;  scales  ovate,  3-nerved;  achenes  about  1  mm  long 

and  half  as  wide 5.  C.  acuminatus. 

Plants  perennial,  4-10  dm  high;  scales  oblong,  1-nerved;  achenes  oblong,  about  1 
mm  long  and  0.3  mm  wide 6.  C.  pseudovegetus. 


184  Cyperaceae  Cyperus 

Scales  straight  on  the  back  to  the  apex,  sometimes  a  few  near  the  apex  of  the 

spikelet  with  slightly  curved  tips  in  C.  dentatus;  stamens  2  or  3. 

Spikelets  arranged  in  globose  heads  or  aggregated  in  short  clusters  at  the  ends 

of  the  culms  or  the  rays,  the  common  rachis  not  more  than  1  cm  long. 

Inflorescence  usually  composed  of  5  or  G  globose  heads,   usually  one  sessile 

or  nearly  so,  the  others  on  rays  2-5   (or  more)   cm  long;  culms  leafy  at 

the  base,  the  leaves  mostly  more  than  15  cm  long;  spikelets  4-5  mm  long, 

2-  or  3-flowered,  usually  maturing  a  single  achene;  culms  with  cormlike 

bases 7.    C.    ovularis. 

Inflorescence  and  plant  not  as  above. 

Involucral  bracts  recurved  or  widely  spreading  at  maturity,  rarely  one  or 
more  erect;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  mostly  less  than  2  mm  wide  and 
rarely  as  wide  as  3  mm,  the  lowest  leaves  of  the  culm  less  than  15  cm 
long,  rarely  one  longer;  culms  below  the  inflorescence  0.5-1  mm  in 
diameter. 
Spikelets  in  a  loose  or  close,  terminal  cluster,  the   principal  ones   8-12- 

flowered 8.   C.  filiculmis. 

Spikelets  in  compact,  terminal,  globose  or  ovoid-globose,  usually  solitary 
heads,  sometimes  with  one  or  two  smaller  heads  on  short  rays,  in 
depauperate  specimens  the  heads  small  and  spikelets  not  compact; 
spikelets  all  less  than  8-flowered  or  only  a  few  with  8  or  more  flowers. 

8a.  C.  filiculmis  var.  macilentus. 

Involucral   bracts   erect   or  ascending;   culms   usually  more  than    1   mm   in 

diameter  below  the  inflorescence;  leaves  linear  and  usually  wider  than 

those  of  the  preceding  group;  spikelets  usually  in  flat  clusters. 

Scales  scarcely  or  faintly  nerved,  their  margins  reddish  brown,  midnerve 

of  scale  not  excurrent;  culms  not  cormlike  at  the  base,  very  leafy; 

inflorescence  umbellate;   spikelets  very  flat;   style  branches   exserted 

more  than  1  mm 9.  C.  dentatus. 

Scales  strongly  nerved,  their  margins  hyaline;  midnerve  of  scale  excur- 
rent; culms  with  cormlike  bases;  inflorescence  racemose;  style  branches 
usually  not  exserted,  or  generally  not  more  than  1  mm. 
Culms,  leaves,  and  rays  smooth;  leaves  much  shorter  than  the  culm; 
spikelets  5-9-flowered;   scales  2-2.5  mm  long,  the  mucro  less  than 

0.5  mm  long;  achenes  1.5-2  mm  long 10.  C.  Houghtonii. 

Culms   (at  least  below  the  inflorescence),  margins  of  leaves,  and  rays 
rough;    spikelets   4-16-flowered;    scales  mostly   3-4.5  mm   long,  the 

mucro  usually  0.5-1  mm  long;  achenes  2.5-3  mm  long 

11.  C.  Schiveinitzii. 

Spikelets  arranged  along  an  elongated  rachis,  the  rachis  usually  1-3  cm  long. 
Flowers  remote,  the  successive  scales  not  reaching  the  bases  of  the  ones  above 

on  the  same  side  of  the  rachilla 12.  C.  Engelmanni. 

Flowers   approximate,   the   successive   scales   overlapping   the   bases   of  those 
above.   . 
Scales  mostly  2.75-4.5  mm  long;  culms  with  cormlike  bases. 

Spikelets  erect  or  ascending,  more  than  2.5  mm  wide;  achenes  ellipsoid, 

about  2.5  mm  long  and  half  as  wide 11.  C.  Schweinitzii. 

Spikelets  widely  spreading  or  reflexed,  less  than  2.5  mm  wide;  achenes 
linear-oblong,  mostly  1.5-2  mm  long  and  about  0.3  mm  wide  except 
in  C.  strigoszis  var.  multifiorus. 

Spikelets  4-20-flowered,  stramineous,  very  flat 13.  C.  strigosus. 

Spikelets   10-35-flowered,  reddish  brown,  terete  or  nearly  so;   achenes 
0.75  mm  wide  and  2  mm  long..  .  .13a.  C.  strigosus  var.  multifiorus. 
Scales  less  than  2.75  mm  long;  culms  without  cormlike  bases. 

Scales  about  1.5  mm  long,  reddish  brown;  flowers  very  closely  imbricated, 
the  scales  overlapping  more  than  half  their  length;  spikelets  10-40- 


Cyperus 


Cyperaceae 


185 


Cyperus  flavescens  L. 


3 

? 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec  f- 

0 

D 

nil 

f 

D 

'     D 

D 

Jv 

[V 

D„D 

" 

f 

-I 

r 

1 

/   Miles 

J 

D 
'         ' 

Cyperus 

diandrus  T 

)               50 
Map  342 

orr. 

13 

17 

6 

» 
— fo 

•i 

"l    " 

2d        » 

0        j>  hd 
P        F 

Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar. 
Apr. 

May 
June 
July 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 

3          P     1 

id    ./ 

D 

10          D 

"        ?            » 

p          0 

p 
i 

V 

[r* 

HO 

D 

D 
W 

-I  - 

in 

K      1- 

DP 

r 

tiH 

J 

r1 

Dec.f- 

D ) «  «17  /  J 

— \      ~  »o       L-^ 

£  d  y 
-,      |     W/   Miles 

0  1 

1 

0 

Cyperus 

rivularis  K 

0                50 

Map  343 

unth 

flowered,  all  of  the  flowers  maturing  achenes ;  achenes  about  0.8  mm 

long  and  0.5  mm  wide 14.  C.  erythrorhizos. 

Scales  mostly   2-2.5   mm  long;    flowers   not   very  closely   imbricated,   the 

scales  usually  overlapping  less  than  half  their  length;  achenes  1-1.5 

mm   long. 
Plants  with  numerous  fibrous   roots,   annual;    culms   with   1-4   leaves; 
longest  rays  of  umbel  generally  less  than  5  cm  long,  rarely  one  or 
more  of  them  longer;   spikelets   usually  dense,  reddish  brown,   at 

maturity  easily  broken  into   segments  below  the   flowers 

15.    C.    ferruginescens. 

Plants  with  numerous,  scaly  stolons  that  at  length  bear  a  tuber;  culms 
very  leafy;  leaves  usually  more  than  4;  longest  rays  of  umbels 
usually  4-13  cm  long,  only  rarely  all  the  rays  shorter;  spikelets 
usually  stramineous,  sometimes  light  reddish  brown,  at  maturity 
not  separating  into  segments  below  the  flowers..  .16.  C.  esculentus. 

1.  Cyperus  flavescens  L.*  Map  341.  Rare  in  northern  Indiana  and  in- 
frequent in  the  southern  part  in  wet,  sandy  soil  on  bars  in  streams  and 
ditches,  in  the  outlets  of  springs,  along  ditches,  and  about  artificial  ponds. 

N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Mex. ;  also  in  Cent.  Amer.  and  the 
Old  World. 

2.  Cyperus  diandrus  Torr.  Map  342.  Infrequent  to  rare.  My  specimens 
were  found  in  wet,  sandy  soil  on  the  borders  of  lakes  and  sloughs  and  in 
mucky  soil  in  dried-up  sloughs  and  in  like  habitats  along  streams. 

N.  B.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  S.  C.  and  Kans. 

3.  Cyperus  rivularis  Kunth.  Map.  343.  Rather  frequent  throughout 
the  state  in  wet,  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  on  the  borders  of  lakes  and  streams 
and  on  bars  in  ditches  and  small  streams. 

Maine,  s.  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ark. 

X  Cyperus  Nieuwlandii  Geise.  (Cyperus  flavescens  X  rivularis.)  This 
hybrid  was  described  by  Geise  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  15:  245-246.  1934). 
She  reports  three  specimens  collected  by  Nieuwland  in  the  vicinity  of 
Chain  Lakes  in  St.  Joseph  County.  I  have  seen  these  specimens  and  their 
determination  seems  to  be  correct. 


*  Fernald  (Rhodora  41:  529-530.  1939)  has  shown  that  the  true  species  belongs  to 
Eurasia  and  Africa  and  that  the  plant  of  eastern  North  America  should  be  designated 
as  Cyperus  flavescens  L.  var.  poaeformis  (Pursh)  Fern. 


186 


Cyperaceae 


Cyperus 


1 

6 

e 

4 

Jan. 
Feb. 
Mat 
Apr. 

"rl 

June 
July 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 

»  : 

0 

0  S* 

D 

0 

r 

{ 

[r1 

>    1 

D 

"1 

DP 

-I 

r 

J 
B 

1 

J 

0 

t 

Dec  (- 

in 


D 

ts.  iur_j 

_    1d(     ^^ 
/    Miles 

D 

rJ  •  D 

D     ( 

D 

Cype 

rus 

nf 

exus  M 

0                 50 

Map  344 
uhl. 

0  ~^0 

Map  345 
Cyperus  acuminatus  Torr  &  Hook. 


0  50 

Map  346 


Cyperus  pseudovegetus  Steud. 


4.  Cyperus  inflexus  Muhl.  (Cyperus  aristatus  Rottb.)  Map  344.  In- 
frequent in  wet,  sandy  or  muddy  soil  on  bars  in  streams  and  ditches  and 
on  the  shores  of  lakes  and  borders  of  sloughs.  Specimens  of  this  species 
when  dried  have  a  pleasing  odor,  similar  to  that  of  dried  slippery  elm 
leaves. 

N.  B.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  Calif.,  and  Mex. 

5.  Cyperus  acuminatus  Torr.  &  Hook.  Map  345.  I  have  found  this 
species  only  in  Crawford  and  Greene  Counties.  I  am  not  able  to  locate  my 
Crawford  County  specimen  now.  Friesner  also  found  it  in  Greene  County. 
Geise  cites  a  specimen  from  near  Chesterton,  Porter  County,  collected  by 
E.  T.  Harper  in  1888.  This  specimen  is  deposited  in  the  herbarium  of  the 
University  of  Wisconsin.   I  have  seen  it  and  the  determination  is  correct. 

Ind.  to  N.  Dak.  and  Wash.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tex.,  and  Calif. 

6.  Cyperus  pseudovegetus  Steud.  Map  346.  Infrequent  in  ditches  and 
swamps  in  Point  Township  of  Posey  County.  It  has  been  found  also  in 
Gibson,  Pike,  and  Jefferson  Counties.    Where  found  it  is  usually  common. 

N.  J.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

7.  Cyperus  ovularis  (Michx.)  Torr.  Map  347.  This  species  is  found  in 
very  dry  to  moist,  sandy  habitats.  It  is  local  in  the  southwestern  coun- 
ties. It  has  been  reported  from  Lake  County,  but  Geise  did  not  find  a 
specimen.  I  believe  that  the  Lake  County  report  should  be  referred  to 
Cyperus  filiculmis  var.  macilentus. 

N.  Y.  to  111.  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

8.  Cyperus  filiculmis  Vahl.  Map  348.  Fernald  &  Griscom  discuss 
this  species  and  its  varieties  in  Rhodora  37 :  153-154.  1935.  If  I  interpret 
their  discussion  correctly  the  distribution  of  this  species  is  principally 
on  the  Atlantic  slope  and  in  the  Great  Plains  states.    My  only  specimen 


Cyperus 


Cyperaceae 


187 


o  55 

Map  347 


Cyperus  ovularis  (Michx)  Torr. 


0  ~W 

Map  348 


Cyperus  filiculmis  Vahl 


0  50 

Map  349 
Cyperus  filiculmis 
var  macilentus  Fern 


is  from  a  dry,  sandy  ridge  in  Gibson  County.  Geise  (Amer.  Midland  Nat. 
15:  254.  1934)  cites  specimens  from  Lake,  La  Porte,  Marshall,  Porter,  and 
St.  Joseph  Counties,  but  I  refer  these  specimens  to  the  variety. 

8a.  Cyperus  filiculmis  var.  macilentus  Fern.  Map  349.  This  variety 
grows  in  very  sandy  soil  and  is  found  mostly  on  sand  ridges  and  dunes,  in 
sandy  fallow  fields,  and  in  the  moist  intervening  sandy  areas  between  sand 
ridges  and  dunes.  In  its  habitat  it  is  usually  frequent,  elsewhere  it  is 
absent.   Its  distribution  in  the  state  is  well  represented  by  the  map. 

Cent.  Maine,  sw.  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ohio,  Ind.,  111.,  and  Mo. 

9.  Cyperus  dentatus  Torr.  (Including  Cyperus  dentatus  var.  cteno- 
stachys  Fern.)  Map  350.  This  Coastal  Plain  species  is  found  in  only 
three  counties.  It  is  local  but  usually  common  where  it  is  found.  It 
grows  in  moist,  sandy  soil  in  ditches  through  marshes  and  on  the  wet, 
sandy  shore  of  Bass  Lake  in  Starke  County.  Specimens  with  15-40- 
flowered  spikelets  have  received  a  varietal  name,  but  since  both  short  and 
long  spikelets  are  found  on  the  same  plant  it  is  obvious  that  the  variety 
is  only  a  luxuriant  form  of  the  species. 

N.  S.  to  Inch,  southw.  to  N.  C. ;  principally  near  the  coast. 

10.  Cyperus  Houghtonii  Torr.  Map  351.  This  is  a  species  of  the  dune 
area  and  it  has  been  found  only  in  Lake  and  Porter  Counties. 

Mass.  to  Man.  and  Oreg.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Kans.,  and  Ariz. 

11.  Cyperus  Schweinitzii  Torr.  Map  352.  This  species  grows  in  very 
dry  sand  and  has  its  mass  distribution  on  the  dunes  near  Lake  Michigan. 
The  Warren  County  specimen  was  found  on  the  very  high,  gravelly  bank 
along  the  Big  Four  Railroad  about  2  miles  northwest  of  Covington. 

Western  N.  Y.,  s.  Ont.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ind.  and  Kans. 

X  Cyperus  mesochorus  Geise.  (Cyperus  Houghtonii  X  Schweinitzii.) 
This  hybrid  is  described  in  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  15 :  249-250.    1934.   Geise 


188 


Cyperaceae 


Cyperus 


0  50 

Map  350 


Cyperus  dentatus  Torr. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec 


OP      T 

r      i 

~je 

J— 

jvW 

It 

L 

J         Li— 

\ y — 1 — 

Miles 


o         ^5 
Map  351 


Cyperus  Houqhtonii  Torr. 


1 

4 

Jan. 

"eb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

OP      , 
D 

UX  1, 

0 
HO/ 

^       0 

»  J. 

\ 

fr1 

" 

4 

r 

r 

fH 

J 

r1 

Dec.f- 

1  — 

/    Miles 

Cyperus  S 

h 

veinitzii 

0                 50 

Map  352 

Torr, 

0 50 
Map  353 


Cyperus  Encjelmanni  Steud, 


0  55 

Map  354 


Cyperus  striqosus  L. 


0  50 

Map  355 


Cyperus  erythrorhizos  Muhl 


cites  numerous  specimens  from  Lake  and  Porter  Counties.  She  also  refers 
specimens  of  my  collecting  from  La  Porte,  Newton,  and  Warren  Counties 
to  this  hybrid. 

12.  Cyperus  Engelmanni  Steud.  Map  353.  Infrequent  in  the  lake  area. 
All  of  my  specimens  are  from  the  wet,  sandy  or  muck  borders  of  lakes. 

Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Mo. 

13.  Cyperus  strigosus  L.  (Including  Cyperus  strigosus  var.  capitatus 
Boeckl.,  Cyperus  strigosus  var.  compositus  Britt.,  and  Cyperus  strigosus 
var.  robustior  Kunth.)  Map  354.  This  species  is,  without  doubt,  found  in 
every  county  in  the  state.  The  extreme  variability  of  this  species  has  led 
authors  to  assign  botanical  names  to  the  variations.  I  agree  with  some 
other  authors  in  thinking  that  the  forms  are  a  matter  of  nutrition  or 
of  habitat  and  have  no  taxonomic  value;  hence  I  am  referring  all  forms 
to  the  species.    It  is  found  in  moist  soil  of  almost  all  kinds  and  in  all 


Cyperus  Cyperaceae  189 

kinds  of  habitats.    Probably  most  abundant  along  ditches  and  in  corn- 
fields. 

Maine,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

13a.  Cyperus  strigosus  var.  multiflorus  Geise.  This  form  was  de- 
scribed by  Geise  in  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  15:  253.  1934.  I  collected  speci- 
mens in  the  dried-up  mucky  soil  on  the  south  side  of  Lake  Cicott,  Cass 
County,  in  1931  and  1932  which  were  years  of  severe  drought.  I  also 
found  a  few  specimens  in  a  similar  habitat  on  the  border  of  an  extinct 
lake  about  2  miles  north  of  North  Liberty,  St.  Joseph  County.  The  domi- 
nant associate  was  Cyperus  ferruginescens.  This  plant  is  conspicuous  and 
can  be  distinguished  from  any  other  Cyperus  at  a  long  distance.  After  a 
careful  study  of  this  form,  it  seems  to  me  that  it  is  a  hybrid  of  Cyperus 
strigosus  and  Cyperus  ferruginescens.  The  plants  (2.5-15  cm  high)  are 
too  small  for  Cyperus  strigosus,  and  the  spikelets  have  about  twice  the 
number  of  flowers  that  average  plants  of  that  species  have.  The  cormlike 
base  is  a  character  of  Cyperus  strigosus  but  the  terete,  reddish  brown 
spikelets  belong  to  Cyperus  ferruginescens. 

14.  Cyperus  erythrorhizos  Muhl.  Map  355.  Infrequent  throughout  the 
state  but  usually  common  where  it  is  found.  It  is  generally  found  on  the 
muddy  shores  of  streams,  in  dried-up  sloughs,  and  along  ditches. 

Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Calif. 

15.  Cyperus  ferruginescens  Boeckl.  (Rhodora  37:  148-150.  1935.) 
(Cyperus  speciosus  Vahl,  in  part,  of  most  recent  authors.)  Map  356.  In- 
frequent to  frequent  throughout  the  state.  It  grows  in  moist,  wet,  muddy 
or  mucky  soils  of  almost  all  kinds. 

Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  probably  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

16.  Cyperus  esculentus  L.  (Including  Cyperus  esculentus  var.  lepto- 
stachyus  Boeckl.)  Chufa.  Map  357.  Rather  frequent  in  southern  Indiana, 
becoming  infrequent  to  rare  in  the  northern  part.  This  species  prefers 
moist  or  wet,  rich  soil  and  is  found  along  streams  and  in  cultivated  fields 
and  truck  gardens.  I  have  seen  it  in  dried-up  sloughs  where  it  formed 
complete  stands.  We  allowed  it  to  grow  unmolested  in  our  arboretum  of 
about  3  acres  before  we  knew  of  its  weedy  nature  and  we  have  been  trying 
to  exterminate  it  for  about  10  years  but  still  find  a  plant  occasionally.  I 
have  noted  it  as  a  pernicious  weed  in  truck  gardens,  especially  along  the 
Ohio  River.  The  tubers  are  sweet  and  edible.  They  have  been  used  as 
food  since  ancient  times,  having  been  found  in  Egyptian  tombs  dating 
back  to  2400  years  before  Christ. 

The  species  is  extremely  variable  in  the  size  of  its  spikelets.  Plants 
with  long  spikelets  have  been  named  but  I  think  they  are  a  result  of 
nutrition  and  should  not  receive  taxonomic  names.  It  is  to  be  noted  that 
plants  with  small  inflorescences  rarely  mature  more  than  a  few  seed 
while  plants  with  large  inflorescences  usually  mature  many  seed. 

N.  B.  to  Minn.,  Nebr.,  and  Alaska,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Calif. ;  also 
found  in  the  tropics;  Eurasian. 


190 


Cyperaceae 


Kyllinga 


0  50 

Map  356 


Cyperus  ferruginescens  Boeckl. 


o  50 

Map  357 


Cyperus  esculentus  L. 


3 

6 
9 

Jar 

Feb 



Mar. 
Apr. 
May 

June 
July 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 

r~ 

~v 

f^ 

D 

-I  - 

n 

DP 

DP 

5 — 
1 

D 

p 

m 

J 
DP 

I1' 

Dec.t 

110                             D    |       J 

— —                 L-'/ 
„          d     ^^  jro   f- — S 

^  *NJ — ^ 

-,    d  }     ^  pf     Miles 

D 

r£     d 

D    1            D 

D 

D      . 

Kyi 

inqa 

D 

p 

Jr\        7 

umila  M 

')               50 
Map  358 

chx. 

462.  KYLLINGA  Rottb. 

1.  Kyllinga  pumila  Michx.  (Cyperus  densicaespitosus  Mattf.  & 
Kukenth.  Pflanzenr.  20:  597.  1936.)  Map  358.  Infrequent  in  southern 
Indiana  and  rare  or  absent  from  many  of  our  northern  counties.  It  is 
usually  found  in  moist  or  wet  soil  along  streams,  on  bars  in  streams,  along 
ditches,  and  sometimes  in  cornfields  along  streams. 

Del.,  Ohio,  111.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  also  W.  I.,  Mex.,  and 
southw. 

466.  ERIOPHORUM  L.  Cotton  Grass 

Spikelets  solitary;   involucre  none;   scales  lead  color 1.  E.  spissum. 

Spikelets  2-several;  involucre  of  1-several  leafy  bracts. 

Leaves  1-2  mm  wide,  channeled  their  entire  length;   upper  leaf  blade  shorter  than 

its  sheath;  involucral  bract  1;  achenes  ellipsoid,  about  2.5  mm  long 

2.    E.    gracile. 

Leaves  1.5-G  mm.  wide,  fiat  at  least  below  the  middle;  involucral  bracts  more  than 

1;   achenes  oblong-obovoid,  mostly  2.5-3.5  mm  long. 

Scales  of  spikelets  with  only  1  prominent  rib ;  stamens  3 ;  plants  of  May  and  June. 

Upper  leaf  sheaths  dark-girdled  at  the  summit;  midrib  of  scales  not  extending 

to  the  apex,  the  upper  part  of  the  scale  hyaline  and  the  rib  prominent  below 

the  hyaline  apex 3.  E.  angustifolium. 

Upper  leaf  sheaths  not  dark-girdled  at  the  summit;  midrib  of  scales  extending  to 

the  apex 4.   E.  viridi-carinatu  m . 

Scales  of  spikelets  with  several  prominent  ribs;  stamen  1;  bristles  varying  from 
tawny  to  white;  plants  of  August  and  September,  beginning  to  flower  about 
July   15 5.   E.   virginicnm. 

1.  Eriophorum  spissum  Fern.  (Rhodora  27:  208-209.  1925.)  (Erio- 
phorum  ccdlitrix  of  recent  American  authors,  not  Cham.)  Map  359.  Our 
specimens  were  found  in  tamarack  bogs. 

Baffinland  and  Lab.  to  Athabaska,  southw.  to  Newf.,  N.  S.,  N.  E.,  mts. 
of  Pa.,  n.  Ind.,  and  Wis. 

2.  Eriophorum  gracile  Koch.  Map  360.  Borders  of  sloughs  in  the  dune 
area  and  elsewhere  in  marshes  and  in  sphagnum  in  bogs. 


Fuirena 


Cyperaceae 


191 


0  50 

Map  359 


Eriophorum  spissum  Fern. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec 


N-r-f      \ 

D 

D 

\ 

L_|    II 

V 
( 

^-Ul. 

V^ 

^ 

(—  \    ^ 

i    ' —          \y 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  360 


Eriophorum  g r a c i I e  Koch 


Eriophorum  angustifolium  Roth 


Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Conn.,  Pa.,  Ind.,  Nebr.,  and  Calif.;  also  in 
Eurasia. 

3.  Eriophorum  angustifolium  Roth.  Map  361.  Infrequent  on  the  bor- 
ders of  sloughs  and  in  marshes  and  bogs. 

Subarctic  Amer.,  southw.  to  Maine,  Ont.,  111.,  Iowa,  and  mts.  of  Colo, 
and  Oreg. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 

4.  Eriophorum  viridi-carinatum  (Engelm.)  Fern.  Map  362.  Infre- 
quent throughout  our  northern  counties  where  it  is  usually  found  growing 
in  sphagnum  in  open  tamarack  bogs  and  less  often  in  sedge  marshes. 

Newf.  to  Sask.  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  Ohio,  Wis.,  Oreg., 
and  in  the  mts.  to  Ga. 

5.  Eriophorum  virginicum  L.  (Including  Eriophorum  virginicum  f. 
album  (Gray)  Wieg.)  Map.  363.  Since  the  bristles  of  this  species  vary 
from  tawny  to  white  with  intermediate  forms,  I  have  not  attempted  to 
separate  our  plants  on  the  basis  of  this  character.  Nearly  all  of  our 
plants  at  maturity  have  white  or  whitish  bristles.  It  is  found  in  marshes 
and  tamarack  bogs. 

Newf.  to  Ont.  and  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Nebr. 


467.  FUIRENA  Rottb.  Umbrella  Grass 

1.  Fuirena  pumila  Torr.  (Rhodora  40:  396-398.  1938.)  (Fuirena 
squarrosa  of  recent  authors,  not  Michx.)  Map  364.  This  sedge  is  very 
local,  having  been  found  in  only  a  few  places  in  two  counties.  It  grows 
in  moist  sand  in  interdunal  swamps  and  in  wet  sand  on  the  borders  of 
lakes.  I  found  it  to  be  rather  frequent  in  wet  sand  on  the  south  side  of 
Walker  Lake  in  Porter  County. 

Mass.  to  Mich,  and  Ind.,  southw.  to  Fla. 


192 


Cyperaceae 


Scirpus 


4 
3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

1 
f 

0 

ID          D 

B 

D           D 

.y 

D 

-       D 
P 

n 

I 

IV 

" 

f 

X 

" 

r 

J 

tn 

r 

Dec.f 

1      ' — 

/   Miles 

Eno 

phor 
( 

urn 

Inge 

viridi-  car 
'lm.)  Fern. 

3               50 

Map  362 
natum 

0  50 

Map  363 


Eriophorum  virginicum  L. 


4 

f 

D 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D       / 

C 

rV 

f^ 

n   1 

I1 

-I 

r 

"k 

J- 

Dec.j- — 

i 

/    Miles 

(     x1    \    «J*V    J 

)              50 

Is^S^Kj-^?     ^    Map  364 

Fuirena  squarrosa  Mich*. 

468.  SCIRPUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Bulrush 

[Sr.  M.  St.  Leona  Thornton.  The  Indiana  species  of  Scirpus.  Amer. 
Midland  Nat.  15:  292-322.  1934.] 

Sister  Thornton's  treatment  of  Indiana  Scirpus  seems  to  be  compre- 
hensive and  authentic.  I  have  seen  most  of  the  specimens  she  cites.  I  am 
accepting  her  determinations  of  the  few  I  have  not  seen  and  they  also  are 
indicated  on  the  distribution  maps. 

Involucral  bract  none.     (This  is  Sr.  Thornton's  Scirpus  pancifloirus  which  is  now  re- 
ferred to  Eleocharis  pauciflora  var.   Fernaldii  Svenson.      (See  Rhodora  36:   380. 
1934.) 
Involucral  bract  solitary   (the  inflorescence  appearing  as  if  on  the  side  of  the  stem). 
Spikelets  1,  6-13  mm  long;  stem  cylindric,  conspicuously  nodulose,  normally  growing 
in  shallow  water  but  often  emersed  in  dry  weather;   achenes  trigonous,  about 
2.5  mm  long  and  about  1.6  mm  wide,  brown,  smooth;  bristles  retrorsely  barbed, 

about  equaling  the  achene 1.  S.  subterminalis. 

Spikelets  normally  more  than  1. 

Plants  usually  less  than  5  dm  high;   annuals  with  tufted  roots;   culms  terete  or 

obtusely  angled. 

Culms  obtusely  triangular;  mature  involucral  bract  usually  divaricate;  achenes 

obovoid,  unequally  biconvex,  about  1.7  mm  long,  surface  black  with  shallow 

and  irregular  pits;  bristles  longer  than  the  achene,  with  increasing  width 

toward  the  base,  mostly  0.015  mm  wide  near  the  base 2.  »S.  debilis. 

Culms  terete;  mature  involucral  bract  usually  erect;  achenes  obovoid,  plano- 
convex, 1.5-1.8  mm  long,  surface  black  without  pits  or  with  very  incon- 
spicuous ones;  bristles  very  slender,  of  almost  equal  width,  generally  about 
0.01  mm  wide  near  the  base. 

Bristles  lacking 3.  S.  SynitJiii. 

Bristles  present,  usually  6,  sometimes  fewer,  longer  than  the  achene 

3a.  S.  Smithii  var.  setosus. 

Plants  usually  more  than  5  dm  high;  perennials  with  creeping  rootstocks;  culms 
triangular  or  terete. 
Involucral  bract  much  longer  than  the  inflorescence. 

Culms    sharply    triangular;    involucral    bract    acute;    achenes    plano-convex, 
smooth;  bristles  shorter  than  the  achene 4.   S.  americanus. 


Scirpus  Cyperaceae  193 

Culms  obtusely  3-angled  with  concave  sides;  leaves  nodulose;  involucral  bract 
blunt;  achenes  trigonous,  smooth;  bristles  much  longer  than  the  achene. 

5.    S.    Torreyi. 

Involucral  bract  usually  shorter  than  the  inflorescence  or  merely  equaling  it. 

Culms  rather  soft;  inflorescence  lax,  usually  drooping;  spikelets  many,  ovoid, 
on  long,  drooping  pedicels;  achenes  obovoid,  1.5-2  mm  long,  plano-convex; 
bristles  usually  longer  than  the  achene 6.  S.  validus. 

Culms  rather  stiff  and  firm;  inflorescence  erect,  the  spikelets  and  pedicels 
erect  or  ascending,  compact;  spikelets  subcylindric ;  achenes  obovoid,  in 
my  specimens  ranging  from  2.3-3  mm  long,  unequally  biconvex;  bristles 
about  equaling  the  achene  or  slightly  shorter 7.  S.  aciitus. 

Involucral  bracts  2  or  more. 

Bristles  retrorsely  barbed  or  lacking. 

Spikelets  large,  usually  1.5-4  cm  long;   achenes  trigonous,  about  4  mm  long 

8.    S.    fluviatilis. 

Spikelets  small,  generally  less  than  1  cm  long. 

Bristles  scarcely  longer  than  the  achene,  usually  slightly  shorter,  rudimentary, 

or   lacking;    scales    of  mature    spikelets   with    a    light   reddish    background 

suffused    with    a    lead    color;    achenes    colorless,    obovoid-oblong,    trigonous, 

about  1  mm  long. 

Bristles  present,  about  equaling  the  achene;   lower  sheaths  nodulose;   leaves 

usually  10-18  mm  wide;   major  glomerules  usually  more  than  7  mm  in 

diameter 9.    S.    atrovirens. 

Bristles  lacking  or  rudimentary;  lower  sheaths  not  nodulose  or  only  faintly  so; 
leaves  usually  less  than  10  mm  wide;  major  glomerules  usually  not  over 
7   mm    in    diameter;    rays    of   inflorescences    usually   longer    than    in    the 

preceding;    glomerules    usually   not    so    crowded 

9a.  S.  atrovirens  var.  georgianus. 

Bristles  twice  the  length  of  the  achene;   scales  of  spikelets  rufous  brown  with 

green  midribs;  principal  leaves  usually  6-8  mm  wide 10.  S.  polyphyllus. 

Bristles  smooth  or  with  a  few  ascending  barbs,  curly. 

Rays  and  pedicels  smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous  below  the  involucels,  not  con- 
spicuously striate,  both  usually  drooping;  scales  reddish  brown  with  strong, 
green  midribs  prolonged  into  sharp,  short,  spreading  points;  achenes  about 
1  mm  long,  Fawn  Color   (Ridgway  Standard)  ;  bristles  weak,  about  twice  the 

length  of  the  achene,  included 11.  S.  lineatus. 

Rays  (except  the  primary  ones)  and  pedicels  strongly  upwardly  scabrous,  con- 
spicuously striate,  at  least  the  principal  rays  inclined  to  be  erect;  scales  of 
spikelets  reddish,  sometimes  suffused  with  greenish  black,  the  midrib  not 
green,  somewhat  obtuse  at  the  apex;  achenes  about  0.8  mm  or  less  in  length, 
colorless;  bristles  curled  and  much  exserted  beyond  the  scales. 
Spikelets  mostly  sessile,  in  glomerules  of  3-15. 

Involucres  and  involucels  reddish  brown;   scales  reddish  brown. 

Spikelets  ovoid,  3-6  mm  long 12.  S.  cyperinus. 

Spikelets  cylindric,  7-10  mm  long 12a.    S.  cyperinus  f.  Andrewsii. 

Involucres  and  involucels  drab  with  a  blackish  base. 

Rays  of  normal  length,  the  glomerules  distinct,  scales  brownish,  suffused  with 

greenish  black 12b.  S.  cyperinus  var.  pelius. 

Rays    abbreviated,    the    glomerules    crowded    into    dense,    irregular    masses. 

12c.  S.  cyperinus  var.  pelius  f.  condensatus. 

Spikelets  mostly  pedicellate,  usually  arranged  in  small  clusters  with  the  central 
one  sessile  and  the  remainder  on  pedicels  of  different  lengths. 

Involucels  red  brown  or  terra  cotta 13.  S.  Eriophorum. 

Involucels  dull  brown,  not  reddish 14.  S.  pedicellatus. 

Involucels  black.    (See  excluded  species  no.  88,  p.  10.'!  1.) S.  atrocinctus. 


194 


Cyperaceae 


Scirpus 


0  50 

Map  365 


Scirpus  subterminalis  Torr. 


4 
3 

Jar,. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aufc 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

"l  D 

1  DI 

f 

? 

., '     0 

D 

\ 

jl 

IV 

" 

-I 

i 

r 

-"Ir 

J 

r1 

Dec.C 

i  ' — 

/    Miles 

i 

Scirpu 

s  S 

nith 

i  v 

ar.  seto 

0                50 
Map  368 

sus  Fern, 

o       — KJ 

Map  366 


Scirpus  debilis  Pursh 


o  50 

Map  369 


Scirpus  americanus  Pers. 


0         "To 
Map  367 


Scirpus  Smithii  Gray 


0  50 

Map  370 


Scirpus  Torreyi  Olney 


1.  Scirpus  subterminalis  Torr.  Map.  365.  My  only  specimens  were 
found  in  a  colony  on  the  muddy  border  of  the  south  side  of  Long  Lake, 
Porter  County,  about  a  mile  east  of  the  Lake  County  line,  where  it  was 
associated  with  Scirpus  validus.  In  walking  the  entire  length  of  the  lake 
I  noted  only  one  colony.  This  was  in  very  mucky  soil  from  which  the 
water  had  receded  just  far  enough  to  expose  the  soil. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Ind.,  and  Idaho. 

2.  Scirpus  debilis  Pursh.  Map  366.  This  species  has  been  found  in  a 
few  counties  only  in  wet  or  mucky  soil  about  sloughs  in  the  dunes. 

Maine,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Nebr. 

3.  Scirpus  Smithii  Gray.  Map.  367.  On  the  wet,  sandy  borders  of  lakes 
and  sloughs. 

Maine,  Ont.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Ind.,  and  111. 

3a.     Scirpus  Smithii  var.  setosus  Fern.    Map  368.    Found  in  habitats 


Scirpus 


Cyperaceae 


195 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


»       S 

I     1 

xf 

L  r 

D          0 

D 

i    y' 

D 
D       "" — 
0 

D 

, 

D 

D         ' 

D 

J 

V 

DP 

\ 

i 

/          l 

DP 

r1 

1        , 

1         •- 

Mfles 


o         ^5o 
Map  372 


SciYpus  acutus  Muhl. 


Miles 

5 — 58 

Map  373 

Scirpus  fluvi'atilis  (Torr.)  Gray 


similar  to  those  in  which  the  species  is  found.  This  variety  is  difficult  to 
separate  from  Scirpus  debilis.  In  fact,  they  are  united  in  Britton  and 
Brown,  Illustrated  Flora,  ed.  2.  The  shape  of  the  stem  seems  to  be  the 
only  constant  character.  The  divaricating  bract  of  Scirpus  debilis  is 
very  characteristic  but  it  seems  that  all  plants  do  not  have  a  divaricating 
bract.  The  shape  of  the  achene  can  not  be  relied  upon  since  on  the  same 
plant  one  can  find  plano-convex  as  well  as  biconvex  achenes. 
Maine  and  Mass.  to  111. 

4.  Scirpus  americanus  Pers.  Map  369.  Frequent  on  the  sandy  shores 
of  lakes  and  on  gravelly  bars  in  streams. 

Throughout  temperate  N.  A. ;  also  found  in  S.  A.  and  Eu. 

5.  Scirpus  Torreyi  Olney.  Map  370.  Very  local  in  a  few  swamps  of  the 
northwestern  part  of  the  state. 

Maine  to  Man.,  southw.  to  R.  I.  and  Minn. 

6.  Scirpus  validus  Vahl.  Map  371.  This  species  grows  in  sandy  or 
mucky  soil  in  shallow  water  (usually  1-4  feet  deep)  in  lakes  and  along 
streams.  It  is  usually  found  in  every  lake  of  the  state  and  when  a  lake 
begins  to  dry  up  it  usually  is  the  first  species  to  occupy  the  area. 

Throughout  temperate  N.  A.;  also  found  in  W.  I. 

7.  Scirpus  acutus  Muhl.  (Scirpus  occidentalis  (Wats.)  Chase.)  Map 
372.  Rather  frequent  in  the  lake  area  in  habitats  similar  to  those  of  the 
preceding  species. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Mass.,  cent.  N.  Y.,  Mo.,  Ariz.,  and  Calif. 

8.  Scirpus  fluviatilis  (Torr.)  Gray.  Map  373.  Infrequent  in  the  lake 
area  and  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley.  It  is  usually  found  in  wet  places 
about  lakes,  along  streams,  and  in  ditches  and  ponds.  I  have  seen  about 
five  acres  of  it  in  Knox  County  on  the  west  side  of  Swan  Pond. 

N.  B.  to  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  D.  C,  and 
Kans. 


196 


Cyperaceae 


Scirpus 


0  50 

Map  374 


Scirpus  atrovirens  Muhl. 


0  55 

Map  375  ' 
Scirpus  atrovirens 
var.  georgianus  (Harper)  Fern. 


1 

3 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

J 

D        D 

r 

\ 

(       ^ 

1 

OP 

■w 

J 

r 

tn 

Dec  J- 

■  1 

■>  /    A 

D            J/) 

!/   Miles 

I 

) 

Scirpu 

J       l1 

>  po 

yphyllus 

0                50 
Map   376 

Vahl 

9.  Scirpus  atrovirens  Muhl.  Map  374.  Frequent  to  common  in  almost 
all  parts  of  the  state.  It  is  usually  found  in  wet,  mucky  soil  in  ditches 
and  ponds,  along  streams,  and  about  lakes.  One  can  infrequently  find 
a  specimen  in  which  the  rays  of  the  inflorescence  are  short  and  the 
glomerules  form  a  closed  head.  This  form  has  received  a  name  but  I  do 
not  believe  it  is  of  taxonomic  significance. 

Maine  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

9a.  Scirpus  atrovirens  var.  georgianus  (Harper)  Fern.  (Rhodora  23: 
134.  1921.)  (Scirpus  georgianus  Harper.)  Map  375.  This  variety  is 
infrequent  in  the  southern  half  of  the  state,  becoming  rare  in  our  north- 
ern counties.  The  species  and  variety  are  distinct  in  their  extremes  but 
they  so  intergrade  that  their  separation  is  not  entirely  satisfactory. 

Newf.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

9b.  Scirpus  atrovirens  f.  proliferus  Hermann.  This  is  a  viviparous 
form,  occasionally  with  the  species. 

10.  Scirpus  polyphyllus  Vahl.  Map  376.  Infrequent  in  springy  places 
and  in  low  beech  and  sweet  gum  woods  in  the  southern  half  of  the  state. 
Its  associates  would  indicate  that  it  prefers  a  slightly  acid  soil.  Viviparous 
forms  are  rather  frequent. 

Western  N.  E.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

11.  Scirpus  lineatus  Michx.  Map  377.  This  is  the  most  common  bulrush 
of  the  state.  It  is  frequent  throughout  and,  for  the  most  part,  is  found 
in  roadside  ditches  and  along  low  roadsides.  It  prefers  a  moist  or  wet 
soil  along  streams,  in  low,  open  woodland  and  fallow  fields,  and  about 
lakes  and  sloughs. 

N.  H.,  Ont.  to  Oreg.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

12.  Scirpus  cyperinus  (L.)  Kunth.  Map  378.  Infrequent  throughout 
the  state  in  wet  grounds  of  all  kinds.  It  is  more  common  in  the  lake  area 
in  wet  places  about  lakes,  in  marshes,  and  along  streams ;  southward  it  is 
found  in  roadside  ditches,  ponds,  sloughs,  sinkholes,  and  springy  places 


Scirpus 


Cyperaceae 


197 


I— 1 

J      KD 

D      S« 

0 

L 

o         o 

Feb 

I 

y^          » 



Mar 
Apr. 

\    DP 
D        1 

D    i 

°            D 

— 

™rf 

J°r-L! 

>        0 

17 

May 

June 

0 

f 

B 

U      1     BD 

D        D 

30 

July 
Aug. 
Sept 
Oct 
Nov. 

f 

S 

D 

W 

D 

D 

D     

D 

B          UC 

n  ■ 

D 

D                 1 

r 

Dec.  J- 

,-i 

i 

1 

y  i 

D 

~M°   IM 

i  ° 

Ut^-  ID.  r   j 

'   [Ba      P        - — ' 

lnf~^^ 

D            "^ 

/v/_D 

_  d   }    \nJ   Miles 

f  H 

(V^T  r^^V  J  ° 

L<S/-^V     ^   Map  377 

( 

kirpus  lineatus  Michx. 

o  5o 

Map  378 


Scirpus  cyperinus  (L.)  Kunth 


1 

/ 

) 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

-■    ~v 

A         - 

./ 

l 

"jo. 

\ 

J    1 

c 

-4 

v 

"1 

J^ 

r, 

Dec.(— 

1 

i 
i  ' — - 

D  U 

Z        J 

<^Td  "  1  o. 

^/    Miles 

(    D 

Scirp 

us 

Eriophorum 

0                 56 

Map  378-1 

Michx. 

and  along  streams.  This  species  is  extremely  variable  throughout  its 
range  in  the  grouping  or  segregation  of  the  spikelets,  the  color  of  the 
involucre  and  involucels,  and  the  color  of  the  scales  of  the  spikelets. 
Some  authors  do  not  recognize  these  differences  while  others  do.  I  am 
dividing  the  species  into  the  commonly  recognized  forms  in  order  that 
those  who  do  wish  to  separate  these  forms  may  have  the  advantage  of 
the  experience  of  other  authors.  The  range  of  the  several  forms  has  not 
yet  been  ascertained  and  the  range  of  the  aggregate  is  given  here. 
Newf.,  Ont.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

12a.  Scirpus  cyperinus  f.  Andrewsii  (Fern.)  Carpenter.  (Dole.  Flora  of 
Vermont,  p.  74.    1937.)    This  form  has  been  found  only  in  Allen  County. 

12b.  Scirpus  cyperinus  var.  pelius  Fern.  This  form  is  very  local  and  is 
found  in  the  habitat  of  the  species.  I  have  it  only  from  Allen,  Jasper,  and 
Whitley  Counties. 

Newf.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  and  Wis. 

12c.  Scirpus  cyperinus  var.  pelius  f.  condensatus  (Fern.)  Blake.  Found 
only  in  La  Porte  and  Porter  Counties.  Its  general  range  is  that  of  the 
variety. 

13.  Scirpus  Eriophorum  Michx.  Map  378-1.  A  botanical  authority  has 
referred  to  this  species  four  sheets  of  my  specimens  of  the  Scirpus 
cyperinus-pedicellatus  complex.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  Britton  and  Brown, 
Illustrated  Flora,  ed.  2,  refer  this  species  and  the  next  one  to  Scirpus 
cyperinus. 

Conn,  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  La.  and  northw.  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  to 
Ind. 

14.  Scirpus  pedicellatus  Fern.  Map  379.  This  so-called  species  is  infre- 
quent and  is  found  throughout  the  state  in  habitats  similar  to  those  of 
Scirpus  cyperinus. 

E.  Que.,  southw.  to  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  and  Wis. 


198 


(JYPERACEAE 


lueochans 


3 

« 

Jar 
Feb 

. 

3 

HO  1. 

f 

D 

B 

D 

P 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

D 

n  y 

M 

a 

D 

~\ 

X 

D 

I 

i    I 

|_ 

-  i 

r 

r1- 

Dec  C 

\  D 

B 
IU          0 

'         ' 

D 

k    ! y 

>         T 

— 1   o    1     J 
o          IS) 

>    Miles 

\       D 

0 

Sc 

irpu 

>  pe 

dicellatus 

G                 50 

Map   379 
Fern. 

V 

J 

B   P 
1          D 

Feb. 

1     D 

Mar. 
Apr. 

May 

\ 

J 

-L. 

June 

r1 

— 1 

July 
Aug. 

Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 

I 

r, 

-\z 

Dec  (- 

>  ' — 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  380 
Eleocharfs  equfsetoides  (EIIJ  Torr. 


0  50 

Map  381 
Eleocharis  qaudrangulata 
(Michy)  R.  8,  S.  var  crassior  Fern. 


469.  ELEOCHARIS  K.  Br.  Spikerush 

[Fernald  and  Brackett.  The  representatives  of  Eleocharis  palustris  in 
North  America.  Rhodora  31 :  56-77.  1929.  Svenson.  Monographic  studies 
in  the  genus  Eleocharis.  Rhodora  31 :  121-135,  152-163,  167-191,  199-219, 
224-242.  1929;  34:  193-203,  215-227.  1932;  36:  377-389.  1934;  39:  210- 
231.    1937;  41:  1-19,  43-77.    1939.] 

The  following  key  is  adapted  from  Svenson's  monographic  studies  of  the 
genus.    Svenson  has  checked  the  determination  of  all  of  my  specimens. 

Scales  of  mature  spikelets  persistent;  spikelets  scarcely  thicker  than  the  culms. 
Fruiting  culms  more  than  2  mm  in  diameter;  nerves  of  scales  faint. 

Culms  terete,  with  conspicuous  cross-partitions 1.  E.  equisetoides. 

Culms  quadrangular,  without  cross-partitions. .  .2.  E.  quadrangulata  var.  crassior. 

Fruiting  culms  not  more  than  2  mm  in  diameter;  nerves  of  scales  distinct 

3.   E.   Robbinsii. 

Scales  of  mature  spikes  deciduous;  spikelets  thicker  than  the  culms. 
Styles  2-cleft. 

Upper  sheaths  loose,  with  white,  scarious  tips 4.  E.  olivacea. 

Upper  sheaths  close  and  firm,  not  scarious  at  the  tips. 
Annual,  with  fibrous  roots. 

Tubercle  (style  base)   often  depressed  or  saucer-shaped 5.  E.  geniculata. 

Tubercle  more  or  less  conical. 

Width  of  tubercle  less  than  two  thirds  that  of  the  achene. 

Achenes  smooth;  tubercle  about  half  as  wide  as  the  achene..  .6.  E.  ovata. 

Achenes  pitted;  tubercle  about  a  fourth  as  wide  as  the  achene 

7.    E.  intermedia. 

Width  of  tubercle  nearly  or  quite  equal  to  that  of  the  achene. 

Tubercle  deltoid,  a  third  to  nearly  a  half  as  high  as  the  body  of  the 
achene;  bristles  much  exceeding  the  achene. 

Spikelets  ovoid-cylindric 8.  E.  obtusa. 

Spikelets  ellipsoid 8a.  E.  obtusa  var.  ellipsoidalis. 

Tubercle  very  low,  not  more  than  a  fourth  as  high  as  the  body  of  the 
achene;  summit  of  achene  appearing  truncate;  bristles  equaling  the 
achene  or  rudimentary. 

Bristles  about  equaling  the  achene 9.  E.  Engelmanni. 

Bristles  absent  or  rudimentary 9a.  E.  Engelmanni  f.  detonsa. 


Eleocharis  Cyperaceae  199 

Perennial,  with  horizontal  rootstocks. 

Culms  0.5-5  mm  in  diameter  (in  dried  material)  at  the  summit  of  the  upper 
sheath;  basal  scales  of  spikelet  usually  2  or  3  below  the  thinner  fertile 
scales;  median  scales  acute;  tubercle  broadly  ovate,  as  wide  as  long. 
10.  E.  Smallii. 

Culms  0.5-1.5  mm  in  diameter  at  the  summit  of  the  upper  sheath;  basal  scales 
of  the  spikelet  solitary,  spathiform,  usually  completely  encircling  the 
base  of  the  spikelet;  median  scales  obtuse;  tubercle  conical,  as  long  as 
or  longer  than  wide 11.  E.  calva. 

Styles  3-cleft. 

Achenes  less  than  2  mm  long;  style  base  not  confluent  with  the  apex  of  the  achenes, 
forming  a  tubercle. 
Surface  of  the  achene  regularly  marked  off  by  longitudinal  and  transverse  lines. 
Culms  not  more  than  0.5  mm  in  diameter;  achenes  obscurely  3-angled;  bristles 

equaling  or  longer  than  the  achene  or  absent 12.  E.  acicidaris. 

Culms  about  1  mm  in  diameter ;  achenes  pyriform ;  bristles  none 

13.    E.  Wolfii. 

Surface  of  the   achene  smooth   or  pitted,  the   pits   arranged  irregularly  or  in 
regular,  longitudinal  lines. 
Achenes  smooth. 

Achenes  tui-binate-lenticular. 
Bristles  longer  than  the  achene. 

Spikelets  ovoid-cylindric 8.    E.  obtusa. 

Spikelets  ellipsoid 8a.    E.  obtusa  var.  ellipsoidalis. 

Bristles  shorter  than  or  equaling  the  achene 9.    E.  Engelmannii. 

Achenes  triangular;  bristles  not  exceeding  the  achene  or  absent. 

Mature  achenes  nearly  black,  the  body  not  tapering  toward  the  apex, 
the  angles  blunt;  1  mm  or  more  long;  tubercle  closely  capping  the 

crown  of  the  achene;  bristles  absent 14.  E.  Melanocarpa. 

Mature  achenes  nearly  black,  the  body  not  tapering  toward  the  apex,  the 
angles  blunt;  1  mm  or  more  long;  tubercle  closely  capping  the  crown 

of  the  achene;  bristles  absent 14.    E.  melanocarpa. 

Achenes    pitted,    the    pits    arranged    irregularly    or    in    regular,    longitudinal 
lines. 
Culms  slender,  erect;  style  bases  depressed. 

Culms  4-8  angled;   scales  of  spikelets  obtuse  or  merely  acute,  not  con- 
spicuously whitened  at  the  apex. 
Achenes   Wax   Yellow    (Ridgway   Standard),   in   age   becoming   golden 
yellow    to    dull   orange,    averaging    1-1.1    mm    long    (including   the 
style   base);    pits   of   achene   usually   shallow;    culms   usually   6-8- 

angled 16.  E.  elliptica. 

Achenes  Olivaceous   (Ridgway  Standard);  pits  of  achene  usually  deep 

with  some  of  the  cell-projections  verrucose;  culms  5-angled 

17.  E.  tenuis  var.  verrucosa. 

Culms  flattened;  scales  of  spikelets  (except  sometimes  in  var.  atrata)  with 
conspicuously  whitened,  often  bifid,  acuminate  tips. 

Scales  chestnut  brown 18.  E.  compressa. 

Scales  conspicuously  blackened 18a.  E.  compressa  var.  atrata. 

Culms    capillary,    diffusely    spreading;    scales    obtuse;    style    base    narrow- 
conic,  about  twice  as  long  as  wide;  achenes  finely  pitted  in  longitudinal 

lines I.E.  intermedia. 

Achenes  2-3  mm  long;  style  base  confluent  with  the  apex  of  the  achene,  not  form- 
ing a  tubercle. 
Culms   1-2  mm  in  diameter,    (2)    3-10   dm  long,   flattened,  erect,  or  the  sterile 
ones  reclining  and  often  rooting  at  the  tips;  beak  of  achene  about  a  third 

as  long  as  the  body 19.  E.  rostellata. 

Culms  less  than  1  mm  wide,  0.5-3  dm  high,  scarcely  flattened,  erect;  beak  of 
achene  about  a  fourth  as  long  as  the  body. .  .  20.  E.  pauciflora  var.  Fernaldii. 


200 


Cyperaceae 


Eleocharis 


0  50 

Map  382 


Eleocharis  Rob  bin  si  i  Oakes 


o  50 

Map  383 


Eleocharis  oh vacea  Torr. 


0  50 

Map  384 


Eleocharis  geniculate  (U  R.  &  S. 


1.  Eleocharis  equisetoides  (Ell.)  Torr.  (Eleocharis  interstincta  of 
authors.)  Knotted  Spikerush.  Map  380.  In  shallow  water  on  the  sandy 
bottoms  of  some  of  our  northern  lakes. 

Mass.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  and  inland  to  Mich.,  Wis.,  and  Mo. 

2.  Eleocharis  quadrangulata  (Michx.)  R.  &  S.  var.  crassior  Fern. 
(Rhodora  37:  393.  1935.)  (Eleocharis  mutata  of  Britton  and  Brown, 
Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  not  Scirpus  mutatus  L.  and  Eleocharis  quadrangulata 
of  Indiana  authors,  not  Scirpus  quadrangulatus  Michx.)  Angled  Spike- 
rush.  Map  381.  In  sandy  or  mucky  soil  in  shallow  water  or  on  the 
borders  of  lakes,  ponds,  and  sinkholes. 

Mass.  to  s.  Ont.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tex.,  and  Mexico. 

3.  Eleocharis  Robbinsii  Oakes.  Robbins  Spikerush.  Map  382.  In 
marly  soil  on  the  borders  of  lakes.  This  species  apparently  does  not  fruit 
every  year  and  it  may  be  more  frequent  in  Indiana  than  our  records 
indicate. 

N.  S.  and  s.  N.  B.  to  Fla.,  chiefly  along  the  Coastal  Plain,  and  westw. 
through  cent.  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  Ind.,  and  Ont. 

4.  Eleocharis  olivacea  Torr.  (Eleocharis  flaccida  (Reichenb.)  Urban 
var.  olivacea  (Torr.)  Fern.  &  Grisc.  Rhodora  37:  155.  1935.)  Bright 
Green  Spikerush.  Map  383.  Wet,  sandy  or  muddy,  marl  borders  of 
lakes. 

N.  S.,  Ont.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Pa.,  Ohio,  and  Ind. 

5.  Eleocharis  geniculata  (L.)  R.  &  S.  (Rhodora  41:  50-52.  1939.) 
(Eleocharis  capitata  R.  Br.  and  Eleocharis  caribaea  (kottb.)  Blake.)  Map 
384.  In  wet,  marl  borders  of  lakes  and  in  dried-up  sloughs.  In  addition 
to  the  counties  shown  on  the  map,  it  is  known  in  the  Great  Lakes  area 
only  from  Washtenaw  County,  in  southeastern  Michigan  and  from  south- 
ern Ontario. 


Eleocharis 


Cyperaceae 


201 


1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

o  1 

J 

S^ 

(r1 

1 

— 1  — 

X 

r 

J 

"k 

J 

Dec.f 

i  ' — 

/   Miles 

Eleo 

char 

IS    0 

va 

r\         7 

a  (Roth 

3                 50 

Map  385 
1R.&S. 

Eleocharis  intermedia 


0  50 

Map  386 

Schultes 


0  50 

Map  387 

Eleocharis   obtusa  (WilldJ  Schultes 


6.  Eleocharis  ovata  (Roth)  R.  &  S.  OVOID  Spikerush.  Map  385.  My 
only  specimen  was  collected  in  the  bottom  of  a  dried-up  dredged  ditch  about 
4  miles  southeast  of  Conrad  in  Newton  County  and  determined  by  H.  K. 
Svenson.  It  has  been  reported  from  Lake  and  Porter  Counties  by  Peattie 
but  I  have  not  seen  a  specimen. 

Local  from  Newf .  and  e.  Que.  to  Maine,  Vt.,  Conn.,  and  Mass. ;  also  in 
Mich.,  Wis.,  Minn.,  and  Wash. 

7.  Eleocharis  intermedia  (Muhl.)  Schultes.  (Rhodora41:  67.  1939.) 
Matted  Spikerush.  Map  386.  Muddy  borders  of  ponds  and  lakes,  wet, 
marl  borders  of  lakes,  and  in  the  outlets  of  springs. 

Que.  to  w.  Ont.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Ohio,  and  Iowa. 

8.  Eleocharis  obtusa  (Willd.)  Schultes.  Blunt  Spikerush.  Map  387. 
Throughout  the  state  in  muddy  or  wet  places  in  almost  all  habitats,  prin- 
cipally in  ditches,  sloughs,  swamps,  and  ponds  and  on  the  borders  of 
streams  and  lakes. 

The  species  is  variable  and  my  no.  45541  from  Monroe  County  and  no. 
24288  from  Posey  County  are  here  cited  as  exceptional  plants. 

Cape  Breton  and  e.  N.  B.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico; 
appearing  again  in  the  northwest  from  B.  C.  to  Calif. ;  also  in  the  Hawaiian 
Islands. 

8a.  Eleocharis  obtusa  var.  ellipsoidalis  Fern.  (Rhodora  31:  218.  1929.) 
I  have  a  specimen  from  a  tamarack  bog  in  La  Porte  County  that  Svenson 
refers  to  this  variety. 

E.  Mass.  to  Va.  and  Ind. 

9.  Eleocharis  Engelmanni  Steud.  Engelmann  Spikerush.  Map  388. 
In  muddy  places  in  roadside  ditches  and  on  the  muddy  borders  of  artificial 
and  natural  ponds. 

S.  Maine  to  Va.,  westw.  through  Ind.,  Tenn.,  and  Mo.  to  Okla. 


202 


Cyperaceae 


Eleocharis 


o IS 

Map  388 

Eleocharis  Engelmanni  Steud. 


0  ~30 

Map  389 


Eleocharis  S  ma  1 1  If  Britton 


Map  390 


Eleocharis  calva  Torr. 


o         ~50 

Map  391 
Eleocharis  aciculan's  R.&S. 
var.  typica  Swenson 


Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar. 
Apr. 

May 
June 
July 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 


N.      - 

f 

*T    ) 

i-L 

1 

fl^ 

^J, 

"1— h 

r 

\J/  Miles 

~^5 

Map  392 


Eleocharis  Wolfii  A.Gray 


[  ° 

1  H 

f 

nr 

Feb. 

(     A 

Mar. 
Apr. 
May 

\ 

3                       1 — 

J 

\ 

June 

f 

-J, 

July 
Aug 

Sept. 
Oct. 

Nov. 

i 

r, 

-  k 

Dec.f- 

■  — 

Miles 


0  10 

Map  393 
Eleocharis  melanocarpa   Torr. 


9a.  Eleocharis  Engelmanni  f.  detonsa  (Gray)  Svenson.  (Eleocharis 
Engelmanni  var.  detonsa  Gray.)  My  specimen  was  collected  in  a  field  2 
miles  northwest  of  Culver  on  the  muddy  border  of  a  pond,  where  it  was 
frequent.  Also  collected  by  E.  J.  Hill  in  La  Porte  County. 

Mass.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  Ind.,  111.  and  Ariz. 

10.  Eleocharis  Smallii  Britton.  (Eleocharis  palustris  in  part,  of  Gray, 
Man.,  ed.  7  and  of  Indiana  authors.)  Small's  Spikerush.  Map  389.  In 
muddy,  peaty  or  wet,  sandy  places  in  ditches,  sloughs,  ponds,  marshes,  and 
like  habitats  on  the  borders  of  streams  and  lakes. 

Sw.  N.  S.  to  Mich,  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Del.,  Pa.,  Ind.,  111.,  and  Mo. 

11.  Eleocharis  calva  Torr.  (Eleocharis  palustris  var.  calva  (Torr.) 
Gray  and  Eleocharis  palustris  var.  glaucescens  of  Indiana  authors.)  Map 
390.    In  muddy,  sandy  or  peaty  soil  in  ditches,  sloughs,  and  marshes  and 


Eleocharis  Cyperaceae  203 

on  the  borders  of  streams  and  lakes.    In  wet,  stony  or  gravelly  places 
along  the  Ohio  River  and  in  springy,  marl  borders  of  some  lakes. 

Que.  to  Alberta  and  Wash.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Okla.,  and  n.  Mex. ;  also 
in  Hawaii  and  e.  Asia. 

12.  Eleocharis  acicularis  (L.)  R.  &  S.  var.  typica  Svenson.  Needle 
Spikerush.  Map  391.  In  the  muddy  or  sandy  bottoms  or  borders  of 
ditches,  sloughs,  streams,  and  lakes.  Sometimes  on  the  springy  marl 
borders  of  lakes. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Okla. 

13.  Eleocharis  Wolfii  Gray.  Wolf's  Spikerush.  Map  392.  My  only 
specimens  were  found  in  Jefferson  County  in  low,  flat  clearings  about  31/2 
miles  southwest  of  Hanover  and  3  miles  southeast  of  Hanover. 

Ind.  to  Kans.  and  La. 

14.  Eleocharis  melanocarpa  Torr.  Black-fruited  Spikerush.  Map 
393.  Wet  or  moist,  sandy  borders  of  marshes  and  sloughs. 

Atlantic  coast  from  Mass.  to  Texas,  and  in  nw.  Ind. 

15.  Eleocharis  microcarpa  Torr.  var.  filiculmis  Torr.  (Rhodora  39:  228- 
229.  1937.)  (Eleocharis  Torreyana  Boeckl.)  Map  394.  Our  only  specimens 
were  found  in  moist  sand  in  the  bottom  of  a  roadside  ditch  about  2  miles 
southeast  of  Tefft  in  Jasper  County. 

Atlantic  coast  from  Conn,  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  also  in  Cuba. 

16.  Eleocharis  elliptica  Kunth.  (Rhodora  41:  65.  1939.)  (Eleocharis 
capitata  var.  borealis  Svenson.  Rhodora  34:  200-202.  1932.)  Map  395. 
This  sedge  seems  to  have  a  wide  distribution  in  the  state.  In  the  lake  area 
it  is  found  in  strongly  marl  borders  of  lakes  and  elsewhere  in  moist  prairie 
habitats. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Tenn.,  Ind.,  and  111. 

17.  Eleocharis  tenuis  (Willd.)  Schultes  var.  verrucosa  (Svenson)  Sven- 
son. (Rhodora  41 :  66.  1939.)  (Eleocharis  capitata  var.  verrucosa  Svenson 
and  Eleocharis  tenuis  of  authors.)  Map  396.  For  the  most  part,  our 
specimens  are  from  wet,  hard,  clay  soil  of  the  borders  of  ponds  and  wet 
woods.    Our  Jasper  County  specimen  is  from  a  wet,  interdunal  flat. 

Va.,  Ind.,  111.  to  Ark.  and  Okla.,  southw.  to  La. 

18.  Eleocharis  compressa  Sulliv.  (Eleocharis  acuminata  (Muhl.) 
Nees.)  Map  397.  I  have  only  three  specimens  from  Indiana  and  these  are 
from  a  wide  range  of  distance  and  kinds  of  habitats.  The  Ohio  County 
specimen  was  found  on  the  slope  of  the  bank  of  the  Ohio  River,  the 
specimen  from  Tipton  County  is  from  a  wet,  prairie  habitat  along  the 
railroad  just  west  of  Goldsmith,  and  the  specimen  from  Wabash  County 
was  found  on  the  border  of  a  small  lake.  It  has  been  reported  from  Lake 
and  St.  Joseph  Counties,  but  I  have  not  seen  the  specimens. 

W.  Que.  to  Sask.  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Okla.,  and  the  Pacific  States. 


204 


Cyperaceae 


Eleocharis 


0"  50 

Map  394 
Eleocharis    microcarpa 
var.    filiculmfs    Torr. 


0  50 

Map  395 
Eleocharis  elliplica  Kunlh 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


^ 

1     D 

t 

f 

j 

D 

J 

r 

V 

\z 

r 

1 

■  ' — 

1          [D 

u 

-/Mja  °M      . ' 

0  r 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  396 

Eleocharis  tenuis  IWilld.)  Schultes 

var.  verrucosa  (Sven.l  Sven. 


1 
1 

1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

i 

\ 

t  r± 

i 

7 

r1 

Vi 

D 

1 

-■"i 

J 

r 

Dec  f- 

i  ' — 

L/    Miles 

Ele 

ocha 

ris 

compress 

0                  50 

Map  397 

i  Soil. 

2 
2 
2 
2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

\       D          D 

D            B 

D             D 

0 

r 

\ 

rV 

D 

~\ 

X 

I 

1 

J 

m 

J 

r1 

Dec.f- 

1         ' 

/    Miles 

Elc 

och 

iris 

ro 

\        / 

stellata 

1                 50 

Map  398 
Torr. 

o  ~~        3o 
Map  399 
Eleocharis   pauciflora  (LightJ  Link 
var.  Fernaldii  Svenson 


18a.  Eleocharis  compressa  var.  atrata  Svenson.  (Rhodora  34:  218. 
1932.)  Under  his  description  of  this  variety  Svenson  refers  to  it  Bebb's 
specimen  no.  2048  from  Lake  County  which  is  in  the  herbarium  of  the 
University  of  Wisconsin.  There  is  also  a  specimen  in  the  Field  Museum 
collected  by  Lansing  near  Indiana  Harbor  in  1903.  It  is  labeled  Eleocharis 
acuminata  (Muhl.)  Nees. 

N.  Mich.,  and  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  and  Ind. 

19.  Eleocharis  rostellata  Torr.  Beaked  Spikerush.  Map  398.  Springy 
marshes  and  wet,  marl  borders  of  lakes. 

N.  S.  to  Fla.,  chiefly  in  salt  marshes  along  the  coast ;  rare  inland,  becom- 
ing common  in  the  alkaline  regions  of  the  West;  also  in  Bermuda,  Cuba, 
and  Mex. 

20.  Eleocharis  pauciflora  (Lightf.)  Link  var.  Fernaldii  Svenson.  Rho- 
dora 36:  380.  1934.)  (Scirpus  pauciflorus  Lightf.)  Few-flowered  Spike- 
rush.    Map  399.    This  sedge  prefers  the  wet  or  moist,  marly  borders  of 


Fimbristylis 


Cyperaceae 


205 


Miles 

Map  400 


Fimbristylis   puberula  (Michx.)  Vahl 


0  50 

Map  401 

Fimbristylis  autumnalis  (UR.&S. 
var.  mucronulata  (Michx)  Fern. 


o  50 

Map  402 


Stenophyllus    capillaris    (L )    Britton 


lakes  and,  where  such  a  habitat  occurs,  it  is  often  found  in  nearly  pure 
stands  over  large  areas.  It  is  also  found  in  a  few  marshes  and  along  the 
borders  of  some  of  the  sloughs  in  Lake  County.  It  has  been  reported  also 
from  Newton  County. 

Newf.  to  Que.,  southw.  to  n.  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  and  111. 


471.  FIMBRISTYLIS  Vahl 

Stigmas  2;  achenes  lenticular. 

Scales  of  spikelets,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  puberulent  or  minutely  pubescent;  achenes 
slightly   obovoid,  truncate,   about   1.5   mm  long,   longitudinally   pitted,   grayish. 

1.  F.  puberula. 

Scales  of  spikelets  glabrous,  glossy.    (See  excluded  species  no.  94,  p.  1031) 

F.  castanea. 

Stigmas  3;  achenes  3-angled,  colorless. 
Umbels  usually  simple,  sometimes  compound ;  spikelets  ovoid ;  achenes  about  0.75  mm 

long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  93,  p.  1031) F.  autumnalis. 

Umbels  mostly  compound;  spikelets  linear;  achenes  about  0.5  mm  long 

2.  F.  autumnalis  var.  mucronulata. 

1.  Fimbristylis  puberula  (Michx.)  Vahl.  Map  400.  In  moist,  sandy 
soil  in  an  interdunal  flat  habitat.  It  must  be  very  local  since  I  have  seen  it 
only  three  times. 

Southern  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  and  from  Ont.,  Mich.,  Ind.,  and  111.  to 
Kans.  and  Tex. 

2.  Fimbristylis  autumnalis  (L.)  R.  &  S.  var.  mucronulata  (Michx.) 
Fern.  (Rhodora  37:  398.  1935.)  {Fimbristylis  autumnalis  of  some 
authors.)  Map  401.  Moist,  sandy,  and  muddy  shores  of  lakes,  sloughs,  and 
streams  and  in  ditches. 

This  is  a  highly  variable  species  both  as  to  habit  and  morphological  char- 
acters. When  growing  in  the  mud  or  in  moist  sand,  the  plant  may  be  short 
and  the  umbels  simple.  When  growing  in  its  preferred  habitat  or  among 
vegetation  it  may  be  8-12  inches  high.  The  margins  of  the  leaves  may  be 
entire  or  rather  closely  serrate.    The  achenes  may  be  plainly  reticulated 


206 


Cyperaceae 


Bulbostylis 


o  5o 

Map  403 


Psilocarya    nitens(Vahl)Wood 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


r     ° 

D 

L             . 

D                               -i 
P 

1      J 

L 

{ 

T 

1      l 

J 

Li 

_~L 

i        |     I 
•   ' — 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  404 


Psilocarya   scirpoides  Torr, 


Cladfum   mariscoides  (Muhl.)  Torr. 


crosswise  or  very  faintly  so,  varying  somewhat  in  length,  and  free  of 
tubercles  or  covered  with  them  more  or  less  all  over  the  surface.  I  have 
not  seen  a  specimen  of  the  typical  form  of  this  species  and  the  data  given 
in  the  key  have  been  obtained  from  published  studies.  Doubtless  all  Indiana 
plants  belong  to  this  variety. 

Conn,  to  111.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

471  A.  BULBOSTYLIS  [Kunth]  C.  B.  Clarke 

''Plant  bearing  crowded  sessile  spikelets  at  the  bases  of  the  leaves;  spikelets  of  the 
terminal  umbel  rather  crowded,  3-10  mm  long,  longer  than  their  pedicels"  (Rhodora 
40:  395.  1938) 1.  B.  capillaris. 

Plant  not  bearing  sessile  spikelets  at  the  base  of  the  leaves;  lateral  spikelets  of  umbels 

2.5-6  mm  long,  shorter  than  the  pedicels;  pedicels  unequal,  0.1-10  mm  long 

la.  B.  capillaris  var.  crebra. 

1.  Bulbostylis  capillaris  (L)  C.  B.  Clarke.  (Rhodora  40:  395.  1938.) 
(Stenophyllus  capillaris  (L.)  Britt.)  This  change  of  name  came  too  late 
to  change  the  name  on  the  map.  Map  402.  I  have  the  typical  form  of  this 
species  from  Elkhart,  Kosciusko,  Lagrange,  St.  Joseph,  and  Starke  Coun- 
ties.  The  map  shows  both  the  typical  form  and  the  variety. 

This  plant  is  infrequent  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  and  rare  in  the 
southern  part.  It  is  found  in  very  dry,  sandy  soil,  usually  in  fallow  fields 
and  clearings,  on  open,  sandy  knolls  and  dunes,  and  the  variety  sometimes 
in  residual  soil  on  the  crests  of  sandstone  ridges  and  on  cliffs. 

Southern  Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Mo. 

la.  Bulbostylis  capillaris  var.  crebra  Fern.  (Rhodora  40:  395.  1938.) 
This  variety  has  the  same  habitat  as  that  of  the  species  and  ranges  through- 
out the  state.  Only  thorough  field  study  will  convince  me  that  this  variety 
is  distinct  in  Indiana. 

Md.  to  s.  111.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  Ark.,  and  Tex. 


Psilocarya 


CYPERACEAE 


207 


Jan. 
Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec 


■^       D      S     HD 

D          0 

B 

1          '      ( 

D 



— i 

H-J 

KS^ 

D 

f 

J 

r — ' 

-J  \\ 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  406 


Rhynchospora     alba    (LJ    Vahl 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec. 


m^t 

)    °  ° 

B 

L 

/                                 DP 

--CT" 

i  H 

i^jV 

j 

it 

I 

0 

pLL 

1  — 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  407 


Rhynchospora    capillacea    Torr 


472.  PSILOCARYA  Ton. 

Tubercle  short,  merely  capping  the  achene,  its  greatest  height  much  less  than  0.5  mm; 

achene  strongly  transversely  wrinkled 1.  P.  nitens. 

Tubercle   sword-shaped,   more   than   0.5   mm   long;    achene    not    strongly   transversely 

wrinkled 2..  P.  scirpoides. 

1.  Psilocarya  nitens  (Vahl)  Wood.  Map  403.  In  sandy  soil  on  the 
borders  of  sloughs.  My  only  specimen  is  one  collected  by  Umbach  on  the 
border  of  a  slough  at  Dune  Park,  Porter  County,  in  1899.  Evidently  it  is 
very  local. 

Atlantic  coast  from  Long  Island,  N.  Y.  to  Fla.  and  along  the  Gulf  to  Tex. 
and  along  Lake  Michigan  in  Ind. 

2.  Psilocarya  scirpoides  Torr.  Map  404.  This  species  is  local  but  com- 
mon to  abundant  where  found.  It  grows  in  wet,  sandy  soil  in  marshes  and 
on  the  borders  of  sloughs  and  lakes. 

Mass.  to  R.  I.  and  in  n.  Ind. 

489.  CLADIUM  P.  Br. 

1.     Cladium  mariscoides  (Muhl.)  Torr.    (Rhodora  25:  49.    1923.)    Map 

405.  Rather  frequent  or  locally  common  where  found  in  the  lake  area  in 
shallow  water  and  on  the  wet  borders  of  lakes  and  in  marshes  and  springy 
places.   It  is  usually  found  in  very  marly  places. 

N.  S.  to  Ont.  to  Sask.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ky.,  and  Iowa. 


492.  RHYNCHOSPORA  Vahl    Beakrush 

Mature  achenes  (exclusive  of  tubercle)  4.5-6  mm  long. 

Bristles  longer  than  the  achene 1-  R-  macrostachya. 

Bristles  shorter  than  the  achene 2.  R.  cornicalata  var.  interior. 

Mature  achenes  (exclusive  of  tubercle)  less  than  4  mm  long. 

Achenes  transversely  wrinkled;  bristles  upwardly  barbed 3.  R.  cymosa. 

Achenes  smooth;  bristles  downwardly  barbed  or  smooth. 

Scales  of  spikelets   (when  fresh)   white  or  nearly  so,  becoming  tawny  with  age; 


208  Cyperaceae  Rhynchospora 

spikelets  in  terminal  and  axillary  corymbose  heads,  perfecting  only  one  flower; 

stamens  2;  bristles  9-12  (20) 4.  R.  alba. 

Scales   of   spikelets   chestnut   color;    spikelets   perfecting   more   than    one   flower; 

stamens  3;  bristles  (5,  rarely  more. 
Leaves  all  filiform;  spikelets  3-6  in  terminal  clusters. 

Bristles  barbed 5.  R.  capillacea. 

Bristles  not  barbed 5a.  R.  capillacea  f.  leviseta. 

Leaves  wider,  flat;  spikelets  numerous  in  clusters  or  heads. 

Bristles  barbed 6.  R.  glomerata  var.  minor. 

Bristles  not  barbed 6a.  R.  glomerata  var.  minor  f.  discutiens. 

1.  Rhynchospora  macrostachya  Torr.  (Rynchospora  corniculata  in  part, 
of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Map  412.  Very  local  in  a  few 
counties  of  the  lake  area  on  the  sedge  borders  of  lakes  and  sloughs. 

Mass.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Rhynchospora  corniculata  (Lam.)  Gray  var.  interior  Fern.  (Rho- 
dora  20  :  140.  1918.)  Map  409.  This  is  a  tall,  coarse  sedge  found  growing  in 
wet  woods  and  roadside  ditches  in  a  few  of  the  Ohio  River  counties.  Very 
local. 

Ind.,  southw.  to  Ala.,  Ark.,  and  Tex. 

3.  Rhynchospora  cymosa  Ell.  Map  410.  This  species  has  been  reported 
from  Lake  and  Porter  Counties.  In  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin  there  are  2  sheets  from  Lake  County  and  4  sheets  from  Porter 
County  collected  by  Umbach.  These  specimens  were  found  in  wet,  sandy 
soil  along  sloughs  and  in  bogs.* 

N.  J.,  Pa.  to  111.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

4.  Rhynchospora  alba  (L.)  Vahl.  Map  406.  Mostly  in  the  lake  area. 
Infrequent  in  sedge  marshes  and  bogs,  usually  on  the  borders  of  lakes. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ky.,  and  in  n.  Calif. 

5.  Rhynchospora  capillacea  Torr.  Map  407.  Local  in  marly,  springy 
places  in  the  lake  area,  usually  associated  with  the  preceding  species  and 
with  Scleria  vertidllata. 

N.  B.,  e.  Que.  to  w.  Ont.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Ohio,  Ind.,  and  Mo. 

5a.  Rhynchospora  capillacea  f .  leviseta  (E.  J.  Hill)  Fem.  (Rhodora  37 : 
252.  1935.)  Map  408.  Local  in  a  few  of  the  northern  counties.  Usually 
found  on  marly  borders  of  lakes  and  in  interdunal  flats. 

Maine,  Ont.,  Mich.,  and  Ind. 

6.  Rhynchospora  glomerata  (L.)  Vahl  var.  minor  Britt.  (Rhodora  37: 
401-402.  1935.  )  (Rynchospora  glomerata  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton 
and  Brown,  lllus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Map  411.  Infrequent  in  wet  or  moist  sedge 
borders  of  lakes  and  in  interdunal  flats.  This  is  our  most  common  species 
of  this  genus  and  at  a  short  distance  it  might  be  confused  with  Cladium 
mariscoides  but  the  latter  is  much  stiffer  in  habit. 

N.  B.  to  Ont.  and  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

*  Collected  in  Newton  County  in  H»38  by  Madge  McKee  in  swampy  land  about  3 
miles  northwest  of  Morocco.     Specimen  in  her  herbarium. 


Scleria 


Cyperaceae 


209 


0  53 

Map  409 
Rhynchospora    corniculata 
var.    interior    Fern. 


o  50 

Map  412 


Rhynchospora    macrostachya    Torr. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f" 

i         ( 

— t— 

V 

f^ 

" 

X 

" 

tm 

j 

v~ 

r 

Dec.j- 

i 
■  ' — 

/    Miles 

Rhynch 

ospora 

y>\   jo         so 

Map  410 
cymosa    Ell. 

2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

h 

V 

f^ 

" 

-I 

_ 

~ 

w 

r~ 

J 

J~ 

r 

_u 

Dec.  f- 

i 
i  ' — 

D    0    Pi"     I         , 

-/    Miles 

S 

:len 

)      0 

'9 

\H    / 

sntha    I1 

50 

Map  413 

/lichx. 

0  5o 

Map  41 
Rhynchospora    glomerata 
var.   minor    Britt. 


G,/- 

— 

Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar. 

L 
H 
H 

1 

T  d 

P                   J 

d        r 

r 

V- 

Apr. 

DJ  H 

irt 

i — 

h  i 

— 

May 
June 

July 

y 

r^ 

■ 

X 

2 

1 

Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 

r- 

r 

i 

m 

J 

r1 

Dec.f- — 

>  ' — 

J    Miles 

o             50 

{s^$x<^S^ii>             Map  414 

Scleria    reticularis    Michx. 

6a.  Rhynchospora  glomerata  var.  minor  f.  discutiens  (Clarke)  Fern. 
(Rhodora  37:  402-403.  1935.)  This  form  has  been  seen  from  only  Lake, 
Porter,  and  Starke  Counties.   The  habitat  is  that  of  the  species. 

N.  J.  to  Ind.  and  southw. 


515.  SCLERIA  Bergius    Nutrush 

Achenes  smooth,  ovoid,  about  3  mm  long  including  the  basal  disk  (hypogynium) . 

Hypogynium  entirely  covered  with  a  white  crust 1.  S.  triglomerata. 

Hypogynium  naked  at  the  base,  supporting  about  9  very  short  tubercles  just  below 

the  achene 2.  S.  oligantha. 

Achenes  not  smooth,  spheroidal,  1.5-2  mm  long   (2.5  mm  long  in  Scleria  setacea). 
Achenes  irregularly  papillose  or  warty,  or  transversely  wrinkled. 

Culms,  leaves,  and  scales  densely  pubescent 3.  S.  panciflora  var.  caroliniana. 

Culms,  leaves,  and  scales  essentially  glabrous 4.  S.  verticillata. 

Achenes  irregularly  pitted. 

Surface  of  achene  glabrous;  achenes  2  mm  or  less  in  length;  lobes  of  hypogynium 
emarginate  or  cleft,  somewhat  obtuse;  culms  usually  erect;  peduncles  sessile 
or  short ' 5.  S.  reticularis. 


210 


Cyperaceae 


Scleria 


0  50 

Map  415 


scleria    setacea 


0  50 

Map  416 


Scleria    triglomerata    Michx. 


0~~    -^S 
Map  417 


Scleria    verticillata    Muhl. 


Surface  of  achene  more  or  less  pubescent;  achenes  2-2.5  mm  long;  lobes  of  hypo- 
gynium  acute  or  acuminate;  culms  spreading;  axillary  peduncles  long  and 
filiform,  the  spikelets  usually  drooping 6.  S.  setacea. 

1.  Scleria  triglomerata  Michx.  Map  416.  Very  local  and  only  a  few 
plants  found  at  a  place.  It  grows  in  moist,  sandy  soil  in  prairie  habitats  or 
in  marshes. 

Vt.  to  Ont.  and  Wis.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Scleria  oligantha  Michx.  Map  413.  On  dry  rocky,  open,  wooded 
slopes  in  three  of  the  Ohio  River  counties.  Very  local  and  only  a  few 
plants  found. 

D.  C,  Va.  to  Ind.  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  Scleria  pauciflora  Muhl.  var.  caroliniana  (Willd.)  Wood.  Fassett 
(Rhodora  35:  202.  1933)  writes  that  two  collections  from  Miller  and  three 
from  Dune  Park  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin  named 
Scleria  pauciflora  Muhl.  should  be  referred  to  the  variety.  I  have  seen 
these  specimens  and  I  agree  with  Fassett.  I  have  this  variety  also  from 
Jasper  County. 

Mass.  to  Ga.  along  the  coast,  cent.  N.  Y.,  Ohio,  and  Ind.  to  Mo. 

4.  Scleria  verticillata  Muhl.  Map  417.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in  marly 
marshes  throughout  the  lake  area.  It  is  rather  inconspicuous  and  is  often 
overlooked,  although  where  it  is  found  it  usually  forms  a  dense  stand.  The 
report  by  Core  (Brittonia  2:  23.  1936)  for  Chase  from  Shelby  County 
should  be  referred  to  Shelby,  Lake  County.  Mrs.  Chase  wrote  me  that  she 
had  never  collected  in  Shelby  County. 

Mass.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  Mex.,  and  W.  I. 

5.  Scleria  reticularis  Michx.  Map  414.  In  damp  or  wet,  sandy  soil  in  a 
few  marshes  of  northwestern  Indiana.  Very  local.  This  species  was 
erroneously  cited  by  Core  (Brittonia  2 :  82.  1936)  as  having  been  collected 
in  Greene  County  by  Nieuwland.    Nieuwland's  specimens  of  the  number 


>cleria  Cyperaceae  211 

ited  by  Core  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Notre  Dame  are  from 
'orter  County. 
Mass.  to  Fla.,  and  in  n.  Ind. 

6.  Scleria  setacea  Poir.  (Scleria  reticularis  var.  pubescens  Britt.)  Map 
15.  There  is  a  specimen  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin 
ollected  by  Umbach  in  1908  near  Dune  Park,  Porter  County,  which  I  am 
ef erring  to  this  species.  This  specimen  has  the  pubescent  achenes  and 
he  long,  filiform  peduncles  of  the  lateral  spikelets  but  the  lobes  of  the 
ypogynium  are  not  acute  or  only  scarcely  so.  Witmer  Stone,  in  his  "Flora 
f  Southern  New  Jersey,"  on  page  284  says :  "The  width  of  the  leaves  and 
iubescence  of  the  achenes  are  characters  which  are  very  variable."  The 
ize  of  the  achenes  of  our  plants  is  about  the  same  as  those  of  S.  reticu- 
iris.  While  the  achenes  of  typical  S.  reticularis  are  glabrous,  sometimes 
n  achene  is  found  which  has  a  trace  of  pubescence  which  is  a  character 
f  S.  setacea. 

This  species  is  somewhat  frequent  on  the  moist  or  dry,  sandy  border  of 
lie  west  end  of  the  second  marsh  from  the  north  side  of  section  2  and  on 
hie  east  side  of  this  section  about  2i/2  miles  southeast  of  Tefft,  Jasper 
bounty.  It  is  closely  associated  with  S.  triglomerata  Michx.  and  S.  pauci- 
lora  var.  caroliniana  (Willd.)  Wood.  This  is  an  interdunal  marsh  between 
ather  low  sand  hills  which  are  covered  with  black  oak.  The  marsh  is 
overed  with  Calamagrostis  canadensis.  Besides  the  Sclerias  already  named, 
n  the  border  of  this  marsh  are  found  also  Hypericum  adpressum  and 
'anicum  verrucosum.  This  marsh  and  others  nearby  are  noted  for  the 
umber  of  Coastal  Plain  plants  found  in  them. 

Conn,  to  the  Great  Lakes  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  also  in 
lex.,  W.  I.,  and  Cent.  Amer. 


212  Cyperaceae  Carex 

525.  CAREX  [Dill.]  L.  Sedge* 

A  genus  of  nearly  2000  species  and  the  largest  genus  of  vascular  plants 
in  Indiana.  Few  species  have  any  economic  value  but  the  ecological  role 
of  the  genus  is  of  great  importance.  The  species  of  marshes  and  muddy 
borders  of  lakes  which  form  extensive  colonies,  and  to  some  extent  the 
less  gregarious  species,  comprise  an  essential  step  in  the  successional  stages 
from  open  water  to  the  culmination  in  climax  forest  or  prairie.  Much  of 
the  fertile  soils  of  our  region  today  would  still  be  barren  mudflats  were  it 
not  for  the  part  played  by  these  sedges  in  the  conversion  of  the  once  vast 
boggy  areas  into  a  turf,  thus  enabling  less  hydrophytic  plants  to  become 
established  and  add  further  to  the  fertility  of  the  soil. 

For  the  identification  of  species  in  this  genus  it  is  nearly  always  neces- 
sary to  have  a  specimen  with  ripe  fruit  (perigynia)  and  as  a  rule  the 
roots  are  also  essential.  In  the  key  closely  related  species  have  been  grouped 
for  convenience  into  sections,  roughly  corresponding  in  size  to  most  of  the 
genera  in  other  groups.  After  only  a  slight  acquaintance  with  the  sedges 
of  an  area  it  is  generally  possible  to  recognize  at  sight  the  group  or  section 
to  which  an  unknown  species  belongs,  especially  since  a  few  of  the  sections 
(Ovales,  Bracteosae,  Laxiflorae,  Acutae,  and  Lupulinae)  will  include  the 
great  majority  of  the  individuals  found  in  the  field. 

The  most  recent  and  exhaustive  treatment  of  the  species  of  Carex  in  our 
area  is  K.  K.  Mackenzie's  monograph  in  North  American  Flora  18 :  1-478. 
1931-35.  In  the  following  account  this  monograph  has  been  freely  used  in 
the  preparation  of  the  keys  and  in  giving  distribution. 

NATURAL   KEY   TO   THE    SECTIONS   OF   INDIANA   CARICES 

Stigmas  two;  achenes  lenticular;  spikes  usually  bisexual,  the  lateral  sessile 

Subgenus  Vignea. 

Stigmas   three;    achenes   triangular;    or   if   stigmas   two   and    achenes   lenticular,   the 

lateral   spikes  peduncled;    spikes  normally  unisexual Subgenus  Eu-Carex. 

Subgenus  Vignea 

Terminal  or  all  spikes  androgynous;  perigynia  not  subterete. 

Culms  arising  singly  or  few  together  from  long-creeping  rootstocks. 

Heads   elongate,   2-7   cm   long;    culms   not   branching;    perigynia   thin-    or   wing- 
margined;  not  plants  of  sphagnum  bogs. 
Perigynia    thin-    but    not    wing-margined,    ovate-orbicular,    thick-plano-convex, 
3.4-5  mm  long;  spikes  all  androgynous;  plants  of  wet  habitats 

1.      §     INTERMEDIAE,    p.    218. 

Perigynia  narrowly  wing-margined,  oblong-lanceolate,  plano-convex,  4.75-6  mm 
long;   lowest  spikes  usually  pistillate,  the  middle   staminate,  and  terminal 

androgynous;  plants  of  dry  sandy  habitats 2.  §  Arenariae,  p.  218. 

Heads  ovoid,  0.5-1.2  cm  long;  culms  becoming  decumbent  and  branching;  perigynia 
neither  thin-  nor  wing-margined,  oblong-obovate,  thick-plano-convex,  2.5-3.75 

mm  long;  plants  of  sphagnum  bogs 3.    §  Chordorrhizae,  p.  219. 

Culms  cespitose,  the  rootstocks  sometimes  short-prolonged  with  short  internodes  but 
not  long-creeping. 
Perigynia  abruptly  contracted  into  the  beak;  culms  not  flaccid  and  not  flattening 
in   drying. 
Spikes  few  (generally  10  or  fewer),  usually  greenish.  .4.    §  Bracteosae,  p.  219. 

*  Contributed  by  Frederick  J.  Hermann,  University  of  Michigan. 


Carex  Cyperaceae  213 

Spikes  numerous,   yellowish  or  brownish  at  maturity;   leaf  sheaths  often  red- 
dotted  ventrally. 
Perigynia   plano-convex,   thin,  yellowish;   bracts  mostly  much   exceeding  the 
spikes ;  leaf  sheaths  usually  transversely  rugulose  ventrally 

5.     §    MULTIFLORAE,   p.    224. 

Perigynia   thick-plano-convex   or   unequally   biconvex,   brown;    bracts   mostly 

shorter  than  the  spikes;  leaf  sheaths  not  transversely  rugulose 

6.    §  Paniculatae,  p.  225. 

Perigynia  tapering  into  the  beak  or,   if  abruptly  contracted,   culms  flaccid   and 

flattening  in  drying 7.   §  Vulpinae,  p.  226. 

Terminal   or  all   spikes   gynaecandrous   or,   if   androgynous,   perigynia   subterete   and 
spikes  1-3-flowered. 
Perigynia  without  winged  margins,  at  most  thin-edged. 
Perigynia  2-4  mm  long. 

Perigynia  not  thin-edged,  ascending  or  appressed,  elliptic 

8.    §  Heleonastes,  p.  229. 

Perigynia  thin-edged,  spreading,  ovoid,  usually  broadest  below  the  middle 

9.    §   Stellulatae,  p.  230. 

Perigynia  4-5  mm  long,  narrowly  lanceolate,  appressed.  .10.   §  Deweyanae,  p.  232. 
Perigynia  with  winged  margins 11.    §  Ovales,  p.  232. 

Subgenus  Eu-Carex 
Style  articulated  with  the  achene,  at  length  deciduous;  achenes  apiculate  or  blunt  at 
the  apex;  perigynia  closely  enveloping  the  achenes  or  moderately  inflated. 
Spikes   solitary,   androgynous;    perigynia   beakless,   rounded   at  the   apex,   glabrous. 

12.     §    POLYTRICHOIDEAE,    p.    237. 

Spikes  one  to  many,  when  one  the  perigynia  not  as  above. 

Lower   pistillate    scales    bractlike;    achenes    rounded    at   the    apex,    strongly   con- 
stricted at  the  base 13.    §  Phyllostachyae,  p.  238. 

Lower  pistillate  scales  not  bractlike;   achenes  apiculate-tipped,  not  strongly  con- 
stricted at  the  base. 
Achenes  with   sides   convex   above,  closely   enveloped  by  the  perigynia;   bracts 

sheathless,  scalelike  or  setaceous 14.    §  Montanae,  p.  238. 

Achenes  with  flat  or  concave  sides;   bracts  from  sheathless  to  long-sheathing. 
Achenes  closely  enveloped  by  the  perigynia;   bracts,  when  present,  strongly 
sheathing. 
Perigynia  pubescent  or  puberulent,  at  least  at  the  base  of  the  beak. 
Bracts  either  reduced  to  sheaths  or  absent. 

Culms  not  dioecious;  spikes  more  than  one;  bracts  bladeless 

15.     §    DlGITATAE,   p.    242. 

Culms  dioecious;  spike  solitary,  bractless 16.    §  Pictae,  p.  243. 

Bracts  with  well-developed  blades 17.  §  Triquetrae,  p.  243. 

Perigynia  glabrous 18.    §  Albae,  p.  243. 

Achenes  not  closely  enveloped  by  the  perigynia  except  at  the  base. 

Bracts  long-sheathing  (except  in  C.  prasina  of  §  Gracillimae,  a  species  with 
sharply  triangular  perigynia  which  are  long-  and  flat-beaked,  nerveless 
except  for  the  prominent  lateral  pair  of  nerves)  ;   achenes  triangular 
(except    in    §    Bicolores,    species    with    pulverulent    or    golden    yellow 
perigynia) . 
Beak  of  perigynium  entire,   emarginate,  or  obliquely  cut  and  at  length 
bidentate. 
Pistillate    spikes    short,    oblong   to    linear,    erect    or,    if    drooping,    the 
perigynia  acutely  triangular. 

Achenes  lenticular;  stigmas  two 19.    §  Bicolores,  p.  244. 

Achenes  triangular;  stigmas  three. 

Perigynia  with  few  to  many  strongly  raised  nerves. 

Perigynia    tapering    at    the    base,    triangular;    achenes    usually 
closely  enveloped. 


214  Cyperaceae  Carex 

Rootstocks  elongate,  producing  long  horizontal  stolons 

20.    §  Paniceae,  p.  244. 

Rootstocks  not  elongate,  not  producing  long  horizontal  stolons. 

21.    §  Laxiflorae,  p.  246. 

Perigynia   rounded   at   the   base,    suborbicular   in    cross    section; 

achenes  loosely  enveloped 22.    §  Granulares,  p.  250. 

Perigynia  with  numerous  fine  impressed  nerves. 

Perigynia  tapering  at  the  base,  constricted  at  the  apex,  obtusely 

triangular;   achenes   closely  enveloped 

23.    §  Oligocarpae,  p.  251. 

Perigynia  rounded  at  both  ends,  orbicular  or  orbicular-triangular 

in  cross  section 24.  §  Griseae,  p.  252. 

Pistillate    spikes    elongate,    linear   to   cylindric,    slender-peduncled,    the 
lower  drooping. 
Perigynia   beakless   or    short-beaked;    terminal    spike   gynaecandrous 

(except  in  C.  prasina,  and  rarely  in  C.  gracillima) 

25.    §  Gracillimae,  p.  253. 

Perigynia   conspicuously   beaked;    terminal    spike    staminate    (rarely 
with  a  few  perigynia  at  the  base). 
Pistillate    spikes    narrowly   linear,    3-4    mm    wide;    culms    strongly 

reddish-tinged  at  the  base,  aphyllopodic 

26.    §  Sylvaticae,  p.  254. 

Pistillate  spikes  oblong-cylindric,  8-10  mm  wide;  culms  not  strongly 

reddish-tinged  at  the  base,  phyllopodic 

27.    §  Longirostres,  p.  255. 

Beak  of  perigynium  bidentate 28.    §  Extensae,  p.  256. 

Bracts  sheathless  or  very  short-sheathing   (rarely  the  lowest  long-sheathing 
in  C.  lasiocarpa  of  §  Hirtae) . 
Perigynia  or  foliage  (especially  the  sheaths)  or  both  pubescent. 

Beak   of   perigynium   at   most   shallowly   bidentate;    styles   very   short, 

thickish,  leaves  not  septate-nodulose 29.   §  Virescentes,  p.  257. 

Beak   of   perigynium    strongly   bidentate;    styles   long,    slender;    leaves 

septate-nodulose 30.    §   Hirtae,  p.  258. 

Perigynia  and  foliage  not  pubescent. 
Achenes  triangular;  stigmas  three. 

Perigynia  strongly  beaked,  scabrous 30a.    §  Anomalae,  p.  259. 

Perigynia  beakless  or  short-beaked,  not  scabrous. 

Perigynia  transversely  corrugated 31.    §  Shortianae,  p.  259. 

Perigynia  not  transversely  corrugated,  papillate. 

Terminal  spike  staminate;  roots  closely  clothed  with  a  yellowish 

felt 32.     §   Limosae,  p.  260. 

Terminal  spike  gynaecandrous;  roots  not  clothed  with  a  yellowish 

felt 33.    §   Atratae,  p.  260. 

Achenes  lenticular;  stigmas  two. 

Achenes   not   constricted   in   the   middle;    pistillate    scales   obtuse   to 

acuminate 34.    §  Acutae,  p.  260. 

Achenes  constricted  in  the  middle;  pistillate  scales  long-awned 

35.  §  Cryptocarpae,  p.  262. 

Style  not  articulated,  continuous  with  the  achene,  persistent,  indurated;  perigynia  mod- 
erately to  strongly  inflated    (only  slightly  so  in  some  species  of  §  Paludosae  and 
§  Pseudo-Cyperi) . 
Perigynia  many-nerved,  lanceolate,  tapering  into  the  beak. 

Spikes  solitary,  androgynous;   perigynia  widely  spreading  or  reflexed,  early  de- 
ciduous; leaf  blades  involute,  0.5  mm  wide 35a.    §  Orthocerate.,  p.  263. 

Spikes  several;  perigynia  ascending,  not  early  deciduous;  leaf  blades  flat,  5-15  mm 

wide 36.    §  Folliculatae,  p.  263. 

Perigynia  strongly  ribbed,  usually  broader,  generally  abruptly  contracted  into  the 
beak. 


Carex  Cyperaceae  215 

Perigynia  finely  and  closely  ribbed 37.   §  Pseudo-Cyperi,  p.  263. 

Perigynia  coarsely  ribbed. 
Perigynia    subcoriaceous;    foliage    or   perigynia    or   both    sometimes   pubescent. 

38.    §   Paludosae,  p.  264. 

Perigynia  membranaceous;   foliage   and  perigynia  not  pubescent    (except  peri- 
gynia sometimes  hispidulous  in  C.  Grayii  of  §  Lupulinae). 
Perigynia  obconic  or  broadly  obovoid,  truncately  contracted  into  a  long  subu- 
late beak 39.    §  Squarrosae,  p.  266. 

Perigynia  from  lanceolate  to  ovoid  or  globose-ovoid,  not  truncately  contracted. 

Perigynia  7-10  mm  long;  achenes  2-3  mm  long,  1.25-2.5  mm  wide 

40.    §  Vesicariae,  p.  267. 

Perigynia  10-20  mm  long;  achenes  2.5-6  mm  long,  2-4  mm  wide 

41.    §  Lupulinae,  p.  269. 

ARTIFICIAL  KEY   TO   THE   SECTIONS   OF   INDIANA   CARICES 

Spike  one. 

Perigynia   strongly  inflated,   sessile  or  nearly  so,  not  becoming  reflexed;   pistillate 

scales  persistent 39.   §  Squarrosae,  p.  266. 

Perigynia  not  inflated. 

Pistillate  scales  not  foliaceous;  perigynia  not  abruptly  beaked. 

Pistillate   scales  deciduous;   perigynia  stipitate,   at  least  the  lower  reflexed   at 

maturity 35a.    §   Orthocerates,  p.  263. 

Pistillate  scales  persistent;   perigynia  not  reflexed. 

Perigynia  rounded  at  the  apex ;  spike  androgynous 

12.     §   POLYTRICHOIDEAE,   p.    237. 

Perigynia  abruptly  tapering  to  a  pointed,  slightly  bidenticulate  apex;   spike 

entirely  staminate  or  pistillate 16.    §  Pictae,  p.  243. 

Lower  pistillate  scales  foliaceous;  perigynia  abruptly  beaked 

13.    §  Phyllostachyae,  p.  238. 

Spikes  more  than  one. 

Stigmas  two;  achenes  lenticular. 

Lateral   spikes   sessile,   short;   terminal   spike   usually   androgynous   or   gynaecan- 
drous.    (Vignea.) 
Culms  arising  singly  or  few  together  from  long-creeping  rootstocks;   perigynia 
not  subterete. 
Heads  elongate,  2-7  cm  long;  culms  not  branching;  perigynia  thin-  or  wing- 
margined;  not  plants  of  sphagnum  bogs. 
Perigynia  thin-  but  not  wing-margined,  ovate  orbicular,  thick-plano-convex, 

3-4.5  mm  long;  spikes  all  androgynous;  plants  of  wet  habitats 

1.    §   Intermediae,  p.  218. 

Perigynia  narrowly  wing-margined,  oblong-lanceolate,  plano-convex,  4.75-6 
mm  long;   lowest  spikes   usually  pistillate,  the  middle   staminate,  and 

terminal  androgynous ;  plants  of  dry  sandy  habitats 

2.    §  Arenariae,  p.  218. 

Heads  ovoid,  0.5-1.2  cm  long;  culms  becoming  decumbent  and  branching; 
perigynia  neither  thin-  nor  wing-margined,  oblong-obovate,  thick-plano- 
convex, 2.5-3.75  mm  long;  plants  of  sphagnum  bogs 

3.    §  Chordorrhizae,  p.  219. 

Culms  cespitose,  the  rootstocks  occasionally  somewhat  prolonged  with  short  inter- 
nodes  but  not  long-creeping  (except  occasionally  in  C.  disperma  of  §  Heleon- 
astes  which  has  subterete  perigynia). 
Spikes  androgynous,  many-flowered;  perigynia  not  subterete. 

Perigynia   abruptly   contracted   into   the   beak;    culms   not   flaccid   and   not 
flattening  in  drying. 

Spikes  few  (generally  10  or  fewer) ,  usually  greenish 

4.    §  Bracteosae,  p.  219. 


21G  Cyperaceae  Carex 

Spikes  numerous,  yellowish  or  brownish  at  maturity;   leaf  sheaths  often 
red-dotted  ventrally. 
Perigynia  plano-convex,  thin,  yellowish;  bracts  mostly  much  exceeding 
the   spikes;    leaf  sheaths   usually   transversely   rugulose   ventrally. 

5.      §     MULT1FLORAE,    p.    224. 

Perigynia    thick-plano-convex    or    unequally    biconvex,    brown;    bracts 
mostly    shorter    than    the    spikes ;    leaf    sheaths    not    transversely 

rugulose 6.   §  Paniculatae,  p.  225. 

Perigynia  tapering  into  the  beak  or,  if  abruptly  contracted,  culms  flaccid  and 

flattening  in  drying 7.    §  Vulpinae,  p.  226. 

Spikes  not  androgynous  or,   if  so,   perigynia  subterete   and   spikes  only   1-3- 
flowered. 
Perigynia  without  winged  margins,  at  most  thin-edged. 
Perigynia  2-4  mm  long. 

Perigynia  not  thin-edged,  ascending  or  appressed,  elliptic 

8.    §  Heleonastes,  p.  229. 

Perigynia    thin-edged,    spreading,    ovoid,    usually    broadest    below    the 

middle 9.   §  Stellulatae,  p.  230. 

Perigynia  4-5   mm   long,   narrowly   lanceolate,    appressed 

10.    §   Deweyanae,  p.  232. 

Perigynia  with  winged  margins 11.    §  Ovales,  p.  232. 

Lateral  spikes  peduncled  or,  if  sessile,  elongate;  terminal  spike  usually  staminate. 
(Eu-Carex.) 
Style  articulated  with  the  achene,  at  length  deciduous;  perigynia  not  lustrous. 
Lowest  bract  long-sheathing;  perigynia  pulverulent  or  golden  yellow  at  ma- 
turity   19.    §  Bicolores,  p.  244. 

Lowest  bract  sheathless  or  rarely  short-sheathing,  perigynia  not  pulverulent 
or  golden  yellow. 
Achenes   not   constricted   in   the   middle;    scales   not   long-awned,    1-nerved. 

34.     §   Acutae,  p.  260. 

Achenes  constricted  in  the  middle;  scales  long-awned,  3-nerved 

35.  §  Cryptocarpae,  p.  262. 

Style  continuous  with  the  achene,  persistent,  indurated;  perigynia  lustrous 

40.    §  Vesicariae,  p.  267. 

Stigmas  three;  achenes  triangular. 
Perigynia  pubescent  or  scabrous. 

Style  articulated  with  the  achene,  at  length  deciduous. 

Achenes  closely  enveloped  by  the  perigynia;  bracts  sheathless  or  nearly  so. 
Perigynia  obtusely  triangular  or  orbicular-triangular  in  cross  section;  plant 

(except  perigynia)  glabrous 14.   §  Montanae,  p.  238. 

Perigynia  sharply  triangular;  plant  pubescent.  .  .  .  17.   §  Triquetrae,  p.  243. 
Achenes  not  closely  enveloped  by  the  perigynia  or,  if  so,  the  bracts  strongly 
sheathing. 
Bracts  sheathing,  their  blades  absent  or  rudimentary;   achenes  closely  en- 
veloped by  the  perigynia 15.    §  Digitatae,  p.  242. 

Bracts  with  well-developed  blades. 

Bracts  sheathless  or  the  lower  short-sheathing. 
Perigynia  pubescent. 

Beak  of  perigynium  at  most  shallowly  bidentate;   styles  very  short, 

thickish;  leaves  not  septate-nodulose.  .29.    §  Virescentes,  p.  257. 

Beak  of  perigynium  strongly  bidentate;   styles  long,  slender;   leaves 

septate-nodulose .' 30.    §  Hirtae,  p.  258. 

Perigynia  scabrous 30a.    §  Anomalae,  p.  259. 

Bracts,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  long-sheathing. 

Beak  of  perigynium  not  strongly  bidentate ...  21.    §  Laxiflorae,  p.  246. 

Beak  of  perigynium  strongly  bidentate 30.    ij  Hirtae,  p.  258. 

Style  not  articulated,  continuous  with  the  achene,  persistent,   indurated. 

Perigynia  less  than  1  cm  long;  spikes  cylindric 38.    §  Paludosae,  p.  264. 


Carex  Cyperaceae  217 

Perigynia  1  cm  long  or  longer;  spikes  globose 

C.  Grayii  in  41.    §  Lupulinae,  p.  269. 

Perigynia  glabrous. 

Style  articulated  with  the  achene,  at  length  deciduous. 

Achenes  strongly  constricted  at  the  base,  rounded  at  the  apex;  lower  pistillate 

scales  bractlike 13.    §  Phyllostachyae,  p.  238. 

Achenes  not  strongly  constricted  at  the  base,  apiculate  at  the  apex;   lower 
pistillate  scales  not  bractlike. 
Bracts  long-sheathing,  at  least  the  lower  ones. 
Bracts  bladeless  or  with  rudimentary  blades. 

Leaf  blades  filiform 18.    §  Albae,  p.  243. 

Leaf  blades  not  filiform 21.    §  Laxiflorae,  p.  246. 

Bracts  with  well-developed  blades. 

Foliage,  especially  the  sheaths,  pubescent  or  puberulent. 

Perigynia   beakless   or   short-beaked;    terminal    spike    gynaecandrous 
(rarely  staminate  in  C.  gracillima)  .  .  .25.   §  Gracillimae,  p.  253. 

Perigynia   conspicuously  beaked;    terminal    spike   staminate 

26.    §  Sylvaticae,  p.  254. 

Foliage  glabrous. 

Beak  of  perigynium  not  bidentate,  at  most  emarginate. 

Pistillate  spikes  short,  oblong  to  linear,  erect  or,  if  drooping,  either 
on  long  capillary  peduncles  or  the  perigynia  acutely  triangular. 
Perigynia  with  few  to  many  strongly  raised  nerves. 

Perigynia  tapering  at  the  base,  triangular,  closely  enveloping 
the  achenes. 
Rootstocks  elongate,  often  producing  long  horizontal  stolons. 

20.    §  Paniceae,  p.  244. 

Rootstocks  not  elongate,  not  producing  long  horizontal  stol- 
ons   21.    §  Laxiflorae,  p.  246. 

Perigynia  rounded  at  the  base,  suborbicular  in  cross   section, 
loosely  enveloping  the  achenes.  .22.    §  Granulares,  p.  250. 
Perigynia  with  numerous  fine  impressed  nerves. 

Perigynia  tapering  at  the  base,  constricted  at  the  apex,  obtusely 

triangular,  closely  enveloping  the  achenes 

23.    §  Oligocarpae,  p.  251. 

Perigynia    rounded    at    both    ends,    orbicular   to    orbicular-tri- 
angular in  cross  section 24.  §  Griseae,  p.  252. 

Pistillate  spikes  elongate,  linear  to  cylindric,  on  slender  peduncles, 
the  lower  usually  drooping;  perigynia  not  acutely  triangular. 
Perigynia   beakless    or   short-beaked;    terminal    spike   gynaecan- 
drous   25.    §  Gracillimae,  p.  253. 

Perigynia  conspicuously  beaked;  terminal  spike  staminate. 

Pistillate  spikes  narrowly  linear,  3-4  mm  wide;  culms  strongly 

reddish-tinged  at  the  base,  aphyllopodic 

26.    §  Sylvaticae,  p.  254. 

Pistillate    spikes   oblong-cylindric,    8-10   mm   wide;    culms    not 

strongly  reddish-tinged  at  the  base,  phyllopodic 

27.    §  Longirostres,  p.  255. 

Beak  of  perigynium  bidentate. 

Pistillate    spikes   oblong-cylindric,   on    slender   drooping   peduncles; 

perigynia  obliquely  cut,   at  length  bidentate 

27.    §  Longirostres,  p.  255. 

Pistillate    spikes    suborbicular    to    short-oblong,    on    short   erect    or 
ascending    peduncles    or    sessile,    perigynia    equally    bidentate. 

28.    §   Extensae,  p.  256. 

Bracts    (lower)    sheath  less  or  very  short-sheathing. 

Terminal    spike    staminate     (in    C.    prasina    occasionally    bearing    a    few 


218  Cyperaceae  Carex 

perigynia) ;  perigynia  appressed  or  ascending;  leaf  sheaths  not  sep- 
tate-nodulose. 
Perigynia  rounded  and  minutely  beaked  at  the  apex;   pistillate  spikes 

oblong,  1-2.5  cm  long 32.    §  Limosae,  p.  260. 

Perigynia  tapering  into  a  beak  neai'ly  the  length  of  the  body;  pistillate 
spikes  linear,  2-6  cm  long.  .C.  prasina  in  25.   §  Gracillimae,  p.  253. 
Terminal  spike  gynaecandrous. 

Perigynia  transversely  corrugated 31.   §  Shortianae,  p.  259. 

Perigynia  not  transversely  corrugated 33.    §  Atratae,  p.  260. 

Style  persistent,  indurated,  continuous  with  the  achene. 

Perigynia  subcoriaceous  and  firm 38.    §Paludosae,  p.  264. 

Perigynia  membranaceous. 

Perigynia  obconic  or  broadly  obovoid,  truncately  contracted  into  the  long, 

subulate  beaks 39.   §  Squarrosae,  p.  266. 

Perigynia   from   lanceolate   to   ovoid   or   globose-ovoid,   not   truncately   con- 
tracted. 
Perigynia  lanceolate  or  ovoid-lanceolate,  tapering  into  the  beak. 

Perigynia  many-nerved,  slightly  inflated,  3  mm  wide  or  less,  yellowish 

green;  achenes  3.5  mm  long 36.   §  Folliculatae,  p.  263. 

Perigynia   strongly  ribbed,   strongly  inflated,  ovoid-lanceolate,   3.5  mm 
wide  or  more,  green;  achenes  5  mm  long.  .41.    §  Lupulinae,  p.  269. 
Perigynia   broader,   abruptly  contracted   into   the  beak,   usually  strongly 
ribbed. 

Perigynia  finely  and  closely  ribbed 37.    §  Pseudo-Cyperi,  p.  263. 

Perigynia  coarsely   ribbed. 

Perigynia  7-10  mm  long;   achenes  2-3  mm  long,  1.25-2.25  mm  wide. 

40.    §  Vesicariae,  p.  267. 

Perigynia    10-20   mm   long;    achenes   2.5-6   mm   long,    2-4   mm   wide. 
41.    §  Lupulinae,  p.  269. 

1.  §  INTERMEDIAE 

Perigynia  ovate-orbicular,  2.5-3  mm  long,  1.5-1.75  mm  wide,  abruptly  contracted  into 
a  beak  about  a  fourth  the  length  of  the  body 1.  C.  Sartwellii. 

Perigynia  elliptic,  4-4.5  mm  long,  1-1.3  mm  wide,  very  gradually  long-beaked 

la.  C.  Sartwellii  var.  stenorrhyncha . 

1.  Carex  Sartwellii  Dewey.  Map  418.  Occasional  in  marshes  and  marly 
sloughs,  more  rarely  in  sandy  ditches,  in  the  northern  half  of  the  state; 
becoming  frequent  in  the  dune  area. 

Ont.  and  w.  N.  Y.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  111.,  Mo.,  Nebr.,  and  Colo. 

la.  Carex  Sartwellii  var.  stenorrhyncha  Hermann.  (Rhodora  40:  78. 
1938.)  Map  418a.  Known  only  from  two  localities,  both  in  Lake  County: 
in  a  prairie  marsh  south  of  Sheffield  St.  and  west  of  Calumet  Ave.,  two 
miles  north  of  Hammond,  Deam  no.  53920  (Deam  Herbarium)  ;  and  on 
a  prairie  east  of  Wolf  Lake,  Hermann  no.  6052  (Type  in  Gray  Herbarium). 

2.  §  ARENARIAE 

2.  Carex  siccata  Dewey.  (Carex  foenea  Willd.,  according  to  Svenson 
in  Rhodora  40:  325-329.  1938.)  Map  419.  Infrequent  in  the  lake  area  in 
dry  open  sandy  soil  and  in  open  black  oak  woods. 

Maine  to  Wash,  and  Mack.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ind,  Nebr.,  and  in  the 
mts.  to  Ariz. 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


219 


0  50 

Map  418 


Carex  Sartwelhi  Dewe 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Mov 

Dec 


k 

-  r     |      i  J 

'     — 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  418a 
Carex  Sartwellii 
var.  stenorrhyncha   Hermann 


Carex  siccata  Dew 


0  51 

Map  419 

ey 


3.  §  CHORDORRHIZAE 

3.  Carex  chordorrhiza  L.  f.  Map  420.  A  northern  species  reaching  the 
southern  limit  of  its  range  in  northern  Indiana  where  it  is  rare.  The  two 
Indiana  collections  are  from  very  wet  sphagnum  bogs ;  elsewhere  in  its 
range  it  is  found  also  on  peaty  borders  of  lakes.  The  Indiana  stations  are : 
in  a  tamarack  bog  a  mile  south  of  Leesburg,  Kosciusko  County,  and  in  an 
open  tamarack  bog  west  of  Goose  Lake,  Whitley  County. 

Lab.  and  Newf .  to  Keewatin,  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  Iowa,  and  Sask. ; 
also  in  n.  Eurasia. 

4.  §  BRACTEOSAE 

Sheaths  tight,  inconspicuously  or  not  at  all  mottled  with  green  and  white  or  septate- 
nodulose  dorsally    (except  sometimes  in  C.  Leavenwortkii)  ;   leaf  blades  1-4.5  mm 
wide. 
Perigynia  distended  and  spongy  at  the  base,  usually  widely  spreading  or  reflexed  at 
maturity. 
Beaks  of  perigynia   smooth,   scarcely  exceeding   the   acuminate,   deciduous   scales. 

4.  C.  retro flexa. 

Beaks  of  perigynia  minutely  serrulate,  much  exceeding  the  obtuse  or   somewhat 
acute,  persistent  scales. 
Stigmas  long,  slender,  usually  not  twisted,  light  reddish;   perigynium  tapering 

into  the  beak ;  leaf  blades  1-2  mm  wide 5.  C.  rosea. 

Stigmas    short,    stout,    strongly    twisted    or    contorted,    deep    red;    perigynium 
abruptly  contracted  into  the  beak. 
Leaf   blades    1.5-3    (averaging    2.5)    mm    wide;    spikes    with    6-20    perigynia; 

perigynia  3.25-4.5  mm  long 6.  C.  convoluta. 

Leaf  blades  1-1.75    (averaging  1)   mm  wide;  spikes  with  2-6  perigynia;  peri- 
gynia 2.25-3  mm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  1,  p.  271)  .  .  .  .  C.  radiata. 
Perigynia  not  distended  and  spongy  at  the  base,  mostly  ascending. 
Inflorescence  ovoid  or  oblong-ovoid;  spikes  densely  capitate. 
Scales  much  shorter  than  the  bodies  of  the  perigynia. 

Perigynia  broadest  below  the  middle,  round-tapering  at  the  base,  with  raised 

margins  ventrally;  beaks  long,  serrulate 7.  C.  cephalophora. 

Perigynia  broadest  at  the  truncate-cordate  base,  flat  ventrally;   beaks  short, 

smooth 8.   C.  Leavenworthii. 

Scales  from  little  shorter  to  longer  than  the  bodies  of  the  perigynia. 


220 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

-f 

./      . 

4V 

V 

r^ 

i 

\j 

i 

fn 

J 

r, 

Dec.  C 

T ' 

1/    Miles 

C 

)rex 

cho 

rdorrhiza 

0                 50 

Map  420 

L.f. 

— 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

r 

n 

L_ 

(  r^ 

! 

r1 

\j — 

r 

i 

~\. 

J 

Dec  (- 

i 

i  ■  i — 

D 

/    Miles 

f  D    [ 

B 

c 

arex 

D    J 

ret 

ro 

•v  J 

flexa  M 

50 

Map  421 

uhl. 

5  35 

Map  422 


Carex  rosea  Schkuhr 


Culms  lax;  perigynia  faintly  nerved  dorsally;  stigmas  short..  .9.  C.  mesochorea. 
Culms   stiff,   erect;    perigynia   generally   strongly   nerved   to   ribbed   dorsally; 

stigmas  long,  slender 10a.  C.  Muhlenbergii  var.  enervis. 

Inflorescence    oblong    or    linear-oblong    to    elongate    and    interrupted;    spikes    not 
capitate. 
Perigynia  strongly  nerved  and  low-convex  ventrally,  the  margins  usually  slightly 

raised 10.  C.  Muhlenbergii. 

Perigynia  nerveless  or  nerved  only  at  the  base  ventrally,  the  margins  not  raised 
at  maturity. 
Perigynia  sessile,  short-beaked,  spreading,  3-3.5  mm  long;  bracts  not  broadly 
dilated  at  the  base;   scales  about  the  length  of  and  narrower  than  the 

bodies  of  the  perigynia,  cuspidate  or  short-aristate 

10a.  C.  Muhlenbergii  var.  enervis. 

Perigynia   stipitate,   long-beaked,   ascending,   3.5-5   mm   long;    bracts   broadly 
dilated  at  the  base;  at  least  the  lower  scales  exceeding  and  as  wide  as 

the  perigynia,  long-awned.    (See  excluded  species  no.  2,  p.  272) 

C.  austrina. 

Sheaths  loose,  mottled  with  green  and  white  and  usually  septate-nodulose  dorsally;  leaf 

blades  4.5-8  (in  C.  aggregata  rarely  only  3)  mm  wide. 

Perigynia  not  deep  green  at  maturity,  with  border  raised  ventrally  only  above  the 

middle,  the  beak  a  fourth  to  a  third  the  length  of  the  ovate  or  suborbicular 

body  or,  if  longer,  the  ventral  suture  deep;   spikes  approximate  in  a  cylindric 

or  ovoid  head. 

Perigynia    ovate,    tapering    into    the    beak,    typically    smooth    or    faintly    nerved 

dorsally,  beak  very  sharply  bidentate,  the  teeth  about  1  mm  long;   pistillate 

scales  mostly  strongly  awned;  leaf  blades  rarely  over  5  mm  wide 

11.    C.   gravida. 

Perigynia  broadly  ovate  to  suborbicular,  abruptly  beaked,  typically  strongly  ribbed 
dorsally;  beak  less  sharply  bidentate,  the  teeth  about  0.5  mm  long;  pistillate 
scales  mostly  acuminate  to  short-awned;  leaf  blades  often  6-8  mm  wide.... 

11a.  C.  gravida  var.  Lunelliana. 

Perigynia  deep  green,  the  beak  a  third  the  length  of  the  ovate  body  or  more  or,  if 

rarely  shorter,  the  ventral  suture  shallow. 

Mature  perigynia  membranaceous,  flat  ventrally;  leaf  blades  3-7  mm  wide;  spikes 

approximate  or  the  lower  separate. 

Scales  acute  or  somewhat  obtuse,  half  the  length  of  the  bodies  of  the  perigynia; 

stigmas    short;    sheaths    truncate    at    the    mouth,    the    lower    transversely 

rugulose;  perigynia  narrowly  ovate  or  even  elliptic  with  a  narrow,  gradually 

contracted  beak;  culms  often  slightly  winged 12.  C.  cepJialoidea. 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


221 


0  50 

Map  423 


Carex  convoluta  Mack, 


0  50 

Map  424 


Carex  cephalophora  Muhl 


o  50 

Map  425 


Carex  Leavenworthii  Dewey 


Scales  acuminate  or  short  cuspidate  (rarely  merely  acute),  about  the  length  of 
the  bodies  of  the  perigynia;  stigmas  long  and  slender;  sheaths  concave 
at  the  mouth,  usually  not  at  all  transversely  rugulose;   culms  sulcate  and 

white-striate  up  to  the  inflorescence,  their  angles  usually  smooth 

13.  C.  aggregata. 

Mature  perigynia  subcoriaceous,  ovate,  with  border  raised  ventrally  to  the  base, 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  short,  stout  beak,  culms  sulcate  and  white-striate 
only  below,  minutely  winged  or  thin-margined  up  to  the  inflorescence,  serrulate 
on  the  angles;  leaf  blades  5-10  mm  wide;  lower  sheaths  usually  transversely 
rugulose;  lower  spikes  usually  separate;  stigmas  short  and  stout;  scales  short, 
blunt  to  acute 14.  C.  s-parganioides. 

4.  Carex  retroflexa  Muhl.  Map  421.  Very  local  in  northern  Indiana; 
frequent  in  the  unglaciated  area  of  the  southwestern  counties.  A  woodland 
species  partial  to  dry  rocky  white  oak  woods,  especially  in  sandstone  areas. 

Vt.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5.  Carex  rosea  Schkuhr.  Map  422.  Very  common  in  both  dry  and  moist 
woods.  This  species  and  C.  convoluta  are  perhaps  the  most  plentiful  wood- 
land sedges  in  the  state  as  a  whole. 

N.  S.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  La. 

6.  Carex  convoluta  Mack.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  43:  428.  1916.) 
{Carex  rosea  of  authors.)  Map  423.  Very  common  in  dry  and  low  woods 
of  all  types.   Often  in  somewhat  richer  soils  than  C.  rosea. 

N.  S.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ala.,  Tenn.,  and  Ark. 

7.  Carex  cephalophora  Muhl.  Map  424.  Very  common  in  oak  and 
beech-maple  woods ;  occasional  along  open  grassy  roadsides  and  in  thickets. 

Maine  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

8.  Carex  Leavenworthii  Dewey.  Map  425.  Frequent,  except  in  the 
lake  area,  in  open  grassy,  generally  dry  or  sandy,  oak  woods  and  bordering 
thickets;  occasionally  bordering  woods  in  clay  fallow  fields. 

Southern  N.  J.,  sw.  Ont.  and  Iowa  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


222 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


0  50 

Map  426 


Carex  mesochorea  Mack. 


0  50 

Map  427 


Carex  Muhlenbergii    Schkuhr 


Map  428 
Carex  Muhlenbergii 
var.  enervis  Boott 


9.  Carex  mesochorea  Mack.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  37:  246.  1910.) 
(Carex  mediterranean  Mack.)  Map  426.  Rare  or  local  in  pasture  fields  and 
on  open,  wooded,  grassy  slopes.  At  the  Montgomery  County  station,  on  an 
open  white  oak  ridge  5  miles  west  of  New  Market,  it  is  associated  with 
Poa  pratensis,  Danthonia  spicata,  Luzula  echinata  var.  mesochorea,  Anten- 
naria  neglecta  and  "reindeer  moss." 

Southern  Mass.  and  N.  Y.,  to  D.  C,  Tenn.,  and  Ind. 

10.  Carex  Muhlenbergii  Schkuhr.  Map  427.  Frequent  to  common  in 
the  lake  area  in  dry  sandy  fallow  fields  and  open  oak  woods  and  on  dunes ; 
occasional  in  southern  Indiana. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

10a.  Carex  Muhlenbergii  var.  enervis  Boott.  (Carex  plana  Mack.  Bull. 
Torrey  Bot.  Club  50:  350.  1923.)  Map  428.  Frequent  on  slopes,  in  sandy 
open  woods,  on  wooded  dunes,  and  in  dry  sandy  fields.  It  is  partial  to 
somewhat  less  open  habitats  than  the  species  and  is  less  often  on  low  or 
level  ground,  its  favorite  habitat  being  on  or  near  the  crests  of  wooded 
dunes,  river  bluffs,  and  oak  ridges. 

Specimens  intermediate  between  C.  Muhlenbergii  and  var.  enervis  in 
some  or  most  of  their  characters  seem  to  be  too  frequent  to  warrant  the 
treatment  of  the  latter  as  a  species.  The  ventrally  flat  perigynium  is  a 
conspicuous  character  of  typical  var.  enervis  when  fully  mature  or  over- 
ripe but  it  is  very  inconstant  and  specimens  with  a  pronounced  raised 
border  up  to  maturity  are  especially  frequent. 

Maine  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Tex. 

11.  Carex  gravida  Bailey.  (Including  Carex  gravida  var.  laxifolia 
Bailey.)  Map  429.  Known  in  Indiana  only  from  the  prairie  area  in  the 
westernmost  tier  of  counties  where  it  is  found  on  sandy  bur  oak  ridges 
and  sandy  and  gravelly  railroad  embankments. 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


223 


0  50 

Map  429 


Carex  gravida  Bailey. 


0  50 

Map  430 
"Carex  gravida 
var.  Lunelliana  (Mack-)  Hermann 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


-L 

i 

D 

-1^ 

! 

! 

T 

_7_J 

■_L 

\~y  Mi,es 

0  55 

Map  43! 


Carex  cephaloldea  Dewey 


Reported  from  Lake  County  by  Peattie  and  by  Pepoon  but  no  authentic 
specimens  could  be  found.  The  Lake  County  reports  were  probably  based 
upon  specimens  of  C.  Muhlenbergii  in  the  Field  Museum  and  University  of 
Wisconsin  herbaria  which  were  collected  by  Umbach  and  distributed  as 
C.  gravida.  The  report  from  Fayette  County  by  Deam  was  based  upon  a 
specimen  of  C.  aggregata  which  was  referred  to  C.  gravida  by  Mackenzie. 

Deam  no.  43219  is  intermediate  between  C.  gravida  and  its  var.  Lunel- 
liana. 

Sw.  Ont.  and  Ohio  to  N.  Dak.  and  Wyo.,  southw.  to  Mo.  and  Kans. 

11a.  Carex  gravida  var.  Lunelliana  (Mack.)  Hermann.  (Amer.  Midland 
Nat.  17:  855.  1936.)  {Carex  Lunelliana  Mack.  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  42: 
615.  1915.)  Map  430.  On  sandy  roadsides  and  railroad  embankments  in 
the  westernmost  tier  of  counties  where  it  is  rare.  Some  of  the  Benton 
County  specimens  intergrade  slightly  with  the  species  but  the  Vigo  County 
plants  from  very  sandy  soil  on  a  roadside  knoll  5  miles  north  of  Terre 
Haute  are  a  good  match  with  the  type  material  of  C.  Lunelliana. 

Ind.  and  Iowa  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. 

12.  Carex  cephaloidea  Dewey.  Map  431.  Rich  woods.  In  Indiana  known 
only  from  two  collections  by  Deam :  beech-sugar  maple  woods  a  mile  and 
a  half  west  of  New  Waverly,  Cass  County;  and  low  woods  bordering 
Tippecanoe  River  north  of  DeLong,  Fulton  County.  It  is  probably  more 
frequent  than  the  few  collections  would  indicate  since  it  resembles  the 
ubiquitous  C.  sparganioides  so  closely  that  it  is  apt  to  be  passed  by  as  that 
species. 

The  Tippecanoe  County  report  by  Smith  is  not  supported  by  a  specimen 
nor  could  any  specimen  be  found  to  confirm  Peattie's  report  from  Lake 
County. 

Specimens  of  C.  alopecoidea  (§  Vulpinae)  before  fully  mature,  and 
particularly  when  from  an  open  habitat,  often  closely  simulate  C.  cepha- 
loidea. These  may  be  most  readily  distinguished  by  their  acuminate  to 
cuspidate  or  aristate  pistillate  scales  which  are  more  than  half  the  length 


224 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


0  50 

Map  432 


Carex  aggregata  Mack. 


0  50 

Map  433 


Carex  sparganioides  Muhl. 


, 

Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
May 
June 
July 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 

° 

f 

J 

1     D 

J 

~i" 

f1"^ 

f 

D 
H 

r1 

\j 

r~ 

1 

-hH 

r 

Oec.f- 

i      ■< 

B 

K       I j 

D      C 

D             k 

IBs  ^t^     / — 

-/    Miles 

D    I 

1             0 

( 

,are> 

annectens  B 

0                50 

Map  434 
Ickn. 

of  the  bodies  of  the  perigynia  and  have  a  conspicuous  green  center.  In  C. 
cephaloidea  the  pistillate  scales  are  obtuse  or  at  most  acute,  half  the  length 
of  the  bodies  of  the  perigynia  or  shorter,  and  are  hyaline  throughout  (never 
becoming  coppery-tinged  at  maturity  as  in  C.  alopecoidea)  except  for  the 
faint  green  midrib. 

N.  B.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  111. 

13.  Carex  aggregata  Mack.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  37:  246.  1910.) 
Map  432.  Infrequent  on  banks  of  creeks,  on  dry  grassy  and  partially 
wooded  slopes,  in  low  open  woods,  and  as  a  weed  in  lawns.  The  perigynia 
are  very  susceptible  to  infection  by  a  smut  which  often  prevents  their 
maturing. 

N.  J.  to  D.  C,  westw.  to  Kans.  and  Okla. 

14.  Carex  sparganioides  Muhl.  Map  433.  Very  common  in  dry  woods 
(usually  sugar  maple,  beech  or  white  oak),  thickets,  and  along  roadsides. 
One  of  the  most  abundant  sedges  in  the  state. 

Que.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  and  Kans. 


5.  §  MULTIFLORAE 

Beak  of  perigynium  much  shorter  than  the  body;   perigynium   subcoriaceous;   leaves 
usually  shorter  than  the  culms. 
Perigynia  mostly  broadest  at  the  base,  usually  nerved  dorsally,  2  mm  or  more  wide; 

beak  of  perigynium  prominent,  conspicuously  cleft 15.  C.  annectens. 

Perigynia  mostly  broadest  at  or  below  the  middle,  nerveless  dorsally,  usually  less 
than  2  mm  wide;  beak  of  perigynium  very  small,  obscurely  cleft;  heads  gen- 
erally   horter  and  denser 15a.  C.  annectens  var.  xanthocarpa. 

Beak    of    perigynium    about    equaling    the    body;    perigynium    membranaceous;    leaves 
normally  exceeding  the  culms. 

Perigynia  ovate,  the  body  corky-margined  to  the  base,  contracted  into  the  beak 

1(5.   C.   vulpinoidea. 

Perigynia  narrowly  lanceolate,  the  body  thin-edged  and  not  at  all  corky-margined, 
tapering  gradually  into  the  beak;  teeth  of  perigynium  almost  obsolete;  plant 
low,  densely  cespitose;  leaves  narrow,  rigid;  inflorescence  short,  broad,  and  con- 
gested.   (See  excluded  species  no.  3,  p.  272)  .  .  .  .C.  vulpinoidea  var.  pycnocephala. 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


225 


0  50 

Map  435 


Carex  vulpinoidea  Michx 


— 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

r    1 

I 

f    <\        -r 

D 

r 

■o 

r 

i 

r1 

I 

r, 

tn 

Dec.  J— 

■  ' — 

B 

E      J / 

U    Miles 

C 

arex 

decomposita 

0                 50 

Map  436 

Muhl. 

— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.  C 

DP  1 
F 

a 

D            D 

—      0 

r 

s 

H                    i 

(     ^ 

D 
DP 

[ 

ri 

I1 

^ 

r 

r 

r, 

■  ' — 

U    Miles 

Carei 

diandra  Scr 

0               56' 
Map  437 

rank 

15.  Carex  annectens  Bickn.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  35:  492.  1908.) 
(C.  setacea  Dewey  var.  ambigua  (Barratt)  Fern.)  Map  434.  Fairly  com- 
mon in  the  southern  counties ;  infrequent  in  northern  Indiana.  In  southern 
Indiana  it  occurs  most  commonly  in  low  flat  woods  although  it  is  frequently 
found  in  wet  fallow  clay  fields;  in  the  northern  counties  it  is  usually  in 
marshes  or  pastures. 

Maine  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Tex.  and  Fla. 

15a.  Carex  annectens  var.  xanthocarpa  (Bickn.)  Wieg.  (Bull.  Tor- 
rey Bot.  Club  23:  22.  1896;  Rhodora  24:  74.  1922.)  (Carex  xantho- 
carpa Bickn.  and  Carex  brachyglossa  Mack.)  Known  in  Indiana  from  a 
single  collection :  Deam  no.  42927,  in  a  low  place  in  an  open  post  oak  flat 
south  of  Half  Moon  Pond,  10  miles  southwest  of  Mt.  Vernon,  Posey 
County. 

The  report  from  Knox  County  by  Deam  was  based  upon  a  collection 
determined  by  Mackenzie  as  C.  brachyglossa  but  the  specimen  should  be 
referred  to  C.  annectens. 

Maine  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Kans. 

16.  Carex  vulpinoidea  Michx.  Map  435.  One  of  the  commonest  sedges 
of  swampy  places  throughout  the  state.  Its  favorite  habitat  is  in  roadside 
ditches  but  it  is  found  also  in  marshes,  swamps,  low  open  woods,  and 
ravines,  on  flood  plains,  and  banks  of  streams  and  ponds. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  Ariz.,  and  Oreg. 


6.  §  PANICULATAE 

Leaf  blades  3-8  mm  wide ;  perigynia  very  abruptly  short-beaked,  tapering  at  the  base ; 

inflorescence  usually  8-15  cm  long,  obviously  branched 17.  C.  decomposita. 

Leaf  blades  1-3  mm  wide;  perigynia  tapering  or  contracted  into  the  beak,  rounded  or 

truncate  at  the  base;  inflorescence  2.5-5   (8)   cm  long,  obscurely  branched. 

Sheaths  not  copper-colored   at  the  mouth;   head   little   interrupted;    perigynia   2-2.5 

mm  long,  convex  ventrally,  lustrous,  not  concealed  by  the  scales. .  .  18.  C.  diandra. 

Sheaths  copper-colored  at  the  mouth;  head  interrupted;   perigynia  2.5-3.5  mm  long, 

flat  or  concave  ventrally,  dull,  nearly  concealed  by  the  scales ....  19.  C.  prairea. 


226 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


0  50 

Map  438 


Carex   prairea  Dewey 


0  50 

Map  439 


Carex   stipata   Muhl. 


0  50 

Map  440 


Carex   stipata   var,  maxima  Chapm. 


17.  Carex  decomposita  Muhl.  Map  436.  Specimens  to  confirm  the  Mar- 
shall and  Lake  County  reports  for  this  very  local  species  could  not  be 
located.  From  Pepoon's  statement  that  it  is  an  abundant  species  in  the 
Chicago  region  it  seems  very  likely  that  his  report  was  based  upon  mate- 
rial of  C.  diandra  or  perhaps  of  C.  vulpinoidea.  Specimens  of  C.  vulpinoidea 
collected  by  Umbach  from  the  Illinois  portion  of  the  Chicago  region  and 
labeled  C.  decomposita  were  found  in  the  University  of  Wisconsin  Herba- 
rium. C.  decomposita  is  represented  from  Indiana  by  two  collections: 
Deam,  June  26,  1898,  in  bunches  of  moss  on  logs  in  a  drained  pond,  Little's 
woods,  Lancaster  Twp.,  six  miles  northeast  of  Bluffton,  Wells  County; 
and  Kriebel  no.  2221,  in  a  knothole  at  base  of  tree  in  swamp,  two  and  a 
half  miles  northeast  of  Avoca,  Lawrence  County. 

N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Mo. 

18.  Carex  diandra  Schrank.  (Carex  teretiuscula  Gooden.)  Map  437. 
Frequent  in  the  lake  area  on  marly  and  sandy  borders  of  lakes  and  in 
swales,  marshes,  or  bogs.  The  specimen  upon  which  Coulter's  report  from 
Daviess  County  was  based  should  probably  be  referred  to  C.  prairea.  The 
specimen  could  not  be  located  in  the  Indiana  herbaria. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ind.,  and  Colo. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 

19.  Carex  prairea  Dewey.  (Carex  teretiuscula  var.  ramosa  Boott  and 
Carex  diandra  var.  ramosa  (Boott)  Fern.)  Map  438.  Frequent,  except  in 
southernmost  counties,  in  marshes,  tamarack  bogs,  marly  swamps  and  on 
borders  of  streams  or  lakes. 

Que.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ind.,  Iowa,  and  Nebr. 


7.  §  VULPINAE 

Perigynium  tapering  into  the  beak,  the  body  strongly  nerved  ventrally  or  perigynium 
very  long  beaked. 
Perigynium  4-6  mm  long,  rounded  at  the  base,  strongly  nerved  ventrally,  the  beak 
1-2  times  the  length  of  the  body;  sheaths  not  dotted  with  purple  ventrally. 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


227 


— 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov 

1 

r 

V 

J 

■L.      ' 

p 

H 

ID 

> 

DP 

r1 

A^ 

■ 

D          p 

O          D 

j 

r, 

Dec  j- 

i 

i  ' — 

i  j j 

D    t — 1 

J    Miles 

Ca 

o         1 
rex  li 

eviv 

agin 

ata  (Kuke 

j             5d 
Map  441 

ith)  Mack. 

— 

Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
May 
June 

July 
Aug 
Sept 
Oct 
Nov. 

f 

1                     D 
Wl 

D 

\ 

^ 

" 

■ 

V 

[   B    Q 

r 

1 

m 

j 

D 

Dec  j- 

■  ' — 

H               D 

X     J— -— v/ 
| 

/    Miles 

0    [     D  [ 

Carex  C 

D     ) 

rus 

-corvi  Sh 

J                 50 

Map  442 
uttlw. 

— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

\ 

lV 

" 

X 

D 

^k 

J" 

?r 

r 

Dec  J- 

i 
i  ' — 

/    Miles 

Carex   ; 

\    /\    7 

lopecoidia  Tut 

)           "    '50 

Map  443 
:kerm. 

Sheaths  not  thickened  at  the  mouth,  cross-rugulose  ventrally,  easily  broken,  pro- 
longed upward  at  the  mouth. 
Perigynium  4-5  mm  long,  the  beak  about  the  length  of  the  body ;  leaf  blades  4-8 

mm  wide 20.  C.  stipata. 

Perigynium  5-6  mm  long,  the  beak  longer  than  the  body;  leaf  blades  8-15  mm 

wide   20a.  C.  stipata  var.  maxima. 

Sheaths  thickened    (often  cartilaginous)    at  the  mouth,  rarely  cross-rugulose  ven- 
trally, not  easily  broken,  concave  or  truncate  at  the  mouth 

21.    C.    laevivaginata. 

Perigynium  6-7  mm   long,  abruptly  enlarged  below   into  a  disklike  base,  obscurely 
nerved  ventrally  except  at  the  base,  the  beak  2-3  times  the  length  of  the  body; 

sheaths  dotted  with  purple  ventrally 22.  C.  Grus-corvi. 

Perigynium  contracted  into  a  beak  not  longer  than  the  body,  the  body  nerveless  ven- 
trally except  sometimes  at  the  base. 
Sheaths  not  cross-rugulose  ventrally;   spikes  yellowish  or  tawny  at  maturity;   per- 
igynium narrow,  faintly  nerved  dorsally,  the  beak  about  the  length  of  the  body. 

23.    C.    alopecoidea. 

Sheaths  cross-rugulose  ventrally;   spikes  green;  perigynium  broad,  usually  strongly 

nerved  dorsally,  the  beak  generally  about  half  the  length  of  the  body 

24.   C.  conjuncta. 

20.  Carex  stipata  Muhl.  Map  439.  Very  common  in  wet  habitats 
throughout  Indiana.  It  is  usually  found  on  borders  of  ponds  and  streams 
and  in  low  woods,  roadside  ditches,  swamps,  marshes,  bogs,  and  woodland 
swales. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Tenn.,  Kans.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Calif. 

20a.  Carex  stipata  var.  maxima  Chapm.  (Carex  stipata  var.  uberior 
Mohr  and  Carex  uberior  (Mohr)  Mack.)  Map  440.  Rare;  it  is  usually 
found  on  the  borders  of  ponds  and  streams,  in  low  woods,  roadside 
ditches,  swamps,  marshes,  bogs,  and  woodland  swales. 

In  the  western  portion  of  its  range  transitional  forms  between  this  plant 
and  C.  stipata  occur  with  a  frequency  which  discourages  attempts  to  main- 
tain it  as  specifically  distinct.  Of  the  five  collections  known  from  Indiana 
three  are  typical  of  var.  maxima  in  all  their  characters  while  two  (Deam 
no.  36082,  with  leaves  averaging  only  7  mm  wide,  and  Deam  no.  38688, 


228 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


x  conjuncta  Boott 


0  53 

Map  445 


Carex   disperma  Dewey 


o  fo 

Map  446 


Carex  trisperma  Dewey 


with  no  perigynia  over  5  mm  long  and  some  less,  with  the  beaks  of  the 
perigynia  only  slightly  longer  than  the  bodies  but  leaves  averaging  10  mm 
wide)  approach  the  typical  form  of  C.  stipata. 

N.  J.  and  Pa.  southw.  along  the  coast  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  and  northw.  in  the 
Mississippi  Valley  to  Mo.  and  Ind. 

21.  Carex  laevivaginata  (Kiikenth.)  Mack.  (Britton  and  Brown,  Illus. 
Flora,  ed.  2,  1 :  371.  1913.  See  also  Fernald,  Rhodora  17:  231.  1915.)  Map 
441.  Infrequent  in  wet  ravines,  swamps,  swales  in  woods  and  on  muddy 
banks  of  creeks. 

Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Mo. 

22.  Carex  Crus-corvi  Shuttlw.  Map  442.  Frequent  in  southern  Indiana 
in  low  open  woods,  especially  flat  pin  oak  woods ;  occasional  in  northern 
Indiana  on  borders  of  ponds  in  woods.  Reported  from  Lake  County  by 
Peattie  and  by  Pepoon  but  no  specimens  from  the  county  could  be  located. 

Tenn.  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  from  s.  Mich., 
s.  Minn.,  and  e.  Nebr.  to  La. 

23.  Carex  alopecoidea  Tuckerm.  Map  443.  Known  in  Indiana  from  a 
single  collection :  Deam  no.  41282,  in  a  low  place  in  white  oak  woods  3 
miles  south  of  Yorktown,  Delaware  County.  No  specimens  could  be 
found  to  confirm  the  reports  by  Peattie  and  by  Pepoon  from  Lake  County, 
by  Pepoon  from  Porter  County,  and  by  Phinney  from  Jay,  Randolph,  and 
Wayne  Counties. 

Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Iowa. 

24.  Carex  conjuncta  Boott.  Map  444.  Frequent  to  common  in  central 
Indiana;  frequent  elsewhere  except  in  the  lake  and  prairie  areas.  Its  pre- 
ferred habitat  is  on  wooded  alluvial  banks  of  streams,  but  it  is  also  found 
in  low  woods  and  on  moist  wooded  slopes. 

N.  J.  to  D.  C.  westw.  to  S.  Dak.  and  Kans. 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


229 


0  50 

Map  447 

Carex   canescens  L. 

var.    disjuncta   Fern. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

1 

D             D 

T           A. 

"J 

D       V 

^        ^ 

[ 

T 

- 

1 

n    V 

X 

J 

J~ 

r 

Dec  f- 

>  ' — 

J/    Miles 

Carex 
Jdr.    subl 

i/               Map  448 
canescens 

oliacea  Laest. 

— 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

T 

r 

BD        y-1- 
iri     y^ 

' 

i — 

i*1 

X 

r 

i 

-"k 

J 

Dec.  f- 

i  ' — 

/    Miles 

c 

arex 

r^V              Map  449 
seorsa   E.C.Howe 

8.  S  HELEONASTES 


.25.  C.  disperma. 


Spikes  androgynous;  perigynia  unequally  biconvex 

Spikes  gynaecandrous;   perigynia  plano-convex. 

Lowest  bract  bristlelike,  many  times  longer  than  its  spike;  perigynia  3-3.5  mm  long. 

26.  C.   trisperma. 

Lowest  bract  much  shorter;  perigynia  about  2  mm  long. 

Perigynia  distinctly  short-beaked,  loosely  spreading;  leaves  green,  1-2.5  mm  wide. 

(See  excluded  species  no.  5,  p.  272) C.  brunnescens. 

Perigynia  apiculate,  appressed-ascending,  leaves  glaucous,  2-4  mm  wide. 

Spikes  6-12  mm  long,  remote,  the  lowest  2-4  cm  apart;  perigynia  2.3-3  mm  long. 

27.  C.  canescens  var.  disjuncta. 

Spikes  4-7  mm  long,  subapproximate  or  remote;  perigynia  barely  2  mm  long. 
27a.  C.  canescens  var.  subloliacea. 

25.  Carex  disperma  Dewey.  (Carex  tenella  Schkuhr.)  Map  445.  Fre- 
quent in  the  northern  counties  in  sphagnum  in  tamarack  bogs  and  on 
mucky  borders  of  lakes.  Reported  from  Putnam  County  by  Coulter  but  no 
specimen  from  that  county  could  be  found. 

Newf.  to  Yukon,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ind.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Calif.;  also  in 
Eurasia. 

26.  Carex  trisperma  Dewey.  Map  446.  Restricted  to  the  tamarack  bogs 
of  the  northernmost  counties  where  it  is  locally  plentiful  in  sphagnum.  No 
specimen  could  be  located  to  substantiate  Coulter's  report  from  Putnam 
County. 

Newf.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Md.,  111.,  and  Minn. 

27.  Carex  canescens  L.  var.  disjuncta  Fern.  Map  447.  Frequent  in 
the  counties  along  the  northern  border  of  Indiana  in  tamarack  bogs  or  low 
wet  woods. 

Lab.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Pa.  and  Ind. 

27a.  Carex  canescens  var.  subloliacea  Laest.  Map  448.  Infrequent 
in  the  northernmost  counties  in  swampy  woods  and  in  sphagnum  in  tama- 
rack bogs. 

Lab.  to  B.  C,  southw.  locally  to  Conn,  and  Ind. 


230 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


0  — TO 

Map  450 


Carex    interior  Bailey 


— 

f 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

ID      /? 

1 

\ 

\^ 

X 

r 

I 

-4c 

r 

r1 

Dec.j- 

>  ' — 

J    Miles 

Carex 

Hi 

y\j  o         so 

Map  451 
)wei   Mack. 

,arex    incomperta 


9.  §  STELLULATAE 

Perigynium  broadest  near  the  middle,  strongly  nerved  both  ventrally  and  dorsally,  with 

smooth  beak 28.  C.  seorsa. 

Perigynium  broadest  at  the  base,  with  serrulate  beak. 

Perigynia  2.25-3.25  mm  long,  the  beak  very  shallowly  bidentate. 

Perigynia  nerveless  or  few-nerved  at  the  base  ventrally,  brownish  or  tawny,  the 
beak  with  ventral  false  suture  inconspicuous;  scales  obtuse;  anthers  1  mm  or 

less  long;  leaf  blades  1-3  mm  wide 29.  C.  interior. 

Perigynia    strongly   nerved   ventrally,    deep    green,   the    beak   with    ventral    false 
suture    conspicuous;    scales    subacute;    anthers    1-1.5    mm    long;    leaf    blades 

0.25-1  mm  wide 30.  C.  Howei. 

Perigynia  2.75-4.75  mm  long,  the  beak  deeply  bidentate. 

Perigynia  deep  green  at  maturity,  strongly  nerved  ventrally,  the  body  suborbicu- 
lar  or  very  broadly  ovate  with  raised  margins,  the  beak  less  than  half  the 

length  of  the  body,  the  teeth  short,  straight,  rigid 31.  C.  incomperta. 

Perigynia  stramineous  to  brown  at  maturity,  faintly  nerved  ventrally,  the  body 

ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate  (occasionally  broadly  ovate  in  C.  sterilis). 

Staminate  flowers  terminal,  basal,  or  in  separate  spikes;  margin  of  perigynium 

slightly    if    at    all    raised,    setulose-serrulate    toward    the    beak;    beak    of 

perigynium  half  the  length  of  the  body  or  more,  the  teeth  broad,  largely 

hyaline   and   soft,   generally  bent   or  twisted;    scales   chestnut  brown,   with 

lustrous  white  margins 32.  C.  sterilis. 

Staminate  flowers  mostly  at  the  base  of  the  terminal  spikes;  margin  of  peri- 
gynium   serrulate    toward    the   beak,    the   teeth    short,    stiff;    scales   tinged 
yellowish  brown,  with  narrow  hyaline  margin. 
Perigynia  2.75-3.3  mm  long,  the  beak  about  a  third  the  length  of  the  body, 

the  teeth  triangular;  scales  somewhat  obtuse  to  acute 33.  C.  laricina. 

Perigynia  3.5-4  mm  long,  the  beak  about  half  the  length  of  the  body,  the  teeth 
subulate;  scales  acute  to  somewhat  cuspidate.  (See  excluded  species 
no.  9,  p.  273) C.  cephalantha. 

28.  Carex  seorsa  E.  C.  Howe.  {Carex  rosaeoides  E.  C.  Howe.)  Map 
449.  Rare  in  wet  woods  and  tamarack  bogs  in  the  dune  area.  The  known 
localities  for  this  sedge  in  Indiana  are :  Dune  Park,  Keiser,  and  Tamarack 
in  Porter  County  and  Pine  Station  (now  north  Clark  Street,  Gary)  in 
Lake  County. 

Mass.  to  Ga.,  locally  westw.  to  Ind. 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


231 


0  56 

Map  453 

Carex    sterilis   Willd. 


— 50 
Map  454 


Carex    laricina    Mack. 


o n 

Map  455 


Carex   bromoldes  Schkuhr 


29.  Carex  interior  Bailey.  (Carex  scirpoides  Schkuhr,  not  Carex  scir- 
poidea  Michx.)  Map  450.  Frequent  to  common  except  in  southern  Indi- 
ana ;  in  tamarack  bogs  and  swamps  and  on  springy  banks. 

Newf.  to  B.  C.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  lnd.,  Kans.,  Calif,  and  Chihuahua. 

30.  Carex  Howei  Mack.      (Bull.   Torrey  Bot.   Club  37:   245.     1910.) 

(Carex  interior  var.  capillacea  Bailey  and  Carex  scirpoides  var.  capillacea 
(Bailey)  Fern.)    Map  451.   Known  in  Indiana  from  a  single  collection  by 
M.   W.   Lyon,   Jr.:    moist   woods   on   dunes   at   Mineral   Springs,    Porter 
County,  June  17,  1923. 
N.  S.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  westw.,  locally  to  Mich,  and  lnd. 

31.  Carex  incomperta  Bickn.  (Carex  stellulata  var.  excelsior  Fern.) 
Map  452.   Occasional  in  tamarack  bogs,  generally  in  sphagnum. 

Mass.  and  N.  Y.,  to  Mich,  and  lnd.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

32.  Carex  sterilis  Willd.  (Carex  scirpoides  Schkuhr,  in  part.)  Map 
453.  Frequent  on  marshy  banks  of  streams  and  occasional  in  open  swamps, 
bogs,  and  springy  places  in  woods.   Not  known  from  the  unglaciated  area. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  111. 

33.  Carex  laricina  Mack.  (N.  Amer.  Flora  18:  113.  1931.)  Map  454. 
Rare,  in  tamarack  bogs  and  on  mucky  borders  of  lakes  in  the  northeastern 
counties. 

The  type  collection  of  this  species  is  Deam  no.  10927  from  a  tamarack 
bog  a  mile  south  of  Leesburg,  Kosciusko  County.  The  other  two  Indi- 
ana stations  for  it  are :  in  a  bog  a  mile  south  of  Garrett,  De  Kalb  County, 
and  in  sphagnum  on  the  border  of  a  small  lake  in  Jackson  Twp.,  Wells 
County. 

Ont.  and  nw.  Pa.  to  Wis.,  and  southw.  to  lnd. 


232  Cyperaceae  Carex 

10.  §  deweyAnae 

34.  Carex  bromoides  Schkuhr.  Map  455.  Frequent  to  common  except 
in  the  unglaciated  area,  in  wet  woods,  swamps,  and  bogs  and  on  borders 
of  ponds  and  springy  banks  of  streams. 

Que.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

11.  §  O VALES 

Wing  of  perigynium  not  narrowed  near  the  middle  of  the  body;  leaf  blades  of  sterile 
culms  erect  or  ascending,  usually  clustered  toward  the  top;   sterile  culms  often 
poorly  developed. 
Perigynia  not  obovate,  widest  near  the  middle  or  base. 
Leaf  sheaths  strongly  white-hyaline  ventrally. 

Perigynia  lanceolate  to  narrowly  ovate-lanceolate,  3  to  4  times  as  long  as  wide.  . 

35.  C.  scoparia. 

Perigynia  ovate-lanceolate  or  broader,  at  most  twice  as  long  as  wide. 
Perigynia  narrowly  to  broadly  ovate,  3-4  mm  long. 

Leaf  blades    1.5-4.5    (averaging   2.5)    mm   wide;    sheaths    not   mott'ed    with 
green  and  white  dorsally. 
Perigynia  3-3.5  mm  long;  spikes  closely  aggregated,  not  clavate  at  base.  .  . 

36.  C.  Bebbii. 

Perigynia  3.5-4.5  mm  long;  spikes  not  aggregated,  usually  in  a  flexuous, 

monilif orm  inflorescence,  clavate  at  base 37.  C.  tenera. 

Leaf  blades  2.5-6  (averaging  4)  mm  wide;  sheaths  mottled  with  green  and 
white  dorsally;  perigynia  less  abruptly  beaked  and  beak  narrower  than 

in  C.  tenera 38.   C.  normalis. 

Perigynia  (2.75)  3.5-6.5  mm  long,  the  body  suborbicular. 

Perigynia  3.5-5.5  mm  long,  thick,  coriaceous  or  subcoriaceous,  usually  plano- 
convex. 
Perigynia    averaging    (2.75)    3.5-4    mm    long,    the    beak    half    the    length 
of  the  body  or  more;  achene  1.5  mm  long,  oblong-ovoid;   spikes  in  a 

moniliform  inflorescence 39.  C.  festucacea. 

Perigynia  3.75-5.5  mm  long,  the  beak  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  body; 

achenes  1.75-2  mm  long,  orbicular  or  suborbicular  when  fully  mature; 

spikes  aggregated  or  in  a  moniliform  inflorescence. 

Perigynia  ovate,  submembranaceous,  few-nerved  ventrally,  broadest  near 

the  base,  tapering  into  the  beak,  the  beak  broader  than  in  C.  brevior, 

especially  toward  the  base 40.  C.  molesta. 

Perigynia  broadly  ovate  to   suborbicular,  coriaceous,  usually  nerveless 
or  nearly  so  ventrally,  broadest  near  the  middle,  abruptly  contracted 

into  the  beak 41.  C.  brevior. 

Perigynia  5.6-6.5  mm  long,  flat  and  thin,  nearly  transparent 

42.     C.    Bicknellii. 

Leaf  sheaths  green  and  strongly  nerved  ventrally  nearly  to  the  mouth. 

Scales   cuspidate   or   even   obtuse;    perigynia  nerveless   or   nearly   so   ventrally; 

spikes  2-5,  aggregated  into  a  stiff  head 43.  C.  suberecta. 

Scales  long-acuminate  to  aristate;  perigynia  nerved  ventrally;   spikes  4-8,  in  a 

very  flexuous  inflorescence 44.  C.  Richii. 

Perigynia  obovate,  the  body  widest  near  the  top. 

Scales  obtuse  to  short-acuminate;   achenes  sessile  or  substipitate;  perigynia  1.5-3 
mm  wide. 
Tips  of  perigynia  appressed;  perigynia  with  body  rounded  at  apex;   spikes  ap- 
proximate or  aggregated,  greenish  to  silvery  brown. 
Perigynia   nerveless   ventrally;    spikes   5-25,   densely    aggregated;    leaf   blades 
of  sterile  culms  3.5-5  mm  wide 45.  C.  cumulata. 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


233 


6  33 

Map  457 


Carex    Bebbii    Olne 


y 


Jan 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

r 

j         ■ 

\ 

V 

D 

D 

11        " 

"1 

-I      ■ 

D 

0        

a 

r 

-^ 

1 

Dec.  C 

— 

X    )— 1/ 

/    Miles 

0 

a 

J    \     J*\     7 
Carex    tenera   Dew 

56 

Map  458 

ey 

Perigynia  nerved  ventrally;    spikes  3-10,  aggregated  or  somewhat   separate; 
leaf  blades  of  sterile  culms  2.5-3  mm  wide;  scales  either  nearly  equaling 

perigynia  or  blunt 46.  C.  Longii. 

Tips  of  perigynia  spreading;  perigynia  with  body  truncate-rounded  at  apex, 
very  abruptly  beaked;  spikes  not  aggregated,  not  silvery;  scales  acute,  con- 
spicuously shorter  than  the  perigynia 47.   C.  albolutescens. 

Scales  long-acuminate  to  aristate;  achenes  slenderly  stipitate;  perigynia  2.5-4  mm 

wide 48.  C.  alata. 

Wing  of  perigynium  rather  abruptly  narrowed  near  the  middle  of  the  body;  leaf  blades 

of  sterile  culms  widely  spreading,  numerous,  not  clustered   at   the  apex;    sterile 

culms  strongly  developed. 

Perigynia  3-7  mm  long;   spikes  4-15  mm  long;   achenes  oblong-oval,   1.5  mm  long; 

ligule  much  longer  than  wide. 

Tips  of  perigynia  appressed  or  ascending;  perigynia  thin,  scarcely  distended  over 

the  achenes 49.  C.  tribuloides. 

Tips  of  perigynia  recurved   or  widely   spreading;   perigynia   firm,   obviously   dis- 
tended over  the  achenes 50.  C.  cristatella. 

Perigynia  7-10  mm  long;  spikes  16-25  mm  long;  achenes  linear-oblong,  2.5  mm  long; 
ligule  as  wide  as  long 51.    C.  muskingumensis. 

35.  Carex  scoparia  Schkuhr.  (Including-  Carex  scoparia  var.  condensa 
Fern.)  Map  456.  Common  in  marshes  and  open  swampy  places ;  occasional 
in  low  open  woods  and  on  sandy  lake  borders.  This  sedge  is  frequently 
the  dominant  plant  in  marshes  or  "sedge  meadows"  where  it  is  usually 
associated  with  Juncus  effusas  var.  solutus,  Juncus  Dudleyi,  and  Carex 
vulpinoidea. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  S.  C,  N.  Mex.,  and  Oreg. 

36.  Carex  Bebbii  Olney.  Map  457.  Infrequent  in  marshes  and  inter- 
dunal  swales  in  Lake  County.  In  Noble  County  a  single  collection  was 
made  by  Deam  in  a  ditch  along  a  railroad  a  mile  east  of  Kimmel. 

Plants  of  Carex  Bebbii  lacking  sterile  culms  are  occasionally  difficult  to 
distinguish  from  C.  cristatella  especially  before  the  perigynia  are  fully 
mature.  Leaf  blades  of  C.  Bebbii,  however,  vary  from  2  to  4.5  mm 
broad,  those  of  C.  cristatella  from  3  to  7  mm  broad.   In  C.  Bebbii  the  pistil- 


234 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


Map   459 
Carex    normalis    Mack. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

f 

J 

\ 

i^ 

0 

X 

— 

_ 

r 

-^ 

j 

r1 

Oec  f- 

i  ' — 

D     1 
1             ° 

'Tr  iu  1     i 

!/    Miles 

Carex 

[     ) 

fest 

0  Jr\       J 

jcacea    Sc 

o             So 
Map  460 

ikuhr 

— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

71 

H 

sol 

f 

J                      D 

P~~ 

\ 

[^ 

' 

IU 

r1 

X 

D      H 

1 

a 

J 

Dec.  t 

7       ' 

H 

K       _              f 

D                J7- 

/    Miles 

rJ       ° 

Carex   mole 

<"\    J  o            S3 
Map  461 

sta    Mack. 

late  scales  are  relatively  longer,  acuminate  to  acute  or  occasionally  blunt; 
in  C.  cristatelki  the  scales  are  shorter,  with  dilated  hyaline  blunt  tips. 
Umbach  no.  3651  and  Bebb  nos.  541  and  874,  all  from  Lake  County,  are 
intermediate  between  C.  Bebbii  and  C.  cristatella  in  most  of  their  char- 
acters. Similar  material  from  Michigan  has  been  identified  by  Mackenzie 
as  a  hybrid  between  the  two  species. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  111.,  Colo.,  and  Wash. 

37.  Carex  tenera  Dewey.  (Carex  straminea  of  recent  authors,  not 
Willd. ;  Carex  tenera  var.  echinodes  (Fern.)  Wieg.)  Map  458.  Frequent 
in  or  near  the  lake  area  and  in  the  southern  counties  in  dry  or  moist, 
usually  open,  woods,  on  borders  of  ponds  in  woods,  and  along  railroad 
ditches.  Generally  the  heads  are  fewer-flowered  in  this  sedge  than  in  other 
species  of  §  Ovales  and  this  condition  and  the  widely  spreading  perigynia 
sometimes  result  in  a  superficial  resemblance  to  species  of  §  Stellulatae. 

Que.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  D.  C,  N.  C,  and  111. 

38.  Carex  normalis  Mack.  (Carex  mirabilis  Dewey,  not  Host.)  Map 
459.  Very  common  in  dry  or  moist  woods  and  thickets.  In  the  eastern 
part  of  its  range  this  species  seems  to  be  partial  to  dry  open  habitats,  but 
in  Indiana  it  has  been  most  often  collected  in  low  or  flat  woods,  shaded 
ravines,  marshy  habitats  on  the  borders  of  ponds,  and  on  the  flood  plains 
of  streams. 

Maine  to  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Okla. 

39.  Carex  festucacea  Schkuhr.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  42:  608.  1915.) 
Map  460.  Frequent  in  southern  Indiana  in  low  flat  woods,  especially  pin 
oak  woods,  and  on  moist  wooded  slopes;  occasional  in  roadside  and  rail- 
road ditches  in  the  northern  counties. 

Mass.  to  Ind.  and  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  La. 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


235 


0  50 

Map  463 


Carex    Bicknellii    Britton 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

1~T 

■ 

:J 

0 

« 

D 

n     V- 

\^ 

" 

D 
"  IU 

X 

D 

r 

tn 

j 

D 

Dec  C 

~ 

—  — 

/   Miles 

H 

Carex 

su 

Jerecti 

Map  464 
(Ulney)   Britton 

40.  Carex  molesta  Mack.  (N.  Amer.  Flora  18:  151.  1931.)  Map  461. 
Infrequent  to  rare  along  railroad  sidings  and  roadsides  and  in  ditches  and 
dry  woodlands. 

N.  Y.  to  Kans.  and  Nebr. 

41.  Carex  brevior  (Dewey)  Mack.  (Carex  festucacea  var.  brevior 
(Dewey)  Fern.)  Map  462.  Common  in  dry  open  woods  and  moist  ditches 
and  along  railroads  and  roadsides,  especially  in  the  prairie  area. 

Que.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  D.  C,  Tenn.,  Tex.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Oreg. 

42.  Carex  Bicknellii  Britt.  Map  463.  Frequent  to  common  along  rail- 
road sidings  and  grassy  roadsides  in  northern  Indiana;  rare  in  the  south- 
ern counties  and  not  known  from  the  unglaciated  area.  Occasional  in  low, 
moist  sandy  habitats ;  very  rare  in  open  woods. 

Maine  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Del.,  Ark.,  and  Okla. 

43.  Carex  suberecta  (Olney)  Britt.  Map  464.  Frequent  to  common, 
except  in  the  southern  counties,  in  open  swamps,  marshes,  and  moist 
ditches  and  on  wet  sandy  borders  of  lakes.  Not  known  from  the  un- 
glaciated area. 

Ont.  to  Va.,  Minn.,  and  Mo. 

44.  Carex  Richii  (Fern.)  Mack.  (Carex  hormathodes  var.  Richii  Fern. 
and  Carex  straminea  of  Svenson,  Rhodora  40:  329-330.  1938.)  Map  465. 
Rare  and  local  in  open  swampy  woods  and  borders  of  ponds  in  woods,  less 
frequently  in  open  non-calcareous  marshes  or  swamps.  The  known  sta- 
tions are  all  in  either  the  lake  area  or  the  unglaciated  area. 

Mass.  to  N.  J.  and  D.  C,  westw.  to  Mich,  and  Ind. 

45.  Carex  cumulata  (Bailey)  Mack.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  49:  366. 
1922.)  (Carex  albolutescens  var.  cumulata  Bailey.)  Map  466.  Known  in 
Indiana  only  from  Newton  County  where  in  1936  a  colony  was  found  by 
Miss  Madge  McKee  along  a  roadside  ditch  3  miles  northwest  of  Morocco. 
It  is  a  local  species  throughout  most  of  its  range. 

N.  S.  to  N.  J.,  westw.  to  Sask. 


236 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


0  50 

Map  465 


Carex    Richii   (Fern.)   Mack 


o  50 

Map  466 


Carex    cumulata    (Bailey)    Mack. 


0  50 

Map  467 


Carex    Longii   Mack. 


46.  Carex  Longii  Mack.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  49:  372.  1922.)  (Carex 
albolutescens  of  recent  authors,  not  Schwein.)  Map  467.  Infrequent  in 
the  northwestern  counties  where  it  is  found  in  acid  swamps  and  sloughs, 
less  often  in  sandy  interdunal  swales. 

Mass.  to  Venezuela;  nw.  Ind.  and  sw.  Mich.;  also  in  Bermuda. 

47.  Carex  albolutescens  Schwein.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  49:  372. 
1922.)  (Carex  straminea  of  Mack.,  probably  not  of  Willd.,  Rhodora  40: 
329-330.  1938.)  Map  468.  Frequent  in  southern  Indiana  in  low  flat 
woods,  associated  principally  with  sweet  gum  and  pin  oak.  It  also  is  found 
rarely  along  the  northern  border  of  the  state  where  it  occurs  in  low  woods, 
associated  with  beech  and  sugar  maple,  and  occasionally  in  swamps. 

N.  S.  southw.  along  the  coast  to  Fla.,  westw.  along  the  Gulf  to  Tex.  and 
northw.  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Ind.  and  sw.  Mich. 

48.  Carex  alata  Torr.  Map  469.  Infrequent  in  swamps  and  sandy 
swales  in  the  lake  area.  It  is  seldom  plentiful  in  any  locality;  frequently 
only  one  or  two  plants  can  be  found  at  a  station. 

Mass.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  westw.  to  Mich.,  Ind.,  and  Mo. 

49.  Carex  tribuloides  Wahl.  (Including  Carex  tribuloides  var.  sang- 
amonensis  Clokey.)  Map  470.  Very  common  throughout  the  state  in 
swamps,  open  marshes,  low  woods,  and  ditches  and  on  the  low  borders  of 
streams  and  ponds. 

Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

50.  Carex  cristatella  Britt.  (Carex  cristata  Schwein.,  not  Clairv.) 
Map  471.  Common  in  low  open  woods,  swamps,  marshes,  and  roadside 
ditches  and  on  flood  plains  and  banks  of  streams.  Rare  in  the  unglaciated 
area. 

Mass.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Mo. 

51.  Carex  muskingumensis  Schwein.  Map  472.  Frequent  in  low  wet 
places  in  woods  where  it  often  forms  extensive  and  pure  stands  if  not 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


2H7 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

171 

1     D 

-•- 

~\ 

'Hn 

V 

i 

-r 

i 

J 

T 

r, 

Dec  {— 

[ 

1      D   /      T 

H 

K        ]— - 

'To*'] 
/    Ba 

»"[\-J 

cC  ° 

D 

/"D       7 
lT       H  X 

-1         J    D 

l, //    Miles 

Car 

ex 

al 

bol 

j5\    H 

utescen 

J  0                 50 

Map  468 
s    Schwein. 

0  50 

Map  471 


Carex    cristatella    Britt, 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.f- 

DP 

T 

171 

F 

L 

A. 

c 

r 

D 

J 

\ 

1  A 

r 

•— i    _ 

-L_ 

v 

_ 

r 

-  i 

rj 

1 

■  ' — 

t/    MFles 

c 

arex 

■J             Map  469 
alata    Torr. 

0  50 

Map  472 


Carex    muskingumensis    Schwein. 


o  50 

Map  470 


Carex    tribuloides   Wahl. 


0  ~tt 

Map  473 


Carex     leptalea   Wahl. 


obstructed  by  undergrowth.    Occasional  in  buttonbush  swamps  and  wet 
woods  and  on  flood  plains.    Northward  it  is  usually  found  with  bur  oak. 
Ohio  and  Ky.  to  Man.,  Kans.,  and  Ark. 

12.  §  POLYTRICHOIDEAE 

Perigynia  2.5-3.5  mm  long,  slightly  overlapping;  achenes  lustrous,  obtusely  angled.  . .  . 

52.  C.  leptalea. 

Perigynia  4-5  mm  long,  strongly  overlapping;  achenes  barely  lustrous,  sharply  angled.  . 

52a.  C.  leptalea  var.  Harperi. 

52.  Carex  leptalea  Wahl.  Map  473.  Common  in  northern  Indiana  in 
tamarack  bogs  and  occasional  in  wet  woods.  Infrequent  in  central  Indiana, 
in  swamps  and  on  banks  of  streams.  It  is  generally  plentiful  wherever 
found  and  in  tamarack  bogs  it  is  usually  associated  with  Carex  trisperma. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Mo.,  Colo.,  and  Calif. 

52a.  Carex  leptalea  var.  Harperi  (Fern.)  Stone.  (Carex  Harperi 
Fern.)    Map  474.    Rare  in  central  and  southern  Indiana.    In  Indiana  its 


238 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


0  50 

Map   4  74 
larex    leptalea 
Var,   Harperi    (Fern.)    Stone 


- 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

1 — 

\y 

1 — ~ 

( ^ 

( 

r- 

-I 

I 

-4e 

D 

J 

1     , 

Dec  C 

i 

D          D 

10    1, 1 

— M        |c 

D      »    J^ 
p         ^ 

D     J  d  k?  ; 

D     |        J^  f 
1    ( — ^*-/^ 

b     7 
1/    Miles 

s  °    ° 

Carex 

'       1     D     ii\    H       7 

Will denowii    S 

0                  50 

Map    475 

chkuhr 

0  50 

Map   476 


Carex    Jamesii    Schwein. 


habitat  is  almost  invariably  at  the  springy  bases  of  high  wooded  river 
bluffs  and  terraces. 

N.  J.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Ind.  and  Tex. 

13.  §  PHYLLOSTACHYAE 

Bodies  of  perigynia  oblong-oval;  lowest  scale  5-15  mm  long;  pistillate  flowers  3-10; 
staminate  scales  2-2.4  mm  long,  obtuse  or  somewhat  acute;  staminate  spike  0.7-0.9 
mm  in  diameter 53.  C.  Willdenowii. 

Bodies  of  perigynia  subglobose;  lowest  scale  15-45  mm  long;  pistillate  flowers  2-3; 
staminate  scales  1.5-1.8  mm  long,  truncate,  erose,  with  a  dark  transverse  band 
near  the  apex;  staminate  spike  0.4-0.5  mm  in  diameter 54.  C.  Jamesii. 

53.  Carex  Willdenowii  Schkuhr.  Map  475.  Common  in  southern  Indiana 
(mostly  in  the  unglaciated  area  and  the  "flats")  on  dry  wooded,  especially 
oak,  slopes,  generally  in  poor,  sandy,  acid  soils ;  rarely  in  low  beech  or  pin 
oak  woods. 

Vt.  to  Ont.  and  Ind.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

54.  Carex  Jamesii  Schwein.  Map  476.  Very  common  throughout  In- 
diana except  in  the  northwestern  counties  from  which  we  have  no  records. 
It  is  a  plant  of  rich  woods,  occurring  in  dry  neutral  soil,  especially  on  the 
slopes  of  deep  ravines.  It  is  most  frequently  associated  with  either  Carex 
Hitchcoekiana  or  C.  oligocarpa  or  both. 

Ont.  and  N.  Y.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  W.  Va.,  Mo.,  and  Kans. 

14.  §  MONTANAE 

Fertile  culms  all  alike,  elongated  (7-40  cm  long),  bearing  both  staminate  and  pistillate 
spikes,  basal  spikes  absent. 
Body  of  perigynium  elliptic  to  oblong-ovoid,  much  longer  than  wide;  staminate  spike 
slender. 
Perigynia  conspicuous  in  the  spikes,  not  concealed  by  the  scales,  2.5-3  mm  long. 
Staminate  scales  obtuse  or  short-acute,  closely  appressed,  not  cucullate  at  the 
tip,  the  midvein  usually  not  extending  to  the  tip;   pistillate  spikes  usually 

not  aggregated;  culms  erect 55.  C.  artitecta. 

Staminate  scales  ascending  to  loosely  spreading,  the  midvein  extending  to  the  tip. 
Beaks  of  perigynia  1.75-2  mm  long;   staminate  spike  peduncled,  conspicuous, 


;arex 


Cyperaceae 


239 


0  50 

Map  477 


Carex    artitecta    Mack. 


0  50 

Map  478 
Carex    artitecta 
subtilirostris   Hermann 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec  f 

D      ["^ 

t 

H 

sd    ^ 

JD 

B 

f 

D             D 

D               0 

^S  H 

r 

D 

V 

f^ 

-I 

■" 

r 

fn 

-~r 

{ 

i 
>  ' — 

/    Miles 

Carei 

E 

v>             Map  479 

nmonsii    Dewey 

10-16  mm  long,  1.6-2.3  mm  wide;  pistillate  spikes  not  at  all  aggregated; 

culms  erect 55a.  C.  artitecta  var.  subtilirostris. 

Beaks   of  perigynia   0.5-1   mm   long;    staminate   spike   sessile,   usually   incon- 
spicuous, 2-8  mm  long,  1.5  mm  wide;  at  least  the  upper  pistillate  spikes 

closely  aggregated  or  congested;  culms  weak,  more  or  less  arcuate 

56.   C.  Emmonsii. 

Perigynia  inconspicuous  in  the  spikes,  largely  concealed  by  the   scales,  3-4  mm 

long 57.    C.   nigromarginata. 

Body  of  perigynium  suborbicular  to  somewhat  obovoid,  about  as  long  as  wide. 
Ligule   conspicuous,   longer   than   wide;    lowest   bract   truncate    or   bifid,   abruptly 
awned;    leaf    blades    2.5-4.5    mm    wide;    culms    generally    aphyllopodic,    little 

fibrillose  at  the  base,  without  long,  horizontal  stolons 58.  C.  communis. 

Ligule  short,  much  wider  than  long;  lowest  bract  usually  gradually  acuminate; 
leaf  blades  2.5  (very  rarely  3)  mm  wide  or  less;  culms  generally  phyllopodic, 
conspicuously  fibrillose  at  the  base,  with  long  horizontal  stolons;  staminate 
spike  stout. 

Mature  perigynia  1.75-2  mm  wide,  the  body  suborbicular  in  cross  section 

59.  C.  heliophila. 

Mature   perigynia   about    1.5   mm   wide,   the   body   obtusely   trigonous   in   cross 

section 60.    C.   pennsylvanica. 

Fertile  culms  of  two  types,  some  short  (1-5  cm  long),  partly  hidden  among  the  densely 

tufted  bases  and  bearing  only  pistillate  spikes,  others  elongated    (5-11  cm  long) 

and  bearing  staminate  spikes  only  or  both  staminate  and  pistillate  spikes. 

Leaf  blades   rather   thin,   not   stiff,   erect   or   ascending,    1.5-3   mm   wide;    perigynia 

membranaceous,  2.25-4  mm  long,  the  body  short-pubescent  above. 

Perigynia  2.25-3.25  mm  long,  1-1.25  mm  wide,  the  beak  about  half  the  length  of 

the  body;  achenes  orbicular-obovoid 61.  C.  umbellata. 

Perigynia  3.25-4  mm  long,  the  beak  nearly  the  length  of  the  body;  achenes  oblong- 

obovoid,  minutely  roughened 62.  C.  rugosperma. 

Leaf  blades  thick,  rigid,  widely  spreading  at  maturity,  2-4.5  mm  wide;  perigynia 
subcoriaceous,  3.5-4.5  mm  long,  the  body  glabrous  or  very  sparsely  pubescent 
above 63.  C.  tonsa. 

55.  Carex  artitecta  Mack.  (Carex  varia  Muhl.,  not  Lumnitzer  nor 
Host.)  Map  477.  Common  in  dry  open  woods,  especially  on  rocky  white 
oak  slopes ;  occasional  in  thickets  or  low  woods. 

Vt.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  S.  C.  and  Okla. 


240 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec 


tu 

" 

~\_ 

r 

v-  -}- 

< 

■" 

\* 

wA 

<—  \    ^ 

i  /i — 

1    —         L-^? 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  480 
Carex    nigromarcjinata    Schwein. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 

\ 

. 

\ 

fr1" 

- 

D 
H 

X 

" 

r 

fjM 

J 

^ 

Dec  .(- 

i — ' — 

/    Miles 

C 

arex 

he 

10 

•  \  / 

)hila    V 

3                  50 

Map  482 
ack. 

55a.  Carex  artitecta  var.  subtilirostris  Hermann.  (Rhodora  40:  79. 
1938.)  Map  478.  Known  in  Indiana  only  from  the  type  collection: 
Deam  no.  54764,  wooded  slope  along  a  small  creek  about  3  miles  northwest 
of  Clinton,  Vermillion  County,  May  5,  1934. 

Ind.  and  Tenn. 

56.  Carex  Emmonsii  Dewey.  (Carex  albicans  of  authors,  doubtfully  of 
Willd.,  Rhodora  40:  330-331.  1938.)  Map  479.  A  coastal  plain  species 
found  sparingly  in  the  northern  counties  of  the  lake  area.  It  grows  in 
sandy  open  woods  and  on  moist  sandy  borders  of  marshes  or  thickets  in 
the  dunes,  but  its  preferred  habitat  is  dry  black  oak  ridges. 

Indiana  plants  tend  to  have  the  culms  longer  and  less  arcuate  and  the 
pistillate  spikes  fewer  and  less  congested  than  in  the  characteristic  plant 
of  the  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain. 

N.  S.  to  Fla.  mostly  along  the  coast,  and  about  the  Great  Lakes. 

57.  Carex  nigromarginata  Schwein.  Map  480.  A  southern  and  eastern 
species  known  in  Indiana  from  a  single  collection :  Deam  no.  44074A,  top 
of  the  wooded  bluff  of  the  Ohio  River,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  north  of 
Fredonia,  Crawford  County,  April  24,  1927. 

Conn,  to  Tenn.,  Fla.,  and  La.,  mostly  along  the  coast,  and  northw.  in  the 
Mississippi  Valley  to  Mo.  and  s.  Ind. 

58.  Carex  communis  Bailey.  Map  481.  Common  in  dry  woods  of  all 
types,  particularly  on  rocky  slopes.  It  is  one  of  the  earliest  sedges  to 
flower  and  fruit. 

Deam  no.  33881  (Gray  Herbarium)  is  abnormal  in  having  the  leaf 
sheaths  prolonged  laterally  and  ventrally,  forming  auricles  reaching  almost 
to  the  summit  of  the  ligule.  Typically  the  leaf  sheaths  are  deeply  concave 
at  the  mouth. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ky.,  and  Ark. 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


241 


0  50 

Map   483 


Carex     penn sy Ivanica    Lan 


0  50 

Map  484 


Carex     umbellata    Schkuhr 


0  50 

Map  485 


Carex     rugosperma    Mack. 


59.  Carex  heliophila  Mack.  (Torreya  13:  15.  1913.)  (Carex  penusyl- 
vanica  var.  digyna  Bock.)  Map  482.  A  prairie  species  represented  from 
Indiana  by  two  collections  by  Deam:  in  a  sandy  black  oak  woods  2  miles 
southwest  of  Tefft,  Jasper  County,  June  6,  1924,  and  on  top  of  the  high 
gravelly  bank  of  Big  Wea  Creek  terrace  4  miles  southwest  of  Lafayette, 
Tippecanoe  County,  June  3,  1924,  and  May  24,  1932.  At  the  latter  station 
it  was  plentiful  in  an  open  black  oak-shagbark  hickory  grove  with  such 
other  prairie  or  western  species  as  Androsace  occidentalis,  Petalo sternum 
purpureum,  Arenaria  patula,  Opuntia  Rafinesquii,  and,  nearby,  Muhlen- 
bergia  cuspidata,  Sporobolus  clandestinus,  and  Erysimum  asperum.  Other 
associated  plants  were  Festuca  octo flora,  Poa  pratensis,  Penstemon  hirsu- 
tus,  Houstonia  longi folia,  and  Acerates  viridiflora. 

Man.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Ind.,  Mo.,  and  N.  Mex. 

60.  Carex  pennsylvanica  Lam.  Map  483.  Common  in  northern  Indiana, 
less  frequent  southward,  and  rare  or  absent  from  the  southernmost  coun- 
ties. Like  Carex  communis  it  is  a  species  flowering  in  early  spring,  found 
in  similar  localities  but  preferring  somewhat  more  open  habitats  and  gen- 
erally in  more  sterile  soils.  It  usually  forms  rather  extensive  colonies, 
sometimes  comprising  the  dominant  floor  cover  in  open  oak  woods. 

N.  S.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  S.  C,  Tenn.,  and  Iowa. 

61.  Carex  umbellata  Schkuhr.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  42:  621.  1915.) 
(Carex  abdita  Bickn.  and  Carex  umbellata  var.  brevirostris  Boott.)  Map 
484.  Infrequent  in  northern  Indiana  in  dry  sandy  soil,  usually  in  open 
woods ;  frequent  in  southeastern  Indiana  on  crests  of  rocky  wooded  ridges 
and  river  bluffs.  This  and  the  two  following  species  may  be  more  common 
than  the  records  indicate  because  they  are  low,  inconspicuous  plants,  easily 
overlooked  by  collectors. 

In  this  species  the  longest  peduncles  are  typically  not  over  8  cm  in 
length  and  generally  bear  a  staminate  spike  only.  But  on  the  dunes  the 
prevalent  form  has  elongated  peduncles  12-20  cm  in  length  which  usually 
bear  one  or  more  pistillate   spikes   in   addition   to  the   staminate.     This 


242 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


Map  486 


Carex     tonsa    (Fern.)    Bi'ck 


n. 


o  To 

Map   487 


Carex    Richardsonii     R.  Br. 


Map   488 
Carex    picta   Steud. 


form  is  analogous  to  the  plant  which  has  been  called  Carex  umbellata  f. 
vicina  (Dewey)  Wieg.  but  the  type  specimen  upon  which  that  form  is  based 
is  the  long-beaked  plant  (C.  rugosperma  Mack.)  so  that  the  name  cannot 
be  applied  to  the  Indiana  plant. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  D.  C.  and  111. 

62.  Carex  rugosperma  Mack.   (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  42:  621.    1915.) 

(Carex  umbellata  of  many  recent  authors,  not  Schkuhr.)    Map  485.   Infre- 
quent in  the  northern  tier  of  counties.     It  is  found  in  dry,  sandy  oak 
woods,  open  drained  low  woods,  and  on  borders  of  drained  marshes. 
N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Md.  and  Ind. 

63.  Carex  tonsa  (Fern.)  Bickn.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  35:  492.  1908.) 
(Carex  umbellata  var.  tonsa  Fern.)  Map  486.  Frequent  in  the  dune  area 
on  low,  open  dunes  and  in  dry,  open  woods. 

Que.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  D.  C.  and  Ind. 


15.  §  DIGITATAE 

Basal  spikes  present;  terminal  spikes  androgynous;  pistillate  scales  abruptly  cuspidate 
or  short-awned.    (See  excluded  species  no.  15,  p.  274.) C.  pedimculata. 

Basal  spikes  absent;  terminal  spike  staminate;  pistillate  scales  blunt  to  acute 

64.   C.  Richardsonii. 

64.  Carex  Richardsonii  R.  Br.  Map  487.  Known  in  Indiana  only  from 
the  dunes  at  Pine,  Lake  county.  Pine  is  now  within  Gary  on  the  east 
side  of  Clark  Street,  an  eighth  of  a  mile  south  of  Lake  Michigan.  Here 
on  a  sandy  knoll  at  the  edge  of  a  marsh,  Carex  Richardsonii  is  associated 
with  Andropogon  scoparius,  Castilleja  coccinea,  Erigeron  pulchellus, 
Senecio  pauperculus  var.  Balsamitae,  Lithospermum  canescens,  Potentilla 
fruticosa,  Carex  umbellata  and  C.  aurea,  Liatris  spicata,  Betula  papyrifera, 
Pedicularis  canadensis,  Krigia  bi flora,  Rhus  trilobata  var.  arenaria,  R. 
radicans,  R.  Vernix,  Arabis  lyrata,  Hypoxis  hi7*suta,  and  Koeleria  cristata. 

This  is  one  of  the  rarest  sedges  in  the  eastern  states  where  it  is  very 
local  in  its  distribution  (although  its  known  range  seems  to  indicate  that 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


243 


— 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec  C 

D 

1     0 

)     KD 

,          D            D 

0 

0 

t~v 

fDAnD      ° 

ODD 

P 

0 

[ 

B 

D 

D 

— Lb  ° 

D       T 

D 

D 

D 
D 

0 

D 

D     J 

no 

7^  K 

D 

D 

J 
I 

^ 

n,  ■ 

" 

DP          D 

1         ' 

"               D 

*       J -f 

— D      | 

D        r   y 

D      1          L^ 

D 

D 

D      f  D    f  D 
\  0    [     D 

fJ    Miles 

D    1 

0     / 

Care 

J      I 
X     h 

rtifolia  \l 

0                 50 

Map  489 
ack. 

0"  50 

Map  490 


Carex   eburnea   Boott 


Carex    Garberi    Fern. 


it  occurs  generally  at  or  near  the  Niagara  Escarpment)  and  its  season  is 
very  brief.  After  flowering  it  matures  its  fruit  rapidly  and  then  com- 
pletely withers  away.  At  Pine  it  is  in  its  prime  about  May  30.  Of  the 
six  known  collections  made  from  this  station  four  were  made  on  May  29 
(1897;  1900;  1904,  and  1935),  one  on  May  12  (1877)  and  one  on  June  13 
(1935),  but  at  the  last  date  the  majority  of  the  perigynia  had  fallen  and 
the  plants  were  already  badly  withered. 

Western  N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  111.  and  S.  Dak. 


16.  §  PICTAE 

65.  Carex  picta  Steud.  Map  488.  In  Indiana  in  the  unglaciated  region 
only  where  it  is  local  and  largely  confined  to  the  northern  half  of  the  knob 
area  (Chestnut  Oak  Upland).  It  is  found  on  wooded  hilltops  under  oak, 
chestnut,  and  beech,  generally  forming  rather  extensive  colonies.  Deam 
has  noted  that  it  "has  the  habit  of  growing  in  circular  tufts  with  a  hollow 
center"  and  from  this  characteristic  the  species  may  be  readily  recognized 
long  after  its  flowering  and  fruiting  season  is  past.  It  is  the  earliest 
sedge  to  bloom  in  the  state,  coming  into  flower  in  early  April  or  even  in 
late  March. 

Ind.,  Ala.,  and  La. 


17. 


TRIQUETRAE 

66.  Carex  hirtifolia  Mack.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  37:  244.  1910.) 
(Carex  pubescens  Muhl.,  not  Poir.)  Map  489.  Very  common  through- 
out the  state  in  woodland  habitats  of  all  types,  showing  a  slight  preference 
for  beech  woods. 

N.  B.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  D.  C,  Ky.,  and  Kans. 


18.  §  ALBAE 

67.     Carex  eburnea  Boott.  Map  490.  Apparently  restricted  to  the  north- 
western and  southeastern  corners  of  the  state.    In  the  north  it  is  known 


244  Cyperaceae  Carex 

only  on  the  dunes  in  dry  sandy  thickets  and  in  open  situations.  In  southern 
Indiana  it  is  found  in  wet  crevices  of  limestone  bluffs  near  the  Ohio  River. 

Carex  eburnea  retains  its  fruit  over  a  longer  period  than  any  of  our 
other  species  due  to  the  tendency  of  the  perigynia  to  persist  in  the  spikes 
long  after  maturity.  Although  the  fruit  ripens  from  May  to  July  most 
of  the  plants  have  dropped  relatively  few  of  their  perigynia,  as  a  rule, 
by  October  and  frequently  the  old  prostrate  culms  from  the  preceding 
year  will  be  found  to  have  spikes  in  which  many  perigynia  are  still  firmly 
attached. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Va.,  Mo.,  and  Nebr. 

19.  §  BICOLORES 

Pistillate  scales  averaging  three  fourths  the  length  of  the  perigynia  or  more,  reddish 
brown,  appressed;  terminal  spike  androgynous,  rarely  staminate;  mature  per- 
igynia white-pulverulent,  elliptic-obovoid,  not  translucent  or  fleshy.  .68.  C.  Garberi. 

Pistillate  scales  averaging  half  the  length  of  the  perigynia  or  less,  generally  pale 
yellowish  brown  and  cuspidate,  widely  spreading  at  maturity;  terminal  spike 
staminate,  rarely  with  a  few  perigynia  at  the  base;  mature  perigynia  golden 
yellow  or  brownish,  orbicular-obovoid,  translucent,  fleshy 69.  C.  aarea. 

68.  Carex  Garberi  Fern.  (Rhodora  37:  253.  1935.)  (Carex  bicolor  of 
recent  American  authors,  not  All.  and  Carex  Hassei  of  recent  authors,  not 
Bailey.)  Map  491.  Infrequent  in  the  lake  area  (mostly  in  the  dune 
region)  where  it  grows  along  the  wet  sanely  edges  of  swales  in  the 
dunes  and  on  old  lake  beds,  chiefly  in  calcareous  soils.  It  is  frequently 
associated  with  Carex  Crawei,  C.  tetanica,  C.  Meadii,  C.  viridula,  and 
C.  Haleana.  Apparently  it  was  formerly  more  plentiful  than  at  pres- 
ent as  collections  from  the  Indiana  dunes  forty  and  fifty  years  ago 
are  much  more  numerous  in  herbaria  than  recent  collections.  At  Pine, 
where  this  species  is  closely  associated  with  Carex  tetanica,  plants  of 
the  latter  species  showing  many  characteristics  of  C.  Garberi  and  plants 
of  C.  Garberi  having  characteristics  of  C.  tetanica  are  frequent.  The  gen- 
eral aspect  of  such  plants  and  the  conditions  under  which  they  are  found 
are  strongly  suggestive  of  hybridization. 

Que.  to  Mich.,  Ind.,  and  Wis.;  also  in  Alberta  and  B.  C. 

69.  Carex  aurea  Nutt.  Map  492.  Frequent  on  the  dunes  in  Lake 
County.  Its  habitat  is  often  that  of  Carex  Garberi,  on  moist  sandy  edges 
of  swales  and  similar  situations,  but  it  is  also  frequently  found  in  richer, 
mucky  soils  such  as  on  the  border  of  sloughs  and  of  low  wet  woods. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Conn.,  Ind.,  Nebr.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Calif. 

20.  §  PANfCEAE 

Culms   phyllopodic;    stolons   deep-seated,   slender,   whitish;    plants    of   open    marly    or 
sandy  habitats. 
Pistillate   spikes   linear  to   linear-oblong,   3.5-4.5   mm   wide;    perigynia   appressed   or 
ascending,  2.5-3.5  mm  long,   slightly  excurved  and  tapering  to  the   apex,  very 

minutely  beaked  or  beakless;  leaf  blades  2-4  mm  wide;  culms  slender 

70.   C.  tetanica. 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


245 


0  ^0 

Map  492 
Carex   aurea  Nutt. 


0  50 

Map  493 


Carex    tetanica  Schkuhr 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.  (- 

r 

a 

■i  r 

\a.  1 

D 

\ 

L 

-       D 

f 

I 

[^ 

" 

r1 

X 

r~ 

r 

/  Miles 

r 

i 
r*  — 

D     I    D    [ 

D 

Carex    N/ 

ea 

■  \        / 

dii  Dew 

3                50 
Map  494 

ey 

Pistillate    spikes    oblong    or    linear-oblong,    5-8    mm    wide;    perigynia    spreading    at 

maturity,  3-5  mm  long,  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  apex  into  a  minute,  more  or 

less  strongly  bent  beak;  leaf  blades  2.7-7  mm  wide;  culms  stout.  . .  .71.  C.  Meadii. 

Culms  strongly  aphyllopodic;  stolons  superficial;  plants  of  rich  humus  in  shady  woods. 

72.  C.  Woodii. 

70.  Carex  tetanica  Schkuhr.  Map  493.  Infrequent  in  northern  Indiana 
in  marly  or  sandy  soils,  bordering  marshes  and  lakes ;  becoming  frequent 
to  locally  common  on  the  dunes  where  it  occurs  especially  on  low  sandy 
interdunal  flats ;  rare  in  southern  Indiana,  in  open  post  oak  flats. 

Mass.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Pa.  and  Iowa. 

71.  Carex  Meadii  Dewey.  {Carex  tetanica  var.  Meadii  (Dewey)  Bailey.) 
Map  494.  Infrequent  in  the  lake  area  and  in  southeastern  Indiana;  fre- 
quent in  the  dune  area.  Its  habitat  is  much  that  of  C.  tetanica  except  that 
C.  Meadii  also  occurs  in  drier  soils  and  in  even  more  open  situations. 
Carex  Meadii  as  a  rule  is  readily  distinct  from  C.  tetanica  except  at  Pine 
in  Lake  County  where  the  two  species  are  closely  associated  and  inter- 
mediate forms  are  frequent.  The  same  is  true  of  C.  tetanica  and  C.  Garberi, 
at  this  station,  and,  as  noted  under  the  latter  species,  such  transitional 
forms  may  be  due  to  hybridization. 

N.  J.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

72.  Carex  Woodii  Dewey.  (Carex  tetanica  var.  Woodii  (Dewey)  Wood; 
Carex  colorata  Mack.)  Map  495.  Rare  in  the  northern  counties.  So  far 
this  species  is  known  in  Indiana  from  three  collections  only,  all  by  Deam : 
in  a  moist  red  and  white  oak  woods  4  miles  northwest  of  Valparaiso, 
Porter  County,  June  2,  1927,  in  a  rich  beech-maple  woods  1  mile  south- 
east of  North  Liberty,  St.  Joseph  County,  May  23,  1934,  and  June  13, 
1935  and  at  the  base  of  a  sugar  maple  slope  in  Steuben  County.  At 
the  latter  locality  it  was  associated  with  Impatiens  biflora,  Solidago  caesia, 
Viola  canadensis,  Smilacina  racemosa,  Polygonum  virginianum,  Isopyrum 
biternatum,  and  Caulophyllum  thalictroides. 

N.  Y.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  D.  C.  and  Mo. 


246 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


— 

J  3 

Fet 

. 

f 

) 

R 

D 

h 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

r~. 

L 

i^ 

" 

X 

T 

fjH 

J 

r1 

1 

Dec  C— 

i 

/    Miles 

f         *-^        \        ^r\         1 

3                50 

£f45a<v/r'V             Map  495 

Carex    Woodii    Dewey 

o         ~T5 
Map  496 


Carex    plantaginea  Lam. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

f 

X              \     BD          D 

D             0 

D 

'     S         o 

L 

\ 

f/4 

' 

0 

DP 

JS     D 

r 

B 

fm 

J 

r1 

Dec.f- 

i  - 1 — 

H 

k    ] y 

/    Miles 

p 

Carex    C 

T\  Y o 
vT    ^   Map  497 

areyana  Torr. 

21.  §  LAXIFLORAE 

Bract-sheaths,  base  of  culms,  and  staminate  scales  strongly  red-tinged.* 

Leaf  blades  of  fertile  culms  rudimentary,  the  sheaths  concave  at  the  mouth;  bracts 

bladeless;  perigynia  4-5  mm  long 73.  C.  plantaginea. 

Leaf  blades  of  fertile  culms  well-developed,  the  sheaths  prolonged  upward  at  the 

mouth;  bracts  with  blades  well-developed;  perigynia  5.3-6  mm.  long 

74.  C.  Careyana. 

Bract-sheaths  not  red-tinged,  base  of  culms  rarely  so;  staminate  scales  tinged  greenish 
white  to  dull  reddish  brown. 
Perigynia  sharply  triangular,  short-tapering  at  the  base,  closely  35-50-nerved. 

Spikes  erect,  nearly  sessile;  leaf  blades  very  smooth  except  for  the  margins,  the 
larger  12-25  mm  wide,  those  of  the  fertile  culms  much  smaller  than  those  of 

the  sterile 75.  C.  platyphylla. 

Spikes  drooping  on  fiiliform  peduncles;  leaf  blades  hispidulous  on  the  veins,  2-12 
mm  wide,  those  of  the  fertile   culms  moderately   smaller  than   those  of  the 
sterile. 
Staminate   spike   sessile  or  subsessile,  inconspicuous;   pistillate   spikes  approxi- 
mate; lowest  bract  subspathaceous,  exceeding  the  inflorescence 

76.   C.   abscondita. 

Staminate  spike  peduncled,  conspicuous;  pistillate  spikes  scattered;  lowest  bract 
not  at  all  spathaceous,  not  exceeding  the  inflorescence. 
Pistillate  spikes  without  a  staminate  flower  at  the  base;  leaf  blades  2-5  mm 

wide,  erect,  green 77.  C.  digitalis. 

Pistillate  spikes  with  1-2  staminate  flowers  at  the  base;  leaf  blades  5-12  mm 
wide,  weak,  glaucous  green. 
Angles  of  the  culms  blunt,  minutely  serrulate  only  below  the  bracts;  edges 
of   the    bract-sheaths    entire;    perigynia   tapering    at    the    apex,    short- 
beaked 78.  C.  laxiculmis. 

Angles  of  the  culms  sharp,  minutely  serrulate;  edges  of  the  bract-sheaths 
minutely  serrulate;   perigynia  rounded  or  round-tapering  at  the  apex, 
blunt  or  abruptly  very  short-beaked.  . .  .78a.  C.  laxiculmis  var.  cojndata. 
Perigynia  obtusely  triangular  (at  least  below),  long-tapering  at  the  base. 

Bract-sheaths   smooth   on   the  edges   or   shallowly   serrulate;   beak   of  perigynium 
straight  or  slightly  oblique. 


*  This  color  is  often  called  "purple"  in  Carex  descriptions.    It  is  a  close  match  with 
Ridgway's  "Bordeaux"  which  is  90%  red  and  10%  violet. 


a  rex 


Cyperaceae  247 


Sterile  shoots   developing  conspicuous  culms;   leaves  not   semi-evergreen;   peri- 
gynia  rather  sharply  angled  above;  pistillate  spikes  few-flowered,  the  lower 

on  long  capillary  peduncles 79.  C.  styloflexa. 

Sterile    shoots    reduced    to    tufts    of   leaves;    leaves    semi-evergreen;    perigynia 

obtusely  triangular 80.  C.  laxiflora. 

Bract-sheaths  strongly  serrulate  on  the  edges. 

Sterile  shoots  reduced  to  tufts  of  leaves,  not  forming  culms. 

Pistillate  scales  acuminate  to  strongly  cuspidate,  more  than  half  the  length  of 
the  perigynia;  beak  of  perigynium  conspicuous,  straight  or  oblique;  leaves 

semi-evergreen;  staminate  spike  peduncled,  conspicuous 

80a.  C.  laxiflora  var.  semdata. 

Pistillate  scales  broadly  obovate-orbicular,  half  the  length  of  the  perigynia  or 
less,  strongly  divergent  at  the  base;  beak  of  perigynium  short,  abruptly 
bent;    leaves   not   semi-evergreen,   the   blades    7-30   mm   wide;    staminate 

spike  sessile,  very  slender,  inconspicuous 81.  C.  albursina. 

Sterile   shoots   developing   conspicuous   culms;    leaf   blades   3-12   mm   wide,   not 
semi-evergreen;    pistillate   scales   mucronate   to   long-awned;    beak   of  peri- 
gynium short,  abruptly  bent. 
Culms   not   reddish-tinged   at   the   base;    lower   pistillate   spikes   not   on   long 
capillary  peduncles;   staminate   scales  usually  greenish  white  or  slightly 
tinged   with    reddish    brown;    staminate    spike    typically    sessile    or    very 

short-peduncled;  perigynia  obovoid,  3-4  mm  long 82.  C.  blanda. 

Culms  reddish-tinged  at  the  base;  lower  pistillate  spikes  on  long  capillary 
peduncles;  staminate  scales  strongly  tinged  with  reddish  brown;  staminate 

spike  long-peduncled;   perigynia  broadly  obovoid,  2.5-3.2  mm  long 

83.  C.  gracilescens. 

73.  Carex  plantaginea  Lam.  Map  496.  Rather  infrequent  in  the  north- 
ern counties  in  rich  woods.  South  of  the  lake  area  it  is  local  and  found 
mostly  in  humus  on  the  wooded  sandstone  slopes  of  deep  ravines,  usually 
in  dense  shade  and  associated  with  Hydrophyllum  appendiculatum.  No 
specimen  was  found  to  confirm  the  report  in  Coulter's  Catalogue  from 
Tippecanoe  County. 

Que.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ky. 

74.  Carex  Careyana  Torr.  Map  497.  Frequent  but  local  in  moist  rich 
woods,  particularly  in  ravines. 

N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Mo. 

75.  Carex  platyphylla  Carey.  Map  498.  All  the  Indiana  collections  of 
this  species  are  from  the  knob  area  (Chestnut  Oak  Upland)  with  the 
exception  of  a  single  collection  from  Vigo  County  and  one  from  Putnam 
County.  It  is  found  in  calcareous  soils  on  dry  open  woodland  slopes.  No 
specimen  could  be  found  to  confirm  Bradner's  report  from  Steuben  County, 
but  the  occurrence  of  the  species  in  the  northern  counties  is  not  improbable 
since  it  is  known  from  southern  Michigan. 

Que.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  111. 

76.  Carex  abscondita  Mack.  (Carex  ptychocarpa  Steud.)  Map  499. 
A  southern  and  Coastal  Plain  species  found  in  Indiana  in  the  southern 
counties  only.  It  is  rare  in  dry  beech  woods  and  very  rare  in  black-white 
oak  woods. 

Mass.  to  Ind..  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 


•J  IS 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


— ' 

Jin 
Feb 
Vjr 

Apr 

Mly 

June 
July 
AuJ 
Sept 
Oct. 
N  ■ 

\-T 

f  ;L 

f 

-lr 

■ 

f 

OF 

I 

i 

or 

J~ 

r-, 

Dec  (- 

r 

> 

D       1 

o   L^ — p-   S 

D      U-— *-J 
_j^_  0  V 

W/    Miles 

( 

.arex 

pla 

typhy 

J  0                50 
^   Map  498 

la   Carey 

— 

1 

/ 

1 



Feb 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Auj 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

r1 

*.s 

r 

J^ 

f     ^ 

f 

k. 

r 

h- 

TL^ 

JT- 

J" 

r, 

Dec  £ 

1 

i 

D 
-LDJ  D  V 

o           jy\ 
fJ   Miles 

Care) 

ab 

scondita 

0                50 
Map  499 

Mack. 

77.  Carex  digitalis  Willd.  (Including  Carex  digitalis  var.  macropoda 
Fern.  Rhodora  40:  400-401.  1938.)  Map  500.  Common  in  southern 
Indiana;  locally  frequent  in  the  northern  counties.  A  woodland  species 
preferring  dry  beech  woods  but  frequent  also  in  dry  or  moist  black  or  white 
oak  woods. 

The  length  of  the  peduncle  of  the  staminate  spike  in  this  species,  as  in 
Carex  laxicvlmis,  is  extremely  variable.  An  extreme  form  in  which  the 
staminate  spike  is  born  on  a  peduncle  overtopping  the  uppermost  pistillate 
spike  and  bract  has  been  described  by  Professor  Fernald  as  var.  macropoda, 
and  under  this  variety  he  cites  Deam  no.  27837  from  Crawford  County 
and  no.  27119  from  Perry  County.  In  the  Deam  Herbarium,  Deam  no. 
44066  from  Perry  County  apparently  represents  this  extreme  of  the  species 
but  is  too  immature  to  be  placed  here  with  certainty.  Among  the  numerous 
intermediate  collections  Deam  no.  20378  from  Harrison  County  and  no. 
20592  from  Washington  County  most  nearly  approximate  var.  macropoda. 

78.  Carex  laxiciiimis  Schwein.  Map  501.  Fairly  common  in  woods  and 
thickets.  Plants  intermediate  between  the  species  and  the  following 
variety  are  not  infrequent ;  such  are  Deam  nos.  844  ;  24750 ;  35708 ;  35924 ; 
:;<;p»7;  10669;  and  51825. 

Maine  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Mo. 

78a.  Carex  laxiculmis  var.  copulata  (Bailey)  Fern.  {Carex  copulata 
(Bailey)  Mack.)  Map  502.  Frequent  in  eastern  Indiana  in  dry  woods, 
principally  white  oak  and  beech;  rare  in  the  western  counties.  The  variety 
is  said  to  be  a  calciphile  while  the  species  prefers  neutral  or  only  slightly 
calcareous  soils. 

N.  J.  to  Mich,  and  Mo. 

79.  Carex  stylollexa  Buckley.  (Carex  la xi flora  var.  styloflexa  (Buck- 
ley) Boott.)  Map  503.  An  eastern  and  southern  species  chiefly  of  the 
Coastal  Plain  known  in  Indiana  from  a  collection  by  Mrs.  C.  C.  Deam: 
in  moist  woods  near  Adams.   Decatur  County.  May   13,  1911,  no.  8149. 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


249 


Map  501 


o  S3 

Map   502 


^arex    laxiculmis 
var.  copu lata   (Bailey)  Fern. 


Map   503 
Carex    styloflexa    Buckley 


Conn,  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  mostly  along  the  coast,  northw.  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley  to  s.  Ind. 

80.  Carex  laxiflora  Lam.  (Carex  heterosperma  Wahl.,  Carex  anceps 
Muhl.  and  Carex  laxiflora  var.  patulifolia  (Dewey)  Carey.)  (Including 
Carex  striatula  Michx.,  Carex  laxiflora  var.  striatula  (Michx.)  Carey,  and 
"Carex  laxiflora"  Mack.,  not  Lam.,  in  Small,  Manual  of  the  Southeastern 
Flora.)  Map  504.  Common  in  dry  woods,  especially  beech-sugar  maple, 
throughout  the  state. 

The  form  commonly  referred  to  Carex  striatula  Michx.  may  deserve 
varietal  recognition,  at  least  in  the  southern  part  of  its  range  and  on  the 
Coastal  Plain  where  it  attains  the  extreme  of  its  differentiation,  but  in 
Indiana  intermediates  so  far  outnumber  the  extremes  that  all  attempts 
to  separate  it  even  varietally  have  been  unsuccessful. 

N.  S.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

80a.  Carex  laxiflora  var.  serrulata  Hermann.  (Rhodora  40:  80.  1938.) 
Map  505.  Known  from  four  counties  all  in  the  eastern  half  of  the 
state.  Its  habitat  is  that  of  the  species.  The  type  collection  (Deam  no. 
6458)  came  from  a  wooded  ravine  two  miles  northwest  of  Henry ville, 
Clark  County,  May  25,  1910. 

Pa.  and  Ind. 

81.  Carex  albursina  Sheldon.  (Carex  laxiflora  var.  latifolia  Boott.) 
Map  506.  Common  on  wooded  slopes,  chiefly  in  limestone  areas;  rare  in 
low,  moist  or  alluvial  woods. 

Deam's  collection  of  May  7,  1905,  from  Blackford  County  is  exceptional 
in  having  the  leaves  semi-evergreen  and  rather  rigid. 
Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Ark. 

82.  Carex  blanda  Dewey.  (Carex  laxiflora  var.  varians  of  authors,  not 
Bailey.)  Map  507.  Very  common  throughout  the  state,  doubtless  occurring 
in  every  county.  In  woods  of  all  types  it  is  the  commonest  species  of  this 
section  of  the  genus.    The  other  Indiana  species  of  the  C.  laxiflora  group 


250 


(VPERACEAE 


Carex 


~T3 
Map  504 


Carex    I axif lora  Lam. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

AuJ 

Sep! 

Oct 

Nov. 

D 

0 

ucl 

IS 

/     H 

1     ° 

D     t 

Ld   i 

■          3 

; 

S3    /5        o 

^.XB          "             3 

—     3            3 

B            « 

D 

3       V 

(Zr^ 

)       D 

r 

f 

a 
t 

■ 

- 
gf 

I 

«  - 

D 

1         B 

9 

0 

=      " 

D 

9         ' 

0 

J 
0 

r» 

Dec  C 

= 

!      s  J 

*  i  — r 

3 

H                f 

r^T »/  3J 

D     1       JXd 

— 

3    _/ 

1/    Miles 

\ 

D 

D 

t*     ' 

a  [    I 

Care 

9    ) 

i  b 

3  J^X          / 

"  "SB 

Map  507 

0  ~T3 

Map  505 
Carex    laxiflora   var.  serrulata  Hermann 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Auj 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

1 

ucl 

f 

3            0 

P 

r~ 

"    ~v 

i  ^ 

2 
H      D 

— r-    f        « 

I 

D 

11 

r1- 

U,.        . 

D       lJ      3 

3 

3 

3 

3 
SB 

-  _n 

9    k: 

J 

Dec.  (- 

I 

V-- 1 

H               D 
K       1              / 

3       L 

9     )       \_ 

T— .J    c    1/ 

1  — 1   D   /  5< 

If   Miles 

1  °      D 

Ca 

rex 

grac 

ilescens 

o           So" 
Map  508 

steud. 

— 

f 

L      9 

)     »0          D 

9 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aufc 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

^_y          id 

-9            9 

V 

J 

-^        °        ' 

D 

r 

„ 

"i 

ID 

9 

1 

0 

-     9P 

r1 

a    |b  3 

0            BP 

9 

D          D 

D      I 

9 
P 

S        D 

J 

,      D       D 

Dec  C 

1 

19 

9 

i      /         r 

9                          y/ 

T D  ^~t — 
~^\"    1  "J 

J   Miles 

v. 

/*    ° 

C 

arex 

JO 

alb 

jrsina   Sh« 

o             54 
Map  506 

Idon 

Map  509 
Carex    Haleana  Olney 


are  rarely  found  in  either  very  sandy  or   (except  C.  gracilescens)   very 
moist  woods  as  C.  blanda  frequently  is. 
Que.  to  N.  Dak.  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Tex. 

83.  Carex  gracilescens  Steud.  ("Carex  laxiflora"  Mack.,  not  Lam.,  in 
Britton  and  Brown,  lllus.  Flora,  ed.  2  and  Carex  laxiflora  var.  gracillima  of 
<  .ray.  Man.,  ed.  7.)  Map  508.  Common  in  low  woods  and  on  wooded  slopes. 
It  is  generally  less  plentiful  where  found  than  is  C.  blanda  at  its  stations. 

Que.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Ark. 


22.  §  GRAMLARES 

Staminate   spike   short-peduncled   or   sessile;    the   two   upper  pistillate   spikes   usually 
contiguous;  rootstocks  not  long-creeping. 
Perigynia  elliptic-obovoid  to  elliptic-ovoid,  2-2.5  mm  long,  1-1.5  mm  wide,  ascending, 
not  ventricose-squarrose,  rounded  at  the  apex,  abruptly  very  minutely  beaked. 

84.  C.  Haleana. 


Carex 


CYPERACEA.E 


251 


— 

T 

F        I 

SD 

D             » 

Jan. 

Feb. 

""' 

Mar. 

V- 

D 

— 

Apr. 
May 
June 
July 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec  j- 

t 

| — 

[V 

i    D 

D     D 
H 

D 

1 

D 

-    DP 

J,- 

0        D 

D 

D 

r 

»    i 

D 

H     J/ — J 

D                  M 

J 

D 

D 

D  I 

H                       , 

TBa      H          —J 

e±    D 

(      ki n  i 

/   Miles 

y     S       Jr^\        / 

3                 SO 

L<0"^V            Map  510 

2arex    granulans  Muhl. 

o         "~55 
Map  512 


Carex   oh'gocarpa  Schkghr 


Perigynia  broadly  ovoid  to  broadly  obovoid,  2.5-4  mm  long,  1.5-2.5  mm  wide,  soon 

ventricose-squarrose,  tapering  at  the  apex,  minutely  beaked.  .85.  C.  granularis. 

Staminate  spike  long-peduncled;  spikes  all  widely  separate;  rootstocks  long-creeping..  . 

86.  C.  Crawei. 

84.  Carex  Haleana  Olney.  (Carex  granularis  var.  Halea?ia  (Olney) 
Porter  and  Carex  Shriveri  Britt.)  Map  509.  Infrequent  in  low  ground, 
principally  along  creeks;  occasionally  on  calcareous  sandy  shores.  More 
frequent  northward,  and  not  known  from  the  unglaciated  area. 

Que.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ind.,  and  Kans. 

85.  Carex  granularis  Muhl.  Map  510.  Common  throughout  the  state  in 
moist  openings,  low  woods  and  on  banks  of  creeks,  especially  in  clay  soils ; 
frequent  in  dry  open  woods. 

Vt.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ark. 

86.  Carex  Crawei  Dewey.  Map  511.  Known  in  Indiana  from  Lake 
County  only  where  it  is  locally  plentiful  on  moist  sandy  interdunal  flats. 
Here  it  is  commonly  associated  with  Carex  Garberi,  C.  aurea,  C.  Meadii, 
and  often  with  C.  viridula. 

Que.  to  Alberta  and  Wash.,  southw.  to  ne.  N.  J.,  s.  Ala.,  Tenn.,  Kans., 
and  Wyo. 

23.  §  OLIGOCARPAE 

Bract-sheaths  glabrous,  the  lower  0.6-2  cm  long;  perigynia  4  mm  or  less  long;  leaf 
blades  2-4.5  mm  wide;  culms  reddish-tinged  at  the  base 87.  C.  oligocarpa. 

Bract-sheaths  strongly  hispidulous,  the  lower  2-6  cm  long;  perigynia  4.5-5  mm  long; 
leaf  blades  3-7  mm  wide;  culms  brownish-tinged  at  the  base.  .88.  C.  Hitchcockiana. 

87.  Carex  oligocarpa  Schkuhr.  Map  512.  Common  in  rich  woods  except 
in  the  three  northern  tiers  of  counties  where  it  is  rare.  It  is  a  plant  of 
calcareous  soils  and  its  favorite  habitats  are  moist,  wooded  ravines  and 
beech  or  beech-maple  slopes.  Occasionally  it  occurs  on  dry  slopes  and  in 
open  woods. 

Vt.  and  Ont.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ala.,  Ky.,  and  Tex. 


252 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


— 

t 

D 

0 

Jjn. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

D 

.       0 

L 

L 

f^ 

B 

D 

l 

D 

{- 

• 

D 

J 

r1 

Dec  i- 

0 

S       » 
i   j — /i 

—       1 

T  v^  / 

/   Miles 

D 

Ca 

rex 

Hitcl 

icockiana 

o             56 
Map  513 

Dewey 

0  50 

Map  514 


Carex    conoidea    Schkuhr 


0 15 

Map   515 


Carex   amphiloba   Steud. 


88.  Carex  Hitchcockiana  Dewey.  Map  513.  In  calcareous  or  neutral 
soils;  common  in  rich  woods  and  moist  ravines  and  on  river  banks;  rarely 
in  dry,  sandy  woods.  It  is  often  associated  with  Carex  Jamesii,  C.  oligo- 
carpa,  C.  blanda,  and  C.  gracillima. 

Vt.  and  Ont.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  W.  Va.,  Ky.,  and  Mo. 


24.  §  GRISEAE 

Perigynia    elliptic,    1.5    mm    wide;    bract-sheaths    minutely    serrulate    on    the    edges; 

peduncles  of  pistillate  spikes  rough;  leaf  blades  2-4  mm  wide 89.  C.  conoidea. 

Perigynia  oblong-oval  to  broadly  obovoid,  2-  (occasionally  1.5  in  C.  amphibola)  2.5  mm 
wide;  bract-sheaths  glabrous;  peduncles  of  pistillate  spikes  glabrous  or  nearly  so; 
leaf  blades  2-18  mm  wide. 
Pistillate   spikes   3-12   flowered;    leaves   slightly   if   at   all   glaucous,   thin   and    soft; 
bract-sheaths  tight. 
Pistillate  spikes  widely  separated,  the  lower  nearly  basal;  culms  strongly  reddish- 
tinged  at  the  base;  perigynia  scarcely  turgid;  leaf  blades  2-4  mm  wide,  erect; 

achenes  slenderly  stipitate 90.  C.  amphibola. 

Lower   pistillate    spikes    not    nearly    basal;    culms    brownish-tinged    at   the    base; 
perigynia   more   or   less    turgid;    leaf   blades    (2)    4-7   mm   wide,    ascending; 

achenes  substipitate 91.  C.  grisea. 

Pistillate  spikes   (12)    15-35-flowered;   leaves  very  glaucous,  thick  and  firm;   bract- 
sheaths  enlarged  upward 92.  C.  glaucodea. 

89.  Carex  conoidea  Schkuhr.  Map  514.  Infrequent  in  the  northwestern 
counties  in  wet  sandy  fields  and  on  banks  of  ditches.  It  is  always  a  very 
local  species  and  this  may  account  for  the  lack  of  specimens  or  reports  from 
northeastern  Indiana  where  it  should  be  found.  The  reports  from  Putnam 
County  by  Coulter,  from  Clark  County  by  Baird  &  Taylor,  and  from  the 
Low.)-  Wabash  Valley  by  Schneck  are  unsupported  by  specimens. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Del.,  Ohio,  and  Iowa;  also  in  the  mts. 
of  N.  C. 

90.  Carex  amphibola  Steud.  (Carex  grisea  var.  angusti folia  Boott.) 
Map  515.    Frequent  in  southern  Indiana  especially  in  the  unglaciated  area, 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


253 


0  ~30 

Map  516 


Carex   grisea    Wahl. 


0  50 

Map  517 


Carex   glaucodea    Tuckerm. 


0  ~K 

Map  518 


Carex    gracillima    Schweln. 


in  dry  beech,  beech-maple,  and  white  oak  woods.  Reported  from  Putnam 
and  Hamilton  Counties  by  Wilson  but  no  specimens  could  be  found  to 
authenticate  these  reports. 

N.  J.  to  Inch,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

91.  Carex  grisea  Wahl.  Map  516.  Very  common  throughout  the 
state  in  rich  dry  or  moist  woods  and  thickets,  in  ditches,  on  banks  of 
streams,  and  along  roadsides.  It  is  extremely  variable  in  its  vegetative 
characteristics  and  in  the  shape  and  size  of  its  perigynia. 

N.  B.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

92.  Carex  glaucodea  Tuckerm.  Map  517.  Frequent  in  southern  Indiana 
on  wooded  or  open  hillsides  in  either  dry  or  moist  soils.  It  is  partial  to 
slopes  and  ridges  and  its  most  frequent  habitats  are  abandoned  roads 
in  woods  and  paths  on  open  grassy  hills.  No  specimens  could  be  located 
to  authenticate  the  reports  from  Lake  County  by  Coulter  and  by  Peattie. 
All  the  known  Indiana  collections  have  come  from  within  or  very  near 
the  unglaciated  area. 

Mass.  to  Ont.  and  111.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ark. 


25.  §  GRACILLIMAE 

Sheaths    (except    the    lower   which    are    dorsally    somewhat    hispidulous)    and    leaves 
glabrous;  perigynia  less  than  2  mm  thick. 

Bracts  long-sheathing;  perigynia  bluntly  angled,  obtuse  at  the  apex 

93.  C.  gracillmia. 

Bracts    sheathless;    perigynia    sharply    angled,    tapering    into    a    triangular,    often 

twisted,  beak  nearly  as  long  as  the  body 94.  C.  prasina. 

Sheaths  and  often  leaf  blades  pubescent;  perigynia  2-2.5  mm  thick 95.  C.  Davisii. 

93.  Carex  gracillima  Schwein.  Map  518.  Doubtless  found  in  every 
county  in  the  state.  It  is  common  in  wooded  ravines  and  in  low  woods  of 
all  types,  although  it  shows  a  preference  for  open  beech  or  beech-maple 
woods. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  and  Mo. 


254 


('YPERACEAE 


Carex 


~33 
Map  519 


Carex    prasina   Wahl. 


0  50 

Map  520 

Carex    Davisii   Schwein.  &  Torr. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 



r 

\ 

r^ 

X 

*■ 

\ 

m 

^—r 

i 

Dec  f- 

HOP 
t        1 , 

1  B 
D    Jr 

D     J  D  V     I 

Id    /    J 

/   Miles 

Carex    d 

ebilis    Mic 

0                50 

Map  521 

hx. 

94.  Carex  prasina  Wahl.  Map  519.  Infrequent,  becoming  frequent  in 
the  southeastern  counties.  A  species  of  very  wet  or  springy  habitats  in 
deep  woods,  growing  generally  along  streamlets  and  frequently  on  bars 
and  rocks  in  streams. 

Que.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  D.  C.  and  Ky.,  and  in  the  Alleghenies  to  Ga. 

95.  Carex  Davisii  Schwein.  &  Torr.  Map  520.  Frequent  in  neutral  or 
calcareous  soils  in  low,  especially  alluvial,  beech  and  beech-maple  woods 
and  in  moist  roadside  ditches.  It  sometimes  superficially  resembles  luxu- 
riant forms  of  Carex  grisea  from  which  it  may  be  readily  distinguished  by 
the  terminal  spike  which  is  gynaecandrous  in  C.  Davisii  and  staminate  in 
C.  grisea. 

Vt.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Md.,  Term.,  and  Tex. 


26.  §  SYLVATICAE 

Perigynia  sessile  or  substipitate;   scales  obtuse  to  short  acuminate,  usually  half  the 
length  of  the  perigynia  or  less;   achenes  conspicuously   stipitate;   broadest  basal 
leaves  2-4.5  mm  wide. 
Perigynia  G-10  mm  long,  narrowly  lanceolate,  broadest  below  the  middle,  very  gradu- 
ally tapering  toward  the  apex  or  the  broad  portion  elongate;   pistillate  scales 

mostly  rounded  on  the  back,  rarely  tinged  with  reddish  brown 96.  C.  debilis. 

Perigynia  4.5-7  mm  long,  broadly  ovate-lanceolate,  broadest  at  the  middle,  abruptly 
tapering  at  both  ends,  the  broad  portion  short;   pistillate  scales  mostly  keeled 

and  tinged  with  reddish  brown 96a.  C.  debilis  var.  Rudgei. 

Perigynia  strongly  stipitate;  scales  strongly  cuspidate  or  awned,  usually  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  perigynia;  achenes  substipitate  or  sessile;  broadest  basal 
leaves  5-10  mm  wide.    ( See  excluded  species  no.  21,  p.  275.) C.  arctata. 

96.  Carex  debilis  Michx.  Map  521.  Infrequent  in  southern  Indiana, 
principally  in  the  southeastern  counties,  where  it  is  found  in  low  wet 
woods,  especially  flat  or  even  swampy  pin  oak  and  beech-sweet  gum  woods. 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


255 


if     o 

D 

Jan. 

Feb. 

I            , 

j 

k 

Mar.     "" 

1 

May 
June 

V>- 

July 
Aug.     "f 

/ 
1 

Sept.    y 
Oct.      } 
Nov. 

r, 

l 

Dec  j— 

i  ^ 

Miles 


o — =^ 
Map  522 


Carex    debilis   var.  Rudgei   Bailey 


o  ~~ To 

Map  523 


Carex    Sprengelif    Dewey 


Miles 
0     '  50 

Map  524 


var. 


Carex    Oederi 
viridula    (Michx.) 


Kijk 


ent 


It  is  not  known  in  Indiana  from  the  habitat  ascribed  to  it  by  Mackenzie 
("dry  woods  and  copses,"  N.  Amer.  Flora  18:  290.   1935). 
Mass.  and  s.  Ind.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

96a.  Carex  debilis  var.  Rudgei  Bailey.  (Carex  flexuosa  Muhl.,  Carex 
tenuis  Ruclge,  and  Carex  debilis  var.  strictior  Bailey.)  Map  522.  Infre- 
quent near  the  northern  border  of  Indiana  where  it  is  found  in  low 
beech-maple  woods.  Any  specimens  which  may  have  formed  the  basis  for 
the  report  of  this  variety  (as  C.  tenuis)  from  Jefferson  County  in  Coulter's 
Catalogue  doubtless  should  be  referred  to  C.  debilis. 

Although  Carex  debilis  and  its  variety  Rudgei  are  geographically  widely 
separated  in  Indiana  their  ranges  overlap  farther  east. 

Newf.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Mo.;  also  in  the  mts.  of  N.  C.  and 
Tenn. 


27.  §  LONGIROSTRES 

97.  Carex  Sprengelii  Dewey.  (Carex  longi7*ostris  Torr.)  Map  523.  A 
local  species  known  in  the  state  only  from  the  lake  area.  The  Miami  and 
Noble  County  stations  are  in  bluegrass  sod  along  roadsides;  that  of 
De  Kalb  County,  on  a  wooded  flood  plain  with  beech  and  black  maple ;  that 
of  Steuben  County,  a  low  depression  in  woods ;  the  Wabash  County,  the 
side  of  "Hanging  Rock"  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Wabash  River,  southeast 
of  Lagro ;  the  White  County,  a  moist  wooded  bottom  along  the  Tippe- 
canoe River,  northeast  of  Buffalo.  Its  usual  habitats,  outside  Indiana,  are 
rich  rocky  woods  especially  in  moist  depressions,  and  on  crests  of  calcare- 
ous river  bluffs  or  the  tops  of  limestone  boulders  in  open  woods.  It  is  often 
in  large  colonies  where  found. 

N.  B.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Del.,  Pa.,  Nebr.,  and  Colo. 


256 


(  lYPBRACEAE 


Carex 


Miles 
—55 
Map   525 
"Carex    Oederi 
var.    prolifera    H.  B.  Lord 


- 

'    ! 

D 
H 

D 
0            H 

-0        IT      d 
P      I         H 

Feb 

0    y' 

Mar 

l 

■1 

H     1 

— 

May 

June 

r 

-l 

July 
Aug 
Sept 

£ 

1 

~ 7 

Oct 

Nov. 

■*—r 

i* 

Dec  C— 

1 

1/    Miles 

6              50 

^<j-\f            Map   526 

Carex     cryptolepis    Mack. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

L       L 

)       KD 

S 

f^ 

f 

s — 

^ 

r, 

1 

D 

Oec  J- 

1 
1  ^ 

T    H     \ 

^JJ   Miles 

3arex    flava 

y  b             50 
Map    527 

L. 

28.  §  EXTENSAE 

Perigynia  2-3  mm  long,  little  if  at  all  deflexed,  the  beak  much  shorter  than  the  body; 
spikes  oblong,  4-7  mm  wide. 
Spikes  2-7,  the  lower  often  separate,  the  terminal  usually   staminate,  conspicuous; 

pistillate  scales  usually  reddish-tinged 98.  C.  viridula. 

Spikes  4-15,  mostly  densely  aggregated,  the  terminal  usually  androgynous  with  the 
staminate  portion  very  small  and  inconspicuous;   pistillate  scales  usually  very 

slightly  if  at  all  reddish-tinged 98a.  Carex  viridula  f.  intermedia. 

Perigynia  3.5-6  mm  long,  at  least  the  lower  conspicuously  deflexed,  the  beak  equaling 
the  body;  spikes  subglobose,  7-12  mm  wide. 
Perigynia  3.5-4.5  mm  long,  the  beak  smooth,  pale  at  the  tip;  scales  slightly  if  at  all 
reddish-tinged,   largely  concealed   by  the  perigynia;   leaf  blades   1-3   mm   wide. 

99.  C.  cryptolepis. 

Perigynia  4.5-6  mm  long,  the  beak  serrulate,  reddish-tinged  at  the  tip;  scales 
strongly  reddish-tinged,  conspicuous  in  the  spikes;  leaf  blades  3-5  mm  wide. 
100.  C.  flava. 

98.  Carex  viridula  Michx.  (See,  Jour.  Bot.  77:  301-304.  Nov.  1939.) 
{Carex  Oederi  var.  viridula,  Carex  Oederi  var.  pumila  (Coss.  &  Germ.) 
Fern.,  and  Carex  irregularis  Schwein.)  Map  524.  Frequent  on  marly  and 
sandy  lake  borders,  and  in  swales  among  the  dunes. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ind.,  N.  Mex.,  Utah,  and  Calif. 

98a.  Carex  viridula  f.  intermedia  (Dudley)  Hermann,  comb.  nov.  (Carex 
Oederi  f.  intermedia  Dudley,  Bull.  Cornell  Univ.  2:117.  1886.)  (Carex 
chlorophila  Mack,  and  Carex  Oederi  var.  prolifera  H.  B.  Lord.)  Map 
525.    Infrequent  in  the  habitats  of  the  preceding  variety. 

the  characters  employed  by  .Mackenzie  to  distinguish  his  C.  chlorophila  from 
('.  viridula  very  few  seem  to  hold  with  any  degree  of  constancy.  A  careful  study  of  an 
ext<  series  of  both  plants  has  shown  the  characteristics  ascribed  to  the  leaf  blades 

and  sheaths  to  be  wholly  unreliable.  The  characters  used  in  the  above  key  to  separate 
c.  chlorophila  from  c.  viridula  (the  former  here  considered  as  a  form  of  C.  viridula), 
although  often  well-marked,  are  tendencies  only  and  they,  together  with  a  generally 
lat<T  flowering  and  fruiting  date  (contrarj   to  Mackenzie's  note  in  \.  Amer.  Flora  18: 

'  that  C.  Oederi,  C.   viridula,  and  C.  chlorophila  "bl n  and  bear  fruit  from  early 

Bummer  until  frost"),  do  nol  seem  suflicientlj  constant  to  maintain  C.  chlorophila  as  a 
species.  Qmbach's  collections  oi  June  I  and  24,  L899,  and  Deam  nos.  14412  (June  3, 
1927)  and  42172  (Aug.  L9,  L925)  are  intermediate  in  nearly  all  characters,  but  on  the 
basis  of  the  early  fruiting  date  of  the  first  three  they  may  be  referred  to  C.  .viridula 
while  the  late  date  of  the  last  would  place  it  nearer  f.  intermedia. 


Carex  Cyperaceae  257 

Between  C.  viridula  and  f .  intermedia  there  is  a  more  or  less  well-defined 
seasonal  difference  in  flowering  and  maturing  of  the  fruit  as  may  be  seen 
from  the  collection  dates  with  Maps  524  and  525.  In  Indiana  C.  viridula 
is  in  its  prime  in  June ;  f .  intermedia  in  August. 

N.  Y.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Ind. 

99.  Carex  cryptolepis  Mack.  {Carex  flava  var.  rectirostra  Gaudin,  in 
part.)  Map  526.  Frequent  in  northern  Indiana  on  marly  lake  borders 
and  in  marshes  rich  in  marl ;  infrequent  on  wet  sandy  lake  shores. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Ind. 

100.  Carex  flava  L.  Map  527.  A  widespread  species  which  is  common 
throughout  most  of  its  range  but  rare  and  very  local  in  Indiana.  The  two 
known  localities  for  it  in  the  state  are :  marly  marsh  on  the  Wolverton 
Estate,  7  miles  southwest  of  South  Bend,  St.  Joseph  County,  Deam  nos. 
54874  and  55079 ;  and  springy  wooded  bank  of  Flat  Rock  River,  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile  above  St.  Paul,  Decatur  County,  Mrs.  C.  C.  Deam  nos. 
10766  and  13400. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ind.,  and  Mont.;  also  in  Europe. 

29.  §  VIRESCENTES 

Perigynia  densely  pubescent;  spikes  about  3-4  mm  thick,  the  lower  more  or  less  widely 
separated  and  peduncled;  ligule  much  longer  than  wide. 
Pistillate  spikes  oblong  or  oblong-globose,  abrupt  or  rounded  at  the  base,  the  lowest 
5-20   mm   long;    perigynia   broadly    obovoid;    anthers   0.8-1.6    mm    long;    leaves 

usually  exceeding  the  culms 101.  C.  Swanii. 

Pistillate  spikes  linear,  attenuate  at  the  base,  the  lowest  15-40  mm  long;  perigynia 
oblong-elliptic   or   narrowly   obovoid;    anthers    1.5-2.5   mm   long;    leaves   usually 

shorter  than  the  culms 102.  C.  virescens. 

Perigynia  glabrous;  spikes  4-8  mm  thick,  contiguous  or  nearly  so,  sessile  or  subsessile; 
ligule  not  longer  than  wide. 
Perigynia  strongly  flattened  ventrally,  rounded  at  the  apex,  nerved,  achenes  with  a 

somewhat  bent  short-apiculate  tip 103.   C.  hirsutella. 

Perigynia  turgid,  nearly  round  in  cross  section,  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  coarsely 
nerved  or  ribbed;  achenes  with  a  very  abruptly  bent  apiculate  tip  or  style. 
Leaf  blades  glabrate;  perigynia  2  mm  long;  pistillate  scales  not  pilose,  obtuse  or 

short-cuspidate 104.  C.  caroliniana. 

Leaf  blades  pubescent,  especially  below;  perigynia  2.5-3.5  mm  long;  pistillate  scales 
sparingly  pilose,  long-acuminate,  cuspidate  or  awned 105.  C.  Bushii. 

101.  Carex  Swanii  (Fern.)  Mack.  (Carex  virescens  var.  Swanii  Fern.) 
Map  528.  Common  in  clearings  in  low  woods,  and  in  moist  open  oak 
woods ;  infrequent  along  roadsides,  on  flood  plains,  and  on  wooded  slopes. 

N.  S.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Tenn.,  and  Ark. 

102.  Carex  virescens  Muhl.  Map  529.  Fairly  common  in  the  southern 
counties,  especially  in  the  knob  area  (Chestnut  Oak  Upland),  on  wooded 
bluffs,  slopes,  and  river  banks;  infrequent  in  level  woods.  It  is  known 
from  the  lake  area  from  a  single  collection  and  most  reports  from  the 
northern  third  of  the  state  were  doubtless  based  upon  material  of 
C.  Swanii. 

Maine  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 


2  58 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


Carei   Swanii    (FernJ    Mack. 


r— 1 

r*~" 

sT~ 

Jan. 

Feb. 

>/ 

D 



Mar. 

4 

l 

C 

J       1 

May 

i 

[Y^n     It- 

J — J  - 

June 

a 

'\i — _ 

July 

/ 

H 

D 

— 

Aug. 
Sept. 

v 

D 
n 

1  "     » 

— 

Oct. 

Nov 

r 

-  i 

j 

r1- 

Dec  (- — 

B      k  0 

V  uc 

DF     I,— 

-L^[  o   /  ^J 

H                       , 

-r'  h  iJ         ( 

)  D     l    0    [d 

£               Tl 
D             %> 

i  r-N-' 

C-^\  D  Id 

*/ 

/V                         t    H 

D     H  (  Sr    fc 

J    Miles 

r  o 

ivdj°^v.  7 

3                50 

vS^^V             Map  530 

Carex    hirsutella    Mack. 

103.  Carex  hirsutella  Mack.  (Carex  triceps  var.  hirsuta  (Willd.) 
Bailey;  "Carex  complanata"  Mack.,  not  Torr.,  in  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus. 
Flora,  ed.  2.)  Map  530.  Common  in  southern  Indiana,  usually  in  sterile  soil, 
in  dry  open  woods  and  fallow  fields  and  along  sandy  roadsides ;  infrequent 
in  low  or  flat  woods;  becoming  less  frequent  northward  and  rare  in  the 
northernmost  counties. 

Maine  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Tex. 

104.  Carex  caroliniana  Schwein.  (Carex  triceps  var.  Smithii  Porter.) 
Map  531.  Frequent  in  southern  Indiana  in  low  flat  woods  and  in  clay  soil 
in  fallow  fields. 

N.  J.  to  N.  C.  and  Tex. 

105.  Carex  Bushii  Mack.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  37:  241.  1910.)  Map 
532.  Known  in  Indiana  only  from  three  stations,  found  by  Deam,  all  in  the 
unglaciated  area.  It  is  common  in  the  Posey  County  locality  in  low,  open 
post  oak  flats  south  of  Half  Moon  Pond,  9  miles  southwest  of  Mount 
Vernon.  The  two  localities  in  Spencer  County  are  in  a  low  fallow  field 
one  mile  north  of  Bloomfield  (4  miles  northwest  of  Chrisney),  and  in  a 
low,  open  pin  oak  and  post  oak  flat  two  miles  southeast  of  Dale. 

Mackenzie  has   pointed  out  the  marked   general   resemblance   of  this 
species  to  the  wholly  unrelated  Carex  Buxbaumii. 
Mass.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  D.  C,  Miss.,  and  Tex. 


30.  §  HlRTAE 

Leaf  blades  fiat,  2-5  mm  wide;  culms  sharply  triangular;  achenes  straight-apiculate. 

106.    C.    lanuginosa. 

Leaf  blades  involute-filiform,  2  mm  wide  or  less;  culms  obtusely  triangular;  achenes 

bent-apiculate 107.  C.  lasiocarpa. 

106.  Carex  lanuginosa  Michx.  Map  533.  Common  in  northern  Indiana 
in  swamps,  sloughs,  wet  ditches,  open  swampy  woods,  and  on  lake  borders ; 
infrequent  in  southern  Indiana.  This,  like  the  following  species,  is  usually 
plentiful  where  found,  often  being  the  dominant  plant  in  a  marsh  or  on  a 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


259 


— 

f 

Y" 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

./" 

Jr 

f    ^ 

1 

r1- 

>v| 

1 — ' 

-\JA 

Nov.    |      1 

1 , 

Dec.i- 

>LLJ 

D     L 
T_"   J       \  J 

!/    Miles 

D 

/V° 

B 

3ar 

ex    ( 

aro 

iniana    Sc 

1         ~3o 
Map   531 

hwein. 

0  50 

Map  532 


Carex    Bushii    Mack. 


lanuginosa 


lake  border.  It  is  one  of  the  most  widely  distributed  sedges  in  North 
America. 

Schneck's  report  from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  is  unsupported  by 
specimens;  in  fact,  no  material  has  been  seen  from  any  of  the  south- 
western counties. 

N.  B.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Tenn.,  Ark.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Calif. 

107.  Carex  lasiocarpa  Ehrh.  (Carex  filiformis  of  authors,  not  L.) 
Map  534.  Frequent  in  the  lake  area  in  sloughs  and  sphagnum  bogs  and 
on  lake  borders.   Like  the  preceding  species,  it  often  forms  large  colonies. 

No  specimen  could  be  found  to  substantiate  Schneck's  report  from  the 
Lower  Wabash  Valley,  an  area  far  south  of  the  normal  range  of  C. 
lasiocarpa. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Iowa,  Idaho,  and  Wash.;  also  in 
Europe. 

30A.  §  ANOMALAE 
Carex  scabrata  Schwein.    (See  excluded  species  no.  23,  p.  275.) 

31.  §  SHORTIANAE 

108.  Carex  Shortiana  Dewey.  Map  535.  Common  except  in  northern 
Indiana.  It  is  found  in  moist  open  woods  and  roadside  ditches  and  on 
banks  of  creeks. 

Attempts  to  locate  a  specimen  to  support  Peattie's  report  from  Lake 
County  have  been  unsuccessful  and  the  species  is  not  otherwise  known 
in  western  Indiana  north  of  Tippecanoe  County. 

Pa.  to  Iowa,  south,  to  Va.,  Tenn.,  and  Okla. 

108a.  X  Carex  Deamii  Hermann.  (Rhodora  40:  81.  1938.)  A  sterile 
hybrid  between  Carex  Shortiana  and  C.  typhina  which  was  discovered  by 
Deam  in  Pike  County  in  1926.  The  only  known  locality  for  it  is  at  the 
edge  of  a  low  woods  on  the  east  side  of  the  road  dividing  sections  17  and  18, 
Jefferson  Twp.,  two  miles  southwest  of  Otwell. 


260 


('VPERACEAE 


Car  ex 


r 

f 

J" 

0 

Jin. 
Feb 

I 

Way 
June 
July 
Aug 

KSl 

Sept 
Oct 
Nov 

r1       -^- 

_~L 

Dec  <- 

LU 

Miles 


5(5 

Map    534 


Carex     lasiocarpa    Ehrh. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

f 



"H  D 

V 

t    ^l'' 

D 

D 

f 

H 

u^ 

D 

0          D 

D     0 

I 

D 
-    DP 

8      S  1 

0         o 

0 

Dec  (- 

rj    "       D 
1      

H 

K         1 y 

0                    ^ 

~U°J \) 

r  P 

1/    Miles 

lie 

D 

y^D 

uc  p  1 

c 

arex 

Sh 

3 3\_  7 

ortiana    D 

o             56 
Map   535 

ewey 

Miles 

o  56 

Map   536 


Carex    limosa    L. 


32.  §  LIMOSAE 

109.  Carex  limosa  L.  Map  536.  Infrequent  in  tamarack  bogs  and  on 
mucky  lake  borders  in  northern  Indiana.   It  is  usually  found  in  sphagnum. 

Lab.  and  Newf .  to  Yukon,  southw.  to  Del.,  Iowa,  Mont.,  and  Calif. ; 
also  in  Eurasia. 

33.  §  ATRATAE 

110.  Carex  Buxbaumii  Wahl.  {Carex  polygama  Schkuhr,  not  Gmelin.) 
Map  537.  Rather  common  among  the  dunes;  infrequent  elsewhere  in 
northern  Indiana.  Among  the  dunes  it  is  found  in  swales  and  on  inter- 
dunal  flats;  elsewhere  in  marshes  and  low  sandy  or  marly  openings.  In 
southern  Indiana  it  occurs  in  swampy  woods. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ark.,  Colo.,  Utah,  and  Calif.;  also  in 
Eurasia. 

34.  §  ACUTAE 

Beak  of  perigynium  very  short,  or  absent,  not  twisted;   pistillate  spikes   erect;   culms 

relatively  slender  to  the  base,  very  rough  above. 

Culms   strongly   phyllopodic    (sterile   shoots   sometimes   aphyllopodic) ;    fertile   culms 

surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  dried-up  leaves  of  the  previous  year;   perigynia 

strongly    flattened,    not   at   all    turgid,    obovoid,   2.75-3.2    mm    long,    1.5-2.75    mm 

wide HI.  C.  substricta. 

Culms  aphyllopodic;  fertile  culms  all  or  mostly  arising  laterally  and  not  surrounded 

at  the  base  by  the  previous  year's  tufts  of  leaves;  perigynia  2-2.75  mm  long, 

1.25-1.75  mm  wide. 

Perigynia    inflated,    strongly    biconvex,    brownish    at    maturity,    broadly    ovate    to 

suborbicular,  2-2.25  mm  long;   pistillate  scales  divaricate  at  maturity;   ligule 

sligbtly  longer  than  wide;  lower  sheaths  slightly  if  at  all  filamentose;  stolons 

short,  ascending;   achenes  suborbicular 112.   C.  Haydenii. 

Perigynia  not  inflated,  closely  enveloping  the  achenes,  unequally  biconvex,  green 

or  straw  colored,  2.25-2.75  mm  long;  stolons  long,  many,  horizontal;  achenes 

oblong  to  obovate. 

Lower    sheaths    not    filamentose    ventrally,    strongly    septate-nodulose    dorsally; 

ligule  much  wider  than   long;   pistillate  spikes    (3)    4-5,  the  lower  2-10  cm 

long;  perigynia  ovate  or  obovate,  1.5-1.75  mm  wide 113.  C.  Emoryi. 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


261 


Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


D       } 

0 

0      u 

F 

\  

1 

v 

S 

r 

L 

j 

1 

r 

1— 

I                   >-l — 

Miles 


o  3o 

Map  538 

Carex    substricta    (Kukenth.)    Mack, 


0  TO 

Map  539 


Carex    H  ay  den  i  i    Dewey 


Lower  sheaths  filamentose  ventrally;   ligule  much  longer  than   wide;   pistillate 
spikes  usually  3,  the  lower  1-6  cm  long;   perigynia  elliptic  to  narrowly  or 
broadly  ovate,  1.5  mm  wide;  pistillate  scales  appressed  at  maturity. 
Leaf    sheaths    glabrous    ventrally,    without    a    minute    hyaline    jagged-ciliate 

margin  at  the  mouth 114.  C.  stricta. 

Leaf   sheaths   hispidulous   ventrally    (and   dorsally),    usually   with   a   minute 
jagged-ciliate    margin    at    the    mouth;     leaves    usually    paler    green    or 

glaucous 114a.  C.  stricta  var.  strictior. 

Beak  of  perigynium  prominent,  twisted  when  dry;  at  least  the  lower  pistillate  spikes 
nodding  or  recurving;  culms  usually  stout  at  the  base,  smooth  above;  stolons  very 
short  and  ascending  or  none 115.  C.  torta. 

111.  Carex  substricta  (Kukenth.)  Mack.  (In  Rydb.,  Flora  Rocky  Mts. 
139.  1917.)  (Carex  aquatilis  var.  substricta  Kukenth.)  Map  538.  Infre- 
quent but  locally  plentiful  in  the  northernmost  tier  of  counties  in  marshes 
and  sloughs  and  on  lake  or  river  borders. 

Most  of  the  reports  of  C.  aquatilis  from  Indiana  were  doubtless  based 
upon  specimens  of  this  species. 

Newf.  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ind.,  and  Nebr. 

112.  Carex  Haydenii  Dewey.  (Carex  stricta  var.  decora  Bailey.)  Map 
539.  Infrequent  in  northwestern  Indiana  in  wet  prairies,  ditches,  and  low 
clearings  in  open  oak  woods. 

N.  B.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  111.,  and  Mo. 

113.  Carex  Emoryi  Dewey.  Map  540.  Frequent  along  banks  of  creeks 
and  in  swamps,  sloughs,  and  swales  in  woods.  Not  known  from  the  ungla- 
ciated  area. 

N.  J.  and  Va.  to  Man.  and  Colo.,  southw.  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. 

114.  Carex  stricta  Lam.  (Carex  stricta  var.  angustata  (Boott)  Bailey.) 
Map  541.  Frequent  in  northwestern  Indiana  in  marshes  and  open  swamps 
and  on  borders  of  creeks  where  it  generally  forms  dense  tussocks.  Less 
common  than  the  following  variety  except  in  Lake  County. 


2G2 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


Map  540 
Carei    Emoryi    Dewey 


0  ~"53 

Map   541 


Carex    stricta    Lam. 


Miles 

r — tb 

Map  542 
"Carei   strlda 
var.  strictior   (Dewey)   Carey 


The  dominant  plant  of  "sedge  meadows"  is  most  frequently  this  species 
or  var.  strictior. 

Maine  to  N.  C,  and  along  the  Coastal  Plain  to  Tex. ;  also  locally  in  the 
Great  Lakes  region. 

114a.  Carex  stricta  var.  strictior  (Dewey)  Carey.  {Carex  strictior 
Dewey.)  Map  542.  Common  in  northern  Indiana  in  marshes  and  road- 
side ditches,  often  in  very  marly  soil;  infrequent  southward  along  the 
western  border  of  the  state. 

This  plant  is  reputed  to  grow  in  beds  (not  dense  tussocks)  while  C. 
stricta  is  supposed  to  occur  in  very  dense  tussocks  only.  Field  observations 
in  Indiana,  however,  do  not  indicate  that  this  distinction  is  at  all  reliable ; 
C.  strictior  has  often  been  seen  to  form  conspicuous  tussocks  and  C.  stricta 
was  frequently  found  in  beds.  The  distinctions  ascribed  by  Mackenzie  to 
the  foliage  characters  (leaf  blades  deep  green,  channeled  and  keeled  toward 
the  base  in  C.  stricta,  glaucous  to  blue-green,  flat  or  nearly  so  to  the  base  in 
C.  strictior)  seem  to  be  particularly  inconstant.  The  lowest  bract  is  gen- 
erally larger  and  more  leaflike  in  var.  strictior,  but  this,  too,  is  merely  a 
tendency.  P^orms  which  are  transitional  in  nearly  all  characters  are  so 
frequent  in  Indiana  that  it  seems  best  to  regard  C.  strictior  as  not  more 
than  a  variety. 

Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  D.  C.  (in  the  mts.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn.)  and  Iowa. 

115.  Carex  torta  Boott.  Map  543.  Frequent  south  of  the  lake  area  on 
rocky  beds  of  streams,  and  sand  bars  in  creeks  and  on  their  springy  banks ; 
rare  in  woodland  swales. 

Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Tenn.,  and  Ark. 


35.  §  CRYPTOCARPAE 

116.     Carex  crinita  Lam.    Map  544.    Common  in  swampy  woods  and 
thickets ;  frequent  in  swales,  sloughs,  ditches,  and  swamps. 
Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tex. 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


263 


o 55 

Map  543 


Carex    torta   Boot t 


0  ^3 

Map   544 


Carex    crinita   Lam. 


— 

Jar 
Feb 

. 

L 
11 

f 

p'    ■ 



Mar. 
Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

jl 

fr1 

" 

-i 

r 

J 

J 

r1 

Dec  (- 

i 

1/    Miles 

Carex    f 

in 

iculata 

0              5(5 
Map  545 

L. 

35A.  §  ORTHOCERATES 

Carex  pauciflora  Lightf.    (See  excluded  species  no.  28,  p.  276.) 

36.  §  FOLLICULATAE 

117.  Carex  folliculata  L.  Map  545.  Known  in  Indiana  only  from  the 
dune  area  in  Porter  and  La  Porte  Counties  where  it  is  locally  frequent  on 
mucky  borders  of  wet  woods.  One  collection  of  Deam's  (4  miles  northeast 
of  Michigan  City)  is  from  a  sedge  marsh. 

Newf.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  D.  C.  (in  the  mts.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn.)  and  Ind., 
but  best  developed  on  the  Coastal  Plain. 

37.  §  PSEUDO-CYPERI 

Teeth  of  perigynia   not   over   0.5   mm   long;    perigynia   suborbicular  in   cross   section, 
inflated,   membranaceous,   spreading;   culms   stoloniferous;   ligule .  not   longer  than 

wide 1 18.  C  hystricina. 

Teeth   of   perigynia    0.5    mm    or    more    long;    perigynia    flattened-triangular,    scarcely 

inflated,  coriaceous,  more  or  less  reflexed;   culms  not   stoloniferous;   ligule  much 

longer  than  wide. 

Teeth  of  perigynia  recurved-spreading,  1.2-2  mm  long;  beaks  of  perigynia  (exclusive 

of  the  teeth)  1.5-2.2  mm  long,  equaling  or  longer  than  the  bodies;  perigynia  6  mm 

long 119.  C.  comosa. 

Teeth  of  perigynia  erect  or  slightly  spreading,  0.5-1  mm  long;  beaks  of  perigynia 
(exclusive  of  the  teeth)  averaging  1  mm  long,  shorter  than  the  bodies;  perigynia 
4-5  mm  long 120.  C.  Pseudo-Cyperus. 

118.  Carex  hystricina  Muhl.  (Carex  hystricina  var.  Dudleyi  Bailey  and 
Carex  hystricina  var.  Cooleyi  Wood.)  Map  546.  Common  in  most  of  the 
glaciated  area  of  Indiana  in  swamps  and  wet  habitats  of  all  types  but 
usually  in  calcareous  soils. 

No  corroborating  specimen  for  Schneck's  report  from  the  Lower  Wabash 
Valley  could  be  found. 

Que.  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  Tex.,  and  Calif. 

119.  Carex  comosa  Boott.  (Carex  Pseudo-Cyperus  var.  americana 
Hochst.)    Map  547.    Fairly  common  in  northern  Indiana  on  low  borders 


264 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

0        1 

r      i 

_«D> 

D            D 
H            f 

D      J* 

0 

r- 

\ 

i  ^ 

D 

f 

a 

I1 

V 



S 

-^ 

J 

1              « 

Dec  C 

— 

■LL 

1/    Miles 

-. 

I      ( 

K           | 

acu 

Care 
>tns 

x    riparra 

0            "     56 

Map  549 

0  15 

Map  547 

Carex    comosa   Boott 


J 


— 

r 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

» 

\ 

r  r^°  ° 

'         D 

1 

V 

r1 

J        0 

B 

D      . 

D             D 

D          C 

"^ 

j 

D          D 

Dec.f- 

1         ' 

D 

1/    Miles 

k 

j 

D 

rJ      d 

°  i c  1 

Ca 

rex 

hyal 

inolepis    5 

50 
Map  550 

teud. 

0  55 

Map  548 


Carex    Pseudo-Cyperus  L. 


o  53 

Map   551 


Carex    subimpressa    Cloke 


of  lakes  (often  in  shallow  water)  and  in  swamps,  sloughs,  and  ditches.  In 
southern  Indiana  it  is  known  only  from  a  single  collection  from  Floyd 
County. 

Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. ;  also  locally  in  the  Pacific  Coast 
States. 

120.  Carex  Pseudo-Cyperus  L.  Map  548.  Rare  on  lake  borders  and  in 
sloughs  and  swamps  in  northern  Indiana  where  it  reaches  the  southern 
limit  of  its  range.  Like  C.  comosa  it  frequently  grows  in  shallow  water, 
rooted  in  muck. 

Newf.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  and  Minn. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 

38.   §  PALUDOSAE 

Beaks  of  perigynia  much  shorter  than  the  hody,  the  teeth  short,  about  0.5  mm  long, 
erecl  or  nearly  so;   foliage  glabrous. 
Perigynia  glabrous. 


Carex  Cyperaceae  265 

Mature  perigynia  strongly  nerved;  fertile  culms  aphyllopodic,  strongly  reddish- 
tinged  at  the  base,  the  lower  sheaths  filamentose  ventrally;   ligule  at  least 

twice  as  long  as  wide 121.  C.  riparia  var.  lacustris. 

Mature  perigynia  impressed-nerved;  fertile  culms  phyllopodic,  less  strongly  or 
not  at  all  reddish-tinged  at  the  base,  the  lower  sheaths  not  filamentose 
ventrally;  ligule  shorter  or  moderately  (less  than  one  and  a  half  times)  longer 

than  wide 122.  C.  hyalinolepis. 

Perigynia  hairy,  the  ribs  mostly  hidden  by  the  short  dense  pubescence 

122  a.  X  C.  siibimpressa. 

Beaks  of  perigynia  (including  teeth)  nearly  as  long  as  the  body;  the  teeth  prominent, 
1-3  mm  long,  erect  to  widely  spreading. 
Perigynia  glabrous;  leaf  sheaths  pubescent;  at  least  the  lower  leaf  blades  sparsely 

hairy  below  toward  the  base 123.  C.  atherodes. 

Perigynia  hairy;  leaf  sheaths  and  blades  glabrous 124.  C.  trichocarpa. 

121.  Carex  riparia  Curtis  var.  lacustris  (Willd.)  Kiikenth.  (Carex 
lacustris  Willd.)  Map  549.  Common  in  calcareous  soils  in  marshes  and 
ditches  and  on  borders  of  swamps,  lakes,  and  streams.  It  often  forms  ex- 
tensive stands  in  marshes.  This,  and  to  a  lesser  extent  the  following  species, 
seem  to  be  somewhat  periodic  in  fruiting,  at  least  in  the  Great  Lakes  States. 
Often  throughout  one  or  more  seasons  in  a  large  colony,  only  a  few  plants, 
if  any,  will  be  found  with  fertile  culms. 

Que.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Iowa. 

122.  Carex  hyalinolepis  Steud.  (Carex  riparia  var.  impressa  S.  H. 
Wright  and  Carex  impressa  (S.  H.  Wright)  Mack.)  Map  550.  Common, 
except  in  the  northern  three  tiers  of  counties,  in  roadside  ditches  and  wet 
depressions  in  low  open  woods  and  on  flood  plains  and  borders  of  ponds. 

N.  J.  to  Ont.  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

122a.  X  Carex  siibimpressa  Clokey.  (Rhodora  21:  84.  1919;  Carex 
languinosa  X  impressa  Clokey,  Torreya  16:  199.  1916.)  Map  551.  Known 
in  Indiana  from  collections  by  Deam  from  four  counties  along  the  north- 
eastern border,  where  it  is  very  local  but  usually  occurs  in  colonies  which 
are  probably  clones.  It  is  found  in  ditches  along  roadsides  or  railroads 
and  in  low  ground  in  open  woods. 

No  verifying  specimens  were  found  for  Clokey's  reports  from  Porter 
and  Posey  Counties  or  for  Peattie's  report  from  Lake  and  Porter  Counties. 

Ind.  and  111. 

123.  Carex  atherodes  Spreng.  (Carex  trichocarpa  var.  imberbis  Gray 
and  Carex  trichocarpa  var.  aristata  (R.  Br.)  Bailey.)  Map  552.  Rare  in 
northern  Indiana  in  marshes  and  wet  prairie  habitats. 

Reported  from  Marshall  County  by  Clark  but  no  specimens  could  be 
located. 

Ont.  to  Yukon,  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  Mo.,  Kans.,  Colo.,  Utah,  and  Oreg. ; 
also  in  Eurasia. 

124.  Carex  trichocarpa  Muhl.  Map  553.  Rare  in  swamps,  low  openings, 
and  swales  in  woods ;  chiefly  in  eastern-central  Indiana. 

Reported  from  Madison  County  by  Smith  but  no  specimens  were  found. 
Que.  and  Vt.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ind.,  and  Iowa. 


266 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
May 

June 
July 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 

t~    ° 

\ 

H     1 

r 

D,„ 

-4 

f 

~?  D      d 

D                

j 

r1 

Dec  C 

i     ' — 

A/     Miles 

Carex 

trie 

hocarpa 

0                50 

Map  553 

Muhl. 

o  33 

Map   554 


Carex    FrankFI   Kunth 


39.  §  SQUARROSAE 

Perigynia  shorter  than  the  rough-awned  scales,   14-20-ribbed;   terminal   spike  usually 
staminate,  narrowly  linear,  small  (0.5-2.5  cm  long);  ligule  slightly,  if  at  all,  longer 

than  wide;  achenes  about  1.5  mm  long 125.  C.  Frankii. 

Perigynia  much  longer  than  the  scales,  several-ribbed  above;   terminal   spike  gynae- 
candrous;  ligule  much  longer  than  wide;  achenes  2.2-3  mm  long. 
Beaks   of   perigynia   mostly   appressed-ascending;    spikes    oblong-cylindric;    achenes 
obovoid,    their    sides    concave;    pistillate    scales    mostly    blunt;    style    straight 

below 126.  C.  typhina. 

Beaks  of  perigynia  widely  radiating;  spikes  oval  or  oblong-oval;  achenes  linear- 
oval,  their  sides  almost  flat;  pistillate  scales  acute  to  short-awned;  style  strongly 
curved  or  bent  below 127.  C.  squwrosa. 

125.  Carex  Frankii  Kimth.  (Carex  stenolepis  Torr.)  Map  554.  Not 
known  from  the  two  northern  tiers  of  counties.  Except  in  the  lake  and 
prairie  areas  very  common  in  ditches  and  low  roadsides  and  on  banks  of 
creeks;  frequent  in  swamps,  low  flat  woods,  ravines,  marshes,  and  wet 
fallow  fields. 

Pa.  and  N.  Y.  to  111.  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex.;  also  in  S.  A. 

126.  Carex  typhina  Michx.  (Carex  typhinoides  Schwein.)  Map  555. 
Fairly  common  in  the  southern  counties,  infrequent  in  northern  Indiana, 
and  not  known  from  the  central  portion  of  the  state.  Its  favorite  habitat 
is  low  flat  woods,  especially  pin  oak,  but  it  is  also  found  on  borders  of 
ponds  and  in  marshes,  swamps,  and  roadside  ditches. 

Specimens  to  confirm  Wilson's  reports  from  Hamilton  and  Tippecanoe 
Counties  could  not  be  found. 

Que.  to  Wis.  and  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  La. 

127.  Carex  squarrosa  L.  Map  556.  Common,  especially  southward,  in 
low  or  swampy  woods  and  roadside  ditches;  frequent  on  wet  borders  of 
ponds  and  creeks. 

Que.  to  Wis.  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ark. 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


267 


— 

Jan. 
Feb 

f 

1                     D 



Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec  J- 

v_^ 

■C 

\ 

t  Av 

D 

f 

r1 

I 

1 

^H 

J 

r 

i 

D 

1         ' 

0 

1  rV 

^"    Pl       > ' 

h  y 

1/    Miles 

r*    D 

L      D     p* 

1  a      o 

H 

Care 

x    ty 

phina    Mi< 

o             5o 
Map   555 

'hx. 

~T3 

Map    556 


Carex    squarrosa   L. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


0 
H 

n                  - 

1  lf 

~v^ 

i^ 

D 

r 

K 

Wm 

<-±_    ] 

L       ' \S 

Miles 


0  56 

Map   557 


Carex    vesicana    L. 


40.  §  VESICARIAE 

Pistillate  scales  not  rough-awned. 

Pistillate  spikes  oblong  to  cylindric,  17-many-flowered;  leaf  blades  flat  or  the  margins 
somewhat  revolute. 
Perigynia  not  reflexed;   bracts  moderately  exceeding  the  inflorescence. 
Achenes  not  excavated  on  one  side;  perigynia  2.5-3.5  mm  wide. 

Culms  sharply  triangular  below  the  spikes,  rough;  perigynia  appressed  or 
ascending;  teeth  of  perigynia  long  or  perigynia  tapering  gradually  into 
the  beak;  lower  sheaths  fragile,  becoming  strongly  filamentose;  ligule 
much  longer  than  wide;  rootstocks  short-creeping,  without  long  horizontal 

stolons 128.  C.  vesicaria. 

Culms  bluntly  triangular  below  the  spikes,  smooth;  perigynia  spreading  to 
squarrose  at  maturity;  teeth  of  perigynia  short  or  perigynia  abruptly 
contracted  into  the  beak;  lower  sheaths  not  fragile,  not  becoming 
filamentose;   ligule   slightly   if  at   all   longer   than   wide;    rootstocks   with 

long  horizontal  stolons 129.  C.  rostrata. 

Achenes  deeply  excavated  on  one  side;  perigynia  5-6.5  mm  wide 

130.  C.  Tuckermani. 

Lower   perigynia   reflexed   or   widely   spreading,    somewhat   falcate;    bracts   many 

times  exceeding  the  inflorescence 131.  C.  retrorsa. 

Pistillate  spikes  globose  or  short-oblong,  3-18-flowered;  leaf  blades  involute 

132.  C.  oligosperma. 

Pistillate  scales  rough-awned 133.  C.  lurida. 

128.  Carex  vesicaria  L.  (Including  Car  ex  vesicaria  var.  monile  (Tuck- 
erm.)  Fern.)  Map  557.  Infrequent  in  the  lake  area  in  swamps,  swales, 
and  swampy  woods. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Del.,  Ind.,  Mo.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Calif.;  also  in 
Eurasia. 

129.  Carex  rostrata  Stokes.  (Including  Carex  rostrata  var.  utriculata 
(Boott)  Bailey.)  Map  558.  Frequent  in  northern  Indiana  in  marshes, 
swamps,  low  woods,  wet  roadside  ditches,  and  swales  and  on  borders  of 
ponds  and  lakes,  often  in  shallow  water.  It  is  a  very  widespread  species 
but  generally  is  not  plentiful  in  any  one  locality. 


268 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


0  50 

Map  558 


Carex    rostrata   Stokes 


Tuck 


ermani 


0  50 

Map  559 
Boott 


o         ~w 
Map   560 


Carex    retrorsa   Schwein. 


Greenland  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Del.,  W.  Va.,  Ind.,  S.  Dak.,  N.  Mex.,  and 
Calif. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 

130.  Carex  Tuckermani  Boott.  Map  559.  Frequent  in  northeastern 
Indiana;  otherwise  known  in  the  state  only  from  the  dune  area  and  from 
Floyd  County.  It  is  found  in  swales  in  woods,  swamps,  and  on  borders  of 
ponds,  frequently  in  shallow  water. 

N.  B.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ind.,  and  Iowa. 

131.  Carex  retrorsa  Schwein.  Map  560.  Known  in  Indiana  from  two 
collections  near  the  northern  border  of  the  state ;  edge  of  swamp,  East 
Chicago,  Lake  County,  W.  S.  Moffatt,  July  2,  1893,  and,  near  St.  Mary's 
Academy,  Notre  Dame,  St.  Joseph  County,  J.  A.  Nieuwland,  July  9,  1913. 

No  corroborating  specimens  have  been  seen  for  the  report  in  Coulter's 
Catalogue  from  Gibson  County,  Wilson's  report  from  Hamilton  County  or 
Schneck's  from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley. 

Que.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ind.,  Iowa,  Colo.,  and  Oreg. 

132.  Carex  oligosperma  Michx.  Map  561.  Frequent  in  the  dune  area, 
otherwise  quite  local  in  northern  Indiana.  It  prefers  Chamaedaphne  and 
tamarack  bogs,  but  is  found  also  in  marshes  and  swales  and  on  borders 
of  ponds. 

Newf.  to  Mack.,  southw.  to  Mass.,  Pa.,  and  Ind. 

L33.  Carex  lurida  Wahl.  Map  562.  Very  common;  in  southern  In- 
diana ubiquitous  in  swamps,  sloughs,  ditches,  and  wet  habitats  of  all  types. 

Carex  lurida  is  frequently  confused  with  C.  hijstncina  and  with  C. 
lupulina.  The  following  distinctions,  in  addition  to  those  given  in  the  key 
to  the  sections,  may  be  useful  in  separating  it  from  these.  The  achene  of 
C.  lurida  is  strongly  rough-papillate;  that  of  C.  lupulina  is  perfectly 
smooth.  Also  the  teeth  of  the  perigynia  in  C.  lurida  are  very  short  (aver- 
aging 0.5  mm  long)  and  the  stigmas  all  protrude  from  one  side;  in  C. 
hijmlinn  the  teeth  are  long  (0.75-2  mm)  and  the  stigmas  radiate  irregu- 
larly from  the  orifice.   In  C.  hystricina  the  teeth  of  the  perigynia  are  longer 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


269 


Carex    oligosperma    Michx. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec.J- 

r 

L 
I 
1 

D 

1       SD 

D 

p 

D 

-^                   1 

D 

\ 

D       K 

'.Hrf 

D 

r 



3 

B 

1 

D  UP     u 

H 

i- 

D 

Us— 

0 

D 
D 

D  r 

J~ 

(1        0 

ATb™ 

I 

B 

^CfH- 

f*/     0 

D 

D 
H 

0  j      J 

OH          P 

K   ND   1 

J    D     [  D 

0 

^-1  cf    ° 

\$J    Miles 

D  1 
p 

D 

c 

arex 

D  -r\ 

lurida 

7  0                 50 

Map  562 
Wahl. 

o 13 

Map  563 


Carex    Grayii     Carey 


and  spreading  or  ascending ;  in  C.  lurida  the  teeth  are  erect  or  appressed, 
the  perigynia  are  more  abruptly  beaked  and  the  beak  is  longer  and 
narrower. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Vera  Cruz,  Mex. 


41.  §  LUPULINAE 

Pistillate  spikes   globose   to   short-ovoid;    style   straight  or  the  bend  remote  from  the 

achene. 

Perigynia   radiating   in   all   directions,   cuneate   at   the   base,   subcoriaceous,   usually 

somewhat   hispidulous;    staminate   spike   usually    subsessile   or   short-peduncled; 

achenes   obscurely   trigonous,   almost   suborbicular   in   cross   section,   the   angles 

inconspicuous 134.  C.  Grayii. 

Perigynia  ascending,  rounded  at  the  base,  membranaceous,  smooth  and  shining; 
staminate  spike  normally  long-peduncled;  achenes  with  blunt  angles  but  con- 
spicuously trigonous. 

Perigynia  broadly  ovoid,  about  half  as  broad  (5-8  mm)  as  long 

135.  C.  intumescens. 

Perigynia  narrowly  ovoid,  a  fourth  to  a  third  as  broad  (3.5-5  mm)  as  long 

135a.  C.  intumescens  var.  Fernaldii. 

Pistillate  spikes  oblong  to  cylindric;  style  abruptly  bent  immediately  above  the  achene. 

Achenes  conspicuously  longer  than  wide,  the  angles  not  prominently  knobbed,  the 

sides  shallowly  concave;  pistillate  spikes  short-oblong  to  oblong-cylindric. 

Culms   arising   one   to   few   together   from   elongate   rootstocks;    staminate    spike 

narrow,  2.5  mm  wide,  very  long-peduncled;   pistillate   scales  blunt  to   acute, 

rarely  short-mucronate;  leaf  blades  2-6  mm  wide 136.  C.  louisianica. 

Culms  cespitose;  staminate  spike  3-5  mm  wide,  sessile  or  short-peduncled;  pistillate 

scales  acuminate  to  rough-awned;  leaf  blades  4-15  mm  wide 

137.  C.  lupulina. 

Achenes  not  longer  than  wide,  the  angles   prominently  knobbed,   the   sides   deeply 
concave;  pistillate  spikes  cylindric  or  oblong-cylindric. 
Perigynia  ascending  or  slightly   spreading,  the  beak  less  than  twice  the  length 

of  the  body;  achenes  about  as  wide  as  long 138.  C.  lupuliformis. 

Perigynia  widely  spreading  at  maturity,  the  beak  2-3  times  the  length  of  the  body; 
achenes  much  wider  than  long 139.  C.  gigantea. 

134.     Carex   Grayii   Carey.     (Carex   Grayii  var.   hispidula   Gray  and 


270 


Cyperaceae 


Carex 


Jin 
fet> 

Mar 

Apr 
May 

June 

July 
Aug 
Sept 
Oct 
Nov 

L 

r    » 

V 

t      D 

D 
D 

» 

c 

jl 

f^ 

r 

" 

I1' 

-I 

J~ 

—        ■ 

D 

r 

Oec.f- 

ULi 

»            B 

t      1 _/ 

(             J 

-1    ■>    1        \    / 

0      /     ^4 

/    Miles 

J  0     | 

Ca 

rex 

ntun 

ie 

scens    F 

)  50 
Map  564 

udge 

0         ~^<5 

Map  565 
Carex    intumescens 
var.  Fernaldii   Bailey 


— 

Jan 

f 



Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

1        — ,— 
L 

Jk 

fr1 

"H- 

r, 

-     k 

Dec  (- 

1/    Miles 

CL      D 

0    ( 

i       o 

3D 
K 

c 

arex 

louisianica    E 

0                50 

Map  566 
ai  ley 

Carea:  Asa^Grayi  Bailey.)  Map  563.  Common,  but  local,  in  low  rich  woods 
and  on  banks  of  creeks  and  borders  of  swamps.  Widely  distributed  in  the 
state  but  generally  not  found  in  abundance  at  any  one  locality.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  conspicuous  of  the  sedges  and  so  is  apt  to  be  collected  more 
often  than  some  of  the  inconspicuous  species  which  may  be  actually  more 
common. 

The  form  known  as  var.  hispidula  shows  no  geographic  segregation  and 
doubtless  does  not  merit  even  formal  recognition.  J.  K.  Underwood,  of  the 
University  of  Tennessee  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  writes  that  he 
has  observed  the  same  plants  which  one  year  had  hispidulous  perigynia  to 
be  perfectly  glabrous  the  next  season. 

Vt.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tenn.,  and  Mo. 

135.  Carex  intumescens  Rudge.  Map  564.  Frequent  to  locally  common 
in  depressions  in  low  woods  (maple,  beech,  sweet  gum  or  pin  oak)  and  in 
flat  woods. 

N.  H.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

135a.  Carex  intumescens  var.  Fernaldii  Bailey.  Map  565.  Infrequent 
in  northern  Indiana,  chiefly  in  the  lake  area,  in  habitats  similar  to  those 
of  the  species. 

Newf.  to  Keewatin,  southw.  to  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  and  111.  and  in  the  mts. 
to  N.  C. 

136.  Carex  louisianica  Bailey.  (Carex  Halei  Carey.)  Map  566.  A 
southern  species  which  reaches  its  northwestern  limit  in  southern  Indiana 
where  it  is  infrequent  in  low  open  woods,  flat  woods,  and  cypress  swamps, 
mostly  in  the  unglaciated  area. 

N.  J.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

137.  Carex  lupulina  Muhl.  (Carex  lupulina  var.  pedwiculata  Gray.) 
Map  567.  Very  common  in  swamps,  ditches,  and  low  open  woods  and  on 
borders  of  ponds  and  rivers. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


Carex 


Cyperaceae 


271 


0  "TO 

Map   567 


Carex    lupulina    Muhl. 


0  50 

Map  570 


Acorus    Calamus  L 


o  50 

Map  568 
Carex   lupulif ormis    Sartwell 


Map  571 
Symplocarpus   foetidus   (L )  Nutt 


0  ^0 

Map   569 
Carex    gigantea    Rudge 


138.  Carex  lupuliformis  Sartwell.  Map  568.  Infrequent  and  local  in 
swampy  woods,  wet  ditches,  and  buttonbush  swamps,  and  on  borders  of 
ponds. 

Vt.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.,  La.,  and  Tex. 

139.  Carex  gigantea  Rudge.  Map  569.  Rare  and  local  in  the  southern 
counties  in  cypress  swamps  and  swampy  or  low  open  woods. 

Del.  to  Ky.,  Ind.,  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


EXCLUDED  SPECIES 

1.  Carex  radiata  (Wahl.)  Dewey.  Reported,  as  Carex  rosea  var.  radiata 
Dewey,  from  Allen  County,  the  Chicago  region  (including  Lake  and  Porter 
Counties) ,  and  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  but  the  reports  were  made  before 
this  species  and  C.  rosea  were  clearly  understood.  The  specimen  upon 
which  the  Allen  County  record  was  based  is  C.  rosea  and  doubtless  the 


°72 


(  \ peraceae  Carex 


specimens  forming  the  bases  of  other  reports  should  be  referred  to  the 

same  species. 

Que.  to  Mich..  Bouthw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 

2  Carex  austrina  (Small)  Mack.  Deam  reported  this  southern  and 
western  species  from  Benton  County  in  1928  on  the  basis  of  a  collection 
(Deam  no.  18219)  which  Mackenzie  so  determined.  This  collection  is  C. 
gravida.  The  specimen  in  the  Deam  Herbarium  approaches  var.  Lunelliana 
in  its  rather  broadly  ovate,  short-beaked  perigynia.  In  his  treatment  of 
the  Cariceae  in  North  American  Flora  (18:  57.  1931.)  Mackenzie  does  not 
cite  Carex  austrina  from  Indiana. 

Mo.  and  Kans.  to  Ark.  and  Tex. 

3  Carex  vulpinoidea  Michx.  var.  pycnocephala  Hermann.  A  collection 
by  Deam  (Steuben  County,  June  17,  1903)  is  referred  to  this  variety  in 
Rhodora  38:  363.  1936.  Since  this  is  the  only  specimen  known  from  In- 
diana, however,  and  since  it  is  not  entirely  typical  it  seems  best  to  exclude 
it  until  additional  and  characteristic  material  may  be  found. 

Mich,  and  Minn. ;  probably  elsewhere  on  sandy  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

4.  Carex  canescens  L.  There  have  been  many  reports  of  this  northern 
species  from  Indiana  but  all  specimens  so  labeled  proved  to  be  either  var. 
disjuncta  or  var.  subloliacea  (except  E.  J.  Hill's  no.  60,  which  is  C.  tenera.) 
Without  doubt  typical  C.  canescens  is  not  found  in  Indiana. 

Lab.  to  B.  C,  locally  southw.  to  Conn,  and  n.  Mich. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 

5.  Carex  brunnescens  (Pers.)  Poir.  Both  Pepoon  and  Peattie  have  re- 
ported this  sedge  from  Lake  County  but  no  specimens  from  there  could 
be  located  in  the  Indiana  herbaria,  nor  in  the  Field  Museum,  Chicago 
Academy  of  Sciences,  Gray  Herbarium,  National  Herbarium  or  the  herbaria 
of  the  Universities  of  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  or  Michigan.  Since  the  species 
is  known  from  Ohio  and  from  at  least  as  far  southwest  as  Kalamazoo 
County,  Michigan,  it  is  not  improbable  that  it  does  occasionally  reach 
northern  Indiana. 

Greenland,  Lab.,  and  Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  J.  (in  the  mts.  to 
N.  C.)i  Colo.,  and  Wash.;  also  in  Eurasia. 

6.  Carex  exilis  Dewey.  A  species  principally  of  the  Coastal  Plain, 
known  in  the  Great  Lakes  region  only  from  northern  Michigan,  Ontario, 
and  Minnesota.  Its  occurrence  in  Steuben  County,  from  which  Bradner 
reported  it,  seems  unlikely  and  it  is  excluded  for  want  of  a  confirming 
specimen. 

Lab.  to  Del. ;  locally  inland  in  Vt.,  N.  Y.,  Ont.,  Mich.,  and  Minn. 

7.  Carex  slellulata  Gooden.  This  and  Carex  Leersii  Willd.  are  now  con- 
sidered to  be  synonymous  with  C.  muricata  L.  The  numerous  Indiana 
reports  of  C.  stellulata  and  C.  Leersii  may  have  been  based  upon  almost 
any  species  of  §  Stellulatae,  probably  chiefly  upon  C.  inconvperta  and  C. 
sterilis. 

8.  Carex  muricata  L.  A  boreal  species  known  from  Greenland  to  New- 
foundland, Quebec,  Alaska,  and  northern  Eurasia.    It  is  hardly  feasible  to 


Carex  Cyperaceae  273 

attempt  to  make  any  disposition  of  MacDougal's  report  from  Putnam 
County  in  Coulter's  Catalogue.  Carex  muricata  of  most  American  authors 
of  that  period  was  C.  spicata  Hudson,  a  European  species  of  %Bracteosae 
which  has  become  established  locally  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Virginia  and 
Ohio. 

9.  Carex  cephalantha  (Bailey)  Bickn.  This  northern  and  eastern 
species  was  reported  by  Pepoon  from  Lake  County  as  C.  stellulata  var. 
cephalantha  (Bailey)  Fern.,  but  no  specimen  could  be  found.  Its  occur- 
rence in  Indiana  is  improbable. 

Newf.  to  n.  Mich,  and  Wis.,  southw.  to  Md.,  also  on  the  Pacific  coast 
in  Wash,  and  Vancouver  Island. 

10.  Carex  Merritt-Fernaldii  Mack.  Peattie  reports  this  species  from 
Dune  Park  (Porter  County)  and  the  Calumet  District  (Lake  County). 
The  only  specimen  which  could  be  found  bearing  this  name,  a  collection 
by  Umbach  from  Lake  County  in  the  University  of  Wisconsin  Herbarium, 
is  C.  brevior.  C.  Merritt-Ferimldii  has  not  been  found  in  southern  Michi- 
gan and  it  is  not  likely  that  its  range  extends  as  far  south  as  Indiana. 

Maine  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Mass.  and  n.  N.  Y. 

11.  Carex  hormathodes  Fern.  Pepoon  includes  this  species  of  the  salt 
marshes  of  the  Atlantic  coast  in  his  "Flora  of  the  Chicago  Region"  with  the 
statement  "bogs,  not  common."  Collections  upon  which  this  report  was 
based  could  not  be  found  but  in  all  probability  they  should  be  referred  to 
C.  Richii.  Deam  no.  54013,  from  near  a  small  creek  in  a  field  a  fourth 
mile  south  of  Archerville,  Tippecanoe  County,  is  more  suggestive  of  this 
species  than  any  other  but  the  specimen  is  immature.  No  other  Coastal 
Plain  species  are  known  from  this  area  so  that  an  occurrence  of  C.  horma- 
thodes here  would  seem  to  be  almost  certainly  a  chance  introduction. 

Along  the  coast,  Newf.  to  Va.,  in  or  near  salt  marshes. 

12.  Carex  projecta  Mack.  (Carex  tribuloides  var.  reducta  Bailey.) 
Reported  from  Hendricks  and  Marion  Counties  but  the  specimens  upon 
which  these  reports  were  based  are  C.  tribuloides. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  D.  C.  and  Iowa. 

13.  Carex  foenea  Willd.  (Carex  argyrantha  Tuckerm.)  Reported  from 
the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  and  from  Gibson  and  Marshall  Counties.  Speci- 
mens upon  which  Schneck's  report  from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  was 
based  were  not  found  but  they  should  undoubtedly  be  referred  to  some 
other  species  and  the  other  reports  also  were  probably  based  upon  mis- 
identifications. 

Que.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Ohio. 

14.  Carex  deflexa  Hornem.  A  far  northern  species  reported  from 
Miller  (Lake  County)  by  Peattie  with  the  statement  "according  to  Gates." 
No  specimen  of  his  could  be  found,  but  in  the  University  of  Illinois 
Herbarium  is  a  collection  of  C.  Emmonsii  which  bore  the  label  "Carex 
deflexa  Hornem.,  sandy  thicket,  Miller,  Ind.  Agnes  Chase  no.  1791,  May 
30,  1902."   The  nearest  known  locality  for  C.  deflexa  is  on  the  Keweenaw 


274  Cyperaceae  Carex 

Peninsula,  Michigan,  the  extreme  northern  tip  of  the  Upper  Peninsula. 
The  report  of  its  occurrence  in  Indiana  is  not  plausible. 
Greenland  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Mass.,  n.  Mich.,  and  B.  C. 

15.  Carex  pedunculata  Muhl.  Coulter  says  of  this  species,  in  his 
Catalogue,  "Specimens  I  have  examined  leave  no  room  for  doubt  as  to  its 
occurrence  in  our  area,"  and  he  ascribes  a  record  from  Steuben  County 
to  Bradner  and  one  from  Noble  County  to  Van  Gorder.  It  is  more  than 
likely  that  the  species  occurs,  or  did  occur,  in  these  northern  counties 
since  it  is  known  from  Kalamazoo  County,  Michigan,  and  from  Jo  Daviess 
County,  Illinois,  but  it  must  be  excluded  at  present  for  lack  of  a  confirm- 
ing specimen.  It  should  be  looked  for  in  rich  beech  or  maple  woods  in  the 
northern  counties  early  in  May  as  it  matures  early  and  the  fruiting  culms 
rapidly  wither  away. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Va.,  111.,  and  S.  Dak. 

16.  Carex  livida  (Wahl.)  Willd.  Reported  from  Clark  County  by 
Baird  &  Taylor  and  from  Lake  County  by  Pepoon.  No  specimens  could  be 
found  and  doubtless  specimens  forming  the  basis  of  these  reports  should 
be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

Sphagnum  bogs,  Lab.  and  Man.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Conn.,  N.  J.,  Mich., 
Idaho,  and  n.  Calif. ;  also  in  n.  Europe. 

17.  Carex  saltuensis  Bailey.  (Carex  vaginata  of  American  authors.) 
A  boreal  species  reported  from  Lake  County  by  Higley  &  Raddin  and  by 
Peattie  (who  ascribe  the  record  to  Hill) ,  and  by  Pepoon,  but  no  collections 
bearing  this  name  could  be  found.  A  species  which  reaches  the  southern 
limit  of  its  known  range  so  much  farther  north  is  not  to  be  expected  in 
Indiana. 

Lab.  to  Yukon,  southw.  to  n.  New  England,  n.  N.  Y.,  n.  Mich.,  n. 
Minn.,  and  B.  C. 

18.  Carex  ormostachya  Wiegand.  (Rhodora  24:  196-197.  1922.) 
Deam's  report  in  1928  for  this  species  from  Porter  County  was  based 
upon  a  collection  (Deam  no.  44381)  so  named  by  Mackenzie.  This  collection 
should  be  referred  to  C.  laxiflora,  a  determination  confirmed  (as  C.  anceps 
Muhl.)  by  Professor  Wiegand  in  1935. 

Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Mass.  and  Pa. 

19.  Carex  rectior  Mack.  (N.  Amer.  Flora  18:  261.  1935.)  (Carex 
granulans  var.  recta  Dewey.)  This  seems  questionably  distinct  from  C. 
granularis.  Mackenzie  (N.  Amer.  Flora  18:  262.  1935.)  credits  it  to 
Indiana  in  addition  to  Alabama  and  Louisiana  but  the  two  Indiana  collec- 
tions referred  by  him  to  C.  rectior  are  immature.  One  (Deam  no.  44317, 
Elkhart  County)  is  so  immature  that  it  cannot  be  distinguished  fromTTT. 
granularis  by  means  of  his  key  or  description;  the  other  (Deam  no.  41204, 
Jefferson  County)  is  sufficiently  mature  to  show  the  perigynia  to  be 
strongly  ribbed  and  sessile,  characters  used  by  Mackenzie  to  distinguish 
C.  granularis  from  C.  rectior. 


Carex  Cyperaceae  275 

20.  Carex  formosa  Dewey.  Reported  from  Putnam  County  by  Grimes. 
The  specimen  upon  which  this  report  was  based  (Grimes  no.  540,  in 
DePauw  University  Herbarium)  is  C.  Davisii.  In  Coulter's  Catalogue 
also  C.  formosa  is  reported  from  Putnam  County  and  the  record  ascribed 
to  MacDougal.  The  collection  which  formed  the  basis  of  this  report,  too, 
should  doubtless  be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

Que.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Conn,  and  N.  Y. ;  very  local. 

21.  Carex  arctata  Boott.  Bradner  reported  this  species  from  Steuben 
County  but  no  specimen  could  be  found  so  it  must  be  excluded.  It  is  known 
in  Ohio  and  in  southwestern  Michigan  (Kalamazoo  County;  reported  also 
from  Berrien  County)  so  that  it  is  quite  possible  that  it  is,  or  was,  native 
in  dry  rich  woods  in  northern  Indiana. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Pa.  and  Ohio. 

22.  Carex  pallescens  L.  Both  Pepoon  and  Peattie  report  this  species 
from  Lake  County,  basing  the  reports  on  a  record  by  Hill  from  Berry 
Lake.  No  specimens  have  been  seen.  Smith's  report  from  Marion  County 
and  Schneck's  from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  unquestionably  must  have 
been  based  upon  misidentifications,  and  the  occurrence  of  the  species  even 
in  northernmost  Indiana  is  very  doubtful. 

Newf.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  111. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 

23.  Carex  scabrata  Schwein.  Reported  from  Lake  County  by  Higley  & 
Raddin  and  by  Peattie  but  no  Indiana  specimens  could  be  found. 

N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Mich.,  southw.  mostly  in  the  mts.  to  S.  C.  and  Tenn. 

24.  Carex  paupercula  Michx.    A  northern  species  reported  from  Pine, 
Lake  County,  by  Peattie  and  by  Pepoon    (as  C.  paupercula  var.  irrigua 
(Wahl.)  Fern.)  who  ascribe  the  record  to  Hill.    In  all  probability  collec- 
tions upon  which  these  reports  were  based,  but  which  could  not  be  found 
should  be  referred  to  C.  limosa. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Minn.,  Colo.,  and  Utah;  also  in  n. 
Eurasia. 

25.  Carex  aquatilis  Wahl.  A  far  northern  and  western  species  which 
has  been  reported  from  Lake,  Porter,  La  Porte,  and  Marion  Counties.  All 
material  forming  the  basis  of  Indiana  reports  should  be  referred  to  other 
species.  C.  aquatilis  of  most  manuals  for  this  area  is  C.  substricta 
(Kiikenth.)  Mack. 

Greenland  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Que.  and  in  the  w.  mts.  to  N.  Mex. 
and  Calif. ;  also  in  n.  Eurasia. 

26.  Carex  nebraskensis  Dewey.  This  western  sedge  has  been  reported 
from'  Fayette,  Jefferson,  and  Tippecanoe  Counties  by  H.  S.  Jackson,  ap- 
parently through  the  misapplication  of  a  synonym.  He  lists  it  as  the 
host  of  a  rust  and  cites  for  it  a  correct  synonym,  Carex  Jamesii  Torr. 
But  Prof.  Arthur  states  that  the  rust  occurs  on  Carex  Jamesii  Schwein., 
and  without  doubt  that  is  the  species  that  Jackson  had. 

S.  Dak.  and  Kans.  to  N.  Mex.,  Calif.,  and  B.  C. 


276  Cyperaceae  Carex 

27.  Carex  crinita  Lam.  var.  gynandra  (Schwein.)  Schwein.  &  Torr. 
Reported,  as  Carex  gynandra  Schwein.,  by  Clark  from  Lake  Maxinkuckee, 
Marshall  County.  Clark's  specimen  upon  which  this  report  was  based  was 
found  in  the  National  Herbarium  and  it  is  typical  C.  crinita. 

Newf.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

28.  Carex  pauciflora  Lightf.  Pepoon  reports  this  species  from  the 
Chicago  region  as  common  in  bogs  "southeast"  (i.e.  Lake  or  Porter 
Counties,  Ind.),  and  Peattie  reports  it  from  the  Calumet  District  (Lake 
County).  No  Indiana  specimens  could  be  found  except  a  sheet  in  the 
herbarium  of  Notre  Dame  University  bearing  the  label  "By  Mineral 
Springs  (Porter  County),  Ind.,  J.  A.  Nieuwland,  1918."  Since  Dr.  Nieuw- 
land  usually  gave  the  exact  collection  date  for  his  specimens  instead  of 
merely  the  year,  as  well  as  a  collection  number,  it  seems  possible  that  this 
label  may  have  been  made  out  from  memory,  rather  than  from  field  notes, 
at  a  date  long  after  the  actual  collection.  If  this  were  so  there  could  be 
some  question  whether  he  was  really  certain  that  the  specimen  had  been 
collected  in  Indiana.  The  present  evidence  for  the  occurrence  of  the 
species  in  the  state  is  hardly  sufficiently  conclusive  to  admit  it  as  a  member 
of  the  Indiana  flora. 

Sphagnum  bogs;  Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Conn.,  Pa.,  and  Minn., 
and  near  the  Pacific  coast  to  Wash. ;  also  in  n.  Eurasia. 

29.  Carex  Baileyi  Britt.  {Carex  lurida  var.  gracilis  (Boott)  Bailey.) 
Reported  from  Clark,  Marion,  and  Putnam  Counties.  Specimens  were  not 
found  but  doubtless  all  Indiana  reports  were  based  upon  incorrect  determi- 
nations. 

N.  H.  to  N.  Y.,  southw.  in  the  mts.  to  Va.  and  Tenn. 

30.  Carex  comosa  X  hystricina  var.  Dudleyi.  A  hybrid  reported  from 
Lake  County  by  Higley  &  Raddin  and  by  Peattie.  No  specimens  could  be 
found. 


Acorus  Araceae  277 

23.  ARACEAE  Neck.  Arum  Family 

Spadix  cylindrical  without  an  obvious  spathe,  borne  on  the  side  of  a  leaf  like  scape; 
flowers  perfect,  perianth  present;  leaves  linear;  rootstocks  and  leaves  aromatic.  . . . 

694.    Acorus,  p.  277. 

Spadix  subtended  by  a  spathe;  leaves  broader  than  the  linear  type. 

Spadix  globose,  enveloped  in  a  very  fleshy,  ovoid  spathe;  flowers  perfect,  perianth 
present;  mature  leaves  large,  simple,  mostly  1.5-2.5  dm  wide,  malodorous  when 

bruised 708.    Symplocarpus,  p.  277. 

Spadix  longer  than  wide;  flowers  without  a  perianth;  leaves,  if  undivided,  generally 
less  than  1.5  dm  wide. 
Spathes  flat,   divaricate,  white  within;    spadix   short-cylindric,   the   whole   surface 

covered  with  flowers,  at  least  the  lower  ones  perfect 710.  Calla,  p.  277. 

Spathes  convolute,  at  least  below,  enveloping  the  spadix;  spadix  elongate;  flowers 
monoecious  or  dioecious. 

Leaves  sagittate,  simple;  flowers  covering  the  whole  surface  of  the  spadix 

747.    Peltandra,  p.  278. 

Leaves  not  sagittate,  more  or  less  divided  into  3  or  more  segments;  upper  part 
of  spadix  not  flower-bearing 786.  Arisaema,  p.  278. 

694.  ACORUS  L. 

1.  Acorus  Calamus  L.  Sweetflag.  Calamus.  Map  570.  Widely  dis- 
tributed in  the  state,  mostly  in  noncalcareous  springy  places  along  streams 
and  about  lakes.  Local  in  the  lake  area  and  in  the  Tipton  Till  Plain  and 
very  local  to  rare  in  the  unglaciated  area.  It  is  usually  found  in  large 
colonies,  sometimes  covering  acres  in  old  stream  beds.  This  species 
flowers  and  fruits  throughout  the  state.  In  medicine,  the  rootstock  is 
known  as  calamus. 

N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 


708.  SYMPLOCARPUS  Salisb. 

1.  Symplocarpus  foetidus  (L.)  Nutt.  (Spathyema  foetida  (L.)  Raf.) 
Skunkcabbage.  Map  571.  In  noncalcareous  springy  places  throughout  the 
state  although  there  are  few  records  from  the  southwestern  and  un- 
glaciated parts.  While  the  habitat  of  this  species  is  usually  somewhat 
wetter  than  that  of  sweetflag,  but  otherwise  similar,  I  have  never  seen 
them  growing  together.  Acorus  Calamus,  however,  prefers  sunlight  while 
this  species  prefers  dense  shade.  The  colonies  vary  in  size,  usually  occupy- 
ing all  the  available  space  in  the  habitat. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Iowa. 

710.  CALLA  L. 

1.  Calla  palustris  L.  Wild  Calla.  Map  572.  This  species  still  occurs 
in  La  Porte  County  in  a  decadent  tamarack  bog  about  six  miles  west  of 
La  Porte  and  in  Noble  County  in  sec.  12  of  Washington  Township  where 
it  is  found  in  mucky  soil  among  Cephalanthus  on  the  border  of  a  Chamae- 
daphne  bog.  It  was  reported  from  two  places  in  Noble  County  by  Van 
Gorder  but  at  both  of  these  stations  the  habitat  has  been  destroyed  by 
drainage.   It  was  reported  in  1913  from  La  Porte  and  St.  Joseph  Counties 


278 


Araceae 


Peltandra 


5 !3 

Map  573 

Peltandra  virgin ica  (L  )  Kunlh 


L 


Map  575 
Arisaema  pusillum  (Peck)  Nash 


by  Nieuwland,  who  later  told  me  that  the  St.  Joseph  County  report  was 
an  error.  Peattie  reported  it  on  the  authority  of  Nieuwland  as  found 
at  Tamarack  Station  in  Porter  County,  but  I  have  not  seen  a  specimen. 
There  is  no  specimen  from  Porter  County  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Notre  Dame. 

N.  S.  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Wis.,  and  Iowa; 
also  in  Eurasia. 

747.  PELTANDRA  Raf. 

1.  Peltandra  virginica  (L.)  Kunth.  Virginia  Arrow-arum.  Map  573. 
In  shallow  water  or  in  wet,  mucky  soil  on  the  borders  of  lakes  and  ponds 
and  along  streams.  Rather  frequent  in  the  lake  area  but  rare  to  absent 
south  of  this  area.  The  leaf  blades  of  this  species  are  highly  variable,  and 
a  wide  variation  can  be  noted  between  the  inner  and  outer  leaves  of  the 
same  plant.  Besides  the  typical  form,  Blake  (Rhodora  14:  102-106.  1  pi. 
1912)  adds  six  forms,  one  of  which  has  been  reported  from  Indiana.  I 
doubt  that  any  of  the  extreme  forms  occur  in  the  state  although  Peattie 
has  reported  f.  hastifolia  Blake  from  the  dune  region. 

S.  Maine  to  Ont.  and  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Mo. 

786.  ARISAEMA  Martius 

Leaves  pedately  divided  into  7-13  segments;  spathe  straight,  narrow;  spadix  elongated 

into  a  caudate  tip  much  longer  than  the  spathe 1.  A.  Dracontium. 

Leaves  3-foliolate;  lateral  leaflets  rarely  cleft  or  parted;  spathe  hooded,  rarely  straight; 
spadix  shorter  than  the  spathe. 
Leaves  green  beneath;  spathes  purplish  brown  within  and  without;  flowering  about 

the  middle  of  June;  growing  in  bogs 2.  A.  pusillum. 

Leaves  usually  glaucous  beneath ;  spathes  greenish  or  more  or  less  densely  purplish 
brown  within,  usually  green  or  greenish  without,  rarely  purplish;  flowering 
before  the  middle  of  June;  not  growing  in  bogs 3.  A.  triphyllum. 

1.  Arisaema  Dracontium  (L.)  Schott.  DRAGONROOT.  Map  574.  More  or 
less  frequent  throughout  the  state,  growing  in  the  shade  in  moist,  rich 
soil. 

N.  E.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


Arisaema 


Araceae 


279 


o  5o 

Map  576 


Arisaema  trlphyllum  (L.)  Schott. 


6  56 

Map    577 

Sp'rodela   polyrhiza  (LJ  Schle'd. 


0  56 

Map  578 

lemna   cyclostasa  (Ell.)  Chevalier 


2.  Arisaema  pusillum  (Peck)  Nash.  (Arisaema  deflexum  Nieuwland 
&  Just,  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  12:  217-220.  1931.)  Map  575.  A  comparison 
of  specimens  of  Arisaema  deflexum  with  a  series  of  specimens  of  Arisaema 
pusillum  from  Maine,  Connecticut,  Pennsylvania,  and  New  York  shows  no 
essential  difference.  In  fact,  Arisaema  pvisillum  itself  seems  to  be  only  an 
extreme  form  of  Arisaema  trlphyllum  and  it  is  reduced  to  synonomy  in 
Gray,  Manual  but  is  maintained  as  a  species  in  Britton  and  Brown,  Il- 
lustrated Flora,  ed.  2.  Wiegand  and  Eames  in  their  flora  of  the  Cayuga 
basin  say:  "It  has  not  been  possible  to  separate  A.  pusillum  (Peck)  Nash 
in  this  region  from  the  species  (A.  trlphyllum)  by  any  constant  char- 
acters." My  opinion  is  that  this  plant  as  found  in  Indiana  is  only  a  well 
marked  form  or  variety  of  the  next  species.  It  has  been  found  as  yet 
only  in  St.  Joseph  County  where  it  grew  in  bogs. 

Maine  to  N.  Y.  and  Pa.,  along  the  coast  to  n.  Ga.  and  reported  in  s. 
Mich. 

3.  Arisaema  triphyllum  (L.)  Schott.  (Arisaema  trlphyllum  (L.)  Torr.) 
Jack-in-THE-Pulpit.  Map  576.  Infrequent  to  frequent  throughout  the 
state  in  moist,  rich  woodland.  It  is  a  shade-loving  species,  found  from 
the  alluvial  plains  to  the  crests  of  the  highest  ridges  and  seems  to  have 
no  correlation  with  Arisaema  Dracontlum  in  its  distribution.  A  study  of 
my  69  specimens  from  Indiana  shows  that  they  have  green  and  purplish 
spathes  but  very  few  have  the  hood  purplish  above,  none  flower  as  late 
as  the  middle  of  June,  and  none  have  been  found  in  bogs.  This  species 
is  extremely  variable  in  the  color  of  its  spathe,  in  the  shape  of  the  blade 
of  its  hood,  and  in  the  shape  of  its  leaflets.  I  have  a  specimen  from 
De  Kalb  County  with  4  leaflets  and  one  each  from  Lake  and  Steuben 
Counties  with  the  lateral  leaflets  parted. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Kans. 

24.  LEMNACEAE  Dumort.  Duckweed  Family 

[Thompson,  Charles  Henry.  A  revision  of  the  American  Lemnaceae 
north  of  Mexico.  Ann.  Rept.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  9 :  1-43.  3  pi.  1898.  Hicks, 


280 


Lemnaceae  Spirodela 


Lawrence  E.    The  Lemnaceae  of  Indiana.    Amer.  Midland  Nat.  18:  774- 

789.  1937.] 

Plants  of  this  family  are  small  in  size  and  wholly  aquatic,  living  on  or 
under  the  surface  of  the  water.  Anyone  interested  in  the  study  of  this 
family  of  plants  should  read  the  "Lemnaceae  of  Indiana"  by  Lawrence  E. 
Hicks.  All  of  my  specimens  have  been  studied  by  Prof.  Hicks.  The  follow- 
ing text  has  been  copied  from  his  paper  and  acknowledgment  is  hereby 
made. 

Plants  with  roots  and  two  reproductive  pouches  from  each  node. 

Each  plant  of  a  group  with  several  roots  growing  out  in  a  fascicle  from  the  node; 
plants  2.2-6.5  mm  wide  and  2.4-9.5  mm  long,  usually  reddish  below  and  with 
a  red  eye  spot  (the  node)  above;  dorsal  surface  of  living  specimens  a  glossy 
green 794.  Spirodela,  p.  280. 

Each  plant  of  a  group  with  only  one  root 795.   Lemna,  p.  280. 

Plants  without  roots  and  with  only  one  reproductive  pouch  from  each  node. 

Plants  thick  and  globular 796.  Wolffia,  p.  281. 

Plants  thin  and  straplike,  usually  submerged  and  attached  in  groups  shaped  like 
rimless  wheels 796A.    Wolffiella,  p.  282. 

794.  SPIRODELA  Schleid. 

1.  Spirodela  polyrhiza  (L.)  Schleid.  GREATER  DUCKWEED.  Map  577. 
Locally  abundant  throughout  the  state  in  lakes,  ponds,  swamps,  ditches, 
and  sluggish  streams.     These  plants  are  preyed  upon  by  insects. 

N.  S.,  Ont.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Calif. ;  also  in  Eu.,  Asia, 
and  tropical  Amer. 

795.  LfiMNA  L. 

Plants  feather-shaped  with  the  basal  portions  of  the  long  internodes  narrowed  into 

petiolelike  stems,  usually  submerged 1.  L.  trisulca. 

Plants  oval  to  oblong,  without  petiolelike  stems,  connecting  plants  appearing  sessile, 
usually  floating. 
Shape  of  plants  symmetrical  or  nearly  so. 

Plants  deep  green,  thickish,  convex  on  both  surfaces,  obscurely  3-veined,  cavernous 
throughout,    appearing   medium    thick    when    pressed,    sometimes    reddish    or 

purplish,  especially  below;  margins  thick 2.  L.  minor. 

Plants  usually  pale  green,  lower  surface  nearly  flat,  obscurely  1-nerved,  cavernous 

in  the  middle  portions  only;  membranous  when  dried;  margins  thin 

3.  L.  minima. 

Shape  of  plants  unsymmetrical. 

Body  of  plant   obliquely   obovate,   medium  thick,   usually   deep   green   with   some 
reddish   purple,   distinctly   3-veined,   cavernous   throughout;   root   sheath  with 

lateral  wing  appendages 4.  L.  perpusilla. 

Body  of  plant  long-oblong,  thin,  pale  green,  obscurely  1-veined;  root  sheath  unap- 
pendaged;  cavernous  in  the  middle  portions  only 5.  L.  cyclostasa. 

1.  Lemna  trisulca  L.  SUBMERGED  DUCKWEED.  Map  578.  Found  com- 
monly in  ponds,  shallow  lakes,  sloughs,  and  bogs,  often  growing  beneath 
floating  species,  preferring  cold,  shaded  water. 

N.  S.,  Ont.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Calif. ;  also  in  parts  of  Eu., 
Asia,  Africa,  and  Australia. 

2.  Lemna  minor  L.  Lesser  Duckweed.   Map  579.  Throughout  the  state 


Wolffia 


Lemnaceae 


281 


— 

Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
May 
June 
July 
Au& 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 

f 

rj  ■» 

\ 

r  ^ 

[ 

i- 

^ 

j    i_^ 

j 

Dec  |- 

!/   Miles 

V.  t 

i 

1 

D            / 
HI          \ 

L 

;mn, 

mi 

nima  Phil 

o         ~53 
Map  579 

ipi 

Map  580 


Lemna  minor  L 


but  more  general  in  the  lake  area  and  in  the  area  drained  by  the  Wabash 
River. 

Throughout  continental  America  except  the  extreme  northern  part ;  also 
in  Eu.,  Asia,  Africa,  and  Australia. 

3.  Lemna  minima  Phillipi.  Least  Duckweed.  Map  580.  The  habitats 
are  similar  to  those  of  the  other  species  of  the  genus.  It  is  known  in 
Indiana  only  from  Allen,  Cass,  and  Sullivan  Counties.  The  only  Ohio 
record  is  from  a  pond  in  Paulding  County  within  three  or  four  miles  of 
Allen  County,  Indiana. 

Ohio,  Ind.,  Minn.,  Wyo.  to  Calif.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Tex. ;  also  in 
Mex.,  Cent.  Amer.,  into  S.  A. 

4.  Lemna  perpusilla  Torr.  Minute  Duckweed.  Map  581.  Known  only 
in  the  northern  third  of  the  state.  The  only  Ohio  record  is  from  Mercer 
County  within  six  miles  of  Randolph  County,  Indiana. 

Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Ohio,  Ind.,  Wis.,  Minn,  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ark., 
and  Kans. ;  also  in  S.  A. 

5.  Lemna  cyclostasa  (Ell.)  Chevalier.  Pale  Duckweed.  Map  582.  This 
species  is  local  in  the  lake  area  and  found  in  organic  debris  in  completely 
stagnant  water  in  swamps  and  ponds. 

Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Ohio,  Ind.,  111.,  Wis.,  Wyo.  to  Nev.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex., 
and  Calif. ;  also  in  Jamaica,  Mex.,  Cent.  Amer.,  and  S.  A. 

796.  WOLFFIA  Horkel 

Plants  globose  or  nearly  so,  not  punctate,  loosely  cellular;  upper  surface  convex  with 
usually  three  conspicuous  papules;  plants  not  prominent  above  the  surface  of  the 

water 1.  W.  Columbiana. 

Plants  more  or  less  flattened  above  and  gibbous  beneath,  brown-punctate,  more  com- 
pactly cellular;  plants  prominent  on  the  surface  of  the  water. 
Body  of  plant  rounded-ovate,  strongly  gibbous,  slightly  unsymmetrical;   dorsal  sur- 
face with  a  single  large  conical  papule 2.  W.  papulifera. 

Body  of  plant  more  or  less  oblong  with  upturned  acute  tip  (peanut-shaped),  slightly 
gibbous,  symmetrical;  dorsal  surface  with  a  prominent  papule  near  the  center. 
3.  W.  punctata. 


282 


Xyridaceae 


Wolffiella 


0  50 

Map  583 


Wolf f la  columbiana   Karst. 


Miles 
0  56 

Map   584 


Wolffia    punctata   Griseb. 


1.  Wolffia  columbiana  Karst.  COMMON  WOLFFIA.  Map  583.  Locally  very 
abundant  in  permanently  stagnant  waters  that  abound  in  organic  debris. 

Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Mich,  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Tex.;  also  in 
Mex.,  Cent.  Amer.,  and  S.  A. 

2.  Wolffia  papulifera  Thompson.  Pointed  Wolffia.  Found  in  isolated 
small  colonies  in  permanent  pools  of  stagnant  water  rich  in  organic  matter. 
Known  in  Indiana  only  from  Posey  County.  It  has  been  found  in  only 
eight  states. 

Ohio,  Ind.,  111.,  Ky.,  Tenn.,  Mo.,  Ark.,  and  Kans. 

3.  Wolffia  punctata  Griseb.  Dotted  Wolffia.  Map  584.  Locally  abun- 
dant in  the  habitats  of  the  genus. 

Conn.,  N.  Y.,  Mich,  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  La.  and  Tex. 

796A.  WOLFFIELLA  Hegelmaier 

1.  Wolffiella  floridana  (J.  D.  Smith)  Thompson.  STAR  WOLFFIELLA.  Map 
585.  Restricted  to  wholly  stagnant  bodies  of  water  and  very  local  in  the 
northern  range  of  its  distribution. 

Ont.,  Mich.,  Wis.,  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Tex.;  also  in  Mex. 

29.  XYRIDACEAE  Lindl.  Yellow-eyed  Grass  Family 

826.  XYRIS  [Gronov.]  L.  Yellow-eyed  Grass 

Base  of  plant  bulbous;  lateral  sepals  wingless,  the  keel  ciliate 1.  X.  torta. 

Base  of  plant  not  bulbous;  lateral  sepals  winged,  the  keel  winged  and  erose  above  the 
middle 2.  X.  caroliniana. 

1.  Xyris  torta  J.  E.  Smith.  (Xyris  flexuosa  Muhl.)  Map  586.  Local  in 
the  northwestern  part  of  the  state  in  moist,  sandy  soil  about  lakes  and 
in  prairie  habitats  and  fallow  fields. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

2.  Xyris  caroliniana  Walt.  Map  587.  In  the  moist,  sandy  borders  of 
lakes,  sloughs,  and  marshes.  This  species  is  very  local.  The  fact  that  a 
few  plants  were  found  on  the  border  of  a  small  lake  in  Wells  County 


Eriocaulon 


Eriocaulaceae 


283 


*]     D     \ 

Feb. 
Mar. 

1  i 

D            A 

y\ 

Apr. 

DP 

1  rJ         1 

— 

May 
June 

[^ 

D 

\ 

1 

July 

Aj- 

1 

Aug. 

_ 

3 

Sept. 

"t_ 

— 

Oct. 

r 

i 

1— 

Dec.j- — 

J 

\)j    Miles 

J  o           '  "ft 

£p-ls^<j^V      ^    Map  587 

Xyris  caroliniana  Walt 

suggests  that  it  may  have  been  more  frequent  than  our  reports  indicate 
because  the  plant  is  so  inconspicuous. 

In  the  Coastal  Plain  states  from  Maine  to  Fla.  and  La. ;  also  in  n.  Ind. 
and  s.  Mich. 

30.  ERIOCAULACEAE  Lindl.  Pipewort  Family 
828.  ERIOCAULON  [Gronov.]  L. 
1.     Eriocaulon   septangulare   With.     (Eriocaulon  articulatum    (Huds.) 
Morong.)    (Rhodora  11:  40-41.  1909.)    Map  588.   Local  but  common  where 
found,  in  shallow  water  on  the  borders  of  lakes,  usually  in  marly  soil. 
Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Ind. 

33.  COMMELINACEAE  Reichenb.  Spiderwort  Family 
Petals  unequal;  perfect  stamens  3;  filaments  naked;  bracts  spathelike 

896.    Commelina,  p.  283. 

Petals   equal;    perfect    stamens    6;    filaments    bearded;    bracts    leaf  like    or    small    and 

scarious 911.  Tradescantia,  p.  285. 

896.  COMMELINA  [Plum.]  L.  Dayflower 

[Pennell.  The  genus  Commelina  [Plum.]  L.  in  the  United  States.  Bull. 
Torrey  Bot.  Club  43:  96-111.    1916.] 

The  species  of  this  genus  have  not  been  understood,  hence  most  of  our 
records  are  of  uncertain  identity.  I  do  not  attempt  to  give  the  synonomy  of 
all  of  our  species. 

Spathelike  involucre  open  at  the  base,  the  edges  not  united,  ciliate  or  minutely  rough- 
ened; leaves  mostly  of  a  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  type,  4-8  cm  long. 
Two   posterior   petals   blue;    anterior  petal   much   smaller,   narrow,   white;    capsules 
2-celled;  seed  2  in  each  cell;  plants  usually  much  branched;  top  of  leaf  sheath 

without  long,  rusty  hairs 1.  C.  communis. 

All   three  petals  blue,   the  anterior  one  much   smaller;   capsules   3-celled,   one   cell 

1-seeded  and  indehiscent;  seed  5 2.  C.  diffusa. 

Spathelike  involucre  with  the  edges  united  at  the  base,  the  margins  smooth;  leaves  of 
a  linear-lanceolate  or  lanceolate  type,  or  very  wide  (2-5  cm)  and  of  a  lanceo- 
late or  elliptic  type. 


284 


COMMELINACEAE 


Commelina 


1 

4 
1 

Jjn. 
Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

AuJ 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

*\    ' 

0 

■  0 

L            J- 

0 

0 

? 

L 

K 

" 

-I 

■k 

J 

J~ 

r 

Dec  j- 

1 

/   Miles 

Eri'o 

:aulo 

n  si 

P« 

>v  7 

angular 

5           56 
Map  588 

e  With. 

0  50 

Map   589 


Commelina    communis  L. 




I               1             | 

— 

Jan. 
Feb 

^ 

— 

Mar 
Apr. 

L 

■Li 

rJ             1 

— 

May 
June 
July 

/ 

r^-> 

r 

Vi 

1 

8 

4 

Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 

Nov 

^ 

1 

_ 

1 

-^k 

r' 

1 

Dec.C 

<~~  ' 

D 

»y 

CL°         J    D 

_,    D     j        ^     , 

J    Miles 

tjXy^X/^ 

o             50 
Map   590 

Commelina  diffusa  Burm.  f. 

Top  of  leaf  sheath  with  long,  rusty  hairs;  plants  relatively  robust  and  erect;  leaves 
mostly  lanceolate,  usually  2-5  cm  wide  and  8-20  cm  long;  all  petals  blue  and 
nearly  equal;  capsules  3-celled,  one  cell  1-seeded  and  indehiscent,  the  other  two 

cells  with  2  seed  each,  sometimes  one  seed  aborting 3.  C.  virginica. 

Top  of  leaf  sheath  without  long,  rusty  hairs;  plants  rather  slender,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing; leaves  linear  or  lance-linear,  smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding;  two  petals 
blue,  one  white  and  much  smaller;  capsules  3-celled,  1  seed  in  each  cell,  1  cell 
indehiscent,  rotund. 
Leaves  linear  to  linear-lanceolate;   posterior  petals  usually   10-15    (20)    mm  long; 
anterior  petal  about  1  mm  wide;  seed  of  an  orbicular  type..  .4.  C.  angustifolia. 
Leaves  lanceolate;  posterior  petals  usually  12-25  mm  long,  the  anterior  one  rudi- 
mentary, usually  about  1  mm  wide  and  3-5  mm  long 5.  C.  erecta. 

1.  Commelina  communis  L.  (Pennell.  "Commelina  communis"  in  the 
Eastern  United  States.  Bartonia  19:  19-22.  1938.)  Common  Dayflower. 
Map  589.  My  specimens  are  mostly  from  moist  soil  along  roadsides  and 
in  cultivated  grounds.  Three  specimens  were  measured  in  the  field  and 
their  measurements  are  as  follows:  blades  of  the  blue  petals  5-11  mm 
wide  and  about  as  long;  the  white  one  about  3  mm  wide  and  5  mm  long. 

Peattie  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  10:  130.  1926.  Note  that  in  this  volume 
there  are  two  pages  numbered  130)  described  and  named  a  form  of  this 
species.  He  says  this  is  a  form  with  "the  branches  in  whorls  of  3-5  and 
the  leaves  broadly  ovate;  large  ovate-lanceolate  papery  bracts  accompany 
each  verticel."  Type  specimen  in  the  Field  Museum,  collected  near  Pine, 
Lake  County,  October  31,  1908,  by  C.  W.  Duesner.  I  have  seen  this 
specimen  and  I  believe  it  is  only  a  late  autumnal  form  of  the  species. 

Nat.  of  e.  Asia;  Mass.  to  N.  C,  westw.  to  Mo.,  Kans.,  and  Tex. 

2.  Commelina  diffusa  Burm.  f.  (Jour.  Arnold  Arb.  18:  64-65.  1937.) 
(Commelina  longicaulis  Jacq.  and  Commelina  nudiftora  of  Britton  and 
Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Map  590.  In  moist,  wet,  or  muddy  places  along 
streams  and  in  ditches  and  cultivated  grounds  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
state.  The  petals  are  very  variable  in  size.  Five  specimens  were  measured 
in  the  field  and  the  measurements  are  as  follows:  the  blades  of  the  largest 
petals  ranged  from  2.25-10  mm  wide  and  about  as  long,  the  smallest  were 


Tradescantia  Commelinaceae  285 

about  1.25-4  mm  wide  and  nearly  as  long.    This  is  a  tropical  species  that 
ranges  northward  to  the  southern  part  of  this  state. 

N.  J.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  and  in  tropical  Amer. 

3.  Commelina  virginica  L.  (Commelina  hirtella  Vahl.)  VIRGINIA  Day- 
flower.  Map  591.  Found  only  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state  in  wet 
woods  and  sloughs  and  along  streams.  This  is  our  largest  species  and 
usually  forms  colonies.  No  doubt  all  early  reports  of  this  species  for  the 
state  should  be  referred  to  some  other  species.  Commelina  erecta  of  Gray, 
Man.,  ed.  5  is  a  synonym  of  this  species  and  Coulter's  and  Young's  reports 
for  it  from  Jefferson  County  should  be  referred  to  Commelina  virginica  L. 

Pa.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

4.  Commelina  angustifolia  Michx.  Narrowleaf  Dayflower.  Map  592. 
This  species  grows  in  almost  pure,  fine  sand  and  is  found  on  sand  hills 
along  roadsides,  on  high,  sandy  banks  of  lakes  and  streams,  and  on  the 
open  dunes  about  Lake  Michigan.  Three  specimens  were  measured  in  the 
field  and  the  blades  of  the  posterior  petals  averaged  from  17-18  mm  wide 
and  14-17  mm  long  and  the  anterior  or  white  petals  averaged  about  1  mm 
wide. 

N.  C.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  also  in  Cuba. 

5.  Commelina  erecta  L.  (Including  the  reports  of  Commelina  crispa 
Wooton  from  Indiana.)  I  found  a  specimen  along  the  roadside  2  miles 
west  of  Yankeetown,  Warrick  County,  which  I  am  referring  to  this 
species.  Pennell  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  43:  107.  1916)  reported  two 
specimens  from  the  dunes  about  Lake  Michigan  as  Commelina  crispa 
Wooton  and  I  am  including  them  in  this  species.  The  name  of  this  species 
should  not  be  confused  with  the  same  name  applied  to  other  species  by 
early  authors. 

N.  Y.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

911.  TRADESCANTIA  [Rupp.]  L.  Spiderwort 

[Anderson  and  Woodson.  The  species  of  Tradescantia  indigenous  to  the 
United  States.    Contr.  Arnold  Arboretum  9:  1-132.    1935.] 

Plants    glaucous,    essentially    glabrous    throughout,    robust,    mostly    of    a    dry,    sandy 
habitat;   flowering  from  the   first  of  June  through   the  summer;    sepals   glabrous 

or  with  a  few  hairs  at  the  apex,  8-15  mm  long;  pedicels  1-1.5  cm  long 

1.  T.  canaliculata. 

Plants  not  glaucous,  more  or  less  pubescent  throughout;  woodland  species  of  a  moist 
or  dry  habitat;  sepals  pubescent,  rarely  glabrous. 
Plants  dwarf,  generally  less  than  1  dm  high,  rarely  1.5  dm  high,  covered  all  over 
with  long,  weak  hairs;  sepals  tinted  with  pink,  about  1  cm  long.    (See  excluded 

species  no.  127,  p.  1033.) T.  brevicaulis. 

Plants  usually  more  than  1  dm  high,  not  covered  all  over  with  long,  weak  hairs; 

sepals  very  green. 

Stems   fiexuous,   at   least   above   the    lowest   inflorescence;    leaves    lanceolate,    the 

median  ones  usually  2-5  cm  wide;  flowering  from  the  first  of  June  until  frost; 

cymes  both  terminal  and  axillary;  sepals  mostly  6-8  mm  long;  pedicels  1-1.5 

cm  long 2.  T.  subaspera. 

Stems  not  flexuous;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  the  median  ones  less  than 
2  cm  wide;  sepals  8-15  mm  long. 


2«l> 


COMMELINACEAE 


Tradescantia 


• 

f 

Jan. 
Feb 

Mjr 
Apr. 
May 

June 

July 

AuJ 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

\ 

f^ 

~ 

X 

j" 

m 

~r 

J- 

Dec  j- 

0    Jt- 

/   Miles 

g 

D 

r/   0 

D   J  D     f 
1             ° 

10 

c 

omm 

elin, 

vlrginica 

J                50 

Map    591 
L. 

0  50 

Map   592 


Commelina  angustifolia  Michx. 


0  ~M 

Map  593 

Tradescantia  cana Mculata  Raf. 


Pubescence  of  pedicels  and  sepals  non-glandular;  plants  of  dry  woodland,  flower- 
ing from  the  last  of  April  to  the  first  of  June  and  usually  soon  dying  down; 
cymes  mostly  terminal,  rarely  both  terminal  and  axillary;  pedicels  1.5-4 
cm  long 3.  T.  virginiana. 

Pubescence  of  pedicels  and  sepals  glandular.  (See  excluded  species  no.  126, 
p.   1032. ) T.   bracteata. 

1.  Tradescantia  canaliculata  Raf.  {Tradescantia  reflexa  Raf.  of  Gray, 
Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Glaucous  Spider- 
wort.  Map  593.  This  species  prefers  the  open  and  is  generally  found  in 
dry,  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  along  roadsides,  on  sand  hills  and  high  banks 
of  lakes,  and  on  the  dunes.  It  is  rarely  found  in  swampy  places  but  is 
frequent  in  moist,  prairie  habitats.  This  is  a  rank  growing  species  with 
several  color  forms  which  have  been  named  and  which  persist  under 
cultivation. 

N.  C.,  Ohio  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

la.  Tradescantia  canaliculata  f.  albifldra  (Slavin  &  Nieuwl.)  comb.  nov. 
(Tradescantia  reflexa  f.  albi flora  Slavin  &  Nieuwl.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  11 : 
600.  1929.)  This  is  a  white-flowered  form  which  is  rather  frequent  where 
the  species  is  found. 

lb.  Tradescantia  canaliculata  f.  Lesteri  (Standley)  comb.  nov. 
(Tradescantia  reflexa  f.  Lesteri  Standley.  Rhodora  32:  32.  1930.)  This 
is  a  form  with  "poppy-red"  colored  flowers  which  was  found  near  Tremont, 
Porter  County,  by  Lester  A.  Beatty. 

lc.  Tradescantia  canaliculata  f.  Mariae  (Standley)  comb.  nov. 
(Tradescantia  reflexa  f.  Mariae  Standley.  Rhodora  32:  32.  1930.)  This 
form  with  white  petals,  margined  with  lilac  was  found  near  Fowler,  Benton 
County,  by  Mary  Bremer. 

2.  Tradescantia  subaspeia  Ker  var.  typica  Anderson  &  Woodson. 
(Contr.  Arnold  Arboretum  9:  49.  1935.)  (Tradescantia  pilosa  Lehm.) 
Zigzag  Spiderwort.  Map  594.  Usually  infrequent  but  well  distributed 
throughout  the  state  except  in  the  northern  part  from  which  there  are  no 


Pontederia 


PONTEDERIACEAE 


287 


Map   594 
I  radescantia  subaspera    Ker 
var   typica  Anderson  &  Woodson 


o  53 

Map   596 

Pontederia  cordata  L 


records  or  specimens.   It  is  a  woodland  species  and  is  rarely  found  in  the 
open.   It  prefers  the  moist,  rich,  wooded  terrace  slopes  along  streams  and 
the  slopes  of  ravines  and  is  less  frequent  in  level  woods. 
Pa.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

3.  Tradescantia  virginiana  L.  Virginia  Spiderwort.  Map  595.  Infre- 
quent but  well  distributed  in  the  southern  two  thirds  of  the  state,  becoming 
less  frequent  to  very  rare  in  the  northern  counties.  This  is  a  woodland 
species  and  is  rarely  found  in  the  open.  It  is  usually  found  in  dry  clayey 
soil  in  white  oak,  white  oak  and  black  oak,  and  beech  and  sugar  maple 
woods.  White  and  rose  colored  forms  are  sometimes  found  and  they 
persist  under  cultivation. 

Southern  N.  Y.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  and  Ark. 


34.  PONTEDERIACEAE  Dumort.  Pickerelweed  Family 

[Moldenke.    Pontederiaceae   of   North   America.    N.   Amer.   Flora   19: 
51-60.   1937.] 

Plants  erect;   leaves  large,  cordate  to  lanceolate;   flowers  blue,   2-lipped;    stamens  6; 

utricle  1-seeded 922.  Pontederia,  p.  287. 

Plants  floating  or  prostrate  on  mud;  leaves  linear,  very  narrow  or  reniform;  flowers 

yellow,  white  or  pale  blue;  perianth  salver-shaped;  stamens  3;  capsule  many-seeded. 

924.  Heteranthera,  p.  288. 

922/ PONTEDERIA  L. 

[Fernald   (Rhodora  27:  80.    1925)   gives  a  key  to  the  "Pontederias  of 
temperate  North  America,"  which  is  copied  here  in  part.] 

Leaves  cordate  at  base. 

Leaves  narrowly  deltoid-ovate,  tapering  with  straight  sides  from  the   base  to  the 

apex 1.  p.  cordata. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  gradually  curved  from  the  broad  base  to  the  blunt  summit 

la.  P.  cordata  f.  latifolia. 

Leaves  truncate  to  tapering  at  base,  narrowly  deltoid  to  linear-lanceolate 

lb.  P.  cordata  f.  angustifolia. 


288 


PONTEDERIACEAE 


Heteranthera 


0  "TO 

Map  597 

Heteranthera  reniformis  R.&  P. 


0  50 

Map   598 


Heteranthera  dubia  (Jacq)  MacM. 


0"  5o 

Map  599 
Juncus   effusus  L 
var.  s&Jutus    Fern.  &  Wieg. 


1.  Pontederia  cordata  L.  Pickerelweed.  Map  956.  This  species  is  fre- 
quent throughout  most  of  the  lake  area  but  is  absent  or  very  local  south 
of  it.  It  must  have  its  base  in  water  most  of  the  time,  but  otherwise  it 
does  not  seem  particular  as  to  where  it  grows.  It  seems  to  grow  nearly  as 
well  in  almost  pure  marl  areas  as  in  sandy,  muddy,  and  mucky  borders. 
However,  I  find  the  largest  specimens  in  mucky  borders  of  lakes.  The 
trimorphic  flowers  of  this  species  are  interesting  to  one  who  can  give  the 
time  to  their  study. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Tex. 

la.  Pontederia  cordata  f.  latifolia  (Farw.)  House.  This  form,  in  the 
extreme,  is  well  marked  but  our  specimens  seem  to  intergrade  so  much 
that  it  is  a  question  whether  the  two  forms  should  be  maintained.  The 
range  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  species. 

115.  Pontederia  cordata  f.  angustifolia  (Pursh)  Solms-Laubach.  This 
form  is  distinctly  marked  but  I  am  not  certain  that  another  form  may  not 
be  on  the  same  rhizome.  On  the  low,  marly  shore  of  the  southeast  side  of 
Simonton  Lake,  Elkhart  County,  I  made  a  study  of  this  form.  I  found  it 
farther  out  in  the  lake  in  a  zone  of  water  a  little  deeper  than  where  the 
species  grew.  The  species  grew  in  a  dense  stand  while  the  form  was  not 
so  dense.  I  did  not  realize,  until  recently,  the  significance  of  this  form 
although  I  have  found  it  in  several  counties.   Rather  rare  in  Indiana. 

P.  E.  I.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ind.  and  southeast  of  the  Appalachian  Mts. 


924.  HETERANTHERA  H.  &  P.  Mud  Plantain 

Leaves  reniform;  flowers  white  or  pale  blue 1.  H.  reniformis. 

Leaves  linear;  flowers  yellow 2.  H.  dubia. 

1.  Heteranthera  reniformis  R.  &  P.  MUD  PLANTAIN.  Map  597.  Very 
local  in  ponds  in  the  southern  counties.  I  have  found  it  on  the  muddy  shore 
of  Hovey  Lake,  Posey  County  and  elsewhere  in  natural  and  artificial  ponds. 


Heteranthera  Pontederiaceae  289 

There  is  a  specimen  in  the  herbarium  of  DePauw  University  which  was 
collected  by  D.  T.  MacDougal  in  Putnam  County,  Sept.  12,  1889. 

Conn.,  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. ;  also  in  W.  I.  and  to  Cent.  Amer. 

2.  Heteranthera  dubia  (Jacq.)  MacM.  Water  Stargrass.  Map  598. 
Rather  frequent  in  the  lake  area  on  the  shallow  borders  of  lakes,  in  the 
Tippecanoe  and  St.  Joseph  Rivers,  and  on  sandy  bars  and  mud  flats  along 
streams,  becoming  rare  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  It  is  so  inconspic- 
uous that  it  is  usually  overlooked.  Sometimes  it  grows  in  great  masses  with 
such  acquatic  plants  as  Potamogeton  and  Utricularia.  The  deepest  water 
from  which  I  have  a  specimen  is  4  feet  but  I  know  that  it  grows  in  even 
deeper  water.  It  is  most  conspicuous  on  muddy  flats  in  late  autumn  when 
the  water  of  its  habitat  recedes. 

Que.  to  Oreg.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ark.  and  Ariz. 


290  JUNCACEAE  JuilCUS 

36.  JUNCACEAE  Vent.  Rush  Family* 

Plants  glabrous;  capsule  usually  3-celled,  with  very  numerous  minute  seeds 

936.  Juncus.    p.  290. 

Plants  hairy  or  arachnoid;  capsule  1-celled,  with  3  large  seeds 997.    Lnzula,  p.  300. 

936.  JUNCUS  [Tourn.]  L. 

Inflorescence  apparently  growing  from  the  side  of  the  culm,  the  involucral  bract  terete, 
erect  and  appearing  like  a  continuation  of  the  culm;  culm  leaves  reduced  to  blade- 
less  sheaths.    (Section  Genuini.) 
Stamens   3,  opposite   the   sepals;    inflorescence  greenish   or  stramineous;    rootstocks 
short-creeping  with  inconspicuous  internodes;  culms  densely  cespitose. 
Sepals  not  exceeding  the  petals,  rarely  exceeding  the  capsule,  2.5-3.5  mm   long, 
slightly  if  at  all  spreading,  about  the  same  color  as  the  capsule;   culms  not 

sulcate 1.  J.  effusus  var.  solutus. 

Sepals  exceeding  both  the  petals  and  the  capsule,  2.7-4  mm  long,  more  rigid  and 
spreading,  usually  lighter  in  color  than  the  capsule;  culms  sulcate  below  the 

inflorescence la.  J.  effusus  var.  Pylaei. 

Stamens  6,  opposite  the  sepals  and  petals;   inflorescence  dark  brown  at  maturity; 
rootstocks  long-creeping  with  conspicuous  internodes;   culms  usually  well  sepa- 
rated, arising  in  a  single  row. 
Inflorescence  not  diffuse,  1.5-3.5  cm  long;  flowers  approximate  or  subapproximate. 

2.  J.  balticus  var.  littoralis. 

Inflorescence  diffuse,  4-12  cm  long;  flowers  widely  separated 

2a.  J.  balticus  var.  littoralis  f .  dissitiflorus. 

Inflorescence  obviously  terminal  or,  if  not,  the  involucral  bracts  fiat  or  channeled  along 
the  upper  side;  culm  leaves  with  well  developed  blades. 
Leaves  flat,  or  in  age  involute,  not  septate  (in  J.  Greenei  terete  but  not  septate). 
Flowers  borne  singly  on  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence,  not  in  heads,  each  with 
a  pair  of  bracteoles  at  the  base  in  addition  to  the  bractlet  at  the  base  of  the 
pedicel.    (Section  Poiophylli.) 
Inflorescence  more  than  half  the  height  of  the  plant;  flowers  scattered  along  the 

loose  forking  branches;  annual 3.  J.  bufonius. 

Inflorescence  much  less  than  half  the  height  of  the  plant;  perennial. 

Perianth  segments  obtuse,  appressed ;  leaf  sheaths  covering  half  of  the  stem  or 

more 4.  J.  Gerardi. 

Perianth  segments  acute  or  acuminate,  usually  more  or  less  spreading;   leaf 
sheaths  covering  a  fourth  of  the  stem  or  less. 
Leaves  terete;  capsule  much  exceeding  the  perianth,  reddish  or  castaneous. 

5.  J.  Greenei. 

Leaves  flat;  capsule  little  if  at  all  exceeding  the  perianth,  green  to  stramine- 
ous or  dull  brown. 
Bracts   shorter   than    the   inflorescence;    flowers   conspicuously   secund   on 
the  usually   incurved  branches;   capsule  3-celled;   leaves  usually  less 

than  a  third  the  height  of  the  culms 6.  J.  sectindus. 

Rracts   (at  least  the  lowermost)   exceeding  the  inflorescence;  flowers  not 

conspicuously  secund;  capsule  1-celled  or  imperfectly  3-celled;  leaves 

usually  about  half  the  height  of  the  culms. 

Auricles  at  the  summit  of  the  sheaths  very  thin,  white,  and  scarious, 

conspicuously   produced   beyond   the   point   of   insertion,    1-3.5    mm 

long;  bracteoles  blunt. 

Flowers  mostly  clustered  at  the  tips  of  the  branches I.J.  macer. 

Flowers  scattered  or  somewhat  secund  along  the  branches. 

*  Contributed  by  Frederick  J.  Hermann,  University  of  Michigan. 


Juncus  Juncaceae  291 

Ultimate  floriferous  branchlets  widely  spreading,  0.5-2  cm  long.... 

7a.  J.  macer  f.  Williamsii. 

Ultimate  floriferous  branchlets  elongate  and  ascending. 

Ultimate  floriferous  branchlets  rarely  over  4  cm  long;  sepals 
and  petals  mostly  subequal;  capsule  averaging  three  fourths 
the  length  of  the  acuminate  sepals;  plant  generally  stout. . . . 

7b.  J.  macer  f .  anthelatus. 

Ultimate  floriferous  branchlets  often  7  cm  long;  sepals  attenuate- 
subulate,  usually  conspicuously  longer  than  the  petals; 
capsule  averaging  half  the  length  of  the  sepals;  plant  gen- 
erally slender,  often  lax 7c.  J.  macer  f.  discretiflorus. 

Auricles  at  the  summit  of  the  sheaths  firm,  not  conspicuously  produced 
beyond  the  point  of  insertion. 

Bracteoles  acuminate  to  aristate;  auricles  with  the  very  slight- 
ly produced  portion  membranaceous,  not  rigid  (easily 
broken),  stramineous,  often  tinged  with  brown  or  light 
red,  occasionally  somewhat  cartilaginous  along  the  sides 
below  the  summit;  inflorescence  generally  loose;  perianth 

from  appressed  to  slightly  spreading 8.  /.  interior. 

Bracteoles  blunt  to  acute;  auricles  cartilaginous,  yellow,  be- 
coming brown  with  age,  very  rigid  and  glossy,  especially 
the  short  produced  portion;  inflorescence  generally  com- 
pact; perianth  widely  spreading 9.  J.  Dudleyi. 

Flowers  in  heads,  not  bracteolate,  i.e.,  with  only  the  bractlet  at  the  base  of  the 
pedicel.    (Section  Graminifolii.) 
Stamens   not   exserted   in   fruit;    perianth    exceeding   the   obovate,   usually   dull 
capsule;  heads  few  (2-20),  flowers  many  (5-10)  in  a  head;  culms  cespitose, 

bulbous  at  base 10.  «/.  marginatus. 

Stamens  exserted  in  fruit;  perianth  usually  shorter  than  the  ovoid,  shining 
capsule;  heads  numerous  (20-100);  flowers  few  (2-6)  in  a  head;  culms 
solitary  or  few  together  from  an  elongate,  nodulose  rhizome;  plant  taller 
and  coarser. 

Inflorescence  loose;  heads  remote,  2-3  (rarely  6)-flowered 11.  J.  bifloms. 

Inflorescence  compact;  heads  approximate,  3-6-flowered 

11a.  J.  bifiorus  f.  adinus. 

Leaves  terete,  hollow,  septate.    (Section  Septati.) 
Seeds  with  tail-like  appendages. 

Heads  few  to  many;  flowers  5-50  in  a  head;  flowers  with  mature  fruit  about  4 
mm  long;  perianth  segments  subulate-tipped;  capsule  equaling  or  moder- 
ately exceeding  the  calyx;  seed  (including  tails)  1-1.8  mm  long,  with  con- 
spicuous tails 12.  J.   canadensis. 

Heads  numerous  in  a  diffuse  panicle;  flowers  3-5  in  a  head;  flowers  with 
mature  fruit  2.5-3.5  mm  long;  perianth  segments  obtuse  or  nearly  so, 
scarious-margined,   less   rigid;    capsule  usually   much   exceeding   the   calyx; 

seed  (including  tails)  barely  1  mm  long,  the  tails  very  short 

13.  J.  brachycephalus. 

Seeds  without  tail-like  appendages. 
Stamens  3,  opposite  the  sepals. 

Capsule  tapering  evenly   to   the   tip   or   subulate-beaked,   distinctly   exceed- 
ing the  calyx. 
Heads   numerous;    flowers   2-7   in   a   head;    inflorescence   very   large   and 

diffuse;  capsule  gradually  attenuate 14.  J.  diffusissimus. 

Heads  few;  flowers  very  numerous  in  a  head;  capsule  subulate 

15.  J.  scirpoides. 

Capsule  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  from  shorter  than  to  slightly  exceed- 
ing the  calyx. 


292  Juncaceae  Juncus 

Capsule  half  to  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  calyx;  sepals  rigid,  subulate, 
much    longer   than    the    petals;    heads    spherical;    culms   from    thick, 

elongate  rhizomes 16.  J.  brachycarpus. 

Capsule  nearly  equaling  or  exceeding  the  calyx;   sepals  and  petals  sub- 
equal;  heads  usually  hemispherical;  culms  cespitose,  not  rhizomatous. 
Heads  1-50;  flowers  several  to  many  in  a  head;  perianth  3-3.5  mm  long; 

capsule  acute  or  mucronate 17.  J.  acuminatus. 

Heads  200-500;  flowers  few  in  a  head;  perianth  2-2.5  mm  long;  capsule 
shorter,  broader,  much  less  rigid,  blunt;  nodes  fewer,  less  con- 
spicuous, of  the  same  color  as  the  culm 18.  J.  nodatus. 

Stamens  6. 

Flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs,  often  reduced  to  fascicles  of  small  leaves 

19.  J.  pelocarpus. 

Flowers  more  numerous,  in  heads. 

Heads   spherical,  few,   large    (7-15   mm   wide);    capsule   subulate;    sepals 
subulate;  involucral  bract  usually  exceeding  the  inflorescence. 
Plant  low,  1-4  dm  high;  leaf  blades  erect  or  ascending;  flowers  3-4  mm 

long;  petals  usually  equaling  or  exceeding  the  sepals 

20.  J.  nodosus. 

Plant  taller,  4-10  dm  high;  leaf  blades  divaricate;  flowers  4-5  mm  long; 

petals  usually  shorter  than  the  sepals 21.  J.  Torreyi. 

Heads  hemispherical,  more  numerous,  smaller  (6  mm  wide  or  less);  capsule 
ovoid  or  ellipsoid;  sepals  blunt  or  acute;  involucral  bract  shorter  than 
the  inflorescence. 
Sepals  and  petals  acute  or  acuminate;  capsule  strongly  acute;  branches 
of  the  inflorescence  usually  widely  spreading. ..  .22.  /.  articulatus. 
Sepals  and  petals  mostly  obtuse,  often  scarious  at  the  apex;   capsule 
from  obtuse  to  broadly  acute  or  apiculate;  branches  of  the  inflores- 
cence rarely  widely  spreading. 
Heads   loosely  few-flowered,  usually  with   one   or  more   flowers   ele- 
vated on  slightly  prolonged  peduncles;  branches  of  the  inflores- 
cence erect  or  strongly  ascending.  .  .23.  J.  alpinus  var.  rariflorus. 
Heads  compactly  and  regularly  several-  to  many-flowered;  branches 

of  the  inflorescence  spreading-ascending 

23a.  J.  alpinus  var.  fuscescens. 

1.  Juncus  effusus  L.  var.  solutus  Fern.  &  Wieg.  (Rhodora  12: 
90.  1910.)  Map  599.  Very  common  in  ditches,  sloughs,  low  fields,  wet 
open  woods,  marshes,  bogs  and  on  borders  of  lakes.  Often  locally  abundant. 

N.  S.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

la.  Juncus  effusus  var.  Pylaei  (Laharpe)  Fern.  &  Wieg.  (Rhodora 
12:  92.  1910.)  Map  599a.  Infrequent  in  the  northern  part  of  the  lake  area, 
except  on  the  dunes  where  it  is  frequent.  A  northern  variety  growing  in 
habitats  similar  to  the  preceding  variety  and  reaching  the  southern  limit 
of  its  range  in  northern  Indiana. 

Newf.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  W.  Va.  and  Ind. 

2.  Juncus  balticus  Willd.  var.  littoralis  Engelm.  Map  600.  Infrequent 
in  the  dune  area  where  it  is  found  on  the  sandy  borders  of  sloughs  and 
lakes,  in  interdunal  swales  and  marshes,  and  in  moist  depressions  of  the 
sandy  beach  of  Lake  Michigan.  The  elongate  rootstocks  of  this  rush,  and 
of  the  following  form,  usually  radiate  in  many  directions  from  a  common 
center  and  often  attain  a  length  of  a  yard  or  even  several  yards. 

Newf.  to  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  and  the  Great  Lakes. 


J  uncus 


JUNCACEAE 


293 


0  ^0 

Map  599a 
Juncus    effusus   L. 

var.  Pylaei   (Laharpe)    Fern.  &  Wieq. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.  C 

UK 
ND  "l 

f 

r 

0 
»            H 

D             S^ 

□ 

D 

„  ~V 

f-rLr 

f 

DP 

r1! 

Kj — 

i 

1  D    /    A. 

'J    Miles 

J 

r 

0 

1      ' 

H 

K         1 /• 

) 

3     J 

Jun 

cus 

bufonius  1 

o             50 
Map  601 

Jan 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec  £ 

D     1 

r      i 

r— 

\ 

(    ^ 

1 

r 

V    Miles 

r 

i  ' — 

~yy   i'V  /  o           so 
X/^-i/             Map  600 
Juncus    balticus  Wi'lld. 
var.  littoralis  Enqelm. 

o  50 

Map    602 


Juncus  Gerardi  Lofsel 


Miles 

0  56 

Map  600a 
Juncus  balticus 
var.  littoralis    f.  dissitif lorus   Enqelm. 


0  55 

Map  603 

Juncus  Greenei  Oakes  &  Tuckerm. 


2a.  Juncus  balticus  var.  littoralis  f .  dissitiflorus  Engelm.  (Rhodora  25 : 
208.  1923.)  Map  600a.  Confined  to  the  dune  area  where  it  grows  in  the 
habitats  of  the  variety  but  is  much  more  common. 

Range  of  the  variety  but  more  common  inland. 

3.  Juncus  bufonius  L.  Map  601.  Common  on  sandy  or  clay  roadsides 
and  abandoned  roads  in  open  woods  or  marshes;  frequent  on  low  sandy 
lake  shores,  in  ditches,  sandy  swales,  and  low  fallow  fields. 

Almost  throughout  North  America ;  cosmopolitan. 

4.  Juncus  Gerardi  Loisel.  Map  602.  A  Coastal  Plain  species  which  Mr. 
C.  M.  Ek  found  established  in  Howard  County.  He  reports  a  colony  about 
5  by  10  feet  (July  20,  1935)  on  dry  open  ground  along  the  Nickle  Plate 
Railway  4  miles  east  of  Kokomo.  It  is  doubtless  introduced  here.  In  the 
"Flora  of  the  Indiana  Dunes"  by  Peattie  the  species  is  reported  from  Lake 
County  but  no  specimens  could  be  found. 

Along  the  coast,  mostly  in  salt  marshes,  Newf .  to  Fla. ;  also  on  the  nw. 
Pacific  coast,  in  Eurasia,  and  n.  Africa. 


294 


JUNCACEAE 


Juncus 


Q—    — 53 

Map  605a 
Juncus   macer 
f.  Will lamsii   (Fern.)  Hermann 


5.  Juncus  Greenei  Oakes  &  Tuckerm.  Map  603.  Infrequent  in  the  north- 
western counties  in  sandy  soil  along  low  roadsides,  in  moist  depressions  on 
the  dunes,  and  especially  in  prairie  habitats  along  railroads. 

Maine  to  Vt.  and  N.  J. ;  locally  in  the  Great  Lakes  region. 

6.  Juncus  secundus  Beauv.  Map  604.  Known  in  Indiana  from  a  single 
collection :  wet  clay  border  of  a  cattail  pond  in  a  fallow  field  3  miles  east 
of  Livonia,  Washington  County,  June  17,  1935,  F.  J.  Hermann  no.  6705. 
It  has  been  reported  from  Putnam  County  by  Wilson  but  no  specimen 
could  be  found  to  substantiate  the  report. 

Maine  to  Vt.  and  N.  C,  and  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  from  Tenn.  to  111. 
and  Mo. 

7.  Juncus  macer  S.  F.  Gray.  (Jour.  Bot.  68:  367.  1930.)  (Juncus  tenuis 
of  authors,  not  Willd. ;  including  Juncus  monostichus  Bartlett.)  Map  605. 
Very  common  in  fields,  pastures,  ditches,  open  woods,  waste  places,  and 
especially  in  paths  and  on  roadsides ;  infrequent  on  banks  of  streams  and 
in  swampy  habitats. 

Juncus  monostichus  (originally  described  from  Madison  County)  is  a 
pathologic  phase  of  this  species  in  which  the  peculiar  form  of  the  inflores- 
cence, the  shortening  of  the  capsules,  and  the  tendency  toward  sterility 
are  induced  by  a  fungus  infection. 

Deam  no.  55051  is  exceptional  in  having  the  auricles  scarcely  prolonged, 
the  inflorescence  much  congested  and  perianth  unusually  large.  Inter- 
mediates between  the  species  and  its  forms  are  frequent;  thus  Deam  nos. 
44784  and  53949,  Peattie  no.  2102,  Lansing  no.  2730,  and  Bechtel  no.  13381 
approach  f.  Williamsii;  Deam  no.  25456  approaches  f.  anthelatus;  and 
Deam  no.  24  approaches  f.  discretiflorus. 

Almost  throughout  North  America ;  adventive  in  Europe,  South  America, 
and  Australia. 

7a.  Juncus  macer  f.  Williamsii  (Fern.)  Hermann.  (Rhodora  40:  82. 
1938.)      (Juncus   tenuis  var.    Williamsii   Fern,    and  Juncus  macer  var. 


Juncus 


JUNCACEAE 


295 


0  33 

Map   605b 
\luncus  macer 
f.  anthetatus  (Wieg.)  Hermann 


0  50 

Map   607 


Juncus   Dudley!    Wieg. 


o  3o 

Map  605c 
Juncus   macer 
f.  discret  iflorus  Hermann 


0  55 

Map  608 


Juncus  marginatus  Rostk, 


1 — 

Jan. 

*1      HI              ,1                

Feb. 

Mar. 

1 

J 

Apr. 

DP                             | 

"l 

rJ                1 

— 

May 
June 

July 
Aug. 

{ 

-s    , 

I.DU„ 

Sept. 

r 

— 

Oct. 

Nov. 

DP 

-  X 

r 

Dec.j- 

i 

— — 

hi  f 

'/    Miles 

J-*  D  1      J^\      1 

i                50 

<Jr^V     ^/  Map   606 

Juncus   interior  Wieg. 

o  55 

Map  609 


Juncus  biflorus  Ell. 


Williamsii  Fern.)    Map  605a.   Sporadic  but  infrequent  in  the  habitats  of 
the  species. 

Local  but  range  apparently  that  of  the  species. 

7b.  Juncus  macer  f.  anthelatus  (Wieg.)  Hermann.  (Rhodora  40:  81. 
1938.)  (Juncus  tenuis  var.  anthelatus  Wieg.  and  Juncus  macer  var. 
anthelatus  (Wieg.)  Fern.)  Map  605b.  Common  in  most  of  the  habitats 
of  the  species  but  usually  in  wetter  soils.  It  is  more  often  found  in 
ditches  and  low  fallow  fields  and  on  borders  of  swamps  or  ponds  than  is 
the  species  and  much  less  frequently  along  paths  or  dry  roadsides. 

Range  apparently  that  of  the  species  except  probably  absent  from  arid 
regions. 

7c.  Juncus  macer  f.  discretiflorus  Hermann.  (Rhodora  40:  82.  1938.) 
Map  605c.  Frequent  in  southern  Indiana  in  low  woods  and  swamps  and 
on  wet  or  moist  clay  roadsides  and  banks  of  streams. 

Southern  Ind. ;  doubtless  also  in  Ky.,  s.  Ohio,  and  s.  111. 


296 


JUNCACEAE 


J uncus 


— 

Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar. 
Apr. 

May 

June 
July 
Aufc 
Sept 
Oct 

JP      L 

1   ° 

H 
1  CP 

h 

F 

'     )      D             0 

D          D 
H          • 

'       _L 

-  "-^OP         H             D 

-OH 

J?  H          0 

r     <, 

H    | 

J 

Id    h 

0 

~n 

4r 

D 

i 
■ 

m 

Nov. 

1 

Dec  C — 

1 

i  I 

""[    8a     1       J 

-/    Miles 

D  /     r 

Ju 

DC 

US 

ca' 

adensis  >i 

'56' 
Map   610 

.Gay 

6 50 

Map   6 
Juncus    brachycephalus 

(Engelm.)   Buchenau 


0^  55 

Map   612 

Juncus   diffu sissimus   Buckley 


8.  Juncus  interior  Wieg.  Map  606.  Frequent  in  moist  sandy  clearings, 
prairies,  fallow  fields,  open  oak  flats,  and  ditches. 

Ind.  to  Wyo.  and  Tex. 

9.  Juncus  Dudleyi  Wieg.  Map  607.  Very  common  in  wet  fields,  marshes, 
ditches,  low  open  woods,  sandy  or  marly  borders  of  lakes,  and  other  moist 
open  habitats. 

Newf.  to  Sask.  and  Wash.,  southw.  to  Tenn.,  Kans.,  and  Mex. ;  adventive 
in  Scotland  and  Germany. 

10.  Juncus  marginatum  Rostk.  Map  608.  Frequent  in  the  western 
portion  of  the  lake  area  and  also  in  southern  Indiana  where  it  is  chiefly  in 
the  unglaciated  area.  It  is  found  in  moist  sandy  clearings,  in  clay  fields 
or  meadows,  and  rarely  in  marshes  and  on  low  prairies  and  borders 
of  ponds. 

Maine  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Nebr. 

11.  Juncus  biflorus  Ell.  (Rhodora  37:  156.  1935.)  (Juncus  aristulatus 
of  authors,  not  Michx.  and  Juncus  marginatus  var.  biflorus  (Ell.)  Wood.) 
Map  609.  Common  in  southern  Indiana  in  hard  white  clay  soils  of  low 
fallow  fields  and  grassy  meadows,  in  roadside  ditches,  and  rare  in  open 
flat  woods;  infrequent  in  the  lake  area  in  moist  open  sandy  or  gravelly 
habitats,  especially  on  borders  of  lakes. 

Mass.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Mex. 

11a.  Juncus  biflorus  f.  adinus  Fern.  &  Grisc.  (Rhodora  37:  156.  1935.) 
Deam  no.  26197  from  a  swampy  fallow  field  a  mile  and  a  half  west  of 
Huron,  Martin  County,  is  typical  of  this  form. 

12.  Juncus  canadensis  J.  Gay.  (J uncus  canadensis  var.  lotigicaudatus 
Engelm.)  Map  610.  Very  common  in  the  lake  area  but  infrequent  south 
of  it.  It  is  found  in  marshes,  swales,  bogs,  sandy  or  marly  ditches,  and  on 
low  borders  or  sandy  shores  of  lakes. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  La. 


J uncus 


JUNCACEAE 


297 


o  55 

Map  613 


Juncus  scirpoides  Lam. 


0  5o 

Map   614 


Juncus  brachycarpus  Engelm. 


0  To 

Map  615 

Juncus   acuminatus    Michx. 


13.  Juncus  brachycephalus  (Engelm.)  Buch.  (Juncus  canadensis  var. 
brachycephalus  Engelm.)  Map  611.  Frequent  in  the  northern  half  of 
Indiana,  becoming  common  in  the  lake  area.  It  is  often  associated  with 
other  rushes,  especially  with  /.  nodosus,  on  low  sandy  or  marly  borders  of 
lakes,  in  marshes  and  sloughs,  and  on  springy  calcareous  terraces. 

A  form  of  this  species  having  six  stamens  instead  of  the  more  usual 
three  has  been  named  J.  brachycephalus  f.  hexandrus  Martin  (Rhodora 
40 :  460.  1938)  and  Deam  no.  54539A  in  the  Herbarium  of  the  University 
of  West  Virginia  is  designated  as  the  type.  The  six-stamened  condition  is 
frequent  in  J.  brachycephalus  (as  in  /.  canadensis  and  related  species)  ;  in 
fact  most  of  the  Indiana  collections  have  at  least  a  few  of  the  flowers  with 
six  stamens.  As  a  rule  a  single  plant  will  have  flowers  predominantly  either 
3-stamened  or  6-stamened ;  occasionally  the  number  will  be  about  equally 
divided  between  the  two,  but  rarely,  if  ever,  is  a  plant  found  in  which  all 
of  the  flowers  have  reverted  to  the  6-stamened  state. 

Maine  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  111. 

14.  Juncus  diffusissimus  Buckley.  Map  612.  Common  in  southern  Indi- 
ana, especially  in  the  unglaciated  area,  in  roadside  ditches,  low  fallow 
fields  (mostly  in  hard  white  clay  soil),  swampy  open  woods,  and  along  the 
banks  of  or  on  gravel  bars  in  creeks. 

N.  Y.  to  Ind.  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Tex.  and  Ga. 

15.  Juncus  scirpoides  Lam.  Map  613.  Known  in  Indiana  from  only  the 
dune  area  where  it  is  found  in  open,  wet  sandy  habitats.  Of  the  22  collec- 
tions seen  from  Lake  and  Porter  Counties  only  one  was  made  later  than 
1913.  Previous  to  that  date  the  species  apparently  was  frequent  to  fairly 
common  on  the  dunes. 

No  specimen  could  be  found  to  confirm  the  reports  of  Barnes  and  of  Coul- 
ter from  Jefferson  County.  In  all  probability  these  reports  were  based  upon 
collections  of  Juncus  brachycarpus,  a  species  common  in  Jefferson  County 
and  superficially  resembling  /.  scirpoides.   J.  brachycarpus  is  the  only  one 


298 


JUNCACEAE 


Juncus 


f 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

i 

c 

?      » 

\ 

M 

-I 

r 

f 

r 

i 

~r 

r1 

Dec  £ 

— i  °  i 

1/    Miles 

0 1     l 

H 

V 

uncu 

s.  n 

3d 

itus  Co 

0              50 
Map  616 

/file 

Miles 
0      '    '    '5(5 
Map  617 


Juncus    pelocarpus    Mey. 


Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec. 


ll     1 
D       )    ND 

E      E 

1      1 

F 
0 

/                         0 

-      D 

11^*-*.* 

—SL 

|      J~ 

frVlr- 

'        ' 

1                0 

-  i 

Miles 


0  50 

Map   618 


Juncus    nodosus   L. 


of  all  the  species  with  small  spherical  heads  to  which  Coulter's  statement 
under  J.  scirpoides,  "found  throughout  the  state,"  is  applicable. 
N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 

16.  Juncus  brachycarpus  Engelm.  Map  614.  Fairly  common  in  southern 
Indiana ;  frequent  elsewhere  except  in  the  central  and  eastern  counties.  Its 
favorite  habitats  are  low  fallow  or  grassy  fields  where  the  soil  is  usually  a 
hard  white  clay,  and  sandy  ditches,  but  it  occurs  also  on  wet  roadsides  and 
in  flat  woods  and  on  the  dunes  in  sloughs  and  sandy  swales. 

Mass.  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Miss.,  and  Tex. 

17.  Juncus  acuminatum  Michx.  Map  615.  Very  common  in  ditches  and 
wet,  usually  more  or  less  open,  habitats  of  all  types ;  frequently  in  shallow 
water  in  ponds  or  swamps.  Occasionally  the  heads  are  proliferous,  espe- 
cially after  the  habitat  has  been  flooded. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

18.  Juncus  nodatus  Coville.  (Juncus  robustus  (Engelm.)  Coville,  not 
Wats.)  Map  616.  Infrequent  and  local.  This  southern  species  was 
apparently  first  collected  in  the  state  at  its  northernmost  known  station: 
along  a  wet  railroad  siding  near  Lake  Maxinkuckee,  Marshall  County, 
J.  T.  Scovell  and  H.  W.  Clark  no.  1468,  Oct.  16,  1900.  Its  usual  habitat  in 
southern  Indiana  is  on  borders  of  ponds  in  low,  often  flooded,  pin  oak 
woods  where  it  is  associated  with  buttonbush  and  with  Car  ex  Crus-corvi 
and  C.  lupuliformis. 

Northern  Ind.  to  Kans.,  Okla.,  Tex.,  and  La. 

19.  Juncus  pelocarpus  E.  Mey.  Map  617.  Fairly  common  in  the  north- 
western counties,  mostly  in  the  dune  area.  A  species  of  wet  open  habitats, 
occurring  on  sandy  or  mucky  borders  of  ponds,  lakes,  and  swamps  and  in 
sloughs  and  swales.  The  more  diffuse  proliferous  plants  are  often  entirely 
sterile. 

Newf.  to  N.  J.,  Ind.,  and  Minn. 


20.     Juncus  nodosus   L.    Map   618.     Fairly   common   in   the   northern 


Juncus 


JUNCACEAE 


299 


o  To 

Map  620 


Juncus  articulatus  L. 


0  50 

Map  621 
Juncus   alpinus  Vill. 
var.   rarif lorus   Hartm. 


counties  and  known  from  a  single  locality  in  Wayne  County.  It  is  found 
in  a  variety  of  wet  habitats :  in  marshes,  bogs,  and  swales,  occasionally  in 
ditches  and  sloughs,  but  most  commonly  on  low  sandy  or  marly  shores. 

No  specimens  were  found  to  support  Schneck's  report  from  the  Lower 
Wabash  Valley. 

The  relatively  huge  grotesque  heads  often  produced  by  galls  in  many 
species  of  §  Septati  occur  with  greatest  frequency  in  this  species,  although 
they  are  frequent  too   in  J.   Torreyi,  J.   canadensis  and  J.  acuminatum. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Va.,  111.,  and  Nebr. 

21.  Juncus  Torreyi  Coville.  {Juncus  nodosus  var.  megacephalus  Torr.) 
Map  619.  Common,  especially  in  the  lake  area,  in  ditches,  sloughs,  and  low 
prairies  and  on  the  borders  of  lakes,  ponds,  and  creeks.  It  grows  in  both 
clay  and  sandy  soils. 

Mass.  to  Sask.  and  Wash.,  southw.  to  Ala.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. 

22.  Juncus  articulatus  L.  Map  620.  Known  in  Indiana  from  a  single 
collection :  on  an  abandoned  road  through  a  marsh  on  the  southeast  side 
of  Lake  Wawasee,  Kosciusko  County,  Deam  no.  56408,  July  19,  1935. 
Here  it  was  abundant  in  1935. 

Specimens  could  not  be  located  to  corroborate  the  reports  from  Lake 
County  made  by  Coulter,  Deam,  Peattie,  and  Pepoon. 

Newf.  to  Ind.  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  Mass.  and  N.  Y. ;  local  in  n.  Calif.; 
also  in  Eurasia. 

23.  Juncus  alpinus  Vill.  var.  rariflorus  Hartm.  (Rhodora  35:  233. 
1933.)  (Juncus  alpinus  var.  insignis  Fries  and  Juncus  Richardsonianus 
Schultes.)  Map  621.  Largely  confined  to  the  dune  area  in  Indiana  where 
it  is  often  locally  plentiful  on  wet  sandy  or  marshy  shores  of  lakes  and 
ponds,  on  borders  of  sloughs,  and  in  low  sandy  ditches. 

Que.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Ind.,  Nebr.,  and  Wash. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 

23a.  Juncus  alpinus  var.  fuscescens  Fern.  Map  621a.  A  single  In- 
diana collection   (Bebb  no.  663,  Clarke  Junction,  Lake  County,  Aug.  14, 


300 


JUNCACEAE 


Luzula 


z 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Au& 

Sept 

Od. 

Nov. 

r 



Jv 

'  X 

f 

-I. 

y 

j 

J- 

r, 

Dtc.f— 

1 

T"       ' 

Jj    Miles 

\ 

Ju 

r. 

ncu 

fu 

s  alpfnus 
scescens 

0                50 

Map  621a 
Vill. 
rern. 

1901)  is  characteristic  of  this  variety,  although  transitional  forms  between 
the  preceding  variety  and  var.  fuscescens  are  occasional.   Its  habitats  are 
the  same  as  those  of  var.  rariflorus. 
Vt.  to  B.  C.  and  Mo. 

937.  LtJZULA  DC.  Wood  Rush 
[Fernald  and  Wiegand.     The  variations  of  Luzula  campestris  in  North 
America.  Rhodora  15:  38-43.   1913.] 

Flowers  solitary  at  the  tips  of  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence 

1.  L.  carolinae  var.  saltuensis. 

Flowers  crowded  in  spikelike  clusters  or  glomerules. 

Rays  of  umbel  erect  or  ascending,  relatively  stout;  heads  mostly  cylindric. 

Cauline  leaves  large,   (7)   9-14  cm  long,  4-6   (9)   mm  wide;  filaments  equaling  the 
anthers;  perianth  averaging  3  mm  long,  usually  slightly  exceeding  the  capsule; 

heads  pale;  base  of  plant  rarely  producing  bulbs 2.  L.  midtiflora. 

Cauline   leaves   small,   3-5.5   cm   long,   2-3   mm   wide;    filaments   shorter   than   the 
anthers;   perianth   averaging  2.5  mm  long,   shorter  than  the  capsule;   heads 
dark;  base  of  plant  commonly  producing  bulbs.  .2a.  L.  midtiflora  var.  bulbosa. 
Rays  of  umbel  mostly  strongly  divergent,  some  elongate  and  filiform;  heads  hemi- 
spheric or  short-cylindric;  leaves  mostly  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  plant,  the 
cauline  small,  2-7  cm  long,  1.5-3  mm  wide. 
Filaments  half  the  length  of  the  anthers  or  less;  perianth  conspicuously  exceeding 

the  capsule,  generally  3  mm  or  more  long 3.  L.  echinata. 

Filaments  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  anthers;  perianth  from  shorter  than 

to  slightly  exceeding  the  capsule,  generally  about  2.5  mm  long • 

3a.   L.  echinata  var.  mesochorea. 

1.  Luzula  carolinae  S.  Wats.  var.  saltuensis  (Fern.)  Fern.  (Rhodora 
40:  404.  1938.)  (Luzula  saltuensis  Fern.,  Juncoides  carolinae  of  Britton 
and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  and  Juncoides  pilosum  of  American  authors.) 
Map  622.*  A  northern  plant  known  in  Indiana  from  only  two  collections: 
base  of  a  low  wooded  slope  near  pond  in  woods  on  the  Douglas  farm  21/2 
miles  southeast  of  Hamilton,  De  Kalb  County,  Deam  no.  44268,  May  25, 
1927,  and  about  4  miles  north  of  Notre  Dame,  St.  Joseph  County,  J.  A. 
Nieuwland  no.  9115,  in  1909. 

*  The  name  of  this  plant  was  changed  after  the  map  was  made. 


Luzula 


JUNCACEAE 


301 


o  50 

Map  624 
Gjzula  multiflora 
var.  bulbosa   (Wood)  Hermann 


Miles 
0  50 

Map    625 
Luzula  echinata  (Small)  Hermann 


0~     ~^o 
Map  625a 
Luzula    echinata 
var.  mesochorea    Hermann 


Newf.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  (in  the  mts.  to  Ga.),  Ind.,  and  Minn.; 
also  in  e.  Asia. 

2.  Luzula  multiflora  (Ehrh.)  Lejeune.  (Rhodora  40:  83-84.  1938.) 
(Luzula  campestris  var.  multiflora  (Ehrh.)  Celak.,  Luzula  intermedia 
(Thuill.)  A.  Nels.,  Juncoides  campestre  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora, 
ed.  2,  in  part,  and  Juncoides  intermedia  (Thuill.)  Rydb.)  Map  623.  Con- 
fined to  the  lake  area  where  it  is  very  common  in  dry  open  oak  woods, 
especially  on  hills  or  slopes,  and  occasionally  in  grassy  clearings.  It  is 
frequently  associated  with  Carex  pennsylvanica  and  C.  communis. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  111.,  Utah,  and  Calif. ;  also  in 
Eurasia. 

2a.  Luzula  multiflora  var.  bulbosa  (Wood)  Hermann.  (Rhodora  40: 
84.  1938.)  (Luzula  campestris  var.  bulbosa  Wood  and  Juncoides  bulbosum 
(Wood)  Small.)  Map  624.  Known  in  Indiana  from  only  the  northwestern 
counties  and  apparently  confined  to  the  lake  and  prairie  areas  where  its 
habitat,  very  sandy  open  oak  woods,  is  common. 

N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

3.  Luzula  echinata  (Small)  Hermann.  (Rhodora  40:  84.  1938.) 
(Luzula  campestris  var.  echinata  (Small)  Fern.  &  Wieg.  and  Juncoides 
echinatum  Small.)  Map  625.  Fairly  common  in  southern  Indiana  in  dry 
oak  woods,  especially  on  wooded  slopes  and  steep  river  banks. 

N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  Ga.  and  Tex.,  and  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  at  least  in 
s.  Ind. 

3a.  Luzula  echinata  var.  mesochorea  Hermann.  (Rhodora  40:  84. 
1938.)  Map  625a.  The  most  widespread  Luzula  in  Indiana;  common  south 
of  the  lake  area  and  very  common  in  the  knob  area.  It  is  found  in  dry  open 
woods,  especially  on  white  oak  slopes,  knobs  or  ridges,  and  occasionally  in 
hard  clay  soil  in  fallow  fields  and  clearings. 

Ind.,  doubtless  also  in  Ohio,  Ky.,  and  111. 


302  Juncaceae  Juncus 

EXCLUDED  SPECIES 

1.  Juncus  coriaceus  Mack.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  56:  28.  1929.) 
(Juncus  setaceus  of  authors,  not  Rostk.)  Reported  from  Lake  County  by 
Pepoon  in  the  "Flora  of  the  Chicago  Region"  but  no  specimen  could  be 
found. 

Del.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  usually  in  brackish  habitats. 

2.  Juncus  tenuis  Willd.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club.  56  :  25-27.  1929.)  )  Jun- 
cus dichotomies  Ell.)  This  species  of  the  Coastal  Plain  has  been  reported 
many  times  from  Indiana  but  no  authentic  material  from  the  state  could  be 
found.  The  reports  from  Jasper  and  La  Porte  Counties  were  based  upon 
specimens  of  /.  Greenei  and  that  from  Gibson  County  upon  an  immature 
specimen  of  /.  macer.  Other  reports  likewise  were  probably  based  upon 
errors  in  indentification. 

Conn,  to  Fla.  and  Argentina. 

3.  Juncus  brevicaudatus  (Engelm.)  Fern.  (Juncus  canadensis  var. 
brevicaudatus  Engelm.  and  Juncus  canadensis  var.  coarctatus  Engelm.) 
Reported  from  Lake  County  by  both  Pepoon  and  Peattie  but  the  one  speci- 
men found  which  had  been  referred  to  this  species  (a  collection  of  Umbach's 
from  Pine,  Lake  County,  labeled  Juncus  canadensis  var.  coarctatus,  Uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin  Herbarium)  is  /.  alpinus  var.  rariflorus.  Indiana  is 
considerably  south  of  the  known  range  of  J.  brevicaudatus. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Conn.,  Pa.,  and  W.  Va. 

4.  Juncus  debilis  Gray.  (Juncus  acuminatus  var.  debilis  (Gray) 
Engelm.)  No  specimen  could  be  found  to  confirm  the  report  from  Vigo 
County  by  Blatchley  of  this  eastern  and  southern  species.  A  specimen  in 
the  Wabash  College  Herbarium  labeled  Juncus  acuminatus  var.  debilis 
(Coulter  no.  1918  from  Hanover)  was  probably  the  basis  of  Barnes'  report 
from  Jefferson  County.     This  specimen  is  /.  diffusissimus. 

R.  I.  to  Fla.,  Miss.,  and  Ark. 


LlLIACEAE  303 

38.  LlLIACEAE  Adans.  Lily  Family 

Flowers  dioecious;  some  of  the  species  woody  vines. 

Inflorescence  umbellate;  fruit  a  1-4-seeded  berry 1151.    Smilax,  p.  324. 

Inflorescence   a   spicate  raceme;   fruit   a  3-celled,   ellipsoid  capsule,   7-10   mm   long, 

with  linear-oblong  seed 950.  Chamaelirium,  p.  304. 

Flowers  perfect  or  monoecious. 

Leaves  all,  nearly  or  quite  basal  or  lacking  at  flowering  time. 
Flowers  large,  the  perianth  segments  6-11  cm  long. 

Flowers  orange 1019.  Hemerocallis,  p.  308. 

Flowers  white 1103.  Yucca,  p.  316. 

Flowers  smaller,  the  perianth  segments  less  than  6  cm  long. 

Plants  with  solitary  flowers;  leaves  2,  fleshy,  mottled.  1076.  Erythronium,  p.  314. 
Plants  not  as  above. 

Flowers   deep   blue,  reflexed,   racemose,   many,   divisions   of   perianth   united; 

leaves  narrowly  linear 1095.  Muscari,  p.  315. 

Flowers  not  as  above. 

Leaves  2-5,  usually  2  or  3,  mostly  4-10  cm  wide. 
Flowers  in  an  umbel,  usually  3-6 1117.    Clintonia,  p.  317. 

Flowers  in  a  raceme,  several,  white,  very  fragrant;  leaves  2  or  3 

1128.    Convallaria,  p.  320. 

Leaves  not  as  above. 

Stems  and  pedicels  glandular,  the  glands  usually  blackish;   leaves  grass- 
like  942.  Tofieldia,  p.  304. 

Stems  and  pedicels  not  glandular. 

Plants  without  a  bulbous  base;  leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  5-15  cm  long, 
7-20  mm.  wide,  strongly  veined;  flowers  many,  tubular,  yellowish 
white,  in  a  terminal,  spikelike  raceme;  stems  usually  with  1  or  more 

leaflike  bracts 1143.  Aletris,  p.  324. 

Plants  not  as  above;  leaves  usually  narrow-linear. 

Flowers  in  a  long,  terminal  raceme,   usually   bluish   but   sometimes 

white ;  leaves  long,  linear,  the  widest  usually  8-20  mm  wide 

1087.  Camassia,  p.  315. 

Flowers  in  terminal  umbels  or  corymbose. 

Midrib  of  leaves  whitish;  flowers  corymbose 

1089.    Ornithogalum,  p.  315. 

Midrib  of  leaves  not  whitish;  flowers  all  in  terminal  umbels. 

Bulbs  globose,  about  1  cm  in  diameter  (in  dried  specimens), 
without  an  onionlike  odor;  leaves  present  at  flowering  time. 

1050.  Nothoscordum,  p.  311. 

Bulbs  elongate-ovoid,  usually  much  larger  than  those  of  Notho- 
scordum, with  an  onionlike  odor;  leaves  absent  at  flowering 
time,  mostly  10-20  cm  long  and  3-6  cm  wide;  flowers  many, 

white  (Allium  tricoceum) 1049.  Allium,  p.  309. 

Leaves  cauline,  rarely  with  both  basal  and  cauline  leaves. 

Flowers  large,  4-10  cm  in  diameter,  orange  or  maroon  purple,  generally  spotted 

within;  perianth  segments  all  similarly  colored 1072.  Lilium,  p.  311. 

Flowers  smaller  or,  if  large,  the  calyx  green. 
Leaves  whorled. 

Blades  of  leaves  parallel- veined;  leaves  in  2  or  rarely  3  whorls;  perianth  seg- 
ments all   similar  in   color;    rootstock  white,  tuberlike 

1135.  Medeola,  p.  321. 

Blades  of  leaves  net-veined;  leaves  3,  in  a  terminal  whorl;  sepals  green;  petals 
white,  maroon  or  purple;  rootstock  dark,  wrinkled.  .1138.  Trillium,  p.  321. 
Leaves  alternate. 


304  LlLIACEAE 


Tofieldia 


Mature  plants  forking  at  the  first  or  second  leaf;  leaves  perfoliate  or  sessile; 
flowers  solitary  and  from  the  axil  of  the  first  leaf  above  the  fork  or,  if 
the  flowers  are  2,  the  second  flower  usually  in  the  axil  of  the  leaf  above 
the  first  flower;  flowers  yellow  or  yellowish  green,  15-30  mm  long;  capsules 

3-angled  or  3-winged 966.  Uvularia,  p.  308. 

Mature  plants  not  as  above. 
Flowers  axillary;  fruit  a  black  or  red  berry. 

Stems  simple,  very  rarely  with  axillary  branches;  widest  leaves  1-10  cm 

wide;  fruit  a  black  berry 1123.  Polygonatum,  p.  319. 

Stems  much  branched,  usually  1-2  m.  high;  the  so-called  leaves  in  alternate 

clusters,  filiform,  about  1  cm  long;  fruit  a  1-seeded  red  berry 

1113.  Asparagus,  p.  316. 

Flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle  or  umbel. 
Leaves  linear,  not  petiolate. 

Stem  and  inflorescence  glabrous. 

Plants  with  an  onionlike  odor,  their  bases  a  fleshy  bulb;  inflorescence 
a   terminal   umbel,   consisting   entirely   of   flowers   or   sometimes 

partly  or  wholly  of  bulblets 1049.  Allium,  p.  309. 

Plants  without  the  the  onionlike  odor;  flowers  in  panicles. 

Plants  glaucous;  panicle  sparsely  flowered;  flowers  mostly  8-10  mm 
long,   shorter   than   their   pedicels;    sepals   with   a   large,   dark 

gland  near  the  base 958.  Zigadenus,  p.  306. 

Plants  not  glaucous;  panicle  many-flowered;  flowers  mostly  5-7  mm 
long,  longer  than  their  pedicels;  sepals  lacking  the  black  gland 

near  the  base 957.  Stenanthium,  p.  305. 

Stem  and  especially  the  inflorescence  pubescent;  inflorescence  paniculate; 

fruit  a  3-celled  capsule 959.   Melanthium,  p.  307. 

Leaves  not  linear,  either  sessile  or  petiolate. 

Flowers  dark  maroon  to  nearly  black;  panicles  generally  20-50  cm  long, 
basal   stem  leaves  large,  narrowed  into  long,   sheathing  petioles; 

fruit  a  capsule 960.  Veratrum,  p.  307. 

Flowers  white;    basal   stem   leaves   lacking;    fruit   a   globose,   1-   or   2- 
seeded  berry. 
Stem  leaves  generally  2,  rarely  3,  cordate  at  the  base,  usually  less 
than  9  cm  long,  the  lower  one  generally  petiolate;  perianth  of  4 

parts 1119.   Maianthemum,  p.  318. 

Stem  leaves  usually  more  than  3,  generally  all  sessile,  usually  more 
than  9  cm  long;  perianth  of  6  parts 1118.  Smilacina,  p.  317. 

942.  TOFIELDIA  Huds. 

1.  Tofieldia  glutinosa  (Michx.)  Pers.  Map  626.  Found  in  wet,  marly  soil 
in  a  few  marshes  and  springy  places  in  the  northern  counties.  Local  and, 
where  found,  sometimes  frequent  over  the  entire  area  of  its  habitat. 

Newf.  to  Minn,  and  Alaska,  southw.  to  Maine,  Ohio,  Ind.,  Oreg\,  and  in 
the  mts.  to  N.  C. 

950.  CHAMAELlRIUM  Willd. 

1.  Chamaelirium  luteum  (L.)  Gray.  Map  627.  I  found  a  single  plant 
in  an  exposed  place  on  a  limestone  slope  3  miles  north  of  Milltown,  Craw- 
ford County  where  it  was  associated  with  Comandra  Richardsiana  and 
Lithospermum  croceum.  I  found  another  specimen  in  a  woods  about  7 
miles  southwest  of  Evansville  where  it  was  closely  associated  with  Fagus 
grandifolia,  Quercus  alba,  Cornus  Uorida,  Sassafras  albidum  and  Phyto- 


Stenanthium 


LlLIACEAE 


305 


2 

6 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Au& 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 
-.- 

0 

13      3D 
1L               0 

c 

ND 

1 
E 

0 

Jv 

J      r^    " 

r 

— 1              _ 

—I 

f 

_ 

-         (- 

J        L 

".       1 

Dec.C— 

1 

1 

6/     Miles 

• 

fofiel 

d  i"  a 

g 

luti 

nosa  (Mic 

0                50 

Map  626 

hx.)  Pers. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr, 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


^r 

h— 

— ill 

j 

MV 

£ 

4-4XB 

—__/"("  » 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  627 


Chamaelirium  luteum  (L.)  Gray 


Map  628 
Stenanthium  gramineum 
(Ker)  Moronq. 


lacca  americana.  In  both  instances  I  found  only  a  single  specimen  although 
I  made  extended  search  for  others.  Clapp  reported  it  from  the  barrens  near 
New  Albany,  and  Barnes  reported  it  from  Jefferson  County  without  com- 
ment. The  distribution  of  this  species  is  erratic  and  observers  do  not  seem 
to  understand  what  factors  are  involved.  It  has  been  reported  from  15 
counties  in  Ohio  but  northward  it  has  not  been  reported  until  the  Upper 
Peninsula  of  Michigan  is  reached. 

Mass.,  Mich,  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Miss.,  and  Ark. 

957.  STENANTHIUM  (Gray)  Kunth 

Capsules  reflexed  at  maturity,  mostly  7-8  mm  long;  leaves  mostly  6-10  mm  wide;  plant 
flowering  mostly  in  July 1.  S.  gramineum. 

Capsules  erect  at  maturity,  mostly  7-10  mm  long;  leaves  mostly  10-16  mm  wide;  plant 
flowering  mostly  in  August 2.  S.  robustum. 

1.  Stenanthium  gramineum  (Ker)  Kunth.  Map  628.  This  species  is 
local  in  Indiana  and  apparently  so  throughout  its  range.  It  is  infrequent 
in  sandy  soil  for  half  a  mile  in  an  open,  black  and  white  oak  woods  on 
the  south  side  of  the  Tippecanoe  River  north  of  Rochester,  Fulton  County, 
and  I  found  one  plant  in  a  sandy  prairie  habitat  a  mile  north  of  Rochester. 
There  is  a  small  colony  on  a  low,  sandy,  open  black  and  white  oak  ridge 
between  swamps  in  section  12  about  2*4  miles  southeast  of  Etna  Green, 
Kosciusko  County.  I  found  it  to  be  frequent  for  a  short  distance  in  sandy 
soil  at  the  base  of  a  white  and  black  oak  slope  on  the  south  side  of  a  large 
swamp  about  3  miles  northwest  of  Hoover,  Cass  County.  In  the  same 
colony  I  found  a  specimen  of  the  next  species.  The  remainder  of  my  speci- 
mens were  found  in  similar  habitats.  I  have  several  times  transplanted  it 
to  the  open  in  neutral  soil  in  our  garden  and  it  has  lived  for  only  a  few 
years. 

Va.,  Ind.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Miss. 

2.  Stenanthium  robustum  Wats.  Map  629.  I  have  only  two  specimens 
from  Indiana  which  I  refer  to  this  species.  Data  concerning  this  species 
and  the  preceding  one  are  meager ;  some  authors  do  not  separate  them  and 


306 


LlLIACEAE 


Zigadenus 


1 

Jan. 

Fet>. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

J 

4 

V 

J 

■M 

-4 

*■ 

- 

fiM 

Dec  £ 

1/    Miles 

Ste 

nant 

lium 

robustun 

0                50 

Map  629 

i  Wats. 

0  50 

Map   630 


Zigadenus  glaucus    Nutt 


Map   631 
Melanthium  virginicum  L. 


one  has  made  this  a  mere  form  of  the  preceding.  Robert  Ridgway  was 
interested  in  this  problem  and  wrote  me  concerning  it.  He  was  firmly 
convinced  that  the  two  species  are  distinct.  I  quote,  in  part,  from  his  letter 
to  me  dated  January  13,  1925,  Olney,  Illinois:  "I  have  several  of  the  former 
(Stenanthium  gramineum)  transplanted  from  the  "wilds  hereabout"  and 
one  of  the  latter  (Stenanthium  robustum)  from  the  Highland  Nursery, 
North  Carolina.  They  are  planted  near  together,  in  identical  soil,  and  all 
local  conditions  governing  them  are  the  same.  The  first  blooms  from  June 
21  to  July  11  (average  date  July  1)  ;  while  the  last  blooms  from  August 
1-24  (average  date  August  18),  a  difference  of  more  than  six  weeks." 

The  specific  name  for  this  species  seems  to  be  well  chosen,  since  the 
whole  plant  is  larger  and  more  robust  in  all  of  its  parts.  The  leaves  are 
wider,  the  floral  segments  longer,  the  fruit  longer,  and  the  stigmas  slightly 
longer.  The  width  of  the  leaves  and  the  position  of  the  mature  fruit  are 
sufficient  to  distinguish  the  species.  Since  I  found  both  species  in  the  same 
colony  I  am  not  entirely  satisfied  that  there  are  two  species  of  our  plants 
but  until  sufficient  data  are  accumulated  I  believe  it  is  best  to  separate 
them,  placing  them  in  the  taxonomic  category  which  the  differences  suggest. 

Pa.  and  Ind.,  southw.  to  S.  C,  Tenn.,  and  Mo. 


958.  ZIGADENUS  Michx. 

1.  Zigadenus  glaucus  Nutt.  (Rhodora  37:  256-258.  1935.)  (Zigadenus 
chloranthus  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7,  not  Richardson,  and  Anticlea  elegans 
of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Map  630.  This  species 
is  rare  and  local.  I  found  a  few  plants  in  a  marly  place  in  the  large  swamp 
in  a  woods  about  3  miles  northwest  of  Hoover,  Cass  County.  In  Lagrange 
County  I  found  a  number  of  specimens  in  a  marsh  of  about  an  eighth  of 
an  acre  surrounded  by  young  tamarack ;  the  area  where  it  was  found  was 
probably  too  alkaline  for  the  tamarack,  although  I  found  it  in  a  similar 
position  but  in  a  very  small  opening  in  a  tamarack  bog  about  a  mile  and  a 
half  southeast  of  Mongo.    I  have  seen  it  in  only  two  other  places,  and 


Melanthium 


LlLIACEAE 


307 


z 

I 

2 

t 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

r 

I 

U 

D 
F 

D 
DP 

k 

X 

DP 

r 

J 

B 

D 

f 

r1 

Dec  £ 

0 

K      1 } 

B     j        V     i 

D            L/) 
~C  *a          ^ — ' 

J    Miles 

D 

Ve 

rata 

m    V 

In     7 
Voodii  Ro 

)                50 

Map  632 
jbins 

0  50 

Map  633 


Uvular  fa  grandiflora  J.E.Smith 


^35 
Map   634 


Uvularia    sess'lifolia  L. 


both  of  them  were  sedge  marshes.  Blatchley  found  it  in  a  marsh  near 
Lake  James,  Steuben  County.  Van  Gorder  found  it  in  Noble  County,  in 
sec.  10  of  Noble  Township. 

Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  B.,  n.  Vt.,  n.  N.  Y.,  n.  Ohio,  and  n.  111. 

959.  MELANTHIUM  L. 

1.  Melanthium  virginicum  L.  Bunchflower.  Map  631.  Rare  and  very 
local.  My  White  County  specimen  was  found  in  a  wet  prairie  habitat  a  half 
mile  east  of  Idaville.  My  Cass  County  specimen  was  found  in  mucky  soil 
in  a  large  swamp  about  3  miles  northwest  of  Hoover.  I  found  a  single 
specimen  on  a  springy,  gravelly  slope  in  the  open  at  "Crows'  Nest"  about  8 
miles  north  of  Indianapolis.  It  has  also  been  reported  from  Franklin  and 
St.  Joseph  Counties,  from  the  vicinity  of  New  Albany,  and  from  the  area 
of  Delaware,  Jay,  Randolph,  and  Wayne  Counties  by  Phinney,  who 
assigns  it  to  "wet  meadows." 

R.  I.,  s.  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  n.  Fla.  and  Tex. 


960.  VERATRUM  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Veratrum  Woodii  Robbins.  Map  632.  Local  throughout  the  area 
indicated  on  the  map.  Where  it  is  found,  however,  it  is  usually  frequent 
over  a  small  area.  It  is  usually  found  in  rich  soil  on  the  south  sides  of 
deep  ravines,  although  I  found  a  single  specimen  in  a  crevice  of  a  limestone 
cliff  along  the  Muscatatuck  River  about  a  mile  above  Vernon,  Jennings 
County.  This  species  interested  me  years  before  I  knew  what  it  was.  I  had 
seen  the  large  root  leaves  and  watched  to  see  the  plant  flower  but  could 
never  find  one.  I  transplanted  one  to  our  garden  and  it  was  several  years 
before  it  bloomed.  I  have  not  kept  a  record  but  I  estimate  that  it  flowers 
about  every  4  or  5  years.  This  plant,  during  the  15  or  more  years  that  it 
has  been  under  observation,  has  increased  to  only  two  plants.  The  flowers 
are  deep  maroon,  or  some  of  them  almost  black.  One  specimen  in  particu- 
lar was  observed.    The  inflorescence  was  23  inches  long  and  three  and  a 


308 


LlLIACEAE  Uvularia 


half  inches  wide.  The  first  flowers  expanded  the  last  of  July  and  insects 
continued  to  visit  the  inflorescence  until  in  September.  Harry  Dietz,  a 
visiting  entomologist,  observed  within  five  minutes  2  species  of  Antho- 
myids,  4  species  of  Muscids,  1  species  of  Ortalid,  2  species  of  Phorids, 
and  1  species  of  Syrphid  on  one  plant.  It  has  been  reported  also  from  Cass, 
Greene,  Hamilton,  Monroe,  Putnam,  Tippecanoe,  and  Vigo  Counties. 
Ind.  to  Mo. 

966.  UVULARIA  L. 

[Anderson  and  Whitaker.  Speciation  in  Uvularia.  Jour.  Arnold  Arb.  15: 

28-42.  1934.] 

Leaves  perfoliate;  capsules  obtusely  3-angled. 

Blades  whitish-pubescent  beneath;  perianth  segments  smooth  within  or  nearly  so.. 

1.   U.  grandiflora. 

Blades   glabrous  beneath;   perianth   segments   granular-pubescent   within.     (See   ex- 
cluded species  no.  132,  p.  1033.) U.  perfoliata. 

Leaves  sessile;  capsules  sharply  3-angled,  acute  at  each  end 2.  U.  sessilifolia. 

1.  Uvularia  grandiflora  J.  E.  Smith.  Big  Merrybells.  Map  633.  Infre- 
quent to  frequent  in  moist,  rich  soil  throughout  the  state.  It  is  never  found 
outside  of  thick  woodland,  unless  persisting  after  woodland  has  been 
cleared,  but  does  well  in  cultivation  in  sun  or  shade.  This  species  has  been 
confused  by  some  of  our  early  authors  with  Uvularia  perfoliata,  the  range 
of  which  is  shown  by  recent  studies  to  be  restricted  to  the  Allegheny  Moun- 
tains and  eastward  to  the  Coast. 

Que.,  w.  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tenn.,  and  Kans. 

2.  Uvularia  sessilifolia  L.  (Oakesia  sessilifolia  (L.)  Wats.)  Little 
Merrybells.  Map  634.  Colonies  are  infrequently  found  in  the  southern 
counties  where  it  grows  in  hard,  clay  soil,  usually  associated  with  beech, 
beech  and  sweet  gum,  and  lowland  oaks.  It  propagates  mostly  from  the 
rootstocks  and  a  note  on  one  of  my  labels  reads :  "I  found,  in  a  low  woods 
about  3  miles  southwest  of  Dale,  Spencer  County,  two  colonies  about  10  X 
20  feet  and  this  species  formed  a  mat  over  these  areas." 

N.  B.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

1019.  HEMEROCALLIS  L.  Daylii .y 

[Bailey.    Hemerocallis:   the   day-lilies.    Gentes   Herbarum   2:    143-156. 
1930.] 
Flowers  dark,  tawny,  fulvous  or  reddish  orange,  not  fragrant,  blooming  in  summer. 

1.  H.  fulva. 

Flowers  light,  clear  yellow  or  lemon  color,  more  or  less  fragrant,  blooming  in  spring 

and  summer.    (See  excluded  species  no.  133,  p.  1033.) H.  flava. 

1.  Hemerocallis  fOlva  L.  Tawny  Daylily.  Map  635.  This  species  is 
ornamental  and  on  account  of  its  easy  cultivation  it  has  been  freely  planted 
since  pioneer  times.  It  never  produces  seed  naturally  in  this  country  and 
propagates  entirely  by  its  many  tuberous  roots.  A.  B.  Stout,  of  the  New 
York  Botanical  Garden,  has  succeeded  in  producing  seed  by  artificial  polli- 
nation. He  has  written  many  articles  on  the  species  and  anyone  interested 
should  read  them. 


Allium  Liliaceae  309 

This  species  is  found  infrequently  in  small  or  large  colonies  throughout 
the  state  along  roadsides  and  about  abandoned  habitations.  When  it  is  once 
established,  nothing  can  compete  with  it ;  hence  it  forms  pure  stands.  The 
nativity  of  the  species  is  not  known  but  most  authors  give  it  as  Eurasian. 

N.  B.  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. ;  escaped  from  cultivation. 

1049.  ALLIUM  L 

Blades  of  leaves  elliptic,  usually  3-10  cm  wide,  15-20  cm  long,  not  present  at  flowering 

time 1.  A.  tricoccum. 

Blades  of  leaves  linear,  terete  or  flat,  present  at  flowering  time. 
Leaves  terete. 

Umbels  bulblet-bearing;  spathe  1-valved,  generally  10-30  mm  long;  flowers  about 
4  mm  long;  pedicels  mostly  15-30  mm  long;  stamens  slightly  longer  than  the 
perianth  segments;  filaments  petal-like,  the  upper  half  divided  into  3  linear 
divisions,  the  middle  division  bearing  an  anther  about  0.5  mm  long;  introduced 

species 2.  A.  vineale. 

Umbels  not  bulblet-bearing;  stamens  included;  filaments  linear,  entire,  bearing  an 
anther  about  1  mm  long. 
Divisions  of  the  perianth   elliptic-lanceolate   or   oval-lanceolate,  acute;   pedicels 

mostly  8-10  mm  long;  plant  of  Eurasia.    (Cultivated  chive.) 

A.    ScJwenoprasum. 

Divisions  of  the  perianth  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate-acuminate;  perianth  mostly 
8-15  mm  long;  pedicels  about  5  mm  long;  plant  indigenous  at  least  north- 
ward.   (See  excluded  species  no.  134,  p.  1033.) 

A.  Schoenoprasum  var.  sibiricum. 

Leaves  flat  or  keeled. 
Umbels  bulblet-bearing. 

Spathe   1-valved,  the   beak  more   than   1   cm  long,   usually   about   10   cm   long; 

summit  of  the  stem  curved  or  coiled  before  flowering 3.  A.  sativum. 

Spathe  more  than  1-valved,  the  beak  short,  less  than  1  cm  long. 

Bulbs  not  multiplying;  leaves  flat,  narrow,  mostly  2-3  mm  wide  and  keeled 
beneath;  beak  of  spathe  mostly  3-5  mm  long;  flowers  few,  white  or 
pinkish,  4-6  mm  long;   filaments  of  all  of  the   stamens  entire;   pedicels 

10-40,  usually  15-20  mm  long;  native  species 4.  A.  canadense. 

Bulbs  producing  bulblets;  leaves  flat,  mostly  8-16  mm  wide,  the  margins 
scabrous;  flowers  purplish;  filaments  of  alternate  stamens  toothed.    (See 

excluded  species  no.  135,  p.   1034.) A.  Scorodoprasum. 

Umbels  not  bulblet-bearing. 

Umbels  nodding,  the  2  bracts  persistent;  scapes  sharply  keeled;  stamens  con- 
spicuously exserted 5.  A.  c&rnuum. 

Umbels  erect,  the  2  bracts  soon  deciduous;  scapes  terete  or  nearly  so;  stamens 
about  as  long  as  the  perianth  segments.  (See  excluded  species  no.  136,  p. 
1034.) A.   stellatum. 

1.  Allium  tricoccum  Ait.  Wood  Leek.  Map  636.  Infrequent  to  rare  in 
moist,  rich  soil  throughout  the  state,  although  there  are  no  records  from 
the  southwestern  counties.  It  seems  to  prefer  slopes  and  woods  near 
streams  and  it  is  most  often  found  associated  with  beech  and  sugar  maple. 

N.  B.  to  Minn,  and  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

2.  Allium  vineale  L.  Crow  Garlic.  Map  637.  My  specimens  are  all 
from  southern  Indiana  where  it  is  one  of  the  most  pernicious  of  all  weeds. 
A  pioneer  who  lived  in  Point  Township,  Posey  County,  told  me  that  when 
he  was  a  boy  (about  1860)  both  the  garlic  and  wild  onion  were  common 


310 


LlLIACEAE 


Allium 


0  50 

Map  635 


Hemerocalh's    fulva    L. 


2 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

B 
D 

f 

J     HD 

"H- 

\ 

_) 

■^ 

^ 

■ 

—J?    o 

B 

— r 

-  i 

^-jT 

T~ 

r, 

Dec.  C 

\ 

i 
■  ' — 

0 

IU       , 

it    f       r 

£/    Miles 

D 

rS     D 

n      d 

o  1 

All 

ium 

vineale  L 

0                50 
Map  637 

in  the  woodland.  Henry  Hollingsworth  (Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  1:  311- 
313.  1789,  ed.  2)  writes  that  sowing  wheat  stubble  to  oats  will  practically 
eradicate  it.  This  indicates  that  it  has  been  a  weed  since  early  times. 

This  species  is  found  along  roadsides  and  streams  and  in  cultivated  fields 
and  pastures.  It  is  difficult  to  eradicate  because  it  propagates  both  by  bulbs 
and  bulblets.  The  principal  objection  to  this  species  as  well  as  to  others  of 
this  genus  is  that  milch  cows  can  not  be  pastured  where  it  grows  because 
the  garlic  odor  is  transmitted  to  the  milk.  The  task  of  ridding  the  soil  of 
this  and  other  species  of  this  genus  is  a  difficult  one,  especially  if  the  area 
is  subject  to  overflow  because  the  bulblets  are  freely  transported.  Much 
literature  has  been  published  on  the  eradication  of  this  species.  Copies  of 
this  literature  may  be  obtained  gratis  from  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, Washington,  D.  C.  and  from  the  Purdue  University  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station,  West  Lafayette,  Indiana. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  H.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

3.  Allium  sativum  L.  Garlic.  Map  638.  Well  established  on  a  rocky, 
wooded  slope  in  McCormick  Creek  State  Park,  Owen  County.  Hansen 
(Proc.  Ind.  Acad.  Sci.  37:  319.  1928)  writes  that  a  number  of  farms, 
gardens,  and  a  cemetery  in  Jefferson  County  are  infested  with  the  escaped 
form  of  the  cultivated  garlic  {Allium  sativum  L.) .  It  is  almost  certain  that 
if  a  species  of  Allium  becomes  established  it  will  persist  unless  it  is  de- 
stroyed by  man. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia. 

4.  Allium  canadense  L.  Meadow  Garlic.  Map  639.  Found  throughout 
the  state.  Frequent  or  common  in  the  southwestern  counties  in  moist  soil 
in  woodland  and  cultivated  fields,  where  it  sometimes  becomes  a  pernicious 
weed. 

N.  B.  to  Minn,  and  Colo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5.  Allium  cernuum  Roth.  Nodding  Onion.  Map  640.  Infrequent 
throughout  the  state  although  there  are  no  records  from  the  southwestern 
counties.   Where  it  is  found,  especially  on  the  banks  of  streams,  it  is  gen- 


Nothoscordum 


Liliaceae 


311 


0  ^50 

Map  638 


Allium   sativum  L. 


0  50 

Map   639 


Allium   canadense  L. 


a 

9 
1 

0 

1 

/     DP 

i 

D     HD 

a 

D 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.  t 

y\ 

-     0     P 

f 

r 

D 

L 

D        D         I 

"I0             -r- 

°       D 

0 

p 

OP 

P  DP 

_!»„ 

B 

r 

D             JxO 

-y-r  iu  p  r     ( 

[BaDw           , — ^ 

/    Miles 

J 

iu            r 
i     ' — 

D 

V.     I > 

D    Jt- 
-1      DJ    DW 

Allium 

1VJ 
:ernu  urn 

3                 50 

Map  640 

Roth. 

erally  common  except  in  marshes  and  springy  places.  This  species  has  a 
wide  range  of  habitat  and  distribution.  It  is  usually  found  on  the  high  and 
dry  banks  of  streams  but  it  is  also  found  in  low,  sedge  marshes,  in  marly 
springy  places,  and  on  gravelly  bars  in  rivers.  The  color  of  the  flowers 
ranges  from  white  to  deep  pink.  The  white  form  has  been  named  and  I 
have  it  from  Wabash  County. 

N.  Y.,  Minn,  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  W.  Va.,  Ky.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Calif. 


1050.  NOTHOSCORDUM  Kunth  False  Garlic 

1.    Nothoscordum  bivalve  (L.)  Britton.  False  Garlic.  Map  641.  A  few 

colonies  of  this  plant  have  been  found  in  the  southwestern  counties  but  1 
think  it  is  much  more  common  than  our  records  show.  Since  it  reproduces 
only  by  seed  it  may  be  more  restricted  than  I  think  it  to  be.  I  found  it  to  be 
common  in  alluvial  bottoms  about  4  miles  northwest  of  Bloomfield,  Greene 
County  and  also  in  low  ground  in  the  post  oak  flats  south  of  Half  Moon 
Pond  in  Posey  County. 

Va.,  Ohio,  Ind.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  also  in  Bermuda 
and  Jamaica. 

1072.  LtLIUM  L.  Lily 

Flowers  erect;  perianth  segments  narrowed  below  into  claws;  bulbs  not  rhizomatous. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  in  whorls.    (See  excluded  species  no.  138,  p.  1034.) 

L.  philadelphicum. 

Leaves  linear,  usually  scattered  on  the  stem  except  for  a  whorl  at  the  summit 

1.  L.  philadelphicum  var.  andinum. 

Flowers  more  or  less  nodding;  perianth  segments  not  clawed;  bulbs  rhizomatous. 
Leaves  all  or  nearly  all  in  whorls,  not  bulblet-bearing  in  the  upper  axils;   stems 
glabrous  above;  native  species. 
Blades    all    smooth    beneath,    long-attenuate    at    both    ends;    perianth    segments 
strongly  recurving  from  near  the  base,  mostly  7-8  cm  long;  anthers  mostly 

(17)  20-25  mm  long 2.  L.  superbum. 

Blades,  at  least  some  of  them,  more  or  less  scabrous  on  the  veins  beneath; 
perianth  segments  recurving  or  spreading  from  near  the  middle;  anthers 
mostly  8-12  (17)  mm  long,  sometimes  elongating  after  anthesis. 


.•',12 


LlLIACEAE 


Lilium 


. 

<  0    )   ' 

D 

Jan. 

B        I 

D      /     HO 



Feb. 

f„y 

-, _ 

Mar. 

-pY 

D            "    Jh- 

D 

Apr. 

.    . 

D            op  — 

r*        1     „ 

May 

i 

rSD    U 

a 

June 

3 

July 
Aug 

( 

Sept. 
Oct. 

■ 

H 

-    "X. 

r 

Nov. 

Vi_ 

Dec.l— 

1 

P     Miles 

0                5( 

S^Cr^-J            Map  642 

Lilium    philadelphicum 

var    andinum    (Nutl)  Ker 

3 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

1 1       1 

\ 

K 

' 

X 

r 

fflj 

^-J- 

? 

Dec.  j- 

D 

1         ' 

D 

K      I ) 

D r 
J    Miles 

ID 

Lil 

urn 

SL 

perbum 

0                50 

Map   643 

L. 

Perianth  segments  spreading  (not  recurving  or  scarcely  so),  base  of  perianth 
a  reddish  purple;  plants  of  dry,  wooded  slopes.  .3.  L.  canadense  f.  rubrum. 

Perianth  segments  strongly  recurved,  orange  or  reddish  orange  on  the  outside; 

plants  of  a  moist  habitat  such  as  prairies,  marshes,  and  low  woods 

4.  L.  michiganense. 

Leaves  all  scattered,  none  in  whorls,  the  upper  ones  usually  bearing  black  bulblets  in 
some  of  the  axils;  stem  more  or  less  gray-pubescent  above;  plants  escaped  from 
cultivation 5.  L.   tigrinum. 

1.  Lilium  philadelphicum  L.  var.  andinum  (Nutt.)  Ker.  (Lilium  umbel- 
latum  Pursh.)  Western  Lily.  Map  642.  It  is  doubtful  whether  the  species 
occurs  in  the  state.  All  of  the  specimens  I  have  seen  belong  to  the  variety 
and  I  think  all  reports  of  it  from  Indiana  should  be  referred  to  the  variety. 

All  of  the  reports  of  the  variety  and  all  of  my  specimens  are  from 
northern  Indiana.  Our  reports  for  the  species,  however,  extend  the  range 
to  Hamilton,  Vigo,  Monroe,  Clark,  and  Jefferson  Counties  and  the  Lower 
Wabash  Valley.  Prince  Maximilian,  June  10,  1834,  reported  finding  Lilium 
Catesbaei  in  Knox  County  north  of  Hazelton.  Since  this  species  as  now 
known  is  not  found  in  Indiana  and  its  flowering  season  is  much  later,  I 
think  this  report  should  be  referred  to  L.  philadelphicum  var.  andinum. 
This  lily  is  local  and  all  the  specimens  I  have  seen  were  found  in  wet 
prairies  or  in  similar  habitats.  Coulter,  in  his  report  from  Jefferson  County, 
says :  "Common  on  the  sand  flats."  There  is  a  specimen  in  the  herbarium 
of  Wabash  College  collected  in  Harrison  County  by  Clapp. 

Ont.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Ohio  and  Ark. 

2.  Lilium  superbum  L.  AMERICAN  TURK'S-CAP  Lily.  Map  643.  This 
species  has  been  reported  from  various  parts  of  the  state  but  I  think  it  is 
very  rare  and  that  most  of  our  reports  should  be  referred  to  Lilium  michi- 
ijunense.  I  have  found  it  only  three  times  and  always  on  wooded  slopes. 
This  species  is  easily  confused  with  Lilium  michiganense  if  the  character 
of  the  roughness  or  smoothness  of  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  is 
the  only  one  used.  The  spreading  of  the  perianth,  which  begins  at  the 
base,  and  the  length  of  the  anthers  will  easily  separate  them,  but  the 


Lilium  Liliaceae  313 

spreading  of  the  perianth  is  a  note  often  omitted,  and  herbarium  specimens 
do  not  always  clearly  show  this  character.  The  map  shows  the  location  of 
the  specimens  that  I  have  seen.  Birkbeck  passed  through  Indiana  in  1817 
and  on  page  112  of  his  "Notes  on  a  journey  in  America  from  Virginia  to 
the  Illinois  Territory"  he  says :  "The  road  from  Sholt's  tavern  to  this  place 
[from  thirty-six  miles  east  of  Vincennes  to  Vincennes]  is  partly  across 
barrens,  that  is,  land  of  middling  quality,  thinly  set  with  timber,  or  covered 
with  long  grass,  and  shrubby  undergrowth;  generally  level  and  dry,  and 
gaudy  with  marigolds,  sunflowers,  martagon  lilies,  and  many  other  bril- 
liant flowers."  We  have  no  way  of  determining  the  species  of  lily  Birkbeck 
saw,  but  I  think  it  was  this  species,  although  this  is  a  mere  guess. 

From  Lilium  michiganense  this  species  can  be  distinguished  by  several 
characters  in  addition  to  those  given  in  the  key.  It  is  about  half  again  as 
high;  the  leaves  are  more  numerous  in  at  least  a  few  of  the  whorls,  and 
all  the  leaves  are  longer  and  conspicuously  long  taper-pointed  at  both  ends ; 
the  more  numerous  flowers,  3-15,  are  in  umbels  or  pyramidal  racemes, 
while  the  flowers  in  the  other  species  are  strictly  in  umbels,  generally  num- 
bering 1-5  flowers.  We  have  had  both  species  moved  from  the  wild  and  in 
cultivation  for  many  years  and  the  greatest  number  of  flowers  of  the  first 
has  been  21  while  of  the  second  I  have  no  record;  but,  as  I  recall,  the 
number  ranges  mostly  from  3  to  5  in  vigorous  plants,  and  these  are  always 
in  umbels. 

N.  B.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Mo. 

3.  Lilium  canadense  L.  f.  rubrum  Britt.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  17: 
125.  1890.)  Canada  Lily.  Map  644.  This  lily  has  been  confused  with  the 
next,  and  possibly  all,  or  nearly  all  reports  for  it  should  be  referred  to  the 
next  species.  All  of  my  specimens  are  from  rocky,  wooded  slopes  and  were 
associated  with  Vaccinium  vacillans  and  Asclepias  tuberosa.  This  species 
is  now  considered  to  be  Alleghanian  and  its  distribution  is  not  known 
because  of  its  confusion  with  the  next  species.  It  is  known  to  occur  near 
Lawton  in  Kalamazoo  County,  Michigan   (Nieuwland). 

4.  Lilium  michiganense  Farwell.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  42:  352-354. 
1915.)  Map  645.  Infrequent  throughout  the  northern  part  of  the  state  and 
probably  rare  in  the  southern  part  or  even  absent  from  the  southeastern 
part.  It  has  been  confused  with  the  preceding  species  and  our  knowledge 
of  its  distribution  and  habitat  can  be  now  ascertained  only  from  field 
studies  or  from  existing  specimens.  Almost  all  of  the  reports  for  lilies  in 
Indiana  must  be  ignored  on  account  of  the  recently  acquired  knowledge 
of  the  genus. 

Lilium  michiganense  grows  in  moist  prairie  habitats,  in  mucky  soil  about 
lakes  and  in  low  woods,  and  in  moist,  black  soil  along  roadsides  and  rail- 
roads. Locally  it  may  be  common  over  a  small  area.  When  once  established 
it  is  very  persistent,  competing  successfully  with  blue  grass  sod.  I  have 
known  it  to  be  a  common  plant  for  possibly  25  years  in  black,  moist  soil 
along  the  railroad  through  the  old  prairie  north  of  Poneto,  Wells  County. 
It  is  to  be  noted  with  this  species,  as  with  the  others,  that  the  available 


314 


LlLIACEAE 


Erythronium 


0  50 

Map    644 


Lilium  canadense  L. 


5  ~5o 

Map  645 


Lilium    michiganense   Farwell 


0  50 

Map  646 


Erythronium   albidum   Nutt. 


amount  of  moisture  has  a  marked  effect  upon  the  number  of  flowers  on  the 
plants.    Where  it  is  driest,  most  of  the  plants  will  have  only  one  flower. 
The  distribution  is  probably  nearly  as  follows: 
Ont.,  Mich,  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ky.  and  Mo. 

5.  Lilium  tigrinum  L.  Tiger  Lily.  Nieuwland  writes  (Amer.  Mid- 
land Nat.  3:  106.  1913)  that  this  species  is  an  "escape  to  the  woods  at 
Notre  Dame,  growing  perfectly  wild  and  maintaining  itself  and  spreading." 
I  have  paid  little  attention  to  plants  of  any  kind  that  have  escaped  and  this 
species  may  be  more  frequent  than  I  know.  I  have  a  specimen  which  I 
found  along  a  railroad  about  a  mile  south  of  Connersville,  Fayette  County. 

Nat.  of  China  and  Japan. 


1076.   ERYTHRONIUM  L.  Trout  Lily 

Flowers  white  or  pinkish;  stigmas  mostly  2-3  mm  long,  curved  outward.  .1.  E.  albidum. 
Flowers  yellow ;  stigmas  usually  shorter,  erect 2.  E.  americanum. 

1.  Erythronium  albidum  Nutt.  White  Trout  Lily.  Map  646.  Infre- 
quent to  frequent  in  moist  woods  throughout  the  state,  usually  more 
frequent  and  abundant  in  rich,  alluvial  flats  along  streams.  This  species 
and  the  next  one  have  been  reported  from  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  has  a 
short  flowering  period,  from  the  last  of  April  to  the  first  part  of  May, 
which  accounts  for  the  few  specimens  I  have  collected.  This  species  and 
the  next  are  usually  called  dogtooth  violet  in  Indiana. 

Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  La. 

2.  Erythronium  americanum  Ker.  Common  Trout  Lily.  Map  647. 
Infrequent  to  frequent  throughout  the  state.  Like  the  preceding  species, 
where  it  is  found  it  usually  forms  dense  colonies  because  of  its  mode  of 
reproduction.  After  the  seed  germinate,  it  usually  takes  four  years'  growth 
to  produce  a  flower.  The  seedling,  from  the  beginning  of  the  second  year, 
produces  annual  crops  of  runners  and  bulbs,  each  going  deeper  until  the 
necessary  depth,   size,   and   vigor   are   reached   to   produce   a   flower,   in 


Camassia 


Liliaceae 


315 


o  Bo 

Map  647 


Erythronium    amencanum    Ker 


0  30 

Map  648 


Camassia  scillioides  (Raf.)  Cor 


5      ^"33 
Map   649 


Ornithogalum   umbellatum  L. 


addition  to  the  leaf  buds  which  have  been  produced  each  previous  year. 
Considering  the  great  number  of  single-leaf  plants,  the  number  of  flower- 
ing ones  is  small.  This  species  prefers  rich,  moist  soil  of  wooded  slopes 
in  beech  and  sugar  maple  woods.  It  is  found  also  in  rich  soil  in  almost 
all  kinds  of  woods  and  is  often  abundant  on  alluvial  wooded  plains.  In 
Indiana  it  is  more  frequent  than  the  preceding  species. 
N.  B.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

1087.  CAMASSIA  Lindl. 

1.  Camassia  scillioides  (Raf.)  Cory.  (Rhodora  38:  405.  1936.)  (Camas- 
sia esculenta  (Ker)  Rob.  and  Quamasia  hyacinthina  (Raf.)  Britt.) 
Common  Camas.  Map  648.  Moist,  wooded  slopes,  usually  bordering 
streams.  It  is  found  throughout  the  state,  becoming  rare  or  absent  in  the 
northern  counties. 

Pa.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

1089.  ORNITHOGALUM  [Touin]  L. 

1.  Ornithogalum  umbellatum  L.  Common  Star-of-Bethlehem. 
Map  649.  This  species  has  been  reported  as  an  escape  in  many  parts  of 
the  state.  I  have  found  it  as  an  escape  in  considerable  numbers  in  fallow 
fields  and  in  open  woodland  along  streams  in  the  counties  shown  on  the 
map.  In  some  instances  it  covered  an  acre  or  more.  The  plant  grows  in 
such  masses  that  it  crowds  out  all  other  vegetation,  and  where  it  is  found 
it  should  be  exterminated  at  once. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 


1091.  MUSCARI  [Tourn.]  Mill. 

Flowers  globose,  3-5  mm  long,  not  fragrant,  deep  blue ;  leaves  6-13  mm  wide 

1.  M.  botryoides. 

Flowers  oblong,  urn-shaped  4-5  mm  long,  fragrant,  deep  blue;   leaves  2-3  mm  wide. 

2.  M .  racemosum. 


316 


Liliaceae  Yucca 


1.  MUSCARI  BOTRYOIDES  (L.)  Mill.  Common  Grape-hyacinth.  This 
species  is  commonly  cultivated  and  has  been  reported  as  an  escape  in  sev- 
eral parts  of  the  state.  I  have  never  collected  it  except  in  our  own  orchard 
where  it  has  escaped. 

Nat.  of  s.  Eu.  and  Asia. 

2.  Muscari  racemosum  (L.)  Mill.  Starch  Grape-hyacinth.  There 
are  only  two  reports  of  this  as  an  escape  although  it  may  also  be  wider  in 
distribution  than  our  reports  indicate.  Nieuwland  (Amer.  Midland  Nat. 
3:  107.  1913)  says:  "Very  well  established  in  a  sandy  field  northwest  of 
St.  Mary's,  Notre  Dame,  and  spreading  along  a  road  very  fast."  In  1910 
I  found  it  frequent  to  common  all  over  a  10-acre  clover  field  on  the  Aaron 
Wolfe  farm  about  7  miles  northwest  of  Corydon. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

1103.  YUCCA  [Rupp.]  L. 

1.  Yucca  filamentosa  L.  Common  Yucca.  This  yucca  has  been  re- 
ported as  an  escape  several  times  and  remarks  have  been  made  as  to  its 
persistence  and  its  ability  to  spread.  It  is  frequently  planted  in  cemeteries 
from  which  it  has  most  often  escaped.  I  recall  having  seen  it  covering  a 
hillside  near  a  cemetery  in  Crawford  County  near  the  Blue  River  Church. 
I  also  saw  it  in  a  woods  as  an  escape  from  a  cemetery  in  Fulton  County. 
It  is  so  massive  that  I  have  never  collected  it. 

In  the  original  Coblentz  edition  of  "Travels  in  the  Interior  of  North 
America"  published  in  1839-41,  Prince  Maximilian  writes  of  his  travels 
from  Owensville,  Gibson  County  to  Vincennes,  on  June  10,  1834,  as  fol- 
lows :  "The  region  on  the  other  side  [north  side  of  the  White  River,  which 
he  crossed  in  the  vicinity  of  what  is  now  known  as  Hazelton]  changes 
considerably ;  and  here  appears  in  a  now  again  sandy  soil  nearly  the  same 
plants  as  are  found  in  the  sandy  soil  and  the  prairies  of  St.  Louis,  with 
the  addition  of  a  few  new  ones,  a  fire-colored  lily  (Lilium  catesbaei),  the 
great-flowered  lady  slipper  (Cypripedium  spectabile),  a  species  of  Yucca, 
and  many  others."  It  is  not  known  what  species  Maximilian  saw.  It  may 
have  been  this  one  or  Yucca  glauca  Nutt.  both  of  which  may  have  at  that 
time  extended  up  the  Mississippi  Valley  into  Indiana. 

Nat.  from  N.  C.  along  the  coast  to  Fla.  and  westw.  to  Miss,  and  Tenn. ; 
beyond  this  area  probably  escaped. 

1113.  ASPARAGUS  [Tourn.]  L. 

1 .  Asparagus  officinalis  L.  Garden  Asparagus.  Map  650:  Asparagus 
has  been  reported  from  many  counties  and  I  have  found  it  in  several.  I 
recall  seeing  only  a  few  colonies  of  it,  but  usually  single  specimens  here 
and  there  along  roads,  railroads,  and  streams  and  in  fallow  grounds  and 
open  woodland.  We  have  had  it  in  cultivation  for  years  and  I  have  rarely 
found  a  seedling  near  our  cultivated  plants  but  it  is  sporadic  all  over 
our  field  and  orchard  and  along  our  fences. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 


Clinton  ia 


LlLIACEAE 


317 


Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec 


L 

D       » 

3           A              

T 

■■ 

i 

iH 

Lpl 

f 

^ 

V 

i —        j 

H-    f 

i 

r~W] 

Miles 


0     ~  50 

Map   651 
Clintonia  borealis  (AitJ  Raf. 


o  "To 

Map  652 

Smilfcma  racemosa   (L.)  Desf. 


1117.  CLINTONIA  Raf. 

1.  Clintonia  borealis  (Ait.)  Raf.  Bluebead.  Map  651.  This  is  a  very 
rare  plant  in  Indiana  and  I  have  specimens  from  only  three  places.  I  have 
a  specimen  collected  by  Umbach  on  May  14,  1898,  in  full  flower  in  a  swamp 
near  Miller,  Lake  County.  I  have  another  specimen  discovered  by  M.  W. 
Lyon,  Jr.,  and  Mrs.  Lyon  in  a  tamarack  bog  near  Dune  Park,  Porter 
County.  In  1935  I  collected  a  specimen  discovered  by  R.  M.  Tryon,  Jr.,  in 
a  decadent  bog  in  the  eastern  part  of  Porter  County. 

This  species  will  probably  reach  extinction  in  Indiana  before  long. 

Lab.  to  Man.  and  Minn.,  southw.  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C. 


1118.  SMILACINA  Desf. 

Leaves  2-4,  rarely  1;  inflorescence  pedunculate.    (See  excluded  species  no.  139,  p.  1034.) 

S.   trifolia. 

Leaves  6-many. 

Inflorescence  pedunculate,  paniculate;   perianth  segments   1-2  mm  long;   leaves  not 

glaucous. 

Panicles  on  a  peduncle  usually  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  panicle,  ovoid  or 

pyramidal,  0.7-1.7  dm  long,  3-10  cm  wide,  three  eighths  to  three  fourths  as 

broad  as  long;  longest  branches  of  panicle  2-6  cm  long  and  with  8-24  flowers. 

1.  S.  racemosa  var.  typica. 

Panicles  on  a  peduncle  half  to  one  and  a  fourth  times  as  long  as  the  panicle, 
nearly  cylindric,  4.5-8.5  (-13)  cm  long,  1.5-3  cm  wide,  a  fourth  to  three 
eighths   as   broad   as   long;    longest   branches    1-2.5    cm   long   and   with   6-10 

flowers la.  S.  racemosa  var.  cylindrata. 

Inflorescence   sessile   or  nearly   so,  racemose;   perianth   segments   3.4-5.5  mm   long; 
leaves  glaucous 2.  S.  stellata. 

1.  Smilacina  racemosa  (L.)  Desf.  var.  typica  Fern.  False  Solomon's- 
seal.  Map  652.  Infrequent  to  frequent  throughout  the  state  in  beech  and 
sugar  maple  and  black  and  white  oak  woods. 

This  species  has  recently  been  studied  by  M.  L.  Fernald,  who  records 
his  studies  in  Rhodora  no.  478  from  which  I  have  made  my  key. 

Que.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  S.,  Va.,  Tenn.,  111.,  Mo.,  Ariz.,  and  Oreg. 


318 


LlLIACEAE 


Maiantheinum 


o  5o 

Map  654 

Maianthemum    canadense  Desv. 


0  30 

Map   655 
Maianthemum    canadense 
var.  interfus   Fern. 


la.  Smilacina  racemosa  var.  cylindrata  Fern.  (Rhodora  40:  406.  1938.) 
This  is  the  southern  form  of  the  species.  Although  the  variety  and  the 
typical  form  of  the  species  overlap  with  intermediate  forms  in  Indiana, 
the  northern  or  typical  form  of  the  species  and  the  southern  form  are 
quite  distinct.  The  two  forms  are  found  throughout  the  state.  Both  forms 
are  given  on  one  map  because  the  map  was  made  before  the  variety  was 
recognized. 

N.  H.,  N.  Y.,  s.  Ont.,  Ohio,  111.,  Kans.,  and  Colo.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ariz. 

2.  Smilacina  stellata  (L.)  Desf.  Starry  False  Solomon's-seal.  Map 
653.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in  the  northern  half  of  the  state  and  rare  or 
absent  from  the  southern  counties.  It  prefers  moist  soil  and  is  most  often 
found  on  moist  slopes  and  springy  banks  but  is  also  found  on  dry  banks,  in 
black  and  white  oak  woods,  and  is  most  abundant  on  the  sand  dunes  about 
Lake  Michigan.  The  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  is  very  variable,  ranging 
from  glabrous  to  densely  short-pubescent.  Two  varieties  of  this  species 
have  been  described  and  we  have  both  of  them,  but  I  think,  judging  from 
the  descriptions,  they  are  only  ecological  forms. 

Lab.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  Kans.,  and  Calif. ;  also  in  Eu. 


1119.  MAIANTHEMUM  [Weber  in]  Wiggers 

[Butters.  Taxonomic  studies  in  the  genus  Maianthemum.  Minnesota 
Studies  in  Plant  Science  5:  429-444.    1927.] 

Lower  surface  of  leaves  glabrous;  margins  of  blades  merely  papillate  or  crenulate 

1.  M.  canadense. 

Lower  surface  of  leaves  pubescent  at  least  on  the  veins;   margins  of  blades  ciliate- 
pubescent la.  M.  canadense  var.  interius. 

1.  Maianthemum  canadense  Desf.  (Unifolium  canadense  (Desf.) 
Greene).  Two-leaf  Solomon's-seal.  Map  654.  Infrequent  but  usually 
common  where  found  in  low  woods  and  in  tamarack  bogs  throughout 
the  northern  part  of  the  lake  area.  I  found  it  in  Jefferson  County  in  a 
low,  flat  woods  in  soil  of  a  pH  value  of  5.6  where  it  was  associated  with 


Polygon  atum 


LlLIACEAE 


319 


0  50 

Map  656 
Polygonatum    pubescens 

(Willd.)    Pursh 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


[TO- 



\ 

^rTT-  " 

v 

lUIIi 

( 

K.  - 

HttH 

)        rTU 

LI 

^J-71 

D    D 1    I     / D 

1         I  B     f  0 

"      ^ — r^ — S 

- ~y-L—    0 

\              0       

Miles 


0  ^50 

Map  657 


Polygonatum     biflorum    (WaltJ    El 


6 

20 
2 

D 

1 

-f 

D             D 

0          D 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

.xl 

D 

-       D 

0 

D 

n  y. 

f^ 

D 

D 

0 

~1 

D 
D 

r1 

i 

X 

D 

0 

P 

1 

\U 

J 

Dec  £ 

T ' 

\—S\           \   D 
D  /      J 

~\     r  o_j 

/    Miles 

D 

r£   a 

/    D 

7  D 

Polyqona 

0    j 

um 

D  ) 

cana 

D  JA      To               50 
i/              Map  657a 

liculatum  (Muhl )  Pursh 

beech,  sweet  gum,  and  pin  oak.  Grimes  reported  it  from  Putnam  County 
where  it  was  associated  with  hemlock. 

Plants  of  this  species  with  3  leaves  have  been  named  Maianthemum 
canadense  f.  trifolium  (Farw.)  Vict.  (Contr.  Lab.  Bot.  Univ.  Montreal  14: 
17.   1929.) 

Lab.  to  Md.  and  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C,  westw.  to  Minn,  and  northw. 

la.  Maianthemum  canadense  var.  interius  Fern.  (Rhodora  16:  211. 
1914.)  Map  655.  The  variety  has  about  the  same  range  as  the  species  in 
the  northern  part  of  Indiana  but  it  is  not  found  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  state.  The  species  and  its  variety  are  of  nearly  equal  abundance  but 
one  rarely  finds  the  two  in  the  same  colony.  The  mass  distribution  of  the 
variety  is  about  the  Great  Lakes  but  it  has  outlying  posts  as  far  east  as 
Massachusetts  and  ranges  westward  through  central  Ohio  to  central  Iowa 
and  northward. 


1123.  POLYGCNATUM  [Tourn]  Hill 

[Farwell.   Notes  on  Michigan  species  of  Polygonatum.   Bull.  Torrey  Bot. 

Club  42:  247-257.    1915.   Gates.   A  revision  of  the  genus  Polygonatum  in 

North  America.    Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  44:  117-126.    1917.    Bush.    The 

species  of  Polygonatum.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  10:  385-400.    1927.] 

Leaves  more  or  less  puberulent  beneath,  at  least  on  the  veins,  6-16  in  number,  2-6  cm 

wide  and  4-13  cm  long,  narrow-  to  wide-elliptic,  or  slightly  ovate-elliptic,  generally 

broad  at  the  base,  rarely  somewhat  cuneate;  peduncles  usually  beginning  at  the 

second  leaf  axil,  rarely  beginning  at  the  first  or  at  the  third  leaf  axil,  1-4-flowered, 

usually  1-  or  2-flowered,  or  a  mixture  of  1  and  2  flowers;  flowers  7-12  mm  long; 

filaments  of  stamens  more  or  less  papillose;  stems  usually  beginning  to  curve  above 

the  second  leaf;  rhizomes  near  the  surface;  plants  usually  found  in  thick  woodland. 

1.    P.    pubescens. 

Leaves  glabrous  beneath,  mostly  10-21  in  number;  blades  of  wideleaf  forms  2.5-10.5 
cm  wide  and  12-21  cm  long,  very  broadly  ovate-elliptic  or  broadly  elliptic,  those 
of  the  narrowleaf  forms  1.5-3  cm  wide  and  6.5-14  cm  long,  mostly  narrow-elliptic 
or  oblong-elliptic;  peduncles  very  variable  in  length,  rarely  more  than  one  from  an 
axil,  the  first  one  generally  from  the  third  to  the  fifth  leaf  axil  of  the  wideleaf 


320  Liliaceae  Polygonatum 

forms  and  from  the  second  to  the  third  leaf  axil  of  the  narrowleaf  forms;  flowers 
single  or  in  twos  on  the  narrowleaf  forms  and  in  clusters  of  2-8  on  the  wideleaf 
forms;  stems  of  the  narrowleaf  forms  usually  much  more  curved  than  those  of  the 
tall  wideleaf  forms;  flowers  mostly  15-19  mm  long;  filaments  of  stamens  glabrous 
or  nearly  so;  rhizomes  deep  in  the  ground  (usually  1-1.5  dm);  the  narrowleaf  forms 
usually  in  woodland,  the  wideleaf  forms  usually  along  roadsides  and  in  clearings 
and  open  places 2-  P-  biflorum  complex. 

1.  Polygonatum  pubescens  (Willd.)  Pursh.  (Polygonatum  bifiorum  of 
recent  authors.)  Hairy  Solomon 's-seal.  Map  656.  Frequent  in  moist,  rich 
woods  in  the  northern  two  thirds  of  the  state,  becoming  very  rare  in  the 
southern  part.  I  have  86  specimens  of  my  own  collecting  from  which  I 
made  this  study. 

N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Polygonatum  biflorum  (Walt.)  Ell.  (complex).  (Polygonatum  com- 
mutatum.)  Smooth  Solomon's-seal.  This  species  complex  is  found 
throughout  the  state:  the  tall  plants  with  wide  leaves  usually  along 
roadsides  and  fences  and  in  open  places  in  general  except  in  cultivated 
fields;  the  small  plants  with  narrow  leaves  are  generally  found  in  moist 
woodland.  The  fleshy,  insipid  fruit  is  eaten  by  birds  and  the  stony  seeds 
are  widely  distributed.  The  wideleaf  form  is  of  a  somewhat  weedy  nature. 
The  rhizomes  are  deep  in  the  ground  and  if  the  terminal  end  is  broken  off 
the  plant  persists.   For  this  reason  it  is  difficult  to  eradicate  from  flower 

beds. 

My  study  of  this  species  complex  was  made  from  155  specimens  which 
I  have  collected  from  all  parts  of  the  state.  I  am  not  satisfied  with  the 
treatment  of  this  species  but  I  am  not  able  to  find  differences  sufficient  to 
distinctly  separate  them.  My  specimens  form  a  lineal  series  and  when  I 
have  used  the  term  wideleaf  and  narrowleaf  forms  it  is  in  a  general  sense. 
I  do  not  think  they  are  all  the  same  species  and  I  think  a  character  may 
sometime  be  found  that  will  separate  them  satisfactorily.  The  genus  has 
been  monographed  by  three  authors  and  my  specimens  have  been  seen  by 
one  of  them  but  I  can  not  accept  their  treatment  of  this  complex. 

Since  the  preceding  was  written  a  monographic  study  of  the  genus  has 
been  undertaken  by  Miss  Ruth  E.  Peck  who  has  studied  all  my  specimens. 
I  now  learn  that  this  complex  is  composed  of  at  least  Polygonatum  biflorum 
(Walt.)  Ell.  and  Polygonatum  canaliculatum  (Muhl.)  Pursh.  See  maps  657 
and  657a.   I  refer  students  of  this  complex  to  the  forthcoming  monograph. 

A  form  of  this  species  from  St.  Joseph  County  was  described  by  McGiv- 
ney  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  9:  662-664.  1925.)  under  the  name  of  Polygona- 
tum commutatum  f.  ramosum  McGivney.  It  differs  from  the  species  by 
having  short  branches  in  the  leaf  axils  and  is  our  only  report  of  this  form. 

Western  N.  H.  to  Man.  and  Rocky  Mts.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  La.,  N.  Mex., 
and  Ariz. 

1128.  CONVALLARIA  L.   Lily-of-the-V alley 
See  excluded  species  no.  140,  p.  1035. 


Medeola 


LlLIACEAE 


321 


0  50 

Map   658 


Medeola   virginiana  L. 


12 

35 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec  C 

I,      0            n 

NO 

D 

D 

D      °f 

\ 

JrJ-D 

D        D 

0 

D 

[ 

D 
P 

0 
W 

B 
D 
DP 

D    |b   d 

h 

3               D 

D         B 

D 

0          D„ 

"fV 

IT 

-  i 

B        D 

D 

(   .    ft, 

[ 

B           B 
10       "D 

1          ' 

B 

1C      I 

D      L 

(  B  l 

1      D    1    DJ 

D     j  F     [ 

/!/    Miles 

Tri 

lium    sessile 

0                 50 

Map   659 
L. 

0  '  50 

Map   660 


Trillium    recurvatum   Beck 


1135.  MEDEOLA  [Gronov.]  L. 

1.  Medeola  virginiana  L.  Indian  Cucumber-root.  Map  658.  Infre- 
quent throughout  the  state  although  there  are  no  records  from  the  south- 
western counties.  In  the  hilly  counties  it  is  found  mostly  in  deep,  wooded 
ravines  and  northward  it  is  found  mostly  in  beech  woods,  on  rather  acid, 
sandy  flats  and  on  the  lower  parts  of  slopes  about  lakes  and  swamps. 

N.  B.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tenn. 

1138.  TRILLIUM  L. 

[W.  A.  Anderson.    Notes  on  the  flora  of  Tennessee.    Rhodora  36:  119- 
128.   1934.]  Note :  Description  and  measurements  of  the  floral  parts  in  the 
key  apply  to  flowers  in  and  after  anthesis. 
Flowers  sessile. 

Leaves  sessile;  sepals  not  reflexed;  petals  not  clawed. 

Petals  maroon 1-   T.  sessile. 

Petals  greenish  yellow la.  T.  sessile  f.  luteum. 

Leaves  petiolate,  sometimes  very  shortly  so;  sepals  reflexed;  petals  clawed. 

Petals  maroon 2.   T.  recurvatum. 

Petals  greenish  yellow 2a.  T.  recurvatum  i.  luteum. 

Flowers  pedunculate. 

Leaves  petiolate,  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse;  petals  white;  filaments  as  long  as  the  ovary; 

among  the  first  herbaceous  plants  to  flower  in  Indiana 3.    T  nivale. 

Leaves  sessile  or  essentially  so,  sometimes  1  of  the  3  with  a  petiole  a  few  mm  long. 
Stigmas  slender  and  of  uniform  diameter,  straight  and  not  curved  or  coiled  at  the 
tip,  or  only  slightly  so,  erect  or  spreading;  petals  usually  very  large  and 
obovate,  white,  turning  pink  with  age,  cheir  bases  ascending,  the  upper  part 
spreading;  anthers  exceeding  the  stigmas,  mostly  10-15  mm  long;  ovary 
white,   small,   globose   at  maturity;    peduncles   3-10   cm   long,   well   above    the 

leaves 4.    T.   grandiflorum. 

Stigmas  short,  stout,  tapering  from  the  base  to  the  apex,  recurved  or  coiled  at  the 
tip,  about  half  as  long  as  the  ovary;  petals  lanceolate,  ovate,  oblong-oval  or 
obovate,  spreading  from  the  base;  anthers  usually  not  exceeding  but  only 
equaling  the  stigmas;  peduncles  erect,  horizontal  or  sometimes  declined  be- 
neath the  leaves. 
Filaments  half  as  long  as  the  anthers  or  longer. 


322  LlLlACEAE  Trillium 

Ovary  very  dark  purple;  filaments  about  half  as  long  as  the  anthers,  about 

3.5-4  mm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  142,  p.  1035.) T.  erectum. 

Ovary  white  or  nearly  so;   filaments  two   thirds  as   long   as  the   anthers   or 
longer;  anthers  pinkish  or  purplish,  2.5-6.5  mm  long. 
Petals    5-9    mm    wide;    mature   anthers    2.5-4.5    mm    long.       (See    excluded 

species  no.  141,  p.  1035.) T.  cernuvm. 

Petals  10-17  mm  wide;  mature  anthei-s  4-6.5  mm  long 

5.  T.  cernuum  var.  macranthum. 

Filaments  very  short,  about  a  third  as  long  as  the  anthers  or  less. 

Petals  white;  filaments  yellowish  white;  ovary  white  or  nearly  so 

6.  T.  Gleasoni. 

Petals  purplish  or  maroon;  filaments  yellowish  white,  purplish  or  maroon; 
ovary  white  or  partly  purplish  or  maroon,  rarely  entirely  reddish  brown. 
7.  T.  Gleasoni  f .  Walpolei. 

1.  Trillium  sessile  L.  Sessile-flower  Trillium.  Map  659.  Infrequent 
to  frequent  throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  state,  but  becoming  rare  to 
absent  in  the  southwestern  counties.  It  is  found  mostly  in  rich,  moist 
woods. 

I  have  had  plants  with  4  and  5  leaves  and  one  with  greenish  yellow 
petals  under  cultivation  and  they  have  come  true  for  at  least  10  years. 
I  also  have  plants  with  2  and  3  stems  from  the  same  rootstock.  In  one 
instance  one  stem  has  3  leaves  and  the  other  has  4  leaves. 

Pa.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Tenn.,  Ark.,  and  La.  (Brown). 

la.  Trillium  sessile  f.  luteum  (Muhl.)  Peattie.  (Jour.  Elisha  Mitchell 
Soc.  42:  197.  1927.)  This  is  a  form  with  greenish  yellow  petals  which  I 
have  found  in  Adams,  Allen,  and  Wells  Counties.  Beyer  (Torreya  27:  83. 
1927)  names  this  form  f.  viridiflorum,  but  since  Peattie's  treatment  ante- 
dates Beyer's  by  four  months,  Peattie's  name  is  used  here. 

2.  Trillium  recurvatum  Beck.  Reflexed-sepal  Trillium.  Map  660. 
Infrequent  throughout  the  state.  All  of  my  specimens  are  from  woodland 
of  different  kinds  although  I  recall  seeing  the  species  along  the  railroad 
south  of  Battle  Ground,  Tippecanoe  County. 

Ohio,  Mich,  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  w.  Tenn.  and  Ark. 

2a.  Trillium  recurvatum  f.  luteum  Clute.  (Amer.  Bot.  28:  79.  1922.) 
Reported  from  Monroe  County  by  Friesner,  and  there  are  specimens  in  the 
herbarium  of  Butler  University  from  Lawrence  and  Montgomery  Counties. 
There  is  a  specimen  from  Johnson  County  in  the  herbarium  of  Franklin 
College. 

3.  Trillium  nivale  Riddell.  Snow  Trillium.  Map  661.  In  rocky  or 
gravelly  soil  in  protected  places  on  steep,  wooded  slopes,  usually  along  or 
near  streams.  It  is  local  to  very  local  and  probably  closely  restricted  to  the 
area  indicated  on  the  map  after  the  reports  from  Clark,  Decatur,  and 
Marion  Counties  are  added.  On  account  of  its  very  early  appearance  it 
may  not  have  been  collected  in  many  places  where  its  occurs,  and  it  may 
be  more  widespread  than  the  reports  indicate.  Authors  do  not  mention  that 
the  stem  in  cross  section  is  hexagonal  with  the  angles  more  or  less  winged 
and  minutely  roughened. 

Western  Pa.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ky.  and  Iowa. 


Trillium 


LlLIACEAE 


323 


0  50 

Map    661 


Trillium    nivale    Riddell 


o  50 

Map  662 
Trillium  grandif lorum  (Michx.)   Salisb. 


o~~  50 

Map  663 
Trillium  cernuum 
var.  macranthum    Eames  &  Wieq. 


4.  Trillium  grandiflorum  (Michx.)  Salisb.  Large-flower  Trillium. 
Map  662.  This  species  is  frequent  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  state, 
becoming  infrequent  to  rare  southward.  Friesner  reports  it  from  Harrison 
County.  It  is  found  mostly  in  moist  woods  and  is  also  found  in  springy 
places  in  woods,  on  moist,  wooded  slopes,  and  in  marshes. 

W.  Vt.,  w.  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Mo. 

5.  Trillium  cernuum  L.  var.  macranthum  Eames  &  Wieg.  (Rhodora  25 : 
191.  1923.)  Purple-anther  Trillium.  Map  663.  I  found  a  few  specimens 
in  a  low,  wet  woods  8  miles  east  of  Michigan  City,  La  Porte  County,  and 
Peattie  reports  finding  it  in  moist  woods  near  Mineral  Springs,  Porter 
County.  This  variety  is  northern  in  its  general  distribution  and  in  Indiana 
it  is  found  only  in  the  northern  counties. 

Vt.,  Ont.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  n.  Ind.,  n.  111.,  Wis.,  and  Minn. 

6.  Trillium  Gleasoni  Fern.  (Rhodora  34:  21.  1932.)  (Trillium  declina- 
tum  (Gray)  Gleason).  Map  664.  This  is  our  common  Trillium  found 
throughout  the  state.  The  fact  that  the  peduncles  are  often  erect  as  well 
as  horizontal  or  declined  has  led  early  authors  to  determine  it  also  as 
Trillium  erectum  or  Trillium  cernuum.  The  early  records  are  so  confused 
that  they  should  be  disregarded.  Friesner  (Butler  Univ.  Bot.  Stud.  1:  34- 
36.  1929),  after  an  exhaustive  study  of  this  species  and  its  forms,  con- 
cluded that  there  were  not  two  forms  (Trillium  erectum  and  Trillium 
Gleasoni)  in  this  state,  and  that  our  plant  is  one  highly  variable  species. 
It  is  now  evident  that  the  true  Trillium  erectum  occurs  east  and  south  of 
Indiana.  Trillium  cernuum,  likewise,  is  out  of  our  area.  Its  range  is  chiefly 
along  the  Coastal  Plain  and  it  is  represented  here  only  by  its  var. 
macranthum. 

Southern  Mich,  to  s.  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ohio  and  Mo. 

6a.  Trillium  Gleasoni  Fernald  forma  Walpolei  (Farw.)  Deam,  comb, 
nov.  (Trillium  cernuum  var.  declinatum  Gray  f.  Walpolei  Farw.  Rept. 
Mich.  Acad.  Science  21 :  363.    1920.)    Map  664a.   This  is  a  form  which  is 


324 


LlLIACEAE 


Aletris 


0  50 

Map   664 


Trillium  Gleasoni  Fern, 


1 

f 

B 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

.A 

h 

Jv 

[V 

D 

" 

-I 

" 

r 

E 

fn 

^-J- 

i 

Dec.  t 

iv   b     e 
r.                 1 

-     I      L      . 

3           L/> 
"T'b  »    1      1 

'/    Miles 

f. 

Tritliu 

Walpole 

m 
( 

PV    /  0                 50 

Map  664a 
Gleasoni 
Farw.)  Deam 

0  50 

Map  665 


Aletris  farinosa  L. 


described  as  having-  the  petals,  and  often  the  filaments  and  anthers 
maroon.  Specimens  occur  in  this  state  which  also  have  the  ovaries  partly 
or  entirely  reddish  brown.  These  should  not,  however,  be  confused  with 
either  Trillium  erectum,  which  has  a  very  dark  purple  ovary  or  with 
Trillium  cernuum  var.  macranthum,  which  has  purplish  anthers.  Both  of 
the  last  named  forms  have  much  longer  filaments  than  f.  Walpolei.  Doubt- 
less this  is  Trillium  cernuum  var.  atrorubens  Wood.  (Rept.  Indiana  Geol. 
Survey  2:  286-287.  1871.) 

This  form  seems  to  occur  with  the  species  in  all  parts  of  the  state. 

1143.  ALETRIS  L. 

1.  Aletris  farinosa  L.  Stargrass.  Map  665.  Infrequent  throughout  the 
northern  part  of  the  state  as  indicated  on  the  map.  In  addition  there  are 
reports  from  Floyd  and  Vigo  Counties  and  Schneck  says  it  was  found  in 
prairies  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  but  is  nearly  extinct.  It  is  found  in 
moist,  sandy  soil  in  wet  or  moist  prairies,  in  prairie  habitats  in  open 
woods,  and  in  open  woods.  I  have  made  repeated  attempts  to  establish 
this  species  in  our  garden  but  it  fails  in  a  few  years  although  I  have 
transplanted  it  into  both  neutral  and  sandy  soils  with  an  abundance  of 
the  original  soil. 

Southern  Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

1151.  SMILAX  [Tourn.]  L. 

[Pennell.    Smilax,   subgenus   Nemexia    (Raf.),   in  the   eastern   United 
States.  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  43:  409-421.  1916.] 

Plants  herbaceous,  without  prickles. 

Mature  leaves  not  glaucous  beneath  but  sparsely  pubescent  with  colorless  hairs,  ovate- 
oblong,  very  thin,  yellow  green,  glossy  above  and  beneath,  mostly  cordate  at  the 
base,  sometimes  subcordate  or  even  truncate,  usually  long-acuminate  at  the 
apex,  the  margins  generally  erose  and  usually  more  or  less  ciliate  with  long 
and  short,  colorless  hairs,  blades  not  decurrent  on  the  petioles  or  scarcely  so; 

segments  of  staminate  flowers  mostly  4-5  mm  long,  lanceolate;  fruit  black 

1.   S.   pulverulenta. 


Smilax 


LlLIACEAE 


325 


o  50 

Map   666 


Sm'lax    pulverulenta   M'chx 


o  50 

Map   667 


Smilax   herbacea  L. 


0  50 

Map   668 
Smilax   herbacea 
var.  lasioneura  (Hook)  A.  DC. 


Mature  leaves  glaucous  beneath,  of  an  ovate  type,  bluish  green,  cordate,  subcordate 
or  truncate   at  the  base,   short-acuminate   at   the   apex;   margins  not  conspicu- 
ously  erose    and   lacking   the   colorless    hairs   or   with   a  few    short    ones;    fruit 
glaucous. 
Leaves  all  glabrous  beneath;  bracts  on  the  stem  below  the  leaves  appressed;  umbels 

of  both  pistillate  and  staminate  plants  generally  with  25-80  flowers 

2.  S.  herbacea. 

Leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath  with  a  mixture  of  short  and  long  color- 
less hairs;  bracts  on  the  stem  below  the  leaves  loose. 
Umbels  of  pistillate  and  staminate  plants  with  more  than  25  flowers,  usually 
30-110  flowers,  sometimes  fewer  on  branches;  leaves  of  an  ovate  type, 
sometimes    very    broad    and    sometimes    narrow,    especially    on    branches; 
peduncles  usually  from   the   axils   of  leaves   but   sometimes   1-3   below  the 
leaves,  usually  longer  to  many  times  longer  than  the  petioles,  rarely  shorter; 
plants  usually  tall  and  very  large  ones  in  exposed  places  often  bent  over, 

generally  1-3  m  long 2a.  S.  herbacea  var.  lasioneura. 

Umbels  of  pistillate  plants  generally  with  fewer  than  20  flowers;  umbels  of 
staminate  plants  generally  with  fewer  than  25  flowers  (in  counting  the 
flowers  add  the  scars  on  the  peduncle  denoting  fallen  flowers);  mature 
leaves  large,  broadly  ovate,  11-17  cm  long  and  9-12  cm  wide,  few,  usually 
4-9  to  a  plant,  not  tendril-bearing;  peduncles  1  or  2  below  the  leaves  or 
opposite  the   lowest   leaf,   shorter  than   the  petioles;    plants   of  low  woods, 

4-6  dm  high 3.  S.  ecirrhata. 

Plants  woody,  vines,  with  prickles. 

Leaves  glaucous  beneath 4.  S.  glauca. 

Leaves  green  beneath. 

Stem  more  or  less  stellate-pubescent  at  least  near  the  base;  leaves  mostly  more 
or  less  contracted  near  the  middle;  denticulations  and  prickles  of  leaf  margins 

generally  colored;  margin  of  leaf  thicker  than  the  blade 5.  S.  Bona-nox. 

Stem  glabrous;   leaves  not  contracted  near  the  middle   (rarely  leaves  of  a  plant 
contracted);   denticulations  and  prickles  of  leaf  margins  generally  colorless; 
margin  of  leaf  not  thicker  than  the  blade. 
Prickles  of  stem  all  more  or  less  flattened,  the  lower  half  green;  peduncles  gen- 
erally shorter  than  the  petioles;  fruit  more  or  less  glaucous;   seed  usually 

2  or  3 6.  S.  rotandifolia. 

Prickles  of  stem  round  and  black;  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles;  fruit 
black,  not  glaucous;  seed  usually  1 7.  S.  hispida. 


326 


Liliaceae  Smilax 


1.  Smilax  pulverulenta  Michx.  Map  666.  Infrequent  to  rare  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state  where  it  is  usually  found  in  hard,  dry  soil  on 
wooded  slopes,  associated  with  oaks,  and  rarely  in  dry,  sandy  soil.  I  found 
it  also  in  a  low  post  oak  flat  south  of  Half  Moon  Pond  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  Posey  County.  There  is  a  specimen  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Notre  Dame  collected  by  Nieuwland  in  St.  Joseph  County  that  I 
doubtfully  refer  to  this  species. 

Southern  N.  Y.,  s.  Ind.  to  s.  Mo.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 

2.  Smilax  herbacea  L.  Smooth  Carrion-flower.  Map  667.  This  plant 
is  variable  in  size  and  in  its  habitat.  I  found  a  specimen  in  Franklin 
County  that  was  15  feet  long.  On  the  whole,  plants  of  the  variety  are 
larger  than  those  of  the  typical  form.  It  is  infrequent  to  rare  throughout 
the  state  and  is  found  on  wooded  slopes  and  alluvial  plains,  and  rarely  in 
the  open,  usually  associated  with  beech  and  white  oak. 

Out.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Mo. 

2a.  Smilax  herbacea  var.  lasioneura  (Hook.)  A.  DC.  Map  668.  The 
variety  has  the  range  and  habitats  of  the  species  but  is  much  more  fre- 
quent,* especially  in  sandy  soil  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  where  it  is 
somewhat  frequent  along  roadsides. 

I  admit  that  I  do  not  know  this  species  and  its  variety  and  the  next 
species.  My  attention  was  first  called  to  them  when  Pennell  revised  this 
section  of  the  genus.  For  several  years  I  have  been  assembling  the  aber- 
rant forms  in  our  garden  with  the  hope  that  a  study  of  them  would  solve 
the  problem,  but  I  have  found  that  the  plants  of  this  genus  grow  very 
slowly  and  most  of  the  specimens  I  have  planted  are  not  yet  old  enough  for 
study.  Ordinarily  each  rhizome  sends  up  one  stem,  although  I  have  one 
plant  that  had  8  stems  in  1936  and  9  in  1937.  The  number  of  stems  from 
a  single  rhizome  seems  yet  to  be  ascertained.  This  variety  is  so  extremely 
variable  that  it  seems  that  no  character  will  hold  to  separate  a  large  series 
of  plants.  I  think  the  complex  consists  of  several  forms  that  might  well 
be  recognized.  We  have  some  plants  that  reach  4-6  feet  in  height  that  are 
simple  and  others  that  are  usually  3-5  feet  that  are  so  much  branched  that 
they  form  a  compact  mass.  Some  plants  will  be  in  flower  when  others  are 
just  peeping  through  the  ground.  Some  will  have  1-3  long  peduncles  below 
all  the  leaves  while  others  will  have  the  peduncles  mostly  about  the  middle 
of  the  stem.  Some  plants  have  wide  leaves,  few  peduncles,  and  only  a  very 
few  tendrils,  and  in  all  the  herbaria  I  have  visited  they  are  referred  to 
Smilax  ecirrhata,  but  they  can  always  be  separated  from  that  species  by 
their  tendrils  and,  what  I  think  to  be  our  best  character,  the  fewer-flow- 
ered umbels.  Under  this  variety  I  have  included  several  forms  which  I  hope 
can  be  satisfactorily  distinguished  by  someone  in  the  future. 

Ont.  and  Ohio  to  Wyo.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Colo. 

3.  Smilax  ecirrhata  (Engelm.)  Wats.  Map  669.  Probably  infrequent  to 
rare  throughout  the  state,  although  I  recall  seeing  it  rather  frequently  in 
the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  in  low  woods  bordering  sloughs,  especially  in 


Smilax 


LlLIACEAE 


327 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


D              A- 

D 

\ 

4-h . 

\^ 

1L1M 

{ 

v 

V,r 

t 

' 

i — i — n  J/s 

Miles 


o 5o 
Map  669 


Smilax    ecirrhata  (Engelm.)  Wats. 


0  5o 

Map   670 
smilax    glauca    Walt, 
var.  genuina   Blake 


0  55 

Map  671 


Smilax  Bona-nox  L. 


Gibson  and  Vigo  Counties.  All  of  my  specimens  are  from  low  woods  on  the 
flood  plains  of  streams. 

Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Tenn.  and  Mo. 

4.  Smilax  glauca  Walt.  var.  genuina  Blake.  Sawbrier.  Map  670.  Our 
plant  is  the  typical  form  of  the  species,  distinguished  by  Blake  (Rhodora 
20:  78-80.  1918)  as  var.  genuina.  Infrequent  to  common  in  the  hilly 
counties  of  the  southern  part  of  the  state  and  extending  as  far  northward 
as  Marion  and  Putnam  Counties.  It  is  found  in  open  woodland  and  in  fal- 
low and  abandoned  fields.  When  it  becomes  established  in  cultivated 
ground,  it  is  difficult  to  eradicate  on  account  of  its  deep,  tuberous  rhizomes 
which,  when  broken,  send  up  new  stems. 

Va.  to  s.  111.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5.  Smilax  Bona-nox  L.  Fringed  Greenbrier.  Map  671.  I  have  seen 
specimens  from  only  the  counties  indicated  on  the  map  and  I  think 
Andrews'  report  from  Monroe  County  can  safely  be  transferred  to  the 
next  species.  So  far  it  has  been  found  only  on  the  high  hills  near  the  Ohio 
River  where  it  is  usually  associated  with  the  next  species. 

Va.,  s.  Ind.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

6.  Smilax  rotundifdlia  L.  Roundleaf  Greenbrier.  Map  672.  This  species 
is  rare  to  infrequent  in  the  northern  counties,  rare  or  absent  in  many  of 
the  counties  in  the  Tipton  Till  Plain,  becoming  frequent  to  common  in  the 
southern  counties.  It  is  found  in  dry  soil  in  woods,  clearings,  and  aban- 
doned fields  where  it  often  forms  impenetrable  thickets.  It  forms  long 
vines,  and,  on  account  of  its  many  prickles,  it  is  an  objectionable  plant. 

N.  S.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

7.  Smilax  hispida  Muhl.  Hispid  Greenbrier.  Map  673.  An  infrequent 
species  throughout  the  state.    It  prefers  a  moist,  rich  soil. 

Conn.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Tenn.,  and  Tex. 


328 


Amaryllidaceae 


Hymenocallis 


Jan, 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec 


— — 

,, 

r      y' 

-— r 

: 

"V_ 

^ 

£ 

■0 

"H_ 

V 

-    DP  b H- 

i 

B 

j.  1  D 

B 

l»         ! 

1 IU       Jj 

B       I           J 

»_vrf 

—    o 

D    /       j 

I         J      J             10 

-~/tB*Jkl  >- 

lW          |lD 

b   LL-LJ ^-^ 

s'^Vr 

[bd">  /    .  . 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  G72 


Smilax   rotund  if  olia  L. 


0  50 

Map  673 


Smilax  hispida   Muhl. 


0  50 

Map  674 
Hymenocallis  occidentals 
(Le  Conte)  Kunth. 


40.  AMARYLLIDACEAE  Lindl.  Amaryllis  Family 

Bulbous  herbs  with  flowers  on  scapes. 

Flowers  clustered;  filaments  united  in  a  cup-shaped  crown;   anthers  long-exserted. 

1194.   Hymenocallis,  p.  328. 

Flowers  solitary. 

Perianth  naked  in  the  throat 1181.  Zephyranthes,  p.  328. 

Perianth  with  a  crown  in  the  throat 1201.  Narcissus,  p.  329. 

Bulbless  herbs  with  rootstocks  or  corms. 

Tall  plants  with  large,  fleshy,  basal  leaves;  flowers  not  yellow;  anthers  versatile 

1219.  Agave,  p.  329. 

Low  plants  with  linear  leaves ;  flowers  yellow ;  anthers  not  versatile 

1230.   Hypoxis,  p.  329. 

1181.  ZEPHYRANTHES  Herb. 
See  excluded  species  no.  146,  p.  1036. 


1194.  HYMENOCALLIS  Salisb. 

1.  Hymenocallis  occidentalis  (Le  Conte)  Kunth.  Spiderlily.  Map  674. 
The  spiderlily  grows  in  low  woodland  that  is  usually  inundated  each  year 
and  in  soil  which  is  comparatively  free  from  organic  matter  and  which 
becomes  very  hard  during  the  summer  months.  The  bulbs  are  usually  6-9 
inches  below  the  surface  in  a  compact,  blue  clay.  It  is  rather  frequent  in 
the  southern  part  of  Posey  County  where  its  habitat  is  frequent  and  local 
elsewhere.  It  is  found  in  the  Big  Creek  bottoms  near  Wadesville,  Posey 
County,  local  in  the  bottoms  along  Pigeon  Creek  in  the  northern  part  of 
Warrick"  County  and  the  southern  part  of  Gibson  County,  and  local  in  its 
habitat  along  Little  Pigeon  Creek  in  Spencer  County.  It  doubtless  has  a 
range  wider  than  the  location  given  above,  but,  as  I  understand  its  habitat, 
it  will  be  restricted  to  the  peculiar  low  places  along  streams  and  low  spots 
in  woods  of  the  southwestern  counties.  Where  it  is  found  it  is  compara- 
tively abundant. 

In  a  restricted  habitat  southw.  from  s.  Ind.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 


Narcissus 


Amaryllidaceae 


329 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec 


TJ4 



>L_ 

V 

r 

H 

Wm 

y-±_ 

—        L^4 

J      J            D 
)         f  p     f  D        * 

"\^^\       —     D 

Miles 


o  5o 

Map   675 


Agave  virginica  L. 


6 35 
Map  676 


Hypoxls  hirsuia  (L.)  Covllle 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

1 

V 

[V 

" 

-I 

j 

HA 

J 

J~ 

r 

Dec  C 

D 

fS* 

D   ( 

/   Miles 

Dioscorea  h 

rt 

^\    y  o         so 

Map  677 
caulls  Bartlett 

1201.  NARCfSSUS  [Tourn.]  L. 

Flowers  white,  crown  small,  usually  much  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  perianth 
segments,  crisped,  red-edged.  (See  excluded  species  no.  147,  p.  1036.)  .  .  .N.  poeticus. 

Flowers  yellow,  crown  equaling  or  exceeding  the  perianth  segments.  (See  excluded 
species  no.  148,  p.  1036.) N.  Pseudo-Narcissus. 

1219.  AGAVE  L. 

1.  Agave  virginica  L.  (Manfreda  virginica  (L.)  Salisb.)  False  Aloe. 
Map  675.  Local  but  rather  frequent  in  southern  Indiana.  It  is  generally 
found  only  in  soil  of  low  fertility  in  open  places  on  the  crests  and  spurs  of 
post  oak  and  black  oak  ridges.  It  is  frequent  also  in  the  post  oak  flats  of 
the  southwestern  part  of  Posey  County.  The  plants  are  usually  3-5  feet 
high  and  not  branched.  It  is  perfectly  hardy  at  Bluffton  and  does  well  in 
black  loam  soil.  In  1932  we  had  one  plant  that  was  6.4  feet  high  and 
that  had  a  long,  flowering  branch  at  almost  every  node,  eight  branches  in 
all.  Ralph  M.  Kriebel  found  a  large  colony  on  top  of  a  limestone  bluff 
along  White  River  about  a  mile  below  Tunnelton  in  Lawrence  County, 
which  had  by  actual  count  about  2000  individuals.  Outside  the  range 
shown  on  the  map  it  has  been  reported  from  Daviess,  Jefferson,  and  Scott 
Counties. 

Va.  to  s.  Ohio,  s.  Ind.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

1230.  HYPOXIS  L. 

1.  Hypoxis  hirsuta  (L.)  Coville.  Goldeye-grass.  Map  676.  Infre- 
quent throughout  the  state  but  usually  common  where  it  is  found,  especially 
in  marshland  in  moist,  prairie  habitats.  It  seems  to  prefer  an  acid  habitat 
but  I  have  seen  it  growing  in  marly  bogs  with  Parnassia.  In  southern  Indi- 
ana it  is  found  in  rather  sandy  soil  on  the  crests  of  black  oak  ridges,  on 
sandstone  outcrops,  and  in  the  post  oak  flats,  while  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  state  it  is  usually  found  in  sandy  soil  at  the  base  of  black  oak  slopes,  in 
mucky  soil  in  marshes,  and  in  moist,  black  sandy  soil  in  prairies. 

Sw.  Maine  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  e.  Kans.,  and  Tex. 


330  Dioscoreaceae  Dioscorea 

43.  DIOSCOREACEAE  Lindl.  Yam  Family 
1252.  DIOSCOREA  [Plumier]  L. 

[Bartlett.  The  source  of  the  drug  Dioscorea,  with  a  consideration  of  the 
Dioscorese  found  in  the  United  States.  U.S.  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry, 
Bull.  189:  1-29.    1910.] 

The  rhizomes  of  the  species  that  occur  in  Indiana  are  used  in  medicine. 
Their  great  variation  in  size  and  shape  led  Bartlett  to  make  a  study  of  the 
species  of  the  United  States.  There  are  authors  who  have  not  accepted 
Bartlett's  division  of  the  genus  and  it  offers  an  interesting  study  to  one 
with  accumulated  data  who  can  restudy  the  genus  with  all  the  species 
under  cultivation.  All  of  the  species  are  perfectly  hardy  at  Bluffton.  About 
10  years  ago  I  began  to  plant  rhizomes  from  all  parts  of  the  state  and  I 
now  have  a  considerable  number  of  plants  but  failure  to  use  permanent 
labels  prevents  me  from  drawing  conclusions.  The  following  key  and  treat- 
ment of  our  species  should  be  regarded  as  only  provisional  until  our  species 
are  better  understood. 

Lower  leaves  alternate,  approximate,  or  in  whorls  of  3  (or  4);  rhizomes  linear,  the 
older  ones  with  lateral  branches,  dried  ones  generally  5-8  (10)  mm  in  diameter. 
Internodes,  at  least  the  lowermost,  more  or  less  spreading-pubescent  with  stiff,  color- 
less or  reddish  brown  hairs  mostly  0.2-0.5  mm  long;  lower  surface  of  the  leaves 
pubescent  or  glabrous;  staminate  inflorescence  axillary,  in  short  and  narrow 
panicles  up  to  6  cm  long;  pistillate  inflorescence  in  axillary  racemes,  developing 
up  to  10  triangular  capsules;  capsules  usually  slightly  obovoid  or  elliptic  and 
broader  than  long,  up  to  24  mm  long;  seed  broadly  winged,  up  to  16  mm  long, 

the  body  of  the  seed  mostly  about  5  mm  wide 1.  D.  hirticaulis. 

Internodes  glabrous;  staminate  inflorescence  axillary,  in  widely  spreading  panicles  up 
to  12  cm  long;  pistillate  inflorescence,  capsules,  and  seed  similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding but  the  racemes  usually  developing  5  or  6  capsules 2.  D.  villosa. 

Lower  leaves  in  whorls  of  4-9,  mostly  of  5-7,  ovate-cordate;  rhizomes  more  or  less 

contorted  or,  if  linear,  with  many  short,  knoblike  branches,  usually  (8)  10-15  mm 

in  diameter. 

Leaves  glaucous  beneath,  usually  until  maturity;  leaves  of  lowest  whorl  5-9,  generally 

6,  the  margins  rarely  somewhat  undulate,  sparsely  pubescent  on  the  principal 

veins  beneath,  rarely  a  plant  with  dense  pubescence;  petioles  at  the  insertion  of 

the  blade  usually  more  densely  pubescent  than  the  blade,  glabrous  nearly  to  the 

base;  nodes  of  stem  usually  minutely  puberulent  at  the  base  of  the  petioles; 

capsules  up  to  6  in  a  raceme,  up  to  30  mm  long,  variable  in  shape;  sometimes 

broadly   elliptic   and   obovoid   ones  found  on   the  same  raceme;    seed  up   to  20 

mm  long,  the  margins  colorless,  body  orbicular,  up  to  5  mm  in  diameter;  rhizomes 

generally  about  10  mm  in  diameter,  contorted,  extremely  variable  in  shape,  the 

many  laterals  diverging  in  all  directions 3.  D.  glauca. 

Leaves  green  beneath,  those  of  the  lowest  whorl  generally  4-6;  margins  of  the  first 
whorl  of  leaves  and  often  the  second  and  third  whorl  conspicuously  undulate; 
lower  surface  of  blades  glabrous  (although  there  are  specimens  with  the  lower 
surface  densely  pubescent  that  are  referred  to  this  species  complex);  petioles  of 
typical  specimens  glabrous  at  insertion  of  the  blade  as  well  as  at  the  base; 
internodes  generally  glabrous  (except  the  pubescent  forms);  capsules  like  the 
preceding  but  usually  much  larger;  seed  similar  but  larger  and  with  a  brown 
wing;  body  orbicular  and  about  5  mm  in  diameter;  rhizomes  mostly  about  15 
mm  in  diameter,  generally  of  a  linear  type  but  with  numerous  knoblike  laterals. 
4.  D.  quaternata. 


Dioscorea 


DlOSCOREACEAE 


331 


o  5o 

Map  678 


Dioscorea   villosa  L. 


5 

Z 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

f 

J 

\ 

K 

" 

X 

-^ 

J 

y- 

r 

Dec  j- 

i ' — 

K 

D      L- 

a.           L^l 

YbHTJ 

/    Miles 

Dioscorea 

A      Jo              5o 
Map  679 

g lauca   Muhl. 

0  50 

Map    680 
Dioscorea   quaternata  (Walt.)  Gmel. 


1.  Dioscorea  hirticaulis  Bartlett.  Map  677.  This  species  is  found  in  low 
woodland  that  usually  is  inundated  at  some  time  of  the  year,  associated 
with  pin  oak,  sweet  gum,  red  maple,  and  black  gum.  Like  all  the  other 
Indiana  species  it  has  both  glabrous  and  pubescent  forms  and  I  have 
not  seen  intermediates.  I  think  that  they  are  distinct  but  a  paucity 
of  specimens  does  not  warrant  a  decision  in  the  matter. 

Va.,  N.  C.  to  Ga.  and  Ind. 

2.  Dioscorea  villosa  L.  Wild  Yam-root.  Map  678.  Rather  frequent  in 
the  northern  half  of  the  state,  becoming  rare  or  infrequent  in  the  southern 
part.  It  prefers  moist  soil  of  rich  woodland.  The  lower  surface  of  the 
blades  of  all  the  specimens  I  have  seen  is  densely  pubescent.  The  glabrous 
variety  has  not  been  found  in  the  state.  This  species  and  the  preceding 
can  be  determined  definitely  only  when  the  whole  plant,  including  the 
rhizome  is  at  hand.  The  long,  slender  rhizomes  with  few  or  no  laterals 
are  conclusive  in  naming  this  species. 

Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Tex. 

3.  Dioscorea  glauca  Muhl.  (Dioscorea  quaternata  var.  glauca  (Muhl.) 
Fern.  Rhodora  39:  399-400.  1937.)  Map  679.  This  species  prefers 
slopes  of  deep  ravines  and  is  usually  associated  with  beech  and  sugar 
maple.  When  the  leaves  are  not  glaucous  beneath  this  species  is  difficult  to 
separate  from  the  next  species.  Small,  in  his  Flora  of  the  Southeastern 
States,  separates  them  on  the  size  of  the  staminate  flowers.  In  the  typical 
form  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  is  sparsely  pubescent  on  the  principal 
nerves ;  the  number  of  leaves  in  the  basal  whorl  is  usually  6,  their  margins 
rarely  undulate ;  rhizomes  much  branched.  The  wings  of  the  seed  of  all  of 
my  plants  are  white  while  those  of  the  next  species  are  brown. 

Pa.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  S.  C.  and  Ark. 

4.  Dioscorea  quaternata  (Walt.)  Gmel.  Map  680.  Infrequent  in  the 
state  within  the  area  shown  on  the  map.  It  is  found  in  wooded  ravines,  on 
the  crests  of  chestnut  oak  ridges,  and  on  the  bluffs  of  the  Ohio  River. 


332  Iridaceae  Iris 

There  are  two  distinct  forms  in  the  state.  "The  common  and  typical  form 
has  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  glabrous  and  the  other  has  the  lower 
surface  of  the  leaves  rather  densely  pubescent. 
Va.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

44.  IRIDACEAE  Lindl.  Iris  Family 

Leaves  long  and  narrow,  all  or  at  least  some  of  them  1  cm  wide;  flowers  large,  at  least 

2   cm   long;   capsules   generally   more  than   1   cm   long;   perennials   with   creeping 

rhizomes. 

Flowers  blue  to  lilac  (albino  forms  rare),  usually  few,  more  than  3  cm  long;  sepals 

recurved  or  spreading  while  the  petals  are  erect,  both  usually  widest  above  the 

middle;  seeds  irregular  in  shape 1264.  Iris,  p.  332. 

Flowers  orange  yellow,  mottled  with  many  crimson  purple  spots,  generally  less  than 
3  cm  long;  sepals  and  petals  remaining  in  the  same  plane,  not  reflexed,  narrow- 
elliptic   in    shape,    persistent    and   coiled    together    on    top    of   the    ovary    after 

flowering;  seed  globose,  black,  shining 1285.  Belamcanda,  p.  333. 

Leaves  long  and  narrow  but  none  1  cm  wide;  flowers  regular,  less  than  2  cm  long; 
capsules  usually  globose  and  less  than  1  cm  long;  seeds  globose,  small;  perennials 
without  rhizomes 1286.    Sisyrinciiium,  p.  334. 

1264/IRIS   [Tourn.]  L.  Iris 

[E.  Anderson.  The  species  problem  in  Iris.  Ann.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  23: 
457-509.    1936.] 

Plants  less  than  1.5  dm  high;  rootstocks  slender,  creeping  near  the  surface;  flowers 
light  lavender,  appearing  the  last  of  April  to  the  last  of  May;  perianth  tube  usually 

4-5  cm  long;  sepals  crested  but  not  bearded;  capsules  sharply  triangular 

1.  7.  cristata. 

Plants  more  than  1.5  dm  high;  rootstocks  thickened  and  not  very  close  to  the  surface; 
flowers  blue  to  lilac,  appearing  the  last  of  May  to  the  last  of  June. 
Capsules  hexagonal ;   stem  decumbent  or  prostrate,  bearing  flowers  from  near  the 

base 2.  I.  brevicaulis. 

Capsules  3-angled;   stem  erect,  bearing  flowers  on  the  upper  part. 

Petals  obovate-spatulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals,  thin  in  texture,  readily 
wilting;  sepals  with  a  bright  yellow,  pubescent  blotch  at  the  base,  the  hairs 
longer  than  the  thickness  of  the  sepal;  capsule  usually  long  and  narrow,  inner 
surface  dull;  seed  round  to  D-shaped,  dull,  with  occasional  broad  depressions 

as  seen  under  a  hand  lens 3.  I.  virginica  var.  Shrevei. 

Petals  lanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the  sepals,  firm  in  texture,  not  readily  wilting; 
sepals  usually  without  a  conspicuous  spot  at  the  base,  when  present,  greenish 
or  greenish  yellow,  the  pubescence  of  microscopic  hairs  shorter  than  the  thick- 
ness of  the  sepal;  capsule  short  and  thick,  inner  surface  shining;  seed  all 
D-shaped  in  outline,  the  surface  appearing  regularly  pitted,  the  pits  in  definite 
rows    under    a    hand    lens.     (Range    concides    very    nearly    with    that    of    the 

northern  coniferous  forest,  but  should  be  sought  in  northern  Indiana.) 

/.   versicolor. 

1.  Iris  cristata  Ait.  Crested  Iris.  Map  681.  Local  in  the  knobstone 
area  from  Monroe  County  southward.  The  Randolph  County  record  is  the 
only  one  from  the  glacial  area.  I  found  it  in  a  low  woods  with  beech  and 
white  ash.  In  the  knobstone  area  it  is  usually  found  on  the  bases  of 
wooded  slopes  and  where  found,  it  generally  forms  large  colonies. 

Md.,  Ohio  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 


Belamcanda 


IRIDACEAE 


333 


2 

6 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

r  j 

F 

\ 

J  X, 

[ 

1 

D 
f 

"^ 

J^ 

r, 

Dec.  C— 

[ 

I 

III 

,        1 

J         j          f  B 

17            D 
X      } { 

^"        B*                     . ' 

U    Miles 

\     /j'A/ 

0                 50 

v5^<j-^V             Map  681 

Iris   cnstata   Ait. 

0  50 

Map  682 


Iris   brevicaulis   Raf 


var. 


0  ^50 

Map  683 
Iris  virgin  Tea  L. 

Shrevei   (Small)  Anderson 


2.  Iris  brevicaulis  Raf.  (Contr.  Gray  Herb.  114:  41.  1936.)  (Iris  hexa- 
gona  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Iris  foliosa  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus. 
Flora,  ed.  2.)  Lamance  Iris.  Map  682.  This  species,  as  I  have  found  it,  is 
restricted  to  low,  overflow  land  along  streams  and  to  the  slopes  of  overflow 
terraces  and  slopes  bordering  streams,  ponds,  and  sloughs.  It  will,  no 
doubt,  be  found  in  suitable  habitats  along  all  of  our  principal  streams. 
Where  it  becomes  established,  it  usually  forms  large  colonies. 

Ohio  and  Ky.,  westw.  to  Ark.  and  Kans. ;  also  on  the  Coastal  Plain 
(Small). 

3.  Iris  virginica  L.  var.  Shrevei  (Small)  E.  Anderson.  (Ann.  Missouri 
Bot.  Gard  23 :  469.  1936.)  (7ns  versicolor  in  part,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  (E.  Anderson.  The  problem  of 
species  in  the  the  Northern  Blue  Flag,  Iris  versicolor  L.  Ann.  Missouri  Bot. 
Gard.  15:  241-332.  1928.)  Virginia  Iris.  Map  683.  This  plant  has  been 
confused,  by  many  authors,  with  Iris  versicolor  L.  which  has  a  more 
northern  range.  /.  versicolor  has  been  found  in  the  extreme  northwestern 
part  of  Ohio  and  should  be  sought  in  our  northern  counties  and  it  is  for 
this  reason  that  it  appears  in  the  key.  /.  virginica  var.  Shrevei  is  more 
or  less  frequent  throughout  the  state  along  ditches,  banks  of  streams,  the 
borders  of  lakes,  ponds,  sloughs,  and  in  low  places  in  general. 

Nieuwland  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3:  115.  1913)  described  a  variety  of 
/.  versicolor  which  he  called  var.  blandescens  and  which,  no  doubt,  should 
be  referred  to  some  form  of  this  species. 

D.  C.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


1285.  BELAMCANDA  Adans. 

1.  Belamcanda  chinensis  (L.)  DC.  (Gemmingia  chinensis  (L.)  Ktze.) 
Blackberry-lily.  Map  684.  This  plant  is  an  escape  from  cultivation  and 
at  present  is  restricted  mostly  to  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  where 
it  has  become  well  established,  especially  in  sandy  soil  in  the  western  part 
of  Sullivan  County.    My  specimens  are  mostly  from  the  slopes  of  open 


334 


IRIDACEAE 


Sisyrinchium 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

f 

-                1             I 

r~ 

ip 

Jv 

r1 

" 

D 

DP 

OP 

X 

D 

1  — 

-  k 

t 

r1 

Ft 

Dec  C 

in 

D 

I      L y" 

D            V^ 
"I-?   J    D\J 

1/    Miles 

D 

I        f" 

D 

Bela 

mcar 

0     ) 

da 

:h 

p\  T  7 

nensis 

0                50 

Map  684 
(L.)  D.C. 

0  50 

Map   685 


Sisyrinchium   albidum   Raf, 


0  ~~5o 

Map  686 


Sisyrinchium    graminoides  Bic knell 


woodland  that  have  a  sandy  soil.  I  found  it  well  established  over  an  area 
of  about  2  acres  south  of  Battle  Ground,  Tippecanoe  County,  where  it  was 
growing  in  dry,  gravelly  soil  in  open  woodland. 

Nat.  of  Asia. ;  Conn,  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

1286.  SISYRINCHIUM  L.  Blue-eyed-grass 

Spathes  sessile  and  terminal. 

Spathes  2,  with  a  single,  outer,  leaflike  bract 1.  S.  albidum. 

Spathes  solitary. 

Outer,  elongate  bract  with  margins  free  to  the  base;  capsules  pale.    (See  excluded 

species  no.  153,  p.  1037.) S.  campestre. 

Outer  bract  with  the  margins  united  above  the  base. 

Pedicels  loosely  spreading,  much  exceeding  the  inner  bract;   capsules  2-4  mm 

long.   (See  excluded  species  no.  154,  p.  1037.) S.  mucronatum. 

Pedicels  suberect,  scarcely  exceeding  the  inner  bract;  capsules  4-6  mm  long.  ..  . 

2.  S.  angustifolium. 

Spathes  peduncled  from  the  axil  of  the  leaflike  bract. 

Inner  bract  of  spathe  1.5-3  cm  long;  stems  broadly  winged 3.  S.  graminoides. 

Inner  bract  of  spathe  1-1.5  cm  long;  stems  slender  and  narrowly  margined;  capsules 
beaked  or  beakless 4.  S.  atlanticum. 

1 .  Sisyrinchium  albidum  Raf.  Map  685.  This  species  prefers  a  moist  or 
dry,  sandy  soil.  It  is  infrequent  on  sandy,  white  and  black  oak  ridges  and 
most  frequent  and  abundant  in  moist,  sandy  soil  of  prairie  habitats.  It  is 
also  sometimes  found  in  marshes.  It  is  infrequent  throughout  the  lake 
area,  probably  absent  or  rare  in  some  of  the  counties  of  the  Tipton  Till 
Plain,  and  again  appears  sparingly  in  the  southern  counties.  Most  of  our 
species  seem  to  thrive  best  in  full  sunshine  and  are  usually  found  in  slightly 
acid  soil.  Most  of  our  reports  of  Sisyrinchium  angustifolium  which  were 
made  before  1908  should,  no  doubt,  be  referred  to  this  species. 

Ont.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ala.,  and  La. 

2.  Sisyrinchium  angustifolium  Mill.  This  species  was  reported  from 
many  parts  of  the  state  by  early  authors  before  our  manuals  recognized 
Sisyrinchium  albidum.   Probably  most  of  these  reports  should  be  referred 


Sisyrinchium 


Orchidaceae 


335 


0  50 

Map  687 


Sisyrinchium   at lanticum  Bic knell 


o  50 

Map  688 


Cypripedium    reginae  Walt. 


Miles 

o  'sd 

Map  689 

Cypripedium    candidum    Muhl. 


to  the  last  named  species.  Peattie  reported  this  species  from  the  Calumet 
Region  where  I,  also,  have  found  it.  It  is  infrequent  in  moist  soil  on  the 
low,  open  dunes  along  north  Clark  Street  in  Gary  about  an  eighth  of  a 
mile  south  of  Lake  Michigan.   Not  yet  known  from  any  other  county. 

« 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Va.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts. 

3.  Sisyrinchium  graminoides  Bickn.  (Sisyrinchium  gr&mineum  Curtis.) 
Map  686.  Infrequent  to  rare  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  becoming 
frequent  in  the  southern  part.  This  species  always  has  yellow  roots,  pre- 
fers a  slightly  acid  soil,  and  is  generally  found  in  dry  places  in  open  wood- 
land and  clearings,  along  fence  rows,  and  infrequently  in  open  places  with 
herbs  and  grasses  of  equal  height. 

N.  S.  to  Minn ;  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

4.  Sisyrinchium  atlanticum  Bickn.  Map  687.  This  is  primarily  an 
Atlantic  coast  species  that  has  possibly  migrated  into  Indiana  from  the 
Mississippi  Valley.  In  addition  to  the  records  on  the  map,  it  has  been 
reported  from  Porter  and  White  Counties.  The  species  seems  to  be  entirely 
distinct  and  is  local  in  Indiana.  It  is  generally  found  in  moist,  sandy  soil, 
but  my  Posey  County  specimen  was  found  in  a  moist,  white  clay  loam  on 
the  second  bottom  along  the  Ohio  River  south  of  Caborn  in  a  hayfield 
where  it  formed  a  large  colony. 

Maine  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  northw.  to  Ind. 
and  Mich. 


50.  ORCHIDACEAE  Lindl.  Orchid  Family 

Plants  with  green  leaves  present  at  flowering  time. 
Flower  with  a  spur. 
Leaves  all  basal,  2. 

Blades   usually   large   and   rather   fleshy,   oblong-obovate;    flowers   with   pinkish 

hoods  and  white  or  spotted  lips,  expanding  mostly  in  May 

1396.  Orchis,  p.  339. 


.;:y, 


Orchidaceae  Cypripedium 


Blades  large  and  usually  nearly  orbicular,  or  elliptic,  not  fleshy;  flowers  greenish 

yellow  or  greenish  white,  usually  expanding  after  May 

1422.   Habenaria,  p.  339. 

Leaves'all  c'aul'ine:  '. '. '.'.'. '.'.'.'.  '.'.'.'• '.'.'.'.  '•'•['•'■'■  '  • 1422.  Habenaria,  p.  339. 

Flower  without  a  spur. 

Plants  with  only  one  leaf.  (Bracts  not  to  be  confused  with  leaves.) 

Leaves  ovate;  flowers  greenish  white,  about  3  mm  long 1552.  Malaxis,  p.  349. 

Leaves  linear  or  lance-oval;  flowers  rose  or  purplish. 

Flowers  solitary,  rarely  2,  terminal,  subtended  by  a  large,  green  bract  almost 

as  long  as  the  flower;  leaves  lance-oval 1464.  Pogonia,  p.  344. 

F lowers  generally  3-12,  rarely  solitary  in  depauperate  plants,  not  subtended  by 

a  large,  green  bract;   leaves  linear,  usually  15-30  cm  long 

1534.  Calopogon,  p.  348. 

Plants  with  more  than  one  leaf. 
Flowers  in  racemes. 

Leaves  all  near  the  base  and  conspicuously  marked  with  white  veins 

1504.  Goodvera,  p.  347. 

Leaves  not  conspicuously  veined. 

Stems  with  bulbous  bases;  leaves  2,  basal;  flowers  madder  purple  or  yellowish 

green 1556.  Liparis,  p.  350. 

Stems  without  bulbous  bases. 

Flowers  white;  leaves  of  a  linear  type,  mostly  less  than  1  cm  wide,  at 

least  the  lower  ones  petiolate;  plants  mostly  2-5  dm.  high 

1490.  Spiranthes,  p.  345. 

Flowers  greenish,  suffused  with  madder  purple;  median  leaves  of  an  ovate 
type,  the  largest  usually  2-4  cm  wide,  sessile;  plants  usually  3-7  dm. 

high 1482.  Epipactis,  p.  345. 

Flowers  not  in  racemes. 
Plants  with  a  whorl  of  5  obovate  or  lanceolate  leaves  at  the  summit;  flowers 

terminal,  solitary,  rarely  2,  purplish 1467.  Isotria,  p.  344. 

Plants  not  as  above, 
Leaves  usually  very  large  and  long;  flowers  inflated,  slipper-shaped,  yellow, 

pinkish  or  white 1391.  Cypripedium,  p.  336. 

Leaves  small,  about  1  cm  long,  clasping,  broadly  ovate;  flowers  not  inflated 

or  slipper-shaped,   usually  pinkish  or  nearly  white 

1466.   Triphora,  p.  344. 

Plants  without  green  leaves  at  flowering  time,  rarely  a  withered  basal  one  persisting. 

Flower  solitary,  terminal,  rose  purple 1474.    ARETHUSA,  p.  344. 

Flowers  not  as  above. 

Stems  bulbous  at  the  base. 

Flowers  with  long  spurs;  basal  leaf  purplish  beneath.  . .  .1560.  Tipularia,  p.  350. 

Flowers  without  spurs;  basal  leaf  green  beneath 1642.  Aplectrum,  p.  351. 

Stems  not  bulbous  at  the  base. 

Plants  with  1-several  long,  tuberous  roots;  flowers  white 

1490.  Spiranthes,  p.  345. 

Plants  with  scaly  or  corallike  rootstocks;  flowers  not  white. 

Flowers  cadmium  orange 1629.  Hexalectris,  p.  351. 

Flowers  more  or  less  purplish 1548.  Corallorriiiza,  p.  348. 

1391.  CYPRIPEDIUM  L.  Ladyslippeb 

Plants  with  leafy  stems;  flowers  1  or  2,  rarely  several. 

Sepals  and  petals  shorter  than  the  lip;  tall  plants  of  only  cold,  springy,  and  boggy 
places;  flowers  white  except  the  variegated  crimson  lip 1.  C.  reginae. 

Sepals  and  petals  equalling  or  longer  than  the  lip, 

Leaves    3    or    4,    strongly    overlapping    at    the    base,    rather    narrow-elliptic    or 
lanceolate;    outside    of    lip    white,    in    dried    specimens    generally    less    than 


Cypripedium  Orchidaceae  337 

20  mm  long,  rarely  up  to  25  mm  long;  dried  plants  mostly  25-35  cm  long 

2.  C.  candidum. 

Leaves  4  or  5,  rarely  only  3,  not  overlapping  at  the  base  or  only  rarely  so,  usually 
broadly  oval  to  narrowly  elliptic;   lip  yellow  outside,  generally  2-4.5  cm  long- 
in  dried   specimens,   sometimes  only   1.5   cm   long  in   depauperate   specimens; 
plants  of  dry  woods  or  of  boggy  and  springy  places. 
Lip  2-3  cm  long;  sepals  of  a  madder  purple  color;  flowers  very  fragrant;  leaves 

3  or  4 3.  C.  parviflomm. 

Lip  3-5  cm  long;  sepals  of  a  greenish  yellow  color,  streaked  with  fine  lines  of 
madder  purple;  less  fragrant  than  the  preceding;  leaves  larger,  4  or  5,  rarely 

6 3a.  C.  parviflomm  var.  pubescens. 

Plants  without  stems,  with  2  opposite  basal  leaves,  rarely  a  third  near  the  base  of  the 
scape;  leaves  very  variable  in  width  and  length,  oval  to  narrowly  elliptic;  flowers 
pinkish  (white  in  albino  forms);  lip  usually  4-7  cm  long  in  dried  specimens;  gen- 
erally found  only  in  tussocks  of  sphagnum  in  Indiana 4.  C.  acaide. 

1.  Cypripedium  reginae  Walt.  (Cypripedium  hirsutum  Mill.)  Showy 
Ladyslipper.  Map  688.  This  orchid  was  formerly  rather  frequent  in  its 
habitat  in  our  northern  counties,  but  now  like  the  other  species  of  the  genus 
has  become  rare  on  account  of  drainage  and  grazing.  It  prefers  a  wet,  cold 
soil  and  is  usually  found  in  muck  in  springy  places  or  in  peat  in  tamarack 
bogs,  often  in  tussocks  of  sphagnum.  In  optimum  conditions  it  reaches 
a  height  of  3  feet  and  I  once  measured  a  leaf  that  was  nearly  7  inches  wide 
and  1  foot  long.  I  found  it  to  be  a  common  plant  in  a  large  springy  area  at 
the  base  of  the  high  bank  along  Sugar  Creek  in  Montgomery  County.  R.  C. 
Friesner  found  a  few  plants  in  a  marly  springy  area  on  the  slope  of  the 
high  bank  of  Flint  Creek  about  3  miles  northwest  of  Westpoint,  Tippe- 
canoe County  and  gave  me  a  specimen.  It  has  been  reported  also  from 
Hamilton,  Kosciusko,  Marshall,  Noble,  and  St.  Joseph  Counties. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

2.  Cypripedium  candidum  Muhl.  White  Ladyslipper.  Map  689.  This 
species  is  very  local  and  I  now  know  of  only  six  places  in  the  state  where  it 
occurs.  There  are  no  reports  for  it  in  Indiana  outside  of  the  range  indi- 
cated on  the  map  except  that  Schneck  in  1876  reported  it  as  occurring  in 
the  Lower  Wabash  Valley,  saying:  "Rapidly  disappearing,  once  common 
here."  I  was  informed  by  a  reliable  authority  that  it  has  been  found  in 
two  places  on  springy  banks  in  Tippecanoe  County.  It  is  generally  found 
on  "raised  springy  areas"  and  usually  associated  with  Zizia  aurea.  It 
occurs  in  Porter  County  in  a  cattail  mucky  area. 

N.  Y.  to  s.  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ky.,  and  Mo. 

3.  Cypripedium  parviflorum  Salisb.  Small  Yellow  Ladyslipper.  Map 
690.  Since  Indiana  has  been  so  completely  drained  the  typical  form  of  this 
species  has  become  very  rare.  It  is  generally  found  in  boggy  places  and  in 
the  dunes  on  the  wet  borders  of  sloughs.    It  is  rarely  found  in  woodland. 

Newf.  to  Que.,  Man.,  Sask.,  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ohio,  111.,  Iowa, 
and  Wash. 

3a.  Cypripedium  parviflorum  var.  pubescens  (Willd.)  Knight.  Large 
Yellow  Ladyslipper.  Map  691.  The  large-flowered  variety  seems  to  be 
quite  distinct  from  the  typical  form  for  the  most  part  but  intergrading 


338 


Orchidaceae 


Cypripedium 


Jan 

Feb 
Mar 
Apr. 
May 

June 
July 
AuJ 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 

■ 

D 

f 

L 

a 

3 

L         / 

r-f 

0 

i 

s 

J 

■ 

V 

r, , 

1 

Dec  C 

u 

Miles 


5  50 

Map   690 


Cypripedium    parviflorum    Saii'sb. 


0  50 

n  Map  691 
Sedium   parviflorum 

var.  pubescens  (Willd.)  Knight 


0  30 

Map  692 


Cypripedium    acaule  Ait. 


specimens  have  influenced  some  authors  to  regard  it  as  a  nutritional  form. 
Some  claim  that  when  the  large-flowered  form  is  transplanted  it  will 
change  in  time  to  the  small-flowered  form.  This  transition  is  contradicted 
by  the  experience  of  others.  Until  it  is  proven  that  the  one  is  merely  a 
passing  form  of  the  other  it  is  best  to  regard  them  as  distinct  with  inter- 
grading  forms.  In  Indiana  the  habitat  seems  to  distinguish  them.  The 
variety  grows  in  deep  leaf  mold  in  moist  or  dry  woods  while  the  typical 
form  grows  for  the  most  part  in  very  wet  or  boggy  places.  The  habitat  dis- 
tinction, however,  does  not  hold  even  for  the  few  specimens  I  have.  All  of 
my  specimens  of  the  typical  form  grew  in  boggy  places  except  one  which 
grew  in  woodland.  All  of  my  specimens  of  the  variety  grew  in  woodland 
except  one  that  grew  in  a  tamarack  bog. 

Que.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ala.,  Mo.,  and  N.  Mex. 

Since  the  preceding  was  written,  Donovan  S.  Correll  has  published  his 
study  of  the  North  American  yellow  ladyslippers  in  Bot.  Mus.  Leafl.  of 
Harvard  University  7:  1-18.  1938.  He  concludes  that  our  plants  are  a 
variety  of  the  yellow  ladyslipper  of  Eurasia  and  assigns  to  them  the  name 
Cypripedium  Calceolus  war.  pubescens  (Willd.)  Correll.  He  gives  the  range 
of  the  variety  as  Newf.,  Que.  to  Yukon  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  S.  C,  Ga., 
Miss.,  La.,  N.  Mex.  and  Wash. 

4.  Cypripedium  acaule  Ait.  (Fissipes  acaulis  (Ait.)  Small.)  Pink 
Ladyslipper.  Map  692.  This  species  is  found  only  in  the  sphagnum  bogs 
of  northern  Indiana.  In  addition  to  the  counties  shown  on  the  map  it  has 
been  reported  from  Lake  County.  Its  habitat  occurs  in  all  of  these  counties 
and  also  did  occur  in  Marshall  and  Starke  Counties,  but  the  report  from 
Monroe  County  by  Andrews  must  be  an  error.  It  was  formerly  a  common 
plant  and  showed  great  variation  in  the  size  and  shape  of  its  leaves.  Since 
its  habitat  is  restricted,  and  our  sphagnum  bogs  are  fast  disappearing,  it 
will  soon  become  rare  in  our  state. 

Newf.  to  Winnipeg  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ohio,  and  Ind.,  and  in 
the  mts.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 


Orchis 


Orchidaceae 


339 


0  50 

Map  693 


Orchis   spectabilis  L. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


: 

S       ND 

D 

KD            j-1- 

u 

D 

y     d 

_ 

IU 

D 

D 

\ 

{ 

D 

r  h-i 

D 
P 

Aj 

D 

\ 

j 

\ 

J 

D 

1 

—  J_ 

'i      L 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  694 
Habenana    viridi's  (L.)  R.  Br. 
var.  bracteata   (Muhl.)  Gray 


0  50 

Map  695 


Habenaria    flava   (LI  Gra 


1396.  ORCHIS  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Orchis  spectabilis  L.  (Galeorchis  spectabilis  (L.)  Rydb.)  Showy 
Orchis.  Map  693.  Infrequent  to  rare  throughout  the  state  except  in  the 
prairies  where  it  is  absent.  It  is  found  usually  in  deep  leaf  mold  in  beech 
and  sugar  maple  woods  and  in  black  and  white  oak  woods. 

N.  B.,  Que.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tenn.,  and  Mo. 


1422.  HABENARIA  Willd. 

Lip  not  fringed. 

Leaves  cauline;  stem  more  or  less  bracted  above  the  leaves  and  into  the  inflorescence. 
Leaves  several,  at  least  more  than  2. 

Lip  lobed  at  the  base  or  toothed  at  the  apex. 

Lip  3-toothed  at  the  apex;  spur  shorter  than  the  lip 

1.   Habenaria  viridis  var.  bracteata. 

Lip  with  a  lobe  on  each  side  at  the  base  and  a  median  tubercle  near  the  base; 
spur  longer  than  the  lip. 

Bracts  mostly  longer  than  the  flowers;  lip  decidedly  longer  than  wide 

2.  H.  flava. 

Bracts  mostly  shorter  than  the  flowers;  lip  about  as  wide  as  long 

3.  H.  sciitellata. 

Lip  entire,  lanceolate  to  linear,  subacute  or  rounded  at  the  apex. 

Flowers  white,  fragrant;  lip  dilated  at  the  base 4.  H.  dllatata. 

Flowers  greenish,  scarcely  fragrant;  lip  not  dilated  at  the  base 

5.  H.  hyperborea. 

Leaves  1  or  2;  lip  entire  at  the  base;  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers 

6.  H.  clavellata. 

Leaves   basal. 

Scape  bracted;  flowers  greenish  white 7.  H.  orbiculata. 

Scape  bractless ;  flowers  greenish  yellow 8.  H.  Hookeri. 

Lip  fringed  or  erose-denticulate. 

Lip  evenly  fringed  all  around,  not  divided. 

Flowers  orange  yellow;  lip  oblong,  1  cm  long,  the  fringe  3-5  mm  long 

9.    H.  ciliaris. 

Flowers  white;   lip   narrowly  ovate-lanceolate,   8-10  mm  long,  the   fringe   0.5-1.5 
mm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  155,  p.  1037.) H.  blephariglottis. 


8I<) 


Orchidaceae 


Habenaria 


Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

<- 

J 

L 

t  ^ 

r 

r1 

>v| 

tn 

Nov. 
Dec  C 

j 

r, 

t 

i  i — 

J    Miles 

Hat 

D   1       1 

enarl 

a   sc 

utel 

ata  (Nutt. 

D               50 
Map  696 

)  F.  Morris 

3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

«0 

\ 

J 

1       D 

\t       A 

rt 

\ 

( ^  . 

r 

n 

r 

1 

r 

-^k 

Dec.j- 

■  ' — 

L/    Miles 

Habenaria 

dil 

~}K      JO 

J             Map  697 
atata  (Pursh)  Gray 

0  50 

Map    698 


Habenaria    hyperborea  (L.)  R.  Br. 


Lip  more  or  less  3-parted,  the  divisions  fringed  or  erose-denticulate. 

Petals  entire;  flowers  gi-eenish;  lip  deeply  parted,  the  divisions  narrow  and  deeply 

fringed 10.  H.  lacera. 

Petals  not  entire,  more  or  less  minutely  denticulate. 
Lip  deeply  fringed  and  3-parted;  fringe  2-5  mm  long. 

Flowers  white,  not  crowded  on  the  spike 11.  H.  leucophaea. 

Flowers  purplish,  crowded  on  the  spike 12.   H.  psycodes. 

Lip  shallowly  erose-denticulate,  the  teeth  usually  about  0.5  mm  long,  the  termi- 
nal  lobe   usually   bifid  by   an   incision   2-3   mm   long,   3-parted,   rarely   cut 

into  5  divisions;  flowers  purplish;  found  only  in  southern  Indiana 

13.  if.  peramoena. 

1.  Habenaria  viridis  (L.)  R.  Br.  var.  bracteata  (Muhl.)  Gray.  (Habe- 
naria bracteata  (Willd.)  R.  Br.  and  Coeloglossum  bracteatum  (Willd.) 
Pari.)  Satyr  Orchid.  Map  694.  Usually  not  more  than  a  single  plant  is 
found  in  any  one  locality.  It  occurs  in  moist,  rich  woods,  in  tamarack  bogs 
or  on  low  borders  of  lakes.  In  Noble  County  I  found  two  large  colonies 
on  the  low  border  of  Crooked  Lake  in  among  Cornus  obliqua  and  Acer 
rubrum.  This  is  the  only  place  I  have  seen  two  specimens  or  more  in  a 
place.    It  has  been  reported  also  from  Lake  and  White  Counties. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ohio,  111.,  Mont.,  and  Wash.;  also  in 
Japan  and  China. 

2.  Habenaria  flava  (L.)  Gray.  (Perularia  flava  (L.)  Farw.)  TUBERCLED 
Orchid.  Map  695.  Mostly  in  the  lake  region  in  tamarack  bogs,  marshes, 
and  sandy,  wet  places.  It  has  been  reported  from  Marshall  and  Vigo 
Counties.    It  is  very  rare  and  usually  a  single  specimen  is  found  at  a  place. 

N.  S.,  Que.,  Ont,  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  Habenaria  scutellata  (Nutt.)  F.  Morns.  (Perularia  scutellata  (Nutt.) 
Small.)  Map  696.  On  September  28,  1923,  I  found  a  large  colony  of 
this  species  in  flower  and  in  fruit  in  Posey  County,  growing  in  a  bare 
place  under  a  clump  of  buttonbush  where  it  must  have  been  submerged 
much  of  the  year.   I  transferred  some  of  it  to  our  garden  in  Bluffton  where 


Habenaria 


Orchidaceae 


341 


0  "To 

Map  699 


Habenaria    clavellata  (Mich*.)  Spreng. 


0  55 

Map  700 

Habenaria   orbtculata  (Pursh)  Torr. 


(5  50 

Map  701 

Habenaria  Hookeri  Torr, 


it  did  well  for  several  years.    This  is  the  only  record  I  know  of  from 
Indiana. 

Pa.,  Ind.,  and  Ark.,  southw.  to  Fla. 

4.  Habenaria  dilatata  (Pursh)  Gray.  {Limnorchis  dilatata  (Pursh) 
Rydb.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  White  Bog-orchid. 
Map  697.  A  few  plants  of  this  species  were  found  in  a  bog  on  the 
Wolverton  Estate  about  7  miles  southwest  of  South  Bend,  St.  Joseph 
County.  The  area  was  heavily  grazed  and  it  will  soon  disappear  if  grazing 
continues.  This  species  was  reported  by  Nieuwland  for  Umbach  (Amer. 
Midland  Nat.  3:  119.  1913)  but  through  the  courtesy  of  N.  C.  Fassett  the 
Umbach  herbarium  at  the  University  of  Wisconsin  was  searched,  and  no 
specimen  was  found.  There  are,  however,  specimens  collected  by  Nieuw- 
land in  Lake  and  Porter  Counties  which  are  deposited  in  the  herbarium  of 
the  University  of  Notre  Dame.  The  location  of  this  species  in  Indiana  is 
the  extreme  southern  limit  of  its  range. 

Subarctic  America;  Lab.  to  B.  C.  and  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ind., 
Minn.,  Mont.,  Idaho,  Colo.,  and  Wash. 

5.  Habenaria  hyperborea  (L.)  R.  Br.  (Limnorchis  hyperborea  (L.) 
Rydb.)  Northern  Green  Orchid.  Map  698.  Our  specimens  and  reports 
are  from  our  northern  tier  of  counties.  It  must  be  very  rare  in  Indiana. 
I  have  collected  it  only  twice.  Besides  the  counties  shown  on  the  map  it 
has  been  reported  from  La  Porte  and  St.  Joseph  Counties. 

Newf.  to  Que.,  Ont.  to  B.  C,  northw.  to  Alaska,  Iceland,  and  Greenland, 
and  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  Ind.,  111.,  Nebr.,  Colo.,  and  Oreg. 

6.  Habenaria  clavellata  (Michx.)  Spreng.  (Gymnadeniopsis  clavellata 
(Michx.)  Rydb.)  Small  Green  Wood  Orchid.  Map  699.  My  specimens 
are  from  moist,  sandy  or  gravelly  borders  of  lakes  and  sloughs.  The  distri- 
bution is  restricted  to  our  northern  counties  with  the  exception  of  a 


342 


Orchidaceae 


Habenaria 


0  ~~T5 

Map  702 


Habenaria   ciliaris   (L  )  R.Br 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec 


^tT]  i  /  ,d    d      l    d 

m         _j-    \ — 

BfffFH 

-  1        ]       LfT 

1    —        L--^1 

L       J     \//    Miles 
tM       P\       7  0                5C 

Map   703 
Habenaria   I acera  (Michx.)  Lodd. 


0  30 

Map  704 


Habenaria  leucophaea   (Nutt.)  Gray 


specimen  collected  in  a  swamp  in  Monroe  County  by  J.  E.  Potzger.   There 
is  a  report  from  St.  Joseph  County  which  is  not  shown  on  the  map. 
Newf.,  Que.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  Fla.,  and  La. 

7.  Habenaria  orbiculata  (Pursh)  Torr.  (Lysias  orbiculata  (Pursh) 
Rydb.)  Large  Roundleaf  Orchid.  Map  700.  This  is  one  of  our  rarest 
orchids.  I  have  found  it  twice.  Van  Gorder  found  it  in  Noble  County  and 
I  have  his  specimen.  It  grows  in  very  rich,  sandy  soil  with  sugar  maple 
and  beech. 

Newf.,  Que.,  Ont.  to  B.  C.  and  northw.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Pa.,  W.  Va., 
Md.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  S.  C,  Tenn.,  Ohio,  111.,  Mont.,  and  Wash. 

8.  Habenaria  Hookeri  Torr.  (Lysias  Hookeriana  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.) 
Hooker  Orchid.  Map  701.  This  is  also  one  of  our  rarest  orchids.  It  has 
been  reported  from  Lake,  La  Porte,  Noble,  and  Porter  Counties.  There 
is  a  specimen  in  the  Field  Museum  which  was  collected  by  Agnes  Chase, 
June  21,  1897,  east  of  Edgemoor  (probably  near  what  is  now  known  as  the 
Buffington  Cement  Plant  or  West  Gary).  The  specimen  in  the  Field 
Museum  so  labeled  and  collected  by  Bross  in  La  Porte  County  is  Orchis 
spectabilis.  The  report  from  Noble  County  is  not  supported  by  a  specimen 
and  I  refer  the  report  to  Habenaria  orbiculata.  Dr.  Lyon  found  a  few 
plants  in  Porter  County.  It  has  been  found  also  by  R.  M.  Tryon,  Jr.,  in 
Dunes  State  Park,  Porter  County  and  he  has  given  me  a  specimen. 

N.  S.,  Que.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  Ohio,  Ind.,  Wis.,  and 
Iowa. 

9.  Habenaria  ciliaris  (L.)  R.  Br.  (Blephari glottis  ciliaris  (L.)  Rydb.) 
Yellow  Fringe-orchid.  Map  702.  In  marshes,  moist,  sandy  borders  of 
lakes  and  sloughs,  prairie  habitats,  and  low,  open  and  sandy  woods.  This 
species  was  formerly  not  rare  but  is  now  becoming  scarce.  Its  distribution 
is  restricted  to  our  northern  counties  and  besides  those  indicated  on  the 
map  it  has  been  reported  from  Marshall  County. 

Vt.,  Ont.  to  Mich.,  111.,  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


Habenaria 


Orchidaceae 


343 


0  50 

Map  705 


Habenaria    psycodes   (L.)  Spreng, 


9 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec  <- 

f 

-f 

1 

^ 

r~~ 

\ 

frL 

~ 

[J- 

X 

r 

of    o  /  ^ 

'Un-ft— i 

D  A 

-/    Miles 

j 

OP 

i 

B       s 

IU 

>      ' 

D 

K     ,1 j/ 

1          D 

\               D 

r 

iafc 

D    V1       I 

enaria 

jeramoena 

0                50 
Map  706 

Gray 

0  50 

Map  707 


Poqonia    ophioglossoides  (L  )  Ker. 


10.  Habenaria  lacera  (Michx.)  Lodd.  (Blephariglottis  lacera  (Michx.) 
Farw.)  Green  Fringe-orchid.  Map  703.  This  species  is  somewhat  fre- 
quent in  the  lake  area  and  has  a  wide  range  of  habitats.  It  is  usually  found 
in  tamarack  bogs,  marshes,  and  marshy  and  springy  places  anywhere.  I 
once  found  it  under  a  beech  tree  in  a  woods  and  once  in  a  sandy,  fallow 
field  that  had  been  fallow  for  at  least  25  years.  In  addition  to  the  counties 
indicated  on  the  map  it  has  been  reported  from  Fulton,  Lake,  and  Marshall 
Counties. 

Newf.,  Que.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ala.,  and  Mo. 

11.  Habenaria  leucophaea  (Nutt.)  Gray.  (Blephariglottis  leucophaea 
(Nutt.)  Farw.)  Prairie  White  Fringe-orchid.  Map  704.  Probably  local 
in  the  lake  area  years  ago  but  now  rare.  I  have  found  it  in  only  five 
places.  In  addition  to  these  counties  it  has  been  reported  from  the  follow- 
ing counties:  Hamilton,  Kosciusko,  Lake,  and  Marshall.  My  specimens 
are  from  sphagnum  in  tamarack  bogs. 

N.  S.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  Ohio,  111.,  Mo.,  and  La. 

12.  Habenaria  psycodes  (L.)  Spreng.  (Blephariglottis  psycodes  (L.) 
Rydb.)  Small  Purple  Fringe-orchid.  Map  705.  Rather  rare  in  the  lake 
area  in  mucky  soil  about  lakes  and  in  low  woods.  In  addition  to  the  counties 
shown  on  the  map  it  has  been  reported  from  Jay  County.  It  has  also  been 
reported  from  Clark  and  Jefferson  Counties  but  these  reports  doubtless 
should  be  referred  to  the  next  species. 

Newf.,  Que.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ohio,  111.,  and  Iowa. 

13.  Habenaria  peramoena  Gray.  (Blephariglottis  peramoena  (Gray) 
Rydb.)  Fringeless  Purple  Orchid.  Map  706.  This  species  is  not  infre- 
quent in  our  southern  counties  in  low,  flat  woods,  usually  associated  with 
beech  and  sweet  gum  and  pin  oak.  It  has  also  been  reported  from  Monroe 
County.   Usually  rather  frequent  where  found. 

Pa.,  Ohio,  111.,  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ala.,  and  Tenn. 


344 


Orchidaceae 


Pogonia 


0  50 

Map  708 


Tnphora   trianthophora   (SwJ   Rydb. 


0  50 

Map  709 

Isotria  verticillata  (Willd.)  Raf. 


1464.  POGONIA  Juss. 

1.  Pogonia  ophioglossoides  (L.)  Ker.  Rose  Pogonia.  Map  707.  For- 
merly frequent  in  peat  bogs  in  the  lake  area,  now  infrequent  to  rare 
on  account  of  drainage.  In  addition  to  the  counties  shown  on  the  map  it 
has  been  reported  from  Fulton  and  Marshall  Counties. 

Newf.,  Que.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

1466.  TRfPHORA  Nutt. 

1.  Triphora  trianthophora  (Sw.)  Rydb.  {Pogonia  trianthophora  (Sw.) 
BSP.)  Nodding  Pogonia.  Map  708.  An  infrequent  plant  throughout  the 
state.  It  is  generally  found  in  deep  humus,  usually  in  beech  and  sugar 
maple  and  oak  woods.  The  flowers  are  mostly  nodding  but  the  fruit  is 
erect.  I  once  found  a  large  colony  on  a  bare,  sandy  flat  in  a  deep,  wooded 
ravine.  Besides  the  counties  indicated  on  the  map  it  has  been  reported 
from  the  following  counties :   Fayette,  Hamilton,  and  Steuben. 

Maine  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ala.,  and  Mo. 

1467.  ISOTRIA  Raf. 

1.  Isotria  verticillata  (Willd.)  Raf.  (Pogonia  verticillata  (Willd.) 
Nutt.)  Whorled  Pogonia.  Map  709.  An  inconspicuous  plant  and  appar- 
ently very  rare  and  erratic  in  its  distribution.  In  the  lake  area  it  is  found 
in  sphagnum  in  tamarack  bogs  and  south  of  this  area  it  has  been  found  in 
white  oak  woods. 

Maine,  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

1474.  ARETHtSA  [Gronov.]  L. 

1.  Arethusa  bulbosa  L.  Arethusa.  Map  710.  An  extremely  rare  plant 
found  in  sphagnum  in  bogs.  In  addition  to  the  counties  shown  on  the  map 


Arethusa 


Orchidaceae 


345 


Map  711 
Epipactis  latifolia  (Huds.)  All. 


0  5o 

Map   712 


Spiranthes   Beckii  Lindl. 


1 

2 

B 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

5 

$ 

D            /"*- 

D 

~~V 

[V 

— 1 

D 

-I 

r 

B 

m 

B        D 

j 

^ 

B 

Dec.j- 

Fp 

IU 

D  Jit 

no           LXj 

T  B»     D         ' 

/    Miles 

\     K    | 

SP 

iranthes 

r 
graci 

lis  (Big 

)  50 
Map   713 

■IJ  Beck 

it  has  been  reported  from  Carroll  and  Starke  Counties.    It  must  now  be 
very  rare  or  almost  extinct  in  the  state. 

Newf.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Ohio,  Ind.,  and  in  the  mts. 
to  S.  C. 

1482.  EPIPACTIS  Swartz 

1.  Epipactis  latifolia  (Huds.)  All.  (Serapias  Helleborine  L.)  Broad- 
leaf  Epipactis.  Map  711.  Reported  from  La  Porte  County  by  Nieuw- 
land  &  Just  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  12:  220.  1931).  They  write:  "Inter- 
laken,  Laporte  Co.,  spreading  very  rapidly  in  abundance  on  a  dry  clay 
hillside  facing  the  lake,  VII.  18.  1930.)  (Probably  introduced.) "  I  have  seen 
their  specimens  and  I  am  admitting  it  upon  their  statement  that  it  is 
spreading  rapidly.   Found  in  1937  by  Lyon  in  South  Bend. 

Que.,  Ont.,  N.  Y.,  and  Pa. ;  also  in  Eu.  Probably  all,  or  most  all  of  our 
reports  are  based  upon  escaped  plants  because  it  was  formerly  cultivated 
for  its  supposed  medicinal  qualities. 

1490.  SPIRANTHES  Richard  Ladies' Tresses 

Upper  part  of  stem  and  lower  part  of  the  rachis  of  the  spike  glabrous;  leaves  basal  and 
usually  absent  at  flowering  time;  stems  slender,  usually  less  than  1  mm  in 
diameter  just  below  the  inflorescence. 

Rachis  of  inflorescence  not  twisted;  stems  bearing  a  solitary  subcylindrical  root 

1.  S.  Beckii. 

Rachis  of  inflorescence  twisted;   stems  bearing  more  than  one   subcylindrical  root, 

usually  3  or  more 2.  S.  gracilis. 

Upper  part  of  stem  and  lower  part  of  rachis  of  the  spike  more  or  less  pubescent;  leaves 
not  all  basal  and  some  present  at  flowering  time  except  in  no.  3  where  they  may  be 
absent;  stems  usually  1  mm  or  more  in  diameter  just  below  the  inflorescence. 
Flowering  from  May  through  July;  base  of  lip  truncate,  without  callosities  or  with 

small,  spreading  ones 3.  S.  lucida. 

Flowering  in  Sept.  and  Oct.;  base  of  lip  cuneate  and  with  two,  incurved,  nipplelike 
callosities. 
Flowers  about  4,  not  more  than  5,  mm  long;  spikes  slender,  less  than  15  mm  wide; 

petals  lanceolate,  dilated  at  the  base 4.  S.  ovalis. 


316 


Orchidaceae 


Spiranthes 


Map  714 
Spiranthes    lucida   (H.  H.  Eaton)   Ames 


0~      —J5 
Map   715 


Spiranthes    ovalis  Lindl. 


0  50 

Map    716 


Spiranthes   cernua  (L.)  Richard 


Flowers  about  6,  at  least  more  than  5,  mm  long;  spikes  stout,  mostly  about  20 
mm  wide,  rarely  as  narrow  as  15  mm;  petals  linear,  not  dilated  at  the  base. 

Corolla  white;  spikes  usually  blunt;  lower  bracts  shorter  than  the  corolla 

5.   S.  cernua. 

Corolla  yellowish;  spikes  acute;  bracts  longer  than  the  corolla.    (See  excluded 
species  no.  157,  p.  1037.) S.  cernua  var.  ochroleuca. 

1.  Spiranthes  Beckii  Lindl.  {Ibidium  Beckii  (Lindl.)  House.)  BECK 
Ladies'  Tresses.  Map  712.  I  have  found  this  species  in  only  two  counties. 
It  grew  in  hard,  clay  soil  in  open  white  and  black  oak  woods. 

Mass.,  Md.,  Ky.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Spiranthes  gracilis  (Bigel.)  Beck.  (Ibidium  gracile  (Bigel.)  House.) 
Slender  Ladies'  Tresses.  Map  713.  This  species  is,  no  doubt,  sparingly 
distributed  throughout  the  state.  In  addition  to  the  counties  shown  on  the 
map  it  has  been  reported  from  Kosciusko,  Noble,  and  Tippecanoe  Counties. 
My  specimens  are  from  sandy  or  clayey  soil  in  open,  white  and  black  oak 
woods  and  fallow  fields  and  from  sandy,  black  soil  in  a  prairie  habitat. 

P.  E.  I.,  Que.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  Spiranthes  lucida  (H.  H.  Eaton)  Ames.  {Ibidium  plantagineum 
(Raf.)  House.)  Wideleaf  Ladies'  Tresses.  Map  714.  This  species  is  local 
in  the  lake  area  where  it  is  sparingly  found  on  the  springy,  marl  borders 
of  lakes  and  in  bogs  elsewhere.  In  Jennings  County  in  southern  Indiana  I 
found  it  at  the  base  of  a  75-foot  cliff  along  the  Muscatatuck  River  growing 
on  narrow  ledges  of  limestone  in  soil  kept  continually  wet  by  seepage.  In 
addition  to  the  counties  shown  on  the  map  it  has  been  reported  from 
Tippecanoe  County. 

Maine,  Que.,  Ont.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Ohio. 

4.  Spiranthes  ovalis  Lindl.  (Ibidium  ovale  (Lindl.)  House.)  Map  715. 
This  species  is  very  rare  throughout  its  range  and  I  have  found  it  in  only 
two  counties.     One  specimen  is  from  the  wooded  bluff  of  the  Ohio  River 


Goodyera  Orchidaceae  347 

on  the  north  side  of  Leavenworth,  Crawford  County.  The  other  was  found 
on  a  low,  wooded  promontory  in  the  Louis  B.  Wilkerson  woods  in  sec.  3 
about  7  miles  southwest  of  Rockport,  Spencer  County.  Here  it  was  grow- 
ing under  a  beech  tree  and  also  under  a  tulip  tree.  Specimens  from  this 
place  supplied  the  photograph  of  this  species  for  "Our  Wild  Orchids"  by 
Morris  &  Eames. 

Ga.,  Ala.,  Miss.,  Tex.,  Okla.,  Tenn.,  Ark.,  Mo.,  and  Ind. 

5.  Spiranthes  cernua  (L.)  Richard.  (Ibidium  cernuum  (L.)  House.) 
Nodding  Ladies'  Tresses.  Map  716.  Well  distributed  in  the  lake  area 
where  it  may  be  common  over  acres  of  recently  drained  mucky  land.  It 
prefers  calcareous  springy  areas  and  marshes  and  is  usually  found  in  the 
open.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  state  it  is  generally  found  as  an  indi- 
dividual  plant  here  and  there  growing  in  hard  clay  or  sandy  soil  in  open, 
black  and  white  oak  woods,  on  chestnut  oak  ridges,  and  less  frequently 
in  low  woods  with  sweet  gum  and  pin  oak,  and  sometimes  on  sandy  knolls 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state.  It  is  also  frequent  in  wet  prairies 
where  such  habitats  occur.  A  variety  of  this  species  has  been  reported 
from  Indiana  but  I  am  excluding  it.  See  excluded  species  for  a  discussion 
of  it. 

N.  S.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  and  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tex.,  and  N.  Mex. 

1504.  GOODYERA  R.  Br. 

1.  Goodyera  pubescens  R.  Br.  (Epipactis  pubescens  (Willd.)  A.  A. 
Eaton  and  Peramium  pubescens  (Willd.)  MacM.)  Downy  Rattlesnake- 
plantain.  Map  717.  Local  in  many  parts  of  the  state  where  its  habitat 
exists.  It  generally  prefers  a  deep  humus  soil  that  is  slightly  acid.  I  have 
seen  it  as  a  common  plant  on  residual  sandstone  soil  in  Clay  and  Crawford 
Counties  and  only  a  few  plants  in  a  colony  here  and  there  in  sandy  soil 
in  black  oak  woods.  In  addition  to  the  distribution  shown  on  the  map  it 
has  been  reported  from  Lake,  Putnam,  and  Vigo  Counties. 

N.  E.,  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ala.,  and  111. 

1534.  CALOPOGON  R.  Br. 

1.  Calopogon  pulchellus  (Salisb.)  R.  Br.  (Limodorum  tuberosum  L.  in 
part.)  Grass-pink  Orchid.  Map  718.  More  or  less  frequent  in  its  habitat 
throughout  the  lake  area.  It  grows  in  the  open  in  both  peaty  and  marly 
springy  places,  in  tamarack  bogs,  and  in  a  moist,  prairie  habitat.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  counties  shown  on  the  map  it  has  been  reported  from  Cass  and 
White  Counties. 

Newf.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


348 


Orchidaceae 


Calapogon 


0  50 

Map   717 


Goodyera    pubescens   R.  Be 


Jan. 
Feb. 

Mir 

Apr. 

Mjy 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


8        C 

^{  D       \  L   KD 
ID    /P" 

D     I 

D          »D 

B 
D 

0 

T       f 

^/iD 

10 

J 

1 

P          D 

I 

P 

f 

rr 

DP 

"T 

V\ 

r 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  718 


Calopogon    pulchellus   (Salisb.)  R.Br. 


5  55 

Map    719 

Corallorrhiza    Wisteriana   Conrad 


1548.  CORALLORRHIZA  [Haller]  Chatelain 

Flowering  in  Indiana  before  July  1,  mostly  in  May  and  early  June. 

Plants  northern  in  their  distribution,  reaching  only  northern  Indiana;  flowers  greenish 
or  yellowish;  perianth  generally  5  mm  or  less  in  length;  lip  truncate  at  the  apex. 

1.  C.  trifida. 

Plants  southern  in  their  distribution,  not  yet  found  in  northern  Indiana;  flowers  and 
stem  more  or  less  purplish;  perianth  generally  6-8  mm  long;  lip  notched  at  the 

apex 2.  C.  Wisteriana. 

Flowering  in  Indiana  after  July  1,  mostly  in  August  and  September. 
Lip  with  a  short  lobe  on  each  side  at  the  base;  mature  capsule  about  10  mm  long.  . .  . 

3.  C.  macidata. 

Lip  without  lateral  lobes;  mature  capsule  about  6  mm  long 4.  C.  odontorhiza. 

1.  Corallorrhiza  trifida  Chatelain.  Early  Coralroot.  This  species  is 
admitted  to  our  flora  upon  the  authority  of  Pepoon,  who  says :  "Frequent 
in  the  dune  swale  woods  northeast  of  Dune  Park"  (Porter  County),  and 
upon  the  basis  of  a  specimen  collected  by  Umbach  in  1892  at  Miller 
(Lake  County),  now  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin.  It 
was  also  reported  from  Floyd  County  but  that  record  should,  no  doubt,  be 
referred  to  some  other  species. 

Newf.,  Que.,  Sask.,  B.  C.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Ohio,  Colo., 
and  Oreg. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 

2.  Corallorrhiza  Wisteriana  Conrad.  Wister  Coralroot.  Map  719. 
Infrequent  and  rather  local  in  the  southern  third  of  the  state,  rarely  in 
small  colonies,  but,  where  found,  the  specimens  are  usually  a  rod  or  more 
apart.  It  grows  in  humus,  generally  on  wooded,  beech  slopes,  sometimes  in 
black  or  black  and  white  oak  woods,  and  rarely  in  white  oak  woods.  This 
is  by  far  our  most  common  coralroot. 

Pa.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  Corallorrhiza  maculata  Raf.  SPOTTED  CORALROOT.  Map  720.  My 
specimens  are  all  from  the  lake  area  except  the  one  from  Brown  County. 
All  grew  in  rather  deep  humus  in  black,  black  and  white,  or  white  oak 
woods.   In  addition  to  the  counties  shown  on  the  map  it  has  been  reported 


Malaxis 


Orchidaceae 


349 


0  50 

Map    720 
Corallorrhiza    macuiata   Raf. 


Jan. 

Feb 

M3r 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


D        A- 

\ 

r 

^r- 

in 

r 

r 

|_L 

D 

E                    J 

d     1   sr 

)^T*I\1     wl       , 

V 

Miles 


0       "         50 

Map    721 
Corallorrhiza  odontorhiza   Nutt. 


1 
1 

1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

1 
f 

-f 

y- 

D 

D 

Jv 

K 

-l 

r 

^ 

J 

D 

r1 

Dec.*- 

D 

/   Miles 

Malaxis 

un 

'folia  M 

3               '50 

Map   722 

'chx. 

from  Jefferson,  Lake,  and  La  Porte  Counties.  The  report  from  Jefferson 
County  may  probably  be  wrong  since  the  author  did  not  report  Coral- 
lorrhiza Wisteriana  which  occurs  there. 

Newf.,  Que.,  Sask.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Va.,  N.  C,  Ind.  and  Calif. 

4.  Corallorrhiza  odontorhiza  Nutt.  Late  Coralroot.  Map  721  This 
species  is  found  in  slightly  acid  soil  in  bare  places  in  fallow  fields,  or  in 
rather  sandy  soil  in  deep  humus  in  black  and  white  oak  woods.  Very  local 
in  its  distribution  but  probably  found  here  and  there  throughout  the  state. 
It  has  been  reported  from  other  counties  but  wrong  determinations  are  so 
frequent  that  to  enumerate  them  might  lead  to  confusion. 

Southern  Maine  to  Ont.  and  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Mo. 


1552.  MALAXIS  Sw. 

Pedicels  straight,  mostly  3-6  mm  long,  longer  than  the  ovary 1.  M.  unifolia. 

Pedicels  twisted,  1-2  mm  long,  shorter  than  the  ovary.  (See  excluded  species  no.  160, 
p.  1038. ) M.  brachypoda. 

1.  Malaxis  unifolia  Michx.  (Microstylis  unifolia  (Michx.)  BSP.)  Green 
Adder's  Mouth.  Map  722.  I  have  specimens  from  four  counties :  one  from 
Vigo  County  from  a  wooded  slope,  one  from  Monroe  County  from  "Huckle- 
berry Hill,"  one  from  Noble  County  near  Pleasant  Lake,  and  one  from  a 
clump  of  sphagnum  in  the  Leesburg  bog,  Kosciusko  County.  Blatchley  col- 
lected a  specimen  at  "Huckleberry  Hill"  in  Monroe  County,  June  15,  1887. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ala.,  and  Mo. 

1556.  LlPARIS  Richard  Twayblade 

Flowers  usually  light  madder  purple;  lip  wedge-obovate,  mostly  10  mm  long;  leaves 
elliptic  or  ovate;  plants  usually  of  dry  ground 1.  L.  lilii folia. 

Flowers  yellowish  green  or  light  green;  lip  obovate  or  oblong,  about  5  mm  long;  leaves 
elliptic-lanceolate;  plants  of  a  boggy  habitat 2.    L.  Loeselii. 

1.  Liparis  liliifolia  (L.)  Richard.  Lily  Twayblade.  Map  723.  Prob- 
ably found  in  all  parts  of  the  state,  being  local  in  the  northern  part  and 


350 


Orchidaceae 


Liparis 


0  50 

Map    723 

Liparis  liliifolia  (L.)  Richard 


o  50 

Map   724 


Liparis  Loesellii   (L.)  Richard 


3 
3 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

r 

J^ 

iV 

" 

X 

fjM 

J 

y~ 

r 

Dec.  j- 

1      ' 

D       L. 

"(Ba  ijtI      _— > 
J  / 

/    Miles 

Ti 

pu 

aria 

!  P    r- 

discol 

r5  V  7 

jr  (Purs 

J                50 

Map    725 
h)  Nutt. 

more  or  less  frequent  in  the  southern  part.  The  plant  is  very  inconspicuous 
and  doubtless  it  is  more  abundant  than  our  records  indicate.  It  evidently 
prefers  a  slightly  acid  soil  and  is  generally  found  in  deep  humus  in  beech 
or  white  oak  woods  and  more  rarely  in  black  and  white  oak  woods.  In 
Putnam  County  about  3  miles  northwest  of  Greencastle,  on  June  3,  1910,  I 
found  it  in  a  19-year  old  Catalpa  planting  that  had  been  first  cultivated 
to  strawberries  and  later  abandoned.  Here  the  plant  was  growing  by  the 
hundreds.  In  addition  to  the  counties  shown  on  the  map  it  has  been 
reported  from  these  counties :  Lake,  Union,  and  Vigo. 
N.  H.  and  Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Mo. 

2.  Liparis  Loeselii  (L.)  Richard.  Loesel  Twayblade.  Map  724.  The 
majority  of  my  specimens  were  found  in  sphagnum  in  tamarack  bogs  and 
in  open  boggy  places.  It  is  very  local  and  is  restricted  to  the  lake  area.  In 
addition  to  the  counties  shown  on  the  map  it  has  been  reported  from  Fulton, 
Kosciusko,  La  Porte,  and  Marshall  Counties.  It  has  already  become  very 
rare. 

N.  S.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ala.  and  Mo. 


1560.  TIPULARIA  Nutt. 

1.  Tipularia  discolor  (Pursh)  Nutt.  {Tipularia  uni folia  (Muhl.)  BSP.) 
Cranefly  Orchid.  Map  725.  This  species  is  restricted  to  our  southern 
counties  but  it  may  have  a  wider  range  than  the  map  shows.  I  have  a 
memorandum  that  I  saw  it  in  Brown  County  but  I  did  not  preserve  speci- 
mens. In  1938  Benjamin  W.  Douglass  wrote  me  he  found  it  near  Trevlac. 
The  leaves  disappear  before  flowering  time  and  look  much  like  those  of 
Orchis  spectabilis  or  those  of  Aplectrwm,  hyemale.  Tipularia  may 
easily  be  distinguished  because  the  lower  surface  is  purplish  instead  of 
green.  One  does  not  usually  collect  leaf  specimens  but  in  this  species  a  leaf 
specimen  makes  a  record  as  authentic  as  a  flowering  one.  I  am  of  the 
opinion  that  it  will  be  found  all  over  the  unglaciated  area,  but  very  locally. 
Where  it  is  found  it  is  usually  somewhat  frequent  but  it  is  so  inconspicuous 


Hexalectris 


Orchidaceae 


351 


Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec 


Wr 

rh 

L 

T 

f 

Wr 

— hi 

-  1 

1 

Y^/    Miles 

O  50 

Map   726 
Hexalectris    spicata  (Wall.)  Barnh. 


0  50 

Map  727 


Aplectrum    hyemale  (Muhl.)  Torr. 


0  50 

Map  728 


Saururus    cernuus  L. 


that  it  may  be  overlooked.  It  grows  in  deep  humus  on  protected  slopes  with 
beech  or  white  oak  and  in  black  and  white  oak  woods. 

N.  J.,  Ohio,  and  Ind.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 

1629.  HEXALECTRIS  Raf. 

1.  Hexalectris  spicata  (Walt.)  Barnh.  (Torreya  4:  121.  1904.)  (Hexa- 
lectris aphylla  (Nutt.)  Raf.)  Crested  Coralroot.  Map  726.  On  August 
3,  1922  I  found  a  few  scattered  flowering  plants  on  a  black  and  white 
oak  slope  in  a  woods  bordering  the  Ohio  River  in  sec.  14  about  151/2 
miles  southeast  of  Corydon.  R.  C.  Friesner  found  it  near  Edwards- 
ville  in  Floyd  County  August  20,  1923  and  again  on  August  14,  1926. 
Blatchley  reported  it  as  growing  on  a  high,  wooded  hill  2  miles  south  of 
Wyandotte  Cave,  Crawford  County,  July  25,  1896.  These  are  our  only 
reports. 

Va.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  n.  Mex. 


1642.  APLECTRUM  [Nutt.]  Torr. 

1.  Aplectrum  hyemale  (Muhl.)  Torr.  Puttyroot.  Map  727.  This  orchid 
is  found  sparingly  throughout  the  state.  In  addition  to  the  counties  shown 
on  the  map  it  has  been  reported  from  the  following  counties :  Hamilton, 
Lake,  Marshall,  Porter,  Steuben,  and  Tippecanoe.  It  is  found  in  deep 
humus  in  well  protected  and  shaded  spots  in  beech,  black  and  white,  and 
white  oak  woods.  I  recall  that  on  the  Clark  County  State  Forest  a  large 
colony  grew  on  a  slope  in  a  tangle  of  dense  second  growth  of  white  oak 
and  grape  vines.  During  the  winter  the  vines  and  excess  of  forest  growth 
were  removed  and  I  never  saw  a  plant  there  after  that  time.  I  have 
tried  to  grow  the  species  at  Bluffton  in  neutral  soil  in  a  shaded  location  but 
in  a  few  years  it  disappears. 

Vt.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Mo.,  and  Kans. 


352 


Saururaceae 


Saururus 


1 

D 

f 

DF 

'f     : 

D 

Jan. 
feb 
Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

P  J, 
**.■/  0 

D 

-     0  Df 

P             D 

f|        ' 

D        0 

Jr 

f^ 

0 

" 

r1 

-I 

l\      D 

t 

" 

r, 

fiM 

Dec  <- 

D 

\ 

F 
* 

B 

0 

D     /      } 

I-JI      0 
P    ( 

T~G- 

pV 

/    Mi  es 

5» 

1       J  a\      J°\     J 

J                 50 

S^^j-^f    ^   Map  729 

Populus    heterophylla   L. 

— 

D 

— T  D 

0        0 

uk[  i 

D      t 

0 

O         0 

Jan. 

feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

I'J     '•I 

L          y* 

N_^    D 

O             0 

0 

DP 

D            0 

P 

n    C 

r"  A 

D 

D 

£ 

P 

" 

? 

-i 

D          0 

B 

ii 

0 

1     ^ 

r 

-  tn 

D 

J 

t 

Dec  C 

i     ' — 

"^1        1   °J 

Tja      °|    / ' 

/    Miles 

D 

D 

rJ       D 

0     (       1 
IU  / 

0 

I  D  S    \ 
Populus    d 

sit 

^\     7 
oides   lv 

50 
Map    730 

ichx. 

i 
i 

D     ' 
D 

o     ia 

< 

D 

BO          D 

D 
D              P 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

0 

P         y' 

0            D 
P 

-    B      D 
DP    P 

3               D 

q        UG 

n    C 

fH- 

D 

" 

D 

D 

ir 

X 

0 

D 

r 

r 

-  i 

0 

J 

?- 

\          3 

IU 

Dec  f 

S        B 

D        D 

io              r 

Vb — 

B   D            B 

10               "     ) 

P        ^7- 

B   0    ffe 
l_^  -J     B  TV" 

Vf8  /  J 

"{7      B*           / ^ 

J    Miles 

0 

I         f  D 

F 

op 

ulus 

grandidentata 

3                  50 

Map    731 
Michx. 

52.  SAURURACEAE  Lindl.  Lizardtail  Family 
1856.  SAURURUS  [Plum.]  L. 

1.  Saururus  cernuus.  L.  Common  Lizardtail.  Map  728.  Infrequent  to 
frequent  throughout  the  state  in  wet  woodland,  along  muddy  borders  of 
streams,  and  about  ponds  and  sloughs.  Where  it  is  found  it  usually  forms 
almost  a  complete  stand  over  the  area. 

R.  I.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

56.  SALICACEAE  Lindl.  Willow  Family 

Buds  with  several  scales;  leaves  ovate  or  deltoid;  bracts  of  flowers  laciniate;  disk 
below  each  flower  cup-shaped 1872.  Populus,  p.  352. 

Buds  with  a  single  scale;  leaves  lanceolate  or  narrower,  rarely  wider;  bracts  of  flowers 

entire  or  subentire;  disk  below  each  flower  consisting  of  one  or  more  glands 

1873.    Salix,  p.  354. 


1872.  POPULUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Poplar 

Branchlets,  outer  bud  scales,  and  lower  surface  of  leaves  white-tomentose;  leaves  more 
or  less  lobed  (rarely  a  branch  with  unlobed  leaves  and  these  usually  with  about 

7  coarse  teeth ) 1.  P.  alba. 

Branchlets,  outer  bud  scales,  and  lower  surface  of  leaves  not  white-tomentose;  leaves 
never  lobed. 
Petioles  rounded  and  more  or  less  channeled  above. 

Leaf  blades  10-17  cm  long,  gradually  narrowed  toward  the  apex  into  an  obtuse  or 

merely  acute  point;  pedicels  of  fruit  usually  5-10  mm  long.  .2.  P.  heterophylla. 

Leaf  blades  6-15  cm  long;  fruit  nearly  sessile  or  on  pedicels  up  to  3  mm  long. 

Blades  typically  ovate-lanceolate,  whitish,  waxy,  glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent 

1  ciieath,  usually  acuminate  at  the  apex;  base  acute,  rounded  or  subcordate. 

3.   P.   Tacamahacca. 

Blades    broader,    mote    rounded    in    outline,    pubescent    and    usually    with    longer 

hairs;  the  apex  usually  acute;  base  more  deeply  cordate;  teeth  coarser 

3a.  /'.  Tacamahacca  var.  candicans. 

Petioles  more  or  less  flattened,  especially  near  the  blade. 

Tips  of  the  branchlets  curved  upward  (in  winter  phase);  mature  leaves  broadly 
deltoid  and  mostly  more  than  7  cm  wide  (or  rhombic-ovate  and  cuneate  at  the 
base)  ;  stamens  20  or  more;  capsules  4-8  mm  in  diameter 4.  P.  deltoides. 


Populus  Salicaceae  353 

Tips  of  the  branchlets  not  curved  upward  (in  winter  phase);  mature  leaves  ovate, 

broadly  ovate  to  nearly  orbicular,  mostly  less  than  8  cm  wide  (except  those  of 

root  and  coppice  shoots);  stamens  6-12;  capsules  1.5-3  mm  in  diameter. 

Winter  buds  more  or  less  pubescent,  dull;  young  branchlets  gray-tomentose  at 

first;  leaves  generally  with  less  than  12  teeth  on  each  side  (except  those  of 

root  shoots) 5.  P..  grandidentata. 

Winter  buds  glabrous,  glossy;  young  branchlets  glabrous  or  nearly  so  at  first; 
leaves  mostly  with  more  than  12  teeth  on  each  side 6.  P.  tremuloides. 

1.  Populus  alba  L.  White  Poplar.  This  species  has  been  freely 
planted  throughout  the  state  and  has  escaped  in  all  parts.  It  rapidly 
spreads  from  root  shoots,  and,  when  not  restricted,  it  soon  spreads  in  all 
directions,  in  fields  and  woodland  in  all  kinds  of  soils  except  very  wet  ones. 
It  is  no  longer  planted  by  anyone  familiar  with  its  habit  of  spreading  or 
one  who  knows  that  the  branches  are  killed  by  the  oyster-shell  scale. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia. 

2.  Populus  heterophylla  L.  Swamp  Cottonwood.  Map  729.  In  Indiana 
it  is  infrequent  in  the  lake  area,  local  in  the  central  part,  local  to  frequent 
in  the  southern  part,  and  possibly  absent  in  the  southeastern  part.  It  be- 
comes a  tall,  slender  tree,  10-16  inches  in  diameter.  It  grows  on  the  borders 
of  ponds  in  woodlands  which  have  for  a  subsoil  a  stiff  blue  clay,  locally 
called  "gumbo."  The  habitat  simulates  that  of  pin  oak  but  I  do  not  recall 
ever  seeing  these  species  growing  together.  It  is  usually  associated  with 
red  maple,  sweet  gum,  and  cypress.  Where  there  are  more  than  a  few  trees 
it  is  usually  found  in  a  pure  stand.  It  is  most  abundant  in  the  sloughs  of 
the  Lower  Wabash  Bottoms. 

Atlantic  coast  from  Conn,  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  La.,  and  northw.  in  the 
Mississippi  Valley  to  n.  Ohio,  s.  Mich.,  and  Mo. 

3.  Populus  Tacamahacca  Mill.  (Populus  balsamifera  of  some  recent 
authors.)  Balsam  Poplar.  A  few  colonies  of  this  poplar  have  been  found 
along  Lake  Michigan  in  Lake,  Porter,  and  La  Porte  Counties,  and  it  has 
been  found  in  St.  Joseph  County.  The  trees  I  have  seen  are  small  ones 
near  the  lake  front. 

Newf.  and  Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  and  reaching  the  U.  S.  only  on 
the  northern  border. 

3a.  Populus  Tacamahacca  var.  candicans  (Ait.)  Stout.  (Populus  candi- 
cans  Ait.)  See  Jour.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  30:  25-37.  1929.  This  variety  is 
found  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  range  of  the  species  and  is  found  as  a 
small  tree  along  Lake  Michigan.  The  clon,  Balm  of  Gilead,  originating 
from  a  specimen  of  this  variety,  has  been  freely  planted  but  I  do  not  know 
of  any  place  where  it  is  spreading. 

4.  Populus  deltoides  Michx.  Cottonwood.  Map  730.  This  is  one  of  the 
largest  trees  of  the  state  and  is  found  throughout.  It  grows  only  in  low 
ground  about  ponds,  in  woodland,  and  along  streams  and  ditches. 

N.  H.,  w.  Que.  to  the  Rocky  Mts.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


354 


Salicaceae 


Salix 


o        ~T6 
Map  732 


Populus   tremuloides    Michx. 


0  50 

Map   733 


Salix   nigra   Marsh. 


0  ~~ 30 

Map    734 


Salix   amygdaloides   Anders. 


5.  Populus  grandidentata  Michx.  Largetooth  Aspen.  Map  731.  This 
is  a  tree  of  small  or  medium  size  found  more  or  less  frequently  in  the 
lake  area  and  less  frequently  in  the  unglaciated  area.  Outside  these  areas 
it  is  local  or  absent.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  state  it  is  found  in  low- 
ground  while  in  the  unglaciated  area  it  is  usually  found  on  the  crests  of 
the  highest  ridges. 

N.  B.  to  Minn.,  southw.  in  the  mts.  to  S.  C,  Ohio,  Ind.,  and  Iowa. 

6.  Populus  tremuloides  Michx.  ASPEN.  Map  732.  This  small  tree  is 
common  in  low  ground  in  the  lake  area  and  I  have  never  seen  it  growing 
on  hills.  It  has  been  reported  from  all  parts  of  the  state  but  all  of  the  speci- 
mens I  have  seen  from  the  southern  part  of  the  state  should  be  referred 
to  the  preceding  species.  It  is  doubtful  whether  it  occurs  far  south  of  the 
stations  shown  on  the  map,  and,  if  so,  it  will  be  found  very  locally. 

Newf.  and  Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Term.,  Mo.,  Nebr.,  and  in  the  mts. 
to  Mex.  and  Calif. 

1873.    SALIX  [Tourn.]  L.  Willow 

Note:  Specimens  of  this  genus  are  difficult  to  determine  because  the 
species  are  dioecious,  are  highly  variable,  and  freely  hybridize.  Hence  it  is 
advisable  to  collect  a  flowering  specimen  and  later  to  collect  a  mature  leaf 
specimen  from  the  same  plant  to  make  determination  easy  and  certain. 


KEY  BASED  PRIMARILY  ON  PISTILLATE  FLOWERS  AND  CAPSULES 

Ovary  glabrous;   bracts  of  flowers  usually  deciduous  before  maturity  of  the  capsule. 
Ovary  sessile  or  subsessile. 

Leaves  cordate  at  the  base,  silky-pubescent  above 17.  S.  adenophylla. 

Leaves  cuneate  at  the  base. 

Blades  more  or  less  pubescent  at  flowering  time;  capsules  3-5  mm  long. 6.  S.  alba. 

Blades  usually  glabrous  at  flowering  time;  branches  pendulous;   capsules  1.5-2 

mm  long.  (See  excluded  species  no.  162,  p.  1038.) S.  babylonica. 


Salix  Salicaceae  355 

Ovary  stalked,  sometimes  the  stalk  rather  short. 

Stigmas  sessile  or  subsessile  (style,  if  any,  less  than  0.5  mm  long);  petioles  without 
glands. 

Leaf  margins  entire;  leaves  glaucous  beneath 15.  S.  pedicellaris. 

Leaf  margins  more  or  less  serrate. 

Margins  of  leaves  with  widely  spaced,  slender,  sharp  teeth 8.  S.  interior. 

Margins  of  leaves  finely  and  evenly  serrate. 
Petioles  of  mature  leaves  3-6  mm  long. 

Blades  green  beneath 1.  S.  nigra. 

Blades  whitish  beneath 5.  S.  longipes  var.  Wardi. 

Petioles  of  mature  leaves  6-15  mm  long;  blades  paler  beneath 

2.  S.  amygdaloides. 

Stigmas  on  distinct  styles  0.5-1  mm  long;  petioles  mostly  glandular  at  the  apex. 
Petioles  not  glandular;  leaves  glaucous  beneath. 

Leaves  more  than  5  mm  wide 19.    S.  glaucophylla. 

Leaves  less  than  5  mm  wide 16a.   S.  Candida  var.  denudata. 

Petioles  glandular  at  the  apex;  leaves  not  glaucous  beneath. 

Capsules  maturing  after  June  20,  7-9  mm  long 3.  S.  serissima. 

Capsules  maturing  before  June  20,  5-8  mm  long. 

Catkins   sessile 18.   S.   cordata. 

Catkins  distinctly  stalked. 

Leaves  of  branchlet  below  the  catkin  stalk  entire 7.  S.  fragilis. 

Leaves  of  branchlet  below  the  catkin  stalk  serrulate. 

Catkins  loosely  flowered;  capsules  conic-subulate;  pedicel  twice  as  long 
as  the  gland.  (See  excluded  species  no.  166,  p.  1038.)     <S.  pentandra. 
Catkins   densely   flowered;    capsules   conic-ovoid;    pedicel    2-3   times   as 
long  as  the  gland. 

Leaves  glabrous  on  both  surfaces 4.  S.  lucida. 

Leaves  pubescent  beneath 4a.  S.  lucida  var.  intonsa. 

Ovary  pubescent;  bracts  of  flowers  persistent. 
Ovaries  pedicellate. 

Stigmas  sessile  or  subsessile. 

Catkins  sessile  or  subsessile 14.  S.  Bebbiana. 

Catkins  on  short,  leafy  stalks S.  S.  interior. 

Stigmas  on  short  styles,  usually  0.25-1  mm  long. 

Catkins  on  short,  leafy  stalks 10.  S.  petiolaris. 

Catkins  sessile  or  subsessile,  rarely  with  1-3  bracts  at  the  base,  appearing  on  old 
wood  mostly  before  the  leaves. 

Bracts  of  flowers  not  darker  at  the  apex 16.  S.  Candida. 

Bracts  of  flowers  darker  at  the  apex. 

Mature  capsules  3-5  mm  long,  blunt 11.  S.  sericea. 

Mature  capsules  mostly  6-12  mm  long. 

Branchlets    of    previous    year    glabrous    or    nearly    so;    catkins    in    flower 
mostly  more  than  2.5  cm  long,  3-8  cm  long  in  fruit.  .  .  .9.  S.  discolor. 
Branchlets  of  previous  year  more  or  less  densely  puberulent. 

Catkins  more  than  2.5  cm  long;  leaves  5-10  cm  long  and  2-3.5  cm  wide, 

the  margins  somewhat  toothed 9a.  S.  discolor  var.  latifolia. 

Catkins  less  than  2.5  cm  long,  usually  1-1.5  cm  long;   leaves  smaller, 
more  or  less  undulate  or  entire,  rarely  with  a  few  teeth. 
Shrubs    mostly    6-12    dm    high;    mature    leaves    erect    or    spreading, 
glabrous  or  glabrate  above  and  beneath,  or  the  midrib  remaining 

pubescent 12.  S.  humilis. 

Shrubs  mostly  4-8  dm  high;  mature  leaves  erect,  pubescent  above  and 
more  or  less  tomentose  beneath;  petioles  about  3  mm  long,  for 
the  most  part  shorter  than  those  of  the  preceding.  .  .13.  S.  tristis. 
Ovaries  sessile  or  subsessile;  catkins  appearing  before  the  leaves. 


356  Salicaceae  Salix 

Capsules  2-3  mm  long;   stigmas  sessile.     (See  excluded  species  no.   167,  p.  1038.) 

5.    purpurea. 

Capsules  6-8  mm  long;  stigmas  stalked.     (See  excluded  species  no.  168,  p.  1039.) 
S.    viminalis. 

KEY  BASED  PRIMARILY  ON  STAMINATE  FLOWERS 

Stamens  3  or  more   (rarely  nos.  6  and  7  found  here)  ;  catkins  on  leafy  or  at  least  on 
bracted  stalks. 
Catkins   slender,  mostly  8-10  mm   wide  at  the  widest  diameter   and   5-7   cm   long; 
petioles  not  glandular. 
Floral  bracts  generally  woolly-pubescent  all  over  the  outer  face,  about  1.5-2  mm 

long;  stamens  usually  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  bract 1.  S.  nigra. 

Floral  bracts  generally  woolly-pubescent  only  on  the  lower  half  of  the  outer  face, 

usually  about  2  mm  long;  stamens  about  twice  as  long  as  the  bract 

2.  S.  amygdaloides. 

Catkins  stouter,  mostly  11-13  mm  wide  at  the  widest  diameter  and  2-5  cm  long; 
petioles  glandular. 
Leaves  green  or  slightly  glaucous  beneath;  plants  of  northern  Indiana. 
Plants  flowering  from  the  middle  of  May  to  the  middle  of  June. 

Leaves  glabrous  beneath 4  «S.  lucida. 

Leaves  somewhat  rusty-pubescent  beneath 4a.  S.  lucida  var.  intonsa. 

Plants  flowering  after  the  middle  of  June 3.  S.  serissima. 

Leaves  whitish  beneath;  gnarled  shrubs  of  the  rocky  banks  or  beds  of  streams  in 

southern  Indiana 5.  S.  longipes  var.  Wardi. 

Stamens  2  (sometimes  3  or  4  in  nos.  6  and  7.) 
Filaments  more  or  less  pubescent. 
Filaments  separate,  not  fused. 

Filaments  usually  pubescent  half  their  length  (shrubs) 8.  S.  interior. 

Filaments  usually  pubescent  only  at  the  base  (trees). 

Young  branchlets  and  leaves  more  or  less  silky 6.  S.  alba. 

Young  branchlets  and  leaves  glabrous  or  only  slightly  silky 7.  S.  fragilis. 

Filaments  fused  nearly  or  quite  to  the  anthers.     (See  excluded  species  no.   167, 

p.  1038. ) S.  purpurea. 

Filaments  glabrous,  not  fused  at  the  base. 

Catkins   appearing   with   or   after   the   leaves   on   leafy-bracted   branchlets,   these 
sometimes  very  short. 
Branchlets  and  leaves  densely  pubescent,  finely  glandular-serrate. 

Upper   surface   of   leaves   densely   silky-pubescent    (plants   found   only   along 

Lake  Michigan) U.S.  adenophylla. 

Upper  surfaces  of  leaves  glabrous  or  sparsely  silky 18.  S.  cordata. 

Branchlets  and  leaves  glabrous  or  glabrate. 

Leaves  entire;  low  shrubs  of  a  bog  habitat.  .15.  S.  pedicellaris  var.  hypoglauca. 
Leaves  closely  glandular-serrate;  shrubs  also  of  a  wet  or  boggy  habitat,  mostly 

in  the  dune  area 19.  S.  glaucophylln. 

Catkins  appearing  with  or  after  the  leaves,  sessile  or  subsessile,  without  bracts 
or  with  1-3  small  ones  at  the  base. 
Branchlets  of  previous  year  puberulent,  at  least  at  the  summit. 
Anthers  red. 

Leaves   impressed-nerved   above. 

Leaves  woolly-pubescent  above 16.  S.  Candida. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  glabrate  above 16a.  S.  Candida  var.  denudata. 

Leaves  not  impressed-nerved  above 12.  S.  humilis. 

Anthers  yellow. 

Bracts  of  flowers  of  a  uniform,  light  color 14.  S.  Bebbiana. 

Bracts  of  flowers  with  darkened  tips. 

Anthers   (dry)   about  0.9  mm  long 9a.  S.  discolor  var.  latifolia. 

Anthers  (dry)   usually  less  than  0.8  mm  long. 


Salix  Salicaceae  357 

Catkins  10-15   (18)   mm  long;  young  foliage  somewhat  tawny 

10.  iS.  petiolaris. 

Catkins   (15)    18-28  mm  long;   young  foliage  glabrous  or  white-pubes- 
cent. 
Anthers   (dry)   0.4-0.5  mm  long;  young  foliage  white-silky;  hairs  of 
bracts  silky,  scarcely  curled  or  matted;  twigs  brittle  at  the  base. 

11.  S.  sericea. 

Anthers  (dry)  0.6-0.8  mm  long;  young  foliage  glabrous,  or,  if  white- 
pubescent,   scarcely  silky;   hairs   of  the  bracts  curly  or  matted, 

scarcely  silky;  twigs  tough  at  the  base 18.  S.  cordata. 

Branchlets  of  previous  year  glabrous;  anthers  (dry)  about  0.9  mm  long 

9.  S.  discolor. 

KEY  BASED  PRIMARILY  ON  MATURE  LEAVES  AND  BRANCHLETS 

A.    Leaves  green  on  both  sides. 

Margins  of  leaves  with  unequally  spaced,  minute  teeth. 

Blades  linear,  acute  at  both  ends,  often  somewhat  falcate,  less  than   1  cm  wide, 

mostly  4-6  mm  wide,  rarely  somewhat  paler  beneath 8.  S.  interior. 

Blades,  at  least  some  of  them,  linear-oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  some  or  many 

of  them  more  than  1  cm  wide,  bluish  green  beneath 

8a.  S.  interior  var.  Wheeleri. 

Margins  of  leaves  closely  serrate  with  equally  spaced  teeth. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  mostly  6-12  cm  long,  usually  7-10  times  as  long  as  wide, 
rarely  2  cm  wide,  mostly  1-1.5  cm  wide,  acute  or  acuminate,  sometimes  falcate; 

teeth  usually  6-10  per  cm 1.  S.  nigra. 

Leaves  not  as  above. 

Blades  silky-pubescent  on  both  sides,  acute  at  the  apex,  subcordate  at  the  base, 

ovate  (plants  along  Lake  Michigan) 17.  S.  adenophylla. 

Blades  not  as  above. 

Petioles  glandular  at  the  summit;  leaves  shining  above,  more  than  2  cm  wide, 
long-acuminate  or  caudate  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base. 

Blades  glabrous  on  both  sides 4.  S.  lucida. 

Blades  mostly  permanently  more   or  less   pubescent  beneath  with   reddish 

hairs 4a.  S.  lucida  var.  intonsa. 

Petioles  not  glandular  at  the  summit;  leaves  not  shining  above 

18.  S.  cordata. 

A.     Leaves  glaucous  or  paler  beneath. 

Leaves    subopposite,    cuneate-oblanceolate,    bluish    green,    very    smooth;     stipules 

early  deciduous.    (See  excluded  species  no.  167,  p.  1038.) S.  purpurea. 

Leaves  strictly  alternate. 

Margins  of  leaves  finely  and  distinctly  serrate. 

Petioles  glandular  at  the  summit  (sometimes  obscurely  so  in  S.  alba). 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  8-16  cm  long,  long-acuminate,  glabrous,  primary 
veins  regular,  ending  in  the  border  to  form  a  rather  straight  line; 
branchlets   of   previous   year  slender,   pendulous,   tough.      (See   excluded 

species  no.  162,  p.  1038.) S.  babylonica. 

Leaves  not  as  above. 

Blades  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  4-12  cm  long,  closely  glandular-serrate, 
glabrous  from  the  first,  short-acuminate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the 
base;  petioles  6-10  mm  long.     (See  "excluded  species  no.  166,  p.  1038.) 

S.  pentandra. 

Blades  not  as  above,  mostly  lanceolate. 

Leaves  glossy  above,  glabrous,  some,  or  most  of  them,  more  than  2  cm 
wide,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  teeth  (8)  10-20  per  cm;  pri- 
mary veins  so  prominent  above  as  to  make  the  upper  surface  of  dried 
specimens  rough  to  the  touch;  native  shrubs,  up  to  4.5  m  high,  flower- 
ing in  late  June  and  in  July 3.  S.  serissima. 


358  Salicaceae  Salix 

Leaves  not  as  above;  introduced  trees,  flowering  in  May  and  early 
June  (the  following  two  species  difficult  to  separate). 
Serrations  of  blades  rather  coarse,  generally  3-8  per  cm  and  0.4-1 
mm  deep;  blades  rather  firm,  glabrous  or  appressed-pubescent, 
especially  beneath,  acuminate  or  long-acuminate,  the  primary  veins 
so  prominent  above  as  to  make  the  upper  surface  of  dried  specimens 
rough   to   the   touch;    branchlets    of   previous    year   brittle    at   the 

base 7.  S.  fragilis. 

Serrations  of  blades  generally  6-12  per  cm  and  0.1-0.4  mm  deep; 
blades  thinner  than  the  preceding,  smooth  to  the  touch  above, 
usually  more  or  less  appressed-pubescent  or  glabrous,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  apex. 

Leaves  distinctly  silky  beneath;  branchlets  greenish 6.  S.  alba. 

Leaves  subglabrous  beneath;  branchlets  yellowish 

6a.  S.  alba  var.  vitellina. 

Petioles   not  glandular    (not   to   be   confused   with   glands   at  the  base   of   the 

blade). 

Leaves  glabrous  on  both  sides.    (No.   18  often  so  glabrous  that  it  might  be 

wrongly  placed  here.) 

Blades   small,   broadest   about   the   middle,   usually   5-10   mm   wide,  rarely 

up  to  15  mm  wide,  linear-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  teeth  generally  5  or  6 

per  cm;  mostly  acuminate 10.  S.  petiolaris. 

Blades  larger,  broadest  above  or  below  the  middle,  mostly  (10)   15-30  mm 

wide,  long-acuminate,  obtuse  or  acute. 

Blades   broadest   below   the   middle,   lanceolate   to   broadly   lanceolate   or 

ovate-lanceolate,    long-attenuate    at    the    apex,    broadly    cuneate    to 

rounded  at  the  base,  teeth  mostly  7-12  per  cm  of  margin  measured 

midway   between   base   and  apex;    stipules   rarely   present;    petioles 

mostly  6-15  mm  long 2.  S.  amygdaloides. 

Blades  generally  broadest  above  the  middle,  or  below  the  middle  in  some 
forms  of  leaves,  usually  oblanceolate  to  ovate  or  elliptic-lanceolate, 
or  ovate  on  coppice  shoots,  acute  at  the  apex,  rarely  acuminate, 
broadly  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  cordate  in  the  ovate  type 
of  leaves;  teeth  mostly  3-6  per  cm;  stipules  usually  present,  especially 
on  vegetative  branchlets,   subcordate  to   broadly  reniform,  3-10  mm 

long,  acute;  petioles  mostly  3-10  mm  long 19.  S.  glaucophylla. 

Leaves  more  or  less  pubescent,  at  least  some  of  them  so. 

Leaves  white  silky-pubescent  beneath,  at  least  some  of  them  more  or  less 
pubescent  on  one  or  both  sides,  especially  along  the  midrib  and  toward 
the  base  on  the  lower  surface,  and  pubescent  at  the  apical  end  on  the 
upper  surface  of  terminal  leaves. 
Blades  rather  thin,  small,  narrow,  linear-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  mostly 
5-8  cm  long  and  5-10  mm  wide,  rarely  up  to  14  mm  wide;  pubescence, 
when   present,   usually   tawny,  rarely   all  whitish;   teeth   of  margins 
usually  5  or  6  per  cm;  petioles  4-10  mm  long;  stipules  none;  branch- 
lets  more  or  less  fascicled 10.  S.  petiolaris. 

Blades  mostly  longer,  wider,  and  thicker  than  the  preceding. 

Leaves  silvery-pubescent  beneath,  the  pubescence  strongly  or  loosely  up- 
wardly appressed  or  sometimes  glabrate  or  glabrous  beneath,  nar- 
rowly to  broadly  lanceolate  or  somewhat  oblanceolate,  usually  about 
5  times  as  long  as"  wide,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  lateral 
veins  both  above  and  beneath  usually  conspicuous. 
Lower    surface    of    leaves    strongly    upwardly    appressed-pubescent, 
silvery  (rarely  somewhat  glabrate  in  age)  ;  blades  strongly  taper- 
ing at  the  base;  stipules  soon  deciduous 11.  S.  sericea. 

Lower   surface   of   leaves    loosely   appressed-pubescent   when   young, 
usually  becoming  glabrous  or  glabrate  at  maturity  or  remaining 


Salix  Salicaceae  359 

sparsely   pubescent;    blades   rounded   at   the   base,   stipules   per- 
sistent at  least  on  vigorous  branchlets 18.  S.  cordata. 

Leaves   glabrous   and   glaucous   beneath,   oblong-lanceolate   or   narrow- 
lanceolate,  mostly  6-9  times  as  long  as  wide,  rounded  at  the  base; 

shrubs  of  streams  near  the  Ohio  Eiver 5.  S.  longipes  var.  Wardi. 

Margins  of  leaves  entire,  remotely  dentate  or  serrulate,  mostly  revolute. 

Leaves  strictly  glabrous,  oblanceolate,  rarely  obovate  or  narrowly  to  broadly 
elliptic,  2-4  or  up  to  6  cm  long,  1-2  cm  wide,  closely  reticulate  on  both 
surfaces,  thin,  entire,  often  bluish  beneath;  apex  obtuse,  rounded  or  rarely 

acute  (see  also  no.  12) ;  small  shrubs  of  a  bog  habitat 

15.  S.  pedicellaris  var.  hypoglauca. 

Leaves  not  as  above. 

Serrations  (not  undulations)  of  margins,  if  any,  generally  more  than  0.3  mm 
deep;  leaves  large,  mostly  elliptic-oblanceolate,  elliptic  or  obovate,  mostly 
5-10  cm  long,  2-3  cm  wide;  petioles  generally  5-20  mm  long. 

Branchlets  of  previous  year  and  leaves  entirely  glabrous 9.  S.  discolor. 

Branchlets  of  previous  year  and  at  least  some  of  the  leaves  pubescent. 
Blades    rarely    impressed-nerved    above,    some    or   most    of   them    nearly 
glabrous  beneath,  the  pubescence  straight  or  woolly,  all  or  at  least 
some  of  the  leaves  with  a  few  tawny  hairs;  petioles  mostly  8-25  mm 

long 9a.  S.  discolor  var.  latifolia. 

Blades  generally  impressed-nerved  above  and  strongly  rugose-veined  be- 
neath, lower  surface   of  all  more   or  less   densely  woolly-pubescent; 

petioles  mostly  4-12  mm  long 14.  S.  Bebbiana. 

Serrations   (not  undulations),  if  any,  mostly  less  than  0.3  mm  deep;  leaves 
linear-oblanceolate  or  oblanceolate,   rarely  wider,  tomentose   or   glabrate 
beneath;  petioles  2-6  mm  long. 
Leaves   generally   7-16   times   as   long   as   wide,   usually   densely   tomentose 
beneath;  midrib  deeply  impressed  above;  plants  of  a  bog  habitat. 

Leaves  pubescent  above 16.  S.  Candida. 

Leaves  glabrous  above 16a.  S.  Candida  var.  denudata. 

Leaves  generally  less  than  7  times  as  long  as  wide;  midrib  not  deeply  im- 
pressed above;  plants  of  a  dry  or  prairie  habitat. 

Blades  mostly  5-10  cm  long 12.  S.  humilis. 

Blades  mostly  3-7  cm  long,  thicker  and  more  tomentose  beneath 

13.  S.  tristis. 

1.  Salix  nigra  Marsh.  BLACK  Willow.  Map  733.  Infrequent  to  fre- 
quent throughout  the  state  in  low  ground  mostly  along  streams  and  about 
lakes.  In  southwestern  Indiana  along  old  river  channels  it  often  becomes 
a  large  tree. 

The  leaves  of  this  species  vary  much  in  outline  but  I  do  not  think  the 
variations  have  any  taxonomic  value.  The  form  with  narrow  and  falcate 
leaves  is  known  as  var.  falcata  (Pursh)   Torr. 

N.  B.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Salix  amygdaloides  Anders.  Peachleaf  Willow.  Map  734.  The 
habitat  of  this  willow  is  low  ground  along  streams  and  about  lakes.  This 
species  is  restricted  to  the  lake  area  with  two  outposts  south  of  that  area 
where  it  was  found  in  swamps.  It  is  usually  infrequent  and  only  locally 
frequent. 

Cent.  N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  B.  C.  and  the  Rocky  Mts.,  southw.  to  Tex. 
and  N.  Mex. 


360 


S  U.kWCEAE 


Salix 


. :  :  3 


5 .'    i      . [  :  ■ 


Salix  serissima   (Bailey)   Fern.    AUTUMN  Willow.    Map  733.    This 
-  .-.  low  ground  shrub  and  is  found  along  streams,  about  lakes,  and  in 
rshes.    It  is  kx.  -    icted  to  a  few  counties  of  the  northeastern 

f  the  state. 
Newf.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  X.  J..  X.  Y..  and  the  Great  Lakes. 

4.     Salix  lucida  Muni.     Shining  Willow.     Map  736.     An  infrequent 
willow  in  the  lake  area  about  lakes,  along  streams,  and  in  swamps  and 

Lab.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  X.  J..  Ky..  and  Xebr. 

Salix  lucida  var.  intonsa  Fern.   Map  787.    A  shrub  4-12  feet  high: 
:nd  locally  in  t:  out  lakes,  along  streams,  and  in  swamps 

and  marshes.     N        -    Tequei       -  the  species. 
XV   :    I     Que.,  southw.  to  w.  X.  Y.  and  Ind. 

Salix  longipes  Shuttl.  var.  Wardi    (Bebb)    Schneid.     (SaUx   Wardi 

Bebb.)   Ward  Willow.   M.     ~   8.   This  low.  sprawling  shrub  I  have  found 

growing  in  the  crevices  of  large  rocks  along  the  bank  of  the  Ohio  River 

about  6  miles  above  Cannelton.  in  Perry  County,  and  in  crevices  of  rocks 

in  the  overflow  bank  of  Buck  Creek,  about  6  miles  north  of  Laconia  in 

Ha      s  aty     A.  s  .bout  2  inches  in  diameter  and  6  feet  high 

-     ">und  growing  between  -  of  limestone  rock,  about  a  foot  above 

the  water  from  a  bank  about  2  feet  high  on  the  north  side  of  Laughery 

Creek  about  a  fourth  mile  east     :  Friendship.  Ripley  County.    Good  speci- 

difficult  I  .in  because  in  all  V        I  es  the  plants  are  submerged 

during  high  water.    The  s  s  a      sprawling  in  character  because  debris 

and  ice  continually  keep  them  broken  off,  although  they  are  very  tough. 

a    -       -  d  willow  and  should  be  sought  all  along  the  Ohio  River. 

Potoj  s  -    111.  to  se.  K;    -     southw.  to  Cuba  and  Tex." 

\  R.  Ball  ret     ts       at  this  species 

He,  Franklin  Coir 


.ix 


361 


-.. -^ 

■ 

-:: 

/_   _ 

.: 


. • :  pes 


;;--'"'  ."^'-'  -:  "':'- 


5a        jlha  L 


. — 

— ^^     .  ■ 

i 

_— . 

; 

— ~ 

»  —    — 

— ;';' 

y* 





_-^- 

_]  -    - 
- 

1 

;.-"  -" 

■  ■ 

_ 

6.  Sales  .axea  L.  European  White  Willow.  Map  739.  This  is  a  Euro- 
pean species  that,  no  doubt,  has  been  planted  more  or  less  throughout  the 

ite.  I  have  found  it  as  an  escape  only  a  few  times  although  it  has  been 
reported  from  12  counties       -  -e  in  which  I  have  found  it 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

6a.  Salix  alba  var.  vitellina  (L.)  Stokes.  Golden  Willow.  This 
willow  has  been  reported  from  10  counties,  mostly  by  our  early  auth 
who  were  not  careful  to  distinguish  between  escaped  and  planted  -..- 
I  believe  it  is  far  more  common  than  our  white  willow  but  I  have  seen 
it  only  a  few  times  where  I  would  consider  it  as  an  escape.  I  doubt  that 
it  ever  escapes  by  seed  but  only  by  means  of  branchlets  which  have  been 
broken  off  and  carried  down  streams  and  deposited  where  they  are 
covered  with  mud. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

7.  Salix  feagilis  L.  Beittle  Willow.  Map  740.  This  European 
willow  has  been  freely  planted  throughout  the  state  and  is  found  more 
commonly  as  an  escape,  I  believe,  because  the  branchlets  are  very  easily 
broken  off  by  wind  and  ice  and  scattered  where  they  are  covered  with 
soil  and  easily  propagate. 

I  recall  the  ingenious  use  of  this  species  by  a  farmer  in  Wayne  County 
who,  about  1857,  had  planted  several  rows  of  the  trees  and  spaced  them 
close  and  in  zigzag  rows  across  a  creek  bottom.  When  I  asked  why 
he  so  planted  them  he  told  me  that  it  was  to  catch  the  rails  and  wheat 
that  came  down  the  stream  during  floods. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

8.  Salix  interior  Rowlee.    (Salix  longifolia  Muhl.)    Longleaf  Willow. 
Sandbar  Wdllo'-v.    Map  741.    Found  throughout  the  state  along  strear 
especially  on  gravelly  bars,  about  lakes,  and  along  ditches.    It   usually 
forms  dense  colonies  and  often  covers  large  areas. 

Eastern  Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  in  the  interior  to  Va..  Tenn.,  and  Te 
generally  absent  from  N.  E.  and  the  Coastal  Plain. 


362 


Salicaceae 


Salix 


6 
20 

4 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

»       i 

■—Yd 

■•    ■'• 

Vy 

B 
D 

f 

\  ° 

0 

V     ■ 

s     » 

0       *   J, 
N_^o 

D 

10         o 

P             » 

-    B     D        _ 
DP  P        D 

/■i 

0 

0  S   » 

1  1 

f,fi 

0        B 

D     B 

" 

D 
SO 

X  * 

D 

D 
P 

BOD 

r 

B         » 

D       _J£ 

0 

J 

D        D 

I1" 

OecJ- 

10     D           » 

— \  ° 

0             p 

K        1 — ^~/ 

J— y\      /  d  J 
o          \  A 
p    |     J^j 

-t^o   lb"    ? 
Tb«  wl     . — ' 

/    Miles 

> 

0 

llli 

p  p 

J* 

Sal 

'    s 
J 

x    in 

tenor  Row 

50 

Map    741 
lee 

r— | 

i 

0 
ID 

B 
0 

Jan. 

B 

Feb. 

D 

2 

1 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

ml 

0  f 

y 

D 

n    Y 

0 

V 

B 

1 

^B 

0          0 

— 

Aug. 
Sept. 

V 

0 

V 

0 

1    I            D 

Oct. 
Nov. 

D 

r 

"      LZ 

D 

r1 

Dec  C 

B 

1    *s      1 

^— 'f  B     \       ) 

D 

V?  1 

I     1 / 

1 D 

"(bii pi      . — ' 

'            J 

r£    0     ( 

/    Miles 

{     v   \    y\     J 

)                50 

j|j45^</^V             Map    744 

Salix    discolor   var.   latifolia   Anders. 

0  50 

Map    74  2 

Salix   interior  var.  Wheeleri    Rowlee 


0  ^0 

Map   743 


Salix   discolor   Muhl. 


Miles 

0  50 

Map   746 


Salix    sericea  Marsh. 


8a.  Salix  interior  var.  Wheeleri  Rowlee.  (Salix  longifolia  var.  Wheeleri 
(Rowlee)  Schneid.)  Wheeler  Willow.  Map  742.  This  form  is  common 
along  the  Ohio  River  where  it  is  associated  with  the  species  but  may  easily 
be  distinguished  at  a  long  distance  by  its  bluish  green  color. 

N.  B.  to  James  Bay  and  e.  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Conn.,  Pa.,  and  Iowa. 

9.  Salix  discolor  Muhl.  Pussy  Willow.  Map  743.  Found  throughout 
the  state  where  swampy  land  occurs.  Frequent  in  the  lake  area  and  local 
to  infrequent  south  of  it.  Usually  a  large  shrub,  it  sometimes  reaches  a 
diameter  of  several  inches  a  few  feet  above  the  ground. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Del.  (and  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C),  111.,  and  Mo. 

9a.  Salix  discolor  var.  latifolia  Anders.  (Salix  discolor  var.  eriocephala 
(Michx.)  Anders.)  (Schneider.  Jour.  Arnold  Arb.  2:  5.  1920.)  Map  744. 
This  variety  is  found  throughout  the  state  in  swamps  and  low  land  in 
general.  It  is  rather  frequent  in  the  lake  area,  becoming  local  to  infrequent 
south  of  it.  It  has  the  same  habitat  as  the  species  and  both  are  often 
associated. 

Probably  the  range  of  the  species. 


Salix 


Salicaceae 


363 


0  50 

Map    747 


0  50 

Map   748 


Salix    tristis  Ait. 


0  50 

Map    749 


Salix    Bebbiana   Sar 


9- 


10.  Salix  petiolaris  J.  E.  Smith.  Map  745.  This  is  an  infrequent  shrub 
4-7  feet  high,  and  found  mostly  in  marshy  and  mucky  land  in  the  lake  area. 
The  species  is  variable  and  I  have  two  named  varieties  from  the  state  but 
I  do  not  regard  them  as  of  taxonomic  value  and  do  not  report  them.  I  feel 
that  of  the  named  variations  too  many  are  ecological  forms. 

N.  B.  to  N.  Dak.  and  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Tenn. 

11.  Salix  sericea  Marsh.*  Silky  Willow.  Map  746.  Infrequent  to 
frequent  throughout  the  state  except  in  the  northwestern  part  from  which 
there  are  no  specimens.  It  is  generally  found  in  wet  habitats  although  I 
have  a  few  specimens  collected  from  moist,  sandy  habitats. 

N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  N.  C. 

12.  Salix  humilis  Marsh.  Prairie  Willow.  Map  747.  This  is  a  low, 
bushy  species  that  grows  mostly  in  dry,  sandy  habitats,  usually  in  prairies 
or  in  similar  places.  It  is  frequent  in  our  western  prairie  area,  becoming 
local  in  northern  and  southern  Indiana. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Tenn.,  and  Kans. 

13.  Salix  tristis  Ait.  Dwarf  Pussy  Willow.  Map  748.  This  is  a  small 
shrubby  willow  with  a  habit  and  habitat  similar  to  the  preceding  species. 
It  also  has  nearly  the  same  distribution  but  is  much  less  frequent  and,  in 
fact,  as  I  understand  the  plant,  it  would  be  restricted  to  our  western  prairie 
area.  Since  almost  all  of  my  specimens  were  named  by  C.  R.  Ball,  I  am 
using  his  determinations  to  show  the  distribution  in  Indiana. 

After  studying  my  specimens  carefully  and  noting  the  habitats  from 
which  they  came,  I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  this  species  is  merely 
an  ecological  form  of  the  preceding  species.  Griggs  and  Schaffner  both 
regard  it  as  a  variety  of  the  preceding.  This  and  the  preceding  species  are 
most  common  in  White  County  and  I  have  seen  them  growing  side  by  side 

*  After  the  Flora  was  in  page  proof  C.  R.  Ball  wrote  me  that  a  restudy  of  my 
specimens  of  willows  shows  that  Salix  subsericea  (Anders.)  Schneid.  (Rhodora  11:  12. 
1909)  occurs  in  Indiana  in  Allen,  Elkhart,  Kosciusko,  Lake,  La  Porte,  and  Starke 
Counties. 


364 


Salicaceae 


Salix 


0  ~M) 

Map   750 
Salix   pedicellaris 
var.  hypoglauca   Fern. 


0  50 

Map    751 


Salix   Candida  Fliigge 


o  50 

Map   752 


Salix  adenophylla   Hook 


in  a  strictly  prairie  habitat,  which  fact  might  be  used  to  support  their 
separation,  but  I  am  not  able  to  find  any  constant  structural  difference. 
Mass.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tenn.,  e.  Nebr.  and  e.  S.  Dak. 

14.  Salix  Bebbiana  Sarg.  (Salix  rostrata  Richardson.)  Bebb  Willow. 
Map  749.  Rather  frequent  in  the  lake  area  and  rare  south  of  it. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Nebr.,  and  Utah. 

15.  Salix  pedicellaris  Pursh  var.  hypoglauca  Fern.  (Salix  pedicellaris 
Pursh  in  part.)  BOG  Willow.  Map  750.  Infrequent  in  the  lake  area  with 
an  outlying  post  in  the  Elliott's  Mill  Bog  in  Wayne  County.  It  is  a  small 
bog  willow  and  usually  found  in  sphagnum  in  tamarack  bogs. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.  ( ?) ,  Pa.,  111.,  and  Iowa. 

16.  Salix  Candida  Fliigge.  Sage  Willow.  Map  751.  This  is  an  infre- 
quent low  willow  in  the  bogs  of  the  northern  part  of  the  lake  area.  It  is 
generally  found  with  sedges,  cranberry,  and  bog-rosemary. 

Newf.  and  Que.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.  and  Wis. 

16a.  Salix  Candida  var.  denudata  Anders.  This  variety  differs  from  the 
species  in  having  narrower  leaves,  which  are  glabrate  or  glabrescent  on 
both  sides,  especially  above,  and  sometimes  glaucescent  beneath.  I  have 
only  one  specimen  from  a  bog  on  the  south  side  of  Pigeon  River  about  2 
miles  east  of  Mongo,  Lagrange  County. 

17.  Salix  adenophylla  Hook.  (Salix  syrticola  Fern.  Rhodore  9:  225- 
226.  1907.)  (Schneider.  Jour.  Arnold  Arb.  1:  158-160.  1920.)  Glandleaf 
Willow.  Map  752.  Formerly  more  or  less  frequent  along  Lake  Michigan  at 
the  base  of  the  first  dune  on  the  side  facing  the  beach.  It  is  now  nearly 
extinct  on  account  of  the  encroachments  of  civilization  and  the  attacks  of 
the  oyster-shell  scale. 

Lab.  to  James  Bay,  southw.  to  the  Great  Lakes,  including  Ohio,  Ind., 
and  Wis. 


Comptonia 


Myricaceae 


365 


o  50 

Map   753 


Salix    cordata  Muhl . 


2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 

f 

J 

0 

D 

r 

D 

s 

K 

X 

^ 

■4n 

/    Miles 

Dec.(- 

t 

T— ' 

S 

a  1  ix 

)  r^V  7 ( 

glaucophylla  E 

)                 50 

Map    754 
iebb 

Map 
Comptonia  peregrina  L.I  Coulter 


50 
755 


18.  Salix  cordata  Muhl.  Heartleaf  Willow.  Map  753.  This  willow  is 
infrequent  throughout  the  lake  area,  becoming  progressively  less  frequent 
southward  and  probably  entirely  absent  from  the  southwestern  part.  It  pre- 
fers a  moist  soil  but  does  not  demand  a  very  wet  soil  such  as  is  found  in 
bogs  and  marshes.  Salix  cordata  var.  angustata  Anders,  is  a  narrowleaf 
form  which  I  have  from  Wabash  County.  The  species  freely  hybridizes  and 
I  have  several  specimens  of  each  of  two  of  its  hybrids,  S.  cordata  ) :  nigra 
and  S.  cordata  X  sericea. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Va.,  Mo.,  Colo.,  and  Calif. 

19.  Salix  glaucophylla  Bebb.  Blueleaf  Willow.  Map  754.  Very  local 
except  along  the  sides  of  the  dune  facing  Lake  Michigan  where  it  is  more 
or  less  frequent.  Away  from  the  lake  it  is  found  in  bogs  and  swamps.  The 
variety  brevifolia  Bebb,  which  has  been  reported  by  Peattie  and  by  Pepoon, 
is  a  shortleaf  form  which  I  do  not  regard  as  having  any  taxonomic 
standing. 

Eastern  Que.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  N.  B.,  Maine,  and  the  Great  Lakes. 

57.  MYRICACEAE  Dumort.  Bayberry  Family 
1874.  COMPTONIA  Banks 

1.  Comptonia  peregrina  (L.)  Coulter.  (Myrica  asplenifolia  L.)  For  a 
discussion  of  the  nomenclature  see  Rhodora  40:  408-412.  1938.  Sweet- 
FERN.  Map  755.  Infrequent  to  frequent  or  local  in  acid  soils,  sometimes 
forming  large  colonies.  It  is  a  shrub  mostly  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a 
half  feet  high  and  usually  found  in  black,  sandy  soil  in  open  places  in  pin 
oak  and  black  oak  woods. 

N.  B.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Tenn.,  and  Ind. 

60.  JUGLANDACEAE  Lindl.   Walnut  Family 

Pith  of  twigs  chambered;  staminate  catkins  thick,  sessile  or  short-stalked;  stamens 
8-40,  glabrous;  nuts  with  a  network  of  rough  projections  (in  ours);  husk  not 
splitting 1881.    JuGLANS,  p.  366. 

Pith  of  twigs  not  chambered;  staminate  catkins  slender,  long-stalked;  stamens  3-10, 
pubescent;  nuts  more  or  less  angled  but  smooth;  husk  splitting. .  1882.  Carya,  p.  367. 


366 


JUGLANDACEAE 


Juglans 


Juglans    cinerea  L. 


1881.  JUGLANS  L.  Walnut 

Bark  gray,  ridges  smooth;  upper  part  of  leaf-scar  of  last  year's  leaves  with  a  mat  of 
hairs;  pith  dark  brown;  fruit  oblong,  husk  viscid 1.  /.  cinerea. 

Bark  dark  brown,  ridges  rough;  upper  part  of  leaf -scar  of  last  year's  leaves  without 
a  mat  of  hairs;  pith  light  brown;  fruit  orbicular  to  slightly  elongate,  husk  not 
viscid 2-  J'  ni9ra- 

1.  Juglans  cinerea  L.  BUTTERNUT.  Map  756.  An  infrequent  tree 
throughout  the  state  and  probably  absent  from  Benton  and  Newton  Coun- 
ties. It  is  local  in  its  distribution  and  generally  only  a  few  trees  are  found 
in  a  locality.  I  have  seen  it  only  a  few  times  as  a  frequent  tree  and  then 
only  over  small  areas.  Its  preferred  habitats  are  terraces  and  banks  of 
streams,  but  it  is  also  found  in  ravines  and  rarely  in  tamarack  bogs.  It 
rarely  reaches  a  large  size  before  the  ends  of  the  branches  in  the  crown 
die.  This  condition  may  be  due  to  civilization,  since  I  was  told  by  a  pioneer 
that  large  trees  were  formerly  to  be  found.  Like  the  maple,  the  concen- 
trated sap  of  this  species  produces  sugar. 

Valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  the  Gulf  States. 

2.  Juglans  nigra  L.  Black  Walnut.  Map  757.  This  species  is  prob- 
ably a  native  of  every  county  of  the  state.  It  is  infrequent  but  well  dis- 
tributed in  all  parts  of  the  state  where  it  will  grow.  It  will  grow  almost 
anywhere  and  is  a  native  in  all  kinds  of  soils  except  on  the  hills  and  in 
the  flats  of  the  southern  part  and  on  the  sand  hills  of  the  northern 
part.  It  grew  to  a  great  size.  A  pioneer  whose  veracity  was  unquestioned, 
told  me  that  a  tree  8  feet  in  diameter  was  cut  near  Bluffton,  and  60  feet 
of  it  was  used  as  a  "dugout"  in  which  flour  and  other  merchandise  were 
transported  on  the  Wabash  River  from  Murray  to  Huntington.  He  said 
he  knew  of  another  walnut  tree  near  Montpelier  that  was  9  feet  in  diameter. 
It  must  be  remembered  that  I  have  no  data  as  to  the  height  above  the 
ground  at  which  these  measurements  were  taken. 

W.  Mass.,  Out.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


Carya  Juglandaceae  367 

1882.  CARYA  Nutt.  Hickory 

The  specimens  representing  a  single  species  of  Carya  often  vary  greatly 
in  respect  to  the  bark  of  both  trunks  and  branches,  size  and  pubescence  of 
branchlets,  number  and  size  of  the  leaflets,  and  size  and  shape  of  the  nuts. 
No  attempt  has  been  made  to  describe  all  of  the  extreme  forms.  Measure- 
ments refer  to  dried  specimens. 

Bud  scales  4  or  6,  valvate;  leaflets  generally  curved  backward  (falcate). 
Nuts   generally   elongate,   nearly   terete;    husk   thin,    splitting   to    the   base;    kernel 

sweet;  leaflets  9,  11,  13,  15  or  17,  generally  about  13 1.  Carya  Pecan. 

Nuts   generally   as   broad   as   long,   compressed,   irregularly    angled   and   reticulate; 
kernel  bitter. 
Winter  buds  dark  reddish  brown;   leaflets  7,  9,  11  or  13;  husk  tardily  splitting 

to  about  the  middle.    (See  excluded  species  no.  169,  p.  1039.) C.  aquatica. 

Winter  buds  bright  yellow,  glandular;  leaflets  5,  7  or  9  (11)  ;  husk  usually  splitting 

to  about  the  middle 2.  C.  cordiformis. 

Bud  scales  6  or  more,  imbricated  (not  in  pairs);  leaflets  not  curved  backward. 

A.    Branchlets  usually  stout;  terminal  buds  large,  10-27  mm  long;  the  year's  growth 
usually  more  or  less  pubescent;   dry  husks  of  fruit   (4)    5-10  mm  thick;   nuts 
usually  strongly  angled. 
Prevailing  number  of  leaflets  5    (none  of  the  leaves  with  more  than   5,  coppice 

shoots  might  have  more) 3.  C.  ovata. 

Prevailing  number  of  leaflets  more  than  5. 

Trees  of  low  ground;  bark  of  young  trees  tight  and  light,  that  of  older  trees 
scaly,  separating  into  long,  thin  plates  (see  exception  in  text);  leaf  stalks 
of  leaves  of  the  previous  season  usually  persisting  until  spring  (this  char- 
acter peculiar  to  this  species);  branchlets  at  first  pubescent,  generally 
becoming  glabrous  or  nearly  so  at  maturity,  light  brown;  nuts  usually 
large,   compressed,    generally    angled,   3-6    cm    long,    wedge-shaped    at    the 

base;  kernel  sweet  and  not  at  all  astringent 4.  C.  laciniosa. 

Trees  usually  of  high  ground;  bark  of  young  trees  tight  and  dark,  that  of  older 
trees  tight  and  usually  deeply  furrowed,  the  thick  ridges  generally  broken 
into  short  lengths  which  on  very  old  trees  sometimes  loosen  at  the  base; 
leaf  stalks  of  the  leaves  of  the  previous  season  not  persisting;  pubescence 
of  leaf  stalks  usually  longer  and  denser  than  that  of  the  preceding  species, 
and  persisting  longer,  often  of  a  rusty  color;  branchlets  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent until  maturity,  reddish  brown;  nuts  usually  about  half  as  large  as  the 
preceding  and  usually  with  a  rounded  base;  kernel  very  mildly  astringent.. . 

5.  C.  tomentosa. 

A.     Branchlets   usually   slender;    terminal   buds    small,    5-12    mm   long;    the   year's 
growth  usually  glabrous,  rarely  pubescent;  dry  husk  1-4.5  mm  thick. 
B.     Branchlets  and  leaves  not  covered  with  a  rusty  brown  pubescence  when  they 
first  appear;  dry  husk  1-3  mm  thick  at  thinnest  point,  rarely  thicker. 
Involucre  of  fruit  1-3  mm  thick;  winter  buds  glabrous  or  puberulous. 

Prevailing  number  of  leaflets  5,  rarely  7;  bark  of  trunk  and  branches  tight; 
fruit  generally  smooth  and  usually  tapering  at  the  base  to  a  short  stem 
(figlike);  husk  not  opening  or  splitting  only  above  the  middle;  nut  smooth, 
the  shell  thick,  about  1.5  mm  thick  at  the  thinnest  point;  kernel  sweet, 

mildly  astringent 6.  C.  glabra. 

Prevailing  number  of  leaflets  7,  rarely  5;  bark  of  trunk  and  branches  usually 
somewhat  scaly  a  few  feet  above  the  ground,  sometimes  scarcely  at  all 
scaly;  fruit  granular,  the  sutures  winged,  rarely  tapering  at  the  base  to  a 
short  stem   (figlike);  husk  usually  splitting  to  the  base;   nut  angled  or 


368 


JUGLANDACEAE 


Carya 


1 

: 

>r 

1   io 

D 

Jan 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

•y  i 

-      B 
01 

T-  ° 

•       v^r 

J 

■L; 

0       0 

s    1 

la   d 

B 

f 

0 
0 

—    I 

0 

B 

D 

B    D 
0         BO 

-T     B              " 

D 

r^ 

r, : 

Dec.  £ 

1 

ID 

i       ' 

B 

10 

I       j { 

D    J       \_ 

D                 1      /< 

f       1        J^  1 

^[     Ba         D J 

D  ^/ 

^/   Miles 

cL  D 

L  *    \ 

C 

-. 

ar; 

) 

:ordi 

forrr 

3    15\       7 
r  f    \~) 

is  (Wang 

0                50 

Map  759 

)  K.Koch 

smooth,  the  shell  thin,  rarely  thick,  thinner  than  that  of  the  preceding 
species;  kernel  sweet  without  astringency. 
C.    Nuts  ellipsoidal. 

Inner  surface  of  fresh  husk  without  a  resinous  odor;  nut  rounded  at  base, 

acute  at  apex,  broadest  about  the  middle 7.  C.  ovalis. 

Inner   surface    of   fresh   husk   with   a   resinous    odor;    nuts    smaller   and 

usually  more  compressed  than  those  of  the  preceding 

7a.  C.  ovalis  var.  odorata. 

C.     Nuts  obovoid  or  oblong. 

D.    Nuts  taper-pointed  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  broadest  above  the  middle. 

Nut  without  an  elongate  or  stipitate  base 7b.  C.  ovalis  var.  obovalis. 

Nut  with  an  elongate  or  stipitate  base 

7c.  C.  ovalis  var.  obovalis  f .  acuta.  ' 

D.    Nuts  oblong,  cordate  or  subcordate  at  the  apex. 

Branchlets  glabrous  at  fruiting  time 7d.  C.  ovalis  var.  obcordata. 

Branchlets  more  or  less  pubescent  at  fruiting  time 

7e.  C.  ovalis  var.  obcordata  f.  vestita. 

Involucres  3-4.5  mm  thick;  winter  buds  reddish  brown,  at  least  the  margins  of 

the  scales  pubescent 8.  C.  pallida. 

B.     Branchlets  and  leaves  densely  covered  with  a  rusty  brown  pubescence  when 
they  first  appear;  dry  husk  3-3.5  mm  thick 9.  C.  Buckleyi  var.  arkansana. 

1.  Carya  Pecan  (Marsh.)  Engler  &  Graebner.  (Carya  illinoensis 
(Wang.)  K.  Koch  and  Hicoria  Pecan  (Marsh.)  Britt.)  Pecan.  Map 
758.  Infrequent  or  local  in  the  Ohio  River  Bottoms  as  far  east  as  Beth- 
lehem, Clark  County,  up  the  Wabash  River  as  far  north  as  4  miles  south 
of  Covington,  Fountain  County,  up  White  River  into  Greene  County,  and 
known  up  the  Muscatatuck  River  into  Washington  County.  It  was  formerly 
a  common  tree  in  Point  Township  of  Posey  County  and  in  the  southwest 
part  of  Gibson  County.  Its  habitat  is  river  bottoms  that  are  usually  inun- 
dated annually. 

Mississippi  Valley  from  Ind.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  La.  and  Tex. 

2.  Carya  cordiformis  (Wang.)  K.  Koch.  (Hicoria  cordiformis  (Wang.) 
Britt.)  Bitternut  Hickory.  Generally  known  in  Indiana  as  pignut 
hickory.    Map  749.    An  infrequent  to  frequent  tree  throughout  the  state. 


Carya  Juglandaceae  369 

This  species  prefers  a  moist  soil  but  will  be  found  also  on  wooded  slopes. 

The  species  is  variable  in  the  number  and  size  of  its  leaflets.  The  usual 
number  of  leaflets  is  5  or  7,  but  trees  with  7  or  9  leaflets  are  frequent.  The 
leaflets  of  the  greater  number  of  trees  rarely  exceed  3.5  cm  in  width  but 
the  lateral  leaflets  of  some  trees  are  more  than  twice  as  wide.  Sargent  calls 
the  wide-leaflet  form  var.  latifolia  Sarg.  He  says  the  under  surface  of 
the  leaflet  is  usually  more  pubescent.  This  is  usually  true  but  can  not  be 
used  as  a  character  to  separate  the  two  forms.  In  Indiana,  the  forms  with 
wide  leaflets  are  found  in  the  southern  half  of  the  state,  especially  on  the 
wooded  slopes  of  the  hill  country. 

Valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  the  Gulf  States. 

3.  Carya  ovata  (Mill.)  K.  Koch.  (Hicoria  ovata  (Mill.)  Britt.)  Shag- 
bark  Hickory.  Map  760.  Infrequent  to  common  in  every  county  of  the 
state.  Its  habitat  is  moist,  rich  woodland  but  it  is  sometimes  found  on 
slopes  of  hills.  It  is  usually  associated  with  red  oak,  bigleaf  shagbark 
hickory,  swamp  white  oak,  basswood,  white  ash,  slippery  elm,  sugar  maple, 
beech,  and  sweet  gum. 

N.  E.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3a.  Carya  ovata  var.  fraxinifolia  Sarg.  (Sargent.  Trees  and  Shrubs  2: 
207.  1913.)  This  variety  is  described  as  "having  leaflets  lanceolate  to 
slightly  oblanceolate,  acuminate,  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  lustrous  above, 
pubescent  along  the  midribs  below,  the  terminal  1.4-1.5  dm  long,  from 
4.4-5  cm  wide,  and  raised  on  a  slender  puberulous  petiolule,  the  lateral 
leaflets  asymmetric  at  the  base,  sessile,  those  of  the  lowest  pair  7-9  cm  long, 
and  2.5-3  cm  wide."  Sargent  referred  specimens  which  I  had  collected  from 
Daviess,  Martin,  and  Wells  Counties  to  this  variety. 

3b.  Carya  ovata  var.  Nuttalli  Sarg.  (Sargent.  Trees  and  Shrubs  2 :  207. 
1913.)  This  variety  is  described  as  having  "nut  rounded,  obcordate  or 
rarely  pointed  at  apex,  rounded  or  abruptly  pointed  at  the  base,  much 
compressed,  prominently  angled,  about  1.5  cm  long,  and  1-1.2  cm  thick; 
involucre  4-10  mm  thick  and  splitting  freely  to  the  base.  Except  in  size 
of  the  fruit  there  appears  to  be  no  character  by  which  the  variety  can  be 
distinguished  from  the  common  Shagbark."  This  variety  is  more  or  less 
frequent  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  state. 

4.  Carya  laciniosa  (Michx.  f.)  Loud.  (Hicoria  laciniosa  (Michx.  f.) 
Sarg.)  Bigleaf  Shagbark  Hickory.  Map  761.  Rare,  infrequent  or  fre- 
quent to  common  throughout  the  state,  although  there  are  no  specimens 
or  records  from  the  northwestern  counties.  I  was  told  that  it  occurred  in 
the  northern  part  of  Porter  County.  It  may  be  absent  from  a  few  of  these 
counties.  This  species  grows  in  wet  woodland  and  is  usually  associated 
with  the  shagbark  hickory.  Locally  it  is  common  and  throughout  the  Lower 
Wabash  Valley  it  is  common.  It  is  associated  with  many  species  that 
inhabit  wet  woods  and  in  one  locality  in  the  Spencer  County  Bottoms 
southwest  of  Rockport  I  found  this  species  and  beech  the  dominant  trees. 

Exception  :  In  the  Lower  Wabash  Bottoms,  there  is  a  form  of  this  hickory 


370 


JUGLANDACEAE 


Carya 


3 

■ 

f 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

■*~S                  r 

J   j 

S 

D 

'I 

^ 

-4 

DP 

0     P 

J 

r1 

Dec. j- 

■ 
T ' 

D     Jy 

~ri»  o     . — > 

J   Miles 

\ 

1 

CL     B 

\          » 

\\ 

10 

I 

c 

.arya 

torn 

entosa  (La 

i'                50 
Map    762 

id  Nutt. 

o         ~^5o 
Map   763 


Carya   glabra  (Mill.)  Sweet 


0  50 

Map    764 


Carya   ovalis  (Wang)  Sarg. 


that  has  a  tight  bark,  like  that  of  the  mockernut  hickory,  otherwise  it  is 
like  the  species.  This  form  has  the  most  palatable  nut  of  the  genus.  The 
nut  is  compressed,  short,  of  more  than  medium  size,  and  has  the  best 
cracking  quality  of  all  the  forms.  I  have  known  the  nut  of  this  form  for 
many  years  but  I  have  not  had  the  opportunity  of  working  out  the  taxon- 
omy of  it.  For  many  years  we  bought  nuts  from  this  area  for  table  use, 
and  I  was  always  able  to  recognize  this  nut  without  mistake. 
N.  Y.,  se.  Ont.,  to  e.  Iowa,  and  se.  Nebr.,  southw.  to  W.  Va.,  Ala.,  and  La. 

5.  Carya  tomentosa  (Lam.)  Nutt.  (Carya  alba  (L.)  K.  Koch  and  Hicoria 
alba  (L.)  Britt.)  Mockernut.  Map  762.  Very  rare  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  state,  becoming  infrequent  to  frequent  in  the  extreme  southern 
part.  It  is  doubtful  whether  all  reports  from  the  northern  part  of  the  state 
by  other  authors  are  authentic.  It  is  essentially  a  tree  of  dry  and  usually 
poor  soil  but  it  is  found  in  the  lowlands  of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  where 
it  is  often  associated  with  the  preceding  species.  In  the  unglaciated  area,  it 
is  generally  found  associated  with  the  pignut  hickory,  black  and  white 
oaks,  and  often  with  the  tulip  tree. 

E.  Mass.,  sw.  Ont.,  s.  Mich,  to  se.  Iowa,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5a.  Carya  tomentosa  var.  subcoriacea  (Sarg.)  Palmer  &  Steyermark. 
This  variety  is  known  from  a  single  tree  on  the  east  bank  of  the  cypress 
swamp  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Posey  County.  For  several  years  I 
bought  hickory  nuts  for  table  use  from  this  area  and  nuts  of  this  variety 
were  not  infrequent  in  the  lot.  It  is  distinguished  from  the  species  by  the 
larger  size  and  shape  of  the  fruit  and  nut.  The  dried  fruit  is  5  cm  long, 
oblong.  The  nut  is  oblong,  4.4  cm  long,  pointed  at  both  ends,  or  some  nuts 
are  somewhat  ovoid  and  more  rounded  at  the  base,  little  compressed,  and 
strongly  angled ;  shell  very  thick,  5  mm  at  the  thinnest  place ;  kernel  very 
small  and  sweet. 

6.  Carya  glabra  (Mill.)  Sweet.  (Hicoria  glabra  (Mill.)  Britt.)  PIGNUT 
Hickory.  (Generally  known  in  Indiana  as  black  hickory.)  Map  763. 
This  species  is  found  principally  in  the  southern  half  of  the  state.   I  think 


Carya  Juglandaceae  371 

that  most  of  the  reports  of  it  from  the  northern  part  of  the  state  should 
be  referred  to  Carya  ovalis  or  some  of  its  many  forms.  One  or  more  trees 
grow  on  the  high  sand  bank  of  the  north  side  of  Lake  Ann,  about  5  miles 
northeast  of  Fremont,  Steuben  County.  E.  J.  Palmer  has  verified  the 
determination.  My  record  from  Delaware  County  I  am  now  referring  to 
Carya  ovalis  variety.  This  species  and  the  next  are  entirely  distinct,  but 
it  is  impossible  to  name  correctly  herbarium  specimens  which  are  incom- 
plete, immature,  or  without  field  data.  In  collecting  specimens  of  these  two 
species,  it  is  desirable  that  a  note  be  made  whether  the  bark  of  the  trunk 
and  principal  branches  is  tight  or  somewhat  scaly  and  whether  the  surface 
of  the  fruit  is  smooth  or  granular.  The  prevailing  number  of  leaflets  also 
should  be  recorded.  Fruiting  specimens  should  not  be  collected  until 
mature,  usually  after  the  first  of  October.  Flowering  specimens  should 
always  be  accompanied  by  a  fruiting  specimen  from  the  same  tree. 

6a.  Carya  glabra  var.  megacarpa  Sarg.  (Sargent.  Bot.  Gaz.  66:  244. 
1918.)  This  variety  is  distinguished  from  the  type  by  its  larger  obovoid 
fruit,  2.5-4.5  cm  long  and  by  the  husk,  2.5-3  mm  thick.  I  have  a  specimen 
from  Franklin  County  given  this  varietal  name  by  Sargent. 

Infrequent  to  common  on  hills  with  black  and  white  oak.  It  is  especially 
common  in  the  knobstone  area  of  the  state. 

Vt.,  se.  Ont.,  s.  Ind.  to  sw.  111.,  southw.  to  Va.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ga.,  n. 
Ala.,  and  e.  Miss. 

7.  Carya  ovalis  (Wang.)  Sarg.  (Carya  microcarpa  Nutt.  in  part,  and 
Hicoria  microcarpa  (Nutt.)  Britt.)  Sm all-fruited  Hickory.  Map  764. 
All  of  the  varieties  are  shown  on  the  map  with  the  species.  Found  through- 
out the  state  but  infrequent  to  rare  south  of  the  lake  area  except  on  some  of 
the  sandy  ridges  of  the  southwestern  part.  In  the  lake  area  it  is  usually 
frequent  to  common  on  clay  and  sandy  ridges  with  black  and  white  oak. 

This  species  is  extremely  variable  in  the  character  of  the  bark  and  in  the 
shape  of  its  fruit  and  nuts.  The  bark  is  generally  scaly  on  the  principal 
branches  and  on  the  trunk  except  near  the  base  of  the  tree.  It  is  usually 
not  thick  but  I  know  of  one  specimen  in  Lagrange  County  that  has  very 
thick  and  tight  bark.  The  nuts  of  this  tree  are  almost  cubical,  but  otherwise 
the  tree  is  typical  Carya  ovalis.  The  nuts  vary  from  ellipsoidal  to  obovoid, 
with  the  base  acute  or  rounded,  the  apex  acute,  rounded  or  obcordate,  little 
or  strongly  compressed,  the  surface  from  nearly  smooth  to  strongly  ridged 
or  somewhat  roughened. 

Mass.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Miss. 

7a.  Carya  ovalis  var.  odorata  (Marsh.)  Sarg.  This  variety  is  separated 
by  the  resinous  odor  of  the  inner  surface  of  the  fresh  husk,  but  I  have  not 
been  able  to  test  this  character.  I  am  referring  to  this  variety  my  speci- 
mens which  Sargent  so  named.  My  specimens  are  all  from  the  extreme 
northeastern  part  of  the  state,  from  Allen,  Grant,  Lagrange,  Steuben,  and 
Wells  Counties. 

Conn.,  Pa.  to  Mo. 


372 


JUGLANDACEAE 


Carya 


0  50 

Map    765 


Carya  pallida   (Ashe)  Engl.  &  Graebn. 


o         ^30 
Map    766 


Carya   Buckley?    var.  arkansana    Sarg. 


« 

2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

r" 
ml 

i 

u 

1 

5       / 

L    D 

:          D 

D             D 

D             B 

^x                   r 

|T»      o 

0      _^ 

^ 

|      D        0        ■>        »        „ 

D 

n 

P 

B 
0 

V 

B 

IB     D 
T^ 

D 

B 

i  b 
l  D 

D 

B     o 

D 

_ 

:  •  ■ 

Jl  * 

D 

-r   5        5 

j 

E 

f1! 

ft  I 

Dec.j- 

IU 

4—  l 

10            D 

K       I V 

B     T 

D            D      L, 

B  D  j    r- 

B                 /      A 

I 

D 

r£    o 

B  7d    J 
D        P        D 

U     Miles 

D 

var. 

k<j-^V             Map    767 
arpinus    caroliniana  Walt. 

virginiana    (MarshJ  Fern. 

7b.     Carya  ovalis  var.  obovalis  Sarg.     This  form  is   probably  found 
throughout  the  state.    It  is  associated  with  the  species  but  less  frequent. 
Mass.  to  Va.  and  westw.  to  Mo. 

7c.  Carya  ovalis  var.  obovalis  f.  acuta  Sarg.  I  have  this  extreme  form 
from  Steuben  and  Wells  Counties.  The  Steuben  County  specimen  is  from 
a  native  tree  in  Pokagon  State  Park  and  is  placed  with  this  form  only 
provisionally. 

7d.  Carya  ovalis  var.  obcordata  (Muhl.)  Sarg.  This  variety  is  also 
probably  found  throughout  the  range  of  the  species  and  with  it,  but  more 
rarely. 

Rehder  gives  the  distribution  as  Ont.  to  Mich. 

7e.  Carya  ovalis  var.  obcordata  f.  vestita  Sarg.  I  collected  the  type 
from  a  tree  in  Knox  County.  I  also  have  a  specimen  from  La  Porte  County 
which  I  am  calling  this  form. 

8.  Carya  pallida  (Ashe)  Engler  &  Graebner.  Map  765.  One  or  more 
trees  in  the  Princeton  fine  sand  on  the  terrace  of  the  Wabash  River  about  4 
miles  south  of  Vincennes  and  half  a  mile  north  of  the  Duncan  Siding  of  the 
Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois  Railroad.  This  tree  is  one  of  a  few  hickories 
and  oaks  on  a  narrow  strip  of  land  about  100  feet  wide  on  the  west  of  the 
railroad  and  east  of  the  adjacent  lowland.  There  are  four  hickory  trees 
here  at  this  station  and  I  have  made  complete  collections  from  all  but  I 
withhold  their  names  until  I  can  check  my  specimens  by  another  collection 
of  them. 

N.  J.  to  Ga.,  westw.  to  La.  and  northw.  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Ind. 

9.  Carya  Buckleyi  Durand  var.  arkansana  Sarg.  (Bot.  Gaz.  66:  24. 
1918.)  Map  766.  This  hickory  so  far  has  been  found  only  in  Knox  County. 
I  found  one  tree  about  2  miles  north  of  Decker  and  two  trees  about  4  miles 
south  of  Vincennes  in  a  strip  of  woods  along  the  railroad  just  north  of 
the  Duncan  Siding. 

Knox  County.   Ind.,  southw.  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  La.  and  Tex. 


Carpinus 


Betulaceae 


373 


0  50 

Map   768 


Ostrya   virginiana    (MillJ  K.Koch 


0  "  50 

Map  769 
Ostrya    virginiana 

f.  glandulosa    (Spach)   Macbr. 


61.  BETULACEAE  Agardh.  Birch  Family 

Staminate  flowers  solitary  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  without  a  calyx;  pistillate  flowers 

with  a  calyx;  nut  wingless. 

Small  trees;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  lower  surface  generally  with  more  than  6  pairs  of 

prominent  veins;  nuts  5-7  mm  long. 

Bark  of  tree  smooth;  trunk  more  or  less  grooved;  lower  large  veins  of  leaves  not 

forked;  staminate  aments  in  winter  enclosed  in  bud  scales;  nut  exposed,  its 

subtending  bract  more  or  less  irregularly  3-cleft 1884.  Carpinus,  p.  373. 

Bark  of  older  trees  shreddy;  trunk  not  grooved;  lower  large  veins  of  leaves  gen- 
erally forked;  staminate  aments  in  winter  naked;  nut  enclosed  in  a  bladder- 
like bract 1885.   Ostrya,  p.  373. 

Shrubs;    leaves  ovate  to   nearly   orbicular,  the   lower   surface  usually  with   5   or   6 

pairs  of  prominent  veins;  nuts  10-15  mm  long 1886.    Corylus,  p.  374. 

Staminate  flowers  3-6  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  with  a  calyx;  pistillate  flowers  without 
a  calyx;  nut  winged. 
Winter  buds  sessile;  stamens  2;  fruiting  bract  deciduous  at  the  end  of  the  season 

when  the  nut  escapes 1887.    Bbtula,  p.  374. 

Winter  buds  stalked;  stamens  4;  fruiting  bracts  woody  and  persisting  after  the  nuts 
escape 1888.  Alnus,  p.  377. 

1884.  CARPINUS  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Carpinus  caroliniana  Walt.  var.  virginiana  (Marsh.)  Fern.  (Rhodora 
37:425.  1935.)  (Carpinus  caroliniana  of  Indiana  authors.)  Blue  Beech. 
Map  767.  Often  called  water  beech.  Frequent  to  common  throughout 
the  state  in  moist  woodland.  It  prefers  a  moist,  rich  soil  but  has  a 
range  of  habitats  in  the  state  from  the  tamarack  bog  to  the  dry,  black  and 
white  oak  slope.  It  is  tolerant  of  shade.  Having  no  commercial  value, 
it  is  regarded  by  foresters  as  a  weed  tree. 

N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  uplands  of  N.  C.  and  Ark. 


1885.  OSTRYA  [Micheli]  Scop. 

1.  Ostrya  virginiana  (Mill.)  K.  Koch.  HOP-HORNBEAM.  Map  768.  In 
Indiana  this  tree  is  generally  called  ironwood.  The  species  or  its  form 
is  frequent  to  common  in  most  parts  of  the  state,  although  it  is  extremely 


374 


Betulaceae 


Corylus 


Map  771 
Betula    lutea  var.  macrolepis   Fern. 


0  50 

Map   772 


Betula    populifolia    Marsh. 


D~     ~ 13 
Map    773 


Betula   papyrifera  Marsh. 


rare  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley.  It  prefers  a  dry  soil,  is  of  slow  growth, 
and  since  it  has  no  commercial  value  in  Indiana,  it  is  regarded  by  foresters 
as  a  weed  tree. 

N.  S.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ga.,  Tenn.,  Mo.,  and  Okla. 

la.  Ostrya  virginiana  f.  glandulosa  (Spach)  Macbr.  (Field  Mus.  Nat. 
Hist.  Publ.  Bot.  Ser.  4:  192.  1929.)  Map  769.  This  form  has  the  branch- 
lets,  petioles,  peduncles,  and  often  the  midrib  and  veins  of  the  lower  sur- 
face of  the  leaves  covered  more  or  less  with  short,  erect,  reddish,  glandular 
hairs.  The  form  is  found  with  the  species  but  is  not  as  frequent  and  is 
more  northern  in  its  distribution. 

1886.  CORYLUS  [Town.]  L. 

1.  Corylus  americana  Walt.  American  Hazelnut.  Map  770.  Infre- 
quent to  frequent  throughout  the  state.  It  adapts  itself  to  both  moist  and 
dry  soils  but  reaches  its  greatest  size  in  the  moist,  black  loam  soils  of  the 
northern  part  of  the  state. 

Maine  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Okla. 


1887.  BETULA  [Tourn.]  L.  Birch 

Bark    of    small    branches    usually   with    some    wintergreen    flavor;    leaves    with    7-15, 
usually  Il-ll    pairs  of  prominent  veins,   rounded,  subcordate  or  narrowed   at  the 
base;  mature  fertile  catkins  generally  more  than  10  mm  in  diameter,  sessile. 
Outer  side  of  scales  of  fruiting  catkins  more  or  less  pubescent. 

Scales  of  fruiting  catkins  5-8  mm  long,  basal  part  1-2.5  mm  long 1.  B.  lutea. 

Scales  of  fruiting  catkins  8-13  mm  long,  basal  part  2.5-6  mm  long 

la.  B.  lutea  var.  macrolepis. 

Outer  side  of  scales  of  fruiting  catkins  glabrous.     (See  excluded  species  no.   173, 

p.    1039.) B.   lenta. 

Bark  of  small  branches  usually  bitter,  without  wintergreen  flavor;  leaves  with  4-11, 
usually  4-9,  pairs  of  prominent  veins,  narrowed  or  truncate  at  the  base;  mature 
fertile  catkins  less  than  10  mm  in  diameter  (sometimes  more  than  10  mm  in 
B.  nigra),  pedunculate. 


Betula  Betulaceae  375 

Bark  of  trunk  white,  peeling  in  very  thin  strips;  mature  fruiting  catkins  drooping 
or  spreading;  wings  of  fruit  wider  than  the  nut. 
Trunk  of  tree  with  a  darkened  triangular  area  at  the  base  of  lateral  branches; 

leaves  long-acuminate,  lustrous  above;  staminate  catkins  usually  solitary 

2.  B.  populifolia. 

Trunk  of  tree  without  a  darkened  area  at  the  base  of  lateral  branches;   leaves 

ovate,  not  lustrous  above;  staminate  catkins  usually  2  or  3. .  .3.  B.  papyrifera. 

Bark  of  trunk  (tree  or  shrub)  dark  or  reddish  brown,  not  peeling  off  in  thin  strips 

(flaking  off  in  thick  plates  in  B.  nigra);  fruiting  catkins  erect  or  nearly  so; 

wings  of  fruit  narrower  than  the  nut. 

Bark  of  large  specimens  peeling  or  flaking;  leaves  triangular-ovate,  widest  below 

the  middle,  mostly  with  7-9  pairs  of  prominent  veins;  bracts  of  mature  fruiting 

catkins  6-10  mm  long,  densely  pubescent;  trees 4.  B.  nigra. 

Bark  tight;   leaves  oblong-ovate,  elliptic,  obovate,  rarely   ovate,  mostly  with  3-6 

(7)  pairs  of  prominent  veins;  bracts  of  mature  fruiting  catkins  4-7  mm  long, 

glabrous  except  the  ciliate  margins;  shrubs  or  shrublike  trees. 

Blades  generally  with  3  or  4  pairs  of  distinct  veins,  2-4  cm  long  on  fruiting 

branchlets,   obovate,   rounded   at   the   apex,   rarely    short-acute,   cuneate   at 

the  base. 

Leaves  not  glandular 5.  B.  pumila. 

Leaves  more  or  less  glandular,  glands  usually  plentiful  on  both  sides 

5a.  B.  pumila  var.  glandulifera. 

Blades  generally  with  6  or  7  pairs  of  distinct  veins,  mostly  5-6  cm  long  on  fruiting 
branchlets,  oblong-ovate,  elliptic  or  rarely  ovate,  acute  at  the  apex,  mostly 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base 6.  X  B.  Ptirpusii. 

1.  Betula  lutea  Michx.  f.  (Betula  alleghaniensis  Britt.)  Yellow  Birch. 
After  a  careful  study  of  my  specimens,  I  believe  they  all  belong  to  the 
variety  rather  than  to  the  species.  Fernald  (Rhodora  24:  170.  1922) 
refers  to  two  specimens  of  the  species  from  Indiana. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Del.,  111.,  and  Minn,  and  in  the  mts.  of  N.  C. 
and  W.  Va. 

la.  Betula  lutea  var.  macrolepis  Fern.  (Rhodora  24:  170.  1922.) 
Yellow  Birch.  Map  771.  This  tree  is  found  locally  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  state  and  on  the  sides  of  two  deep,  rocky  ravines  about  a  mile 
east  of  Taswell  in  Crawford  County.  In  northern  Indiana  it  apparently 
is  one  of  the  chief  species  in  the  succession  after  tamarack  and  is  asso- 
ciated with  white  elm,  red  maple,  black  ash,  and  silver  maple.  All 
of  my  northern  specimens  have  a  dark  bark  and  I  believe  they  all  belong 
to  the  dark  bark  form  recently  described  by  Fassett  (Rhodora  34:  95. 
1932)  as  Betula  lutea  Michx.  f.  forma  fallax  Fassett. 

N.  B.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Tenn.  and  111. 

2.  Betula  populifolia  Marsh.  Gray  Birch.  Map  772.  The  few  trees 
of  this  species  found  in  Indiana  are  the  remnants  of  a  relic  colony  because 
the  nearest  location  of  this  species  is  three  to  four  hundred  miles  to  the 
northeast.  In  1911  I  found  a  few  trees  in  a  dying  condition  on  the  border 
of  Fish-trap  Lake  near  La  Porte  in  La  Porte  County.  I  have  a  specimen 
collected  by  Blatchley  in  Lake  County  (Ind.  Geol.  Rept.  22:  100.  1898). 
He  says:  "Sand  ridges  west  of  Miller's;  scarce."    This  species  has  been 


376 


Betulaceae 


Betula 


0  50 

Map    774 


Jetula    nigra    L. 


1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mor 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

s 

oh 

f 

<f  ! 

:   . 

L 

IB          ' 

B      IU     8    D 
0     F      "F    .1 

f      i    ( 

B          B 
P 

D 

,     0             D 
P 

V 

(r1 

" 

X  » 

r 

-  k 

j 

r1 

Dec  C 

■  ' — 

/    Miles 

B 

etui 

i 

)umila   L 

1                  50 

Map    775 

0  50 

Map   776 


Alnus    incana    var.  amencana    Reqel 


reported  from  St.  Joseph  and  Tippecanoe  Counties  also,  but  these  records 
may  be  based  upon  planted  trees. 

N.  S.  to  s.  Ont,  southw.  to  Del.  and  Pa.  and  a  relic  colony  in  Ind. 

3.  Betula  papyrifera  Marsh.  (Betula  alba  L.  var.  papyrifera  (Marsh.) 
Spach.)  Paper  Birch.  Map  773.  This  is  a  far  northern  species  and  is 
found  in  Indiana  only  in  the  counties  shown  on  the  map.  There  are  a  few 
small  colonies  of  it  and  it  grows  in  rather  moist,  sandy  soil. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  n.  Pa.,  cent.  Mich.,  n.  Ind.,  n.  Wis.,  e.  Nebr., 
and  Wyo. 

4.  Betula  nigra  L.  River  Birch.  Map  774.  More  or  less  frequent  in 
all  the  counties  bordering  the  Kankakee  River,  on  the  south  side  of  Cedar 
Lake,  Lake  County,  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  of  the  Woods  in  Marshall 
County,  along  the  Tippecanoe  River  in  White  County,  and  more  or  less 
frequent  along  some  of  the  streams  of  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state. 
It  is  a  common  tree  in  a  few  places  in  the  "flats"  of  Jackson  and  Scott 
Counties. 

Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5.  Betula  pumila  L.  Dwarf  Birch.  Map  775.  Restricted  to  the  lake 
area  where  it  is  found  in  bogs  and  marshes.  Infrequent  to  rare.  It  is  to 
be  noted  that  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  of  all  of  my  specimens  is 
glaucous. 

Newf.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ohio,  and  Ind. 

5a.  Betula  pumila  var.  glandulifera  Regel.  The  variety  differs  from 
the  species  in  that  the  young  branchlets,  leaves,  and  bracts  are  covered 
more  or  less  with  glandular  dots  or  resinous  glands.  In  our  area,  the  dis- 
tinction is  not  always  clear  since  in  the  same  clump  of  shrubs  one  can 
often  find  some  densely  resinous  specimens  and  others  with  only  a  minute 
amount  of  resin. 

Ont.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Ind.,  and  to  se.  Minn. 

6.  X  Betula  Purpusii  Schneider.    (Betula  lutea  X  pumila  var.  ylanduli- 


Alnus 


Betulaceae 


377 


Map    777 
Alnus    rugosa    (Ehrh.)   Spreng. 


0  50 

Map  778 


Fagus    grandifolia    Ehrh, 


0  50 

Map    779 

Castanea    dentata    (Marsh.)   Borkh. 


fera.)  This  is  a  natural  hybrid.  I  found  it  in  a  tamarack  bog  about  a 
fourth  of  a  mile  north  of  Mineral  Springs  Stop  on  the  South  Shore  Elec- 
tric Line,  in  Porter  County  and  in  a  marsh  about  two  and  a  half  miles 
northwest  of  Porter  in  the  same  county. 

The  general  range  is  unknown.  Known  to  occur  in  Mich.,  Ind.,  and 
Minn. 

1888.  ALNUS  [Tourn.]  Hill.  Alder 

Leaves  broadly  elliptic  to  ovate,  mostly  rounded  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  margins 
doubly  serrate  (that  is,  the  9-13  primary  veins  ending  in  the  apices  of  large  teeth 
which  in  turn  are  finely  serrate),  glaucous,  glaucescent,  or  green  beneath,  deeply 
impressed-nerved  above,  not  noticeably  glutinous  beneath ;  shrubs  or  small  trees .  . . 
1.  A.  incana  var.  americana. 

Leaves  obovate,  acute  at  the  base,  generally  more  or  less  rounded  at  the  apex,  some- 
times acute,  margins  finely  and  nearly  evenly  serrate,  green  and  sometimes  notice- 
ably glutinous  beneath,  usually  not  impressed-nerved  above  but  sometimes  so; 
shrubs 2.   A.  ragosa. 

1.  Alnus  incana  (L.)  Moench  var.  americana  Regel.  (Alnus  incana  of 
Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Speckled 
Alder.  Map  776.  Frequent  in  low  ground  about  sloughs  in  the  dunes  near 
Lake  Michigan  and  rare  to  very  rare  elsewhere  in  low  woods  or  in  low 
ground  along  streams.  All  of  my  specimens  have  the  leaves  more  or 
less  glaucous  beneath  and  more  or  less  pubescent,  at  least  on  the  principal 
veins. 

Newf.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Iowa,  and  Nebr. 

2.  Alnus  rugosa  (Ehrh.)  Spreng.  (Almis  rugosa  (DuRoi)  Spreng.  of 
Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7,  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  and  Deam, 
Shrubs  of  Indiana,  ed.  2.)  Hazel  Alder.  Map  777.  Locally  in  colonies 
but  rare  to  infrequent  in  the  parts  of  the  state  where  it  is  found.  It 
inhabits  springy  places  in  woodland  or  in  the  open.  Its  habitat  and  asso- 
ciates indicate  that  it  requires  a  slightly  acid  soil. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


378  Fagaceae  Fagus 

62.  FAGACEAE  Drude.  The  Beech  Family 

Winter  buds  long  and  slender,  at  least  4  times  as  long  as  wide;  staminate  flowers  in 

globose  heads  on  drooping  peduncles;  nuts  sharply  3-angled.  .1890.    Fagus,  p.  378. 

Winter  buds  not  long  and  slender  and  less  than  4  times  as  long  as  wide;  staminate 

flowers  in  slender  catkins;  nuts  not  as  above. 

Staminate  catkins  erect  or  spreading;  nut  flattened  on  one  or  two  sides  and  enclosed 

in  a  prickly  husk 1891.    Castanea,  p.  378. 

Staminate  catkins  drooping;  nuts  not  flattened,  seated  in  a  scaly,  woody  cup 

1893.  Quercus,  p.  379. 

1890.  FAGUS  [Tourn.J  L.  Beech 

1.  Fagus  grandifolia  Ehrh.  American  Beech.  Map  778.  Found  in 
every  county  of  the  state  except  probably  Benton,  Jasper,  and  Newton 
Counties.  It  is  a  frequent  to  common  tree  throughout  the  lake  and  Tipton 
Till  Plain  areas  on  the  ridges  and  hills  unless  these  are  sandy  or  a  hard 
clay  when  they  will  be  covered  more  or  less  with  black  and  white  oaks 
and  hickories.  In  the  unglaciated  area  it  is  also  frequent  to  common  but 
is  usually  found  in  the  coves  or  on  low  hills.  The  higher  hills  with  their 
poorer  soil  are  usually  covered  with  oaks  and  hickories.  In  the  "flats" 
of  the  Illinoian  drift  it  is  found  in  low,  flat  woods  where  it  is  the 
principal  species,  associated  with  sweet  gum,  black  gum,  red  maple,  and 
oaks.  Its  most  constant  associate  in  the  northern  and  central  part  of  the 
state  is  the  sugar  maple. 

N.  S.,  s.  Ont.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  the  Gulf  States  and  Tex. 

la.  Fagus  grandifolia  Ehrh.  f.  pubescens  Fern.  &  Rehd.  This  is  a 
form  with  the  entire  under  surface  of  the  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent. 
It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  leaves  of  none  of  our  specimens  are  entirely 
glabrous  beneath  but  generally  have  the  principal  veins  covered  with  long 
hairs.    This  form  is  found  throughout  Indiana  with  the  species. 

The  bark  of  the  beech  is  usually  smooth  but  sometimes  a  tree  is  found 
that  has  the  bark  of  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk  broken  into  ridges  and 
furrows.  Usually  the  ridges  are  not  continuous  but  in  sections  of  a  few 
inches  in  length. 

1891.  CASTANEA  [Tourn.]  Hill.  Chestnut 

1.  Castanea  dentata  (Marsh.)  Borkh.  American  Chestnut.  Map 
779.  The  chestnut  is  restricted  to  the  part  of  the  state  indicated  on  the 
map.  It  is  found  usually  on  sandstone  outcrops  and  is  usually  local.  In 
1936  it  was  reported  from  Ripley  County  by  Dorothy  Parker.  On  account 
of  its  excellent  qualities  for  shingles,  posts,  and  poles,  the  large  trees  have 
all  been  cut.  It  is  especially  valuable  for  its  timber  and  nuts,  but  its  use 
as  a  forest  tree  will  be  curtailed  because  the  chestnut  blight  has  already 
appeared  in  a  few  places  in  Indiana. 

Maine,  s.  Ont.,  and  Mich.,  southw.  to  Del.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ala. 
and  Ark. 


Quercus  Fagaceae  379 

1893.  QUERCUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Oak 

[Dyal,  Sarah  C.  A  key  to  the  species  of  oaks  of  Eastern  North  America 
based  on  foliage  and  twig  characters.   Rhodora  38 :  53-63.  1936.] 

Note:  In  collecting  leaf  specimens  of  oaks  for  identification,  it  should 
be  kept  in  mind  that  the  foliage  is  variable.  The  leaves  of  seedlings, 
coppice  shoots,  and  vigorous  shoots  of  old  trees  sometimes  vary  con- 
siderably in  size,  form,  and  margin.  Leaves  in  the  shade  on  old  trees 
usually  have  the  margins  more  nearly  entire  than  the  typical  leaves.  For 
example,  on  the  lower  and  inner  branches  of  a  pin  oak,  leaves  may  be 
found  whose  lobes  are  not  as  long  or  longer  than  the  undivided  portion 
of  the  leaf,  and  this  character  refers  them  to  the  red  oak  group.  In  the 
case  of  Q.  bicolor  and  Q.  lyrata,  while  the  pubescence  of  the  under  surface 
of  the  leaves  is  normally  a  white  or  gray  tomentum,  the  shade  leaves 
may  be  without  the  tomentum  and  may  be  green  and  merely  pubescent. 

Mature  leaves  never  with  bristle  tips;  fruit  maturing  the  first  year;  inner  surface  of 
shell  of  nut  glabrous;  bark  gray  (except  in  no.  5),  more  or  less  scaly.    (The  White 
Oaks.) 
Leaves  glaucous  and  glabrous  beneath  at  maturity  (rarely  a  specimen  retaining  its 

pubescence  until  maturity) 1.  Q.  alba. 

Leaves  generally  covered  beneath  with  a  dense,  gray  tomentum,  often  accompanied 
by  some  long,  simple  or  fascicled  hairs,  rarely  the  tomentum  lacking  on  the 
leaves  of  lower  branches  and  then  the  surface  more  or  less  densely  pubescent, 
rarely  a  specimen  with  leaves  pubescent  only  on  the  principal  veins. 
Primary  lateral  veins  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  regularly  spaced  or  some 
of  the  leaves  with  an  irregular  spacing;   margins  rather  regularly   sinuate- 
dentate  or  with  irregular  shallow  lobes  in  no.  3. 
Shrubs;  leaf  blades  mostly  5-10  cm  long;  teeth  of  blades  usually  fewer  than  8  to 

a  side;  fruit  sessile 2.  Q.  prinoides. 

Trees;  leaf  blades  mostly  more  than  10  cm  long;  teeth  of  blades  mostly  more  than 

8  to  a  side  (except  blades  from  the  top  of  some  trees  of  Q.  Muhlenbergii) . 

Lower  surface  of  leaves  mostly  with  4-10  pairs  of  lateral  veins;  veins  of  most 

of  the  leaves  not  all  ending  in  teeth  of  the  margin;  blades  usually  not 

bilaterally  symmetrical;  fruit  on  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles;  one 

year  old  branches  never  corky 3.  Q.  bicolor. 

Lower  surface  of  leaves  mostly  with  7-12  pairs  of  veins;  veins  all  ending  in 
teeth  of  the  margin;  leaves  essentially  bilaterally  symmetrical. 
Apex  of  leaves  of  fruiting  branches  sharp-pointed,  the  sides  of  the  apex 

usually  forming  an  acute  angle;  fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so 

4.  Q.  Muhlenbergii. 

Apex  of  leaves  of  fruiting  branches  rounded  or,  if  sharp-pointed,  the  angle 
formed  by  the  sides  rarely  an  acute  angle;  fruit  peduncled. 
Leaves  dark  green   above   and   generally  velvety-pubescent  to   the  touch 
beneath;  scales  of  cup  free  to  the  base;  bark  like  that  of  white  oak; 

trees  of  low  ground 5.  Q.  Prinus. 

Leaves  yellowish  green  and  generally  densely  pubescent  beneath  but  the 
pubescence  not  velvety  to  the  touch;  scales  of  cup  free  only  at  the 
tip;  bark  like  that  of  the  red  oak;  trees  of  high  ground,  usually  on  the 

crests  and  slopes  of  sandstone  and  knobstone  ridges  in  Indiana 

6.  Q.  montana. 

Primary  lateral  veins  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  not  regularly  spaced; 
leaves  deeply  lobed  or  pinnatifid. 
Branchlets  densely  pubescent;  leaves  strongly  obovate  in  outline;  blades  mostly 
less  than  15  cm  long,  cut  into  5  principal  lobes,  the  two  upper  lateral  lobes 


380  Fagaceae  Quercus 

the  largest  and  widest;  the  under  surface  usually  yellow  green  and  more  or 
less  densely  pubescent  with  fascicled  hairs,  rarely  with  some  tomentum,  the 
upper  surface  often  with  straggling  hairs;  nuts  mostly  less  than  12  mm  in 

diameter  at  maturity 7.   Q.  stellata. 

Branchlets  glabrous  at  the  end  of  the  season  or  only  sparsely  pubescent;  leaves 

mostly  obovate  in  outline,  rarely  oblong,  cut  into  5-9  lobes;  blades  white-  to 

gray-tomentose    beneath,    or    those    of    lower    branches    often    green    and 

pubescent  beneath;  nuts  more  than  12  mm  in  diameter. 

Upper  scales  of  cup  awned,  forming  a  fringe  about  the  cup;  blades  mostly 

1-2.5  dm  long,  generally  deeply  lobed  or  pinnatifid;  nuts  very  large,  rarely 

nearly  covered  by  the  cup;  vigorous  one  year  old  branches   sometimes 

corky 8.  Q.  macrocarpa. 

Upper  scales  of  the  cup  not  awned  but  sometimes  the  upper  scales  forming 
a  ragged  rim  about  the  top,  which  should  not  be  mistaken  for  awned 
scales;  nut  usually  covered  or  almost  so  by  the  cup;   leaves  generally 

much  smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding  species 9.  Q.  lyrata. 

Mature  leaves  with  bristle  tips;  fruit  maturing  the  second  year;  inner  surface  of  shell 
of  nut  tomentose;  bark  dark,  tight,  and  furrowed.    (The  Black  Oaks.) 

Leaves  entire  (rarely  a  seedling  or  coppice  shoot  with  some  toothed  leaves) 

10.  Q.  imbricaria. 

Leaves  more  or  less  deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  and  teeth  conspicuously  bristle-pointed. 

Mature  leaves  smooth  beneath,  except  for  tufts  of  hairs  in  the  principal  axils  (rarely 

some  of  the  leaves  of  no.  16  glabrous). 

Lateral  lobes  of  all  leaves  (measured  along  the  upper  side  from  the  tip  to  the 

base  of  the  sinus)  about  as  long  as,  or  slightly  longer  than,  the  undivided 

portion  of  the  blade. 

Cup  flat  on  the  bottom,  shallow  (saucer-shaped);  blades  not  lustrous  above.  . .  . 

11.  Q.  borealis  var.  maxima. 

Cup  rounded  on  the  bottom. 

Scales  at  the  top  of  the  cup  closely  appressed.    (Should  be  sought  in  Indiana.) 

Q.    borealis. 

Scales  at  the  top  of  the  cup  loosely  imbricated,  their  free  tips  forming 
a  fringelike  border;   terminal  buds  large,  grayish-pubescent,  generally 

somewhat  4-sided;  blades  lustrous  above 12.  Q.  velutina. 

Lateral  lobes  of  leaves  (measured  along  the  upper  side  from  the  tip  to  the  base 
of  the  sinus)  usually  much  longer  than  the  undivided  portion  of  the  blade 
(lower  leaves  of  no.  14  often  not  cut  so  deeply);  blades  lustrous  above. 
Cup   flat   or   only    slightly   convex   on   the   bottom,    shallow    (saucer-shaped), 
usually  covering  about  a  fourth  of  the  nut. 

Cup  thin,  usually  less  than  1.6  cm  broad 13.  Q.  palustris. 

Cup  thick,  more  than  1.6  cm  broad  (fruit  resembling  that  of  no.  11) 

14.  Q.  Shumardii. 

Cup  strongly  convex  on  the  bottom,  usually  covering  more  than  a  fourth  to 

about  half  of  the  nut. 

Scales  at  the   top   of  the   cup   loosely  imbricated,   their  free  tips   forming 

a  fringelike  border,  generally  gray-pubescent  all  over,  never  tuberculate 

on  the  back;  inner  bark  yellow;  buds  large,  4-sided,  gray-pubescent.... 

12.  Q.  velutina. 

Scales  at  the  top  of  the  cup  all  closely  appressed  (in  dried  specimens  some- 
times becoming  more  or  less  loose) ;  buds  generally  glabrous  or  nearly 
so,  generally  not  so  large  and  rarely  4-sided;  lower  scales  usually 
glabrous  but  the  upper  generally  pubescent. 

Cup  covering  a  fourth  to  a  third  of  the  nut 

14a.  Q.  Shumardii  var.  Schneckii. 

Cup  covering  about  half  of  the  nut. 

Inner  bark  yellowish  or  orange;  nut  generally  ellipsoidal;  kernel  of  nut 
yellowish  or  orange  and  very  bitter 15.  Q.  ellipsoidalis. 


Quercus 


Fagaceae 


381 


0  50 

Map  780 


Quercus    alba  L. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

\ 

^C           L                 B   31 

J           d  m 

r~ 

V 

[V 

-I 

Lk 

r 

J~ 

r 

Dec.£ 

1 
1      ' 

/    Miles 

Q 

uercus    f 

~}K  Yo 

v*              Map    781 
rinoides   Willd. 

0  50 

Map   782 


Quercus    bicolor  Willd. 


Inner  bark   reddish   or   gray;   nut   generally   ovoid;    scales   glossy   and 

glabrous  or  nearly  so;  kernel  white  and  not  very  bitter 

16.  Q.  coccinea. 

Mature  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  whole  under  surface. 

Leaves  drooping,  grayish  or  yellowish  pubescent  beneath;  blades  variously  lobed, 
specimens  usually  having  some  falcate  lobes;  rarely  specimens  with  3-lobed 
leaves,  this  form  more  common  on  small  trees  or  coppice  shoots;  scales  of 
cup  with  a  reddish  brown  border;  nut  enclosed  for  about  a  third  of  its  length. 

17.  Q.  falcata. 

Leaves    brownish    or    rusty-pubescent    beneath,    sometimes    appearing    grayish; 

scales  of  cup  without  a  dark  border;  nut  enclosed  for  about  half  its  length. 

Blades  expanded  at  the  apex,  and  generally  with  only  three  lobes;  mature 

twigs  generally  scurfy-pubescent 18.  Q.  marilandica. 

Blades  with  more  than  three  lobes;  mature  twigs  generally  glabrous 

12.  Q.  velutina. 

1.  Quercus  alba  L.  White  Oak.  Map  780.  This  species  is  found  in 
every  county  of  Indiana.  Knowing  this  fact,  I  have  not  tried  to  preserve 
specimens  from  every  county,  but  have  tried  to  secure  a  series  of  the 
widely  varying  forms.  The  leaves  vary  greatly  in  their  lobing,  especially 
in  the  depth  to  which  the  blade  is  cut.  We  have  some  specimens  in 
which  the  width  of  the  blade  between  the  lobes  is  only  5  mm.  In  others, 
the  lobes  are  shallow  and  the  uncut  part  of  the  blade  is  30-40  mm  wide. 
The  lower  surface  of  the  blades  is  glaucous  and  entirely  glabrous  at  ma- 
turity. My  Starke  County  specimen,  which  is  pubescent  over  nearly  the 
entire  lower  surface,  is  an  exception.   The  nuts  vary  from  10-30  mm  long. 

It  is  found  throughout  the  state  except  in  low,  wet  grounds. 

Maine,  s.  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

la.  Quercus  alba  f.  latiloba  (Sarg.)  Palmer  &  Steyermark.  I  am  in- 
cluding with  the  species  this  form  with  the  blades  cut  less  than  half  way 
to  the  midrib.  This  form  is  more  abundant  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
range  of  the  species. 

X  Quercus  Beadlei  Trelease.  So  named  by  William  Trelease.  Probably 
a  hybrid  between  Quercus  alba  and  Quercus  Prinus.   I  found  a  large  tree 


382  Fagaceae  Quercus 

standing  in  a  field  about  3  miles  east  of  Medora,  Jackson  County.  It  has 
been  found  in  Lawrence  County  by  Kriebel  and  in  Knox  County  by 
Friesner. 

X  Quercus  Deamii  Trelease.  This  is  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  between 
Quereus  alba  and  Quercus  Muhlenbergii.  A  tree  was  discovered  in  a  woods 
about  4  miles  northwest  of  Bluffton,  by  L.  A.  Williamson  and  his  son,  E.  B. 
Williamson.  About  a  third  of  an  acre  of  ground  on  which  this  tree  stands 
was  bought  and  donated  to  the  state.  The  tree  has  borne  viable  nuts  and 
seedlings  have  been  planted  in  the  space  about  the  tree  to  perpetuate  it. 
Graft  wood  has  been  distributed  so  that  the  identity  of  the  tree  will  be 
preserved. 

X  Quercus  Fernowii  Trelease.  This  is  evidently  a  hybrid  between  Quer- 
cus alba  and  Quercus  stellata.  A  tree  was  found  by  Carl  M.  Carpenter  on 
a  wooded  ridge  along  Fire  Lane  9  in  the  Brown  County  State  Forest  about 
10  miles  southeast  of  Nashville,  Brown  County. 

X  Quercus  Jackiana  Schneider.  This  is  evidently  a  hybrid  between  Quer- 
cus alba  and  Quercus  bicolor.  I  found  a  specimen  of  this  form  in  the  woods 
of  J.  M.  Hopper  about  2  miles  northeast  of  Onward,  Cass  County.  There 
is  another  in  the  Deam  Arboretum  at  Bluffton,  Indiana,  where  it  grew 
from  Indiana  seed  planted  there. 

2.  Quercus  prinoides  Willd.  Dwarf  Chinquapin  Oak.  Map  781.  I 
found  this  shrub  in  Elkhart  County  while  inspecting  the  Cooley  Lake 
Club  land  in  company  with  T.  E.  Shaw  and  Glenn  B.  Banks.  The  woods 
is  about  6  miles  northeast  of  Elkhart  and  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  south 
of  the  Michigan  state  line.  The  shrub  was  plentiful  in  the  north  part  of 
a  cut-over  woods  in  the  southeast  quarter  of  section  10  where  it  was 
growing  in  very  sandy  soil  with  black  oak  and  white  oak.  I  was  not  able 
to  ascertain  how  widely  it  is  distributed.  This  species  has  been  reported 
from  Cass  County  in  Michigan  which  joins  Elkhart  County  on  the  north. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tex. 

3.  Quercus  bicolor  Willd.  Swamp  White  Oak.  Map  782.  This  species 
is  more  or  less  frequent  throughout  the  state  although  there  are  no  reports 
from  Benton,  Jasper,  and  Newton  Counties.  In  the  northern  part  of  the 
state,  it  is  usually  found  on  a  "gumbo"  hardpan  soil  associated  most  com- 
monly with  pin  oak.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  state  in  the  "flats,"  it  is 
found  in  hard,  white  clay  soil  with  pin  oak  and  swamp  chestnut  oak. 

Maine,  s.  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

X  Quercus  Schuettei  Trelease.  This  is  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  between 
Quercus  bicolor  and  Quercus  macrocarpa.  This  hybrid  is  known  from  a 
specimen  collected  by  R.  M.  Kriebel  from  a  single  tree  in  Lawrence  County. 

4.  Quercus  Muhlenbergii  Engelm.  Chinquapin  Oak.  Map  783.  In 
northern  Indiana  this  species  is  called  sweet  oak.  Infrequent  to  rare  in 
all  parts  of  the  state  although  Hill's  report  from  Lake  County  is  the 


Quercus 


Fagaceae 


383 


o  50 

Map  783 


Quercus    Muhlenbergii  Engelm. 


0  50 

Map   784 

Quercus    Prinus    L. 


1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

\ 

1^ 

\ 

|V 

" 

-I 

r 

-hM 

~r 

I1 

a 

Dec.f- 

D  B 
10        ISO 

D           5     1 

0           K      > 

TBT7~nD 

y    Miles 

J              D 

Quercus 

jA  p  7 
montana 

3                 50 

Map  785 
Wild. 

only  one  from  the  northwestern  part.  It  is  generally  found  on  the  dry 
banks  of  streams,  river  terraces,  rocky,  wooded  bluffs,  and  only  rarely  in 
level,  moist  woods. 

Vt.,  s.  Ont.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5.  Quercus  Prinus  L.  (Quercus  Michauxii  Nutt.)  Swamp  Chestnut 
Oak.  Map  784.  This  species  is  restricted  to  low,  flat  woods  of  the  southern 
part  of  the  state.  It  is  local  in  the  southwestern  part  although  it  forms 
about  20  per  cent  of  the  stand  in  a  few  of  the  woods  along  Prairie  Creek 
in  Daviess  County.  It  is  more  frequent  in  the  "flats"  of  the  southeastern 
part  of  the  state  where  it  is  associated  with  sweet  gum,  red  maple,  and 
pin  oak. 

Del.,  s.  Ind.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

6.  Quercus  montana  Willd.  (Quercus  Prinus  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Chestnut  Oak.  Map  785.  In 
Indiana  this  species  is  restricted  to  the  area  indicated  on  the  map  where 
it  is  found  on  the  ridges  and  slopes  of  sandstone  and  of  knobstone.  Where 
it  is  found  it  is  usually  the  dominant  tree. 

Maine,  n.  shore  of  Lake  Erie  to  w.  cent.  Ind.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

7.  Quercus  stellata  Wang.  Post  Oak.  Map  786.  This  species  is,  for 
the  most  part,  restricted  to  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state.  In  the 
unglaciated  area  it  is  found  mostly  on  the  crests  of  ridges  with  black 
oak.  West  of  this  area  it  is  found  in  bottom  land  along  the  Little  Pigeon 
Creek  and  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Posey  County  on  the  higher 
bottoms.  It  is  generally  associated  with  white  and  black  oak,  winged 
elm,  and  mockernut  hickory.  In  this  area,  it  is  also  found  sparingly  on 
some  sandy  ridges. 

In  1932,  I  found  a  single  tree  about  9  inches  in  diameter  on  the  slope 
of  the  high,  gravelly  bank  of  Big  Wea  Creek  about  4  miles  southwest 
of  Lafayette.    It  has  been  reported  from  Lake  and  Porter  Counties  but 


384 


Fagaceae 


Quercus 


1 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

-r           1 1 

Jv 

[V 

" 

D 

-i 

r 

-^ 

~r 

^ 

Dec  £ 

>  ' — 

B  D         0 

■ o  j  b  K7 

T~    Bo           . * 

J    Miles 

D 

B    /o     j 

wet* 

J 

>  i'jj  ^, 

Q 

uerc 

B     ) 

US 

D 

P  *• 
»J 

St 

f\    7 
illate  "A 

50 

Map    786 
ang. 

0  50 

Map  787 


Quercus    macrocarpa    Michx 


0  50 

Map    788 


Quercus    I  y  rat  a  Walt. 


Buhl  (Bull.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.  5:  10.  1934),  in  his  Supplement  to  Pepoon, 
Flora  of  the  Chicago  Region,  deletes  these  reports. 

Mass.  to  Ind.  and  s.  Iowa,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Okla.,  and  Tex. 

8.  Quercus  macrocarpa  Michx.  Bur  Oak.  Mossycup  Oak.  Map  787. 
Doubtless  occurring  in  every  county  of  the  state,  although  it  may  be  very 
rare  in  some  of  the  hilly  counties  of  the  unglaciated  area.  This  species  is 
generally  found  in  wet  places  in  woods  and  along  streams.  It  is  a  pioneer 
tree  in  the  prairie  counties  where  it  grows  both  in  low  ground  and  on  high 
ground  and  even  on  sandy  ridges.  In  the  prairie  area  it  sometimes  forms 
pure  stands.  I  have  noted  it  as  a  common  tree  in  areas  that  undoubtedly 
were  formerly  prairies  in  Kosciusko,  Lagrange,  Noble,  and  Steuben 
Counties. 

N.  S.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tex.,  and  Wyo. 

8a.  Quercus  macrocarpa  var.  olivaeformis  (Michx.  f.)  Gray.  This 
variety  is  distinguished  from  the  typical  form  by  its  shallow  cup  and 
the  long,  oval  nut  which  is  often  3  cm  long.  The  cup  is  semi-hemispheric 
and  encloses  the  nut  for  about  half  its  length.  It  is  rare.  I  have  speci- 
mens from  Wells  County,  and  it  has  been  reported  from  Gibson  and 
Hamilton  Counties. 

X  Quercus  Hillii  Trelease.  This  is  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  between  Qn<  r- 
cus  macrocarpa  and  Quercus  Muhlenbergii.  A  single  tree  was  found  by  Hill 
near  Roby,  Indiana.  I  report  this  on  the  authority  of  Sargent.  I  have  a 
duplicate  specimen  but  I  believe  it  is  only  a  specimen  of  the  bur  oak.  I 
question  the  determination  of  this  specimen  because  the  last  named  parent 
of  the  hybrid  does  not  occur  there  or,  if  it  does,  it  is  extremely  rare. 

9.  Quercus  lyrata  Walt.  Overcup  Oak.  Map  788.  This  species  is  very 
local  in  the  southwestern  counties  where  it  grows  about  river  sloughs  and 
in  swamps  and  low,  wet  woods.  Its  habitat  is  usually  inundated  each  -year. 
I  have  not  seen  it  common  except  in  a  low  woods  along  Prairie  Creek  about 
5  miles  northwest  of  Montgomery  in  Daviess  County.   Here  it  is  associated 


Quercus 


Fagaceae 


385 


1 

I 
I 

"Hdp 

mill 

0 

S    »D 

Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar. 
Apr. 

D 
DP 

D 

0       C 

^B         1       B 

2 

May 
June 
July 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov 

0 
HO 

"f 

- ^1              _ 

D        D 

B 
P 
D 

10 

■4 

D 

f 

r 

B      / 

110 

' 

"     Jll 

J 

B        E 

r1 

1         , 

Dec  C 

1         ' 

B 

10                    . 

K      (             1 
D      L 

1             J? 

_B     ]        Y 

~^4      0     /      J\ 

*-<*    IU    1            J 
iBa  B           / — * 

-/     Miles 

D 

ID     B 

0 

rJ      P 

°    Jo    [ 

IU  [ 

\       pa 

J  D 

Sdp 
fa  l 

(/  B    )       f     V^>» 

0                 50 

Map   789 

Quercus   imbricaria   Michx. 

o  35 

Map   790 

Quercus    boreal  is    var. 

maxima   (Marsh.)   Ashe, 


0  5d 

Map   791 


Quercus    velutina  Lam, 


with  the  swamp  chestnut  oak.    In  1931,  on  the  bank  of  Slim  Pond   (an 
old  river  channel)  in  Posey  County,  I  measured  a  specimen  that  was  56 
inches  in  diameter  at  breast  height,  and  had  a  clear  bole  of  about  12  feet. 
Clapp  writes  he  saw  it  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Albany. 
Md.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

10.  Quercus  imbricaria  Michx.  Shingle  Oak.  Map  789.  Found  spar- 
ingly throughout  the  state.  In  some  places  it  is  very  local  and  in  a  few 
areas  it  is  frequent  and  locally  abundant.  Usually  it  is  a  tree  of  low  ground 
and  in  some  places  in  prairie  habitats,  it  seems  to  be  the  pioneer  tree  species. 
In  the  Patoka  bottoms  it  is  usually  a  frequent  to  common  tree  in  ground 
just  a  little  higher  than  where  the  pin  oak  grows.  On  high  ground  it  is 
usually  closely  associated  with  the  black  oak. 

Pa.,  Mich,  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

X  Quercus  exacta  Trelease.  This  is  believed  to  be  a  hybrid  between 
Quercus  imbficaria  and  Quercus  palustris.  I  found  a  single  tree  in  Posey 
County. 

X  Quercus  Leana  Nutt.  This  seems  to  be  a  hybrid  between  Quercus 
imbricaria  and  Quercus  velutina.  I  collected  it  in  Lawrence  County  and 
Lake  County.  I  also  have  a  specimen  collected  by  Ralph  M.  Kriebel  from 
a  tree  in  Lawrence  County.  Recently  Kriebel  has  collected  it  in  Knox 
County. 

11.  Quercus  borealis  Michx.  var.  maxima  (Marsh.)  Ashe.  (Quercus 
rubra  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.) 
Red  Oak.  Map  790.  This  oak  is  infrequent  to  frequent  throughout  the 
state  and  even  common  in  some  parts.  It  may  be  entirely  absent  from 
Benton,  Newton,  and  possibly  Lake  Counties  and  is  rare  or  absent  in  the 
Lower  Wabash  Valley.  While  our  map  shows  no  specimens  from  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  state,  there  are  reports  from  that  part  and  I 
have  seen  it  growing  there.  The  paucity  of  specimens  of  this  and  other 
species  of  oak  is  due  to  the  fact  that  oaks  do  not  produce  fruit  every 


386 


Fagaceae 


Quercus 


0  50 

Map   792 


Quercus    palustris   Muench. 


0  50 

Map   793 


Quercus    Shumardii   Buckley 


. 

0 

Feb. 

- 

— 

Mar. 
Apr. 

l 

. 

J    r 

May 
June 

July 

/ 

V*-i 

i 

<j — 

Aug. 

4 

Sept. 

\~ 

j 

"1 

Oct. 
Nov. 

y 

-  i 

r 

r, 

Dec  f— - 

U     Miles 

0                50 

£c^A5vX<vr^-v,             Map    794 

Quercus    ellipsoidalis   E.J.Hill 

year.   To  make  a  good  specimen  it  is  necessary  to  secure  a  branchlet  that 
has  grown  in  the  sun  with  its  leaves  and  mature  fruit.    This  oak,  in  most 
of  its  area,  grows  on  low  ground  but  sometimes  it  is  found  on  high  ground 
with  white  and  black  oak  and  on  the  bluffs  of  streams. 
N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

12.  Quercus  velutina  Lam.  Black  Oak.  Map  791.  This  species  is 
without  doubt  found  in  every  county  of  the  state.  In  abundance,  it  ranks 
next  to  white  oak,  with  which  it  is  generally  associated,  except  in  very 
poor  soil  where  it  will  be  the  only  species  or  associated  with  post  and 
chestnut  oaks.  It  prefers  a  dry  soil  and  is  generally  found  on  sandy  and 
clayey  ridges. 

Maine,  s.  Ont.,  s.  Iowa,  s.  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

13.  Quercus  palustris  Muench.  Pin  Oak.  Map  792.  Infrequent  to 
common  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  may  be  absent  from  Benton  County. 
It  is  found  only  in  wet  habitats  and  prefers  a  hard,  compact,  clay  soil 
with  little  drainage.  It  is  locally  frequent  to  common  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  state  and  in  the  southern  part  it  is  abundant  in  the  lowlands  along 
streams  and  grows  to  great  size  in  the  low  woods  along  the  Patoka  River. 
It  is  also  locally  common  in  the  "flats"  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the 
state. 

In  Indiana  there  are  trees  with  two  very  distinct  kinds  of  nuts.  The 
common  form  has  a  large  nut  which  is  depressed  at  the  top.  The  other  has 
a  much  smaller,  ovoid  nut  with  a  conical  apex.  I  have  this  form  from 
Pike  and  Wells  Counties. 

Mass.,  sw.  Ont.,  Mich.,  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Okla. 

14.  Quercus    Shumardii    Buckley.     SHUMARD    Red    Oak.     Map    793. 
Probably  frequent  throughout  the  state  where  its  habitat  occurs.   Ralph 

M.  Kriebel  in  1937  studied  its  distribution  in  relation  to  its  habitats  in 
different  soil  types  and  found  it  in  sixty-four  counties  and  I  am  indebted 
to  him  for  this  information.    He,  however,  was  unsuccessful  in  Benton 


Quercus  Fagaceae  387 

and  in  several  other  counties  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state.  Since 
several  authentic  collections  have  been  made  in  southern  Michigan,  it  is 
believed  to  grow  in  most  of  our  counties. 

In  southern  Indiana  it  is  found  in  well-drained  bottom  land  along  streams 
and  on  the  slopes  of  flood  plain  terraces.  In  the  general  area  of  the 
Wisconsin  glaciations  it  is  not  found  along  water  courses  but  mostly  in 
swampy  areas  on  the  general  levels,  especially  in  soil  of  the  Crosby  and 
Brookston  series. 

This  oak,  together  with  its  variety,  the  Schneck  oak,  and  the  red  oak, 
are  often  found  growing  together.  They  look  similar  and  thus  are  often 
confused  but  can  easily  be  separated  by  studying  the  leaves,  buds,  and 
fruit. 

The  leaves  of  red  oak  are  dull  dark  green  above,  cut  less  than  halfway 
to  the  midrib,  7-11-lobed,  sinuses  wide  at  the  top,  and  the  axils  of  the 
under  surface  have  no  tufts  of  hairs.  The  cup  is  saucer-shaped  and  flat 
on  the  bottom. 

The  leaves  of  the  Schneck  and  Shumard  oaks  are  lustrous  above,  cut 
more  than  halfway  to  the  midrib,  5-7-lobed,  the  lobes  slightly  converging 
at  the  top,  with  tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath.  These 
two  oaks  differ,  however,  in  the  shape  of  the  cups  of  the  fruit.  The 
cup  of  the  Shumard  oak  is  gray  and  flat  on  the  bottom  while  that  of  the 
Schneck  oak  is  rounded  and  deeper  and  the  scales  tinged  reddish  brown. 

The  terminal  buds  of  the  Shumard  and  Schneck  oaks  are  generally  gray- 
ish, somewhat  compressed  and  acute  at  the  apex  while  those  of  the  red 
oak  are  generally  blunt  at  the  apex,  smaller,  shiny,  and  reddish  brown. 

The  bark  of  the  red  oak  has  the  furrows  continuous,  the  plates  wide 
and  gray  while  the  bark  of  the  Schneck  and  Shumard  oaks  is  dark  and  the 
furrows  broken. 

Atlantic  States  from  s.  Pa.  to  Fla.,  following  the  Gulf  States  to  Tex. 
and  up  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Iowa,  s.  Mich.,  and  Ind. 

14a.  Quercus  Shumardii  var.  Schneckii  (Britt.)  Sarg.  (Quercus  texana 
Buckl.  in  part  and  Quercus  Schneckii  Britt.)    Schneck  Red  Oak. 

This  variety  differs  from  the  type  in  its  deep  cup  which  is  strongly 
convex  on  the  bottom.  The  nuts  are  usually  smaller  than  those  of  the 
type  or  those  of  the  red  oak.  The  variety  in  its  characteristic  form  is 
easily  separated  from  the  type  but  there  are  intermediate  forms  in  Indiana 
that  can  be  called  either  the  species  or  the  variety.  If  this  fact  is  kept 
in  mind,  controversies  over  determinations  of  this  group  may  be  avoided. 

Southern  Ala.,  La.  to  Tex.,  northw.  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Wells 
County,  Ind. 

15.  Quercus  ellipsoidalis  E.  J.  Hill.  Jack  Oak.  Map  794.  The  distribu- 
tion of  this  species  in  Indiana  is  not  known.  It  is  very  difficult  to  identify 
in  the  field  unless  one  is  familiar  with  it  because  it  is  easily  confused  with 
the  scarlet  and  black  oaks.  I  have  specimens  from  the  type  tree,  from  a 
tree  in  Lagrange  County,  and  from  one  in  White  County.  In  1938  R.  M. 
Kriebel  made  a  study  of  its  distribution  in  Indiana  and  found  it  through- 


388 


Fagaceae 


Quercus 


0 

T 1 1 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Od. 

Nov. 

y 

0 

n  y- 

i,fi 

-I 

—\     i     n 

' 

fn 

J~r 

r1 

■ 

Dec.  t 

B 

T ' 

B 

D       

K    f     ~~f 

l     D        s — 

J    Miles 

D 

Qu 

ercu 

5      C( 

ccinea    M 

3                50 
Map    795 

uench. 

i 

Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

f 

\ 

|V 

X 

r 

-4: 

^-T" 

r1 

Dec  j- 

i 
i  ' — 

D       L_ 

y     Miles 

r*     p 

/^B    J 

*   cv 

3uercus 

f 

ilcata  rv 

50 

Map    796 

ichx. 

i 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

-■  — 

y 

1 

\ 

j 

^ 

—I 

i1 

-  i 

r- 

r 

Dec.f— 

1 

■  ' — 

:o        r 
(    B    1 

B~7 

t/    Miles 

D 

D        P 

rJ        " 

B     X       J 
DID 

1             D 

Quercus 

l  o    15\       7 
J    1     /^    v^y 

marilandica 

0                 50 

Map   797 

Muench. 

out  northwestern  Indiana  and  in  the  northern  tier  of  counties.  Hill  re- 
ported it  as  locally  frequent  in  Lake  County,  especially  near  Liverpool.  Ac- 
cording- to  Hill,  the  tree  is  found  on  sandy  and  clayey  uplands.  Andrews' 
report  from  Monroe  County  may  safely  be  ignored. 

Higgins  Lake,  Mich,  to  se.  Minn.,  southw.  to  nw.  Ind.  and  nw.  Mo. 

16.  Quercus  coccinea  Muench.  Scarlet  Oak.  Map  795.  This  species 
is  local  and,  no  doubt,  has  a  wider  range  than  the  map  indicates.  It  is 
so  often  confused  with  the  black  oak  that  all  records  for  it  must  be  care- 
fully checked.  It  is  always  intimately  associated  with  black  oak  and  is 
found  in  poor  soil  mostly  on  the  crests  of  ridges.  I  believe  it  has  its  mass 
distribution  in  the  unglaciated  area,  and  outside  of  that  it  is  a  rare  and 
local  tree. 

Maine,  s.  Ont.  to  s.  Nebr.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ala.,  and  Ark. 

16a.  Quercus  coccinea  var.  tuberculata  Sarg.  This  variety  differs  from 
the  typical  form  in  that  the  back  of  the  scales  is  prominently  thickened 
below  the  middle  of  the  turbinate  cup.  The  upper  row  of  scales  is  thin 
and  forms  a  distinct  marginal  ring.  This  form  has  been  found  in  Lawrence 
and  Vanderburgh  Counties. 

Mass.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Tenn.  and  Ala. 

17.  Quercus  falcata  Michx.  (Quercus  rubra  of  some  recent  authors 
and  of  Sudworth's  Check  List  of  the  trees  of  the  United  States.  1927.) 
Map  796.  All  of  our  forms  are  shown  on  one  map.  The  leaves  of  this 
species  are  extremely  variable  and  this  fact  has  led  authors  to  divide 
it  into  two  species  and  several  forms.  Trelease  (The  American  oaks.  Mem. 
Nat.  Acad.  Sci.  20:  201.  1924)  recognized  14  forms  of  this  species.  For 
the  benefit  of  those  who  wish  to  try  to  separate  the  species  into  groups 
1  am  giving  a  brief  key  for  a  few  of  the  forms  that  occur  in  Indiana. 

Leaves   all   obovate,   usually   expanded   above   the   middle   into   2   lateral   lobes   and   1 

terminal,  rather  rounded  lobe 17a.  Q.  falcata  f.  triloba. 

Leaves  not  all  obovate,  most  of  them  with  more  than  3  lobes,  the  lobes  mostly  acute. 


Quercus  Fagaceae  389 

Blades  mostly  3-7-lobed,  the  lobes  irregular  and  more  or  less  strongly  falcate. 

Pubescence  of  lower  surface  of  blades  whitish;   blades  of  leaves  from  the  lower 

branches  not  conspicuously  different  from  those  of  the  upper  branches 

17.  Q.  falcata. 

Pubescence  of  the  lower  surface  of  blades  brownish;  leaves  of  the  lower  branches 
conspicuously  different  from  those  of  the  upper  ones,  those  of  the  upper 
branches  broader  at  the  apex  than  those  of  the  next  variety;   leaves  of  the 

lower  branches  slightly  obovate,  and  usually  7-lobed 

17b.  Q.  falcata  var.  leucophylla. 

Blades  mostly  5-11-lobed,  the  lobes  more  regular  and  mostly  acute,  the  blades  mostly 
12-25  cm  long  and  8-15  cm  wide,  usually  very  much  less  falcate  than  those  of 

the  species;  pubescence  of  lower  surface  of  leaves  whitish  to  grayish 

17c.  Q.  falcata  var.  pagodaefolia. 

17.  Quercus  falcata  Michx.  Southern  Red  Oak.  In  1910,  for  four 
days  I  followed  timber  cutters  who  were  making  ties  in  Posey  County. 
They  favored  me  by  cutting  trees  of  this  species  which  I  had  marked. 
This  gave  me  the  opportunity  to  study  the  leaves  of  the  trees  from  the 
bottom  to  the  top.  This  study  convinced  me  that  the  species  is  polymorphic 
as  to  leaf  form.  I  have  found  no  difference  in  the  fruit  of  the  many  forms. 
It  is  true  that  the  three-lobed  form  (f.  triloba)  is  the  prevailing  form  on 
high  ground  and  on  sandy  ridges. 

This  oak  is  restricted  to  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  In  Clark  and 
Jefferson  Counties  it  is  locally  frequent  in  the  "flats"  where  it  is  usually 
associated  with  beech,  sweet  gum,  and  black  gum.  In  Harrison  and  Wash- 
ington Counties  I  found  it  on  high  ground  associated  with  black  and  post 
oaks.  In  the  western  part  of  Gibson  and  Posey  Counties  it  becomes  fre 
quent  and  it  is  associated  with  the  low  ground  oaks  and  hickories. 

Along  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Pa.  to  Fla.,  along  the  Gulf  States  to 
Tex.  and  up  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  Ohio  River  Valley  to  s.  Ind.,  Ohio, 
and  W.  Va. 

17a.  Quercus  falcata  f.  triloba  (Michx.)  Palmer  &  Steyermark.  This 
form  is  rare  and  is  restricted  to  sandy  ridges  and  dry  soil.  It  is  to  be  noted 
that  all  of  the  coppice  shoots  of  Quercus  falcata  I  have  ever  seen  have 
obovate,  3-lobed  leaves. 

17b.  Quercus  falcata  var.  leucophylla  (Ashe)  Palmer  &  Steyermark. 
Palmer  designates  my  no.  10339  from  Posey  County  as  belonging  to  this 

variety. 

Va.  to  Fla.,  through  the  Gulf  States  to  e.  Tex.,  and  northw.  to  Ark. 

and  Ind.  ,  .  , 

17c.  Quercus  falcata  var.  pagodaefolia  Ell.  This  variety  grows  on  low 
banks  and  in  low  land  in  close  proximity  to  sloughs,  bayous,  and  ponds  in 
Gibson  and  Posey  Counties. 

Md.  to  n.  Fla.,  westw.  to  Ark.,  and  northw.  in  the  Mississippi  Valley 

to  Ind. 

18.  Quercus  marilandica  Muench.  Blackjack  Oak.  Map  797.  Local 
and  infrequent,  mostly  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  where  it  is 
found  in  poor  soil  on  the  crests  of  ridges  or  in  very  poor  soil  on  sand 


390  Ulmaceae  Ulmus 

ridges.  I  found  it  in  Point  Township  of  Posey  County  on  a  very  low  ridge 
in  a  pin  oak  woods.  It  was  local  here;  there  were  only  a  few  trees  and 
it  was  associated  with  post  oak.  It  is  usually  associated  with  black  and 
post  oaks. 

N.  Y.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

X  Queicus  Biishii  Sarg.  This  is  a  hybrid  between  Quercus  marilandica 
and  Qua  reus  velutina.  I  found  a  single  tree  on  a  sandy  ridge  on  the  farm 
of  Frank  Plass  about  2  miles  north  of  Decker  or  just  northwest  of  the 
Vollmer  Siding  of  the  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois  Railroad  in  Knox  County. 
Seed  of  this  tree  were  generously  distributed  in  1933  to  the  larger 
arboretums  of  the  United  States. 

63.  ULMACEAE  Mirbel  Elm  Family 

Branchlets  with  solid  pith;  leaves  with  parallel  primary  veins;  flowers  borne  on  the 
branchlets  of  the  preceding  year 1896.  Ulmus,  p.  390 

Branchlets  with  chambered  pith;  leaves  3-veined  at  the  base;  flowers  borne  on  the 
branchlets  of  the  year 1898.    Celtis,  p.  392. 

1896.  ULMUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Elm 

Inner   bark   mucilaginous;   upper   surface   of  the   leaves   very   scabrous   to   the   touch, 

usually   densely  covered  with  stiff,  more  or  less  erect  hairs   arising  from   large, 

whitish,    hollow,    papillose    bases;    branchlets    densely    gray -pubescent,    generally 

becoming  brownish  at  maturity;  bud  scales  more  or  less  pubescent  and  ciliate  with 

rufous    hairs;    flowers    nearly    sessile;    calyx    densely    ciliate   with    rufous    hairs; 

samaras   mostly   suborbicular,    13-19   mm    long,   both    sides    of   the   body    densely 

woolly-pubescent,  the  wings  nearly  glabrous,  the  margins  glabrous.  .  .  .1.  U.  fulva. 

Inner  bark  not  mucilaginous;  leaves  glabrous  or  somewhat  scabrous  above;  flowers  on 

slender,  jointed  pedicels;  samaras  ciliate  or  pubescent  all  over. 

One  and  two  year  old  branches  (at  least  some  of  them)  with  one  or  both  sides  covered 

more  or  less  with  a  corky  excrescence;  samaras  pubescent  all  over. 

Buds  ovate,  not  twice  as  long  as  wide,  obtuse  or  short-pointed,  dark  brown;  bud 

scales  pubescent  and  ciliate;  leaves  large,  8-15  cm  long,  not  twice  as  long  as 

wide,  glabrous  above  except  along  the  midrib;   calyx  lobes   7-9,  not  ciliate; 

samaras  oval,  1.5-2  cm  long 2.  U.  racemosa. 

Buds  small,  narrow,  twice  as  long  as  wTide,  light  brown,  very  sharply  pointed; 
bud  scales  glabrous  or  merely  puberulent;  leaves  narrow,  the  blades  4-8  cm 
long,  twice  as  long  as  wide,  glabrous  or  more  or  less  scabrous  above;  calyx 

lobes  5,  not  ciliate;  samaras  oval,  the  oval  part  6-10  mm  long 3.  U.  alata. 

One  and  two  year  old  branches  without  corky  wings;  branchlets  ashy  gray,  pubes- 
cent or  glabrate,  at  maturity  becoming  light  brown  and  glabrous  or  remaining 
pubescent;  leaves  more  or  less  appressed-pubescent  above  (at  least  near  the 
margins  and  the  base),  rarely  entirely  glabrous  when  observed  under  a  lens, 
often  smooth  to  the  touch  but  the  surface  usually  covered  with  short,  appressed 
hairs,  sometimes  more  or  less  scabrous  but  the  hairs  usually  without  the  large, 
white,  papillose  bases,  rarely  a  few  hairs  with  such  but  not  distributed  over  the 
entire  surface  as  in  no.  1;  calyx  not  ciliate;  samaras  oval,  about  10  mm  long, 
both  sides  glabrous,  the  margins  ciliate 4.  U.  americana. 

1.  Ulmus  fulva  Michx.  Slippery  Elm.  Map  798.  This  species  is  found 
in  every  county  of  the  state.  It  is  rare  to  infrequent  in  a  few  of  our 
prairie  counties  but  frequent  to  common  in  all  parts  of  the  state  out- 
side of  the  oak-hickory  forests  and  in  wet  woodland.   Where  woodland  has 


Ulmus 


Ulmaceae 


391 


0  50 

Map    798 
Ulmus    fulva    Michx. 


0  50 

Map   799 


Ulmus    racemosa  Thomas 


0    '  50 

Map   800 


Ulmus    alata   Michx 


been  heavily  cut  over  and  left  for  a  second  crop  this  species  is  usually 
well  represented,  sometimes  forming  the  major  stand.  The  inner  bark 
was  formerly  chewed  as  a  remedy  for  stomach  trouble  and  used  in  medicine 
in  powdered  form  for  poultices. 

Western  Que.  and  w.  N.  E.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Ulmus  racemosa  Thomas.  (Ulmus  Thomasi  Sarg.)  Map  799.  Rock 
Elm.  Infrequent  to  frequent  or  rare  within  the  area  shown  on  the  map, 
to  which  should  be  added  Floyd,  Monroe,  and  St.  Joseph  Counties.  This 
species  is  found  in  a  habitat  a  little  drier  than  that  of  the  American  elm 
and  usually  in  a  more  moist  habitat  than  that  of  the  slippery  elm.  It 
is  almost  always  associated  with  the  American  elm  and  is  difficult  to  dis- 
tinguish from  it  when  only  the  trunk  and  base  are  available  as  char- 
acters for  separation.  The  American  elm  usually  has  a  more  buttressed 
base  than  the  rock  elm. 

Western  Que.  and  w.  Vt.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  n.  N.  J.,  Ky., 
and  Mo. 

3.  Ulmus  alata  Michx.  Winged  Elm.  Map  800.  Probably  restricted 
to  the  area  shown  on  the  map.  This  species  has  two  rather  distinct  habitats. 
In  the  hilly  counties  it  is  found  on  the  sides  of  cliffs,  on  steep  rocky  slopes, 
and  on  the  crests  of  high  ridges.  It  is  usually  found  on  or  near  sand- 
stone and  generally  associated  with  American  chestnut  and  black,  chest- 
nut, and  scarlet  oaks.  In  this  habitat  it  is  usually  a  scrubby  or  small  tree 
with  the  corky  excrescence  on  the  branches  well  developed.  The  other 
habitat  is  in  hard,  white  clay  flats  of  the  southwestern  counties  where 
it  is  associated  mostly  with  sweet  and  black  gum  and  pin  oak.  In  the 
"flats"  it  sometimes  reaches  a  large  size.  Rarely  specimens  are  seen  which 
have  few  or  no  corky  excrescences. 

Va.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

4.  Ulmus  americana  L.  AMERICAN  Elm.  Map  801.  Found  in  every 
county  of  the  state.    It  prefers  a  moist  or  wet  soil  and  is  frequent  to  com- 


392 


Ulmaceae 


Celtis 


3 

Ja 

Fet 

. 

D 

- 

Hi 

It)       t 

L 

, 

0            D 

B 
0 
P 

D             B 

"       £p          » 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

L_|       » 

P 

l    s 

fr1 

D 

D 

1 

D 
P 

X      ' 

D 

»               B 

D 
B 

I 

8 
D 

B 

D 

r 

1 
B 

TO 

D 

J 

■     DP 

Dec  <- 

■  ' — 

:u 

K    J—— ^v^ 
o    L 

D                /      X 

«J_1_J-_L 

Tb-,   of  5-J 

P 

1 

0 

III)    »  [ 

-,»  Jb  w 

/   Miles 

/  o  _/  \  u  j^v  / 

'                50 
Map    801 

Ulmus   americana   L. 

: 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.  C 

i: 

1       KD 

D 

p 

DP 

DP 
UK  1 

V 

'      F^ 

B 

D 

? 

1 

f 

B 

D 

D 

B  0 

LC 

)      X 

D 

X 

e 

r- 

r 

10 

•          D     L/     1. 

f-i-i  F 

J_ 

D 
IU 

/         [8 

iul  D        T 

f        \BJ 

{cz     D          -.— ' 

-1KD 

il/   Miles 

p 

1 

D 

c 

an 

'     D     ) 

eltis 
canir 

occi 

a  (R 

denta 

af.)  5 

0                 50 

Map    802 

IS 

arg. 

\zr. 


Celtis 
crassifol 


Map 
occfdentalis 
a  (Lam.)  Gray 


^30 
803 


mon  in  such  habitats  throughout  the  state  except  in  the  dunes.   This  species 
is  commonly  known  as  white  elm. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


1898.  CELTIS  [Tourn.]  L.  Hackberry 

Margins   of  leaves   of  fruiting   branchlets   and   shoots   sharply   serrate   all   around   to 

the  base;  leaf  blades  of  an  ovate  to  broadly  ovate  type,  oblique  at  base,  sometimes 

strongly  so,  those  of  fruiting  branchlets   5-15   cm   long;    pedicels   of  fruit  much 

longer  than  the  petioles;  nutlets  6-8  mm  long;  small  or  large  trees. 

Leaf  blades  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  short-acuminate,  smooth  above.    (See  excluded 

species  no.  182,  p.  1040.) C.  occidentalis. 

Leaf  blades  generally  narrower  than  the  type,  apical  half  narrower,  more  curved,  and 
long-attenuate  at  the  apex,  usually  smooth  above  but  sometimes  slightly  rough .  . 

l.C.  occidentalis  var.  canina. 

Leaf  blades  as  large  as  or  larger  than  those  of  the  preceding,  more  of  an  oblong- 
ovate  type,  very  rough  above la.  C.  occidentalis  var.  crassifolia. 

Margins  of  leaves  of  fruiting  branchlets  usually  entire,  or  some  with  a  few  teeth  on 

one  side  or  with  a  few  teeth  on  both  sides  but  never  serrate  on  either  side  to  the 

base;   margins  of  leaves  of  vegetative  branchlets  and   shoots   similar  to  those   of 

fruiting    branchlets,    or    with    the    margins    serrate    nearly    all    around    but    never 

serrate   to   the   base;    pedicels   of   fruit   shorter   or   only    slightly   longer   than   the 

petioles;  nutlets  5-6  mm  long. 

Leaves  generally  of  an   oblong-lanceolate  type,   generally  thin,   ours   smooth  above 

and  medium  green  on  both  sides,  not  lighter  or  yellow  green  beneath ;   blades 

of  fruiting  branchlets  mostly  4-12  cm  long  and  2-4.5  cm  wide;   mature  fruit  a 

light  cherry  red;  medium  sized  trees  of  a  wet  habitat 2.  C.  laevigata. 

Leaves  mostly  of  an  ovate-lanceolate  type,  sometimes  ovate  to  broadly  ovate  or  rarely 
oblong-lanceolate,  generally  thick  and  yellow  green  beneath,  generally  smooth 
but  sometimes  rough  above;  blades  extremely  variable  in  size  and  shape,  mostly 
3-10  cm  long  and  2-6  cm  wide,  usually  about  half  the  maximum  size;  branchlets 
usually  more  or  less  pubescent;  pedicels  shorter  or  longer  than  the  petioles; 
mature  fruit  (collected  in  October)  a  dark  cherry  red;  trees  usually  1-2.5  m 
high,  but  sometimes  4-6  m  high  and  up  to  1  dm  in  diameter  near  the  base;  of 
a  dry  sandy,  gravelly  or  rocky  habitat ?>.  C.  pumila. 

1.     Celtis  occidentalis  L.  var.  canina   (Raf.)   Sarg.    (Celtis  occidentalis 
in  part,  of  Cray.  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.) 


Celtis 


Ulmaceae 


393 


1 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

<r 

r 

V 

f^ 

" 

X 

' 

r 

In 

J 

r1 

Dec  C 

■  ' — 

D 

■>     1 

P    Jt- 

/    Miles 

P 

ft 

IU1 

J 

Celt' 

s    l< 

ev 

igata  W 

3                 50 

Map    804 
■11  d- 

0  50 

Map    805 


pumila  (Muhl)  Pursh 


o  50 

Map    806 


Morus    rubra  L. 


HACKBERRY.  Map  802.  This  tree  is  no  doubt  found  in  every  county  of 
the  state.  It  prefers  the  moist,  alluvial  soil  along  streams  but  is  some- 
times found  in  sandy  upland  and  on  wooded  slopes.  It  is  rare  in  northern 
and  southern  Indiana  but  frequent  along  our  major  streams.  It  is  infre- 
quent to  rare  in  low  woods  at  a  distance  from  a  stream.  This  is  the  com- 
mon hackberry  in  the  state. 

Que.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Ga.,  and  Okla. 

la.  Celtis  occidentalis  var.  crassifolia  (Lam.)  Gray.  (Celtis  crassifolia 
Lam.)  Bigleaf  Hackberry.  Map  803.  This  form  is  found  probably 
throughout  the  state  with  the  preceding  but  is  rare  or  infrequent.  I  am 
not  convinced  that  this  variety  has  any  standing.  I  have  found  both 
smooth  and  rough  leaf  forms  on  the  same  tree.  Undoubtedly  mere 
roughness  of  leaves  has  little  significance. 

Va.  and  Ind.  to  Minn,  and  Wyo.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tex. 


2.  Celtis  laevigata  Willd.  (Celtis  mississippiensis  Bosc  of  Gray,  Man., 
ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Sugarberry.  Map  804. 
Infrequent  to  rare  or  locally  common  in  low  woods  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  the  state.  It  is  usually  found  in  low  woodlands,  especially  those 
that  are  more  or  less  inundated.  It  is  abundant  in  the  bottoms  along  the 
Wabash  River  and  frequent  in  the  bottoms  near  the  mouth  of  Little 
Pigeon  Creek.  It  no  doubt  formerly  followed  the  larger  streams  farther 
northward  than  our  map  indicates.  It  prefers  a  hard  soil  and  is  rarely 
found  in  a  porous,  alluvial  soil.  The  leaves  of  this  species  are  usually 
almost  uniform  but  variations  are  found.  A  mile  and  a  half  northwest  of 
Griffin,  Posey  County,  I  found  a  large  tree  that  had  small  leaves,  in  size  and 
shape  like  those  of  the  next  species  but  here  and  there  among  the  leaves 
were  typical  ones.  The  location  of  the  typical  leaves  indicated  to  me  that 
the  dwarfing  was  a  matter  of  nutrition  but  in  this  I  may  be  in  error. 
The  typical  leaves  are  thin  and  not  at  all  coriaceous  but  sometimes  the 
leaves  are  more  or  less  coriaceous.  The  thickening  of  the  leaves  may  be  due 


394 


MORACEAE 


Celtis 


1 

ml 

r 

i 

i 

0 

u           ° 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

u          J. 

°             D 

-       S 

DP 

LJ 

> 

Jv 

f^ 

D 

-i 

B 

r                H 

r 

B 

B 

J 

■ 

r"' 

Dec  (- 

B 

1         ' 

1        \Bl 

"Tbb              J 

/    Miles 

D 

pf_    III 

B    J 

V 

1 01 

JS 

alb 

)  vat 

.    t 

|j\      7 
atarica 

3                50 
Map    807 

(L.)  Loud. 

0  50 

Map  808 


Madura    pomifera   (Raf.)   Schneid. 


0  50 

Map    809 

Humulus  japonicus   Sieb.&  Zucc. 


to  location  of  the  tree,  because,  as  I  now  recall,  trees  of  this  sort  were 
found  in  the  open.  In  fact,  most  of  our  specimens  are  taken  from  low, 
round-topped  trees  of  the  open  because  specimens  could  not  easily  be  ob- 
tained from  tall,  forest-grown  trees.  The  effects  of  the  environment  of  the 
trees  must  therefore  have  consideration.  This  species  is  usually  associated 
with  pecan,  sweet  gum,  pumpkin  ash,  cane,  and  soft  maple. 
Va.  to  Mo.  and  e.  Kans.,  southw.  to  the  Gulf  States  and  Tex. 

3.  Celtis  pumila  (Muhl.)  Pursh.  (Celtis  pumila  var.  Deamii  Sarg.  and 
Celtis  occidentdlis  var.  pumila  Muhl.)  Dwarf  Hackberry.  Map  805. 
Very  local  and  rare  to  infrequent  where  it  is  found.  In  Lake  County  it 
was  rather  frequent  on  the  sand  dunes  about  Miller.  I  found  it  in  Steuben 
County  on  the  high,  gravelly  slope  east  of  Hogback  Lake.  In  Lawrence 
County  a  few  very  small  trees  are  found  on  a  limestone  slope  in  Spring 
Mill  State  Park,  associated  with  dwarf  specimens  of  Zanthoxylum  and 
Rhamnus  lanceolata.  In  Washington  County  a  few  trees  were  found 
on  a  wooded  slope  near  Big  Spring.  In  Jefferson  County  Miss  Edna 
Banta  found  a  few  trees  in  Cliffy  Falls  State  Park  near  the  southern 
end  of  Trail  no.  1.  It  is  found  in  Crawford  County  along  Blue  River  near 
Milltown.  In  Harrison  County  it  occurs  on  a  rocky,  wooded  slope  3  miles 
east  of  Elizabeth.  In  Perry  County  I  found  it  on  several  ridges  about  7 
miles  east  of  Cannelton. 

The  leaves  of  this  species  are  extremely  variable,  but  no  more  so  than 
its  habitat. 

Pa.,  Ind.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ga.,  and  Tenn. 


64.  MORACEAE  Lindl.  Mulberry  Family 

Plants  woody,  small  trees. 

Branches  without  spines;  leaves  serrate;  pistillate  flowers  in  spikes 

1913.  Morus,  p.  395. 

Branches  with  spines;  leaves  entire;  pistillate  flowers  in  heads 

1918.  Maclura,  p.  395. 


Morus  MORACEAE  395 

Plants  herbaceous,  tall,  erect  or  long  and  twining. 

Leaves  mostly  3-lobed,  rarely  the  blade  lobed  deeper  than  to  the  middle  or  the  upper 

ones  not  lobed;  long,  twining,  perennial  plants 1972.    Humuiajs,  p.  396. 

Leaves  5-7-divided  to  near  the  base,  the  divisions  narrow;  tall,  erect  annual  plants; 

introduced 1973.    Cannabis,  p.  397. 

1913.  MORUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Mulberry 

Leaves  soft-pubescent  with  spreading  hairs  over  the  entire  lower  surface,  rarely  lobed 
except  on  vigorous  branches  or  coppice  growth,  abruptly  long-acuminate  at  the 
apex,  cordate  or  subcordate  at  the  base;  fruit  dark  purple  or  black,  mostly  2.5-3.5 

cm  long 1.  M.  rubra. 

Leaves  glabrous  beneath  except  the  midrib  or  midrib  and  principal  nerves,  these  ciliate- 
pubescent  with  appressed  hairs. 
Leaves  of  an  ovate  type,  rarely  lobed;  fruit  whitish.    (See  excluded  species  no.  183, 

p.   1040.) M.  alba. 

Leaves   of  an  ovate  type,  mostly  3-5-lobed;   fruit  mostly   1-2   cm  long,   reddish   or 
purplish 2.  M.  alba  var.  tatarica. 

1.  Morus  rubra  L.  Red  Mulberry.  Map  806.  Found  as  scattered  trees 
probably  in  every  county  of  the  state.  Its  distribution  in  the  primitive 
forest  can  only  be  conjectured,  but  since  it  is  a  low,  round-topped  tree  and 
very  intolerant  of  shade,  its  distribution  was,  no  doubt,  very  limited.  It 
is  abundantly  distributed  by  birds  and  I  have  seen  it  as  a  frequent  to 
common  tree  in  second  growth  forests  where  it  is  soon  shaded  out  by 
taller  species  by  the  time  it  reaches  a  diameter  of  4-8  inches.  Along  fences 
and  in  fields  it  often  reaches  a  diameter  of  1-2  feet  and  usually  has  a 
clear  bole  of  8-10  feet.  It  is  rarely  seen  in  the  high  forest  except  in  an 
opening. 

Vt.  to  Mich,  and  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Morus  alba  L.  var.  tatarica  (L.)  Loud.  Russian  Mulberry.  Map 
807.  This  species  was  formerly  recommended  for  forest  planting  for 
growing  fence  post  timber.  It  is  a  small,  crooked  tree  and  is  a  failure  for 
the  purpose  recommended.  It  is  very  hardy  and  annually  produces  an 
abundant  crop  of  fruit  which  is  greedily  eaten  by  birds.  Through  the 
agency  of  birds  this  species  has  become  widely  distributed  in  woodland 
and  along  fences.  A  neighbor  3  blocks  away  has  a  large  tree  in  his  yard 
and  each  year  I  have  the  task  of  digging  about  50-100  seedlings  from  our 
garden. 

Probably  introd.  from  Russia,  hence  its  common  name. 

1918.  MACLURA  Nutt. 

1.  Maclura  pomifera  (Raf.)  Schneid.  (Toxylon  pomiferum  Raf.  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  OSAGE-ORANGE.  Map  808.  This 
tree  was  formerly  much  planted  for  farm  fences  and  windbreaks,  especial- 
ly in  our  prairie  area.  Since  land  has  become  valuable  its  use  has  been 
discontinued.  It  has  sparingly  escaped  in  all  parts  of  the  state  and  it  is  a 
wonder  that  it  has  not  become  an  obnoxious  weed  tree.  I  recall  that 
I  studied  two  lines  of  large  trees  that  were  planted  on  each  side  of  a 
deserted  lane  in  the  Ohio  River  bottoms  in  Perry  County.   The  line  of  trees 


396  Moraceae  Humulus 

was  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  long  and  the  trees  were  mostly  10-15  inches 
in  diameter  near  the  base.  I  estimated  that  on  the  ground  there  were  not 
less  than  25  bushels  of  fruit  and  1  assumed  that  the  trees  fruited  almost 
annually.  Yet  1  did  not  find  a  single  seedling  and  I  do  not  believe  any 
were  dug  up.  I  made  no  special  inquiry  to  ascertain  the  cause  of  the  fail- 
ure of  reproduction. 

Mo.  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Tex. 

1972.  HUMULUS  L.  Hop 

[Bailey.    Humulus.    Manual  of  Cultivated  Plants,  239-240.    1924.] 

Petioles  of  principal  leaves  much  longer  than  the  blades;  leaves  5-7-lobed;  bracts 
of  pistillate  flowers  greenish,  usually  eglandular,  narrow,  generally  long-acuminate, 
their  margins  densely  long-ciliate;  parts  of  the  staminate  involucre  usually  very 

glandular,  narrow,  acute  to  acuminate;  anthers  eglandular 1.  H.  japonicus. 

Petioles  of  principal  leaves  shorter  than  or  only  equaling  the  blades,  rarely  one  or  more 

longer;  leaves  usually  3-lobed;  sometimes  all  of  the  leaves  on  the  upper  part  of 

the  stem  unlobed;  bracts  of  pistillate  flowers  glandular  at  least  at  the  base,  not 

ciliate,    stramineous,    not    green,    broad,    the    lower    acuminate,    the    middle    ones 

broadly  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse;  parts  of  the  staminate  involucre  glandular  but  the 

glands  easily  detached  and  often  becoming  eglandular,  broad,  obtuse;  anthers  more 

or  less  glandular. 

Lobes  of  leaves  short-acute  at  the  apex  or  obtuse,  coarsely  serrate  or  dentate,  the 

terminal  lobe  nearly  as  wide  as  long;  lower  surface  of  leaves  sparsely  glandular; 

anthers  mostly  with  fewer  than  10  glands.  (See  excluded  species  no.  187,  p.  1041.) 

H.  Lupulus. 

Lobes  of  leaves  attenuate  to  the  apex,  the  teeth  of  the  margins  finer  than  those  of  the 
preceding  species,  the  terminal  lobe  narrower  at  the  base  than  at  the  middle, 
generally  at  least  twice  as  long  as  wide;  lower  surface  of  leaves  usually  copiously 
glandular;  anthers  generally  with  more  than  10  glands 2.  H.  americanus. 

1.  Humulus  japonicus  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Japanese  Hop.  Map  809.  Re- 
ported from  Tippecanoe  County  by  Wilson  but  probably  more  frequent 
than  our  knowledge  of  its  distribution  indicates.  I  found  it  along  road- 
sides near  Warsaw  and  Hobart.  Found,  also,  by  Chas.  M.  Ek  in  Howard 
County  along  a  railroad. 

Nat.  of  Japan ;  sparingly  naturalized. 

2.  Humulus  americanus  Nutt.  American  Hop.  Map  810.  Probably 
found  in  all  or  nearly  all  of  the  counties  of  the  state.  It  prefers  a  moist 
and  sandy  soil  and  is  found  infrequently  in  low  ground  along  streams, 
about  lakes,  and  along  roadsides.  Our  manuals  have  not  separated  this 
from  the  Eurasian  species  and  all  but  one  of  our  reports  for  the  wild  hop 
have  been  made  under  the  name,  Humulus  Lupulus.  I  doubt  that  the  exotic 
species  is  found  in  Indiana  and  if  so,  it  is  very  rare.  I  have  not  seen  a  speci- 
men of  it  from  Indiana.  Bailey  says :  "Lobes  of  leaves  often  5-11,"  but  none 
of  the  leaves  of  my  specimens  have  more  than  3  lobes.  Since  the  two  species 
have  been  confused  by  most  authors  I  am  not  able  to  give  the  distribution 
of  our  native  hop,  but  probably  it  is  nearly  the  same  as  that  given  by 
authors  for  the  exotic  species  which  is  as  follows : 


Cannabis 


Urticaceae 


397 


0  50 

Map   810 


Humulus    amen'canus  Nutt. 


0  50 

Map  811 


Cannabis    sativa  L. 


0  ~N 

Map  812 


Urtica    procera   Muhl. 


N.  S.  to  Wyo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ariz.  The  western  hop  is  sometimes 
considered  to  be  specifically  distinct  but  is  usually  treated  as  a  variety  of 
Humulus  americanus. 

1973.  CANNABIS  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Cannabis  sativa  L.  Common  Hemp.  Map  811.  This  species  yields 
a  strong  fibre  which  is  extensively  used  for  cordage.  It  was  formerly  sown 
in  northern  Indiana  for  its  fibre.  The  seed  of  this  plant  are  much  used 
in  commercial  bird  foods,  and  this  accounts  for  its  escape  in  all  parts  of 
the  state.  The  plant  grows  6-10  feet  high  and  produces  an  abundance  of 
seed;  it  might  well  be  grown  for  winter  food  for  birds,  and  people  who 
provide  feed  for  birds  during  the  winter  months  should  be  interested  in 
sowing  enough  hemp  to  produce  a  few  sheaves  of  it  to  be  used  for  this 
purpose.  Hemp  is  also  the  source  of  the  narcotic  hashish  or  marihuana, 
and  growing  it  in  Indiana  is  now  prohibited. 

This  species  prefers  a  moist,  rich  soil  but  I  have  found  it  in  almost 
all  kinds  of  soils  and  locations.  It  is  usually  found  in  waste  places,  along 
roadsides,  streams  and  railroads,  and  infrequently  in  fallow  fields  and 
open  woods.  In  the  Kankakee  region  it  is  frequent  in  low  ground  along 
fences  and  on  ditch  banks. 

Nat.  of  Asia;  naturalized  from  N.  B.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Kans. 

65.  URTICACEAE  Reichenb.  Nettle  Family 

Leaves  opposite. 

Flowers  in  axillary  panicles. 

Plants  with  stinging  hairs,  the  whole  plant  more  or  less  pubescent,  generally  8-15 
dm  high;  leaves  generally  with  more  than  15  pairs  of  teeth;  achenes  inclosed 

by  the  calyx 1974.    Urtica,  p.  398. 

Plants  without  stinging  hairs,  the  whole  plant  glabrous,  generally  3-7  dm  high; 
leaves  generally  with  fewer  than  15  pairs  of  teeth;  achenes  longer  than  the 

calyx 1984.    Pilea,  p.  399. 

Flowers  in  single,  axillary  spikes,  these  with  or  without  axillary  glomerules;  plants 
without  stinging  hairs,  more  or  less  pubescent  throughout;  achenes  more  or  less 
uncinate-pubescent 1990.    Boehmeria,  p.  400. 


398  Urticaceae  Urtica 

Leaves  alternate. 

Plants  with  stinging  hairs;  leaves  large,  with  many  pairs  of  sharp  teeth;  achenes 

about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  oblique,  the  style  lateral 

1980.   Laportea,  p.  398. 

Plants  without  stinging  hairs;  leaves  small,  entire  and  undulate;  achenes  not  as  long 
as  the  calyx,  ovate,  the  style  terminal 2007.    Parietaria,  p.  401. 

1974.  URTlCA  [Tourn.]  L.  Nettle 

Blades  of  leaves  at  the  lower  inflorescences  generally  more  than  half  as  wide  as  long, 
ovate  to  broadly  ovate,  rather  deeply  cordate  at  the  base,  the  lower  surface  gen- 
erally covered  with  numerous,  setose  hairs,  coarsely  toothed 1.  U.  dioica. 

Blades  of  leaves  at  the  lower  inflorescences  generally  much  less  than  half  as  wide  as 
long,  ovate-lanceolate,  oblong-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  rounded,  truncate  or  sub- 
cordate  at  the  base,  the  lower  surface  lacking  the  setose  hairs  or  with  only  a  few 
on  the  principal  nerves  and  midrib,  the  margins  with  smaller  and  more  regular 
teeth  than  the  preceding  species 2.  U.  procera. 

1.  Urtica  dioica  L.  There  is  a  specimen  of  this  species  in  the 
herbarium  of  the  University  of  Notre  Dame.  It  was  collected  by  Nieuw- 
land  on  the  border  of  St.  Joseph  Lake,  in  St.  Joseph  County.  He  said  it 
is  established  there. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  sparingly  naturalized  in  the  e.  U.  S. 

2.  Urtica  procera  Muhl.  in  Willd.  (Rhodora  28:  195.  1926.)  (Urtica 
gracilis  of  authors.)  Tall  Nettle.  Map  812.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in  the 
lake  area,  becoming  infrequent  to  very  rare  south  of  this  area  and  re- 
stricted mostly  to  low  places  in  the  alluvial  bottoms  of  our  principal 
streams.  It  grows  in  rich,  porous  soil  only  in  low  ground  and  is  found 
about  lakes  and  ponds  in  low  woods,  in  low  places  along  unimproved  roads 
in  the  lake  area,  in  springy  places  throughout,  and  in  wet  places  along 
streams. 

This  species  is  often  confused  with  Urtica  dioica  L.  which  is  a  native 
of  Europe  and  has  been  reported  as  sparingly  escaped  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  United  States.  It  has  been  reported  from  Indiana  but  I  am  refer- 
ring all  of  our  reports  except  the  one  from  St.  Joseph  County  to  this 
species.  The  two  species  are  difficult  to  separate.  The  leaves  are  variable 
in  texture,  in  shape  of  the  blade  and  its  base,  in  the  number  of  setose  hairs 
on  either  surface,  in  the  number  of  setose  hairs  on  the  stem,  petioles, 
and  in  the  inflorescence,  and  in  the  size  of  the  panicles.  I  have  28  speci- 
mens from  Indiana  and  20  of  these  are  monoecious  and  8  are  pistillate. 
My  specimens  represent  only  the  part  of  the  plant  with  leaves  when  col- 
lected and  it  is  probable  that  the  lower  leaves  and  staminate  inflorescences 
of  the  pistillate  specimens  had  fallen  before  the  plants  were  collected.  The 
density  of  the  stand  of  the  plants  has  a  marked  influence  upon  them. 

N.  S.,  Que.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  La. 

1980.  LAPORTEA  Gaud. 

1.  Laportea  canadensis  (L.)  Gaud.  (Urticastrum  divaricatum  (L.) 
Ktze.)  Canada  Nettle.  Map  813.  This  is  strictly  a  woodland  nettle  and 
is    found    more    or    less    frequently    in    low,    wet    woods   throughout   the 


Laportea 


Urticaceae 


399 


5 
17 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec.f- 

!£K  1 
3)    B 

»r,        ■ 

;u  ■ 

D               D 

-     o          ? 

r  i 

D 

n  y 

f'H: 

□ 

D         D 

" 

D 

p 

X  ■ 

lU 

J                        0 

DP 

1* 

0 

B 

r 

e     h 

m 

D 

1   B  s — 1 — 

D                 [Si 

-/    Miles 

J 

D           B 

i       i 

B 

IU 

K        ,* ■f 

CL      D 

D 

D 

8    /      J 
D  1 

D 

Lapo 

"r1 

rtea 

D     J 

can 

ad 

en  sis    (L 

0                 50 

Map    813 

..)  Gaud 

0  50 

Map  814 


Pilea    pumila    (L.)  Gray 


o  "To 

Map  815 


Pilea    fontana   (Lune II )  Rydb. 


state  except  in  the  hilly  counties  where  it  becomes  infrequent  or  rare. 
N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Kans. 


1984.  PILEA  Lindl.  Clearweed 

Pericarp  relatively  thin,  the  inside  whitish  or  very  light  brown;  fruit  ovate,  green 
(sometimes  violet),  the  surface  more  or  less  irregularly  marked  with  purplish 
brown  (on  immature  fruit  it  may  be  dark  green  to  brown),  the  total  area  of  the 
markings  covering  about  half  the  surface,  the  markings,  under  a  25  diameter 
magnification,  appearing  as  ridges  or  excrescences;  margins  of  fruit  not  con- 
spicuously differing  in  color  from  the  body;  leaves  generally  cuneate  at  the  base, 
rarely  somewhat  rounded  or  truncate,  the  number  of  teeth  to  a  side  of  average 

blades  8-15;  plants  of  moist  soil  and  usually  growing  in  cool,  shady  places 

1.    P.  pumila. 

Pericarp  relatively  firm,  the  inside  purplish;  fruit  ovate,  blackish,  dull,  the  surface 
smooth  but  unequally  bossed  all  over;  margins  of  fruit  conspicuously  colorless 
(whitish)  ;  leaves  rounded,  truncate  or  more  rarely  cuneate  at  the  base,  the 
greatest  number  of  teeth  to  a  blade  4-9  (10)  on  a  side;  longest  petioles  0.5-6.5  cm 
long,  varying  according  to  the  size  of  the  plant;  plants  of  very  wet  or  springy 
habitats 2.    P.  fontana. 

1.  Pilea  pumila  (L.)  Gray.  (Including  Pilea  pumila  var.  Deamii  (Lu- 
nell)  Fern.  For  a  discussion  of  this  variety  see  Fernald,  Rhodora  38: 
169.  1936.)  Clearweed.  Map  814.  This  plant  prefers  a  cool,  shady  place 
in  which  to  grow  and  is  found  in  moist,  rich  soil  throughout  the  state.  I 
once  found  it  growing  on  an  old  cypress  log  in  a  cypress  swamp  in  Posey 
County.  It  is  usually  found  in  colonies  and  when  a  colony  in  rich  soil  is 
studied  it  will  be  found  that  the  plants  that  are  crowded  are  simple  or 
with  few  branches  at  the  top  while  those  on  the  outside  of  the  colony  may 
have  long  branches  even  to  the  ground.  Single  plants  in  a  similar  habitat 
may  be  so  large  that  they  become  decumbent  half  their  length  and  have 
side  branches  that  are  nearly  as  long  as  the  remainder  of  the  main  stem. 
The  plants  are  variable  in  all  their  parts;  the  branches  at  the  base  may 
be  short  or  long;  the  leaves  are  usually  cuneate  at  the  base  although  I 
have  a  specimen  with  leaves  that  are  truncate  at  the  base ;  the  teeth  of  the 
margins  vary  from  3-17  on  a  side  and  vary  from  rounded  to  rather  sharply 


400 


Urticaceae  Boehmeria 


serrate  or  the  margins  of  the  lower  leaves  are  sometimes  entire ;  the  fruits 
vary  in  size  and  in  the  amount  of  brown  markings  and  are  of  a  greenish 
color.  My  no.  48006  from  Crawford  County,  Oct.  2,  1929,  and  two  just 
like  it  from  Clark  County  have  purplish  fruits,  but  the  inside  of  the  peri- 
carp is  white  and  they  lack  the  white  margins  of  Piled  fontana. 

In  a  dry  season  I  collected  in  the  bottom  of  a  pond  a  sheet  of  depauper- 
ate plants  only  a  few  inches  high.  These  were  named  for  me  by  a  special- 
ist as  typical  Pilea  pumila  (L.)  Gray.  Two  years  later  I  revisited  the 
same  pond  when  it  was  full  of  water  and  I  found  only  large  plants  about 
the  pond.  Like  all  annuals  delayed  germination  or  lack  of  moisture  pro- 
duces small  or  dwarf  plants. 

My  collection  of  132  sheets  from  Indiana  shows  the  above  variations  and 
others  not  mentioned. 

Que.,  e.  Canada  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Pilea  fontana  (Lunell)  Rydb.  (Adicea  fontana  Lunell.)  Map  815. 
Found  in  favorable  habitats  probably  throughout  the  state  although  its 
habitat  is  rarely  found  south  of  the  lake  area.  This  species  grows  only 
in  very  wet,  springy,  and  boggy  places,  usually  on  the  borders  of  lakes 
and  streams.  It  commonly  forms  dense  stands  and  usually  is  6-12  inches 
high  although  I  have  a  specimen  more  than  3  feet  high.  One  of  its  favorite 
habitats  is  among  dead  or  live  cattails.  This  species  can  easily  be  sepa- 
rated from  the  preceding  species  by  the  white  margin  of  the  fruit  and  the 
purple  color  of  the  inside  of  the  pericarp.  It  has  not  been  recognized 
for  a  time  long  enough  to  ascertain  its  range. 

P.  E.  I.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Nebr. 

1990.  BOEHMERIA  Jacq. 

Leaves  mostly  broadly  ovate,  ascending,  not  folded,  generally  long-acuminate,  smooth, 
smoothish  or  somewhat  scabrous  above;  petioles  of  median  leaves  (20)  25-80  mm 
long;  achenes  generally  yellowish  green,  without  purplish  splotches,  the  body 
usually  glabrous 1.  B.  cylindrica. 

Leaves  narrowly  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  some  or  all  drooping  and  generally  more 
or  less  folded,  somewhat  scabrous  above;  petioles  of  median  leaves  (3)  5-20  (25) 
mm  long;  achenes  more  or  less  splotched  with  purple,  the  wings  and  usually  the 
body  with  uncinate  hairs la.  B.  cylindrica  var.  Drummondiana. 

1.  Boehmeria  cylindrica  (L.)  Sw.  False  Nettle.  Map  816.  Infrequent 
to  frequent  throughout  the  state  in  low  places  in  woodlands  and  less  fre- 
quent in  marshes  and  wet  prairies. 

Maine,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

la.  Boehmeria  cylindrica  var.  Drummondiana  Weddell.  {Boehmeria 
cylindrica  var.  scabra  Porter  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7.)  Droopingleaf  False 
Nettle.  Map  817.  Infrequent  to  locally  frequent  in  the  lake  area  in  open 
marshes,  infrequent  to  local  in  wet  places  in  woods  and  wet  prairies,  and 
rare  in  low  places  in  woods  or  in  springy  places  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
state.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  this  variety  intergrades  into  the  species  and  in- 


Phoradendron 


LORANTHACEAE 


401 


o  50 

Map   816 


Boehmeria    cylindrica   IL.)  Sv 


Map   817 
Boehmena    cylfndrica   var. 
Drummondiana  Weddell 


0  ~^6 

Map   818 


Parietarfa    pennsylvanica    Muhl, 


termediates  are  found  that  are  difficult  to  place.  The  scabrous  upper  surface 
of  the  leaves  is  not  a  constant  character  and  is  of  little  value.  The  long- 
acuminate  apex  of  the  leaves  generally  holds  for  the  species.  The  length 
of  the  petioles,  drooping  leaves,  and  purplish  achenes  are  the  most  reliable 
characters  for  their  separation.  The  wings  of  the  achenes  are  variable  in 
both  the  species  and  the  variety.  Sometimes  they  are  developed  more  on 
one  side  than  on  the  other;  they  may  extend  to  the  base  on  both  sides  or 
on  one  side  only ;  the  mass  of  them  may  be  below  the  median  line  or  it  may 
be  above  it.  On  the  whole,  the  achenes  with  their  wings  are  about  1-1.25 
mm  wide  in  the  species  and  1.25-1.5  mm  wide  in  the  variety. 

It  is  possible  that  the  alkalinity  of  the  soil  has  a  decided  influence  on  the 
plant  since  most  of  my  specimens  are  from  a  more  alkaline  soil  than  are 
those  of  the  species.  The  stem  of  the  variety  is  usually  much  more 
uncinate-pubescent  than  the  stem  of  the  species. 

Mass.,  N.  Y.,  and  Mich,  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2007.  PARIETARIA  L. 

1.  Parietaria  pennsylvanica  Muhl.  Pennsylvania  Pellitory.  Map 
818.  Infrequent  to  frequent  throughout  the  state.  It  is  usually  found  in 
colonies  in  dry  soil  in  all  kinds  of  woodland  but  prefers  a  sandy  soil  and 
is  often  found  in  large  colonies  in  mucky  or  peaty  areas  that  have  been 
drained. 

Maine,  Minn,  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Mex. 


67.  LORANTHACEAE  D.  Don  Mistletoe  Family 
2089.  PHORADENDRON  Nutt. 

1.  Phoradendron  flavescens  (Pursh)  Nutt.  American  Mistletoe.  Map 
819.  Formerly  frequent  to  common  in  the  southern  counties,  now  almost 
extinct.  It  no  doubt  covered  the  southern  third  of  the  state.  There  are 
reports  from  as  far  north  as  Bartholomew  and  Franklin  Counties  and  Ridg- 


402 


Santalaceae 


Comandra 


b  50 

Map    819 

Phoradendron    flavescens    (Pursh)   Nutt 


0  50 

Map   820 

Comandra    Richardsiana    Fern. 


way  says:  "Fully  90  per  cent  of  the  white  elm  trees  in  the  White  and 
Wabash  Rivers  bottoms  are  affected  by  this  parasite.  I  saw  it  on  no  other 
species  except  honey  locust  and  elm."  The  more  common  hosts,  however, 
include  Acer  rubrum,  Acer  saccharinum,  Gleditsia  triacanthos,  Jugkuis 
nigra,  Nyssu  sylvatica,  Quercus  palustris,  and  Ulmus  americana.  I  have 
noted  walnut  trees  almost  killed  by  it  in  both  Perry  and  Posey  Counties. 

In  1934  I  saw  a  large  specimen  growing  on  a  very  large  native  elm  tree 
in  the  yard  of  J.  F.  Schmid  in  sec.  18  of  Spencer  Twp.  in  Jennings  County. 
It  was  growing  so  high  that  I  was  unable  to  secure  a  specimen. 

N.  J.,  s.  Ind.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

69.  SANTALACEAE  R.  Br.  Sandalwood  Family 

Leaves  sessile;  flowers  in  corymbiform  cymes  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  style  slender. 

2112.   Comandra,  p.  402. 

Leaves  on  short  petioles;  flowers  in  1-3-flowered  lateral  cymes;  style  short 

2112A.  Geocaulon,  p.  403. 


2112.  COMANDRA  Nutt. 

Rootstock  just  beneath  the  surface;  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  thick,  not  paler  be- 
neath, when  dried  the  lower  surface  obscurely  veiny;  inflorescence  corymbose,  1-3 
cm  wide,  of  1-few-flowered  cymules  on  ascending  branches.  .  .  .1.  C.  Richardsiana. 

Rootstock  underground;  leaves  oblong,  thin,  pale  beneath,  when  dried  the  midrib  pale 
beneath;  inflorescence,  when  fully  developed,  an  ellipsoid-oblong  panicle  with  the 
cymules  of  smaller  more  numerous  flowers  on  divergent  branches.  (See  excluded 
species  no.  188,  p.  1041.) C.  umbellata. 

1.  Comandra  Richardsiana  Fern.  {Comandra  umbellata  in  part,  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Richards  Bastard  Toadflax.  Map 
820.  Infrequent  in  dry,  sandy  soil  under  black  and  white  oak  in  northern  In- 
diana and  rare  in  a  similar  habitat  in  the  southern  counties.  I  have  speci- 
mens from  three  counties  which  were  found  in  black,  sandy  soil  in  prairies 
and  a  specimen  from  Lagrange  County  found  in  a  drained  tamarack  bog 
where  it  was  associated  with  tamarack  and  poison  sumac.  Most  of  them 
were  seen  by  M.  L.  Fernald  and  he  says  that  all  of  my  specimens  and  all 


Asarum 


Aristoloch  iaceae 


403 


0  50 

Map    822 


Asarum    canadense  L. 


0  50 

Map    823 


Arl stolochi a    Serpentaria  L. 


0  50 

Map    824 


Aristolochia    tomentosa    Si 


of  those  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  from  west  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains  be- 
long to  this  species.  It  is  doubtfully  separated  from  Comandra  umbellata 
and  in  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  it  was  regarded  as  a 
synonym.  Fernald  gives  the  range  of  Comandra  umbellata  as  restricted 
to  the  area  east  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains.  Whether  this  species  is  main- 
tained as  distinct  or  is  regarded  merely  as  a  geographical  form,  our  speci- 
mens belong  to  the  segregate  of  plants  with  the  lower  surface  of  the 
leaves  not  paler  beneath  and  with  a  superficial  rootstock. 

Eastern  Que.  to  Assina.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  Mo.,  and  Kans. 

2112A.  GEOCAULON  Fern. 
See  excluded  species  no.  189,  p.  1041. 

74.  ARISTOLOCHIACEAE  Blume   Birthwort  Family 

Acaulescent  herbs;  stamens  12,  with  more  or  less  distinct  filaments;  capsule  fleshy 

2170.   Asarum,  p.  403. 

Caulescent  herbs  or  woody  vines;  stamens  6,  the  sessile  anthers  adnate  to  the  stigma; 
capsule  dry 2174.    Aristolochia,  p.  404. 

2170.  ASARUM  [Tourn.]  L. 

Calyx  lobes  usually  reflexed  in  anthesis,  triangular,  acute  or  short-acuminate,  generally 
about  as  long  or  less  than  twice  as  long  as  the  tube;  internodes  of  the  rhizomes, 
except  the  last  one,  generally  glabrous 1.  A.  reflexum. 

Calyx  lobes  erect  or  spreading  in  anthesis,  lanceolate,  long-acuminate  to  caudate,  much 
longer  than  the  tube;  internodes  of  the  rhizomes  mostly  more  or  less  pubescent.  . . 
2.  A.  canadense. 

1.  Asarum  reflexum  Bickn.  (Asarum  canadense  var.  reflexum  (Bickn.) 
Rob.)  Curly  Wildginger.  Map  821.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in  moist,  rich 
soils  in  woods  throughout  the  state.  It  spreads  mostly  by  underground 
stems,  hence  it  is  always  found  in  dense  colonies,  usually  in  the  lee  of  an 
old  log  or  treetop  where  there  is  an  abundance  of  leaf  mold  or  in  some 
sheltered  situation  on  a  wooded  slope  or  in  a  ravine. 

Conn.,  s.  N.  Y.  to  Mich,  and  Iowa,  southw.  to  Mo.  and  Kans. 


404  Aristolochiaceae  Aristolochia 

2.  Asarum  canadense  L.  Canada  Wildginger.  Map  822.  Infrequent 
to  rare  throughout  the  state  or  absent  from  some  areas.  It  is  found  in 
habitats  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species  but  in  more  protected 
situations;  hence  it  is  restricted  more  to  deep  ravines  and  steep  wooded 
slopes.  The  length  and  position  of  the  acuminate  portion  of  the  calyx 
lobes  are  variable.  In  Indiana  the  length  of  the  acuminate  part  varies 
from  5-20  mm  and  the  calyx  lobe  and  its  appendage  may  vary  from  erect  to 
spreading  or  spreading  with  the  tips  incurved.  The  whole  plant  in  this 
and  the  preceding  species  varies  greatly  in  size  and  the  flowers  vary  in 
proportion.  As  a  rule,  the  more  vigorous  the  plant  the  longer  the  calyx 
lobes.  All  of  our  reports  for  Asarum  canadense  var.  acuminatum  Ashe  I 
am  referring  to  this  species. 

N.  B.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Mo.,  and  Kans. 

2174.  ARISTOLOCHIA  [Tourn]  L. 

Erect  herbs  up  to  6  dm  high 1.  A.  Serpentaria. 

Long,  twining,  woody  vines 2.  A.  tomentosa. 

1.  Aristolochia  Serpentaria  L.  Virginia  Snakeroot.  Map  823.  Infre- 
quent to  frequent  in  moist,  rich  woods  throughout  the  state  except  the 
northwestern  corner.  This  herb  has  been  much  used  in  medicine  as  a 
bitter  tonic  since  pioneer  times.  The  fact  that  the  tonic  was  prepared  by 
adding  the  roots  to  whiskey  may  have  added  to  its  popularity. 

Conn,  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Aristolochia  tomentosa  Sims  Woolly  Pipe-vine.  Map  824.  Local 
in  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  from  the  southwestern  corner  of  Knox  County 
southward.  It  is  rather  frequent  along  the  lower  course  of  White  River 
in  both  Gibson  and  Knox  Counties.  South  of  Coffee  Bayou  in  Gibson 
County  it  is  rare  until  Point  Township  in  Posey  County  is  reached  where 
it  again  is  local.  It  climbs  to  great  heights  on  bushes  and  small  trees.  I 
have  seen  the  dead  trunks  of  large  trees  shingled  with  it  to  a  great  height. 
Ridgway  (Proc.  Nat.  Mus.  17:  421.  1894)  records  the  measurements  of  a 
vine  found  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  as  "83  feet  long  and  10  inches  in 
circumference."  I  measured  a  leaf  in  Posey  County,  the  blade  of  which 
was  10  inches  wide  and  9  inches  long.  We  have  had 'it  planted  for  years 
as  a  porch  trellis  and  it  serves  this  purpose  well  but  it  spreads  vigorously 
by  root  suckers. 

N.  C,  Ind.,  111.,  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Okla. 

77.  POLYGONACEAE  Lindl.  Buckwheat  Family 
Sepals   6,   the   3    inner   ones   much    longer   and   enlarged    in   fruit    (except   in   Rumex 
Acetosella)  ;  flowers  greenish  yellow,  frequently  tinged  with  red;  stigmas  fringed. 

2195.    Rumex,  p.  405. 

Sepals  5,  sometimes  4,  nearly  equal  in  length;   flowers  purple,  pink,  white,  greenish 
white,  greenish  pink  or  greenish  yellow  in  a  few  species  (these  with  linear  leaves)  ; 
stigmas  not  fringed. 
Flowers  in  fascicles  in  the  bracts  (generally  called  sheaths  or  ocreae  in  this  family) 
or  solitary;  if  solitary,  the  flowers  not  pink  and  the  leaves  linear. 

Achenes  enclosed  by  the  calyx  lobes;  if  exserted,  the  leaves  linear 

2201.    Polygonum,  p.  407. 


Rumex  POLYGONACEAE  405 

Achenes  much  exserted;  plants  erect,  with  triangular-hastate  leaves 

2202.    Fagopyrum,  p.  418. 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  bracts,  rose  color;  stamens  8;  leaves  linear 

2203.      POLYGONELLA,    p.    418. 

2195.  RUMEX  L.  Docks  and  Sorrels 

[Rechinger,  K.  H.,  Jr.   The  North  American  species  of  Rumex.   Field  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.  Publ.  Bot.  Ser.  17 :  1-151.    1937.] 

Leaves  hastate;  flowers  dioecious;  plants  generally  less  than  5  dm  high. 

Achene  much  exserted  from  the  scarcely  changed  calyx 1.  R.  Acetosella. 

Achene  enclosed  by  the  inner  calyx  lobes    (valves).    (See  excluded  species  no.   192, 

p.  1042.) R-  hastatulus. 

Leaves  not  hastate;  flowers  not  dioecious;  plants  generally  more  than  5  dm  high. 
Inner  sepals  (valves)  entire,  crenate  or  denticulate. 

Number  of  valves  of  fruits  bearing  a  tubercle  generally  1,  these  mixed  more  or  less 
with  fruits  with  2  valves  bearing  a  tubercle. 
Leaves  flat,  green,  tapering  at  the  base ;  valves  usually  bearing  only  one  tubercle. 

2.  R.  altissimus. 

Leaves  wavy,  generally  with  red  veins,  cordate  or  subcordate  at  the  base.    (See 

excluded  species  no.  195,  p.  1042.) R.  sanguineus. 

Number  of  valves  of  fruits  bearing  a  tubercle  generally  3,  these  mixed  more  or 
less  with  fruits  with  only  2  valves  bearing  a  tubercle. 
Leaves  flat,  light  green. 

Pedicels   enlarged   upward,  more   than   twice  as   long   as   the   fruit,  not   con- 
spicuously enlarged  at  the  joint;  fruit  maturing  the  last  of  June  and  first 

of  July 3.  R.  vertidllatus. 

Pedicels  not  enlarged  upward,  not  twice  as  long  as   the  fruit 

4.  R.  triangulivalvis. 

Leaves  wavy-margined  or  crisped,  dark  green. 

Mature  valves  less  than  2  mm  wide.    (See  excluded  species  no.  190,  p.  1041.)  .  . 

R.  conglomeratus. 

Mature  valves  more  than  2  mm  wide. 

Plants  very  tall,  mostly  1.2-2.5  m  high;  median  leaves  generally  more  than 
4  cm  wide,  narrowed  at  the  base;  pedicel  longer  than  the  fruit,  the  joint 
not  conspicuously  enlarged;  fruit  maturing  in  September  and  October.  . 

5.    R.    Britannioa. 

Plants  mostly  less  than  1  m  high;  leaves  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
the  median  ones  less  than  5  cm  wide;  pedicel  about  as  long  as  the 
fruit,    conspicuously   swollen   at   the   joint;    fruit  maturing   mostly   in 

June  and  July 6.  R.  crispus. 

Inner  sepals  or  valves  spinulose-dentate  or  pinnatifid 7.  R.  obtusifolius. 

1.  Rumex  Acetosella  L.  Field  Sorrel.  Map  825.  An  abundant  weed 
in  some  cultivated  fields.  Its  presence  is  usually  indicative  of  impoverished 
and  minimacid  soils.  In  the  sandy  areas  of  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
state  it  is  an  obnoxious  weed,  covering  sometimes  whole  fields.  It  is  some- 
what frequent  in  the  entire  northern  part  of  the  state,  rare  in  the  central, 
and  frequent  in  the  southern  part. 

Nat.  of  Eu.   Throughout  temperate  N.  A. 

2.  Rumex  altissimus  Wood.  Pale  Dock.  Map  826.  Infrequent  to  fre- 
quent throughout  the  state  in  low  ground  along  streams  and  in  low  ground 
elsewhere. 


106 


POLYGONACEAE 


Rumex 


o  50 

Map   825 


Rumex    Acetosella   L. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

F 
D 

[ 

inrl  ' 

B 

ND 

r 

p 
u 

\ 

fr1 

0         B 
0 

4 

IB     D 

-\^— — L 

±,       D 

r 

"^ 

D 

r1 

Dec.f- 

i 
>  ' — 

D 

■J— ^f          |    D  J 
lj«      D  1     0_J 

J    Miles 

D 

D 

cL    ° 

UC  J 

D 

Rumex    a 

Jr\        7 

tissimus 

0                50 

Map  826 

i/Vood 

0  "TO 

Map   827 


Rumex    verticillatus  L. 


Peattie  observed  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  10:  130.  1926)  that  one  valve  of 
each  fruit  had  a  complete  tubercle  and  a  second  valve  might  have  an 
aborted  tubercle.  He  gave  this  form  a  name,  but  if  he  had  read  carefully 
the  original  description  of  the  species,  he  would  have  seen  that  this  phe- 
nomenon was  included  in  the  description  of  the  species.  The  tendency  to 
double  the  number  of  tubercles  is  frequent  among  the  fruits  of  this  species. 

Conn,  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Md.  and  Tex. 

3.  Rumex  verticillatus  L.  Swamp  Dock.  Map  827.  Found  in  the 
muddy  borders  of  ponds,  swamps,  and  sloughs  in  all  parts  of  the  state. 
Where  it  is  found,  it  sometimes  forms  dense  colonies. 

Que.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

4.  Rumex  triangulivalvis  (Danser)  Rech.  f.  Map  828.  (Rumex  mexi- 
canus  of  Indiana  authors,  not  Meisn.)  This  species  and  species  no.  2 
are  very  similar  and  can  be  distinguished  only  by  the  number  of  valves 
which  bear  tubercles. 

In  addition  to  my  records,  this  species  has  been  reported  only  from 
St.  Joseph  County.  I  believe  it  is  much  more  frequent,  however,  than 
our  reports  indicate  simply  because  it  is  so  easily  confused  with  R. 
altissimus  and  both  have  the  same  habitat. 

Newf.  and  Lab.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Maine,  Ind.,  Mo.,  and  along  the 
Rocky  Mts.  to  Mex. 

5.  Rumex  Britannica  L.  Great  Water  Dock.  Map  829.  Usually  in 
boggy  or  marshy  places  but  sometimes  in  a  habitat  that  is  rather  muddy, 
such  as  about  ponds  and  in  swamps.  Infrequent.  No  doubt  all  the  re- 
ports of  it  from  southern  Indiana  should  be  transferred  to  some  other 
species.  In  1932,  E.  B.  Williamson  found  a  plant  along  Pigeon  River  in 
Lagrange  County  that  had  a  leaf  with  a  blade  35  inches  long. 

Newf.,  Ont.,  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Kans. 


6.     Rumex  crIspus  L.   Curly  Dock.  Map  830.  A  common  weed  in  low 


Rumex 


POLYGONACEAE 


407 


0  50 

Map   828 

Rumex    triangulivalvis 
(Danser )    Rech.  f. 


0  50 

Map    829 


Rumex    Britannica    L. 


0  50 

Map   830 


Rumex    crispus  L. 


ground  in  cultivated  fields,  along  streams,  and  in  woodland  on  the  border 
of  swamps,  ponds,  and  sloughs.  It  is  one  of  our  most  obnoxious  weeds. 
The  root  was  formerly  official  in  medicine  and  was  sold  usually  under 
the  name  of  yellow  dock.  Formerly  the  early  spring  leaves  were  mixed 
with  those  of  the  dandelion  and  cooked  for  food.  The  mixture  was  called 
"greens."  The  discovery,  however,  that  the  leaves  contain  calcium  oxalate, 
which  is  injurious,  has  decreased  the  popularity  of  this  practice. 

The  farmers  in  Indiana  usually  call  this  plant  sour  dock. 

The  tubercles  of  the  valves  of  the  same  plant  may  vary  at  the  apex 
from  obtuse  to  acute.  Rumex  elongatus  Guss.  is  a  form  of  this  species 
with  acute  tubercles  but  since  both  acute  and  obtuse  forms  can  be  found 
on  the  same  plant,  all  reports  for  this  species  should  be  referred  to  Rumex 
crispiis. 

Nat.  of  Eu.    Now  found  throughout  temperate  N.  A. 

7.  Rumex  obtusifolius  L.  Bluntleaf  Dock.  Map  831.  Infrequent  to 
frequent  throughout  the  state.  It  is  found  almost  everywhere  in  moist 
or  rather  moist  soil  in  open  woodland,  fallow  fields,  and  wasteland  and 
along  roadsides.  The  veins  of  the  leaves  of  this  species  are  sometimes 
red  and  I  think  our  reports  for  Rumex  sanguineus  should  be  referred 
to  this  species. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf.  to  B.  C.  and  Oreg.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


2201.  POLYGONUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Knotweed,  Smartweed 

[Some  recent  authors  divide  this  genus  into  several  small  genera.    Since 
I  am  following  Dalla  Torre  and  Harms  I  am  not  dividing  the  genus.] 

A.    Plants  not  twining. 

B.    Stems  not  armed  with  prickles. 

C.    Flowers  axillary  (solitary  or  in  clusters). 
Stems  and  branches  terete  and  striate. 

Plants  erect,  mostly  0.4-1.5  m  high,  rather  sparsely  branched,  the  branches 


408 


POLYGONACEAE 


Polygonum 


17 
3 

Jar 

o      0 

f 

: 

0             D 

t>             0 
D             0 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f^ 

p 

Jv 

[Y 

D 

" 

X 

•" 

DP 

r 

B   [     1 
UC 

tm 

r 

I1 

0 

Dec  <- 

D 

IU     , 

0 
IU 

i  1       r 

fBa     W         . — i 

J    Miles 

D  fT  1 

0 

Run 

lex 

ob 

tusifoliu 

)                50 
Map   831 

s  L. 

r— 

Jan. 

lr -- 

Feb 

-i 

Mar 

L 



Apr 

irel    D 

— 

1    i 

i 

4 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

J      "— i 

[ 

f 

- 

— 

Nov. 

or 

D 

\       t 

Dec  .(— 

[ 

I 

0 

'              ' 

(^*~™T 

fj    Miles 

y  d 

{ °  y  \  jp\    i 

0                 50 

S^j-^if            Map  832 

Polygonum    exsertum    Small 

0         ^3o 
Map  833 


Polygonum    erectum   L. 


stiffly  ascending;  leaves  usually  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear,  mostly  1.5-5 
cm  long,  usually  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends. 
Sepal  lobes  with  white  or  pinkish  margins;  normal  achenes  about  2.5  mm 
long  and  included  in  the  perianth   (plants  of  autumn  often  have  some 

or  all  of  the  achenes  long-exserted) 1.    P.  exsertum. 

Sepal  lobes  with  yellowish  green  margins;  achenes  3-3.5  mm  long  (plants  of 
autumn  rarely  have  exserted  achenes).     (See  excluded  species  no.  202, 

p.  1043. ) P-  ramosissimum. 

Plants  not  as  above. 

Stems  erect  or  ascending. 

Sepal  lobes  with  yellowish  green  margins;  stems  generally  solid  and  erect; 

leaves  oval,  elliptic,  or  obovate,  generally  acute 2.  P.  erectum. 

Sepal  lobes  with  white  or  pinkish  margins;  stems  generally  hollow  and 
ascending;  leaves  like  the  preceding  but  smaller  and  usually  nar- 
rower   3.    P.   monspeliense. 

Stems  prostrate,  or  diffusely  spreading. 

Leaves  thick,  prominently  veined,  oblong,  oval  or  spatulate,  obtuse  or 
rounded  at  the  apex,  usually  pale;  ocreae  very  conspicuous;  faces  of 

the  achenes  granular 4.  P.  buxiforme. 

Leaves  thin,  not  prominently  veined,  lanceolate  or  linear,  acutish,  acute, 
or  sometimes  acuminate  at  the  apex,  light  or  dull  bluish  green;  ocreae 
not  conspicuous;  faces  of  the  achenes  finely  striate. 
Perianth   2.5-3.5  mm   long;    achenes   2.5-3   mm  long,   acute;   leaves   2-4 

cm  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtusely  pointed 

5.  P.  aviculare. 

Perianth  2-2.5  mm  long;  achenes  2-2.5  mm  long,  acuminate;  leaves 
mostly  less  than  2  cm  long,  linear-lanceolate  or  linear,  acute  (some- 
times acuminate)  at  the  apex 6.  P.  neglectum. 

Stems  and  branches  strongly  angled,  erect;  leaves  linear,  sharp-pointed,  minutely 
ciliolate 7.  P.  tenue. 

C.    Flowers  in  terminal  spikes. 

Styles  short,  soft,  scarcely  exserted,  withering  in   fruit;   leaves  neither  large- 
ovate  nor  acuminate. 
Sheaths  not  ciliate,  except  rarely  the  uppermost. 

Spikes    1    or   2,   rarely   3;    perennial,   aquatic    or   marsh    plants    (sometimes 
persisting  for  years  or  even  spreading  in  a  terrestrial  form  after  drain- 
age)   with  long  rootstocks,  rooting  in  the  mud. 
Peduncles   glabrous;    aquatic   plants  with   floating   leaves;    leaves   elliptic 
or  narrow-ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute 8.  P.  natans. 


Polygonum  Polygonaceae  409 

Peduncles  more  or  less  pubescent  and  glandular;  plants  semiaquatic  or 
terrestrial;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  very  acute  or 
short-acuminate. 

Sheaths  with  herbaceous  tips 8a.  P.  natans  f .  Hartwrightii. 

Sheaths  without  herbaceous  tips 9.  P.  coccineum. 

Spikes  several;  annuals,  preferring  a  rich,  moist  habitat. 

Peduncles  copiously  glandular-pubescent;  spikes  erect;  stamens  8;  achenes 
2.2-3.5  mm  wide. 
Leaves  copiously  strigose-pubescent  beneath  and  often  above;  achenes 

mostly  2.2-2.8  mm  wide 10.  P.  pennsylvanicum  var.  genuinum. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  glabrescent ;  achenes  mostly  2.5-3.5  mm  wide. 

Glands  of  hairs  red 10a.  P.  pennsylvanicum  var.  laevigatum. 

Glands  of  hairs  without  pigment 

10b.  P.  pennsylvanicum  var.  laevigatum  f.  pallescens. 

Peduncles  without  stalked  glands,  smooth  or  with  sessile  glands,  rarely 

with   a  few   stipitate   glands;    spikes   drooping   or   erect;    stamens   8; 

achenes  1.5-2.5  mm  wide. 

Lower  surface  of  leaves  glabrous  or  scabrous  on  the  principal  veins; 

peduncles   glabrous    or   rarely   covered   more    or    less    with    sessile 

glands;  spikes  3-8  cm  long,  drooping;  achenes  generally  less  than 

2  mm  wide 11.  P.  lapathifolium. 

Lower  surface  of  leaves    (at  least  the  lower  ones)    scurfy  or  covered 

with  a  more  or  less  deciduous,  flocculent  tomentum;  peduncles  with 

sessile   glands;    spikes    1-3   cm   long,    erect;    achenes   more   than    2 

mm  wide.    (See  excluded  species  no.  204,  p.  1043.)  .  .P.  tomentosum. 

Sheaths  ciliate  with  a  row  of  bristles. 

Stem  and  peduncles  glandular-hispid 12.  P.  Careyi. 

Stem  and  peduncles  not  glandular-hispid. 
Sepals  glandular-dotted. 

Achenes  dull,  generally  triangular;  spikes  usually  strongly  arched,  the 
flowers  not  far  apart  except  toward  the  base  of  the  spike,  often 
1  or  more  flowers  in  the  axil  of  the  next  to  the  top  leaf;  flowers 
greenish,  generally  with  pinkish  borders;  stems  often  reddish,  the 
internodes  short,  generally  2-4  cm  long;  stamens  6. 
Pedicels  strongly  exserted  from  the  ocreolae;  achenes  2-3  mm  long.  . . 

13.  P.  Hydropiper  var.  projectum. 

Pedicels   not   strongly   exserted   from    the    ocreolae;    achenes    mostly 

3-3.5  mm  long.     (See  excluded  species  no.   200,   p.   1042.) 

P.   Hydropiper. 

Achenes  shining,  generally  triangular;  spikes  elongated,  flexuous,  very 
loosely  flowered  down  to  the  first  leaf  but  none  below  it;  flowers 
greenish,  rarely  purplish,  with  white  borders;  stamens  3-8;  stems 
with    longer    internodes    than    in    the    preceding,    usually    3-8    cm 

L°nE 14.  P.  punctatum. 

Sepals  not  glandular-dotted  or  with  only  a  few  glands  about  the  middle 
of  the  perianth  in   forms   of  no.   16. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  1-2.5  cm  wide;  spikes  generally  much  less  than  1 
cm  wide,  erect  or  slightly  flexuous;  flowers  2-3  mm  long. 
Upper  part  of  internodes  of  the  stem  mostly  entirely  glabrous; 
spikes  erect,  mostly  more  than  7  mm  wide,  the  longest  usually 
2-4  cm  long;  flowers  generally  close  together;  calyx  lobes  rose 
color,  usually  slightly  longer  than  the  achenes;  pedicels  gen- 
erally   exserted    less   than    1    mm;    stamens    6 

15.  P.  Persicaria. 

Upper  part  of  internodes  of  the  stem  generally  more  or  less  strigose 
below  the  node,  usually  for  a  third  of  its  length;  spikes  gen- 
erally more  or  less  curved,  mostly  less  than  7  mm  wide,  the 


410  Polygon  aceae  Polygonum 

longest  generally  5-7  cm  long;  flowers  not  crowded;  calyx 
lobes  much  longer  than  the  achene,  usually  pink;  pedicels 
generally  exserted  1-2  mm;  stamens  8  or  fewer. 

Achenes  all  triangular 16.  P.  hydropiperoides. 

Achenes   both   lenticular   and   triangular.     (See    excluded   species 

no.  201,  p.  1043.).... P.  Ivydropiperoides  var.  persicarioides. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  more  than  3  cm  wide;  spikes  stout, 

usually  more  than  1  cm  wide,  nodding,  deep  rose;  flowers  3-5  mm 

]ong 17.  P.  orientale. 

Styles  long,  stiff,  exserted,  persistent,  deflexed,  and  hooked  at  the  tip  in  fruit; 
spikes  very  long  and  slender,  rigid,  greenish;  leaves  large-ovate  and  acumi- 
nate   18.  P.   virginianum. 

B.    Stems  armed  with  hooked  prickles,  reclining. 

Leaves  hastate;  pedicels  hispid  and  often  glandular;  achenes  lenticular 

19.  P.  arifolium  var.  lentiforme. 

Leaves  sagittate ;  pedicels  generally  glabrous ;  achenes  triangular 

20.  P.  sagittatum. 

A.    Plants  twining;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate  at  the  base. 

Calyx  not  keeled  or  winged  in  fruit;  achenes  dull,  minutely  longitudinally  striate, 

about  3  mm  long 21.  P.  Convolvulus. 

Calyx  strongly  winged  in  mature  fruit;  achenes  shining,  surface  not  striate. 

Mature  calyx  5-8  mm  long;  achenes  2.5-3  mm  long 22.  P.  dumetorum. 

Mature  calyx  7-12  mm  long;  achenes  mostly  3.5-5  mm  long 23.  P.  scandens. 

1.  Polygonum  exsertum  Small.  Map  832.  Very  local.  All  of  our  speci- 
mens were  found  in  hard,  dry  soil  on  the  washed  slopes  of  the  banks  of 
streams  and  sloughs.  Some  were  very  near  the  water  and  only  one  grew 
on  the  top  of  the  bank.  Bicknell  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club.  36:  450.  1909.) 
says :  "I  am  unable  to  see  that  P.  exsertum  is  anything  more  than  a  semi- 
viviparous  state  of  Polygonum  ramosissimum  Michx."  My  observation  is 
that  this  character  applies  to  late  flowering  plants  of  all  of  the  species  of 
the  Section  Avicularia  which  occur  in  Indiana.  On  November  14,  1932, 
I  studied  in  the  field  several  large  mats  of  Polygonum  avicukire,  and  I  was 
able  to  find  only  exserted  achenes.  A  study  of  my  herbarium  material 
showed  exserted  achenes  on  all  of  the  plants  collected  late  in  the  fall,  some 
with  a  few  and  some  with  a  great  number  of  exserted  achenes.  Early 
flowering  specimens  of  Polygonum  exsertum  show  a  large  number  of 
achenes  of  the  normal  form,  while  plants  collected  in  September  usually 
have  few  or  no  normal  fruits. 

N.  B.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Mo. 

2.  Polygonum  erectum  L.  Map  833.  This  species  has  been  reported 
from  all  parts  of  the  state,  and  no  doubt  is  generally  distributed.  Since 
this  section  of  the  genus  has  been  divided,  however,  some  of  the  reports 
doubtless  belong  to  other  species.  Most  authors  give  the  habitat  as  rich 
soil  about  dwellings  and  in  waste  places.  With  one  exception,  all  of  my 
specimens  were  found  in  moist,  open  woodland,  usually  in  hard,  clay  soil. 

Ont.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Colo.,  and  Tex. 

3.  Polygonum  monspeliense  Thiebaud.  ( ^Polygonum  aviculare  var. 
rcgrtnni  of  (I ray,  .Man.,  ed.  7.)  .Map  834.  My  specimens  are  from  barn- 
yards, waste  places,  and  roadsides.     It  is  local,  but  no  doubt  when  the 


Polygonum 


POLYGONACEAE 


411 


0  50 

Map    834 


Polygonum    monspeliense   Thiebaud 


1 

2 

1 

Jan. 

Fe  b- 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 
J 

d       A- 

D 

r~ 

\ 

J 

-L, 

-4 

0 

IT 

r1 

i 

r, 

^H 

Dec.f- 

i 

i/    Miles 

Polygonum 

buxfforme 

0                 50 

Map   835 

Small 

0  50 

Map   836 


Polygonum    aviculare  L. 


knotweeds  are  more  thoroughly  studied  it  will  be  found  throughout  the 
state. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  becoming  naturalized. 

4.  Polygonum  buxiforme  Small.  Map  835.  This  species  is  very  local 
but  I  believe  when  the  knotweeds  are  studied  more  intensively  it  will  be 
found  throughout  the  state. 

Ont.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Tex. 

5.  Polygonum  aviculare  L.  Knotweed.  Map  836.  An  annoying  weed 
in  gardens,  truck  gardens,  lawns,  pastures,  and  cultivated  fields.  It  is  found, 
also,  along  logging  roads  in  woodland,  in  fallow  fields,  and  along  roadsides. 

Found  throughout  N.  A.  and  also  in  Eurasia. 

6.  Polygonum  neglectum  Besser.  {Polygonum  aviculare  var.  angust- 
issimum  Meisn.)  Map  837.  Local.  No  doubt  a  more  intensive  study  of 
the  knotweeds  will  greatly  extend  its  range.  In  sandy  to  very  sandy  soil 
in  pastures,  clearings,  on  black  oak  ridges,  and  along  roadsides.  Rydberg 
gives  its  habitat  as  waste  places  and  says  it  is  more  common  than 
Polygonum  aviculare. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

7.  Polygonum  tenue  Michx.  Map  838.  This  species  prefers  a  slightly 
acid  soil  and  is  generally  found  in  exposed  places  without  ground  cover 
and  where  there  are  very  few  or  no  other  plants.  In  the  lake  area  it  is 
generally  found  on  the  crests,  slopes,  and  bases  of  black  and  white  oak 
ridges.  South  of  the  lake  area  it  is  generally  found  on  sandstone  bluffs, 
on  exposed  crests  of  chestnut  oak  ridges,  and  in  sandy  places  similar  to 
those  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state. 

Maine  to  Man.,  southw.  to  S.  C,  Ga.,  and  Tex. 

8.  Polygonum  natans  A.  Eaton  f.  genuinum  Stanford.  (Stanford.  The 
amphibious  group  of  Polygonum,  subgenus  Persicaria.  Rhodora  27 :  156- 
166.  1925.)    Map  839.    All  of  our  reports  for  Persicaria  amphibia   (L.) 


412 


POLYGONACEAE 


Polygonum 


0  55 

Map   837 


Polygonum    neglectum   Besser 


0  50 

Map   839 
Polygonum    natans   A.Eaton 
f.    genuinum    Stanford 


S.  F.  Gray,  Persicaria  fluitans  (Eaton)  Greene,  Polygonum  amphibium  L., 
and  Polygonum  amphibium  var.  aquaticum  Willd.  I  am  referring  to  this 
species.  The  nomenclature  of  this  and  the  next  species  has  long  been  so 
involved  that  their  distribution  in  the  state  can  not  be  determined  from 
the  published  records.  It  is,  no  doubt,  restricted  to  the  lake  area  of  the 
state. 

Newf.,  P.  E.  I.,  N.  S.,  Que.,  southw.  to  Pa.  and  westw.  across  the  con- 
tinent to  the  Pacific  Coast  States. 

8a.  Polygonum  natans  f.  Hartwrightii  (Gray)  Stanford.  Map  840.  I 
am  referring  to  this  form  all  of  our  reports  for  Polygonum  amphibium  var. 
Hartwrightii  (Gray)  Bissell,  Persicaria  ammophila  Greene,  Persicaria 
carictorum  Nieuwl.,  and  Persicaria  Hartwrightii  (Gray)   Greene. 

Mostly  in  sedge  marshes  and  on  the  borders  of  lakes. 

Newf.  and  Ont.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  and  westw.  to  the  Pacific  Coast  States. 

9.  Polygonum  coccineum  Muhl.  Map  841.  This  species  is  an  aggregate 
to  which,  since  I  am  not  able  to  separate  it  satisfactorily  into  forms  and 
varieties,  I  am  referring  all  reports  from  Indiana  of  the  following: 
Persicaria  coccinea  (Muhl.)  Greene,  Persicaria  coccinea  var.  asprella 
Greene,  Persicaria  coccinea  var.  tanaophylla  Nieuwl.,  Persicaria  emersa 
(Michx.)  Small,  Persicaria  grandifolia  Greene,  Persicaria  lonchophylla 
Greene,  Persicaria  mesochora  var.  arenicola  Nieuwl.,  Persicaria  Muhlen- 
bergii  (Wats.)  Small,  Persicaria  pratincola  Greene,  Persicaria  tanaophylla 
Nieuwl.,  Polygonum  coccineum  var.  pratincola  (Greene)  Stanford,  Poly- 
gonum emersum  (Michx.)  Britt.,  Persicaria  mesochora  Greene,  and  Poly- 
gonum Muhlenbergii  (Meisn.)   Wats. 

The  named  variations  of  this  species  and  the  segregates  from  it  are 
based  mostly  upon  leaf  characters,  such  as  the  general  shape  and  base 
of  the  blades.  Using  these  characters,  I  have  one  specimen  which  belongs 
to  three  species.  I  have  a  series  of  specimens  of  this  species  all  from  the 
same  rootstock  which  might  be  referred  to  different  species.  The  species  is 
perennial.    One  year  it  may  be  in  deep  water,  the  next  year  it  may  be  in 


Polygonum 


POLYGONACEAE 


413 


0  50 

Map   840 
Polygonum    natans 

f.  Hartwrightii    (Gray)   Stanford 


0  ~50 

Map   842 
Dlyg^num    pennsylvani'cum 

var.  genuinum    Fern. 


shallow  water  or  for  part  of  the  year  it  may  be  on  dry  ground.  The  species 
has  great  ability  to  persist  even  when  its  habitat  is  drained,  and  it  often 
advances  from  ditches  along  railroads  up  the  banks  of  the  fills  to  high 
ground  where  it  seems  to  thrive  better  than  in  a  wet  habitat.  The  habitat 
and  the  vigor  of  the  plants  greatly  change  the  character  of  the  leaves. 
Therefore,  I  believe  it  is  useless  to  try  to  name  all  of  the  many  forms. 
Que.  and  Maine,  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Va.,  La.,  Calif.,  and  Mex. 

10.  Polygonum  pennsylvanicum  L.  var.  genuinum  Fern.  (Persicaria 
Pennsylvania  (L.)  Small,  in  part.)  (Fernald.  Variations  of  Polygonum 
pennsylvanicum.  Rhodora  19 :  70-73.  1917,  and  Stanford.  Polygonum  penn- 
sylvanicum and  related  species.  Rhodora  27:  173-184.  1925.)  Map  842.  In- 
frequent to  frequent  or  common  in  low  ground  along  streams  and  road- 
sides, in  cultivated  grounds,  and  in  low  grounds  in  general.  No  doubt  it 
is  found  throughout  the  state.  It  has  been  my  method  to  collect  a  single 
specimen  of  each  species  from  each  county.  This  species  has  been  divided 
only  recently  and  most  of  my  collecting  was  done  before  the  division  was 
made.  Since  my  specimens  are  now  distributed  among  the  three  present 
groups,  the  absence  of  records  from  the  northern  part  of  the  state  is, 
I  think,  accidental. 

This  species,  as  well  as  others  of  the  genus,  varies  greatly  in  size,  de- 
pending upon  habitat  and  date  of  germination  of  the  seed.  Apparently 
the  seed  do  not  germinate  under  water  and  when  they  find  lodgment  in 
areas  which  are  submerged  until  summer,  the  delayed  germination,  no 
doubt,  accounts  for  the  smaller  plants.  The  largest  one  of  which  I  have 
record  is  my  specimen  no.  39887  from  low  ground  in  Gibson  County  which 
I  measured  in  the  field.  The  height  was  86  inches  above  the  ground  and 
the  longest  branch  was  82  inches  long. 

Coastal  Plain  from  Mass.  to  Miss.,  northw.  through  the  Mississippi 
Valley  to  Ont.  and  cent.  N.  Y. 


Ill 


POLYGONACEAE 


Polygonum 


0  50 

Map    843 
-"olygonum    pennsylvanicum 

var.  laevigatum    Fern. 


0  50 

Map    844 
Polygonum    pennsylvanicum 

ar.   laevigatum  f.  pallescens    Stanford 


0  50 

Map    845 


Polygonum    lapathifolium    L. 


10a.  Polygonum  pennsylvanicum  var.  laevigatum  Fern.  (See  species 
references.)  Map  843.  Frequent  throughout  the  state  in  habitats  similar 
to  those  of  the  species. 

N.  B.  to  S.  Dak.  and  Colo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

10b.  Polygonum  pennsylvanicum  var.  laevigatum  f.  pallescens  Stan- 
ford. (See  species  references.)  Map  844.  Frequent  throughout  the  state 
in  habitats  similar  to  those  of  the  species.  It  is  probable  that  some  of  the 
specimens  referred  to  this  form  belong  to  the  preceding  variety  since  it 
is  difficult  to  distinguish  this  form  in  dried  specimens. 

Distribution  given  by  Stanford  is  Vt.  to  Pa.  No  doubt  it  is  frequent 
throughout  Ind.  if  I  understand  the  form. 

11.  Polygonum  lapathifolium  L.  (Persicaria  lapathifolia  (L.)  Small.) 
Map  845.  Frequent  in  low  and  wet  grounds  throughout  the  state,  pre- 
ferring the  low  borders  of  streams.  It  is  also  found  in  cultivated  and 
fallow  fields. 

Throughout  temperate  N.  A.  and  also  in  Eurasia. 

12.  Polygonum  Careyi  Olney.  (Persicaria  Careyi  (Olney)  Greene.) 
Carey  Smartweed.  Map  846.  Very  local  but  usually  common  where  it  is 
found.  It  prefers  a  black,  sandy  soil  in  pin  oak  and  low  black  and  white 
oak  woods.  I  found  it  abundant  in  black,  mucky  soil  in  a  fallow  field  north 
of  Ora  in  Starke  County.  The  plants  are  usually  about  a  yard  high  with 
few  or  many  branches. 

This  species  was  reported  from  Jefferson  County  by  Young,  but  since 
neither  Coulter  nor  Barnes  mention  it  in  their  lists  of  Jefferson  County 
plants,  this  report  may  be  safely  ignored.  It  has  also  been  reported  from 
Kosciusko  and  Noble  Counties.   These  reports,  no  doubt,  are  correct. 

Maine,  Ont.,  and  Mich.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  Ohio. 

13.  Polygonum  Hydropiper  L.  var.  projectum  Stanford.  (Polygonum 
Hydropiper  L.  in  part,  and  Persicaria  Hydropiper  (L.)  Opiz.)  (Stanford. 
Polygonum  Hydropiper  in  Europe  and  North  America.   Rhodora  29:  77-87. 


Polygonum 


POLYGONACEAE 


415 


0  50 

Map  846 


Polygonum    Careyi  Olney 


o  ~3o 

Map    847 
Polygonum    Hydropiper   L. 

var.   projectum    Stanford 


0  50 

Map    848 


Polygonum     punctatum   Ell. 


1927.)  Water  Pepper.  Map  847.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in  moist  soil 
along  streams,  roadsides,  and  ditches,  about  lakes,  ponds,  and  sloughs, 
and  in  low  ground  in  fields  and  woodland. 

N.  S.  and  Que.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Okla.,  and  westw.  to  Calif. 

14.  Polygonum  punctatum  Ell.  (Polygonum  acre  HBK.  and  var.  lepto- 
stachyum  Meisn.  and  PersicaHa  punctata  (Ell.)  Small.)  (Stanford.  Poly- 
gonum Hydropiper  in  Europe  and  North  America.  Rhodora  29 :  77-87. 
1927.)  Water  Smartweed.  Map  848.  Frequent  to  common  in  all  parts 
of  the  state  in  habitats  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species. 

Probably  throughout  N.  A.  except  the  extreme  north. 

15.  Polygonum  Persic  aria  L.  {PersicaHa  Persicaria  (L.)  Small.) 
Lady's  Thumb.  Map  849.  Frequent  throughout  the  state  in  wet  ground 
along  roadsides  and  streams  and  in  woodland  and  fallow  fields.  This 
species  begins  to  flower  much  earlier  than  P.  hydropiperoides.  It  and 
others  of  the  genus  are  the  source  of  smartweed  honey. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  throughout  N.  A.  except  the  extreme  north. 

16.  Polygonum  hydropiperoides  Michx.  (Persicaria  hydropiperoides 
(Michx.)  Small.)  (Stanford.  Polygonum  hydropiperoides  and  P.  opelou- 
sanum.  Rhodora  28 :  22-29.  1926.)  Mild  Water  Pepper.  Map  850.  Fre- 
quent throughout  the  state  in  dried-up  ponds  and  sloughs,  in  wet  ground 
along  streams  and  about  lakes,  and  in  marshes  and  ditches. 

N.  S.,  Que.,  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

16a.  Polygonum  hydropiperoides  var.  strigosum  (Small)  Stanford.  This 
variety  was  reported  from  Indiana  by  Small.  It  is  separated  from  the 
species  by  having  a  strigose-pubescent  stem.  The  stems  of  the  specimens 
at  hand  vary  from  glabrous  below  the  nodes  to  densely  strigose  for  a 
third  of  the  length  of  the  internode.  One  branch  of  a  specimen  may  have 
all  of  the  internodes  glabrous  and  another  have  some  of  the  internodes 
strigose  below  the  nodes.    Since  a  close  lineal  series  from  glabrous  to 


■116 


POLYGONACEAE 


Polygonum 


o  5o 

Map  849 


Polygonum     Persicaria    L. 


Polygonum     hydropiperoides    Michx. 


2 
33 

e 

D 
L 

OP 

UK  \ 

0 

1    SD            « 

0             0 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.f- 

-      ?        ■> 

■^_y 

0 

\ 

(    r^" 

D 

D 

f 

0 

p 

_1_L     0    I 

0         „ 

D)    B 
3 

OP 

» 

OP 

p 

r1- 

b 
OP 

0 

_ 

B 
HO 

n  r 

D 

L 

rr 

DP 

[  HD  Wl 

o    _J_1 

B        D 

I 
ID 

l        ' 

D 
10 

K     f f 

D     L 

B    JB     k  B 

D              L^l 

-/v 

0 

D 

10 

0  I    P    [  0 
1  0          B 

r  |Ba       P          , — ' 

£/    Miles 

D 

D 

Pc 

0  jJ 

lygo 

0     ) 

num 

o -r\       / 

virginiar 

6                50 

Map   852 

urn    L. 

0  50 

Map  853 
Polygonum    aritolium    L. 
I  var.    lentiforme   Fernald    &  Griscom 


0  ~W 

Map  854 


Polygonum     sagittatum   L. 


densely  strigose  can  be  found,  I  prefer  to  say  that  the  species  varies  from 
glabrous  to  densely  strigose. 

Polygonum  setaceum  Bald.  var.  inter jectum  Fern.,  a  closely  related  spe- 
cies, has  been  reported  by  Fernald  (Rhodora  40:  414.  1938),  after  the 
manuscript  of  the  Flora  was  written,  as  having  been  found  by  Peattie  under 
buttonbush  at  the  edge  of  a  Chamaedaphne  bog  near  Rolling  Prairie, 
La  Porte  County. 

17.  Polygonum  orientale  L.  Princes-plume.  Map  851.  This  species 
is  cultivated  as  an  ornamental  and  has  been  reported  as  an  escape  through- 
out the  state. 

Nat.  of  India,  China,  Japan;  naturalized  and  escaped  throughout  east- 
ern N.  A. 

18.  Polygonum  virginianum  L.  (Tovara  virginiana  (L.)  Raf.)  Vir- 
ginia Knotweed.    Map  852.    This  is  strictly  a  woodland  species  and  is 


Polygonum 


POLYGONACEAE 


417 


o  5o 

Map   855 


Polygonum     Convolvulus   L. 


5  ~50 

Map  857 


Polygonum     scandens   L. 


frequent  throughout  the  state  in  low  places  in  almost  all  types  of  woods. 
N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

19.  Polygonum  arifolium  L.  var.  lentiforme  Fern.  &  Grisc.  (Rho- 
dora  37:  167.  1935.)  (Polygonum  arifolium  L.  in  part  and  Tracaulon  ari- 
folium (L.)  Raf.)  Halberdleaf  Tearthumb.  Map  853.  Infrequent  to 
rare  in  springy  and  swampy  places  throughout  the  state.  This  species  is 
much  visited  by  honey  bees. 

P.  E.  I.  to  s.  Ont.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Ohio,  Ind.,  and  Mich. 

20.  Polygonum  sagittatum  L.  (Tracaulon  sagittatum  (L.)  Small.) 
Arrowleaf  Tearthumb.  Map  854.  Frequent  to  infrequent  throughout 
the  state  in  ditches,  in  low  ground  in  wooded  ravines  and  along  streams 
and  about  ponds  and  swamps. 

Newf.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

21.  Polygonum  Conv6lvulus  L.  (Tiniaria  Convolvulus  (L.)  Webb  & 
Moquin.)  Black  Bindweed.  Map  855.  Probably  infrequent  in  all  parts 
of  the  state,  although  there  are  no  reports  from  the  southwestern  part.  A 
weed  mostly  of  roadsides  and  fields,  and  rarely  in  woodland. 

Nat.  of  Eu.   Throughout  temperate  N.  A. 

22.  Polygonum  dumetorum  L.  (Tiniaria  dumetorum  (L.)  Opiz  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Map  856.  This  and  the  next 
species  are  not  easily  separated  unless  mature  fruits  are  at  hand.  Some 
authors  believe  this  species  is  a  native,  while  others  regard  it  as  a  native 
of  Eurasia.  There  have  been  15  reports  for  this  species  from  Indiana. 
Some  authors  do  not  discuss  it  and  some  say  that  it  is  common.  Those  who 
say  it  is  common  have,  no  doubt,  confused  it  with  P.  scandens,  and  I  be- 
lieve most  of  our  reports  should  be  referred  to  that  species.  One  of  our 
specimens  is  from  a  roadside  and  the  other  is  from  the  low  border  of 
the  east  side  of  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  which  is  near  a  roadside  in  Mar- 


418 


Chenopodiaceae 


Polygonella 


Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec 


)    ,0 

D 

D 

D       "• 



V4 

S 

p 

■ 

D 

1^ 

.« [_J- 

I— H 

rJ"^.. 

in 

^jTt  i      . J 

Y^/    Miles 

5  55 

Map  858 

Fagopyrum     esculentum    Moench 


~T5 
Map   859 

Polygonella    articulata    (LI    Meisn. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

X 

X                 jT^" 

L 

V 

f^ 

" 

X 

-I 

X 

r 

-  in 

r 

X 

rT~ 

r 

Dec  <- 

[ 

■L-Li 

1 1  J^i 

l     *l      ' 

X  J 

/   Miles 

X 

CL    x 

I  j       [ 

x        I      j-< 

Chenopo 
ssp.  eu- 

dium 
ambi 

A\*  J 

ambrosioi 
osioides   A 

3                50 

Map  860 
des  L. 
ellen 

shall  County.    I  doubt  if  this  species  is  distinct  from  the  next  but  I  am 
following  authors  in  keeping  them  distinct. 

Temperate  Eurasia  and  N.  A. 

23.  Polygonum  scandens  L.  (Tiniaria  scandens  (L.)  Small.)  Climb- 
ing False  Buckwheat.  Map  857.  Frequent  in  most  parts  of  the  state  in 
moist  soil  along  roadsides  and  streams,  in  wooded  ravines,  and  about 
lakes  and  ponds. 

N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2202.  FAGOPtRUM  [Tourn.]  Gaertn. 

1.  Fagopyrum  esculentum  Moench.  {Fagopyrum  Fagopyrum  (L.) 
Karst.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Buckwheat.  Map  858. 
Buckwheat  has  been  reported  from  15  counties.  It  persists  in  fields  where 
it  has  been  cultivated  or  escapes  to  fields,  roadsides,  and  railroads.  I  do  not 
know  how  long  it  will  maintain  itself. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

2203.  POLYGONELLA  Michx. 

1.     Polygonella  articulata   (L.)   Meisn.    Map  859.    Local  on  the  dunes 
about  Lake  Michigan.   It  is  usually  found  in  open,  exposed  places. 
In  sands  of  the  coast  from  Maine  to  Fla.  and  about  the  Great  Lakes. 


78.  CHENOPODIACEAE  Dumort.  Goosefoot  Family* 

[Iljin,  M.  Chenopodiaceae,  pp.  2-354,  in  Komarov,  V.  L.  Flora  URSS  6 
(Centrospermae)  :  xxxvi  -J-  956p.    1936.    Standley,  P.  C.    Chenopodiales, 

*  Text  contributed  by  Theodor  Just,  University  of  Notre  Dame,  Notre  Dame,  Indi- 
ana. The  author  is  greatly  indebted  to  Mr.  Paul  Aellen,  Basel,  Switzerland;  to  Dr.  Paul 
C.  Standley,  Field  Museum,  Chicago,  111. ;  and  to  Mr.  C  A.  Weatherby,  Gray  Herbarium, 
Cambridge,    Mass.,   for   reading  his  manuscript   and   for   offering  valuable    criticisms. 


Chenopodium  Chenopodiaceae  419 

Chenopodiaceae.  North  American  Flora  21(1):  1-93.  1916.  Ulbrich,  E. 
Chenopodiaceae.  In  Engler  und  Prantl,  Die  natiirlichen  Pflanzenfamilien, 
2.  ed.,  16c:  377-584.  1934.] 

Flowers  perfect  (or  some  of  them  pistillate) ;  perianth  mostly  present. 

Stem  not  jointed;  leaves  flat,  not  spiny;  flowers  without  bractlets;  embryo  annular 
(or  conduplicate),  not  spirally  coiled;  endosperm  copious. 
Flowers  in  clusters  or  panicles;  calyx  3-5-toothed  or  -parted,  obvious,  persistent; 
fruit  enclosed  by  or  not  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Fruiting    calyx    wingless,    herbaceous,    green    or    reddish    (sometimes    red    and 
fleshy)  ;  perianth  leaves  free,  naked ;  fruit  free,  surrounded  by  perianth,  not 
hardened,    indehiscent;    leaves    often    mealy,    lanceolate    to    ovate    or    deltoid 
or  pinnately  lobed  to  pinnate;  flowers  with    (2)   3-5  sepals  and  2-5  stamens, 
mostly  in  panicled  spikes;  endosperm  mealy.  ..  .2223.    Chenopodium,  p.  419. 
Fruiting  calyx  5-cleft,  horizontally  winged. 

Flowers  paniculate;  perianth  keeled,  developing  into  a  broad  horizontal  wing 
at  maturity;  endosperm  mealy;  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  flat,  sinuate- 
dentate,  2-7  cm  long;  annuals,  to  80  cm  high,  branches  divaricate 

2224.    Cycloloma,  p.  424. 

Flowers  spicate;  each  sepal  with  a  dorsal  winglike  projection;  endosperm 
absent;  leaves  linear  or  lance-linear,  terete,  entire.  .2240.  Kochia,  p.  426. 
Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  reduced  upper  leaves,  forming  terminal  narrow 
spikes,  with  1-3  thin  broad  sepals;  fruit  oval,  laterally  flattened,  distinctly 
winged  (wing  0.5  mm  long  or  more),  much  larger  than  the  calyx;  pericarp 
membranous,  adherent  to  the  vertical  seed;  leaves  linear;  caulescent  annuals.  . 
2245.     Corispermum,  p.  426. 

Stem  jointed,  fleshy,  squarrosely  branched;  leaves  fleshy,  narrow,  subulate,  spiny- 
tipped;  flowers  1-3  in  axils  of  leaves,  subtended  by  bractlets;  stamens  5,  free; 
calyx  in  fruit  with   a  horizontal   wing;    embryo   spirally   and   conically   coiled; 

endosperm  none;  stems  striate 2269.    Salsola,  p.  427. 

Flowers  imperfect  (unisexual,  monoecious  or  dioecious),  pistillate  flower  without 
perianth;  stigmas  2  or  3,  enclosed  in  2  appressed  triangular  bractlets,  these  com- 
pressed, free  at  least  above;  fruiting  bracts  with  margins  often  dilated  and  sides 
often  muricate;  utricles  not  winged  at  apex;  testa  coriaceous;  staminate  flowers  in 
clusters,  mostly  spicate;  calyx  3-5-parted;  embryo  annular;  leaves  lanceolate  to 
hastate-ovate 2229.    Atriplex,  p.  425. 

2223.  CHENOPODIUM   [Tourn.J   L.   Pigweed,  Goosefoot* 

[Aellen,  P.  Neue  adventive  Chenopodien  aus  Schweden.  Bot.  Not.  (Lund) 
1928:  203-210.  1928.  Beitrag  zur  Systematik  der  Chenopodium-Arten 
Amerikas,  vorwiegend  auf  Grund  der  Sammlung  des  United  States  Na- 
tional Museums  in  Washington,  D.  C.  I.  Rep.  spec.  nov.  regn.  veget.  26: 
31-64;  II.  loc.  cit.  26:   119-160.    1929.    Die  wolladventiven  Chenopodien 

*  The  satisfactory  identification  of  the  species  of  Chenopodium  is  definitely  de- 
pendent upon  the  characteristics  of  the  mature  seeds.  Consequently  specimens  bearing 
such  should  be  collected  as  well  as  others  with  cauline  leaves.  For  illustrations  of  the 
characteristics  of  the  seeds  of  certain  species  consult  especially  Iljin,  plate  3  facing 
page  56  (C.  Botrys,  urbicum,  hybridum,  murale,  album)  and  Aellen,  Bot.  Not.  1928: 
207  (C.  missouriense). 

The  distribution  of  certain  species  is  known  only  from  a  few  authentic  specimens 
whereas  reports  of  critical  groups  have  been  discarded  entirely  until  a  more  detailed 
study  now  in  preparation  can  appear.  Future  collections  will  undoubtedly  extend  the 
range  of  most  species  and  add  others  new  to  the  state. 


420  Chenopodiaceae  Chenopodium 

Europas.  Verh.  Naturf.  Ges.  Basel  41 :  77-104.  1930.  Nomenklatorische 
Bemerkungen  zu  einigen  Chenopodien.  Ostenia  (Festschr.  fur  Cornelius 
Osten),  Montevideo,  1933:  98-101.    1933.] 

Plants  with  glandular  pubescence,  more  or  less  aromatic;  embryo  an  incomplete  ring. 

Flowers  glomerate,  without  pubescence;   glomerules   in   bracteate   or  almost  naked 

spikes  (continuous  or  interrupted)  ;  perianth  more  or  less  fused;  stigmas  3  or  4. 

Sect.  Ambrina  (Spach)   Hook.  f. 

Spikes  mostly  leafy;  calyx  lobes  slightly  keeled;   seed  mostly  horizontal,  reddish 

brown,    about    0.5    mm,    with    prominent   wavy    lines;    leaves    4-18   cm    long, 

lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed 1.  C.  ambrosioides  ssp.  eu-ambrosioides. 

Spikes  mostly  leafless,  more  or  less  elongated;  calyx  lobes  not  keeled;  seed  to  0.8 

mm la  C.  ambrosioides  ssp.  eu-ambrosioides  var.  anthelminticum. 

Flowers  solitary,  strongly  glandular  pubescent,  sessile  in  open  divaricate  cymes,  these 

in  loose  panicles;  perianth  fused  only  in  lower  part;  stigmas  2;  seed  horizontal 

or  vertical,  dark  brown,  0.5-0.7  mm;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  pinnately  lobed  to 

pinnate,  lobes  or  leaves  angled,  obtuse.    Sect.  Botryoides  C.  A.  Mey..2.  C.  Botrys. 

Plants  not  glandular  or  aromatic,  sometimes  with  a  rank  or  heavy  odor;  pubescence 

frequently  more  or  less  mealy;  embryo  a  complete  ring. 

Seeds  vertical  or  the  terminal  ones  occasionally  horizontal. 

Seeds  vertical    (rarely  horizontal)  ;  styles  filiform,  one  fourth  to  half  as  long  as 

the  diameter  of  the  utricle. 

Flowers  in  glomerules  (10  mm  in  diam.),  densely  capitate;  calyx  very  fleshy  and 

bright  red,  becoming  red  (crimson)  and  berrylike  in  fruit;  seed  with  slight 

margin,  blackish  brown,  dull,  0.8  mm;  leaves  at  base  hastate.   Sect.  Eublitum 

Moq 3.    C.   capitatum. 

Flowers  spicate,  not  succulent  in  fruit;  perianth  fused  to  nearly  the  middle; 
stigmas  2  or  3,  very  long;  seed  almost  spherical,  erect  (rarely  horizontal), 
with  rounded  margin,  blackish  brown,  almost  smooth,  1.5  mm;  leaves  bright 
green,  5-12  cm  long,  triangular -hastate  and  acute,  almost  entire;  perennial. 
Sect.  Agathophyton  (Moq.)  Hook.  f.    (See  excluded  species  no.  205,  p.  1043.) 

C.    Bonus-Henricus. 

Seed  vertical  and  horizontal  in  the  same  inflorescence;  flowers  sessile,  densely 
glomerulate,  the  glomerules  axillary  and  terminal,  simple  or  paniculate; 
perianth  with  (3)  4  or  5  separate  tips,  these  incompletely  enclosing  the  fruit 
and  not  keeled;  stigmas  short;  seed  dark  brown,  shiny,  margin  slightly  keeled, 
almost  smooth,  0.6  mm;  leaves  on  short  petioles,  pale,  white-mealy  beneath, 
oblong  to  oblong-ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  cuneate  at  base,  1-4  cm  long,  coarsely 

toothed;   annuals.    Sect.  Pseudoblitum  Hook,  f 

4.   C.  glaucum  ssp.  eu-glaucum. 

Seeds   all  horizontal;    style   branches   short;    perianth    5-tipped,   herbaceous,    green, 
fused  to  a  varying  degree,  mostly  keeled,  sometimes  winged;   stigmas  2.   Sect. 
Chenopodia  C.  A.  Mey. 
Seeds  with  characteristic  alveolar  depressions,  black. 

Seed  1  mm  in  diam.,  shiny,  with  surface  markings  less  prominent  towards 
margin;  tips  of  perianth  with  a  narrow,  strongly  winged  keel;  leaves  small, 
ovate-deltoid,  the  strongest  tooth  at  about  the  middle  of  the  leaf,  rounded  at 

either  end,  upper  leaves  cuspidate 5.  C.  Berlandieri  ssp.  Zschackei. 

Seed  larger   (2  mm  max.),  flat,  with  small,  narrow  radial  canals,  often  promi- 
nently  developed;    flowers    densely   glomerate,    in   loose    foliaceous    spikes; 
perianth  tips  fused  to  middle. 
Leaves  with  1  or  2  teeth  in  the  lower  half,  otherwise  irregularly  toothed,  large 
(7x4  cm  max.),  broadly  deltoid,  acuminate,  mucronate.  .6.  C.  Bushianum. 

Leaves  with  more  teeth  in  the  lower  half,  the  teeth  more  acute 

Ga.  C.  Bushianum  f .  acutidentatum. 

Seeds  with  other  markings. 
Leaves  mealy. 


Chenopodium  Chenopodiaceae  421 

Leaves  not  entire,  sinuately  dentate;  inflorescence  dense;  seed  rugose-punctate, 
1.5  mm  in  diam.,  black,  shiny,  lenticular,  with  acute  margin;  calyx  lobes 

keeled  and  enclosing  the  fruit;  plants  up  to  6  ft.  tall 7.  C.  album. 

Leaves  mostly  entire. 

Leaves  linear  or  nearly  so,  very  mealy  at  least  beneath,  with  short  petioles; 
seed   black,   shiny,   punctate,   asymmetrical;    calyx   lobes   keeled,   closely 

enveloping  the  fruit  or  erect;  pericarp  green  or  greenish 

8.  C.  pratericola. 

Leaves  ovate,  about  as  broad  as  long,  small  (1  cm  long),  on  long  petioles; 
seed  lenticular,  with  rounded  margin,  wrinkled  and  finely  punctate,  about 
1  mm  in  diam.;  pericarp  adherent;  plants  very  fetid,  densely  mealy.  .  .  . 

9.  C.  Vulvaria. 

Leaves  green  or  nearly  so  (except  C.  missouriense  var.  Busliianum) . 
Seed  larger  than  in  other  species,  1.5-2  mm  (-3  mm  max.  in  var.)  in  diam., 
black,  lenticular,  margin  more  or  less  rounded,  almost  smooth  or  with 
radial  canals  of  varying  depth  or  slightly  granulate  or  with  narrow 
wrinkles;  perianth  tips  slightly  keeled,  incompletely  enclosing  the  fruit; 
leaves  with  large  divaricate  (2-4)  acute  lobes,  rounded  or  somewhat 
cordate  at  base,  4-17  cm  long,  to  12  cm  wide,  3-5-angular-ovate,  acumi- 
nate. 

Inflorescence  panicled,  loosely  branched,  leafless,  and  terminal 

10.  C.  gigantospermum. 

Inflorescence  contracted,  spicate 10a.   C.  gigantospermum  f.  Griffithsii. 

Seeds  smaller. 

Pericarp  not  firmly  attached  to  the  seed. 

Perianth  tips  not  completely  enclosing  the  fruit,  slightly  keeled;  pericarp 

rust  brown,  somewhat  fleshy 11.  C.  Standleyanum. 

Perianth  tips  completely  enclosing  the  fruit,  prominently  keeled;  pericarp 
yellow. 
Leaves  glabrous,  5x3  cm;   inflorescence  paniculate-glomerate 

12.   C.  missouriense. 

Leaves  mealy  beneath,  mostly  smaller;  inflorescence  glomerulate-cymose. 

12a.    C.  missouriense  var.  Bushianum. 

Pericarp  firmly  attached  to  the  seed. 

Inflorescence  short,  spreading,  axillary,  rather  loose,  the  panicles  shorter 
than  the  leaves;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-rhombic;  seed  shiny  (appearing 
dull    because    of    firmly    attached    pericarp),    almost    black,    faintly 

punctate,  with  acute  margin 13.  C.  murale. 

Inflorescence  suberect,  moniliform,  flower  clusters,  at  least  the  upper  ones, 
longer  than  the  leaves;  seed  shiny,  brownish  black,  almost  smooth, 
finely  punctate,  with  rounded  margin. 

Leaves  deltoid,  more  or  less  hastate,  base  truncate  or  subcordate 

14.    C.   urbicum. 

Leaves   longer   than   broad    (often   twice   as   long),   base   long-cuneate. 
14a.  C.  urbicum  var.  intermedium. 

1.  Chenopodium  ambrosioides  L.  ssp.  eu-ambrosioides  Aellen.  (Rep. 
spec.  nov.  regn.  veget.  26:  34.  1929.)  (C.  ambrosioides  L.  s.  str.)  Mexi- 
can Tea.  Map  860.  A  highly  polymorphic  species  of  wide  tropical  distri- 
bution, but  adventive  in  the  temperate  zones.  Found  mostly  in  gravelly 
and  sandy  soil. 

Reported  from:  Fayette,  Floyd,  Gibson,  Hamilton,  Monroe,  Porter, 
Posey,  and  Putnam  Counties. 

la.  Chenopodium  ambrosioides  ssp.  eu-ambrosioides  var.  anthel- 
mInticum  (L.)  Aellen.  (Rep.  spec.  nov.  regn.  veget.  26:  35.  1929.)  (C.  am- 


422 


Chenopodiaceae 


Chenopodium 


0         "TO 
Map  861 

Chenopodium    ambrosioides  ssp. 
eu-ambrosioides  var.  anthelminticum  (L.)  Aellen 


0  50 

Map  862 


Chenopodium    Botrys   L. 


Miles 
0  56 

Map  863 


Chenopodium    qlaucum  L. 
ssp.  eu-qlaucuro    Aellen 


brosioides  L.  var.  anthelminticum  (L.)  Gray.)  Mexican  Tea,  Stinkweed, 
Wormseed.  Map  861.  Specimens  with  fewer  bracts  have  commonly  been 
referred  to  this  variety  whose  distribution  is  distinctly  southern.  It  is  prob- 
ably much  less  common  in  the  state  than  the  subspecies. 

2.  Chenopodium  Botrys  L.  Feather  Geranium,  Jerusalem  Oak. 
Map  862.  Introduced  in  America.  It  grows  on  sandy  hills,  in  open  woods, 
and  similar  habitats. 

Reported  from:  Fayette,  Franklin,  Gibson,  Hamilton,  Jefferson,  Kos- 
ciusko, La  Porte,  Marion,  Montgomery,  Noble,  Porter,  Posey,  St.  Joseph, 
Tippecanoe,  and  Vigo  Counties. 

3.  Chenopodium  capitatum  (L.  )Ascherson.  (Blitum  capitatum  L.) 
Strawberry  Blite,  Pigweed  or  Spinach. 

Reported  from :  Jefferson,  Lake,  St.  Joseph,  and  Steuben  Counties. 
E.  Que.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  111.,  Minn.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts. 
to  Colo. 

4.  Chenopodium  glaucum  L.  ssp.  eu-glaucum  Aellen.  (Rep.  spec.  nov. 
regn.  veget.  26:  45. 1929.)  Oakleaved  Goosefoot,  Glaucousleaved  Goose- 
foot.  Map  863.  The  original  occurrence  of  this  species  in  America  is  not 
established  as  certain.  Aellen,  however,  suggests  that  it  is  indigenous  in 
salty  places  in  Saskatchewan  and  Colorado. 

Que.  to  Alberta,  N.  Mex.  to  Va.,  and  Md. 

Reported  as  C.  glaucum  L.  from :  Lake,  Monroe,  and  Tipton  Counties. 

5.  Chenopodium  Berlandieri  Moq.  ssp.  Zschackei  (Murr)  Zobel.  (C 
album  in  part,  of  most  American  authors,  not  of  L.)  Southern  White  Pig- 
weed, Woodland  Goosefoot,  Wood  Pigweed.  Map  864.  This  species  and 
the  following  are  characterized  by  the  peculiar  alveolar  depressions  of 
their  seeds,  distinguishing  them  well  from  other  species.  The  whole 
group  however  is  quite  polymorphic. 

West  of  Mississippi  River  to  Pacific  coast,  Canada,  and  Mexico,  but 
apparently  absent  in  the  eastern  U.  S. 

Reports  discarded  because  of  uncertainties  involved. 


Chenopodium 


Chenopodiaceae 


423 


0  50 

Map  864 
Chenopodium    Berlandieri    Moq. 
ssp.  Zschackei    (Murr)  Zobel 


0  ~T0 

Map  865 


Chenopodium    Bushianum    Aellen 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

X 
I 

f 

J 

X 

X 

I 

1 

X 

Z 

H^ 

k. 

,_tZ 

Dec.  C 

r 

V^/  Mi 

es 

0  56 

Map  866 


Chenopodium    album   L. 


6.  Chenopodium  Bushianum  Aellen  (Rep.  spec.  nov.  regn.  veget.  26: 
63.  1929.)  (C.  album  and  C.  paganum  in  part,  of  American  authors,  not 
L.  or  Reichenbach.)    Map  865. 

Allegheny  region,  St.  Lawrence  River  Basin,  Great  Lakes,  and  Mis- 
souri River  Basin  from  N.  Dak.  to  Ark. 

Reports  discarded  as  in  previous  species  and  C.  album. 

6a.  Chenopodium  Bushianum  f.  acutidentatum  Aellen.  (Rep.  spec.  nov. 
regn.  veget.  26:  119.  1929.)  Aellen  cites  but  one  specimen  from  Indiana, 
Wells  Co.,  which  was  collected  in  a  truck  garden. 

7.  Chenopodium  album  L.  Pigweed,  Lamb's  Quarters,  Goosefoot. 
Map  866.  Most  American  plants  identified  as  C.  album  actually  belong  to 
C.  Berlandieri  ssp.  Zschackei  (Murr)  Zobel.  Some  specifically  American 
races,  however,  are  found  in  addition  to  the  truly  European  races  intro- 
duced all  over  the  world.  The  plants  are  found  in  sandy  soils  along  road- 
sides. 

8.  Chenopodium  pratericola  Rydb.  (C.  leptophyllum  Nutt.  of  most 
authors.)  Narrowleaf  Goosefoot.  Map  867.  Widely  distributed  west  of 
the  Mississippi  River,  eastward  probably  only  introduced.  Highly  poly- 
morphic. Found  usually  in  sandy  soil. 

9.  Chenopodium  Vulvaria  L.  Stinking  Goosefoot.  Introduced  in 
North  America. 

Reported  from  Monroe  and  Noble  Counties. 

10.  Chenopodium  gigantospermum  Aellen.  (Rep.  spec.  nov.  regn.  veget. 
26:  144.  1929.)  (C.  hybridum  of  American  authors,  not  L.)  Mapleleaved 
Goosefoot.  Map  868.  All  specimens  from  America  identified  as  C.  hy- 
bridum L.  should  be  referred  to  this  species.  Its  more  or  less  smooth  seed 
with  its  relatively  easily  detachable  perianth  separates  it  clearly  from  the 
European  plant.   It  occurs  in  sandy  fallow  fields,  and  open  or  moist  woods. 


424 


Chenopodiaceae 


Chenopodium 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

X 

X  { 

f 

J 

l 

i,fl 

r1 

U 

■  L: 

Dec.j- 

/  Miles 

C 

henop 

odiurr 

prater  icola 

)               50 
Map  867 

Rydb. 

o         "To 
Map  868 


Chenopodium     rjirjantospermum    Aellen 


5  30 

Map  869 


Chenopodium    Standleyanum    Aellen 


10a.  Chenopodium  gigantospermum  f.  Griffithsii  Aellen.  (Rep.  spec, 
nov.  regn.  veget.  26:  147.  1929.)  Aellen  cites  one  specimen  from  St. 
Joseph  County. 

11.  Chenopodium  Standleyanum  Aellen.  (Rep.  spec.  nov.  regn.  veget. 
26:  153.  1929.)  (C.  Boscianum  Moq.  in  part  [loc. :  "Texas,"  leg.  Drum- 
mond  no.  246]  and  of  authors.)  Map  869.  True  C.  Berlandieri  Moq.  ssp. 
Boscianum  (Moq.)  Aellen  occurs  in  the  southern  states.  In  sandy  soil 
along  roadsides  and  in  open  sandy  woods. 

Pa.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  N.  Mex. 

12.  Chenopodium  missouriense  Aellen.  (Bot.  Not.,  Lund,  1928:  206. 
1928.)  (C.  paganum  Standley,  N.  Amer.  Flora  21(1)  :  23.  1916,  in  part, 
not  Reichenbach.)    Map  870.   In  areas  formerly  occupied  by  prairies. 

12a.  Chenopodium  missouriense  var.  Bushianum  Aellen.  (Rep.  spec, 
nov.  regn.  veget.  26 :  156.  1929.)  Aellen  cites  one  specimen  from  Spencer 
County. 

13.  Chenopodium  murale  L.  Nettleleaved  Goosefoot,  Sowbane, 
Town  Goosefoot.  Map  871.  Introduced  in  America. 

14.  Chenopodium  urbicum  L.  City  or  Upright  Goosefoot.  Map  872. 
Introduced  in  America. 

Reported  from  Clark,  lefferson,  Kosciusko,  Marion,  Monroe,  Steuben, 
Tippecanoe,  and  Vigo  Counties. 

14a.     Chenopodium  urbicum  var.  intermedium  (Mert.  &  Koch)  Koch. 
Reported  from  Pulaski  County. 

2224.  CYCLOLftMA  Moq.  Winged  Pigweed 

1.  Cycloloma  atriplicifolium  (Spreng.)  Coult.  Winged  Pigweed.  Map 
873.  This  plant  occurs  mostly  in  sand  ballast  along  railroads  and  in  the 
dunes.    Characteristic  in  late  summer. 

Man.  to  Ind.,  Ark.  and  westw.  across  the  plains;  introd.  eastw. 


Atriplex 


Chenopodiaceae 


425 


Jan. 
Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


r-rTT 

— 

"1 

3vt 

r 

-^  4- 

r 

1 

J.J-T 

t 

'i 

—            L^1 

Miles 


0  50 

Map870 
Chenopodium    missouriense    Aellen 


0  50 

Map  871 


Chenopodium    murale   L. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.  j- 

t 

X 

.X 

y/ 

\ 

J 

\    T 

I        r 

X 

r1 

— L_ 

} 

X 

x  ^/ 

-/    Miles 

r 

i 

X 

'      ' 

-henopod 

J            Map  872 
um     urbicum    L. 

2229.  ATRIPLEX  [Tourn.]  L.  Orach,  Saltbush,  Shad-scales 

[Collins,  G.  N.  Seeds  of  Commercial  Saltbushes.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  Div. 
Bot.  Bull.  27.  1901.  Hall,  H.  M.  and  F.  S.  Clements.  The  North  American 
Species  of  Atriplex  in :  The  Phylogenetic  Method  in  Taxonomy.  Carnegie 
Inst.  Washington  Publ.  326:  235-355.  Pis.  36-58.  1923.  Schreiber,  Beryl 
0.  Keys  and  Charts  for  California  Species  of  Atriplex.  California  Forest 
and  Range  Exp.  Sta.,  Techn.   Note  no.  8 :  9p.    1938.] 

Leaves  green,  glabrate  as  the  rest  of  plant,  at  least  the  lower  ones  opposite,  usually 
hastate  or  nearly  so,  only  the  lowest  at  times  dentate,  occasionally  linear,  petiolate; 
bracts  united  at  the  base  only,  with  dentate  foliaceous  margins,  the  sides  usually 
tuberculate    or   muricate,   the    teeth   occasionally   rather    small    and   few;    radicle 
inferior. 
Leaves  lanceolate  to  rounded-deltoid;  plants  usually  decumbent;  pistillate  flowers  all 
alike,  bracteate. 
Bracts  usually  smooth  on  the  face,  rhombic-oval,  mostly  broadly  cuneate  or  nar- 
rowly rounded  at  the  base;  lower  leaves  rhombic-lanceolate,  to  narrowly  lanceo- 
late  or   oblong,   not   hastate,   the   upper   ones    usually    entire    or    denticulate 
(occasionally   slightly   hastate),    medium-sized,   rarely   with    a   pair    of   basal 

lobes 1.   A.  patula. 

Bracts  ordinarily  tuberculate  on  the  face,  orbicular-deltoid  or  ovate-deltoid,  usually 
truncate  or  broadly  rounded  at  the  base,  margins  mostly  with  a  few  toothlike 
projections;  lower  leaves  rounded-deltoid  or  triangular-hastate,  the  upper 
usually  more  or  less  hastate,  with  basal  angles  or  lobes,  mostly  large,  more  or 

less  irregularly  dentate;  inflorescence  leafless,  spicate  paniculate 

la.  A.  patula  var.  hastata. 

Leaves  linear,  not  hastate  or  but  slightly  so;  bracts  tuberculate  on  the  face,  erect. . . . 

lb.  A.  patula  var.  littoralis. 

Leaves  gray-scurfy,  all  alternate,  all  or  most  dentate  or  hastate,  never  linear,  ovate 
or  rhombic-ovate,  upper  usually  sessile,  rounded  or  cuneate  at  base,  cartilaginous 
on  drying;  bracts  united  to  about  the  middle,  ovate,  acute,  longer  than  broad, 
fruiting  bracts  rhombic  or  cuneate-orbicular,  becoming  hard  and  tough  with  dentate 
margins,  shiny,  not  apiculate;  radicle  superior 2.  A.  rosea. 

1.    Atriplex  patula  L.  Orach,  Narrowleaf  Orach,  Spear  Scale.  Map 
874.  A  highly  variable  species  and  linked  by  intermediates  with  its  varieties. 


426 


Chenopodiaceae 


Atriplex 


1 

X 

X 

xl 

f 

X 

I             X 

X 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Au& 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov 

*              X 

Jk 

[^ 

" 

-I 

w 

X. 

I1 

r 

X 

m 

,i 

Dec  C 

i, 

X       , 

/   Miles 

f/     x 

i  r* 

I- 

Cy 

X 

:lol 

om 

a     a 

tripl' 

cifoliumISp 

3                50 

Map  873 
rengJCoult. 

o        "^3 
Map  874 


Atriplex    patula  L. 


0  50 

Map  874  a 


Atriplex    patula   var    hastata  (L.)  Gray 


In  sandy  soil  and  waste  places. 

Reported  from :  Lake,  La  Porte,  Marion,  and  Tippecanoe  .Counties. 
Newf.  to  Fla.,  Ala.,  Mo.,  to  B.  C. 

la.  Atriplex  patula  var.  hastata  (L.)  Gray.  (A.  hastata  L.)  Halberd- 
leaved  Orach,  Spear  Orach.   Map  874a.  Same  habitats  as  species. 

Reported  from :  Benton,  La  Porte,  Madison,  Marshall,  and  Wells  Coun- 
ties. 

Newf.  to  Oregon,  southw.  to  S.  C,  Va.,  Mo.,  and  Calif. 

lb.     Atriplex  patula  var.  littoralis  (L.)   Gray.    (A.  littoralis  L.)     Map 

875.  Prairie  habitat,  roadsides. 

Reported  from:  La  Porte,  Porter,  and  Steuben  Counties. 
P.  E.  I.  to  N.  J.,  westw.  along  Great  Lakes. 

2.  Atriplex  rosea  L.  Red  Scale.  Reported  from  Porter  County, 
probably  in  the  state.    Introduced  in  America. 

2240.  KOCHIA  Roth 

1.  Kochia  ScopAria  (L.)  Schrad.  Occasionally  found  on  dumps, 
sporadic  in  appearance,  but  Will  never  become  an  escape  or  established  in 
the  state.    Introduced  in  America. 

One  specimen  seen  from  Wells  County  which  might  be  referred  to  the 
var.  trichophila  (Schinz  &  Thell.)  Bailey.  This  differs  from  the  species 
by  its  narrow,  linear  leaves  (1-2  mm  wide),  by  its  fastigiate  growth,  and 
its  bright  red  color  in  the  autumn. 

2245.  CORISPERMUM  [A.  Juss.]  L.  Bug-seed 

Fruit  2-3  mm  long;  lower  bracts  much  narrower  than  the  fruit,  not  imbricated; 
spikes  small,  laxly  flowered,  slender;  bracts  of  flowers  shorter  than  or  as  long  as  the 
flowers 1.  C.  nitidum. 

Fruit  3.5-4.5  (5)  mm  long;  lower  bracts  equaling  or  longer  than  the  flowers,  imbri- 
cated; spikes  broader,  dense,  stout;  perianth  parts  1-3,  very  rarely  5  or  lacking. 
2.   C.   hyssopifolium. 


Salsola 


Amaranthaceae 


427 


Jan. 
Feb- 
Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


X        ) 

— r 

~4 

X 

T 

X 

n 

y> 

f 

J 

^X 

't- 

Uri 

xi 

1 

1  ■ 

\  //    Miles 

0  50 

Map  875 
Atriplex"    patula    var.  littoralis 

(L.)  A.Gray 


o  50 

Map  878 


Salsola   pestifer   A.  Nelson 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


X        X 

j, — 

rV" 

r1 

c 

IT 

i 

i ' — 

Miles 


0  55 

Map  876 


Corispermum    nitidum    Kit. 


0  50 

Map   879 


Amaranthus    hybridus   L. 


0  ^50 

Map  877 


Corispermum     hyssopifolium    L. 


7 
S 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.j- 

D        l 
1 

D[ 
UK  1 

1     HD 

D             D 

0          D 

r 

rV 

^D 

D 

1 

p 

— V 

f 

D 

R 
DP 

r1 

- 

uc 

r 

-  X 

j 

r, 

IU 

1      ' — 

10 

I            P        1 

U     Miles 

Amaran 

thus 

"1~K  Yo       -5o' 

1/              Map  880 

retroflexus   L. 

1.  Corispermum  nitidum  Kit.  Map  876.  On  sand  dunes.  Known  from 
Lake  and  Porter  Counties  only. 

Great  Lakes,  N.  Dak.,  Idaho,  southw.  to  Texas  and  Ariz. 

2.  Corispermum  hyssopifolium  L.  Map  877.  On  sand  dunes;  known 
from  Lake,  La  Porte,  and  Porter  Counties. 

Ont.  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  Mo.  and  Mex. 

2269.  SALSOLA  L.  Saltwort,  Russian  Thistle 

1.  Salsola  pestifer  A.  Nelson.  (S.  Kali  L.  var.  tenuifolia  G.  F.  W. 
Mey.)  Russian  Thistle.  Map  878.  In  sandy  soil  in  waste  grounds  and 
along  beaches  and  roadsides.    Introduced  in  America. 

79.  AMARANTHACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.  Amaranth  Family 

Leaves  alternate. 

Ovary  3-8  seeded;  filaments  of  stamens  united  into  a  tube.  . .  .2292.    Celosia,  p.  428. 
Ovary  1-seeded;  filaments  of  stamens  free. 


428  Amaranthaceae  Amaranthus 

Flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  all  with  a  calyx  of  5,  or  sometimes  3,  distinct, 

erect  sepals;  sepals  persistent 2299.    Amaranthus,  p.  428. 

Flowers  dioecious;  calyx  none  in  the  pistillate  flowers;  calyx  of  5  sepals  in  the 

staminate  flowers 2300.   Acnida,  p.  430. 

Leaves  opposite. 

Flowers  spicate  or  paniculate. 
Leaves  woolly  beneath,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  of  a  narrow  type;  flowers  spicate.  .  .  . 

2332.    Froelichia,  p.  431. 

Leaves  only  sparsely  pubescent  beneath,  with  a  long  petiole,  of  an  ovate  type; 

flowers  paniculate 2339.    Iresine,  p.  432. 

Flowers  in  dense,  round  heads,  usually  crimson  or  rose  color 

2338.     Gomphrena,  p.  432. 

2292.  CELOSIA  L.  Cockscomb 

1.  Celosia  ARGENTEA  L.  A  cultivated  form  of  this  plant  was  reported 
by  Nieuwland  as  escaped  in  the  foreign  settlement  in  the  west  side  of  South 
Bend.  I  have  noted  it  from  the  roadside  on  dumps  and  in  waste  places. 
We  have  had  it  in  cultivation  for  many  years  and  it  maintains  itself  by 
self  sown  seed.  Before  the  mature  plants  are  cut  for  burning  enough  seed 
fall  to  sow  themselves  in  abundance.  There  is  no  report  that  it  is  estab- 
lished outside  the  sandy  area  about  South  Bend. 

Tropical  area  of  Americas,  Asia,  and  Africa. 

2299.  AMARANTHUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Amaranth 

Inflorescence  of  terminal  or  axillary,  simple  or  paniculate  spikes,  glomerules  of  flowers 
often  present  also  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 
Plant  spineless;  utricle  regularly  circumscissile. 

Pistillate  sepals  usually  shorter  than  the  utricle,  or  slightly  longer,  acuminate  or 

acute;    main    bracts    mostly    2-3.5    mm    long;    spikes    generally    6-12    mm    in 

diameter. 

Bracts  obtuse  or  acutish,  equaling  or  up  to  one  and  a  half  times  as  long  as  the 

sepals,    usually    red    or    purple;    sepals    of    pistillate    flowers    1.5    mm    long, 

obtuse   or   rounded   at   the    apex;    utricle   subglobose,   conspicuously   longer 

than  the  sepals;  seed  1  mm  in  diameter 1.  A.  cruentus. 

Bracts  acute  or  acuminate,  usually  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  sepals  of  pistil- 
late flowers  1.5-2  mm  long,  acute,  or  the  inner  rarely  obtuse;  utricle  sub- 
globose,  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  sepals,  very  rarely  exceeding  them; 

seed  1  mm  in  diameter 2.  A.  hybridus. 

Pistillate  sepals  obtuse  or  truncate,  equaling  or  conspicuously  longer  than  the  fruit, 
about  3  mm  long;   main   bracts  mostly  4-6  mm   long;   spikes   generally  8-20 

mm  in  diameter 3.  A.  retroflexus. 

Plant  spiny;  utricle  irregularly  or  imperfectly  dehiscent 4.    A.  spinosus. 

Inflorescence  wholly  of  axillary  glomerules. 

Sepals  in  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  4  or  5;  utricle  smooth;  seed  more 
than   1   mm  wide,  usually  about   1.5  mm  in   diameter;   plants  prostrate;   leaves 

toward  the  ends  of  the  branches  scarcely  reduced 5.  A.  blitoides. 

Sepals  3,  those  of  the  pistillate  flowers  acute  or  acutish,  those  of  the  staminate 
flowers  cuspidate,  scarious;  utricle  rugose;  seed  about  0.8  mm  in  diameter; 
plants  stout,  erect,  with  stiff,  divaricate  or  ascending  branches;  leaves  toward 
the  ends  of  the  branches  usually  much  reduced 6.  A.  graecizans. 

1.  Amaranthus  cruentus  L.  (Amaranthus  paniculatus  L.)  Tassel 
Amaranth.  This  is  a  garden  escape  to  roadsides,  waste  places,  and 
dumps,  which  I  have  seen  many  times  but  never  collected.    I  have  no  evi- 


Amaranthus 


Amaranthaceae 


429 


Amaranthus     spinosus    L. 


0  50 

Map   882 

Amaranthus     blitoides    S.  Wats. 


0  50 

Map  883 


Amaranthus    o/aeci'zans    L. 


dence  that  it  can  maintain  itself  in  competition  although  it  has  maintained 
itself  in  our  garden  for  several  years. 

Nat.  of  Asia;  escaped  or  adventive  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  U.  S.  as 
far  west  of  N.  Mex.  and  Ariz.,  southw.  through  the  tropics  to  sub-tropical 
S.  A. 

2.  Amaranthus  hybridus  L.  Slender  Green  Amaranth.  Slender 
Pigweed.  Map  879.  Widely  distributed  throughout  the  state  as  a  weed  in 
gardens,  cornfields,  waste  places,  especially  about  habitations,  and  along 
roadsides  and  railroads.  It  prefers  a  rich,  moist  soil  and  is  often,  like  the 
next  species,  a  pernicious  weed  in  cultivated  grounds. 

Found  in  the  tropics  throughout  the  world  and  naturalized  throughout 
the  U.  S. 

3.  Amaranthus  retroflexus  L.  Rough  Green  Amaranth.  Rough 
Green  Pigweed.  Map  880.  Like  the  preceding  species  this  one  is  widely 
distributed  throughout  the  state  as  a  weed  in  cultivated  fields  and  waste 
places  and  along  roadsides  and  railroads.  It  also  prefers  rich  soils  and 
is  a  too  common  weed. 

Nat.  of  tropical  America ;  naturalized  throughout  the  U.  S. 

4.  Amaranthus  spinosus  L.  Thorny  Amaranth.  Map  881.  This 
is  a  very  objectionable  weed  on  account  of  its  many  spines.  It  is  restricted 
mostly  to  our  southern  counties  in  barnyards  and  lanes  where  it  is  often 
very  abundant.  I  do  not  understand  why  farmers  do  not  try  to  exterminate 
it  when  first  they  discover  it  on  their  premises  but  I  have  never  met  one 
who  was  making  the  attempt.  All  who  had  a  common  name  for  it  called 
it  careless,  a  name  sometimes  applied  to  species  of  the  pigweed  family. 
I  never  could  learn  the  origin  or  significance  of  this  name  and  it  seems 
to  me  to  be  very  inappropriate. 

Nat.  of  the  tropics ;  naturalized  in  the  U.  S.  from  Minn,  eastw. 


430  Amaranthaceae  Acnida 

5.  Amaranthus  blitoides  Wats.  Prostrate  Amaranth.  Map  882. 
An  infrequent  to  frequent  weed  throughout  the  state.  It  prefers  a  moist 
soil  and  is  most  frequently  found  on  the  muddy  slopes  of  banks  and  gravelly 
liars  of  streams,  in  cultivated  fields  and  waste  places,  and  along  roadsides 
and  railroads. 

Minn,  to  Mo.  and  Tex.  and  westw. ;  established  in  e.  U.  S.,  s.  Canada, 
and  adventive  in  s.  Eu. 

6.  Amaranthus  graecizans  L.  Tumbleweed.  Map  883.  An  infrequent 
weed  throughout  the  state.  It  prefers  a  dry,  sandy  soil,  hence  is  much 
more  frequent  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  It  is  most  commonly 
found  in  sandy  waste  places,  gravel  pits,  and  cultivated  fields  and  along 
roadsides  and  railroads. 

S.  Canada,  southw.  through  the  U.  S.  to  n.  Mex. ;  adventive  in  Eu.,  Asia, 
Africa,  and  S.  A. 

2300.  ACNIDA  L.  Water  Hemp 

Utricle  circumscissile,  verrucose  all  over;  bracts  longer  than  the  utricle;  staminate 
flowers  mostly  3.5-4  mm  long,  their  sepals  rigid,  long-acuminate,  the  outer  con- 
spicuously longer  than  the  inner,  their  bracts  2-3  mm  long;  plants  erect,  5-16  dm 

high,  mostly  of  a  moist  or  dry,  sandy  habitat 1.    A.  tamariscina. 

Utricle  irregularly  dehiscent  or  indehiscent,  smooth  or  verrucose  mostly  below  the 
middle;  bracts  shorter  than  the  utricle;  staminate  flowers  2-2.5  mm  long,  their 
sepals  thin,  acute,  of  nearly  equal  length,  their  bracts  about  1-1.5  mm  long;  plants 
erect,  decumbent,  or  prostrate;  mostly  of  a  muddy  habitat,  such  as  muddy  banks, 
bars  in  streams,  and  dried-up  ponds  and  sloughs. 
Plants   erect,   mostly  4-12   dm   high;   leaves   of   an   ovate   or   lanceolate   type,  hence 

broadest  below  the  middle;  seed  about  0.8  mm  wide 2.  A.  altissinut. 

Plants  prostrate  or  decumbent;  leaves  obovate,  spatulate  or  lanceolate;  seed  mostly 
1-1.2  mm  wide 3.-4.   subnuda. 

1.  Acnida  tamariscina  (Nutt.)  Wood.  Map  884.  I  found  this  species 
in  1919  and  1921  to  be  common  in  sandy  soil  about  a  half  mile  east  of 
Lyle,  Gibson  County,  along  the  roadside  and  in  adjacent  cornfields.  I  found 
it  also  as  a  common  plant,  4-6  feet  high,  in  a  roadside  ditch  4  miles  south 
of  Johnsonville,  Warren  County.  This  location  is  in  the  prairie  area  of  the 
state.  I  have  also  a  specimen  collected  by  Umbach  in  ballast  near  Miller, 
Lake  County.  From  what  I  can  learn  of  the  habitat  of  this  species  I  think 
it  is  a  native  of  the  western  part  of  the  state.  Blatchley  says  he  found  it  to 
be  common  along  the  Wabash  River  in  Vigo  County  on  gravel  and  sandy 
banks  which  is  the  preferred  and  native  habitat  of  the  species. 

Ind.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Tex. 

2.  Acnida  altissima  Riddell.  (Acnida  tnberculata  Moq.)  (See  North 
Amer.  Flora  21 :  122.  1917.)  Map  885.  Infrequent  to  common  in  all  parts 
of  the  state  on  the  muddy  banks  and  bars  of  streams,  on  the  borders  of 
ponds  and  sloughs,  in  ditches  and  dried-up  ponds  and  sloughs,  and  in 
moist,  alluvial  cornfields  along  streams.  This  is  strictly  a  low  ground 
species  and  is  very  common  on  the  muddy  slope  of  the  bank  of  the  Ohio 
River. 

Ont.  to  Colo.,  southw.  to  Ky.  and  Mo. 


Froelichia 


Amaranthaceae 


431 


o  lo 

Map   884 

Acnida    tamariscina   (Nutt.)    Wood 


2 
2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

1 
f 

/ 

)a- 



^.y 

J 

\ 

j 

■L. 

-X 

i 

-  x 

- 

D 

DP 

JT 

r 

Oec.^ 

r» 

t 
i  ' — 

0 

(J    Miles 

A( 

nida 

subnuda 

(S.  Wat- 

<r        50 

Map  886 
)   Standley 

3.  Acnida  subnuda  (Wats.)  Standley.  (Acnida  tuberculata  var.  sub- 
nuda  S.  Wats.)  Map  886.  My  specimens  are  from  the  muddy  slopes  and 
bars  of  our  larger  streams.  This  species  is  closely  related  to  the  preceding 
one  and  is  separated  from  it  primarily  by  its  prostrate  habit  and  by  its 
larger  seed. 

Ont.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Tenn. 


2332.  FROELICHIA  Moench 

Plants  much  divided  near  the  base,  the  erect  portion  usually  not  much  longer  at 
maturity  than  the  long,  lower,  and  often  prostrate  branches;  wings  of  the  flattened 
calyx  tube  at  maturity  about  1  mm  wide  and  divided  usually  to  the  base  into 
about  6  or  7  spinelike  teeth,  the  tube  also  provided  at  the  base  with  tubercles, 

usually  one  on  one  side  and  two  on  the  opposite  side 1.  F.  gracilis. 

Plants  erect,  tall,  not  divided  near  the  base,  sparingly  branched;  wings  of  the  flattened 

calyx  tube  at  maturity  about  1  mm  wide  and  not  divided  to  the  base  but  more  or 

less  deeply  dentate,  the  tube  at  the  base  with  one  or  both  sides  with  a  tubercle  or 

tubercular  lines. 

Pubescence   of   the  upper   part   of   the   stem   of   very   short,   brownish   hairs.     (See 

excluded  species  no.  207,  p.  1043.) F.  floridana. 

Pubescence  of  the  stems  white  and  woolly 2.  F.  campestris. 

1.  Froelichia  gracilis  (Hook.)  Moq.  Map  887.  In  1930  I  found  a 
few  plants  of  this  species  along  the  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois  Railroad 
at  the  Duncan  Switch  about  4  miles  south  of  Vincennes.  The  soil  along 
the  railroad  here  is  almost  a  pure  sand.  By  the  fall  of  1933  it  had  spread 
for  a  quarter  of  a  mile  and  formed  a  complete  stand  at  the  switch  and 
for  several  hundred  feet  to  the  north  of  it.  This  species  will  probably  be- 
come a  weed  in  the  sandy  area  of  this  part  of  the  country.  In  1933  I  found 
two  small  colonies  in  ballast  along  the  railroad  in  the  first  mile  east  of 
Dana,  Vermillion  County.  In  1933  Paul  Weatherwax  found  a  large  colony 
in  ballast  along  the  railroad  half  a  mile  south  of  Worthington,  Greene 
County.    In  1937  Charles  M.  Ek  found  scattered  plants  in  cinder  soil  in 


432 


Nyctaginaceae 


Iresine 


the  railroad  yards  in  Tipton,  Tipton  County.    Doubtless  it  already  has 
a  much  wider  distribution  in  the  state  than  our  records  show. 
Iowa  to  Colo.,  southw.  to  Ark.,  Ariz.,  and  Chihuahua,  Mex. 

2.  Froelichia  campestris  Small.  Map  887a.  I  have  specimens  of  this 
species  from  three  counties.  One  was  collected  July  7,  1900,  by  Umbach 
on  railroad  ballast  near  Aetna,  Lake  County.  Another  was  collected  by 
Miss  Madge  McKee  along  a  sandy  roadside  about  6  miles  south  of  Rose- 
lawn,  Newton  County.  In  1933  I  found  a  large  area  of  it  in  very  sandy 
soil  in  a  fallow  field  in  sec.  3  in  Starke  County  about  two  and  a  half  miles 
northeast  of  North  Judson.  This  species  in  time  will  no  doubt  become  a 
weed  in  the  sandy  areas  of  this  part  of  the  state.  Doubtless  introduced 
into  the  state. 

111.  and  Wis.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Mo.  and  Okla. 

2338.  GOMPHRENA  L. 

See  excluded  species  no.  208,  p.  1044. 

2339.  IRESINE  P.  Br. 

1.  Iresine  rhizomatosa  Standley.  (Proc.  Washing-ton  Biol.  Soc.  28 :  172. 
1915.)  (Iresine  paniculata  of  recent  authors,  not  Kuntze.)  Map  888.  Very 
local  in  a  few  low  woods  and  dried-up  sloughs  in  the  Lower  Wabash 
Valley.   Reported  also  from  Clark,  Floyd,  and  Jefferson  Counties. 

Md.,  Ind.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  cent.  Tex. 


80.  NYCTAGINACEAE  Lindl.  Four-o'clock  Family 

Involucre  remaining  unchanged  in  fruit 2347.    Mirabilis,  p.  433. 

Involucre  enlarging  and  becoming  membranous  and  reticulate  in  fruit 

2348.    Oxybaphus,  p.  433. 


Oxybaphus 


Phytolaccaceae 


433 


0  50 

Map  889 


Oxybaphus    nyctacjineus   (Michx.)  Sweet 


0  50 

Map  890 


Phytolacca    americana    L. 


Mollugo     verticillata   L. 


2347.  MIRABILIS  L. 

See  excluded  species  no.  209,  p.  1044. 

2348.  OXYBAPHUS  L'Her.  Umbrella-wort 

Leaves  petiolate  and  obovate  or  the  upper  bractlike  and  sessile 1.  O.  nyctagineus. 

Leaves  sessile,  linear  or  lanceolate. 

Stem  more  or  less  hirsute  as  well  as  viscid.    (See  excluded  species  no.  211,  p.  1044.)  .  . 

O.    hirsutiis. 

Stem  glabrous  below,  not  hirsute,  viscid-puberulent  above. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  less  than  5  mm  wide,  rarely  wider;  angles  of  fruit  smooth. 

(See  excluded  species  no.  212,  p.  1044.) O.  linearis. 

Leaves  mostly  lanceolate,  sometimes  linear  to  ovate;  angles  of  fruit  tuberculate. 
(See  excluded  species  no.  210,  p.  1044.) O.  albidus. 

1.  Oxybaphus  nyctagineus  (Michx.)  Sweet.  (See  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 
Publ.  Bot.  Ser.  8:  305.  1931.)  (Allionia  nyctaginea  Michx.)  Heartleaf 
Umbrella- wort.  Map  889.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in  railroad  ballast 
throughout  the  state.  Probably  found  in  every  county.  More  frequent 
before  the  right-of-ways  of  railroads  were  kept  clean.  This  species  seems 
to  require  a  very  sandy  soil.  I  have  seen  it  only  twice  in  situations  other 
than  railroad  ballast.  I  once  found  it  along  a  very  sandy  roadside  near 
Roselawn  in  Newton  County,  and  once  in  a  very  sandy,  oat  field  near 
Kniman  in  Jasper  County. 

Ind.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Tex.  and  Mex. ;  frequently  adventive  in  e.  U.  S. 

83.  PHYTOLACCACEAE  Lindl.  Pokeweed  Family 
2380.  PHYTOLACCA  [Tourn.]  L. 
1.  Phytolacca  americana  L.  (Phytolacca  decandra  L.)  Common  Poke- 
berry.  Map  890.  This  plant  is  found  throughout  the  state  in  almost 
all  kinds  of  soils  and  habitats.  Its  abundance  is  due  to  birds  that  scatter 
the  seed  everywhere,  to  its  ability  to  adapt  itself  to  all  kinds  of  soils, 
and  to  the  fact  that  grazing  animals  do  not  molest  it.  I  have  seen 
it  only  a  few  times  in  a  thick  stand  over  any  considerable  area.    I  once 


434  Portulacaceae  Talinum 

found  a  sandy,  white  oak  clearing  of  about  ten  acres  which  had  grown 
up  thickly  with  this  species  after  it  had  been  grazed  by  hogs  until  the 
mineral  soil  had  been  exposed  all  over  the  area.  In  old  orchards  and 
forest  plantings  that  have  been  heavily  grazed  by  hogs,  it  is  usually  a  com- 
mon weed.  It  prefers  a  rich,  moist  soil.  The  largest  specimens  I  ever  saw 
were  in  a  muck  soil  in  a  marsh  that  had  just  passed  into  the  soft  maple 
stage.  The  plants  grew  here  6-8  feet  high  and  were  wide  spreading  and 
I  estimated  that  a  single  plant  would  produce  not  less  than  a  gallon  of 
berries.  I  mention  this  fact  because  I  believe  that  in  due  time  the  fruit 
of  this  species  will  be  of  horticultural  importance.  Although  the  berries 
have  an  objectionable  bitter  flavor,  they  are  not  poisonous  as  some  people 
think.  The  root,  however,  is  poisonous.  All  my  life  I  have  been  tasting 
the  berries  to  find  one  that  lacked  the  characteristic  flavor,  but  without 
success.  About  60  years  ago  I  recall  that  a  hotel  keeper  came  to  our 
woods  to  gather  pokeberries  and  elderberries  which  he  canned  and  used 
about  half  and  half  for  making  pies.  If  the  pokeberries  alone  are  used, 
some  vinegar  should  be  added.  They  make  a  very  rich  looking  and  palatable 
pastry.  I  recall  eating  them  in  pies  when  I  was  a  boy.  The  dried  berries 
macerated  with  whiskey  were  formerly  used  for  rheumatism. 
Southern  Maine,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ark.,  and  Mex. 

84.  AIZOACEAE  A.  Br.  Carpet-weed  Family 
2387.  MOLLUGO  L. 

1.  Mollugo  verticillata  L.  Carpet-weed.  Map  891.  The  carpet- 
weed  is  distributed  throughout  the  state  in  dry  or  moist  soils  that  are  not 
covered  with  vegetation.  It  is  infrequent,  frequent  or  common  where 
found,  usually  on  the  sandy  shores  of  streams,  in  cultivated  fields  such  as 
cornfields,  stubble  fields,  and  truck  gardens,  in  ballast  along  railroads, 
along  roadsides,  and  elsewhere  in  sandy  soil. 

Throughout  temperate  and  tropical  N.  A. ;  also  in  S.  A.  and  in  the  Old 
World. 

85.  PORTULACACEAE  Reichenb.  Purslane  Family 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary;  capsule  3-valved. 

Leaves  terete,  more  than  2;  seed  numerous 2406.   Talinum,  p.  434. 

Leaves  2,  not  terete,  sometimes  nearly  so;  seed  not  more  than  6 

2412.    Claytonia,  p.  435. 

Calyx  partly  adnate  to  the  ovary;  capsule  circumscissile 2421.    Portulaca,  p.  435. 

2406.  TALlNUM  Adans. 

1.  Talinum  rugospermum  Holzinger.  (Holzinger.  Talinum  rugosper- 
mum.  Torreya  28:  94-95.  1928  and  Fassett.  Talinum  teretifolium  and  T. 
rugospermum.  Rhodora  30:  205-206.  1928.)  Prairie  Talinum.  Map  892. 
This  plant  was  first  reported  by  Babcock  (Lens  1 :  23.  1872)  as  found  on 
the  sand  hills  at  Miller  and  Tolleston  in  Lake  County.  On  Nov.  22,  1928, 
Norman  C.  Fassett  wrote  me  that  there  were  five  specimens  in  the  herbar- 
ium of  the  University  of  Wisconsin  collected  by  L.  M.  Umbach  at  Miller  on 
the  following  dates:  July  26,  1895;  June  23,  1898;  June  27,  1899;  July  17, 


Claytonia 


PORTULACACEAE 


435 


— 

Jan 

Dp 

DP     1 

T 

D 
UK  I 

f 



Mar 
Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

\ 

J 

-U 

-I 

"~ ? 

-  i 

J 

J~ 

r 

Dec  C 

I 

■  ' — 

£/    Miles 

1 

fal 

nu 

m     r 

U90' 

permum 

0                 SO 

Map  892 

Holzinger 

0         ~w 
Map  893 


Claytonia    virginica   L. 


— 

ml" 

f 

0 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Od. 

Nov. 

Dec  (- 

■^^D                        P 

D 

r 

D 

Jv 

J 

-L,        T 

1 

-SyZ 

r 

uc 

/ 

-  i 

-~r 

J- 

r, 

1 

1 

ID 

1        ' 

10 

K        1 , 

Xf    Miles 

D 

Porti 

laca 

«1\   7o             50 
■J            Map  894 

oleracea   L. 

1906;  and  August  27,  1909.    I  have  a  specimen  collected  by  Umbach  on 
June  27,  1899.   Holzinger  says  the  species  is  perennial  and  grows  in  very 

sandy  soil. 

Sandstone  ledges  near  Duluth,  Minn.,  southw.  to  cent.  111.,  eastw.  to  Lake 
Michigan  and  Lake,  Newton,  and  Porter  Counties,  Ind. 

2414.  CLAYTONIA  [Gronov.j  L.  Spring  Beauty 

Stem  leaves  linear,  linear-lanceolate  to  lanceolate,  5-15  cm  long,  sessile  or  petiolate. 

1.   C.   virginica. 

Stem  leaves  oval-lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  2.5-5  cm  long,  petiolate.    (See  excluded 
species  no.  214,  p.  1044.) C.  caroliniana, 

1.  Claytonia  virginica  L.  Virginia  Spring  Beauty.  Map  893.  Frequent 
to  common  in  moist  or  dry  woods  in  every  county  of  the  state.  It  is  ex- 
teremely  variable  in  all  of  its  parts  except  the  seed.  It  generally  has  only 
2  stem  leaves,  but  I  have  one  specimen  with  3  stem  leaves.  Stanley 
Coulter  says :  "Common  with  the  floral  parts  multiplied."  The  dried  stem 
leaves  of  my  specimens  vary  from  2-25  mm  in  width  and  from  5-15  cm 
in  length ;  some  are  sessile  and  others  are  petiolate.  The  calyx  at  fruiting 
time  varies  from  5-12  mm  long,  and  the  lobes  from  rounded  to  acute.  I 
think  that  some  of  the  wideleaf  specimens  have  been  reported  as  Clay- 
tonia caroliniana,  which  I  have  not  found  in  Indiana  although  I  have 
sought  for  it  for  years. 

I  once  noted  a  small  bird  greedily  eating  the  flowers  of  Claytonia  vir- 
ginica. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Kans.  (Rydberg.  North  Amer.  Flora 

21:  298.  1932). 

2421.  PORTULACAr[Tourn]  L. 

Leaf  blades  flat;  axils  of  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  petals  yellow 1.  P.  oleracea. 

Leaf  blades  terete  or  nearly  so;   axils  of  leaves  pilose;   petals  red  or  purple.     (See 
excluded  species  no.  216,  p.  1045.) P.  grandiflora. 

1.  Portulaca  oleracea  L.  Common  Purslane.  Map  894.  This  plant 
was  formerly  a  common  and  annoying  weed  in  gardens  and  cornfields. 


436  Caryophyllaceae  Stellaria 

It  has  been  reported  from  all  parts  of  the  state  and  all  authors  who  report 
it  mention  its  weedy  nature.  I  recall  that  when  I  was  a  boy  60  years  ago 
we  pulled  it  by  the  bushel  and  fed  it  to  the  hogs.  At  the  present  time  it  is 
rare  and  I  very  seldom  see  a  specimen  any  more,  although  I  admit  that  1 
rarely  botanize  gardens  or  cornfields.  I  am  not  able  to  explain  its  disap- 
pearance but  I  do  not  think  that  clean  cultivation  is  responsible  for  its 
scarcity. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  now  naturalized  nearly  throughout  N.  A. 

87.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE  Reichenb.  Pink  Family 

Sepals  separate,  more  or  less  spreading;  styles  separate  to  the  base;  ovary  sessile. 
Stipules  present. 
Leaves  opposite. 

Styles  2 2475.   Paronychia,  p.  442. 

Styles  3 2450.   Spergularia,  p.  442. 

Leaves  whorled;  styles  5 2449.    Spergula,  p.  442. 

Stipules  lacking. 

Capsules   opening   by   as   many   entire   or   at   length   2-cleft   valves   as   there   are 
styles;  petals  entire  or  merely  notched  at  the  apex. 
Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate  with  them;  petals  of  the  same  number 

or  lacking 2433.    Sagina,  p.  441. 

Styles  fewer  than  the  sepals,  rarely  of  the  same  number  and  then  opposite  them. 

2443.   Arenaria,  p.  441. 

Capsules  opening  by  twice  as  many  valves  or  teeth  as  there  are  styles;  petals 
deeply  cleft  or  lacking. 
Capsule  short,  ovate  or  oblong,  opening  usually  by  6  valves;  styles  usually  3. 

2429.    Stellaria,  p.  436. 

Capsule  long,  cylindric,  often  curved,  opening  at  the  apex  usually  by  10  teeth; 

styles  usually  5 2430.    Cerastium,  p.  438. 

Sepals  united;   calyx  tubular. 

Calyx  naked  at  the  base;  seeds  globular  or  reniform;  embryo  curved. 

Flowers  apetalous 2483.    Scleranthus,  p.  444. 

Flowers  with  petals. 

Sepals  with  long,  herbaceous  tips,  generally  2-3  cm  long;  styles  5,  opposite  the 

petals;  capsules  5-toothed 2488.    Agrostemma,  p.  444. 

Sepal  lobes  less  than  2  cm  long;  styles  alternate  with  the  petals. 
Flowers  bisexual  or  pistillate. 

Styles  3  or  4;  calyx  10-nerved;  capsule  several-celled  at  the  base,  6-toothed. 

2490.    Silene,  p.  444. 

Styles  5;  calyx  10-nerved  (with  10  additional  fainter  nerves  in  Lychnis  alba)  ; 

capsule  1-celled  at  the  base,  with  5  deeply  bifid  teeth 

2491.   Lychnis,  p.  449. 

Styles  2;  calyx  indistinctly  nerved  or  5-nerved;  capsule  4-toothed 

2503.    Saponaria,  p.  449. 

Flowers  unisexual,  staminate,  see  Lychnis  alba 2491.   Lychnis,  p.  449. 

Calyx   subtended  by  2-4  bracts;   styles  2;   seeds  dorsally  flattened;   embryo  nearly 
straight 2502.    Dianthus,  p.  449. 

2429.  STELLARIA  L.  Chickweeds  and  Stichworts 

Plants  glabrous. 

Median  leaves  broadest  at  the  base,  linear-lanceolate. 

Plants  generally  3-5  dm  long,  decumbent;  inflorescence  many-flowered,  generally 
more  than  half  the  length  of  the  plant,  branches  spreading;  margins  of  sepals 
generally  pubescent   1.  S.  graminea. 


Stellaria 


Caryophyllaceae 


437 


o         ~3o 
Map  895 


Stellaria   graminea   L. 


50 
Map   896 


Stellaria    longifolia    Muhl 


0  50 

Map  897 


Stellaria    pubera    Mlchx. 


Plants  generally  1-3  dm  high,  erect;   inflorescence  few-flowered,  generally  much 
less  than  half  the  length  of  the  plant,  branches  erect;  margins  of  sepals  not 

pubescent.    (See  excluded  species  no.  218,  p.  1045.) S.  longipes. 

Median  leaves  widest  above  the  middle,  linear 2.  S.  longifolia. 

Plants  pubescent  in  lines. 

Leaves  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate,  ovate-oblong  or  oval,  mostly  2-10  cm  long;  petals 

longer  than  the  sepals  or  equal  or  shorter  in  the  variety  of  no.  3;  stamens  10. 

Median  leaves  of  both  sterile   and  flowering  shoots  sessile  or  subsessile;    sepals 

4-6  mm  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  shorter  than  the  petals,  inconspicuously,  if  at 

all,  ciliate 3.    S.  pubera. 

Median   leaves   of  sterile   shoots   abruptly   contracted   into   petioles   1-2   cm   long; 
sepals  7.5-11  mm  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  petals,  at 

least  the  outer  ones  conspicuously  ciliate  on  the  lower  half 

3a.  S.  pubera  var.  silvatica. 

Leaves  ovate,   sometimes  very  narrowly  so  or  oval,   all  but  the  upper  ones  more 
or  less  petiolate;  blades  7-40  mm  long;  stamens  5 4.  S.  media. 

1.  Stellaria  graminea  L.  (Alsine  graminea  (L.)  Britt.)  Map  895. 
I  found  this  species  in  La  Porte  County  on  the  bank  of  a  ditch  west  of  the 
State  Prison ;  in  Porter  County,  I  found  a  colony  about  4  feet  in  diameter 
on  the  embankment  of  the  New  York  Central  Railroad  about  3  miles  west 
of  Porter;  and  in  Wells  County  I  found  it  to  be  a  common  weed  in  the 
Six-mile  Cemetery.  It  has  been  reported  also  from  Lake  County.  A 
specimen  from  Jasper  County  so  labeled  in  the  herbarium  of  DePauw 
University  proves  to  be  Stellaria  longifolia. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  Newf.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Iowa  and  Md. 

2.  Stellaria  longifolia  Muhl.  (Alsine  long  folia  (Muhl.)  Britt.)  Long- 
leaf  Stichwort.  Map  896.  Infrequent  to  rare  throughout  the  state  in 
low  or  moist  woodland  and  marshes,  on  the  low  borders  of  lakes,  and 
rarely  in  the  open  along  ditches. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Md.,  Ky.,  and  La.  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts. ; 
also  in  n.  Eu.  and  Asia. 


438  Caryophyllaceae  Cerastium 

3.  Stellaria  pubera  Michx.  {Alsine  pubera  (Michx.)  Britt.)  GREAT 
Chick  weed.  Map  897.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in  the  southern  counties, 
becoming  very  rare  in  the  northern  part  of  its  range  in  the  state.  Since 
this  species  is  confused  with  Stellaria  media,  I  am  referring  the  report 
from  Steuben  County  to  that  species.  It  is,  no  doubt,  found  slightly  farther 
north  than  our  map  indicates  but  there  are  no  reports  from  Michigan  or 
northern  Ohio.  It  prefers  a  deep  leaf  mold  and  is  found  in  moist  soil  on 
wooded  slopes  and  in  the  bottoms  of  ravines.  It  is  strictly  a  woodland 
species. 

N.  J.,  Pa.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

3a.  Stellaria  pubera  var.  silvatica  (Beguinot)  Weatherby.  (Rhodora 
26:  169-171.  1924.)  (Alsine  tennesseensis  (C.  Mohr)  Small.)  Map  898. 
Local  in  a  few  counties  along  the  Ohio  River.  Found  in  habitats  similar 
to  those  of  the  species. 

Southern  Ind.  to  s.  Tenn. 

4.  Stellaria  media  (L.)  Cyril.  (Alsine  media  L.)  Common  Chick- 
weed.  Map  899.  Found  throughout  the  state  and  reported  from  many 
counties.  It  is  an  annoying  weed  in  lawns  and  in  all  kinds  of  cultivated 
ground,  especially  about  habitations.  My  specimens,  however,  with  a  few 
exceptions,  are  from  the  woodland  where  it  sometimes  appears  as  native. 
It  is  occasional  to  frequent  in  woodland,  especially  in  the  alluvial  bottoms. 
The  species  is  extremely  variable  and  our  specimens  might  be  assigned 
varietal  names  as  is  done  by  some  authors,  but  I  doubt  whether  they  are 
of  taxonomic  value.  It  is  to  be  expected  that  a  cosmopolitan  species  with 
widely  varying  habitats  would  show  conspicuous  variations. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia ;  throughout  N.  A. 

2430.  CERASTIUM  L.  Mouse-ear  Chickweed 

[Fernald  &  Wiegand.  Studies  of  some  boreal  American  Cerastiums  of 
the  section  Orthodon.   Rhodora  22:  169-179.   1920.] 

Bracts  of  the  cymes  with  broad  scarious  margins  and  tips,  rarely  the  lower  ones  wholly 
herbaceous;   perennials. 
Petals  as  long  as  the  sepals;  anthers  about  0.5  mm  long;   styles  mostly  1-1.5  mm 
long;  capsules  mostly  6-10  mm  long  and  usually  slightly  more  than  2  mm  wide, 
the  teeth  usually  slightly  more  than  1  mm  long. 

Inflorescence  hirsute  with  glandless  hairs 1.  C.  vulgatum  var.  hirsutum. 

Inflorescence  with  gland-tipped  hairs 

la.    C.  vulgatum  var.  hirsutum  f .  glaiuiidosum. 

Petals  about  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  anthers  0.7-1  mm  long;  styles  2-4  mm  long. 
Plants  with  the  upper  internode  and  inflorescence  with  gland-tipped  hairs,  rarely 
a  few  gland-tipped  hairs  below  the  first  internode;  stems  generally  2.5-6  dm 
long;  median  leaves  lanceolate,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  5-10  mm  wide, 
2.5-5  cm  long;  sepals  5-7  mm  long;  anthers  mostly  1  mm  long;  styles  about 
4  mm  long;  capsules  mostly  about  13  mm  long,  the  teeth  about  1.5  mm  long; 

seed  about  1  mm  long 2.  C.  arvense. 

Plants  hirsute  without  gland-tipped  hairs,  mostly  12-20  cm  high;  leaves  all  linear, 
rarely  a  few  linear-lanceolate;  sepals  mostly  4-6  mm  long;  anthers  about  0.7 
mm  long;  styles  about  2  mm  long;  capsules  mostly  8-9  mm  long;  seed  about 
0.8  mm  long 2a.   C.  undetermined. 


Cerastium 


Caryophyllaceae 


439 


0 

Map 
itellaria    pubera 
silvatica    (Beguinot)  Weatherby 


0  So 

Map  899 


Stellaria    media    (L.)    Cyrill 


Bracts   of   cymes   herbaceous   or   the   upper   pair   sometimes   slightly   scarious   on   the 

margins  or  at  the  tip;  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals,  sometimes  equaling  them; 

anthers  mostly  0.3-0.5  mm  long;  styles  generally  0.5-1  mm  long;  annuals. 

Median  leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  usually  broadly  so,  4-11   mm  wide   and  5-25  mm 

long,  the  apex  usually  rounded  and  subacute;  plants  usually  1-3  dm  high,  lower 

internodes   usually   not   glandular;    sepals   longer   than   the   petals,   usually   all 

sharply  acute  at  the  apex;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx;  capsules  mostly  5-8 

mm  long  and  usually  about  1.5  mm  wide,  the  teeth  generally  less  than  1  mm 

long  3.  C.  viscosum. 

Median  leaves  lanceolate,  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblong,  3-15  mm  wide  and  1-7  cm  long, 
gradually  narrowed  to  a  subacute  apex;  plants  generally  2-6  dm  long;  sepals 
obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex  but  not  sharply  so;  petals  slightly  longer  to  twice 
as  long  as  the  sepals;  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  calyx;  capsules  mostly 
11-13  mm  long,  the  teeth  usually  1-1.5  mm  long;  plants  1.5-6  dm  high,  the 
whole  plant  glandular-hirsute 4.  C.  riutans. 

1.  Cerastium  vulgatum  L.  var.  hirsutum  Fries.  (Cerastium  vuU 
gatum  L.,  in  part.)  Common  Mouse-ear  Chickweed.  Map  900.  An  infre- 
quent to  common  chickweed  throughout  the  state.  A  weed  in  lawns  and 
found  in  pastures,  fallow  fields,  open  woodland  and  along  roadsides  and 

railroads. 

Fernald  &  Wiegand  say  that  the  U.  S.  forms  of  Cerastium  vulgatum  L. 

belong  to  this  variety  and  its  form. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia ;  throughout  temperate  N.  A. 

la.  Cerastium  vulgatum  var.  hirsutum  f.  glandulosum  (Boenn.) 
Druce.  (Cerastium  vulgatum  L.,  in  part.)  Common  Mouse-ear  Chick- 
weed.  Map  901.  Habitat  and  distribution  the  same  as  that  of  the  pre- 
ceding. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia  and  probably  local  in  N.  A. 

2.  Cerastium  arvense  L.  (Pennell  discusses  this  species  and  its  varieties 
in  Bartonia  12:  3-12.  1930.)  Field  Chickweed.  Map  902.  It  is  to  be  ex- 
pected that  this  plant  with  a  distribution  throughout  Europe  and  Asia  and 
in  North  America  would  show  a  wide  variation.     Under  this  name  are 


440 


Caryophyllaceae 


Cerastium 


Map   901 

.erastium     vulgatum    var.    hirsutum 
f.   glandulosum    (BoennJ    Druce 


0  50 

Map  902 


erastium     arvense    L. 


6  50 

Map   903 


Cerastium     viscosum    L. 


included  many  forms.  Some  European  authors  have  divided  this  species 
complex  into  several  subspecies.  American  authors  have  divided  it  into  at 
least  4  varieties  while  others  do  not  divide  it.  Cerastium  arvense  var. 
oblong  if  olium  has  been  reported  from  Indiana  but  the  habitat  ascribed  to 
this  variety  precludes  its  appearance  in  Indiana.  This  variety  is  not  well 
described  so  I  am  omitting  it.  Fernald  &  Wiegand  in  their  article  cited  at 
the  beginning  of  this  genus  said  the  species  is  a  complex  which  they  were 
not  willing  to  divide.  It  is  probable  that  when  a  larger  series  of  specimens 
and  more  notes  are  at  hand  the  forms  can  be  delimited. 

In  Indiana  there  are  two  well-defined  forms  and  it  seems  best  to  assign 
one  to  the  species  and  separate  the  other  from  it.  I  have  included  under 
the  species  name  our  larger  and  glandular  plant  which  has  the  distribution 
shown  on  the  map.  These  plants  were  found  in  large  colonies  on  the  allu- 
vial banks  of  the  Mississinewa,  Salamonie,  and  Wabash  Rivers.  The  two 
northern  locations  belong  to  the  glabrous  form  of  the  species. 

The  species  and  its  varieties  are  found  in  the  northern  hemisphere  around 
the  world. 

Cerastium  undetermined.  I  have  two  specimens  of  this  form  which 
I  found  on  high,  wooded  and  gravelly  banks  of  the  St.  Joseph  River  in 
Elkhart  and  St.  Joseph  Counties.  This  plant  is  strikingly  different  and  has 
a  dry  soil  habitat  instead  of  a  moist  one.  It  is  represented  by  my  nos.  38515 
and  38540. 

3.  Cerastium  viscosum  L.  Mouse-ear  Chickweed.  Map  903.  There 
are  reports  of  this  species  from  all  parts  of  the  state  while  the  few  speci- 
mens I  have  are  from  the  southern  part.  From  the  number  of  wrongly 
determined  specimens  in  our  herbaria  I  think  most  authors  did  not  under- 
stand the  keys  in  our  manuals  and  all  reports  should  be  evaluated  on  the 
basis  of  this  experience. 

My  specimens  are  from  fallow  and  pasture  fields  and  open  woodland. 

Nat.  of  Eu.,  N.  B.  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  southw. 

4.  Cerastium  nutans  Raf.  {Cerastium  longipedunculatum  Muhl.) 
Nodding  Chickweed.  Map  904.  This  species  has  also  been  reported  from 


Sagina 


Caryophyllaceae 


441 


0  55 

Map  904 


Cerastium     nutans    Raf. 


Map   905 
Saqina    decumbens    (Ell.)   T.  &  G. 


Miles 

Map  906 
Arenaria    serpyllifolia   L. 


nearly  all  parts  of  the  state.   It  prefers  a  moist  soil  and  is  locally  abundant 
mostly  in  fallow  fields,  pastures,  and  open  woodland  along  streams. 
Nat.  of  Eu. ;  throughout  temperate  N.  A. 

2433.  SAGINA  L. 

1.  Sagina  decumbens  (Ell.)  T.  &  G.  (Sagina  apetala  of  Amer. 
authors.)  Pearlwort.  Map  905.  Local  in  the  southern  counties  in  bare, 
sandy  places  in  fallow  fields  and  pastures  and  on  the  tops  of  river  bluffs. 
In  several  instances  it  was  intimately  associated  with  Plantago  pusilla.  In 
the  fields  and  pastures  it  appears  as  if  introduced,  and  on  the  bluffs  of 
streams  far  from  fields  it  appears  as  if  native.  The  plants  are  mostly  2-5 
inches  high  and  erect  or  erect  from  a  very  short,  decumbent  base  and  none 
are  apetalous. 

Mass.  to  111.,  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

2443.  ARENARIA  L.  Sandwort 

Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  oblong;  capsules  longer  than  the  sepals. 

Blades  less  than  1  cm  long,  acute  at  the  apex ;  seed  not  smooth 

1.    A.   serpyllifolia. 

Blades  mostly  1-3.5  cm  long,  generally  obtuse  at  the  apex;  seed  smooth 

2.  A.   lateriflora. 

Leaves  linear  or  filiform;  capsules  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

Plants  glabrous;  leaves  fascicled  in  the  axils,  rigid 3.  A.  stricta. 

Plants  glandular-pubescent,  sometimes  sparsely  so;  leaves  not  fascicled  in  the  axils, 
soft 4-  A-  patula. 

1.  Arenaria  serpyllifolia  L.  Thymeleaf  Sandwort.  Map  906.  In 
very  sandy  soil  along  roadsides  and  railroads,  in  fallow  fields,  and  rarely 
on  bare  spots  on  bluffs  of  streams.  Naturalized  in  Indiana;  I  believe  it 
could  be  found  in  railroad  ballast  in  every  county  of  the  state. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  throughout  N.  A.  except  in  the  extreme  north. 


112 


Caryophyllaceae 


Paronychia 


Map   907 


Arenaria    lateriflora   L. 


Arenaria    stricta 


0  50 

Map   909 


Arenaria    patula    Michx. 


2.  Arenaria  lateriflora  L.  (Woodward.  On  variation  in  Arenaria  lateri- 
flora. Rhodora  15:  209-210.  1913.  Rhodora  16:  179-180.  1914  and  St. 
John.  Arenaria  lateriflora  and  its  varieties  in  North  America.  Rhodora 
19:  259-262.  1917.)  (Moehringia  lateriflora  (L.)  Fenzl.)  Bluntleaf 
Sandwort.  Map  907.  Local  in  moist  woods  throughout  northern  Indiana. 
It  is  most  often  found  near  the  base  of  white  and  black  oak  slopes.  When 
introduced  into  flower  gardens,  it  stubbornly  persists. 

Arctic  America  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Ohio,  111.  to  Mo. ;  also  in  the  Rocky 
Mts.  southw.  to  N.  Mex. ;  found  also  in  Eurasia. 

3.  Arenaria  stricta  Michx.  Rock  Sandwort.  Map  908.  Local  in  north- 
ern Indiana  where  it  usually  grows  in  very  sandy  soil  on  black  and  white 
oak  ridges.  It  is  abundant  on  Hanging  Rock  along  the  Wabash  River  in 
Wabash  County. 

N.  H.,  Ont,  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Mo. 

4.  Arenaria  patula  Michx.  PITCHER  SANDWORT.  Map  909.  On  wooded 
gravelly  slopes  along  streams  and  in  shallow  soil  on  sandstone  bluffs.  Local 
but  very  common  in  some  of  its  stations. 

Ind.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Tex. 

2449.  SPERGULA  L. 

See  excluded  species  no.  219,  p.  1045. 


2450.  SPERGULARIA  J.  &  C.  Presl 

See  excluded  species  no.  220,  p.  1045. 

2475.  PARONYCHIA  [Tourn.]  Adans.  Forked  Chickweed 

[Fernald.    Notes  on  Paronychia,  Section  Anychia.    Rhodora  38:  416-421. 
1936.] 


Paronychia 


Caryophyllaceae 


443 


0  50 

Map  910 


Paronychia     canadensis    (L.)   Wood 


3 

3 
5 
8 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

r  i 

D 

V 

\ 

Jr^ 

I 

0 

<4 

1 

"1          N 

-  i 

J^ 

r. 

Dec  .(— 

f  ° 

B 
1         ' 

B     J ^ 

D       L 
B      .z"' 

-jO     J        V 

£/    Miles 

0    1       1  ° 

1               0 

1     ° 

Pare 

nychia    fastigiata    (F 

0                50 

Map   911 

af.)    Fern. 

var.    typica 

0  ^50 

Map  912 


Scleranthus     annuus    L. 


Plants  glabrous LP.   canadensis. 

Plants  pubescent. 

Stipular  bracts  subtending  the  flowers  shorter  than  the  calyx 2.  P.  fastigiata. 

Stipular  bracts  subtending  the  flowers  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  calyx 

2a.  P.  fastigiata  var.  paleacea. 

1.  Paronychia  canadensis  (L.)  Wood.  (Anychia  candensis  (L.)  BSP.) 
Smooth  Forked  Chickweed.  Map  910.  Infrequent  to  rare  throughout 
the  state.  This  species  prefers  a  dry,  and  rather  sandy  soil,  or  very  sandy 
soil  in  dry  places  in  woods,  usually  near  the  base  of  a  large  tree — which 
is  usually  a  white  or  black  oak — where  the  wind  has  kept  the  ground  free 
from  leaves  and  where  the  mineral  soil  is  usually  exposed.  It  is  not  absent 
from  the  central  counties,  as  our  map  indicates,  but  it  would  be  difficult  to 
find  it  there  now  because  woods  that  are  not  grazed  are  rare. 

Vt.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ark.,  and  Kans. 

2.  Paronychia  fastigiata  (Raf.)  Fern.  var.  typica  Fern.  (Anychia  poly- 
gonoides  Raf.)  Hairy  Forked  Chickweed.  Map  911.  Infrequent  north- 
ward and  probably  entirely  absent  from  the  northern  tier  of  counties.  It  is 
found  in  dry  places  in  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  usually  where  the  soil  is 
exposed. 

Mass.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ala.,  and  Tex. 

2a.  Paronychia  fastigiata  var.  paleacea  Fern.  Rhodora  38:  421.  1936.) 
Fernald  has  separated  this  form  from  the  typical  one  because  of  the  rela- 
tive length  of  the  bracts  of  the  flowers.  When  I  interpret  this  character 
as  applied  to  my  specimens  I  find  intermediates  between  the  two  extremes. 
Neither  this  character  nor  others  will  satisfactorily  separate  the  forms. 
Usually  the  typical  form  when  mature  is  reddish  in  color  and  the  flowers 
are  much  crowded  on  the  ultimate  branchlets  while  plants  of  the  variety 
are  generally  greenish,  usually  with  an  erect  inflorescence  and  the  flowers 
are  not  crowded  on  the  ultimate  branchlets.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  the 
variety  flowers  a  month  or  more  earlier  than  the  typical  form. 

Del.  and  Pa.  to  111.  and  Tenn. 


444 


Caryophyllaceae 


Scleranthus 


0  50 

Map   913 


Agrostemma    Githago    L. 


0  ~30 

Map  914 


Silene    stellata    (L.)    Ait.  f. 


0  35 

Map  915 

Silene    stellata    var    scabrella    Nieuwl. 


2483.  SCLERANTHUS  L. 

1.  Scleranthus  annuus  L.  Knawel.  Map  912.  This  is  a  European 
weed  that  has  been  found  in  four  places  in  Indiana.  In  1914,  Nieuwland 
found  it  as  a  weed  at  Webster  Station  west  of  Notre  Dame,  St.  Joseph 
County.  I  have  a  specimen  from  Lagrange,  which  was  sent  to  me  in  1920 
by  the  county  agricultural  agent  who  said  it  was  a  weed  in  an  alfalfa  field. 
I  have  another  specimen  from  Lagrange  County,  which  was  sent  to  Purdue 
University  from  near  Shipshewana.  I  also  have  a  specimen  sent  to  me  in 
1932  by  H.  C.  Benke  who  found  it  near  La  Porte  in  La  Porte  County.  No 
doubt  this  species  has  a  wider  distribution  than  our  specimens  indicate. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Que.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla. 

2488.  AGROSTEMMA  L. 

1.  Agrostemma  Githago  L.  Corn  Cockle.  Map  913.  A  weed  mostly 
in  grain  fields  and  fallow  fields  and  along  roadsides  and  railroads.  It  has 
been  reported  from  all  parts  of  the  state  and  occurs  in  every  county.  It  was 
formerly  much  more  common  than  it  now  is  because  improved  threshing- 
machines  separate  it  from  the  grain.  When  I  was  a  boy  60  years  ago  it 
was  my  annual  task  when  the  cockle  was  in  bloom  to  take  a  pair  of  scissors 
and  go  through  the  wheatfield  and  cut  the  cockle  and  rye.  The  whole  plant, 
and  especially  the  seed,  is  more  or  less  poisonous.  Wheat  screenings  that 
contained  any  great  amount  of  cockle  seed,  when  fed  to  poultry,  have 
sometimes  proved  fatal. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia ;  nearly  throughout  N.  A. 


2490.  SILfiNE  L.  Catchfly 

Leaves  or  some  of  them,  verticillate  in  4's;  petals  fringed. 

Leaves  (except  the  margins  and  rarely  a  few  hairs  on  the  midrib)  and  stems  glabrous. 
1.  S.  stellata. 

Leaves  (at  least  the  upper  ones)  and  stems  puberulent.  .la.  S.  stellata  var.  scabrella. 
Leaves  all  opposite;  petals  not  fringed. 


Silene  Caryophyllaceae  445 

Calyx  strongly  inflated  in  fruit,  more  or  less  constricted  at  the  mouth;  plants  glab- 
rous throughout;  leaves  mostly  lanceolate,  generally  1-2  cm  wide. 

Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  leaflike;  flowers  few;  plants  not  glaucous 2.  S.  nivea. 

Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  much  reduced;  flowers  numerous;  plants  glaucous 

3.   S.   Cucubalus. 

Calyx  not  inflated  or  constricted  at  the  mouth. 

Plants  glabrous  throughout   (sometimes  the  throat  of  the  calyx  pubescent)    and 
usually  glaucous. 
Leaves  less  than  1  cm  wide,  narrowly  lanceolate.    (See  excluded  species  no.  228, 

p.  1046.) S.  chlorantha. 

Leaves  more  than  1  cm  wide. 

Calyx  club-shaped;  capsule  cylindrical.     (See  excluded  species  no.  221,  p.  1046.) 

S.  Armeria. 

Calyx  not  club-shaped;  capsule  ovoid 4.  S.  Cserei. 

Plants   viscid-pubescent,    pubescent   or   puberulent   only   on   the   lower   internodes 
with  a  glutinous,  colored  band  on  the  upper  ones. 

Flowers  in  racemes;  pedicels  mostly  less  than  5  mm  long;  annuals 

5.   S.  dichotoma. 

Flowers   not   in  racemes;   pedicels   mostly  more   than   5   mm   long;   annuals   or 

perennials. 

Whole  plant  not  pubescent,  the  lowest  internodes  puberulent  or  scabrous,  the 

upper  ones  glabrous  with  a  dark,  glutinous  band;  upper  leaves  linear,  the 

lower  ones  lanceolate,  linear-lanceolate  or  spatulate;  corolla  inconspicuous 

or  lacking;  capsules  5-8  mm  long;  annuals. 

Leaves   firm,   erect   or   ascending;    inflorescence   stiffly    ascending;    capsules 

mostly  6-8  mm  long 6.  S.  antirrhina. 

Leaves  thin,  lax,  spreading  or  some  reflexed;  inflorescence  divaricate,  the 
pedicels  more  filiform  than  in  the  preceding;  capsules  mostly  5-6  mm 

long 6a.  S.  antirrhina  var.  divaricata. 

Whole  plant  pubescent;  corolla  usually  very  conspicuous;  capsules  about  1-2 
cm  long. 
Calyx  lobes  mostly  5-8  mm  long,  linear-lanceolate;  calyx  in  fruit  ovoid  or 

elliptical ;  flowers  white ;  night-flowering  annuals 7.  S.  nocti flora. 

Calyx  lobes  mostly  2-4  mm  long,  ovate  or  triangular,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the 
apex;  calyx  in  fruit  obovate;  flowers  red  or  pink,  day-flowering;  per- 
ennials. 
Plants  generally  1-2.5  dm  high;  inflorescence  a  terminal  cyme;  calyx  in 
flower  generally  less  than  4  mm  wide  at  the  middle  (in  pressed  speci- 
mens).    (See  excluded  species  no.  222,  p.  1046.) S.  caroliniana. 

Plants  generally  more  than  2.5  dm  high;  inflorescence  cymose-paniculate 
or  paniculate;  calyx  in  flower  generally  more  than  4  mm  wide  at  the 
middle   (in  pressed  specimens). 
Leaves  ovate,  mostly  clasping  at  the  base,  generally  10-20  pairs;  plants 

erect,  usually  8-12  dm  high 8.  S.  regia. 

Leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  the  lower  usually  petiolate,  the  upper 
clasping,  generally  2-4  pairs;  plants  ascending,  generally  4-8  dm 
long 9.  S.  virginica. 

1.  Silene  stellata  (L.)  Ait.  f.  (Silene  stelMa  in  part,  of  Gray,  Man., 
ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Starry  Catchfly.  Map 
914.  The  glabrous  form  of  the  species  is  the  southern  form  and  is  repre- 
sented in  Indiana  by  a  few  specimens  from  the  southern  counties.  In  Sulli- 
van County  I  found  the  species  and  the  variety  growing  together.  The 
species,  like  the  variety,  grows  in  dry  woodland  and  is  rarely  found  in 


446 


Caryophyllaceae 


Silene 


6 

1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 



lL" 

Jv 

f^ 

0 

" 

i 

D 
ID 

X  b 

' 

8 

10 
f 

DP 

D 

D 

n 

9      D 

tjH 

r 

r1 

D 

Oec.(- 

a 

10 

1      ' 

J    Miles 

j 

Si 

ene 

niv 

ea 

(Nutt. 

0                50 

Map   916 
Otth. 

Jan. 
Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


•"'              S     »D 

D 

o     t 

( 

s. 

MX  1 

P 

— 

^>- 

~ 

'J 

K~H 

J     l 

1        L. 

i            K       1 

Miles 


0  50 

Map   917 


Silene    Cucubalus    Wibel 


0  50 

Map    918 


Silene    Cserei     Baumg. 


clearings  and  along  fences.  I  have  no  data  concerning  its  distribution 
other  than  that  it  is  known  to  occur  from  Pennsylvania  and  Indiana  south- 
ward. 

la.  Silene  stellata  var.  scabrella  Nieuwland.  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3: 
58-59.  1913.)  (Silene  stellata  in  part,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton 
and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Scabrous  Starry  Catchfly.  Map  915. 
Infrequent  to  frequent  in  dry  woodland  throughout  the  state.  I  have  no 
data  concerning  its  distribution.  It  occurs  probably  from  Massachusetts 
to  Minnesota  and  southward. 

2.  Silene  nivea  (Nutt.)  Otth.  (Silene  alba  Muhl.)  Snowy  Catchfly. 
Map  916.  An  infrequent  to  rare  plant  probably  throughout  the  southern 
two  thirds  of  the  state.  There  are  several  published  records  but  these 
nearly  all  coincide  with  the  distribution  shown  on  the  map.  Its  habitat  is 
wooded  ravines  and  wooded  banks  of  streams. 

Pa.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  D.  C.  and  Nebr. 

3.  Silene  Cucubalus  Wibel.  (Silene  latifolia  (Mill.)  Britten  &  Ren- 
dle.)  Bladder  Catchfly.  Map  917.  My  specimens  were  found  in  railroad 
ballast  and  in  a  pasture  field.   It  has  been  reported  from  7  counties. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  B.  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Mo. 

4.  Silene  Cserei  Baumgarten.  Map  918.  1  have  this  species  from 
Benton  and  Montgomery  Counties.  In  Montgomery  County,  I  found  sev- 
eral large  colonies  in  ballast,  and  on  the  right  of  way  of  the  Monon 
Railroad  about  2  miles  south  of  New  Richmond.  Apparently  well  estab- 
lished here.  Fassett  reports  a  specimen  from  Lake  County  collected  by 
Umbach  which  is  now  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin. 
I  have  a  specimen  from  Lake  County  collected  by  Umbach  which  I  am 
referring  to  this  species.  Charles  M.  Ek  found  it  along  a  railroad  in 
Howard  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  Asia  Minor;  Ohio,  Ind.,  Wis.,  Iowa,  Minn.,  and  Mont. 


Silene 


Caryophyllaceae 


447 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


fcfflffl 

1 1      J-,       |     \p     Mfles 

0  55 

Map  919 


Silene    dichotoma    Ehrh. 


0 50 
Map    920 


Silene    anlirrhina    L. 


Miles 

0  50 

Map   921 


Silene    nocliflora   L. 


5.  Silene  dichotoma  Ehrh.  Forked  Catchfly.  Map  919.  I  have 
found  this  species  in  two  places,  and  in  each  it  seems  to  be  well  estab- 
lished. In  1915,  I  found  it  to  be  common  along  the  roadside  4  miles  north 
of  Vevay  in  Switzerland  County.  In  1931  I  found  it  to  be  a  common  weed 
in  a  very  sandy  alfalfa  field  about  4  miles  southeast  of  Mongo  in  Lagrange 
County.  I  revisited  the  place  in  1932  and  I  found  the  field  in  corn  but  the 
plant  was  frequent  along  the  sandy  roadside  which  bordered  the  field; 
and  I  found  it  still  persisting  in  1937.  I  believe  it  is  well  established  in  both 
places  and  it  is  entitled  to  membership  in  our  flora.  It  has  also  been  col- 
lected in  Fountain,  Fulton,  and  Lawrence  Counties. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  E.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Tex. 

6.  Silene  antirrhina  L.  Sleepy  Catchfly.  Map  920.  This  species  is 
variable.  It  prefers  a  very  sandy  habitat  and  is  frequent  in  railroad  bal- 
last throughout  the  state.  It  is  less  frequent  in  fallow  and  cultivated  fields, 
pastures,  and  waste  places  and  along  roadsides.  Our  manuals  give  this 
species  as  a  native  of  the  United  States.  I  do  not  believe,  however,  that  it 
was  a  native  of  Indiana.  Our  earliest  authors  either  do  not  list  it  or  give  it 
as  a  plant  of  waste  places.  M'Murtrie,  who  published  a  flora  of  Louisville 
in  1819,  does  not  list  it,  nor  does  Riddell,  who  published  his  "Flora  of  the 
Western  States"  in  1835.  Short,  Peter  &  Griswold  published  a  catalogue  of 
the  plants  of  Kentucky  in  1833,  and  they  do  not  list  it.  Neither  do  they 
list  it  in  any  of  their  four  supplements,  the  last  published  in  1840.  Lapham 
lists  it  from  Illinois  in  his  flora  published  in  1857.  Dr.  Clapp  records  that 
he  found  it  in  1835  east  of  Corydon  and  in  the  "barrens."  Young,  in  his 
catalogue  of  the  plants  of  Jefferson  County  published  in  1871,  does  not  list 
it.  J.  M.  Coulter,  however,  reports  it  in  his  catalogue  published  four  years 
later.  Schneck,  who  published  a  flora  of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  in  1876, 
says :  "In  poor  grounds  among  cereals,  common."  Bradner,  Phinney,  and 
Van  Gorder  did  not  report  it  in  their  floras.  Apparently  it  has  become  a 
frequent  weed  during  the  past  50  years.  I  believe  it  has  been  introduced 
mostly  in  grass  and  grain  seed  and  by  railroads. 

A  form  with  the  internodes  lacking  the  glutinous  band  is  known  as  f. 


•148 


Caryophyllaceae 


Silene 


0  50 

Map   922 


Silene    regia    Sims 


>iiene    virgin  i  ca 


Map    924 


Lychnis    alba    Mill 


Deaneana  Fern.   It  occurs  with  the  species  and  I  found  it  in  Posey  County 
associated  with  the  species  and  the  variety. 
Maine  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Mex. 

6a.  Silene  antirrhina  var.  divaricata  Robinson.  This  variety  has  been 
reported  from  the  dune  area  by  Peattie.  Evidently  local  and  rare  in  the 
state.  I  have  it  from  Kosciusko  and  Warrick  Counties. 

Mass.  to  111.,  Mo.  and  Kans. 

7.  Silene  noctiflora  L.  Night-flowering  Catchfly.  Map  921.  This 
species  has  been  reported  from  8  counties  as  a  weed  of  cultivated  grounds 
and  waste  places.  I  have  two  specimens  from  open  woodland. 

This  species  much  resembles  Lychnis  alba  with  which  I  think  it  is  often 
confused.  It  can  be  easily  separated  from  it  by  the  following  characters. 
Silene  noctiflora  has  3  styles,  calyx  10-nerved,  calyx  lobes  linear-lanceolate 
and  mostly  4-8  mm  long,  and  a  capsule  with  6  teeth.  Lychnis  alba  has  5 
styles,  calyx  with  10  strong  and  10  faint  nerves,  calyx  lobes  triangular, 
mostly  3-5  mm  long,  and  a  capsule  with  5  deeply  bifid  teeth.  Specimens 
can  be  easily  separated  at  any  stage  of  growth. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  Utah  and  Wash.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Mo. 

8.  Silene  regia  Sims.  Royal  Catchfly.  Map  922.  A  very  local  plant, 
mostly  of  a  dry,  prairie  habitat.  All  of  my  specimens  are  from  roadsides. 
It  has  been  reported  from  Hamilton,  Vigo,  and  Wayne  Counties  and  the 
authors  say  that  it  is  scarce.   It  has  been  reported  from  3  counties  of  Ohio. 

Ohio  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Tenn.  and  Ala. 

9.  Silene  virginica  L.  Firepink.  Map  923.  Frequent  to  common  in  rich 
woodland  in  all  parts  of  the  state  except  the  northern  counties  of  the  north- 
western part.  Pepoon  says :  "Frequent  in  open  woods  from  Whiting,  Ind., 
south.  Banks  of  the  Des  Plaines,  abundant.  (Babcock).  Seems  to  be  an 
error  or  the  plant  is  exterminated  in  the  Indiana  territory  named  by  Bab- 
cock."  Babcock  did  not  report  this  species  from  Indiana,  so  this  reference 


Lychnis  Caryophyllaceae  449 

may  safely  be  ignored.    It  did  occur,  no  doubt,  in  the  northwestern  part 
of  the  state  but  possibly  not  near  Lake  Michigan. 
N.  J.,  N.  Y.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

2491.  LYCHNIS  [Tourn.]  L.  Campion 

Plants  white-woolly  all  over;  calyx  teeth  twisted;  petals  crimson.    (See  excluded  species 

no.  225,  p.  1046.) L.  Coronaria. 

Plants  not  white-woolly  all  over;  calyx  teeth  not  twisted. 

Flowers  scarlet,  many,  in  terminal  clusters,  opening  in  the  morning;  stem  rough- 
pubescent,  erect,  simple,  or  little  branched;  capsule  on  a  stipe  about  as  long  as 

the  capsule.    (See  excluded  species  no.  224,  p.  1046.) L.  clmlcedonica. 

Flowers  white  or  pink,  night-flowering,  few,  loosely  paniculate;  stem  viscid-pubescent, 
loosely  and  freely  branching;  capsule  large,  ovoid,  sessile  in  the  calyx;  flowers 
sometimes   dioecious 1.  L.  alba. 

1.  Lychnis  alba  Mill.  Evening  Campion.  Map  924.  A  weed  of  fallow 
and  cultivated  fields  and  along  roadsides.  This  species  is  frequently  con- 
fused with  Silene  noctiflora.    See  the  discussion  under  the  latter  species. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  S.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.  and  Pa. 

2502.  DIANTHUS  L.  Pink 

Plants  more  or  less  pubescent  throughout;  leaves  linear;  bracts  2;  annuals 

1.    D.   Armeria. 

Plants  glabrous,  or  the  margins  of  the  leaves  and  bracts  ciliate;  bracts  4;  perennials. 

Leaves  linear,  1-nerved;  plants  tufted,  2-  or  3-flowered    (the  hardy,  named  garden 

pinks  are  derived  from  this  species.)     (See  excluded  species  no.  227,  p.  1046.) 

D.    plumarius . 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate;   stems  erect,  simple,  or  branched  only  above; 

flowers  in  dense,  cymose  clusters.     (See  excluded  species  no.  226,  p.  1046.) 

D.  barbatus. 

1.  Dianthus  Armeria  L.  Deptford  Pink.  Map  925.  Our  only  report 
is  by  Nieuwland  from  St.  Joseph  County.  I  have  found  it  well  established 
in  several  of  the  southern  counties  along  roadsides  and  in  pastures  and 
logging  roads  in  woodland. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  S.,  Ont.,  Mich,  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ga. 

2503.  SAPONARIA  L. 

Leaves  tapering  at  the  base,  sessile  or  short-petioled;  calyx  terete;  flowers  in  rather 
dense,  terminal  and  axillary  clusters 1.  S.  officinalis. 

Leaves  rounded  at  the  base,  clasping;  calyx  strongly  5-winged;  flowers  in  a  loose  corym- 
bose cyme 2-    S.  Vaccaria. 

1.  Saponaria  officinalis  L.  Bouncing-bet.  Map  926.  This  species 
prefers  a  very  sandy  soil  in  which  it  migrates  rapidly.  Found  throughout 
the  state  along  roadsides,  railroads,  and  spillbanks  of  dredged  ditches  and 
in  waste  places  and  fallow  fields.  This  perennial  should  be  regarded  as  an 
obnoxious  weed  in  the  parts  of  the  state  where  there  is  a  sandy  soil. 

Nat.  of  Eu.;  now  throughout  N.  A. 

2.  Saponaria  Vaccaria  L.  Cow  Soapwort.  Map  927.  This  species  has 
been  reported  from  9  counties.   My  specimens  are  from  a  roadside  and  the 


450 


Nymphaeaceae 


Nelumbo 


Map   925 


Dianthus    Armeria    L. 


0  50 

Map    926 


Saponaria     officinalis   L. 


Miles 

0  50 

Map    927 


Saponaria    Vaccaria    L. 


right  of  way  of  a  railroad.  While  there  are  several  reports,  it  is  doubtful 
whether  this  species  will  spread  a  great  deal  or  whether  it  will  be  able  to 
maintain  itself. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Ont.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Calif. 

88.  NYMPHAEACEAE  DC.  Waterlily  Family 

Emersed  leaves  without  a  sinus,  peltate. 

Leaves  nearly  orbicular,  large,  generally  3-6   dm  in  diameter;   flowers  very   large, 
usually  1-2.5  dm  wide,  on  erect  peduncles  well  above  the  surface  of  the  water 

2508.   Nelumbo,  p.  450. 

Leaves  not  orbicular,  but  oblong  or  oval,  mostly  1-10  cm  long;  flowers  generally  less 
than  1.5  cm  wide. 
Leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  floating  ones  small,  linear-oblong,  usually  12-20  mm  long, 
the  submerged  ones  larger,  palmately  dissected;   flowers  white  or  yellowish 

within,  generally  10-15  mm  wide;  stamens  3-6 2509.    Cabomba,  p.  452. 

Leaves  of  one  kind,  all  floating,  broadly  oval,  mostly  5-10  cm  long,  green  above, 
purplish  and  very  glutinous  beneath;   flowers   purplish;   petals  mostly  12-15 

mm  long;  stamens  12-18 2510.    Brasenia,  p.  452. 

Emersed  leaves  with  a  sinus  reaching  to  the  petiole. 

Leaves  orbicular;  petals  and  stamens  inserted  on  the  sides  and  near  the  summit 

of  the  ovary,  the  petals  showy,  white,  rarely  a  rose  colored  form 

2513.    Nymphaea,  p.  452. 

Leaves  oval;  petals  and  stamens  hypogynous,  the  petals  inconspicuous,  yellow  or 
with  the  base  reddish 2514.   Nuphar,  p.  453. 


2508.  NELUMBO  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Nelumbo  pentapetala  (Walt.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  36:  23.  1934.) 
(Nelumbo  lutea  (Willd.)  Pers.)  American  Lotus.  Map  928.  This  plant 
is  so  conspicuous  that  botanical  collectors  would  not  overlook  it.  Before 
settlement  in  Indiana,  it  no  doubt  was  local  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  state. 
Its  habitat  is  the  deeper  ponds  and  shallow  lakes  or  the  borders  of  deeper 
ones.  One  writer  suggests  that  its  northern  distribution  is  due  to  its  intro- 
duction by  the  aborigines  who  used  the  seed  and  tubers  for  food.  It  is 
becoming  extinct  in  Indiana.     I  know  of  five  colonies  and  it  is  reported 


Nelumbo 


Nymphaeaceae 


451 


0  50 

Map  928 


Nelumbo    pentapetala    (Walt.)    Fern. 


0  50 

Map   929 


Brasenia    Schreberi    Gmel. 


0 55 

Map  930 


Nymphaea     tuberosa    Paine 


still  to  exist  in  the  Calumet  Region.  Drainage  and  ruthless  digging  of  it 
have  contributed  to  its  disappearance.  I  recall  that  it  was  common  in  the 
Stodgdill  Pond  in  Owen  County  and  in  Blue  River  Lake  in  Whitley  County, 
but  it  has  been  gathered  in  these  places  until  it  is  now  nearly  extinct.  The 
species,  however,  spreads  rapidly  if  not  disturbed.  In  1872  Babcock  re- 
ported it  as  infrequent  in  Wolf  and  Calumet  Lakes  in  Lake  County.  James, 
in  a  "Contribution  to  the  Flora  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio"  writes  that  it  was 
"abundant  in  a  pond  back  of  Jeffersonville"  in  Clark  County  in  1877. 
Clapp,  who  died  in  1865,  reports  that  it  was  scarce  about  New  Albany  in 
his  time.  Schneck,  in  1876,  reports  it  as  "common  in  ponds"  in  the  Lower 
Wabash  Valley  where  it  has  now  entirely  disappeared.  In  1897  Blatchley 
reported  it  as  scarce  in  ponds  in  Vigo  County.  Ridgway  mentions  a  trip 
to  Foote's  Pond  in  Gibson  County  in  1872,  when  Dr.  Schneck  and  he 
measured  leaves  of  it  that  were  3  feet  in  diameter. 

There  are  records  of  the  seed  remaining  dormant  for  at  least  200  years 
and  germinating  (Plant  Physiology  5:  225.  1930).  The  following  quota- 
tion from  Hooker's  Jour.  Bot.  1 :  189.  1834  is  instructive :  "Dr.  Short  of 
Kentucky  writes  me  .  .  .  'On  the  Ohio  River,  a  hundred  miles  north  of 
Lexington,  my  brother  owns  a  considerable  tract  of  land,  a  piece  of  which 
adjoining  the  river  was  subject  to  inundation,  and  in  a  shallow  basin  of 
50  acres  or  more,  the  water  remained  throughout  the  year.  Twenty  years 
ago  this  basin  was  drained,  sown  in  grass  and  is  now  a  productive  meadow, 
— the  upper  stratum  being  a  tough,  whitish  clay.  In  plowing  this  piece  of 
ground  lately,  immense  quantities  of  the  seeds  of  the  Cyamus  {Nelumbo) 
were  turned  up  from  among  the  clay  in  which  they  were  embedded  to  a 
considerable  depth;  they  are  perfectly  sound  and  hard,  requiring  much 
effort  to  break  them  open,  and  exhibiting,  within,  the  cotyledons  and 
embryo,  full,  plump,  and  apparently  fresh ; — none  of  them,  however,  mani- 
fest the  slightest  disposition  to  vegetate.  The  plant  has  certainly  not 
grown  there  for  twenty  years;  and  the  oldest  resident  of  the  neighbour- 
hood has  no  recollection  of  having  ever  seen  it.'  " 

In  N.  A.  from  Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


152  Nymphaeaceae  Cabomba 

2509.  CABOMBA  Aublel 

1.  Cabomba  caroliniana  Gray.  Fan  WORT.  This  species  was  reported 
by  Schneck  in  1876  as  common  in  the  deeper  ponds  of  the  Lower  Wabash 
Valley.  Ridgway  (Amer.  Nat.  6:  726.  1872)  tells  of  a  journey  which  he 
and  Dr.  J.  Schneck  made  to  Foote's  Pond  in  Gibson  County  in  September, 
1871.  He  says:  "Little,  yellow,  star-like  flowers  resting  on  the  surface  of 
the  water,  with  their  cypress-like  leaves  submerged,  were  found  to  be  the 
Cabomba  caroliniana."  While  there  is  no  specimen,  I  believe  we  can  as- 
sume the  determination  to  be  correct  because  there  is  no  other  aquatic  in 
flower  at  that  time  of  the  year  with  which  it  could  be  confused.  The  species 
is,  no  doubt,  extinct  in  Indiana.  I  have  visited  Foote's  Pond  several  times 
and  I  have  never  seen  it  and  I  revisited  it  during  the  drought  of  1930  and 
1931  when  it  was  dry  for  two  years.  I  visited  other  deep  ponds  in  the 
Lower  Wabash  Valley  at  the  same  time  and  they  were  also  dry.  The 
drought  probably  killed  many  other  species  there. 

Mich,  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Fla.,  and  Tex. 

2510.  BRASENIA  Schreb. 

1.  Brasenia  Schreberi  Gmel.  Watershield.  Map  929.  Frequent,  usu- 
ally in  3-5  feet  of  water,  on  the  borders  of  lakes  and  in  a  few  dredged 
ditches  in  the  lake  area,  very  local  south  of  this  area.  Reported  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state  by  Banta  from  a  pond  in  Jefferson  County  and 
by  Clapp  and  Schneck,  who  say  it  was  rare. 

N.  S.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  also  found  in  Cuba,  Mex.,  Asia, 
Africa,  and  Australia. 

2513.  NYMPHAEA  [Tourn.]  L.  Waterlily 

[Conard.  The  Waterlilies.  1-279.  30  pi.,  81  fig.  Carnegie  Inst.  Wash. 
1905.] 

Rootstocks  bearing  numerous,  globular  tubers;  tubers  easily  detaching  when  mature; 
leaves  green  to  purplish  beneath,  the  veins  usually  more  numerous  and  closer  than 
in  the  next  species;  stripes  on  petioles  conspicuous  or  lacking;  sepals  green; 
flowers  mostly  10-23  cm  in  diameter,  opening  from  8  a.  m.  to  1  (2  or  3)  p.  m., 
scentless  or  nearly  so;  petals  obovate  to  almost  spatulate,  generally  rounded  at  the 
apex;  filaments  broader  than  the  anthers;  seed  2.8-4.4  mm  long.  . .  .1.   N.  tuberosa. 

Rootstocks  with  few  branches;  branches  not  constricted  at  the  base  and  persistent; 
leaves  deep  red  to  green,  tinged  with  red  beneath;  stripes  on  petioles  lacking; 
sepals  often  purplish  outside;  flowers  mostly  7-12  cm  in  diameter,  fragrant,  open- 
ing from   6   a.   m.    to    12   m.;    petals   elliptic;    inner   filaments    narrower    than   the 

anthers;  seed  1.6-2.3  mm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  228,  p.  1046.) 

N.  odorata. 

1.  Nymphaea  tuberosa  Paine.  (Castalia  tuberosa  (Paine)  Greene.) 
Magnolia  Waterlily.  Map  930.  This  species  is  frequent  to  common  in 
the  lakes  and  sloughs  of  the  lake  area  and  very  local  south  of  it  because 
its  habitat  is  lacking. 

This   species   has   generally    been    confused   with    Nymphaea   odomta. 


Nuphar 


Nymphaeaceae 


453 


2 
3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar., 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov 

Dec.  C 

B 
D 
MZ\r 

f 

3      Fr 
HD 

D 

r 

r— _ 

f^ 

X 

r 

-  i 

/    Miles 

J 

J~ 

r 

1 

i  ' — 

sluph 

ar   variegata  Er 

50 

Map  932 
gelm. 

0  50 

Map   933 


Ceratophy Hum     demersum    L. 


Conard  wrote  me  in  1933  that  the  latter  species  belongs  to  the  Coastal 
Plain  and  in  the  interior  it  does  not  occur  as  far  south  as  Indiana. 

On  August  12,  1930,  I  found  a  rose  colored  form  in  the  west  side  of 
Cheesborough  Lake,  Steuben  County. 

Lake  Champlain  to  Trenton,  N.  J.,  westw.  to  Nebr.  and  Ark. 


2514.  NUPHAR  Smith 

[Miller  &  Standley.  The  North  American  species  of  Nymphaea.  Contr. 
U.  S.  Nation.  Herb.  16:  i-ix.  63-108.  1912.  Fernald.  Nymphozanthus  the 
correct  name  for  the  cow  lilies.  Rhodora  21:  183-188.  1919.  Fernald. 
Discusses  the  present  nomenclature.    Rhodora  39 : 407-409.    1937.] 

Leaves  less  than  twice  as  long  as  wide;  sinus  a  half  to  a  fourth  as  long  as  the  blade. 

Petioles  terete;  leaf  blades  not  floating,  erect  or  spreading;  basal  sinus  open,  widest 

at  the  base  of  the  lobes;  sepals,  petals,  and  fruit  generally  greenish  yellow  or 

yellow  but  with  no  tinge  of  red  or  only  the  crown  reddish 1.  N.  advena. 

Petioles  conspicuously  flattened;  leaf  blades  floating;  basal  sinus  narrow  and  usually 
nearly  closed ;  sepals  generally  tinged  with  red  inside  at  the  base ;  petals  usually 
red  about  half  their  length;   fruit  reddish  at  the  base  up  to  a  half  or  three 

fourths  its  length 2.    N.  variegata. 

Leaves  more  than  twice  as  long  as  wide;  sinus  less  than  a  fourth  the  length  of  the 
blade.    (See  excluded  species  no.  229,  p.  1047.) N.  sagittifolia. 

1.  Nuphar  advena  Ait.  (Nymphaea  advena  Ait.)  Yellow  Spatter- 
dock.  Map  931.  In  shallow,  running  or  stagnant  water  in  lakes,  streams, 
sloughs,  and  ponds  throughout  the  state.  Frequent  to  common  in  the  lake 
area,  and  infrequent  south  of  it. 

N.  Y.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tex. 

2.  Nuphar  variegata  Engelm.  (Nymphaea  advena  var.  variegata 
(Engelm.)  Fern.)  Variegated  Spatterdock.  Map  932.  Probably  limited 
to  the  lakes  of  northern  Indiana.  I  have  no  notes  on  its  frequency  or  its 
associates.  I  have  seen  it  in  three  lakes  in  Noble  County.  It  is  certain 
that  it  is  much  rarer  than  the  preceding  species. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Ohio,  and  Mont. 


454  Ceratophyllaceae  Ceratophyilum 

89.  CERATOPHYLLACEAE  Gray 
2516.  CERATOPHYLLUM  L. 

1.  Ceratophyllum  demersum  L.  HORNWORT.  Map  933.  Common  in 
most  of  the  lakes  of  the  lake  region,  becoming  infrequent  to  rare  in  streams 
and  ponds  south  of  the  lake  region. 

Throughout  N.  A.  except  the  extreme  north. 

91.  RANUNCULACEAE  Juss.  Crowfoot  Family 

Plants  climbing;  flowers  white,  maroon,  or  purple;  leaves  mostly  compound 

2542.    Clematis,  p.  463. 

Plants  not  as  above. 
Leaves  3-  or  4-ternate;  plants  dioecious;  pistillate  flowers  white;  staminate  flowers 

greenish,  whitish  or  purplish;  fruit  an  achene 2548.    Thalictrum,  p.  473. 

Leaves  not  as  above ;  plants  not  dioecious. 

Ovaries  several-ovuled   (1   or  2  in  Hydrastis)  ;   fruit  a   follicle  which   sometimes 
resembles  a  berry;  calyx  generally  petaloid. 
Flowers  regular,  white,  scarlet  or  yellow. 

Leaves  simple,  either  palmately  lobed  or  divided,  reniform  or  cordate. 

flowers  white,  small,  about  1  cm  wide;   leaves  palmately  5-7-lobed;   roots 

yellow ;  fruit  red 2522.   Hydrastis,  p.  455. 

Flowers   bright   yellow   or   greenish   yellow,   large,   generally   2-3   cm   wide. 

Flowers  bright  yellow;  leaves  not  divided;  plants  of  springy  places 

2524.    Caltha,  p.  455. 

Flowers  greenish  yellow;  leaves  divided  into  7-11  lobes;  plants  introduced. 

2527.    Helleborus,  p.  456. 

Leaves  ternately  decompound. 

Plants  low,  generally  less  than  30  cm  high. 

Leaves  basal  and  cauline,  the  basal  ones  biternate,  the  cauline  ones  ter- 
nate,  alternate;  flowers  cauline,  several  axillary  and  terminal,  the 
floral  parts  5;  roots  fibrous.  (Our  species  of  this  genus  is  often 
confused  with  Anemonella  thalictroides.  The  roots  of  Anemonella  are 
tuberous;  cauline  leaves  in  a  terminal  whorl;  and  floral  parts  more 

than  5.) 2532.    Isopyrum,  p.  456. 

Leaves  all  basal  and  ternate;  1-flowered,  flowers  on  scapes 

2534.     COPTIS,  p.  456. 

Plants  tall,  usually  0.5-2  m  high. 

Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  small,  white. 

Racemes   simple,   generally   less   than   5   cm   long;    fruit   red   or   white, 

fleshy,  several-seeded,  resembling  a  berry 2537.    Actaea,  p.  457. 

Racemes  generally  paniculate,  usually  2-4  dm  long;  fruit  many-seeded 

follicles 2537A.   Cimictfuga,  p.  457. 

Flowers  not  in  racemes,  large,  showy;  petals  spurred,  scarlet 

2538.    Aquilegia,  p.  458. 

Flowers  irregular,  blue  or  pinkish,  except  albino  forms. 

Posterior  sepal  prolonged  into  a  spur  generally  10-15  mm  long 

2539.   Delphinium,  p.  458. 

Posterior  sepal  hooded,  covering  the  2  petals 2540.   Aconitum,  p.  459. 

Ovaries  1-ovuled;  fruit  an  achene. 
Leaves  all  radical;  flowers  on  scapes. 

Leaves  reniform,  3-lobed;  scape  1-flowered 2541 B.    Hepatica,  p.  462. 

Leaves  linear;   scape   1-flowered,  the  greatly  elongated  receptacle  resembling 
a  many-flowered   spike 2543.    Myosurus,  p.  464. 


Hydrastis 


Ranunculaceae 


455 


1 

5 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

tf 

no 

0 

D            D 

P          o 

0 

D 

L 

J 
P 

1 

'      ?      » 

X 

D      »         0 

*■ 

DP 

r1- 

OP 

r 

8 

m 

D 

p  j 

J   Miles 

D 

Dec.  C 

D          D 

DP        T 

t    L 

{   D  k      , 

D 

D     /d    i1 

t  J  r 

1 

D   \B 

H 

^dra 

stis 

tjA     7 
canadens 

t            5b 
Map    934 

is   L 

b  5o 

Map  935 


Caltha    palustris    L. 


Leaves  not  all  radical. 

Sepals  and  petals  present;  flowers  yellow  or  white,  and  if  white,  the  plants 

aquatic 2546.    Ranunculus,  p.  465. 

Sepals  present,  petals  absent;  flowers  white  or  greenish  white. 

Cauline  leaves  alternate,  palmately  lobed  or  ternately  decompound. 

Leaves  palmately  lobed;  flowers  corymbose.  .2545.    Trautvetteria,  p.  465. 
Leaves  ternately  decompound  with  crenately  lobed  leaflets;  flowers  small, 

numerous,  in  panicles,  dioecious  or  polygamous;  achenes  5-ribbed 

2548.    Thalictrum,  p.  473. 

Cauline  leaves  opposite  or  whorled;  flowers  few;  sepals  large,  showy. 

Achenes  not  ribbed;  leaves  palmately  incised,  lobed,  parted  or  divided 

2541.    Anemone,  p.  460. 

Achenes  ribbed;  leaves  ternately  decompound,  those  of  the  stem  sessile,  in 
a  whorl  near  the  summit 2541  A.    Anemonella,  p.  461. 

2522.  HYDRASTIS  Ellis 

1.  Hydrastis  canadensis  L.  GOLDENSEAL.  Map  934.  Infrequent  to  com- 
mon in  rich,  moist  woods  throughout  the  state  although  there  are  no 
records  or  specimens  from  5  of  the  northwestern  counties.  I  once  found 
it  growing  in  a  tamarack  bog.  From  the  earliest  times  it  has  been  much 
used  in  medicine  and  now  commands  a  high  price.  The  root  of  this 
species  and  ginseng  have  always  been  valuable  and  for  this  reason  they 
are  almost  extinct.  I  believe  that  goldenseal  is  now  more  rare  than  ginseng. 
Its  scarcity  and  high  price  have  resulted  in  its  being  cultivated. 

Western  N.  E.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Mo.,  and  Kans. 

2524.  CALTHA  [Rupp.]  L.  Marsh  Marigold 
1.  Caltha  palustris  L.  Marsh  Marigold.  Map  935.  Found  in  springy 
places  about  lakes,  along  streams  and  ditches,  infrequent  in  swamps  and 
ponds  in  woodland,  and  in  the  outlets  of  springs.  It  requires  fresh  water 
which  is  more  or  less  circulating.  It  is  frequent  in  the  lake  area,  becoming 
less  frequent  to  very  local  southward. 

The  leaves,  both  basal  and  cauline,  vary  much  in  the  width  of  the 
basal  sinus  and  in  the  margins.   Some  have  a  very  wide  sinus  while  others 


456 


Ranunculaceae 


Isopyrum 


0  50 

Map   937 


Coptis     groenlandica    (Oeder)    Fern. 


r— 

Jan. 

s     > 

*1    D 

0  J     »o 

0 

?          L_fj 

Feb. 

D 

I         / 

D 

P             D 

"        '        B" 

Mar. 

V^ 

r °  i » 

2 

22 
2 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

| 

D 

0 

f^ 

B        D        ° 

~| 

„ 

0 

p 

B 

J,     OB 

B 

0 

o      o         o 

D 
P 

I       B  «'   n 

r       f  * 

Oct. 
Nov. 

\ ' 

3P 

r' 

F 

r 

o  _3I 

D     UC 

J 

D 

0 

Dec.f- 

0 

JF        D 

iu              r 

i     ' — 

D            D 

D                         A 
-- J__J^D_? 

-rc/'  r.:  r     ( 

[Bn  f   »           . > 

D 

0 

If,        • 

SXQ     ) 

d  *y 

gC5J1j 

-I  D       (         \    / 

J     Miles 

(O        D[         r'        J     0  ,-^V        J 

3                 50 

jX-O^sj^V              Map    938 

Actaea     alba    (L.)    Mill. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

\ 

S     KD 

»     J 

E 

0 

r 

V 

IV 

" 

-I 

r 

-^ 

r 

r1 

Dec  C 

■  l — 

/    Miles 

Ac 

aea 

rub 

ra 

\          / 

(Ait.) 

3                 50 

Map    939 

Willd. 

have  a  narrow  one.  The  margins  vary  from  almost  entire  to  acutely 
dentate.  Nieuwland  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3:  325.  1914)  describes  a  form 
found  in  Porter  County  with  "the  upper  leaves  under  the  inflorescence 
somewhat  lobed  not  unlike  those  of  the  red  maple,  the  leaves  were  lacin- 
iately  toothed." 

Hansen  reported  Caltha  flabellifolia  from  Kosciusko  County.  I  am  refer- 
ring this  report  to  Caltha  palustris.   See  excluded  species  no.  230,  p.  1047. 

Lab.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  S.  C,  Tenn.,  and  Nebr. 

2527.  HELLEBORUS  [Tourn]  L. 

See  excluded  species  no.  231,  p.  1047. 

2532.  ISOPtRUML. 

1.  Isopyrum  biternatum  (Raf.)  T.  &  G.  False  Rue  Anemone.  Map 
936.  Infrequent  to  common  in  moist,  rich  woods  throughout  the  state. 
Probably  absent  from  a  few  of  the  northwestern  counties.  It  prefers  the 
beech  and  sugar  maple  type  of  woods. 

Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


2534.  COPTIS  Salisb. 

[Fernald.  Coptis  trifolia  and  its  eastern  American  representative. 
Rhodora  31 :  136-142.   1929.] 

1.  Coptis  groenlandica  (Oeder)  Fern.  (Coptis  trifolia  of  Gray,  Man., 
ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Goldthread.  Map  937. 
At  one  time  probably  infrequent  to  common  in  most  of  the  tamarack  bogs 
of  the  lake  area.  The  tamarack  bogs  have  nearly  disappeared  and  those 
remaining  have  been  so  modified  by  drainage  and  grazing  that  this  species 
has  become  rare  and  local.  In  Allen  County  its  habitat  has  been  destroyed. 
It  was  also  found  on  sites  where  the  tamarack  bog  had  just  passed  into  the 


Actaea  Ranunculaceae  457 

Betula  lutea  stage  and  where  some  of  the  sphagnum  still  remained.    This 
plant  was  used  in  medicine. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Md.  and  Iowa,  and  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C.  and 
Tenn. 

2537.  ACTAfiA  L.  Baneberry 
[Mackenzie.   White-fruited  Bane-berries.   Torreya  28 :  51-53.    1928.] 

Pedicels  stout,  generally  3-9  mm  long  in  flower;  fruit  white   (sometimes  purplish  red 

but  this  form  not  yet  reported  from  Indiana)  ;   largest  seed  nearly  5  mm  long; 

leaves  glabrous  beneath  or  sometimes  with  a  few  hairs  on  the  veins  near  the  axils. 

1.     A.    alba. 

Pedicels  slender,  generally  5-11  mm  long  in  flower;  fruit  cherry  red;  largest  seed 
nearly  4  mm  long;  leaves  with  a  few  scattered  hairs  on  the  midrib  and  lateral 
veins  beneath 2.    A.  rubra. 

1.  Actaea  alba  (L.)  Mill.  White  Baneberry.  Map  938.  Frequent  to 
very  frequent  throughout  the  state  in  rich  woods.  There  is  a  red-fruited 
form  of  this  species  which  has  not  been  reported  from  Indiana  but  may 
have  been  found  and  reported  as  Actaea  rubra.  The  rhizomes  of  this  and 
the  following  species  were  formerly  much  used  in  medicine. 

N.  S.,  e.  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

2.  Actaea  rubra  (Ait.)  Willd.  Red  Baneberry.  Map  939.  This  species 
is  very  local  in  a  few  of  our  northern  counties.  I  found  a  single  specimen 
in  a  low  woods  in  Lagrange  County  and  it  is  rather  frequent  on  a  springy, 
wooded  terrace  in  the  east  side  of  Pokagon  State  Park.  It  has  been  re- 
ported from  Noble  County.  A  specimen  from  St.  Joseph  County  is  in  the 
herbarium  of  the  University  of  Notre  Dame.  There  is  a  report  from 
Tippecanoe  County  which  could  also  be  correct.  The  reports  by  Phinney 
from  central-eastern  Indiana  and  the  report  from  Jefferson  County  are 
open  to  question.  I  believe  these  reports  should  be  referred  to  the  red- 
fruited  form  of  the  preceding  species  since  they  come  from  south  of  the 
general  range  of  distribution  and  the  habitat  of  Actaea  rubra,  although 
there  were  cold  springy  areas  about  4  miles  southeast  of  Richmond.  It  is 
regrettable  that  our  early  authors  did  not  preserve  specimens  to  validate 
their  reports.  These  reports  would  be  very  interesting  if  they  could  be 
authoritatively  interpreted. 

Lab.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Tenn.,  and  Nebr. 

2537A.  CIMIClFUGA  L. 

1.  Cimicifuga  racemosa  (L.)  Nutt.  Black  Cohosh.  Map  940.  Local 
to  very  local  on  wooded  slopes  in  the  southern  counties.  I  have  also  found 
it  on  the  wooded  bank  of  Cedar  Creek  in  Allen  County.  Outside  the  area 
indicated  on  the  map,  Coulter  reported  it  from  Kosciusko,  Shelby,  and 
Tippecanoe  Counties,  Higley  &  Raddin  reported  it  from  Pine,  Lake  County, 
and  Schneck  reported  it  from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  and  says:  "Once 
common,  now  almost  extinct."  The  plant  is  so  conspicuous  that  if  it  was 
at  all  frequent  I  would  have  found  it  elsewhere  in  southern  Indiana.    The 


458 


Ranunculaceae 


Aquilegia 


a 

2 

I 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

1    '. 

V 

fr1 

" 

p 

t 

X 

j- 

m 

B        D 
HC 

Dec  <- 

■     ' — 

*— y    D     1       J 

D         [y/i 

[Ba    w     L     - — > 

/    Miles 

Cir 

n*c 

fug  a 

ra 

y\     7 

cemosa    (L 

1                  50 

Map   940 
.)    Nutt. 

0  50 

Map   941 


Aquilegia     canadensis    L. 


1 — , 

**              ]     ND 

— 

Feb 

D 

— 

Mar. 
Apr. 

fj 

V 

pi             1 

6 
1 

1 

May 
June 

July 
Aug. 
Sept. 

f 

r 

" 

1       D  B 
"V— 

i 

t 

Oct 

Nov 

r 

J 

t 

DecJ- 

I 

IU 

i      ' — 

-i— X|            /     D  1 

-tt'  :u  r      1 

_Vr^-/ 

/    Miles 

1                  1        /® J        {       ^-v / 

')                  50 

ir^S^j-^i/             Map   942 

Delphinium     Ajacis    L. 

rhizomes  and  roots  have  been  much  used  in  medicine  and  since  the  plant 
is  so  conspicuous  I  fear  "root  collectors"  have  almost  exterminated  it. 
It  is  commonly  known  as  black  cohosh  and  to  the  eclectic  physician  as 
macrotys. 

Maine,  Out.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

2538.  AQUILEGIA  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Aquilegia  canadensis  L.  American  Columbine.  Map  941.  Local 
throughout  the  state  on  the  wooded  bluffs  of  streams,  wooded  slopes  and 
banks  of  streams,  banks  and  slopes  of  deep  ravines,  and  rarely  far  removed 
from  stream  courses.  I  have  twice  found  it  in  open  tamarack  bogs  where 
it  was  associated  with  Rhus  Vernix  and  Rhamnus  alnifolia.  I  have 
also  frequently  found  it  growing  in  the  rocky  crevices  of  cliffs  along 
streams.  I  suspected  this  wide  difference  of  habitat  would  show  some 
difference  in  the  structure  of  the  plants  but  I  find  none.  The  plant  when 
taken  from  the  wild  and  planted  in  the  garden  thrives  and  reproduces 
freely  from  seed,  which  fact  is  not  entirely  consistent  with  its  restricted 
distribution  along  streams. 

N.  S.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


2539.  DELPHINIUM   L.  Larkspur 

[Wilde.  Studies  of  the  genus  Delphinium.  Cornell  Univ.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta. 
Bull.  519:  1-107.    1930.] 

Pistil  1;  capsules  densely  pubescent;  leaf-segments  mostly  less  than  2  mm  wide;  annual. 

1.    D.  Ajacis. 

Pistils  3;   capsules  glabrous  or  the  sutures  somewhat  pubescent;   leaf-segments  more 
than  2  mm  wide ;  perennial 2.   D.  tricorne. 

1.  Delphinium  Ajacis  L.  Rocket  Larkspur.  Map  942.  Somewhat 
frequent  in  fallow  fields  and  open  woodland  near  the  Ohio  River  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  state  and  probably  very  local  elsewhere.    Where 


Aconitum 


Ranunculaceae 


459 


6  50 

Map   943 


Delphinium     tricorne    Michx. 


0  ^30 

Map   944 
Anemone    quinq u efoha 

van    interior    Fern. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec. 


' 

\_ 

f 

J 

D 

^ 

L 

Jh  , 

~M 

L  1 

Miles 


0"  50 

Map  945 

Anemone    caroliniana    Walt. 


it  is  common,  I  have  seen  blue,  pink,  and  white  forms  of  it  in  the  same 
colony. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  S.  to  Mont,  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  S.  C. 

2.  Delphinium  tricorne  Michx.  Rock  Larkspur.  Map  943.  Infrequent 
to  frequent  in  rich  soil  on  wooded  slopes  in  the  southern  counties,  becom- 
ing less  frequent  northward  and  probably  very  local  or  entirely  absent 
from  the  northern  two  tiers  of  counties.  It  seems  to  have  very  little  affinity 
for  streams,  because  it  is  usually  found  near  the  bases  of  slopes  of 
ravines  as  well  as  along  streams.  This  wild  species  is  easily  cultivated 
in  the  garden.  I  have  a  specimen  which  I  collected  on  May  1,  1910,  in 
a  woods  near  Wilson  Creek  northwest  of  La^wrenceburg,  in  Dearborn 
County,  on  which  I  have  the  following  note:  "In  this  station  I  estimate 
that  there  is  an  average  of  1  plant  for  every  square  foot  of  space  over  an 
area  of  20  acres  of  woodland."  I  have  seen  it  in  large  colonies  but  usually 
only  a  few  plants  are  found  at  a  station.  The  plant  is  poisonous  to  stock. 
I  met  a  farmer  who  lived  a  mile  north  of  Cedar  Grove  in  Franklin  County 
who  called  the  plant  stagger  weed  and  told  me  that  he  had  known  cattle 
to  be  killed  by  eating  it. 

Pa.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 


2540.   ACONITUM  [Tourn.]   L. 

1.  Aconitum  uncinatum  L.  Clambering  Monkshood.  This  species 
was  reported  by  Short  in  his  Fourth  Supplement  of  the  Plants  of  Ken- 
tucky as  occurring  in  the  "barrens"  of  Indiana.  On  January  1,  1927,  I 
found,  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Sciences,  two  well 
preserved  and  ample  specimens  of  this  species  collected  by  C.  W.  Short. 
The  labels  are  as  follows :  "Barrens  of  la.  near  Corydon,  Sept.  1840"  and 
"Barrens  of  Indiana  near  Corydon,  Oct.  1842."  The  identification  of  the 
specimens  is  correct.   The  species  may  be  extinct  in  Indiana. 

S.  Pa.,  southw.  in  the  mts.  to  Ga.,  westw.  to  Wis.  and  southw.  to  Ky. 


460  Ranunculaceae  Anemone 

2541.  ANEMONE  [Tourn.]   L.  Anemone 

Stems  generally  1-2  dm  high,  simple,  1-flowered,  flowering  in  Indiana  mostly  in  April 
and  before  May  20. 
Plants  from  a  horizontal  rootstock,  generally  2-3  mm  in  diameter;   stem  leaves  on 
petioles  0.5-2  cm  long;  sepals  generally  5,  oblong  or  oval,  glabrous  on  the  back. 

1.    A.  quinquefolia  var.  interior. 

Plants  from  a  tuber  6-8  mm  in  diameter;  stem  leaves  sessile;  sepals  6-20,  narrow- 
oblong,  pubescent  on  the  back 2.    A.  caroliniana. 

Stems  more  than  2  dm  high,  generally  branching  above  and  with  more  than  one  flower, 
flowering  in  Indiana  mostly  after  May  20,  usually  in  June  or  later. 
Stem  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so ;  fruiting  heads  orbicular ;  achenes  broader  than  long, 
more  or  less  pubescent  with  long,   straight  hairs,  the  body  not  hidden  by  the 

pubescence 3-    A-   canadensis. 

Stem  leaves  on  petioles  more  than  1  cm  long;  fruiting  heads  generally  oblong;  body 
of  achene  longer  than  wide,  so  densely  woolly  with  long  hairs  as  to  be  hidden 
by  them. 
Margins  of  the  segments  of  the  3-parted  leaves  irregularly  toothed  or  cleft  above 

the  middle  only;  fruiting  heads  more  than  twice  as  long  as  wide 

4.    A.  cylindrica. 

Margins  of  the  segments  of  the  3-parted  leaves  sharply  serrate  or  double-serrate 

to  below  the  middle;  fruiting  heads  less  than  twice  as  long  as  wide 

5.     A.    virginiana. 

1.  Anemone  quinquefolia  L.  var.  interior  Fern.  (Rhodora  37:  260. 
1935.)  American  Wood  Anemone.  Map  944.  Infrequent  to  frequent  or 
local  in  rich,  moist  woods  in  the  northern  half  of  the  state.  I  have  no 
specimens  from  the  southern  part  although  there  are  reports  of  it  from  six 
southern  counties. 

N.  Ont.  to  e.  Man.,  southw.  to  Ohio,  Ind.,  111.,  and  Iowa. 

2.  Anemone  caroliniana  Walt.  Carolina  Anemone.  Map  945.  This 
species  was  reported  by  Blatchley  in  Indiana  Geol.  Rept.  21 :  628.  1897.  He 
says  it  was  reported  by  Miss  Nora  Arnold,  who  knew  of  its  growing  for 
12-13  years  in  patches  on  a  hill  along  Durkey's  Ferry  Road  about  5i/2 
miles  north  of  Terre  Haute,  Vigo  County.  In  April,  1933,  I  asked  Prof. 
Fred  Donaghy  of  the  Terre  Haute  State  Normal  School  to  try  to  redis- 
cover this  species.  He  found  it  and  sent  me  specimens.  He  wrote  that 
a  colony  about  10  feet  square  was  located  on  the  slope  of  a  bluff  opposite 
Durkey's  Ferry.  The  plants  grew  in  sandy  soil  among  grasses,  had  very 
shallow  roots,  and  were  3-8  inches  high. 

Open  places,  Wis.  to  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  Anemone  canadensis  L.  Meadow  Anemone.  Map  946.  Found  in 
low  ground  in  woodland  and  along  roadsides,  mostly  in  alluvial  soil  along 
streams.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in  the  northern  half  of  the  state  and  in 
the  Wabash  Valley,  becoming  rare  or  absent  in  the  hilly  counties. 

Cent.  Maine,  e.  Que.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Md.,  Mo.,  Kans.,  and  Colo. 

4.  Anemone  cylindrica  Gray.  Candle  Anemone.  Map  947.  Infrequent 
throughout  the  lake  area.  It  prefers  a  very  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  and  is 
usually  found  in  prairie  habitats  along  railroads  and  roadsides  and  in 
open  woodland,  usually  on  open,  black  and  white  oak  ridges.    Apparently 


Anemonella 


Ranunculaceae 


461 


Anemone 


canadensis 


0  ~30 

Map   948 

Anemone     virginiana    L. 


it  prefers  a  dry  habitat,  although  the  only  place  I  ever  saw  it  growing 
in  abundance  was  on  a  gravelly  bench  on  the  north  side  of  Wall  Lake  in 
Lagrange  County,  which  was  only  a  few  feet  above  the  water  level.  This 
bench  was  made  several  years  ago  when  the  water  level  of  the  lake 
receded.  In  this  moist  habitat  the  plants  were  common  and  vigorous,  one 
of  the  specimens  having  7  fruiting  heads. 

Western  Maine  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  111.,  Mo.,  Kans.,  N.  Mex., 
and  Ariz. 

5.  Anemone  virginiana  L.  Tall  Anemone.  Map  948.  Infrequent  to 
frequent  throughout  the  state.  This  is  a  woodland  species  and  is  rarely 
found  in  the  open  along  roads  and  railroads.  It  generally  grows  in  dry 
soil  on  wooded  slopes  and  has  a  decided  preference  for  slopes  along 
streams. 

The  species  varies  considerably  in  the  length  of  its  stamens  and  in  the 

size,  shape,  texture,  and  color  of  its  sepals.    Some  of  the  variations  have 

been  given  names  but  after  a  careful  study  of  my  77  specimens  from  all 

parts  of  the  state  I  have  decided  that  the  characters  are  too  variable  to  be 

of  taxonomic  value. 

Maine,  s.  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 


2541  A.  ANEMONELLA  Spach 

1.  Anemonella  thalictroides  (L.)  Spach.  (Syndesmon  tlmlictroides 
(L.)  Hoffmg.)  Map  949.  Infrequent  to  very  frequent  in  all  parts  of  the 
state  except  in  the  prairie  areas  and  in  very  sandy  areas.  This  is  strictly 
a  woodland  plant  which  is  found  generally  in  dry  soil,  usually  on  slopes 
and  banks  along  streams  and  ravines. 

This  species  is  variable  in  many  ways  and  some  of  the  variations  have 
received  names.  Hill  (Bot.  Gaz.  10:  262.  1885.)  wrote  of  finding  speci- 
mens near  Hobart,  Lake  County,  with  "flowers  greatly  doubled,  of  20-30 
purplish  petals,  alternating  in  whorls." 

Mass.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tenn.,  and  Kans. 


462 


Ranunculaceae 


Hepatica 


0  50 

Map   949 


Anemonella    thalictroides    (L.)    Spach 


0  50 

Map   950 


Hepatica    acutiloba    DC. 


50 
Map  951 


Hepatica     americana    (DC.)    Ker 


2541B.  HEPATICA  [Rupp.]  Hill     Hepatica 

Leaf  lobes  acute  or  somewhat  obtuse  at  the  apex 1.    H.  acutiloba. 

Leaf  lobes  rounded  at  the  apex 2.    H.  americana. 

1.  Hepatica  acutiloba  DC.  Sharplobe  Hepatica.  Map  950.  Infrequent 
to  frequent  throughout  the  state  except  in  the  prairie  area.  The  hepaticas 
are  strictly  woodland  plants.  This  species  is  generally  found  in  rich  soil 
on  wooded  slopes  and  these  most  frequently  near  streams.  The  flowers 
vary  from  white  to  pink  and  purple.  The  leaves  of  both  of  our  hepaticas 
vary  in  color  from  green  to  green  mottled  with  maroon.  Some  authors 
regard  H.  acutiloba  as  only  a  variety  of  the  next  species,  but  it  is  entirely 
distinct  although  the  characters  separating  it  are  difficult  to  describe.  The 
leaves  and  achenes  of  Hepatica  acutiloba  are  slightly  larger  than  those  of 
Hepatica  americana.  This  species  is  a  lime  loving  plant  while  the  next 
prefers  a  slightly  acid  soil  and  this  requirement,  I  believe,  excludes  it  or 
makes  it  rare  in  southern  Indiana. 

Western  N.  H.,  w.  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

2.  Hepatica  americana  (DC.)  Ker.  (Hepatica  triloba  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed. 
7,  not  Chaix  and  Hepatica  Hepatica  (L.)  Karst.  of  Britton  and  Brown, 
Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  (Fernald.  The  specific  characters  of  Hepatica  ameri- 
cana. Rhodora  19 :  45-46.  1917.)  Roundlobe  Hepatica.  Map  951.  Infre- 
quent to  locally  frequent  in  the  lake  area,  becoming  local  and  very  rare 
in  the  southern  part,  or  possibly  absent.  It  has  been  reported  from  several 
of  the  southern  counties  but  there  are  no  specimens.  It  is  possible  that 
the  identifications  are  wrong  since  this  species  prefers  a  rather  acid  soil, 
but  the  habitat  does  occur  locally  in  southern  Indiana,  and  I  see  no  reason 
why  it  should  not  be  found.   My  efforts  to  find  it  have  failed. 

The  flowers  vary  in  color  from  white  to  pink  and  purple.  These  forms 
have  been  assigned  names  but  Weatherby  (Rhodora  27:  131-132.  1925) 
found  that  white  forms  are  constant  but  that  color  forms  may  be  one 
color  one  year  and  another  color  the  next  year.  Hence  I  am  omitting  these 
color  form  names. 

N.  S.  to  Man.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Mo. 


Clematis 


Ranunculaceae 


463 


0  50 

Map   952 


Clematis    Viorna   L. 


1 
a 
i 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

V- 

'    rL 

f 

-k 

f      1 

\-^ 

r 

Dec  <— 

1 

i 

y  i 

\  //    Miles 

rJ      iu 

DP  J 

°  r 

H 

c 

emat 

s 

r^V  J  °               50 
xf            Map    953 

Jitcheri    T.  &  6. 

o 3o 
Map  954 


Clematis    vircjiniana    L. 


2542.  CLEMATIS  L. 

Flowers  solitary;   sepals  thick,  purplish  or  pinkish  purple. 

Styles  pubescent  their  entire  length  with  long  spreading  hairs;  hairs  usually  about 
3  mm  long  at  maturity,  those  toward  the  apex  shorter;   stigmatic  lines  about 

0.5-1  mm  long;  mature  stigma  about  4  cm  long;  flowers  pinkish  purple 

1 .    C.   Viorna. 

Styles  pubescent  only  at  the  base  or  up  to  the  middle  with  more  appressed  hairs; 
hairs  usually  about  2  mm  long;  upper  part  of  style  naked  or  with  only  a  few 
hairs;  stigmatic  lines  usually  1.5-2  mm  long;  mature  stigma  about  2  cm  long; 
flowers  purplish  or  nearly  colorless  above  the  middle 2.  C.  Pitcheri. 

Flowers  many,  cymose-paniculate ;  sepals  thin,  white 3.  C.  virginiana. 

1.  Clematis  Viorna  L.  (Viorna  Viorna  (L.)  Small.)  Leatherflower. 
Map  952.  Infrequent  to  rare  throughout  the  state  except  in  the  northern 
two  tiers  of  counties  where  it  is  either  absent  or  very  rare.  Clark's  report 
from  Marshall  County  is  the  only  one  from  these  counties.  It  is  found 
mostly  on  the  rocky,  wooded  slopes  of  streams. 

The  leaves  of  this  species,  as  of  the  next  two,  are  variable  in  the 
amount  of  the  pubescence  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaflets.  Some  are 
nearly  glabrous  while  the  majority  are  more  or  less  densely  pubescent. 
Plants  with  the  apex  of  the  leaflets  long-acuminate  are  Clematis  Ridgwayi 
Stanclley.  I  have  a  specimen  of  this  form  from  Martin  County  named  for  me 
by  Standley,  and  I  have  specimens  from  other  counties  which  I  refer  to  it. 

Pa.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  La. (Brown.    Torreya  29:   159.    1929.) 

2.  Clematis  Pitcheri  T.  &  G.  (Viorna  Pitcheri  (T.  &  G.)  Britt.)  Pitcher 
Leatherflower.  Map  953.  This  species  is  very  local  in  low  ground  in  the 
Lower  Wabash  Valley  and  I  have  found  it  twice  near  the  Ohio  River.  The 
reports  of  Blatchley  from  Vigo  County  and  Clements  from  Daviess  County 
are,  no  doubt,  correct.  Thompson  reported  it  from  Carroll  County  and 
this  report,  without  doubt,  should  be  referred  to  the  preceding  species. 

Southern  Ind.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Tex. 


164 


Ranunculaceae 


Myosurus 


0  50 

Map    955 


Myosurus     minimus    L. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

f 

L_ 

i'1 

V- 

i  r 

r 

-  i 

J 
or 

? 

Dec.f- 

/     Miles 

Trautvett 

:ria 

caro 

i/             Map    956 
inensis    (Walt.)    Vail 

3 
14 
1 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

5 

D 
D    1 

)           ° 

D             D 

D        y-1. 

°          D 

D 

p       i 

r° 

P 

\ 

f^ 

D 

' 

r1 

X 

0 

D            D 

r 

B 

4a 

j 

DP 

Dec  C 

i 
i  ' — 

\      V  i 

J    Miles 

D 

pf       0 

"i 

u 
iu 

1 

^anuncu 

lus 

fl 

\         / 

abellari 

:             50 
Map  957 

,    Raf. 

3.  Clematis  virginiana  L.  Virgins-bower.  Map  954.  Infrequent  or 
rarely  frequent  throughout  the  state.  It  is  found  in  moist  ground,  gen- 
erally along  streams,  about  lakes,  and  along  fences. 

The  stems  of  my  specimens  are  more  or  less  fluted  and  more  or  less 
densely  appressed-pubescent.  The  upper  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves 
vary  from  sparingly  to  densely  pubescent,  the  lower  surface  sometimes 
velvety  to  the  touch. 

N.  S.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  La.  (Brown.   Torreya  29:  159.    1929.) 

2543.  MYOSURUS  L. 

1.  Myosurus  minimus  L.  Mousetail.  Map  955.  I  have  found  this 
species  in  five  widely  separated  places  in  Posey  County.  I  found  it  abundant 
in  very  sandy  soil  in  a  forest  planting  of  about  15  year  old  chestnut  about 
4  miles  north  of  Mt.  Vernon;  in  a  pasture  field  just  south  of  New  Har- 
mony Cemetery;  in  a  sandy  by-road  along  the  Wabash  River  about  3 
miles  south  of  New  Harmony;  frequent  in  a  fallow  cornfield  on  the  south 
side  of  Pitcher  "Lake"  about  5  miles  northwest  of  Mt.  Vernon;  and  com- 
mon in  a  fallow  cornfield  along  Black  River  about  2  miles  east  of  Griffin. 
I  found  it  also  in  Gibson  County,  in  a  fallow  cornfield  6  miles  west  of 
Princeton,  and  recently  Kriebel  has  collected  it  in  Daviess  County.  There 
is  a  specimen  from  Montgomery  County  in  the  herbarium  of  Wabash  Col- 
lege. The  plant  is  very  inconspicuous  and  since  I  have  rarely  botanized  its 
habitat,  it  may  be  more  frequent  than  my  experience  indicates.  Schneck 
reported  it  from  the  Lower  Wabash  Bottoms  and  Benedict  &  Elrod  re- 
ported it  from  Cass  County,  remarking  that  it  was  "scarce."  In  1937 
I  found  it  in  its  habitat  in  Newton  County. 

I  am  of  the  opinion  that  if  sandy,  fallow  cornfields  are  worked  carefully, 
its  distribution  would  be  greatly  extended. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  reported  from  the  U.  S.  at  widely  separated  stations. 
Ont.,  B.  C,  southw.  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  Fla.,  Tex.,  N.  Mex.,  and  111.  Some 
of  the  reports  may  be  referable  to  some  other  species.  For  its  distribution 
see  Greene  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3:  311-316.    1914). 


Trautvetteria  Ranunculaceae  r  465 

2545.  TRAUTVETTERIA  F.  &  M. 

1.     Trautvetteria  carolinensis  (Walt.)  Vail.   False  Bugbane.   Map  956. 
This  species  was  reported  from  the  "knobs"  on  the  authority  of  Clapp  in 
the  "Catalogue  of  Plants  of  Indiana"  published  in  1881.   This  report  was 
repeated  in  Coulter's  Catalogue  to  which  was  added  a  report  for  Barnes 
from  Clark  County.    Dr.  Clapp  was  an  industrious  and,  I  think,  a  very 
accurate  botanist.    He  came  to   Indiana  about   1817   and   continued  his 
botanical  work  until  his  death  in  about  1865.   I  was  fortunate  in  being  able 
to  purchase  his  copy  of  Gray's  Manual,  first  edition,  and  an  interleaved 
copy  of  Riddell's  "Flora  of  the  Western  States"  in  which  he  kept  a  list  of 
the  plants  he  collected  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Albany.    In  the  Riddell's 
Flora  he  had  bound  48  blank  pages,  on  which  he  kept  records.   When  he 
found  a  species  in  Indiana,  he  indicated  it  by  a  check  mark  in  the  cata- 
logue.  On  one  of  the  blank  pages  he  summarized  his  work  up  to  the  end 
of  1840  and  he  recorded  a  total  of  918  plants,  which  included  25  ferns. 
His  last  note  was  made  in  1857  and  whether  he  failed  to  keep  records 
after  that  date  I  do  not  know.    Nowhere  in  his  books,  however,  does  he 
mention  collecting  this  plant  under  the  name  Trautvetteria  or  any  of  its 
synonyms.    There  is  a  specimen  in  the  herbarium  of  Purdue  University 
which  is  from  the  herbarium  of  C.  R.  Barnes  and  the  label  states  that 
it  was  collected  by  A.   Clapp,   1837,  near  New  Albany,  Indiana    (Floyd 
County) .   There  is  another  specimen  collected  in  1837  by  Dr.  Clapp  in  the 
herbarium  of  Wabash  College.   These  specimens  were,  without  doubt,  the 
basis  for  the  Floyd  County  report  for  Clapp  in  Coulter's  Catalogue.     The 
fact  that  the  first  specimen  was  in  the  Barnes  herbarium  probably  led 
to  the  report  of  his  collecting  it  in  Clark  County,  where  most  of  Barnes' 
collecting  was  done.  There  is  not  now  a  specimen  in  the  Purdue  herbarium 
which  was  collected  by  Barnes  in  Clark  County,  nor  does  Barnes  men- 
tion this  species  in   any  of  his  writings.    There   is   a  specimen  in  the 
herbarium  of  DePauw  University  collected  by  Blatchley  which  was  in 
bud  June  8,  1889,  and  was  collected  in  the  Heckland  prairie  about  10 
miles  northeast  of  Terre  Haute,  Vigo  County,  and  one  in  the  Gray  Her- 
barium bearing  the  following  label:  "Low  prairies,  w.  Ind.  E.  F.  Shipman, 
1876." 

Md.,  sw.  Pa.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Ga. 

2546.  RANUNCULUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Buttercup 

The  status  of  some  of  the  species  of  this  genus  has  been  variously 
interpreted.  The  species  have  been  divided,  and  the  names  have  been 
changed  since  publication  of  the  fifth  edition  of  Gray's  Manual  and  of 
Wood's  Class-book  of  Botany  (1885).  Since  these  books  were  used  by 
our  early  botanists,  it  is  not  satisfactory  to  accept  the  early  reports  of 
the  species  of  this  genus. 

Plants  aquatic;  leaves  finely  dissected;  achenes  wrinkled. 
Flowers  yellow. 

Leaves  of  submerged  plants  sessile  or  on  petioles  less  than  1  cm  long,  the  seg- 
ments acute;  leaves  of  emersed  plants  on  petioles  mostly  1-3  cm  long;  achenes 


466  Ranunculaceae  Ranunculus 

margined   at  the  base,  the  beak   about  half  the   length   of  the  body   of  the 

achene 1.   R-  flabellaris. 

Leaves  of  submerged  plants  on  petioles  more  than  1  cm  long,  the  segments  obtuse; 
achenes  not  margined,  the  beak   about  a  third  as  long  as  the  body   of  the 

achene.     (See  excluded  species  no.  241,  p.  1049.) R.  Purshii. 

Flowers  white. 

Leaves  petiolate,  2-2.5  cm  long,  collapsing  when  taken  from  the  water 

2.  R.   trichophyllus. 

Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so,  usually  1-1.5  cm  long,  not  collapsing  when  taken  from 

the  water 3.  R.  longirostris. 

Plants  terrestrial,  growing  in  springy  places  and  lowland,  and  on  dry,  wooded  slopes; 
leaves  not  finely  dissected;  achenes  not  wrinkled. 
Radical  and  stem  leaves  all  entire  or  dentate. 

Radical  leaves  ovate  or  oblong;  stem  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate;  blades  generally 
less  than  6  cm  long  and  1  cm  wide;  annuals. 
Plants   glabrous,   erect  at  first,  then  trailing;   petals   1-5,   about  1.5   mm   long; 

stamens  3-10;  achenes  brown,  beakless 4.  R.  pusillus. 

Plants  sparingly  appressed-pubescent,  erect;  petals  5,  3-7  mm  long;  stamens  usu- 
ally 20-25;  achenes  greenish;  beak  about  0.2  mm  long.  .  .  .5.  R.  oblorigifolius. 
Radical  and  stem  leaves  lanceolate  or  the  lowest  ones  oblong,  generally  all  den- 
ticulate;  blades  mostly   6-12  cm   long  and  5-30   mm   wide;   plants   ascending 

and  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  glabrous ;  perennial 6.  R.  ambigens. 

Radical  and  stem  leaves  not  all  entire  or  dentate. 

Achenes  less  than  1.7  mm  wide,  without  a  distinct  margin,  the  style  very  short,  not 

over  0.4  mm  long;  petals  generally  very  small,   shorter  or  not  much  longer 

than  the  sepals. 

Plants  glabrous  (sometimes  a  few  hairs  on  the  stipular  sheaths  at  the  base  of 

the  leaf) ;  annuals. 

Radical  leaves  mostly  crenate,  sometimes  3-lobed  or  3-parted,  conspicuously 

cordate;   calyx   glabrous;    petals   shorter   than   the   reflexed   calyx;    heads 

subglobose;  achenes  mostly  1.2-1.7  mm  wide,  the  stigmas  nearly  sessile; 

plants  of  various  habitats,  the  stems  solid 7.  R.  abortivus. 

Radical  leaves  all  lobed  or  parted,  not  conspicuously  cordate;  calyx  pubescent; 
petals  about  equaling  the  calyx;  heads  cylindric;  achenes  mostly  0.8-0.9 
mm  wide,  the  stigmas  nearly  sessile;  plants  of  springy  or  very  wet  places, 

the  stems  hollow 8.  R.  sceleratus. 

Plants  more  or  less  pubescent. 

Roots  not  thickened;  annuals;  plants  of  springy  or  very  wet  places;  stems 
hollow,   usually   3-9    dm   high;    heads   of   fruit   cylindric;    achenes    many. 

8.    R.    sceleratus. 

Roots  thickened;  perennials;  plants  generally  of  the  crests  of  wooded  ridges 
or  of  wooded  slopes;   stems  solid,  generally  less  than  3  dm  high;  heads 

subglobose;  achenes  few 9.  R.  micranthus. 

Achenes  more  than  1.7  mm  wide,  with  a  distinct  margin,  the  style  more  than  0.4 
mm  long;  petals  rather  large  except  in  nos.  11  and  12  (R.  recivrvatus  and 
R.  pennsylvanicus) . 

Base  of  stem  swollen,  bulbiike;  introduced  plant 10.   R.  bulbosus. 

Base  of  stem  not  swollen,  not  bulblike. 

Flowers  small;  petals  generally  less  than  3  mm  long,  shorter  than  or  scarcely 
exceeding  the  sepals. 
Stems   solid,   with   a   spreading   pubescence;    none   of   the   radical    or    stem 
leaves  divided  to  the  base;  mature  heads  globose;  mature  styles  (beaks) 

hooked 11.  R.  reciirvatus. 

Stems  hollow,  hispid-pubescent;  some  or  all  of  the  radical  leaves  and  usually 
some  of  the  stem  leaves  divided  to  the  base  into  3  parts,  the  parts 
stalked;  mature  heads  longer  than  wide;  mature  styles  straight. 
12.   R.  pennsylvanicus. 


Ranunculus  Ranunculaceae  467 

Flowers  large,  1.5-2.5  cm  in  diameter;  petals  much  exceeding  the  sepals. 
Styles   in   fruit  less   than   1   mm   long,   strongly   curved;    plant   introduced, 
erect;  radical  and  stem  leaves  3-7-parted,  usually  to  the  base,  the  divi- 
sions sessile  or  rarely  on  petiolules 13.  R.  acris. 

Styles  in  fruit  mostly  1   mm  long  or  longer,   straight   or  curved  but  not 
hooked  except  in  no.   15    (R.  repens  var.   villosus)  ;    radical   and   stem 
leaves  mostly  divided   to   the   base   and   all   of  the   divisions,   at  least 
the  middle  one,  stalked. 
Roots  fleshy,  much  thickened;   radical   and   stem   leaves   less  than   4   cm 
wide,  pinnately  cleft  or  divided,  the  lobes  or  divisions  narrow,  linear- 
lanceolate;  native  plant  of  a  dry,  sandy  habitat,  generally  less  than 
25   cm   high;    pubescence   of   the    stems    and   petioles    of   our   plants 

appressed 14.  R.  fascicularis. 

Roots   not   fleshy;    plants   erect,   trailing   or   creeping,   mostly   of   a   wet 
habitat;  radical  and  lower  stem  leaves  more  than  4  cm  wide. 
Styles  ending  in  a  minute  hook;  introduced,  creeping  plants  mostly  of 
lawns  and  waste  places. 

Pubescence  spreading 15.  R.  repens  var.  villosus. 

Pubescence  appressed.    (See  excluded  species  no.  242,  p.  1049.) 

R.    repens. 

Styles  straight  or  slightly  curved,  not  hooked  at  the  tip. 

Plants  erect  or  ascending,  never  trailing  and  rooting  at  the  nodes  or 
tips,  usually  densely  spreading-pubescent;  styles  1.5-2  mm  long.  . . 

16.  R.  hispidus. 

Plants  erect  at  first,  later  trailing  and  becoming  prostrate  and  root- 
ing at  some  of  the  nodes  or  at  the  tips. 
Stems  and  petioles  of  the  later  radical  leaves  upwardly  appressed- 

pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous 17.  R.  septentrionalis. 

Stems  and  petioles  of  the  later  radical  leaves  spreading-pubescent. 

Pubescence  of  the  stem  and  of  the  petioles  of  the  later  radical 

leaves   usually   not   dense   and   not   retrorse;    fruiting   heads 

globose  with  about  20  achenes;  styles  1.5-2  mm  long 

17a.  R.  septentrionalis  forma. 

Pubescence  of  the  stem  and  of  the  petioles  of  the  later  radical 
leaves  very  dense  and  retrorse  at  least  on  the  lower  parts; 
mature  heads  longer  than  wide  (not  measuring  the  styles), 
with  up  to  50  achenes  to  a  head;  styles  2.25-3  mm  long, 
rarely   shorter;   plants  robust,  few-flowered,   soon   becoming 

prostrate  and  rooting  at  the  nodes 

17b.  R.  septentrionalis  var.  caricetorum. 

1.  Ranunculus  flabellaris  Raf.  (Ranunculus  delphinifolius  Torr.)  Map 
957.  Somewhat  frequent  in  ponds,  sloughs,  and  dredged  ditches  in  the 
lake  area,  becoming  infrequent  to  very  local  or  absent  from  the  southern 
part  of  the  state.  When  its  habitat  becomes  dry  during  the  summer 
months,  this  species  assumes  a  terrestrial  form.  This  form  has  been 
named  Ranunculus  flabellaris  f.  riparius  Fern.  (Rhodora  38:  171.  1936.) 
(Ranunculus  delphinifolius  var.  terrestris  (Gray)  Fern.)  Its  appearance 
is  somewhat  different  from  the  aquatic  form  and  I  believe  it  has  been 
the  source  of  several  reports  for  Ranunculus  Purshii. 

Central  Maine,  Ont,  Mich.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ark. 

2.  Ranunculus  trichophyllus  Chaix  var.  typicus  Drew.  (Rhodora  38: 
18-29.  1936.)  (Ranunculus  aquatilis  var.  capillaceus  DC.  and  Batrachium 
trichophyllum   (Chaix)    F.  Schultz.)     Map  958.    This  is  a  species  found 


168 


RANUNCULACEAE 


Ranunculus 


1 

3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.  C- 

f 

J 

DP 

n 

D 

r 

\ 

fr1 

D 

" 

D 

r1 

X 

r 

J 

J    Miles 

■  ' — 

DP  f 

nanun 

culu 

»     tr 
va 

ic 

r>\      j 

lophyllu 
typicus 

3                50 

Map  958 

s    Chaix 

I" 

Feb. 

r 

Mar. 
Apr. 
May 

\ 

J 

K 

June 

— \ 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 

J 

r 

-^ 

Dec.j- 

i  ' — 

IT I0       ; 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  961 


Ranunculus     obloncjifolius   [_. 


0  ~ 50 

Map   959 


Ranunculus     lonojrostris    Godr 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


D 

T 

p 

\ 

D 

j 

» 

r1 

V 

r, 

_L 

D 

D 

K      1 

_/   [Ba  H  ff       - — ' 

>"    D     J 

~L-L^\    D 

?)J    Miles 

/  o             5o 

Map    962 
Ranunculus     ambigens   Wats. 


1 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

r 

\ 

(  r^ 

i 

f 

_ 

1 

r 

r1 

1    , 

Dec.C 

i 

-L        1     DS 

-r'  "  r  ! 
£/    Miles 

Ranunculus 

pusillus 

6  '  '56 
Map   960 

Poir. 

o  15 

Map   963 

Ranunculus    abortivus    L. 


infrequently  in  shallow  water  on  the  shores  of  lakes  and  bayous  of  streams 
and  in  ditches. 

Lab.,  Newf.,  N.  S.,  Maine,  and  the  Coastal  Plain  to  N.  J.,  westw.  to 
Minn.,  Alaska,  and  Calif.;  also  in  temperate  S.  A.;  Eurasia. 

3.  Ranunculus  longirostris  Godr.  (Rhodora  38 :  42-46.  1936.)  (Ranun- 
culus cirdnatus  of  authors  and  Batrachium  circinatum  of  manuals.) 
Map  959.  This  is  our  most  common  white-flowered  buttercup.  Its  habitat 
is  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding  species  and  it  is  more  or  less  frequent 
in  the  lake  area,  becoming  rare  south  of  it. 

Que.  to  Oreg.,  southw.  to  Del.,  Pa.,  Tenn.,  Nebr.,  Kans.,  Tex.,  Ariz.,  and 
N.  Mex. 

4.  Ranunculus  pusillus  Poir.  Map  960.  This  species  was  reported  from 
Knox  County  by  Spillman.  I  found  a  large  colony  of  it  in  a  low  woods 
about  a  mile  east  of  Palmyra  in  Harrison  County,  and  it  is  a  common 


Ranunculus 


Ranunculaceae 


469 


plant  surrounding  a  pond  of  about  2  acres  nearly  2  miles  southeast  of 
Palmyra.   It  has  also  been  found  by  Edna  Banta  in  Jefferson  County. 

Atlantic  coast  from  s.  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  westw.  through  the  Gulf  States  to 
Tex.,  and  northw.  up  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Ind. 

5.  Ranunculus  oblongifolius  Ell.  Map  961.  I  found  this  species  to  be 
frequent  in  a  low,  open  woods  in  the  Hunley  Bottoms  about  a  mile  north- 
east of  Huntingburg  in  Dubois  County,  and  in  three  widely  separated 
places  in  Posey  County  where  it  was  common  in  hard,  white  clay  soil  in 
very  wet,  fallow  fields.  Winona  Welch  collected  it  in  Graebert's  woods 
about  8  miles  southwest  of  Mt.  Vernon  in  Posey  County,  and  Edna  Banta 
found  it  in  the  "flats"  in  Jefferson  County. 

Atlantic  coast  from  Del.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Tex.,  and  northw.  in  the 
Mississippi  Valley  to  Okla.  and  Ind. 

6.  Ranunculus  ambigens  Wats.  (Rhodora  38 :  173-175.  1936.)  (Ranun- 
culus laxicaulis  (T.  &  G.)  Darby  and  Ranunculus  obtusiusculus  Raf.) 
Map  962.  Very  local  in  swamps  and  ponds  throughout  the  state  although 
there  are  no  reports  from  the  northwestern  part.  The  most  northern 
report  is  that  from  Noble  County  by  Van  Gorder.  This  species  grows  in 
swamps,  ponds,  and  ditches  that  are  full  of  water  in  the  spring  and  become 
dry  in  summer  when  it  flowers  and  fruits. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

7.  Ranunculus  abortivus  L.  SMALL-FLOWER  BUTTERCUP.  Map  963. 
This  buttercup  is  frequent  to  common  throughout  the  state  and  is  found 
in  all  kinds  of  habitats  except  in  very  sandy  or  very  wet  places.  Where 
clean  cultivation  is  desired  in  lawns,  orchards,  and  elsewhere,  it  is  a 
pernicious  weed. 

Lab.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ark.,  and  Colo. 

8.  Ranunculus  sceleratus  L.  Cursed  Buttercup.  Map  964.  Local  in 
ponds,  springy  places,  and  ditches  in  the  lake  area  and  absent  or  very 


470 


Ranunculaceae 


Ranunculus 


0  50 

Map    967 
Ranunculus     recurvatus    Poir. 


0  50 

Map  968 


Ranunculus     acris    L. 


~!3 
Map   969 

Ranunculus    fascicularis    Muhl. 


local  south  of  this  area.    Our  plants  vary  from  glabrous  to  pubescent  all 
over. 

Throughout  N.  A.  except  in  the  extreme  north;  also  in  Eurasia. 

9.  Ranunculus  micranthus  Nutt.  (Ranunculus  cymbalist es*  Greene.) 
Map  965.  There  are  seven  reports  for  this  species,  all  from  the  southern 
half  of  the  state.  My  specimens  are  from  near  the  bases  of  slopes  wooded 
with  sugar  maple  and  from  the  crests  of  wooded  ridges.  It  is  either  very 
local  or  so  inconspicuous  that  it  is  overlooked. 

Maine  to  Minn,  and  Sask.,  south w.  to  Ga.,  Ark.,  and  Colo. 

10.  Ranunculus  bulbosus  L.  Bulb  Buttercup.  Map  966.  There 
are  reports  from  seven  counties.  Nieuwland  collected  it  in  Lake  and 
Porter  Counties  and  the  specimens  are  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Notre  Dame.  Clark  collected  it  in  Marshall  County  and  the  speci- 
men is  in  the  National  Herbarium  at  Washington,  D.  C.  A  specimen  col- 
lected by  Flora  Haas  in  Owen  County  is  in  the  herbarium  of  Indiana 
University. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  E.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  and  La. 

11.  Ranunculus  recurvatus  Poir.  Hooked  Buttercup.  Map  967.  In- 
frequent to  frequent  or  even  common  in  moist,  rich  woods  throughout 
the  state. 

N.  S.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ala.,  Mo.,  and  Kans. 

12.  Ranunculus  acris  L.  Tall  Buttercup.  Map  968.  This  species 
has  been  reported  from  eight  counties,  mostly  northern.  It  is  local  along 
railroads  and  roadsides.  I  have  seen  it  abundant  in  a  few  places,  and  in 
time  no  doubt  it  will  become  a  weed  in  favorable  habitats.  My  Allen 
County  specimen,  no.  47063,  is  exceptional  in  that  the  blades  of  the  stem 
leaves  are  divided  into  three  parts  and  these  are  on  petiolules  0.5-3  cm  long. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Mo. 

*  Fernald  makes  this  name  a  variety  and  calls  it  Ranunculus  micranthus  var.  cym- 
balistes  (Greene)  Fern.    (Rhodora  41:  543.    1939.) 


Ranunculus 


Ranunculaceae 


471 


o  5o 

Map    970 


Ranunculus     pennsylvanicus    L.  f. 


6  50 

Map   971 
Ranunculus     repens 
var.    villosus    Lamotte 


0  55 

Map   972 


Ranunculus     hispidus    Michx. 


13.  Ranunculus  fascicularis  Muhl.  Tufted  Buttercup.  Map  969.  I 
have  found  this  species  in  dry,  sandy  soil  locally  in  only  the  northern 
counties,  but  it  has  been  reported  from  Clark,  Dearborn,  Decatur,  Frank- 
lin, Jefferson,  Monroe,  Shelby,  and  Vigo  Counties  and  from  the  Lower 
Wabash  Valley. 

Eastern  Mass.,  Ont.,  Wis.,  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Tex.,  and  Kans. 

14.  Ranunculus  pennsylvanicus  L.  f.  Pennsylvania  Buttercup.  Map 
970.  Infrequent  in  wet  places  about  lakes  and  in  marshes  and  rarely  in 
ditches  in  the  lake  area.  Coulter  reported  it  in  his  Catalogue  for  Mc- 
Dougal  from  Putnam  County,  but  there  is  no  specimen  in  the  herbarium 
of  DePauw  University  where  MacDougal's  Indiana  specimens  are  de- 
posited. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Kans.,  and  Colo. 

15.  Ranunculus  repens  L.  var.  villosus  Lamotte.  (Fernald.  Varia- 
tions of  Ranunculus  repens.  Rhodora  21:  169.  1919.)  Map  971.  This 
species  was  reported  by  the  majority  of  the  earlier  authors  and  un- 
doubtedly all  or  nearly  all  of  the  reports  should  be  transferred  to  other 
species.  Coulter,  in  his  catalogue,  transferred  most  of  them  to  Ranwi- 
culus  septentrionalis.  It  has  recently  been  found  as  a  weed  in  a  lawn 
at  Goodland,  Newton  County,  by  Madge  McKee,  and  as  a  weed  in  a  lawn 
in  Bedford,  Lawrence  County,  by  Ralph  M.  Kriebel.  It  doubtless  is  more 
widely  distributed  in  our  state  than  our  reports  indicate. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  nw.  N.  A. ;  introd.  in  e.  U.  S. 

16.  Ranunculus  hispidus  Michx.  Bristly  Buttercup.  Map  972.  This 
species,  as  I  am  treating  it,  seems  to  me  to  be  a  complex  but  I  am  not 
able  to  divide  it.  It  has  been  reported  from  seven  counties.  I  have  67 
sheets  from  Indiana  and  these  come  from  all  parts  of  the  state  and  from 
many  habitats— from  bogs  to  the  crests  of  our  highest  and  driest  hills, 
and  from  the  shade  in  woods  to  the  brilliant  sun  of  roadsides  and  prairies. 
The  foliage  varies  so  widely  that  no  classification  can  be  made  on  this 


472 


Ranunculaceae 


Ranunculus 


0  50 

Map   973 


Ranunculus    septentrfona lis    P 


oir. 


f 

J 

D 

1     »D 

Feb 

D 

Mar 
Apr 
May 

SA~ 

J 

^                 " 

June 

> 

-4 

July 
Aug 

Sept 
Cct 
Nov. 

0 

r, 

tn 

Dec.  C 

■  • — 

D , 

~^i  / ° i 

Miles 


6 50 
Map    974 
Ranunculus     septentrionalis 
var.   carfcetorum    (Greene)    Fern. 


0  50 

Map    975 


Thalictrum     dioicum    L. 


character.    The  fruit,  however,  is  rather  constant. 
3.5-7  mm  in  width  and  from  6-12  mm  in  length. 
Vt.,  Ont.,  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 


The  petals  vary  from 


17.  Ranunculus  septentrionalis  Poir.  Map  973.  In  separating  this 
species  from  this  perplexing  complex  I  have  no  guide  except  a  meager 
amount  of  literature.  Poiret  in  his  original  description  says  the  plant 
is  8-10  inches  high  and  that  the  petioles  of  the  radical  leaves  are  glabrous. 
I  infer  that  the  description  was  drawn  from  a  glabrate  form  and  a  very 
young  specimen  since  he  adds  that  the  base  of  the  stem  is  villous  or 
pubescent  but  does  not  mention  that  later  radical  leaves  may  be  quite 
pubescent.  He  says  that  the  calyx  is  glabrous,  furnished  with  sparse 
hairs  at  the  summit.  Of  the  34  specimens  which  I  have  from  Indiana, 
all  have  the  entire  calyx  appressed-pubescent  except  one  specimen  which 
is  glabrous  throughout  except  for  a  few  hairs  at  the  summit  of  the 
peduncle.  Fernald  cited  a  specimen  of  Ranunculus  hispidus  var.  falsus 
Fern,  from  Indiana  and  some  local  authors  have  been  so  naming  juvenile 
specimens  of  this  species.  Since  this  species  roots  at  the  nodes  it  certainly 
does  not  belong  to  Ranunculus  hispidus  which  is  an  erect  plant. 

This  species  is  found  throughout  the  state  in  wet  woods  and  more  rarely 
on  slopes  and  banks.  Since  I  have  never  been  able  to  satisfactorily  separate 
this  species  from  the  preceding  one  and  the  following  variety  the  maps 
indicate  only  a  scattered  distribution. 

N.  B.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Kans. 

17a.  Ranunculus  septentrionalis  Poir.  (Spreading-pubescent  form.) 
This  form  is  found  sparsely  throughout  the  state  in  habitats  similar  to 
those  of  the  usual  form  of  the  species.  I  have  only  6  specimens  from 
Indiana. 

17b.  Ranunculus  septentrionalis  var.  caricetorum  (Greene)  Fern. 
(Rhodora  38:  177-178.  1936.)  (Ranunculus  caricetorum  Greene.)  Map 
974.   This  variety  is  probably  not  very  rare  in  the  lake  area  of  the  state 


Thalictrum  Ranunculaceae  473 

but  is  infrequent  south  of  it.  It  is  usually  found  in  springy  and  rarely 
in  drier  situations. 

I  am  following  Fernald  in  considering  this  a  variety  of  Ranunculus 
septentrionalis  although  it  seems  distinct  in  characters  other  than  its 
pubescence.  The  whole  plant  is  much  more  robust  than  its  allies,  has 
much  larger  fruiting  heads,  longer  styles,  and  the  achenes  usually  average 
40-50  per  head  while  the  species  usually  has  about  20.  I  have  had  the 
last  two  species  and  this  variety  under  cultivation  for  years.  While  this 
treatment  was  being  written  during  the  last  of  June  I  visited  my  colony 
of  this  variety  and  I  found  plants  5  feet  in  diameter  with  an  abundance 
of  new  plants  coming  from  the  nodes.  Usually  the  new  plants  have  3-5 
radical  leaves  5-8  inches  long  and  the  pubescence  on  the  petioles  of  all  of 
the  leaves  from  one  node  is  spreading,  but  sometimes  at  other  nodes  some 
petioles  have  a  spreading  pubescence  and  some  have  a  recurved  pubescence 
toward  the  base.  The  main  stem  above  the  first  node  has  a  sparse  spread- 
ing pubescence.  The  plant  seems  to  have  the  retrorse  hereditary  factor 
of  the  pubescence  but  a  quantitative  statement  is  speculative. 

Ohio  and  Ind.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Mo. 

2548.  THALICTRUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Meadowrue 

Stem  leaves   all   petioled;   flowering  in   April   and   early   May,   dioecious;   plants   gen- 
erally less  than  6  (8)  dm  high 1.  T.  dioicum. 

Stem  leaves  sessile  or  only   the  lower  ones  petioled;   generally  flowering  after  May, 
dioecious  or  polygamous;  plants  generally  8-20  dm  high. 
Lower  surface  of  leaflets,  especially  the  veins,  and  usually  the  achenes,  covered  more 
or  less  with  stalked  or  sessile  glands,  or  with  both;  leaflets  generally  thick  and 

with  revolute  margins;  plants  generally  with  yellow  roots 2.  T.  revolutum. 

Lower  surface  of  leaflets  without  glands  but  more  or  less  densely  pubescent  with 

flat,  multicellular  hairs,  very  rarely  a  specimen  glabrous. 

Leaflets   thick   tfr  thin,   the  margins  more   or  less  revolute;   flowering  mostly   in 

June;  anthers  mucronate,  or  at  least  somewhat  acute,  generally  about  2  mm 

long;  filaments  usually  more  or  less  enlarged  above;  mature  achenes  sessile  or 

nearly  so,  not  reflexed 3.  T.  dasycarpum. 

Leaflets  thin,  the  margins  flat;  flowering  mostly  in  July;  anthers  mostly  0.5-1  mm 
long,  oblong,  obtuse  at  the  apex;  filaments  usually  flat  and  much  enlarged 
above,  usually  about  as  wide  as  the  anther;  mature  achenes  stipitate,  re- 
flexed.  4.     T.    p&relegans. 

The  treatment  of  the  genus  as  given  is  not  at  all  satisfactory  and  must 
be  regarded  as  provisional.  Until  the  many  species  described  by  E.  L. 
Greene  are  understood,  no  satisfactory  treatment  is  possible.  I  believe 
the  "master  key"  to  our  species  has  not  yet  been  discovered.  The  char- 
acters usually  given  to  separate  the  species  are  not  constant  in  a  large 
series  of  specimens.  What  effect  the  habitat  has  upon  the  thickness  of 
the  leaflets  I  do  not  know  but  I  do  not  think  we  should  place  thick-  and 
thin-leaved  specimens  in  the  same  category. 

1.  Thalictrum  dioicum  L.  Early  Meadowrue.  Map  975.  Generally 
frequent  throughout  the  state  on  wooded  slopes.  This  species,  like  the 
others,  shows  considerable  variation  but  I  believe  we  do  not  have  any 
of  the  described  varieties  or  closely  allied  species. 


474 


Ranunculaceae 


Thalictrum 


0  ~T() 

Map  976 

Thalictrum     revolutum    DC. 


0~~      ~^fj 
Map  977 


Thalictrum    dasycarpum    Fisch.  &  Lall 


0  — "Trj 

Map  978 

Thalictrum     perelegans    Greene 


My  no.  5946,  collected  on  the  bank  of  Wildcat  Creek  west  of  Greentown 
in  Howard  County,  I  cite  as  unusual.  My  specimen  arises  from  a  node  of 
an  underground  stem.  The  stem  remaining  on  the  specimen  has  nine 
nodes  and  is  16  cm  long,  and  shows  no  decrease  in  size  where  it  has  been 
broken  off  at  both  ends. 

Central  Maine  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Mo. 

2.  Thalictrum  revolutum  DC.  Waxy  Meadowrue.  Map  976.  Infre- 
quent to  frequent  throughout  the  state  in  moist  soil.  A  form  with  yellow 
roots  (when  collected)  is  generally  found  in  dry  soil  on  wooded  slopes 
and  less  often  in  moist,  sandy  places.  I  think  the  form,  which  usually 
has  only  sessile  glands,  should  be  separated  as  a  species  or  variety.  It 
may  be  that  it  is  Greene's  Thalictrum  amabilis,  the  type  of  which  I  have 
not  seen.  I  have  70  sheets  of  this  species  from  Indiana  and  I  have  failed 
to  make  a  record  of  the  color  of  the  roots  of  many  specimens  but  I  think 
that  I  made  a  record  when  the  color  was  yellow  and  did  not  when  no 
color  was  evident. 

Mass.  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  S.  C,  Tenn.,  and  Mo. 

3.  Thalictrum  dasycarpum  Fisch.  &  Lall.  Purple  Meadowrue.  Map 
977.  Infrequent  to  frequent  throughout  the  state  in  moist  or  wet  places. 
It  is  found  mostly  in  bogs  and  springy  places  about  lakes  and  in  low 
places  in  woods  and  moist  places  along  roadsides.  Some  of  my  specimens 
of  this  species  had  yellow  roots  when  collected.  This  species  shows  a 
wide  range  in  the  texture,  size,  and  shape  of  the  leaflets  and  I  think 
it  is  also  a  complex.  The  lower  surface  of  the  leaflets  varies  from  glabrous 
to  densely  pubescent.  I  found  a  staminate  specimen  in  Noble  County  that 
had  a  lavender  inflorescence. 

N.  J.,  N.  Dak.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Nebr.  and  Ariz. 

4.  Thalictrum  perelegans  Greene.  (Greene,  Leaflets  of  Botany  2: 
59.  1910.)  (Thalictium  polygamum  of  Indiana  authors.)  Map  978.  I 
have  seven  specimens  of  this  species  and  there  are  two  from  Jefferson 


Podophyllum 


Berberidaceae 


475 


0  50 

Map  979 


Podophyllum     peltatum    L. 


0  ~W 

Map   980 


Jeffersonia    diphylla    (LJ    Pers. 


5 
13 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

B 

p 

L 
N 
T 

D 

) 

L    o 

D 

D 

D 

p 

D 

0             0 

D 

hoL 

\ 

1  X 

'        0 

D 

< 

D 

D 
P 

ff 
D 

B    0 

f 

0 )  B  L 
I" 

0          D 

I       — 

D 

HO 

n      a, 

7»i 

0 

j^ 

f\ ■  * 

Dec.P 

_L^ 

Bo   T 

K  ^ 

B            B 

D             D 
K     J f 

D       l 

r — T      1  "J 
o         J^s 

'Tbb     P         ' 

^/    Miles 

Caulophy 

Hum 

tha 

5  <  V.  J 

lictroides 

0                56 

Map   981 

(U  Michx. 

County  in  the  herbaria  of  Wabash  College  and  Indiana  University.  The 
specimens  are  all  from  low  ground  in  woods  in  the  counties  bordering  the 
Ohio  River.  The  type  specimens  were  collected  at  Lemon's  Gap,  North 
Carolina,  which  is  located  at  an  elevation  of  about  3,500  feet  about  13i/o 
miles  west  of  Hot  Springs,  North  Carolina. 

The  leaflets  of  all  of  my  specimens  are  very  thin,  not  revolute,  and  more 
or  less  pubescent  beneath.  The  short  and  blunt  anthers  on  very  broad 
filaments  are  very  distinctive.  Broad  filaments  alone,  however,  can  not 
be  used  to  differentiate  this  species  because  other  species  also  have  wide 
filaments.  The  achenes  are  usually  few,  mostly  stipitate,  and  reflexed 
when  mature.   This  is  a  tall  plant  of  wet  woods. 

Ind.,  N.  C,  and  Tenn. 


93.  BERBERIDACEAE  T.  &  G.  Barberry  Family 

Herbs  with  white  or  greenish  purple  flowers. 
Petals  6-9;  stamens  8-18;  fruit  many-seeded. 

Leaves   palmately   5-9-lobed    (rarely   freakish   forms);    anthers   opening   longitud- 
inally; fruit  a  large  berry 2558.   Podophyllum,  p.  475. 

Leaves  all  basal,  the  blades  divided  into  2  obliquely  ovate  leaflets;  anthers  opening 
by  uplifting  valves;  fruit  a  thick- walled  capsule  opening  by  a  valve  at  the 

t0p 2559.    Jeffersonia,  p.  476. 

Petals  and  stamens  6 ;  fruit  bluish  black,  resembling  a  berry,  2-seeded 

2565.  Caulophyllum,  p.  476. 

Shrubs;  leaves  simple;  flowers  yellow;  fruit  a  1-few-seeded,  red  berry 

2566.   Berberis,  p.  476. 

2558.  PODOPHYLLUM  L.  May  apple 

1.  Podophyllum  peltatum  L.  Common  Mayapple.  Map  979.  Infre- 
quent to  common  throughout  the  state  in  moist  woods.  It  often  spreads 
and  persists  after  woodlands  are  cleared  because  of  its  creeping  root- 
stocks  and  the  fact  that  no  grazing  animal  will  eat  it.  The  rhizomes  are 
cathartic  and  have  long  been  much  used  in  medicine.    The  mature  fruit 


476  1      Ranunculaceae  Jeffersonia 

is  short-elliptic  or  suborbicular,  light  yellow,  rarely  5.5  cm  long  and  not 
poisonous,  as  some  people  think.  I  am  very  fond  of  them  and  have  eaten 
them  in  quantity  to  determine  whether  any  ill  effect  resulted  from  eating 

them. 

In  1927  1  found  a  specimen  that  had  a  maroon  colored  fruit  in  a  woods 
on  the  Arthur  Miller  farm  near  Mauckport,  Harrison  County.  I  did  not 
preserve  the  fruit  but  I  moved  the  plant  to  our  garden  where  it  multi- 
plied and  in  1937  I  succeeded  in  maturing  four  large  fruits.  These  1 
sent  to  Dr.  Edgar  Anderson,  of  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden,  for  study. 

la.  Podophyllum  peltatum  f.  aphyllum  Plitt.  (Rhodora  33:  229.  1931.) 
This  is  a  form  in  which  the  flower  terminates  a  scape  without  a  trace 
of  leaves,  the  scape  arising  from  the  apex  of  the  rhizome.  I  have  a  speci- 
men from  Wells  County  and  a  second  one  grew  about  half  a  foot  from  the 
one  I  have. 

2559.  JEFFERSONIA  B.  S.  Barton 

1.  Jeffersonia  diphylla  (L.)  Pers.  TwiNLEAF.  Map  980.  Infrequent 
to  frequent  throughout  the  area  shown  on  the  map.  Generally  found  in 
rich  soil  on  wooded  slopes  and  more  common  in  the  southern  counties. 
Margins  of  leaflets  vary  from  entire  and  undulating  to  5-7-lobed. 

N.  Y.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Tenn.,  and  Iowa. 

2565.  CAULOPHYLLUM  Michx. 

1.  Caulophyllum  thalictroides  (L.)  Michx.  Blue  Cohosh.  Map  981. 
Infrequent  to  frequent  throughout  the  state  in  moist,  rich  woods.  Since 
the  thickened  rootstocks  have  always  been  much  used  in  medicine,  it  is 
surprising  to  find  it  as  frequent  as  it  is. 

N.  B.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  S.  C,  Tenn.,  and  Mo. 

2566.  BERBERIS  [Tourn.]  L.  Barberry 

Leaves   entire;    spines   generally   simple;    flowers  in   fascicles   of   2-6;    petals   notched. 

1.    B.    Thunbergii. 

Leaves  not  entire,  the  margins  more  or  less  serrate;  spines  generally  3-pronged. 

Margins  of  leaves  regularly  bristly-serrate;   racemes  many-flowered;   petals  entire; 

two  year  old  branchlets  grayish 2.  B.  vulgaris. 

Margins  of  leaves  irregularly  serrate,  the  teeth  not  bristly-pointed;   racemes  few- 
flowered;  petals  notched;  two  year  old  branchlets  reddish  brown 

3.     B.   canadensis. 

1.  Berberis  Thunbergii  DC.  Japanese  Barberry.  This  shrub  is 
much  used  as  a  hedge  plant  and  for  ornamental  planting.  Nieuwland  re- 
ports it  as  an  escape  in  St.  Joseph  County  and  I  have  found  seedlings  in 
our  garden  on  several  occasions.  Since  it  is  so  commonly  used,  it  will 
no  doubt  be  found  often  as  an  escape  where  suitable  conditions  obtain. 

Nat.  of  Japan. 

2.  Berberis  vulgaris  L.  European  Barberry.  This  species  was 
formerly  much  used  as  an  ornamental  shrub.    When  it  was  learned  that 


Berberis 


Menispermaceae 


477 


0  50 

Map   982 


Menlspermum    canadense    L 


0  "30 

Map    983 


Cocculus    carolinus    (LJ   DC 


0  30 

Map    984 

Calycocarpum     Lyoni     (Pursh)    Nutt. 


it  was  responsible  for  the  black  stem  rust  on  wheat,  oats,  rye,  barley, 
and  about  75  wild  and  cultivated  grasses,  which  resulted  in  a  loss  of 
approximately  fifty  million  dollars  annually,  an  active  campaign  was 
started  by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  for  its  extermination  in 
the  wheat  area  of  the  U.  S.  See  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  Farmer's  Bull.  1544: 
1-28.  1927,  and  Purdue  Univ.  Agric.  Exper.  Sta.  Bull.  145:  1-12.  1926. 
Nat.  of  Eu. 

3.  Berberis  canadensis  Mill.  Allegheny  Barberry.  There  is  some 
question  whether  this  species  is  a  native  or  has  been  introduced.  It  has  been 
found  by  the  Barberry  Eradication  Agent  along  the  Tippecanoe  River  in 
Fulton,  Pulaski,  White,  and  Tippecanoe  Counties  and  along  Wildcat  Creek 
in  Tippecanoe  County.  A  few  scattered  bushes  were  found  in  Scott  and 
Washington  Counties,  the  habitat  or  exact  location  not  being  given. 
Nieuwland  reported  it  from  St.  Joseph  County,  saying  that  a  clump  was 
found  about  1894  near  the  bank  of  the  St.  Joseph  River  at  the  Four  Mile 
Bridge  and  that  it  had  disappeared  in  1914.  The  discontinuous  distribu- 
tion indicates  that  it  might  have  escaped  from  cultivation,  although  there 
is  no  evidence  that  this  species  was  cultivated.  Before  it  was  eradicated, 
I  saw  long  stretches  of  it  on  the  bank  of  the  Tippecanoe  River  and  it  ap- 
peared to  be  native.  It  was  usually  restricted  to  an  area  a  few  feet  back 
from  the  edge  of  the  bank  and  down  the  slope  to  high  water  mark. 

Mts.  of  Va.  to  Ga.,  along  the  Alleghenies,  and  in  Mo. 


94.  MENISPERMACEAE  DC.  Moonseed  Family 

Petals  present;  anthers  4-celled;  seeds  flat,  circular  with  a  notch. 

Stamens  in  the  staminate  flowers  12-24,  in  the  pistillate  flowers  represented  by  6 

staminodia;  sepals  and  petals  each  4-8;  fruit  bluish  black 

2567.   Menispermum,  p.  478. 

Stamens  in  the  staminate  flowers  6,  in  the  pistillate  ones  reduced  or  lacking;  sepals 

and  petals  each  6;  fruit  scarlet 2570.    Cocculus,  p.  478. 

Petals  lacking;  anthers  2-celled;  stamens  in  the  staminate  flowers  12,  in  the  pistillate 
ones  9,  abortive;  seed  boat-shaped 2590.    Calycocarpum,  p.  478. 


478 


Magnoliaceae 


Menispermum 


o  53 

Map    985 


Magnolia     acuminata    L. 


0  50 

Map  986 


Liriodendron    Tulipifera    L. 


33 
Map  987 

Asimina    triloba    (L.)    Dunal 


2567.  MENISPERMUM  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Menispermum  canadense  L.  Common  Moonseed.  Map  982.  Infre- 
quent to  common  throughout  the  state  on  the  low  banks  of  streams,  in 
alluvial  lands  along  streams,  on  fences  along  roadsides,  and  on  the  steep 
and  rocky  slopes  of  streams  and  ravines.  Most  abundant  in  overflow 
woods  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley.  This  plant  twines  from  left  to  right. 
It  freezes  to  the  ground  each  year  throughout  the  state  except  in  a  few 
of  the  southwestern  counties  where  it  becomes  woody.  I  have  a  specimen 
from  Warrick  County  that  has  a  stem  1  cm  in  diameter. 

The  rhizomes  were  formerly  much  used  in  medicine  but  are  rarely 
used  now.  When  this  plant  is  introduced  into  cultivated  grounds,  it  is 
almost  impossible  to  exterminate  it.  Personal  experience  prompts  this 
statement. 

Western  Que.  and  w.  N.  E.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ark.,  and  Nebr. 

2570.  COCCULUS  DC. 

1.  Cocculus  carolinus  (L.)  DC.  (Epibaterium  carolinum  (L.)  Britton.) 
Carolina  Snailseed.  Map  983.  Infrequent  in  a  few  of  the  southwestern 
counties  on  the  banks  of  streams,  ponds,  and  sloughs  that  are  usually 
inundated  each  year. 

Va.,  111.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2590.  CALYCOCARPUM  Nutt. 

1.  Calycocarpum  Lyoni  (Pursh)  Nutt.  Cupseed.  Map  984.  Local  in 
a  few  of  the  Ohio  River  counties  on  the  low  banks  of  streams  through 
bottom  land  in  thickets  where  it  climbs  to  a  height  of  8-10  feet. 

Ind.,  Mo.,  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

95.  MAGNOLIACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.  Magnolia  Family 

Buds  silky  white-pubescent;    leaves   entire;    fruit   fleshy,   dehiscent 

2651.    Magnolia,  p.  479. 

Buds  glabrous;  leaves  lobed;  fruit  a  cone  of  dry  carpels,  indehiscent  until  dry 

2654.   Liriodendron,  p.  479. 


Magnolia 


Anonaceae 


479 


Sassafras 


0  50 

Map   988 

utt.)    Nees 


o~    "TO 
Map  988  a 
Sassafras    albidum 
var.    molle    (RafJ    Fern. 


2651.  MAGNOLIA  L.  Magnolia 

1.  Magnolia  acuminata  L.  Cucumber  Tree.  Map  985.  This  tree  was 
very  local  and  was  probably  found  in  all  the  counties  south  of  a  line  join- 
ing Richmond  and  Vincennes.  In  addition  to  my  records  it  has  been  re- 
ported from  Franklin,  Floyd,  Jefferson,  and  Orange  Counties.  I  have 
been  told  that  it  grew  also  in  Crawford,  Decatur,  Vanderburgh,  Wash- 
ington, and  Wayne  Counties.    Now  known  in  only  a  few  counties. 

Western  N.  Y.,  s.  Ont,  s.  111.  to  Ark.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  La. 

2654.  LIRIODENDRON  L.  Tulip  [Tree 

1.  Liriodendron  Tulipifera  L.  Tulip  Tree.  Map  986.  This  is  an  in- 
frequent to  frequent  or  common  tree  throughout  the  state  although  it 
may  be  absent  or  very  local  in  a  few  of  the  northwestern  counties.  It 
grows  in  almost  all  kinds  of  soil  but  prefers  a  dry,  rather  sandy  one 
where  it  is  often  a  common  tree  in  some  of  the  southern  counties.  In 
the  hilly  counties  it  is  usually  found  toward  the  bases  of  slopes  and  is 
almost  invariably  associated  with  beech  and  sugar  maple,  although  there 
are  exceptions  where  it  grows  with  white  oak,  black  gum,  and  others. 

Vt.,  s.  Ont.  and  s.  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 


98.  ANONACEAE  DC.  Custard  Apple  Family 
2673.  ASIMINA  Adans.  Papaw 

1.  Asimina  triloba  (L.)  Dunal.  PAPAW.  Map  987.  The  papaw  is  prob- 
ably found  in  every  county  of  the  state.  It  is  usually  local  in  the  north- 
western part  and  in  the  hills  of  the  southern  part.  It  prefers  a  moist,  rich 
soil  and  is  usually  found  in  colonies  on  account  of  its  habit  of  propagating 
by  rootshoots.  The  fruit  is  edible  and  is  relished  by  most  people.  It  is 
desirable   for   ornamental   planting   and   is   free   from   insect   pests   and 

diseases. 

N.  Y.,  s.  Ont.,  s.  Mich,  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


480  Lauraceae  Sassafras 

102.  LAURACEAE  Lindl.  Laurel  Family 

Leaves   or   some   of  them,   lobed,   thick;    anthers   4-celled,   4-valved;    fruit   blue   black. 

2795.   Sassafras,  p.  480. 

Leaves  entire,  thin;  anthers  2-celled,  2-valved;  fruit  red 2821.   Benzoin,  p.  480. 

2795.  SASSAFRAS  Nees. 

Lower  surface  of  leaves  glabrate  or  with  a  few  hairs  on  the  midrib  and  along  the 
principal  nerves 1.  S.  albidum. 

Lower   surface   of  the   leaves   more   or   less   soft-pubescent,   upon   age   some    of   them 

becoming  nearly  glabrous  while  others  retain  some  of  their  pubescence 

la.  S.  albidum  var.  molle. 

1.  Sassafras  albidum  (Nutt.)  Nees.  (Sassafras  variifolium  (Salisb.) 
Ktze.  and  Sassafras  Sassafras  (L.)  Karst.)  Sassafras.  Map  988.  For 
a  discussion  of  this  species  and  its  variety  see  Rhodora  38 :  178-179.  1936. 
My  specimens  pass  insensibly  from  the  glabrate  to  the  densely  pubescent 
form.     The  species  and  variety  have  no  geographical  range  in  the  state. 

This  tree  was  formerly,  without  doubt,  a  native  of  every  county  of 
the  state.  It  is  usually  found  in  colonies  because  it  propagates  freely  by 
rootshoots.  It  is  somewhat  frequent  in  sandy  soil  in  the  northern  counties, 
becoming  rare  and  local  south  of  the  lake  area,  and  frequent  to  common 
in  the  hilly  counties  of  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  It  is  usually  found 
in  old,  fallow  and  abandoned  fields  where  it  sometimes  forms  thickets 
over  the  whole  area.  The  entire  plant  is  aromatic  and  the  bark  of  the 
root  was  much  used  by  the  pioneers  for  making  sassafras  tea. 

Distribution  probably  mostly  in  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

la.  Sassafras  albidum  var.  molle  (Raf.)  Fern.  The  pubescent  form 
is  more  frequent  in  Indiana  than  the  glabrate  form.  The  distribution  is 
probably  that  given  for  the  complex  by  the  earlier  authors. 

Maine,  s.  Ont.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2821.  BENZOIN  Fabricius. 

1.  Benzoin  aestivale  (L.)  Nees.  Spicebush.  Map  989.  Spicebush  was 
formerly  found,  without  doubt,  in  every  county  of  the  state.  It  is  always 
found  in  wet  places  in  woods  although  I  found  it  to  be  abundant  on  the 
north  slope  of  a  wooded  hill  about  3  miles  northeast  of  Madison  in  Jeffer- 
son County.  In  the  forester's  opinion  it  is  an  obnoxious  shrub  in  the 
woodland. 

This  shrub  is  extremely  variable  as  to  the  pubescence  of  the  branchlets 
and  leaves.  The  form  with  pubescent  branchlets,  lower  surface  of  leaves, 
petioles,  and  pedicels  has  been  named  var.  pubescens  Palmer  &  Steyer- 
mark  (Ann.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  22:  545.  1935).  Since  my  73  Indiana 
specimens  show  every  gradation  between  the  glabrous  and  the  pubescent 
forms  I  prefer  to  regard  our  specimens  as  belonging  to  a  polymorphic 
complex. 

Maine,  cent.  Mich,  to  e.  Kans.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  e.  Tex. 


Sanguinaria 


Papaveraceae 


481 


o  50 

Map  990 


Sanguinaria     canadensis    L. 


Stylophorum   diphyllum    (MichxJ    Nutt 


3 

Jan. 

Feb- 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

ND          D 

0 

10         » 

D 

r 

f 

V 

V 

D 

D 

X 

7     l  I0 

-  i 

J~ 

r 

Dec. J— 

1 

i 
i  ■  i — 

!/    Miles 

Che 

id 

onium 

m  aj  u  s 

0                 50 

Map  992 
•  L. 

104.  PAPAVERACEAE  B.  Juss.  Poppy  Family 

Flowers  white;  leaves  all  basal;  juice  of  plants  red 2841.    Sanguinaria,  p.  481. 

Flowers,  leaves,  and  juice  not  as  above. 

Leaves  spiny-toothed 2852.  Argemone,  p.  482. 

Leaves  not  as  above. 

Flowers  yellow;  juice  of  plants  yellow;  pod  dehiscent  to  the  base. 

Capsule  oblong,  bristly;  buds  erect,  ovoid 2843.    Stylophorum,  p.  481. 

Capsule  linear,  glabrous ;  buds  drooping  just  before  opening,  obovoid 

2845.    Chelidonium,  p.  481. 

Flowers  not  yellow;  juice  of  plants  not  yellow;  pods  dehiscent  at  the  top  or  only 
to  the  middle 2853.    Papaver,  p.  482. 

2841.  SANGUINARIA  [Dill.]  L.  Bloodroot 

1.  Sanguinaria  canadensis  L.  Bloodroot.  Map  990.  Infrequent  to 
frequent  in  all  parts  of  the  state  in  rich,  moist  woods.  Bloodroot  has 
long  been  much  used  in  medicine  and  where  it  was  once  frequent  or 
locally  common  in  woodland  located  near  where  an  active  "root  gatherer" 
lived,  it  has  become  extinct  or  rare. 

N.  S.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ala.,  Ark.,  and  Nebr. 


2843.  STYLOPHORUM  Nutt. 
1.     Stylophorum    diphyllum    (Michx.)    Nutt.     Celandine- POPPY. 


Map 


991.    Infrequent  to  frequent  or  local  in  all  parts  of  the  state  or  possibly 
absent  in  some  counties.   I  have  not  found  it  in  the  southwestern  counties 
although  I  have  done  much  collecting  there. 
Western  Pa.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Tenn.  and  Mo. 


2845.  CHELIDONIUM  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.     Chelidonium  majus  L.     Celandine.     Map  992.     Three  authors 
have  reported  this  species  as  escaping  from  about  dwellings.    I  found  it 


482 


FUMARIACEAE 


Argemone 


0  50 

Map   993 


Dicentra     canadensis     (Goldfe)    Walp. 


0  30 

Map    994 

Dicentra    Cucullaria    (L.)    Bernh. 


1 

_ 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 

at 

_y d 

1 

0    1 

D 
IS 

\ 

V 

" 

X 

'J    Miles 

T~ 

r 

Dec  (— 

1 

T          ' 

c 

orydc 

lis 

sem 

Dervirens 

0                50 

Map   995 
(L.)    Pers. 

in  moist  woods  in  De  Kalb  and  Lagrange  Counties  where  it  formed  a 
dense  stand  over  acres.  In  the  other  counties  where  I  found  it  only  a 
few  plants  were  found  at  a  place.  I  predict  that  where  this  species 
becomes  established  in  woodland,  it  will  be  the  principal  part  of  the 
spring  flora.  This  plant  was  formerly  used  in  medicine  but  is  no  longer 
official.  This  use  is,  no  doubt,  responsible  for  its  cultivation  and  escape. 
Nat.  of  Eu. ;  cent.  Maine  to  Ont,  southw.  to  N.  C. 

2852.  ARGEMONE  [Tourn.]  L.  Prickly  Poppy 

Corolla  white;  leaves  not  blotched.    (See  excluded  species  no.  249,  p.  1050.) 

A.    intermedia. 

Corolla  yellow;  leaves  with  light  blotches.    (See  excluded  species  no.  250,  p.  1050.) 

A.    mexicana. 


2853.  PAPAVER  [Tourn.]  L.  Poppy 

Plant  hispid,  green;  leaves  petiolate,  pinnately  divided.   (See  excluded  species  no.  251, 

p.  1050.) p-  Rhoeas. 

Plant  glabrous,  glaucous;  leaves  clasping,  lobed.    (See  excluded  species  no.  252,  p.  1050.) 

P.   somniferv  m . 


104A.  FUMARIACEAE  DC.   Fumitory  Family 

Corolla  with  two  opposite  petals  spurred  or  saccate  at  the  base. 

Plant   scapose,   low,   erect;    petals   slightly  united;    corolla  white   or   pinkish;    seeds 

crested 2856-   Dicentra,  p.  48.°.. 

Plant  climbing;  petals  firmly  united;  corolla  flesh  color,  scarcely  saccate;  seed  not 

crested 2857.    Adlumia,  p.  483. 

Corolla  with  only  one  petal  spurred  or  saccate  at  the  base. 

Capsule  oblong,  several-seeded;  seeds  crested;  flowers  yellowish  or  pinkish 

2858.    Corydalis,  p.  483. 

Capsule    globular,    1-seeded,    indehiscent;    flowers    deep    crimson,    purple,    5-7    mm 
long 2861.    Fumaria,  p.  484. 


Dicentra  Fumariaceae  483 

2856.  DICENTRA  Bernh. 

Corolla  cordate  at  the  base,  the  spurs  rounded;  inner  petals  conspicuously  crested; 
stem  from  a  flattened  orbicular  yellowish  corm;  leaves  glaucous  beneath,  the  seg- 
ments apiculate  and  more  or  less  rounded  at  the  apex;  flowers  fragrant 

1.    D.    canadensis. 

Corolla  with  two  widely  spreading  spurs;  crest  of  inner  petals  minute;  stem  from  a 

fleshy,    loosely    scaly    bulb;    leaves    greenish    beneath,    sometimes    more    or    less 

glaucous,  the   segments   apiculate   and  acute   at   the   apex;   flowers  not  fragrant. 

2.    D.    Cucullaria. 

1.  Dicentra  canadensis  (Goldie)  Walp.  (Bicuculla  canadensis  (Goldie) 
Millsp.)  Squirrelcorn.  Map  993.  This  species  is  found  possibly  through- 
out the  state,  although  there  are  no  specimens  or  reports  from  the  south- 
western counties.  It  grows  in  deep,  rich  leafmold  in  well  drained  soil, 
usually  on  wooded  slopes.  It  is  much  rarer  than  the  next  species  both  in 
its  distribution  and  in  its  abundance  where  found.  This  and  the  next 
species  are  reported  to  be  poisonous  to  stock. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Mo. 

2.  Dicentra  Cucullaria  (L.)  Bernh.  {Bicuculla  Cucullaria  (L.)  Millsp.) 
Dutch man's-BREECHES.  Map  994.  Infrequent  to  frequent  throughout  the 
state  in  deep,  rich  leafmold  and  usually  in  well  drained,  moist  soil. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

2857.  ADLIIMIA  Raf. 

1.  Adlumia  fungosa  (Ait.)  Greene.  Climbing  Fumitory.  This  plant 
was  reported  from  Lake  County  by  Ball  in  1884  and  from  Steuben  County 
by  Bradner  in  1892.  I  have  been  acquainted  with  it  in  cultivation  for 
years  and  I  saw  a  specimen  in  1910  in  an  unpastured  woods  about  3  miles 
southeast  of  Michigan  City,  La  Porte  County.  I  was  not  prepared  to  take 
a  specimen  but  I  returned  to  the  same  spot  a  few  years  later  and  found 
the  woods  heavily  pastured  and  the  specimen  gone.  It  was,  no  doubt,  a 
rare  plant  in  northern  Indiana  and  may  yet  be  rediscovered. 

Eastern  Que.  to  Wis.,  southw.  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C. 

2858.  CORYDALIS  [Dill.]  Medic. 

Plants  usually  4  dm  or  more  high;   flowers  purplish  green  or  rose  color,  tipped  with 

yellow;    mature   capsules   generally   3-4    cm    long,   usually    ascending 

1.  C.  sempervirens. 

Plants  less  than  4  dm  high;  flowers  light  to  bright  yellow;   mature  capsules  1-3  cm 
long,  becoming  torulose  and  spreading. 
Flowers  6-8  mm  long;  spur  short;  outer  petals  crested  on  the  back;  seed  reticulate, 

especially  near  the  margin 2.    C.  flavula. 

Flowers  8-20  mm  long;  spur  conspicuous;  outer  petals  not  crested  on  the  back;  seed 
smooth.     (See  excluded  species  no.  253,  p.  1050.) C.  aurea. 

1.  Corydalis  sempervirens  (L.)  Pers.  (Capnoides  sempervirens  (L.) 
Borkh.)  Pink  Corydalis.  Map  995.  Very  local  in  a  few  of  the  northwest- 
ern counties.  Generally  found  in  sandy  soil  in  areas  which  have  recently 
been  burned.    It  is  usually  found  associated  with   Geranium  Bicknellii. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ky.,  Minn.,  and  Mont. 


484 


Cruciferae 


Fumaria 


0  50 

Map    996 


Corydalis    flavula    (Raf)    DC. 


o  50 

Map    997 

Lepidium     campestre    (U    Br. 


1 

3 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

\ 

J 

SO 

J 

d        r 

E 

\ 

f^ 

"    ' 

i 

B 

r 

D 

Dec  <- 

i,  fJ    Miles 

Lep 

idium     Drat 

Jo 

Map   998 

a    L. 

2.  Corydalis  flavula  (Raf.)  DC.  (Capnoides  flavulum  (Raf.)  Kuntze.) 
Pale  Yellow  Corydalis.  Map  996.  Local  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
state,  becoming  rather  frequent  in  some  of  the  Ohio  River  counties.  It 
is  found  in  rich,  moist,  sandy  soil  in  woodland,  usually  on  slopes  and  on 
the  wooded  bluffs  of  streams. 

N.  Y.,  sw.  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  La. 

2861.  FUMARIA  [Town.]  L. 
See  excluded  species  no.  254,  p.  1050. 


105.  CRUCIFERAE  B.  Juss.  Mustard  Family 

[Specimens  of  this  family,  in  order  to  make  determination  certain,  should 
have  flowers  with  the  color  known,  mature  pods,  and,  in  some  species, 
the  basal  leaves.  It  often  happens,  however,  that  one  or  more  of  these 
parts  are  lacking.  In  order  to  compensate  for  the  absence  of  one  or  more 
of  these  important  diagnostic  characters,  and  to  employ  obvious  char- 
acters, omitting  those  so  often  used,  such  as  the  position  of  the  cotyledons, 
the  key  has  been  expanded  to  its  present,  rather  unusual  form  to  make 
correct  determinations  possible.] 

A.     Flowers  white,  creamy  white,  greenish  white,  or  purplish    (flowers  very  small  in 
Lepidium  densiflorum) . 

Peduncle  1-flowered,  all  radical 2971.   Leavenworthia,  p.  501. 

Peduncles  more  than  1-flowered. 

Pods  transversely  divided  into  2  cells;  plants  fleshy,  in  Indiana  found  only  on  the 

shore  of  Lake  Michigan 2920.    Cakile,  p.  490. 

Pods  longitudinally  divided  into  2  cells. 

B.     Pods  short,  not  more  than  3-3.5  times  as  long  as  wide. 

Pods  flattened,  if  at  all,  parallel  to  a  septum  that  is  as  wide  as  the  pod. 

Pubescence  of  simple  hairs  or  lacking 2965B.   Armoracia,  p.  496. 

Pubescence  not  as  above. 

Pods  glabrous;  seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell 2989.    Draba,  p.  502. 


Cruciferae  485 

Pods  more  or  less  pubescent. 

Beaks  of  pods  more  than  1  mm  long 3015.    Berteroa,  p.  509. 

Beaks  of  pods  less  than  1  mm  long. 

Seed  1  in  each  cell.    (See  excluded  species  no.  275,  p.  1054.) 

3013.    Lobularia,  p.  509. 

Seed  more  than  1  in  each  cell.    (See  excluded  species  no.  272,  p.  1053.) 

2989.  Draba,  p.  502. 

Pods  flattened  at  right  angles  to  the  narrow  septum. 

Seed  1  in  each  cell;  pods  dehiscent 2883.    Lepidium,  p.  487. 

Seed  more  than  1  in  each  cell;  if  only  1-seeded  the  pod  indehiscent. 

Styles  very  short,  less  than  0.5  mm  long;  pods  very  flat,  thin,  orbicular 
to  obovate-orbicular,  winged. 
Plants  stellate-pubescent;  pods  orbicular,  not  more  than  4  mm  wide,  not 

strongly  notched  at  the  apex 3006.   Alyssum,  p.  509. 

Plants  glabrate;  leaves  mostly  basal,  pinnatifid  or  incised;  pods  wing- 
less, cuneate  to  triangular  obcordate 2986.    Capsella,  p.  502. 

Plants  glabrous;  leaves  not  mostly  basal,  entire  or  dentate;  pods  winged, 

nearly  orbicular  to  obovate-orbicular 2903.    Thlaspi,  p.  488. 

Styles  more  than  0.5  mm  long;   pods  somewhat  flattened  but  not  thin. 
Pods   indehiscent,  globose,  2.5  mm  in  diameter,   surface  conspicuously 
reticulate,    generally    1-seeded;    plants    very    pubescent.      (See    ex- 
cluded species  no.  271,  p.  1053.) 2988.    Neslia,  p.  502. 

Pods  dehiscent  and  not  as  above. 

Pods  globose,  about  2  mm  in  diameter,  about  4-seeded;  plants  finely 

stellate-pubescent 2983.    Lesquerella,  p.  502. 

Pods    obovoid,    about    4-6    mm    in    diameter,    many-seeded;     plants 

glabrous,  at  least  above 2987.    Camelina,  p.  502. 

B.     Pods  4-many  times  as  long  as  wide. 

Pods  indehiscent,  moniliform,  up  to  6-8  mm  in  diameter,  2-  or  3-seeded,  walls 

spongy;  flowers  purplish 2950.    Raphanus,  p.  492. 

Pods  not  as  above. 

Beaks  of  pods  generally  5-10  mm  long;  radical  leaves  ternate,  or  palmately 

divided;  stem  leaves  generally  2  or  3,  mostly  2-5-parted 

2967.  Dentaria,  p.  500. 

Beaks  of  pods  less  than  5  mm  long;  leaves  not  as  above. 
Plants    stellate-pubescent,    small;    leaves    small,    simple,   not    clasping   at 

the  base;  seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell 2989.   Draba,  p.  502. 

Plants  not  as  above. 

Seed  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 

Plants  aquatic;  seeds  not  winged 2965A.    Nasturtium,  p.  496. 

Plants  not  aquatic;  seeds  winged  in  nos.  1  and  7  and  excluded  species 

no.  273,  p.  1053,  of 3001.   Arabis,  p.  504. 

Seed  in  1  row  in  each  cell. 

Seeds  more  than  3  mm  long;  leaves  all  simple,  dentate  but  pinnatifid, 

the  larger  ones  usually  8-13  cm  long;  pubescence  branched;  petals 

generally    purplish,    sometimes    whitish,    mostly    1.5-2    cm    long; 

pods  up  to  12  cm  long,  widely  spreading,  contracted  between  the 

seed  when  mature 3041.    Hesperis,  p.  510. 

Seeds  less  than  3  mm  long;  petals  less  than  1.5  cm  long. 

Plants  glabrous;  upper  stem  leaves  simple,  dentate;  lower  stem 
leaves  more  or  less  pinnatifid  at  the  base,  clasping;  petals 
purplish,   6-9    mm    long;    pods    1.5-3    cm    long,    terete,    widely 

spreading 2963.  Iodanthus,  p.  494. 

Plants  not  as  above. 

Seeds  broadly  or  narrowly  winged. 

Seeds  broadly  winged;  stems  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  pods  re- 
curved-spreading  or  pendulous,  7-10  cm  long  in  nos.  5  and  9 
of 3001.  Arabis,  p.  504. 


486  Cruciferae 

Seeds  narrowly  winged;   stems   pubescent;   pods   spreading   or 
erect,  2-4  cm  long  in  nos.  2  and  3  of.  .3001.   Arabis,  p.  504. 
Seeds  wingless. 

Stem   leaves  generally   not   more   than   5   mm  wide,   entire   or 
nearly    so;    basal    rosette    of    leaves    pubescent    but    often 
absent  at  fruiting  time. 
Petals  2-2.5  mm  long;   seed  about  0.5  mm  long  in  no.  3  of 

2917.   Sisymbrium,  p.  489. 

Petals  mostly  3-5  mm  long;  seed  about  1  mm  long.  no.  8  of 

3001.    Arabis,  p.  504. 

Stem    leaves    more    than    5    mm    wide,    usually    more    or    less 
dentate. 
Plants  tall,  glabrous,  with  leaves  sagittate  at  the  base;  pods 

erect,  4-6  cm  long  in  no.  6  of 3001.    Arabis,  p.  504. 

Plants  not  as  above. 

Plants    glabrous    or    more    or    less    pubescent   with    simple 

hairs 2966.    Cardamine,  p.  497. 

Plants  pubescent;  hairs  not  simple  in  no.  4  of 

3001.    Arabis,  p.  504. 

A.     Flowers  yellow  or  creamy  yellow. 

C.     Pods  not  more  than  3  times  as  long  as  wide. 

Pubescence  stellate  or  forked;  leaves  entire  or  obscurely  toothed. 
Pods  globose. 

Pods  indehiscent,  2.5  mm  in  diameter,  surface  conspicuously  reticulate,  gen- 
erally 1-seeded 2988.    Neslia,  p.  502. 

Pods  dehiscent,  2  mm  in  diameter,  smooth,  about  4-seeded 

2983.  Lesquerella,  p.  502. 

Pods   thin,   flat,   orbicular,    with    a   winged    margin,   3-4   mm    long,   few-seeded. 

3006.    Alyssum,  p.  509. 

Pubescence  simple  or  lacking;  leaves  pinnatifid  or  toothed.  .  .2965.  Rorippa,  p.  494. 
C.     Pods  4-many  times  as  long  as  wide. 

Pods  indehiscent,  moniliform,  2-3  cm  long,  much  constricted  between  the  seed  when 

mature,  up  to  10-seeded,  walls  fleshy 2950.    Raphanus,  p.  492. 

Pods  dehiscent,  longitudinally  2-celled. 
Seed  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 

Pods  nearly  beakless 2997.    Descurainia,  p.  504. 

Pods  with  beaks  about  2  mm  long 2946.    Diplotaxis,  p.  490. 

Seed  in  1  row  in  each  cell. 

Racemes  leafy-bracted ;  leaves  pinnatifid,  with  obtuse  lobes 

2947.    Erucastrum,  p.  490. 

Racemes  bractless. 

1).     Leaves  (at  least  the  lower  stem  leaves)   pinnate,  bipinnate,  more  or  less 
pinnatifid  or  lobed. 
Leaves  oblong  in  outline,  bipinnatifid,  segments  numerous,  small,  toothed 
or  obtuse;  pedicels  mostly  1-1.5  cm  long.  .  .2997.   Descurainia,  p.  50  1. 
Leaves  not  as  above;  seed  in  1  row  in  each  cell. 

Pods  flat,  generally  6-15  mm  long,  about  1  mm  wide;  creeping  perennials, 
often  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes;  flowers  3-4  mm  long  in  no.  1  of .  .  .  . 

2965.    Rorippa,  p.  41)4. 

Pods  terete  or  4-sided;  annuals  or  perennials  but  not  creeping. 

Plants  tall,  widely  spreading;  leaves  large,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  seg- 
ments very  long  and  narrow,  those  of  the  upper  leaves  1.4  mm 
wide  and  2-5  cm  long,  or  filiform;  flowers  about  6  mm  wide;  pods 
widely  spreading,  mostly  7-8  cm  long,  about  1  mm  wide  in  no.  2  of 
2917.    Sisymbrium,  p.  489. 

Plants  not  as  above. 

Plants  with  pods  and  pedicels  closely  appressed  to  the  stem;  pedicels 


Lepidium  Cruciferae  487 

1-2  mm  long;  pods  mostly  1.1-5  cm  long,  pointed,  the  valves  with 

a  prominent  midrib;  leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid  in  no.  1  of 

2917.   Sisymbrium,  p.  489. 

Plants  not  as  above. 

Valves  of  the  pods  coalescing  into  an  indehiscent,  conical  beak  2-12 

mm  long 2949.    Brassica,  p.  491. 

Valves  of  the  pods  distinct  from  the  beak. 

Beak  of  pod   10-15  mm  long.     (See  excluded  species  no.   260,  261, 

262,  p.  1052) 2949.    Brassica,  p.  491. 

Beak  of  pod  1-3  mm  long 2961.   Barbarea,  p.  493. 

D.    Leaves  entire  or  dentate,  not  pinnatifid  or  lobed. 
Blades  conspicuously  sagittate  at  the  base,  glabrous. 
Plants  glabrous;  leaves  elliptic,  obtuse  at  the  apex;  pedicel  and  base  of 

pod  strongly  curved  inward 3055.    Conringia,  p.  510. 

Plants  more  or  less  pubescent  at  the  base;  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-elliptic, 
acute  at  the  apex;  pedicel  and  base  of  pod  not  curved  inward  in  no. 

6  of 3001.    Arabis,  p.  504. 

Blades  not  sagittate  at  the  base. 

Leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  rarely  more  than  1.5  cm  wide 

3004.     Erysimum,  p.  507. 

Leaves   not  as   above,  more   than    1.5  cm  wide    (entire-leaved  forms   of 
this  genus  here) 2949.    Brassica,  p.  491. 

2883.  LEPIDIUM  [Tourn.]  L. 

[Thellung.  Monograph  of  the  genus  Lepidium.  Mitth.  Mus.  Univ.  Zurich. 
28:  1-340.  1906.  Hitchcock.  The  genus  Lepidium  in  the  United  States. 
Madrono  3 :  265-320.    1936.] 

Stem  leaves  clasping  by  an  auriculate  base. 

Pods  winged  above  and  notched  at  the  apex;   styles  about  0.5  mm  long;  annual  or 

biennial Li-  campestre. 

Pods  not  winged  above  or  notched  at  the  apex;  styles  about  1  mm  long;  perennial.  .  . 

2.  L.  Draba. 

Stem  leaves  petiolate  or  sessile,  not  clasping. 

Pods  slightly  winged  above,  orbicular,  oval,  or  narrowly  obovate,  generally  2-3  mm 

long;    plants    not    glaucous,    only    the    lower    leaves    ever    pinnatifid;    stamens 

usually  2. 

Hairs   of  rachis   of  racemes  mostly  curved;   petals   present,   spatulate-obovate  to 

almost  linear,  up  to  2  mm  long;  pods  orbicular  or  somewhat  oval,  2.5-3.1  mm 

wide;  petals  usually  not  more  than  1.5  mm  long 3.  L.  virginicum. 

Hairs  of  rachis  of  racemes  stouter,  erect;  petals  absent,  or  very  short  and  narrow, 
rarely  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  sepals;  pods  slightly  obovate,  rarely 

orbicular,  1.7-2.5  mm  wide 4.  L.  densiflomm. 

Pods  winged  all  around,  generally  ovate-orbicular,  longer  than  wide,  about  5  mm 
long;  plant  glaucous,  leaves  generally  all  pinnatifid;  stamens  6.  (See  excluded 
species  no.  255,  p.  1051.) L.  sativum. 

1.  Lepidium  campestre  (L.)  R.  Br.  Field  Peppergrass.  Map  997.  An 
infrequent  to  common  or  even  abundant  weed  throughout  the  state.  Our 
first  report  of  it  is  dated  in  1888.  During  the  World  War  grass  seed  from 
Europe  was  freely  sown  when  our  pure  seed  law  was  not  operative, 
and  I  think  this  fact  accounts  for  its  sudden  appearance  in  such  abun- 
dance. Grazing  animals  avoid  it.  I  have  seen  clover  fields  of  5-10  acres 
that  were  almost  pure  stands  of  this  species. 


488 


Cruciferae 


Lepidium 


0  50 

Map   999 


Lepidium     virginicum     L. 


0  50 

Map  1000 

Lepidium     densiflorum    Srhrad. 


aspi     arvense    L. 


Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Va.  and 
along  the  Pacific  coast. 

2.  Lepidium  Draba  L.  Hoary  Cress.  Map  998.  This  species  was 
reported  by  Hansen  in  1927  from  Wabash  County  and  in  1925  from  Rush 
County.  In  1933  I  visited  both  of  these  stations  and  found  it  to  be  per- 
sisting and  spreading  as  a  common  weed.  In  1935  it  was  detected  along 
State  Road  116  in  Wells  County  by  Lawrence  E.  Hicks  of  Ohio  State  Uni- 
versity. A  large  colony  was  found  on  the  south  side  of  the  road  in  the 
southwest  quarter  of  sec.  28,  west  of  the  railroad  and  about  200  feet  from 
where  the  road  turns  from  a  westerly  direction  to  the  northwest.  The 
colony  was  about  150  feet  long  and  was  mostly  on  the  right  of  way  of 
the  road  with  only  a  few  plants  in  the  border  of  the  adjacent  field.  Nieuw- 
land  has  collected  it  along  a  roadside  north  of  Angola,  Steuben  County. 

Nat.  of  Asia;  local  from  N.  Y.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Washington,  D.  C. 
and  Calif. 

3.  Lepidium  virginicum  L.  var.  typicum  C.  L.  Hitchcock.  PEPPER- 
GRASS.  Map  999.  Frequent  throughout  the  state.  Found  everywhere  ex- 
cept in  dense  woodland  and  in  very  wet  places. 

Que.  to  Minn,  and  Colo.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Mex. ;  also  intro- 
duced as  a  weed  into  W.  I.  and  Eu. 

4.  Lepidium  densiflorum  Schrad.  var.  typicum  Thellung.  {Lepidium 
apetalum  Willd.)  Map  1000.  This  species  is  probably  local  or  frequent 
throughout  the  state  in  habitats  similar  to  those  of  Lepidium  virginicum 
from  which  it  can  sometimes  be  separated  only  with  difficulty. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  Maine  to  Ont.  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  Va.,  Tex.,  and 
Nev. 

2903.  THLASPI  [Tourn.]  L. 

Pods  elliptic,  about  1  cm  wide;  seed  rugose;  lower  leaves  wing-petioled,  the  upper 
ones  sagittate-clasping 1.  T.  arvense. 

Pods  obovate-orbicular,  about  •">  mm  wide;  seed  smooth;  leaves  sessile,  the  upper 
ones  subperfoliate 2.   T.  perfoliatiim. 


Sisymbrium  Cruciferae  489 

1.  Thlaspi  arvense  L.  Pennycress.  Map  1001.  Local  in  many  parts 
of  the  state  and  now  possibly  established  in  all  parts,  although  there  are 
no  reports  from  the  Lake  Michigan  area  where  we  would  most  expect  to 
find  it.  Most  of  my  specimens  are  from  railroad  ballast.  Hansen  (Proc. 
Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1923:  214-215.  1924)  reports  it  from  Randolph  and 
Switzerland  Counties  and  calls  attention  to  its  tendency  to  become  a  weed. 
I  have  found  only  a  few  specimens  at  a  place  except  along  an  abandoned 
road  in  Switzerland  County  where  it  was  frequent. 

Eu.  and  Russian  Asia;  Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.  and  Kans. 

2.  Thlaspi  perfoliatum  L.  Perfoliate  Pennycress.  Map  1002. 
This  species  was  found  in  1924  by  Miss  Edna  Banta  of  Brooksburg, 
Jefferson  County,  who  reports  it  to  be  a  frequent  to  common  weed  be- 
tween Brooksburg  and  Madison,  a  distance  of  8  miles,  and  in  other  places 
in  the  county.  Reported  also  as  occurring  on  the  campus  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Notre  Dame,  St.  Joseph  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

2917.  SISYMBRIUM   [Tourn.]  L. 

Leaves  mostly  cauline,  pinnate,  or  pinnatifid;  plants  generally  4-10  dm  high;  pedicels 
stout,   about   as   large   as   the   pod;    pubescence,   when    present,    of   simple    hairs; 
stigmas  2-lobed;    seeds   about   1   mm  long. 
Pods  1-1.5  cm  long,  appressed;  petals  2-3  mm  long,  bright  yellow. 

Pods  pubescent 1.  S.  officinale. 

Pods  glabrous la.  S.  officinale  var.  leiocarpwm. 

Pods   more   than    1.5    cm    long,    spreading;    petals    5-8   mm    long,   pale    yellow;    leaf- 
segments  generally  longer  and  narrower. 
Stems  covered  rather  thickly  all   over  with   long  hairs;   cauline   leaves   pinnately 
parted,   usually   into   3-7   segments;   lateral   segments   usually   0.5-1    cm   wide, 
the  terminal  one   large  and  deltoid;   mature  pods  mostly  2-4  cm   long.     (See 

excluded  species  no.  256,  p.  1051.) S.  Loeselii. 

Stems  glabrous,  or  with  scattered  long  hairs,  especially  on  the  basal  part;  cauline 
leaves  pinnatifid,  usually  cut  into  9-19  segments;  segments  of  leaves  mostly 
1-10  mm  wide,  the  terminal  one  not  large  and  deltoid;   mature  pods  usually 

6-8  cm  long 2.  S.  altissimum. 

Leaves  mostly  in  a  basal  rosette,  entire  or  slightly  toothed;  plants  generally  not  over 
3  dm  high;  seed  about  0.5  mm  long 3.  S.  Thalianum. 

1.  Sisymbrium  officinale  (L.)  Scop.  (Erysimum  officinale  in  part, 
of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Hairy-pod  Hedge  Mustard. 
Map  1003.  A  weed  in  pastures,  waste  places,  and  open  woodland  and 
along  roads  and  railroads.  My  specimens,  however,  are  all  from  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  state. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  local  in  the  ne.  U.  S.  and  Canada. 

la.  Sisymbrium  officinale  var.  leiocarpum  DC.  (Erysimum  of- 
ficinale in  part,  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Smooth-pod 
Hedge  Mustard.  Map  1004.  This  is  a  weed  with  habitats  similar  to  those 
of  the  preceding  species  but  it  is  much  more  common  and  is  found  through- 
out the  state. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  widely  distributed  in  N.  A.  and  S.  A. 


490 


Cruciferae 


Cakile 


Jan. 

Feb. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec 


r-ff  jj 

^'         ^i 

i 

Jb— L— 1 

^55 

RfSf 

W^ 

~    '           1         rM 
i    ' — 

1 1      J-,       }     \  £/    Miles 

0  50 

Map  1002 


Thlaspi     perforatum    L. 


3 
4 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 

D 
D  1 

f 

1:   ■ 

D            0 

D 

r 

= 

Jv 

K 

D 

0 

1 

DP 

-l 

r 

1 

-^k 

J 

Dec.  f 

_ - 

IU                                 r 
1            ' 

K 

/    Miles 

s 

isymb 

rium 

r\J            Map   1003 
officinale    (L.)    Scop. 

10 
10 
7 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec  j- 

0 

T  ° 

0] 
UK  I 

*^~    I  o 
/  H 

0             D 

A- 

0 

D 

I" 

Jk 

f^ 

0 

D 

D 

~l 

B 
D 
* 

OP 

r1 

-L.B  D 

8         D 

0 

I 

r 

r 

-  i 

J- 

0        D 

0                   D 

:u          r 

0               D 
-,         JB     \    L 

i^  vfoj 

0    J 

/    Miles 

D 

0     j 

Sisy 
var. 

r^V              Map  1004 
nbrium     officinale 
leiocarpum    DC. 

2.  Sisymbrium  altissimum  L.  (Norta  altissima  (L.)  Britt.)  Tumble 
Mustard.  Map  1005.  This  is  a  weed  generally  of  very  sandy  soil  and  is 
found  most  often  in  sandy  ballast  along  railroads.  It  is  also  found  along 
roadsides  and  in  waste  places  and  fallow  fields  where  it  is  sometimes 
abundant,  especially  in  the  sandy  area  of  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
state,  where  it  sometimes  covers  acres. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  Va.,  Mo.,  Colo.,  and  Oreg. 

3.  Sisymbrium  Thalianum  (L.)  J.  Gay.  (Arabidopsis  Thailand  (L.) 
Britt.)  Thale-cress.  Map  1006.  A  weed  of  sandy  soil  usually  found  in 
pastures  and  fallow  and  cultivated  fields.  Sometimes  it  is  common  where 
it  is  found,  especially  in  sandy,  fallow  cornfields.  Its  distribution  in  the 
state  suggests  that  it  prefers  a  sandy  and  slightly  acid  soil. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  Mass.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Mo.,  Ark.,  and 
Utah. 

2920.  CAKILE  [Tourn.]  Mill. 

1.  Cakile  edentula  (Bigel.)  Hook.  var.  lacustris  Fern.  (Rhodora  24: 
23.  1922.)  Map  1007.  This  plant  is  restricted  to  the  beach  area  of  Lake 
Michigan.  It  was  formerly  frequent  along  the  beach  but  at  present  much 
of  the  beach  area  is  within  city  limits  or  is  used  by  children  as  play 
grounds  during  the  summer  months.  The  plant,  consequently,  has  become 
very  rare  and  in  time  will  probably  become  extinct. 

Beaches  of  Lakes  Ontario,  Erie,  Huron,  and  Michigan. 

2946.  DIPLOTAXIS  DC. 

See  excluded  species  no.  257,  p.  1051. 


2947.  ERUCASTRUM  Presl. 
See  excluded  species  no.  258,  p.  1051. 


Brassica 


Cruciferae 


491 


1 

5 

9 
5 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec  j- 

D 

1     ND 

c 

B 
D 

D 

L 
11 

,            D 

fi 

0       ~w 

D           » 

-S  u 

D        OP 

0 

\r-U 

r 

DP 

f 

DP 

! 

D       * 

DP 

D 

l[ 

*; 

i 

T~ 

r, 

[ 

10 

I 

D     f 

rifles 

D 

SI 

,yrr 

br 

,urr 

alti 

JO                 50 

Map   1005 

>simum    L. 

4 

e 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

Dec.f- 

II 

^    So       o 

n 

~y  o 

r 

OP 

\ 

J  X, 

i 

w 

- 

i1 

-  i 

J 

r, 

\ 

'  ' — 

cL   B 

B  ] 

D  ./ 

A/    Miles 

5|       J    D 
f    D            I     MO/-' 

Sisymbrium 

:h 

alianum 

0                 50 

Map  1006 

L.)   J.  Gay 

i 

2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec  f 

olf 

ID    » 

D     0 

J              r>- 

r 

\ 

it 

~ 

X 

r 

/    Miles 

J 

i 
i  ' — 

Cakile     e 

dent 

ula 

HrK      JO 

xf            Map  1007 
var.    1  acu stris    Fern. 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec 


""    1 

\ 

J 

^v 

D 

i-ri 

[m 

y  i 

i     *- 

\\     \ D  i 

1               K 

Miles 


0  50 

Map   1008 


irassica     campestn's   L. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


ay.     l 
J 

1    I'D 

D 

k 



■A- 

r- 

r 

|n    i 

i     L 

K 

Miles 


irassica     mncea 


0  50 

Map  1009 

(L.)    Cosson 


0  50 

Map  1010 


rassica     niqra    (U    Koch 


2949.  BRASSICA  [Tourn.]  L. 

[Bailey.    The  cultivated  Brassicas.    Gentes  Herbarum  1:  53-108.    1922 
and  2:  207-267.  1930.] 

Upper  stem  leaves  clasping. 

Petals  (9)   10-14  mm  long;  pods   (5)   6-10  cm  long;  beak  10-17  mm  long,  moderately 
stout;  pedicels  ascending;  flowers  light  yellow;   leaves  glaucous.    (See  excluded 

species  no.  260,  p.  1052.) B.  Napus. 

Petals  7-11  mm  long;  pods  3-8  cm  long;  pedicels  spreading. 
Leaves  glaucous,  the  basal  ones  lyrate-pinnatifid  with  a  large-toothed  lobe  at  the 
apex,  glabrous  or  the  lower  with  a  few  scattered  hairs;  stem  leaves  lanceo- 
late, entire;  root  slender;  sepals  5  mm  long;  petals  6-7  mm  long;  beak  about 

1  cm  long 1.  B.  campestris. 

Leaves  green  or  glaucous,  much  resembling  those  of  the  preceding  species  but 
more  or  less  setose-hispid;  root  tuberous,  much  enlarged;  petals  about  7  mm 
long,  yellow;  pods  5-8  cm  long,  2.5-4  mm  thick,  valves  with  1  conspicuous 
nerve.    (See  excluded  species  no.  261,  p.  1052.) B.  Rapa. 


492  Cruciferae  Raphanus 

Upper  stem  leaves  not  clasping. 

Beak  of  pod  terete,  much  narrower  than  the  pod,  a  ninth  to  a  fourth  of  the  total 
length  of  the  fruit,  without  a  seed  near  the  base. 
Pods  3-6  cm  long,  2-3.5  mm  thick,  somewhat  4-sided,   spreading;   beak  6-12  mm 

long;    pedicels    7-10   mm   long,   equaling   or   exceeding   the    flowers 

2.   B.  juncea. 

Pods   1-2  cm  long,  about   1   mm  thick,  appressed;  beak  1.5-2.5  mm  long;   valves 

with  1  conspicuous  nerve;  pedicels  3-6  mm  long,  shorter  than  the  flowers 

3.   B.  nigra. 

Beak  of  pod  flat,  about  as  wide  as  the  body,  a  fourth  the  length  of  the  fruit,  usually 

containing  a  seed  at  the  base. 

Fruiting  pedicels  mostly  3-7  mm  long;  pods  moderately  slender,  about  2  mm  in 

diameter,  glabrous  or  hispid,  ascending,  valves  distinctly  3-nerved,  the  beak 

usually   a   fifth   to   a   third   the   length   of  the   fruit;    lower   leaves   sparingly 

lyrate,  the  upper  ones  usually  undivided 4.  B.  kaber  var.  pinnatifida. 

Fruiting  pedicels  about  10  mm  long;  pods  stout,  about  4  mm  thick,  hispid,  spread- 
ing at  right  angles,  valves  indistinctly  nerved,  beak  very  broad  and  flat, 
usually  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  fruit;  leaves  more  lyrate.  (See 
excluded  species  no.  259,  p.  1051.) B.  hirta. 

1.  Brassica  campestris  L.  Field  Mustard.  Map  1008.  This  weed 
has  been  reported  twice  for  the  state  and  I  have  specimens  from  two 
counties.  Almost  all  crucifers  are  of  a  weedy  nature.  Peattie  says  it  is 
established  in  the  Calumet  Region  and  I  found  it  to  be  plentiful  in  the 
old  Fair  Grounds  at  Lawrenceburg,  Dearborn  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  widely  distributed  in  N.  A. 

2.  Brassica  juncea  (L.)  Cosson.  Indian  Mustard.  Map  1009. 
There  are  two  reports  of  this  weed  and  I  have  specimens  from  three  coun- 
ties. I  have  always  very  much  disliked  the  introduced  species  of  crucifers 
and  have  neglected  to  collect  them.  If  I  had  appreciated  the  necessity  of 
collecting  these  weeds,  no  doubt  my  records  would  be  more  numerous. 

Nat.  of  Asia,  but  of  recent  introduction. 

3.  Brassica  nigra  (L.)  Koch.  Black  Mustard.  Map  1010.  This  is 
a  frequent  to  common  weed  throughout  the  state.  It  prefers  a  sandy 
soil  as  crucifers  usually  do. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  generally  distributed  throughout  the  U.  S. 

4.  Brassica  kaber  (DC.)  Wheeler  var.  pinnatifida  (Stokes) 
Wheeler.  (Rhodora  40:  306-308.  1938.)  (Brassica  arvensis  (L.)  Raben- 
horst.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Sinapis  arvensis  L.  of  Britton  and  Brown, 
Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Charlock.  Map  1011.  This  weed  has  been  reported 
from  13  counties.  It  is  found  not  only  in  waste  places  and  along  lines 
of  transportation  but  also  in  cultivated  and  fallow  fields. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  widely  distributed  in  N.  A. 

2950.  RAPHANUS  [Tourn.]  L. 

Flowers  pale  yellow  (fading  white  in  herbarium  specimens)  ;  pods  3.5-4  mm  in 
diameter,  longitudinally  grooved,  4-10-seeded,  the  seed-bearing  part  longer  and 
more  slender  than  that  of  the  following  species 1.  R.  Raphanistrum. 

Flowers  white  or  purplish;  pods  2-  or  3-seeded,  the  seed-bearing  part  short  and  thick, 

at  maturity  sometimes   10  mm  in  diameter,  not  grooved.     (See  excluded   species 

no.  262,  p.  1052.) R.  sativus. 


Barbarea 


Cruciferae 


493 


2 
1 
2 

Jan. 
Feb 
Mar. 
Apr- 
May 
June 
July 
Aug 
Sept 
Oct 
Nov 
Dec  C 

f 

y 

D 

isl 

L 

J     r^ 

D 

r 

D 

V 

, — - 

DP 

lie 

I 

i 

J^ 

r 

[ 

i 

U         T 

K 

/ 
K 

Wh< 
Wl 

Miles 

Bra 

var.  p 

5si< 

inr 

a 
at 

kab 
fid. 

er 

(D 

C.) 
kes 

^AP    1011 

■eler 

eeler 

0  50 

Map  1012 


3arbarea     vulgaris    R.  B 


1.  Raphanus  Raphanistrum  L.  Wild  Radish.  J.  M.  Coulter  wrote 
of  this  species  (Bot.  Gaz.  1 :  34.  1876)  that  in  Jefferson  County  it  "has  been 
found  taking  possession  of  some  of  our  fields."  Welch  reports  it  from 
Jasper  County.  Peattie  says:  "A  bad  European  weed  in  old  fields  of  the 
Calumet  District,"  Lake  County.  I  have  never  seen  it  or  else  I  did  not 
recognize  it. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  n.  Asia. 


2961.  BARBAREA  R.Br. 

Lower  leaves  with  1-4  pairs  of  lateral  leaflets,  rarely  entire  or  with  5  pairs;  upper 
leaves  generally  obovate  with  a  cuneate  base,  toothed,  rarely  pinnatifid;  pedicels 
not  as  thick  as  the  pod;  flowers  generally  a  bright  yellow;  mature  pods  1.5-2.5 
cm  long,  erect  or  spreading,  obtusely  angled,  beak  generally  about  2  mm  long.  .  .  . 
1.  B.  vulgaris. 

Lower  leaves  with  5-10  pairs  of  leaflets,  rarely  one  or  more  with  as  few  as  4  pairs; 
upper  leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid;  pedicels  about  as  thick  as  the  pod;  flowers  pale 
yellow;  mature  pods  5-7  cm  long,  ascending,  rather  sharply  angled,  beak  generally 
0.5-1  mm  long 2.  B.  verna. 

1.  Barbarea  vulgaris  R.  Br.  Bitter  Wintercress.  Map  1012.  As 
treated  here  this  species  includes  Barbarea  stricta  Andrz.  of  Gray,  Man., 
ed.  7  and  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  not  Andrz.;  also 
Barbarea  vulgaris  var.  longisiliquosa  Carion  (Rhodora  11:  139.  1909). 
It  is  extremely  variable  in  its  leaves  and  in  the  position  of  the  ma- 
ture pods;  however,  the  latest  studies  indicate  that  these  differences  are 
ecological  (Jour.  Bot.  54:  202.  1916  and  57:  304.  1919).  This  species  is 
well  distributed  throughout  the  state  and  in  some  fields  it  forms  colonies 
over  large  areas  and  is  regarded  as  an  obnoxious  weed.  It  is  found  in 
fallow  and  cultivated  fields,  pastures,  open  woodland,  and  clover  fields 
and  along  roadsides  and  railroads. 

Introduced  from  Eu.  in  the  Eastern  and  Central  States  but  native  in 
the  north  and  west. 

2.  Barbarea  verna  (Mill.)  Asch.  Early  Wintercress.  Map  1013. 
Locally  frequent  in  a  few  of  the  southern  counties  and  probably  scattered 


494 


CRUCI  FERAE 


Iodanthus 


~T5 

Map   1014 

odanthus    pinnatifidus    (Mich».)   Steud 


7 
1 

6 
5 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec  j- 

a    ° 

r  i 

\ 

t    ^ 

f 

^ 

— y— 

f 

B 

_ 

I 
10 

i 

D     { 
DP 

". ' 

0 

o          [si 

r* 

0 

D     fo   [    D 

fJ    Miles 

Rorippa 

ly1    \  D  J^V   J  °               50 
^sJr'H/              Map   1015 

sessiliflora     (Nutt.)    Hitchc. 

4 

15 
15 
5 
3 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.  (- 

D 

: 

s:        D 

D 

D 

.-"^     D 

D           0 

D 

D 

0 

|   OP 
ID 

D 

v 

ODD 

J    rU 

D 

D 

D 

( 

1 

? 

l,B  o         »      D 

fr 

D    DF 



D 

D 

D 

r  * 

DP 

J 

: 
D 

^r- 

-T~l_ 

1 

DP 

TV^r 

pi      D 

D 

D     1    ^/ 

X 

J    P    [   0 

0 

-hj>  f»|  V- ' 

D 

j^D      7 
1 11"-—   P^ 

D 

If 
D      Lj 

ustr 
nell) 

^/    Miles 

D 

var 

D 

R 

1 

or 

at 

ppa 
rat 

J 

)a 

0                 50 

Map  1016 
s 
Vict. 

throughout  the  state.    I  have  specimens  from  fallow  fields,  an  orchard, 
roadsides,  and  railroads. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  Y.  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. 

2963.  IODANTHUS  T.  &  G. 

1.  Iodanthus  pinnatifidus  (Michx.)  Steud.  Purple  Rocket.  Map  1014. 
More  or  less  frequent  and  locally  common  in  moist,  alluvial  soil  along 
streams  and  on  the  adjacent  wooded  slopes,  rare  elsewhere  throughout 
the  state  although  there"  are  no  specimens  or  records  from  the  northern 
fourth  of  the  state. 

Western  Pa.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Tenn.,  Mo.,  La.,  and  Tex. 


2965.  RORIPPA  Scop. 

Pedicels  of  mature  pods  not  more  than  3  mm  long;  pods  oblong,  somewhat  flattened, 
mostly  6-9  mm  long  and  about  2  mm  wide. 
Styles  of  pods  about  0.5  mm  long;   seed  minutely  pitted,   about  0.5  mm  wide  and 

as  long  or  slightly  longer 1.  R.  sessiliflora. 

Styles  of  pods  about  1  mm  long;  seed  more  or  less  pebbled.    (See  excluded  species 

no.  263,  p.  1052.) R-  obtusa. 

Pedicels  of  mature  pods  mostly  more  than  3  mm  long. 

Petioles  of  leaves,  at  least  the  median  ones,  auriculate  at  the   base;   pods  widely 
spreading,  linear,  oblong-linear  to  ovate-oblong. 
Mature  pods  less  than  5  mm  long,  the  oblong  type  generally  3-4  mm  long  and 
about  1.5  mm  wide;   styles  0.5-1   mm  long;   seed  minutely  pebbled,  about  0.6 
mm  wide  and  as  long  or  longer. 

Stem  and  leaves  glabrous,  or  nearly  so;  pods  3-4  mm  long 

2.  R.  palustris  var.  glabrata. 

Stem  and  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent;   pods   usually  less  than   3  mm  long, 

rarely  3.5  mm  long 2a.  R.  palustris  var.  hispida. 

Mature  pods  7-15  mm  long;   styles  2-3  mm  long.     (See  excluded  species  no.  264, 

p.   1052.) R-  sinuata. 

Petioles  of  leaves  not  auriculate  at  the  base;  perennials  with  creeping  rhizomes; 
flowers  bright  yellow;  pods  usually  slightly  curved,  mostly  about  1.5  cm  long 
and  1  mm  wide;  styles  of  mature  pods  0.5-1.5  mm  long 3.  R.  sylvestris. 


Rorippa 


Cruciferae 


495 


o  50 

Map  1017 
Rorippa     palustris 
izv.    hispida    (Desv)     Rydb. 


1 

e 

5 
3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

1     113 

D 

\ 

J  X 

D 

D 

f 

1 

■ — v  ° 

f 

uo 

- 

.    : 

~W" 

-  i 

D 

T~ 

r, 

Dec  J- — 

1 

I 

1      ' — 

D 

LdJV 

~^l         I    Dx 

IIG 

1         1   D 

/"Tbii     D          > 

D      V 

/-/    Miles 

1 

Rorippa 

S 

ylvf 

stris    (L 

0                 50 

Map  1018 

Besser 

o  53 

Map  1019 

Nasturtium    officinale    R.  Br. 


1.  Rorippa  sessiliflora  (Nutt.)  Hitchc.  (Radicula  sessiliflora  (Nutt.) 
Greene.)  Sessile-flowered  Cress.  Map  1015.  Infrequent  but  usually 
frequent  to  common  where  it  is  found.  It  inhabits  muddy  places  and  is 
often  found  on  the  borders  of  sloughs,  ponds,  and  streams,  usually  after 
the  water  in  them  has  been  lowered  by  dry  weather.  Also  found  in  low, 
flat,  fallow  fields.  It  is  usually  frequent  on  the  muddy  slopes  of  the  Ohio 
River  and,  no  doubt,  in  such  a  habitat  it  probably  could  be  found  in  all  of 
the  Ohio  River  Counties. 

Va.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Rorippa  palustris  (L.)  Bess.  var.  glabrata  (Lunell)  Vict.*  (Radicula 
palustris  (L.)  Moench.)  Yellow  Watercress.  Map  1016.  Infrequent  to 
frequent  or  even  common  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  seems  to  have  no 
preference  for  sun  or  shade  and  grows  in  wet  places  along  streams,  about 
ponds,  lakes,  and  sloughs,  and  in  ditches  and  fallow  fields. 

Throughout  N.  A.  except  the  extreme  north ;  also  found  in  Eurasia. 

2a.  Rorippa  palustris  var.  hispida  (Desv.)  Rydb.f  (Radicula  palustris 
var.  hispida  (Desv.)  Rob.  and  Radicula  hispida  (Desv.)  Britt.)  Hispid 
Yellow  Watercress.  Map  1017.  Infrequent  mostly  throughout  the 
northern  part  of  the  state  although  it  was  collected  by  Coulter  in  Jefferson 
County.  It  has  the  habitat  of  the  preceding  species  but  grows  in  much 
wetter  places. 

Throughout  temperate  N.  A. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 

3.  Rorippa  sylvestris  (L.)  Bess.  (Radicula  sylvestris  (L.)  Druce.) 
Creeping  Yellow  Watercress.  Map  1018.  Local  or  infrequent  on  the 
alluvial  bottoms  of  streams  throughout  the  state  except  along  the  muddy 
slopes  of  the  bank  of  the  Ohio  River  where  it  is  frequent  to  common.  This 
is  a  pernicious  weed  and  should  be  destroyed  as  soon  as  it  is  discovered. 
It  is  best  exterminated  by  the  application  of  some  reliable  weed  killer. 

Newf.  to  Ont.  and  Mich.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  111. 


*  The  latest  name  proposed  for  this  plant  is  Rorippa  islandica  var.  Fernaldiana  But- 
ters &  Abbe.    (Rhodora  42:  28.    1940.) 
•j-The  latest  name  proposed  for  this  plant  is  Rorippa  islandica  var.  hispida   (Desv.) 

Butters  &  Abbe.    (Rhodora  42:  26.    1940.) 


496 


Cruciferae 


Nasturtium 


0  50 

Map  1020 


Armoracea     rusticana    Gaertn. 


0  50 

Map  1021 


Armoracia     aquatica     (Eaton)    Wieg. 


o  50 

Map  1022 


Cardamine     bulbosa     (SchrebJ    BSP. 


2965 A.  NASTURTIUM  R.  Br. 

1.  Nasturtium  officinale  R.  Br.  (Radicula  Nasturtium-aquaticum 
(L.)  Britten  &  Rendle  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Sisymbrium  Nasturtium- 
aquaticum  L.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Watercress.  Map 
1019.  Infrequent  to  rare  in  the  glaciated  area  of  the  state,  becoming  rare 
or  absent  south  of  this  area.  It  is  found  in  the  outlets  of  springs  and  in 
ditches  and  small  streams  which  are  fed  by  springs.  Where  it  is  found 
it  is  generally  very  abundant,  often  forming  a  complete  stand  over  the 
entire  surface  of  the  water.   This  is  the  culinary  watercress. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia. 

2965B.  ARMORACIA  Gaertn. 

Pods  short-oblong  to  subglobose,  2-celled;  styles  about  0.5  mm  long;  plant  terrestrial, 
8-12  dm  high,  partially  aquatic  when  growing  in  ditches  when  the  lower  leaves 
become  much  dissected;  basal  leaves  with  blades  1-3  dm  long;  cauline  leaves  long 
and  sinuate  or  crenate 1.  A.  rusticana. 

Pods  short-oblong,  generally  5-7  mm  long,  1-celled;  styles  2-3  mm  long;  plant  aquatic, 
the  emersed  part  usually  less  than  6  dm  long,  submerged  leaves  capillary-dis- 
sected; cauline  leaves  elliptic  or  oblong,  rarely  more  than  1.5  cm  broad,  early 
deciduous 2.  A.  aquatica. 

1.  Armoracia  rusticana  Gaertn.  (Radicula  Armoracia  (L.)  Rob. 
and  Armoracia  Armoracia  (L.)  Britt.)  Horseradish.  Map  1020.  Much 
planted  and  used  as  a  condiment.  It  has  sparingly  escaped  from  cultivation 
to  ditches  and  banks  of  the  smaller  streams  throughout  the  state.  I  once 
found  it  on  the  bank  of  a  pond  in  a  clearing.  I  have  never  seen  it  mature 
seed. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  widely  spread  throughout  e.  N.  A. 

2.  Armoracia   aquatica    (Eaton)    Wieg.      (Rhodora   27:    186.      1925.) 

(Radicula  aquatica  (Eaton)  Rob.  and  Neobeckia  aquatica  (Eaton)  Britt.) 
Map  1021.    In  stagnant  water  in  ponds  and  bayous  of  streams  and  lakes. 
Very  local  but  probably  found  in  suitable  habitats  in  many  counties. 
Que.  and  Vt.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Ark. 


Cardamine 


Cruciferae 


497 


Cardamine     Douglass 


L 


o  53 

Map  1024 
Carcfamine     pratensis 
var.    palustris    Wimm.  &    Grab. 


2966.  CARDAMINE  [Tourn.]  L.  Bittercress 

Plants   perennial,   base   tuberous;    leaves   not    divided,    sometimes    those   of   the   stem 
deeply  toothed. 
Flowers  white;  stems  generally  15-45  cm  high,  simple  or  much  branched,  pubescent 
at    the    base    only,    sometimes    glabrous    throughout    or    rarely    more    or    less 

pubescent  throughout 1.  C.  bulbosa. 

Flowers  purplish   (see  note  in  text  on  white-flowered  forms)  ;  stems  generally  12-35 
cm  high,  never  branched,  generally  more  or  less  pubescent  all  over  or  the  upper 

part  glabrous 2.  C.  Douglassii. 

Plants  without  a  tuberous  base;  leaves  pinnate. 

Petals  white  or  tinged  with  purple,  mostly  8-13  mm  long;  perennials  of  springy  places 

and  bogs 3.  C.  pratensis  var.  palustris. 

Petals  white,  mostly  2-3  mm  long;  annuals  or  biennials. 

Lateral  leaflets  of  cauline  leaves  oblong  to  oval,  often  toothed,  and  usually  more 
or  less  decurrent  on  the  rachis;  terminal  leaflet  larger,  obovate,  usually  3- 
lobed,   sometimes  entire   or  5-7-lobed;   plants  always  found  in  wet  or  moist 

soil 4.   C.  pennsylvanica. 

Lateral  leaflets  of  cauline  leaves  generally  linear,  or  linear-oblong,  entire,  not 
decurrent  on  the  rachis;  terminal  leaflet  usually  not  larger,  of  the  same 
shape  as  the  lateral  leaflets  or  obovate  and  3-lobed;  plants  of  dry  soil  or 
rarely  in  moist  soil 5.  C.  parvifiora  var.  arenicola. 

1.  Cardamine  bulbosa  (Schreb.)  BSP.  Bulb  BITTERCRESS.  Map  1022. 
Frequent  to  common  throughout  the  state  in  low  places  in  woodland, 
marshes,  ditches,  and  springy  places  along  streams  and  in  wet  places  about 
ponds,  sloughs,  and  lakes.  This  species  seems  to  find  its  optimum  in  the 
inundated  woods  of  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  where  branched 
specimens  are  more  frequently  found.  This  species,  as  well  as  the  next, 
varies  in  the  amount  of  pubescence.  It  is  generally  slightly  pubescent  near 
the  base  only  but  specimens  are  found  which  vary  from  entirely  glabrous 
(with  the  exception  of  a  straggling  hair  here  and  there)  to  pubescent  up 
to  the  middle.  Extremely  pubescent  plants,  however,  may  be  albino  forms 
of  the  next  species  if  we  accept  this  form.  Rarely  a  plant  is  found  that  is 
glabrous  except  for  a  pubescent  calyx. 

Eastern  Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


498  Cruciferae  Cardamine 

2.  Cardamine  Douglassii  (Torr.)  Britt.  (Cardamine  bulbosa  var.  pur- 
purea (Torr.)  BSP.)  Northern  Bittercress.  Map  1023.  Rare  to  in- 
frequent in  all  parts  of  the  state  but  locally  frequent.  This  is  strictly  a 
woodland  plant  and  is  never  found  in  the  open  like  the  preceding  one, 
although  it  may  persist  for  some  time  in  clearings.  It  grows  in  a  slightly 
drier  habitat  and  usually  has  its  base  covered  with  leaf  mold,  and  although 
Cardamine  bulbosa  sometimes  may  have  its  base  in  leaf  mold  it  is  more 
often  found  in  muddy  places  and  is  most  abundant  in  inundated  woodland 
where  the  fallen  leaves  have  been  floated  away. 

Some  authors  prefer  to  call  this  species  a  variety  of  the  preceding  one 
and  technically  this  decision  seems  justifiable  because  no  character  except 
color  of  flower  will  separate  them  and  intergrading  forms  are  found.  Far- 
well  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  9:  261.  1925.)  described  an  albino  form  of  this 
species  and  other  authors  agree  with  him.  It  is  well  known  that  plants 
with  purplish  flowers  have  albino  forms  and  these  are  known  to  occur 
in  some  species  of  the  Cruciferae.  It  is  with  a  considerable  degree 
of  uncertainty,  that  albino  and  fruiting  specimens  of  this  species  are 
separated  from  the  preceding  species  unless  a  habitat  description  ac- 
companies the  specimen.  I  think,  however,  the  species  are  distinct  for 
the  following  reasons.  (1)  This  species  flowers  10-15  days  earlier.  (2) 
The  habitat  is  much  drier  and  I  believe  that  the  soil  is  slightly  more 
alkaline.  The  preceding  species  is  generally  associated  with  white  elm, 
swamp  white,  bur,  and  pin  oaks,  and  sweet  gum  while  this  species  is  gen- 
erally restricted  to  a  zone  slightly  drier.  The  plant  blooms  in  early  spring 
when  excessive  rains  may  occur  and  its  habitat  may  appear  much  wetter 
than  it  normally  is  so  that  wetness  of  soil  is  no  criterion  but  the  associated 
woody  and  herbaceous  plants  are.  This  species  is  usually  found  associated 
with  beech  and  sugar  maple,  basswood,  red  oak,  white  ash,  and  others. 
(3)  The  plant,  in  a  large  series,  is  smaller  in  all  of  its  parts;  never  (in  all 
the  specimens  at  hand)  branched  while  Cardamine  bulbosa  is  frequently 
more  or  less  branched;  cauline  leaves  generally  3-5  in  contrast  with  the 
other  species  with  4-8  leaves ;  basal  leaves  are  often  more  orbicular,  smaller 
and  thinner  than  in  the  preceding  which,  on  the  whole,  has  larger  and 
more  often  elliptic-ovate  and  thicker  leaves.  I  have  studied  carefully  the 
length  of  the  pods  and  the  length  of  their  beaks  and  they  are  too  variable 
to  be  of  taxonomic  value.  The  seed  of  a  long  series  of  this  species,  how- 
ever, are  smaller. 

Conn,  to  s.  Ont.  and  Wis.,  southw.  to  Md.  and  Ky. 

3.  Cardamine  pratensis  L.  var.  palustris  Wimm.  &  Grab.    (Fernald  in 
Rhodora  22 :  14.   1920.)    (Cardamine  pratensis  L.)    Cuckooflower.   Map 

1024.  This  species  inhabits  tamarack  bogs  and  marshes  in  a  few  of  our 
northern  counties.  I  am  not  certain  of  its  abundance  but  I  think  it  is 
rather  rare  and  local. 

Quebec  to  Mack.,  southw.  to  Newf.,  Conn.,  N.  J.,  Ind.,  Minn.,  and  B.  C. ; 
also  in  Eurasia. 

4.  Cardamine  pennsylvanica  Muhl.   Pennsylvania  Bittercress.   Map 

1025.  Infrequent  to  frequent  throughout  the  state  in  wet  or  moist  soils. 


Cardamine 


Cruciferae 


499 


^33 
Map  1026 

.arSamine     parviflora 
var.    arenicola     (Brftt.)    0.  E.  Schul z 


0  50 

Map  1027 


Dentaria     laciniata    Muhl. 


33 

Map  1028 


Dentaria    multifida    Muhl. 


This  species,  like  the  next,  prefers  denuded  or  semidenuded  areas,  hence  it 
is  more  abundant  where  it  is  found  in  moist,  clay  soil  in  fallow  fields.  It  is 
found  in  wet  places  in  woodland,  ditches,  and  marshes,  along  streams,  and 
about  lakes.  Sometimes  the  base  is  immersed  in  water  when  it  may  be 
mistaken  for  Nasturtium  officinale  or  vice  versa.  The  species  may  be 
separated  easily  by  the  size  of  the  flowers.  The  calyx  of  this  species 
is  about  2  mm  long  and  petals  about  3  mm  long  while  those  of  Nasturtium 
are  about  3  mm  and  4  mm  long  respectively. 

This  species  is  very  difficult  to  separate  from  the  next.  Most  specimens 
are  easily  distinguishable  by  the  habitat  but  we  have  specimens  from 
moist,  clay  soil  of  fallow  fields  (the  habitat  of  this  species)  that,  so  far 
as  I  can  determine,  belong  to  the  next  species.  Contrary  to  my  prejudice, 
I  am  compelled  to  recognize  two  habitats  for  the  next  species. 

Lab.,  to  Minn.,  and  Mont,  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Kans.  and  Calif. 

5.  Cardamine  parviflora  L.  var.  arenicola  (Britt.)  O.  E.  Schulz.  (Rho- 
dora  29:  192.  1927.)  (Cardamine  parviflora  L.  and  Cardamine  arenicola 
Britt.)  Small-flower  Bittercress.  Map  1026.  This  species  is  prob- 
ably found  in  all  parts  of  the  state  except  in  the  rich,  neutral  soil  of  the 
central  part.  It  is  rare  to  infrequent  and  is  usually  found  in  dry  soil  in 
bare  spots  in  woodland  under  black  and  white  oak  or  in  a  habitat  simulat- 
ing this  one.  On  these  bare  spots  the  plants  may  be  only  2-3  inches  high 
but  on  or  near  the  border  where  the  leaf  mold  and  vegetation  about  such 
places  begin  the  largest  plants  will  be  found.  The  plant  is  so  delicate  that 
it  can  not  push  its  way  through  leaf  mold  or  compete  with  much  vegetation. 
There  are,  however,  plants  that  must  belong  to  this  species  that  are  found 
in  moist,  clay  soil  in  fallow  fields  where  they  are  usually  associated  with 
Agrostis  hyemalis,  Cardamine  pennsylvanica,  Hordeum  pusillum,  and 
Arabis  virginica.  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  both  habitats  have  slightly 
acid  soil. 

Que.  to  Ga.  and  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Oreg. 


500 


Cruciferae 


Dentaria 


0  50 

Map  1029 


Dentaria    diphylla    Michx. 


0  50 

Map  1031 

Leavenworthia    uniflora    (Michx.)    Britt. 


2967.  DENTARIA  [Tourn.]  L.  Toothwort 

Inflorescence  pubescent;  rootstock  deeply  rooted,  an  elongated  tuber  usually  1.5-3  cm 
long,  increased  annually  by  additional  ones,  forming  a  lineal  series;  basal  and 
cauline  leaves  similar  but  the  basal  ones  absent  at  flowering  time;  cauline  leaves 
3,  whorled  or  approximate,  rarely  alternate,  cleft  nearly  to  or  to  the  base  into  3 
nearly  equal,  broadly  lanceolate  to  linear  parts,  the  parts  sometimes  likewise 
cleft,  their  margins  serrate,  more  or  less  incised,  or  entire;  anthers  mostly  1.5-2.3 

mm  long 1.  D.  ladniata. 

Inflorescence  glabrous. 

Basal  and  cauline  leaves  similar  in  shape. 

Rootstocks  elongated  tubers,  deep  in  the  soil;  basal  leaves  biternate,  all  of  the 
segments  linear  with  smooth  margins;  cauline  leaves  2,  opposite,  biternate 
with  linear  segments,  margins  of  segments  smooth,  sometimes  the  ultimate 
segments   cleft   or   divided;    petals   white,   tinged   with   purple,   anthers    1.5-2 

mm  long 2D.  multifida. 

Rootstocks  continuous,  usually  5-15  cm  long,  not  deep  in  the  soil;  basal  leaves 
ternate,  on  petioles  generally  7-15  cm  long;  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  or  oblong- 
ovate,  petiolate;  cauline  leaves  2,  rarely  3,  opposite  or  nearly  so,  on  petioles 
generally  0.5-4  cm  long,  ternate  or  deeply  cleft  into  3  parts;  margins  of  all 
leaflets  generally  ciliate  and  coarsely  crenate  with  bluntly  mucronate  teeth; 

anthers  about  3  mm  long 3.  D.  diphylla. 

Basal  and  cauline  leaves  not  similar  in  shape;  basal  leaves  much  larger  than  the 
cauline  ones,  ternate,  on  petioles  generally  5-15  cm  long;  leaflets  similar  to  the 
preceding;  cauline  leaves  2  or  3,  variously  disposed,  on  petioles  0.5-3  cm  long, 
ternate,  deeply  cleft  into  2  or  3  parts,  or  simple,  the  margins  of  the  parts  gen- 
erally ciliate  and  serrate,  sparingly  toothed  or  entire;  rootstock  consisting  of 
elongated  tubers  near  the  surface  of  the  ground;  anthers  generally  1.5-2.3  mm 
long 4.  D.  heterophylla. 

1.  Dentaria  laciniata  Muhl.  Cut  Toothwort.  Map  1027.  Infrequent 
to  frequent  in  rich  woods  throughout  the  state.  This  species  prefers  moist 
soil  and  deep  leaf  mold.  The  variability  of  the  plants  has  led  authors  to 
assign  specific,  varietal,  and  hybrid  names  to  these  variations.  I  can  do 
no  better  than  to  quote  J.  M.  Coulter  (Ann.  Rept.  Geol.  Surv.  Indiana  6: 
234.  1875)  who  recognized  these  variations  and  said  in  his  flora  of  Jeffer- 
son County :  "The  leaves  vary  from  almost  entire  to  finely  dissected.  Some- 


Leavenworthia  Cruciferae  501 

times  there  are  three  leaves  in  a  whorl ;  sometimes  these  leaves  are  alter- 
nate ;  sometimes  there  are  four  alternate  leaves ;  often  there  are  but  two 
leaves  either  opposite  or  alternate.  In  fact  there  is  no  kind  of  division  or 
position  of  leaves  which  is  not  represented  in  this  species."  The  preceding 
observation  applies  to  my  specimens  but  I  doubt  that  hybridization  is 
responsible  for  such  variations  as  the  alternate  character  of  the  leaves, 
since,  in  our  area,  there  are  no  alternate-leaved  species  nor  entire-leaved 
species  in  the  genus  as  now  known,  with  which  D.  laciniata  could  hybridize. 
I  believe  it  is  best  to  regard  the  genus  as  a  mutating  one  and  some  of  the 
aberrant  specimens  as  examples  of  reversion  to  ancestral  forms. 
Western  Que.  and  Vt.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

2.  Dentaria  multifida  Muhl.  Map  1028.  This  species  was  first  recog- 
nized as  such  by  Miss  Edna  Banta,  who  found  it  in  1935  on  a  rocky,  wooded 
slope  along  Big  Creek  a  mile  west  of  Volga,  Jefferson  County.  It  was 
found  also  in  Jefferson  and  Clark  Counties  by  early  authors  who  confused 
it  with  other  species  of  the  genus.  They  remarked  about  the  many  forms 
of  leaves  of  their  specimens.  Schneck,  in  his  list  of  plants  from  the  Lower 
Wabash  Valley,  also  calls  attention  to  the  varied  leaves. 

Ind.  and  Ohio,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

3.  Dentaria  diphylla  Michx.  Crinkleroot.  Map  1029.  This  species 
has  a  very  restricted  range  and  is  local  in  the  state.  Where  it  is  found,  it 
often  forms  large  colonies.  My  Steuben  County  plant  was  found  in 
the  A.  E.  Emerson  woods  about  6  miles  southwest  of  Angola.  This  colony 
was  very  dense,  about  3x6  feet,  and  located  in  very  moist  and  sandy  soil 
on  a  low,  alluvial  flat  along  a  small  creek.  The  Ohio  County  plants  were 
also  found  in  large  colonies  on  the  moist  slope  of  Laughery  Creek. 

Eastern  Que.  to  s.  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  S.  C.  and  Ky. 

4.  Dentaria  heterophylla  Nutt.  Slender  Toothwort.  Map  1030.  In- 
frequent to  frequent  but  locally  common  on  moist,  rich,  wooded  slopes  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  state.  There  is  a  report  from  Cass  &  Wabash 
Counties  but  there  is  no  specimen.  The  stem  leaves  of  this  species  are 
very  variable. 

N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  Ind.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

2971.  LEAVENWORTHIA  Ton. 

1.  Leavenworthia  uniflora  (Michx.)  Britt.  Michaux  Leavenworthia. 
Map  1031.  This  species  is  known  from  only  one  county  in  the  state.  It  was 
discovered  by  Chas.  R.  Barnes  in  1877  at  a  place  locally  known  as  Denny's 
Lick,  about  a  mile  southeast  of  Charlestown,  Clark  County.  I  collected  it 
there  in  mature  fruit,  May  1,  1918,  and  late  in  May,  1933,  some  members 
of  the  Indiana  Academy  of  Science  visited  the  place  and  found  it  abundant 
over  several  acres  but  it  was  almost  past  the  fruiting  stage.  The  early 
fruiting  dates  indicate  that  it  must  flower  early  in  April.  The  habitat  is 
the  washed  limestone  slopes  of  a  permanent  pasture  where  it  is  associated 
with  Draba  verna,  Oxalis  violacea,  and  Veronica  arvensis. 

Ind.  to  Ky.,  Tenn.,  and  Ark. 


502 


Cruciferae 


Capsella 


0  50 

Map  1032 


Capsella    Bursa  -pastoris    (L )    Med 


ic 


0  50 

Map   1033 


Camelina     microcarpa    Andrz. 


0  50 

Map   1034 


Draba     brachycarpa     Nutt. 


2983.  LESQUERELLA  Wats. 

See  excluded  species  no.  269,  p.  1053. 

2986.  CAPSELLA  Medic 

1.  Capsella  Bursa-pastoris  (L.)  Medic.  Shepherd  Purse.  Map  1032. 
A  frequent  to  common  weed  throughout  the  state  in  cultivated  grounds, 
lawns,  and  pastures  and  along  roadsides  and  railroads.  The  plant  is  very 
variable  and  has  been  the  subject  of  much  study  by  Almquist  and  Shull. 
Almquist,  in  1920,  writes  as  follows:  "Among  370  races  from  different 
countries  I  was  able  to  find  at  least  70  species  that  remained  constant  in 
culture  during  two  or  three  generations.  At  present  I  have  published 
descriptions  of  200  constant  forms."  My  specimens  are  variable,  and,  no 
doubt,  several  of  the  elementary  species  of  this  complex  occur  in  Indiana. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  widely  distributed  throughout  the  world. 

2987.  CAMELINA  Crantz 

Stems  and  leaves  pubescent;  pods  4-5  mm  wide l.C.  microcwpa. 

Stems  and  leaves  glabrous  or  with  scattered  hairs;  pods  6-7  mm  wide.  (See  excluded 
species  no.  270,  p.  1053.) C.  sativa. 

1.  Camelina  microcarpa  Andrz.  Map  1033.  This  species  is  essentially 
a  sandy  ballast  plant  and  is  more  or  less  frequent  throughout  the  state. 
I  have  found  it  also  along  sandy  roadsides  and  in  sandy,  fallow  fields 
where  I  once  found  it  as  an  abundant  weed. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  R.  I.,  Va.,  Kans.,  and  Ariz. 

2988.  NESLIA  Desv. 
See  excluded  species  no.  271,  p.  1053. 

2989.  DRABA  [Dill.]  L. 

Plants  conspicuously  branched  and  leafy  to  the  flowers,  appressed-pubescent  throughout 
except  the  glabrous  pods;  flowers  purplish;  pedicels  of  the  mature  pods  rarely 
more  than  2  mm  long;  pods  about  4  mm  long,  glabrous 1.  D.  brachycarpa. 


Draba 


Cruciferae 


503 


3 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Au& 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

f 

i-i 

f    ^ 

r 

i 

d 

i 

r 

||_J_ 

f 

^ 

r 

Dec.  <- 

B  I 

ID 

i 

—C_v  y 

\H     M'les 

D 

raba 

verr 

/  o  '           5o 
Map  1035 

a    L. 

0  50 

Map   1036 


Draba     reptans    (Lam.)    Fera. 


0  50 

Map   1037 
Descura'nia     brachycarpa 
(Richardson)    Schulz 


Plants  not  conspicuously  branched,  not  leafy  to  the  flowers,  other  parts  besides  the 
pods  glabrous,  pubescence  not  appressed;  flowers  white;  pedicels  of  the  mature 
pods  more  than  2  mm  long;  pods  generally  more  than  4  mm  long. 

Pedicels  of  the  lowest  pods  more  than  1  cm  long 2.  D.  verna. 

Pedicels  of  the  lowest  pods  less  than  1  cm  long. 

Pods  glabrous 3.  D.  reptans. 

Pods  minutely  appressed-pubescent.  (See  excluded  species  no.  272,  p.  1053.) 

D.  reptans  var.  micrantha. 

1.  Draba  brachycarpa  Nutt.  Short-fruited  Whitlowgrass.  Map 
1034.  Found  locally  in  dry,  sandy  soil  in  woodland  pastures  and  on  wooded 
slopes  in  a  few  of  our  southwestern  counties.  It  has  been  reported  by 
Nieuwland  from  Lake,  La  Porte,  and  St.  Joseph  Counties  but  I  could  not 
find  specimens  from  these  counties  in  the  herbarium  at  the  University  of 
Notre  Dame.  Buhl  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  251.  1935)  refers  a  report 
by  Peattie  from  the  Calumet  District  to  D.  reptans. 

Va.,  111.,  Mo.,  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Draba  verna  L.  Vernal  Whitlowgrass.  Map  1035.  The  common 
name  is  derived  from  the  use  of  this  plant  in  the  cure  of  whitlow  disease. 
Locally  frequent  to  common  as  a  weed  in  dry  soil  in  pastures,  waste  places, 
and  cultivated  grounds.  It  has  been  reported  from  eight  counties  not  indi- 
cated on  the  map.  It  is  much  more  conspicuous  after  fruiting  when  the 
valves  have  fallen.  The  writer  has  seen  it  in  several  counties  in  this  stage  of 
growth  but  specimens  were  not  collected. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  e.  Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

3.  Draba  reptans  (Lam.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  36:  368.  1934.)  (Draba 
caroliniana  Walt.)  Carolina  Whitlowgrass.  Map  1036.  Generally  found 
in  very  dry,  sandy  soil  in  woodland  pastures,  fallow  fields,  and  waste 
places,  along  roadsides,  and  on  open,  wooded  dunes.  The  variety  has  been 
reported  from  the  dune  area.  Although  I  have  not  seen  a  specimen,  it 
should  be  sought  in  the  state. 

Eastern  Mass.,  s.  Ont.,  Minn,  to  Idaho,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ariz. 


504  Cruciferae  Descurainia 

2997.  DESCURAINIA  Webb.  &  Barth. 

[Detling.  Revision  of  the  North  American  species  of  Descurainia.  Amer. 
Midland  Nat.  22:  481-520.    1939.] 

1.  Descurainia  brachycarpa  (Richardson)  0.  E.  Schulz.*  (Sisym- 
brium canescens  var.  brachycarpon  (Richardson)  Wats,  and  Sophia  pin- 
nata  (Walt.)  Howell.)  Map  1037.  Plants  referred  to  this  species  are  ex- 
ceedingly variable  and  some  authors  divide  the  forms  into  varieties  and 
species.  I  find  no  character  that  divides  our  Indiana  specimens  satisfac- 
torily and  I  think  it  best  to  consider  our  forms  as  a  species  complex  until 
further  study  of  the  group.  I  reported  Descurainia  intermedia  for  the  state 
but  I  now  refer  the  specimen  to  this  complex. 

This  species  prefers  very  sandy  soil  and  is  generally  found  in  railroad 
ballast.  I  have  found  it  also  on  gravelly  slopes  and  in  very  sandy  soil  in  a 
creek  bottom.  It  has  doubtless  been  introduced  into  Indiana  from  the  west. 

Que.  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  Tenn.,  Mo.,  Tex.,  and  Calif. 

3001.  ARABIS  L. 

Plants  with  basal  and  stem  leaves  pinnatifid,  much  branched  at  the  base,  the  branches 
widely  spreading;  plants  rarely  4  dm  high;  pedicels  rarely  more  than  5  mm  long; 

pods  about  2  cm  long;  seed  narrow-winged,  in  1  row 1.    A.  virginica. 

Plants  not  as  above. 

Stem  leaves  more  or  less  auricled  at  the  base  and  often  clasping. 

Stems  and  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  throughout  (at  least  below  the  middle); 

seeds  in  1  row. 

Mature  pods  erect  or  strongly  ascending,  30-50  mm  long;   plants  erect,  often 

divided  at  the  base;   leaves  pubescent  mostly  on  the  margins  and  midrib 

beneath  (sometimes  some  of  the  upper  ones  entirely  glabrous)  ;  seed  oblong, 

about  1  mm  long,  narrowly  winged. 

Pubescence  of  stem  spreading  or  subspreading,  predominantly  of  simple  hairs. 

2.   A.   pycnocarpa. 

Pubescence  of   stem   strictly   appressed,   often   giving  a   strigose  appearance, 

predominantly  of  forked  hairs 2a.  A.  pycnocarpa  var.  adpressipilis. 

Mature  pods  spreading;  plants  erect  or  decumbent;  leaves  pubescent  all  over,  at 
least  on  the  lower  surface   (except  in  A.  viridis  var.  Deamii). 
Plants  erect,  not  branched  at  the  base  (at  least  not  conspicuously  so),  growing 
on  dry  rocky  or  gravelly  slopes;  pedicels  mostly  10-18  mm  long. 

Pubescence  of  simple  hairs;  basal  leaves  usually  somewhat  pinnatifid 

3.  A.  viridis  var.  Deamii. 

Pubescence  mostly  forked;  basal  leaves  merely  dentate 4.  A.  patens. 

Plants  lax,  conspicuously  branched  at  the  base,  the  branches  decumbent  or 
ascending,  growing  in  moist,  alluvial  soil  along  streams  and  in  moist  soil 

at  the  base  of  slopes;  pedicels  mostly  1-3  mm  long 5.  A.  dentata. 

Stem  leaves  glabrous,  or  only  the  base  of  the  stem  and  basal  leaves  and  a  few  of 

the  lowest  stem  leaves  pubescent. 

Plants  with  the  middle  cauline  leaves  long  and  narrow,  generally  5-15  mm  wide 

and   7-13   cm   long,   spreading  or  rarely  erect,   entire   or   coarsely   dentate; 

pedicels  mostly  5-10  mm  long;  pods  recurved,  spreading,  6-11  cm  long;  seed 

in  1  row,  winged,  about  1.5  mm  long  including  the  wing 6.  A.  laevigata. 

Plants  not  as  above. 

Pods  terete  or  4-sided,  about  1  mm  wide;  seed  in  1  row  or  in  some  pods  the 
seed  interruptedly  in  1  and  2  rows,  wingless;  stem  glabrous  or  somewhat 
hirsute   at   the   base;    stem    leaves   glabrous;    basal    leaves   more   or   less 

*  The   name   of   this    plant   now   becomes    Descurainia    pinnata    subsp.    brachycarpa 
(Richardson)   Detling.    (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  22:  509.  1939.) 


Arabis 


Cruciferae 


505 


0~      ~33 
Map   1038 


Arabis     virginica     (L.)    Poir. 


5 
9 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec.  j- 

A  ° 

DP] 

1    »D          0 

DB           D 

'           D 

D 

,        T~V 

f  r1-0 

B 

D 

[ 

0 

III 

£ 

_ 

r 

-  i 

0 

J 

rV 

r 

' 

i 

D               /yS 

i 

J-T'  Ba     1       I 

P     Miles 

D 

A 

ra 

bis 

r\)              Map   1039 
pycnocarpa    Hopkins 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


"*               1      »0 

D 

D 

y^   o 

¥h 

D 

0     D 

^ 

£ 

i 

_^- 

~r]L 

Ar^- 

Ll^ 

1 

u         Jx^1 

— — /HT    8a 

Miles 

o  56 

Map  1040 


Arabis    pycnocarpa 
var.   adpressipilis    Hopkins 


stellate-pubescent;   plants  simple,  erect,  usually  6-12  dm  high 

1.  A.  glabra. 

Pods    flattened,    1.5-2    mm    wide;    seeds    winged;    basal    leaves    more    or    less 
pubescent. 
Mature  pods  erect;  stem  and  stem  leaves  glabrous;  seed  in  2  distinct  rows. 

8.  A.  Drummondii. 

Mature  pods  spreading  or  loosely  ascending;  usually  the  base  of  the  stem 
and  a  few  of  the  lowest  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent;  seed,  when 
young,  in  2  distinct  rows,  many  aborting  and  leaving  the  mature, 
perfect  ones  in  1  row  almost  as  wide  as  the  cell.    (See  excluded  species 

no.  273,  p.  1053.) A.  divaricarpa. 

Stem  leaves   (at  least  the  upper)  without  auricled  bases. 

Plants  much  branched,  usually  less  than  3.5  dm  high;  basal  leaves  lyrate-pin- 
natifid;  stem  leaves  rarely  over  4  cm  long,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or 
with  a  few  teeth;  pedicels  of  fruit  ascending;  mature  pods  ascending,  mostly 

20-50  mm  long;  seed  in  1  row,  wingless 9.  A.  lyrata. 

Plants  simple  or  nearly  so,  mostly  5-15  dm  high;  basal  leaves  dentate  or  lyrate- 
lobed;  stem  leaves  tapered  at  both  ends,  generally  much  more  than  4  cm 
long,  more  or  less  deeply  toothed;   pedicels  of  fruit  recurved;   mature   pods 

pendent,  mostly  50-80  mm  long;  seed  in  1  row,  broadly  winged 

10.    A.   canadensis. 

1.  Arabis  virginica  (L.)  Poir.  (Arabis  virginica  (L.)  Trel.  of  Gray, 
Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Virginia  Rock- 
cress.  Map  1038.  Locally  frequent  to  common  in  fallow  cornfields  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state.  It  is  usually  in  moist  soil  associated  with  Poa 
Chapmaniana  and  Myosotis  virginica,  indicating  a  slightly  acid  habitat 
which,  I  think,  controls  its  distribution. 

Va.  to  111.,  south w.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  westw.  to  Calif,  and  Lower  Calif. 

2.  Arabis  pycnocarpa  Hopkins.  (Rhodora  39:  112.  1937.)  (Arabis 
hirsuta  of  American  authors.)  Hairy  ROCKCRESS.  Map  1039.  Infrequent 
to  rare  in  the  state  and  probably  absent  from  some  of  the  central  counties. 
It  grows  in  sandy  soil  in  alluvial  bottoms,  in  crevices  of  rocks,  and  on 
rocky  slopes  and  high  banks  of  streams.  Since  all  of  my  specimens  are 
from  the  borders  of  streams  and  lakes,  its  affinity  for  them  is  apparent. 


506 


Cruciferae 


Arabis 


0  50 

Map  1041 


Arabis    viridls     var. .  Deamii    Hopkins 


0  5o 

Map  1042 


Arabis    patens    Sull'v. 


6  55 

Map  1043 


Arabis    dentata   T.  &  G. 


This  species  is  variable  in  its  pubescence  which  is  sometimes  restricted 
to  the  lower  part  of  the  plant.  Its  pubescence,  strict  habit,  and  its  habit 
of  sending  up  several  erect  branches  from  the  base  usually  identify  it. 

N.  B.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Mo.,  Ariz.,  and  Calif. 

2a.  Arabis  pycnocarpa  var.  adpressipilis  Hopkins.  (Rhodora  39:  117- 
118.  1937.)  Map  1040.  This  variety  is  infrequent  and  has  the  habitat  of 
the  species. 

Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Mo.  and  Okla. 

3.  Arabis  viridis  Harger  var.  Deamii  Hopkins.  (Rhodora  39:  157-158. 
1937.)  Map  1041.  This  species  is  probably  not  very  rare  in  northern 
Indiana  since  I  have  it  from  three  counties.  My  specimens  are  from  dry 
sandy  and  gravelly  slopes. 

Ind.,  Wis.,  and  Mo. 

4.  Arabis  patens  Sulliv.  Spreading  Rockcress.  Map  1042.  I  have 
found  this  species  in  two  places  only.  In  Bartholomew  County  it  was 
growing  on  top  of  a  limestone  rock  along  Clifty  Creek  north  of  Hartsville 
and  in  Harrison  County  there  is  a  colony  of  it  in  the  talus  of  the  ledges  of 
the  cliff  along  a  side  road  along  Blue  River  about  a  half  mile  north  of  White 
Cloud.  It  is  very  local.  It  has,  however,  been  reported  from  Clark,  Decatur, 
Jefferson,  and  Tippecanoe  Counties. 

Pa.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Tenn. 

5.  Arabis  dentata  T.  &  G.  Toothed  Rockcress.  Map  1043.  Infrequent 
to  rare  throughout  the  state  or  absent  from  some  counties.  Locally  it  may 
be  rather  frequent  but  I  have  never  found  it  so.  It  is  usually  found  in 
moist,  sandy  soil  of  wooded,  alluvial  bottoms,  in  the  talus  of  cliffs,  and 
rarely  in  dry  soil  on  slopes.  It  is  restricted  almost  entirely  to  the  proximity 
of  streams  and  is  more  frequent  along  our  major  streams. 

Western  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Tenn.,  Mo.,  and  Okla. 


Arabis 


Cruciferae 


507 


Arabis     laevigata 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec. 


D 

° 

~i—     ° 

\^~ 

-^   Y- 

( 

tttm 

f-  r 

—        L^1 

Miles 


0  ~50 

Map  1045 


Arabis    glabra    (U    Bernh. 


Arabis     Drummondi 


6.  Arabis  laevigata  (Muhl.)  Poir.  Smooth  Rockcress.  Map  1044. 
Frequent  but  never  common  throughout  the  state.  It  prefers  a  rather 
sandy  or  gravelly  soil  and  is  restricted  to  the  wooded  slopes  and  high  banks 
of  streams.  The  leaves  of  this  species  are  variable  and  one  form  has  been 
named.   I  am  including  it  under  the  species. 

Western  Maine  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Iowa  and  Ark. 

7.  Arabis  glabra  (L.)  Bernh.  Tower  Mustard.  Map  1045.  Infrequent 
to  rare  in  the  lake  region  of  the  state  and  extremely  rare,  absent,  or  intro- 
duced in  the  southern  part.  My  Floyd  County  specimen  was  found  in  a 
hayfield  along  Indian  Creek  near  Galena.   Several  specimens  were  noted. 

N.  B.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  n.  N.  J.,  Pa.,  the  Great  Lakes,  S.  Dak.,  Utah, 
and  Calif. 

8.  Arabis  Drummondii  Gray.  Drummond  Rockcress.  Map  1046.  I 
found  two  colonies  of  this  species  in  gravelly  soil  on  the  slope  of  the 
north  bank  of  the  St.  Joseph  River,  one  about  a  half  mile  and  one  a  mile 
and  a  half  southwest  of  Bristol.  Nieuwland's  report  for  it  from  St.  Joseph 
County  is  the  only  other  record. 

Lab.  to  B.  C,  southw  to  N.  S.,  s.  N.  E.,  N.  J.,  Ohio,  111.,  Utah,  and  Calif. 

9.  Arabis  lyrata  L.  Lyreleaf  Rockcress.  Map  1047.  Found  in  very 
dry,  sandy  soil  in  black  oak  woods  and  fallow  fields  and  on  open  wooded 
dunes  and  sandy,  roadside  knolls. 

Ont.  to  Man.  and  Alaska,  southw.  to  Conn.,  Va.,  Tenn.,  and  B.  C. 

10.  Arabis  canadensis  L.  Sickle-pod.  Map  1048.  Infrequent  to  rare 
throughout  the  state;  probably  absent  from  some  of  the  central  counties. 
It  prefers  a  dry  and  rather  sandy  soil  and  is  found  on  the  crests  of  wooded 
ridges  and  on  rocky,  wooded  slopes. 

Eastern  Mass.,  Vt.,  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tex.,  and  Kans. 

3004.  ERYSIMUM  [Tourn.]  L. 

Petals   mostly   20-30   mm   long,   orange   yellow;   pedicels   and   pods   in   our   specimens 
ascending;  pods  4-sided,  6-10  cm  long 1.  E.  asperum. 


508 


Cruciferae 


Erysimum 


o  50 

Map  1047 


Arabis     lyrata    L 


6 
9 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Au£ 

Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec.j- 

£ 

>D 

D             0 

D 
10 

v.^C 

KT 

D 

r 

[M 

D 

f 

0 

r1 

\j- 

i 

r 

il 

J 

DF 

i 
i 

0     J 

/^    / 

d     L^ — r~^ — S 
~^~ij    v     -J  y — 

\J/   Miles 

'0     1 

t 

Arab 

is 

d  JA        /  0                  50 

J              Map  1048 
:anadensis    L. 

i 

a 

Jan. 
Feb 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Au£ 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 



V 

f  r^°    - 

[ 

D 

f 

1 

HZ. 

J 

I1 

r 

Dec  C 

i 

"r-  ■  ' 

£/    Miles 

:rysimum 

asperum 

0                 50 

Map  1049 
DC 

Petals  less  than  10  mm  long,  lighter  yellow  than  the  preceding. 

Pedicels  stout,  1  mm  or  more  thick,  almost  as  thick  as  the  pod,  widely  spreading  or 

ascending,  4-8  cm  long;  petals  6-9  mm  long 2.  E.  repandum. 

Pedicels  slender,  ascending,  mostly  about  0.5  mm  thick,  about  half  as  thick  as  the  pod. 

Petals  4-5  mm  long;  lower  pedicels  mostly  10-15  mm  long.  . .  .3.  E.  cheiranthoides. 

Petals  mostly  6-8  mm  long;  lower  pedicels  less  than  10  mm  long.    (See  excluded 

species  no.  274,  p.     1053.) E.  parviflorum. 

1.  Erysimum  asperum  DC.  (Cheirinia  aspera  (DC.)  Britt.  of  Britton 
and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  WESTERN  WALLFLOWER.  Map  1049.  Some- 
what frequent  on  the  limestone  ledges  of  the  Wabash  River  west  of  Logans- 
port  ;  a  few  plants  on  a  rocky,  wooded  slope  along  the  Wabash  River  east 
of  Wabash ;  and  infrequent  in  gravelly  soil  of  the  slope  and  top  of  the  high 
bank  of  Big  Wea  Creek  about  4  miles  southwest  of  Lafayette.  Blatchley 
reported  it  as  scarce  on  gravelly  banks  in  Vigo  County.  It  has  also  been 
reported  from  Carroll,  Montgomery,  and  Putnam  Counties.  The  mass  dis- 
tribution of  the  species  is  west  of  our  area  and  it  is  no  doubt  very  local 
in  Indiana,  with  reports  from  two  counties  in  Ohio. 

Newf.,  Que.,  Sask.,  Colo.,  southw.  to  Ohio,  Ind.,  111.,  and  N.  Mex. 

2.  Erysimum  repandum  L.  (Cheirinia,  repanda  (L.)  Link.)  Treacle 
Mustard.  Map  1050.  I  have  found  this  species  along  a  roadside,  in  ballast 
along  a  railroad,  and  in  a  waste  place.  No  doubt  it  has  a  much  wider  dis- 
tribution than  the  map  indicates. 

Nat.  of  Eu.;  waste  places  about  eastern  seaports,  and  Ohio  to  Kans., 
Ariz.,  Utah,  and  Oreg. 

3.  Erysimum  cheiranthoides  L.  (Cheirinia  cheiranthoides  (L.)  Link.) 
Wormseed  Mustard.  Map  1051.  This  species  prefers  a  muck  soil  and  is 
fast  becoming  established  in  the  lake  area.  Where  it  has  become  well 
established,  it  forms  a  complete  and  dense  stand.  I  found  a  pure  stand 
of  it  about  three  miles  north  of  Albion,  Noble  County,  in  muck  soil 
in  a  low  place  in  an  oatfield  where  the  oats  had  been  drowned  out.  Its 
habit  of  germinating  late  in  the  season  permits  it  to  occupy  low  places  in 


Alyssum 


Cruciferae 


509 


Erysimum     repandum    L. 


Erysimum     cheiranthoides    L. 


Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec. 


-f 

Iffi  1 
0 

f 

J 

D 

\    BD 

y  - 

- 

" 
i 

D     t 

D 
DP 

r 

\ 

r, 

L 

i     '- 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1052 


Alyssum     alyssoi'des    L. 


hayfields,  peppermint  fields,  etc.  It  is  rather  frequent  on  the  spill  banks 
of  dredged  ditches  and  in  railroad  ballast.  There  are  no  reports  for  the 
state  south  of  the  area  shown  on  the  map. 

Since  none  of  the  early  authors  reported  this  species,  and  the  first  report 
was  in  1915,  and  because  its  habitat  and  its  abundance  where  it  is  found 
suggest  an  adventive  plant,  I  think  that  it  has  been  introduced  in  Indiana. 

Newf.  to  the  Pacific  coast,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Tenn.,  and  Mo. ;  found 
also  in  Eu. 

3006.  ALYSSUM  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Alyssum  alyssoides  L.  Small  Alyssum.  Map  1052.  A  plant  of 
sandy  waste  places  and  fallow  fields.  My  Benton  County  collection  is  from 
railroad  ballast  where  it  was  abundant. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  H.,  Ont.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Mass.  and  N.  J. ;  also  in 
the  far  west  and  about  seaports. 

3013.  LOBULARIA  Desv. 
See  excluded  species  no.  275,  p.  1054. 


3015.  BERTEROA  DC. 

1.  Berteroa  incana  (L.)  DC.  Hoary  Alyssum.  Map  1053.  I  have 
specimens  of  this  weed  from  two  places  in  Elkhart  County  and  my  notes 
say  that  in  1921  it  was  common  in  sandy  soil  along  the  roadside  between 
Bristol  and  Elkhart.  I  have  a  specimen  collected  in  1920  about  2  miles 
northeast  of  Bristol  and  my  notes  say  it  was  a  common  weed  along  the 
roadside  and  in  an  adjacent,  fallow  field.  Hansen  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 
1923:  215.  1924)  says  the  County  Agricultural  Agent  reported  it  as  a 
weed  in  a  "run-down"  farm  in  the  same  county.  Hansen  also  reported  a 
small  colony  in  West  Lafayette  but  it  was  intentionally  destroyed  before  it 


510 


Capparidaceae 


Hesperis 


o  50 

Map  1053 


Berteroa     incana    (U    DC. 


0  50 

Map   1054 


Hesperis      matronalis    L. 


innqia 


unnort. 


seeded.    In  1933  I  found  it  in  Steuben  County  and  in  1934  1  found  it  in 
La  Porte  County.   This  is  a  pernicious  weed. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Mo. 

3041.  HESPERIS  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Hesperis  matronalis  L.  Dames  Rocket.  Map  1054.  This  species  has 
long  been  used  and  is  still  commonly  planted  as  an  ornamental  plant.  It 
was  never  reported,  however,  by  our  early  authors.  The  first  report  is  that 
of  Grimes  in  1910.  Nieuwland,  in  1915,  reported  it  as  escaped  along  the 
bank  of  the  St.  Joseph  River  in  St.  Joseph  County.  In  1921  I  found  it  to 
be  frequent  in  a  wooded  ravine  about  a  half  mile  west  of  Aurora  in  Dear- 
born County.  In  1933  I  found  it  to  be  a  common  and  abundant  weed  along 
the  roadside  and  in  an  adjacent,  fallow  field  just  west  of  Aurora.  Naomi 
Mullendore  has  collected  it  in  Johnson  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Maine  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  N.  C. 

3055.  CONRINGIA  [Heist.]  Adans. 

1.  Conringia  orientalis  (L.)  Dumort.  Hares-ear  Mustard.  Map 
1055.  All  of  my  specimens  except  one  are  from  railroad  ballast.  It  has 
been  reported  from  seven  counties  and  all  who  mention  its  habitat  except 
one  say  that  it  was  found  along  railroads.  Apparently  this  species  is  slow 
to  establish  itself  in  fields  and  may  not  become  a  serious  pest. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  Man.  and  Oreg.,  southw.  to  Del.,  Mo., 
and  Colo. 

107.  CAPPARIDACEAE  Lindl.  Caper  Family 

Pods  on  long  spreading  stipes;  stamens  4-6 .'5087.    Cleome,  p.  510. 

Pods  stipeless  or  on  very  short  ascending  stipes;  stamens  more  than  6 

, 3090.    Polanisia,  p.  511. 

3087.  CLEOME  L. 

Stems  glabrous;  leaves  3-foliolate.    (See  excluded  species  no.  276,  p.  1054.)  .  .C.  semdata. 
Steams  viscid-pubescent;  leaflets  5-7.  (See  excluded  species  no.  277,  p.  1054.)  .  .C.  spinosa. 


Polanisia 


Sarraceniaceae 


511 


3 
14 
4 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov 

D 

T 

0 

B 
D 
MI] 

\ 

0 

p 

w 

0 
3P 

^        , 

1  B    B 

f 

D 

— 

_ 

B 

i1 

r    JeH 

i  — 

B 

D 

Hj    ; 

Dec.  f— - 

[ 

»  1 

10 

p       L^i 

B 
ID 

BO          0 
t        j— — v 

B     f  D    f 

L  p 

DP      7 

A/     Miles 

0 

P 

ola 

nis 

ia 

qraveolen 

0                 50 

Map   1056 

s    Raf. 

0  50 

Map   1057 


Polanisia    trachysperma    T,  &  G. 


0  "~  50 

Map    1058 


Sarracenia     purpurea    L. 


3090.  POLANISIA  Raf. 

Petals  4-5  mm  long,  usually  nearly  white;  stamens  mostly  5-8  mm  long,  usually  less 

than  12  in  number LP.  graveolens. 

Petals  8-10  mm  long,  light  yellow;  stamens  mostly  9-15  mm  long.  .  .2.  P.  trachysperma. 

1.  Polanisia  graveolens  Raf.  Clammyweed.  Map  1056.  This  species 
grows  in  very  sandy  soil  and  is  usually  found  on  sand  and  gravel  bars  of 
streams,  along  roadsides  and  railroads,  and  rarely  in  fallow  or  cultivated 
land  along  streams.    On  large  sandbars  it  often  forms  extensive  colonies. 

Western  Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Conn.,  Md.,  Tenn.,  Kans.,  and  Colo. 

2.  Polanisia  trachysperma  T.  &  G.  Map  1057.  This  species  was  found 
by  Madge  McKee  in  sandy  soil  along  the  roadside,  2  miles  west  and  ll/2 
miles  south  of  Lake  Village,  Newton  County.  It  is  a  western  species  and 
there  is  a  slight  possibility  of  its  having  been  introduced.  The  locality 
where  it  was  found  is  within  the  prairie  area.  The  nearest  railroad  and 
the  nearest  main  highway  are  both  two  miles  to  the  east.  I  think  this 
is  an  eastern  extension  of  the  range  of  the  species.  Found  at  the  same 
place  on  Sept.  4,  1938,  by  Indiana  botanists  on  a  field  trip  and  specimens 
were  collected. 

This  species  was  included  in  a  list  of  plants  reported  from  Monroe 
County  by  Andrews.  No  data  accompanied  the  report  and  no  specimen 
was  preserved.  Since  the  habitat  does  not  occur  in  Monroe  County,  it  must 
have  been  a  waif  if  the  plant  was  determined  correctly. 

Ind.,  Iowa  to  Mo.,  southw.  and  westw. 


110.  SARRACENIACEAE  La  Pyl.  Pitcherplant  Family 
3130.  SARRACENIA  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Sarracenia  purpurea  L.  (Sarracenia  purpurea  gibbosa  (Raf.) 
Wherry.  Bartonia  15:  1-6.  1933.)  Common  Pitcherplant.  Map  1058. 
This  species  grows  in  sphagnum  in  marshes  and  tamarack  bogs  and  is 
restricted  to  the  lake  area.   It  formerly  was  common  but  is  now  becoming 


512 


Droseraceae 


Drosera 


0"  50 

Map   1059 


Drosera     rotundifolia    L. 


0  50 

Map    1060 


Drosera     intermedia    Hayne 


scarce  on  account  of  drainage.  My  Delaware  County  specimen  was  obtained 
from  a  bog  on  the  Emerson  McCullum  farm  about  two  and  a  half  miles 
southeast  of  Gaston. 

Lab.  to  the  Canadian  Rocky  Mts.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ky.,  the  Great  Lakes, 
and  Iowa. 

112.  DROSERACEAE  S.  F.  Gray.  Sundew  Family 

3136.  DROSERA  L.  Sundew 

Leaf  blades  suborbicular  or  wider  than  long 1.  D.  rotundifolia. 

Leaf  blades  2-3  times  as  long  as  wide;  stipules  free;  seed  not  appendaged,  oblong 

2.  D.  intermedia. 

1.  Drosera  rotundifolia  L.  Roundleaf  Sundew.  Map  1059.  Infre- 
quent in  tussocks  of  sphagnum  moss  in  the  open  and  in  tamarack  bogs ;  very 
rarely  in  moist  sand  with  such  species  as  Polygala  cruciata,  Gaultheria 
promwibens,  and  Aletris  farinosa.  In  1915  it  was  so  abundant  on  the 
moist,  sandy  shore  of  Walker  Lake,  Porter  County,  that  it  covered  acres, 
and  at  a  distance,  the  ground  looked  red.  This  and  the  next  species  are 
restricted  to  the  lake  area. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. 

2.  Drosera  intermedia  Hayne.  (Drosera  longifolia  of  manuals,  not  L.) 
Spatulate-leaf  Sundew.  Map  1060.  Less  frequent  than  the  preceding 
species  and  found  in  the  open  in  moist,  sandy  soil  among  sedges  or  in 
mossy  places  on  the  wet  borders  of  lakes,  and  in  sphagnum  bogs. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 


113.  PODOSTEMACEAE  Lindl.  Riverweed  Family 
3156.  PODOSTEMUM  Michx. 
See  excluded  species  no.  278,  p.  1054. 


Sedum 


Crassulaceae 


513 


0  50 

Map  1062 


Sedum     telephioides     Michx 


1 

37 

3 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

Dec  f- 

\      ND 

0        ° 

0 

HI   I 

\^ 

9 

1 

B 

w 

D 
DP 

<w- 

a          D 

I 

B 

r 

D 

B      0  I 
"        UCW1 

■ 

d~Td 

B 

IT 

r, 

D 

\    ' 

IU 

ol        /  v\ 

0 

E        — . 

D    «cU 

D 

r    ° 

{          T 

if.     d[  "J 
Miles 

D 

s 

L   J   D 

edum 

-\)             Map  1063 
ternatum    Michx. 

16 
21 

5 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

D 

D 
L 

L        D 

D 

B 

D 

D 

u 

D 

V    D 

D        0 

D 

D 

Ml 

B             D  . 

'.^ 

D 

D 

D 

I 

P 

0 

w 

D 
DF 

i 

)     B         D 

fr: 

■0 

D 

D 

,  _T_ 

10 

L 

r 

DP 

D 

r, 

»1 

Dec.  t— 

[ 

ID 

Td 

0          "c 

I     D 

B        D 

d  |    y 

D 
10 

it    r~ 

D    j 

-Z'     E 

— |C_  dpX 
vol/ 

Miles 

'  D      0 

P 

enthorum 

sed 

7  ° 

Map   1064 
oides    L. 

115.  CRASSULACEAE  DC.  Orpine  Family 

Plants  succulent;  calyx  lobes  4  or  5;  petals  evident;  stamens  8  or  10;  carpels  4  or  5, 
separate   (in  ours) 3161.    Sedum,  p.  513. 

Plants  not  succulent;  calyx  lobes  5  (sometimes  6);  petals  usually  lacking;  stamens  10; 

carpels  mostly  5    (sometimes  4  or  6) ,   united  at  the  base 

3173.  Penthorum,  p.  514. 


3161.  SEDUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Stonecrop 

Flowers  yellow;  leaves  very  thick,  ovate,  mostly  about  5  mm  long;  perennials. .  1.  S.  acre. 
Flowers  white,  pinkish,  or  purplish. 

Stem    leaves   almost   terete,   linear,   obtuse,   slightly   auriculate   at   the   base,   mostly 
1.5-2  cm  long;   leaves  of  winter  rosettes  spatulate,  about  as  long  as  the  stem 
leaves;  winter  annuals.     (See  excluded  species  no.  280,  p.  1054.)  .  .S.  pulchellnm. 
Stem  leaves,  and  those  of  sterile  shoots,  flat. 

Margins  of  blades  more  or  less  dentate;  flowers  colored. 

Stem,  branches,  and  pedicels  narrowly  winged  on  opposite  sides 

2.   5.    telephioides. 

Stem,  branches,  and  pedicels  terete,  not  winged.    (See  excluded  species  no.  281, 

p.  1055.) S.  Telephium  var.  purpureum. 

Margins  of  leaves  entire;  flowers  white. 

Stem  leaves,  at  least  some  of  them,  in  whorls  of  3 3.  S.  ternatum. 

Stem    leaves    alternate    or    spirally    arranged.      (See    excluded    species    no.    279, 
p.  1054.) S.  Nevii. 

1.  Sedum  acre  L.  Goldmoss.  Map  1061.  Reported  as  an  escape  in  5 
counties.  I  found  it  as  a  common  plant  over  an  acre  or  more  in  shallow 
soil  on  the  bank  of  Pipe  Creek  in  Cass  County  at  Pipe  Creek  Falls  and 
near  the  old  mill  at  Dora  in  Wabash  County.  When  it  escapes  from  cultiva- 
tion, it  will  persist  if  it  finds  rocky  soil  or  a  wall  of  stone. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia ;  N.  S.  to  Out.  and  Ind.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  N.  Y. 

2.  Sedum  telephioides  Michx.  WILD  LlVEFOREVER.  Map  1062.  We  now 
have  specimens  of  this  species  from  three  counties.  Dr.  Clapp  found  it 
"on  the  cliffs  of  the  Ohio  above  Utica,  Clark  County.  Sept.  22,  1837."  He 
said  he  found  it  in  only  two  localities.    I  saw  his  specimens  in  the  herbaria 


514 


Saxifragaceae 


Penthorum 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

r 

y 

\ 

V 

' 

X 

, 

LSI} 

l^g  fis  «     ^ — J 

fTry 

/    Miles 

Dec  (— 

1 

<     ' — 

Si 

in 

ar 

tia 

0 

hionis 

1  50 
Map  1065 

".  &  G. 

of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  Purdue  University,  and  Wabash 
College.  In  1922  I  found  it  in  Harrison  County  on  a  very  narrow  ledge 
of  rock  near  the  top  of  the  cliff  along  the  Ohio  River,  in  section  14  about 
4  miles  southeast  of  Laconia.  The  cliff  at  this  place  is  about  300  feet  above 
the  river.  I  have  had  it  in  cultivation  since  that  time  and  the  flowers  are 
nearly  white  to  faintly  pink.  In  1936  R.  M.  Tryon,  Jr.,  found  it  in  Perry 
County  on  the  sandstone  cliffs  near  Magnet. 
Pa.,  N.  Y.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ga. 

3.  Sedum  ternatum  Michx.  Mountain  Stonecrop.  Map  1063.  This 
species  is  rather  frequent  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  becoming  rare 
or  absent  in  the  northern  counties.  It  is  found  in  the  shade  in  moist  soil, 
usually  at  the  bases  of  wooded  ravines  and  on  wooded  slopes  and  rocky, 
wooded  cliffs. 

Conn,  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

3173.  PENTHORUM  L. 

1.  Penthorum  sedoides  L.  Ditch  Stonecrop.  Map  1064.  Frequent  to 
very  frequent  throughout  the  state  in  firm  soil  in  wet  places.  It  is  found 
in  roadside  ditches,  fallow  fields,  and  low  places  in  woodlands  about  ponds 
and  sloughs. 

N.  B.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


117.  SAXIFRAGACEAE  Dumort.  Saxifrage  Family 

Herbs. 

Stamens  5. 

Flowers  solitary  on  long,  scapelike  peduncles,  white,  the  petals  10-18  mm  long; 

staminodia  present 3203.    Parnassia,  p.  519. 

Flowers  paniculate,  small,  the  petals  less  than  10  mm  long;  staminodia  lacking. 

Leaf  blades  glabrous;  ovary  2-celled 3186.    Sullivantia,  p.  515. 

Leaf  blades  more  or  less  pubescent;  ovary  1-celled.  .3195.    Heuchera,  p.  516. 


Sullivantia  Saxifragaceae  515 

Stamens  10,  rarely  8. 

Petals  none;  flowers  sessile,  axillary,  usually  solitary;   leaves  opposite 

3199.    Chrysosplenium,  p.  519. 

Petals  5;  flowers  racemose  or  paniculate,  pedicellate;  leaves  all  basal  or  alter- 
nate. 
Petals  entire,  or  subserrate. 

Capsule  2-celled,  2-beaked 3189.    Saxifraga.  p.  515. 

Capsule  1-celled 3193.    Tiarella,  p.  516. 

Petals  finely  fringed,  small;  flowers  racemose,  white. .  .3198.    Mitella,  p.  518. 
Shrubs;  leaves  opposite,  simple. 

Stamens  20-40 3208.    Philadelphia,  p.  519. 

Stamens  8-10 3217.    Hydrangea,  p.  519. 

3186.  SULLIVANTIA  T.  &  G. 

1.  Sullivantia  ohionis  T.  &  G.  (Sullivantia  Sullivantii  (T.  &  G.)  Britt.) 
Ohio  Sullivantia.  Map  1065.  This  species  is  very  local  throughout  its 
range  and  in  Indiana  it  is  found  only  in  Clark,  Jefferson,  and  Jennings 
Counties.  It  grows  in  the  shade  in  the  wet  crevices  of  perpendicular,  shaly 
cliffs  in  Clifty  Falls  State  Park  in  Jefferson  County,  along  Fourteen-mile 
Creek  near  its  mouth  in  Clark  County,  and  along  the  north  fork  of  the 
Muscatatuck  River  about  three  fourths  of  a  mile  northeast  of  Vernon.  It 
has  been  reported  also  from  Carroll,  Cass,  and  Floyd  Counties. 

Ohio  and  Ind.  Reported  from  7  counties  in  Ohio  and  3  counties  in 
Indiana. 

3189.  SAXIFRAGA  [Tourn.]  L.  Saxifrage 

[Johnson.  Revision  of  North  American  species  of  the  section  Boraphila  of 
Saxifraga.  Univ.  Minnesota  Stud.  Biol.  Sci.  4:  1-109.  1923.  Bush.  Some 
species  of  Saxifraga.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  11:  213-235.    1928.] 

Plants  of  a  dry  habitat,  less  than  3  dm  high;  sepals  reflexed 1.  S.  virginiensis. 

Plants  of  a  wet  habitat,  usually  5-15  dm  high;  sepals  ascending.  .  .  .2.  S.  pennsylvanica. 

1.  Saxifraga  virginiensis  Michx.  Virginia  Saxifrage.  Map  1066.  This 
species  is  restricted  to  the  tops  and  slopes  of  the  bluffs  of  the  Ohio  River 
and  nearby.  It  is  local  in  its  distribution  but  frequent  to  common  where 
it  is  found.  It  is  rather  common  on  the  top  of  the  bluff  of  the  Ohio  River 
just  north  of  Fredonia  in  Crawford  County.  There  are  specimens  from 
only  four  counties  but  I  think  that  it  could  be  found  in  other  counties, 
especially  Floyd,  Harrison,  and  Jefferson  Counties  and  in  western  Vander- 
burgh County.  Bush  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  11:  215-220.  1928.)  has  divided 
my  specimens  into  two  lots.  He  calls  one  lot  Saxifraga  virginiensis  and 
the  other  Saxifraga  pilosa  Haworth.     I  am  not  recognizing  the  latter. 

N.  B.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

2.  Saxifraga  pennsylvanica  L.  Pennsylvania  Saxifrage.  Map  1067. 
Infrequent  to  frequent  in  wet  and  springy  places  in  woodland  and  marshes 
throughout  the  state  except  in  the  southern  counties  where  its  habitat  is 


516 


Saxifragaceae 


Tiarella 


16 
16 
3 

1      KD 

D 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec  j- 

r 

D 

V 

r1    _L  " 

9        0 

0 

0 

r 

^B           -, 

B 

0 
DP 

I1" 

I 

»        D 

\ 

1 \, 

If 

_ 

B 
HO 
Ho     - 

1' 

D 

J 

",    " 

» 
D 
B          lie 

0    |       JX[ 

J 

uc 

D          BO 

D             °     I 
B  D      J        To 

C       1     B 
»          °        0 

1         ° 

Hp,»»°[/-' 

£/    Miles 

He 

ch 
R05 

era    i 

endar 

0      ) 

men 
1,  8i 

dJA      7 

cana    var, 
tters,  8.   U 

0                 50 

Map  1068 

jrevipetala 
kela 

0  50 

Map  1069 

Heuchera    americana    var,    interior 
Rosendahl ,  Butters    &    Lakela 


:ra   /  0  50 

Map  1070 

Heuchera    americana    var.     hirsuticaulij 
IWheelock)     Rosendahl ,  Butters,  4    Lakela 


absent  or  rare.    No  doubt  it  is  absent  from  the  southern  counties  for 
reasons  other  than  the  lack  of  habitat. 

Maine,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Mo. 

3193.  TIARELLA  L. 

[Lakela.    A  monograph  of  the  genus   Tiarella   L.   in   North   America. 
Amer.  Jour.  Bot.  24:  344-351.    1937.] 
(See  excluded  species  no.  283,  p.  1055.) 


3195.  HEUCHERA  L.  Alumroot 

[Rosendahl,  Butters,  and  Lakela.   A  monograph  on  the  genus  Heuchera. 
Minnesota  Studies  in  Plant  Science  2 :  1-180.   1936.] 

All  of  my  specimens  have  been  named  by  the  authors  of  this  monograph. 

The  following  key  has  been  adapted  from  the  monograph  cited  above. 

Petioles  of  leaves  glabrous,  merely  puberulent,  or  sparingly  hirsute  above 

1.  H.  americana  var.  brevipetala. 

Petioles  more  or  less  densely  hirsute. 

Outside  of  calyx  glandular-puberulent,  without  any  long  white  hairs. 

Flowers   in    anthesis   mostly   3-4.5    mm   long;    hypanthium    regular   or   somewhat 
oblique. 
Flowers  in  anthesis  3-3.5  mm  long;   hypanthium   regular  or  nearly  so;   petals 
1-1.5  mm  long,  narrowly  elliptic  to  short-spatulate,  with  a  short,  relatively 

broad  claw la.  H.  americana  var.  interior. 

Flowers  in  anthesis  mostly  4-4.5  mm  long;  hypanthium  somewhat  oblique;  petals 

2-3  mm  long,  oblanceolate  with  narrow  claws  and  rhombic  tips 

lb.  H.  americana  var.  hirsuticaulis. 

Flowers   in    anthesis   mostly    5-10   mm   long;    hypanthium    strongly   to   moderately 
oblique. 

Flowers  mostly  5-7  mm  long;  hypanthium  moderately  oblique 

2.  H.  Richardsonii  var.  affinis. 

Flowers  mostly  6-10  mm  long;  hypanthium  strongly  oblique 

2a.  H.  Richardsonii  var.  Grayana. 


Heuchera 


Saxifragaceae 


517 


Heuchera     Richardsonn     var.    affinis 
Rosendahl,   Butlers ,  &    lakela 


Jan. 

feb 

M.v 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


□ 

B       | 

Pb     )      Mo 

1      A- — 

M 

— 

/           D 

^— r 

j — 

~v_ 

J 

-fv 

L 

!h, 

iri 

1 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1072 

Heuchera     Richardsonn    var.    Orayana 
Rosendahl     Butters    &    Lakela 


0  50 

Map  1073 

Heuchera     villosa     var    macrorhiza 
(Small)    Rosendahl,   Butters,  &    Lakela 


Outside  of  calyx  villous  with  long  white  hairs;  plants  in  our  area  growing  in  the 
crevices  of  cliffs  or  rarely  in  the  talus  at  their  bases. 

Lobes  of  leaves  triangular 3.  H.  villosa  var.  macrorhiza. 

Lobes  of  leaves  rounded 4.  H.  parvifloira  var.  Rugelii. 

1.  Heuchera  americana  L.  var.  brevipetala  Rosendahl,  Butters,  & 
Lakela.  (Heuchera  americana  of  many  American  authors.)  Map  1068. 
This  is  our  most  common  alumroot  and  is  frequent  throughout  the  state 
although  there  are  no  records  from  the  northwestern  part.  It  is  generally 
found  on  or  near  the  tops  of  wooded  slopes  along  streams  or  on  the  slopes 
of  ravines.  According  to  the  monographers  of  the  genus,  the  typical  form 
of  this  species  is  restricted  to  the  Appalachian  Mountains  from  southern 
Pennsylvania  southward  to  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee  and  this  variety 
and  the  two  following  are  the  western  allies  of  it. 

Conn.,  Pa.,  s.  Ont.,  and  se.  Mich.,  southw.  to  Md.,  Tenn.,  Mo.,  and  Okla. 

la.  Heuchera  americana  var.  interior  Rosendahl,  Butters,  &  Lakela. 
Map  1069.  The  habitat  of  this  variety  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  preceding- 
one,  but  the  plant  is  probably  less  frequent. 

Ind.  to  e.  Kans.,  southw.  to  w.  Tenn.  and  n.  Ark. 

lb.  Heuchera  americana  var.  hirsuticaulis  ( Wheelock)  Rosendahl,  But- 
ters, &  Lakela.  (Heuchera  hirsuticaulis  Wheelock.)  Map  1070.  The 
habitat  of  this  variety  is  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding.  This  variety, 
in  its  morphology,  is  about  midway  between  the  species  and  Heuchera 
Richardsonii  R.  Br.,  which  is  restricted  to  the  eastern  Rocky  Mountains 
and  plains,  and  seems  to  have  a  range  about  midway  between  the  two 
species  with  its  eastern  extension  in  west  central  Indiana. 

Ind.,  111.,  and  Mo. 

2.  Heuchera  Richardsonii  R.  Br.  var.  affinis  Rosendahl,  Butters,  & 
Lakela.  Map  1071.  This  alumroot  prefers  sandy  soil  and  grows  mostly 
on  the  slopes  and  banks  of  streams  and  lakes.   Our  specimens  are  all  from 


518 


Saxifragaceae 


Heuchera 


0  50 

Map  1074 

Heuchera     parviflora    var    Ruge 
(Shuttlw.   apud    Kunze 
Rosendahl     Butters,  8,    Lakela 


the  lake  area  except  the  Vigo  County  specimen  which  was  found  in  the 
Heckland  Prairie. 

Southern  Mich,  and  Wis.,  southw.  to  111.  and  Mo. 

2a.  Heuchera  Richardsonii  var.  Grayana  Rosendahl,  Butters,  &  Lakela. 
(Rhodora  35:  117.  1933.)  (Heuchera  hispida  of  most  authors.)  Map 
1072.  This  variety  prefers  a  very  sandy  soil  and  is  found  both  in  moist  and 
dry  situations  in  the  open  or  in  woodland  bordering  streams  and  lakes. 

Southern  Mich,  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ind.,  Mo.,  and  Kans. 

3.  Heuchera  villosa  Michx.  var.  macrorhiza  (Small)  Rosendahl,  But- 
ters, &  Lakela.  (Heuchera  macrorhiza  Small.)  Map  1073.  Very  local,  in 
the  crevices  of  cliffs  or  rarely  in  the  talus  at  their  bases.  It  is  restricted 
to  a  few  Ohio  River  Counties.  Many  years  ago  I  dug  some  of  the  rhizomes 
from  the  crevices  of  rock  and  planted  them  in  neutral  garden  soil  at  Bluff- 
ton,  Wells  County,  and  the  plants  are  perfectly  hardy  and  grow  vigorously. 
On  account  of  their  large  and  rather  compact  cluster  of  basal  leaves  and 
large  panicle  of  small  white  flowers  I  recommend  it  as  a  good  garden  plant, 
especially  for  borders. 

W.  Va.,  Ind.,  Ky.,  Tenn.,  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

4.  Heuchera  parviflora  Bartl.  var.  Rugelii  (Shuttlw.  apud  Kuntze) 
Rosendahl,  Butters,  &  Lakela.  Map  1074.  Our  only  specimen  of  this  rare 
alumroot  is  one  which  I  found  in  a  pocket  on  the  perpendicular  face  of  a 
sandstone  cliff  on  a  farm  about  2  miles  southwest  of  Leopold,  Perry 
County.   The  leaves  were  quite  purplish  on  the  lower  surface. 

W.  Va.,  Ind.,  111.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ala. 

3198.  MITELLA  [Tourn.]  L. 

Plants  more  than  2  dm  high,  generally  3-5  dm  high;  basal  leaves  ovate,  middle  lobe 
acute;  stem  bearing  2  opposite,  sessile  or  nearly  sessile  leaves;  flowers  white; 
calyx  cup-shaped 1-  M-  diphylla. 

Plants  generally  less  than  2  dm  high;  basal  leaves  reniform,  the  lobes  rounded;  stem 
naked,  rarely  with  1  or  2  leaves;  flowers  greenish;  calyx  saucer-shaped.  See 
excluded  species  no.  285,  p.  1055.) M.  nuda. 


Chrysoplenium  Saxifragaceae  519 

1.  Mitella  diphylla  L.  Bishopscap.  Map  1075.  Infrequent  to  frequent 
probably  throughout  the  state  although  there  are  no  records  from  the 
southwestern  counties.  It  is  found  in  moist  or  wet  soil,  usually  on  wooded 
slopes,  especially  on  the  steep  slopes  of  deep  ravines,  and  more  rarely  in 
flat  woods. 

Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Mo.,  and  Iowa. 

3199.  CHRYSOSPLENIUM  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Chrysosplenium  americanum  Schwein.  Golden  Saxifrage.  Map 
1076.  I  found  this  species  as  a  common  plant  in  shaded  woodland  in  cool, 
shallow  water  slowly  moving  through  a  depression  in  the  woods,  and  also 
in  adjacent  pools  of  water  in  Porter  County  along  the  traction  line  north 
of  Willis  Stop.  It  has  been  reported  from  Lake,  Marshall  (Nieuwland  re- 
ported it  as  found  by  Clark,  but  Clark  did  not  report  it  in  his  list  of  plants 
in  "Lake  Maxinkuckee"  by  Evermann  &  Clark),  Porter,  and  St.  Joseph 
Counties.  It  is,  no  doubt,  local  in  its  distribution  because  of  its  peculiar 
habitat ;  however,  since  the  plant  is  so  inconspicuous,  it  may  be  more  fre- 
quent than  the  reports  indicate. 

N.  S.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ohio,  and  Minn. 

3203.  PARNASSIA  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Parnassia  glauca  Raf.  (See  Bartonia  17:18.  1935.)  (Parnassia  caro- 
liniana  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2, 
not  Michx.)  Map  1077.  This  species  is  found  only  in  wet,  marly  areas 
about  lakes  and  in  the  outlets  of  springs.  It  is  almost  invariably  associated 
with  Lobelia  Kalmil  Infrequent  to  frequent  throughout  the  lake  area, 
becoming  rare  or  absent  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state. 

N.  B.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  Iowa. 

3208.  PHILADELPHIA  L.  Mockorange 
Flowers  racemose,  5-7,  fragrant;  calyx  lobes  acuminate,  12-15  mm  long.    (See  excluded 

species  no.  286,  p.  1055.) p-  ooronarius. 

Flowers  1-3,  usually  solitary,  inodorous;  calyx  lobes  acute. 

Calyx  lobes  about  twice  as  long  as  the  tube,  8-10  mm  long.    (See  excluded  species 

'  no.  287,  p.  1056.) p-  grandiflorus. 

Calyx  lobes  about  equaling  the  tube,  about  7  mm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no. 
'  288,  p.  1056.) p-  inodorus. 

3217.  HYDRANGEA  L.  Hydrangea 

[St.  John.    A  critical  revision  of  Hydrangea  arborescens.    Rhodora  23: 
203-208.    1921.] 

Lower  surface  of  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  principal  nerves;  blades  cordate, 
rounded,  or  tapering  at  the  base. 
Blades  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base. 

Corymbs  without  sterile  flowers,  or  with  only  a  few  of  them 1.  H.  arborescens. 

Corymbs  with  all  the  flowers  sterile la.  H.  arborescens  var.  sterilis. 

Blades  tapering  at  the  base lb.  H.  arborescens  var.  oblonga. 

Lower  surface  of  leaves  pubescent  over  the  entire  surface,  the  pubescence  more  or  less 
dense  but  not  tomentose lc.  H.  arborescens  var.  Deamii. 


520 


GROSSULARIACEAE 


Hydrangea 


0  ^50 

Map  1077 


Parnassia      glauca    Raf 


0  50 

Map  1078 


Hydrangea     arborescens    L. 


0  50 

Map    1079 


Ribes     americanum    Mill. 


1.  Hydrangea  arborescens  L.  Smooth  Hydrangea.  Map  1078.  Rather 
frequent  in  one  or  more  of  its  forms  in  the  southern  half  of  the  state, 
becoming  infrequent  to  very  rare  northward  and  possibly  entirely  absent 
from  the  region  north  of  the  distribution  area  shown  on  the  map.  This 
is  a  woodland  species  and  is  usually  found  in  small  colonies  on  the  slopes 
and  banks  of  deep  ravines,  cliffs,  and  streams. 

N.  Y.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

la.  Hydrangea  arborescens  var.  sterilis  T.  &  G.  Mottier  found  this 
rare  form  in  Monroe  County  and  his  report  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 
1919:  59-62.    1921)  is  the  only  one  of  this  variety. 

lb.  Hydrangea  arborescens  var.  oblonga  T.  &  G.  At  first  I  thought  this 
variety  was  a  mere  environmental  form.  About  8  years  ago  I  transplanted 
some  plants  into  a  bed  in  rich  soil  with  the  typical  form  and  the  plants 
have  each  year  had  rather  small  leaves  with  the  blades  tapering  at  the 
base.  In  this  bed  I  have  transplanted  several  forms  and  each  year  the 
plants  maintain  their  peculiar  forms.  The  distribution  is  probably  the 
same  as  that  of  the  species,  and  they  are  included  on  the  same  map. 

lc.  Hydrangea  arborescens  var.  Deamii  St.  John.  This  form  is  dis- 
tinguished from  the  type  only  by  the  dense  pubescence  of  the  lower  sur- 
face of  the  leaves.  The  leaves  are  of  all  shapes.  Since  there  is  no  character 
other  than  pubescence  to  distinguish  this  variety,  it  might  be  better  to 
distinguish  it  as  a  mere  form  of  the  species. 

Ohio  and  Ind.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  westw.  to  Okla. 


117A.  GROSSULARIACEAE  Dumort.  Gooseberry  Family 

[Berger.   A  taxonomic  review  of  currants  and  gooseberries.    New  York 
State  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.  Tech.  Bull.  109:  1-118.    1924.] 

Pedicels  jointed  beneath  the  ovary;  flowers  of  racemes  normally  5  or  more;  bractlets 

of  flowers  linear,  generally  5-8  mm  long;  shrubs  without  nodal  spines 

3249.    Ribes,  p.  521. 


Kibes 


Grossulariaceae 


521 


4 
29 

° 

A    ° 

1     o 

1     ID          D 

0 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

C      0           B 

—  D  DP          D 
_  P         B 

^.S»                      E 

{7        D 

.    TV 

f\M  ■_ 

)        D 

D 

D 

D 

\ 

B 
D 

D 

D          „ 

% 

D 

0        D 

0               ° 

D 

- 

B 
D          D 

d   r   * 

D 

D                ' 

D 

D        I 

P 

B          0 
|     D             T' 

Dec  C 

b   Lb  d 

0      DP          D 
IU    P 

\a\ — 1 — 

i  Lv 

h— .  J  d  V, 

D     |        Jxtf  ( 

0 

^/    Miles 

Grc 

55 

ulari 

s   c 

ynosbati 

0                 50 

Map   1080 
(U   Mill. 

0  50 

Map    1081 
Grossularia     missouriensis 


(Nutt.)    Cov. 


iritt. 


0  50 

Map  1082 


Grossularia     hirtella    (Michx.)    Spach 


Pedicels  not  jointed  beneath  the  ovary;  flowers  in  clusters  of  1-4,  rarely  5;  bractlets 
of  flowers  sheathlike,  as  wide  as  long,  about  2  mm  long;  shrubs  with  nodal  spines 
(usually  lacking  in  Grossularia  hirtella) 3249A.    Grossularia,  p.  521. 

3249.  RIBES  L.  Currant 

Leaves  with  numerous  resinous  dots  beneath 1.  R.  americanum. 

Leaves  without  resinous  dots  beneath. 

Ovary  densely  glandular-bristly.    (See  excluded  species  no.  289,  p.  1056.) 

R.   glandulosum. 

Ovary  glabrous. 

Flowers  purplish;  weak,  ascending  shrubs  about  0.5  m  high.    (See  excluded  species 

no.  292,  p.  1056.) R-  triste. 

Flowers  yellow  or  greenish  yellow;  erect  shrubs  more  than  0.5  m  high. 

Flowers  greenish  yellow;  calyx  tube  obsolete;  fruit  red.     (See  excluded  species 

no.  291,  p.  1056.) R-  sativum. 

Flowers  bright   yellow;   calyx  tube  evident;   fruit  black.     (See  excluded  species 
no.  290,  p.  1056.) R.  odoratum. 

1.  Kibes  americanum  Mill.  (Ribes  floridum  L'Her.  and  Ribes  ameri- 
canum f.  mesochorum  (Nieuwl.)  Deam.)1  American  Black  Currant. 
Map  1079.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in  the  lake  area,  becoming  rare  south- 
ward and  probably  absent  from  most  of  the  unglaciated  area.  In  the  cen- 
tral part  of  the  state  it  grows  generally  in  wet  prairie  habitats  and  springy 
places  and  in  the  lake  area  it  grows  in  similar  habitats  and  in  mucky 
places  and  decadent  tamarack  bogs. 

N.  B.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  Iowa,  and  Nebr. 


3249A.  GROSSULARIA  [Tourn.]  Mill.  Gooseberry 

Ovary  with  soft,  glandless  bristles  or  prickles,  rarely  glabrous;  spreading  shrubs  with 
nodal  spines;  nodal  spines  1-3,  rarely  lacking,  generally  about  10  mm  long;  our 
common  wild  gooseberry 1.  G.  Cynosbati. 


1  Ribes  americanum  forma  mesochorum    (Nieuwland)    Deam,  comb,  now   Coreosma 
americana  var.  mesochora  Nieuwland.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  4:  60.    1915. 


522  Grossulariaceae  .  Grossularia 

Ovary  glabrous,  rarely  pubescent  or  with  stalked  glands. 

Stamens  much  exserted,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  petals,  often  exceeding  the 
sepals;  ovaries  glabrous. 
Nodal  spines  usually  present,  1-3,  generally   8-20  mm  long,  occurring  at  almost 

every  node 2.  G.  missouriensis. 

Nodal  spines  none  or  single,  rarely  3,  about  5  mm  long.     (See  excluded  species 

no.  295,  p.  1057.) G.  rotundifolia. 

Stamens  not  exserted,  at  most  not  more  than  the  length  of  the  petals. 

Calyx  pubescent;  nodal  spines  1-3,  stout,  usually  7-15  mm  long,  occurring  at 
almost  every  node;  ovary  green  or  yellowish  to  red,  pubescent  and  glandular- 
bristly  or  glabrous    (See  excluded  species  no.  294,  p.  1057.) G.  reclinata. 

Calyx  glabrous. 

Young  branchlets  generally  bristly;  nodal  spines  present,  usually  3. 
Calyx  tube  cylindric-campanulate;  peduncle  elongated.    (See  excluded  species 

no.  296,  p.  1057.) G.  setosa. 

Calyx  tube   campanulate;   peduncle   scarcely   exceeding  the  bud  scales.     (See 

excluded  species  no.  293,  p.  1056.) G.  oxyacanthoides. 

Young  branchlets  not  bristly,  rarely  some  bristles  at  the  base  of  vigorous  ones; 
plants  rarely  with  nodal  spines,  which,  if  present,  are  subulate  and  5-10 
mm    long 3.     G.   hirtella. 

1.  Grossularia  Cynosbati  (L.)  Mill.  (Ribes  Cynosbati  L.  of  Gray,  Man., 
ed.  7.)  Pasture  Gooseberry.  Map  1080.  Infrequent  to  common  through- 
out the  state  except  the  southwestern  part,  from  which  there  are  no  records 
or  specimens.  The  species  prefers  a  moist,  rich  soil  and  is  found  generally 
in  woodland.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  however,  it  is  generally 
found  in  the  crevices  of  rocks  on  rocky,  wooded  slopes  along  streams. 

N.  B.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  C.,  Ala.,  and  Mo. 

2.  Grossularia  missouriensis  (Nutt.)  Cov.  &  Britt.  (Ribes  gracile 
Michx.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7.)  Missouri  Gooseberry.  Map  1081.  This 
species  has  been  reported  from  Hamilton,  Kosciusko,  Lake,  Marion,  St. 
Joseph,  and  Tippecanoe  Counties.  In  the  herbarium  of  DePauw  Uni- 
versity there  are  specimens  from  Jasper,  Putnam,  and  Vigo  Counties.  My 
specimens  are  mostly  from  the  central  and  western  counties  where  I  found 
them  in  dry  soil,  usually  on  the  bluffs  of  streams.  The  Henry  County 
specimen  was  found  in  a  dry  woods  and  the  one  from  Tippecanoe  County 
was  found  with  skunkcabbage  in  a  springy  place. 

Ind.  to  Minn.,  and  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Kans.,  Mo.,  and  Tenn. 

3.  Grossularia  hirtella  (Michx.)  Spach.  (Ribes  oxyacanthoides  L.  in 
part,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7.)  Low  Wild  Gooseberry.  Map  1082.  This 
species  is  restricted  to  the  northern  counties  and  is  found  only  in  wet 
places,  mostly  in  tamarack  bogs.  It  is  infrequent  to  very  rare  in  the  area 
of  its  distribution. 

The  extreme  variability  of  this  species,  especially  in  the  shape  of  the 
leaves  and  in  the  amount  of  pubescence  on  their  under  surface,  has  led  to 
the  naming  of  varieties  of  it.  Writers  tell  us  that  the  bases  of  the  leaves 
of  this  species  are  generally  more  or  less  cuneate  and  that  the  bases  of 
the  leaves  of  Grossularia  oxyacanthoides  are  truncate  or  cordate. 
I  have  two  specimens  with  the  bases  of  the  leaves  cordate  but  I  think, 
because  of  other  characters,  that  they  belong  to  this  species.    I  have  one 


Liquid  am  bar 


Hamamelidaceae 


523 


specimen  that  has  a  few  stalked  glands  which  do  not  properly  belong 
to  this  species. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  W.  Va.,  and  S.  Dak. 

123.  HAMAMELIDACEAE  Lindl.  Witch-hazel  Family 
3309.  HAMAMELIS  L. 

1.  Hamamelis  virginiana  L.  (Hamamelis  virginiana  var.  angustifolia 
Nieuwl.  and  Hamamelis  virginiana  var.  orbiculata  Nieuwl.  in  Amer.  Mid- 
land Nat.  3:  63-64.  1913.)  Common  American  Witch-hazel.  Map  1084. 
Infrequent  to  locally  common  in  the  counties  shown  on  the  map.  In  some 
of  the  central  and  southwestern  counties  it  is  either  very  rare  or  absent. 
It  generally  grows  in  sandy  soil  in  black  and  white  oak  woods  and  on  the 
banks  of  streams.   It  prefers  the  shade  of  the  forest  or  banks. 

The  branches  of  this  shrub  are  the  source  of  commercial  witch-hazel 
but  the  shrub  has  never  been  commercialized  in  Indiana. 

N.  S.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

123A.  ALTINGIACEAE  Hayne.  Altingia  Family 
3298.  LIQUIDAMBAR  L. 
1.  Liquidambar  Styraciflua  L.  Sweet  Gum.  (Sweetgum  of  Standard- 
ized Plant  Names.)  Map  1083.  Restricted  to  low  woods  in  the  southern 
half  of  the  state.  Where  it  is  found,  it  is  usually  a  frequent  to  common 
tree  and  associated  with  American  beech,  pin  oak,  American  elm,  river 
birch,  and  red  maple.  Also  known  as  red  gum  by  foresters  and  in  com- 
merce. 

Conn.,  s.  Ohio,  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Guatemala. 

124.  PLATANACEAE  Lindl.  Planetree  Family 
3314.  PLATANUS  [Tourn.]  L. 
1.     Platanus  occidentalis  L.   (Platanus  occidentalis  f.  attenuata  Sarg.) 
American  Planetree.    Map  1085.    In  Indiana  it  is  generally  known  as 


52 1  ROSACEAE 

sycamore.  This  species,  no  doubt,  is  found  in  every  county  of  the  state 
except  Benton  County.  It  grows  in  low  woods  and  on  the  low  borders  of 
lakes  and  streams.  While  it  thrives  in  places  that  are  inundated,  it  is  not 
found  in  the  "flats"  of  southeastern  Indiana.  It  is  an  infrequent  to  a 
frequent  tree  but  rarely  forms  a  thick  stand  over  several  acres. 
Maine,  Ont.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  the  Gulf  States  and  Tex. 

126.  ROSACEAE  B.  Juss.  Rose  Family 

Stems  armed  more  or  less  with  prickles,  woody;  leaves  compound. 

Flowers  white;  fruit  an  aggregate  of  drupelets,  mostly  black  (one  species  with  red, 
one  with  reddish  purple,  and  one  variety  with  amber  fruit);  stems  biennial.... 

3353.  Rubus,  p.  555. 

Flowers  of  all  the  native  and  most  of  the  introduced  species  pink  (a  few  introduced 
species  with   white   flowers);   fruit   a   fleshy  hypanthium,  red,   rarely  greenish; 

stems  perennial 3389.     Rosa,  p.  573. 

Stems  not  armed  with  prickles  (thorny  in  Crataegus) . 
Plants  woody. 
Leaves  simple. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  generally  well  armed  with  conspicuous  thorns  (a  few 
species  rarely  nearly  thornless) ;  flowers  white,  rarely  pinkish,  corymbose; 
fruit  a  pome,  red,  green  streaked  with  red  or  yellowish,  containing  1-5  bony 

carpels 3345.    Crataegus,  p.  533. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  without  thorns. 

Flowers  purplish;  fruit  rose  purple,  an  aggregate  of  drupelets 

3353.    Rubus  odoratus,  p.  558. 

Flowers  white  or  pinkish;  fruit  not  an  aggregate  of  drupelets  except  in  Rubus 
pubescens. 
Flowers  in  long  or  short  racemes. 

Fruit  a  berrylike  pome  with  10  incomplete  cells,  each  cell  with  a  seed.  . .  . 

3343.  Amelanchier,  p.  531. 

Fruit  a  fleshy  drupe  with  one  stone 3396.   Prunus,  p.  578. 

Flowers  in  umbels,  umbel-like  clusters,  cymes  or  panicles. 

Flowers  in  terminal  panicles  or  corymbs,  usually  more  than  20  flowers 

in  an  inflorescence;  flowers  usually  less  than  1  cm  in  diameter;  fruit 

of  1-5  follicles,  each  with   1-7  seed. 

Bark  shreddy;  spreading  shrubs;  leaves  ovate  to  nearly  orbicular,  most 

of    them    more    or    less    lobed;    follicles    inflated,    7-10    mm    long, 

2-3-seeded 3316.    Physocarpus,  p.  526. 

Bark  not  shreddy;  erect  shrubs;  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate;    follicles  not  inflated,  about   3  mm  long,  generally  2-7- 

seeded 3319.    Spiraea,  p.  526. 

Flowers    in    terminal    or    lateral    clusters,    fewer   than    20    flowers    in   an 
inflorescence;   flowers  more  than   1  cm  in  diameter;  fruit  a  pome  or 
drupe. 
Fruit  a  pome,  green,  yellowish  green,  or  black. 

Fruit  2-4.5  cm  wide,  green  or  yellowish  green,  depressed-globose  or 
pyriform   (rarely  elongate  in  the  wild  apple). 
Petals  pinkish,  rarely  white;   styles  more  or  less  united;  fruit  de- 
pressed-globose, rarely  elongate 3338A.    Malus,  p.  528. 

Petals  white;  styles  free  to  the  ovary;  fruit  more  or  less  pyriform. 

3338.   Pyrus,  p.  528. 

Fruit  about  1  cm  wide,  black 3338C.  Aronia,  p.  530. 

Fruit  a  drupe,  red  or  purplish  black 3396.    Prunus,  p.  578. 

Leaves  compound. 


ROSACEAE  525 

Leaves  pinnate,  1.5-3.5  cm  long,  silky-pubescent  beneath;  flowers  yellow;  fruit 

a  head  of  many  achenes 3356.    Potentilla,  p.  565. 

Leaves  pinnate  or  3-5-foliolate,  not  silky-pubescent  beneath;  flowers  white;  fruit 
a  reddish  pome  or  a  cluster  of  reddish  or  reddish  purple  drupelets. 
Leaves  pinnate,  10-16  cm  long;  leaflets  generally  13-17;  fruit  a  reddish  pome.  . 

3338B.  Sorbus,  p.  529. 

Leaves  3-5-foliolate;   small  herbaceous  or  semi- woody  plants  of  a  decumbent 
or  trailing  habit,  of  a  wet  or  bog  habitat;  fruit  small,  usually  consisting 

of  fewer  than  15  drupelets 3353.   Rubus  pubescens,  p.  558. 

Plants  herbaceous. 

Fruit  juicy,  white  or  reddish  purple;  leaves  3-5-foliolate. 

Fruit  on  naked  scapes,  red  or  white 3354.    Fragaria,  p.  563. 

Fruit  terminal  or  in  the  axils  of  leaves. 

Calyx  with  5  large  bracts;  petals  yellow;  fruit  red,  strawberrylike 

3355.   Duchesnea,  p.  564. 

Calyx  not  bracted;   petals  white;   fruit  an   aggregate  of  drupelets    (drupelets 
usually  fewer  than  15),  reddish  purple. .  .  .3353.   Rubus  pubescens,  p.  558. 
Fruit  dry. 

Plants  stemless  or  nearly  so;  leaves  appearing  to  be  all  basal,  trifoliate;  flowers 

scapose,  yellow;  carpels  few,  generally  2-6,  rarely  up  to  10,  1-ovuled 

3363.    Waldsteinia,  p.  568. 

Plants  not  as  above. 

Flowers  white  in   one  or  more  long,  terminal  spikes  or  the  spikes  in   large, 

terminal  panicles,  or  greenish  in  dense,  peduncled  heads;  leaves  pinnately 

divided  into  7-19  leaflets  or  twice  or  thrice  pinnate;  fruit  a  short  follicle 

or  an  achene  enclosed  by  the  4-angled  calyx  tube. 

Leaves    once    pinnate;    leaflets    serrate    or    incised;    flowers    white    in    long 

(5-15    cm),    terminal    spikes    or    green    with    purple    stigmas    in    dense, 

peduncled  heads;   fruit  an   achene  enclosed  by  the   calyx  tube 

3381.  Sanguisorba,  p.  573. 

Leaves  ternately  twice  or  thrice  pinnatifid;  leaflets  ovate-oblong,  long- 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  sharply  doubly  serrate;  flowers  in  spikes  ar- 
ranged  in   a  large,   open,   terminal   panicle;    fruit   of   2   or   3   glabrous 

follicles 3322.   Aruncus,  p.  527. 

Flowers  and  inflorescence  not  as  in  the  two  preceding. 

Calyx  bracteolate,  the  bracts  alternate  with  the  calyx  lobes. 

Styles  long,  bent  and  jointed  near  the  middle,  at  maturity  the  upper  part 
deciduous,    the    lower    part    persistent    and    hooked    at    the    summit; 

flowers  white,  yellow  or  purple 3365.    Geum,  p.  568. 

Styles  deciduous,  not  jointed  or  hooked;  flowers  yellow 

3356.   Potentilla,  p.  565. 

Calyx  not  bracteolate. 

Leaves  trifoliate  or  the  upper  ones  3-lobed  or  simple  on  short  petioles; 

petals  white,  about  1  cm  long 3325.    Gillenia,  p.  527. 

Leaves  pinnate;  flowers  many;  petals  yellow,  pinkish  or  white,  less  than 
1  cm  long. 
Flowers    in    large,    cymose   panicles,   white    or   pink;    fruit    a    1-seeded 

indehiscent  capsule 3374.    Filipendula,  p.  571. 

Flowers   in   spikelike  racemes,  yellow;   fruit   (the   enlarged  calyx  tube 

enclosing  the  2  achenes)   with  hooked  bristles 

3376.  Agrimonia,  p.  571. 

3316.  PHYSOCARPUS  Maxim. 

Follicles  glabrous  or  glabrate LP.  opulifolius. 

Follicles  more  or  less  densely  pubescent la.  P.  opulifolius  var.  intermedius. 


526 


ROSACEAE 


Physocarpus 


0  50 

Map  1086 


Physocarpus    opulifolius     ILJ    Maxim. 


1 

2 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

D 
D 

p  1 

f 

'     P 

V 

f^ 

" 

X 

1 

r 

1m 

J 

t 

Dec  £ 

t 
■  ' — 

y     Wiles 

var.    inte 

carp 
rmec 

i/             Map   1087 
us    opulifolius 

ius    (Rydb.)    Rob. 

o  53 

Map  1088 


Spiraea    alba    DuRoi 


1.  Physocarpus  opulifolius  (L.)  Maxim.  (Opulnster  opulifolius  (L.) 
Kuntze  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Common  Ninebark. 
Map  1086.  Generally  local  to  very  local  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  gen- 
erally grows  along  streams  a  few  feet  above  the  water  level,  sometimes 
higher  up  on  the  banks,  and  rarely  in  crevices  at  the  tops  of  cliffs.  I  once 
found  it  in  a  marsh  along  Pigeon  River  west  of  Mongo,  in  Lagrange 
County,  where  it  was  common. 

Que.  to  ne.  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ky. 

la.  Physocarpus  opulifolius  var.  intermedius  (Rydb.)  Robinson. 
(Opulaster  intermedius  Rydb.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.) 
Illinois  Ninebark.  Map  1087.  I  am  not  able  to  separate  this  variety  from 
the  species  by  any  character  other  than  the  pubescence.  The  number  of 
follicles  of  both  species  and  variety  of  all  except  one  of  my  specimens  is  3. 
The  pedicels,  with  one  exception,  are  densely  stellate-pubescent.  The 
habitat  is  similar  to  that  of  the  species. 

Western  N.  Y.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  111.,  Mo.,  Ark.,  and  Colo. 


3319.  SPIRAEA  [Tourn.]  L.  Spirea 

Leaves  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  beneath;  calyx  lobes  not  reflexed. 
Inflorescence  puberulent. 

Inflorescence  elongate,  paniculate 1.  S.  nlha. 

Inflorescence  flat-topped,  corymbose.    (See  excluded  species  no.  297,  p.  1057.) 

S.    japonica. 

Inflorescence  glabrous  or  glabrate.    (See  excluded  species  no.  298,  p.  1057.) 

S.     lati  folia. 

Leaves  tomentose  beneath;  calyx  lobes  reflexed 2.  S.  tomentosa. 

1.  Spiraea  alba  DuRoi.  (Spiraea  salici folia  L.  in  part,  of  Gray,  Man., 
ed.  7.)  Meadow  Spirea.  Map  1088.  This  species  is  infrequent  to  frequent 
in  the  lake  area  and  southward  to  the  center  of  the  state  in  moist,  black 
soil  about  lakes,  in  marshes,  and  in  roadside  ditches.    South  of  this  area 


Aruncus 


Rosaceae 


527 


0  50 

Map  1089 


Spiraea     tomentosa    L. 


it  becomes  infrequent  to  very  rare  or  possibly  absent  in  a  few  counties 
of  the  unglaciated  region. 

Ont.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Miss. 

2.  Spiraea  tomentosa  L.  (Spiraea  tomentosa  var.  rosea  (Raf.)  Fern.) 
HARDHACK.  Map  1089.  Hardhack  requires  a  slightly  acid  soil  and  is  fre- 
quent to  common  in  the  lake  area  as  shown  on  the  map.  I  have  seen  areas 
from  an  acre  to  not  less  than  ten  acres  in  extent  in  low  flats  where  this 
species  was  the  principal  ground  cover.  South  of  this  area  it  is  absent 
until  the  pin  oak  and  sweet  gum  flats  of  the  southern  counties  are  reached 
where  it  is  sometimes  found  but  generally  in  very  limited  numbers. 

When  a  large  colony  is  studied  one  finds  that  most  of  the  specimens  have 
elongated  and  narrow  inflorescences  but  on  more  vigorous  specimens  the 
inflorescences  are  often  spreading.  The  tomentum  on  the  capsules  varies 
in  abundance  but  the  capsules  never  become  entirely  glabrous. 

N.  S.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Kans. 


3322.  ARUNCUS  [L.]  Adans. 

1.  Aruncus  dioicus  (Walt.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  41 :  423.  1939.)  (Aruncus 
Sylvester  Kost.  of  Indiana  authors  and  Aruncus  Aruncus  (L.)  Karst.) 
Common  Goatsbeard.  Map  1090.  This  plant  is  restricted  almost  entirely 
to  the  unglaciated  part  of  the  state.  It  is  local  to  very  local  and  grows  on 
the  bluffs  of  streams  and  on  steep,  wooded  slopes.  It  is  often  found  clinging 
to  the  brink  of  the  top  of  steep,  washed  slopes  and  often  is  associated  with 
Hydrangea. 

Ind.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ark.  and  Okla. 

3325.  GILLfiNIA  Moench 

Leaflets  beneath  covered  more  or  less  with  sessile  or  stalked  glands;  stipules  mostly 
foliaceous,  more  or  less  incised 1.  G.  stipulata. 

Leaflets  glandless  beneath;  stipules  small,  usually  less  than  5  mm  wide,  entire  to  ser- 
rate.    (See  excluded  species  no.  300,  p.  1058.) G.  trifoliata. 


528  Rosaceae  Malus 

1.     Gillenia  stipulata   (Muhl.)   Trel.     (Porteranthus  stipulatus   (Muhl.) 
Britt.)    Indian-physic.  Map  1091. 

The  report  in  Coulter's  Catalogue  by  Barnes  from  Tippecanoe  County  I 
am  regarding  as  an  error.  There  is,  however,  in  the  herbarium  of  the 
University  of  Michigan  a  specimen  collected  in  Madison  County  by  Charles 
Piper  Smith,  July  22,  1904.  It  is  infrequent  to  very  local  except  in  the 
knob  area  where  it  is  most  frequent.  It  grows  in  dry  soil  and  is  usually 
found  on  the  crests  and  slopes  of  chestnut  oak  and  post  oak  ridges.  In  the 
southwestern  part  of  Posey  County  it  is  found  in  the  post  oak  flats.  The 
leaves  of  this  plant  are  mostly  trifoliate  but  often  those  at  the  base  have 
pinnatifid  leaflets  and  those  below  the  inflorescence  may  be  only  three- 
lobed. 

Ont.,  N.  Y.,  and  N.  J.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

3338.  PYRUS  [Tourn.]  L. 
See  excluded  species  no.  301,  p.  1058. 

3338A.  MALUS  Mill.  Apple 

Margins  of  leaves  of  sterile  branchlets  generally  more  incised  than  those  of  fruiting 

branchlets;  teeth  of  leaves  of  both  sterile  and  fruiting  branchlets  variable  in  size; 

pedicels  slender,  1  mm  or  less  in  diameter  at  flowering  time;  sepals  about  2  mm 

wide  at  the  base. 

Older  leaves  generally  glabrous  or  nearly  so  beneath  at  flowering  time,  those  at  the 

ends  of  the  branchlets  usually  more  or  less  tomentose,  all  of  the  leaves  glabrous 

at  maturity  or  with  some  pubescence  on  the  principal  nerves. 

Outer  surface  of  calyx  glabrous  or  nearly  so  at  flowering  time.  . .  .1.  M.  coronaria. 

Outer  surface  of  calyx  tomentose  at  flowering  time 

la.  M.  coronaria  var.  dasycalyx. 

Older  leaves  as  well  as  those  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets  densely  tomentose  be- 
neath, the  tomentum  persisting  on  most  of  the  leaves  until  maturity 

2.  M.  ioensis. 

Margins  of  leaves  of  both  sterile  and  fruiting  branchlets  similar  in  shape;  teeth  of 
leaves  of  both  sterile  and  fruiting  branchlets  similar  in  size  and  shape;  pedicels 
stout,  1.4-2  mm  in  diameter  at  flowering  time;  sepals  3-4.5  mm  wide  at  the  base. 
(See  excluded  species  no.  303,  p.  1058.) M.  pumila. 

1.  Malus  coronaria  (L.)  Mill.  (Mains  glaucescens  Rehd.  and  Malus 
lancifolia  Rehd.  of  Deam,  Trees  of  Indiana.)  Wild  Sweet  Crab.  Map 
1092.  Found  throughout  the  state  in  various  kinds  of  soil  of  varying 
amounts  of  moisture.  It  generally  grows  in  colonies,  mostly  in  open  wood- 
land, clearings,  and  wood  pastures  and  along  roadsides  and  fences. 

The  genus  Malus  of  the  "Trees  of  Indiana"  was  written  by  W.  W.  Eggle- 
ston.  A  careful  restudy  of  my  specimens  convinces  me  that  those  using 
a  local  flora  of  this  kind  will  be  best  served  by  regarding  this  species  as 
polymorphic  in  many  of  its  parts.  Specimens  can  be  found  that  show 
wide  differences  but  these  can  be  connected  by  intermediates. 

The  synonymy  of  the  species  is  involved  and  is  omitted  unless  it  ap- 
plies to  names  used  in  "Trees  of  Indiana"  by  Deam. 

N.  Y.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Ala. 


Sorbus 


ROSACEAE 


529 


1 

36 

1 

Jan 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec  £ 

if 

D 

0 

^^/    D 

D 

p 

0  ,          D 

r 

D 

\ 

M 

D 

D 

■ 

D 

X 

B 

D 

D       

T            D 

D 

r 

-  i 

T   D 
D                  l/j 

Tb»    D         J 

/    Miles 

j 

T7 

p 

0 
•  i — 

D       L_ 

0  1     D 

1  P 

D 

M< 

lus 

cor 

>naria     (L  ) 

50 

Map   1092 

Mill 

0  50 

Map  1093 


Malus   coronaria    var.    dasycalyx    Rehd 


Malus 


(Wood) 


0  50 

Map  1094 

Britt. 


la.  Malus  coronaria  var.  dasycalyx  Rehd.  Map  1093.  Rehder  says  this 
variety  also  has  the  leaves  paler  beneath  than  the  species.  It  occurs 
throughout  the  state  with  the  species. 

Ont.  to  Ohio  and  Ind. 

2.  Malus  ioensis  (Wood)  Britt.  Prairie  Crab.  Map  1094.  This  is,  for 
the  most  part,  a  low,  widely  spreading  tree  which,  according  to  specimens 
seen,  is  restricted  mostly  to  the  western  part  of  the  state. 

Ind.,  Wis.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Mo. 


3338B.  SORBUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Mountain-ash 

[Jones.  A  synopsis  of  the  North  American  species  of  Sorbus.  Jour. 
Arnold  Arboretum  20:  1-43.   1939.] 

Winter  buds  glabrous  on  the  back,  the  inner  ones  ciliate  along  the  margins;  branchlets 
at  flowering  time  glabrate 1.  S.  decora. 

Winter  buds  usually  densely  pubescent;  branchlets  at  flowering  time  more  or  less 
densely  pubescent.     (See  excluded  species  no.  305,  p.  1059.) S.  Aucuparia. 

1.  Sorbus  decora  (Sarg.)  Schneid.  Showy  Mountain-ash.  Map  1095. 
The  species  of  American  mountain-ash  have  been  poorly  understood  until 
the  recent  synopsis  appeared.  Our  native  species  resembles  Sorbus  Aucu- 
paria,  a  European  species,  which  has  sparingly  escaped  in  northern  Indi- 
ana. The  European  mountain-ash  has  been  reported  as  only  single  speci- 
mens except  Nieuwland  and  Just  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  12:  221.  1930) 
found  two  colonies  of  about  20  trees  in  a  woods  about  6  miles  southwest 
of  South  Bend  and  a  single  tree  in  a  woods  about  two  and  a  half  miles 
northeast  of  Walkerton.  The  tree  at  the  last  station  named  was  about 
five  inches  in  diameter  and  approximately  35  feet  high.  They  also  report 
that  scattered  about  the  tree  were  numerous  seedlings.  So7*bus  decora  was 
first  found  in  1924  by  Harold  Orahood  in  a  woods  about  a  half  mile  north- 
west of  Union  Mills,  La  Porte  County.  The  tree  he  found  was  9  and  a  half 
inches  in  circumference  at  breast  height  and  about  20  feet  high.    In  1933 


530 


ROSACEAE 


Aronia 


0  50 

Map    1095 
Sorbus     decora  ISarqJ    Schneid. 


I  found  a  tree  on  the  border  of  a  swamp  in  Pokagon  State  Park,  Steuben 
County,  that  was  I6V2  inches  in  circumference  and  about  25  feet  high. 
Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.  and  Iowa. 


3338C.  ARONIA  Medic.  Chokeberry 

Branchlets,  lower  surface  of  leaves,  pedicels,  and  exterior  of  calyx  glabrous  or  nearly 
so  at  flowering  time,  entirely  glabrous  at  maturity 1.  A.  melanocarpa. 

Branchlets,  lower  surface  of  leaves,  pedicels,  and  exterior  of  calyx  more  or  less  densely 
pubescent  at  flowering  time,  remaining  pubescent  until  maturity  or  some  parts 
becoming  glabrous  but  pubescence  evident  on  the  remaining  parts,  the  branchlets 
always  showing  hairs  on  some  parts 2.  A.  p-runifolia. 

1.  Aronia  melanocarpa  (Michx.)  Ell.  (Pyrus  melanocarpa  (Michx.) 
Willd.  and  Aronia  melanocarpa  (Michx.)  Britt.)  Black  Chokeberry. 
Map  1096.  This  species,  like  the  next  one,  grows  only  in  slightly  acid 
soil.  In  the  lake  area  it  grows  in  moist,  sandy  woods  and  tamarack  bogs 
and  on  the  borders  of  lakes ;  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state  it  grows  in 
moist  or  wet,  hard  clay  soil  and  on  the  exposed  parts  of  sandstone  cliffs. 
It  is  not  frequent  but  common  where  it  is  found  in  the  north,  and  rare  to 
very  rare  in  the  south  where  there  are  generally  only  a  few  plants  in  a 
place  or  in  very  small  colonies.   It  is  usually  2-5  feet  high. 

N.  S.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla. 

2.  Aronia  prunifolia  (Marsh.)  Render.  (Jour.  Arnold  Arboretum  19: 
74.  1938.)  (Aronia  floribunda  (Lindl.)  Spach,  Pyrus  arbutifolia  var.  atro- 
purpurea  (Britt.)  Rob.,  and  Aronia  atropurpurea  Britt.)  Teuscher  dis- 
cusses the  status  of  this  species  in  Torreya  33:  22-24.  1933.  Purple 
Chokeberry.  Map  1097.  Infrequent  to  local  in  the  lake  area  and  very 
local  south  of  it.  It  is  generally  3-9  feet  high  and  grows  in  old  tamarack 
bogs,  swamps,  and  low  woods.  In  a  few  places  I  have  found  it  forming  a 
dense  and  nearly  pure  stand  over  an  acre  or  more  and  growing  to  a 
height  of  6-8  feet. 


Amelanchier 


ROSACEAE 


531 


The  species  is  variable  in  the  shape,  size,  and  juiciness  of  the  fruit.  The 
common  form  has  fruit  which  is  nearly  dry  and  is  smaller  than  the  juicy 
form. 

Newf.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla. 


3343.  AMELANCHIER  Medic.  Shadblow 

[Wiegand.  Amelanchier  in  eastern  North  America.  Rhodora  14:  117- 
161.  2  pi.  1912.  Wiegand.  Additional  notes  on  Amelanchier.  Rhodora 
22:  146-151.   1920.] 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  known  to  hybridize  and  because  of  this 
fact  the  determination  of  specimens  is  often  difficult.  K.  M.  Wiegand, 
who  has  made  the  most  exhaustive  study  of  the  genus  of  anyone  in  the 
United  States,  has  named  nearly  all  of  my  specimens  which  include  several 
hybrids.  He  says  for  accurate  determination  "collections  should  be  made 
from  the  same  plant  at  flowering  time  just  as  the  petals  begin  to  fall, 
at  the  time  when  the  fruit  is  half  grown,  and  at  the  maturity  of  the  leaves. 
Mature  ripe  fruit  is  nearly  worthless.  The  mature  leaves  are  not  absolutely 
necessary,  but  the  other  two  collections  are  indispensable."  The  follow- 
ing key  is  adapted  from  his  publications : 

Teeth  of  leaves  coarse  (on  average  leaves  3-5  (6)  per  cm);  veins  conspicuous,  usually 
straight,  parallel  and  close  together,  short  intermediate  ones  few  or  none;   sum- 
mit of  ovary  woolly;  sepals  revolute  from  the  middle  at  the  time  when  the  petals 
fall;  leaves  rounded,  obtuse  or  subacute  at  the  apex. 
Petals  7-10  mm  long;  sepals  2-3   (4)   mm  long;  racemes  erect  or  nearly  so;  leaves 
oval-oblong;  veins  usually  becoming  irregular  just  before  reaching  the  margin; 
stiffly  upright  shrubs  0.3-1.2  m  high,  growing  in  colonies    (not  in  clumps)    from 
rhizomelike  bases;  margins  of  leaves  serrate  to  below  the  middle. .1.  A.  humilis. 
Petals  11-20  mm  long,  narrow;  sepals  4  mm  long;  racemes  more  or  less  drooping; 
leaves  oval-orbicular;  upper  veins,  in  typical  specimens,  running  straight  to  the 
apex   of   the   coarse,    spreading,    sharp   teeth;    scrawny,    slender,   often   arching 
shrubs,  1-2.5  m  high;  stems  solitary  or  few  together;  margins  of  leaves  serrate 
nearly  to  the  base.    (See  excluded  species  no.  311,  p.  1059.) A.  sanguinea. 


532  Rosaceae  Amelanchier 

Teeth  of  leaves  fine  (on  average  leaves  5-12  per  cm);  veins  irregular,  unequally  distant, 
usually  with  frequent,  intermediate,  shorter  ones;  summit  of  ovary  various. 
Leaves   densely   white-tomentose  when   young,   becoming   glabrous   or  nearly   so   at 
maturity. 
Apex  of  leaves  rounded  (rarely  subacute);  sepals  usually  upright.    (See  excluded 

species  no.  310,  p.  1059.) A.  oblongifolia. 

Apex  of  leaves  acute  or  short-acuminate;  sepals  usually  reflexed. 

Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  often  with  a  tinge  of  red;  petals  6-8  mm  long; 
tall  shrub,  rarely  a  small  tree,  branching  near  the  ground  or  at  first  grow- 
ing in  clumps.    (See  excluded  species  no.  309,  p.  1059.) A.  intermedia. 

Leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  short-acuminate;  petals  10-14  mm  long;  lower  pedicels 
8-17  mm  long  at  flowering  time,  becoming  15-25  mm  long  at  fruiting  time; 
petioles  remaining  pubescent  until  maturity;  small  trees  when  mature,  not 

in  clumps 2.  A.  canadensis. 

Leaves  nearly  or  entirely  glabrous  from  the  first,  ovate,  oval,  or  elliptical,  and 
very  acute  or  commonly  short-acuminate  at  maturity,  brownish  purple,  half 
grown  and  unfolded  at  flowering  time;  petals  elongated,  10-18  mm  long;  summit 
of  ovary  glabrous;  lower  pedicels  15-33  mm  long  at  flowering  time,  30-50  mm 

long  at  fruiting  time;  petioles  glabrous  at  maturity;  trees  or  tall  shrubs 

3.  A.  laevis. 

1.  Amelanchier  humilis  Wieg.  Low  Shadblow.  Map  1098.  Known  in 
Indiana  as  low  juneberry.  This  species  grows  in  colonies  in  very  sandy 
soil  in  woods  and  along  fence  rows  and  roadsides.  I  planted  roots  of  it 
10  years  ago  and  it  has  grown  well.  A  few  stems  have  come  up  from  each 
root,  otherwise  it  has  not  spread.  The  large  fruit  is  edible  and  much 
relished  by  birds  as  is  the  fruit  of  all  the  species  of  the  genus. 

Vt.  to  Minn,  and  Mack.,  southw.  to  e.  and  cent.  N.  Y.,  Ohio,  and  Nebr. 

la.  Amelanchier  humilis  X  laevis.  I  have  this  hybrid  from  Elkhart, 
Fulton,  Lagrange,  Lake,  La  Porte,  Porter,  Starke,  Steuben,  and  Warren 
Counties. 

2.  Amelanchier  canadensis  (L.)  Medic.  Downy  Shadblow.  Map  1099. 
Known  in  Indiana  as  downy  serviceberry  or  juneberry.  This  species  is 
more  or  less  infrequent  to  local  throughout  the  state  and  is  found  generally 
in  dry  soil  on  the  banks  of  streams,  on  wooded  slopes,  and  rarely  in  level 
woodland.    The  stem  is  usually  less  than  2  inches  in  diameter. 

N.  S.  and  e.  Maine,  and  from  w.  N.  E.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  La., 
and  Mo. 

2a.  Amelanchier  canadensis  X  humilis.  I  have  this  hybrid  from  Cass 
and  De  Kalb  Counties. 

2b.  Amelanchier  canadensis  X  laevis.  I  have  this  hybrid  from  Allen, 
Brown,  Clark,  Clay,  Crawford,  De  Kalb,  Fulton,  Hendricks,  Jefferson,  La- 
grange, La  Porte,  Martin,  Morgan,  Perry,  Porter,  St.  Joseph,  Starke, 
Steuben,  Warren,  and  Whitley  Counties. 

3.  Amelanchier  laevis  Wieg.  Allegheny  Shadblow.  Map  1100. 
Known  in  Indiana  as  smooth  serviceberry  or  juneberry.  Frequent  to 
infrequent  in  the  lake  area,  becoming  infrequent  to  local  southward.  This 
species,  with  the  preceding  and  their  hybrids,  is  frequent  on  the  high 
dunes  facing  Lake  Michigan.    It  is  also  found  in  old  tamarack  bogs  and 


Crataegus  Rosaceae  533 

interdimal  flats  and  on  the  low  and  high  banks  of  lakes  and  streams.  This 
species  is  the  largest  of  the  genus  in  the  state,  sometimes  reaching  a  diame- 
ter of  7  inches  and  a  height  of  40  feet. 

Newf.,  N.  E.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Kans. 

3345.  CRATAEGUS'  L.  Hawthorn,  Thorn,  Red  Haw 

[Britton  and  Brown.  Illustrated  Flora  of  the  Northeastern  United 
States,  ed.  2:  294-321.  1913;  Palmer.  Synopsis  of  North  American 
Crataegi.  Jour.  Arnold  Arboretum  6:  5-128.  1925;  Palmer.  The  Crataegus 
problem.  Jour.  Arnold  Arboretum  13:  342-362.  1932;  and  Deam.  Trees 
of  Indiana,  ed.  2:  192-228.    1932.] 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  usually  found  in  pastures,  thickets,  and  borders 
of  woodland,  and  most  abundantly  in  limestone  regions.  Many  of  the 
species  are  attractive  on  account  of  their  flowers,  foliage,  and  fruit,  and 
are  frequently  planted  in  parks  and  private  grounds.  The  fruit  of  some 
species  is  edible  and  is  sometimes  sold  on  the  market  in  some  sections, 
where  it  is  eaten  raw  or  used  for  preserves ;  its  chief  value  in  Indiana  is 
for  bird  and  game  food. 

Crataegus  is  one  of  the  largest  genera  of  woody  plants  in  the  number  of 
species,  and  it  is  one  of  the  most  difficult  for  taxonomic  treatment.  Several 
hundred  American  species  and  varieties  have  been  proposed,  many  of 
which  are  probably  hybrids  or  only  forms  of  polymorphic  species.  In  many 
cases  it  is  difficult  to  find  a  single  constant  character  that  can  be  relied 
upon  for  separating  species,  even  though  they  seem  to  be  distinct  when 
all  of  the  characters  are  considered.  The  dimensions  of  leaves,  flowers, 
and  fruit  given  in  the  descriptions  are  intended  to  cover  the  normal  range, 
but  it  should  be  understood  that  there  may  be  wider  variations  in  unusually 
vigorous  or  depauperate  forms. 

KEY  TO  THE  GROUPS 

Nutlets  not  pitted  on  ventral  surfaces;   flowers   (except  in  Cordatae)    usually  opening 
before  the  middle  of  May. 
Fruiting  calyx  persistent;   fruit  usually  falling  soon   after  maturity;   flowers   12-25 
mm  in  diameter. 
Leaves  of  flowering  branches  all  narrowed  or  acuminate  at  the  base,  mostly  of  an 
obovate,  oblong,  or  spatulate  type,  broadest  at  or  above  the  middle,  margins 
merely  serrate  or  with  shallow  or  obscure  lobes  toward  the  apex. 
Leaves  of  flowering  branches  usually  one  and  a  half  to  twice  as  long  as  wide 
(forms  of  group  IV  may  be  sought  here). 
Leaves  thick  and  usually  glossy  above,  unlobed  except  rarely  on  shoots;  veins 
not  conspicuously  impressed;   styles  and  nutlets  1-3   (rarely  more);  fruit 

remaining  hard  and  dry I.  Crus-galli. 

Leaves  thin  to  firm,  dull  above,  often   slightly  lobed  on  flowering  branches; 

styles  and  nutlets  2-5;  fruit  becoming  mellow. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  mostly  obovate,  symmetrical,  with  5-7  pairs 

of    slightly    ascending,    deeply    impressed    veins;    fruit    9-16    mm    in 

diameter  (rarely  larger) ;  nutlets  usually  2-4 II.  Punctatae. 

1  The  text  of  the  genus  Crataegus  was  written  by  Ernest  J.  Palmer  of  the  Arnold 
Arboretum,  Harvard  University.  The  manuscript  has,  with  his  approval,  been  made 
to  conform  to  the  general  style  of  the  book. 


534  Rosaceae  Crataegus 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  mostly  oblong  or  rhombic,  often  unsymmetri- 
cal,  with  4  or  5  pairs  of  strongly  ascending  veins,  not  deeply  im- 
pressed; fruit  5-10  mm  in  diameter;  styles  and  nutlets  usually  5 

III.     VlRIDES. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  usually  one  to  one  and  a  half  times  as  long  as 

wide  (except  in  forms  of  no.  10) TV.  Rotundifoliae. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  abruptly  narrowed,  rounded,  truncate,  or  subcordate 

at  the  base,  mostly  ovate,  oblong-ovate  or  elliptic,  broadest  at  or  below  the 

middle,  usually  lobed  or  incised. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  usually  slightly  narrowed  or  abruptly  acuminate 

at    the    base;    petioles    and    inflorescence    conspicuously    glandular;    usually 

shrubs V.   Intricatae. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  usually  rounded  to  subcordate  at  the  base;  petioles 
and   inflorescence   eglandular   or   slightly   glandular;    arborescent   shrubs  or 
trees. 
Leaves  thin;  fruit  7-9  mm  in  diameter,  with  small,  sessile  calyx;  flowers  12-15 

mm  in   diameter VI.   Tenuifoliae. 

Leaves  firm   to   subcoriaceous;   fruit  usually   10-20  mm  in  diameter;   flowers 

16-25  mm  in  diameter. 

Fruit  with  thin  flesh  and  relatively  large  nutlets,  remaining  hard  and  dry; 

fruiting  calyx  large  and  elevated  (except  in  no.  18) .  .  .VII.  Pruinosae. 

Fruit  becoming  mellow  or  succulent,  usually  edible;  fruiting  calyx  smaller, 

sessile  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  barely  firm;   petioles  and  primary  veins  slender;  fruit  glabrous; 

styles  and  nutlets  usually  3-4 VIII.    Coccineae. 

Leaves    firm   to    subcoriaceous;    petioles   and   primary   veins    stout;    fruit 
pubescent  at  least  toward  the  base;  styles  and  nutlets  usually  5.... 

IX.     MOLLES. 

Fruiting  calyx  deciduous;  fruit  5-7  mm  in  diameter,  bright  red,  long  persistent  after 
maturity;  flowers  about  10  mm  in  diameter,  often  not  opening  until  early  June.  . 

X.    CORDATAE. 

Nutlets  pitted  on  ventral  surfaces;  fruit  6-12  mm  in  diameter,  often  long  persistent 

after  maturity;   flowers  usually  opening  after  the  middle  of  May 

XL   Macracanthae. 


KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES 

I.    CRUS-GALLI  Loud. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  mostly  of  a  spatulate  or  obovate  type,  broadest  above  the 
middle. 
Leaves  thick  and  glossy   (except  sometimes  in  shade),  those  of  flowering  branches 
1-2.5  cm  wide,  usually  obtuse,  rounded  or  short-pointed  at  the  apex. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  mostly  1.5-2.5  cm  wide 1.  C.  criis-galli,  p.  537. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  mostly   1-1.5   cm  wide 

la.  C.  criis-galli  var.  pyracanthifolia,  p.  537. 

Leaves  thinner,  shining  above,  usually  pointed  or  acuminate  at  the  apex 

2.  C.  pyracanthoides  var.  arborea,  p.  537. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  broader,  mostly  oblong-obovate  or  elliptic,  usually  broad- 
est about  the  middle. 
Leaves  thick,  those  of  the  flowering  branches  usually  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex; 

fruit  obovoid  or  ellipsoid 3.  C.  regalis,  p.  538. 

Leaves  thinner,  those  of  the  flowering  branches  usually  rounded  or  short-pointed  at 
the  apex;  fruit  subglobose 4.  C.  acutifolia,  p.  538. 


Crataegus  Rosaceae  535 

II.     PUNCTATAE  Loud. 

Foliage  and  inflorescence  villous  or  pubescent;  leaves  dull  above. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  usually  3.5-5  cm  long,  2-3  cm  wide,  on  sterile  shoots 
acute  or  acuminate  and  incised  toward  the  apex;  fruit  12-18  mm  in  diameter.  . . . 

5.  C.  punctata,  p.  539. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  usually  2-3  cm  long,  1.5-2  cm  wide,  on  sterile  shoots 
often  obtuse  or  short-pointed  and  with  shallow  or  obscure  lobes;  fruit  8-14  mm 

in  diameter 6.  C.  collina,  p.  539. 

Foliage  and  inflorescence  glabrous  or  essentially  so;  leaves  somewhat  glossy  above. 
Leaves  mostly  rounded  or  abruptly  pointed  at  the  apex,  slightly  villous  above  when 

young;  fruit  subglobose,  bright  red  at  maturity 7.  C.  grandis,  p.  540. 

Leaves  mostly  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  glabrous;  fruit  oblong  or  obovoid, 
dull  red  or  russet  at  maturity 8.  C.  disperma,  p.  541. 

III.     VIRIDES  Beadle 

Leaves  mostly  oblong  or  rhombic  in  outline,  dentate  or  with  shallow  lobes,  thin, 
glabrous  at  maturity  except  for  tufts  of  tomentum  in  the  axils  of  the  veins; 
fruit  subglobose,  5-8  mm  in  diameter;  nutlets  usually  5 9.    C.  viridis,  p.  541. 

IV.    ROTUNDIFOLIAE  Eggl. 

Leaves  variable,  short-obovate  or  suborbicular  (or  in  the  variety  lance-ovate) ,  usually 
incised  with  small,  shallow  lobes;  fruit  subglobose,  8-14  mm  in  diameter;  nutlets 
2-3. 
Leaves  rounded   or   short-pointed   at  the   apex,  from    slightly   longer  than   wide  to 

equilateral  or  even  wider 10.  C.  Margaretta,  p.  541. 

Leaves   lance-ovate   or   lance-elliptic,   narrowed   or   acuminate   at   the   apex,   one   to 

one  and  a  half  times  as  long  as  wide 

10a.  C.  Margaretta  var.  angustifolia,  p.  543. 

V.    INTRICATAE  Sarg. 

Leaves  and  inflorescence  glabrous  or  essentially  so;  fruit  glabrous. 

Leaves  mostly   ovate,  rounded  or  abruptly  contracted  at  the  base,  broadest  below 

the  middle,  usually  sharply  lobed;  fruit  dull  orange  or  bronze 

11.  C.  intricata,  p.  543. 

Leaves    mostly    oblong-lanceolate    or    elliptic,    pointed    or    acuminate    at   both    ends, 
usually  broadest   about  the   middle,   undivided   or  with   shallow,   obscure   lobes; 

fruit  bright  red  at  maturity 12.  C.  rubella,  p.  543. 

Leaves  and  inflorescence  villous;  fruit  pubescent 13.  C.  biltmoreana,  p.  544. 

VI.     TENUIFOLIAE  Sarg. 

Leaves  thin,  mostly  ovate,  more  or  less  lobed;  flowers  12-14  mm  in  diameter;  stamens 
10  or  fewer;  fruit  7-9  mm  in  diameter,  becoming  mellow  or  succulent,  with  a  small, 
sessile  calyx 14.  C.  macrosperma,  p.  545. 

VII.     PRUINOSAE  Sarg. 

Stamens  usually  about  20;  fruiting  calyx  large  and  elevated;  leaves  glabrous  (except 
in  no.    17). 
Leaves  of  flowering  branches  mostly  ovate,  rounded  or  abruptly  contracted  at  the 
broad  base,  distinctly  longer  than  wide,  usually  blue  green. 
Leaves  glabrous;  fruit  subglobose  to  slightly  pyriform,  remaining  hard  and  dry, 
green  or  dull  crimson  at  maturity. 
Leaves  pointed  but  not  conspicuously  elongated  at  the  apex;  fruit  usually  12-16 
mm  in  diameter 15.  C.  pruinosa,  p.  545. 


536  Rosaceae  Crataegus 

Leaves  with  the  terminal  lobe  wedge-shaped  and  usually  conspicuously  elongated; 

fruit  10  mm  or  less  in  diameter 16.  C.  Gattingeri,  p.  546. 

Leaves  scabrate  above  when  young  and  usually  slightly  villous  on  the  veins  beneath; 
fruit  globose  or  depressed-globose,  becoming   slightly  mellow,  orange  red  at 

maturity 17.  C.   platycarpa,  p.  547. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  broadly  ovate  or  deltoid-ovate,  truncate  or  cordate  at 

the  base,  often  isometric  or  broader  on  shoots,  usually  yellow  green 

18.  C.  rugosa,  p.  547. 

Stamens  10  or  fewer;  fruiting  calyx  small  and  sessile;  leaves  scabrate  above  when 
young,  glabrous  beneath 19.  C.  prona,  p.  548. 

VIII.     COCCINEAE    Loud. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  mostly  ovate  or  broadly  ovate,  longer  than  wide,  abruptly 
narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  at  maturity;  fruit  obovoid 
or  nearly  globose,  10-14  mm  in  diameter. 
Flowering    corymbs    and    petioles    villous;    corymbs    usually    compound    and    many- 
flowered  20.  C.  pedicellata,  p.  548. 

Flowering  corymbs  and  petioles  glabrous;  corymbs  often  nearly  simple  and  few- 
flowered 20a.  C.  pedicellata  var.  albicans,  p.  549. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  broadly  ovate  or  deltoid-ovate,  often  isometric,  truncate 
or  subcordate  at  the  base,  permanently  pubescent  at  least  on  the  veins  beneath; 
fruit  subglobose,  14-20  mm  in  diameter 21.  C.  Putnamiana,  p.  549. 

IX.     MOLLES  Sarg. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  ovate,  oblong-ovate  or  oblong-elliptic,  pointed  or  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  3-6  cm  wide,  scabrate  or  villous  above,  pubescent  at  least  on  the 
veins  beneath,  with  stout,  villous  petioles;  fruit  15-20  mm  in  diameter,  pubescent. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  mostly  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  broad  base 

22.  C.  mollis,  p.  550. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  mostly  oblong-elliptic,  narrowed  or  acute  at  the  base. 

22a.  C.  mollis  f.  dumetosa,  p.  550. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  broadly  oval  to  suborbicular,  mostly  obtuse  or  rounded  at 
the  apex,  2.5-4  cm  in  width;  petioles  more  slender;  fruit  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 
23.  C.  Kelloggii,  p.  551. 

X.     CORDATAE  Beadle 

Leaves  glabrous,  ovate  or  deltoid-ovate  in  outline,  rounded  to  cordate  at  the  base, 
usually  with  one  or  two  pairs  of  acute,  spreading  lobes;  flowers  small,  appearing 

after  the  leaves;  fruit  5-7  mm  in  diameter,  bright  red,  with  deciduous  calyx 

24.  C.  Plwenopyrum,  p.  551. 

XL    MACRACANTHAE  Loud. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  mostly  ovate  or  elliptic,  3-4  cm  wide;  flowering  corymbs 

villous  or  glabrate;  fruit  bright  red,  mellow  or  succulent  at  maturity. 

Mature  leaves  firm  but  not  subcoriaceous,  veins  slightly  impressed  above;  flowering 

corymbs   villous   or   tomentose;   fruit   obovoid  to   nearly   globose,   orange  red   or 

scarlet;  thorns  usually  scattered  and  slender  or  branches  nearly  unarmed..    ... 

25.  C.  Calpodendron,  p.  552. 

Mature  leaves  subcoriaceous,  veins  conspicuously  impressed  above,  becoming  glabrous 
above  and  glabrate  or  finely  pubescent  along  the  veins  beneath;  flowering 
corymbs  glabrate  or  slightly  villous;  fruit  subglobose,  dark  red,  becoming  suc- 
culent; thorns  usually  numerous,  long  and  stout 26.  C.  succulenta,  p.  552. 

Leaves  of  flowering  branches  mostly  obovate  or  elliptic,  2-3  cm  wide;  flowering  corymbs 
villous  or  tomentose;  fruit  ovoid  or  subglobose,  remaining  hard,  pale  red  or  yellow 
green  at  maturity 27.  C.  incaedua,  p.  553. 


Crataegus 


Rosaceae 


537 


9 

3 

o     i 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

y-* 

D 
D 

Js^ 

[V 

V- 

0 

0 

J 

D 

r, 

TO 

D 

Dec  J- 

D 

i        ' 

D 

I       L y* 

1              T 

D     j       \     . 

T  D  -^ — / — 

J_/|           1    0  1 

1 S  ( — ^^ 

J    Miles 

c 

D 

ratae 

qus 

crus-gal 

50 

Map  IIOI 
i    L. 

0 

Map  1102 
Crataegus     pyracanthoides 
var.  arborea    (Beadle)    Palmer 


1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

V 

f^ 

-J, 

qr 

_ 

r 

trj 

J 

r1 

Dec.  j- 

■  ' — - 

D 

1        D 

IT8*       I       __J 

-/    Miles 

>  d  r   j 
Cratae 

JUS 

n 

P\       /  0               50 
Map  1103 

'galis    Beadle 

1.  Crataegus  crus-galli  L.  {Crataegus  arduennae  Sarg.,  Crataegus  at- 
tenuata  Ashe,  and  Crataegus  trahax  Ashe.)  Cockspur  Thorn.  Map  1101. 
Leaves  mostly  spatulate  or  obovate,  2-6  cm  long,  1-3.5  cm  wide,  rounded 
or  acute  at  the  apex,  attenuate  at  the  base  into  short,  slender  petioles, 
sharply  serrate  to  below  the  middle,  glabrous,  firm  in  texture,  usually  glossy 
on  the  upper  surface;  flowers  12-15  mm  wide,  in  compound,  glabrous 
corymbs ;  stamens  about  10 ;  anthers  pink  or  creamy  white ;  styles  1-3 ; 
fruit  obovoid  to  subglobose,  9-12  mm  in  diameter,  flesh  thin,  hard  and 
dry,  dull  crimson,  with  dark  blotches  or  dots;  calyx  sessile  or  nearly  so; 
calyx  lobes  entire  or  slightly  serrate  near  the  base ;  nutlets  1-3,  usually  2. 

A  small  tree  or  rarely  a  stout  shrub  up  to  6-7  m  high,  with  slightly 
scaly,  pale  gray  bark  and  spreading  branches,  forming  a  low,  flat  crown 
in  old  specimens:  branchlets  often  flexuous  and  armed  with  numerous, 
long,  slender  thorns. 

General  throughout  Indiana,  but  most  common  in  limestone  regions, 
growing  in  fertile  or  rocky  ground  in  thickets  and  pastures,  and  in  open 
woodland  along  small  streams. 

Southeastern  Canada  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  S.  C.  and  Ark. 

la.  Crataegus  crus-galli  var.  pyracanthifolia  Ait.  Differs  from  the 
typical  form  only  in  the  narrower  leaves  and  the  usually  smaller  fruit. 
This  variety  is  known  in  Indiana  only  from  Posey  County,  but  it  is  likely 
to  be  found  in  other  sections. 

2.  Crataegus  pyracanthoides  Beadle  var.  arborea  (Beadle)  Palmer. 
(Crataegus  arborea  Beadle  and  Crataegus  tenuispina  Sarg.)  Map  1102. 
Leaves  narrowly  obovate  or  lance-obovate,  3-6  cm  long,  1.5-3  cm  wide, 
acute  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  slender, 
winged  petioles,  serrate  to  below  the  middle  with  broad,  shallow  teeth, 
rather  thin  but  firm,  glabrous,  glossy  above;  flowers  12-14  mm  in  diame- 
ter, in  lax,  mostly  6-10-flowered,  glabrous  corymbs ;  stamens  10-20 ;  anthers 
usually  white  or  cream  color;  styles  3-4;  fruit  subglobose,  7-10  mm  in 
diameter,  orange  red,  flesh  thin;  nutlets  2-4,  usually  3. 


538 


ROSACEAE 


Crataegus 


o  55 

Map  1104 


Crataegus     acutifolia    Sarg 


Known  in  Indiana  only  from  Randolph  County,  growing  in  moist,  open 
woods. 

Ala.  to  Mo.  and  Ark. 

3.  Crataegus  regalis  Beadle.  (Crataegus  crus-galli  of  Eggleston  in 
part,  not  of  L.  of  Deam,  Trees  of  Indiana,  ed.  2,  pi.  78.  1932) .  Map  1103. 
Leaves  oblong-obovate  or  elliptic,  or  on  shoots  oval  to  nearly  orbicular, 
3-7  cm  long,  2-4  cm  wide,  usually  abruptly  pointed  or  short-acuminate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  slender  petioles  (8-15  mm  long), 
sharply  serrate  to  below  the  middle,  firm  to  subcoriaceous,  glabrous,  shin- 
ing above;  flowers  14-16  mm  in  diameter,  in  lax,  glabrous,  many-flowered 
corymbs;  stamens  about  10;  anthers  white  or  cream  color;  fruit  oblong 
or  ellipsoid,  8-10  mm  long,  7-8  mm  thick,  green  or  becoming  dull  red; 
calyx  lobes  linear,  entire  or  nearly  so,  often  persistent  and  appressed  on 
the  fruit;  nutlets  2-3. 

A  tree  sometimes  6-8  m  high,  with  gray,  slightly  scaly  bark  and  with 
wide-spreading  branches,  abundantly  armed  with  long,  spreading  thorns. 

Found  in  the  southern  part  of  Indiana  growing  in  fertile  soil  along 
streams  and  in  open  woodland  and  thickets. 

N.  C.  and  Ga.  to  Ind.,  Mo.  and  Ark. 

4.  Crataegus  acutifolia  Sarg.  (Crataegus  erecta  Sarg.  and  Crataegus 
ludoviciensis  Sarg.)  Map  1104.  Leaves  oblong-obovate  or  elliptic,  mostly 
3.5-6  cm  long,  2.5-3.5  cm  wide,  rounded  or  abruptly  pointed  at  the  apex, 
serrate  nearly  to  the  base  with  broad,  shallow  teeth,  or  on  shoots  some- 
times obscurely  lobed  and  with  sharp,  spinulose  teeth,  rather  thin  but 
firm,  glabrous,  dull  or  slightly  glossy  above ;  flowers  12-14  mm  in  diameter 
in  lax,  glabrous,  many-flowered  corymbs;  stamens  about  10-15;  anthers 
white  or  pale  yellow ;  styles  2-4 ;  fruit  subglobose  or  slightly  elongated,  7-8 
mm  in  diameter,  dull  red,  firm  but  mellow  at  maturity;  nutlets  usually  3-4. 

A  tree  up  to  10  m  high  with  thin,  pale  gray,  scaly  bark  and  with  slender 
wide-spreading  branches,   usually  sparingly  armed  with  slender  thorns. 


Crataegus  Rosaceae  539 

This  species  may  have  originated  as  a  hybrid  between  Crataegus  viridis 
and  Crataegus  crus-galli  or  some  species  of  the  Crus-galli  group,  as  is  sug- 
gested by  the  intermediate  character  of  the  bark,  foliage,  and  fruit,  and 
by  the  fact  that  it  is  found  only  within  the  range  of  these  species. 

In  Indiana  it  is  known  only  from  Jackson,  Lawrence,  and  Posey  Coun- 
ties, growing  in  low,  alluvial  woods  along  the  larger  streams. 

Southwestern  Ind.,  s.  111.,  and  e.  Mo. 

5.  Crataegus  punctata  Jacq.  (Deam.  Trees  of  Indiana,  ed.  2,  pi.  80. 
1932.)  Dotted  Haw.  Map  1105.  Leaves  spatulate  or  lance-obovate,  2.5-7 
cm  long,  1.5-3.5  cm  wide,  rounded,  acute,  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  at- 
tenuate at  the  base  into  winged  petioles  (1.5-2  cm  long) ,  sharply  serrate  or 
dentate  on  the  upper  two  thirds  of  the  blades,  often  incised  and  with  shal- 
low lobes  above  the  middle,  or  on  vigorous  shoots  deeply  laciniate,  firm  in 
texture,  with  veins  deeply  impressed  on  the  upper  side,  dull  grayish  green, 
scabrate  above  when  young  and  pubescent  along  the  veins  beneath ;  flowers 
16-20  mm  in  diameter,  usually  in  many-flowered,  compound,  villous 
corymbs ;  stamens  about  20 ;  anthers  red  or  rarely  pale  yellow ;  calyx  lobes 
narrowly  deltoid,  usually  entire ;  fruit  subglobose  or  short-oblong  and  flat- 
tened at  the  ends,  14-20  mm  in  diameter,  dull  red  with  pale  dots,  becoming 
mellow;  nutlets  3-4. 

A  tree  up  to  10  m  high,  with  gray,  furrowed  or  slightly  scaly  bark,  and 
often  with  compound  thorns  on  the  trunk  or  principal  branches.  The 
branches  are  at  first  ascending  but,  in  old  trees,  becoming  horizontal  or 
depressed ;  the  branchlets  villous  the  first  season,  olive  brown  and  glabrous 
the  second  season,  and  finally  gray,  unarmed  or  armed  with  long,  slender 
thorns. 

Throughout  Indiana,  in  thickets,  pastures,  and  borders  of  woods. 

Newf.  and  e.  Canada  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  111. 

5a.  Crataegus  punctata  var.  aiirea  Ait.  This  variety  differing  only  in 
the  bright  yellow  fruit,  has  been  found  in  Jennings  and  Wells  Counties, 
and  should  be  sought  in  other  sections. 

5b.  Crataegus  punctata  var.  canescens  Britt.  This  variety  differs  in 
the  close,  copious,  gray  pubescence  of  the  leaves  and  young  branchlets. 
It  is  -occasionally  found  throughout  the  range  of  the  species,  and  is  known 
from  Allen,  Grant,  Hamilton,  Howard,  Marshall,  Vermillion,  and  Wayne 
Counties. 

6.  Crataegus  collina  Chapm.  (Deam.  Trees  of  Indiana,  ed.  2,  pi.  82. 
1932.)  (Crataegus  macropoda  Sarg.  and  Crataegus  sucida  Sarg.)  Map 
1106.  Leaves  narrowly  obovate  or  oblong-obovate,  2-6  cm  long,  1.5-3  cm 
wide,  rounded  or  pointed  at  the  apex,  attenuate  at  the  base,  serrate  on  the 
upper  two  thirds  of  the  blades,  or  sometimes  nearly  to  the  base,  thin  but 
firm,  with  veins  slightly  impressed  above,  dull  green,  scabrous  above  and 
villous  beneath  when  young,  at  maturity  glabrous  above  and  slightly  villous 
on  the  veins  beneath ;  flowers  14-17  mm  in  diameter,  in  compound,  many- 
flowered,  villous  corymbs;  stamens  15-20;  anthers  pale  yellow  or  rarely 


540 


ROSACEAE 


Crataegus 


Jan 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

f 

— r— 

r— 

(r1 

" 

r1 

X 

r 

fn 

J 

Dec.  C 

i 
i  ■  < — 

D  ^ 

/    Miles 

rf  d 

C 

•atae 

gus 

9 

tj\       7 
"anrJis    / 

D                50 
Map  1107 

\she 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec. 


"""r 

D 

s 

( 

D 

0                 

1 

(]h  ■ 

~£-ri 

r     | 

/                     K       __ 

Miles 


0  50 

Map   1108 


Crataegus    disperma    Ashe 


0  50 

Map  1109 


Crataegus     viridis    L 


red;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  usually  glandular-serrate;  fruit  subglobose, 
8-14  mm  in  diameter,  dull  red,  with  thin  flesh ;  nutlets  usually  4-5. 

This  species  has  been  found  in  Indiana  only  in  Dearborn  County,  where 
it  grew  on  a  wooded  slope  along  Laughery  Creek,  3  miles  west  of  Aurora. 

Va.  to  se.  Ind.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 

7.  Crataegus  grandis  Ashe.  (Crataegus  cuneiformis  of  Eggleston  in 
part,  not  Mespilus  cuneiformis  Marsh.)  Map  1107.  Leaves  obovate,  mostly 
2.5-7  cm  long,  2-4  cm  wide,  rounded  or  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  cuneate 
and  attenuate  at  the  base  into  slender,  winged  petioles,  coarsely  serrate  on 
the  upper  half  to  two  thirds  of  the  blades,  otherwise  entire,  or  sometimes 
obscurely  lobed  on  shoots,  glabrous  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs  above 
when  young,  at  maturity  dark  green  and  shining  above,  with  deeply  im- 
pressed veins;  flowers  14-16  mm  in  diameter;  anthers  pink  or  white;  calyx 
lobes  narrowly  linear,  entire  or  slightly  serrate  toward  the  base,  slightly 
pubescent;  fruit  subglobose,  10-14  mm  in  diameter,  bright  crimson,  flesh 
becoming  mellow ;  nutlets  2-3. 

A  small  tree  4-6  m  high,  or  sometimes  a  stout  shrub,  with  ascending, 
or  in  old  specimens,  horizontal,  spreading  branches  and  slender,  glabrous 
branchlets  usually  armed  with  numerous,  slender  thorns. 

Found  in  southern  Indiana  in  thickets  or  borders  of  woods. 

This  species  and  the  next  one  may  have  arisen  as  hybrids  between  some 
form  of  Crataegus  crus-galli  and  Crataegus  punctata  or  some  related 
species,  as  suggested  by  Eggleston,  who  has  grouped  a  number  of  such 
forms  under  the  name  Crataegus  cuneiformis  (Marsh.)  Eggl.  The  de- 
scription of  Mespilus  cuneiformis  given  by  Marshall  seems  scarcely  definite 
enough  for  positive  identification,  although  it  may  well  have  applied  to 
one  of  these  hybrids,  but  since  there  is  such  a  wide  difference  in  the  foliage 
and  fruit  characters  between  this  and  the  next  species  as  well  as  between 
others  related  to  them,  it  seems  best  to  distinguish  them  and  to  retain  the 
names  already  published.   The  distribution  and  association  of  this  species, 


Crataegus 


Rosace ae  541 


as  well  as  the  shape  and  texture  of  the  leaves,  suggest  that  Crataegus 
regalis  may  be  one  of  the  parents. 
Ohio  to  111. 

8.  Crataegus  disperma  Ashe.  (Crataegus  cuneiformis  of  Eggleston  in 
part,  perhaps  not  Mespilus  cuneiformis  Marsh.,  Crataegus  pausiaca  Ashe, 
Crataegus  peoriensis  Sarg.,  and  Crataegus  praestans  Sarg.)  Map  1108. 
Leaves  obovate  or  lance-obovate,  mostly  2.5-6  cm  long,  1.5-4  cm  wide, 
usually  pointed  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  attenuate  at  the  base  into  slender, 
winged  petioles,  sharply  serrate  on  the  upper  part  of  the  blades  or  some- 
times nearly  to  the  base,  otherwise  entire  or  with  small,  cuneate  or 
spinulose  lobes  on  shoots,  rather  thin  but  firm,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  bright 
green  and  slightly  glossy  above,  veins  moderately  impressed;  flowers  15-18 
mm  in  diameter,  in  few-flowered  or  sometimes  many-flowered,  glabrous 
corymbs ;  stamens  about  10  or  sometimes  12-15 ;  anthers  pink ;  fruit  obovoid 
or  ellipsoid,  9-12  mm  in  diameter,  12-14  mm  long,  dark  red,  flesh  thin, 
becoming  mellow  but  dry ;  nutlets  usually  2. 

A  small  tree  6-8  m  high,  with  gray,  furrowed  bark  on  the  trunk  and  with 
numerous,  ascending  or  finally  spreading,  horizontal  branches  and  slender 
branchlets  usually  armed  with  numerous,  slender  thorns. 

The  leaves,  flowers,  and  fruit  of  this  species  resemble  somewhat  more 
closely  those  of  Crataegus  crus-galli  than  do  those  of  Crataegus  grandis. 

General  but  scattered  in  Indiana  in  open  woodland,  mostly  along  streams. 

Pa.  to  111. 

9.  Crataegus  viridis  L.  (Deam.  Trees  of  Indiana,  ed.  2,  pi.  87.  1932.) 
(Crataegus  nitida  of  Eggleston  in  part,  not  of  Sarg.  in  Deam,  Trees  of 
Indiana,  pi.  88.  1932.)  Map  1109.  Leaves  extremely  variable,  elliptic, 
oblong-lanceolate,  rhombic,  or  sometimes  ovate  on  shoots,  mostly  2-6  cm 
long,  1.5-4.5  cm  wide,  usually  pointed  or  acuminate  at  the  apex  and  cuneate 
and  attenuate  at  the  base  into  slender  (1-2  cm)  petioles,  coarsely  serrate 
on  the  upper  two  thirds  or  sometimes  nearly  to  the  base,  undivided  or 
sometimes  with  small  irregular  lobes,  or  deeply  incised  on  shoots,  thin, 
dark  green  and  somewhat  lustrous  above,  glabrous  at  maturity  except  for 
tufts  of  tomentum  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath ;  flowers  10-12  mm  in 
diameter,  in  glabrous,  many-flowered,  compound  corymbs;  stamens  about 
20 ;  anthers  cream  white  or  rarely  pink ;  calyx  lobes  linear,  usually  entire  ; 
fruit  subglobose,  5-8  mm  in  diameter,  becoming  bright  red  or  orange  red, 
sometimes  slightly  pruinose ;  nutlets  4-5,  usually  5. 

A  tree  sometimes  8-10  m  high  with  a  conical  or  depressed  crown  and 
with  ascending  or  wide-spreading  branches,  pale  gray  bark,  scaly  in  large, 
thin  flakes  from  a  cinnamon  color  inner  layer,  and  slender  branchlets 
often  unarmed  or  sparingly  armed  with  slender  spines. 

In  Indiana  found  only  in  the  southwestern  part  in  alluvial  bottoms. 

Va.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  e.  Tex. 

10.  Crataegus  Margaretta  Ashe.  (Deam.  Trees  of  Indiana,  ed.  2.  pi. 
81.  1932.)  (Includes  Crataegus  chrysocarpa  of  Eggleston,  not  of  Ashe  in 
Deam,  Trees  of  Indiana,  ed.  2.  pi.  86.  1932,  and  Crataegus  Broivnei  Britt.) 


542 


ROSACEAE 


Crataegus 


Map  1110 
Crataegus    Margaretta    Ashe 


o  50 

Map   III! 


Crataegus     intricata   Lange 


3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

f 

1 1              1 

1 

\ 

fr1 

" 

X 

r 

m 

~r 

r1 

Dec  (- 

i 

0 

1      ' 

D 

1/    Miles 

Crataet 

us 

n 

bella    E 

50 

Map  |||2 
eadle 

Map  1110.  Leaves  variable  in  size  and  shape,  short-obovate,  oval,  rhombic, 
lance-oblong,  or  nearly  orbicular  and  sometimes  wider  than  long,  mostly 
2-6  cm  long,  1.5-5  cm  wide,  rounded  or  pointed  at  the  apex,  gradually  or 
sometimes  abruptly,  contracted  at  the  base  into  slender,  winged  petioles, 
coarsely  serrate  with  broad,  shallow  teeth  for  about  two  thirds  the  length 
of  the  blades,  usually  incised  above  the  middle  and  with  shallow,  rounded 
or  triangular  lobes,  or  sometimes  undivided,  slightly  scabrate  above  when 
young,  glabrous  at  maturity,  firm  and  with  veins  slightly  impressed  above ; 
flowers  12-15  mm  in  diameter,  usually  6-12  in  small,  compact,  simple  or 
slightly  branched  corymbs,  on  glabrous  or  sparsely  villous  pedicels ;  stamens 
about  20;  anthers  white  or  cream  color;  calyx  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  en- 
tire or  nearly  so ;  fruit  subglobose,  7-10  mm  in  diameter,  dull  red  or  russet, 
often  irregularly  blotched,  with  thin  flesh,  remaining  hard  and  dry;  nut- 
lets usually  3. 

A  small  tree  or  often  an  arborescent  shrub,  up  to  5-6  m  high,  with 
roughish  dark  gray  bark  and  stout,  ascending  or  spreading  branches, 
usually  sparingly  armed  with  slender  thorns,  or  sometimes  nearly  unarmed. 

Crataegus  Margaretta  is  difficult  to  describe  because  of  the  great  varia- 
bility in  the  shape  and  size  of  the  leaves  and  fruit,  but  it  is  a  well  marked 
species  and  it  is  easily  recognized  when  once  known  in  the  field.  There  has 
been  considerable  difference  of  opinion  as  to  the  relationship  of  this  species, 
some  botanists  placing  it  in  the  Punctatae  group,  or  regarding  it  as  the 
type  of  a  distinct  group,  but  it  seems  most  nearly  related  to  such  species 
as  Crataegus  Dodgei,  Crataegus  chrysocarpa,  and  Crataegus  rotundifolia, 
and  it  is  therefore  retained  in  the  Rotundifoliae  group  in  this  treatment. 

General  and  frequent  in  Indiana,  especially  in  the  eastern  and  northern 
counties,  growing  in  pastures,  thickets,  and  borders  of  woods.  In  the  north 
it  is  usually  in  dry,  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  or  in  clay  on  terminal  moraines 
and  southward  on  rocky  slopes. 

Southern  Ont.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Mo. 


Crataegus  Rosaceae  543 

10a.  Crataegus  Margaretta  var.  angustifolia  Palmer,  var.  nov.1  Leaves 
oblong-lanceolate  or  lance-elliptic,  1-3  cm  long,  0.8-2  cm  wide,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  abruptly  narrowed  or  acuminate  at  the  base  and 
decurrent  on  the  slender  petioles,  which  are  a  half  to  two  thirds  as  long 
as  the  blades.   Flowers  and  fruit  like  those  of  the  typical  form. 

Found  in  northern  Indiana  in  Elkhart  and  Lagrange  Counties. 

Specimens  examined :  Deam  no.  38534,  a  quarter  of  a  mile  east  of  Bristol, 
Elkhart  County  (type),  May  25  and  September  12,  1923;  Deam  no.  15660, 
1  mile  north  of  Howe,  Lagrange  County.  Type  in  herbarium  of  the  Arnold 
Arboretum. 

10b.  Crataegus  Margaretta  f.  xanthocarpa  Sarg.  This  form  differs 
from  the  typical  form  in  having  bright  or  pale  yellow  fruit.  Our  only 
specimen  is  from  Grant  County. 

11.  Crataegus  intricata  Lange.  (Crataegus  meticulosa  Sarg.)  Map 
1111.  Leaves  ovate  or  elliptic,  mostly  3-6  cm  long,  2.5-5  cm  wide,  acute 
at  the  apex,  rounded  or  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base,  slightly  decurrent 
on  the  slender  (1-3  cm  long),  glandular  petioles,  coarsely  serrate  nearly 
to  the  base,  usually  incised  on  the  upper  two  thirds  of  the  blades  with  2-4 
pairs  of  shallow,  steplike,  lobes,  thin  but  firm  in  texture,  glabrous  or 
essentially  so,  though  sometimes  with  a  few  hairs  on  the  upper  surface 
when  young;  flowers  12-16  mm  in  diameter,  in  few-flowered,  simple, 
corymbs,  usually  much  exceeded  by  the  subtending  leaves ;  stamens  about 
10 ;  anthers  cream  white  or  pink ;  bracts  and  calyx  lobes  glandular ;  fruit 
oblong  or  pyrif  orm,  or  sometimes  nearly  globose  but  attenuate  at  the  base, 
bronze  green  or  becoming  dull  red  at  maturity;  fruiting  calyx  broad  and 
prominent;  nutlets  usually  3-4. 

A  straggling  shrub  1-3  m  high  with  dark  gray,  scaly  bark,  ascending  or 
spreading  branches,  and  slender  branchlets  usually  armed  with  long, 
slender  thorns. 

Uncommon  and  scattered  in  northern  Indiana,  and  known  only  from 
Kosciusko,  Lagrange,  and  Lawrence  Counties. 

Vt.  to  Mich.,  south w.  to  Va.  and  Ind. 

12.  Crataegus  rubella  Beadle.  (Crataegus  pygmaea  Sarg.  and  Cra- 
taegus meticulosa  Sarg.  of  Deam,  Shrubs  of  Indiana,  ed.  2.  pi.  60.  1932.) 
Map  1112.  Leaves  mostly  elliptic  or  oblong-lanceolate,  2.5-7  cm  long, 
1.5-4.5  cm  wide,  pointed  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cuneate  or  attenuate  at 
the  base,  sharply  serrate  nearly  to  the  base,  obscurely  lobed  with  3-5  pairs 
of  small,  shallow  lobes,  or  sometimes  nearly  entire,  thin  but  firm  at  ma- 
turity, glabrous,  yellow  green ;  petioles  slender,  a  fourth  to  half  the  length 
of  the  blades,  glandular;  flowers  18-22  mm  in  diameter,  mostly  3-6,  in 
compact,  simple  corymbs,  on  glabrous,  glandular  pedicels;  bracts  con- 
spicuously glandular;  stamens  about  10;  anthers  pink  or  rose  color;  fruit 
oblong-obovoid  or  pyriform,  9-12  mm  thick,  10-14  mm  long,  bright  red  or 
orange  red  at  maturity ;  nutlets  usually  3-5. 

1 A  typo   differt   foliis   oblongo-lanceolatis   vel    elliptico-lanceolatis,    1-3    cm   longis, 
0.8-2  cm  latis. 


544 


ROSACEAE 


Crataegus 


Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

Jul) 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec 


p 

r  j 

s 

u 

ttn 

] 

i       L 

J              K 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1113 
Crataegus     biltmoreana    Beadle 


1 

9 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

0 

D 

,T~ 

\ 

0 

D 

'rl     ' 

D 

! 

Y 

D 

n     J 

T~ 

r 

D      _1 

Dec.  C— 

[ " 

i 

i — «- 

r 

[J    Miles 

Crataeq 

JS 

-\f             Map  1114 
macrosperma     Ashe 

0         ~3o 
Map  1115 


Crataegus     pruinosa     (Wendl.)    K.Koch 


An  irregularly  branched  shrub,  1-4  m  high,  with  gray  or  brown  gray 
bark,  scaly  on  old  stems ;  the  branchlets  slender,  usually  armed  with  many 
long,  slender  'thorns. 

Scattered  and  uncommon  in  southern  Indiana,  usually  growing  on  bluffs 
or  rocky  or  sandy  banks  of  streams. 

Pa.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ky. 

13.  Crataegus  biltmoreana  Beadle.  (Crataegus  intricata  of  Eggleston, 
not  Lange,  in  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.  fig.  2366,  Crataegus 
modesta  Sarg.,  and  Crataegus  villicarpa  Sarg.)  Map  1113.  Leaves  ovate- 
elliptic  or  nearly  orbicular,  mostly  3-8  cm  long  and  2.5-6  cm  wide,  abruptly 
or  acutely  pointed  at  the  apex,  abruptly  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  base, 
and  usually  slightly  decurrent  on  slender  (1-3  cm  long),  glandular  petioles, 
coarsely  serrate  nearly  to  the  base,  the  lower  teeth  glandular  or  gland- 
tipped,  usually  incised  with  1-3  pairs  of  short,  triangular  lobes,  thin,  dull 
yellowish  green,  short-villous  or  scabrate  above  and  pubescent  at  least  on 
the  veins  beneath ;  flowers  18-22  mm  in  diameter,  in  compact,  nearly  simple, 
3-7-flowered,  villous  corymbs;  stamens  about  10;  anthers  pale  yellow; 
calyx  lobes  villous,  conspicuously  glandular-serrate  or  pectinate;  fruit 
subglobose  or  slightly  attenuate  at  the  base,  10-15  mm  in  diameter,  with 
a  large,  shallow  calyx,  pubescent,  bronze  green  or  orange  red,  more  or 
less  blotched  with  russet  or  brown ;  nutlets  3-5. 

A  stout  shrub  1-4  m  high,  with  brownish  gray,  scaly  bark,  ascending  or 
spreading  branches,  and  stout  branchlets  at  first  villous  but  soon  becoming 
glabrous,  olive  green  or  brown  the  first  season,  later  becoming  gray  and 
usually  abundantly  armed  with  long,  slender  thorns. 

This  has  been  confused  with  Cratageus  intricata  Lange,  but  examina- 
tion of  specimens  from  the  type  tree  of  that  species,  cultivated  in  the 
Botanic  Garden  at  Copenhagen,  Denmark,  and  sent  us  by  A.  Lange,  shows 
it  to  be  the  much  commoner  glabrous  plant  described  under  number  11. 

Rare  in  Indiana  and  known  only  from  Lawrence  and  Vermillion  Coun- 
ties. 

Vt.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ark. 


Crataegus  Rosaceae  545 

14.  Crataegus  macrosperma  Ashe.  (Deam.  Trees  of  Indiana,  ed.  2.  pi. 
89.  1932.)  (Crataegus  bella  Sarg.,  Crataegus  colorata  Sarg.,  Crataegus 
ignea  Sarg.,  Crataegus  sextilis  Sarg.,  Crataegus  Egani  Ashe,  Crataegus 
otiosa  Ashe,  Crataegus  tenera  Ashe,  and  Crataegus  uber  Ashe.)  Map 
1114.  Leaves  ovate,  mostly  3-7  cm  long,  2.5-5  cm  wide,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  obtuse,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate 
nearly  to  the  base,  usually  incised  on  the  upper  half  or  two  thirds  of  the 
blades  with  2-4  pairs  of  triangular  lobes  terminating  in  acuminate,  spread- 
ing or  reflexed  teeth,  thin,  finely  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface  when  young, 
otherwise  glabrous ;  petioles  slender,  eglandular  or  with  a  few  small  glands ; 
flowers  15-18  mm  in  diameter,  in  usually  5-10-flowered,  glabrous  corymbs ; 
stamens  generally  5-10 ;  anthers  pink  or  rose  color ;  calyx  lobes  entire  or 
slightly  serrate  toward  the  base ;  fruit  obovoid,  ellipsoid  or  nearly  globose, 
7-12  mm  thick,  8-14  mm  long,  bright  red  and  succulent  at  maturity,  often 
slightly  glaucous ;  calyx  small  and  sessile ;  nutlets  3-5. 

A  small  tree  up  to  7-8  m  high,  or  sometimes  lower  and  shrubby,  with 
gray,  slightly  scaly  bark,  stiff,  erect  or  spreading  branches,  and  stout,  often 
flexuous  branchlets,  armed  with  stout,  curved  thorns. 

General  but  not  common  in  Indiana,  growing  in  pastures,  thickets,  and 
open  woods,  preferring  well  drained  soils  near  streams. 

Se.  Canada  to  111.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  the  mts.  of  Ky.  and  Tenn. 

15.  Crataegus  pruinosa  (Wendl.)  K.  Koch.  (Crataegus  conjuncta  Sarg., 
Crataegus  vatrum  Sarg.,  and  Crataegus  palustris  Ashe?.)  Map  1115. 
Leaves  ovate  or  elliptic,  mostly  4-8  cm  long,  2.5-5  cm  wide,  pointed  or 
short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  abruptly  contracted,  rounded,  or  subcordate 
at  the  base,  sharply  or  coarsely  serrate  nearly  to  the  base,  usually  incised 
with  2-4  pairs  of  shallow,  triangular  lobes,  firm  in  texture,  glabrous, 
usually  bluish  green ;  petioles  slender,  a  third  to  half  as  long  as  the  blades, 
eglandular  or  with  a  few  small  glands;  flowers  18-22  mm  in  diameter, 
usually  6-10,  in  glabrous,  nearly  simple  or  somewhat  branched  corymbs ; 
stamens  usually  about  20 ;  anthers  pink  or  sometimes  pale  yellow ;  calyx 
lobes  lanceolate  or  narrowly  deltoid  from  a  broad  base,  entire  or  with  a 
few  shallow  teeth  toward  the  base;  fruit  subglobose,  depressed-globose, 
or  somewhat  pyriform  with  an  attenuate  base,  often  5-angled,  10-16  mm 
in  diameter,  with  a  broad,  shallow,  elevated  calyx,  dull  or  rarely  bright 
crimson  at  maturity,  or  sometimes  remaining  green  with  dark  dots  and 
blotches,  usually  with  a  bloom ;  flesh  thin,  remaining  hard  and  dry ;  nut- 
lets usually  4-5,  relatively  large. 

Sometimes  a  small  tree  up  to  6-7  m  high,  or  more  often  an  arborescent 
shrub,  with  dark  gray,  scaly  bark  and  intricate  ascending  or  finally  spread- 
ing branches ;  the  branchlets  slender,  glabrous,  usually  armed  with  many, 
long,  slender  or  stoutish  thorns. 

Common  and  general  in  Indiana,  growing  in  pastures,  thickets,  or 
borders  of  woods,  preferring  dry  soils  along  or  near  streams. 

Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ark. 


546 


ROSACEAE 


Crataegus 


Jan, 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov 

Dec 


1- 

i    ^ 

^ 

!^\ 

n 

r" 

n 

D     J 

\y     Miles 

Map  1116 
Crataegus    Gattingeri     Ashe 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

Way 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec 


J 

_,        ,        ■ 

i 

^ 

^y_ 

r^Tl 

uJn 

\ 
i- 

— "     D 

J 

D    1 

les 

0  ~~^0 

Map  1117 


Crataegus     platycarpa    Sarg. 


Map  1118 


Crataegus     rugosa    Ashe 


16.  Crataegus  Gattingeri  Ashe.  (Deam.  Trees  of  Indiana,  ed.  2.  pi.  93. 
1932.)  (Crataegus  priva  Ashe,  Crataegus  vicinalis  Beadle,  and  Crataegus 
tili pes  of  Eggleston,  not  of  Ashe.)  Map  1116.  Leaves  ovate  or  deltoid, 
variable  in  size,  mostly  2.5-5  cm  long,  and  1.5-4  cm  wide,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  abruptly  narrowed,  rounded  or  on  sterile  shoots,  truncate  or 
cordate  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate  nearly  to  the  base,  usually  with  2-4 
pairs  of  triangular  lobes,  the  terminal  one  often  wedge-shaped  and  con- 
spicuously elongated,  thin  but  firm,  glabrous,  blue  green;  petioles  very 
slender,  half  to  two  thirds  the  length  of  the  blades;  flowers  14-16  mm  in 
diameter,  in  mostly  3-7-flowered,  nearly  simple,  glabrous  corymbs;  sta- 
mens about  20;  anthers  pink  or  rarely  white;  fruit  pyriform,  oblong,  or 
nearly  globose,  but  usually  attenuate  at  the  base,  7-10  mm  thick,  8-12 
mm  long,  with  narrow,  slightly  elevated  calyx,  dull  crimson,  slightly 
pruinose,  with  thin  flesh,   remaining  firm  or  hard ;  nutlets  usually  4-5. 

A  stout  shrub  or  sometimes  a  small  tree  up  to  4-5  m  high,  with  dark 
gray,  slightly  scaly  bark,  crooked,  ascending  or  spreading  branches,  and 
slender,  flexuous,  glabrous  branchlets,  armed  with  numerous  slender  or 
stout  thorns. 

Scattered  in  southern  Indiana,  growing  in  thickets  and  on  borders  of 
woods,  usually  in  well  drained  soil  along  streams. 

W.  Va.  to  e.  Mo.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

16a.  Crataegus  Gattingeri  var.  rigida  Palmer,  var.  nov.1  (Crataegus 
Gattingeri  of  Eggleston  (Deam.  Trees  of  Indiana,  ed.  2:  219-22.  pi.  94. 
1932),  not  of  Ashe.)  This  variety  differs  from  the  type  in  the  stouter, 
rigid,  flexuous  branchlets,  and  in  the  short,  stout  thorns,  1-2  cm  long. 

Known  in  Indiana  only  from  Perry  County. 

Specimens  examined :  Indiana :  Deam  no.  27143,  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
north  of  Cannelton,  Perry  County  (type),  April  24  and  July  22,  1919. 
Type  in  herbarium  of  the  Arnold  Arboretum.  Kentucky:  Palmer  no.  17716, 

1  A  typo  differt  ramulis  crassis  rigidis  spinis  crassis  1-2  cm  longis. 


Crataegus 


Rosaceae  r)47 


open  banks  and  hillsides,  sandy  soil,  Livermore,  McLean  County,  June  2, 
1920. 

Sw.  Ind.  and  w.  Ky. 

17.  Crataegus  platycarpa  Sarg.  (Rept.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  19:  92. 
1908.)  Map  1117.  Leaves  mostly  ovate,  2.5-6  cm  long,  2-5  cm  wide,  acute 
or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  abruptly  narrowed,  rounded,  truncate  or 
on  shoots,  sometimes  cordate  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate  nearly  to  the 
base,  usually  with  2-4  pairs  of  shallow,  lateral  lobes  terminating  in 
acuminate  teeth,  rather  thin  but  firm,  sparingly  short-villous  or  scabrate 
above  when  young  and  more  or  less  villous  on  the  veins  beneath ;  petioles 
slender,  a  third  to  half  as  long  as  the  blades,  generally  slightly  villous  and 
often  beset  with  a  few  stalked  glands;  flowers  18-22  mm  in  diameter,  in 
usually  3-6-flowered,  nearly  simple,  sparsely  villous  corymbs;  stamens 
about  20  or  sometimes  fewer;  anthers  red  or  pale  yellow;  fruit  sub- 
globose  or  depressed-globose,  12-16  mm  in  diameter,  10-15  mm  long,  bright 
red  or  orange  red  at  maturity;  calyx  broad,  shallow,  nearly  sessile  or 
slightly  elevated ;  flesh  thick,  becoming  succulent ;  nutlets  3-5. 

A  tree  up  to  6-7  m  high,  with  rough,  gray  bark  and  ascending  or  wide- 
spreading  branches,  the  branchlets  slender,  armed  with  numerous  long, 
slender  thorns. 

Although  this  species  seems  to  agree  most  closely  with  the  Pruinosae 
group,  the  fleshy,  bright  red  fruit  and  the  slight  but  variable  pubescence 
of  the  foliage  and  inflorescence,  so  uncommon  in  that  group,  suggest  that 
it  might  be  a  hybrid  between  some  form  of  the  Pruinosae  and  Crataegus 
mollis.    See  also  note  under  Crataegus  no.  23. 

Indiana  specimens  are  from  both  dry  and  moist  woodland. 

Southern  Ind.  to  ne.  Ark. 

18.  Crataegus  rugosa  Ashe.  (Crataegus  onusta  Ashe  and  Crataegus 
superata  Sarg.)  Map  1118.  Leaves  ovate,  broadly  ovate  or  deltoid,  pointed 
or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the 
base  or  sometimes  deeply  cordate  on  shoots,  sharply  serrate  nearly  to 
the  base,  usually  with  2-4  pairs  of  small,  lateral  lobes ;  petioles  slender,  a 
third  to  two  thirds  the  length  of  the  blades,  firm  at  maturity,  glabrous, 
usually  yellowish  green;  flowers  20-22  mm  in  diameter,  usually  in  3-6- 
flowered,  glabrous,  nearly  simple  corymbs;  fruit  subglobose  or  depressed- 
globose,  14-17  mm  in  diameter,  with  broad,  shallow,  slightly  elevated 
calyx,  becoming  dull  red,  with  thin  flesh,  remaining  hard  and  dry ;  nutlets 
usually  4-5. 

A  tree  up  to  6-8  m  high,  or  often  a  stout  arborescent  shrub,  with  dark, 
scaly  bark  and  stout,  ascending  branches;  branchlets  often  flexuous  and 
armed  with  numerous,  long,  stout  thorns. 

Crataegus  rugosa  is  closely  related  to  Crataegus  pruinosa  and  appar- 
ently intergrades  with  it,  although  it  often  looks  entirely  distinct  in  its 
broader  leaves  and  somewhat  larger  flowers  and  fruit. 

Generally  distributed  but  not  common  in  Indiana;  found  in  thickets, 
pastures,  and  borders  of  woods,  usually  in  well  drained  soil. 

N.  Y.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Mo. 


548 


ROSACEAE 


Crataegus 


o  5o 

Map  1119 


Crataegus     prona    Ashe 


50 
Map  1120 
Crataegus   pedicellata  Sarg. 


Jan. 

reb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


-   r  j 

— 

Vi 

i 

i 

' 

Tr- 

■ri 

-  rn 

_j^_0    J 

Miles 


50 


Map  1121 

Crataegus     Putnamiana    Sarg. 


19.  Crataegus  prona  Ashe.  (Crataegus  allecta  Sarg.  and  Crataegus 
gravis  Ashe.)  Map  1119.  Leaves  ovate,  3-7  cm  long,  2.5-6  cm  wide,  acute 
or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  abruptly  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base, 
or  sometimes  truncate  or  subcordate  on  shoots,  sharply  serrate  nearly  to 
the  base,  usually  with  2-4  pairs  of  obscure  or  shallow,  triangular,  lateral 
lobes,  firm,  sparsely  short-villous  or  scabrate  on  the  upper  surface  when 
young,  glabrous  at  maturity;  petioles  slender,  from  a  third  to  half  the 
length  of  the  blades,  eglandular  or  with  a  few  glands;  flowers  18-20  mm 
in  diameter,  in  mostly  6-10-flowered,  glabrous,  simple  or  slightly  com- 
pound corymbs;  stamens  10  or  fewer;  anthers  pink  or  rose;  fruit  usually 
oblong  or  obovoid,  8-10  mm  thick,  10-14  mm  long,  becoming  crimson  or 
orange  red,  with  dark  or  russet  blotches,  flesh  becoming  mellow;  calyx 
small  and  sessile  or  nearly  so ;  nutlets  3-5. 

A  tree  up  to  6-7  m  high,  or  often  a  stout  shrub,  with  gray,  slightly  scaly 
bark,  ascending  or  spreading  branches,  and  stoutish,  often  flexuous, 
glabrous  branchlets  armed  with  numerous,  long,  curved  thorns, 

This  species  grows  in  fields  and  thickets  in  rocky  or  well  drained  soil 
and  in  dry  soil  on  wooded  slopes. 

Ont.  and  Pa.  to  Mich,  and  Ind. 

20.  Crataegus  pedicellata  Sarg.  (Deam.  Trees  of  Indiana,  ed.  2.  pi.  97. 
1932.)  (Crataegus  coccinea  of  Eggleston,  not  of  L.,  Crataegus  acclivis 
Sarg.,  Crataegus  arcuata  Ashe,  Crataegus  pura  Sarg.,  and  Crataegus 
sertata  Sarg.)  Map  1120.  Leaves  ovate  or  broadly  ovate,  mostly  4-8  cm 
long,  3.5-7  cm  wide,  pointed  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded,  truncate 
or  subcordate  at  the  base,  sharply  and  rather  finely  serrate,  usually  with 
3-5  pairs  of  small  or  obscure  lateral  lobes  terminated  by  acuminate,  spread- 
ing or  reflexed  teeth,  scabrate  or  short-villous  above  and  sometimes  slightly 
villous  on  the  veins  beneath  when  young,  thin  and  barely  firm  at  maturity 
and  then  glabrous  on  both  surfaces  or  with  slight  traces  of  pubescence 
beneath ;  petioles  slender,  a  third  to  half  the  length  of  the  blades,  slightly 
villous  or  glabrous ;  flowers  16-22  mm  in  diameter,  in  compound,  mostly 


Crataegus  Rosaceae  549 

6-12-flowered,  more  or  less  villous  corymbs ;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  usually 
glandular-serrate ;  stamens  5-10 ;  anthers  pink  or  red ;  fruit  oblong,  slightly 
pyriform  or  nearly  globose,  10-14  mm  thick,  10-16  mm  long,  glabrous, 
bright  crimson  or  scarlet  at  maturity,  with  soft,  mellow  flesh ;  nutlets  3-5. 

A  tree  6-8  m  high,  or  often  a  stout  arborescent  shrub,  with  gray,  slightly 
scaly  bark,  and  numerous  ascending  or  spreading  branches,  forming  a 
conical  or  round  crown ;  branchlets  rather  stout,  often  flexuous,  and  armed 
with  numerous  stout  thorns. 

Uncommon  in  Indiana  and  found  in  thickets,  pastures,  and  borders  of 
woods.   Indiana  specimens  are  mostly  from  high,  wooded  banks  of  streams. 

Que.  to  Pa.  and  111. 

20a.  Crataegus  pedicellata  var.  albicans  (Ashe)  Palmer.  (Dole.  Flora 
of  Vermont,  154.  1937.)  (Crataegus  albicans  Ashe  and  Crataegus  cristata 
Ashe.)  Differs  from  the  typical  form  in  the  glabrous  corymbs  and  petioles 
and  in  the  generally  broader  leaves. 

Known  in  Indiana  from  La  Porte,  Steuben,  and  White  Counties  and 
found  in  habitats  similar  to  those  of  the  species. 

N.  Y.  and  Pa.  to  111. 

21.  Crataegus  Putnamiana  Sarg.  (Deam.  Trees  of  Indiana,  eel.  2.  pi. 
96.  1932.)  (Crataegus  coccinioides  of  Eggleston,  not  of  Ashe.)  Map 
1121.  Leaves  ovate  or,  on  shoots,  deltoid  in  outline,  acute  or  short- 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  4-8 
cm  long,  3-7  cm  wide,  sharply  and  unevenly  serrate  with  spinulose  teeth 
nearly  to  the  base,  incised,  and  generally  with  3-4  pairs  of  shallow, 
lateral  lobes,  the  lowest  pair  sometimes  enlarged  and  triangular  on  shoots, 
thin  but  firm  at  maturity,  scabrate  above  when  young,  and  permanently 
pubescent  at  least  on  the  veins  beneath;  petioles  slender,  a  third  to  half 
as  long  as  the  blades,  slightly  villous  and  usually  with  stalked  or  sessile 
glands;  flowers  18-22  mm  in  diameter,  in  simple  or  rarely  branched, 
slightly  villous  or  glabrate  corymbs;  stamens  about  20;  anthers  usually 
pink,  sometimes  white;  fruit  subglobose  or  depressed-globose,  full  and 
rounded,  12-17  mm  in  diameter,  bright  red,  sometimes  slightly  pruinose, 
with  thick  flesh,  becoming  mellow  but  firm;  calyx  broad  and  shallow, 
slightly  elevated;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  glandular-serrate,  usually  per- 
sistent on  the  fruit;  nutlets  4-5,  usually  5. 

A  tree  up  to  4-5  m  high,  or  sometimes  an  arborescent  shrub  with  gray, 
slightly  scaly  bark,  ascending  or  spreading  branches,  and  stoutish,  glabrous 
branchlets  usually  sparingly  armed  with  stout,  purple  thorns. 

This  species  has  been  confused  with  Crataegus  coccinioides,  which  dif- 
fers from  it  in  its  glabrous,  broader  leaves  with  crisped  margins,  its  larger 
flowers  in  glabrous  corymbs,  and  in  its  larger,  bright  crimson,  usually 
angular  fruit  with  a  very  large  calyx. 

Indiana  specimens  are  from  the  unglaciated  area  and  are  found  in 
Clark  and  Floyd  Counties  in  the  "knobs"  in  open  woodland,  and  in  Martin 
County  on  a  wooded  slope. 

Northern  Ky.,  s.  Ohio,  and  s.  Ind. 


550 


ROSACEAE 


Crataegus 


D 

— 

Jan 
Feb 

D 



Mar 

I 

D             0 

J        1 

17 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

/-L-, 

0 

D 

f 

f 

0 

D 

_ 

o         n 

^1    ' 

i 

J 

h — 

r 

Dec  (- 

J 

\ 

, 

t  °  y — i — 

0 

i  ' — 

0     I 

i   ° 

jj    Miles 

I    ° 

r>        \        Jr  \        J 

0                  50 

l<Cj-\J              Map  1122 

Crataec 

us     mollis    (T.  &  G)    Scheele 

0  ^50 

Map  1123 


Crataegus     Kelloggu    Sarg. 


o         "To 
Map  1124 


Crataegus     Phaenopyrum    (L.f.)    Med 


22.  Crataegus  mollis  (T.  &  G.)  Scheele.  (Deam.  Trees  of  Indiana,  ed. 
2.  pi.  98.  1932.)  (Crataegus  lanigera  Sarg.,  Crataegus  lasiantha  Sarg., 
Crataegus  umbrosa  Sarg.,  and  Crataegus  valens  Ashe.)  Map  1122.  Leaves 
ovate,  ellipsoid,  or  nearly  orbicular,  mostly  5-8  cm  long,  and  4-6  cm  wide, 
acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base  or  on  shoots,  rarely 
subcordate,  coarsely  serrate  nearly  to  the  base,  usually  with  3-5  pairs  of 
broad,  shallow,  lobes,  firm  to  subcoriaceous  at  maturity,  short-villous  or 
scabrate  above  when  young,  permanently  pubescent  at  least  on  the  veins 
beneath;  petioles  stout,  a  third  to  half  as  long  as  the  blades,  pubescent, 
eglandular  or  rarely  with  a  few  scattered  glands;  flowers  20-24  mm  in 
diameter,  in  compact,  compound,  mostly  6-16-flowered,  densely  tomentose 
corymbs ;  stamens  about  20 ;  anthers  usually  cream  color,  rarely  pink ; 
fruit  subglobose,  depressed-globose,  or  slightly  oblong  or  pyriform,  15-20 
mm  in  diameter,  bright  crimson  or  scarlet,  pubescent  at  least  toward  the 
base;  flesh  thick,  firm  but  mellow,  strongly  flavored  and  edible;  calyx 
broad  and  shallow,  nearly  sessile ;  calyx  lobes  glandular-serrate,  persistent 
or  tardily  deciduous ;  nutlets  normally  5. 

A  tree  up  to  10-12  m  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  3  dm  in  diameter; 
bark  dark  gray,  rough  and  somewhat  furrowed ;  branches  ascending  or 
wide-spreading,  usually  forming  a  low  conical  crown ;  branchlets  villous 
the  first  season,  soon  glabrate,  slender,  nearly  unarmed  or  sometimes  armed 
with  stout,  curved  thorns. 

Common  and  generally  distributed  in  Indiana,  growing  in  open  woods 
and  open  grounds,  usually  in  fertile  soil  along  streams. 

Southern  Ont.  and  Mich,  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Tenn.  and  e.  Okla. 

22a.  Crataegus  mollis  f.  dumetosa  (Sarg.)  Palmer.  (Crataegus  du- 
metosa  Sarg.)  This  form  differs  from  typical  Crataegus  mollis  in  the  nar- 
rower, ovate  or  elliptic,  undivided  or  obscurely  lobed  leaves,  narrowed 
or  rounded  at  the  base  and  acuminate  into  the  slightly  winged  petioles. 
It  has  been  found  in  Indiana  in  Marion,  Shelby,  and  Vermillion  Counties, 
growing  with  the  typical  form. 


Crataegus  Rosaceae  551 

23.  Crataegus  Kelloggii  Sarg.  (Sargent.  Manual  of  Trees  of  North 
America,  ed.  2:  475.  fig.  432.  1922.)  Map  1123.  Leaves  ovate,  rhombic- 
ovate  or  suborbicular,  mostly  2.5-6  cm  long,  2-5  cm  wide,  rounded  or 
abruptly  pointed  at  the  apex,  abruptly  narrowed,  rounded  or  truncate  at 
the  base,  sharply  serrate  nearly  to  the  base,  usually  with  3  or  4  pairs  of 
shallow,  obscure  or  rounded  lateral  lobes,  firm  to  subcoriaceous  at  ma- 
turity, scabrate  above  and  more  or  less  villous  on  the  veins  beneath  while 
young,  becoming  glabrate  or  remaining  slightly  villous  beneath;  petioles 
slender,  a  third  to  half  the  length  of  the  blades,  somewhat  villous  or 
tomentose;  flowers  14-17  mm  in  diameter,  in  compact,  compound,  villous 
or  thinly  tomentose,  mostly  5-10-flowered  corymbs;  stamens  about  20; 
anthers  white  or  tinged  with  pink ;  fruit  subglobose  or  short-ovoid,  14-20 
mm  in  diameter,  bright  yellow  (according  to  description)  or  red,  punctate, 
with  a  slight  bloom ;  nutlets  usually  5. 

A  tree  up  to  6-7  m  high,  with  dark,  rough,  deeply  furrowed  bark,  and 
ascending  or  wide-spreading  branches,  forming  a  low,  conical  crown; 
branchlets  slender,  unarmed  or  sparingly  armed  with  stoutish  or  slender 
purple  thorns. 

Known  in  Indiana  only  from  Wells  County  where  a  tree  was  found  in 
a  clearing  on  the  land  of  the  Erie  Stone  Company  about  2  miles  north- 
west of  Bluffton. 

Ind.  to  Mo. 

Crataegus  Kelloggii  is  probably  a  hybrid  between  Crataegus  Margaretta 
and  Crataegus  mollis,  and  may  be  looked  for  where  those  two  species  are 
found  together.  There  is  much  variation  in  the  characters  of  the  fruit, 
foliage,  and  flowers,  as  is  to  be  expected  in  hybrids.  The  fruit  of  the  type 
tree  was  described  as  bright  yellow,  an  unusual  color  in  the  genus  and 
probably  exceptional  in  this  species,  although  it  is  interesting  to  note  that 
a  yellow-fruited  form  of  both  parent  species  has  been  found. 

Crataegus  mollis  appears  to  hybridize  with  other  species.  It  has  been 
suggested  that  Crataegus  platycarpa  may  be  a  hybrid  between  this  and 
some  species  of  the  Pruinosae  group  (possibly  Crataegus  rugosa) ,  and 
forms  have  been  found  in  Lawrence  County  that  appear  to  be  hybrids 
between  Crataegus  ?nollis  and  Crataegus  pruinosa,  and  possibly  also  be- 
tween Crataegus  mollis  and  Crataegus  punctata. 

24.  Crataegus  Phaenopyrum  (L.  f.)  Medic.  (Deam.  Trees  of  Indiana, 
ed.  2.  pi.  99.  1932.)  (Crataegus  cordata  Ait.)  Washington  Thorn.  Map 
1124.  Leaves  ovate  to  deltoid  in  outline,  sometimes  appearing  3-lobed, 
mostly  2-6  cm  long,  2-5  cm  wide,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded, 
truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  serrate  with  broad,  shallow  teeth,  usually 
with  1-3  pairs  of  lateral  lobes,  the  lowest  pair  often  enlarged  and  with 
spreading,  acuminate  points,  firm  at  maturity,  glabrous,  glossy  on  the 
upper  surface;  petioles  very  slender,  a  third  to  two  thirds  the  length  of 
the  blades;  flowers  small,  10-12  mm  in  diameter,  in  glabrous,  compound, 
mostly  10-30-flowered  corymbs;  stamens  about  20;  anthers  pale  yellow; 
fruit  subglobose,  5-7  mm  in  diameter,  long  persistent,  in  many-fruited 
clusters,  bright  scarlet,  becoming  succulent  at  maturity;  calyx  relatively 


552  ROSACEAE  Crataegus 

large,  often  entirely  deciduous  leaving  the  tops  of  the  nutlets  exposed ; 
nutlets  usually  5. 

A  tree  up  to  10  m  high,  with  brown  gray,  scaly  bark,  numerous  ascend- 
ing or  spreading  branches,  forming  a  low,  conical  crown,  and  slender 
branchlets  usually  abundantly  armed  with  slender  thorns. 

Known  in  Indiana  only  from  Wayne  County,  where  it  has  possibly 
escaped,  but  it  should  be  sought  as  a  native  plant  in  the  southern  counties. 
This  species  is  highly  ornamental  and  desirable  for  planting  on  account  of 
its  abundant  flowers  and  the  brilliant  color  of  the  fruit  which  is  produced 
in  large,  pendulous  clusters,  remaining  on  the  tree  until  late  in  the  season. 

Va.  and  N.  C.  to  Mo. 

25.  Crataegus  Calpodendron  (Ehrh.)  Medic.  (Deam.  Trees  of  Indi- 
ana, ed.  2.  pi.  85.  1932.)  (Crataegus  tomentosa  of  authors  but  perhaps  not 
of  L.  and  Crataegus  structilis  Ashe.)  Pear  Haw,  Sugar  Haw.  Map  1125. 
Leaves  ovate,  oblong-ovate  or  elliptic  in  outline,  mostly  4-8  cm  long,  and 
3-5  cm  wide,  pointed  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  acute  or  abruptly 
contracted  at  the  base  and  attenuate  into  winged  petioles,  sharply  serrate 
on  the  upper  three  fourths  of  the  blades,  usually  with  3-5  pairs  of  obscure 
or  shallow  triangular  lobes,  mostly  above  the  middle,  firm  to  subcoriaceous 
and  with  veins  impressed  above  at  maturity,  scabrate  above  when  young, 
and  permanently  pubescent  at  least  on  the  veins  beneath;  petioles  usually 
1-2  cm  long;  flowers  12-15  mm  in  diameter,  in  loose,  compound,  tomentose, 
mostly  10-20-flowered  corymbs;  stamens  about  20;  anthers  pink;  fruit 
oblong,  ovoid  or  nearly  globose,  7-10  mm  in  diameter,  pubescent,  scarlet 
or  orange  red,  flesh  thin,  becoming  mellow ;  calyx  relatively  large,  elevated ; 
calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  glandular-serrate,  reflexed  or  often  deciduous; 
nutlets  2-3,  deeply  pitted  on  the  ventral  surfaces. 

A  small  tree  up  to  6  m  high,  or  often  an  arborescent  shrub,  with  dark, 
slightly  scaly  bark  and  erect  or  ascending  branches,  forming  a  narrow 
pyramidal  crown;  branchlets  usually  villous  when  young,  soon  glabrate, 
olive  brown,  becoming  gray,  nearly  unarmed  or  sparingly  armed  with 
long,  slender  thorns. 

Frequent  and  generally  distributed  in  Indiana,  growing  in  thickets 
or  open  woods,  usually  along  streams  or  lakes. 

Southern  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ark. 

26.  Crataegus  succulenta  Schrader.  (Deam.  Trees  of  Indiana,  ed.  2. 
pis.  83  and  84.  1932.)  (Crataegus  ensifera  Sarg.,  Crataegus  neofluvialis 
Ashe,  and  Crataegus  vegeta  Sarg.)  Map  1126.  Leaves  oblong-ovate, 
elliptic  or  rhombic,  mostly  5-8  cm  long,  and  2.5-6  cm  wide,  acute  or  short- 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  gradually  or  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base  and 
attenuate  into  short  (1-2  cm),  winged  petioles,  finely  serrate  except  toward 
the  base,  usually  with  2-5  pairs  of  shallow  or  obscure  lateral  lobes, 
coriaceous  or  subcoriaceous  and  with  veins  conspicuously  impressed  above 
at  maturity,  dark  green  and  scabrate  above  when  young,  much  paler  and 
permanently  pubescent  beneath;  flowers  12-15  mm  in  diameter,  usually 
15-30,  in  compound,  villous,  corymbs;  stamens  usually  about  20;  anthers 


Crataegus 


Rosaceae 


553 


o  50 

Map   1125 


Crataegus  Calpodendron  (Ehrh.)   Medic 


0  50 

Map  1126 


Crataegus     succulenta    Schrader 


0  ^50 

Map  1127 


Crataegus     incaedua    Sara. 


pink  or  red ;  fruit  subglobose,  9-12  mm  in  diameter,  bright  red  and  suc- 
culent at  maturity;  calyx  slightly  elevated;  calyx  lobes  glandular-serrate, 
reflexed  in  fruit ;  nutlets  2-3,  deeply  pitted  on  the  ventral  surfaces. 

A  stout  shrub  or  rarely  a  small  tree  up  to  6-8  m  high,  with  dark  gray, 
scaly  bark  and  stout  ascending  or  slightly  spreading  branches;  branchlets 
glabrous  or  slightly  villous  when  young,  becoming  light  brown  or  chestnut- 
colored  at  the  end  of  the  first  season  and  finally  gray,  rather  stout  and 
armed  with  numerous  long  (5-9  cm),  curved  thorns. 

Infrequent  but  generally  distributed  in  Indiana,  growing  in  thickets  or  on 
banks  or  bluffs  of  streams. 

Southeastern  Canada  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Mo. 

27.  Crataegus  incaedua  Sarg.  (Crataegus  pudens  Sarg.)  Map  1127. 
Leaves  ovate  or  elliptic,  mostly  3-7  cm  long,  and  2-5  cm  wide,  obtuse, 
acute  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  base  and  tapering 
into  short  (0.3-1  cm)  petioles,  coarsely  serrate  except  near  the  base,  un- 
divided except  rarely  on  shoots,  firm  to  subcoriaceous  and  with  veins 
slightly  impressed  above  at  maturity,  dark  green  and  scabrate  above  when 
young,  paler  and  pubescent  beneath;  flowers  15-18  mm  in  diameter,  usually 
8-20,  in  lax,  compound,  villous  corymbs;  stamens  usually  10-15;  anthers 
pale  yellow ;  fruit  subglobose  or  oblong,  8-12  mm  in  diameter,  red  at  matur- 
ity, sometimes  slightly  glaucous;  calyx  lobes  serrate  or  glandular-serrate, 
reflexed;  nutlets  2-3,  usually  2,  sometimes  with  shallow  pits  on  the 
ventral  surfaces. 

A  tree  up  to  6-7  m  high,  with  pale  brown  gray  bark  and  ascending  or 
spreading  branches,  forming  a  low,  conical  crown ;  branchlets  villous  the 
first  season,  becoming  gray,  usually  armed  with  numerous,  long,  curved 
thorns. 

Crataegus  incaedua  is  probably  a  hybrid  between  Crataegus  Calpoden- 
dron and  Crataegus  crus-galli  or  some  species  of  the  Crus-galli  group. 

Known  in  Indiana  only  from  Harrison  County,  where  it  was  found  along 


554 


ROSACEAE 


Crataegus 


0    ~  30 

Map  1128 


Rubus    odoratus    L 


a  small  creek  at  the  base  of  a  rocky,  wooded  slope  about  a  mile  south  of 
Corydon  Junction. 
Ind.  to  Mo. 

Excluded  Species 


The  following  species  and 
mentioned  or  disposed  of  as 
ported  as  having  been  found 
into  the  state : 

1.  C.  Barrettiana  Sarg. 

2.  C.  berberifolia  T.  &  G. 

3.  C.  denaria  Beadle 

4.  C.  fecunda  Sarg. 

5.  C.  trahax  Ashe 

6.  C.  ovata  Sarg. 

7.  C.  straminea  Beadle 

8.  C.  Boyntoni  Beadle 

9.  C.  Dodgei  Ashe 

10.  C.  gracilipes  Sarg. 

11.  C.  ignea  Sarg. 

12.  C.  parviflora  Sarg. 

13.  C.  roanensis  Ashe 

14.  C.  basilica  Beadle 


varieties  of  Crataegus,  in  addition  to  those 
synonyms  in  the  regular  text,  have  been  re- 
in Indiana  or  of  having  a  range  extending 


gracilis  Sarg. 
beata  Sarg. 
Jesupi  Sarg. 
Hillii  Sarg. 
sejuncta  Sarg. 
villipes  Ashe 
Pringlei  Sarg. 

coccinea  var.  Ellwangeriana 
(Sarg.)  Eggl. 
flava  Ait. 
spathulata  Michx. 
Brainerdi  Sarg. 
Devvingii  Sarg. 
macracantha  Lodd. 


15. 

C. 

16. 

C. 

17. 

c. 

18. 

c. 

19. 

c. 

20. 

c. 

21. 

c. 

22. 

c. 

23. 

c. 

24. 

c. 

25. 

c. 

26. 

c. 

27. 

c. 

These  species  will  be  referred  to  by  number  so  far  as  is  practicable  and 
where  fuller  discussion  is  unnecessary. 

A  re-examination  of  the  specimens  shows  that  numbers  1  and  5  can  be 
referred  to  C.  crus-galli.  Numbers  2,  3,  7,  8,  13,  14,  17,  21,  22,  23,  24,  25, 
26,  and  27,  are  all  out  of  range  for  Indiana,  as  these  species  are  understood 
in  this  treatment,  and  the  report  of  their  occurrence  is  based  upon  erron- 
eous determination  of  material.  Crataegus  Engelmannii  has  been  con- 
sidered identical  with  C.  berberifolia  by  some  botanists,  although  the  two 


Rubus  ROSACEAE  555 

appear  to  be  distinct;  C.  Engelmannii  might  be  expected  to  occur  in 
southern  Indiana,  although  no  specimens  have  been  seen,  and  it  was  prob- 
ably this  species  that  was  reported  as  C.  berberifolia.  C.  denaria,  so  far  as 
Indiana  reports  go,  is  probably  referable  to  C.  acutifolia  as  treated  here,  C. 
straminea  to  C.  rubella,  C.  macracantha  to  C.  succulenta,  and  C.  roanensis 
to  C.  macrosperma.  Reports  of  numbers  10,  11,  and  12  were  probably  also 
based  upon  collections  of  C.  macrosperma.  Numbers  4,  6,  9,  and  18  may 
ultimately  be  found  in  the  state,  although  no  authentic  specimens  of  them 
have  been  seen;  of  these  C.  ovata  is  probably  only  a  form  or  variety  of 
C.  viridis;  C.  Dodgei  has  often  been  confused  with  C.  Margaretta,  certain 
forms  of  which  it  closely  resembles,  as  well  as  with  C.  chrysocarpa,  a 
western  species,  but  as  it  is  common  in  parts  of  Michigan,  it  may  be  ex- 
pected to  extend  into  northern  Indiana.  Number  18  (C.  HUM)  is  found 
in  northern  Illinois  and  may  be  expected  to  extend  into  the  northwestern 
counties,  although  the  specimens  previously  identified  as  this  species  seem 
on  re-examination  to  be  C.  Putnamiana,  as  treated  here.  Numbers  19  and 
20  should  probably  be  referred  to  C.  pedicellata;  numbers  15  and  16  are 
probably  identical  and  may  represent  a  hybrid  between  C.  macrosperma 
and  C.  pruinosa  or  a  related  species. 

3353.  RUBUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Raspberries  and  Blackberries 

[Bailey.  Gentes  Herbarum  1:  139-200.  1923;  1:  201-306.  1925;  2:  269- 
423.  1932;  2:  442-480.  1932;  3:  117-148.  1933;  3:  245-271.  1934.] 

It  has  been  my  good  fortune  to  have  had  all  of  my  Rubus  specimens  pass 
through  the  hands  of  L.  H.  Bailey  who  has  made  an  intensive  and  critical 
study  of  the  species  of  this  genus  for  more  than  forty  years.  He  says: 
"Undoubtedly  Rubus  is  the  most  baffling  of  the  genera  of  North  American 
sporophytes."  Since  I  regard  him  as  our  foremost  authority  on  the  subject 
I  have  accepted  his  determinations  and  I  am  following  his  treatment  of  the 
species  throughout.  I  am  using  his  keys  wherever  it  is  possible.  This  study 
of  the  genus  in  Indiana  is  based  upon  my  collection  of  638  specimens. 

Bailey  has  denned  a  few  terms  of  habit  of  growth  which  I  quote.  "A 
blackberry  is  said  to  be  erect  when  the  general  direction  of  the  canes  is 
perpendicular  even  though  they  may  curve  a  little  at  the  top.  It  is  ascend- 
ing when  the  general  direction  is  upward  but  perhaps  oblique  or  much 
curved.  A  cane  is  arching  when  it  takes  the  general  direction  of  a  semi- 
circle even  though  its  tip  or  growing  end  may  not  reach  the  ground.  It  is 
prostrate  when  it  lies  prone  on  the  ground.  A  prostrate  cane  may  have 
fallen  when  carried  to  the  ground  by  weight  as  of  leaves,  fruit,  vines 
growing  over  it,  or  as  a  result  of  injury.  Erect  or  ascending  species  may 
have  fallen  canes.  A  cane  is  trailing  when  it  grows  flat  on  the  ground  by 
habit,  continuing  its  extension  in  this  direction;  the  word  is  commonly 
erroneously  employed  for  a  cane  that  has  merely  fallen  or  is  prostrate,  and 
confusion  results.  A  prostrate  plant  may  not  be  a  trailer.  The  true  trailers 
among  the  blackberries  usually  strike  root  at  nodes  or  tip."  He  has  intro- 
duced the  word  primocane  for  the  first  year's  growth  and  floricane  for  the 
fruiting  or  second  year's  growth.    He  suggests,  also,  that  the  direction  of 


556  Rosaceae  Rubus 

growth  of  the  fioricane  be  shown  graphically  on  the  label.  In  making  an 
herbarium  specimen  of  Rubus  the  following  should  be  collected :  the  primo- 
cane,  and  of  the  fioricane,  at  least  a  fifteen-inch  section  of  the  base  and 
an  equal  length  of  the  tip.  It  is  desirable  to  collect  a  section  of  the  longest 
lateral  branch  of  the  fioricane  if  it  is  well  developed.  A  note  on  the  direc- 
tion of  growth  of  the  floricanes  and  their  range  in  height  should  be  made. 
Some  authors  believe  that  the  species  of  Rubus  freely  hybridize  and 
Brainerd,  who  first  named  my  Rubus,  named  several  of  my  specimens 
hybrids  and  I  reported  them  as  such.  Bailey,  whose  determinations  I  have 
followed,  has  referred  these  specimens  to  species.  These  hybrids  and  their 
disposal  are  given  in  the  list  of  excluded  species. 

Plants  wholly  unarmed  (without  bristles  or  prickles). 

Leaves  simple,  3-5-lobed;  petals  purple 1.  R.  odoratus. 

Leaves  3-  (-5)  foliolate;  petals  white 2.  R.  pubescens. 

Plants  more  or  less  armed  with  bristles  or  prickles  or  both. 

Leaves  whitish  beneath;  ripe  fruit  easily  separating  from  the  receptacle  as  a  whole. 
(Raspberries.) 
Floricanes    arching,    dark    purple;    primocanes    and    branches    of    the    floricanes 
glaucous,  armed  with  prickles  but  lacking  long,  bristlelike  glandular  hairs; 
leaves  3-foliolate  or  rarely  pedately  5-foliolate;  inflorescence  corymbiform. 

Fruit  black 3.  R.  occidentalis. 

Fruit  amber  color 3a.  J?,  occidentalis  f.  pallidas. 

Floricanes  erect   (sometimes  old  ones  recurving),  dark  purple  or  reddish;  primo- 
canes and  branches  usually  glaucous,  armed  with  prickles  and  with  or  with- 
out long,  bristlelike  glandular  hairs;   fruit  red  at  maturity;   inflorescence   a 
short   raceme. 
Calyx  lobes  long-attenuate  at  the  apex,  more  than  1  cm  long;  under  surface  of 

leaflets  more  or  less  sparsely  covered  with  long  red  glandular  hairs 

4.   R.   phoenicolasins. 

Calyx  lobes  acuminate  at  the  apex,  less  than  1  cm  long;  under  surface  of  leaflets 
without  red  glandular  hairs. 
Primocanes  and  floricanes  with  prickles  but  lacking  long,  bristlelike  glandular 
hairs;   inflorescence  without  stipitate   glands.    (See   excluded   species  no. 

354,  p.  1061.) R.  idaeus. 

Primocanes  and  floricanes  with  both  prickles  and  long,  bristlelike  glandular 
hairs;  inflorescence  with  stipitate  glands. 
Surface  of  the  canes,  beneath  the  prickles  and  glandular  hairs,  more  or  less 

densely  pubescent 5.  R.  idaeus  var.  canadensis. 

Surface  of  the  canes,  beneath  the  prickles  and  glandular  hairs,  not  pube- 
scent  5a.  R.  idaeus  var.  strigosus. 

Leaves  green  beneath;  ripe  fruit  not  separating  from  the  receptacle. 

Floricanes  trailing  and  rooting  more  or  less  at  the  tips;  flowering  branches  arising 

more  or  less  vertically;  flowers  mostly  with  ascending  pedicels;  primocanes  at 

first  erect,  becoming  prostrate.   (Dewberries.) 

Canes,  branches,  and  petioles  usually  more  or  less  densely  retrorsely  hispid  with 

stiff,  brown  hairs,  sometimes  the  branches  and  petioles  glabrous  or  nearly 

so   (prickles  lacking). 

Petals  and  stamens  5 6.  R.  hispidus. 

Petals  and  stamens  10 6a.  R.  hispidus  f.  pleniflorus. 

Canes,  branches,  and  petioles  more  or  less  prickly,  rarely  with  a  few  bristles. 
Pedicels  glandless. 

Plants  normally  stout,  with  stiff,  woody,  long-trailing  primocanes  which  are 
usually  not  conspicuously  scaly-bracted  at  base;  leaves  commonly  firm 
and  coriaceous  when  growing  in  the  open 7.  R.  flagellaris. 


Rubus  Rosaceae  557 

Plants  normally  slender,  relatively  short  or  else  comparatively  weak  and 
often  with  an  herbaceous  appearance,  the  bases  of  young  primocanes 
bearing  scalelike  caducous  bracts;  leaves  thin  and  soft;  primocane 
leaflets  usually  3;  flowers  mostly  solitary,  large,  long-pediceled,  with 
large  tomentose  calyx  lobes,  reflexed  at  full  anthesis ...  8.  R.  Enslenii. 
Pedicels  with  stalked  glands. 

Primocanes  glandless,  with  3-foliolate  leaves,  prickles  small,  few,  and  of 
equal  size;  leaflets  soft-pubescent  beneath;  leaves  of  floricanes  similar 
to  those  of  the  primocanes  but  less  tomentose  beneath,  prickles  small, 
few,  sometimes  the  stem  nearly  unarmed;  flowers  few,  3-5,  on  upright 

pedicels;  calyx  lobes  ascending 9.  R.  centralis. 

Primocanes  usually  with  stalked  glands  (sometimes  without  them)  and 
with  prickles  of  two  sizes  and  about  5  per  cm;  leaves  3-5-foliolate ; 
floricane  with  two  kinds  of  prickles  and  with  scattered,  stout  glands, 
flowers  mostly  6  or  fewer  on  elongate  pedicels  which  are  prickly  and 
glandular;    petals   elliptic;    whole   plant   much    more    armed    than    the 

preceding 10.  R.  Deamii. 

Floricanes  erect,  ascending  or  arching  (rarely  diffuse).   (Blackberries.) 

Canes  erect  or  diffuse,  glabrous,  unarmed  or  with  a  few,  widely  scattered,  weak 
prickles. 

Canes  erect.    (See  excluded  species  no.  349,  p.  1061.) R.  canadensis. 

Canes  diffuse.    (See  excluded  species  no.  350,  p.  1061.) 

R.  canadensis  var.  Randii. 

Canes   ascending  or  arching    (at   least   the   floricanes),  well   armed  with   stout 
prickles  and  more  or  less  pubescent  or  glandular  or  both. 
Inflorescence   and   petioles    bearing   many    prominent    glandular   hairs;    char- 
acteristic well  developed  flower-clusters  long-racemiform  with  continuing 
axis;  pedicels  (except  the  basal  ones)  strongly  divaricate. 
Axis  of  well  developed  flower-clusters  long  and  open,  without  interspersed 
foliage,  the  leaves  being  only  at  the  base  of  the  cluster;  rachis  prom- 
inently continuous  and  pedicels  divaricate 11.  R.  allegheniensis. 

Axis  of  well  developed  flower-clusters  leafy  and  shorter.  Bailey  says,  in 
comparison  with  the  preceding  species,  that  it  "lacks  the  narrow  long- 
stalked  leaflets,  is  less  glandular,  canes  more  terete  and  lacking  the 
strong  angles,  broad-petaled  flowers  on  very  long  slender  pedicels  (at 
least  the  lowest  flowers  in  cluster)  subtended  by  prominent  outstanding 

bracts." 12.  R.   impos. 

Inflorescence,  petioles  and  other  parts  not  bearing  prominent  glandular  hairs, 
if  glandular  hairs  are  present,  then  few  and  not  very  large;  flower-clusters 
various,  but  not  long-racemiform  as  a  rule. 
Main    flower-clusters    standing   well    above   the   foliage    and    of   the    short- 
racemiform   type  with  many  flowers;   floral   leaves  mainly  at  or  near 
the   base,   the   plant   therefore   representing   a   floriferous   rather   than 
a  leafy  appearance;  flowers  of  medium  size  to  small,  with  narrow  petals 
(except  in  R.  pergratus),  spreading  in  anthesis. 
Primocane  leaflets  of  the  oblong  or  narrow  order  and  not  cordate,  some- 
times small,  mature  leaves  likely  to  have  prominent,  closely  parallel 
side-veins;  inflorescence  not  characteristically  of  the  long-racemiform 
type. 

Inflorescence  interspersed  with  prominent  simple  leaves 

13.  R.  laudahis. 

Inflorescence  without  prominent  simple  leaves. 

Leaflets  of  primocanes  narrow,  of  a  broad-lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate  order,  with  curved,  tapering  sides,  only  thinly  pubes- 
cent beneath;  flower-clusters  on  unarmed  pedicels  or  bearing 
only  a  few,  weak  prickles;  plant  not  very  prickly..  .14.  R.  argutus. 


558  Rosaceae  Rubus 

Leaflets  of  primocanes  broad,  of  the  ovate  type,  distinctly  soft- 
pubescent  beneath;  flower-clusters  with  8  or  more  flowers  (in 
well-developed  specimens),  the  pedicels  stout  unless  grown  in 
the    shade,    often    prickly    and    sometimes    glandular;    strongly 

prickly  plants  of  robust  habit  with  thick  canes 

15.  72.  ostryifolitcs. 

Primocane  leaflets,  at  least  the  terminal  one,  broad-ovate  and  mostly  sub- 
cordate  at  the  base,  sometimes  caudate-acuminate  (sterile  floricane 
laterals  should  not  be  mistaken  for  primocanes);  flower-clusters  in 
characteristic  forms  elongated  with  divaricate  pedicels  on  upper 
parts  of  plant  but  often  in  indefinite  leafy  clusters  on  lower  parts. 

(See  excluded  species  no.  358,  p.  1062.) R.  pergratus. 

Main  flower-clusters  short  and  somewhat  hidden  in  the  foliage,  not  of  the 
long-racemiform  kind  or  of  the  ascendate  kind  but  rather  corymbiform, 
the  lower  pedicels  likely  to  be  long;  leaflets  commonly  broad  and 
heavy;  flowers  prevailingly  large  with  broad,  rounded  petals.  (The 
lower  flower-clusters  of  R.  pergratus  may  seem  to  belong  here.) 
Leaflets  mostly  or  all  of  a  cuneate-obovate  type ;  canes  erect  or  nearly 
so,  beginning  to   curve   above   the   middle;    prickles   rather  few   and 

mostly  less  than  5  mm  long 16.  R.  impar. 

Leaflets  not  mostly  cuneate-obovate,  especially  on  the  primocanes;  canes 

arching,  usually  beginning  to  curve  below  the  middle  and  the  tips 

often  touching  the  ground;  prickles  usually  stouter,  more  curved,  and 

often  more  than  5  mm  long. 

Floral  leaflets,  or  leaves  on  flowering  laterals,  with  broad,  triangular 

or  even  obtuse  serratures  or  teeth  or,  if  sharp,  then  fine  and  close, 

not  cut-toothed  or  jagged  with  narrow  long  teeth 

17.    R.   frondosus. 

Floral  leaflets  or  leaves  characteristically  very  strongly  sharp-serrate 
to  laciniate-dentate  or  jagged,  the  serratures  or  teeth  narrow  and 
deep,  leaf  blade  usually  narrow  or  else  long-pointed;  primocane 
leaflets  on  the  broad  order  and  mostly  large 18.  R.  abactus. 

1.  Rubus  odoratus  L.  Flowering  Raspberry.  Map  1128.  In  Indiana 
this  species  is  restricted  to  the  rocky  wooded  slopes  of  the  high  banks  of  a 
few  streams  in  the  counties  shown  on  the  map.  I  think  it  prefers  a  slightly 
acid  soil  but  when  transplanted  to  a  neutral  soil  it  becomes  luxuriant. 

N.  S.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

2.  Rubus  pubescens  Raf.  (Rhodora  11:  236.  1909.)  (Rubus  triflorus 
Richardson  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora, 
ed.  2.)  Map  1129.  Restricted  to  the  lake  area  where  it  is  generally  found 
in  tamarack  bogs  and  rarely  in  low,  mucky  woods. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  n.  N.  J.  ?,  Pa.,  Iowa,  and  Nebr. 

3.  Rubus  occidentalis  L.  Common  Blackcap  Raspberry.  Map  1130. 
This  species  is  a  native  of  every  county  of  the  state,  being  infrequent  to 
frequent  throughout.  It  is  found  in  almost  all  kinds  of  habitats  but  pre- 
fers moist  situations. 

N.  B.,  s.  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

3a.  Rubus  occidentalis  f.  pa  1 1  id  us  (Bailey)  Robinson.  I  have  this 
yellow-fruited  form  from  only  Lagrange  and  Owen  Counties;  I  saw  a 
clump  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Steuben  County  but  was  not  able  to 
collect  it. 


Rubus 


ROSACEAE 


559 


Rubus    phoemcolasius    Maxi 


0  50 

Map  113 
Rubus     idaeus    L. 
var.    canadensis     Richardson 


1 

18 
36 

)     ID          » 

D           D 

Jan. 
Fe  fa- 
Mar. 
Apr. 
May 
June 
July 
Aug 
Sept 
Oct 
Nov 

D 

b 

y\    »     d 

D 

r 

D 

X 

»    v^r 

V 

^ 

D 

-4 

0 

r 

S 

D 

1 

i 

-  tc 

J^ 

r- 

Dec  (— 

I 

D 

T          ' 

D 

I     } f 

D                  > 

D   j         v 

TTbi           . ' 

D  ^ 

p'     Miles 

D 

0    f  D     [ 
1              D 

0 

F 

ub 

us 

D     ) 

fl 

D  J*\          7 

aqellans 

0                 50 

Map  1134 
Willd. 

i 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

t 

i 

f 

D 

ID 

D             0 

B         B 
D          0 

r 

D 

jl 

K 

D 

-l 

iH 

r 

j 

r1 

Dec.f^ 

i 

/    Miles 

var. 

stn< 

Rubus 

jOSUS 

idaeus 

(Michx.) 

j                50 
Map  1132 

Maxim. 

i 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

\ 

fH- 

" 

4 

I 

r 

1 

m 

i' 

Dec.  j- 

i 

J   Miles 

Rub 

JS 

D    J*\         7 

.nslenn    1 

D                50 
Map  1135 

ratt 

4.  Rubus  phoenicolasius  Maxim.  Wineberry.  Map  1130-1.  Miss 
Edna  Banta  found  this  species  in  1935  to  be  well  established  in  Crow 
Hollow  near  Hanover,  Jefferson  County,  and  says  she  first  observed  it 
there  in  1924.  In  1932  R.  C.  Friesner  found  it  established  on  a  hillside 
near  Marengo  Cave,  Crawford  County.  In  1938  Wm.  B.  Barnes  sent  me  a 
specimen  from  the  T.  C.  Harp  farm  in  sec.  4  of  McCameron  Township, 
Martin  County.  He  informs  me  that  it  is  well  established  in  deep  wooded 
ravines  near  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Salem  Church.  Since  the  woods  about 
there  are  in  the  Resettlement  Area,  they  will  be  protected  from  fire  and 
grazing  and  there  is  little  doubt  that  it  will  persist  there  indefinitely. 
It  has  been  reported  from  three  counties  in  Ohio  and  probably  has  a  wider 
distribution  in  Indiana  than  our  records  show.  It  was  introduced  into  the 
United  States  in  1876  and  has  already  escaped  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
United  States. 

Nat.  of  Korea,  Japan,  and  n.  China. 


o 


60 


ROSACEAE 


Rubus 


5.  Rubus  idaeus  L.  var.  canadensis  Richardson.  (Rhodora  21:  97. 
1919.)  Map  1131.  I  have  this  form  of  the  red  raspberry  from  only  four 
counties  where  it  was  found  in  tamarack  bogs  and  moist,  mucky  soil. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Conn,  and  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C,  Ind.,  S.  Dak., 
and  Colo. ;  also  in  e.  Asia. 

5a.  Rubus  idaeus  var.  strigosus  (Michx.)  Maxim.  (Rhodora  21:  96. 
1919.)  (Rubus  strigosus  Michx.)  Common  Red  Raspberry.  Map  1132. 
Found  throughout  the  lake  area,  sometimes  covering  large  peat  areas  that 
have  just  passed  out  of  the  tamarack  and  marsh  stages  into  the  soft  maple 
and  white  elm  stages. 

5.  Newf.  and  Gaspe  Co.,  Que.,  to  s.  B.  C,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ind.,  and  Wyo. ; 
also  in  e.  Asia. 

6.  Rubus  hispidus  L.  Swamp  Dewberry.  Map  1133.  Infrequent  to 
frequent  throughout  the  lake  area  in  acid  soils,  usually  in  tamarack  bogs 
or  in  moist,  sandy  soil  in  black  oak  woods,  where  it  is  usually  associated 
with  wintergreen,  lowbush  blueberry  and  black  chokeberry.  South  of  the 
lake  area  it  is  very  local,  being  found  principally  in  the  hard,  white, 
minimacid,  clay  soil  of  the  Illinoian  drift,  especially  in  Jefferson  and 
Jennings  Counties. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Kans. 

6a.  Rubus  hispidus  f.  plenifiorus  Nieuwland.  (Amer.  Midland  Nat. 
4:  69.    1915.)    Known  only  from  the  type  locality  in  St.  Joseph  County. 

7.  Rubus  flagellaris  Willd.  (Rubus  villosus  Ait.  and  Rubus  procumbens 
Muhl.)  Northern  Dewberry.  Map  1134.  This  species  is  found  only  in 
slightly  acid  soil,  usually  in  areas  where  the  top  soil  has  been  removed  by 
erosion,  hence  mostly  in  fallow  fields.  It  is  more  or  less  frequent  in  the 
lake  area  and  frequent  to  common  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  In  the 
lake  area  in  the  northern  counties  it  is  often  found  in  moist,  sandy,  acid 
areas  in  black  oak  woods.    In  all  parts  of  the  state  the  foliage  is  variable, 


Rubus 


ROSACEAE 


561 


0  50 

Map  1139 


Rubus    impos    Bailey 


0  50 

Map  ||40 


Rubus     laudatus    Berger 


Rubus    arqutus    Link 


J 


and  this  variation  has  led  authors  to  segregate  three  forms  which  have 
been  named.  In  the  present  treatment  I  believe  it  is  best  to  regard  this 
prostrate  Rubus  as  a  complex  under  one  name. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Okla.,  and  reported  from  Tex. 

8.  Rubus  Enslenii  Tratt.  Map  1135.  Our  only  specimens  were  found  in 
very  shallow  soil  on  the  cliffs  in  Perry  County. 

Eastern  Mass.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Miss. 

9.  Rubus  centralis  Bailey.    (Gentes  Herbarum  2:  330-331.   1932.)    Map 

1136.  The  type  of  this  species  is  my  no.  27967  which  was  collected  on  the 
crest  of  a  black  and  white  oak  ridge  just  east  of  Forest  Tract  53  in  the 
Clark  County  State  Forest.  The  distribution  of  the  species  is  not  well 
known  but  Bailey  says  he  has  specimens  from  Maryland,  Virginia,  and 
Indiana. 

10.  Rubus  Deamii  Bailey.    (Gentes  Herbarum  2:  463-464.   1932.)    Map 

1137.  The  type  of  this  species  is  my  no.  27799  which  was  collected  on  a 
washed  slope  in  a  fallow  field  on  the  north  side  of  Little  Blue  River  just 
west  of  the  bridge  across  Little  Blue  River  about  a  half  mile  south  of 
Grantsburg  in  Crawford  County.  My  no.  44636  is  a  topotype.  My  other 
specimens  referred  to  this  species  by  Bailey  are  shown  on  the  map.  Ten- 
nessee is  the  only  other  state  from  which  Bailey  cites  specimens. 

11.  Rubus  allegheniensis  Porter.  Allegheny  Blackberry.  Map  1138. 
This  is  one  of  our  most  abundant  highbush  blackberries  and  is  found  more 
or  less  frequently  probably  throughout  the  state  in  almost  all  kinds  of 
habitats  but,  like  all  the  blackberries,  it  prefers  open  habitats. 

N.  S.,  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Tenn.,  and  Mo. 

12.  Rubus  impos  Bailey.  (Gentes  Herbarum  2:  455-456.  1932.)  Map 
1139.  Bailey  refers  specimens  of  mine  from  La  Porte,  Knox,  and  Posey 
Counties  to  this  species.   Not  known  outside  of  Indiana. 


i62 


ROSACEAE 


Rubus 


1 
1 

■f- 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.j- 

^> 

y 

J 

1 

jl 

'  A 

)     "■ 

f 

f" 

'1*1 

- 

{ 

J~ 

r 

i 

%>     Miles 

E 

R 

ub 

US 

irr 

par    B 

0                 50 

Map  1143 
iiley 

13.  Rubus  laudatus  Berger.  (Rept.  N.  Y.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.  2:  79. 
1925.)  This  species  is  fully  discussed  by  Bailey  in  Gentes  Herbarum  3: 
265-269.  1934.  Map  1140.  Bailey  cites  two  of  my  specimens,  one  from  a 
low,  flat  woods  in  Posey  County  5  miles  south  of  Caborn  and  one  from 
sandy  soil  on  the  Claypole  Hill  in  Knox  County.  He  gives  the  range  as 
from  Missouri  and  Kansas  to  eastern  Illinois. 

14.  Rubus  argutus  Link.  HlGHBUSH  BLACKBERRY.  Map  1141.  This 
species  is  frequent  throughout  the  southern  part  of  the  state  where  it  is 
found  in  white  clay  soil  in  low  ground  and  on  high  ground  mostly  with 
beech  and  sugar  maple. 

Va.  to  s.  Ind.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

15.  Rubus  ostryifolius  Rydb.  (Britton.  Man.  Flora  North.  States  and 
Can.  497.  1901.)  {Rubus  Andrewsianus  Blanchard.)  Map  1142.  Probably 
only  infrequent  throughout  the  state,  mostly  in  black  and  white  oak  woods. 

N.  E.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Kans. 

16.  Rubus  impar  Bailey.  (Gentes  Herbarum  3:  269.  1934.)  Map  1143. 
This  species  so  far  is  known  only  from  the  type  locality  which  is  an  open, 
level,  post  oak  woods  just  southeast  of  Half  Moon  Pond  about  10  miles 
southwest  of  Mt.  Vernon,  Posey  County.  The  soil  of  the  area  is  a  hard, 
white  clay  and  is  infertile  and  sparsely  wooded  mostly  with  post  oak  and 
an  occasional  black  oak.  The  plants  are  slender  and  usually  3-5  feet  high, 
with  a  few  short  side  branches  and  a  slightly  curved  summit. 

17.  Rubus  frondosus  Bigel.  Map  1144.  Probably  found  more  or  less 
frequently  throughout  the  state,  growing  mostly  in  dry  soil. 

N.  E.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  D.  C.  and  Mo. 

18.  Rubus  abactus  Bailey.  (Gentes  Herbarum  2:  452-455.  1932.) 
(Probably  Rubus  recurvans  Blanchard.)  Map  1145.  Of  our  upright  black- 
berries this  species  is  the  most  arching  and  widest  spreading,  often  almost 
as  wide  as  long.    Rather  frequent  in  northern  Indiana  and  in  the  "flats" 


Fragaria 


ROSACEAE 


563 


5 
13 

Jan 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec  (- 

D 

)            D 

D 

D 

~i      d 

D 

J 

J  X 

D 

[ 

V 

' 

0 

rj_ 

L 

r 

[ 

i 

D 
_     D    j 

D      \~j- 

Jo    [ 

Miles 

3ul 

u< 

a 

Dactu: 

Jo               50 
Map  1145 

Bailey 

0  — 50 

Map  1146 


Fraqana    virginiana    Duchesne 


0 

Map 
Fraqana    virqiniana 
ill inoensis    (Prince)    Gra 


L 


of  the  southeastern  part,  elsewhere  it  is  usually  infrequent.  It  prefers 
moist  habitats  but  is  also  found  in  dry  habitats.  The  foliage  is  variable. 
The  typical  and  most  prevalent  form  has  leaflets  with  nearly  regularly 
serrate  margins,  but  there  is  also  a  form  with  sharply  toothed  or  jagged 
margins.  The  latter  form  is  common  in  Lagrange  County.  The  range  is 
not  yet  known  but  probably  extends  from  New  York,  Ohio,  Indiana,  and 
Wisconsin  to  Minnesota. 


3354.  FRAGARIA  [Tourn.]  L.  Strawberry 

Fruiting  scape  of  the  typical  form  shorter  than  the  leaves  (sometimes  equaling  the 
leaves);  flowers  usually  5-10,  in  corymbs;  calyx  lobes  appressed  or  connivent  on 
the  young  fruit;  fruit  red,  subglobose;  achenes  in  ripe  fruit  in  pits  below  the 
surface. 

Hairs  of  the  pedicels  more  or  less  appressed 1.  F.  virginiana. 

Hairs  of  pedicels  more  or  less  widely  spreading la.  F.  virginiana  var.  illinoensis. 

Fruiting  scape  of  the  typical  form  longer  than  the  leaves   (not  always  longer  in  the 

flowering    phase)  ;    flowers    few,    racemelike   on    the    scape   or   paniculate   and   the 

flowers  more   numerous;    calyx   lobes   loosely   spreading  or   reflexed  on   the   young 

fruit ;  achenes  on  the  surface  of  the  fruit,  not  in  pits  below  the  surface. 

Petioles   and   peduncles   generally   copiously  pubescent,  the  hairs  of  all  or  most  of 

them  spreading;  hairs  of  pedicels  appressed. 

Fruit  red 2.  F.  vesca. 

Fruit  white.    (See  excluded  species  no.  364,  p.  10fi2) 2a.    F.  vesca  f.  alba. 

Petioles  and  peduncles  generally  sparsely  pubescent,  the  hairs  of  all  or  most  of  them 
appressed;  hairs  of  the  pedicels  appressed.  (See  excluded  species  no.  365,  p. 
1062.) F.  vesca  var.  americana. 

1.  Fragaria  virginiana  Duchesne.  Virginia  Strawberry.  Map  1146. 
Probably  found  more  or  less  frequently  throughout  the  state,  especially  in 
the  lake  area,  although  there  are  no  records  from  the  southern  counties. 
The  fact  that  in  my  early  collecting  I  rarely  collected  strawberries  ac- 
counts for  the  scarcity  of  my  records  and  for  the  absence  of  records  from 
certain  parts  of  the  state.  This  is  true  not  only  of  this  species  but  of  the 
remainder  of  the  genus.   This  species  is  found  in  wet,  moist,  and  dry  soils, 


564 


ROSACEAE 


Duchesnea 


--1             ^      »D 
0        J 

Jan. 

Feb 

- 

Mar 
Apr 

<L 

H             1 

a 
l 

May 

June 

July 

/ 

r 

D 

" 

-I 

Aug. 
Sept. 

f 

D 

1 

Oct 

DP 

(- 

-  i 

~r 

J 

1 

Dec  j- — 

-/     Miles 

(       y     \      JP\      1 

5d 

iS^^j-^J             Map  1148 

Fragaria    vesca    L. 

50 

Map  1149 

Duchesnea     indica    (Andr.)    Focke 


Map  1150 
Potentilla    frulicosa    L 


but  generally  in  little  or  no  shade.  I  have  specimens  from  open,  wooded 
slopes,  crevices  of  cliffs,  roadsides,  fallow  fields,  interdimal  flats,  marshes, 
and  right  of  ways  of  railroads. 

Newf.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Okla. 

la.  Fragaria  virginiana  var.  illinoensis  (Prince)  Gray.  (Frag aria 
Grayana  Vilmorin  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Large 
Virginia  Strawberry.  Map  1147.  This  variety,  no  doubt,  is  found  also 
in  all  parts  of  the  state  but  it  is  more  frequent  in  the  lake  area.  The 
habitat  is  similar  to  that  of  the  species. 

Western  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ala.,  La.,  and  Mo. 

2.  Fragaria  vesca  L.  Alpine  Strawberry.  Map  1148.  I  have  found  this 
species  only  a  few  times  although  there  are  numerous  reports  of  its  occur- 
rence. The  strawberries  are  not  easily  differentiated  and  our  cultivated 
strawberry  was  not  separated  from  this  species  by  our  older  authors.  The 
cultivated  strawberry  often  persists  for  a  few  years  where  it  has  been  cul- 
tivated but  does  not  become  established. 

My  Montgomery  County  specimens  were  found  on  a  wooded  sandstone 
bluff  of  Sugar  Creek  in  the  "Shades."  My  Wells  County  specimen  was 
found  on  an  open,  wooded  slope.  In  La  Porte  County  I  found  it  along  a 
roadside  by  a  woods.  This  is  a  European  species  but  it  may  be  also  a 
native  of  America. 

Newf.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Pa.  and  Ky. 


3355.  DUCHESNEA  J.  E.  Smith 

1.  Duchesnea  Indica  (Andr.)  Focke.  Mock-strawberry.  Map  1149. 
I  found  this  species  to  be  common  in  one  place  at  the  base  of  the  sandstone 
bluff  along  the  Ohio  River  in  Rockport,  Spencer  County.  I  reported  it 
from  a  marsh  in  Porter  County  but  later  discovered  that  my  specimen  was 
Rubus  pubescens  Raf.  Peattie  also  reported  it  from  the  same  place  in 
Porter  County,  no  doubt  basing  his  report  upon  mine  and  overlooking  the 


Potentilla  Rosaceae  565 

fact  that  I  had  published  a  correction.  There  is,  however,  a  specimen 
collected  by  T.  G.  Yuncker  in  the  herbarium  of  DePauw  University.  It 
was  collected  along  a  roadside  near  Greencastle,  Putnam  County,  where  it 
was  established.  There  is  a  specimen  from  Montgomery  County  in  the 
herbarium  of  Wabash  College.  It  was  collected  by  A.  R.  Bechtel  in 
Crawfordsville,  where  it  has  escaped  and  become  established.  This  species 
is  a  rare  introduction  since  there  are  only  four  records  from  this  state 
and  only  one  report  from  Ohio. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  s.  N.  Y.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ark. 

3356.  POTENTlLLA  L.  Cinquefoil 

Stems    distinctly   woody,   usually   3-10   dm   high;    leaves   pinnate,   leaflets    5-7,   entire. 
1.   P.  fruticosa. 

Stems  herbaceous. 
Leaves  pinnate. 

Mature  plants  erect,  stout,  villous-pubescent;   leaflets  7-11,  thick,  double-serrate; 
terminal  leaflet  of  lower  leaves  usually  3-4  cm  wide ;  plants  of  a  moist  prairie 

or  dry  habitat 2.  P.  argata. 

Mature  plants  decumbent  or  in  age  with  runners  rooting  at  the  nodes;   leaflets 
5-25,  thin,  serrate;  terminal  leaflet  of  lower  leaves  less  than  3  cm  wide;  plants 
of  a  wet  habitat. 
Calyx    green    within;    leaflets    7-25,    with    smaller    intermediate    ones,    silvery- 
pubescent  beneath  but  not  glaucous;  flowers  solitary,  axillary.  3.  P.  Anserina. 
Calyx  maroon  within;  leaflets  5-7,  without  smaller  intermediate  ones,  glaucous 

beneath;   flowers  cymose 4.  P.  palustris. 

Leaves  palmate. 

Flowers  cymose;  peduncles  short. 
Leaflets  green  beneath. 

Leaflets  5-9;  plants  tall,  not  divided  at  the  base. 

Petals  7-10  mm  long,  exceeding  the  calyx,  pale  yellow;  stems  green 

5.  P.  recta. 

Petals  3-7  mm  long,  usually  shorter  than  the  calyx  or  scarcely  exceeding  it, 
deep  yellow;  stems  reddish;  leaflets  wider  and  deeper  green  than  those 

of  the  preceding.    (See  excluded  species  no.  366,  p.  1062.) 

P.  recta  var.  obscura. 

Leaflets  3;  petals  shorter  than  the  sepals,  deep  yellow 6.  P.  monspeliensis. 

Leaflets  silvery-pubescent  beneath,  5 ;  plants  much  divided  at  the  base,  the  lower 

branches  often  prostrate;  petals  small,  about  4  mm  long 7.  P.  argentea. 

Flowers  solitary,  axillary;   stem  soon  becoming  procumbent  and  usually  rooting 
at  the  tips  if  in  contact  with  soil. 
First  flower  borne  in  the  axil  of  the  leaf  from  the  first  well-developed  node 
when  the  stem  is   1-1.5  dm  high;  mature  stems  0.5-1  mm  in  diameter  at 

the  base.    (See  excluded  species  no.  367,  p.  1063,) P.  canadensis. 

First  flower  borne  in  the  axil  of  the  leaf  from  the  second  well-developed  node 

when  the  stem  is  generally  1-4  dm  high;  mature  stems  1-3  mm  in  diameter 

at  the  base. 

Leaves  green  and  more  or  less   strigose-pubescent  or  slightly  whitened  but 

not  copiously  silvery-sericeus  beneath. 

Stems  (especially  when  young)  hirsute  or  villous-hirsute,  with  spreading  or 

somewhat  appressed  hairs 8.  P.  simplex  var.  typica. 

Stems  strigose  with  short,  appressed  hairs  or  glabrate.   (This  form  to  be 

sought  in  Indiana.) P.  simplex  var.  calvescens. 

Leaves    densely    silvery-sericeus    beneath;    pubescence    of    stems    spreading, 
usually  dense 8a.  P.  simplex  var.  argyrisma. 


566 


ROSACEAE 


Potentilla 


o         ~w 
Map  1151 


Potentilla    arguta     Pursh 


1.  Potentilla  fruticdsa  L.  (Dasiphora  fruticosa  (L.)  Rydb.)  Shrubby 
Cinquefoil.  Map  1150.  This  species  prefers  limy,  springy  places  and 
marshes  and  is  more  or  less  frequent  in  the  lake  area  with  a  few  outlying 
posts  south  of  it. 

Greenland  and  Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  n.  N.  J.,  Pa.,  111.,  Iowa,  Ariz., 
and  Colo. ;  also  found  in  Eurasia. 

2.  Potentilla  arguta  Pursh.  (Drymocallis  agrimonioides  (Pursh) 
Rydb.)  Map  1151.  This  species  is  found  in  dry  or  moist  sandy  soil  and 
seems  to  prefer  a  prairie  habitat.  It  is  local  to  very  local  in  the  area  shown 
on  the  map  and  is  most  abundant  in  a  remnant  prairie  in  Lagrange  County. 
My  specimens  are  all  from  roadsides  and  fallow  fields. 

Eastern  Que.  and  N.  B.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ill,  Kans.,  and  Colo. 

3.  Potentilla  Anserina  L.  (Argentina  Anserina  (L.)  Rydb.)  SiLVER- 
WEED.  Map  1152.  Found  only  in  beach  pools  along  Lake  Michigan.  It  was 
formerly  common  just  east  of  Michigan  City  but  has  become  rare  or  ex- 
tinct in  most  places.  I  have  never  found  it  in  Porter  County  although 
there  is  one  report.  The  report  from  St.  Joseph  County  should  possibly 
be  referred  to  some  other  species.  Grimes'  specimen  from  Tipton  County 
was  found  in  the  railroad  yards  at  Tipton. 

Arctic  Amer.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ohio,  Iowa,  N.  Mex.,  and  Calif. 

4.  Potentilla  palustris  (L.)  Scop.  (Comarum  palustre  L.)  (Fernald  & 
Long.  American  variations  of  Potentilla  palustris.  Rhodora  16:  5-11. 
1914.)  Marsh  Cinquefoil.  Map  1153.  This  species  prefers  neutral  or 
slightly  acid  soils  and  is  found  mostly  in  marshes  and  swamps  in  the  lake 
area  although  it  was  found  also  in  the  Bacon  Bog  in  Marion  County.  It  is 
variable  in  the  pubescence  of  the  leaflets.  In  the  middle  of  September  I 
studied  this  species  on  the  south  shore  of  Long  Lake  in  Porter  County 
where  the  shore  is  over  a  hundred  feet  wide.  I  was  able  to  study  the  plants 
from  near  the  water  line  back  to  where  it  was  too  dry  for  the  species  to 


Potentilla 


Rosaceae 


567 


grow.    I  found  that  the  leaves  varied  in  pubescence  from  nearly  glabrous 
in  the  wettest  situations  to  silky-pubescent  in  the  driest  places. 

Greenland  and  Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  n.  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Ohio,  Ind.,  111., 
Iowa,  Wyo.,  and  Calif. 

5.  Potentilla  recta  L.  Map  1154.  This  species  is  rapidly  becoming 
established  in  all  parts  of  the  state  and  has  in  some  parts  already  become 
an  annoying  weed.  Our  first  report  dates  back  to  1905.  In  1915  I  made 
a  note  that  I  saw  it  only  once  during  the  year  although  I  had  driven  more 
than  5000  miles.  Now  it  has  become  more  frequent  along  roadsides  and 
in  pasture  fields  and  meadows. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Maine  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  111. 

6.  Potentilla  monspeliensis  L.  (Rhodora  28:  214.  1926.)  (Rhodora32: 
254.  1930.)  Rough  Cinquefoil.  Map  1155.  This  species  is  a  frequent  to 
common  weed  throughout  the  state.  It  is  found  in  almost  all  kinds  of 
habitats  but  it  is  not  frequent  in  certain  bottomlands.  I  have  specimens 
from  roadsides,  cultivated  and  fallow  fields,  pastures,  open  woods,  dry 
dunes,  and  a  dense  tamarack  bog.  It  is  a  pernicious  weed,  especially  in 
clover  fields  because  its  seed  are  separated  from  clover  seed  only  with 

difficulty. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  D.  C,  Mo.,  Kans.,  and  N.  Mex. ;  also  in  Asia. 

7.  Potentilla  argentea  L.  Silver  Cinquefoil.  Map  1156.  This  species 
is  restricted  to  dry,  sandy  or  gravelly  areas  in  the  lake  region  where  it  is 
more  or  less  frequent  along  roads  and  in  pastures  and  open  woodland. 

N.  S.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  D.  C,  Ind.,  and  Kans.;  also  found  in  Eu. 
and  Asia. 

8.  Potentilla  simplex  Michx.  var.  typica  Fern.  {Potentilla  canadensis 
L.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  in  the 
major  part.)  (Fernald.  Potentilla  canadensis  and  P.  simplex.  Rhodora 
33:  180-191.   1931.)    Common  Cinquefoil.   Map  1157.   Frequent  to  com- 


568 


ROSACEAE 


Waldsteinia 


1 

31 

ie 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

MI      » 
B 

f 

) .°.  » 

D               » 

d         A  ■        — 

/B                        D 

—       D 

_  P 

D 

S 
p                 i — 

J 

^ 

0        D        D 

o 

0 

p 

;■ 

D 

1      0     B 

0 

"                 D 

D 

D 

0 
D            DP 

D            B        * 

D            D 

r? x   » 

-  X 

J 

"    DP 

i     B          D 

— 

t\ 

1    o        " 

Dec.f- 

B     U 

D      L 

— T°  /  "a 

'Tb»  Pf    "_J 
d\  r — vL/ 

\ 

10 

D 

r  "  r 

i  P 

cl\°   \  " 

'—,^>     D  \J 

J    Miles 

\      P 

d  (    y » \  o  -P\  j 

o             50 

{S-tS-^r^      ^    Map  1157 
Potentilla     simplex   Michx 

var.    typica     Fern. 

Waldsteinia   fraqarioides 


Tratt 


0  50 

Map  1159 

Geum    vernum    (Raf.)    T  &  G. 


mon  throughout  the  state  in  dry  and  moist  soil  in  almost  all  kinds  of 
habitats.   It  becomes  abundant  in  old  fallow  fields. 

N.  S.,  sw.  N.  B.,  s.  Que.,  s.  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Tenn.,  s.  Mo., 
and  Okla. 

8a.  Potentilla  simplex  var.  argyrisma  Fern.  (Rhodora  33:  191.  1931.) 
I  have  this  variety  from  Warren  County  on  a  steep,  gravelly  slope  along 
the  railroad  west  of  Covington,  and  from  Benton  County  in  a  prairie 
habitat. 

Pa.  to  Ky.  and  111. 

3363.  WALDSTEINIA  Willd. 

1.  Waldsteinia  fragarioides  (Michx.)  Tratt.  Barren-strawberry.  Map 
1158.  Extremely  local  in  this  state.  It  has  been  reported  from  only  Clark 
and  Jefferson  Counties.  I  found  it  in  talus  at  the  base  of  a  cliff  along  Little 
Blue  River  near  the  site  of  Carnes  Mill  about  2  miles  south  of  Grantsburg 
in  Crawford  County;  in  talus  on  rocky  ledges  of  the  slope  of  Buck  Creek 
where  the  creek  parallels  the  road  north  of  Dogwood  in  Harrison  County ; 
and  in  talus  of  the  rocky  slope  of  the  North  Fork  of  the  Muscatatuck  River 
about  half  a  mile  above  Vernon,  Jennings  County. 

N.  B.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ind.,  and  Mo. 


3365.  GEUM  L.  Avens 

[Fernald.    Critical  plants  of  Ontario  and  Michigan.    Rhodora  37:  292- 
295.    1935.] 

Styles  glabrous;  calyx  bractless;  heads  conspicuously  stalked  in  the  calyx;  flowering 

in  May \.  G.  vernum. 

Styles  more  or  less  pubescent  (rarely  one  or  more  glabrous);  calyx  bracteolate;  heads 
sessile  in  the  calyx  (short-stalked  in  G.  rivale)  ;  flowering  later  than  May. 
Calyx  lobes  erect,  purplish  without;  petals  somewhat  purplish,  obovate  with  a  long 

claw,  7-10  mm  long;  lower  segment  of  styles  densely  long-pubescent 

2.  G.  rivale. 


Geum  Rosaceae  569 

Calyx  lobes  reflexed,  greenish  without;  lower  segment  of  styles  glabrous. 

Lower  part  of  stem  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs  about 

1  mm  long,  sometimes  more  or  less  puberulent,  rarely  more  densely  pubescent; 

petioles  of  the  basal  leaves  likewise  pubescent,  often  more  pubescent  than  the 

stem;   petals  white,  exceeding  the  sepals,  usually  3-6  mm  long  and  half  as 

wide  or  more. 

Body  of  carpel  sparsely  appressed-pubescent  as  well  as  hispid  with  long  hairs; 

upper   segment    of    style    sparsely    bearded   with   white   hairs    of   different 

lengths,  usually  one  or  more  up  to  0.5  mm  long;  simple  leaves  of  the  stem 

longer  than  wide,  cuneate  at  the  base,  rarely  truncate;  peduncles  glandless. 

3.   G.  canadense. 

Body  of  carpel  hispid  above,  otherwise  glabrous;  upper  segment  of  style  sparsely 
hispidulous  with  short  hairs  about  half  as  long  as  the  preceding;  simple 
leaves  of  the  stem  usually  wider  than  long,  generally  truncate  at  the  base 

or  the  uppermost  one  cuneate;  peduncles  glandular 

3a.  G.  canadense  var.  Grimesii. 

Lower  part  of  stem  and  petioles  of  basal  leaves  more  or  less  densely  pubescent 
with  hairs  about  2  mm  long,  spreading  or  somewhat  retrorse;  petals  white 
or  cream  color  and  shorter  than  the  calyx  or  large,  bright  yellow,  and  exceed- 
ing the  calyx. 
Peduncles  densely  puberulent,  and  with  a  few  long  hairs;   petals  cream  color, 
2.2-3.5  mm  long,  about  half  as  wide,  shorter  than  the  sepals,  usually  about 
half  as  long;  peduncles  relatively  long;  heads  obovate;  stipules  larger  than 
in  G.  canadense ;  terminal  leaflet  usually  about  twice  as  long  as  the  lateral 
ones,  narrow,  long-cuneate  at  the  base,  with  coarse  teeth..  .4.  G.  virginianum. 
Peduncles  densely  puberulent,  and  usually  densely  pubescent  with  long,  spread- 
ing hairs. 
Petals  bright  yellow,  mostly  4-8  mm  long,  nearly  or  quite  as  wide  as  long, 
longer  than  the  sepals;  leaves  usually,  as  a  whole,  more  pinnate;  pube- 
scence on  stem  and  leaves  softer,  and  receptacle  more  pubescent  than  in 

the  following  species 5.    G.  aleppicum  var.  strictvm. 

Petals  cream  white,  generally  2.5-5.5  mm  long  and  about  half  as  wide,  shorter 
than  the  sepals. 

Carpels  glabrous 6.  G.  laciniatum. 

Carpels  hispid  above 6a.  G.  laciniatum  var.  trichocarpum. 

1.  Geum  vernum  (Raf.)  T.  &  G.  Spring  Avens.  Map  1159.  Infrequent 
to  common  in  wet  and  moist  woods  throughout  the  state  although  there 
are  no  records  from  the  northwestern  counties.  This  species  prefers  moist, 
alluvial  soil  along  streams,  where  it  is  often  a  common  plant ;  but  it  grows 
also  in  less  favorable  habitats  such  as  roadsides  and  fallow  fields. 

Ont.  to  111.  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  W.  Va.,  Tenn.,  and  Tex. 

2.  Geum  rivale  L.  Purple  Avens.  Map  1160.  This  species  has  been 
found  in  only  a  few  of  our  northern  counties  in  tamarack  bogs.  Van  Gorder 
found  it  in  a  birch  marsh  in  Noble  County  and  Hill  reported  it  from  La 
Porte  County.  I  have  had  this  species  in  cultivation  in  the  open  in  garden 
soil  for  about  10  years  and  it  thrives. 

Lab.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  n.  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Ind.,  and  Colo. ;  found  also  in  Eu. 

3.  Geum  canadense  Jacq.  White  Avens.  Map  1161.  This  is  a  wood- 
land species  well  distributed  throughout  the  state.  It  prefers  a  moist  soil. 
Usually  there  are  only  a  few  plants  growing  at  one  place,  but  rarely 
it  is  found  in  dense  or  large  colonies. 

N.  S.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  La.,  and  Kans. 


570 


ROSACEAE 


Geum 




B      3          0    " 
LI          >3 

Jan. 

Feb. 



Mar. 
Apr. 

I 



ri           1 

a 

May 

June 
July 

/ 

r 

" 

X 

Aug 
Sept 

f 

_ 

1 

J    . 

Oct 
Nov 

r 

r 

t 

Dec  (- — 

1 

L/   Miles 

0              56 

£p-l$a-<s/rA-i/)             Map  1160 

Geum     rivale    L. 

0  50 

Map  1161 


Geum     canadense    Jacq. 


0  ~~ 13 

Map  1162 
3eum    canadense 
var.    Grimesii     Fern.  &  Weatherby 


0  50 

Map  1163 


Geum     virqinianum     L 


0  33 

Map  1164 
Geum    aleppicum 
var.    strictum     (Ait.)    Fern. 


3 

1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

)          D 

0 

3 

r 

3 

n     C 

[■H- 

n 

" 

OP 

r1 

J,' 

8p  " 

3 

0 

3 

r 

»   1   ■ 

>3 

fm 

J- 

D 

Dec.  P 

ID                              r 

1           ' 

/    Miles 

\     jS    \     y\      J 

3                 50 

^As^<j-^V      ^    Map  1165 

Geum     laciniatum    Murr. 

3a.  Geum  canadense  var.  Grimesii  Fern.  &  Weatherby.  (Rhodora  24: 
49.  1922.)  Map  1162.  This  variety  is  local  but  frequent  in  its  habitat. 
It  prefers  a  hard,  white  clay  soil  in  pin  oak,  sweet  gum,  and  river  birch 
woods.   It  is  easily  distinguished  in  the  field  by  its  wide  upper  leaves. 

Pa.,  D.  C,  Va.,  N.  C,  and  Ind. 

4.  Geum  virginianum  L.  (Geum  flavum  (Porter)  Bickn.)  Map  1163. 
Infrequent  in  all  kinds  of  dry  woods  throughout  the  state;  rarely  in  wet 
woods  or  in  open  places. 

Mass.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  S.  C,  and  Tenn. 

5.  Geum  aleppicum  Jacq.  var.  strictum  (Ait.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  37:  294. 
1935.)  (Geum  strictum  Ait.)  Yellow  Avens.  Map  1164.  All  of  my 
specimens  are  from  the  lake  area  where  I  have  found  it  infrequently  in 
marshes,  tamarack  bogs,  and  ditches.  I  have  a  specimen  from  Lagrange 
County  with  this  note :  "This  plant  had  10-12  petals  to  a  flower  and  nearby 
plants  also  had  more  than  5  petals  to  a  flower.    Only  one  plant  with  the 


Filipendula  Rosaceae  571 

normal  5  petals."  Sometimes  the  inner  row  of  petals  is  much  reduced  in 
size.  This  species  has  been  reported  4  times  from  Clark  and  Jefferson  Coun- 
ties, the  authors  saying:  "In  meadows."  Doubtless  these  authors  meant 
hayfields  because  meadows,  in  the  botanical  sense,  do  not  occur  there.  I  do 
not  believe  this  species  occurs  there  but  what  these  authors  had  at  hand  I 
can  not  determine.  The  manuals  used  by  them  to  distinguish  the  species 
are  definite  as  far  as  this  species  is  concerned.  More  intensive  collecting 
in  southern  Indiana  may  reveal  the  plant  in  a  different  habitat. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  111.,  Mo.,  and  N.  Mex. ;  also  found 
in  Asia. 

6.  Geum  laciniatum  Murr.  (Geum  virginianum  L.  in  part,  of  Gray, 
Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Northern  Rough 
Avens.  Map  1165.  This  species  is  found  more  or  less  infrequently  in  low 
ground  in  woodland,  on  the  borders  of  swamps,  ponds,  and  lakes,  and  more 
abundantly  in  roadside  ditches  and  along  fences. 

N.  S.  to  Que.,  southw.  to  Mass.  and  Ind. 

6a.  Geum  laciniatum  var.  trichocarpum  Fern.  (Rhodora  37:  292-293. 
1935.)  (Geum  virginianum  L.  in  part,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7,  and  Britton  and 
Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Rough  Avens.  Map  1166.  Found  in  the 
habitats  of  the  species  but  probably  more  frequent.  The  map  shows  the 
distribution  of  my  specimens  but  it  may  also  be  found  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  state.  It  has  been  reported  from  southern  Indiana  by  seven 
early  authors.  When  these  authors  made  their  reports,  however,  our 
manuals  did  not  separate  Geum  canadense  from  Geum  laciniatum  and  its 
variety.  Since  Geum  canadense  is  a  species  common  to  the  southern 
counties,  it  is  probable  that  all  or  most  of  these  reports  should  be  referred 
to  Geum  canadense  or  Geum  virginianum. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Mo.  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ga. 

3374.  FILIPENDULA  [Tourn.]  Hill.  Meadowsweet 

1.  Filipendula  rubra  (Hill)  Robinson.  Prairie  Meadowsweet.  Map 
1167.  This  plant  is  an  inhabitant  of  springy  places  and  prairie  swamps. 
The  area  covered  by  reports  for  the  species  is  from  Marshall  County 
southward  to  the  Ohio  River  Counties.  It  is  frequently  cultivated. 

Pa.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ky.,  and  Iowa. 

3376.  AGRIMONIA  [Tourn.]  L.  Agrimony 

Leaflets   (exclusive  of  the  small,  intermediate  ones)    generally  5-9,  ovate  to  obovate, 

rhombic-ovate  or  elliptic-oblong;  plants  usually  of  a  dry  habitat. 

Lower  surface  of  leaflets  subglabrous  or  sparsely  hirsute;  rachis  of  the  inflorescence 

and  petioles  glandular-puberulent,  sparsely  hirsute  or  glabrous. 

Mature  fruit  strongly  striate,  5-6  mm  in  diameter,  exclusive  of  the  ring  of  stiff, 

hooked  bristles;  bristles  in  many  rows,  the  longer  ones  3.5-4  mm  long  and 

usually  broadly  spreading  or  reflexed;   petals  about  4  mm  long,  acuminate, 

indurated  and  somewhat  curved  inward   at  the  tips;   plants   stout;   root  not 

tuberous;  lower  surface  of  leaflets  plainly  glandular-dotted..  .1.  A.  gryposepala. 


572 


ROSACEAE 


Agrimonia 


Geum     laciniatum 
var     tnchocarpum     Fern. 


0  ~ 50 

Map   1166 


Filipendula     rubra    (Hill)    Rob. 


0  50 

Map  1168 


Agrimonia     gryposepala    Wallr. 


Mature  fruit  faintly   striate,   2.5-2.8   mm   in   diameter,  exclusive   of  the  bristles; 

bristles  in  3  or  4  rows,  the  longer  ones  1.5-1.8  mm  long;  petals  about  3  mm 

long,  connivent,  not  acuminate  or  indurated  at  the  tips;  plants  slender;  root 

tuberous;  lower  surface  of  leaflets  obscurely  resinous-dotted.     2.  A.  rostellata. 

Lower  surface  of  leaflets  more  or  less  densely  pubescent,  especially  on  the  veins; 

rachis  of  inflorescence  and  petioles  closely  pubescent,  usually  with  subappressed 

and  spreading  hairs,  short  glandular  hairs  lacking. 

Lower  surface  of  leafllets  velvety  to  the  touch,  the  pubescence  consisting  of  long, 

spreading  hairs;  resinous  dots  obscure  or  lacking;   stipules  of  median  leaves 

reniform,  rather  evenly  but  coarsely  dentate;  petals  about  3  mm  long 

3.   A .   pubescens. 

Lower  surface  of  leaflets  not  velvety,  the  pubescence  consisting  of  long  hairs  but 
these  more  or  less  appressed;  resinous  dots  copious  and  prominent;   stipules 
of  median   leaves   ovate,  long-acuminate  with   a  few   irregular   teeth   below; 
petals  about  3.5  mm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  372,  p.  1063.)  .  .A.  striata. 
Leaflets   (exclusive  of  the  small,  intermediate  ones)   usually  11-15,  lanceolate  to  nar- 
rowly lance-oblong,  copiously  glandular  beneath;   fruit  about  3  mm  in  diameter, 
exclusive  of  the  ring  of  bristles;  the  lower  bristles  widely  spreading,  the  upper  ones 

the  longer;   stems   densely  hirsute;   plants  of  wet  and  moist  habitats 

4.   A.  parviflora. 

1.  Agrimonia  gryposepala  Wallr.  Agrimony.  Map  1168.  More  or  less 
frequent  throughout  the  lake  area.  It  is  usually  found  in  dry  soil,  but  is 
also  sometimes  found  in  moist  soil,  especially  where  the  soil  is  of  a 
sandy  nature.  Since  this  species  and  the  next  two  were  formerly  regarded 
as  an  aggregate,  all  of  the  reports  made  prior  to  our  present  manuals  must 
be  ignored  because  we  do  not  know  to  which  species  they  should  be  re- 
ferred. From  the  specimens  at  hand  it  seems  that  this  species  is  northern 
in  its  distribution,  while  the  other  two  are  found  throughout  the  state. 

N.  B.,  s.  N.  S.  and  cent.  Maine  to  Minn,  and  Calif.,  southw.  to  N.  C, 
Tenn.,  and  Mo. 

2.  Agrimonia  rostellata  Wallr.  Map  1169.  Found  throughout  the  state, 
although  it  is  restricted  to  dry  soil  generally  of  thick  woodland. 

Conn.,  cent.  N.  Y.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tenn.,  and  Mo. 


Sanguisorba 


ROSACEAE 


573 


0  ~~50 

Map  1169 


Agrimonia     rostellata    Wallr 


0  50 

Map  1171 


Agrimonia     parviflora    Ait. 


3.  Agrimonia  pubescens  Wallr.  (North  Amer.  Flora  22:  393.  1913.) 
(Agrimonia  mollis  (T.  &  G.)  Britt.)  Map  1170.  Found  throughout  the 
state  in  dry  soil  in  woodland  and  rarely  along  roadsides  and  in  prairies. 

Mass.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Kans. 

4.  Agrimonia  parviflora  Ait.  Smallflower  Agrimony.  Map  1171. 
Throughout  the  state  in  low  ground  along  streams,  about  ponds  and 
swamps,  and  in  marshes  and  roadside  ditches. 

Conn,  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Kans. 

3381.  SANGUISORBA  [Rupp.]  L.  Burnet 

1.  Sanguisorba  canadensis  L.  American  Burnet.  Map  1172.  This 
species  has  been  found  in  only  two  places  in  the  state.  Blatchley  found  it 
in  Vigo  County,  August  1,  1892,  along  the  Vandalia  Railroad  through  the 
Heckland  Prairie  north  of  the  Otter  Creek  Junction,  about  6  miles  north- 
east of  Terre  Haute,  and  along  the  same  railroad  near  Heckland,  in  sec.  8, 
about  8V2  miles  northeast  of  Terre  Haute.  I  found  a  few  specimens  in  the 
last  named  place  in  1917.  In  1923  I  found  a  few  specimens  in  a  springy 
place  along  Flint  Creek  about  3  miles  northwest  of  Westpoint  in  Tippe- 
canoe County. 

Lab.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Ind.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ga. 


3389.  ROSA  [Tourn.]  L.  Rose 

Eileen  Whitehead  Erlanson,  who  has  for  years  intensively  studied  the 
wild  roses  of  North  America,  has  had  them  under  cultivation  in  the 
Botanical  Garden  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  and  has  written  volum- 
inously about  them,  has  examined  all  of  my  specimens  and  written  the 
following  key.  It  is  now  known  that  some  of  the  species  freely  hybridize 
and  when  specimens  of  hybrids  are  at  hand  it  is  difficult  to  name  them. 
Our  native  species  nos.  4,  5,  and  6  are  extremely  variable  and  the  more 
conspicuous  forms  have  been  named.   Some  of  these  forms  are  described  in 


574 


ROSACEAE 


Rosa 


0  50 

Map   1172 


Sanguisorba     canadensis    L 


0  55 

Map  1173 


Rosa    setigera    Michx. 


Rosa     setigera    var.    tomentosa    T.  &  G 


the  text  under  the  species  to  which  they  most  nearly  approach.  It  seems 
best  to  consider  these  variables  as  belonging  to  "species  complexes"  rather 
than  to  try  to  assign  names  to  the  many  variables. 

Styles  united;    leaves   on   old   stems   mostly  with   3   leaflets,   on  new   growth  3   or   5; 

stems  long,  recurved  or  semi-trailing 1.  R.  setigera. 

Styles  free;  leaves  on  old  and  new  wood  mostly  with  5,  7,  or  9  leaflets;  stems  erect,  or 
spreading. 
Orifice  (through  which  the  styles  protrude)  small,  1-2  mm  in  diameter,  surrounded  by 
a  well  defined  disk  of  fleshy  tissue  (introduced  species). 

Orifice  about  2  mm  in  diameter;  leaflets  glandular 2.  R.  rubiginosa. 

Orifice  about  1  mm  in  diameter. 

Leaflets  large  and  leathery,  2-6  cm  long,  dark  green  above,  pale  beneath;  stems 
low  and  slender;  prickles  short.    (See  excluded  species  no.  376,  p.  1064.).  .  .  . 

R.   gallica. 

Leaflets  small,  not  leathery,   1.5-4  cm   long;   stems  tall   and  coarse  with  large 
prickles. 

Styles  glabrous;  leaflets  densely  glandular  and  pubescent  beneath 

3.  R.   micrantha. 

Styles  pubescent;  leaflets  not  glandular  and  sparsely  pubescent  beneath.    (See 

excluded  species  no.  375,  p.  1064.) R.  canina. 

Orifice  in  flower  and  fruit  wide,  2-3  mm  in  diameter. 

Hypanthium  usually  glandular;  calyx  lobes  generally  deciduous  from  the  hips. 

Shrubs    of    wet    ground,    usually    1-2    m    high;    branches    reddish;    serration    of 

leaflets  fine;  flowers  usually  corymbose;  prickles  recurved..  ..4.  R.  palustris. 

Shrubs  of  dry  uplands,  usually  less  than  1  m  high;  branches  gray  or  greenish; 

serration  of  leaflets  coarse;  flowers  solitary  on  old  wood,  in  terminal  corymbs 

on  new  canes;  prickles  straight 5.  R.  Carolina. 

Hypanthium  usually  smooth;  calyx  lobes  erect  and  persistent  on  the  hips. 

Stems  0.5-1  m  high,  usually  unarmed  except  at  the  base;  leaflets  5  or  7,  rarely 

9;  flowers  on  two  year  old  stems  only 6.  R.  blanda. 

Stems  low,  3-5  dm  high,  semi-herbaceous,  weak  and  bristly;  leaflets  usually  9  or 
11;  flowers  on  old  wood  and  terminally  on  new  shoots 7.  R.  suffulta. 

1.  Rosa  setigera  Michx.  Prairie  Rose.  Map  1173.  This  species  is  dis- 
tinguished from  its  variety  by  having  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaflets 
glabrous  or  only  the  veins  pubescent  and  the  upper  surface  shining.    It  is 


Rosa 


ROSACEAE 


575 


1 

3 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec  j- 

0 

a 

-       D 

D 

V 

u 

" 

X 

DP 

r1 

r 

"k 

/    Miles 

^J" 

D 

10                    r 
1       ' 

\                 \ 

D     j       \~\ 

Ro 

sa 

■ut 

|S\      7 

iqinosa 

3                 50 

Map  1175 

L 

0  50 

Map   1176 


Rosa     palustns    Marsh. 


0  ~~ 50 

Map   1177 


Rosa     Carolina   L. 


not  as  common  as  the  variety  and  does  not  extend  as  far  north,  becoming 
very  rare  in  the  northern  counties.  I  do  not  find  where  the  range  of  this 
species  has  been  determined  so  I  am  forced  to  give  the  range  as  found  in 
our  manuals. 

N.  Y.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla. 

la.  Rosa  setigera  var.  tomentosa  T.  &  G.  (Rosa  rubifolia  R.  Br.  of 
North  Amer.  Flora  22:  491.  1918.)  Map  1174.  This  variety  is  distinguished 
from  the  species  by  having  the  entire  lower  surface  of  the  leaflets  soft- 
pubescent  and  the  upper  surface  dull.  It  is  more  frequent  than  the  species 
and  in  some  clearings  it  is  often  so  abundant  as  to  give  them  the  appear- 
ance of  rose  gardens.  The  species  and  variety  are  found  in  open  woodland, 
clearings,  and  pastures  and  along  fences  and  roadsides. 

Ont.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

2.  Rosa  rubiginosa  L.  Sweetbrier.  Map  1175.  This  rose  is  much 
cultivated  and  it  has  escaped  in  all  parts  of  the  state. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Mich.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Miss.,  and  Kans. 

3.  Rosa  micrantha  Borrer.  Smallflower  Sweetbrier.  I  found  a 
small  colony  of  this  rose  along  the  roadside  in  Elkhart  County  where  it 
had  persisted,  no  doubt,  near  the  site  of  a  former  habitation,  although  there 
was  no  evidence  that  a  habitation  ever  existed  here.  Miss  Edna  Banta 
writes  me  that  she  has  known  it  for  ten  years  as  an  escape  in  Jefferson 
County.  She  says  it  is  more  or  less  frequent  on  the  slope  of  the  bluff  of 
the  Ohio  River  from  Madison  to  Greasy  Hollow,  a  few  miles  east  of 
Madison. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  sparingly  escaped  throughout  the  U.  S. 

4.  Rosa  palustris  Marsh.  (Rosa  Carolina  L.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Swamp  Rose.  Map  1176.  This 
species  is  frequent  to  infrequent  throughout  the  state,  being  more  common 


576  Rosaceae  Rosa 

in  the  lake  area.    It  grows  in  wet  places  about  lakes,  on  the  borders  of 
swamps  in  woodland,  and  along  low  roadsides. 
N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Miss. 

5.  Rosa  Carolina  L.  (Rosa  humilis  Marsh,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and 
Rosa  virginiana  Mill,  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Pasture 
Rose.  Map  1177.  This  is  our  most  common  rose  and  should  be  considered 
as  frequent  throughout  the  state.  It  is  found  in  hard,  clay  soil,  associated 
with  white  and.  black  oak  in  open  woodland  and  clearings,  in  very  dry, 
sandy  soils  in  all  parts  of  the  state,  and  rarely  in  wet  or  moist  soil  of  our 
prairies. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

Of  this  species  Indiana  has  the  following  named  varieties : 

5a.  Rosa  Carolina  var.  villosa  (Best)  Render.  (Rosa  Lyoni  Pursh.) 
Map  1178.  This  is  a  form  with  the  under  surface  of  the  leaflets  more  or 
less  densely  pubescent. 

5b.  Rosa  Carolina  var.  glandulosa  (Crep.)  Farw.  (Rosa  serrulata  Raf.) 
This  form  is  distinguished  by  the  double-serrate  leaflets,  by  the  secondary 
teeth  ending  in  a  stipitate  gland,  and  by  the  entire  part  of  the  margins  of 
the  leaflets  having  stipitate  glands.  This  form  is  not  well  marked  in  our 
area  since  specimens  can  be  found  with  a  few  leaves  with  double-serrate 
leaflets  with  stipitate  glands  and  the  other  leaves  non-glandular  or  with 
simple  serrations.  I  have  specimens  of  this  form  from  Clark,  Floyd,  and 
Franklin  Counties. 

5c.  Rosa  Carolina  var.  sabulosa  Erlanson.  This  form  is  characterized 
by  the  trailing  habit  of  the  old  stems,  "by  the  uniformly  small  leaflets  on 
old  wood,  and  by  having  the  hypanthium  and  pedicels  free  from  hispid 
glands."    It  is  represented  by  specimens  from  Lake  County. 

5d.  Rosa  Carolina  var.  Deamii  (Erlanson)  Deam,  comb.  nov.  (Rosa 
Deamii  Erlanson,  Rhodora  30 :  120-121.  1928.)  This  rare  form  has  been 
found  only  in  Tipton  County  in  the  area  of  the  Indian  Prairie  along  the 
railroad  about  a  half  mile  west  of  Goldsmith.  It  is  distinguished  "by  the 
recurved  stems;  long  prickles;  thick,  shining,  dark  green  foliage  with 
coarse  serrations;  large  flowers  and  hips.  All  parts  are  coarse  and  well 
developed."    I  have  had  this  form  under  cultivation  ever  since  I  found  it. 

5e.  Rosa  Carolina  var.  obovata  (Raf.)  Deam,  comb.  nov.  (Rosa  obovata 
Raf.,  Ann.  Gen.  Sci.  Phys.  5:  217.  1820.)  This  form  is  rather  frequent 
in  Indiana,  especially  in  the  northern  part.  It  is  distinguished  by  its 
broad,  oval  leaflets,  stout  prickles,  and  large  flowers. 

6.  Rosa  blanda  Ait.  Meadow  Rose.  Map  1179.  This  species  is,  for  the 
most  part,  restricted  to  the  area  about  Lake  Michigan  where  it  is  found 
in  the  low,  interdunal  flats  and  up  to  the  very  tops  of  the  highest  dunes. 
On  account  of  many  visitors  to  the  high  dunes  it  has  already  almost  dis- 
appeared from  this  habitat.  1  have  it  also  from  Elkhart  County  and  Grimes 
found  it  along  the  railroad  in  Putnam  County  where  it  was  a  migrant. 


Rosa 


ROSACEAE 


577 


Miles 

o  50 

Map  1178 
Rosa    Carolina    L.  van    Lyoni 

(Pursh)     Palmer   &    Steyermark, 


o  50 

Map  1179 


Rosa     blanda    Ait 


Miles 

5  50 

Map  1180 


Rosa     suffulta     Greene 


It  is  possible  that  this  rose  may  yet  be  found  in  more  of  our  northern 
counties,  especially  in  La  Porte  and  St.  Joseph  Counties.  For  a  more 
detailed  discussion  of  this  and  other  species  of  Indiana  roses,  see  Deam, 
Shrubs  of  Indiana,  ed.  2. 

Newf.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Pa.  and  111. 

Of  this  species  complex  Indiana  has  the  following  named  varieties : 

6a.  Rosa  blanda  var.  carpohispida  Schuette,  with  stipitate  glands  on  the 
hypanthium.   This  is  a  rare  form. 

6b.  Rosa  blanda  var.  glandulosa  Schuette,  with  pyriform  hips.  I  have 
this  form  from  Porter  County,  and  it  has  been  reported  from  the  dunes 
by  Peattie. 


6c.     Rosa  blanda  var.  hispida  Farw.,  with  densely  bristly  stems, 
ported  from  the  dune  area  of  Lake  Michigan  by  Peattie. 


Re- 


7.  Rosa  suffulta  Greene.  (Rosa  pratincola  Greene  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7 
and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  (Rosa  heliophila  Greene  of 
Deam,  Shrubs  of  Indiana,  ed.  1.)  Map  1180.  I  have  found  this  species  only 
in  Tipton  County  in  Indian  Prairie  in  moist  soil  along  the  railroad  about 
a  half  mile  west  of  Goldsmith.  Chas.  M.  Ek  has  found  it  in  several  places 
along  railroads  in  Howard  County. 

Ind.  to  Alberta  and  Man.,  southw.  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. 

7a.  Rosa  suffulta  var.  relicta  (Erlanson)  Deam,  comb.  nov.  (Rosa 
relicta  Erlanson  in  Rhodora  30:  116-117.  1928.)  This  rare  form  has  been 
found  in  Indiana  only  in  Tipton  County  in  the  Indian  Prairie  area  along 
the  railroad  a  short  distance  west  of  Goldsmith.  "It  resembles  a  weak  R. 
suffulta;  it  is  semi-herbaceous,  the  two  year  old  wood  being  often  semi- 
procumbent.  It  differs  from  R.  suffulta  in  the  narrow  stipules,  small  fruit 
with  reflexed  and  semi-deciduous  sepals,  in  which  characteristics  it  re- 


578  ROSACEAE  Primus 

sembles  R.  Carolina  L."  "R.  relicta  begins  to  flower  earlier  than  R.  suffulta, 
just  after  R.  blanda  and  continues  to  flower  through  the  summer."  Like  the 
next  species,  it  may  have  originated  by  natural  hybridization. 

8.  Rosa  rudiuscula  Greene.  Map  1181.  This  rose  is  intermediate  be- 
tween Rosa  Carolina  and  Rosa  suffulta,  and  has  been  produced  experi- 
mentally by  Dr.  Erlanson  by  crossing  these  species.  Because  of  its  hybrid 
nature  it  is  difficult  to  identify  unless  one  is  familiar  with  our  wild  roses. 
In  former  accounts  of  the  genus  the  tendency  of  Rosa  rudiuscula  to  have 
thick,  leathery  leaves  has  been  stressed.  This  characteristic  is  also  found 
in  Rosa  Carolina  and  is  not  invariably  present  in  the  hybrid. 

According  to  my  records  this  hybrid  grows  only  in  prairie  habitats 
where  it  is  more  or  less  frequent,  especially  in  the  northern  parts  of  Benton 
County  and  in  the  southern  part  of  Jasper  County. 

Ind.  to  Mo. 

3396.  PRUNUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Cherries  and  Plums 

Fruit  velvety-tomentose;  stone  deeply  sculptured  and  pitted;  flowers  subsessile,  large, 
pinkish,  appearing  before  the  leaves.     (See  excluded  species  no.  382,  p.  1064.)  .... 

P.  Persica. 

Fruit  glabrous;   stone  not  sculptured;  flowers  pedicellate,  smaller  than  the  preceding, 
white  (rarely  some  pinkish). 
Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters  or  somewhat  corymbose,   appearing  before   or  with 
the  leaves  on  branchlets  of  the  preceding  year. 
Margins  of  leaves  cut  about  1  mm  deep  with  sharp  teeth;  teeth  not  ending  in  a 
gland;  fruit  red;  stone  compressed. 
Petioles  glabrous  beneath;  branchlets  glabrous;  lower  surface  of  mature  leaves 
glabrous  or  rarely  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  principal  veins;  pedicels 

and  calyx  tube  glabrous 1.   P.   americana. 

Petioles  more  or  less  pubescent  all   around;   branchlets   puberulent,  rarely   be- 
coming glabrous  in  autumn;  lower  surface  of  mature  leaves  pubescent  all 

over;  pedicels  and  calyx  tube  more  or  less  pubescent 2.  P.  lanata. 

Margins  of  leaves  cut  less  than   1   mm  deep  with  blunt  or  crenate  teeth;   teeth 
ending  in  a  gland. 
Teeth  of  the  middle  of  the  blades  10  or  fewer  per  cm;   calyx  lobes  glandular 
except  in  no.  7;  fruit  more  than  10  mm  in  diameter. 
Calyx  lobes  ciliate  but  not  glandular. 

Leaf  blades  generally  much  paler  beneath;  at  least  the  basal  third  of  the 
margins  entire  and  crenate  above;  fruit  black,  about  14  mm  in  diameter; 

surface  of  stone  marked  with  oblique  grooves 3.  P.  pnmila. 

Leaf  blades  not  paler  beneath  or  only  slightly  so;  the  entire  margins  regu- 
larly  and   finely   crenate;    fruit   bright   red,   globose,   about    13   mm   in 

diameter;  surface  of  stone  rugose 4.  P.  an gusti folia. 

Calyx  lobes  more  or  less  glandular-ciliate. 

Calyx  lobes  glabrous  on  both  sides  or  with  a  short  band  of  hairs  at  the 
base  within;  leaves  dull,  dai-k  green  above,  abruptly  pointed  at  the 
apex;    flowers   more   than    17    mm   in   diameter;    petioles   mostly   with 

two  glands  at  the  summit 5.  P.  nigra. 

Calyx  lobes  pubescent  both  within  and  without;  leaves  lustrous  above,  thin, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex;  flowers  less  than  17  mm  in  diameter. 

6.   P.   hortulana. 

Teeth  of  the  middle  of  the  blades  about  20  per  cm;  calyx  lobes  glandless;  fruit 
bright  red,  less  than  10  mm  in  diameter 7.  P.  pennsylvanica. 


Prunus 


Rosaceae 


579 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


^~r"^  i 

J 

o                    ""     1 

rV 

"I    Id 
d      -J 

N^ 

h 

If 

■■ 

1  — 

i 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  i|8l 


Rosa     rudiuscula    Greene 


6 
17 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 

D 

J     KD 

D            D 

r    » 
p 

L| f 

DP 

D 

jd>.     : 

D        D 

r 

~-\           • 

p 

D 

-X      ■ 

D 

£ 

D          D 

0 

P           D 

~1     '             » 

-  i 

J^ 

r.  ■ 

Dec.f— 

I 

D 

ID 

1         ' 

D 

I        1 . 

T_    Jlly 

i  °  y  i 

|     X             D 

i  rA 

1        J^DI 

t/    Miles 

D      [             D 

t    J/ 
Prunus 

amencana 

0                 50 

Map  1182 
Vlarsh  . 

Prunus    lanata    (Sudv 


50 
Map  1183 

Mack.   &    Bush 


Flowers  in  racemes  on  branchlets  of  the  present  or  previous  year. 

Flowers    (15)    20-30,   on   long   racemes,   appearing   on   branchlets   of   the   present 
season;   sepals  glandular;  mature  blades  usually  more  than  5  cm  long. 
Leaf  blades  mostly  obovate,  thin,  except  in  the  variety,  the  margins  sharply 
serrate;  sepals  wider  than  long,  deciduous. 
Rachis  of  racemes,  pedicels  of  flowers,  branchlets,  and  lower  surface  of  leaves 

glabrous 8.  P.  virginiana. 

Rachis  of  racemes,  pedicels  of  flowers,  branchlets,  and  lower  surface  of  leaves 

pubescent,  sometimes  the  branchlets  nearly  glabrous  in  autumn 

8a.  P.  virginiana  var.  demissa. 

Leaf  blades  elliptic  or  lanceolate,  thicker  than  those  of  the  preceding  species,  the 

margins  crenate-serrate;   sepals  longer  than  wide,  not  deciduous 

9.  P.  serotina. 

Flowers  6-12,  on  short  racemes,  appearing  on  branchlets  of  the  previous  year; 
leaf  blades  orbicular  or  orbicular-ovate,  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex,  generally 
less  than  5  cm  long;  sepals  about  2  mm  long,  entire,  glandless. .  10.  P.  Mahaleb. 

1.  Prunus  americana  Marsh.  American  Plum.  Map  1182.  More  or 
less  frequent  throughout  the  state.  It  prefers  moist  soil  and  is  commonly 
found  in  open  woodland  along  streams,  about  ponds  and  lakes,  and  in 
moist,  prairie  habitats.  In  Indiana  this  tree  rarely  reaches  a  diameter 
of  8  inches  and  is  generally  2-5  inches  in  diameter.  Its  habit  of  sprouting 
prolifically  gives  rise  to  our  "plum  thickets." 

Conn,  to  Mont.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Colo. 

2.  Prunus  lanata  (Sudw.)  Mack.  &  Bush.  Woollyleaf  Plum.  Map 
1183.  Probably  frequent  in  southwestern  Indiana,  and  infrequent  to  rare 
northward.  The  plums  are  not  easy  to  identify,  hence  their  collection  may 
be  neglected.  It  is  necessary  to  collect  the  flowers  and  mature  fruit  from 
the  same  plant  and  this  task  is  not  as  easy  at  it  might  seem.  I  have  collected 
flowers  from  many  a  shrub  and  tree  and  returned  at  fruiting  time  to  find 
that  fruit  had  not  developed. 

Ind.  to  Okla.  and  southw.  to  the  Gulf. 

3.  Prunus  pumila  L.  Sand  Cherry.  Map  1184.  Found  only  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  the  state  in  the  counties  shown  on  the  map.    It  is 


580 


ROSAOEAE 


Primus 


local  to  infrequent  except  on  the  slopes  of  the  dunes  facing  Lake  Michigan 
and  on  the  low  dunes  near  Lake  Michigan  west  of  Gary  where  it  is  fre- 
quent to  common.  In  the  interdunal  flats  a  short  distance  from  the  lake 
large  colonies  may  be  found.  Away  from  the  lake  it  grows  in  moist,  black, 
sandy  soil  and  is  usually  about  3  feet  high  and  erect  or  slightly  decumbent 
near  the  base,  but  along  the  lake  it  is  always  decumbent  at  the  base  and 
sometimes  reaches  a  length  of  5-8  feet.  I  have  had  this  species  in  cultiva- 
tion from  seed  from  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  and  the  plants  grow 
rapidly  and  are  erect  until  they  reach  a  height  of  5-8  feet  when  they  either 
become  decumbent  or  break  off  near  the  ground. 

Prunus  cuneata  and  Primus  susquehanae  are  named  forms  of  Prunus 
pumila  which  I  do  not  regard  as  of  taxonomic  value.  For  a  discussion  of 
these  species  see  excluded  species  nos.  381  and  383,  on  p.  1064. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.  and  Ind. 

4.  Prunus  angustifolia  Marsh.  Chickasaw  Plum.  Map  1185.  I  feel 
positive  that  this  species  was  never  native  to  Indiana  and  I  think  that 
our  few  reports  can  safely  be  referred  to  naturalized  plants.  I  have  seen 
it  persist  in  a  fallow  field  in  the  Clark  County  State  Forest  after  cultivation 
and  spread  over  an  area,  as  nearly  as  I  can  recall,  of  about  half  an  acre 
in  30  years.  1  have  seen  it  frequently  in  large  colonies  in  fallow  fields  about 
former  habitations.  In  no  instance  have  I  seen  it  in  a  place  where  I  would 
regard  it  as  native  and  it  should  be  referred  to  the  introduced  species. 

Sargent  says:  "Probably  native  in  cent.  Tex.  and  Okla."  Now  widely 
naturalized  from  Del.  to  Ky.,  southw.  to  the  Gulf. 

5.  Prunus  nigra  Ait.  Canada  Plum.  Map  1186.  Very  local  in  the 
northern  half  of  the  state  where  it  is  found  in  wet  woodland.  All  of  the 
specimens  I  have  seen  in  the  wild  were  small,  although  one  which  I  trans- 
planted grew  to  a  diameter  of  7  inches  at  breast  height  when  it  was  killed 
by  borers.    Its  flowers  are  large,  somewhat  pinkish,  and  profuse;  they 


Primus 


ROSACEAE 


581 


Map  1187 
Prunus     hortulana     Bailey 


Map  1189 
Prunus     virginiana    L 


appear  early  in  April,  making  it  the  most  ornamental  species  of  the  genus 
in  this  area.   It  suckers  from  the  roots  but  not  freely. 
N.  B.  to  Mass.,  westw.  through  n.  Ind.  to  Minn. 

6.  Prunus  hortulana  Bailey.  Hortulan  Plum.  Map  1187.  The  speci- 
mens which  I  refer  to  this  species  are  from  the  southwestern  part  of  the 
state.  My  specimens  were  collected  mostly  along  roadsides.  In  Sullivan 
County  it  is  a  common  tree  on  the  wooded  terrace  of  the  bank  of  the 
Wabash  River.  This  species  is  said  not  to  sucker  and  if  this  is  true,  I  have 
wrongly  determined  a  few  specimens  and  they  should  be  referred  to 
Pi'unus  Munsoniana  Bailey  which  has  not  been  reported  from  Indiana.  I 
think  this  plum  has  been  introduced  into  Indiana. 

Cent.  Ky.  to  Iowa  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Tenn.  and  Okla. 

7.  Prunus  pennsylvanica  L.  f.  Pin  Cherry.  Map  1188.  This  species 
is  local  and  in  this  state  is  restricted  to  the  northwestern  counties  where 
it  is  found  in  wet  woodland,  senescent  tamarack  bogs,  interdunal  swamps, 
and  rarely  on  dry,  sandy  soil  in  the  dune  area.  Reports  for  this  species 
in  Indiana  outside  the  area  shown  on  the  map  should,  no  doubt,  be  referred 
to  some  other  species. 

Lab.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Iowa,  and  in  the  mts.,  to  N.  C.  and  Colo. 

8.  Prunus  virginiana  L.  (Padus  nana  (DuRoi)  Roem.  of  Britton  and 
Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Common  Chokecherry.  Map  1189.  Local  to 
frequent  in  the  lake  area  where  it  grows  mostly  in  moist,  alluvial  soil  in 
woodland,  along  streams  and  fences,  and  on  the  borders  of  interdunal 
swamps  along  Lake  Michigan.   Local  in  southern  Indiana. 

Newf.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Kans.,  and  Tex. 

8a.  Prunus  virginiana  var.  demissa  (Nutt.)  Torr.  The  variety  is  fre- 
quent on  the  crests  of  the  high  dunes  facing  Lake  Michigan  and  on  the 
crests  of  the  low  dunes  along  Lake  Michigan  west  of  Gary.  Here  it  re- 
places the  species.  I  have  not  found  it  except  near  the  lake.  I  found  a 
plant  about  2   inches   in  diameter   in   a   tamarack  bog  in  the   Pokagon 


582 


LEGU  MINOS  AE 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


m^ 

D 
P 

-. j- 

i 

y 

A- 

",- 

^n 

XH 

L_ 

T *■ 

— 1    D    1      A 

/   p  — 

£"_  0^/ 

Miles 


0  ^30 

Map  1191 


Prunus    Mahaleb    L. 


2 

f 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

J 

f~ 

Jk 

f^ 

" 

X 

0? 

-  ic 

J 

JT" 

r 

Dec.t- 

1 

i 

—  1       /  °J 

TT  Ba    1      1 

ft; 
id/ 

'J    Miles 

1  D  1 

Jesmanthus 

\  oJ'V     /  0                50 

/-^V     ^/  Map  1192 
ilhnoensis    (Michx.)  MacM 

State  Park,  Steuben  County.    I  also  found  a  few  specimens  in  Lagrange 
County  in  very  sandy  soil  on  the  high  bank  of  Pigeon  River  about  2  miles 
southeast  of  Mongo.   In  cultivation  this  variety  soon  forms  close  colonies, 
lnd.,  111.,  n.  Nebr.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Calif.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Tex. 

9.  Prunus  serotina  Ehrh.  (Padus  virginiana  (L.)  Mill,  of  Britton  and 
Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Black  Cherry.  Map  1190.  This  species  will 
not  endure  shade.  It  bears  innumerable  fruits  and  the  seed  germinate 
readily.  The  sportsmen  favor  this  tree  because  its  fruit  is  greedily 
eaten  by  birds,  while  the  land  owners  condemn  it  because  it  is  difficult  to 
keep  fencerows  and  roadsides  free  from  it.  In  the  primitive  forest  I  think 
it  was  infrequent  and  only  locally  frequent  in  its  habitat.  It  was  found 
in  beech  and  sugar  maple  and  basswood  and  sugar  maple  habitats,  usually 
associated  with  black  walnut  and  tulip  tree.  It  was  rarely  found  on  black 
and  white  oak  ridges  or  in  lowland  woods.  It  is  now  found  throughout 
the  state  in  open  woodland  and  along  fences  and  roadsides. 

N.  S.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ariz. 

10.  Prunus  Mahaleb  L.  Mahaleb  Cherry.  Map  1191.  I  have  found 
this  species  as  an  escape  in  a  few  counties  and  it  has  been  reported  from 
Monroe  County.  I  found  several  large  trees  in  Clifty  Creek  Valley  in 
Jefferson  County.  Miss  Edna  Banta  writes  me  that  it  is  a  more  or  less 
frequent  tree  on  the  wooded  bluffs  of  the  Ohio  River  from  Brooksburg  to 
Madison  in  Jefferson  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  Y.,  Ont.,  and  lnd.,  southw.  to  Del. 


128.  LEGUMINOSAE  Juss.  Pea  Family 

Leaves  all  simple. 

Small  trees  with  large,  cordate  leaves 3526.    Cercis,  p.  585. 

Low  herbs  with  non-cordate  leaves 3669.    Crotalaria,  p.  592. 

Leaves  not  all  simple   (pinnate,  bipinnate  or  digitate). 
A.     Leaves  even-pinnate. 

Leaves  even-pinnate  or  bipinnate,  not  ending  in  a  tendril. 
Herbs. 


Lbguminosae  583 

Leaves  bipinnate;   leaflets  minute,  about  1  mm  long;  flowers  small,  whitish; 

pods  about  1  cm  long,  strongly  curved 3450.    Desmanthus,  p.  585. 

Leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  larger,  more  than  5  mm  long;  flowers  yellow;  pods  not 

strongly  curved,  more  than  1  cm  long 3536.    Cassia,  p.  586. 

Trees. 

Leaflets  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate;  unarmed,  dioecious  trees;  flowers  in  long, 
many-flowered  racemes,  about  1.5  cm  long,  pinkish  white;   pods   1-2  dm 

long,  the  valves  very  thick  and  woody 3545.    Gymnocladus,  p.  590. 

Leaflets  oblong-lanceolate  or  oval,  obtuse  at  the  apex;  trees  armed  with  long 
thorns  (unarmed  in  one  rare  variety)  ;  flowers  polygamous,  minute,  in 
short,  axillary  spikes,  greenish  yellow;  pods  3-40  cm  long,  1-many-seeded, 

the  valves  not  thick  and  woody 3544.    Gleditsia,  p.  589. 

Leaves  even-pinnate  or  bifoliolate,  the  rachis  prolonged  into  a  tendril,  rarely  the 
prolongation  reduced  to  less  than  1  cm  long. 

Styles  terete,  bearded  only  at  the  summit;  wings  and  keel  usually  adherent 

3852.    Vicia,  p.  616. 

Styles   flattened,  bearded  along  the   inner  face    (this  feature  best  observed  in 
unexpanded  flowers);  wings  of  flowers  usually  free.  .3854.  Lathyrus,  p.  617. 
A.     Leaves  odd-pinnate. 

Trees  with  7-11  leaflets;  terminal  leaflets  usually  6-9  cm  wide;   flowers  in  large 
panicles  2.5-5  dm  long;  pods  glabrous,  4-8  cm  long.  .3606.  Cladrastis,  p.  591. 
Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs  not  as  above;  terminal  leaflets  less  than  6  cm  wide. 
B.  Leaves  mostly  trifoliolate,  or  digitately  3-11-foliolate. 

Stamens   10,  distinct;   leaflets   entire;   flowers  large;   pods   inflated,   generally 

1-5  cm  long 3618.    Baptisia,  p.  591. 

Stamens  10,  monadelphous  or  diadelphous  (9  and  1)  ;  pods  not  inflated. 
Leaves  glandular-dotted  above  or  beneath. 

Peduncle  1-flowered ;  pods  not  wrinkled,  usually  4-7-seeded 

3696.     Hosackia,  p.  597. 

Peduncle  many-flowered;  pods  wrinkled,  1-seeded.  .3703.  Psoralea,  p.  597. 
Leaves  not  glandular-dotted;  pods  not  wrinkled. 

C.     Leaflets  serrulate;   pods   1-6-seeded,  small,  indehiscent  or  tardily  de- 
hiscent.    (The  clovers,  melilots,  alfalfa,  and  medic.) 
Pods  curved  or  coiled;  flowers  in  racemes,  spikes  or  heads,  yellow  or 

purplish;  stamens  free  from  the  corolla 3688.    Medicago,  p.  593. 

Pods  straight. 

Inflorescence  a  head  or  spikelike;   stamens  adhering  to  the  corolla. 

(The  clovers.) 3690.    Trifolium,  p.  595. 

Inflorescence    a    raceme,    white    or    yellow;    stamens    free    from    the 

corolla.    (The  melilots.) 3689.    Melilotus,  p.  594. 

C.     Leaflets  entire. 

Leaflets  digitately   7-11-foliolate 3672.    Lupinus,  p.  593. 

Leaflets  pinnately  3-foliolate. 

Fruit  a  flat,  1-7-jointed  pod,  at  maturity  separating  into  as  many 
segments  as  there  are  seed  in  the  pod,  the  segments  rounded 
above  and  below  or  the  lower  part  angular;  surface  of  segments 
densely  pubescent,  each  hair  ending  in  a  minute  hook;  flowers 
purplish  or  white,  never  bright  yellow;  leaflets  generally  stipel- 

late .  3807.     Desmodium,  p.  603. 

Fruit  not  as  above. 
Leaflets  not  stipellate. 
Pods  1-seeded. 

Flowers  bright  yellow;  pods  1-  or  2-jointed,  ribbed  lengthwise, 
thick,  coriaceous,  not  symmetrical,  the  lower  joint  empty; 
leaflets  mostly  3-8  mm  wide.  .3802.    Stylosanthes,  p.  603 


584  Leguminosae 

Flowers  purplish  or  yellowish  white;  pods  not  jointed,  not 
ribbed  lengthwise,  flat,  symmetrical,  the  vaives  not  cori- 
aceous;  leaflets  mostly  larger  than  the  preceding 

3820.     Lespedeza,  p.  610. 

Pods  more  than  1-seeded 3696.    Hosackia,  p.  597. 

Leaflets  stipellate. 

Style  beardless;  flowers  about  12  mm  long;  pods  less  than  5  cm 
long;  twining,  herbaceous  vines. 
Calyx  ebracteolate;  leaflets  of  a  broad,  ovate  type,  the  terminal 
one  about  as  wide  as  long;  pods  densely  bearded  along  the 

sutures 3860.     Amphicarpa,  p.  620. 

Calyx  bibracteolate;  leaflets  of  a  narrow-ovate,  oval  or  elliptic 
type,  the  terminal  one  about  twice  as  long  as  wide;  pods 
not  bearded  along  the  sutures.  ..  .3882.    Galactia,  p.  621. 
Style  bearded  lengthwise  on  the  upper  surface. 

Flowers  yellow,  keel  strongly  curved  but  not  forming  a  spiral; 

pods  nearly   terete,   5-seeded.     (The  cow  peas.) 

3905.     Vigna,  p.  623. 

Flowers  purplish  or  nearly  white. 

Flowers  usually  1  or  2  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  mostly  4-5 
cm  long;  calyx  about  15  mm  long,  deciduous;  pods  2-5  cm 
long;  stipules  and  stipels  rather  conspicuous,  persistent. 

3857.     Clitoria,  p.  620. 

Flowers  less  than  4  cm  long. 

Inflorescence  of  short  sessile  racemes  in  the  axils  of  leaves ; 
pods  sessile,  flat,  about   1   cm  wide.     (The  soybeans.) 

3864.    Glycine,  p.  621. 

Inflorescence  of  racemes  or  umbels  on   long  peduncles,  in 
the  axils  of  leaves. 
Flowers  in  long,  loose  racemes,  the  keel  spirally  coiled; 
lower  calyx  lobe  shorter  than  the  tube;  seed  about 

8  mm  long,  glabrous 3901.    Phaseolus,  p.  622. 

Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters,  the  keel  long,  strongly 
incurved;  lower  calyx  lobe  as  long  as  or  longer  than 
the  tube;  seeds  less  than  7  mm  long,  mealy-pubes- 
cent   (pubescence    easily    detached    in    one    species). 

3901  A.    Strophostyles,  p.  622. 

R.     Leaves  with  5  or  more  leaflets    (rarely  a  specimen  with   a  few  3-foliolate 
leaves) . 
Upper  or   lower   surface  of  leaflets   with   small,  resinous  dots;   pods   1-   or  2- 
seeded. 
Stamens  5;  leaflets  (3)   5-9,  1-6  mm  wide,  apiculate,  dotted  beneath;  flowers 

white  or  purplish;  pods  1-seeded 3710.    Petalostemum,  p.  600. 

Stamens  9  or  10;  leaflets  9-49. 

Leaflets   many,   mostly   less   than    6   mm   wide,   obtuse,   glabrous;    pods    1- 

seeded 3709.     Dalea,  p.  600. 

Leaflets  9-many,  mostly  more  than  6  mm  wide,  more  or  less  pubescent  at 
least  beneath. 

Woody  shrubs;  pods  not  prickly 3707.    Amorpha,  p.  599. 

Perennials;  pods  prickly 3769.    Glycyrrhiza,  p.  602. 

Upper  and  lower  surface  of  leaflets  without  resinous  dots. 
Flowers  in  umbels  on  long,  terminal  or  axillary  peduncles,  rose  color;  pods 
mostly    1-2   cm    long,   4-angled,   at   maturity   breaking   up   into   3-7   in- 
dehiscent  segments 3774.    Coronilla,  p.  602. 

Flowers  not  in  umbels;   pods  at  maturity   not  breaking  up  into  indehiscent 
segments. 


Desmanthus  Leguminosae  585 

Pods  mostly  3-8  mm  long,  1-  or  2-seeded;   flowers  6-8  mm  long,  purplish, 

in  dense  spicate  racemes,  6-12  cm  long;  shrubs  0.6-4  m  high 

3707.    Amorpiia,  p.  599. 

Pods  more  than  8  mm  long;  flowers  more  than  8  mm  long. 

Trees  with  spiny,  woody  stipules;  leaflets  7-17;  flowers  in  racemes  7-15 
cm  long,  white,  about  1.5  cm  long;  pods  very  flat,  about  1  cm  wide, 

glabrous;  seed  about  4  mm  long 3733.    Robinia,  p.  602. 

Herbs  or  woody  vines,  lacking  spiny  stipules;   flowers  not  white;   pods 

and  seeds  not  as  above. 

Leaflets    (3)    5-9,    large,    of    an    ovate    type,    generally   2-8    cm    long; 

twining  herbs  or  woody  vines. 

Twining  herbs,  1-2  m   long;   leaflets   (3)    5-7,  large,  the  basal  pair 

the  largest,  the  largest  blade  up  to  8  cm  long;  pods  glabrous, 

the  longest  about  8  cm  long,  only  slightly  compressed ;  flowers 

maroon,  many,  in  long  axillary  racemes.  .3874.    Apios,  p.  621. 

Twining,  woody  vines,  up  to  8  m  long;   leaflets  usually  9,  3-7  cm 

long;    flowers    in    rather    dense    racemes    15-35    cm    long,    lilac 

purple;  pods  7-12  cm  long 3722.    Wisteria,  p.  601. 

Leaflets    15-31,    of    a    narrow    type,    elliptic,    oval,    oblong,    or    linear- 
oblong,  less  than  4  cm  long;  erect  or  ascending  herbs,  generally 
3-9  dm  high. 
Stems,  pods,  and  under  surface  of  leaflets  densely  long-pubescent; 

pods  3-5  cm  long 3718.    Tephrosia,  p.  601. 

Stems,  pods,  and  under  surface  of  leaves  glabrous  or  glabrate, 
sometimes  the  lower  surface  of  leaflets  closely  appressed- 
pubescent;   pods  glabrous,  about   1.5   cm  long 

3766.    Astragalus,  p.  602. 

» 

3450.  DESMANTHUS  Willd. 

1.  Desmanthus  illinoensis  (Michx.)  MacM.  (Acuan  illinoensis 
(Michx.)  Kimtze.)  Illinois  Mimosa.  Map  1192.  I  believe  this  species 
was  introduced  into  Indiana  from  the  west.  It  was  first  reported  in  1878 
from  Clark  County  by  Baird  &  Taylor  who  lived  at  Jeffersonville,  but 
McMurtrie,  who  published  a  flora  of  the  vicinity  of  Louisville  in  1819,  and 
Clapp,  who  worked  intensively  the  area  about  New  Albany,  did  not  report 
it.  It  was  not  reported  from  Ohio  until  about  1900.  Short,  Peter,  &  Gris- 
wold  did  not  report  it  from  Kentucky.  Riddell,  who  published  in  1835, 
reports  it  from  Kentucky  on  the  authority  of  Eaton  and  from  the  area 
west  of  Indiana.  Our  second  published  record  is  dated  in  1924.  I  found  it, 
however,  along  a  railroad  in  Daviess  County  in  1910  and  along  a  roadside 
south  of  Charlestown  in  1915.  I  have  seen  it  as  an  abundant  plant  about 
ferries  and  on  the  rocky  slopes  of  the  bank  of  the  Ohio  River  in  Dearborn, 
Jefferson,  and  Perry  Counties.  It  has  been  reported  also  from  Lake,  Mont- 
gomery, Putnam,  and  Washington  Counties.  Its  preferred  habitat  seems 
to  be  rocky  slopes  of  banks,  embankments  of  railroads,  and  prairies. 

Ohio  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Tex. 

3526.  CERCIS  L. 

1.  Cercis  canadensis  L.  Redbud.  Map  1193.  This  is  generally  a  small 
tree,  3-8  inches  in  diameter,  larger  ones  are  rare.  The  largest  redbud  I 
ever  saw  was  located  on  the  Dicksburg  Hills  in  Knox  County.    It  was 


586 


LEGU  MINOS  AE 


Cassia 


0  50 

Map  1193 


Cercis    canadensis    L. 


14 
3 

Jan 
Feb 

D 

™1  ' 

f 

B 

D 

D 



Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec  j- 

P 

\ 

[r1 

" 

r1 

-i 

1 

r 

b    y 

y     Miles 

J 

L     B          B 

'r    in 

no 

1          S 

B  D    s 

B            0     L 
D              f 

D 

D  f   D|  D 

/,]■  r^V/ 

o              50 

L<s/r^V             Map    1194 

Cassia     mctitans    L. 

0  50 

Map  ||95 


Cassia    mctitans     var.    leiocarpa   Fern 


more  than  2  feet  in  diameter  at  breast  height.  When  I  reported  this  tree 
to  Prof.  H.  C.  Cowles  of  Chicago  University,  he  doubted  the  identity 
of  the  species  or  the  measurements  and  made  a  trip  to  the  tree  and  verified 
my  measurement.  It  is  found  in  woodland  throughout  the  state,  being  most 
abundant  in  the  southern  half  and  infrequent  to  rare  in  the  northern 
counties.    Its  preferred  habitat  is  wooded  ravines  and  banks  of  streams. 

At  maturity  the  leaves  are  glabrous  on  both  surfaces  with  a  few  hairs 
in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath  or  are  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the 
lower  surface.  The  glabrous  form  has  been  named  forma  glabrifolia  Fern. 
(Rhodora  38:  234.    1936). 

N.  Y.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


3536.  CASSIA  [Tourn.]  L. 

flowers  solitary  or  in  small  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  leaflets  7-20  mm  long, 
2-5  mm  wide;  pods  straight,  mostly  less  than  7  cm  long,  erect  or  ascending. 
Flowers  small;  pedicels  2-4  mm  long;  petals  3-8  mm  long;  stamens  5;  pods  2.5-4  cm 
long;   seed  6-9. 

Mature  pods  closely  covered  with  short  incurved  hairs 1.  C.  nictitans. 

Mature  pods  glabrous la.  C.  nictitans  var.  leiocarpa. 

Flowers  large;  pedicels  10-20  mm  long;  petals  10-17  mm  long;  stamens  10;  pods  4-7 
cm  long;  seed  6-15. 
Stems  and  pedicels  with  short,  incurved  hairs;  pods  glabrate  or  with  short,  ap- 

pressed  hairs 2.  C.  fasciculata. 

Stems   and  pedicels  with   relatively   long,   spreading  hairs;   pods   pubescent   with 
relatively   long,   spreading  hairs;    whole   plant   larger   and    stouter   than   the 

preceding 2a.  C.  fasciculata  var.  robusta. 

Flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  racemes;  leaflets  2-7  cm  long,  6-20  mm  wide;  pods  more 
or  less  curved,  6-20  cm  long,  recurving. 
Leaflets  6  or  4,  at  least  the  terminal  pair  broadly  obovate,  1.5-5  cm  long;  pods  up  to 

2  dm  long;  annual.    (See  excluded  species  no.  384,  p.  1065.) C.  Tora. 

Leaflets  more  than  6,  oblong,  elliptic  or  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  2-7  cm  long;  pods 
6-12  cm  long;  perennial  or  annual. 
Leaflets  acuminate,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  4-6  pairs ....  3.  C.  occidentalis. 
Leaflets  obtuse  or  acute,  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate  or  elliptic,  mostly  6-11   pairs; 
perennial. 


Cassia 


Leguminosae 


587 


0  50 

Map  1196 


Cassia     fasciculata     Michx. 


l 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

v-T 

(     ^ 

f 

{ 

io- 

•L 

p 

M 

j 

Dec  j- 

i 

ID 

\ //    Miles 

D 

var. 

Cassia 
robusta 

"rK       /  0 
i/             Map  1197 
fasciculata 

(Pollard)    Macb. 

Cassia     occidentalis    L. 


Pubescence  of  stem,  rachis,  petioles,  petiolules,  and  pods  long  and  spreading; 
leaflets  yellow  green,  more  or  less  ciliate;  gland  of  petiole  light  brown,  on  a 
very  short  pedicel;  segments  of  pod  generally  as  long  as  wide.4.  C.  hebecarpa. 

Pubescence  of  stem,  rachis,  petioles,  petiolules,  and  pods  appressed  and  shorter; 
and  whole  plant  much  more  glabrate  than  the  preceding  species;  leaflets  dark 
green,  the  margins  more  or  less  ciliate,  at  least  near  the  base  or  glabrous; 

gland  of  petiole  dark  brown,  sessile;  segments  of  pod  wider  than  long 

5.    C.    marilandica. 

1.  Cassia  nictitans  L.  (Chamaecrista  nictitans  (L.)  Moench.)  Small- 
flower  Sensitive-plant.  Map  1194.  Infrequent  but  locally  common  in 
the  unglaciated  area,  and  northward  either  absent  or  very  rare  and,  I 
think,  introduced.  It  prefers  dry,  sandy  or  sterile  soil  and  in  the  south 
it  is  usually  found  in  open  woodland  on  the  crests  or  slopes  of  ridges, 
along  roadsides,  and  in  fallow  fields. 

Vt.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

la.  Cassia  nictitans  var.  leiocarpa  Fern.  (Rhodora  38:  423.  1936.) 
Map  1195.  I  found  this  variety  in  two  places  in  Brown  County  and  Friesner 
has  also  found  it  in  Brown  County.  All  the  specimens  found  at  the  various 
places  have  both  the  stem  and  legume  glabrous  except  one  that  has  the 
stem  densely  pubescent  as  in  the  typical  form. 

Pine  Mountain,  Bell  Co.,  Ky.,  Ind.,  and  Ohio. 

2.  Cassia  fasciculata  Michx.  (Cassia  Chamaecrista  L.  of  manuals  and 
Chamaecrista  fasciculata  (Michx.)  Greene  in  part.)  Large-flower  Sensi- 
tive-plant. Map  1196.  This  species  is  infrequent  but  locally  common 
along  roadsides  and  railroads  in  the  southern  and  western  counties,  becom- 
ing rare  or  absent  in  the  northeastern  counties.  It  prefers  a  moist,  sandy 
soil  and,  from  its  abundance  in  the  prairies  of  our  western  counties,  I  believe 
it  is  essentially  a  prairie  plant.  Almost  all  of  my  plants  are  from  roadsides, 
railroads,  and  fallow  fields,  and  only  a  few  grew  along  creeks  and  in  open 
woodland  where  the  seed  could  have  come  from  roadsides.    I  believe  this 


588 


Leguminosae 


Cassia 


0  50 

Map  1199 


Cassia     hebecarpa     Fern. 


0  ~~Jo 

Map  1200 


Cassia     manlandica    L. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

-i 



Mar. 
Apr. 

I 



rl            1 

— 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

c 

r 

X 

■■ 

i 

— 

Oct. 
Nov. 

\ 

-  i 

1 

u 

J 

Dec.  (— 

1 

1 

1 — ' — 

0    /    J 

DP   | 
10  / 

/fJLAyJ.^ 

fS      0       | 

J    Miles 

' 

^T<Cs^y             Map  1201 

Gleditsia     aquatica    Marsh. 

plant  has  been  introduced  throughout  the  state  except  in  a  few  of  our 
western  counties  where  there  are  prairie  habitats.  The  preceding  state- 
ment is  based  upon  the  fact  that  complete  stands  of  this  species  may  be 
found  in  suitable  habitats  along  roadsides  where  the  ground  has  been 
made  bare  recently.  The  dense  stands  show  the  viability  of  the  seed 
and  that  the  most  important  factor  in  reproduction  is  bare,  sandy  soil. 
Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2a.  Cassia  fasciculata  var.  robusta  (Pollard)  Macbride.  (Cassia 
Chamaecrista  var.  robusta  Pollard  and  Chamaecrista  fasciculata  (Michx.) 
Greene,  in  part.)  Stout  Large-flower  Sensitive-plant.  Map  1197.  One 
of  my  specimens  was  found  along  a  low  roadside  in  Spencer  County  and  an- 
other in  a  fallow  field  along  Otter  Creek  in  Warrick  County.  Probably 
native.  Paul  Weatherwax  collected  it  in  Greene  County  along  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  near  Bloomfield. 

Ohio,  111.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Fla.,  and  La. 

3.  Cassia  occidentalis  L.  Coffee  Senna.  Map  1198.  Clapp,  in  his 
Medicinal  Plants  of  the  U.  S.,  published  in  1852,  on  page  79,  says:  "Two 
plants  have  been  found  growing  on  the  banks  of  the  river  at  this  place, 
apparently  spontaneous."  There  is  a  specimen  in  the  herbarium  of 
Wabash  College,  collected  by  Dr.  Clapp,  dated  Sept.  14,  1850.  There  are 
no  other  reports.  The  seed  of  this  species  are  often  used  as  a  substitute 
for  coffee  in  tropical  countries. 

Va.,  Ind.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  also  southw.  through  the 
Americas  to  Bolivia  and  Paraguay  and  in  the  tropics  of  the  Old  World. 

4.  Cassia  hebecarpa  Fern.  (Rhodora  39:  413.  1937.)  (Cassia 
marilandica  of  authors.)  Wild  Senna.  Map  1199.  Found  infrequently 
throughout  the  state  although  there  are  no  specimens  from  the  south- 
western counties.  It  prefers  a  moist  soil  and  is  found  mostly  along  road- 
sides and  in  pastures  and  open  woods  in  the  alluvial  bottoms  along 
streams.    In  many  places  this  species  forms  large  colonies,  especially  in 


Gleditsia 


Leguminosae 


589 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

L_ 

1. 

J  X, 

f 

f 

i   ) 

T~ 

r 

Dec  (— 

pC  " 

0   1 

Miles 

Gledit 

sia 

t 

}A       /  0                50 
^/   Map  1203 

exana     Sarq. 

rather  sandy  soil  in  the  alluvial  bottoms  of  the  Tippecanoe  River,  and 
elsewhere  in  similar  habitats.  It  sometimes  invades  marshland  where  it 
is  not  too  wet  and  forms  complete  stands.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  grazing 
animals  do  not  eat  this  or  the  next  species.  I  have  seen  thick  stands  of 
this  species  where  the  blue  grass  was  closely  grazed  but  this  plant  was 
not  eaten.  The  plant  contains  a  strong  purgative  principle. 
Mass.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Term. 

5.  Cassia  marilandica  L.  (Cassia  Medsgeri  Shafer.)  Map  1200.  Infre- 
quent in  the  southern  third  of  the  state,  becoming  rare  northward,  and 
probably  entirely  absent  from  the  northern  counties.  It  is  found  mostly  in 
low  ground  along  roadsides  and  in  low  woodland  and  alluvial  bottoms  along 
streams.  This  species  is  often  confused  with  the  preceding  one  from  which 
it  is  easily  separated  by  the  characters  given  in  the  key.  The  pubescence 
of  Cassia  marilandica  is  appressed  while  that  of  Cassia  hebecarpa  is 
spreading.  The  plant  is  a  darker  green,  flowers  a  little  later,  and  is  not 
as  aggressive  as  the  preceding. 

Pa.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 


3544.  GLEDITSIA  L.  Honeylocust 

Pods   (exclusive  of  stipe)   less  than  6  cm  long,  1-seeded,  rarely  with  2  or  3  seed;  seed 

orbicular !•    G-    aquatica. 

Pods  (exclusive  of  stipe)   more  than  6  cm  long,  pods  of  normal  size  with  more  than  3 
seed;   seed  oval  or  nearly  orbicular. 
Pods  mostly  more  than  15  cm  long,  with  pulp  between  the  partitions  or  nearly  want- 
ing in  the  thornless  form. 

Trees  with  thorns 2.  G.  triacanthos. 

Tree3  without  thorns 2a.   G.  triacanthos  f.   inermis. 

Pods  mostly  10-15  cm  lung,  without  pulp  between  the  partitions 3.  G.  texana. 

1.  Gleditsia  aquatica  Marsh.  Waterlocust.  Map  1201.  This  small 
tree  grows  on  the  low  borders  of  sloughs  and  in  swamps  in  a  habitat  so 
low  that  the  base  is  usually  more  or  less  submerged  during  the  winter 


590  Leguminosae  Gymnocladus 

months.  It  has  been  found  only  in  Gibson  and  Knox  Counties.  It  is  rare 
and  usually  only  a  single  tree  is  found  except  in  one  place  in  Little  Cypress 
Swamp  in  Knox  County  where  it  is  common  over  an  area  of  half  an 
acre  or  more. 

Atlantic  coast  from  N.  C.  to  Fla.,  along  the  Gulf  to  Tex.,  and  up  the 
Mississippi  Valley  to  Indiana. 

2.  Gleditsia  triacanthos  L.  HONEYLOCUST.  Map  1202.  Infrequent 
throughout  the  state  on  the  low  banks  of  streams  and  adjacent  lowlands, 
rare  in  low  woodland,  and  frequent  in  swampy  lowlands  of  the  south- 
western counties.  The  pods  of  this  species  are  variable  in  the  amount  of 
pubescence.  They  are  mostly  more  or  less  pubescent,  rarely  entirely 
glabrous  or  densely  pubescent  all  over  at  maturity. 

Pa.,  s.  Mich,  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  the  Gulf  States  and  Tex. 

2a.  Gleditsia  triacanthos  f.  inermis  (Pursh)  Fassett.  (Rhodora  38: 
97.  1936.)  (Gleditsia  triacanthos  var.  inermis  Pursh.)  Thornless 
HONEYLOCUST.  The  few  mature  fruited  specimens  I  have  examined  show 
that  this  form  has  straighter,  shorter,  and  narrower  pods  than  the 
species  and  the  pods  are  dry  within,  not  pulpy.  The  seed  are  elliptic- 
oblong,  slightly  compressed  while  the  seed  of  the  species  are  much  larger 
and  flatter.  I  have  learned  from  nurserymen  who  supply  western  planters 
with  the  thornless  form  for  planting  that  the  seed  of  the  thornless  form 
produce  about  60  per  cent  of  seedlings  without  thorns.  This  form  has 
been  reported  from  Greene,  Jefferson,  and  Lawrence  Counties  but  I  have 
never  seen  or  heard  of  a  thornless  tree  in  northern  Indiana.  I  saw  a 
large  tall  tree  near  the  top  of  a  ridge  in  a  woods  in  Fayette  County  and 
the  remainder  of  the  trees  I  have  seen  were  in  the  bottoms  along  the 
Wabash  River  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state. 

I  have  no  data  on  its  general  distribution.  Sargent  writes  that  it  is  the 
prevailing  form  in  Taney  County,  Missouri. 

3.  Gleditsia  texana  Sarg.  Texas  Honeylocust.  Map  1203.  This 
species  was  first  found  in  Gibson  and  Knox  Counties  and  was  considered 
a  hybrid  of  the  preceding  species.  Later  Sargent  described  it  as  a  species 
from  a  colony  found  in  Texas.  In  1921  I  found  a  fine  specimen  in  a  corn- 
field under  which  there  were  hundreds  of  1-year  seedlings  which  proves 
that  if  this  form  is  a  hybrid  it  is  a  fertile  one.  I  have  made  no  effort 
to  determine  the  abundance  of  this  species.  It  is,  no  doubt,  restricted 
to  the  southwestern  counties  and  may  be  very  rare  since  I  have  seen  only 
a  few  trees. 

Ind.,  Ark.,  Miss.,  La.,  and  Tex. 

3545.  GYMNOCLADUS  Lam 

1.  Gymnocladus  dioica  (L.)  Koch.  Kentucky  Coffeetree.  Map 
1204.  Infrequent  to  very  rare  throughout  the  state.  It  is  usually  found 
in  well  drained,  alluvial  soil  along  streams  and  their  adjacent  terraces. 
Since  the  tree  has  the  habit  of  sending  up  root  suckers  at  a  great  distance 
from  the  parent  tree  it  is  often  found  in  small  colonies. 

N.  Y.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Tenn.,  Ark.,  and  Okla. 


CJadrastis 


Leguminosae 


591 


Jan. 

red. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

f    J 

■ — 

K 

T 

J, 

r 

i 

-^C 

~r 

r1 

Dec.f- 

\  b 

0 

I      ' 

J    Miles 

c 

adra: 

tis 

lute 

a 

(Michx. 

D                 50 

Map  1205 

f.)    Koch 

2 
2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

B 
Mi 

D    1 
KE| 

w    J 

p     1 
uo 

Pr 

]          D 

i_ 

f.X 

[ 

kj- 

'     jL 

i 

i 

J 

y~ 

r, 

Dec.J- 

i 

i 

\JJ    Miles 

Ba 

ptisia     1 

■ucoph 

J  0                 50 

Map  1206 
aea    Nutt. 

3 
3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov 

D 

f^- 

\ 

f^ 

-I 

fiH 

J 

J~ 

r 

Dec.  j- 

1 

1         L-nW 

— ^yn^ap".  I     » > 

-,       |     Y^/    Miles 

Bap 

isia 

)   D 

austra 

P\     7 
lis    (L.) 

3              56 
Map   1207 

R.Br. 

3606.  CLADRASTIS  Raf. 

1.  Cladrastis  lutea  (Michx.  f.)  Koch.  Yellow-wood.  Map  1205.  A 
single  colony  of  this  species  was  found  in  1933  in  a  deep,  wooded  ravine 
in  the  Brown  County  Game  Preserve.  It  was  reported  to  be  present 
also  in  a  nearby  ravine.  I  was  informed  that  the  former  owner  of  the 
land  had  cut  one  tree  and  had  it  sawed  into  boards.  The  nearest  known 
location  of  this  species  is  40  miles  south  of  Evansville.  The  species  may 
be  exceptionally  rare  or  may  have  been  overlooked. 

N.  C,  Term.,  Ky.,  Ind.,  Mo.,  Ala.,  and  Ark. 


3618.  BAPTISIA  Vent. 

Plants  densely  pubescent  throughout;  flowers  cream  color 1.  B.  leuoophaea. 

Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Flowers    lavender-violet    (Ridgway    Standard);    calyx    lobes    3-5    mm    long;    body    of 

mature,  dried  pods  mostly  4-5  cm  long 2.  B.  australis. 

Flowers  white  or  yellow,  calyx  lobes  less  than  3   mm  long;   body  of  mature,  dried 
pods  mostly  less  than  3  cm  long. 
Leaflets  1-3  cm  long;  flowers  yellow;  calyx  lobes  1-2  mm  long;  body  of  mature, 

dried  pod  usually  8-12  mm  long 3.  B.  tinctoria  var.  crebra. 

Leaflets  mostly  2.5-7  cm  long;  flowers  white;  calyx  lobes  mostly  2-3  mm  long;  body 
of  mature,  dried  pod  2-3  cm  long 4.  B.  leucantha. 

1.  Baptisia  leucophaea  Nutt.  (Baptisia  bracteata  of  authors,  not 
(Muhl.)  Ell.)  Cream  Wild-indigo.  Map  1206.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in 
dry,  sandy  prairies  and  low,  open,  black  oak  woods  throughout  the  north- 
western part  of  the  state,  mostly  as  shown  on  the  map.  It  was  reported 
from  Steuben  County  by  Bradner.  I  have  on  several  occasions  found  this 
species  associated  with  Baptisia  leucantha  which  flowers  1-3  weeks  later. 

Mich,  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  La.  and  Tex. 

2.  Baptisia  australis  (L.)  R.Br.  Blue  Wild-indigo.  Map  1207.  Local 
on  the  stony  ledges  of  the  slope  of  the  bank  of  the  Ohio  River  in  the 
counties  shown  on  the  map.    It  is  usually  more  or  less  frequent  to  common 


592 


Leguminosae 


Crotalaria 


0  50 

Map  1208 


Baplisia  Imdoria  L)  R  Br.var  crebra  Fern 


Map  1209 
Baptisia     leucantha    T.  &  G. 


0  50 

Map  1210 


Crotalana    sagittalis   L 


where  its  habitat  occurs.  About  4  miles  east  of  Madison,  Jefferson 
County,  it  forms  a  dense  stand  for  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  along  the 
bank  of  the  Ohio  River  where  its  common  associate  is  Desmanthus  illinoen- 
sis.  In  1935  Edwin  D.  Hull  found  a  colony  along  the  New  York  Central 
Railroad  tracks  in  Lake  County.  It  was  doubtless  a  railroad  migrant. 
Vt.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 

3.  Baptisia  tinctoria  (L.)  R.  B.  var.  crebra  Fern.  (Rhodora  39:  414- 
415.  1937.)  Yellow  Wild-indigo.  Map  1208.  Very  local  in  the  north- 
western counties.  Outside  the  range  indicated  on  the  map  it  has  been 
reported  from  Kosciusko  and  Tippecanoe  Counties.  I  have  found  it  on  a 
high,  gravelly,  wooded  bank,  in  open  places  in  woods,  in  prairie  habitats, 
and  most  often  in  depressions  in  low,  sandy  black  and  pin  oak  woods 
where  tree  growth  is  sparse  or  absent.  Judging  from  the  vegetation  in 
such  depressions  the  soil  is  slightly  acid. 

In  1923  I  found  an  aberrant  form,  probably  a  hybrid  of  this  species, 
in  Starke  County  with  40  flowers  on  the  terminal  raceme. 

This  genus  is  now  being  monographed  and  this  plant  will  be  given  con- 
sideration. 

Maine,  Vt.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  La. 

4.  Baptisia  leucantha  T.  &  G.  White  Wild-indigo.  Map  1209.  Infre- 
quent in  its  habitat  throughout  the  state  and  usually  only  a  few  plants 
found  at  a  place.  It  is  most  commonly  found  in  sandy  soil  in  prairie 
habitats  and  in  thin  oak  woods.  It  is  also  found  in  hard,  clay  soil  or 
gravelly  soil  on  white  oak  slopes,  in  hard,  white  clay  of  the  "flats"  of 
the  southern  counties,  and  once  I  found  it  on  a  bar  in  the  Wabash  River. 

Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Fla.,  and  Tex. 


3669.  CROTALARIA  L. 

1.     Crotalaria  sagittalis  L.    Rattle-box.    Map  1210.    I  have  collected 
this  species  four  times  and  all  of  the  plants  were  found   in  old,  fallow 


Lupinus 


Leguminosae 


593 


fields,  usually  far  removed  from  a  railroad.  The  one  in  Perry  County 
was  found  in  dry  soil  in  an  old,  fallow  field  about  2  miles  east  of  Oriole 
where  it  was  associated  with  thick  stands  of  Cassia  fasciculata.  Pepoon 
and  Umbach  report  finding  two  colonies  along  railroads  in  the  dune  area. 
I  think  this  species  has  been  introduced  into  Indiana,  probably  in  grass 
seed  or  as  a  railroad  waif. 

Mass.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Mex. 

3672.  LUPINUS  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Lupinus  perennis  L.  Sun-dial  Lupine.  Map  1211.  Infrequent  to 
frequent  in  the  counties  indicated  on  the  map,  including  Lake  County, 
but  there  are  no  reports  outside  this  area.  This  species  grows  only  in 
dry  and  very  sandy  soil  and  is  found  on  roadside  knolls,  in  sandy,  fallow 
fields,  and  in  open,  black  oak  woods,  especially  on  the  dunes  about 
Lake  Michigan  where  it  formerly  covered  acres.  The  usual  color  of  the 
flowers  is  blue  but  they  vary  from  blue  to  bluish  purple,  rose,  and  white. 
In  a  large  colony  one  can  generally  find  white  forms  and  usually  individuals 
that  are  rose  color.  I  find  a  note  on  the  label  of  one  of  my  specimens  as 
follows:  "Flowers  pure  white  when  collected.  When  taken  out  of  the 
press  a  few  hours  later  the  flowers  were  rose  color.  After  drying  in  a 
press  to  which  heat  had  been  applied  the  flowers  were  blue."  The  fact 
that  the  pubescence  varies  in  density  and  in  length  has  led  to  the  nam- 
ing of  the  more  pubescent  form  which  most  authors  now  ignore.  The 
several  color  forms  also  bear  names  which  I  am  omitting. 

Maine,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 


3688.  MEDICAGO  [Tourn.]  L. 

Flowers  blue  purple;  pods  with  2  or  3  loose  coils,  3-4  mm  wide,  mostly  more  than 
1-seeded;  leaflets  linear-lanceolate  to  obovate,  usually  more  than  twice  as  long  as 
wide;    plants   perennial,   mostly   erect,    decumbent,    or   ascending,    3-14    dm   high. 

1.    M.   sativa. 


59  I 


Leguminosae 


Melilotus 


a 

8 
3 
3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec  C 

D 
k  ■    1 

0 

D             " 

i 

D 

10 

0 

0 

> 

s/ 

f^ 

D 

"        D 

1 

p 

B 

10 

DP 

f1 

X 

D 

r 

e    o    „ 
no      ° 

m 

B   D 

^B    /"J 

°    1     J^o] 
/    Miles 

J 

10                 » 

10                 r 

1      ' 

D 

10                   } 

it    r~ — f 

-i  o  !    \  I 

CL     ° 

Mel 

lotus 

■  \    7 

alba    De 

3                  50 

Map  1214 
sr. 

0  50 

Map  1215 
Melilotus     officinalis    (L.)    Lam. 


Flowers  yellow;  leaflets  mostly  broadly  obovate,  generally  less  than  twice  as  long  as 
wide;  annual,  with  long,  prostrate  or  spreading  branches,  mostly  less  than  3  dm 
high  but  the  prostrate  branches  may  be  3-7  dm  long. 
Pods  blackish,  strongly  curved,  prominently  rugose  but  not  armed  with  prickles,  1- 

seeded,  2-3  mm  wide 2.  M.  lupulina. 

Pods  not  blackish,  with  2  or  3  coils,  5-8  mm  wide;  mostly  more  than  1-seeded.    (See 
excluded  species  no.  386,  p.  1065.) M.  hispida. 

1.  Medicago  sativa  L.  Alfalfa.  Map  1212.  Extensively  used 
throughout  the  state  for  grazing  and  fodder.  It  has  become  a  frequent 
escape  along  roadsides  and  more  rarely  along  railroads  and  in  waste 
places  and  open  woodland.  I  have  rarely  collected  this  and  the  next 
species  so  that  the  maps  do  not  indicate  the  frequency  with  which  this 
plant  has  escaped. 

Nat.  of  Eu. :  widely  naturalized  in  the  U.  S.  and  Can. 

2.  Medicago  lupulina  L.  Black  Medic.  Map  1213.  Frequent 
throughout  the  state  along  railroads  and  roadsides  and  in  lawns,  waste 
places,  and  fields.  It  was  probably  mostly  introduced  in  clover  seed  and 
lawn  grass  seed. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  widely  naturalized  in  N.  A. 


3689.  MELILOTUS  [Tourn.]  L. 

Flowers  white;  wings  shorter  than  the  standard;  pods  glabrous,  almost  smooth  or 
reticulate-alveolate ;   seed  orbicular 1.    M .  alba. 

Flowers  yellow ;  wings  equaling  the  standard ;  pods  generally  with  strong,  transverse 
ridges,  only  slightly  netted,  glabrous;   seed  ovoid 2.    M.  officinalis. 

1.  Melilotus  alba  Desr.  White  Sweetclover.  Map  1214.  This 
species  has  been  sown  for  pasture  and  fodder  and  has  abundantly  escaped 
in  all  parts  of  the  state  to  roadsides,  railroads,  waste  places,  and  fields. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  widely  naturalized  throughout  N.  A. 


Trifolium  Leguminosae  595 

2.  Melilotus  officinalis  (L.)  Lam.  Yellow  Sweetclover.  Map 
1215.  This  species  has  been  sparingly  sown  for  pasture  and  fodder  and 
has  escaped  like  the  preceding  species  but  it  is  much  more  aggressive. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  widely  naturalized  in  N.  A. 

3690.  TRIFOLIUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Clover 

• 

Flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so,  crowded;   corolla  pink,  purple  or  rose. 
Leaflets  narrow,  mostly  2-6  mm  wide,  linear  to  oblanceolate;  heads  mostly  longer 

than  wide;  plants  annual,  erect 1.  T.  arvense. 

Leaflets  mostly  more  than  6  mm  wide,  oval,  ovate,  obovate  or  cuneate-obovate ;  heads 
globose  or  subglobose. 

Plants  pubescent,  ascending,  perennial;  flowers  purplish 2.  T.  pratense. 

Plants  glabrous,  ascending  or  diffuse,  annual;  flowers  rose 3.  T.  resupinatum. 

Flowers  on  short  pedicels;  heads  looser. 
Flowers,  white,  purplish  or  crimson. 
Heads  much  longer  than  wide;  leaflets  pubescent;  flowers  crimson.    (See  excluded 

species  no.  388,  p.  1065.) T.  incarnatnm. 

Heads  globose;  leaflets  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  flowers  white  or  purplish. 
Calyx  lobes  2-3  mm  long,  about  as  long  as  the  tube. 

Plants  stoloniferous,  creeping;  heads  on  long  peduncles,  arising  from  prostrate 

stems 4.    T.   repens. 

Plants  not  stoloniferous,  ascending;  heads  on  peduncles  not  arising  from  pros- 
trate  stems 5.   T.   hybridum. 

Calyx  lobes  mostly  about  4  mm  long,  much  longer  than  the  tube. 

Plants  stoloniferous;  sinuses  of  the  calyx  pubescent.    (See  excluded  species 

no.  390,  p.  1066.) T.  stoloniferum. 

Plants  not  stoloniferous ;  sinuses  of  the  calyx  not  pubescent. 

Calyx  pubescent.    (See  excluded  species  no.  389,  p.  1065.)  .  . .  .  T.  reflexum. 

Calyx  glabrous 6.    T.  reflexum  var.  glabrum. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Terminal  leaflet  longer  stalked  than  the  lateral  ones;  stipules  ovate. 

Heads  20-40-flowered;  corolla  conspicuously  striate 7.    T.  procumbens. 

Heads  5-12-flowered;  corolla  scarcely  striate 8.    T.  dnbium. 

Terminal  leaflet  not  longer   stalked   than   the   lateral   ones;   corolla  conspicuously 
striate;  stipules  linear-lanceolate 9.    T.  agrarium. 

1.  Trifolium  arvense  L.  Rabbit-foot  Clover.  Map  1216.  In  dry 
sandy  soil  along  roadsides  and  in  pastures,  open  woodland,  and  fallow 
fields. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  Que.  and  Ont.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tenn. 

2.  Trifolium  pratense  L.  Red  Clover.  Map  1217.  This  species  is 
much  sown  for  pasture  and  fodder  and  has  frequently  escaped  in  all  parts 
of  the  state  to  roadsides,  waste  places,  and  fallow  fields. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  widely  naturalized  in  N.  A. 

3.  Trifolium  resupinatum  L.  Strawberry  Clover.  This  species  was 
discovered  north  of  Indianapolis  by  W.  N.  Clute,  May  9,  1932.  He  says 
it  occurs  for  a  mile  along  the  old  canal  and  along  roadsides.1 

Greece  to  Persia;  Mass.,  Pa.,  and  Wis.  southw.  to  Ala. 

'Clute    (Amer.   Botanist  45:32.    1939)    says:      The  severe  winter  of   1935-36  ap- 
parently killed  all  the  plants. 


596 


T 


Leguminosae 


Trifolium 


o         ~To 
Map  1217 


Trifolium     pratense    L 


0  50 

Map  1218 


Tnfol 


repens    L. 


a 

3 

z 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

V 

J        1 

H 

" 

Y 

■u 

j 

D 

J- 

r 

Oec.^— 

i — ' — 

D  a 

1/    Miles 

I             D 

Tr 

! 

B 

foliurr 

reflexum 

var    cj 

0     "           50 

Map  1219 
abrum    Loj. 

4.  Trifolium  repens  L.  (Erith.  Monograph  on  White  Clover,  pp. 
1-x,  1-150.  1924.  Duckworth  &  Co.  London.)  White  Clover.  Map  1218. 
Found  throughout  the  state.  Common  in  lawns,  waste  places  and  pas- 
tures and  less  frequent  in  fallow  fields  and  open  woodland  and  along 
roadsides  and  railroads.  Erith  describes  several  varieties  and  forms  and, 
no  doubt,  some  of  them  are  in  Indiana. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  widely  naturalized  in  N.  A. 

5.  Trifolium  hybridum  L.  Alsike  Clover.  This  species  has  been 
freely  sown  as  a  pasture  and  fodder  plant  throughout  the  state  and  has 
escaped  frequently.  No  effort  has  been  made  to  collect  this  species, 
Trifolium  pratense  or  Trifolium  repens;  consequently  the  maps  do  not 
indicate  the  frequency  with  which  they  have  escaped,  but  no  doubt  all 
are  found  frequently  in  every  county. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  widely  naturalized  in  N.  A. 

6.  Trifolium    reflexum    L.    var.    glabrum    Lojacono.    Map    1219.     The 

flowers  of  the  plants  I  have  seen  are  white  and  odorless  and  the  pods 
are  about  4-seeded.  I  found  it  to  be  a  common  plant  in  hard,  white, 
slightly  acid,  clay  soil  in  a  clearing,  formerly  wooded  with  swamp  white 
oak  and  pin  oak,  along  Little  Pigeon  Creek  in  Spencer  County.  I  found 
it  in  great  colonies  in  a  low,  flat  woods  10  miles  southwest  of  Mt.  Vernon 
in  Posey  County  where  it  was  associated  with  post  oak,  agave,  and 
Baptism  leucantha.  Other  specimens  were  found  in  dry  woods,  on  a 
cliff  along  White  River,  and  in  dry,  sandy  soil  in  a  prairie  habitat  in 
Vigo  County.  This  is  the  western  form  of  this  species.  The  type  came 
from  Augusta,  Illinois. 

I  have  seen  specimens  from  Va.,  Ohio  (Wellington),  111.,  Iowa,  Mo.,  and 
Okla. 

7.  Trifolium  procumbens  L.  Low  Hop  Clover.  Map  1220.  Prob- 
ably infrequent  throughout  the  state  along  roadsides  and  railroads  and 
in  pastures,  open  woodland,  waste  places,  and  fallow  fields. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  S.  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Miss. 


Hosackia 


Leguminosae 


597 


0  50 

Map  1220 


Tnfolium     procumbens    L 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Au& 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec 


;     id 

D       "         /■ 

\     ZjVt-L 

■g — 1 

-  1               Jn~ 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1221 


Tnfolium     agranum    L. 


o~  50 

Map  1222 


Psoralea     tenuiflora     Pursh 


8.  Trifolium  dubium  Sibth.  Little  Hop  Clover.  In  1909  I  found 
this  species  in  gravelly  soil  among  the  cottages  on  the  north  side  of  Lake 
Wawasee.  It  has  been  collected  in  St.  Joseph  County  by  Nieuwland,  and 
on  May  17,  1930,  Nieuwland  and  Just  again  collected  it  in  St.  Joseph 
County  on  the  bank  of  the  St.  Joseph  River  behind  St.  Mary's  College. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Mass.  to  Va.,  Tenn.,  and  Ark.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Miss. 

9.  Trifolium  agrarium  L.  Yellow  Hop  Clover.  Map  1221.  Prob- 
ably introduced  throughout  the  state.  My  specimens  are  mostly  from 
open  woods,  pastures,  fallow  fields,  and  roadsides. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf.  to  Ont.  and  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ga. 

3696.  HOSACKIA  Dougl. 
See  excluded  species  no.  391,  p.  1066. 

3703.  PSORALEA  [B.  Juss.]  L. 

Leaves  digitately  3-5-foliolate,  the  petiolules  of  about  equal  length;  both  surfaces  of 

the  leaflets  conspicuously  black-dotted;  pods  not  wrinkled 1.  P.  tenuiflora. 

Leaves  3-foliolate;  terminal  leaflet  stalked;  the  lower  surface  not  conspicuously  covered 
with  black  dots;  pods  wrinkled. 

Racemes  short,  1-2  cm  long,  about  equaling  the  leaves 2.  P.  stipulata. 

Racemes  more  than  2  cm  long,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves. 

Leaflets  large,  rhombic-ovate  to  rhombic-lanceolate,  5-10  cm  long,  2.5-6  cm  wide; 

pods  about  1  cm  long 3.  P.  Onobrychis. 

Leaflets  linear-lanceolate  to  elliptic,  4-7  cm  long,  1-2  cm  wide;  pods  about  4  mm 
long 4.   P.  psoralioides  var.   eglandulosa. 

1.  Psoralea  tenuiflora  Pursh.  Few-flower  Psoralea.  Map 
1222.  In  1933  I  found  scattered  plants  of  this  species  in  ballast  along  the 
railroad  for  a  quarter  of  a  mile  about  4  miles  south  of  Vincennes,  Knox 
County.  Nieuwland  has  collected  it  in  St.  Joseph  County.  In  1901  Stuart 
reported  it  as  found  along  the  railroad  south  of  Lafayette.  Peattie  reported 
it  from  the  prairies  of  the  Calumet  District  near  Lake  Michigan. 

111.  to  S.  Dak.  and  Mont.,  southw.  to  Tex.  and  Sonora. 


598 


Leguminosae 


Psoralea 


0  50 

Map  1224 
Psoralea      psoralioides     (Walt.)    Cory 
var.    eqlandulosa     (Ell.)    Freeman 


0  50 

Map  1225 


Amorpha     canescens    Nutt. 


2.  Psoralea  stipulata  T.  &  G.  According-  to  Vail  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot. 
Club  21:113.     1894)  the  type  specimen  of  this  species  was  collected  June 

8,  1839,  by  Wm.  Jones  on  Rock  Island  at  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio  River, 
Clark  County,  Ind.  She  also  writes:  "In  the  collections  of  C.  W.  Short, 
preserved  in  the  Herb.  Acad.  Phila.,  there  are  notes  to  the  effect  that  he 
never  found  this  plant  in  fruit  growing  wild,  and  that  he  cultivated  it 
vainly  for  years.  His  collections  of  P.  stipulata  in  the  herbaria  examined, 
cover  a  period  of  some  twenty  years."   J.  M.  Coulter  wrote  (Bot.  Gaz.  1: 

9.  1876)  that  Dr.  Clapp's  collection  contained  a  specimen.  This  specimen 
was  collected  in  1838  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Albany,  Floyd  County,  and  is 
now  in  the  herbarium  of  Wabash  College.  P.  A.  Rydberg  wrote  me  that 
the  specimens  in  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  were  immature  and 
might  be  some  form  of  Desmodium.  Thus  it  seems  that  this  species,  if  a 
valid  one,  is  extinct.   Known  only  from  the  type  locality. 

3.  Psoralea  Onobrychis  Nutt.  Sainfoin  Psoralea.  Map  1223.  Prob- 
ably frequent  to  very  rare  throughout  the  state  except  in  the  extreme 
northern  counties.  It  is  found  mostly  along  roadsides  and  in  alluvial 
bottoms  of  streams.  It  is  essentially  a  prairie  plant  but  is  occasionally 
found  in  wooded  areas  and  it  is  a  question  whether  it  exists  in  some  places 
as  a  relict  or  is  an  invader. 

Ohio,  111.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 

4.  Psoralea  psoralioides  (Walt.)  Cory  var.  eglandulosa  (Ell.)  Free- 
man. (Rhodora  39:426.  1937.)  (Psoralea  pedunculata  Vail  of  Indiana 
authors.)  Map  1224.  This  species  has  a  limited  distribution  in  Indiana 
but  has  a  wide  range  of  habitats.  It  is  more  or  less  frequent  in  the 
unglaciated  area  on  the  crests  and  upper  parts  of  the  highest  ridges, 
usually  associated  with  chestnut  oak  and  black  oak.  In  the  southwestern 
counties  it  is  rare  and  is  found  in  dry,  sandy  soil  or  in  the  lowland  with 
post  oak.    In  the  northwestern  counties  it  is  found  in  black  and  pin  oak 


Amorpha  Leguminosae  599 

clearings,  in  sandy  soil  near  the  bases  of  black  oak  ridges,  and  in  prairie 
habitats. 

Va.,  Ohio,  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3707.  AMORPHA  L. 

[Palmer,  E.  J.,  Conspectus  of  the  genus  Amorpha.  Jour.  Arnold 
Arboretum  12:157-197.   1931.] 

Mr.  Palmer  has  seen  all  of  my  specimens  of  Amorpha  fruticosa  and 
varieties  and  made  the  key  to  them  which  is  used  here. 

Calyx  lobes  lanceolate,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  tube;  shrubs  of  a  dry,  sandy  or 
gravelly  habitat,  mostly  less  than  1  m  high,  densely  canescent ;  leaflets  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  stem  generally  15-20  pairs,  crowded,  canescent  beneath,  1-2  cm  long. 

1.  A.  canescens. 

Calyx  lobes  deltoid  or  half-rounded,  much  shorter  than  the  tube;  shrubs  of  moist  or 
rocky  banks,  1-4  m  high,  more  or  less  pubescent;  leaflets  of  upper  part  of  stem 
mostly  7-15  pairs,  rarely  as  many  as   20   pairs,   generally  not  crowded,   2-4   cm 
long. 
Pubescence  of  petiolules  and  leaflets  consisting  of  curled  or  matted  hairs. 

Leaflets  mainly  rounded  or  short-pointed  at  the  apex 2.  A.  fruticosa. 

Leaflets  mainly  truncate  or  emarginate  at  the  apex 

2a.  A.  fruticosa  var.  eviarginata. 

Pubescence  of  petiolules  and  leaflets  consisting  of  short,  straight,  appressed  hairs, 
or  nearly  absent. 
Leaflets  obovate  or  oval,  not  conspicuously  crowded,  with  appressed  pubescence. 

2b.  A.  fruticosa  var.  angustifolia. 

Leaflets  oblong,  more  numerous  and  crowded,  glabrous  or  nearly  so.    (Some  ex- 
cluded specimens  may  be  this  variety.) A.  fruticosa  var.  oblongifolia. 

1.  Amorpha  canescens  Nutt.  Leadplant.  Map  1225.  This  species 
is  infrequent  and  is  restricted  to  the  area  shown  on  the  map.  It  is  found 
in  dry,  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  on  knolls  and  ridges  or  in  a  prairie  habitat 
in  the  open  along  roadsides  or  in  open  woodland. 

Mich,  and  Ind.  to  Man.,  southw.  through  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Ark., 
N.  Mex.,  and  Tex. 

2.  Amorpha  fruticosa  L.  Indigobush.  Map  1226.  As  represented  by 
my  specimens  this  species  is  restricted  to  the  alluvial  bottoms  and  banks 
of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  and  the  moist  or  rocky  slopes  of  the  Ohio 
River.  I  have  one  specimen,  however,  which  is  from  sandy  soil  near  the 
Kankakee  River  south  of  Thayer,  Lake  County.  Amorpha  fruticosa  and  its 
varieties  are  locally  common  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Posey  County 
and  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Vigo  County  on  the  banks  of  sloughs  and 
swamps  where  it  is  usually  closely  associated  with  buttonbush. 

?Conn.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Okla. ;  escaped  from  cultivation 
in  the  northeast. 

2a.     Amorpha  fruticosa  var.  emarginata  Pursh.   My  only  specimens  of 
this  variety  are  from  the  borders  of  sloughs  in  Gibson  County. 
Miss,  to  Ark.  and  111. 

2b.     Amorpha  fruticosa  var.  angustifolia  Pursh.    I  have  this  variety 


(500 


Leguminosae 


Dalea 


3 

3 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

DecJ- 

»     1 
B 

P     I— 

| " 

J  A. 

r 

>v| 

V 

- 

j 

-  i 

D 

j~ 

r, 

1 

i 

rJ_      0 

D    |       V 

0  /          f 
T     1 

^-f^Ba     1       1 

P     Miles 

D 

Ar 

TO 

■pha 

fruticos 

0                50 

Map  1226 
a  L 

Map  1227 
Petalostemum    purpureum     (Vent.)   Rydb 


0  50 

Map  1228 

Petalostemum     candidum     Michx. 


from  Spencer,  Switzerland,  and  Vigo  Counties  and  Miss  McKee  found  it 
in  Newton  County  near  the  Kankakee  River. 

Wis.  and  Minn,  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Tex.,  and  n.  Mex. 


1. 


3709.  DALEA  Juss. 
Dalea  alopecuroides  Willd.    On  September  11,  1924,  Mrs.  Harry 


Bucklin  of  Brazil  sent  me  a  specimen  which  was  collected  at  her  summer 
home  located  in  section  24  about  6  miles  northeast  of  Brazil,  Clay  County. 
She  wrote:  "Frequent  along  the  roadside  and  in  an  adjoining  fallow  field." 
I  found  the  colony  still  persisting  in  1934.  No  doubt  introduced  in  seed  of 
some  kind  since  the  farm  is  located  on  a  little  used  road  and  not  near  a 
railroad. 

111.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ala.,  Tex.,  Ariz.,  and  Mex. 

3710.  PETALOSTEMUM*  Michx. 

Leaflets  3-5,  mostly  linear,  involute;  calyx  tube  densely  pubescent;  corolla  violet  or 
purple 1.    P.   purpureum. 

Leaflets  7-9,  linear,  oblong,  or  oblanceolate,  not  involute;  calyx  tube  glabrous,  at  least 
below  the  middle;  corolla  white 2.  P.  candidum. 

1.  Petalostemum  purpureum  (Vent.)  Rydb.  Purple  Prairieclover. 
Map  1227.  Infrequent  in  dry,  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  in  the  open  on  sandy 
knolls  and  ridges  in  open,  black  oak  woods  and  in  prairie  habitats.  It  is 
sometimes  frequent  on  the  low  dunes  along  Lake  Michigan.  East  of  the 
area  indicated  in  the  map,  it  has  been  reported  from  Kosciusko  and  Mar- 
shall Counties. 

Ind.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Ark.,  Tex.,  and  N.  Mex. 

2.  Petalostemum  candidum  (Willd.)  Michx.  White  Prairieclover. 
Map  1228.  This  species  is  rarer  than  the  preceding  and  grows  in  the 
same  habitat  and  usually  with  it. 

Ind.  to  Sask..  southw.  to  La.  and  Tex. 


Spelled  Petalostemon  in  the  International  Rules  of  Botanical  Nomenclature,  p.  99. 


Tephrosia 


LEGUMINOSAE 


601 


0  50 

Map  1229 

Tephrosia     virginiana     (L.)    Pers. 


6 
S 

1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec  j- 

»1 

'      T 

— fl 

E 

°        c 
Ul    1 

0  o 

rl    id       d 

0 

X°p     p 

B        D        D     S 
P        10                | 

2j 

V 

-^       -r 

r 

-C= 

1 

r 

-  X 

J 

J~ 

r, 

1 

i 
•  '- — ' 

1    I— w 

D     J7 

1/    Miles 

DP  (        ( 
HO  1 

var. 

Tephro: 
holoseric 

pJV  yo           '5d 
i/             Map  1230 
ia     virginiana 
ea     (Nutt.)    T.  &  G. 

Wisteria     macrostachya    Nutt. 


3718.  TEPHROSIA  Pers. 

Leaflets  glabrous  above 1.  T.  virginiana. 

Leaflets  pubescent  above la.  T.  virginiana  var.  holosericea. 

1.  Tephrosia  virginiana  (L.)  Pers.  (Cracca  virginiana  L.)  Smooth- 
leaflet  Virginia  Goatrue.  Map  1229.  Infrequent  but  usually  in  colonies 
where  it  is  found.  In  southern  Indiana  it  is  found  on  the  crests  of  chestnut 
oak  and  black  oak  ridges  and  on  sandstone  outcrops.  In  northern  Indiana 
it  is  found  in  very  dry,  sandy  soil  on  black  oak  land  and  was  formerly 
common  on  the  low  dunes  about  Lake  Michigan.  It  is  also  found  on  sandy 
hills  in  the  open  or  in  open  woodland  in  northwestern  and  southwestern 
Indiana.  The  habitats  of  the  species  and  the  following  variety  are  the 
same  and  it  is  probable  that  their  range  is  co-extensive.  My  attention  had 
not  been  called  to  the  variety  before  I  undertook  to  write  the  genus.  Since 
I  usually  collect  only  one  specimen  from  a  county,  the  maps  do  not  ac- 
curately represent  the  distribution  of  the  two  forms.  I  have  seen  speci- 
mens of  this  form  from  the  following  states:  Ala.,  Ark.,  D.  C,  111.,  Ind., 
Ky.,  Mich.,  Mo.,  N.  C,  N.  J.,  Okla.,  Pa.,  S.  C,  Tenn.,  Tex.,  Va.,  and  W.  Va. 

la.  Tephrosia  virginiana  var.  holosericea  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  Hairy- 
leaflet  Virginia  Goatrue.  Map  1230.  Habitat  and  distribution  as  dis- 
cussed under  the  preceding  species.  I  have  seen  specimens  from  the  fol- 
lowing states:  Ark.,  Ill,  Ind.,  Kans.,  Mass.,  Md.,  Mich.,  N.  C.,  N.  J., 
N.  Y.,  Ohio,  Okla.,  R.  I.,  S.  C.,  Va.,  Wis.,  and  W.  Va. 


3722.  WISTERIA  Nutt. 

Leaflets  mostly  9,  ovate  or  elliptic-ovate  to  lance-elliptic,  3-7  cm  long;  racemes  15-35 
cm  long,  not  dense;  pedicels  about  10  mm  long;  lower  teeth  of  calyx  at  least  half 
as  long  as  the  tube;  spur  of  wings  of  corolla  about  as  long  as  the  claw;  pods  7-12 
cm  long,  glabrous 1.  W.  macrostachya. 

Leaflets  9-15,  elliptic-ovate  to  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  2-5  cm  long;  racemes  4-10 
cm  long,  dense;  pedicels  about  5  mm  long;  lower  teeth  of  calyx  less  than  half  as 
long  as  the  tube;  spur  of  wings  of  corolla  much  shorter  than  the  claw;  pods  5-10 
cm  long,  glabrous.  (See  excluded  species  no.  393,  p.  1066.) W.  frutescens. 


602  Leguminosae  Robinia 

1.  Wisteria  macrostachya  Nutt.  (Kraunhia  macrostachys  (T.  &  G.) 
Small  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Kentucky  Wisteria. 
Map  1231.  I  collected  this  species  in  a  second  growth  wooded  ravine  May 
19,  1918.  There  were  several  vines  supported  by  low  trees  and  shrubs 
about  10  feet  high.  My  specimen  has  pubescent  branches  and  branchlets ; 
4  leaves,  15-23  cm  long,  all  with  9  leaflets ;  leaflets  slightly  pubescent  on 
both  sides,  more  or  less  acuminate;  inflorescence  21  cm  long;  pedicels 
about  10  mm  long,  glandular ;  calyx  tube  glandular,  about  4  mm  long,  the 
longest  lobes  about  2  mm  long ;  spur  of  wings  of  corolla  about  as  long  as 
the  claw;  pod  glabrous. 

Ind.,  Tenn.,  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  La.  and  Tex. 

3733.  ROBINIA  L. 

Branchlets,  petioles,  and  pods  glabrous;  flowers  white 1.  R.  Pseudo-Acacia. 

Branchlets  and  petioles  bristly;  pods  hispid;  flowers  pink  or  purplish.    (See  excluded 
species  no.  394,  p.  1066.) R-  hispida. 

1.  Robinia  Pseudo- Acacia  L.  Black  Locust.  Map  1232.  This  species 
has  been  freely  planted  since  pioneer  times  and  has  escaped  in  all  parts 
of  the  state.  It  was,  no  doubt,  a  native  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the 
state  near  the  Ohio  River. 

Pa.  to  se.  Ind.  and  the  Ozark  region  of  Mo.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  La.,  and 
Okla. 

3766.  ASTRAGALUS  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Astragalus  canadensis  L.  (Astragalus  carolinianus  L.  of  Indiana 
authors.)  Canada  Milkvetch.  Map  1233.  Infrequent  on  the  moist,  clay 
or  gravelly  slopes  of  the  high  banks  of  our  larger  streams  and  lakes  and 
rare  in  prairie  habitats. 

Que.  to  Mackenzie,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tex. 

la.  Astragalus  canadensis  var.  longilobus  Fassett.  (Rhodora  38:  94. 
1936.)  This  variety  has  calyx  lobes  2.5-5.5  mm  long,  tube  4-5  mm  long. 
I  have  it  from  Elkhart,  Gibson,  Kosciusko,  and  Warrick  Counties.  All 
Indiana  forms  are  on  one  map. 

Del.,  Wis.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  s.  Ind.  and  Iowa. 

3769.  GLYCYRRHIZA  [Tourn]  L. 
See  excluded  species  no.  398,  p.  1067. 

3774.  CORONlLLA  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Coronilla  varia  L.  Crownvetch.  Map  1234.  This  weedy  peren- 
nial has  been  reported  from  Boone,  Grant,  Lagrange,  Lake,  and  Marion 
Counties.  A  clump  of  this  species  was  found  in  a  waste  place  in  Bluffton, 
Wells  County,  and,  its  weedy  nature  being  unknown,  was  planted  in  our 
field  for  observation.  We  soon  learned  by  its  rapid  spread  from  under- 
ground stems  that  it  would  be  a  pest  but  kept  it  until  it  flowered  in  order 
to  ascertain  its  identity.   We  then  destroyed  it  but  neglected  to  preserve  a 


Stylosanthes 


Leguminosae 


603 


0  "To 

Map  1232 


Robima     Pseudo- Acacia    L. 


6 

10 
2 

D 

Id 

°      o 

UK1! 
K 

f 

i 

ID          D 

0 

Feb 
Mar 
Apr- 
May 
June 
July 
Aug 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec.  J- 

D 

'            D 

D 
P 

r-  • 

p      " 

n    C- 

f-r1 

X 

1 

0     P 

/    Miles 

j 

r1 

r 

i  ' — 

r; 

cL    D 

D   f 

0 

As 

tracj 

afus 

i/    ^/   Map  1233 

canadensis   L. 

o  "~  50 

Map  1234 

Coronilla     varia    L 


specimen.    The  Lagrange  County  specimen  was  collected  by  Nieuwland 
and  is  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Notre  Dame. 
Nat.  of  Eu. ;  escaped  to  roadsides  and  waste  places. 

3802.  STYLOSANTHES  Sw. 

Stems  without  long,  spreading  hairs  or  only  a  few  toward  the  summit;  margins  of 
leaflets  without  long,  hispid  hairs  or  a  few  hairs  on  some  of  the  leaflets  near  the 
summit  of  the  stem  and  in  the  inflorescence 1.  <S.  biflora. 

Stems  more  or  less  densely  hispid  with  long,  spreading  hairs  (rarely  with  only  a  few); 
hairs  1-2  mm  long,  and  flat  at  the  base;  margins  of  leaflets  hispid  with  similar  but 
shorter  hairs la.  S.  biflora  var.  hispidissima. 

1.  Stylosanthes  biflora  (L.)  BSP.  Pencil-flower.  Map  1235.  Infre- 
quent to  rare  in  the  southern  counties  on  bare,  open  places  on  ridges 
wooded  with  black  and  white  oak.  Found  also  in  a  few  post  oak  flats 
in  the  extreme  southwestern  counties. 

N.  Y.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

la.  Stylosanthes  biflora  var.  hispidissima  (Michx.)  Pollard  &  Ball. 
Plants  of  the  variety  are  larger,  erect  or  nearly  so,  and  with  longer  leaf- 
lets. My  Crawford  County  specimen  is  from  a  dry  woods  near  Wyandotte 
Cave,  and  the  Daviess  and  Knox  County  specimens  are  from  sand  hills.  1 
have  not  ascertained  the  range  of  the  variety. 


3807.  DESMODIUM  Desv.  Tickclover 

Plants  trailing;  stem  with  long,  spreading  hairs;  terminal  leaflets  orbicular,  rounded 
at  the  apex;  stipules  large,  ovate,  attenuate,  the  margins  ciliate  with  long  hairs, 

otherwise  glabrous;  peduncles  terminal  and  axillary 1.  D.  rotundi folium. 

Plants  erect  or  decumbent  at  the  base;  terminal  leaflets  not  orbicular  or  rounded  at 
the  apex. 
Plants  with  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so;   leaflets  linear  or  linear-oblong,  reticulate 

beneath 2.    D.    sessilifolium. 

Plants  not  as  above. 


«04 


Leguminosae 


Desmodium 


2 

a 
1 

2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Y 

j 

\ 

A  X, 

( 

j 

>u 

^ 

j 

r 

Dec.f- 

- 

i  ' — 

0 
K 

P     I1 / 

D       U- 

-i           (   D    Vj 

D     J 

J     Miles 

) 

S D 

1   D 

(      .r  »  \   bJ^\*    1 

50 
Map  1235 

Stylosanthes     biflora    (L )    BSP. 

Desmodium   rotundifolium 


o       ~m 

Map  1237 
Desmodium   sessihfolium   (Torr.)    T.  &  G. 


Loment  long-stalked,  the  stipe  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Peduncles  arising  from  the  base  of  the  stem,  much  longer  than  the  leafy  stem; 

leaflets  short-acute  or  obtuse 3.  D.  nudiflorum. 

Peduncles  terminating  the  leafy   stem,  rarely  with   a  few  axillary  racemes  in 
Des7nodium  pauciflorum. 
Plants  rarely  more  than  4.5  dm  high;   leaves  scattered  on  the  stem;   leaflets 
ovate  or  oval,  not  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  apex,  acute  or  obtuse;  in- 
florescence   usually    a    simple    raceme,    rarely    paniculate;    flowers    few, 

white 4.  D.  pauciflorum. 

Plants  generally  5-10  dm  high;  leaves  mostly  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  stem 
(or  base  of  the  peduncle),  terminal  leaflets  large,  broadly  ovate,  abruptly 
contracted  into  a  long,  acuminate  tip;  inflorescence  generally  a  panicle  of 

racemes,  rarely  simple,  usually  many-flowered 5.  D.  acuminatum. 

Loment  not  long-stalked,  the  stipe  less  than  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
Lower  surface  of  leaflets  pubescent  with  hooked  hairs;  plants  large. 

Segments  of  loments  rhomboidal,  the  middle  mature  ones  mostly  8-12  mm 
long  and  5-6  mm  wide;  leaflets  ovate,  blunt,  firm  but  not  coriaceous,  the 

lower  surface  only  faintly  reticulated 6.  D.  canescens. 

Segments  of  loments  oval,  less  than  6  mm  long;  leaflets  ovate-oblong  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  subcoriaceous,  the  lower  surface  reticulated,  the  primary 

and  secondary  nerves  prominent 7.  D.  illinoense. 

Lower  surface  of  leaflets  glabrous  or  pubescent  without  hooked  hairs;   leaflets 
ovate,  ovate-lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate  or  oval. 
Segments  of  mature  loments  mostly  8-12  mm  long  and  5-6  mm  wide. 

Leaflets   glabrous   beneath    or   essentially   so,   not   glancous    beneath,    long- 
acuminate  at  the  apex 8.  D.  bracteosum. 

Leaflets  pubescent  beneath  with  long,  half-spreading  hairs,  merely  acute  at 

the  apex 8a.  D.  bracteosum  var.  longifolium. 

Segments   (middle)   of  loments  less  than  8  mm  long. 

Stipe  of  loment  as  long  as  the  calyx,  generally  a  half  longer;  segments  of 

loment  usually  2-5;  stipules  and  bracts  deciduous. 

Leaflets    of   a    lanceolate    type    (rarely    a    few    ovate),    oblong-lanceolate 

to  linear-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  thin. 

Segments  of  loments  of  an  oval  type,  strongly  rounded  on  the  ventral 

side,  usually  4-5  mm  long;  stems  more  or  less  pubescent  at  least 

above 9.  D.  canadense. 

Segments   of   loments   of  a  rhomboidal    type,   semi-rhomboidal   on   the 
ventral  side,  usually  5-8  mm  long. 


Desmodium  Leguminosae  605 

Stems  glabrous  or  nearly  so 10.  D.  paniculatum. 

Stems  covered  more  or  less  densely  with  short,  hooked  hairs  or  with 
long,  spreading  hairs  in  addition  to  any  short,  hooked  hairs  that 

may  be  present 10a.  />.  paniculatum  var.  pubens. 

Leaflets  of  an  ovate  type. 
Leaflets   glabrous   and  glaucous  beneath;    stems  glabrous;   inflorescence 
more  or  less  puberulent;   lower  petioles  mostly  4-8  cm  long;    seg- 
ments   of   loment    generally    4-6,    usually    about   8    mm    long,    of    a 

rhomboidal  type 11.   D.  laevigatitm. 

Leaflets  not  glaucous  and  more  or  less  pubescent  to  velvety  beneath; 
stems  usually  more  or  less  villous,  rarely  somewhat  glabrate. 
Petioles  of  median  leaves  more  than  one  and  a  half  times  as  long  as 
the  petiolule  of  the  terminal  leaflet,  generally  about  twice  as 
long;  leaflets  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath  but  not  velvety  to 
the  touch;  stipules  narrow-lanceolate,  from  a  dilated  base,  long- 
acuminate,  early  deciduous;  segments  of  loment  of  a  rhomboidal 

type,  very  rarely  of  an  oval  type 12.    D.  Dillenii. 

Petioles  of  median  leaves  less  than  one  and  a  half  times  as  long  as 
the  petiolule  of  the  terminal  leaflet,  generally  about  as  long  or 
shorter;  leaflets  velvety  pubescent  beneath,  usually  conspicuously 
thicker  and  more  obtuse  at  the  apex;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  pilose  and  ciliate,  brick  red;    segments  of  loment  of 

an  oval  type,  generally  strongly  rounded  below 

13.    D.  viridiflorum. 

Stipe  of  loment  shorter  than  the  calyx;  segments  of  loment  1-5,  rounded  on 
the  ventral  side. 
Leaflets   glabrous   above,   glabrous   beneath   or   with   a   few   hairs   on   the 
principal  veins,  the  terminal  one  very  obtuse,  ovate  to  narrow-ovate 

or  oval,  15-30  mm  long 14.  D.  marilandicum. 

Leaflets  more  or  less  pubescent  both  above  and  beneath. 

Terminal  leaflet  a  little  longer  than  wide,  mostly  20-30  mm  long,  ovate 

to  oval 15.  D.  ciliare. 

Terminal  leaflet  usually  twice  as  long  as  wide  or  longer,  mostly  20-60 
(75)   mm  long,  oblong-ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate. 
Calyx  usually  4-5   mm   long,  the  midnerve  of  the  lobes  prominently 
purple;   segments  predominantly  more  than  3;   plants  usually  of 

moist  habitats 9-  D.  canadense. 

Calyx  usually  2-3  mm  long,  the  midnerve  not  prominently  purple; 
segments  fewer  than  3;  plants  usually  of  dry,  infertile  or  dry, 
sandy    places 16.    D.   rigidum. 

1.  Desmodium  rotundifdlium  (Michx.)  DC.  (Meibomia  Michauxvi 
Vail.)  Prostrate  Tickclover.  Map  1236.  Infrequent,  but  probably  found 
in  all  the  counties  of  the  state  in  which  there  are  sandy  or  clayey  black 
oak  and  chestnut  oak  ridges.  Rare  in  all  parts  except  in  the  unglaciated 
region  where  it  becomes  more  or  less  frequent.  Probably  absent  from 
some  of  the  counties  of  the  central  part  'whose  soil  is  a  black  loam  and 
where  black  oak  is  absent. 

Eastern  Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

2.  Desmodium  sessilifolium  (Torr.)  T.  &  G.  {Meibomia  sessilifolia 
(Torr.)  Ktze.)  Sessile-leaf  Tickclover.  Map  1237.  Infrequent  in  the 
northern  and  western  counties  in  very  dry,  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  in  prairie 
habitats  or  in  open  woodlands  that  have  recently  been  prairies. 

Mass.  to  Ont.  and  Mich.,  southw.  to  Conn.,  Miss.,  and  Tex. 


606 


Leguminosae 


Desmodium 


o  5o 

Map  1238 

Desmodium     nudiflorum   (L )    DC 


0  50 

Map  1239 


Desmodium     pauciflorum    (Nutt.)    DC. 


0  ~~ 55 

Map  1240 

Desmodium    acuminatum    (Michx.l    DC. 


3.  Desmodium  nudiflorum  (L.)  D.C.  (Meibomia  nudiflora  (L.)  Ktze.) 
Naked-flower  Tickclover.  Map  1238.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in  dry  soil 
in  black  oak  and  black  and  white  oak  woods,  and  less  frequent  in  beech 
woods.  It  is  probably  found  in  every  county  of  the  state  except  Benton 
County  where  there  is  no  longer  any  ungrazed  woodland.  Rarely  this 
species  will  have  one  or  more  leaflets  or  leaves  on  the  flowering  stem.  The 
form  with  the  leaves  scattered  on  the  flowering  stalk  is  known  as  Des- 
modium nudiflorum  f.  foliolatum  (Farw.)  Fassett.  When  the  leaves  are 
in  verticels  or  subverticillate  the  form  is  known  as  Desmodium  nudiflorum 
f.  personatum  Fassett.  I  found  a  large  colony  of  this  species  in  a  black  oak 
woods  about  half  a  mile  southeast  of  Sand  Lake  in  Noble  County  which 
contained  both  of  these  forms  in  some  abundance. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Ark. 

4.  Desmodium  pauciflorum  (Nutt.)  DC.  (Meibomia  pauciflora  (Nutt.) 
Ktze.)  Few-flower  Tickclover.  Map  1239.  Infrequent  to  rare  in  the 
southern  half  of  the  state.  All  but  two  of  my  specimens  were  intimately 
associated  with  beech  and  were  found  on  dry,  wooded,  beech  slopes  or  in 
the  "flats"  with  beech.  The  label  on  my  Rush  County  specimens  reads 
"common  on  a  beech  ridge  two  and  a  half  miles  west  of  Gowdy."  I  found 
a  single  specimen  in  a  "post  oak  flat"  about  10  miles  southwest  of  Mt. 
Vernon,  Posey  County.  Peattie's  report  from  Lake  County,  I  think,  is 
based  upon  a  wrong  determination. 

N.  Y.,  Ont.,  Mich,  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5.  Desmodium    acuminatum     (Michx.)     DC.     {Meibomia    grandiflora 

(Walt.)  Ktze.)  Pointed-leaf  Tickclover.  Map  1240.  Infrequent  to  fre- 
quent throughout  the  state  (with  the  probable  exception  of  Benton  County) 
in  dry,  rich  soil  in  black  and  white  oak  and  beech  and  sugar  maple  woods 
and  rarely  in  a  moist  habitat.  The  position  of  the  leaflets  on  the  stem  is 
variable.  Generally  they  are  crowded  at  the  summit,  and  more  rarely  there 
are  a  few  smaller  ones  below  the  summit.  Lunell  (Amer.  Midland  Nat. 
2:  128.  1911)  described  a  form  with  "leaves  not  clustered  at  the  base  of 


Desmodium 


Leguminosae 


607 


0  50 

Map  1242 


Desmodium     illmoense    Gray 


the  peduncle,  but  further  down  on  the  stem.  In  addition  to  these  there  is 
one  single  leaf  at  the  base  of  the  peduncle,  and  often  one  or  sometimes 
two  single  leaves  beneath  this.  Lastly,  there  are  often  one  or  two  single 
leaves  on  the  stem  below  the  clustered  part."  He  cited  a  specimen  of  mine 
collected  in  Wells  County.  This  form  is  now  known  as  Desmodium  acumi- 
natum f.  Chandonnetii  (Lunell)  Fassett. 

Maine  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ala.,  and  Tex. 

6.  Desmodium  canescens  (L.)  DC.  (Meibomia  canescens  (L.)  Ktze.) 
Hoary  Tickclover.  Map  1241.  Frequent  in  dry,  open  habitats  through- 
out the  state,  although  there  are  no  reports  from  the  counties  along  Lake 
Michigan.   This  is  our  common,  large  tickclover. 

Mass.,  Ont.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

7.  Desmodium  illinoense  Gray.  (Meibomia  illinoensis  (Gray)  Ktze.) 
Illinois  Tickclover.  Map  1242.  Restricted  to  the  northern  and  west- 
ern counties  where  it  is  infrequent.  It  grows  on  very  dry,  sandy  or 
gravelly  soil  and  is  found  mostly  in  a  prairie  habitat  along  roadsides  and 
in  open  woodlands  that  have  recently  invaded  prairie  areas.  This  is 
closely  allied  to  Desmodium  canadense  and  may  be  distinguished  from  it 
by  the  large,  persistent  stipules,  in  contrast  with  the  narrow,  deciduous 
ones  of  D.  canadense,  and  by  its  inflorescence.  D.  illinoense  usually  has  a 
long,  terminal  raceme,  which  is  much  longer  than  the  branches  of  the 
panicle,  while  the  inflorescence  of  D.  canadense  is  more  compact  and 
usually  composed  of  many  racemes  of  nearly  equal  length,  although  the 
main  axis  is  sometimes  much  longer. 

Ohio,  Mich,  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Tex. 

8.  Desmodium  bracteosum  (Michx.)  DC.  (Meibomia  bracteosa 
(Michx.)  Ktze.)  Large-bract  Tickclover.  Map  1243.  Infrequent  to  fre- 
quent possibly  throughout  the  state.  Like  most  species  of  the  genus  it 
prefers  the  dry  soil  of  white  and  black  oak  woods  and  is  generally  found 
in  open  places  and  on  slopes. 

N.  E.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


608 


Leguminosae 


Desmodium 


o         ~3o 
Map  1245 

Desmodium    canadense    (L.)    DC. 


6  50 

Map  1246 


Desmodium     paniculatum    (L.)    DC. 


8a.     Desmodium  bracteosum  var.  longifolium  (T.  &  G.)    Rob.  Map  1244. 
This  variety  is  found  in  the  habitat  of  the  species. 
Ohio  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Tex. 

9.  Desmodium  canadense  (L.)  DC.  (Meibomia  canadensis  (L.)  Ktze.) 
Canada  Tickclover.  Map  1245.  Rather  frequent  in  prairie  habitats 
throughout  the  state,  becoming  infrequent  or  rare  in  the  hilly  part  of  the 
unglaciated  area. 

N.  B.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Okla. 

10.  Desmodium  paniculatum  (L.)  DC.  (Desmodium  paniculatum  var. 
angustifolium  T.  &  G.)  Panicled  Tickclover.  Map  1246.  This  is  one 
of  our  most  common  tickclovers  and  is  frequent  throughout  the  state  in 
dry  soil  in  woodland  and  clearings.  It  is  most  commonly  associated  with 
oaks  in  the  openings  on  ridges,  on  rocky  slopes,  borders  of  woodland,  and 
rarely  in  fallow  fields.  This  species  is  extremely  variable  in  the  width  of 
its  leaflets  and  in  the  density  of  its  pubescence.  Plants  will  vary  from 
almost  glabrous  to  densely  pubescent  with  both  short,  hooked  hairs  and 
longer  ones  which  are  not  hooked.  Since  the  forms  show  no  geographic 
range  in  the  state  they  are  combined  on  one  map. 

10a.  Desmodium  paniculatum  var.  pubens  T.  &  G.  This  is  the  most 
vigorous  and  pubescent  form  of  the  species.  The  range  and  habitat  are 
those  of  the  species. 

Maine,  Ont.,  to  Minn.,  and  southw. 

11.  Deimodium  laevigatum  (Nutt.)  DC.  (Meibomia  laevigata  (Nutt.) 
Ktze.)  Smooth  Tickclover.  Map  1247.  This  species  is  very  local  in  its 
distribution  and  is  probably  restricted  to  the  ridges  of  the  unglaciated  area. 
Potzger  reported  it  from  Monroe  County. 

Southern  X.  Y.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

12.  Desmodium  Dillenii  Darl.  DlLLENlUS  TICKCLOVER.  Map  1248.  This 
tickclover   is   frequent   throughout   the   state,    preferring  dry   soil.     It  is 


Desmodium 


Leguminosae 


609 


0  50 

Map  1247 


Desmodium    laevigatum    (Nutt.)    DC. 


0  50 

Map  1248 


Desmodium     Dillenii    Darl. 


0  50 

Map  1249 

Desmodium     vindiflorum    (L.)    Beck 


usually  found  on  high  ground  in  open  places  in  oak  woodland  and  in  clear- 
ings and  sometimes  in  low  oak  woodland,  but  usually  in  flats. 

Forms  of  this  species  with  very  narrow  leaves  so  closely  approach 
Desmodium  paniculatum  var.  pubens  that  it  is  difficult  to  decide  to  which 
species  they  belong.  In  my  comparatively  short  study  of  the  genus  I  have 
not  been  able  to  find  a  single  character  that  will  definitely  separate  the 
two.  Among  my  specimens  are  a  few  that  have  been  assigned  to  this 
species  by  one  authority  and  to  the  other  species  by  another  authority. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

13.  Desmodium  viridiflorum  (L.)  Beck.  (Meibomia  viridiflora  (L.) 
Ktze.)  Velvet-leaf  Tickclover.  Map  1249.  Infrequent  or  rare  on  the 
slopes  and  crests  of  black  and  white  oak  ridges  in  a  few  of  the  southern 
counties.  The  violet  purple  flowers  turn  greenish  when  dried,  hence  the 
scientific  name. 

N.  Y.,  Mich,  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

14.  Desmodium  marilandicum  (L.)  DC.  (Meibomia  marikmdica  (L.) 
Ktze.)  Smooth  Small-leaf  Tickclover.  Map  1250.  Infrequent  and  gen- 
erally on  ridges  in  black  and  white  oak  woods  in  dry,  sandy  or  gravelly 
soil  of  low  fertility.  No  doubt  absent  from  many  of  the  central  counties 
that  have  uniformly  rich  soil. 

Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Mo. 

15.  Desmodium  ciliare  DC.  (Desmodium  obtusum  Muhl.  and  Meibomia 
obtusa  (Muhl.)  Vail.)  Hairy  Small-leaf  Tickclover.  Map  1251.  In- 
frequent to  very  local  in  dry,  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  in  open  black  oak 
woods,  usually  on  ridges.  The  range  in  Indiana  is  extended  by  reports  from 
Clark  and  Jefferson  Counties. 

Out.,  Mich,  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

16.  Desmodium  rigidum  (Ell.)  DC.  (Meibomia  rigidd  (Ell.)  Ktze.) 
Rigid  Tickclover.    Map  1252.    Infrequent  to  very  local  in  dry,  sandy  or 


610 


Leguminosae 


Lespedeza 


Desmodium     cihare    DC. 


1 

3 

i- 

ID 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 

r 

n     L- 

f-r1 

10 

1 

r1 

X 

r, 

-\z 

Oecj- 

■ 
i — ' — 

D 

X       j / 

J    Miles 

8  ( 

Desmodium     ( 

'9 

r\Jo           56 
Map  1252 

dum     (Ell.)    DC 

gravelly  soil  in  open,  black  and  white  oak  woods.    This  species  and  the 
preceding  two  have  the  same  habitat  and  are  often  associated. 
Mass.,  Mich,  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


3820.  LESPEDEZA  Michx.  Bushclover 

In  a  study  of  this  genus  the  two  kinds  of  pods  and  the  relative  length 
of  the  calyx  and  its  lobes  should  be  noted.  The  pods  of  cleistogamous 
flowers  are  usually  broadly  oval  and  short  and  have  very  short  calyx  lobes 
of  nearly  equal  length,  mostly  0.5-2  mm  long,  and  a  short,  recurved  style, 
usually  less  than  1  mm  long.  The  pods  of  petaliferous  flowers  are  usually 
not  so  wide  and  are  longer,  the  calyx  lobes  more  irregular  in  length  and 
much  longer  than  those  of  the  cleistogamous  flowers,  and  the  style  is  much 
longer  and  not  recurved. 

Stipules  and  bracts  broad,  scarious,  glabrous,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  petioles, 
persistent;  plants  annual. 

Pubescence  of  stems  retrorsely  appressed 1.  L.  striata. 

Pubescence  of  stems  upwardly  appressed 2.  L.  stipulacea. 

Stipules  subulate-setaceous,  pubescent,  not  scarious,  generally  shorter  than  the  petioles, 

more  or  less  deciduous;  plants  perennial. 

Calyx  lobes  of  petaliferous  flowers  4.5-8   mm  long    (cleistogamous  flowers  rare  or 

lacking  except  in  no.  4);  pubescence  of  stem  and  petioles  spreading  or  appressed. 

Peduncles    shorter    than    the    leaves;    leaflets    narrow,    elliptic-oblong    to    linear; 

flowers  whitish  to  cream   color. 

Leaflets   elliptic-oblong   to   almost   linear,  densely   appressed-pubescent   beneath, 

green  and  glabrous  or  slightly  appressed-pubescent  above 3.  L.  capitata. 

Leaflets   narrowly  elliptic-oblong,  velvety-pubescent  above  and  beneath 

3a.  L.  capitata  var.  velutina. 

Leaflets  linear,  green  and  glabrous  or  slightly  appressed-pubescent  above 

3b.  L.  capitata  var.  longifolia. 

Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;   leaflets  wide,  orbicular  to  oblong. 

Calyx  mostly  4.5-5    (5.5)    mm   long;   flowers   purplish;   pubescence  of  stem  and 
peduncles   spreading 4.   L.   Nuttalhi. 


Lespedeza  Leguminosae  611 

Calyx  mostly  6-9  mm  long;  flowers  yellowish  white. 

Leaflets  orbicular  to  oblong-ovate;   spikes  thick-cylindric,  1-1.5  cm  thick 

5.  L.   hirta. 

Leaflets    linear   to    narrowly   oblong;    spikes    slender-cylindric,    5-8   mm   thick, 

somewhat  loosely  flowered.    (See  excluded  species  no.  403,  p.  1068.) 

L.    leptostachya. 

Calyx  lobes  of  petaliferous  flowers  less  than  4.5  mm  long,  those  of  the  cleistogamous 
flowers  0.5-2  mm  long;  flowers  purplish,  corollas  generally  6-7  mm  long;  pods  of 
petaliferous  flowers  oval,  mostly  5-7  mm  long,  of  cleistogamous  flowers  sub- 
orbicular  to  broadly  oval,  mostly  4-5  mm  long  (sometimes  9  in  L.  violacea  and 
L.  repens)  ;  pubescence  of  stem  and  petioles  appressed  or  spreading. 
Pubescence  of  stem  and  petioles  appressed. 

Peduncles  of  flower  clusters  shorter  than  the  petioles  of  their  subtending  leaves. 
Leaflets  linear  to  linear-oblong,  appressed-pubescent  above;   plant  virgate  or 

more  rarely  virgate-branched 6.  L.  virginica. 

Leaflets  oval  to  elliptic-oblong,  rarely  suborbicular  or  slightly  obovate,  glabrous 
above  or  sometimes  a  few  leaves  with  scattered  hairs  above;  plant  erect 

or  spreading 7.  L.  intermedia. 

Peduncles  of  flower  clusters  mostly  longer  than  the  petioles  of  their  subtending 

leaves. 

Plants  trailing;  stems  usually  4-10  dm  long;  leaflets  oval  or  oblong,  those  of 

the  stem  leaves  mostly  6-14  mm  wide  and  10-28  mm  long,  usually  evenly 

pubescent  above  with  appressed  hairs  0.2-0.4  mm  long,  sometimes  nearly 

glabrate  above;  banner  of  flowers  usually  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the 

keel 8.  L.  repens. 

Plants  erect  or  somewhat  spreading;  stems  generally  4-6  dm  long,  rarely  up 
to  8  dm  long;  leaflets  usually  large,  about  as  long  as  the  petioles  of  the 
leaf,  broadly  oval  to  oblong,  mostly  15-30  mm  long,  rarely  up  to  40  mm 
long,  glabrous  above,  or  sometimes  glabrate,  the  hairs  appressed  and 
about   0.5    mm   or   more   long;    banner   of   flowers   shorter   than   the   keel. 

9.   L.   violacea. 

Pubescence  of  stem  and  usually  of  petioles  spreading. 
Peduncles  of  flower  clusters  shorter  than  the  leaves. 
Leaflets  linear  to  linear-oblong. 

Upper  surface  of  leaflets  glabrous  or  strigillose  with  short  hairs,  lower 
surface  merely  appressed-pubescent;  petioles  of  principal  cauline  leaves 
averaging  2.2  cm  in  length;  calyx  and  pod  commonly  strigose  to  stri- 
gillose  6a.  L.  virginica  f .  Deamii. 

Upper  surface  of  leaflets  tomentose-strigose  with  long  hairs,  lower  surface 
more  densely  so  than  the  upper;  petioles  of  principal  cauline  leaves 
averaging  1.7  cm  in  length;  calyx  and  pod  commonly  villous-canescent. 

10a.  L.  Stuevei  f.  angustifolia. 

Leaflets  oval  to  elliptic-oblong,  rarely  suborbicular. 

Upper  surface  of  leaflets  glabrous  or  sparingly  strigillose,  lower  surface 
strigose;  petioles  of  principal  cauline  leaves  nearly  equaling  the  length 
of  the  leaflets,  rarely  exceeding  them;  peduncles  of  petaliferous  flowers 
averaging    11    mm    in    length;    calyx    and    pod    commonly    strigose    or 

strigillose 7a.  L.  intermedia  f .  Hahnii. 

Upper  surface  of  leaflets  tomentose-strigose,  lower  surface  more  densely  so 
than  the  upper;  petioles  of  principal  cauline  leaves  shorter  than  the 
leaves;    peduncles    of   petaliferous   flowers    short,    averaging   6   mm   in 

length;  calyx  and  pod  commonly  villous-canescent 10.  L.  Stuevei. 

Peduncles  of  flower  clusters  longer  than  the  subtending  leaves. 

Plants  erect;  leaflets  broadly  oval,  the  largest  leaflets  generally  20-40  mm 
long;  number  of  petaliferous  flowers  in  a  cluster  generally  10-25;  longest 
calyx  lobes  of  petaliferous  flowers  or  fruit  usually  more  than  3  mm. 
long 4.  L.  Nuttallii. 


612 


Lecuminosae 


Lespedeza 


0  50 

Map  1253 


Lespedeza    striata     (Thunb)    H.  &  A. 


Plants  trailing;  leaflets  oval  to  obovate-elliptic  or  narrowly  elliptic  in  the 
variety,  the  largest  usually  15-30  mm  long;  number  of  petaliferous  flowers 
in  a  cluster  usually  2-8;  longest  calyx  lobes  of  petaliferous  flowers  less 
than   3  mm  long. 

Leaflets  oval  to  obovate-elliptic 11.    L.  procumbens. 

Leaflets  narrowly  elliptic,  up  to  4  times  as  long  as  wide 

11a.  L.  procumbens  var.  elliptica. 

1.  Lespedeza  striata  (Thunb.)  H.  &  A.  Japan  Bushclover.  Map 
1253.  This  is  an  introduced  species  that  has  spread  with  remarkable 
rapidity.  So  far  it  is  restricted  to  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  our  most 
northern  report  being  from  Howard  County.  I  have  been  well  acquainted 
with  the  Clark  County  State  Forest  of  2,000  acres  since  1909.  This  species 
was  never  sown  on  the  cleared  land  of  the  forest  or  in  the  neighborhood. 
It  appeared  spontaneously  in  the  abandoned  fields  and  soon  formed  dense 
stands  over  acres.  The  forest  is  so  located  that  the  seed  could  not  have 
been  brought  in  by  water.  I  have  no  data  as  to  when  I  first  noticed  it  there. 
Its  sudden  and  widespread  appearance  in  Indiana  is  an  interesting  problem 
in  distribution.  Most  of  my  specimens  date  from  1911-1920.  It  is  usually 
found  in  hard,  clayey  soil,  either  moist  or  dry,  in  open  woodland  pastures, 
and  fallow  fields  and  along  roadsides  and  railroads.  It  has  been  a  boon 
to  the  grazing  industry  in  that  part  of  the  state  since  it  does  not  appear 
until  August  and  September  and  continues  until  late  in  autumn. 

Nat.  of  e.  Asia;  N.  J.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Lespedeza  stipulacea  Maxim.  Korean  Lespedeza.  Map  1254. 
This  species  was  introduced  into  Indiana  as  a  forage  crop  about  1925  and 
has  freely  escaped  to  roadsides  and  open  woodland  in  some  of  the  south- 
ern counties. 

Nat.  of  Korea. 

3.  Lespedeza  capitata  Michx.  Roundhead  Bushclover.  Map  1255. 
Infrequent  throughout  the  area  indicated  on  the  map  in  dry,  sandy  soil 


Lespedeza 


Leguminosae 


613 


1 

2 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

h- 

V 

U 

" 

X 

"■ 

rM 

J-r 

rT~ 

r 

Dec.f- 

1 

'  ' — 

D 

i    L— . _ y 

J     Miles 

i     lD 

L 

:spe 

deza 

D 
1 

si  u  tt  all  1 1 

0                 50 

Map  1256 
Darl. 

0  50 

Map  1257 


Lespedeza     hirta    (L.)   Horner 


0  50 

Map  1258 


Lespedeza     virgmica    (L.)    Britt. 


along  roadsides  and  railroads  and  in  open  woodland.    This  is  essentially 
a  prairie  plant  and  is  found  more  frequently  in  prairie  habitats. 
Southern  Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3a.  Lespedeza  capitata  var.  velutina  (Bickn.)  Fern.  This  is  an  extreme 
form  with  velutinous  leaflets  and  has  the  same  habitat  and  range  as  those 
of  the  species.    I  have  specimens  from  Allen  and  Pulaski  Counties. 

3b.  Lespedeza  capitata  var.  longifolia  (DC.)  T.  &  G.  This  is  another 
extreme  form  with  long,  linear  leaves.  I  have  specimens  from  Jasper  and 
Lake  Counties.  They  were  found  in  a  very  dry,  sandy  habitat.  Potzger 
found  it  in  a  similar  habitat  in  Pulaski  County. 

Ind.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  La. 

4.  Lespedeza  Nuttallii  Darl.  Nuttall  Bushclover.  Map  1256.  My 
Martin  County  specimen  was  collected  along  White  River  about  3  miles 
above  Shoals  on  the  top  of  a  thinly  wooded  promontory  about  100  feet  high, 
locally  known  as  "Cedar  Cliffs."  My  Perry  County  specimen  was  collected 
on  a  thinly  wooded  sandstone  ridge  about  7  miles  east  of  Cannelton, 
locally  known  as  the  Van  Buren  Ridge.  Kriebel  has  found  it  in  ten  places 
in  Lawrence  County. 

N.  H.  to  Mich,  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla. 

5.  Lespedeza  hirta  (L.)  Hornem.  Hairy  Bushclover.  Map  1257.  In- 
frequent in  dry,  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  on  the  crests  of  black  oak  and 
black  and  white  oak  wooded  ridges  and  rarely  in  prairie  habitats.  It 
seems  not  to  be  found  in  neutral  or  alkaline  soils. 

Maine,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

6.  Lespedeza  virginica  (L.)  Britt.  Slender  Bushclover.  Map  1258. 
Infrequent  in  dry,  clayey  soil  on  white  oak  and  black  and  white  oak  slopes 
and  ridges  and  less  frequent  in  post  oak  "flats"  in  southwestern  Indiana. 
In  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state  it  is  found  in  dry,  sandy  soil  on 
black  and  white  oak  ridges  and  rarely  on  aspen  flats  about  lakes  and  in  the 


614 


Leguminosae 


Lespedeza 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec 


D             J^- 

D 

i— 

( 

Wr 

M 

-  r 
i — 

\~l/    Mi 

B     W'      i       i 

D  J    D    [                   f~ 
1         1         , |— |     D   j 

es 

0  50 

Map  1259 


Lespedeza    virgrnica   f.   Deamii    Hopkin: 


0  50 

Map  1260 


Lespedeza     intermedia     (Wats.)    Britt. 


0 

Map  126 
Lespedeza    intermedia 

f.    Hahnii    (Blake)    Hopkins 


prairie  area.  Its  habitat  suggests  a  slightly  acid  soil  or  one  low  in  fertility. 
N.  H.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

6a.  Lespedeza  virginica  f.  Deamii  Hopkins.  (Rhodora  37:  265.  1935.) 
Map  1259.  Found  locally  throughout  the  state,  usually  in  sandy  soil  with 
black  and  white  oak,  in  dry  fallow  fields,  and  rarely  in  prairie  habitats. 

Conn,  to  111.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 

7.  Lespedeza  intermedia  (Wats.)  Britt.  (Blake.  Rhodora  26:  31.  1924.) 
(Lespedeza  frutescens  (L.)  Britt.)  Wandlike  Bushclover.  Map  1260. 
Infrequent  in  dry  soil  in  white  oak  and  black  and  white  oak  woods 
throughout  the  state. 

Maine,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

7a.  Lespedeza  intermedia  f.  Hahnii  (Blake)  Hopkins.  (Blake.  Rhodora 
26:32.  1924  and  Hopkins.  Rhodora  37:  265.  1935.)  Map  1261.  Associated 
with  the  species  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  It  was  described  from  a 
specimen  from  Ohio  County  and  I  have  specimens  from  Crawford,  Jeffer- 
son, Lawrence,  Monroe,  and  Sullivan  Counties.  This  form  is  not  well 
marked  since  the  spreading  pubescence  of  the  stem  may  be  lacking  on  the 
branches  of  some  specimens. 

8.  Lespedeza  repens  (L.)  Bart.  CREEPING  BUSHCLOVER.  Map  1262.  In- 
frequent on  the  crests  and  slopes  of  chestnut  oak  and  post  oak  ridges  in 
the  southern  counties.  All  of  my  specimens  except  the  one  from  Gibson 
County  are  from  the  unglaciated  region.  My  Posey  County  specimen  is 
from  the  east  bank  of  "Pitcher  Lake"  about  5  miles  northwest  of  Mt. 
Vernon.  This  bank  is  frequently  submerged  and  this  habitat  seemingly 
is  very  different  from  that  of  the  hills  of  the  counties  to  the  east. 

Conn,  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

9.  Lespedeza  violacea  (L.)  Pers.  Bushclover.  Map  1263.  Infrequent 
in  dry,  clayey  soil  in  white  oak  and  black  and  white  oak  woods  throughout 


Lespedeza 


Leguminosae 


615 


o  5o 

Map  1263 

Lespedeza     violacea    (L)    Pers. 


0  50 

Map  1264 


Lespedeza     Stuevei     Nutt. 


the  state.    It  has  been  reported  frequently  from  the  state  and,  no  doubt, 
some  of  the  reports  should  be  referred  to  L.  intermedia. 
Southern  N.  H.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Tex. 

10.  Lespedeza  Stuevei  Nutt.  (Blake.  Rhodora  26 :  28.  1924.)  Stueve 
Bushclover.  Map  1264.  In  very  sandy  soil  in  woodland  in  the  south- 
western part  of  Posey  County.  I  have  specimens  from  three  woods  of 
this  area. 

Vt.  to  Va.,  Ala.,  Tex.,  northw.  to  Ark.  and  Mich. 

10a.  Lespedeza  Stuevei  f.  angustifolia  (Britt.)  Hopkins.  (Blake. 
Rhodora  26:  29.  1924  and  Hopkins.  Rhodora  37:  265.  1935.)  My  only  speci- 
men is  from  very  sandy  soil  (Princeton  Fine  Sand)  on  a  wooded  ridge 
about  2  miles  north  of  Decker,  Knox  County.  The  northeastern  limit  of 
the  range  of  several  species  of  the  southwest  occurs  on  this  ridge.  The 
distribution  of  this  form  is  not  well  known. 

In  the  original  description  the  distribution  was  given  as  N.  J.  and  Pa. 
to  N.  C,  Mo.,  and  Tex.   Blake  adds  Tenn.  and  111. 

11.  Lespedeza  procumbens  Michx.  Trailing  Bushclover.  Map  1265. 
Infrequent  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state  on  the  crests  and  slopes  of 
black  and  white  oak  and  chestnut  oak  ridges.  My  Warren  County  speci- 
men is  from  the  slope  of  the  high,  gravelly  hill  along  the  railroad  about 
a  mile  northwest  of  Covington. 

N.  H.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  and  up  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

11a.  Lespedeza  procumbens  var.  elliptica  Blake.  (Blake.  Rhodora  26: 
26.  1924.)  My  only  specimen  is  from  a  sparsely  wooded  slope  in  Jefferson 
County  at  the  top  of  the  road  leading  clown  the  Saluda  Hill  to  the  Ohio 
River  about  7  miles  south  of  Hanover. 

Va.,  Ala.,  and  Ind. 


616 


Leguminosae 


Yicia 


0  50 

Map  1265 


Lespedeza     procumbens     Michx 


0  50 

Map  1266 


Vicia     villosa    Roth 


1 
11 

8 

Jan. 

D 

Feb 

Mar.      -1 
Apr           1 
May      — ' 
June 
July 

Aug      -T 
Sept      \ 
Oct 

T\  d    )  °D      D 

o  in      b 

T             D 

h^ 

y^-*- 

B 

0          ID 

D 

D          " 

.  \- 

■   uc  i — ^ 

/■ 

X 

r 

i 

D 

Nov. 

Dec  j- — 

1 

i 
■  ' — 

5|7 

^li^^j-^V              Map  1267 
Vicia     carolmiana    Walt 

3852.  VICfA  [Tourn.]  L.  The  Vetches 

Flowers  on  peduncles  more  than   1   cm   long;   pods  glabrous;   plants  perennial    (except 
no.  1). 

Plants  villous,  the  pubescence  long  and  widely  spreading,  annual  or  biennial 

1.   V.    villosa. 

Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  or  puberulent  with  short,  curved  hairs. 

Mature  calyx,  measured  to  the  tip  of  the  lower  lobe,  less  than  3  mm  long;  flowers 
numerous,  less  than  1  cm  long,  white  with  a  blue-tipped  keel;  stipules  linear 

or  nearly  so,  rarely  the  lower  ones  with  a  lateral  lobe 2.  V.  caroliniana. 

Mature  calyx,  measured  to  the  tip  of  the  lower  lobe,  3.5-8  mm  long;  mature  flowers 
generally  more  than  1  cm  long. 
Mature   calyx   generally   3.5-4  mm   long;    stipules   linear   and   generally   with    a 
lateral  lobe  near  the  base;  flowers  numerous,  mostly  10-13  mm  long.     (See 

excluded  species  no.  405,  p.  1068.) V.  Cracca. 

Mature  calyx  mostly  6-8  mm  long;  peduncles  mostly  4-8-flowered ;  flowers  15-18 
mm  long;  stipules  large,  semi-sagittate,  the  basal  section  with  several  sharp 

teeth    3.   V.  americana. 

Flowers  sessile  or  on  very  short  stalks,  1-3  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves;  plants 
annual. 
Flowers  10-18  mm  long;   pods  3-4  cm  long,  glabrous,  black  at  maturity.     (See  ex- 
cluded species  no.  404,  p.  1068.) V.  angusti folia. 

Flowers  20-30  mm  long;  pods  4-6  cm  long,  pubescent,  pale  tawny  at  maturity.     (See 
excluded  species  no.  406,  p.  1068.) V.  sativa 

1.  Vicia  villosa  Roth.  Hairy  Vetch.  Map  1266.  This  vetch  has  been 
sparingly  sown  as  a  forage  crop  throughout  the  state  and  has  escaped  to 
roadsides  and  fallow  fields.  I  found  it  to  be  frequent  in  1930  in  sandy 
soil  along  the  river  road  about  a  mile  west  of  Georgetown,  Cass  County. 
The  landowner  of  the  adjacent  field  told  me  that  he  had  the  field  in  hairy 
vetch  14  years  before,  therefore  we  have  a  record  of  its  persistence  for 
that  length  of  time.  Now  frequent  along  the  roadsides  throughout  north- 
ern Indiana. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia. 

2.  Vicia  caroliniana  Walt.  CAROLINA  VETCH.  Map  1267.  This  species 
is  locally  frequent  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  state  where  it  is  usually 


Lathyrus 


Leguminosae 


617 


0  50 

Map  1268 


Vicia     amencana    Muhl 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


1 

f 

Vv 

D 
P 

D 

? 

D 

D 

D 

-s 

u 

M 

[ 

1 

7  o 

les 

Map  1269 
Lathyrus     ochroleucus    Hook. 


To 

Map  1270 
Lalhyrus    japonicus 
var     glaber    (Ser.)    Fern 


found  at  the  base  or  on  the  lower  part  of  black  and  white  oak  slopes.    In 
the  southern  part  of  the  state  it  is  locally  frequent  on  wooded  slopes  in 
black  and  white  oak  woods.    It  can  be  found,  no  doubt,  in  all  of  the  hilly 
counties  and  in  more  of  the  counties  of  the  lake  area. 
Ont.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  La. 

3.  Vicia  americana  Muhl.  American  Vetch.  Map  1268.  Infrequent 
throughout  the  lake  area  in  marshes,  along  moist  roadsides,  and  on  the 
low  borders  of  lakes.  Smith's  report  from  Clark  County  should  be  referred 
to  the  preceding  species.  This  species  is  often  confused  with  Lathyrus 
palustris.    (See  that  species  for  discussion.) 

N.  Y.  to  B.  C.  and  the  Pacific  coast,  southw.  to  Va.  and  N.  Mex. 


3854.  LATHYRUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Pea 

Leaflets  more  than  2. 

Whole  plant  more  or  less  densely  pubescent  with  short,  weak  hairs;  leaflets  ovate, 
lance-ovate  or  elliptic,  mostly  (8)  10-14,  the  largest  on  different  plants  varying 
from    18-25   mm   wide   and   35-50   mm    long;    peduncles    17-30-flowered;    flowers 

about  15  mm  long 3a.  L.  venosus  var.  intonsus. 

Whole  plant  glabrous  except  sometimes  the  calyx  lobes  ciliate  and  the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  petiolules  of  no.  5  and  varieties  puberulent. 
Longest  petioles  2-4  cm  long;  leaflets  glaucous  beneath,  of  an  ovate  type,  18-28 
mm  wide  and   35-55  mm   long;    petiolules   glabrous;    peduncles  2-12-flowered; 

flowers  yellow 1.  L.  ochroleucus. 

Longest  petioles  less  than  2  cm  long;  flowers  purplish. 

Leaflets  mostly  8-12,  of  a  broad  type,  mostly  35-60  mm  long  and  15-28  mm 
wide;   peduncles  usually  7-25-flowered. 
Leaflets  green  on  both  sides,  conspicuously  veiny;   stipules  large,  the  largest 
almost   half   the   length    of   the   leaflet   above   it;    peduncles   mostly   7-10- 

flowered 2.  L.  japonicus  var.  glaber. 

Leaflets  paler  beneath,  not  conspicuously  veiny;  stipules  much  less  than  half 
the  length  of  the  leaflets   above   them;    peduncles   mostly   10-30-flowered. 

3.    L.    venosus. 

Leaflets  mostly  4-8,  linear,  lanceolate,  elliptic,  or  of  an  ovate  type;  peduncles 
3-9-flowered. 


618 


Leguminosae 


Lathyrus 


1 

Jan 

f 



Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

p 

Jk 

|V 

r1 

r, 

m 

Dec  (— 

-i        J    B\J 

y     Miles 

— 1        ?    \       P\  "   7 

0                 50 

S^~<(j^W             Map  1271 

Lathyrus     venosus    Muhl. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

B            D 

0 

c 

n     C- 

iv 

D 

X 

fn 

*^r 

.T- 

r 

Dec.  f— 

1 

i  ' — 

Miles 


var. 


0  50 

Map  1272 
L"athyrus     venosus 
intonsus    Butters    &   St.    John 


Stems  winged,  generally  (excluding  the  wings)  1.5-3  mm  in  diameter  below 
the  lowest  peduncle;  leaflets  2.5-8  cm  long,  linear  to  lanceolate;  flowers 
2-5   (8),  1.5-2  cm  long. 

Leaflets  7-23  mm  wide,  2-3.5  times  as  long  as  wide 4.  L.  palustris. 

Leaflets  mostly  3-9  mm  wide,  more  than  3.5  times  as  long  as  wide 

4a.  L.  palustris  var.  linearifolius. 

Stems  wingless,  generally  0.7-1.5  mm  in  diameter  below  the  lowest  peduncle; 
flowers  3-9,  1-1.5  cm  long;  leaflets  ovate,  elliptic,  or  broadly  lanceolate, 

2-4  cm  long  and  6-20  mm  wide 4b.  L.  palustris  var.  myrtifolius. 

Leaflets  2.    (See  excluded  species  no.  407,  p.  1068.) L.  latifolius. 

1.  Lathyrus  ochroleucus  Hook.  CREAMCOLOR  Pea.  Map  1269.  Infre- 
quent to  rare  in  dry  soil  in  black  and  white  oak  woods  in  the  northern 
counties. 

W.  Que.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  n.  Pa.,  the  Great  Lakes,  Mo.,  Wyo.,  and  B.  C. 

2.  Lathyrus  japonicus  Willd.  var.  glaber  (Ser.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  34: 
181.  1932.)  Beach  Pea.  Map  1270.  Infrequent  on  the  beach  of  Lake 
Michigan  and  rather  common  in  the  Keiser  Blowout  in  Porter  County. 
It  is  fast  becoming  extinct  on  account  of  the  building  along  the  lake  front. 
It  was  reported  in  1889  from  the  shore  of  Bass  Lake,  Starke  County,  by 
Thompson. 

Newf .,  Que.,  Minn.,  Man.,  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ohio,  n.  111.  to  Calif. ; 

also  in  n.  Eu.  and  Japan. 

3.  Lathyrus  venosus  Muhl.  Smooth  Veiny  Pea.  Map  1271.  There  is 
a  colony  of  what  I  think  is  this  species  in  the  talus  of  a  west  slope 
of  the  cliff  along  Blue  River  about  half  a  mile  north  of  Whitecloud,  Harri- 
son County.  It  has  been  reported  from  four  of  the  northern  counties  but 
I  am  referring  these  reports  to  the  variety. 

Del.,  Md.,  and  Pa.  according  to  Butters  &  St.  John.  No  doubt  the  range 
is  greater  than  that  given  by  these  authors. 

3a.  Lathyrus  venosus  var.  intonsus  Butters  &  St.  John.  (Rhodora  19 : 
158-159.  1917.)    (Lathyrus  venosus  in  part,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Brit- 


Lathyrus 


Leguminosae 


619 


o  50 

Map  1274 
Lathyrus     palustns 
var.    linearifolius    Ser. 


Map 
LYthyrus     palustns 
var.    myrtifolius     (Muhl.)     Gray 


50 
275 


1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

\ 

Y 

J     r^ 

f 

i 

|      1 

T~ 

r 

Dec  (— 

1 

K 

S          [ 

\               D 

Miles 

1      jT 

CII 

oris 

d~j^(    y  o         so 

■x)     ^   Map  1276 
mariana  L. 

ton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Hairy  Veiny  Pea.  Map  1272.  Infre- 
quent to  very  rare  in  some  of  the  counties  of  the  lake  area  where  it  is  gen- 
erally found  in  dry,  sandy  soil  in  open,  black  oak  woods,  in  prairie  habitats, 
and  rarely  in  a  marshy  habitat.  I  have  had  this  variety  under  cultivation 
for  a  few  years  and  it  is  spreading  rapidly  by  underground  stems.  There 
have  been  four  reports  for  the  species  from  the  northern  counties  but  I 
am  referring  them  all  to  the  variety. 

Ont.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  W.  Va.,  Tenn.,  and  N.  Dak. 

4.  Lathyrus  palustris  L.  Marsh  Pea.  Map  1273.  Infrequent  in  the  lake 
area  in  swamps  and  marshes,  on  the  low  borders  of  lakes,  in  springy  places 
along  streams,  and  in  a  drier  habitat  in  prairies.  It  has  been  reported 
from  several  places  south  of  the  lake  area  and,  without  doubt,  it  was 
formerly  found  in  prairie  habitats  and  springy  places  along  streams  and 
on  the  borders  of  ponds  and  swamps. 

The  species  and  varieties  intergrade  so  completely  that  it  is  not 
possible  to  separate  them  satisfactorily. 

This  species  and  Vicia  americana  are  often  confused  but  are  easily 
separated  by  the  fact  that  Vicia  americana  usually  has  8-14  leaflets  while 
this  species  has  4-8.  Besides  the  generic  distinction  between  the  styles, 
the  basal  section  of  the  stipules  of  Vicia  americana  is  generally  sharply 
toothed  while,  if  the  stipules  of  this  species  are  not  entire  or  nearly  so, 
they  are  never  sharply  toothed. 

Lower  St.  Lawrence  River  to  Man.  and  Oreg.,  southw.  to  s.  Maine,  Conn., 
cent.  N.  Y.,  Ohio,  and  Mo. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 

4a.  Lathyrus  palustris  var.  linearifolius  Ser.  Map  1274.  This  variety 
has  the  habitat  of  the  species  but  is  much  less  frequent. 

Basin  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  southw.  to  n.  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  and  Minn. 

4b.  Lathyrus  palustris  var.  myrtifolius  (Muhl.)  Gray.  Myrtle- 
leaf  Marsh  Pea.  Map  1275.  Infrequent  to  very  rare,  mostly  in  the  lake 
area  in  habitats  similar  to  those  of  the  species.   There  are  several  reports 


620 


Leguminosae 


Clitoria 


0  50 

Map  1277 


Amphicarpa     bracteata     (L.)    Fern 


0  50 

Map  1278 
Amphicarpa     bracteata 
var.    comosa     (L.)    Fern. 


1 

22 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

Dec  £- 

D 

— |dp 

0        I 
a\   D 

) 

)  ,D 

I 

D 

D 

! 
D            1 

D 

D 

d 

p 

\ 

0 

K 

-X 

B 

'i 

B       r- 

DP 

r1 

DP 

/«C    L 

no 

i 

J 
I 

\  " 

DP 

MC 

%         __ 

D            r 

D       L— L, 

0      /      j 

a    j 

id     _J 

Miles 

D             \      f* 

Apios 

oj^Vy0        50 

r^W             Map   1279 
amencana    Medic. 

from  the  dune  area  of  Lake  Michigan.    My  Posey  County  specimen  is  not 
typical  and  may  be  a  southern  representative  of  the  species. 

W.  Que.  to  Wis.  and  Man.  ( ?) ,  southw.  to  n.  N.  J.,  Pa.,  N.  C,  and  Tex. 

3857.  CLITORIA  L. 

1.  Clitoria  mariana  L.  Butterfly-pea.  Map  1276.  This  species  is  very 
rare  on  the  crests  of  a  small  number  of  wooded,  sandstone  ridges  in  a 
few  of  our  southern  counties. 

N.  Y.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


3860.  AMPHICARPA  Ell.  Hog  Peanut 
[Fernald.  Recent  Discoveries  in  the  Newfoundland  Flora.  Rhodora  35: 
276.  1933.] 

Pubescence  of  sutures  of  pods  from  petaliferous  flowers  upwardly  appressed  (at  least 
on  the  basal  half) ;  pubescence  of  stem  colorless  and  appressed,  sometimes  some- 
what spreading  in  parts  and  slightly  tawny;  median  stipules  generally  about  3  mm 
long;  floral  bracts  mostly  2-2.5  mm  long;  calyx  tube,  measured  to  the  lowest  sinus, 
mostly  about  4  mm  long;  mature  seed  about  3.5  mm  long 1.  A.  bracteata. 

Pubescence  of  pods  from  petaliferous  flowers  downwardly  appressed  (at  least  on  the 
basal  half);  pubescence  of  stem  tawny  and  widely  spreading;  median  stipules  gen- 
erally about  4  mm  long;  floral  bracts  usually  about  3  mm  long,  sometimes  as  short 
as  2.5  mm;  calyx  tube,  measured  to  the  lowest  sinus,  generally  4.5-5  mm  long; 
mature  seed  3.8-5.5  mm  long 2.  A.  bracteata  var.  comosa. 

1.  Amphicarpa  bracteata  (L.)  Fern.  (Amphicarpa  moiwica  (L.)  Ell. 
and  Falcata  comosa  (L.)  Ktze.  of  American  authors.)  Map  1277.  Usually 
frequent  in  moist  woods  throughout  the  state.  Our  two  species  seem  to 
intergrade  and  some  authors  regard  the  next  one  as  only  a  race  or  vigorous 
form  of  this  species.  Schively  expresses  this  doubt  when  she  says  the 
var.  comosa  is  "an  extremely  vigorous"  form  of  this  species  (Contr.  Bot. 
Lab.  Univ.  Pa.  1:  356.  1897).  Besides  the  winter  pods,  this  species  has 
subterranean  1-seeded  pods,  autumnal  1 -seeded  pods,  and  pods,  which  are 
usually  3-seeded,  from  petaliferous  flowers. 

N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Nebr. 


Glycine 


Leguminosae 


621 


0  50 

Map  1280 
ialactia    volubilis 
var.    mississippiensis    Vail 


0  50 

Map  1281 


Phaseolus     polystachyus    (L.)    BSP. 


1 

19 
7 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

D 

D 
L 

0 

~^r 

~i   D 
B J     DF 

1  r 

v 

:    o 

J  B 

D     r 
MC   / 

1     D 
-L      M 

0       ' 

D 

P 

B    0 

D 

OP 

0 

D 

f 

"      D 
DP 

B 

r 

DP 

TV 

r 

B 
C 
01 

D 

»1 

Dec  (- — 

l        " 

D    1 
10 

D 

\     MC 

B     DIU 

B      0 
X   10 

*J*\ 

W»Bp[0 

cL    "    1   J  D 

1 — |S>—  D  ' 

B 

rola 

//    Miles 

Jo   1      (    D 

Strophos 

B    \ 
J 

es 

D 
h 

el 

0                 50 

Map  1282 
(L.)     Bnlt 

la.  Amphicarpa  bracteata  var.  comdsa  (L.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  39: 
318.  1937.)  (Amphicarpa  Pitcheri  T.  &  G.  and  Falcata  Pitcheri  (T.  &  G.) 
Ktze.)  Map  1278.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in  moist  woods  throughout  the 
state  and  sometimes  in  prairies.  This  species  much  resembles  the  pre- 
ceding but,  besides  the  characters  given  in  the  key  to  distinguish  it,  the 
plant  is  larger  and  coarser,  and  the  leaflets  especially  are  thicker  and 
larger. 

Maine  to  Mont.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

3864.  GLYCINE  L. 

See  excluded  species  no.  408,  p.  1069. 

3874.  APIOS  [Boerh.]  Ludwig 

1.  Apios  americana  Medic.  (Apios  tuberosa  Moench  and  Glycine  Apios 
L.)  Potatobean.  Map  1279.  Infrequent  to  rare  in  all  parts  of  the  state 
in  soil  with  little  humus  in  low  ground  in  woods  about  ponds,  sloughs, 
and  lakes. 

N.  B.,  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


3882.  GALACTIA  P.  Br. 

Stems  with  a  dense,  spreading  pubescence,  decumbent,  mostly  twining;  leaflets  pubescent 
above 1.  G.  volubilis  var.  mississippiensis. 

Stems  glabrous  or  sparingly  short,  appressed-pubescent,  prostrate;  leaflets  glabrous 
above.    (See  excluded  species  no.  409,  p.  1069.) G.  regularis. 

1.  Galactia  volubilis  (L.)  Britt.  var.  mississippiensis  Vail.  Downy 
Milk  Pea.  Map  1280.  Local  on  the  crests  of  a  few  chestnut  oak  ridges  of 
the  southern  part  of  the  state.  I  have,  however,  a  specimen  from  very 
sandy  soil  in  a  low  depression  in  a  very  sandy  woods  on  the  Herschel 
Green  farm  about  4  miles  north  of  Washington,  Daviess  County.    This 


622  Leguminosae  Phaseolus 

depression  is  a  small  prairie  of  about  3  acres  surrounded  by  red  birch  and 
pin  oak.  In  the  "flats"  are  a  number  of  plants  of  the  Coastal  Plain.  The 
reports  from  Kosciusko  and  Putnam  Counties,  no  doubt,  should  be  re- 
ferred to  some  other  species. 

In  the  Mississippi  Valley  from  Ind.  to  Kans.,  southw. 

3901.  PHASEOLUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Bean 

1.  Phaseolus  polystachyus  (L.)  BSP.  Wild  Bean.  Map  1281.  Infre- 
quent in  the  southern  part  of  the  state  as  indicated  on  the  map.  Probably 
in  a  few  counties  farther  north  but  the  reports  from  the  northern  part  of 
the  state  I  think  should  be  referred  to  some  other  species.  I  have  the 
Van  Gorder  specimen  from  Noble  County  and  it  is  Amphicarpa  bracteata. 
Wilson  says  "Common"  in  Hamilton  and  Marion  Counties.  This  report 
should  be  referred  to  one  of  the  Amphicarpa  species  which  are  frequent 
and  which  he  does  not  report.  Peattie's  and  Pepoon's  reports  from  Lake 
County  may  be  correct.  Since  having  seen  large,  entire-leaf  forms  of 
Strophostyles  helvola  labeled  as  this  species,  I  suspect  that  some  of  our 
reports  have  been  wrong  determinations.  The  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaf- 
lets of  Phaseolus  polystachyus  are  velvety  to  the  touch  and  those  of 
Strophostyles  helvola  are  not. 

Conn,  to  Fla.  and  La.  and  northw.  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Ind.,  111., 
and  Mo. ;  also  reported  northw.  to  Minn,  and  Nebr. 

3901A.  STROPHOSTtLES  Ell.  Trailing  Wild  Bean 

Leaflets  of  an  ovate  type,  one  or  both  sides  more  or  less  contracted  about  the  middle  so 
that  the  leaflets  appear  3-lobed  or  2-lobed  or  one  or  both  sides  so  shallowly  con- 
tracted that  the  side  or  sides  are  only  sinuate,  in  some  specimens  only  a  very  few 
of  the  leaflets  may  be  contracted  and  the  remainder  may  be  of  a  regular,  ovate 
type,  the  upper  surface  nearly  glabrous  and  the  lower  sparingly  pubescent;  calyx 
tube  generally  2-2.5  mm  long,  more  or  less  sparsely  pubescent  with  long  hairs, 
sometimes  only  the  lower  lobe  pubescent;  lower  calyx  lobe  longer  than  the  tube, 
2.5-5  mm  long;  flowers  mostly  7-10  mm  long,  the  banner  about  10  mm  wide;  pods 
generally   5-9   cm   long,   strigose-pubescent,   rarely  nearly   glabrous;    seed   oblong, 

quadrangular,  5-6.5  mm  long  and  about  3  mm  wide 1.  S.  helvola. 

Leaflets  of  a  narrow-ovate,  lanceolate,  or  linear-oblong  type,  never  with  contracted 
sides;  pods  2.5-4.5  cm  long;  seed  mostly  3-3.5  mm  long  and  about  2.5  mm  wide. 
Flowers  the  largest  of  the  three  species,  mostly  9-12  mm  long,  the  banner  12-16  mm 
wide;  leaflets  generally  of  a  narrow-ovate  and  less  often  of  a  lanceolate  type, 
glabrous  to  sparsely  pubescent  above  and  pubescent  below;  calyx  tube  1.5-2  mm 
long,  generally  most  of  the  surface  strigose-pubescent;  lower  lobe  of  calyx  tube 
longer  than  the  tube,  2-2.5  mm  long;  pods  mostly  4-4.5  cm  long,  strigose-pubes- 
cent or  nearly  glabrous;  seed  3-3.5  mm  long  and  about  2.5  mm  wide 

2.  S.  umbellata. 

Flowers  the  smallest  of  the  three  species,  mostly  5-6  mm  long,  banner  5-6  mm  wide; 
leaflets  lanceolate  to  linear-oblong,  pubescent  above  and  beneath;  calyx  tube 
1-1.5  mm  long,  entirely  covered  with  long,  loose  hairs;  lower  lobe  of  calyx 
longer  than  the  tube,  usually  1.5-2  mm  long;  pods  2.5-3.5  cm  long,  closely  long- 
pubescent;  seed  2.6-3  mm  long  and  2-2.5  mm  wide 3.  S.  leiosperma. 

1.  Strophostyles  helvola  (L.)  Britt.  Map  1282.  Infrequent  through- 
out the  state  as  shown  on  the  map.   There  are  no  reports  from  the  north- 


Vign  a 


Geraniaceae 


623 


1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

~)  — 

— 

Mar 

\ 

L — 



1    r 

— 

May 
June 

r 

' 

X 

2 
7 
S 

July 
Aug. 
Sept. 

<- 

" 

jLy 

Oct. 
Nov 
Dec  f- 

\ 

r1 

r 

TBa            ft 

J 
i 

D 

>         ' 

0 

x     J / 

/  D  1 

D           "^ 

V    J 

n  d    J  oy//    Miles 

Jo 

„    J    \  o  1P\J    /  0                 50 

L<(jL'H/     ^   Map  1283 

Strophos 

lyles    umbellata    (Muhl)    Britt 

4 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 



~~V 

i*1 

X 

DP 

1 

-  i 

T 

,r 

r 

Dec.  j- 

1 

D 

1    r— ~-k 

J    Miles 

\ 

1C 

r/   o 

0   1 
\           ° 

Strophostyles     lei  os 

(T.  &  G)    Piper 

3                 50 

Map  1284 
perma 

4 
52 
10 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov, 

Dec.  j- 

» 

\    0 

uk[  d 

D 

J          T 

I       D 

)     SO          ° 

D             D 

o       °        o 

0 

.  ° 

°rV 

r1  B 

Y 

p 

Id     o     ' 

D        D 

d] 

B 

I,b  o 

D        D 

B 
"J     0 
(      B 

D 

0 

D 

n  ■" 

D 

W 

0 
DP 

D            B 

B      D 
UC 

n    VJ 

D     LC 

J 

D        E 

B          D 
I     D          Fr 

5        B 

Sp    » 

10  1, 1 

B               D 
K        1 > 

0         °J 

UC    j    B  V 

if!     /J 
^Ba  p  j       0 — > 

D  r 

U     Miles 

r* 

D 

0 

D    7£  J 

UO    I    p        D 
1  D 

0    p 

c 

eranium 

vv  7  ° 

v>             Map  1285 
maculatum    L. 

eastern  part  of  the  state,  but  it  is,  no  doubt,  more  or  less  frequent  in  bal- 
last along  railroads  where  I  rarely  botanized.  This  species  prefers  a  sandy 
or  sandy,  clay  soil  and  is  commonly  found  in  ballast  along  railroads,  along 
roadsides,  on  wooded  slopes,  sand  bars  and  sandy  shores  of  streams,  on 
the  dunes,  and  in  fallow  fields. 

Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Strophostyles  umbellata  (Muhl.)  Britt.  Map  1283.  This  species  is 
rare  to  infrequent  and  has  the  habitat  of  the  preceding  species.  It  is  pos- 
sibly restricted  to  the  southern  counties.  The  specimens  collected  and  re- 
ported from  Marshall  and  Putnam  Counties  were  found  in  ballast  along 
railroads  and  may  be  introduced.  All  of  my  specimens  are  from  wooded 
slopes  and  fallow  fields. 

Coastal  Plain  from  L.  I.  to  La.,  northw.  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  to 
Ind.  and  Mo. 

3.  Strophostyles  leiosperma  (T.  &  G.)  Piper.  (Contr.  U.  S.  Nation. 
Herb.  22:  668.  1926.)  (Strophostyles  pauciflora  (Benth.)  Wats.)  Map 
1284.  This  species  prefers  a  very  sandy  or  sandy,  clay  soil.  I  have  infre- 
quently found  it  in  a  few  of  the  southern  counties.  The  reports  from  Lake, 
Marshall,  and  Putnam  Counties  were  of  specimens  collected  in  railroad 
ballast  and  may  have  been  introduced.  The  seed  of  all  our  species  are 
mealy-pubescent.  The  pubescence  is  easily  detached  in  this  species  while 
in  the  preceding  species  it  is  persistent. 

Mississippi  Vally  northw.  to  Ind.  and  Minn. 

3905.  VIGNA  Savi 
See  excluded  species  no.  410,  p.  1069. 


129.  GERANIACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.  Geranium  Family 

Leaves  palmately  cut  or  divided  into  5  or  more  lobes  or  segments  or  3-cleft;  stamens 

10  (5  in  Geranium  pusillum) 3924.  Geranium,  p.  624. 

Leaves  pinnate ;  stamens  5 3928.  Erodium,  p.  626. 


624 


C.ERANIACEAE 


Geranium 


0  50 

Map  1286 


Geranium     Robertianum    L. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

r 

f 

1 — ~ 

J 

\    n 

r1 

— L_ 

I 

r, 

"OH 

Oec.j- 

■  ' — 

'TBa     D         _— I 

U     Miles 

G 

eranium 

»/            Map  1287 
columbinum    L. 

Geranium     Bickne 


3924.  GERANIUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Cranesbill 

Perennial;  involucral  leaves  mostly  7-15  cm  wide 1.  G.  maculatum. 

Annual  or  biennial;  involucral  leaves  mostly  3-6.5  cm  wide. 
Outer  mature  sepals  6-10  mm  long,  awned. 

Leaves  of  3   distinct  segments  which  are  pinnately  cut  or  divided;  carpels  pale 

yellow,  wrinkled,  glabrous  or  nearly  so 2.  G.  Robertianum. 

Leaves  palmately  cut  or  divided  into  5  or  more  lobes  or  segments;  carpels  black, 
not  wrinkled,  hirsute. 
Fruiting  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  calyx;  beak  of  mature  style  column  2.5-6 
mm  long. 
Pedicels  with  minute,  appressed,  glandless  pubescence;  bodies  of  cai'pels  gla- 
brous   3.    G.    columbinum. 

Pedicels  densely  glandular-pilose;  bodies  of  carpels  pubescent.  .4.  G.  Bicknellii. 
Fruiting  pedicels  shorter  than  to  slightly  longer  than  the  calyx;  beak  of  mature 
style  column  1-2  mm  long. 
Pubescence   of  stem,   at   least  the   lower   internodes,  more   or   less   retrorsely 

appressed 5.   G.  carolinianum. 

Pubescence  of  stem  and  petioles  spreading 

5a.   G.   carolinianum  var.   conf ertiflorum. 

Outer  mature  sepals  2.5-4  mm  long,  awnless. 

Stamens  5;  carpels  finely  pubescent,  not  wrinkled;  style  column  beakless 

6.  G.  pusillum. 

Stamens  10;   carpels  glabrate,  wrinkled  crosswise;   style  column  with  a  beak  1-2 
mm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  411,  p.  1069.) G.  molle. 

1.  Geranium  maculatum  L.  Wild  Geranium.  Map  1285.  More  or  less 
frequent  in  moist  woods.  Locally  abundant  along  railroads.  The  flowers 
vary  greatly  in  size  and  color  from  white  to  deep  rose  pink. 

Maine,  Ont.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Nebr. 

2.  Geranium  Robertianum  L.  (Robertiella  Robertiana  (L.)  Hanks.) 
Herb  Robert.  Map  1286.  I  found  this  species  to  be  abundant  in  a  very 
low  woods  of  20  acres  in  St.  Joseph  County,  associated  with  white  elm  and 
soft  maple.  It  was  reported  by  Collins  from  Dearborn  County  but  he 
left  no  specimen.   I  doubt  the  accuracy  of  the  determination. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Mo. ;  also  in  Eurasia  and  Africa. 


Geranium 


Geraniaceae 


625 


0  50 

Map  1289 


Geranium    carolimanum    L. 


Map  1290 
Geranium    carolimanum 
var   confertiflorum    Fern 


Geranium    pusillum    Burm    f 


3.  Geranium  columbinum  L.  Map  1287.  This  species  was  found  in 
1935  by  Miss  Edna  Banta.  It  was  a  frequent  weed  in  a  pasture  field  on 
the  Kellar  farm  about  a  mile  southwest  of  Wirt,  Jefferson  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  Y.  and  Ohio,  southw.  to  Va.  and  W.  Va. ;  also  in 
S.  Dak. 

4.  Geranium  Bicknellii  Britt.  Map  1288.  In  sandy  soil  in  burned  over 
black  and  pin  oak  woods.  Frequent  where  found  and  always  associated 
with  Corydalis  sempervirens  and  sometimes  with  Epilobium  angustifolium. 
Large  specimens  may  be  three  feet  in  diameter. 

Newf.  to  B.  C.,  southw.  to  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  and  Utah. 

5.  Geranium  carolinianum  L.  (Fernald.  Geranium  carolinianum  and 
allies  of  northeastern  North  America.  Rhodora  37:  295-301.  1935.)  Map 
1289.  This  species  prefers  sandy  to  very  sandy  soils  and  is  found  as  a 
weed  in  fallow  fields,  hayfields,  pastures,  and  open,  pastured  woods  and 
along  roadsides  and  railroads.  On  account  of  its  weedy  nature  it  is  debat- 
able whether  this  species  is  a  native  of  the  state.  Some  of  our  oldest 
floras  do  not  list  it  and  others  record  it  as  found  in  waste  places  and  fields 
and  along  roadsides  and  railroads. 

Mass.,  Conn.,  s.  Mich.,  111.,  Mo.,  Kan.,  Wyo.,  Idaho,  and  s.  B.  C,  southw. 
to  Fla.  and  s.  Calif. 

5a.  Geranium  carolinianum  var.  confertiflorum  Fern.  (Rhodora  37: 
300.  1935.)  Map  1290.  In  addition  to  this  variety  intermediate  forms 
occur.  This  form  is  not  very  distinct  in  Indiana.  The  habitats  are  similar 
to  those  of  the  species.   Fernald  gives  the  distribution  as  follows : 

Maine  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Del.,  uplands  of  N.  C,  Tenn.,  and  Mo. 

6.  Geranium  pusillum  Burm.  f.  Map  1291.  This  species  was  found  as 
a  weed  in  1902  on  the  grounds  of  Purdue  University  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station,  and  in  1905  Wilson  says:  "Appears  to  be  well  established 
and  spreading,  exterminating  the  grass."   It  was  found  also,  in  1935,  well 


626 


OXALIDACEAE 


Erodium 


o    '         5o 
Map  1292 


0 xa lis    violacea    L. 


o~~        io 
Map  1293 
Oxa  lis    violacea 
var.  tnchophora    Fassett 


I — 1 

Jan 

Feb. 

"" 

— 

Mar. 
Apr. 

I 



H      1 

11 
11 
1 

May 
June 
July 
Aug 

Sept 

c 

r 

" 

-I 

1 

Oct 

Nov 

\ 

r 

D 

J 

t 

3 

3 
ID 

Dec  j- 

B    \B   0                         >     j 

ID    "              [                           H 

D          B     D             _J ft— -k 

r             I0      in?  ID  J J 

D 

(  d  Id 

D             D     L. 

!       7 
3    /^ 

B      D  I        k  D  / 

/    Miles 

rrfAj'A./ 

j                 50 

lp+S~^<j-^J              Map  1294 

Oxalis    qrandis   Small 

established  in  a  lawn  about  one  and  a  half  miles  northwest  of  Bluffton, 
Wells  County.  Specimens  from  La  Porte  and  St.  Joseph  Counties  have 
been  collected  by  Nieuwland. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Mass.,  Ont.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  N.  C,  Nebr.,  and  Utah. 

3927.  ERODIUM  L'Her.  Storksbill 
See  excluded  species  no.  412,  p.  1069. 


130.  OXALIDACEAE  Lindl.  Wood  Sorrel  Family 

3936.  OXALIS  L.  Wood  Sorrel 

[Wiegand.     Oxalis   corniculata   and   its   relatives    in    North   America. 
Rhodora  27:  113-130;  133-139.    1925.] 

Plants  with  a  bulblike  rootstock;  acaulescent;  flowers  violet. 

Petioles  of  leaves  glabrous l.O.  violacea. 

Petioles  of  leaves  glandular-pubescent la.  0.  violacea  var.  tricfwphora. 

Plants  without  a  bulblike  rootstock;  caulescent;  flowers  yellow,  rarely  greenish  yellow 
or  green. 

Flowers  12-18  mm  long;  margin  of  leaflets  usually  purplish  brown 2.  O.  grandis. 

Flowers  5-11  mm  long;  margin  of  leaflets  not  purplish  brown. 

Stems  creeping  on  the  surface  of  the  ground;  stipules  usually  broad  and  brownish 

purple,  subscarious 3.  0.  repens. 

Stems  erect  or  decumbent,  often  with  creeping  rootstocks;   stipules  oblong,  nar- 
rowly oblong,  or  obsolete. 
Flowers  in  umbels,  rarely  subcymose  or  solitary;  fruiting  pedicels  horizontal  or 
deflexed  but  the  capsules  erect;  capsules  finely  and  densely  pubescent,  some- 
times with  additional  villous,  viscid  hairs,  or  strigose  above  and  glabrous 
below,  or  more  rarely  strigose  throughout  (0.  florida). 
Pubescence  appressed  or  subappressed,  whitish;  capsules  abruptly  pointed,  15- 
25  mm  long;  sepals  (3.5)  4-7  mm  long. 

Pubescence  of  capsule  appressed  with  some  longer,  loose,  viscid  hairs 

4.  0.  stricta. 

Pubescence  of  capsule  appressed,  not  viscid.  .  .4b.  0.  stricta  var.  piletocarpa. 


Oxalis 


OXALIDACEAE 


627 


16 
11 

1 

Jan, 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec  (- 

TD 

1  DF 

f 

J     MO 

: 

T, 

D 

0 

J^ 

f 

D 

P 

y 

D 

E 

f 

0 
J 

8 1_7- 

_i 

J 

'Jin 

rv 

T                       

D          D 

1 
B 
D 

z    /— - 

D 
-,    D    JB 

CL     D 

no 

D 

D            Y-r^ \                     1 

~~^/{~B&  D          , — > 
D      L-XA 

\JJ    Miles 

ml   »     ■ 
lD 

D          1 

Ox 

alis 

stric 

y  o          so 

Map  1295 
a   L 

0  50 

Map  1296 


Oxalis    florida   Sa It s b 


50 
Map  1297 


Oxalis    europaea    Jordan 


Pubescence    toward    the    base    of    the    stem    loosely    crisp,    tawny;    capsules 
strigose   toward   the    apex,   glabrous    below,    rarely    strigose    throughout, 

9-15  mm  long,  gradually  pointed;  sepals  4-4.5  mm  long 5.  0.  florida. 

Flowers  cymose;  fruiting  pedicels  not  deflexed  but  sometimes  widely  spreading; 
capsules  with  loose  spreading  viscid  hairs  or  nearly  glabrous. 
Upper  surface  of  leaflets  glabrous. 

Pubescence  of  pedicels  appressed 6.  0.  europaea. 

Pubescence  of  pedicels  spreading,  usually  viscid. 

Stem  nearly  or  quite  glabrous 6a.  O.  europaea  f.  cymosa. 

Stem  villous 6b.  O.  europaea  f.  villicaulis. 

Upper  surface  of  leaflets  more  or  less  pubescent. 

Pubescence   of   pedicels    appressed,    scarcely   viscid;    stems   with   ascending 

pubescence  or  glabrate 6c.  0.  europaea  var.  Bushii  f.  subglabrata. 

Pubescence  of  pedicels  spreading,  usually  viscid;   stems  villous 

6d.  O.  europaea  var.  Bushii  f .  vestita. 

1.  Oxalis  violacea  L.  Violet  Wood  Sorrel.  Map  1292.  In  woods  in 
dry,  sandy  soils  or  sandy,  clay  soils  with  little  competing  vegetation  and 
usually  in  wind  swept,  open  places  with  little  humus  in  the  soil.  Often  on 
the  border  of  woods,  along  roadsides,  and  less  frequently  in  abandoned 
fields.   Rarely  in  rich  soil  or  in  moist  situations. 

More  or  less  local  throughout  the  state  although  there  are  no  records 
from  the  northeastern  counties. 

Eastern  Mass.  to  Minn,  and  southw. 

la.  Oxalis  violacea  var.  trichophora  Fassett.  (Rhodora  39:  378.  1937.) 
Map  1293.  This  is  a  southern  form  with  the  habitat  of  the  species  and 
occurring  with  it. 

Vt.,  Pa.,  Ind.,  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Ark. 

2.  Oxalis  grandis  Small.  (Xanthoxalis  grandis  Small.)  Great  Yellow 
Wood  Sorrel.  Map  1294.  Infrequent  in  wooded  ravines  and  rarely  in 
abandoned  fields. 

Pa.  to  111.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

3.  Oxalis  repens  Thunb.  (Xanthoxalis  corniculata  (L.)  Small.)  A 
weed  introduced  into  greenhouses  throughout  the  state.    It  has  not  often 


628 


OXALIDACEAE 


Oxalis 


o  50 

Map  1298 
) xa  I  is     europaea 

f    cymosa    (Small)    Wieg 


0  50 

Map  1299 


Oxalis    europaea    f.    villicauhs   Wieg. 


0    ~      ~~50" 
Map  1300 


Linum    sulcatum    Riddel 


been  collected,  however,  and  the  only  specimen  is  in  the  herbarium  of  the 
University  of  Notre  Dame,  having  been  collected  at  Notre  Dame. 
Tropical  regions,  almost  cosmopolitan. 

4.  Oxalis  stricta  L.  (Xanthoxalis  stricta  (L.)  Small.)  Upright  Yel- 
low Wood  Sorrel.  Map  1295.  Mostly  in  fallow  or  abandoned  fields,  along 
roadsides  and  railroads,  and  less  frequent  in  woodland ;  apparently  pre- 
ferring an  impoverished  soil.  Throughout  the  state  but  more  abundant  in 
the  southern  part. 

P.  E.  I.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Mex. 

4a.  Oxalis  stricta  f.  viridiflora  (Hus)  Fern.  (Rhodora  38:  425.  1936.) 
This  is  a  form  with  green  petals.  It  is  represented  in  my  herbarium  by 
a  specimen  from  Gibson  County  collected  by  Schneck. 

4b.  Oxalis  stricta  var.  piletocarpa  Wieg.  (Rhodora  27:  123.  1925.)  I 
have  this  variety  from  only  Bartholomew  and  Fountain  Counties.  There 
is  a  specimen  from  Putnam  County  collected  by  Grimes,  which  is  in  the 
herbarium  of  DePauw  University. 

P.  E.  I.,  southw.  to  N.  J.;  also  in    Wyo. 

5.  Oxalis  florida  Salisb.  (Rhodora  27:  133.  1925.)  (Oxalis  filipes  Small, 
Xanthoxalis  filipes  Small,  and  Oxalis  Brittoniae  Small.)  Map  1296.  Our 
only  specimens  are  from  a  wooded  bluff  along  the  Ohio  River  about  6  miles 
above  Cannelton  and  from  a  wooded  bluff  in  Jefferson  County. 

I  reported  Oxalis  Brittoniae  Small  from  Steuben  and  Wells  Counties. 
(Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1904:  220.  1905.)  I  am  now  referring  these 
specimens  to  Oxalis  europaea  Jordan. 

Pepoon  reported  Oxalis  filipes  Small  from  Lake  and  Porter  Counties  for 
Umbach  but  Fassett  (Rhodora  35:  200.  1933)  refers  the  Lake  County 
specimen  to  Oxalis  stricta  and  says  there  is  no  specimen  labeled  Oxalis 
filipes  from  Porter  County. 

Maine  to  Fla.,  "mainly  toward  the  coast  but  apparently  not  on  the 
Coastal  Plain"  (Wiegand)  ;  inland  in  Ind. 


Linum  Linaceae  629 

6.  Oxalis  europaea  Jordan.  (Rhodora  27:  134.  1925.)  (Oxalis  corni- 
culata  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7,  not  L.)  Lady's  Sorrel.  Map  1297.  The  flowers 
are  generally  yellow  but  I  have  one  specimen  with  greenish  and  one  with 
green  petals.    The  color  note  was  made  when  the  specimens  were  collected. 

This  species  is  found  most  frequently  in  open  beech  and  sugar  maple 
woods  but  is  also  found  in  moister  woods  and  in  the  open  along  roadsides. 

Que.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tenn.,  Okla.,  and  Colo. 

6a.  Oxalis  europaea  f.  cymosa  (Small)  Wieg.  (Rhodora  27:  135.  1925.) 
(Xanthoxalis  cymosa  Small.)  Map  1298.  In  open  or  rather  thick  wood- 
land, clearings,  and  fallow  fields  and  along  roadsides  and  railroads. 

In  a  low  woods  on  the  north  side  of  Eggwood  Pond  and  in  a  low  woods 
about  two  miles  southeast  of  East  Mt.  Carmel  in  Gibson  County,  I  collected 
a  form  with  leaves  that  are  greenish  purple  above  and  purple  beneath. 

Que.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Tenn.,  and  Mo. 

6b.  Oxalis  europaea  f.  villicaulis  Wieg.  (Rhodora  27:  135.  1925.)  Map 
1299.   This  form  and  f.  cymosa  are  our  common  tall  woodland  sorrels. 

In  dry  or  wet  woodland  and  rarely  in  the  open  along  fences  and  road- 
sides. 

N.  S.,  Mass.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Tenn.,  and  111. 

6c.  Oxalis  europaea  var.  Bushii  Small  f.  subglabrata  Wieg.  (Rho- 
dora 27:  136.  1925.)  My  only  specimen  is  from  a  low  woods  in  Daviess 
County.   It  has  also  been  collected  in  St.  Joseph  and  Tippecanoe  Counties. 

111.,  Iowa,  and  Mo. 

6d.    Oxalis  europaea  var.   Bushii  f.  vestita  Wieg.     (Rhodora  27:   136. 
1925.)    In  open  woods  and  old  fields. 
Mass.  and  111. 

132.  LINACEAE  Dumort.  Flax  Family 

3945.  LINUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Flax 

Flowers  blue;  capsules  mostly  7-10  mm  wide.     (See  excluded  species  no.  414,  p.  1069.) 

L.     usitatissimum. 

Flowers  yellow;  capsules  mostly  2-3.5  mm  wide. 

Leaves  with  dark  glands  at  the  base  instead  of  stipules,  3-nerved  (the  outer  two 
sometimes  too  close  to  the  margin  to  be  very  distinct);  margin  of  the  outer  and 
inner   sepals   more   or   less   glandular;    capsules   about   3   mm   wide;   false   septa 

incomplete,  ciliate 1.  L.  sulcatum. 

Leaves  without  dark,  stipular  glands,  1-nerved;  margin  of  the  outer  sepals  not 
glandular;  capsules  less  than  3  mm  wide;  false  septa  nearly  complete,  not  ciliate. 

Capsules  ovoid;  sepals  about  2  mm  long,  shorter  than  the  mature  capsule 

2.  L.  intercursum. 

Capsules  depressed  at  the  summit. 

Sutures  of  capsules  slightly  elevated;  segments  of  capsules  slightly  concave 
between  the  sutures;  cauline  leaves  thin,  lax,  acute;  axis  of  inflorescence 
flexuous,  the  branches  few,  more  or  less  flexuous;  inflorescence  more  or  less 
dichotomously  branched,  even  to  the  ultimate  divisions;  outer  sepals  notice- 
ably longer  than  the  apex  of  the  capsule,  the  inner  ones  about  as  long  as 

the  capsule  and  their  margins  not  glandular  below  the  middle 

3.  L.  virginianum. 


630 


LlNACEAE 


Linum 


Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
May 
June 
July 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 


T^ 

TZ 

■^_ 

L 

DP 

r  - 

W 

-j— n 

(-  \ 

1       / 

'        

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1301 
Lmum  intercursum  Blckn. 


0  50 

Map  1302 


Linum    virginianum    L 


0  55 

Map  1303 


Linum    striatum   Walt 


Sutures  of  capsules  not  elevated;  segments  not  concave  between  the  sutures;  in- 
florescence with  the  axis  usually  straight,  not  dichotomously  branched,  the 
branches  straight  and  strongly  ascending. 
Stem    leaves   usually   lax,   thin,   merely   acute;    leaves    of   branches   acute   or 
acuminate;  branches  ascending  usually  at  an  angle  of  between  40  and  60 
degrees;   sepals   about  as  long  as   or   slightly  shorter  than   the  capsule; 
margins  of  the  inner  sepals  entire  or  slightly  erose  or  glandular  toward 

the  apex,  abruptly  acuminate  at  the  apex 4.  L.  striatum. 

Stem  leaves  stiff,  usually  erect  or  strongly  ascending,  with  rigid,  acuminate 
tips;  leaves  of  the  branches  stiff,  narrow,  almost  appressed,  apiculate  at 
the  apex;  branches  ascending  at  an  angle  of  mostly  between  60  and  75  de- 
grees; sepals  usually  about  a  half  longer  than  the  capsule;  margins  of  the 
inner  sepals  glandular  usually  to  the  middle  or  below  the  middle,  gradually 
tapering  at  the  apex  into  long,  indurated  tips.  .5.  L.  medium  var.  texanum. 

1.  Linum  sulcatum  Riddell.  Map  1300.  This  species  was  reported  from 
Jasper  and  Lake  Counties  before  our  manuals  recognized  Linum  medium 
var.  texanum  to  which  I  believe  both  records  should  be  referred.  The  Lake 
County  specimen  was  collected  by  Hill,  July  28,  1875,  near  Pine  and  is 
deposited  in  the  herbarium  of  DePauw  University.  It  is  labeled  Linum 
sulcatum  but  is  Linum  medium  var.  texanum.  My  specimens  were  collected 
on  the  low,  moist,  gravelly  border  of  the  north  side  of  Wall  Lake,  Lagrange 
County;  on  the  dry,  gravelly  bank  of  the  St.  Joseph  River,  St.  Joseph 
County;  and  on  the  dry,  gravelly,  high  bank  of  Big  Wea  Creek  about  4 
miles  southwest  of  Lafayette,  Tippecanoe  County.  Charles  M.  Ek  found 
a  colony  along  a  railroad  in  Howard  County.  The  only  specimens  from  the 
southern  part  of  the  state  are  one  collected  by  Clapp  in  Harrison  County 
near  Palmyra,  July  14,  1836,  which  is  now  in  the  herbarium  of  Wabash 
College,  and  one  which  I  collected  in  the  same  county  on  a  post  oak  ridge 
about  5  miles  southwest  of  Corydon. 

Eastern  Mass.  and  Vt.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

2.  Linum  intercursum  Bickn.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  39:  418-420. 
1912.)  Map  1301.  Moist,  sandy  soil  on  the  borders  of  marshes  in  black 
oak  woods.   Rare. 


Linum 


Zygophyllaceae 


631 


3 
9 

3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

Dec.f- 

DP     » 

ion 

D 

1    KD 

V- 

1 

P 

^        ^ 

r 

1 

— 1 

f 

■jL 

X 

j 

rt~ 

r 

1° 

D  IU 
IP     L 

D 

—  D 

/    D    [    D 

Miles 

0 

va 

■  tex 

D     ) 

_inu 

anun 

m-   me 

i    (Plj 

Jo                 50 

Map  1304 
dium 
nch.)   Fern 

0  50 

Map  1305 


Zanthoxylum    amencanum    Mill 


0  50 

Map  1306 


Ptelea    trifoliata    L 


Coastal  Plain  from  N.  C.  to  Fla.,  Miss.,  and  up  the  Mississippi  Valley  to 
s.  111.,  and  up  the  Kankakee  Valley  to  nw.  Ind. 

3.  Linum  virginianum  L.  Map  1302.  Infrequent  in  open  places  on  the 
crests  and  slopes  of  black  and  white  oak  and  chestnut  oak  ridges  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state ;  in  prairie  habitats  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
state;  and  in  dry,  open,  white  oak  and  white  and  black  oak  woods  else- 
where. 

Maine  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

4.  Linum  striatum  Walt.  Map  1303.  Our  specimens  are  from  mediacid, 
hard,  white  clay  soil  in  low,  beech  and  sweet  gum  woods,  one  from  a 
wooded  slope,  and  one  from  the  border  of  an  interdunal  flat.    Rare. 

Mass.  to  Fla.,  Ky.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 

5.  Linum  medium  (Planch.)  Trel.  var.  texanum  (Planch.)  Fern.  (Rho- 
dora  37:  428.  1935.)  (Linum  medium  (Planch.)  Britt.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed. 
7  and  Cathartolinum  medium  (Planch.)  Small  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus. 
Flora,  ed.  2.)  Map  1304.  In  southern  Indiana  this  plant  has  been  found 
on  washed  slopes  in  fallow  fields,  on  post  oak  ridges,  and  in  moist,  hard 
clay  soil  on  post  oak  flats.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  state  it  is  found  in 
the  prairies  and  lake  areas  in  moist,  sandy  soil,  usually  associated  with 
Cladium  mariscoides,  J  uncus  Torreyi,  Liatris  spicata,  etc.    Rare. 

My  specimens  no.  41481  from  Brown  County  may  belong  to  the  typical 
form.  They  are  rather  small  and  I  hesitate  to  refer  them  to  the  typical 
form  for  fear  they  are  only  extremes  of  the  variety. 

Sw.  Maine,  s.  Mich.,  and  111.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


135.  ZYGOPHYLLACEAE  Lindl.  Caltrop  Family 

3978.  TRlBULUS  [Tourn.]  L. 
See  excluded  species  no.  415,  p.  1069. 


632  RUTACEAE  Zanthoxylum 

137.  RUTACEAE  .hiss.  Rue  Family 

Leaves  pinnate;  fruit  red,  a  1-  or  2-seeded  capsule 3990.  Zanthoxylum,  p.  632. 

Leaves  3-foliolate;  fruit  yellowish,  a  samara 4069.    Ptelea,  p.  632 

3990.  ZANTHOXYLUM  L. 

1.  Zanthoxylum  americanum  Mill.  Northern  Prickly  Ash.  Map 
1305.  More  or  less  frequent  in  the  lake  area;  infrequent  in  the  Tipton  Till 
Plain;  and  south  of  the  Tipton  Till  Plain  found  locally  only  in  wet 
woods  and  on  dry  wooded  slopes.  On  account  of  its  ability  to  sucker  it  is 
usually  found  in  dense  colonies. 

Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  Mo.,  and  e.  Kans. 

4069.  PTELEA  L. 

Bianchlets  glabrous   1.  P.  trifoliata. 

Branchlets  pubescent la.  P.  trifoliata  var.  Deamiana. 

1.  Ptelea  trifoliata  L.  (Ptelea  inesochom  Greene.)  COMMON  HoPTREE. 
Map  1306.  An  infrequent  shrub  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  is  usually 
restricted  to  the  alluvial  banks  of  streams  but  it  is  found  sometimes  on 
the  tops  and  slopes  of  rocky  bluffs.  The  under  surface  of  the  leaflets  is 
more  or  less  pubescent  on  unfolding,  becoming  more  or  less  glabrous  at 
maturity.  Some  are  glabrous  with  the  exception  of  a  few  hairs  in  the 
axils  of  the  veins  and  on  the  petioles ;  others  have  a  straggling  pubescence ; 
and  in  nearly  a  fourth  of  our  specimens  the  under  surface  is  thickly  pubes- 
cent. The  pedicels  of  the  flowers  are  likewise  more  or  less  densely  pubescent 
at  flowering  time,  and  at  maturity  they  become  glabrous  or  remain  more 
or  less  densely  pubescent.  There  is  no  correlation  of  pubescence  of  the 
leaflets  and  pedicels,  although  the  leaflets  that  are  very  pubescent  at 
maturity  also  have  pubescent  pedicels,  but  nearly  glabrous  leaflets  may 
have  densely  pubescent  pedicels.  Plants  with  leaflets  remaining  pubescent 
until  maturity  are  Ptelea  trifoliata  f.  pubescens  (Pursh)  Fern.  (Rhodora 
38:  233.  1936).  The  pubescent  form  is  much  less  frequent  than  the 
glabrate  form  and  has  no  definite  geographic  range  in  Indiana,  although 
most  of  our  specimens  are  from  the  southern  part  of  the  state. 

Conn.,  s.  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Kans. 

la.  Ptelea  trifoliata  var.  Deamiana  Nieuwl.  This  variety  is  found  only 
on  the  dunes  near  Lake  Michigan  where,  for  the  most  part,  it  displaces  the 
species  although  I  have  seen  both  variety  and  species  growing  together. 
We  have  both  the  variety  and  species  of  the  same  age  growing  at  Bluff  ton. 
The  variety  grows  more  slowly  and  is  more  widely  spreading  than  the 
typical  form. 

138.  SIMARUBIACEAE  DC.  Quassia  Family 

4124.  AILANTHUS  Desf. 

1.  Ailanthus  ALTissiMA  (Mill.)  Swingle.  (Ailanthus  glandulosa 
Desf.)    Ailanthus.   Map  1307.   In  waste  places  in  cities  and  towns,  in  a 


Polygala 


POLYGALACEAE 


633 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Pec. 


uz  1 

J 

ID 

D 

\ 

[^ 

V- 

DP 

r 

■ 

no 

r 

tiH 

10                   r 

r    ' — 
I 

T  "/ — J — 

Tb»  io     ° — ■ 

Miles 


0  ^50 

Map  1307 


Ailanthus    altissima    (Mill.)    Swingle 


Map  1308 
Polygala    paucifoha   Wi lid. 


0  50 

Map   1309 


Polygala    polygama   Walt. 


few  places  in  woodland  in  southern  Indiana,  and  along  the  wooded  bluffs 
of  the  Ohio  River,  especially  in  Jefferson  County. 
Nat.  of  Asia;  introduced  and  escaping. 

145.  POLYGALACEAE  Reichenb.  Milkwort  Family 

4273.  POLYGALA  [Tourn.]  L. 

Lower  stem  leaves  few,  usually  2-6,  scalelike,  2-8  mm  long,  narrower  than  long; 
leaves  at  the  apex  of  the  stem  approximate,  alternate,  elliptic  to  oval,  10-40  mm 
long,  7-20  mm  wide;   flowers  1-3,  rose  purple  or  rarely  white,  mostly  10-17  mm 

long 1.  P.  paucifolia. 

Lower  stem  leaves  and  flowers  not  as  above. 

Cleistogamous  flowers  present,  borne  on  short,  leafless,  basal  branches 

2.  P.  polygama. 

Cleistogamous  flowers  absent. 
Leaves   lance-ovate,   lance-elliptic,   narrowly   lanceolate   to   ovate   or  oblong-ovate, 

mostly  6-30  mm  wide;  perennials 3.  P.  Senega. 

Leaves  never  ovate,  rarely  more  than  5.5  mm  wide;  annuals. 
Petals  not  united  into  a  conspicuous  cleft  tube. 

Racemes  cylindric  or  conic-cylindric,  acuminate  or  at  least  distinctly  tapering 
above,  mostly  2.2-6  mm  broad. 
Leaves   all   alternate;    sepals   suborbicular   to   lance-ovate;   bracts  of  spikes 

persistent.    (See  excluded  species  no.  418,  p.  1070.) P.  Nuttallii. 

Leaves  alternate  throughout  or  whorled;  sepals  ovate;  bracts  of  the  spikes 

deciduous. 

Raceme1  seemingly  conic,  the  fruits  quickly  falling  so  that  the  flowers  and 

fruits    present    are   crowded   into    a   space   0.5-1.5    cm    long;    "wings" 

shorter  than  the  mature  capsule2;  seed  about  twice  as  long  as  wide, 

the  aril  usually  over  half  its  length;   leaves  mostly  or  wholly  ver- 

ticillate. 

Seed  hirsute;  capsule  about  1.5  mm  long,  on  a  pedicel  a  third  to  half 

its   length;    racemes   wider   and   looser,   the    sepals   often   purplish; 

plant  usually  2-3  dm  tall,  with  ascending  branches  and  the  racemes 

on  peduncles  2-7  cm  long 4.  P.  verticillata. 

'Pennell.    Bartonia  13:9.    1932. 

"'  Capsule-measurements  are  of  the  apparent  size  of  the  mature  capsules,  from  which 
the  ripe  seed  characteristically  protrude. 


634  Polygalaceae  Polygala 

Seed  finely  pubescent;  capsule  on  a  pedicel  a  fourth  to  a  third  its 
length;  raceme  narrow,  dense,  the  sepals  greenish  white;  plant 
with  widely  spreading  branches  and  the  racemes  on  peduncles 
0.5-4.0  cm  long. 

Capsule  about  1  mm  long;  plant  usually  1-2  dm  tall 

5.  P.  verticillata  var.  isocycla. 

Capsule  about  1.5  mm  long;  plant  usually  1.5-3  dm  tall 

5a.  P.  verticillata  var.  sphenostachya. 

Raceme  long-cylindric,  slender,  the  fruits  more  persistent  so  that  the 
flowers  and  fruits  present  are  scattered  (the  lower  remote)  in  a 
slender  raceme  1-5  cm  long;  "wings"  about  equaling  the  mature 
capsule;  seed  mostly  three  times  as  long  as  wide,  the  aril  usually 
less  than  half  its  length ;  leaves  mostly  or  all  alternate  or  scattered 

on  the  stem  and  virgate  branches 6.  P.  ambigua. 

Racemes  capitate,  ovoid,  obtuse,  mostly  7-17  mm  broad. 

Leaves  whorled  or  the  upper  scattered 7.  P.  cruciata. 

Leaves  all  alternate 8.    P.  sanguined. 

Petals  united  into  a  distinct,  cleft  tube  about  5  mm  long;  fruit  persisting  on  the 
spike  longer  than  in  P.  sanguinea.  (See  excluded  species  no.  417,  p.  1070.) 
P.    incarnata. 

1.  Polygala  paucifolia  Willd.  Fringed  Polygala.  Map  1308.  The  only 
specimens  I  have  seen  grew  on  the  north  slope  of  a  black  oak  dune  near 
Lake  Michigan  in  Porter  County.  This  colony  was  discovered  by  Marcus 
W.  Lyon,  Jr.,  who  was  the  first  to  report  it  for  Indiana.  Pepoon  later 
reported  it  for  Lake  and  Porter  Counties  for  Hill  and  Umbach  but  I  have 
not  seen  these  specimens.  W.  F.  Durno,  180  N.  Wacker  Drive,  Chicago, 
111.,  wrote  me  that  on  May  1,  1938,  he  saw  the  colony  and  estimated  that 
there  were  100  plants  in  bloom  on  that  date.  From  his  description  of 
the  location  of  the  colony,  I  think  it  is  the  same  colony  that  Dr.  Lyon 
found  in  1927.  Durno  also  writes  that  there  is  a  small  colony  of  the  white- 
flowered  form  a  short  distance  to  the  southwest^  of  this  colony.  In  1929 
I  collected  a  single  plant  for  a  record  and  at  that  time  there  were  not  more 
than  20  plants  in  the  colony. 

E.  Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  111.,  and  Minn. 

2.  Polygala  polygama  Walt.  Map  1309.  Plants  of  this  species  vary 
greatly,  from  erect,  from  a  decumbent  or  ascending  base  with  only  terminal 
spikes,  or  sometimes  with  a  few  lateral  branches  of  cleistogamous  flowers, 
to  widely  spreading  with  terminal  spikes  and  many  lateral  branches  with 
cleistogamous  flowers.  The  latter  extreme  form  we  have  from  Lagrange 
County;  it  is  variety  ramulosa  Farwell  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  11 :  63.  1928). 

In  dry  or  moist  sandy  places  in  black  or  black  and  white  oak  woods, 
sandy  knolls,  and  in  moist  interdunal  flats.  Our  specimens  are  mostly  from 
northwest  of  the  Wabash  River. 

N.  S.  to  Man.,  and  southw.,  chiefly  in  the  coastal  region  to  Fla.  and  e. 
Tex. 

3.  Polygala  Senega  L.  Seneca  Snakeroot.  Map  1310.  This  plant 
varies  greatly  in  size  and  in  the  width  of  the  leaves.  Plants  with  most 
of  the  upper  blades  more  than  7  mm  wide  are  referred  to  variety  latifolia 
T.  &  G.    Most  of  our  plants  belong  to  the  wideleaf  form.    However,  I  am 


Polygala 


POLYGALACEAE 


635 


4 
9 
7 
5 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec  j- 

i 

D      L 

0 
D          p 

3 
P 

D 

D 

t  r1-8 

D 

r 

D 
P 

B 
DP 

r1 

X 

D 

OP 
t 

P 

—  B        D 

V.C 

I" 

Tl 

J 

DP 

D 

IU 

T 
B 
l         1 

D 

1     D 

MC 

~_ -/"^Ba 

D 

I             D 

D        , ' 

Miles 

Pol 

?gal< 

Sene 

Jo             '56' 
Map  1310 

ga   L 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


n>      / 

D         D               A 

p 

D 

t 

Jj.^ 

D               D 

r- 

a                  

V 

ttm 

^~  1      ' 

III 

—            L^ 

. /HT  b»       / — ' 

|I0    1    ( — VL/ 

-r—(L*   r 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1311 
Polygala  verlicillata  L.  var.  isocycla  Fern. 


0  30 

Map  1312 
Polygala    verticillata 
var.  sphenostachya    Pennell 


not  able  to  separate  satisfactorily  the  wideleaf  from  the  narrowleaf  form. 
Large,  branched  plants  may  have  on  one  branch  leaves  of  the  typical  form 
and  on  others  leaves  like  those  of  the  variety.  The  width  of  the  spike  is 
another  character  used  to  separate  the  two  forms  and  it  happens  that  in 
my  34  specimens  the  widest  spike  is  on  a  plant  with  narrow  leaves.  The 
stems  of  small  plants  are  always  simple  but  large  plants  may  be  either 
simple  or  branched.  Plants  of  a  prairie  or  sandy  habitat  have  narrower 
leaves  than  those  of  wooded  limestone  slopes. 

Usually  on  wooded  slopes  along  streams  and  about  lakes.  Rarely  in  the 
open  in  a  prairie  habitat. 

Southern  N.  B.  to  the  eastern  shore  of  Hudson  Bay,  westw.  to  Alberta, 
southw.  to  Ga.,  Tenn.,  and  Ark. 

4.  Polygala  verticillata  L.  (Polygala  Pretzii  Pennell.)  (See  Fernald's 
discussion  of  this  species  in  Rhodora  40:  337-338.  1938.)  Map  1313. 
Mostly  near  streams  and  lakes  in  dry  sandy  soil  in  black  and  white  oak 
woods ;  rarely  in  the  low  sedge  border  of  lakes. 

Maine  to  s.  Mich,  and  Tenn. 


5.  Polygala  verticillata  var.  isocycla  Fern.  (See  Fernald's  discussion 
of  this  species  in  Rhodora  40:  334-336.  1938.)  Map  1311.  In  poor  soil  in 
black  and  white  oak  woods  and  rarely  in  moist  prairies.   Rare. 

Mass.,  Ont.,  and  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5a.  Polygala  verticillata  var.  sphenostachya  Pennell.  Map  1312.  My 
only  specimen  is  from  a  sandy  roadside  cut  four  and  a  half  miles  north 
and  a  mile  and  a  half  west  of  Morocco,  Newton  County.  Other  specimens 
have  been  collected  in  Putnam,  St.  Joseph,  and  Tipton  Counties. 

Ind.  to  Nebr.  and  Kans. 

6.  Polygala  ambigua  Nutt.  Map  1314.  In  poor  soil  on  open  wooded 
slopes,  in  washed  fallow  fields,  and  in  post  oak  flats. 

Maine  to  Ala.,  westw.  to  Ind.,  Mo.,  and  Okla. 


636 


EUPHORBIACEAE 


0  50 

Map  1313 


Polygala  verticillata  L. 


2 
3 
2 
2 

£ 

HI 

Jan 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Au£ 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

r 

|— 

f^ 

-l 

r 

fn 

J 

F1 

Dec  j- 

B 

i        ' 

I      j 

d    j      \al 

7     Miles 

0 

fS    D 

D 

Poly* 

D      ) 

ala 

ambigua 

50 

Map  1314 
Nutt 

0  50 

Map  1315 


Polygala    cruciata    L. 


7.  Polygala  cruciata  L.  Map  1315.  Most  often  in  moist  sandy  soil  on 
the  border  between  a  black  oak  woods  and  a  marsh  and  usually  associated 
with  Gaultheria  procumbens.  Sometimes  in  a  moister  location  and  infre- 
quent in  a  moist  prairie  habitat.  Local  but  usually  frequent  where  it  is 
found. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

8.  Polygala  sanguinea  L.  (Polygala  viridescens  L.)  Map  1316.  This 
species  has  three  color  forms,  purple,  white,  and  intermediate.  Linnaeus 
described  the  first  as  Polygala  sanguinea  and  the  last  as  Polygala  virides- 
cens. The  last  named  plant  is  now  regarded  as  a  form  of  Polygala 
sanguinea.  The  white  form  has  also  been  named  but  has  not  been  found 
in  Indiana.  Our  plants  vary  from  almost  white  to  purplish  but  most  of 
them  are  more  or  less  of  a  deep  rose  color. 

This  species  is  found  in  poor  and  slightly  acid  soil  of  old  fallow  fields, 
of  open  wooded  slopes,  of  the  borders  of  marshes,  in  suitable  habitats  along 
roads  and  railroads,  and  in  sandy  wheat  stubble  fields.  It  is  usually  infre- 
quent and  much  scattered  but  I  once  saw  it  as  a  common  plant  in  a  moist 
wheat  stubble  field  in  Jasper  County. 

N.  S.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  La.,  and  Kans. 


147.  EUPHORBIACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.  Spurge  Family 

Flowers  not  in  an  involucre;  calyx  well  developed;  juice  not  milky. 
Ovules  1  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary. 

Corolla  present  in  either  the  staminate  or  pistillate  flowers  or  in  both ;  pubescence 
stellate. 

Ovary  and  fruit  3-    (rarely  2-4-)    celled,  a  dehiscent  capsule 

4348.  Croton,  p.  637. 

Ovary  and  fruit  1-celled,  an  achenelike  indehiscent  capsule 

4350.  Crotonoposis,  p.  638. 

Corolla  none;  pubescence  not  stellate. 

Bracts  of  the  pistillate  flowers  cleft  into  5-15  lobes;  styles  many-cleft 

4407.    Acalypha,  p.  639. 


Phvllanthiis 


EUPHORBIACEAE 


637 


o  5o 

Map  1316 


Poly  q  a  I  a    sanguinea   L 


o  53 

Map  1317 


Phyllanthus    carolimensis  Wal 


0  50 

Map  1318 
Croton    glandulosus 

van   septentnonahs    Mue-ll. 


Bracts  of  the  pistillate  flowers  not  cleft;  styles  not  cleft. 

Leaf  blades  not  peltate 4416.  Tragia,  p.  641. 

Leaf  blades  peltate 4424.  Ricinus,  p.  641. 

Ovules  2  in  each  cell  of  the  ovary 4299.  Phyllanthus,  p.  637. 

Flowers    in    an    involucre    resembling    a    calyx;    calyx    rudimentary   or    lacking;    juice 
milky 4498.    Euphorbia,  p.  641. 

4299.  PHYLLANTHUS  L. 

1.  Phyllanthus  caroliniensis  Walt.  Map  1317.  In  bare  spots  in  moist 
soil.  Mostly  in  old  logging  roads,  rarely  in  fallow  fields,  more  frequent 
in  cornfields,  and  sometimes  on  the  low  borders  of  sloughs. 

Eastern  Pa.,  cent.  111.  to  se.  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Cent.  Amer. 


4348.  CROTON  L. 

[Ferguson.  Crotons  of  the  United  States.  Rept.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  12: 
33-74.    1901.] 

Leaves  toothed 1.     C.   glandulosus   var.    septentrionalis. 

Leaves  entire. 

Capsules  clustered,  erect,  depressed-globose;   stamens  of  sterile  flowers  10-14 

2.     C.    capitatus. 

Capsules  mostly  solitary,  nodding,  ovoid ;  stamens  of  sterile  flowers  3-8 

3.     C.    monantho  gynus. 

1.  Croton  glandulosus  L.  var.  septentrionalis  Muell.  Arg.  Map 
1318.  This  is  undoubtedly  a  species  adventive  from  the  south.  It  is  now 
found  in  fallow  fields,  roadsides,  and  roadside  ditches.  Pepoon  reports  it 
from  the  sand  flats  of  Lake  and  Porter  Counties. 

Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  northw.  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Ind.  and  Iowa. 

2.  Croton  capitatus  Michx.  Map  1319.  Our  Clark  County  specimen 
is  from  a  fallow  field  and  that  from  Martin  County  is  from  a  wheat 
stubble  field.  Pepoon  reports  it  as  found  in  Lake  County  along  the  Wabash 
Railroad  at  Miller.    Kriebel  has  collected  it  in  Lawrence  County  and  in 


638 


EUPHORBIACEAE 


Crotonopsis 


0  50 

Map  1319 


Croton    capitatus    Michx. 


0  50 

Map  1320 


Croton     monanthogynus   Michx. 


— 

Jan. 
Feb 



Mar. 

-1 

\ 



)     rT~ 

— 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

F 

{ 

-^-. 

— i 

~i 

]-£ 

Nov. 

r, 

Dec  (— 

f 

(J    Miles 

■t     i*  d    J      r     v-s>/ 

0                50 
Map  1321 

Crotonopsis    elhptica    Willd. 

1929  Bechtel  collected  it  in  Montgomery  County.    This  species  also  seems 
to  be  adventive  from  the  south. 

N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  northw.  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  111.,  Iowa, 
and  Kans. 

3.  Croton  monanthogynus  Michx.  Map  1320.  In  pastures  and  fal- 
low fields,  along  roads  and  railroads,  and  rarely  in  open  woods.  South 
of  Laurel  in  Franklin  County  and  west  of  Paoli  in  Orange  County  I  have 
seen  it  as  a  pernicious  weed  over  acres  of  pasture  land.  Stock  will  not 
eat  it.  On  account  of  its  weedy  nature,  and  since  it  was  unknown  to  the 
early  botanists,  I  think  this  species  is  adventive  in  Indiana  although 
J.  M.  Coulter  (Bot.  Gaz.  2:  146.  1877)  says:  "All  along  over  the  knobs, 
on  the  way  to  the  Barrens,  we  encountered  any  quantity  of  Croton 
monanthogynus."  He  doubtless  followed  an  old  road  of  travel  where  it 
may  have  been  introduced.  Dr.  Clapp,  who  was  well  acquainted  with  the 
area,  and  who  botanized  the  area  about  New  Albany  for  20  miles  from 
1832-1862,  did  not  find  this  species.  Riddell  in  his  Flora  of  the  Western 
States  (1835)  knew  it  only  from  St.  Louis. 

N.  C,  s.  Ind.  to  Iowa  and  e.  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


4350.  CROTONOPSIS  Michx. 

[Pennell.    The  genus  Crotonopsis.    Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  45:  477-480. 

1918.] 

Spikes  short,  of  but  1  or  2  fruits;  staminate  flowers  less  than  1  mm  broad;  fruit  ovoid, 
with  an  evident  median  vein  on  each  side;  leaves  lanceolate  to  narrow-lanceolate, 
the   stellate   pubescence  overlapping 1-    C.   elliptica. 

Spikes  longer,  of  3  to  6  fruits ;  staminate  flowers  more  than  1  mm  broad ;  fruit  ellipsoid, 
without  an  evident  vein  on  the  side;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  the  stellate  pubes- 
cence not  overlapping.  (See  excluded  species  no.  419,  p.  1070.) C.  linearis. 

1.  Crotonopsis  elliptica  Willd.  Map  1321.  In  a  hard,  white,  minim- 
acid,  clay  soil  in  a  post  and  pin  oak  flat  in  Spencer  County  about  4  miles 
northwest  of  Chrisney.    It  was  abundant  in  a  40-acre  fallow  field  and 


Acalypha 


EUPHORBIACEAE 


639 


1 

1 

4 

4 

Jan, 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

f 

J 

h  J 

JL 

K 

| 

T 

X 

d  r 

r 

-Ht 

Dec.f- 

rf    D 

B     f          f 
D     } 

n            L 

T*Ba       |      . — > 

/    Miles 

D 

Aca 

ID 

ypha 

dJ 
OS 

D    . 

ji\             7 

aefolia 

50 

Map  1322 
Riddell 

0  50 

Map   1323 


Acalypha    rhomboidea    Raf 


5 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct, 

Nov 

Dec 


" 

~U 

n 

L 

D 

f 

r 

! 

\U 

i 

1 

i       | 

[-■ —  1       /   a  j 

Miles 


Acalypha     rhomboidea 
«ar    Deamii    Weatherby 


scattered  in  an  adjoining  open  woods,  but  was  not  found  in  the  thick  woods. 
Whether  it  was  introduced  into  the  fallow  field  and  spread  into  the  adjacent 
woods,  or  vice  versa,  I  do  not  know. 

Conn,  to  e.  Kans.,  south w.  to  n.  Fla.  and  cent.  Tex. 


4407.  ACALYPHA  L.  Three-seeded  Mercury 

[Weatherby.  The  group  of  Acalypha  virginica  in  eastern  North  Ameri- 
ca. Rhodora  29 :  198-200.  1927.  The  typification  of  Acalypha  virginica 
L.  Rhodora  39:  14-16.    1937.] 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  separate  spikes;  capsules  prickly.  .  1.  A.  ostryaefolia. 
Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  spike;  capsules  smooth. 

Pistillate  bracts  deeply  cut  into  5-7  (rarley  9),  oblong  to  lanceolate  acute  or  obtusish 
lobes;  primary  leaves  mostly  ovate  to  rhombic-ovate,  glabrous  except  for  scat- 
tered, long  hairs. 

Seed  1.6-1.8  mm  long 2.  A.  rhomboidea. 

Seed  2-3  mm  long 2a.  A.  rhomboidea  var.  Deamii. 

Pistillate  bracts  with  9-15  lobes  or  teeth;  primary  leaves  mostly  ovate-lanceolate  to 

linear,  often  pubescent  beneath  or  on  both  surfaces. 

Pistillate  bracts  rather  deeply  cut  into  mostly  lanceolate,  very  acute  lobes,  hispid 

on  the  nerves  and  margins,  usually  not  glandular;  stems  with  at  least  a  few 

long  spreading  hairs  in  addition  to  the  more  common  incurved  ones;  primary 

leaves  broadly  to  narrowly  lanceolate;  petioles  a  third  to  a  half  as  long  as  the 

blade 3.    A .  virginica. 

Pistillate  bracts  shallowly  cut  into  ovate  or  broadly  deltoid  lobes  or  teeth,  sparsely 
beset  with  whitish  stipitate  or  sessile  red  glands  or  both,  sometimes  ciliate, 
otherwise  glabrate  to  coarsely  pubescent;  stems  puberulent  to  pubescent  with 
only  incurved  hairs;  primary  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear;  petioles  a 
tenth  to  a  fourth  as  long  as  the  blades 4.    A.  gracilens. 

1.  Acalypha  ostryaefolia  Riddell.  Map  1322.  Most  of  our  specimens 
are  from  truck  gardens,  cornfields,  and  fallow  fields  along  or  near  the  Ohio 
River  and  near  New  Harmony.  I  have  never  seen  it  in  any  other  habitat. 
In  recent  years  it  has  been  introduced  farther  north  in  the  state.  It  is 
usually  a  common  weed  where  it  is  found.  This  species  seems  to  be  ad- 
ventive.    It  was  first  reported  from  Indiana  in  1917  and  none  of  the  early 


640 


EUPHORBIACEAE 


Acalypha 


1 

4 

9 
5 

: 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

Dec  C 

f 

__ . 

^^ 

^ 

1 

n  y 

J       1 

D 

r 

D 

4  » 

n   - 

{ 

i 

- 

1 l 

~~ r 

D 

JT 

r 

B 

D 

1  " 

D        5 

/         \    B 

ni      "a 

fS    » 

D 

IU             D 

B      D  J  B    S,  D 

( D      [    D 

^D   P_V|     / — ^ 

■V    Miles 

'  ° 

'  K 

A< 

al 

0     ) 

;Ph 

D 
P  , 

3 

virgintc 

0                 50 

Map  1325 
a    L. 

o         ~ 3o 
Map  1326 


Acalypha    gracilens  Gray 


Map  1327 
Tragia    cordata    Michx. 


botanists  had  seen  it.   Riddell  (1835)  says  his  specimen  came  from  a  hill 
opposite  Cincinnati.  Short  in  his  Catalogue  of  Kentucky  Plants  and  his  four 
supplements  does  not  list  it.  These  were  published  between  1833-1840.  Lap- 
ham  reports  it  from  Illinois  between  1836  and  1857. 
N.  J.  to  Ohio  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Mex. 

2.  Acalypha  rhomboidea  Raf.  {Acalypha  virginica  of  recent  authors, 
not  L.)  Map  1323.  This  species  is  a  frequent  to  a  common  weed  in  all  parts 
of  the  state  in  almost  all  kinds  of  habitats.  It  usually  occurs  in  a  moist 
black  loam  or  sandy  soil  but  will  thrive  in  any  kind  of  soil  from  gravel 
bars  to  dry,  open,  wooded  slopes.  It  is  usually  found  in  the  open  and  in 
such  places  it  is  more  abundant.  It  is  found  in  open,  wet  or  dry  woods, 
fallow  or  cultivated  fields,  and  waste  places  and  along  roads  and  railroads. 

N.  S.,  Maine,  sw.  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tenn.,  and  Kans. 

2a.  Acalypha  rhomboidea  var.  Deaniii  Weatherby.  (Rhodora  29:  197- 
198.  1927  and  Rhodora  39:  16.  1937.)  Map  1324.  This  variety  is  known 
only  from  southern  Indiana  where  it  has  been  found  in  rather  moist, 
sandy  soil  along  Whitewater  River,  in  Dearborn  and  Franklin  Counties, 
along  the  Patoka  River,  in  the  talus  of  the  sandstone  cliff  along  the  Ohio 
River  at  Rockport,  on  the  wooded  bank  of  the  Ohio  River  at  Derby  in 
Perry  County,  and  in  a  low  place  in  a  woods  9  miles  north  of  Rockport. 
The  plant  is  easily  recognized  in  the  field  by  its  large  drooping  leaves  and 
by  the  whole  plant  usually  being  at  least  twice  as  large  as  the  typical  form 
of  the  species. 

3.  Acalypha  virginica  L.  (Rhodora  29:  198-200.  1927.)  (Acalypha 
<li(/yneia  Raf.)  Map  1325.  Mostly  in  dry  soil  on  open  wooded  slopes,  asso- 
ciated with  black  and  white  oak,  in  fallow  fields,  and  along  roadsides. 
Rather  frequent  in  the  unglaciated  area  and  rapidly  migrating  northward. 

Mass.,  Ind.  to  Okla.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

4.  Acalypha  gracilens  Gray.  (Acalypha  gracilens  in  part,  of  Gray, 
Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)    Map  1326.   In  dry 


Tragia  Euphorbiaceae  641 

or  moist,  sandy  soil.  Our  specimens  are  from  pastures  and  from  along 
railroads.  This  species  and  the  preceding  one  are  united  in  our  manuals 
but  they  are  very  distinct.  The  habitats  within  the  known  distribution 
are  quite  different.  The  distribution  of  this  species  in  Indiana  offers  an 
interesting  problem. 

N.  H.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  northw.  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Ind.  and  Wis. 

4416.  TRAGIA  [Plumier]  L. 

1.     Tragia  cordata  Michx.    {Tragia  macrocarpa  Willd.)    Map  1327.    On 
rocky,  wooded  bluffs  of  streams  and  black  and  white  oak  slopes.  Rare. 
Ind.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

4424.  RfCINUS  [Tourn.]  L. 

See  excluded  species  no  420,  p.  1070. 

4498.  EUPHORBIA  L.  Spurge 

Floral  leaves  with  wide  white  margins;  blades  mostly  1.5-3  cm  wide.  .1.  E.  marginata. 
Floral  leaves  without  wide  white  margins,  narrower  than  the  preceding. 
Glands  of  the  involucre  with  a  petallike  appendage. 
Leaves  opposite,  their  bases  more  or  less  oblique. 

Leaves  entire,  rarely  slightly  serrate  toward  the  obtuse  apex. 
Plants  glabrous  throughout. 

Leaves  orbicular  to  orbicular-ovate 3.  E.  serpens. 

Leaves  oblong  to  spatulate  or  somewhat  obovate-oblong ;  seeds  reddish. 
Seed  strongly  cross-wrinkled;  leaves  somewhat  subcordate  at  the  base. 

4.     E.    glyptosperma. 

Seed  not  cross-wrinkled  or  only  faintly  so;  leaves  often  obovate-oblong, 

narrowed  at  the  base.    (See  excluded  species  no.  422,  p.  1071.) 

E.   serpyllifolia. 

Plants  more  or  less  pubescent,  at  least  the  capsule  more  or  less  pubescent.  .  .  . 

5.  E.  humistrata. 

Leaves  serrate  or  dentate,  at  least  toward  the  obtuse  apex. 
Capsules  glabrous. 

Capsules  1.5  mm  long  or  less ;  seeds  reddish. 

Seed  strongly  cross-wrinkled ;  leaves  somewhat  subcordate  at  the  base .... 

4.    E.   glyptosperma. 

Seed  not  cross  wrinkled  or  only  faintly  so ;  leaves  narrowed  at  the  base. 

(See  excluded  species  no.  422,  p.  1071.) E.  serpyllifolia. 

Capsules  more  than  1.5  mm  long;  plants  ascending;  seeds  drab. 

Capsules   mostly   2-2.25   mm   long,    as   wide    as    long,    not   deeply  3-lobed, 

rounded  at  the  summit;  stems  puberulent  only  in  lines 

6.   E.   maculata. 

Capsules  about  1.75  mm  long;  wider  than  long,  retuse  at  the  apex,  deeply 

3-lobed;  pubescence  of  stems  hirsute 7.  E.  vermiculata. 

Capsules  more  or  less  pubescent. 

Leaves  mostly  oblong  to  ovate-oblong,  mostly  3x7  mm  to  5x13  mm, 
usually  some  or  all  serrate  to  below  the  middle,  generally  pubescent 
beneath;  capsules  usually  exserted  well  beyond  the  involucre,  the  lobes 
generally  rounded  (sometimes  acute);  seed  mostly  0.8-0.9  mm  long, 
generally  plainly  marked  after  the  seed  is  cleaned  with  3  or  4  transverse 
rugose  lines 8.  E.  supina. 


642 


EUPHORBIACEAE 


Euphorbia 


0  50 

Map  1328 


Euphorbia    marginata    Pursh 


U 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D        I 
DP     L 
HO 

t 
f 

D        D 

1                t 

l 

V 

" 

X 

r 

r 

■jT 

r1 

Dec  (- 

I 

,      I 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1329 


Euphorbia    polygonifolia   L 


0  50 

Map  1330 


Euphorbia     serpens    H  BK 


Leaves  mostly  elliptic,  mostly  7x12  mm  to  8x16  mm,  usually  glabrous  be- 
neath, generally  serrate  only  above  the  middle  or  at  the  apex;  capsules 
usually  not  exserted  beyond  the  involucre,  the  lobes  mostly  acute;  seed 
1    mm   long,  usually   no   transverse  lines  plainly   visible   after  the   seed 

is  cleaned,  the  surface  minutely  roughened ">.  E.  humistrata. 

Leaves  alternate  or  scattered  on  the  stem,  not  oblique  at  the  base.  .9.  E.  corolla tct. 
Glands  of  the  involucre  naked   (with  no  petallike  appendage). 
Leaves  opposite. 

Leaves  oblique  at  the  base;  annual,  glabrous 2.    E.  polygonifolia. 

Leaves  not  oblique  at  the  base ;  plants  glabrous  or  pubescent. 

Perennial    plants    with     several     stems    from    a    stout    rootstock,    glabrous; 

flowering  in  the  spring.    (See  excluded  species  no.  421,  p.  1070) 

E.    Ipecacuanhae. 

Annual  plants;  flowering  in  summer;  stem  more  or  less  densely  retrorsely 
puberulent  in  addition  to  long  colorless  multicellular  hairs;  leaves  more  or 
less  densely  short-  or  long-pubescent  both  above  and  beneath ;  glands  of  in- 
volucre  stipitate 10.     E.   dentata. 

Leaves  all  alternate  or  scattered. 

Stems  not  topped  by  an  umbel;  stems  and  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  glands  of 

involucre   sessile 11.    E.   heterophylla. 

Stems  topped  by  a  several-rayed  umbel. 

Leaves    serrulate 12.    E.   obtusata. 

Leaves  entire. 

Plants  perennial;  seeds  smooth. 

Stem  leaves  4-12  mm  wide 13.  E.  Evx  a. 

Stem  leaves  1-3  mm  wide 14.    E.  Cyparissias. 

Plants  annual  or  biennial;  seeds  pitted. 

Lobes  of  the  capsules  2-crested 15.    E.  Peplii*. 

Lobes  of  the  capsules  rounded 16.    E.  commutata. 


1.  Euphorbia  marginata  Pursh.  (Dichrophylhtm  marginatum 
(Pursh)  Kl.  &  Garcke.)  Snow-on-the-mountain.  Map  1328.  Escaped 
from  cultivation  in  most  parts  of  the  state  but  not  abundantly  so. 

Minn,  to  Colo.,  southw.  to  Tex. 


Euphorbia 


EUPHORBIACEAE 


643 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr, 

May. 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


D 

0 

F 

L 

D 

s 

T 

J 

V 

Hr- 

r, 

1      r 

i 

'r-    L 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1331 


Euphorbia    glyptosperma    Enqelr 


0  50 

Map  1332 


Euphorbia     humistrata    Enge! 


0  50 

Map  1333 
Euphorbia  maculata  L. 


2.  Euphorbia  polygonifolia  L.  (Chamaesyce  polygonifolia  (L.)  Small.) 
Map  1329.  This  is  a  small  prostrate  species  restricted  to  the  beach  of  Lake 
Michigan. 

Atlantic  coast  from  N.  S.  to  Fla.  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

3.  Euphorbia  serpens  HBK.  (Chamaesyce  serpens  (HBK.)  Small.) 
Map  1330.  On  a  rocky  bar  in  Wilson  Creek  in  Dearborn  County  and  on  the 
bank  of  the  Ohio  River  and  in  adjoining  overflow  land.    Infrequent. 

Sw.  Ont.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Mex. ;  and  S.  A. 

4.  Euphorbia  glyptosperma  Engelm.  (Chamaesyce  glyptosperma  (En- 
gelm.)  Small.)  Map  1331.  I  have  found  this  spurge  only  three  times 
although  it  may  be  rather  frequent  since  it  can  easily  be  mistaken  for  other 
species  of  the  genus.  My  specimens  were  found  in  dry  sandy  and  gravelly 
soil. 

Maine,  Ont.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  Iowa,  Tex.,  and  Mex. 

5.  Euphorbia  humistrata  Engelm.  (Chamaesyce  humistrata  (En- 
gelm.) Small.)  Map  1332.  All  of  our  specimens  except  one  are  from  the 
southern  half  of  the  state.  We  have,  however,  three  reports  from  the 
northern  half.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  this  species  is  separated  with  difficulty 
from  Euphorbia  supina  and  this  similarity  may  result  in  their  confusion. 
In  the  field  Euphorbia  humistrata  is  notably  more  glaucous  than  Euphorbia 
supina. 

Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Miss.,  and  La. 

6.  Euphorbia  maculata  L.  (Contr.  Gray  Herb.  127:  74.  1939.)  (Euphor- 
bia nutans  Lag.,  Euphorbia  Preslii  (Guss.)  Arth.,  and  Chamaesyce  Lan- 
singii  Millsp.)  Nodding  Spurge.  Map  1333.  A  common  weed  in  all  parts 
of  the  state,  usually  in  dry  soil.  It  is  found  in  fallow  and  cultivated 
grounds,  along  roadsides  and  railroads,  and  in  open  woodland  and  pastures. 

My  Randolph  and  Tipton  County  specimens  were  named  Chamaesyce 
Lansing  ii  Millsp.  by  C.  F.  Millspaugh  and  I  reported  them  as  such.  I  am 
now  referring  them  to  this  species. 

Mass.,  Ont.,  Wis.,  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


644 


EUPHORBIACEAE 


Euphorbia 


o  ~^ 50 

Map  1334 


Euphorbia    vermiculata    Ra 


0"        ^50 
Map  1335 


Euphorbia  supina  Raf 


0  50 

Map  1336 


Euphorbia    corollata    L. 


7.  Euphorbia  vermiculata  Raf.  {Euphorbia  hirsuta  (Torr.)  Wieg., 
Euphorbia  Rafinesquii  Greene,  and  Chamaesyce  Rafinesquii  (Greene) 
Small.)  Map  1334.  My  only  specimen  was  collected  5  miles  northeast  of 
Angola  in  Steuben  County  along  a  roadside  just  west  of  a  crossroad  where 
there  is  a  small  pond  at  the  southwest  intersection.  Nieuwland  collected 
it  in  1910  in  South  Bend,  St.  Joseph  County. 

Eastern  Que.  to  w.  Ont.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ohio,  and  111. 

8.  Euphorbia  supina  Raf.  (Contr.  Gray  Herb.  127:  76.  1939.)  (Eu- 
phorbia maculata  of  authors  and  Chamaesyce  maculata  (L.)  Small.) 
Map  1335.  A  frequent  weed  in  both  moist  and  dry  soils  in  all  parts  of  the 
state.  Mostly  in  fallow  fields  and  cultivated  grounds;  also  along  road- 
sides and  railroads,  in  pastures  and  open  woodland,  and  on  the  banks  of 
streams. 

N.  E.,  Ont.  to  Wyo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  introd.  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mts. 

9.  Euphorbia  corollata  L.  (T 'ithymalop sis  corollata  (L.)  Kl.  &  Garcke.) 
Flowering  Spurge.  Map  1336.  Infrequent  but  well  distributed  throughout 
the  state,  being  more  common  in  the  lake  and  prairie  areas.  It  prefers  a 
dry  sandy  soil  and  is  very  rarely  found  in  wet  situations.  It  is  found  in 
open  woodland  and  fallow  fields  and  along  roadsides  and  railroads.  This 
species  varies  much  as  to  pubescence  and  the  width  of  the  leaves  which 
has  induced  authors  to  assign  names  to  these  variations.  It  is  a  perennial 
with  a  stout  rootstock.  It  is  frequently  mowed  off  and  killed  above  the 
ground  by  burning,  especially  along  railroads.  I  have  one  specimen  that 
has  been  repeatedly  top-killed  by  burning;  it  has  the  crown  of  the  root- 
stock  much  thickened  and  bearing  many  short  pubescent  stems.  Plants 
that  grow  in  very  dry,  exposed  habitats  or  in  very  dry  sand  are  usually 
more  pubescent  than  those  that  grow  in  moister  or  shadier  places. 

Mass.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

10.  Euphorbia  dentata  Michx.  (Poinsettia  dentata  (Michx.)  Small  in 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)    Map  1337.    Along  railroads  and 


Euphorbia 


EUPHORBIACEAE 


645 


o  55 

Map  1337 


Euphorbia    dentata   Michx 


Map  1338 
Euphorbia     heterophylla    L 


1 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.J- 

uk[ 

f 

" 

L 

D 

(r1 

' 

D 

DP 

IU 

X 

i 

"1             1 

-  i 

J 

y~ 

r 

t 

'  * — 

J     Miles 

D 

H            ' 

Ei 

phor 

bia 

obtusata 

)            5d 
Map  1339 

Pursh 

roadsides,  in  fallow  fields,  and  rarely  in  open  woodland.   This  species  is  no 
doubt  adventive  from  the  west.    It  was  unknown  to  our  earlier  botanists. 

The  leaves  vary  in  width  and  a  narrowleaf  form  has  been  named. 

Pa.,  S.  Dak.  to  Wyo.,  southw.  to  Tenn.,  La.,  and  Mex. 

11.  Euphorbia  heterophylla  L.  (Poinsettia  heterophylla  (L.)  Kl.  & 
Garcke.)  Painted  Spurge.  Map  1338.  This  species  is  doubtless  adven- 
tive in  our  area.  Along  railroads  and  roadsides  and  in  waste  places. 

This  plant  much  resembles  the  preceding  but  can  be  separated  from  it 
by  its  alternate  leaves,  glabrous  stem  and  leaves.  The  leaves  of  Euphorbia 
heterophylla  vary  from  almost  linear  to  fiddle-shaped. 

Ind.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

12.  Euphorbia  obtusata  Pursh.  (Tithymalus  obtusatus  (Pursh)  Kl.  & 
Garcke.)  Map  1339.  I  have  this  species  from  the  dry,  wooded  bank  of  the 
St.  Mary  River  south  of  Fort  Wayne,  from  along  the  Wabash  River  east 
of  Bluffton,  and  from  the  roadside  on  the  south  side  of  Half  Moon  Pond 
about  10  miles  southwest  of  Mount  Vernon,  Posey  County.  Madge  McKee 
collected  it  in  Newton  County.  It  was  collected  in  Tippecanoe  County  by 
Young  and  the  specimen  is  in  the  herbarium  of  Indiana  University. 

Pa.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  S.  C.  and  Tex. 

13.  Euphorbia  Esula  L.  (Euphorbia  virgata  Wald.  &  Kit.  in  Rhodora 
39:  50.  1937  and  Tithymalus  Esula  (L.)  Hill.)  Leafy  Spurge.  Map 
1340.  This  species  has  been  reported  as  an  escape,  etc.,  in  three  counties. 
Hansen  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  37:  320.  1928)  says:  "Specimens  were 
collected  in  full  flower  near  Winamac,  where  it  is  established  along  road- 
sides, on  June  20,  1927."  W.  N.  Clute  informed  me  in  1936  that  there  is 
"a  large  colony  along  the  canal  in  Indianapolis  between  Illinois  and  Meri- 
dian Streets."  In  1937  I  found  it  abundant  over  an  area  of  3  acres  in  a 
pasture  about  3  miles  southwest  of  Knox,  Starke  County. 

Leafy  Spurge  is  a  very  obnoxious  weed  and  spreads  rapidly.  Its  roots 
penetrate  the  soil  to  a  depth  of  5-15  feet.    On  account  of  the  acrid  latex 


G46 


Callitrichaceae 


Callitriche 


— 

f 

J 

Jan. 

feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov, 

•^■S  o 

r 

L 

K 

' 

r' 

^ — 

8 

■a 

r, 

fjM 

Dec.f- — 

i 

i — ' — 

/    Milei 

/        /     \       P\      / 

50 

Is^s^^r^J        Wap  1340 

Euphorbia   Esula   L. 

0  50 

Map  1341 


Euphorbia    Cyparissias    L. 


~"58 

Map  1342 


Euphorbia     Peplus    L 


stock  will  not  eat  it.    If  a  colony  of  this  pest  is  discovered  no  amount  of 
effort  or  expense  should  be  spared  in  order  to  exterminate  it. 
Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Maine,  Ont.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Ind. 

14.  Euphorbia  Cyparissias  L.  (Tithy mains  Cyparissias  (L.)  Hill.) 
Cypress  Spurge.  Map  1341.  Found  in  all  parts  of  the  state  where  it  has 
escaped  from  cultivation  and  persisted. 

It  rarely  produces  seeds  and  there  are  no  records  of  its  doing  so  in 
Indiana.  It  should  be  closely  observed  and  if  found  with  mature  seed  the 
fact  should  be  recorded. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Mass.  to  Colo.,  southw.  to  Va. 

15.  Euphorbia  Peplus  L.  (Tithymalus  Peplus  (L.)  Hill.)  Map  1342. 
I  have  specimens  of  this  species  only  from  Wells  County  where  it  is  well 
established  in  north  Bluffton.  It  was  reported  also  by  Dr.  Clapp  from  the 
vicinity  of  New  Albany,  Floyd  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  B.  to  w.  N.  Y.,  Wis.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  W.  Va., 
and  Ala. 

16.  Euphorbia  commutata  Engelm.  (Tithymalus  commutatus  (En- 
gelm.)  Kl.  &  Garcke.)  Map  1343.  Infrequent  on  rocky  or  gravelly  wooded 
slopes,  mostly  along  streams  and  about  lakes,  sometimes  in  the  talus  of 
cliffs  and  rarely  in  the  open,  if  so,  usually  about  gravel  pits. 

Pa.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Mo. 


148.  CALLITRICHACEAE  L.  Water  Starwort  Family 

4530.  CALLITRICHE  L. 

Plants  terrestrial ;  fruit  on  a  peduncle  usually  a  fourth  to  three  fourths  its  length, 
wider  than  long,  deeply  notched  at  the  apex  and  base,  lobes  with  a  deep  margin 
between  them;  stigmas  about  as  long  as  the  fruit,  recurving 1.   C.  Austini. 

Plants  amphibious  or  submerged;  fruit  sessile,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  wide,  with  a 
shallow  notch  at  the  apex;  stigmas  erect  or  spreading. 


Floerkea 


LlMNANTHACEAE 


647 


2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov 

1        D 

D 

"1 

D 

D 

]»M 

\ 

.      \— 

f 

OP 
10 

T 

3 

D  t 

DP 

D 

s  / 

J            1 

iC    

DP    1 
0     UC 

r~ 

r- 

Pi 

Dec  C — 

1 

DP  \ 

in 

B 
D 
R       [ 

°   PJo" 

3       L-q 

-i^M 

Miles 

Euph 

orb 

la 

co 

mmut; 

ta    E 

50 

Up  1343 
nqelm. 

0  50 

Map  1344 


Callitriche    Austini    Enqeln 


0  "       ~To 
Map  1345 


Callitriche     heterophylla    Pursh 


Leaves  usually  of  two  forms,  the  submerged  ones  linear  and  1-nerved,  the  floating 
ones  obovate  to  broadly  spatulate  and  3-nerved,  all  more  or  less  petioled  or  nar- 
rowed at  the  base;  flowers  usually  between  two  bracts. 
Fruit  about  as  wide  as  long,  not  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  lobes  rounded;  stigmas 

spreading,  usually  twice  as  long  as  the  fruit 2.    C.  heterophylla. 

Fruit  longer  than  broad,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  mature  lobes  winged  toward 
the  apex;  stigmas  erect,  about  the  length  of  the  fruit.    (See  excluded  species 

no.  424,  p.  1071.) C.  palustris. 

Leaves  all  submerged,  linear,  1-nerved,  not  narrowed  at  the  base,  sessile;  flowers 
without  bracts;  fruit  with  a  narrow,  deep  notch  at  the  apex;  stigmas  long,  re- 
curving, deciduous.    (See  excluded  species  no.  423,  p.  1071.)  .  .C.  hermaphroditica. 

1.  Callitriche  Austini  Engelm.  (Callitriche  deflexa  var.  Austini  (En- 
gelm.)  Hegelm.)  Map  1344.  Frequent  in  southern  Indiana  in  woodland 
along  logging  roads  and  in  fallow  cornfields.  It  grows  only  on  bare  spots 
in  moist,  minimacid  soil,  associated  in  logging  roads  usually  with  Gratiola 
neglecta  and  in  fields  with  Poa  Chapmaniana,  Alopecurus  carolinianus, 
and  Arabis  virginica.  It  is  so  small  and  inconspicuous  that  it  is  usually 
overlooked. 

Conn,  to  Ind.  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Del.,  La.,  and  Tex. ;  also  from  Mex. 
to  S.  A. 

2.  Callitriche  heterophylla  Pursh.  Map  1345.  Infrequent  in  ponds  and 
shallow  streams,  which  may  become  dry  during  dry  seasons,  and  rarely 
in  inundated  woodland. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  Mo.,  and  Colo. 

152.  LlMNANTHACEAE  Lindl.  False  Mermaid  Family 


4542A.  FLOERKEA  Willd. 

1.  Floerkea  prosperpinacoides  Willd.  Map  1346.  Locally  abundant  in 
thick  woodland  in  rich,  moist  soil,  usually  associated  with  sugar  maple, 
beech,  white  oak,  and  white  elm.    We  have  no  records  for  the  area  south 


648 


Anacardiaceae 


Rhus 


0  50 

Map  1346 


Floerkea     proserpmacoides    Will 


0  50 

Map  1347 


Rhus    copallma    L. 


o  50 

Map  1348 


Rhus    Vernix   L. 


of  Sullivan  County.   This  little  annual  when  removed  from  the  woods  to  a 
rich,  shady  flower  garden  will  persist  as  a  weed. 

W.  Que.,  Ont.  and  Wis.,  southw.  to  Del.,  Tenn.,  and  Mo. 


153.  ANACARDIACEAE  Dumort.  Cashew  Family 


4594.  RHtS  L.  Sum 


AC 


[Barkley.   Monographic  study  of  Rhus  and  allies  in  North  and  Central 
America.   Annals  Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  24:  265-496.   1937.] 
Leaflets  normally  more  than  3. 

Rachis  of  leaf  winged;  branchlets  pubescent 1.    R-  copallina. 

Rachis  of  leaf  not  winged;  branchlets  glabrous  or  pubescent. 

Leaflets  entire  or  nearly  so;  fruit  from  very  pale  green  to  almost  colorless,  glab- 
rous  2.     R.   Vernix. 

Leaflets  regularly  serrate  to  the  base;  fruit  pubescent  with  red  hairs. 

Branchlets  below  the  inflorescence,  lower  surface  of  the  leaflets,  and  rachis  of 
leaf  glabrous ;  branchlets  more  or  less  strongly  angled ;  hairs  of  fruit  mostly 

0.15-0.3  mm  long,  obovoid,  obtuse  at  the  apex 3.    R.  glabra. 

Branchlets  below  the  inflorescence,  lower  surface  of  the  leaflets,  and  rachis  more 
or  less  pubescent;  branchlets  terete  or  nearly  so. 
First  year  branches  pubescent;  branchlets  densely  pubescent;  hairs  of  fruit 

about  1  mm  long,  linear,  and  acicular  at  the  apex 4.  R.  typhina. 

First  year  branches  glabrous;  branchlets  varying  from  densely  to  sparingly 
pubescent. 
Hairs  of  fruit  about  1  mm  long,  acicular  at  the  apex;  branchlets  usually 

densely  pubescent  at  first 5.    X  R.  pulvinata. 

Hairs  of  fruit  about  0.5  mm  long,  acute  to  blunt  at  the  apex;  branchlets  at 

first  sparingly  pubescent,  usually  soon  becoming  glabrous 

3a.     R.   glabra  var.    borealis. 

Leaflets  normally  3. 

Petiolules  of  leaflets  generally  more  than  3  cm  long;  fruit  pale  green  to  colorless. 

Fruit  glabrous,  rarely  with  a  few  hairs 6-  R-  radicans. 

Fruit  pubescent,  surface  usually  very  papillose 6a.    R.  radicans  var.  littoralis. 


Rhus 


Anacardiaceae 


649 


0  50 

Map  1349 


Rhus    glabra   L 


o  5o 

Map  1350 


Rhus    typhina   L 


0  ~~ 50 

Map  1351 


Rhus    radicans  L 


Petiolules  of  leaflets  less  than  3  cm  long;  fruit  red  and  densely  pubescent. 

Terminal   leaflet   mostly   ovate-lanceolate;    flowers   usually   appearing   before    the 

leaves 7.     R.    aromatica. 

Terminal  leaflet  mostly  obovate ;  flowers  usually  appearing  with  the  leaves 

8.    R.  trilobata  var.  arenaria. 

1.  Rhus  copallina  L.  Shining  Sumac.  Map  1347.  Rather  frequent  in 
some  of  the  northwestern  and  southern  counties,  being  rare  or  local  in  the 
remaining  counties,  or  absent  in  some  of  the  east-central  counties.  It 
prefers  a  rather  dry  sandy  soil  and  is  found  mostly  in  the  open  along 
roadsides,  fences,  and  railroads  and  in  abandoned  fields  and  open  woodland. 

Fernald  &  Griscom  (Rhodora  37:  167-168.  1935)  write  that  the  typical 
form  of  this  species  has  "lance-oblong  leaflets  definitely  attenuate  at  the 
base"  and  more  leaflets  than  our  interior  plant.  They  give  the  range  of 
the  typical  form  as  along  the  coast  from  New  York  to  Florida.  They  add 
that  our  form  "has  the  comparatively  few  leaflets  more  ovate-lanceolate  or 
short-oblong  and  rounded  at  the  base,"  and  should  be  known  as  var. 
latifolia  Engler  (DC.  Mon.  4:  384.  1883)  with  a  range  from  Maine  to 
Michigan,  southward  into  the  upland  of  North  Carolina  and  Oklahoma. 
Most  of  my  specimens  belong  to  this  wide-leaved  variety,  and  I  have  the 
typical  form  from  Starke  and  from  the  Ohio  River  Counties.  However, 
since  we  have  forms  intermediate  between  these  two  extremes,  it  seems 
best  not  to  separate  them  in  our  area. 

Maine,  s.  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Rhus  Vernix  L.  ( To xicodendron  Vernix  (L.)  Ktze.)  Poison  Sumac. 
Poison  Elder.  Map  1348.  Poison  sumac  is  frequent  in  low  ground  about 
lakes  and  in  bogs  in  the  lake  area.  South  of  this  area  I  have  found  it  in 
springy  areas  as  shown  on  the  map.  This  species  must  have  a  springy  or 
bog  habitat  in  which  to  live.  I  have  had  the  opportunity  to  watch  the 
species  in  three  bogs  that  were  drained,  and  it  gradually  died  out. 

Northern  N.  E.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


050  Anacardiaceae  Rhus 

3.  Rhus  glabra  L.  (Rhus  arbuscula  Greene  and  Rhus  media  Greene.) 
Smooth  Sumac.  Map  1349.  Infrequent  throughout  the  state,  preferring 
open  places  in  dry,  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  or  sometimes  in  moist  loam  and 
poor  clay  soil  of  hills.  It  prefers  the  open  and  is  found  along  roadsides 
and  fences  and  in  abandoned  fields  and  open  woodland. 

N.  S.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

3a.  Rhus  glabra  var.  borealis  Britt.  Barkley  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  19: 
598-599.  1938.)  has  tentatively  referred  my  specimens  nos.  58424 A,  58427, 
58544L,  58544M,  58544N  to  this  variety.  These  were  collected  along  the 
roadside  about  3  miles  northwest  of  Angola,  Steuben  County,  with  Rhus 
glabra,  Rhus  typhina  and  X  Rhus  pulvinata. 

4.  Rhus  typhina  L.  (Rhus  hirta  (L.)  Sudworth.)  Staghorn  Sumac. 
Map  1350.  Infrequent  or  local  in  the  lake  area  in  moist  places  about  lakes, 
bogs,  swamps,  and  low  places  in  general,  rarely  on  rocky  slopes.  In  south- 
ern Indiana  I  have  collected  it  on  the  high,  wooded  ridge  along  Sugar 
Creek,  just  east  of  Deer's  Mill  in  Montgomery  County,  and  on  the  bluffs  of 
the  Ohio  River  in  Switzerland  County.  It  has  been  reported  also  from 
Franklin,  Knox,  Posey,  and  Wayne  Counties. 

The  largest  specimens  I  ever  saw  were  growing  in  dry  soil  in  the  yard 
of  W.  H.  Montgomery  in  section  25,  about  4  miles  southeast  of  Bryant, 
Jay  County.  The  larger  was  30  inches  and  the  smaller  was  29  inches  in 
circumference  at  breast  height.  These  were  root  shoots  of  older  trees 
which  had  formerly  grown  in  his  yard,  and  Mr.  Montgomery  estimated 
that  these  trees  were  about  20  years  old.  The  bole  of  each  was  about  6 
feet  high.  Since  these  trees  were  attractive,  round-topped  shade  trees,  this 
species  might  well  be  used  for  that  purpose. 

N.  S.,  Ont.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Miss. 

5.  X  Rhus  pulvinata  Greene.  (Fedde,  Rep.  Spec.  Nov.  5:  45.  1908.) 
(Rhus  glabra  X  typhina.)  Barkley  discusses  the  status  of  this  hybrid  in 
Amer.  Midland  Nat.  19 :  589-599.  1938.  He  has  referred  my  nos.  58424B, 
58534A,  58534B,  and  58534L  to  this  hybrid.  He  refers  also  to  it,  speci- 
mens which  I  collected  in  Fulton  County  and  some  that  Nieuwland  col- 
lected in  St.  Joseph  County.  Doubtless  this  hybrid  is  sporadic  within  the 
range  of  the  parent  species. 

6.  Rhus  radicans  L.  (Toxicodendron  radicans  (L.)  Kuntze,  Rhus  rufes- 
cens  Greene,  and  Rhus  Toxicodendron  L.  of  Deam,  Shrubs  of  Indiana, 
revis.  ed.  1932.)  POISON  Ivy.  Map  1351.  An  infrequent  to  common  vine 
throughout  Indiana.  It  will  grow  anywhere  except  in  low  peaty  soil. 
The  species  has  two  habits  of  growth:  the  one  climbing  and  the  other 
erect.  The  climbing  form  is  the  more  common,  being  in  all  places  where 
the  erect  form  is  not  found.  It  is  found  mostly  along  fences  and  in  open 
and  thick  woods.  In  the  Lower  Wabash  Bottoms  it  reaches  a  diameter 
of  3  inches  and  climbs  to  the  tops  of  the  tallest  trees.  The  erect  form  is 
usually  less  than  3  feet  high  and  is  found  in  hard,  minimacid  soil  in  some 
of  the  southern  counties,  where  it  is  usually  associated  with  sweet  gum, 
and  in  the  dunes  along  Lake  Michigan.    The  species  is  extremely  variable 


Rhus 


Aquifoliaceae 


651 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

Dec.  C 

- 

1 

1 

V 

'rS 

f 

' 

r    {_ 

1 

i 

r 

1 

T 

D~>  / 

1    D,— ^ 

Miles 

D 

var 

li 

to 

D  J 

Rhu 

aii 

s     r, 

,    IN 

die; 
tear 

/o             '50' 
Map  1352 

ns 

ns)    Deam 

o         ~ 1o 
Map  1353 


Rhus    aromatica   A 


o  "30 

Map  1354 


Ilex    decidua   Walt 


and  some  of  the  forms  have  been  named.   The  margins  of  the  leaflets  vary 
from  entire  to  serrate  or  somewhat  lobed.    The  leaflets  are  acute  but  we 
have  one  specimen  with  a  rounded  apex.    The  fruit  is  subglobose  but  we 
have  one  specimen  with  elliptic  fruit. 
N.  S.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Mex. 

6a.  Rhus  radicans  L.  var.  littoralis  (Mearns)  Deam,  comb.  nov.  (Rhus 
littoralis  Mearns,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  15:  148.  1902.)  Map  1352.  This 
is  an  erect  form  with  hairy,  papillose  fruit  and  is  restricted  to  the  Ohio 
River  Counties. 

Maine  to  Va.,  westw.  to  Okla. 

7.  Rhus  aromatica  Ait.  (Rhus  canadensis  Marsh.)  Fragrant  Sumac. 
Map  1353.  Infrequent  throughout  the  state  except  on  the  dunes  of  Lake 
and  Porter  Counties  where  it  is  frequent.  Found  on  the  dunes  about  Lake 
Michigan,  on  the  gravelly  bank  of  the  St.  Joseph  River,  on  rocky  or  gravelly 
banks  and  bluffs  of  the  Wabash  River  and  its  tributaries,  and  in  southern 
Indiana  on  bluffs  and  slopes  of  streams. 

Que.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

8.  Rhus  triloba ta  Nutt.  var.  arenaria  (Greene)  Barkley.  (Ann.  Mis- 
souri Bot.  Gard.  24:  408.  1937.)  This  shrub  was  formerly  frequent  on  the 
low  dunes  near  Lake  Michigan  in  Lake  County  but  is  infrequent  in  Porter 
County.  The  building  of  Gary,  Indiana  Harbor,  and  Whiting  has  covered 
most  of  its  original  habitat. 

Lake  and  Porter  Counties  in  Ind.  and  in  adjacent  111. 


157.  AQUIFOLIACEAE  Lowe.  Holly  Family 

Leaves  never  entire;  petals  united  at  the  base;  pedicels  of  fruit  less  than  1  cm  long. 

4614.  Ilex,  p.  652. 

Leaves  entire,  rarely  with  a  few  teeth;  petals  not  united;  pedicels  of  fruit  more  than 

1  cm  long 4615.    Nemopanthus,  p.  653. 


652 


Aquifoliaceae 


Ilex 


o  50 

Map  1355 


lex    verticillata    (L)    Gray 


0   ~  50 

Map  1356 

Nemopanthes    mucronata    (I.)  Trel. 


3 

30 
2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

D 
V 

D 

so 

_^/d 

: 

p      p 

! 

D 

'£*. 

n     V 

D 

D        I 

J,^D 

6 
0 
P 

D 

f 

D     l_ 

P 

L      D 

- 

n» 

D 

f 

D 

6 

D 
I  ' 
W 

D 

B 

D 

r- 

J)  B     L 

PJ    D 

B 

i 

DP 

D 

D 

UC 

D 

1 

D 

D 

W 

r 

D 

D 
P 

" 

Dec.  (— 

" 

°    1. 

DP 

III 

3 
0 

"J-Jf  D        D    J 
fl   D              \     J\ 

D 

0  10 

1  F 

BB/      1 

id  r     i 

f     T    X         1 
/v         p       I 

D 

Off 

D 

pu 

l  .t/    Miles. 

J  d  Id 

Evor 

d  y 

1/ 

ymus 

at 

D 

PI 

ro 

)U 

/  0                  50 

Map  1357 
eus    Jacq 

4614.  ILEX  L.  Holly 

Calyx  lobes  not  ciliate ;  nutlets  ribbed 1.  I.  deeidua. 

Calyx  lobes  ciliate;  nutlets  not  ribbed. 

Leaves  dark  green,  obovate  or  oval,  mostly  2-5  cm  wide,  long  taper-pointed  at  the 
base;  blades  thin,  not  impressed-veined  above  or  beneath,  or  rarely  somewhat 

so ;  pubescent  beneath  mostly  on  the  veins 2.  /.  verticillata. 

Leaves  yellow  green,  elliptic  or  oblanceolate,  mostly  2-2.5  (4)   cm  wide,  short  taper- 
pointed   to  nearly  rounded   at  the  base;   blades  thick,  deeply  impressed-veined 

above  and  beneath,  usually  pubescent  on  the  whole  lower  surface 

2a.    /.  verticillata  var.  padifolia. 

1.  Ilex  deeidua  Walt.  PoSSUMHAW.  Map  1354.  Infrequent  in  a  few  of 
the  southwestern  counties  on  the  borders  of  sloughs,  ponds,  and  swamps 
and  in  low  woods. 

Va.  to  s.  111.  and  s.  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Ilex  verticillata  (L.)  Gray.  (Including  Ilex  verticillata  var.  tenuifolia 
(Torr.)  Wats,  and  Ilex  bronxensis  Britt.)  COMMON  WlNTERBERRY.  Map 
1355.  Local  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  It  is  rather  frequent  in 
some  parts  of  the  lake  area  in  swampy  and  boggy  places,  becoming  rare 
south  of  it. 

This  species  is  very  variable  in  the  shape,  texture,  and  pubescence  of  the 
leaves,  and  in  the  color  of  the  fruit.  These  variations  have  been  named, 
but  I  am  recognizing  only  one  form.  There  is  a  yellow-fruited  form  which 
I  have  found  once.   All  forms  are  on  one  map. 

N.  S.  to  Min.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Miss. 

2a.  Ilex  verticillata  var.  padifolia  (Willd.)  T.  &  G.  The  few  specimens 
of  this  variety  which  I  have  collected  were  growing  in  wet  places  in  hard, 
white,  slightly  acid  soil  in  the  "flats"  of  the  southern  counties.  I  received, 
however,  from  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Walter  Neff  a  specimen  from  Carroll  County 
that  was  collected  in  a  springy  place.  Specimens  have  also  been  collected 
in  Jasper  and  St.  Joseph  Counties.    This  variety  seems  to  be  a  complex 


Nemopanthus  Celastraceae  653 

but  with  a  limited  amount  of  field  study  I  am  not  able  to  determine 
whether  these  differences  are  ecological  or  morphological. 
Mass.  to  Minn,  and  southw. 

4615.  NEMOPANTHUS  Raf. 

1.  Nemopanthus  mucronata  (L.)  Trel.  Mountain  Holly.  Map  1356. 
In  swampy  and  boggy  places  about  lakes  and  in  wet  woods  in  the  lake  area. 
Infrequent. 

Newf .  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Ind. 

158.  CELASTRACEAE  Lindl.  Staff-tree  Family 

Leaves  opposite 4618.  Evonymus,  p.  653. 

Leaves  alternate 4625.  Celastrus,  p.  653. 

4618.  EVONYMUS  [Tourn.]]L. 

Petioles  of  terminal  pair  of  leaves  over  4  mm  long;  capsules  smooth 

1.     E.    atropurpureus. 

Petioles  of  terminal  pair  of  leaves  not  over  4  mm  long;  capsules  tuberculate. 

Erect  or  ascending  shrubs;   terminal  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  thin,  capsules   Spinel 

Red  (Ridgway  Standard) 2.   E.  americanus. 

Creeping  shrubs  with  upright  or  ascending  branches;  terminal  leaves  obovate,  firm; 
capsules  scarlet-  or  orange-red  (Ridgway  Standard) 3.  E.  obovatus. 

1.  Evonymus  atropurpureus  Jacq.  Wahoo.  Map  1357.  An  infrequent 
to  frequent  shrub  on  the  alluvial  banks  of  streams  throughout  the  state. 
It  is  rarely  found  far  from  water  courses  or  in  dry  situations. 

N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  e.  Tex. 

2.  Evonymus  americanus  L.  BROOK  EVONYMUS.  Map  1358.  Found  in 
a  few  of  the  southern  counties  where  it  grows  in  low,  flat  woods  with  sweet 
gum,  beech,  and  pin  oak,  and  rarely  in  dry  ground  with  black  and  white 
oak.  There  is  an  ascending  form  of  this  species  that  has  leaves  inter- 
mediate between  this  and  the  next  species  but  it  grows  with  the  species 
and  has  the  typical  fruit.  This  species  has  been  reported  for  some  of  the 
northern  counties  but  I  think  all  reports  from  there  should  be  referred  to 
Evonymus  obovatus. 

N.  Y.  to  111.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  Evonymus  obovatus  Nutt.  Running  Evonymus.  Map  1359.  Infre- 
quent in  rich,  moist  soil,  mostly  in  beech  and  sugar  maple  and  white  oak 
woods.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  we  have  no  records  for  the  extreme  south- 
western counties  although  I  have  botanized  this  area  intensively. 

Ont.  to  Mich,  and  111.,  southw.  to  Pa.  and  Ky. 

4625.  CELASTRUS  L. 

1.  Celastrus  scandens  L.  American  Bittersweet.  Map  1360.  Rather 
frequent  throughout  the  state  in  moist  or  dry  soils.  Mostly  along  fences 
and  more  rarely  in  thick  woodland  except  in  the  sandy  woods  of  the  south- 
western counties. 

Maine  to  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Tenn.,  and  N.  Mex. 


654 


ACERACEAE 


Staphylea 


1 
1 

Jan. 

ret). 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

Jk 

K 

T" 

r1 

X 

r 

fm 

J 

Dec.  t 

— 1° 
p 

—     i ' 

t — £   E 

_    D     j       W 

/    Miles 

J    ? 

E 

vony 

nus 

amencaru 

)                 56 

Map  1358 
s   L. 

i 

36 

4 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

°  1" 

1    B 

/    ff 

L       D 

D          <! 

I -J          _i     '""  '  — 

L/    D     » 

-                  B 

D 

'  »    vr 

j 

J»  D    D      ' 

D 

0        D 

m 

0 

p 

B      D 
P      t 

11 

D 

DP 

*          3D 

-SJ-1 — 

D 

0        D          D 

D             D 
P 

D 

B   D 

ac 

HD       — 

(      II     •! 

D 

J 

Ib  d 

I     B                    = 
'         I         '' 

Dec.f- 

B  ;    b 

DP        D          D 

ID 

KD     S 1 

D 
10 

^Ba  w—       / — * 

)  S  r    ^-/ 

D     J 

U    Miles 

/         \     "    1    ° 

D            V> 

~1_D   j        \ 

Evonymus 

obovatus 

0                50 
Map  1359 

Nutt. 

o  5o 

Map  1360 


Celastrus    scandens    L 


161.  STAPHYLEACEAE  DC.  Bladdernut  Family 
4665.  STAPHYLEA  L. 

1.  Staphylea  trifolia  L.  American  Bladdernut.  Map  1361.  An  infre- 
quent shrub  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  is  restricted  almost  entirely  to  the 
slopes  and  alluvial  banks  of  streams,  and  only  rarely  is  it  found  in  low 
places  in  woods. 

Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Kans. 


163.  ACERACEAE  St.  Hil.  Maple  Family 

4720.  ACER  [Tourn.]  L. 

Leaves  3-foliolate  or  pinnate. 

Branchlets  green,  not  glaucous;  fruit  more  or  less  pubescent  until  maturity 

1.     .4.    Negundo. 

Branchlets  glaucous   and   usually  more  or  less  violet   when   rubbed ;    fruit  glabrous. 

la.     A.   Negundo   var.   violaceum. 

Leaves  simple. 

Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves;  fruit  maturing  in  May  or  June. 

Petals  none;  fruit  more  or  less  pubescent  at  maturity;   the  terminal  lobe  of  the 

leaves  usually  narrowest  at  the  base 2.    A.  saccharinum. 

Petals  present;  fruit  glabrous  at  maturity;  the  terminal  lobe  of  the  leaves  usually 

broadest  at  the  base. 

Branchlets  glabrous  at  maturity;   leaves  at  maturity  glabrous  beneath   except 

for  a  few  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  or  rarely  the  entire  lower  surface 

covered  more  or  less  with  a  short  pubescence;  mature  fruit  generally  2-3.5 

cm  long 3.  A.  rubrum. 

Branchlets  more  or  less  pubescent  at  maturity;   leaves  beneath  covered  with  a 
dense    tomentum    which    remains    until    maturity    or    sometimes    becoming 

scanty;   fruit  generally  4-5  cm  long 3a.  A.  rubrum   var.  Dmmmondii. 

Flowers    appearing    after    the    leaves;     fruit    maturing    mostly    from    July    until 
September. 
Leaves  yellow  green  beneath,  the  sides  usually  somewhat  drooping;  petioles  of  the 
terminal  pair  of  leaves  with  expanded  and  more  or  less  clasping  bases   (some- 
times these  appendages  late  in  developing.) 


Acer 


ACERACEAE 


655 


Leaves  5-lobed. 

Petioles  glabrous  or  with  some  pubescence  at  the  base  and  point  of  insertion. 

4.     A.    nigrum. 

Petioles  pubescent  their  entire  length 4a.  A.  nigrum  f.  pubescens. 

Leaves  3-lobed. 

Petioles   glabrous 4b.  A.  nigrum  var.   Palmeri. 

Petioles  pubescent 4c.    A.  nigrum  var.  Palmeri  f.  villosum. 

Leaves  not  yellow  green  beneath,  the  sides  not  drooping;  petioles  of  the  terminal 

pair  of  leaves  not  expanded  at  the  base. 
Leaves  5-lobed. 

Petioles  glabrous 5.    A.  saccharum. 

Petioles  pubescent  their  entire  length 5a.    .4.  saccharum  f.  Schneckii. 

Leaves  3-lobed 5b.    A.  saccharum  var.  Rugelii. 

1.  Acer  Neg-undo  L.  (Nieuwland.  Box-elders,  real  and  so-called. 
Amer.  Midland  Nat.  2:  129-142.  1911.)  Boxelder.  Map  1362.  Usually 
infrequent.  In  low  ground  along  streams  and  rarely  far  from  them  on 
higher  ground  in  woods  and  along  fences  and  roadsides.  In  some  of  the 
low  woods  along  streams  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  this  species 
is  common,  and  a  nuisance  as  a  forest  tree  because  of  its  inferior  quality. 

N.  E.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  e.  Tex. 

la.  Acer  Negundo  var.  violaceum  Kirchner.  (Farwell.  Botanical  glean- 
ings in  Michigan.  III.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  10:  37.  1926.)  Map  1363. 
Found  in  the  habitat  of  the  species. 

Mass.,  Ohio,  n.  Wis.,  Minn.,  S.  Dak.  to  Idaho,  southw.  to  Mo. 

2.  Acer  saccharinum  L.  Silver  Maple.  Map  1364.  Infrequent  to  fre- 
quent and  locally  abundant  in  most  parts  of  the  state.  It  is  always  found 
in  wet  places,  usually  in  soil  with  little  organic  matter  except  in  the  lake 
region ;  along  streams  and  about  lakes  and  sloughs  and  low  places  in  woods. 

N.  B.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  Acer  rubrum  L.  Red  Maple.  Map  1365.  This  and  the  preceding 
species  are  known  in  commerce  as  soft  maples  in  contrast  to  the  hard  or 
sugar  maples.    Infrequent,  except  locally,  in  all  parts  of  the  state.    In 


(556 


ACERACEAE 


Acer 


o        ~^o 
Map  1364 


Acer    sacchannum    L. 


0  50 

Map  1365 


Acer    rubrum    L. 


0  50 

Map  1366 


Acer    nigrum    Michx.  f. 


northern  Indiana  it  is  found  both  on  gravelly  ridges  and  in  low  ground, 
and  rarely  in  bogs.  In  southern  Indiana  it  is  an  infrequent  tree  on 
the  ridges  in  most  upland  woods  where  it  is  associated  with  white  oak, 
and  in  the  "flats"  in  low,  wet  woods  it  may  be  frequent  and  is  associated 
with  sweet  gum  and  beech.  In  the  "flats"  it  grows  to  a  large  size  and  repro- 
duces abundantly  in  wet,  fallow  fields. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3a.  Acer  rubrum  var.  Drummondii  (Hooker  &  Arnott)  T.  &  G.  I  have 
this  variety  from  only  the  cypress  swamp  in  Knox  County  and  from 
swampy  woods  in  the  southern  part  of  Posey  County. 

In  deep  swamps  from  sw.  Ind.,  down  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  La.  and 
westw.  to  e.  Tex. 

4.  Acer  nigrum  Michx.  f.  Black  Maple.  Map  1366.  Throughout  the 
state  and  always  associated  with  the  sugar  maple.  Almost  pure  stands  of 
the  sugar  maple,  however,  may  occur  with  this  species  absent.  When 
the  two  are  associated,  the  black  maple  will  usually  be  found  in  the 
moister  area.  Usually  infrequent  but  locally  common.  I  have  seen  speci- 
mens of  this  form  with  the  glabrous  petiole  from  the  following  states: 
Que.,  Maine,  Vt,  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Del.,  Va.,  W.  Va.,  S.  C,  Ky.,  Tenn.,  Ohio, 
Mich.,  Ind.,  111.,  Wis.,  Minn.,  Iowa,  and  Mo. 

4a.  Acer  nigrum  Michx.  f.  forma  pubescens  Deam,  f.  nov.  A  forma 
typica  recedit  petiolis  pubescentibus.  Petioles  more  or  less  pubescent 
their  entire  length.  This  form  is  associated  with  the  species  throughout 
the  state  but  is  less  frequent  than  the  glabrous  form.  Type  in  Deam  Her- 
barium no.  58539,  Randolph  County,  Sept.  30,  1937.  I  have  seen  specimens 
from  the  following  states :  Que.,  Ont.,  Vt.,  N.  H.,  N.  Y.,  W.  Va.,  Ind.,  111., 
Wis.,  and  Mo.   (Atherton). 

4b.  Acer  nigrum  var.  Palmeri  Sarg.  (Jour.  Arnold  Arb.  2:  166.  1921.) 
This  is  a  form  with  leaves  3-lobed  and  is  far  more  common  than  the 
species  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state. 


Acer 


ACERACEAE 


657 


0  50 

Map  1367 


Acer     saccharum     Marsh. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


-. 

~ 

-A- 

r 

i   I 

J 

r 

r, 

i 

D 

i 

'        I 

*  1° 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1368 
Acer   saccharum 
f.  Schneckii  (Rehd.)  Deam 


0  50 

Map  1369 


Aesculus    glabra    Willd. 


4c.  Acer  nigrum  Michx.  f.  var.  Palmeri  Sarg.  forma  villdsum  Deam,  f. 
nov.  A  forma  typica  recedit  petiolis  pubescentibus.  Petioles  more  or  less 
pubescent  their  entire  length.  Associated  with  the  variety  but  I  do  not 
know  its  relative  frequency.  Type  in  Deam  Herbarium  no.  58437,  Kos- 
ciusko County,  Sept.  19,  1937. 

5.  Acer  saccharum  Marsh.  Sugar  Maple.  Map  1367.  A  frequent  to 
common  tree  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  is  absent  in  the  "flats"  and  on  the 
crests  of  the  ridges  in  the  unglaciated  area.  It  is  usually  associated  with 
beech  or  in  some  of  our  northern  woods  the  beech  is  replaced  by  basswood, 
red  oak,  and  white  ash.  The  species  is  very  variable  in  leaf  outline  and  in 
the  pubescence  of  the  petiole  and  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves.  Several 
forms  based  upon  these  characters  have  been  named.  The  sugar  maple  in 
Indiana  has  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  glaucous  while  in  the  northern 
range  of  its  distribution  it  has  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  green.  To 
distinguish  the  two  forms,  Sargent  (Bot.  Gaz.  67:  233.  1919)  named  the 
glaucous  form  var.  glaucwn. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

5a.  Acer  saccharum  Marsh,  forma  Schneckii  (Render)  Deam,  comb, 
nov.  (Acer  saccharum  var.  Schneckii  Render  and  Sargent,  Trees  and  Shrubs 
2 :  256.  1913.)  Map  1368.  This  is  a  form  found  with  the  species  and  is  re- 
stricted to  a  few  of  the  southwestern  counties.  The  few  trees  I  have  seen 
usually  have  a  decidedly  whiter  bark  and  the  trunk  and  branches  have  a 
more  gnarled  and  twisted  appearance.  I  have  had  it  under  cultivation  since 
1919  and  seed  from  this  tree  shows  that  the  seedlings  do  not  come  true  (all 
with  pubescent  petioles) . 

Wis.,  Ind.,  111.,  Mo.,  w.  Ky.,  and  w.  Tenn. 

5b.  Acer  saccharum  var.  Rugelii  (Pax)  Render.  This  is  a  form  with 
3-lobed  leaves  that  is  infrequent  throughout  our  area. 


658  HlPPOCASTANACEAE  Aesculus 

164.  HlPPOCASTANACEAE  T.  &  G.  Horse-chestnut  Family 

4721.  AESCULUS  L. 

Anthers  protruding  from  the  flowers;  fruit  warty. 

Flowers  white,  blotched  with  red,  yellow,  or  purple ;  introduced 

1.     A.    Hippocastanum. 

Flowers  yellow  or  greenish  yellow;  native 2.    A.  glabra. 

Anthers  included  in  the  flowers;  fruit  smooth 3.    A.  octandra. 

1.  Aesculus  HippocAstanum  L.  Horse-chestnut.  Reported  in  Coul- 
ter's Catalogue  as  escaping  from  cultivation.  Also  reported  by  Andrews 
for  Monroe  County  without  data.  It  is  reported  as  sparingly  escaped  in 
Michigan  and  Schaff ner,  in  his  Catalogue  of  Ohio  Plants,  says :  "No  speci- 
mens." 

Introduced  from  Asia  through  Eu. 

2.  Aesculus  glabra  Willd.  Ohio  Buckeye.  Map  1369.  Usually  a  fre- 
quent tree  in  all  parts  of  Indiana  although  it  appears  to  be  absent  from  a 
few  of  the  northwestern  counties.  Because  it  is  poisonous  to  stock,  land 
owners  from  the  earliest  times  have  tried  to  exterminate  it.  It  is  usually 
associated  with  beech,  sugar  maple,  and  American  linden. 

The  pubescence  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaflets  is  quite  variable  as  to 
abundance  and  duration.  Trees  with  the  leaflets  permanently  pubescent 
beneath  are  known  as  Aesculus  glabra  f.  pallida  (Willd.)  Fern. 

West  of  the  Allegheny  Mts.  from  Pa.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Okla. 

3.  Aesculus  octandra  Marsh.  YELLOW  BUCKEYE.  Map  1370.  Infrequent 
on  wooded  slopes  near  the  Ohio  River  from  Dearborn  to  Crawford  Coun- 
ties. Phinney's  report  for  Delaware  and  Jay  Counties  was  an  error. 

The  flowers  vary  in  color  from  deep  yellow  to  purple  or  reddish  purple. 
This  variation,  added  to  the  fact  that  the  species  begins  flowering  when  it 
is  shrublike  and  ultimately  grows  to  be  a  very  large  forest  tree,  has  led 
authors  to  describe  several  species  and  forms.  A  purple  flowered  form 
was  reported  by  Young1  for  Jefferson  County  under  the  name  of  Aesculus 
flava  var.  purpurascens.  This  color  form  is  now  known  as  Aesculus  octan- 
dra f.  virginica  (Sarg.)   Fern.    (Rhodora  39:  318.    1937.) 

Pa.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Okla.,  and  Tex. 

165.  SAPINDACEAE  R.  Br.  Soapberry  Family 

Herbaceous  plants.    (See  excluded  species  no.  432,  p.  1072) 

4726.    Cardiospermum,  p.  658. 

Woody  plants 4824.    Koelretjteria,  p.  658. 

4726.  CARDIOSPERMUM  L. 

See  excluded  species  no.  432,  p.  1072. 

4824.  KOELREUTERIA  Laxm. 

1.      KOELREUTERIA      PANICULATA      Laxm.       GOLDENRAIN-TREE.       Escaped 

from  cultivation  in  New  Harmony,  in  Posey  County. 

'Botany  of  Jefferson  County.  Indiana  Geol.  Surv.  Rept.  2:  255.    1871. 


Impatiens 


BALSAMINACEAE 


659 


1 

v_ 

y 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

y 

f 

V 

V 

X 

) 

1 

1 

r 

-4: 

Dec.  (— 

i  ' — 

D  s 

DPI        l     ! 

/    Miles 

1      /   \    y\     j 

3                 50 

Is^S^Kj^-J1              Map  1370 

Aesculus    octandra    Marsh 

0  50 

Map  1371 


Impatiens    biflora   Walt 


0  50 

Map  1372 


Impatiens    pallida   Nutt 


Nat.  of  Asia.  Introduced  by  McClure  in  the  early  settlement  of  New 
Harmony  and  planted  in  his  yard  near  his  gate.  Since  it  had  no  common 
name  it  was  referred  to  as  the  gate  tree,  the  name  by  which  it  is  still 
popularly  known  in  New  Harmony. 

168.  BALSAMINACEAE  Lindl.  Touch-me-not  Family 

4856.  IMPATIENS  [Rivin.]  L. 

Flowers  orange  yellow,  thickly  dotted  with  reddish  brown;  sac  longer  than  broad 

1.     I.    biflora. 

Flowers  pale  yellow,  sparingly  dotted  with  reddish  brown;  sac  broader  than  long 

2.     /.    pallida. 

1.  Impatiens  biflora  Walt.  Spotted  Touch-me-not.  Map  1371.  Usually 
in  large  colonies  or  covering  large  areas,  in  wet  or  moist  woodland  and 
along  streams. 

This  species  has  several  named  color  forms  but  as  yet  none  have  been 
reported  for  this  state. 

Newf.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Nebr. 

2.  Impatiens  pallida  Nutt.  Pale  Touch-me-not.  Map  1372.  This  plant 
is  usually  larger  than  the  preceding  and  grows  in  drier  situations.  Usually 
in  large  colonies  in  moist  places  in  beech  woods  or  with  other  species  in 
damp,  shady  woods. 

N.  Maine  and  w.  N.  E.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Kans. 

169.  RHAMNACEAE  Dumort.  Buckthorn  Family 

Leaves  pinnately-veined;  flowers  greenish  yellow;  fruit  a  drupe 

4875.     Rhamnus,  p.  659. 

Leaves  triple-veined;  flower?  white;  fruit  a  dry  capsule 4877.    Ceanothus,  p.  661. 


4875.  RHAMNUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Buckthorn 

Pedicels  pubescent;  flowers  mostly  in  peduncled  cymes 1.    R.  caroliniana. 

Pedicels  glabrous;  flowers  not  in  peduncled  cymes. 


660 


Rhamnaceae 


Rhamnus 


4 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov 

f 



\ 

f^ 

1 

r 

In 

~r 

1 

1 

Dec  C 

i 

/    Miles 

R 

hamr 

1US 

caroliniana 

D 

Map  1373 
Wall 

0  50 

Map  1374 


Rhamnus    lanceolata    Pursh. 


1 

3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

»     t 

f 

0       m  j     » 

V          D 

^^iT 

0 

D 

r     d 
p 

\ 

r  h- 

* 

X 

r 

-4r 

f 

r1 

Decf^ — 

y     Miles 

0                50 

l^S^^j-^J              Map  1375 

Rhamnus    alnifoha  L'Heer. 

Leaves  mostly  with  3  pairs  of  veins;  flowers  4-parted;  nutlets  3  or  4.    (See  excluded 

species  no.  433,  p.  1072.) R.  cathartica. 

Leaves  mostly  with  4-10  pairs  of  veins;  flowers  4-  or  5-parted;  nutlets  2  or  3. 

Flowers  4-parted;  nutlets  2;  leaves  pubescent  beneath 2.    R.  lanceolata. 

Flowers  5-parted;  nutlets  3. 

Leaves  crenate-serrulate ;  petals  none;  nutlets  grooved  on  the  back;  leaves  glab- 
rous or  glabrate  beneath 3.  R.  alni folia. 

Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  glabrous  beneath;  petals  5;  nutlets  smooth  on  the 
back 4.     R.    Frangula. 

1.  Rhamnus  caroliniana  Walt.  Carolina  Buckthorn.  Map  1373.  On 
rocky  wooded  slopes  near  the  Ohio  River  and  rarely  inland  on  gentle 
wooded  slopes. 

Va.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

la.  Rhamnus  caroliniana  var.  mollis  Fern.  (Rhodora  12:  79.  1910.) 
This  is  a  form  with  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  more  or  less  densely 
pubescent.   Specimens  in  our  area  show  all  grades  of  pubescence. 

2.  Rhamnus  lanceolata  Pursh.  Lance-leaf  Buckthorn.  Map  1374. 
This  species  is  very  local  and  has  two  distinct  habitats.  One  is  on  limestone 
cliffs  and  rocky  or  gravelly  wooded  slopes  and  the  other  is  in  springy  places 
with  skunk  cabbage,  and  in  alluvial  soil  along  streams. 

Pa.,  Ind.,  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Tex. 

3.  Rhamnus  alnifolia  L'Her.  Alder  Buckthorn.  Map  1375.  A  small 
shrub  in  or  on  the  borders  of  tamarack  bogs  and  at  the  moist  bases  of 
dunes  in  the  dune  area.   Rare. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  W.  Va.,  111.,  and  Calif. 

4.  Rhamnus  FrAngula  L.  Glossy  Buckthorn.  Freely  escaping  about 
Interlaken  in  La  Porte  County.  First  reported  by  J.  A.  Nieuwland.  In 
1938  S.  W.  Witmer  of  Goshen  College  found  a  colony  about  15  feet  high 
in  low,  mucky  soil  in  sec.  34  about  2  miles  north  of  Goshen,  Elkhart  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 


Ceanothus 


VlTACEAE 


661 


0  50 

Map  1376 


Ceanothus    americanus    L. 


0  50 

Map  1377 


Ceanothus    ovatus    Desf. 


3 
2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Au& 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.f- 

B       D 

yc  p 

f 

rf  D  )  D 

3         J-^ 

D 

h 

D 

\ 

V 

' 

X 

ZT 

_ 

r 

-  i 

D 

J 

J- 

r 

1 

D 

1         ' 

0 

d1    o 

i.C  ] 

1/    Miles 

Vi 

is  L 

ab 

rusca   L 

0                 50 

Map  1378 

4877.  CEANOTHUS  L. 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  generally  pubescent  all  over  the  lower  surface;  peduncle 
pubescent,  longer  than  the  subtending  leaf;  capsules  generally  crested  or  rough- 
ened on  the  angles;  seed  more  than  2  mm  long,  smooth 1.   C.  americanus. 

Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  beneath;  peduncle  glabrous,  generally 
shorter  than  the  subtending  leaf;  capsules  not  crested  or  roughened  on  the  angles; 
seed  2  mm  or  less  in  length,  surface  pitted 2.  C.  ovatus. 

1.  Ceanothus  americanus  L.  New  Jersey  Tea.  Map  1376.  Infrequent 
throughout  the  state  in  dry  situations,  being  more  frequent  in  the  sandy 
soil  of  the  lake  area,  especially  in  the  dune  area.  South  of  the  lake  area 
it  prefers  the  slopes  and  crests  of  black  and  white  oak  ridges  and  is  found 
also  on  limestone  and  sandstone  bluffs. 

Maine  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Ceanothus  ovatus  Desf.  Inland  New  Jersey  Tea.  Map  1377.  Our 
only  specimens  come  from  the  low  dunes  along  Lake  Michigan  between 
Pine  and  Miller  in  Lake  County. 

Vt.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  D.  C,  111.,  and  Tex. 


170.  VlTACEAE  Lindl.  Grape  Family 

Leaves  simple. 

Pith  of  branches  interrupted  at  the  nodes;  petals  cohering  at  the  summit  and  falling 
off  as  a  cap  without  separating;   berry  spheroidal   in  shape    (except  in   Vitis 

Labrusca) ,  black  or  bluish  black,  edible 4909.    Vitis,  p.  661. 

Pith  of  branches  not  interrupted  at  the  nodes;  petals  distinct  and  expanding  before 

falling  off;  berry  oblate-spheroidal  in  shape,  bluish,  not  edible 

4916.  Ampelopsis,  p.  665. 

Leaves  palmately  compound 4915.   Parthenocissus,  p.  664. 

4909.  VtTIS  [Tourn.]  L.  Grape 

[Bailey.    The  species   of   grapes   peculiar  to   North   America.    Gentes 
Herbarum  3 :  149-244.   1934.] 


662  VlTACEAE  Vitis 

Vines  having  a  tendril  or  flower  cluster  opposite  each  leaf  (rarely  the  tendrils  aborting 
and  falling  off);  fruiting  clusters  generally  with  fewer  than  15  berries;  mature 

berries  generally  1  cm  or  more  in  diameter 1.    V.  Labrusca. 

Vines  lacking  a  tendril  or  flower  cluster  opposite  every  third  leaf;   fruiting  clusters 

generally  with  more  than  15  berries;  mature  berries  less  than  1  cm  in  diameter. 

Under   surface   of  the  leaves   green   and   rusty   pubescent   or   glaucous   and   nearly 

glabrous,  or  with  a  whitish  and  cobwebby  pubescence  which  generally  becomes 

rusty  where  the  veins  converge  at  the  base  of  the  leaf 2.  V.  aestivalis. 

Under  surface  of  the  leaves  glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent,  but  never  glaucous 
or  rusty  pubescent    (although  the  pubescence  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  of  the 
leaf  may  become  more  or  less  rusty) . 
Leaves  without  lobes  or  with  two  short,  lateral  ones,  which  generally  form  a  wide 
sinus  with  the  terminal  lobe. 
Branchlets    more    or    less    angled    and    permanently    densely    pubescent;    under 
surface  of  mature  leaves  more  or  less  densely  pubescent;  teeth  of  margin 
of  blades  short,  convex,  and  generally  less  than  3  mm  long,  the  sides  of  the 
teeth  which  end  the  two  principal  lateral  veins  generally  forming  an  ob- 
tuse angle 3.   V.  cinerea. 

Branchlets  not  conspicuously  angled;  under  surface  of  the  leaves  glabrous,  or 
pubescent,  generally  only  along  the  veins;  teeth  of  margin  of  blades  sharp, 
generally  more  than  3  mm  long,  the  sides  of  the  two  ending  the  two  prin- 
cipal lateral  veins,  generally  forming  an  acute  angle 4.  V.  vulpina. 

Leaves  mostly  with  two  lateral   lobes,  generally   acute,   and   usually  forming  an 
acute  sinus  with  the  terminal  lobe. 
Branchlets    bright    red    (shade    forms    sometimes    greenish)  ;    fruit    without    a 
bloom;  in  Indiana  found  only  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley..  .5.    V.  palmata. 

Branchlets  not  red ;  fruit  with  a  bloom ;  found  throughout  the  state 

6.  V.  riparia. 

1.  Vitis  Labrusca  L.  Fox  Grape.  Map  1378.  This  species  is  apparently 
restricted  to  the  northwestern  and  southeastern  parts  of  the  state.  In  the 
northwestern  part  it  is  found  in  low  ground  in  woods,  usually  associated 
with  pin  and  black  oaks  or  in  the  dunes  mostly  on  the  mucky  borders  of 
streams  and  ditches.  In  the  southeastern  part  it  is  generally  found  in  the 
"flats"  in  woodland  or  along  roadsides.  At  least  in  this  section  of  the  state 
it  prefers  the  mediacid  soils  and  is  associated  with  sweet  gum,  pin  oak, 
and  beech. 

The  color  of  the  fruit  of  this  species  is  usually  purplish  black.  The  late 
Wm.  Henderson,  a  grower  and  collector  of  medicinal  plants,  who  lived 
about  11  miles  northeast  of  Greensburg,  found  in  Franklin  County  a  wild 
plant  of  this  species  that  bore  yellow  green  fruit.*  He  sent  me  seed  and  a 
part  of  the  original  plant  which  I  now  have  growing.  Seed  were  planted 
and  seedlings  were  widely  distributed  to  botanical  gardens.  The  seedlings 
do  not  all  have  green  fruit. 

N.  E.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

2.  Vitis  aestivalis  Michx.  Summer  Grape.  Map  1379.  Throughout  the 
state.  Rare  to  infrequent  in  the  northern  two  thirds  of  the  state,  becoming 
frequent  to  common  in  the  southern  part.  It  is  usually  found  in  dry  situa- 
tions in  woodland  or  in  the  open. 

N.  H.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2a.  Vitis  aestivalis  var.  argentifolia  (Munson)  Fern.  (Rhodora  38: 
428.  1936.)   (Vitis  bicolor  Le  Conte.)    This  variety  is  generally  regarded  as 

*  Vitis  Labrusca  f.  alba  (Prince)  Fern.    (Rhodora  41:  431.    1939.) 


Vitis 


VlTACEAE 


663 


0  50 

Map  1379 


Vitis   aestivalis    Michx. 


3 

1 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

r 

Jk 

J    rL, 

D 

f 

n     L 

DP 

F 

- 

B 

D 

H 

0 

r1  » 
i    f 

0     __1 

Dec.j— - 

1 

D 
P 

\    ° 

I 

cL     D 

o    /    1 

o  S  r — 4_/ 
~}J    Miles 

>  D 

r 
i 

D 

Vit 

is 

cinerea    En 

0                 50 

Map  1380 

^elm. 

0  50 

Map  1381 


Vitis  vulpina  L. 


a  northern  form  of  Vitis  aestivalis  and  is  separated  from  it  by  the  less 
dense  pubescence  and  glaucous  color  of  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves. 
Since  my  specimens  show  all  degrees  of  intermediates  between  the  two 
extremes  I  think  this  variety  is  merely  a  form  of  the  species  and  I  have 
grouped  them  on  one  map.  We  have  this  form  from  the  Ohio  River  to  Lake 
Michigan  but  it  becomes  progressively  more  frequent  toward  the  northern 
part  of  the  state. 

3.  Vitis  cinerea  Engelm.  Sweet  Winter  Grape.  Map  1380.  This 
species  is  usually  associated  with  Vitis  aestivalis  from  which  it  was  not 
formerly  separated.  It  is  more  common  in  the  southwestern  counties  and 
in  rather  sandy  soil.  Pepoon's  report  from  Lake  County  should  be 
referred  to  Vitis  Labrusca.  (Rhodora  35:  302.  1933.) 

Va.,  sw.  Ohio  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Tex. 

4.  Vitis  vulpina  L.  Rhodora  41:  431-434.  1939.)  (Vitis  cordifdlia 
Michx.)  Frost  Grape.  Map  1381.  Throughout  the  state  although  we  have 
no  specimens  from  the  extreme  northwestern  part.  This  species  prefers 
the  open  and  is  commonly  found  in  dry  soil  along  fences. 

I  measured  a  specimen  in  Perry  County,  that  was  9  inches  in  diameter 
at  breast  height. 

N.  Y.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5.  Vitis  palmata  Vahl.  Catbird  Grape.  Map  1382.  This  species  is 
local  and  has  been  found  in  only  Knox,  Gibson,  Posey,  and  Montgomery 
Counties  on  the  low  borders  of  sloughs  and  ponds.  It  is  usually  associated 
with  buttonbush. 

In  the  Mississippi  Valley  from  Ind.  to  La.  and  Tex. 

6.  Vitis  riparia  Michx.  (Vitis  vulpina  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton 
and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  (See  Rhodora  41:  431-434.  1939.) 
Riverbank  Grape.  Map  1383.  Throughout  the  state.  Although  we  have 
few  specimens  from  the  unglaciated  area,  it  occurs  there  at  least  along  the 
Ohio  ^iver.   It  prefers  alluvial  soil. 


664 


VlTACEAE 


Parthenocissus 


3 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

1 

\ 

J 

\ 

i 

-4 

w\ 

J 

J~ 

r 

Dec.  C 

r     ' — 

J    Mi'les 

rS  P  DP 

D    ( 

O           1 
B            ' 

Vi 

is 

Dalmata   V 

3                50 

Map  1382 
ahl 

0  50 

Map  1383 
Vitis  riparia   Michx. 


0  ~5o 

Map  1384 


Parthenocissus  quinquefolia  (LJ  Planch 


along  streams  but  it  is  found  also  in  moist  soil  along  fences  and  wood- 
land. 

N.  B.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ark.,  and  Tex. 

6a.  Vitis  riparia  var.  syrticola  (Fern.  &  Wieg.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  41: 
431.  1939.)  This  is  merely  a  more  pubescent  form  occurring  on  the  dunes 
along  Lake  Michigan  and  found  once  along  the  Kankakee  River  in  Lake 
County. 


4915.  PARTHENOCISSUS  Planch. 

Leaves  dull  above;  tendrils  adhesive;  inflorescence  not  dichotomously  branched;  fruit 
5-7  mm  in  diameter ;  seed  1-3 ,. 1.    P.  quinquefolia. 

Leaves  glossy  above;  tendrils  not  adhesive;  inflorescence  dichotomously  branched; 
fruit  mostly  8-10  mm  in  diameter;  seed  3  or  4 2.  P.  inserta. 

1.  Parthenocissus  quinquefolia  (L.)  Planch.  (Psedera  quinquefolia 
(L.)  Greene  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Parthenocissus  quinquefolia  (L.) 
Planch,  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2  as  to  name  but  not  figure.) 
Virginia  Creeper.  Five-leaf  Ivy.  Map  1384.  More  or  less  frequent 
throughout  the  state  along  fences  and  in  clearings  and  woodland.  It  is 
more  common  in  beech  and  sugar  maple  and  sandy  black  and  white  oak 
woodland.  It  also  is  usually  frequent  in  the  "flats,"  if  not  too  wet,  and  in 
the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  where  it  reaches  its  largest  size.  The  reports 
from  the  dune  area  should  probably  be  referred  to  P.  inserta.  (See  Buhl, 
Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  251.   1935.) 

N.  E.  to  Wis.  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Mex. 

la.  Parthenocissus  quinquefolia  f.  hirsuta  (Donn)  Fern.  (Rhodora 
41:  664.  1939.)  This  is  a  form  of  the  species  with  the  branchlets, 
tendrils,  petioles,  and  leaves  pubescent,  at  least  while  young.  My  speci- 
mens range  from  glabrous  to  pubescent  and  show  all  degrees  of  pubescence. 


Ampelopsis 


TlLIACEAE 


665 


o  55 

Map  1385 

Parthenocissus  vitacea  (Knerr)   Hitchc. 


0  50 

Map  1386 


Ampelopsis    cordata    Michx. 


Since  the  distribution  of  the  forms  shows  no  geographic  or  habitat  range, 
all  forms  are  shown  on  the  map  as  belonging  to  the  species. 

2.  Parthenocissus  inserta  (Kerner)  Fritsch.  (Jour.  Arnold  Arb.  20: 
419.  1939.)  (Parthenocissus  vitacea  (Knerr)  Hitchc.  and  Psedera  vitacea 
(Knerr)  Greene.)  Map  1385.  Rather  frequent  in  the  open  throughout  the 
lake  area,  usually  on  fences. 

Canada  and  N.  E.  to  Man.  and  Wyo.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  Kans.,  and  Tex. 

4916.  AMPELOPSIS  Michx. 

1.  Ampelopsis  cordata  Michx.  (Cissies  Ampelopsis  Pers.)  Heartleaf 
Ampelopsis.  Map  1386.  Restricted  to  the  flood  plains  of  the  streams  of 
the  southern  and  southwestern  part  of  the  state.  In  cultivation  it  has 
proven  hardy  as  far  north  as  Bluffton.  In  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  it 
climbs  to  the  tops  of  the  tallest  trees  and  reaches  a  diameter  of  3  inches. 

Va.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


174.  TlLIACEAE  Juss.  Linden  Family 

4964.  TlLIA  [Tourn.]  L. 

Leaves  glabrous  beneath  or  with  tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins 

1.     T.   americana. 

Leaves  densely  white-  or  gray-pubescent  beneath 2.    T.  heterophylla. 

1.  Tilia  americana  L.  (Tilia  glabra  Vent,  of  Deam,  Trees  of  Indiana.) 
American  Linden.  Basswood.  Map  1387.  More  or  less  frequent  to  com- 
mon in  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  prefers  a  moist  habitat  and  in  the  lake 
area  it  often  formed  10-15  per  cent  of  the  stand  of  the  original  forests. 
In  the  hills  of  the  southern  part  of  the  state  it  is  often  found  on  the  rocky 
bluffs  of  streams. 

N.  B.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  w.  Tex. 


666 


Malvaceae 


Abutilon 


o         -^5 
Map  1388 


Tilia    heterophylla  Vent. 


Miles 

0  5d 

Map  1389 


Abutilon   Theophrasti    Medic 


0  5u 

Map  1390 
Malva    sylvestris 
var.   mauretiana   fL.)    Boiss 


2.  Tilia  heterophylla  Vent.  White  Basswood.  Map  1388.  An  infre- 
quent tree  on  the  bluffs  and  slopes  of  ravines  and  streams  in  a  few  of  the 
southern  counties. 

W.  Va.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 

175.  MALVACEAE  Neck.  Mallow  Family 

Calyx  without  involucral  bracts. 

Leaves  mostly  6-15  cm  long,  cordate  at  the  base. 

Leaves  not  lobed;  flowers  yellow 4983.   Abutilon,  p.  666. 

Leaves  lobed;  flowers  white  or  pinkish 4994.    Napaea,  p.  668. 

Leaves  less  than  6  cm  long,  from  tapering  to  cordate  at  the  base;  flowers  yellow 

4998.    Sida,  p.  668. 

Calyx  with  involucral  bracts. 

Involucral  bracts  of  calyx  2  or  3. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear;  flowers  yellow 4995.   Malvastrum,  p.  668. 

Leaves  not  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear;  flowers  not  yellow. 

Blades  orbicular  in  outline;  petals  obovate;  ovaries  not  beaked 

4992.    Malva,  p.  667. 

Blades  triangular-hastate ;  petals  truncate ;  ovaries  beaked 

4992A.    Callirhoe,  p.  668. 

Involucral  bracts  of  calyx  6  or  more. 

Stamen  column  anther-bearing  at  the  summit;  fruit  composed  of  15-20  carpels... 

4991.    Althaea,  p.  667. 

Stamen  column  anther-bearing  below  the  summit ;  fruit  a  5-celled  capsule 

5013.    Hibiscus,  p.  669. 


4983.  ABtJTILON  [Tourn.]  Mill. 

1.  Abutilon  Theophrasti  Medic.  (Abutilon  Abutilon  (L.)  Rusby  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Velvet-leaf.  Indian  Mallow. 
Map  1389.  A  frequent  to  common  weed  found  throughout  the  state.  It  is 
found  in  cultivated  grounds,  stubble  fields,  open  woodland,  and  waste 
places,  and  along  roadsides  and  railroads. 

Nat.  of  India;  in  all  but  the  colder  parts  of  N.  A. 


Malva 


Malvaceae 


667 


Malva    rotundifoha   L 


a 

3 
4 
4 
3 
3 

Jan. 

Feb. 
Mar. 
Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec  C 

0 

D 

D 

D 

D 

i 

D          0 
P 

"DP 

r 

DP 

n     V- 

1  AD 

e 

D 

;     L 

f 

p 

w 

n 

D 

r 

V r 

B 

t 

- 

...       110     I1 

0 

J~ 

r 

0       Pr 

IU 

\-/\          \   D  J 
D               JXW 

i     , 

D    >^ 

£/     Miles 

M 

J     \      JA       /  0                 50 

^f\?              Map  1392 
slva    neglecta    Wallr. 

i 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

D 

r 

\ 

f^ 

X 

-4e 

J 

V- 

r 

Dec.f- 

1 

y    Miles 

~~ r  T 

M 

alva 

moschata 

0                 50 

Map  1393 

L. 

4991.  ALTHAEA  L. 

See  excluded  species  no.  437,  p.  1073. 


4992.  MALVA  [Tourn.]  L.  Mallow 

Leaves  crisped  or  puckered  on  the  margins;  flowers  and  fruit  sessile.     (See  excluded 

species  no.  439,  p.  1073) M.  crispa. 

Leaves  not  crisped  or  puckered  on  the  margins;  flowers  and  fruit  not  sessile. 
Leaves  with  5-9  shallow  lobes. 
Plants  erect,  1.5-9  dm  high. 

Petals  purplish  or  rose,  about  20  mm  long. 

Leaves  with  triangular  lobes.    (See  excluded  species  no.  440,  p.  1073) 

M.   sylvestris. 

Leaves  with  rounded  lobes 1.    M.  sylvestris  var.  mauretiana. 

Petals  pinkish  white,  about  5  mm  long;  carpels  8-11   (usually  10),  more  or  less 
pubescent   and   rugose  on   the  back;    suture  between   carpels  more  or   less 

crested 2.     M.    rotundi folia. 

Plants  procumbent;   petals  about  10  mm  long,  pale  blue;  carpels  12-15,  more  or 
less  pubescent  but  smooth  or  faintly  reticulate  on  the  back;   suture  between 

carpels  not  raised,  usually  depressed 3.    M.  neglecta. 

Leaves  deeply  5-7-lobed. 

Stem  leaves  5-parted,  the  lobes  1-  or  2-parted;  carpels  pubescent.  .4.  M.  moschata. 

Stem  leaves  5-parted,  the  lobes  incised  or  toothed  but  not  parted;  carpels  glabrous. 

(See  excluded  species  no.  438,  p.  1073) M.  Alcea. 

1.  Malva  sylvestris  L.  var.  mauretiana  (L.)  Boiss.  (Rhodora  12: 
140.  1910.)  High  Mallow.  Map  1390.  A  rare  garden  escape.  It  is  said 
that  this  variety  is  the  form  of  the  species  that  has  escaped  in  the  eastern 
United  States  and  probably  all  of  our  reports  should  be  referred  to  it. 
All  specimens  seen  belong  to  the  variety. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia ;  widely  but  sparingly  escaped  in  e.  N.  A. 

2.  Malva  rotundifolia  L.  (Rhodora  39:  98-99.  1937.)  (Malva 
pusilla  Smith.)  (Bergman.  Comments  on  Malva  rotundifolia  L.  and  its 
allies.  Minnesota  Bot.  Stud.  4:  437-441.  1916.)  Roundleaf  Mallow. 
Map  1391.    This  species  has  the  same  habitat  and  is  closely  allied  to  the 


668  Malvaceae  Callirhoe 

following  species  from  which  it  has  not  been  separated  in  our  manuals. 
No  doubt  search  will  reveal  its  presence  in  our  area  in  many  places.  Its 
general  distribution  has  not  yet  been  studied. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  N.  Dak.,  and  westw. 

3.  Malva  NEGLECTA  Wallr.  (Malva  rotundifolia  of  authors.)  Map 
1392.  A  frequent  weed  mostly  about  dwellings  and  in  waste  places  in 
all  parts  of  the  state.  When  once  established  it  soon  becomes  abundant 
and  a  pest,  especially  when  it  enters  barnyards  and  cultivated  grounds. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia  and  widely  naturalized  throughout  all  but  the  colder 
parts  of  N.  A. 

4.  Malva  moschata  L.  Musk  Mallow.  Map  1393.  There  are  three 
reports  from  Indiana.  There  is  a  pink  and  a  white  form.  My  specimen 
is  the  white  form  and  was  collected  along  a  roadside  5  miles  north  of 
Goshen  in  Elkhart  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Va.,  and  Wis. 

4992A.  CALLlRHOE  Nutt. 

1.  Callirhoe  triangulata  (Leavenw.)  Gray.  Clustered  Poppy-mallow. 
Map  1394.  Indiana  is  included  in  the  range  of  this  species  in  Gray,  Man., 
ed.  7  and  in  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.  There  were,  how- 
ever, no  specimens  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  or  in  the  herbarium  of  the 
New  York  Botanical  Garden  until  I  sent  them  specimens  in  1933.  There 
are  no  other  reports.  In  July,  1933,  Scott  McCoy  found  it  plentiful  in 
sandy  soil  along  the  C.  E.  &  I.  Railroad  about  a  mile  north  of  Oaktown, 
Knox  County.  I  visited  this  place  in  August,  1933,  and  found  the  species 
well  established  at  three  places.  An  attempt  to  dig  some  plants  convinced 
me  that  it  has  been  there  for  some  time  and  is  doubtless  established. 

111.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tex. 

4994.  NAPAEA  [Clayt.]  L. 

1.  Napaea  dioica  L.  Glade  Mallow.  Map  1395.  Local  and  very  rare. 
Alluvial  banks  of  the  Wabash  River  and  moist  roadsides.  I  have  had  the 
staminate  form  in  cultivation  since  1918  and  the  pistillate  form  since  1931. 

Pa.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Tenn.,  and  Iowa. 

4995.  MALVASTRUM  Gray 
See  excluded  species  no.  441,  p.  1073. 

4998.  SIDA  L. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong 1.  S.  spinosa. 

Leaves  palmately  3-7-lobed.    (See  excluded  species  no.  442,  p.  1073)  . .  .S.  hermapJvrodita. 

1.  Sida  spinosa  L.  Prickly  Sida.  Map  1396.  An  infrequent  weed  in 
cultivated  fields,  truck  gardens,  waste  places,  open  woodland,  and  pas- 


Hibiscus 


Malvaceae 


669 


Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


f 

J 

^ 

1  |_| 

i 

A 

U , 

_L 

i 

D     f 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1394 
Callirhoe  t nangulata  (Leavenw.)  A.  Gray 


0  50 

Map  1395 


Napaea    dioica   L. 


0  50 

Map  1396 


Sida    spinosa   L. 


tures,  and  along  roadsides  and  railroads  throughout  the  state  except  in 
the  northern  counties  where  it  may  be  rare  or  absent.  Some  authors 
believe  this  species  to  be  adventive  from  the  south.  Our  earliest  authors 
list  it  and  Dr.  Clapp  in  1852  says :  "Very  common  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
Albany."  I  am  considering  it  a  native,  at  least  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  state. 

Mass.   to   Mich,   and   Kans.,    and   southw.   to   Fla.   and   Tex.;   tropical 
America. 


5013.  HIBISCUS  L. 

Tall,  perennial  herbs,  1-2  m  high;  calyx  not  inflated  about  the  capsules. 

Stems  and  leaves  glabrous;  seed  pubescent 1.  H.  militaris. 

Stems  and  lower  surface  of  leaves  pubescent;  seeds  not  pubescent. 

Bractlets  densely  short  stellate-pubescent  on  the  outside,  the  margins  not  ciliate 

with  longer,  simple  hairs ;  flowers  pink 2.    H.  Moscheutos. 

Bractlets  densely  short  stellate-pubescent  on  the  outside,  the  margins  more  or  less 
ciliate  with  longer,  simple  hairs;  flowers  white,  red  within  at  the  base. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above ;  capsules  glabrous  or  nearly  so 

3.     H.    palustris. 

Leaves  velvety-pubescent  above;   capsules  densely  stellate-pubescent 

4.     H.    lasiocarpos. 

Low,  hairy  annuals,  mostly  1-5  dm  high;   calyx  inflated  and  enveloping  the  capsule. 
5.     H.    Trionum. 

1.  Hibiscus  militaris  Cav.  Soldier  Rosem allow.  Map  1397.  Fre- 
quent to  common  on  the  muddy  shores  of  sloughs,  ponds,  and  our  larger 
streams.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  this  species  is  rapidly  migrating.  I  have 
known  well  the  shores  of  the  Wabash  River  near  Bluffton  for  a  distance 
of  five  miles  since  1880.  The  first  colony  of  this  species  was  noted  in  1897 
and  it  is  now  common  all  along  the  muddy  shores  and  on  the  muddy  bars 
in  the  river.  In  the  early  history  of  the  state  our  streams  were  clear  and 
when  the  forests  were  removed  the  streams  became  muddy  and  sediment 
was  deposited  on  the  shores  and  on  the  gravelly  and  rocky  bars  which 
made  a  suitable  habitat  for  this  species.   This  same  thing  is  true  of  several 


670 


Malvaceae 


Hibiscus 


0  50 

Map  1397 


Hibiscus    militans    Cav 


0  ~K 

Map  1398 


Hibiscus    Moscheutos   L 


9 
1 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

j    DP 

r 

t  r^ 

f 

^~ 

— 

-L 

r 

rf 

r 

D 

r1 

Dec.f- 

i 

~L^  J    1 

D 

0 

X)J    Miles 

D     f        ) 

110  (     0    1 

il° 

Hib 

D     ) 

scus 

>alu< 

To                50 

Map  1399 
tns   L 

other  plants,  especially  Dianthera  americana,  which  is  now  clogging  some 
of  our  smaller  streams. 

Pa.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

2.  Hibiscus  Moscheutos  L.  Common  Rosemallow.  Map  1398.  Local 
in  the  lake  area  of  the  state  on  the  borders  of  streams  and  in  roadside 
ditches,  millraces,  and  drained  ponds.  This  species  prefers  a  habitat  with 
more  organic  matter  than  the  preceding  species.  Usually  the  colonies  are 
small  but  once  I  saw  in  a  drained  pond  in  Wabash  County  three  acres  of  a 
complete  stand  of  this  species. 

It  has  been  reported  also  from  Clark,  Jefferson,  Knox,  and  Posey  Coun- 
ties. All  of  these  reports,  howrever,  were  made  before  our  manuals  sepa- 
rated Hibiscus  palustris  from  this  species  and  doubtless  all  of  these  re- 
ports should  be  referred  to  Hibiscus  palustris. 

Along  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Mass.  to  Fla. ;  inland  from  Ont.  and  Mich, 
to  Mo. 

3.  Hibiscus  palustris  L.  (Hibiscus  oculiroseus  Britt.  and  Hibiscus 
palustris  L.  f.  oculiroseus  (Britt.)  Fern.)  Map  1399.  In  ditches  and  ponds 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state.  It  is  local  but  common  where  it  is 
found.  The  largest  colony  I  ever  saw  was  in  hard,  clay  soil  in  a  button- 
bush  pond  of  about  3  acres  in  a  low,  flat  pin  oak  woods  about  10 
miles  southwest  of  Mt.  Vernon.  I  think  all  of  the  reports  for  Hibiscus 
Moscheutos  from  southern  Indiana  should  be  referred  to  this  species.  I 
saw  it  from  a  train  window  in  a  ditch  in  Jennings  County. 

Along  the  Atlantic  coast  and  up  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  s.  Ind. 

4.  Hibiscus  lasiocarpos  Cav.  Hairy-fruited  Rosemallow.  Map  1400. 
I  have  found  this  species  only  on  the  muddy  borders  of  ponds  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  Knox  County,  and  in  the  southern  part  of  Gibson 
County.  It  has  been  reported  from  Daviess,  Hamilton,  and  Vigo  Counties. 
It  is  probable  that  these  reports  should  all  be  referred  to  the  preceding 


Ascyrum 


Hypericaceae 


671 


0  50 

Map  1401 


Hibiscus  Tnonum    L. 


species.    A  specimen  reported  from  Parke  County  by  Grimes  is  in  the 
herbarium  of  DePauw  University  and  is  Hibiscus  palustris. 
Ind.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5.  Hibiscus  trionum  L.  Flower-of-an-hour.  Map  1401.  An  obnox- 
ious weed  in  rather  sandy  soil  in  cultivated  grounds  in  many  parts  of  the 
state,  especially  in  the  glaciated  area.  I  can  recall  the  time  when  I  rarely 
saw  it  but  now  in  certain  areas  it  forms  a  complete  stand  in  cornfields. 
Although  it  is  an  annual,  when  once  established,  it  is  difficult  to  extermi- 
nate on  account  of  its  numerous  seeds  and  their  unusual  viability. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  S.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Kans. 

187.  HYPERICACEAE  Lindl.  St.  Johnswort  Family 

Sepals  4,  the  outer  two  very  much  larger  and  bractlike;  petals  4 

5167.    Ascyrum,  p.  671. 

Sepals  5;  petals  5 5168.    Hypericum,  p.  671. 

5167.  ASCYRUM  L. 

1.  Ascyrum  hypericoides  L.  var.  multicaule  (Michx.)  Fern.  (Rhodora 
38:433.  1936.)  (Ascyrum  hypericoides  of  authors.)  St.  Andrew's  Cross. 
Map  1402.  Usually  in  poor  soil  on  open  black  and  white  oak  ridges  and 
rarely  elsewhere.  I  have  one  specimen  collected  in  an  old  fallow  field. 
Infrequent. 

Mass.  to  Nebr. ;  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


5168.  HYPERICUM  [Tourn.]  L.  St.  Johnswort 

Petals  yellow,  convolute  in  the  bud. 
Styles  5;  capsules  5-celled. 

Tall  perennials;  leaves  mostly  4-8  cm  long;  flowers  generally  4-5  cm  wide;  cap- 
sules 1.7-2.5  cm  long 1.    H.  Ascyron. 

Shrubs,  usually  4-7  dm  high;  leaves  mostly  2.5-4.5  cm  long;  flowers  2-2.5  cm  wide; 
capsules  6-9  mm  long 2.    H.  Kalmianum. 


672  Hypericaceae  Hypericum 

Styles  3    (rarely  4)  ;   capsules  3-    (rarely  4-)    celled,  or  incompletely  3-celled  in  H. 
frondosum. 
Stamens  numerous,  15-40;   flowers  mostly  7-25  mm  wide    (except  in  H.  majus). 
Shrubs  0.5-2  m  high. 

Sepals  foliaceous,  very  unequal,  more  than  6  mm  long;  flowers  mostly  3-5  cm 

wide 3.     H.    frondosum. 

Sepals  not  foliaceous;  flowers  1-2  cm  wide. 
Sepals  4-6  mm  long;  flowers  1.5-2  cm  wide;  capsules  about  1  cm  long;  seed 

1.5-2  mm  long 4.    H.  prolificum. 

Sepals  2-2.5  mm  long;  flowers  1-1.5  cm  wide;  capsules  4-6  mm  long;  seed 

about  1  mm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  444,  p.  1073) 

H.    densiflorum. 

Herbs   (sometimes  woody  toward  the  base). 

Stamens  in  3-5  clusters;  styles  separate;  petals  with  black  dots. 

Flowers  and  leaves  many,  the  upper  leaves  usually  not  over  6  mm  wide; 

introduced  species 5.  H.  perforatum. 

Flowers  and  leaves  few,  the  upper  leaves  usually  more  than  6  mm  wide; 
native  species. 
Sepals  3-4  mm  long;  petals  with  the  black  dots  in  lines.  .6.  H.  punctatum. 
Sepals  5-7  mm  long;  petals  with  the  black  dots  on  the  margins.     (See 

excluded  species  no.  446,  p.  1074) H.  graveolens. 

Stamens  not  in  clusters;  styles  distinct,  more  or  less  united;  petals  without 
black  dots. 
Lateral  nerves  of  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  obscure  or  wanting;  leaves 

linear  or  nearly  so 1.  H.  dolabriforme. 

Lateral  nerves  of  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  visible;  leaves  wider  than 
linear. 

Leaves  and  sepals  more  or  less  revolute 8.   H.  adpressum. 

Leaves  and  sepals  not  revolute. 

Sepals  inclosing  or  nearly  inclosing  the  capsule 9.   H.  denticulatum. 

Sepals  much  shorter  than  the  capsule. 

Stems  somewhat  woody  at  the  base;  leaves  oblong  to  linear-oblong, 

thick;  seed  about  2  mm  long 10.   H.  cistifolium. 

Stems  herbaceous;  leaves  elliptic,  oval,  lanceolate  to  narrow-lanceolate, 
thin;  seeds  about  0.5  mm  long. 
Leaves  spreading,  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse,  broadest  near  the  middle, 

pinnately  veined.    (See  excluded  species  no.  445,  p.  1074) 

H.   ellipticum. 

Leaves  ascending,  lanceolate  to  narrow-lanceolate,  broadest  below 
the  middle,  with  5-7  strong  lateral  veins,  at  least  toward  the 

base 11.    H.  majus. 

Stamens  few  (5-12,  rarely  more  than  12)  ;  flowers  not  over  7  mm  broad. 

Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  foliaceous,  appearing  as  a  continuation  of  the  stem 

leaves 12.     H.    boreale. 

Bracts  of  the  ultimate  branchlets  of  the  inflorescence  subulate. 
Leaves  scalelike  or  linear-subulate,  strongly  ascending. 

Leaves  scalelike;  capsules  much  exceeding  the  calyx..  .  .13.   H.  gentianoides. 
Leaves  linear-subulate,  6-20  mm  long;  capsules  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx. 

14.     H .    Drummondii. 

Leaves  not  scalelike  or  linear-subulate. 

Leaves  linear,  3-nerved 15.    H.  canadense. 

Leaves  not  as  above. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong  or  short-elliptic,  obtuse;  stems  usually  diffusely 
branched;  only  the  ultimate  branchlets  of  the  inflorescence  subulate- 
bracted;   capsules  2.8-4  mm  long 16.  H.  mutilum. 


Hypericum 


Hypericaceae 


673 


0  50 

Map  1403 


Hypericum    Ascyron    L. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 



r 

\ 

f^ 

" 

X 

r 

-1"!* 

j 

1* 

Dec.f- 

1  — 

/    Miles 

H 

ypencum 

r^V/  °              '50 
v>             Map  1405 

frondosum  Michx. 

Leaves  ovate  and  acute  or  the  lower  oval  and  obtuse;  stems  generally 
simple,  if  branched,  the  branches  strict;  inflorescence  subulate-bracted ; 
capsules  4-5  mm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  447,  p.  1074.)  ....... 

H.  gymnanthemum. 

Petals  pinkish  or  reddish  purple,  imbricate  in  the  bud. 

Leaves  sessile  or  partly  clasping,  not  conspicuously  narrowed  at  the  base. 

Leaf  blades  broadest  at  the  base  or  below  the  middle,  mostly  2-5  cm  long,  copiously 
glandular  beneath. 

Sepals  acute  at  the  apex ;  styles  2-3  mm  long 17.   H.  virginicum. 

Sepals  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex;  styles  0.5-1   (-2)   mm  long 

17a.    H.  virginicum  var.  Fraseri. 

Leaf  blades  broadest  above  the  middle,  mostly  5-15  cm  long,  not  glandular  below 

or  only  with  a  few  glands ;  mature  sepals  about  5  mm  long 

18.    H.    hibulosum. 

Leaves  petiolate,  copiously  glandular  beneath,  conspicuously  narrowed  at  the  base. .  . 
18a.    H.  tubulosum  var.   Walteri. 

1.  Hypericum  Ascyron  L.  Giant  St.  Johnswort.  Map  1403.  Moist 
alluvial  banks  of  streams.  All  of  our  specimens  were  growing  in  dense 
shade.  Rare. 

W.  Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  through  Vt.  and  N.  Y.  to  Pa.,  111.,  Mo.,  and 

Kans. 

2.  Hypericum  Kalmianum  L.  Kalm  Hypericum.  Map  1404.  In  the 
open  in  moist,  sandy  soil  in  a  few  of  the  northern  counties.  Local.  Does 
well  in  cultivation  in  a  black  loam  soil  for  a  short  time. 

Que.  and  along  the  Great  Lakes  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.  and  111. 

3.  Hypericum  frondosum  Michx.  (Jour.  Arnold  Arb.  19:  149.  1938.) 
(Hypericum  aureum  Bartr.)  Golden  St.  Johnswort.  Map  1405.  A  few 
plants  of  this  southern  species  were  found  in  1935  by  Miss  Edna  Banta 
along  "Brough's  Trail"  in  Clifty  Falls  State  Park,  Jefferson  County.  This 
species  is  doubtless  a  native  here  because  the  location  is  more  than  a  mile 
from  any  habitation  of  consequence  and  it  is  not  known  to  be  in  cultiva- 
tion anvwhere  in  the  vicinity 

S.  C.,  Ind.  to  Tenn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 


674 


Hypericaceae 


Hypericum 


4.  Hypericum  prolificum  L.  Shrubby  St.  Johnswort.  Map  1406. 
Throughout  the  state  although  it  seems  to  be  rare  or  absent  about  Lake 
Michigan.  In  moist  soil,  usually  in  woods,  along  streams,  and  about 
swamps.  More  rarely  in  dry  or  moist  soil  along  roadsides  and  on  wooded 
slopes.  It  was  noted  in  Crawford  and  Martin  Counties  where  it  had 
abundantly  invaded  abandoned  fields.  I  also  saw  it  in  crevices  of  sand- 
stone of  a  high  cliff  in  Crawford  County. 

5.  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Miss. 

5.  Hypericum  perforatum  L.  Common  St.  Johnswort.  Map  1407. 
An  infrequent  to  common  weed  throughout  the  state,  being  more  abundant 
in  the  northwestern  part.  It  prefers  sandy  and  poor  or  worn  out  soils. 
Chiefly  along  roadsides  and  in  pastures,  open  woods,  and  fallow  fields. 

In  California  this  species  is  known  as  Klamath  weed  and  it  has  become 
a  very  obnoxious  weed  in  many  parts  of  that  state.  It  is  poisonous  to 
stock  but  probably  not  fatal. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  widely  naturalized  in  N.  A. 

6.  Hypericum  punctatum  Lam.  Map  1408.  Widely  distributed  but 
never  occurring  in  any  abundance  in  any  one  place.  In  moist  or  dry  soils 
in  level  woodland  and  on  open  wooded  slopes,  along  roadsides,  and  in  aban- 
doned fields. 

E.  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

7.  Hypericum  dolabriforme  Vent.  Map  1409.  I  have  a  specimen  col- 
lected on  July  13,  1899,  by  W.  S.  Blatchley  in  the  vicinity  of  Wyandotte 
Cave. 

Dry,  barren  hills  of  Ind.,  Ky.,  and  Tenn.  to  Ga. 

8.  Hypericum  adpressum  Bart.  Map  1410.  In  moist,  sandy  soil  on 
the  borders  of  marshes  and  in  ditches  in  the  northern  part  of  Jasper 
County.    Reported  by  Schneck  from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley. 


Hypericum 


Hypericaceae 


675 


Map  1413 
Hypericum    majus    (Gray)    Britt. 


— 

Feb. 
Mar. 
Apr. 

Jk 

pl              1 

1 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

f 

r 

4 

"■ 

i 

fm 

~r 

^ 

Oec.(- — 

J      J  t 

/    Miles 

J\  /"  J   (   V^y 

Q                50 

Map  1411 

Hypericum    denticulatum   Walt. 

1 

3 
4 
2 

Jan. 
Fet>. 
Mar 
Apr- 
May 
June 
July 
Aug 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 

D 

D 

D 

•^ 

J           J       D 
0 

~~\ 

[r1 

' 

X 

•■ 

j 

tn 

J- 

T~ 

r 

Dec.j- 

r 

i 
i  ' — 

/    Miles 

r 

typen 

cum 

bor 

ea 

|r>\       /  0                 50 

Map  1414 

le    (Britt)   Bickn 

When  this  perennial  is  compelled  by  weather  conditions  to  grow  with 
the  base  of  the  plant  submerged  for  the  greater  part  of  the  season,  the 
submerged  part  becomes  spongy.  This  form  is  known  as  Hypericum 
adpressum  var.  spongiosum  Robinson.  It  occurs  with  the  species  but  in 
wetter  situations. 

Atlantic  coast  from  Mass.  to  Ga.  and  up  the  Mississippi  Valley  from 
La.  to  Ind. 

9.  Hypericum  denticulatum  Walt.  (Hypericum  virgatum  Lam.)  Map 
1411.  In  hard,  white,  minimacid  clay  soil  in  low,  flat  woods,  associated 
with  pin  and  post  oaks.  The  report  by  Clark  from  Marshall  County  should 
be  referred  to  some  other  species.   Add  Posey  County  to  the  map. 

N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  111.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tenn. 

10.  Hypericum  cistifolium  Lam.*  Map  1412.  Alluvial  and  rocky,  wooded 
banks  of  streams  and  in  sandy  soil  along  roadsides  and  in  prairies.   Infre- 

*  Svenson  (Rhodora  42:  17-18.  1940)  has  shown  that  this  name  should  be  applied  to 
the  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain  plants  while  our  plants  should  be  called  Hypericum 
sphaerocarpum  Michx. 


076 


Hypericaceae 


Hypericum 


Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


T             D      1 

DP 

j 

D        B        D               \ 

D 

op      in            — 

MS 

/ 

) 

[,h 

Km 

B 

^  u 

/    D 

/    /o       « 

t 

■^--y-l B 

Sb~7 
- — $f 

*P    Miles 

0  55 

Map  1415 


Hypericum    qentianoides    (L.)   B  S  P. 


Map  1416 
Hypericum    Drummondii 
(Grev  &  Hook)  T.&G. 


quent.    It  is  apparently  absent  about  Lake  Michigan  and  in  the  northern 
counties. 

Ohio  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Ark. 

11.  Hypericum  majus  (Gray)  Britt.  Map  1413.  In  moist,  sandy  soil 
about  lakes  and  swamps  and  in  wet  prairies.   Rare. 

E.  Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  L.  I.,  n.  N.  J.,  Pa.,  111.,  Iowa,  and  S.  Dak. ; 
also  in  e.  Wash. 

12.  Hypericum  boreale  (Britt.)  Bickn.  Map  1414.  In  marshes  and  wet 
sandy  places  about  lakes. 

Newf.  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  Vt.,  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  Ind. 

13.  Hypericum  gentianoides  (L.)  BSP.  Map  1415.  In  the  lake  area 
this  species  is  found  in  moist,  sandy  soil  in  low  places  in  black  and  white 
oak  woods  and  in  prairies.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  state  it  is  found 
in  minimacid  soil  on  the  crests  of  chestnut  oak  and  black  oak  ridges  and 
in  low  ground  in  the  pin  and  post  oak  flats. 

Maine,  sw.  Ont.  to  111.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

14.  Hypericum  Drummondii  (Grev.  &  Hook.)  T.  &  G.  Map  1416. 
Usually  in  hard,  white,  slightly  acid,  clay  soil  in  low,  flat,  wheat  stubble, 
hayfields,  and  fallow  fields  and  in  poor  soil  in  exposed  places  on  the  crests 
of  wooded  ridges. 

Va.,  111.,  and  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

15.  Hypericum  canadense  L.  Map  1417.  Sandy  soil  on  the  low  borders 
of  swamps  and  lakes.   Very  rare.   Often  confused  with  Hypericum  majus. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ky.,  and  Wis. 

16.  Hypericum  mutilum  L.  Map  1418.  In  northern  Indiana  in  moist, 
sandy  soil  about  lakes  and  swamps,  in  low  woods,  cornfields,  and  wet 
prairies.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  state  it  is  more  frequent  in  minimacid 


Elatine 


Elatinaceae 


677 


4 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Auj 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

HI 

D 

Id 

f 

j        CD 

1 B 

y    n 

IU 

B 

r 

\ 

r  r^ 

D 

f 

— t— 

0 

r 

-  i 

j 

V" 

r, 

Dec.  £ 

1 

i  ' — 

£/    Miles 

1 

H 

ypencum 

^K     To 

v*     ^/   Map  1419 

virginicum    L 

0  50 

Map. 1420 
Hypericum    virginicum 
var.   Fraseri    (Spach)   Fern. 


soil  in  cultivated  or  fallow  fields,  roadside  ditches,  pin  oak  and  post  oak 
flats,  and  more  rarely  on  wooded  slopes. 
N.  S.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

17.  Hypericum  virginicum  L.  Map  1419.  Frequent  to  infrequent  in  the 
interdunal  flats  about  Lake  Michigan  and  on  the  marshy  borders  of  lakes 
and  in  swamps  throughout  the  lake  area. 

N.  S.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Fla. 

17a.  Hypericum  virginicum  var.  Fraseri  (Spach)  Fern.  (Rhodora  38: 
434.  1936.)  Map  1420.  The  variety  has  the  habitat  of  the  species  and 
almost  the  same  range  in  Indiana. 

Newf.  and  Lab.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Mass.,  Conn.,  Pa.,  Ind.,  111.,  Iowa 
and  Nebr. 

18.  Hypericum  tubulosum  Walt.  (Rhodora  38 :  435-436.  1936  and  Jour. 
Arnold  Arb.  19 :  279.  1938.)  Map  1421.  In  swampy  woods  or  on  the  bor- 
ders of  swamps.  I  have  seen  this  species  growing  on  an  old  cypress  log  in 
a  cypress  slough.   Rare. 

N.  J.  and  Md.  to  Ind.  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

18a.  Hypericum  tubulosum  var.  Waited  (Gmel.)  Lott.  (Jour.  Arnold 
Arb.  19:  279.  1938.)  Map  1422.  In  low  places  in  low,  flat  woods  and  in 
swamps.  Rare.  The  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  of  my  specimens  are  very 
glaucous  and  not  glandular  or  only  sparingly  so  near  the  margins.  The 
axillary  flowers  in  the  species  are  mostly  in  l's  and  2's  while  those  of 
the  variety  are  mostly  in  3's.  The  sepals  of  the  species  are  about  3  mm 
long  while  those  of  the  variety  are  about  5  mm  long. 

Ky.  and  Ind.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 

189.  ELATINACEAE  Lindl.  Waterwort  Family 


5231.  ELATINE  L. 

See  excluded  species  no.  448,  p.  1074. 


678 


ClSTACEAE 


Heli  anthem  um 


0  50 

Map   1423 


Helianthemum    canadense    (L.)   Michx 


193.  ClSTACEAE  Lindl.  Rockrose  Family 

Petals  5,  yellow,  fugacious,  or  lacking. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong,  or  oblanceolate ;   styles  short 

5245.    Helianthemum,  p.  678. 

Leaves  subulate  or  scalelike;  styles  long 5247.    Hudsonia,  p.  679. 

Petals  3,  not  yellow,  persistent;  styles  none 5248.    Lechea,  p.  679. 


5245.  HELIANTHEMUM  [Tourn.]  Mill.  Rockrose 

Petaliferous  flowers  bright  yellow,  solitary  or  rarely  2,  2-4  cm  wide,  their  capsules 
6-9  mm  in  diameter,  flowering  usually  in  early  June  and  soon  much  overtopped  by 
the  branches  and  becoming  lateral,  the  outer  2  sepals  much  shorter  than  the  inner, 
or  wanting;  capsules  of  the  apetalous  flowers  of  two  sizes,  the  terminal  ones  3-4 

mm  in  diameter  and  the  lateral  ones  much  smaller;  seed  papillose 

1.   H .   canadense. 

Petaliferous  flowers  pale  yellow,  5-12  in  a  short  terminal  cymose  raceme,  1.5-2.5  cm 
wide,  flowering  the  last  of  June  or  in  July,  the  outer  2  sepals  as  long  as  or  nearly 
as  long  as  the  inner  ones,  their  capsules  3-5  mm  in  diameter,  these  flowers  rarely 
overtopped  by  the  later  branches;  capsules  of  the  apetalous  flowers  not  of  two 
kinds,  about  2  mm  in  diameter;  seed  reticulate 2.  H.  Bicknellii. 

1.  Helianthemum  canadense  (L.)  Michx.  (Crocanthemum  canadense 
(L.)  Britt.)  Map  1423.  Generally  in  open  black  and  white  or  black  oak 
woods  and  usually  in  very  dry  sandy  soil  or  rarely  in  dry  gravelly  soil. 
Infrequent. 

Maine  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Miss. 

2.  Helianthemum  Bicknellii  Fern.  (Rhodora  21 :  36-37.  1919.)  (Heli- 
anthemum majus  BSP.,  Helianthemum  Walkerae  (Evans)  Lyon,  and 
Crocanthemum  majus  (L.)  Britt.)  Map  1424.  In  habitats  and  soils 
similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species  but  much  less  frequent. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  S.  C,  Tex.,  and  Colo. 


Hudsonia 


ClSTACEAE 


679 


0  50 

Map  1424 
Helianthemum    B  i  c  k  n  e  1 1 1 1    Fprn 


5247  HUDSONIA  L. 

1.  Hudsonia  tomentosa  Nutt.  var.  intermedia  Peck.  Woolly  Hudsonia. 
Map  1425.  In  the  open  in  almost  pure  sand  and  restricted  to  the  dune 
area  of  Lake  and  Porter  Counties. 

N.  B.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  the  Great  Lakes,  and  N.  Dak. 

5248.  LECHEA  [Kalm]  L.  Pinweed 
[Hodgdon,  A.  R.   A  taxonomic  study  of  Lechea.   Rhodora  40:  29-69,  87- 
131.   1938.] 

All  of  my  specimens  were  named  by  A.  R.  Hodgdon. 

Pubescence   of   stems   spreading 1.     L.   villosa. 

Pubescence  of  stems  appressed. 

Calyx  with  the  outer  (narrow)  sepals  longer  than  the  inner  ones. 

Blades  of  both  cauline  and  basal  leaves  of  an  oval  or  elliptic  type 2.   L.  minor. 

Blades  of  both  cauline  and  basal  leaves  of  a  linear  or  subulate  type 

3.    L.   tenuifolia. 

Calyx  with  the  outer  (narrow)  sepals  shorter  than  the  inner  ones. 

Inner  sepals  1-nerved;  capsules  longer  than  the  sepals;  basal  leaves  oval 

4.     L.    racemulosa. 

Inner  sepals  3-nerved;  capsules  not  conspicuously  longer  than  the  sepals. 
Plants  canescent. 

Panicle  strict,  fastigiate,  nerves  of  inner  sepals  faint  on  both  surfaces;  basal 
leaves  linear-oblong,  sparsely  pubescent  beneath  on  midrib  and  margin; 

pedicels  mostly  2-3  mm  long 5.    L.  striata. 

Panicle  with  primary  branches  spreading,  nerves  of  inner  sepals  plainly 
visible  on  both  surfaces;  basal  leaves  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  entire 
under  surface  of  blades  pubescent;   pedicels  mostly  1-2  mm  long.     (See 

excluded  species  no.  450,  p.  1074.) L.  maritima. 

Plants  green  or  reddish  green,  strongly  pubescent  but  not  canescent. 

Branches  of  panicle  nearly  erect  or  slightly  spreading,  usually  up  to  30  de- 
grees and  rarely  spreading  as  widely  as  45  degrees;  capsules  globose  or 
depressed-globose,   about   2   mm   in   diameter.     (See   excluded   species   no. 

449,  p.  1074.) L.  intermedia. 

Branches  of  panicle  usually  spreading,  generally  to  about  45  degrees;  capsules 

short-elliptic  to  obovoid,  about  1-1.5  mm  in  diameter 

6.     L.    Leggettii   var.   moniliformis. 


680 


ClSTACEAE 


Lechea 


0  50 

Map  1427 


Lechea    minor  L 


0  50 

Map  1428 


Lechea     racemulosa    Lam 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec  C 

D 

F 

r  j 

DI 
1  " 

L 

J        1 

j    - 

[ 

\ 

f 

_ 

~r 

r- 

r 

i 

D            T 

I       1 > 

J    D 
K 
P 

'Tbs          > 

D      L 

D     P  (  B  W> 

£/    Miles 

L 

PC 

r     pj 

Tea    t 

0    ^r\         / 

inuifolia 

0                 50 

Map   1429 
Wichx 

1.  Lechea  villosa  Ell.  Large  Pinweed.  Map  1426.  In  dry  or  moist, 
sandy  soil,  generally  on  open,  wooded  slopes  or  crests  of  black  oak  and 
chestnut  oak  ridges  and  on  low  dunes  or  in  interdunal  flats.  Infrequent  in 
the  lake  area,  rare  in  the  knob  area,  and  probably  absent  from  most  of  the 
central  counties  of  the  state.  It  was  no  doubt  present  in  some  of  the 
prairies  of  the  central  counties  but  these  are  now  all  under  cultivation. 

Vt.  and  Mass.  to  s.  Ont.  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  n.  Mex. 

2.  Lechea  minor  L.  Map  1427.  In  very  dry,  sandy  soil  on  wooded  slopes 
or  at  their  bases  in  moist,  sandy  soil.    Rare. 

N.  H.  and  Vt.  to  Fla.  and  Miss. ;  also  in  Ont.,  Mich.,  and  Ind. 

3.  Lechea  racemulosa  Lam.  Map  1428.  In  clay  soil  in  black  and  white 
oak  woods  in  the  knobstone  area  and  in  dry,  sandy  soil  in  the  lake  area. 
(See  Rhodora  40:  100.   1938.)     Very  local. 

N.  Y.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tenn. 

4.  Lechea  tenuifolia  Michx.  Map  1429.  In  poor  soil  on  the  crests  and 
slopes  of  black  and  white  and  chestnut  oak  ridges  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  state  and  in  dry  or  moist,  sandy  soil  in  pin  oak  woods  and  on  the 
dunes  in  the  northern  part. 

N.  H.  to  Wis.  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5.  Lechea  stricta  Leggett.  Map  1430.  Reported  by  Peattie  from  Lake 
County.  A.  R.  Hodgdon,  who  monographed  the  genus,  found  specimens  in 
the  Field  Museum  from  Lake  and  Starke  Counties  collected  by  E.  J.  Hill. 

Western  N.  Y.  to  111.  and  Minn. 

6.  Lechea  Leggettii  Britt.  &  Holl.  var.  moniliformis  (Bickn.)  Hodg- 
don. (Rhodora  40:  118-119.  1938.)  (Lechea  Leggettii  Britt.  &  Holl. 
of  Indiana  authors) .  Map  1431.  In  moist  sandy  soil  in  depressions  in  black 
oak  woods  and  in  prairie  habitats.  Restricted  to  the  sandy  areas  of  the 
lake  area. 

Mass.  to  Ind.  and  Mich.,  southw.  to  N.  C. 


Hybanthus 


VlOLACEAE 


681 


[ 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

F 

f 

^y  r 

1 

I — 

i*1 

X 

r 

-^E 

j 

Dec  C 

1  — 

/    Miles 

L 

eche 

a    si 

n 

|*\        7 

■ta   Lege 

3                50 

Map  1430 
jett 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


V'            1        D 

D     I      RO 

D 

D 

DP      f 

NY 

^/B            ° 

— |  D 
D        H 

D 

i 

D 

J 

Jo        I      0 

k 

J-i, 

1 

I 

Miles 


0"  50 

Map  1431 
a   Leggettn   Britton  &  Hollick 
Hodgdo.n 


che 
var.   moniliformis    (Bicknel 


o  50 

Map  1432 


Hybanthus   concolor   (Forst.)  Spreng. 


198.  VlOLACEAE  DC.  Violet  Family 

Sepals  not  auricled;  petals  fleshy,  green,  lower  one  not  spurred;  stamens  united  into 
a  sheath 5271.   Hybanthus,  p.  681. 

Sepals  auricled;  petals  not  fleshy,  colored  or  white,  the  lower  one  spurred  (except  in 
V.  eriocarpa)  ;  stamens  distinct 5274.   Viola,  p.  681. 

5271.  HYBANTHUS  Jacq. 

1.  Hybanthus  concolor  (Forst.)  Spreng.  (Cubelium  concolor  (Forst.) 
Raf.)  Green  Violet.  Map  1432.  Generally  associated  with  beech  in  beech 
and  sugar  maple  or  beech  and  oak  woods.  It  prefers  the  rich  soil  of 
wooded  slopes,  especially  their  bases.  It  is  usually  not  frequent  or  common 
where  it  is  found.  I  saw  it  once  in  a  rather  open  woods,  however,  where 
it  formed  almost  a  closed  stand  over  nearly  half  an  acre.  This  was  in  an 
open  beech  and  white  and  black  oak  woods  in  Steuben  County. 

The  stem  of  this  species  is  normally  pubescent  all  over  or  nearly  so. 
Within  the  range  of  the  species  occurs  a  form  with  the  "stems  glabrous 
throughout,  to  slightly  pubescent  in  narrow  lines,  or  very  sparsely 
hispidulous  at  the  top."  This  form  should  be  sought  in  Indiana  and  is 
known  as  f.  subglabratus  Eames.    (Rhodora  32:  140.  1930.) 

Conn,  to  s.  Ont.  and  Mich.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Kans. 


5274.  VIOLA  [Tourn.]  L.  Violet 

The  violet  group  is  one  of  the  most  admired  groups  of  native  plants  and 
is  at  the  same  time  one  of  the  most  difficult  of  determination.  It  is  well 
known  that  some  of  the  species  freely  hybridize,  thus  making  positive 
identification  of  some  forms  difficult  or  impossible.  Ezra  Brainerd,  who 
was  our  foremost  student  of  violets  and  wrote  the  keys  for  Viola  in  our 
manuals,  determined  most  of  my  violets  until  his  death.  Since  my  speci- 
mens have  been  determined  by  him,  I  have  followed  his  keys  and  descrip- 
tions as  closely  as  possible.  Some  recent  authors  believe  that  some  of  the 
species  recognized  by  Brainerd  are  not  tenable.   The  species  most  difficult 


682  Violaceae  Viola 

to  separate  are  our  numbers  2  and  4,  8  and  10,  16  and  17a,  and  18  and  19. 
Dr.  E.  L.  Greene  was  also  a  profound  student  of  violets  and  named  some 
of  my  specimens.  Since  I  have  followed  Brainerd's  treatment  of  the  genus, 
I  have  made  Greene's  determinations  conform  with  it. 

KEY  TO  SPECIES  BASED  ON  PETALIFEROUS  FLOWERS 

Plants  stemless;  leaves  and  scapes  all  from  rootstocks  or  runners. 

All  petals  beardless;   cleistogamous  flowers  wanting 1.   V.  pedata. 

All  petals  usually  not  beardless ;  cleistogamous  flowers  present. 

Rootstocks  stout,   (2.5)   3-10  mm  in  diameter,  short,  without  stolons;  flowers  blue 

or   violet,    sometimes   nearly   white,    rarely   white   and   blotched   with   blue   or 

purple,  or  in  one  species  a  part  of  the  flower  white  and  the  rest  blue. 

Leaves  truncate  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  all  or  all  except  the  earliest,  5-11   (-15)- 

lobed  or  -parted,  all  of  the  segments  usually  narrow;   plants  more  or  less 

pubescent. 

Spurred  petal  glabrous;    leaves   5-11-lobed   or  -parted;   flowers   on   peduncles 

shorter  than  the  leaves.    (See  excluded  species  no.  456,  p.  1075.) 

.V.   palmata. 

Spurred  petal  bearded;  leaves  3-parted  or  -divided,  each  segment  again 
usually  3-cleft  or  -parted  and  these  generally  further  divided  into  2-4 
linear  segments;   flowers  on  peduncles  generally  longer  than  the  leaves. 

2.    V.    pedatifida. 

Leaves  cordate  at  the  base. 

Blades  or  at  least  some  of  them,  lobed  or  parted. 

Leaves  or  some  of  them,  3-lobed  or  -parted,  the  segments  large  and  usually 
more  or  less  lobed  or  deeply  toothed  or  the  middle  one  entire;   plants 

pubescent;    spurred   petal   glabrous  or  bearded 3.   V.   triloba. 

Leaves  3-7-lobed  or  -parted,  middle  segment  broad,  acute,  serrate,  the  basal 
ones  sinuately  serrate;  plants  glabrous;   spurred  petal  glabrous.     (See 

excluded  species  no.  460,  p.  1075.) V.  viarum. 

Blades  not  lobed  or  cut,  most  of  the  vernal  ones  more  than  2.5  cm  wide. 

Beard  of  lateral  petals  generally  of  strongly  clavate  hairs;   spurred  petal 

glabrous,  shorter  than  the   lateral   petals;   flowers   on   peduncles  much 

exceeding  the  leaves,  with  a  dark  eye;   cleistogamous  flowers  on  long 

slender,  erect   peduncles;    plants  glabrous,  of  cold   springy   places   and 

bogs 4.   V.  cucullata. 

Beard  of  lateral  petals  of  cylindrical  or  only  slightly  clavate  hairs;  spurred 
petal  glabrous  or  bearded,  equaling  or  longer  than  the  lateral  petals ; 
flowers  on  peduncles  shorter  than  or  only  slightly  exceeding  the  leaves, 
with  a  white  or  yellow  eye;  cleistogamous  flowers  on  prostrate,  spread- 
ing peduncles;   plants  of  wet  or  moist  places. 
Plants  essentially  glabrous,  sometimes  some  of  the  petioles  and  some  of 
the  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent   (the  pubescence  a  sign  of  hybrid- 
ization). 
Spurred  petal  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Vernal  leaves  ovate-deltoid;  flowers  on  peduncles  generally  as  long 
as  or  longer  than  the  leaves,  pale  violet  to  nearly  white,  with  a 
darker  band  above  the  pale  eye;  sepals  with  a  white  margin; 
cleistogamous  flowers  on  short,  prostrate  peduncles,  their  cap- 
sules dotted  with  brown;   plants  of  wet  places 

5.    V.    missouriensis. 

Vernal  leaves  reniform  to  ovate;  flowers  on  peduncles  usually  shorter 
than  or  as  long  as  the  leaves  and  in  some  early  specimens 
slightly  longer,  deep  purple,  with  a  white  or  yellow  eye;  margins 


Viola  Violaceae  683 

of  sepals  not  so  white  as  those  of  the  preceding  species;  cleistog- 
amous    flowers    on    short    spreading    peduncles,    their    capsules 

green  or  dark  purple;  plants  usually  of  moist  habitats 

6.     V.    papilionacea. 

Spurred  petal  villous;  vernal  leaves  ovate,  blunt  or  attenuate  at  the 
apex;  flowers  on  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  sometimes  as 
long  as  or  longer  than  the  leaves,  violet,  with  a  white  eye;  cleistog- 
amous    flowers    on    ascending   peduncles,    their    capsules    purplish; 

plants  of  moist  or  wet  habitats 7.  V.  affinis. 

Plants  more  or  less  pubescent. 

Leaves  pubescent  above  and  beneath,  not  purplish  beneath,  not  ap- 
pressed  to  the  ground;   petioles  pubescent,  at  least  on  the  upper 

part 8.   V.  sororia. 

Leaves  pubescent  above,  otherwise  glabrous;   leaves  mostly  appressed 

to  the  ground,  purplish  beneath 9.  V.  hirsutula. 

Leaves  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,   at  least  some  of  them  more   or  less 
dentate  or  cut  at  the  base,  the  vernal  ones  generally  less  than  2.5  cm  broad 
except  in  V.  viarum. 
Spurred  petal  glabrous;  vernal  leaves  broadly  deltoid,  mostly  more  than  2.5 

cm  broad;  plant  glabrous.    (See  excluded  species  no.  460,  p.  1075.) 

V.     viarum. 

Spurred  petal  bearded. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  or  sometimes  pubescent,  the  basal 
lobes  generally  prominently  toothed  or  incised;  blades  usually  shorter 

than  their  petioles 10.  V.  sagittata. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  pubescent,  the  basal  lobes  entire  or  only  slightly  but 

sharply  toothed ;  blades  shorter  than  or  as  long  as  their  petioles 

10a.  V.  sagittata  var.  ovata. 

Rootstocks  slender,  rarely  wanting,  2-4  mm  in  diameter  near  the  summit,   1-1.5 
mm  farther  back;  flowers  white  with  purplish  veins. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  at  the  base  into  the  margined 

petioles;  plants  glabrous 11.  V.  lanceolata. 

Leaves   ovate   to   oblong,    slightly   cordate,   rounded,   or   tapering   at   the   base; 

plants  glabrous  or  pubescent 12.  V.  primuli folia. 

Leaves  deeply  cordate  at  the  base. 

Leaves  glabrous  above  and  beneath;   upper  petals  broadly  ovate;   peduncles 
usually  much  longer  than  the  leaves;   beard  of  lateral  petals  absent  or 

rudimentary 13.  V.  pattens. 

Leaves  more  or  less   pubescent  on  one  or  both   surfaces;   peduncles  usually 

shorter  than  the  leaves  or  a  few  longer. 

Leaves    slightly   fleshy,    spreading,    the    base    markedly   heart-shaped    with 

short  lobes  closely  approximate,  the  margins  scalloped  evenly,  surface 

not   rugose,   but   with    scattered   hairs    above;    petioles    and    peduncles 

purplish;     upper     petals     narrow;     capsules     usually     roundish-ovate, 

purplish,  mottled  or  blotched 14.  V.  blanda. 

Leaves  not  spreading,  thin,  with  a  scattered  pubescence  on  both  surfaces, 

and  on  petioles  and  peduncles.    (See  excluded  species  no.  454,  p.  1075.) 

V.  incognita. 

Leaves  not  spreading,  thin,  with  a  scattered  pubescence  above,  often  only 
a  few  hairs  on  the  lobes,  glabrous  beneath;  the  peduncles  and  petioles 
glabrous;    lateral   petals    bearded,    upper    pair   obovate;    seed    smooth, 

brown,  2  mm  long;  capsule  elliptic 15.  V.  incognita  var.  Forbesii. 

Plants  with  leafy  stems. 

Styles  enlarged  at  the  summit;  spur  short  (2-4  mm  long)   or  none. 

Styles   bearded    at   the   summit;    stipules   entire   or   nearly   so;    flowers   yellow   or 
white  within  with  a  yellowish  base  and  pale  violet  without. 


684  Violaceae  Viola 

Flowers    yellow;    stipules    ovate    to    lanceolate,    usually    not    scarious;    capsules 
9-14  mm  long. 
Plants  branched  at  the  base,   nearly  glabrous;    root  leaves   1-3;   margins  of 
stem  leaves  usually  with  25-30  teeth;  stipules  narrowly  ovate. 

Capsules  more  or  less  woolly 16.  V.  eriocarpa. 

Capsules  glabrous 16a.  V.  eriocarpa  f.  leiocarpa. 

Plants  usually  not  branched  at  the  base,  densely  pubescent;  root  leaves 
usually  wanting;  margins  of  stem  leaves  usually  with  30-45  teeth; 
stipules  broadly  ovate. 

Capsules  woolly 17.  V.  pubescens. 

Capsules  glabrous 17a.   V.  pubescens  var.  Peckii. 

Flowers    white    within    with    a    yellowish    base,    pale    violet    without;    stipules 

sharply   linear-lanceolate,    scarious;    capsules    4-6    mm    long 

18.    V.    canadensis. 

Styles  globose  at  the  summit,  hollow;  stipules  large  and  leaflike,  laciniate  at  the  base. 

Upper  leaves  and  middle  lobe  of  stipules  entire  or  nearly  so 

19.    V.  Kitaibeliana  var.  Rafinesqnii. 

Upper  leaves  and  middle  lobe  of  stipules  plainly  crenate. 
Petals  large,  2   or  3  times  as  long  as  the  sepals;   petals  yellow  on  unfolding, 
at  first  the  upper  ones,  then  the  lateral  ones,  and  finally  the  spur  becoming 

blue  or  purple  violet  as  far  as  the  yellow  throat 20.    V.  tricolor. 

Petals   usually   shorter   than   the    sepals;    petals   roundish   and   usually   entirely 

yellow 21.    V.  arvensis. 

Styles   not  enlarged   at   the   summit;    spur   long    (4-12   mm   long);    stipules  bristle- 
toothed;  flowers  violet  to  white. 
Spurs  4-8  mm  long;   lateral  petals  bearded;   style  bent  and  bearded  at  the  tip; 
auricles  of  sepals  about  2  mm  long. 
Flowers  white  or  cream  colored;  sepals  more  or  less  fimbriate    (rarely  entire)  ; 

stipules  1.5-2.5  cm  long,  toothed  throughout 22.  V.  striata. 

Flowers  violet  or  purple;   sepals  entire;   stipules   1-3   cm  long,  toothed  toward 

the  base 23.   V.  conspersa. 

Spurs  8-13  mm  long;  lateral  petals  beardless;  styles  straight  and  smooth;  flowers 
purplish,  spotted  with  a  darker  violet 24.  V.  rostrata. 

Key  to  the  Species  Based  on  Cleistogamous  Flowers  and  Fruit 

Plant  stemless;  leaves  and  scapes  from  rootstocks  or  runners. 

Cleistogamous  flowers  wanting 1-  V.  pedata. 

Cleistogamous  flowers  present. 

Rootstock  stout,  (2.5)  3-10  mm  in  diameter,  short;  without  stolons  or  runners. 
Cleistogamous   flowers   on   prostrate   peduncles,   their   capsules  mostly  purplish, 
sometimes  green;  leaves  cordate,  the  margins  crenate,  lobed,  or  cut. 
Leaves   truncate    at   the   base,    all,   or   all    except   the   earliest,    5-11-lobed   or 
-parted,  the  segments  variously  toothed  or  cleft,  the  middle  one  usually 
the  widest;   plants   pubescent;   seed  brown,  about  2  mm  long.     (See  ex- 
cluded species  no.  456,  p.  1075.) V.  pahnata. 

Leaves  cordate  at  the  base,  at  least  some  of  them  3-lobed  or  -parted,  the 
segments  large  and  usually  more  or  less  lobed  or  deeply  toothed,  or  the 
middle  one  entire;  plants  pubescent;  seed  buff  or  brown,  about  2  mm 
long 3.    V.    triloba. 

Leaves  cordate  at  the  base,  none  cut. 

Capsules    6-8   mm    long;    seed    light   brown,    about   2    mm    long;    leaves    ap- 

pressed   to   the   ground,    purplish   beneath,   pubescent   above,   otherwise 

glabrous 9.    V.    hirsutula. 

Capsules  10-16  mm  long;  seed  light  buff  or  dark  brown,  about  2  mm  long; 

leaves  not  appressed  to  the  ground,  not  purplish  beneath,  glabrous  to 

pubescent. 


Viola  Violaceae  685 

Leaves  ovate-deltoid,  attenuate  to  apex;  seed  bright  buff;  plants  glabrous. 

5.   V.  missouriensis. 

Leaves  broader,  usually  acute  or  abruptly  pointed ;  seed  dark  brown. 

Plant  glabrous  or  some  part  more  or  less  pubescent.  .6.  V.  papilionacea. 

Plant  pubescent 7.  V.  sororia. 

Cleistogamous  flowers  on  ascending  peduncles,  rarely  nearly  erect,  their  cap- 
sules 4-7  mm  long,  purplish;  sepals  much  shorter  than  the  capsules,  their 
auricles  0.5-2  mm  long;  seed  about  1.7  mm  long,  light  buff;  leaves  cordate, 

uncut 7-    v-    aft™*- 

Cleistogamous  flowers  on  erect  peduncles,  their  capsules  green  or  yellow. 
Leaves  ovate  to  reniform,  cordate,  glabrous,  uniformly  and  inconspicuously 
crenate,    acute;    cleistogamous    capsules    oblong,    10-15    mm    long,    their 
sepals  nearly  as  long  as  the  capsules,  often  ciliolate  at  the  apex,  auricles 

2-4  mm  long;  seed  black,  about  1.4  mm  long 4.  V.  cucullata. 

Leaves   lobed    (at   least   some   of   them)    or  the   margins   sharply   incised   or 
toothed  toward  the  subcordate  or  truncate  base. 
Blades    of   mature    leaves    lanceolate    to    ovate-oblong,    glabrous    or    finely 
pubescent. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the  basal  lobes  generally  promi- 
nently toothed  or  incised;  blades  usually  shorter  than  their  petioles. 

10.   V.   sagittata. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  finely  pubescent,  the  basal  lobes  entire  or  slightly 

but  sharply  toothed;   blades  usually  as  long  as  their  petioles 

10a.  V.  sagittata  var.  ovata. 

Blades  of  mature  leaves  3-parted  or  -divided,  each  segment  divided  into 
linear  segments;  leaves  of  late  summer  not  so  deeply  divided  and  the 
segments  not  so  deeply  cut;  cleistogamous  flowers  yellowish,  their 
peduncles  commonly  shorter  than  the  petioles;  seed  about  2  mm  long. 

2.    V.   pedatifida. 

Rootstocks  slender,  rarely  wanting,  2-4  mm  in  diameter  at  the  summit,  1-1.5  mm 
in  diameter  farther  back,  often  rather  long  and  creeping. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  at  the  base  into  the  margined 

petioles;  plants  glabrous;  seed  dark  brown 11.  V.  lanceolata. 

Leaves   ovate   to   oblong,   slightly   cordate,   rounded,   or   tapering   at   the   base; 
plants  glabrous  or  pubescent;   cleistogamous  capsules  green;   seed  reddish 

brown,  about  1.5  mm  long 12.  V.  primulifolia. 

Leaves  deeply  cordate  at  the  base. 

Blades  of  leaves  glabrous  above  and  beneath ;  cleistogamous  capsules  ellipsoid- 

cylindric;  seed  almost  black,  about  1  mm  long 13.  V.  pallens. 

Blades  more  or  less  pubescent  on  one  or  both  surfaces. 

Leaves  slightly  fleshy,  spreading,  with  scattered  hairs  above;  petioles  and 
peduncles  purplish;  seed  black,  short-ovate,  minutely  rugose,  acute  at 

the  base,  1.2-1.6  mm  long 14.  V.  blanda. 

Leaves  not  spreading,  thin,  with  a  scattered  pubescence  above  and  beneath 
and  on  the  petioles  and  peduncles;  seed  long-elliptic,  smooth,  blunt 
at  the  base,  1.6-1.9  mm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  454,  p.  1075.)  ... 

V.  incognita. 

Leaves  not  spreading,  thin,  with  a  scattered  pubescence  above,  often  only 
*  a   few  hairs   on   the   lobes,   glabrous   beneath ;    peduncles   and   petioles 
glabrous;  seed  as  in  the  typical  species..  .15.  V.  incognita  var.  Forbesii. 
Plants  with  leafy  stems. 

Stipules  not  leaflike,  either  entire  or  nearly  so  or  bristle-toothed. 

Stipules  scarious,  entire  or  ciliolate;  capsules  generally  puberulent,  4-6  mm  long; 

seed  about  2  mm  long,  brown 18.  V.  canadensis. 

Stipules  green,  sometimes  the  margin  slightly  scarious,  entire,  more  or  less  cilio- 
late or  with  a  few  crenate  teeth  but  never  bristle-toothed. 
Plants  branched  at  the  base,  nearly  glabrous;  root  leaves  1-3;  margins  of  the 
stem  leaves  usually  with  25-30  teeth;  stipules  narrow-ovate. 


686 


VlOLACEAE 


Viola 


0  '"13 

Map  1433 


Viola    pedata  L 


0  50 

Map  1434 


Viola    ped  at  if  ida    Don 


0  50 

Map  1435 


Viola    triloba    Schwein 


Capsules  more  or  less  woolly 16.  V.  eriocarpa. 

Capsules  glabrous 16a.  V.  eriocarpa  f.  leiocarpa. 

Plants  usually  not  branched  at  the  base,  softly  pubescent;  root  leaves  generally 
absent;  margins  of  stem  leaves  usually  with  30-45  teeth;  stipules  broad- 
ovate. 

Capsules  woolly 17-    V.  pubescens. 

Capsules  glabrous 17a.    V.  pubescens  var.  Peckii. 

Stipules  green,  bristle-toothed;   capsules  glabrous. 

Leaves  with  round-crenate  teeth;  stipules  (1)  1.5-2.5  cm  long,  toothed  through- 
out; auricles  of  sepals  about  2  mm  long;  seed  about  2  mm  long 

22.    V.    striata. 

Leaves  with  flattened  crenate  teeth;   stipules  0.5-1.3  cm  long  or  rarely  longer, 

toothed  mostly  toward  the  base;  auricles  of  sepals  about  1  mm  long;  seeds 

1.5-1.8  mm  long. 

Capsules   4-5   mm   long,   light   brown,   splotched   with   a   darker   brown;    seed 

bone  color,  splotched  with  brown,  about  1.5  mm  long.  . .  .23.  V.  conspersa. 

Capsules  mostly  5.5-7  mm  long;  seed  2  mm  or  more  long 24.  V.  rostrata. 

Stipules  large,  leaflike,  laciniate  at  the  base. 

Upper  leaves  and  middle  lobes  of  stipules  entire  or  nearly  so;   seed  light  brown, 

about  1  mm  long 19.    V.  Kitaibeliana  var.  Rafinesquii. 

Upper    leaves    and    middle    lobes    of    stipules    plainly    crenate;    introduced    from 
Europe. 

Leaves  cordate  at  the  base 20.  V.  tricolor. 

Leaves  cuneate  at  the  base 21.   V.  arvensis. 

1.  Viola  pedata  L.  (Viola  pedata  var.  concolor  Holm.)  Birdfoot 
Violet.  Map  1433.  Locally  frequent  in  the  lake  area  in  very  sandy  or 
gravelly  soil  in  the  dunes  and  open  woodland  and  along  roadsides.  Prob- 
ably absent  or  very  rare  south  of  the  lake  area  until  the  southern  part 
of  the  state  is  reached  where  it  has  been  found  in  a  few  counties  in  rather 
sandy  soil  on  the  crests  of  ridges.  Here  it  is  usually  associated  with  chest- 
nut oak,  post  oak,  black  oak,  and  Virginia  pine. 

Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

la.  Viola  pedata  var.  lineariloba  DC.  A  form  with  all  of  the  leaf-seg- 
ments lineai-.    Our  manuals  tell  us  that  this  leaf-form  is  correlated  with 


Viola 


VlOLACEAE 


687 


flowers,  having  all  of  the  petals  of  the  same  color.  This  form  is  rather  rare 
in  Indiana. 

2.  Viola  pedatifida  Don.  Prairie  Violet.  Map  1434.  In  dry  prairies 
and  open  woodland.  Very  rare. 

Prairies  from  Ohio  to  Sask.,  southwestw.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Ariz. 

2a.  Viola  pedatifida  X  sororia  Brainerd.  From  Warren  and  White 
Counties. 

3.  Viola  triloba  Schwein.  Three-lobed  Violet.  Map  1435.  Rather 
frequent  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  becoming  infrequent  or  absent 
in  the  northern  part.  No  doubt  many  of  the  reports  for  Viola  palmata 
should  be  referred  to  this  species.  In  rich,  dry  woods,  usually  found  in 
beech  and  sugar  maple,  beech  and  oak,  and  black  oak  and  white  oak 
woodland. 

Vt.  and  N.  Y.  to  Ind.,  southw.  along  the  mts.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

3a.  Viola  triloba  var.  dilatata  (Ell.)  Brainerd.  A  form  in  which  the 
pedately  cut  leaves  have  more  numerous  and  deeper  incisions.  I  have  it 
from  Brown,  Harrison,  Lawrence,  Monroe,  and  Sullivan  Counties. 

Mo.,  eastw.  to  Ind.  and  the  coast  and  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

4.  Viola  cucullata  Ait.  Marsh  Blue  Violet.  Map  1436.  In  tamarack 
bogs  and  marshy  places  in  the  lake  area  and  in  springy  places  and  on 
wet,  rocky  ledges  in  southern  Indiana.  Rather  rare.  Most  of  the  many 
reports  for  this  species  should  be  referred  to  other  species. 

In  cold  bogs  and  springs  from  Que.  and  Ont,  southw.  to  Ga. 

4a.  X  Viola  festata  House.  (Viola  cucullata  X  sagittata  Brainerd.)  1 
have  this  hybrid  from  Lagrange  County. 

5.  Viola  missouriensis  Greene.  Map  1437.  In  wet,  hard,  white,  and 
slightly  acid  clay  soil,  either  in  woodland  with  sweet  gum  or  in  the  open 
on  sweet  gum  land ;  less  frequent  in  wet  woodland  and  springy  places.   In- 


(588 


VlOLACEAE 


Viola 


0  50 

Map  1439 


Viola   af finis    LeConte 


o  50 

Map  1440 


Viola    sororia  Willd. 


0~~     — 35 
Map  1441 


Viola    hirsutula   Brainerd 


frequent  but  often  locally  abundant  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state  and 
rare  in  the  northern  part. 

Mississippi  Valley  from  Ind.  to  se.  Kans.,  southw.  to  La.  and  Tex. 

5a.  Viola  missouriensis  X  sororia  Brainerd.  I  have  this  hybrid  from 
Knox,  Sullivan,  Tippecanoe,  and  Vanderburgh  Counties. 

5b.  Viola  missouriensis  X  triloba.  I  have  this  hybrid  from  Daviess, 
Greene,  Knox,  and  Lawrence  Counties.  Brainerd  named  my  specimens  but 
did  not  describe  the  hybrid. 

6.  Viola  papilionacea  Pursh.  Butterfly  Violet.  Map  1438.  One  of 
our  most  common  blue  violets.  Frequent  in  all  parts  of  the  state  except 
the  area  about  Lake  Michigan  for  which  there  are  no  records.  In  moist 
woodland  and  clearings  and  along  roadsides.  This  species  is  probably  best 
considered  as  a  glabrate  form  of  Viola  sororia. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Okla. 

6a.  X  Viola  napae  House.  (Viola  papilionacea  X  sororia  Brainerd.) 
I  have  this  hybrid  from  Tippecanoe  and  Vermillion  Counties. 

6b.  X  Viola  variabilis  Greene.  (Viola  papilionacea  X  triloba  Brainerd.) 
I  have  this  hybrid  from  Clay,  Grant,  and  Randolph  Counties. 

6c.  Viola  papilionacea  X  pedatifida  Brainerd.  I  have  this  hybrid  from 
Jasper  County. 

7.  Viola  affinis  LeConte.  Map  1439.  In  moist,  alluvial  soil,  usually  in 
woodland  but  also  in  the  open  and  in  prairies.   Infrequent. 

N.  E.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

7a.  Viola  affinis  X  triloba  Brainerd.  I  have  this  hybrid  from  Clark 
County. 

8.  Viola  sororia  Willd.  Downy  Blue  Violet.  Map  1440.  This  is  our 
most  common  blue  violet.  Throughout  the  state  in  rich,  moist  or  dry  wood- 
land and  in  the  open  in  various  habitats. 

Que.  and  N.  E.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Okla. 


Viola 


VlOLACEAE 


689 


o  "To 

Map  1442 


Viola    sagittata    Ait. 


o~  — SB 
Map  1443 


Viola    lanceolata    L. 


9.  Viola  hirsutula  Brainerd.  Map  1441.  My  only  specimen  was  col- 
lected on  a  black  oak  and  Virginia  pine  slope  about  2  miles  northwest  of 
Bennettsville  in  Clark  County.  On  this  same  slope  I  collected  the  following 
hybrids,  all  of  which  were  named  by  Dr.  Brainerd. 

9a.  X  Viola  cordifdlia  (Nutt.)  Schwein.  (Viola  hirsutula  X  papiliorwcea 
Brainerd.) 

9b.     X  Viola  dissita  House.    (Viola  hirsutula  X  triloba  Brainerd.) 
9c.     Viola  hirsutula  X  missouriensis  (never  described). 

10.  Viola  sagittata  Ait.  Arrowleaf  Violet.  Map  1442.  In  northern 
Indiana  this  species  is  generally  found  in  black,  moist,  sandy  soil  in  the 
open  or  in  open  woods.  Rather  local.  Probably  absent  in  many  of  the 
central  counties,  appearing  again  in  southeastern  Indiana  in  slightly  acid 
soil  in  the  sweet  gum  flats;  in  the  knobstone  area  on  or  near  the  crests 
of  Virginia  pine  and  chestnut  oak  ridges ;  and  in  southwestern  Indiana  in 
the  post  oak  flats.   Rare  in  southern  Indiana. 

Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  La. 

10a.  Viola  sagittata  var.  ovata  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  (Viola  fimbriatula  Smith 
of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This 
variety  is  a  form  with  more  ovate  and  shorter  leaf  blades  and  is  more  or 
less  densely  pubescent.   It  insensibly  grades  into  the  typical  form. 

In  Indiana  mostly  near  Lake  Michigan  and  in  Posey  County. 

10b.     Viola  sagittata  X  sororia  Brainerd.  Lake  County. 

11.  Viola  lanceolata  L.  Lanceleaf  Violet.  Map  1443.  Rather  local 
but  usually  frequent  to  abundant  where  it  is  found  in  the  lake  area. 
Usually  in  a  sandy  black  loam  soil  in  the  open  in  marshes,  on  the  borders 
of  swamps,  and  in  bogs.  Probably  absent  in  most  of  the  counties  imme- 
diately south  of  the  lake  area  but  common  on  the  slightly  acid  soil  of  the 
flats  of  southern  Indiana.   Here  it  is  locally  abundant  in  old  fallow,  wet 


G90 


VlOLACEAE 


Viola 


0         ~5o 
Map  1445 


Viola    pall  ens    (Banks)   Brainerd 


5 53 

Map  1447 
Viola    incognita 
var    Forbesn    Brainerd 


fields  and  in  low,  open,  sweet  gum,  red  maple,  and  beech  woods.  Also  in 
the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  in  pin  oak  and  swamp  white  oak  flats 
where  it  is  very  rare. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  the  Piedmont  Plateau. 

12.  Viola  primulifolia  L.  Primroseleaf  Violet.  Map  1444.  In  moist, 
black  sandy  soil  on  the  margins  of  swamps.   Very  rare. 

N.  B.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  also  in  Ind. 

13.  Viola  pallens  (Banks)  Brainerd.  Smooth  White  Violet.  Map 
1445.  Local  in  the  lake  area  in  bogs  and  springy  or  wet  places,  usually 
associated  with  tamarack  or  aspen.  It  is  often  associated  with  Viola 
incognita  var.  Forbesii  which  it  very  much  resembles. 

Lab.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  S.  C,  Tenn.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Colo. 

14.  Viola  blanda  Willd.  Redstem  White  Violet.  Map  1446.  In  slight- 
ly acid  soil  in  sweet  gum,  red  maple,  and  beech  woodland;  more  rarely  in 
dry  ground  with  beech  and  oaks.  Nieuwland  found  it  growing  in  moss 
in  a  tamarack  bog  in  St.  Joseph  County. 

This  species  has  been  reported  frequently  from  Indiana  but  no  doubt 
many  of  the  reports  should  be  referred  to  other  species.  In  my  exchanges 
and  in  the  herbaria  I  have  examined  I  find  many  specimens  labeled  this 
species  that  should  be  referred  to  Viola  incognita  and  its  variety. 

W.  Que.  and  w.  N.  E.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  the  mts.  of  Ga. 

15.  Viola  incognita  Brainerd  var.  Forbesii  Brainerd.  Hairy  White 
Violet.  Map  1447.  Generally  in  mucky  soil  on  the  shady  borders  of  lakes 
and  in  bogs  and  marshes.  Very  local  but  in  colonies.  For  the  typical 
species,  see  list  of  excluded  species. 

Que.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Mass.  and  Tenn. 

16.  Viola  eriocarpa  Schwein.  (Viola  scabriuscula  Schwein.)  Stemmed 
Yellow  Violet.  Map  1448.  Rather  frequent  in  moist,  rich  woods  through- 


Viola 


VlOLACEAE 


691 


0  55 

Map  1448 


Viola    enocarpa    Schwem. 


Jan. 

Feb. 
_  Mar. 

Apr. 
7     May 

June 

July 
Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

'Nov. 

Dec  C 

III 

L 

so 

D               D 

:;- 

D 

P~ 

| 

\ 

1  A 

0 

H 

" 

D 
P 

1          B 

V 

- 

|             , 

f     I 

r~ 

r 

i 

1    D     1       -< 

£/    Miles 

V 

0 

3      F 

ul 

escens 

0                 50 

Map  1449 
Ait 

i 

9 
3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.  C 

D 

"f  o     L 

HD 

L 
S3 

D 

D 

D 

|yi 

0 

B 

0 

D 

'  X 

f 

1         B 

f 

ff 

1    L 

. 

I1           1 

J- 

r 

1 

i 

i    I  °  /  ^ 

"     1        J-^Dl 

3aNDJH    / — ' 

\ fj    Miles 

V 

iol 

a 

~J>(    y  o          so 

■J             Map  1450 

ranadensis   L. 

out  the  state.  It  is  more  frequent  and  abundant  in  beech  and  sugar  maple 
and  white  oak  woods. 

Most  of  our  specimens  are  more  pubescent  than  the  typical  form,  in 
fact  many  so  closely  approach  Viola  pubescens  in  pubescence  that  it  seems 
wrong  to  place  them  with  this  species. 

Conn.,  s.  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Md.  and  Okla. 

16a.  Viola  eriocarpa  Schwein.  forma  leiocarpa  (Fern.  &  Wieg.)  Deam, 
comb.  nov.  (Viola  eriocarpa  var.  leiocarpa  Fern.  &  Wieg.  in  Rhodora  23: 
275.  1921.)  This  is  a  form  with  glabrous  capsules.  In  my  Indiana  fruiting 
specimens  I  have  19  sheets  with  woolly  capsules  and  28  sheets  with 
glabrous  capsules.  The  forms  have  no  specific  geographical  range  in 
Indiana. 

17.  Viola  pubescens  Ait.  Stemmed  Downy  Yellow  Violet.  Map 
1449.    In  rich,  moist  woods.    Rare. 

N.  S.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  especially  in  the  mts.  to  Va.  and  Mo. 

The  separation  of  this  species  from  the  preceding  is  not  at  all  satis- 
factory. The  characters  used  in  their  separation  are  not  constant  and  it 
appears  from  my  specimens  that  all  characters  fail  about  equally,  so  that 
a  preponderant  character  is  absent.  If  it  is  true  that  this  species  has  no 
long  root  leaves  and  never  branches  at  the  base,  then  I  have  only  3  speci- 
mens of  it  from  Indiana.  But  we  have  specimens  that  are  much  branched 
that  are  as  pubescent  as  any  we  have.  It  is  likewise  with  other  characters, 
such  as  width  of  the  stipules  and  the  number  of  the  teeth  of  the  leaf 
margin. 

17a.  Viola  pubescens  var.  Peckii  House.  (N.  Y.  State  Mus.  Bull.  243- 
244:  50.  1923.)  The  form  with  glabrous  capsules.  I  have  it  from  Steuben 
County. 

18.  Viola  canadensis  L.  Canada  Violet.  Map  1450.  Almost  invariably 
found  in  beech  and  sugar  maple  woods  and  rarely  in  white  ash  and  red 


692 


VlOLACEAE 


Viola 


1 
11 

3 

1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July   ( 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

r 

Jv 

(r1 

" 

DP 

-I 

n 

B   D    J 

uc 

B      D 

J 

j 

Dec.  C 

IU                             r 
1           ' 

«  It, 

■L-/f     D    I        J 
~[     Bs             J 

/    Miles 

c±" 

B 
D 

V 

11C  1 

ola 

var 

Kita 
Raf 

belli 
nes 

na 

■v  J 

Roem.  & 
(Greene 

50 

Map  1451 
Schultes 
)  Fern. 

0  50 

Map  1453 


Viola    striata    Ait. 


oak  or  in  black  oak  and  white  oak  woods.  Usually  in  large  colonies  and 
rather  frequent  in  the  northern  counties,  becoming  rare  or  absent  until 
the  southern  counties  are  reached.  Here  it  is  found  in  similar  habitats 
and  is  as  abundant  as  in  the  northern  part.  This  species  does  well  in 
cultivation  and  flowers  from  May  until  freezing  weather. 

N.  B.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  S.  C,  Ala.,  Nebr.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to 
Ariz,  and  N.  Mex. 

19.  Viola  Kitaibeliana  Roem.  &  Schultes  var.  Rafinesquii  (Greene) 
Fern.  (Rhodora  40:  443-446.  1938.)  (Viola  Rafinesquii  Greene.)  Field 
Pansy.  Map  1451.  Infrequent  but  fast  becoming  more  widely  scattered. 
Most  abundant  in  sandy  soil  or  in  sandy  clay  soil  in  woodland,  fallow,  and 
cultivated  fields  and  along  roadsides.  There  are  no  reports  for  it  north  of 
Tippecanoe  County,  although  it  occurs  in  Michigan. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Conn,  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  the  Gulf  States. 

20.  Viola  tricolor  L.  Garden  Pansy.  This  species  has  been  reported 
from  the  following  counties:  Clark  (Baird  &  Taylor)  ;  Jefferson  (Barnes, 
Coulter)  ;  Knox  (Spillman)  ;  Shelby  (Ballard)  ;  St.  Joseph  (Nieuwland)  ; 
and  for  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  (Schneck) .  Nieuwland  says  it  maintains 
itself  in  St.  Joseph  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

21.  Viola  arvensis  Murr.  Field  Pansy.  Map  1452.  This  species  was 
reported  by  Nieuwland  as  maintaining  itself  in  St.  Joseph  County.  In  1916 
I  found  about  a  ten-acre  field  of  it  in  Lagrange  County.  At  first  I  thought 
the  owner  was  growing  this  species  for  its  seed  but  I  learned  that  he  had 
sown  clover  seed  and  that  this  species  was  so  abundant  that  it  had  prac- 
tically crowded  out  the  clover.  This  place  was  revisited  in  1930  and  I 
found  that  it  had  disappeared. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 


Passiflora 


Passifloraceae 


693 


9 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec  (- 

i 

DP     I 

F 

f 

"'  » 

I    B 

1    BD 

ID 

D            D 

r 

D 

V 

f  r^ 

D 

f 

-X 

"1          1 

-  X 

J 

T- 

r 

i 
■  ' — 

1/    Miles 

Viol 

i    cc 

nspersa 

0                50 

Map  1454 

Reich. 

3 
10 

1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

""1    D 

D      L 
»D          o 

D 

D 

D            D 

r 

D 

JL 

|V 

D 

D 

" 

DP 

X 

r 

-  k 

B 

r 

l' 

Dec.f- 

t 
,--i — 

D                 L-W 

"Tbii     P  |       ) 

J    Miles 

Viola 

ro. 

■>\       1 

strata   P 

3               50 
Map  1455 

jrsh 

Passiflora  lutea 
var.  glabrifolia  Fern 


0  50 

Map  1456 


22.  Viola  striata  Ait.  Cream  Violet.  Map  1453.  Our  most  common 
stemmed  violet.  It  grows  both  in  the  open  and  in  the  shade,  preferring 
the  moist  alluvial  soil  of  woodland  along  streams  and  elsewhere. 

N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

23.  Viola  conspersa  Reichenb.  Dog  Violet.  Map  1454.  Rather  fre- 
quent in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  state  in  wet  or  moist  woodland. 
Rare  or  absent  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state. 

E.  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga. 

24.  Viola  rostrata  Pursh.  Longspur  Violet.  Map  1455.  Usually  in 
moist  rich  soil  at  the  bases  of  slopes  in  thick  woodland.  Rather  frequent 
in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  state,  becoming  rare  or  absent  in  many 
of  the  southern  counties. 

W.  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga. 


203.  PASSIFLORACEAE  Dumort.  Passionflower  Family 

5372.  PASSIFLdRA  L. 

[Killip.    The  American  species  of  Passifloraceae.    Field  Museum  Nat. 
Hist.  Bot.  Ser.  19:  1-613.   1938.] 
Leaves  obtusely  3-lobed  above  the  middle,  the  lobes  entire;   flowers  yellowish;   fruit 

about  1.2  cm  in  diameter 1.  P.  lutea  var.  glabriflora. 

Leaves  deeply  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  serrate;  petals  whitish;  corona  purplish;  fruit  much 

inflated,  about  3.5  cm  in  diameter 2.  P.  incarnata. 

1.  Passiflora  lutea  L.  var.  glabriflora  Fern.  (Rhodora  41 :  436.  1939.) 
Yellow  Passionflower.  Map  1456.  Moist  or  dry  woods,  usually  on 
wooded  slopes  bordering  streams.  Infrequent  to  rare  as  far  north  as 
Carroll  County. 

Pa.  to  111.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Passiflora  incarnata  L.  Maypop.  Map  1457.  Very  rare.  It  is  locally 
common,  however,  on  the  rocky  open  slope  of  the  Ohio  River  about  midway 
between  Cannelton  and  Tell   City.    I  saw  it  in  Crawford  County  near 


694 


Cactaceae 


Opuntia 


0  50 

Map  1457 


Passiflora    incarnata    L 


0  50 

Map  1458 


Opuntia     humifusa    Raf 


30 
Map  1459 


Dirca     palustns 


Wyandotte  Cave  but  I  was  not  prepared  to  preserve  a  specimen.  I  have 
it  from  two  places  along  the  Ohio  River  above  Cannelton  in  Perry  County 
and  from  one  place  along  the  Ohio  River  about  3  miles  above  Mauckport 
in  Harrison  County.  Charles  M.  Ek  found  a  large  colony  in  hard,  clay 
soil  along  a  railroad  embankment  a  quarter  of  a  mile  north  of  Galveston, 
Cass  County. 

Pa.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


210.  CACTACEAE  Lindl.  Cactus  Family 

5417.  OPUNTIA  [Tourn.]  Mill. 

1.  Opuntia  humifusa  Raf.  Prickly  Pear.  Map  1458.  Usually  in  very 
sandy  soil  but  in  Harrison,  Jefferson,  and  Jennings  Counties  it  is  found 
in  a  friable  clay  soil.  It  forms  large  colonies  and  becomes  an  obnoxious 
weed,  especially  on  the  bluff  of  the  Ohio  River  north  of  Madison. 

Mass.,  s.  Ont.,  n.  111.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Tenn.,  and  in  the  mts. 
to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

The  Indiana  species  of  Opuntia  are  not  well  understood.  The  most  recent 
revision  of  the  genus  would  refer  all  of  our  reports  of  Opuntia  vulgaris 
Mill,  to  this  species  (under  the  synonymous  name,  Opuntia  Opuntia  (L.) 
Karst).    (See  Britton  and  Rose.   The  Cactaceae  1 :  127-129.   1919.) 

214.  THYMELAEACEAE  Reich.  Mezerum    Family 

5448.  DIRCA  L. 

1.  Dirca  palustris  L.  Leatherwood.  Map  1459.  Infrequent  through- 
out the  state  except  in  the  northwestern  and  southwestern  parts  from 
which  there  are  no  records.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  state  it  is  usually 
found  in  rich  soil,  in  beech  and  sugar  maple  woods,  generally  carpeted 
with  a  deep  leaf  mold,  more  rarely  in  wet  woods,  and  in  a  tamarack  bog 
in  Steuben  County.  In  the  southern  part,  it  usually  occurs  on  the  lower 
part  of  wooded  slopes  along  streams.   An  exceptional  habitat  is  its  occur- 


Shepherdia 


Elaeagnaceae 


695 


1 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

'. 

! 

1 1 1 

D 

DP 

T 

"-  ' 

r 

F 

\ 

V 

X 

■■ 

1/    Miles 

J~ 

r 

Dec.  j— 

1 

i  * — 

Shep 

ner 

di 

i    c 

anadensis 

0                 50 

Map  1460 
L)  Nutt 

0  50 

Map  1462 
Rotala    ramosior 
var.  interior  Fern.  &  Grisc. 


rence  under  hemlock  trees  on  a  low  sandstone  cliff  along  the  Muscatatuck 
River  between  Vernon  and  North  Vernon,  Jennings  County,  where  it  was 
growing  with  its  roots  in  the  crevices  of  the  sandstone  cliff.    It  is  most 
frequent  in  Parke  County  where  a  creek  bears  its  name. 
N.  B.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tenn.,  and  Mo. 

215.  ELAEAGNACEAE  Lindl.  Oleaster  Family 
5471.  SHEPHERDIA  Nutt. 

1.  Shepherdia  canadensis  (L.)  Nutt.  (Lepargyrea  canadensis  (L.) 
Greene.)  Russet  Buffaloberry.  Map  1460.  Near  the  bases  of  low  dunes 
near  Pine  in  Lake  County  where  it  is  infrequent.  In  1906  I  found  it  about 
2  miles  east  of  Indiana  Harbor.  City  development  is  fast  encroaching  upon 
its  native  area  and  it  will  soon  become  extinct  in  Indiana.  It  is  the  first 
shrub  of  Indiana  to  bloom  and  it  is  soon  followed  by  leatherwood  and 
certain  species  of  willow. 

Newf.  to  Alaska  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  S.,  Maine,  Vt.,  n.  and  w.  N.  Y., 
Ind.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  N.  Mex. 


216.  LYTHRACEAE  Lindl.  Loosestrife  Family 

Flowers  regular;  petals  equal;  plants  not  glandular-pubescent. 
Flowers  small,  axillary,  solitary  or  few;  low  or  erect  herbs. 

Calyx  tube  short,  campanulate  or  hemispheric,  not  striate,  about  3  mm  or  less 
long  in  flower;  petals  0-4;  plants  commonly  less  than  5.5  dm  high. 
Plants  of  wet  habitats,  not  collapsing  when  uprooted;  petals  4;  calyx  tube  with 
appendages  in  the  sinuses. 
Flowers  solitary  and  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  capsules  4-celled,  septi- 

cidal 5473.  Rotala,  p.  696. 

Flowers  in  1  or  2,  three-flowered  clusters,  the  clusters  sessile  or  nearly  so 
(flowers   sometimes   solitary  on  the   upper  part  of  the   stem   or  on   the 

branches)  ;    capsules   2-4-celled,   bursting   irregularly 

5474.    Ammannia,  p.  697. 


696 


Lythraceae 


Rotala 


1 

Jan, 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec  j- 

f 

V 

f^ 

W 

X 

r 

~r  io     . I 

J     Miles 

°      I1 

DP 

10 

i — ' — 

D 

k     1 y 

r*B 

"S     0 

IU 

D    J    D 

D 

An 

iman 

D      ) 

ia    c 

j  \       / 

occinea    F 

50 
Map  1463 

ottb. 

o  So 

Map  1464 

Didiplis    diandra  (Nutt.)  Wood 


Plants  aquatic,  collapsing  when  taken  from  the  water;  petals  none;  calyx  tube 

without  appendages;  capsules  indehiscent 5475.  Didiplis,  p.  697. 

Calyx  tube  cylindric,  striate,  generally  4-5  mm  long  in  flower;  petals  5  or  more; 

plants  commonly  more  than  6  dm  high 5476.  Lythrum,  p.  697. 

Flowers  large,  in  axillary  cymes ;  long,  curving,  semi-shrubby  plants 

5488.    Decodon,  p.  698. 

Flowers   irregular   and    unsymmetrical ;    petals    unequal;    plants    glandular-pubescent. 
5478.  Cuphea,  p.  698. 


5473.  ROTALA  L. 

[Fernald  &  Griscom.    The  variations  of  Rotala  ramosior.   Rhodora  37 : 

168-169.    1  pi.  1935.] 

Plants  low,  simple  or  branched,  rarely  more  than  3  dm  high;  leaves  usually  ascending, 
the  larger  ones  1.5-4  (5)  mm  wide;  capsules  2-3.3  mm  wide,  2-4  mm  long;  bract- 
lets  subulate,  0.5-1.4  mm  long 1.  R.  ramosior  var.  typica. 

Plants  robust,  up  to  4.5  dm  high,  simple  or  branched;  lower  leaves  usually  widely 
spreading  or  reflexed,  the  larger  ones  5-10  mm  wide;  capsules    (3.2)    3.8-4.4  mm 

wide,  3.5-5  mm  long;   bractlets  linear-lanceolate,  1.6-2.4    (4)    mm  long 

la.  JR.  ramosior  var.  interior. 

1.  Rotala  ramosior  (L.)  Koehne  var.  typica  Fern.  &  Grisc.  Map  1461. 
All  the  specimens  I  have  seen  are  from  the  wet  sandy  areas  of  the  north- 
western part  of  the  state.  It  is  local  and  is  found  in  ditches  and  on  the 
borders  of  sloughs. 

Coastal  Plain  from  Mass.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  sands  of  s.  Mich.,  n.  Ind., 
111.,  and  Minn. ;  also  in  Wash,  and  Oreg. 

la.  Rotala  ramosior  var.  interior  Fern.  &  Grisc.  Map  1462.  My  speci- 
mens are  all  from  southern  Indiana  except  a  typical  one  from  Steuben 
County.  Infrequent  to  local  and  found  in  mud  in  ditches,  on  borders  of 
sloughs,  on  muddy  shores  of  streams  and  artificial  ponds,  and  in  wet 
woods  and  fallow  fields. 

N.  Y.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Okla. 


Ammannia 


Lythraceae 


697 


0  50 

Map  1466 


Lythrum   Salicaria    L. 


0  So 

Map  1467 


Cuphea    petiolata    ID   Koehne 


0  ~~ 3o 

Map  1468 


Decodon    verticillatus    (L.)  Ell 


5474.  AMMANNIA  [Houston]  L. 

1.  Ammannia  coccinea  Rottb.  Map  1463.  Muddy  borders  of  sloughs, 
ponds,  bayous,  reservoirs,  and  streams  and  in  dredged  ditches.  Local  but 
often  abundant  where  found. 

N.  J.,  Ohio  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  also  in  Mex.  and  Brazil. 

5475.  DIDIPLIS  Raf. 

1.  Didiplis  diandra  (Nutt.)  Wood.  Water  Purslane.  Map  1464.  Very 
rare.   In  stagnant  water  in  ponds. 

N.  C.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Tex.,  and  up  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Minn, 
and  Wis. 


5476.  LYTHRUM  L. 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves;  petals  and  stamens  5-7.  .1.  L.  alatum. 

Flowers  in  a  terminal,  spicate  panicle,  crowded,  whorled;  petals  6;  stamens  12,  rarely 

g_10 2.    L.    Salicaria. 

1.  Lythrum  alatum  Pursh.  Winged  Lythrum.  Map  1465.  Essentially 
a  plant  of  the  open.  Mostly  in  sandy  soil  in  prairies,  marshes,  and  low 
borders  of  lakes  and  in  roadside  ditches.  Frequent  in  the  lake  and  prairie 
areas,  becoming  infrequent  to  rare  in  the  southern  counties  where  its 
habitat  is  rare. 

Southeastern  N.  E.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  La.,  and  Colo. 

2.  Lythrum  Salicaria  L.  Purple  Loosestrife.  Map  1466.  Reported 
in  1925  by  R.  C.  Friesner  as  well  established  along  a  small  stream  about 
a  mile  southeast  of  Irvington  in  Marion  County.  Also  reported  for  Lake 
County  by  Pepoon.  Common  in  a  springy  bayou  of  the  Little  Elkhart 
River  just  north  of  Middlebury,  Elkhart  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  Del.,  and  D.  C. 


698 


Melastomaceae 


Cuphea 


0  50 

Map  1470 


Rhexia    virginica    L. 


0  30 

Map  1471 
Rhexia  mariana  L. 

uar.  leiosperma  Fern.  &  Grisc. 


5478.  CUPHEA  P.  Br. 

1.  Cuphea  petiolata  (L.)  Koehne.  (Parsonia  petiolata  (L.)  Rusby.) 
Cuphea.  Map  1467.  Prefers  sandy  soil  in  dry  situations  but  adapts  itself 
to  moist  conditions.  Rather  frequent  in  the  southern  half  of  the  state  in 
open  woodland,  pastures,  and  fallow  fields  and  along  roadsides.  Our 
Steuben  County  specimen  was  collected  in  1928  by  Anna  May  Weatherwax 
on  the  border  of  a  cornfield  along  Little  Crooked  Lake  northwest  of  Angola. 
No  doubt  this  specimen  was  adventive.  The  species  has  a  weedy  nature. 
I  had  it  under  cultivation  several  years  ago  and  it  reproduced  so  abundant- 
ly that  I  feared  it  might  become  a  weed  so  I  exterminated  it. 

N.  H.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  La. 

5488.  DECODON  J.  F.  Gmel. 

Stem  and  lower  surface  of  leaves  pubescent 1.  D.  verticillatus. 

Stem  and  lower  surface  of  leaves  glabrous la.  D.  verticillatus  var.  laevigatus. 

1.  Decodon  verticillatus  (L.)  Ell.  Hairy  Swamp  Loosestrife.  Map 
1468.  In  the  mucky  or  peaty  borders  of  lakes,  bogs,  and  swamps.  Infre- 
quent in  the  lake  area,  and  very  rare  southward. 

Coastal  Plain  from  Maine  to  Fla.,  inland  in  sw.  Ont.,  Ind.  and  111. 

la.  Decodon  verticillatus  var.  laevigatus  T.  &  G.  (Decodon  verticillatus 
in  part,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.) 
Smooth  Swamp  Loosestrife.  Map  1469.  On  the  mucky  or  peaty  borders 
of  lakes,  bogs,  and  swamps.  Rather  rare  and  not  so  frequent  as  the 
pubescent  form. 

N.  E.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Tenn. 


223.  MELASTOMACEAE  R.  Br.  Melastoma  Family 

5664.  RHEXIA  L. 
[Fernald  &  Griscom.    Rhexia  in  northeastern  America.    Rhodora  37: 
169-173.    1  pi.    1935.] 


Rhexia 


Onagraceae 


699 


o  5o 

Map  1472 

Jussiaea    decurrens    (Walt.)   DC. 


o  50 

Map  1473 


Jussiaea     diffusa    Forsk 


10 
12 
3 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.f- 

D 

0 

L 
T 

D 

3 

: 

_y d 

D 

"       D 

D 

r  j 

D 

■—I'd 
d      dp 

\ 

J    i 

D 

i  l 

r 

D 

1    B  D 

D 

D 

r 

1 
DP 

DP 
B 

i  l 

j 

i     ' 

'    _L 

B 

D 

J- 

r 

1 

IU 

B            D 
K      1 y 

B    J          |D 

""[Bap  W          __-> 
D     J 

U    Miles 

[     D    U        \ 

Ludwiq 
var.  americana 

r>v  /o 

v>             Map  1474 
a   palustris 

(DC.)  Fern  &  Gnsc. 

Neck  of  capsule  shorter  than  the  body;  stem  and  branches  usually  only  sparsely 
pubescent;  seed  muricate,  0.65-0.8  mm  long 1.  R.  virginica. 

Neck  of  capsule  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  body;  stem  and  branches  usually  copi- 
ously spreading-pubescent;  seed  0.5-0.6  mm  long,  the  papillae  depressed 

2.  R.  via/riana  var.  leiosperma. 

1.  Rhexia  virginica  L.  Common  Meadowbeauty.  Map  1470.  In  north- 
ern Indiana  found  in  moist,  slightly  acid,  black,  sandy  loam  soil  in 
treeless  areas  in  black  and  white  oak  woods,  prairies,  chokeberry  thickets, 
and  borders  of  marshes  and  lakes.  It  is  local,  but  where  it  is  found  it  may 
be  very  abundant  over  acres.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  state  it  is  very 
local  and  found  in  the  "flats"  in  fallow  fields  which  were  wooded  with 
beech  and  sweet  gum  or  in  low,  open,  flat,  sweet  gum,  red  maple,  and  pin 
oak  woods. 

Along  the  coast  from  N.  S.  to  Fla. ;  inland  from  sw.  Ont.  to  se.  Iowa, 
southw.  to  La.  and  Mo. 

2.  Rhexia  mariana  L.  var.  leiosperma  Fern.  &  Grisc.  (Rhodora  37 :  171- 
172.  1935.)  Maryland  Meadowbeauty.  Map  1471.  Restricted  to  a  few 
southern  counties  and  found  in  moist  and  usually  rather  sandy  soil  in  road- 
side ditches  and  hayfields  and  along  railroads. 

Ind.,  111.,  Ky.,  Tenn.,  Mo.,  Ark.,  and  Tex. 


224.  ONAGRACEAE  Dumort.  Evening-primrose  Family 

Parts  of  the  flower  in  fours  or  more  numerous. 
Calyx  tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary. 

Calyx  persistent  on  the  fruit;  seeds  without  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  summit. 

Capsules  mostly  10-20  mm  long;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals 

5791.    Jussiaea,  p.  700. 

Capsules  less  than  10  mm  long;  stamens  4 5793.  Ludwigia,  p.  700. 

Calyx  deciduous;   seeds  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  summit 

5795.  Epilobium,  p.  702. 

Calyx  tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary. 


700  Onagraceae  Jussiaea 


Flowers  yellow  (pink  or  white  in  Oenothera  speciosa)  ;  fruit  not  deciduous,  dehis- 
cent   5804.  Oenothera,  p.  703. 

Flowers  light  to  dark  pink;  fruit  deciduous,  indehiscent 5819.  Gaura,  p.  707. 

Parts  of  flower  in  twos;  stamens  2;  fruit  bristly;  leaves  opposite 

5828.    Circaea,  p.  709. 

5791.  JUSSIAEA  L. 

Stems  erect;   leaves  mostly  lanceolate,   decurrent   at   the   sessile  base;    petals  4;    pod 

4-sided,   club-shaped 1-   *•    decurrens. 

Stems  floating  or  creeping;  leaves  of  an  oval  type;  petals  5;  pod  cylindric 

2.    J.    diffusa. 

1.  Jussiaea  decurrens  (Walt.)  DC.  Map  1472.  Primrose- willow.  In 
very  wet,  sandy  soil  in  the  outlet  of  a  spring  about  10  miles  southwest  of 
Mt.  Vernon  in  Posey  County,  and  on  a  sandy  bar  in  a  small  stream  in  a 
woods  about  4  miles  southeast  of  Hatfield,  Spencer  County. 

Md.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Tex.  and  up  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  111.  and  Ind. 

2.  Jussiaea  diffusa  Forskal.  Floating  Primrose-willow.  Map  1473. 
In  1935  I  found  this  species  to  be  common  in  the  artificial  lake  in  Shaka- 
mak  State  Park,  Sullivan  County.  I  did  not  investigate  how  extensively 
it  was  established  but  the  border  was  well  stocked  with  it  as  far  as  I 
traversed  it.  This  lake  is  artificial  and  was  made  only  a  few  years  ago.  No 
one  seems  to  know  when  or  how  it  got  its  start  in  the  lake.  I  was  in- 
formed by  a  workman  that  aquatic  plants  had  been  collected  from  the 
sloughs  along  Eel  River  and  put  into  the  lake.  The  interesting  thing  is 
that  this  species  has  so  well  adapted  itself  to  its  new  habitat  that  it  now 
grows  abundantly  on  the  shore  of  a  lake  which  a  few  years  ago  was  a  poor, 
fallow  field.  Since  no  effort  will  be  made  to  exterminate  it,  it  is  established 
in  this  place. 

Ind.,  111.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5793.  LUDWIGIA  L. 

Leaves  all  opposite 1.  L.  palustris  var.  americana. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Flowers  showy;  petals  bright  yellow;  capsules  on  short  pedicels,  quadrangular,  the 
angles  slightly  winged  and  greenish,  the  mature  ones  mostly  4-5  mm  wide  be- 
tween the   angles;   plants   more  or   less   pubescent  with   short,   incurved  hairs. 

2.   L.   alternifolia. 

Flowers  inconspicuous;  petals  none  or  small,  yellowish  or  green;  capsules  sessile, 
cylindric,  subglobose  or  obpyramidal,  mostly  2-4  mm  wide,  the  angles,  if  any, 
rounded,  and  the  sides  with  a  shallow  groove. 

Capsules  cylindric,  about  2  mm  in  diameter,  about  twice  as  long  as  wide 

3.    L.    glandulosa. 

Capsules  subglobose  or  obpyramidal,  not  twice  as  long  as  wide. 

Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  bractlets  of  the  capsules  usually  as  long  as  or 

longer  than  the  capsules;  sepals  about  half  as  long  as  the  capsules 

4.    L.    polycarpa. 

Plants  pubescent;  bractlets  of  the  capsules  usually  about  half  as  long  as  the 

capsules,  more  rarely  minute  or  up  to  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  capsules. 

5.   L.   sphaerocarpa  var.   Deamii. 


Ludwigia 


Onagraceae 


701 


0  50 

Map  1475 


Ludwigia    alternifolia    L. 


0  50 

Map  1476 


Ludwigia    glandulosa    Walt. 


0  50 

Map  1477 


Ludwigia    polycarpa    Short   &  Peter 


1.  Ludwigia  palustris  (L.)  Ell.  var.  americana  (DC.)  Fern.  &  Grisc. 
(Rhodora  37:  176-177.  1  pi.  1935.)  (Ludwigia  palustiis  in  part,  of  Gray, 
Man.,  ed.  7  and  Isnardia  palustris  in  part,  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus. 
Flora,  ed.  2.)  Marsh  Purslane.  Map  1474.  All  Indiana  reports  for  Lud- 
ivigia  palustris  should  be  referred  to  this  variety.  Frequent  to  common 
throughout  the  state,  mostly  in  beds  of  ditches  and  small  streams  and  on 
the  muddy  borders  of  ponds,  swamps,  sloughs,  lakes,  and  streams.  Some- 
times in  mucky  soil  in  marshes. 

N.  S.  to  s.  Que.,  Minn.,  and  Oreg.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  La.,  Tex.,  e.  Wash., 
e.  Oreg.,  ne.  Calif  to  Mex.  and  Guatemala;  also  in  Bermuda. 

2.  Ludwigia  alternifolia  L.  Map  1475.  In  wet  places  along  streams, 
about  lakes,  ponds,  sloughs,  and  in  wet  woodland,  fallow  fields,  and  road- 
side ditches.  Throughout  the  state  but  usually  only  a  specimen  or  two  at 
a  place. 

Mass.  to  Fla. ;  and  in  the  interior  from  sw.  Ont.  to  Kans.  and  Tex. 

3.  Ludwigia  glandulosa  Walt.  Map  1476.  In  swampy  woods  and  dried- 
up  sloughs.   Known  only  from  Posey  County. 

Gulf  Coast  from  Fla.  to  Tex. ;  up  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  111.  and  Ind. 

4.  Ludwigia  polycarpa  Short  &  Peter.  Map  1477.  In  the  muddy  borders 
of  ponds,  sloughs,  swamps,  streams,  lakes,  and  in  dredged  and  roadside 
ditches.  No  doubt  to  be  found  in  every  county  of  the  state  but  infrequent 
and  rarely  many  specimens  at  a  place. 

E.  Mass.,  sw.  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Tenn.  and  Kans. 

5.  Ludwigia  sphaerocarpa  Ell.  var.  Deamii  Fern.  &  Grisc.  (Rhodora  37 : 
174-175.  1935.)  (Ludivigia  sphaerocarpa  in  part,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7 
and  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Map  1478.  Mucky  or 
muddy  borders  of  marshes,  streams,  and  interdunal  flats.  Rare. 

Plants  growing  in  water  often  develop  corky  bases. 
Nw.  Ind. 


702 


Onagraceae 


Epilobium 


0  50 

Map  1478 
Ludwigia  sphaerocarpa 
var.  Deamii  Fern.  &  Grisc. 


0  — 30 

Map  1479 


Epilobium    angustifolium    L 


0  50 

Map  1480 


Epilobium    strictum    Muhl. 


5795.  EPILOBIUM  L. 

Flowers  large;  petals  entire,  10-20  mm  long;  stigmas  4-lobed 1.  E.  angustifolium. 

Flowers  small;  petals  notched  at  the  summit,  less  than  10  mm  long;  stigmas  entire. 
Stems  terete,  without  decurrent  lines  from  the  leaf  bases;  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate, 
entire  or  nearly  so,  the  margins  revolute. 

Capsules  and  stems  with  a  spreading  pubescence 2.  E.  molle. 

Capsules  and  stems  with  a  short,  curved  pubescence 3.  E.  densum. 

Stems  with  decurrent  lines  from  the  leaf  bases ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate,  the  margins  flat. 
Seed    obconic-fusiform,    1.3-1.5    mm    long,    beakless,    not    striate   but   papillate   in 
longitudinal  lines,  coma  tawny  in  dried  specimens  but  often  whitish  in  im- 
mature or  green   specimens;   flowers   pinkish;   leaves   narrowed   at  the   base. 

4.    E.    coloratura. 

Seed  obovoid,  about  1  mm  long,  with  a  very  short  beak;  dried  coma  white;  flowers 
bluish  pink  or  bluish  purple;  leaves  rounded  at  the  base,  more  remotely  ser- 
rate and  thinner  than  no.  4 5.  E.  glandulosum  var.  adenocaulon. 

1.  Epilobium  angustifolium  L.  (Chamaenerion  angustifolium  (L.) 
Scop.)  Great  Willowherb.  Map  1479.  Infrequent  to  rare  in  the  open  in 
newly  made  clearings  and  in  wet  soil  about  lakes,  marshes,  and  interdunal 
flats.   Rarely  in  dry  sandy  soil  in  woodland. 

Greenland  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N1.  C.,  Ind.,  Kans.,  Ariz.,  and  Calif. ; 
also  found  in  Eu.  and  Asia. 

2.  Epilobium  strictum  Muhl.  (Epilobium  molle  Torr.  )  Map  1480. 
In  sedge  marshes  and  bogs.  Rare.  It  has  been  reported  from  Gibson, 
Jefferson,  and  Monroe  Counties. 

E.  Que.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Va.,  111.,  and  Minn. 

3.  Epilobium  densum  Raf.  (Epilobium  lineare  Muhl.)  Map  1481.  In 
bogs  and  sedge  marshes.   Infrequent. 

E.  Que.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Del.,  W.  Va.,  Kans.,  and  Colo. 

4.  Epilobium  coloratum  Muhl.  Willowherb.  Map  1482.  Frequent 
throughout  the  state  except  in  the  southern  counties.    In  wet  soil  in  road- 


Oenothera 


Onagraceae 


703 


8 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 
J 

\   D 

D           D 
IU            P 

^_yr> 

0 

D 

■ 

D 

\ 

{f\ 

D 

" 

D 

0 

r1 

X 

D 

r 

1 

fn 

Dec.  C 

ID                        . 
1         ' 

J    Miles 

E 

)ilob 

urn 

densum    1 

0                 50 

Map  1481 
laf. 

6 50 

Map  1482 


Epilobium   coloratum    Muhl. 


1 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.f- 

f 

J       WD 

D 

v_ 

(    ^ 

■ 

r1 

\j- 

i 

r 

7_L 

J 

i 

■ 

\^/    Wiles 

Epil 

var. 

/  J    r^V  J  °             50 
~Kj~^S              Map  1483 
obium  glandulosum  Lehm. 
adenocaulon  (Hauss'k.)  Fern. 

side  and  dredged  ditches  and  wet  woods,  and  on  the  borders  of  lakes, 
ponds,  and  streams. 

N.  S.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  S.  C,  Tenn.,  Kans.,  and  Nebr. 

5.  Epilobium  glandulosum  Lehm.  var.  adenocaulon  (Haussk.)  Fern. 
(Rhodora  20:  34.  1918.)  (Epilobium  adenocaulon  Haussk.)  Map  1483. 
This  variety  was  reported  from  Kosciusko  County  by  Chipman  (Proc.  In- 
diana Acad.  Sci.  1896:  155.  1897) .  He  says  that  he  found  two  specimens  and 
that  these  were  sent  to  William  Trelease,  who  had  recently  monographed 
the  genus,  and  that  Trelease  reported  that  they  were  this  species.  It  was 
also  reported  from  Kosciusko  County  by  Clark,  and  from  Lake  County  by 
Pepoon  and  by  Peattie.  I  found  this  variety  to  be  abundant  in  a  springy 
place  at  the  base  of  the  south  bank  of  the  southeast  side  of  Lake  Pleasant 
about  4  miles  northeast  of  Orland,  Steuben  County.  Some  of  the  mature 
plants  were  up  to  3  feet  high. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Del.,  W.  Va.,  the  Great  Lakes,  Nebr.,  Colo., 
and  Calif. 

5804.  OENOTHERA  L.1 

Plants  with  stems. 

Flowers  yellow;  flower  buds  erect. 

Stamens  of  equal  length ;  seeds  in  two  rows  in  each  cell ;  capsules  subquadrangular, 
the  angles  broadly  rounded. 
Capsules,  when  mature,  4-6  mm  in  diameter,  tapering  upward  from  a  thickish 
base;  seeds  with  sharp  angles  and  not  strongly  pitted. 
Sepal-tips"   terminal,   hence   connivent   in  the   bud;    seeds   mostly   1.2-1.6   mm 
long. 
Stems  not  conspicuously  angled,  mostly  reddish,  somewhat  strigulose  and  also 
hirsute,  or  almost  glabrous;  leaves  green;  hypanthium,  sepals,  capsules, 
and  branches  of  inflorescence  more  or  less  hirsute   and   strigulose  to 
glabrous,  but  with  quite  evident  gland-tipped  hairs  among  the  others. 

1  I  wish  to  thank  P.  A.  Munz  for  his  great  assistance  in  constructing  my  key  and  in 
naming  my  specimens. 

2  Species  under  this  lead  probably  formerly  included  in  O.  biennis  of  authors. 


704  Onagraceae  Oenothera 

Bracts  of  inflorescence  conspicuous  in  the  bud,  tending  to  be  persistent 
and  foliaceous  in  fruit;  inflorescence  and  capsules  hirsute  and 
sti'igose;  branches  of  inflorescence  tending  to  be  long  and  simple; 
capsules   scarcely   beaked,   mostly  2.5-3.5   mm   long;    leaves   thickish. 

1.0.  pycnocarpa. 

Bracts  of  inflorescence  inconspicuous,  deciduous  soon  after  anthesis;  in- 
florescence and  capsules  subglabrous;  branches  of  inflorescence  tend- 
ing to  be  numerous  and  short,  fastigiate;  capsules  narrowed  into  a 
beaklike  tip  with  dilated  apex,  usually  less  than  2.5  cm  long;  leaves 

thin 2.   0.  nutans. 

Stems  angled,  densely  strigose  and  hirsute,  grayish;   leaves  subcanescent ; 
hypanthium,  sepals,  capsules,  and  branches  of  inflorescence  canescent- 

strigose,  scarcely  if  at  all  glandular-pubescent 3.  O.  canovirens. 

Sepal-tips1  not  quite  terminal,  hence  separate  in  the  bud;   seed  mostly  1.8-2 

mm  long 4.  O.  cymatilis. 

Capsules,  when  mature,  2-3  mm  in  diameter,  more  slender  than  those  of  the 
preceding   group,   and   essentially   uniform   their   entire   length;    seeds   not 
angled. 
Leaves  denticulate  or  subentire;  flowers  in  terminal  spikes;  seed  indistinctly 

and  shallowly  pitted 5.  0.  rhombipetala. 

Leaves  sinuate-toothed  or  pinnatifid;   flowers  in  the  axils  of  foliage  leaves; 

seed  deeply  and  distinctly  pitted 6.  0.  laciniata. 

Stamens  of  two  lengths;   seeds  not  in  two  distinct  rows,  clustered,  not  crested; 
capsules  conspicuously  angled  or  ridged. 
Capsule  on  a  stipe  equaling  or  somewhat  exceeding  the  permanently  pubescent 
body;  hairs  on  the  capsule  appressed  or  curved  inwTardly.      (See  excluded 

species  no.  468,  p.  1077) O.  fruticosa. 

Capsule  sessile  or  the  stipe  shorter  than  the  body,  pubescent  to  glabrate,  the 
hairs  straight. 
Hairs  of  stems  below  the  inflorescence  spreading,  usually  1-2.5  mm  long  (stems 
rarely  glabrate);  leaves  mostly  10-25  (35)  mm  wide;  intemode  of  stem 
and  branches  below  the  lowest  flower  usually  longer  than  the  one  below 
it;  flowers  usually  subtended  by  foliaceous  bracts;  pubescence,  if  any,  of 
capsule  and  calyx  tube  straight  and  glandless;  calyx  tube  12-18  mm  long; 
petals  of  earlier  flowers  20-25  mm  long;  capsules  sessile  or  essentially  so. 

7.  O.  pilosella. 

Hairs  of  stems  below  the  inflorescence  curved  or  appressed,  usually  less  than 
1  mm  long;  leaves  mostly  5-15  mm  wide;  internode  of  stem  and  branches 
below  the  lowest  flower  usually  much  elongated  and  much  longer  than  the 
one  below  it;  flowers  usually  subtended  by  linear  bracts;  pubescence  of 
capsule  and  calyx  straight,  with  glands;  calyx  tube  5-10  mm  long;  petals 
of  earlier  flowers  5-18  mm  long;  capsules  manifestly  on  stipes. 
Petals  of  earlier  flowers  mostly  12-18  mm  long ;  buds  and  tip  of  inflorescence 
erect  or  nearly  so;  inflorescence  when  in  fruit  much  less  than  half  the 

height  of  the  plant 8.  O.  tetragona  var.  longistipata. 

Petals  of  earlier  flowers  mostly  5-9  mm  long;  buds  and  tip  of  inflorescence 
nodding;  inflorescence  in  fruit  usually  more  than  half  the  height  of  the 

plant 9.  O.  perennis. 

Flowers  pink  or  white 10.  O.  speciosa. 

Plants   without   stems ll.O.    triloba. 

1.     Oenothera  pycnocarpa  Atkinson  &  Bartlett.  (Rhodora  15:  83.   1913.) 

Map  1484.  Evening-primrose.  This  is  the  common  form  of  the  Oenothera 
biennis  complex  in  Indiana.  It  is  found  throughout  the  state  and  in  all 
kinds  of  habitats.   It  and  the  next  three  species  are  regarded  as  obnoxious 

1  This  species  probably  O.  muricata  of  authors. 


Oenothera 


Onagraceae 


705 


o             50 
Map  1484 
Oenothera    pycnocarpa 
Atkinson    &    Bartlett 


0  ~Tu 

Map  1485 

Oenothera  nutans  Atkinson   &   Bartlett 


0  50 

Map  I486 

Oenothera    canovirens   Steele 


weeds.  Each  plant  bears  a  great  number  of  seed  and  self-sown  seedlings 
will  appear  many  years  afterward.  The  status  of  this  and  the  next  three 
species  is  not  yet  definitely  determined.  Some  authors  regard  them  simply 
as  varieties  of  Oenothera  biennis  but  I  am  regarding  them  as  species  as  did 
the  authors  who  described  them.  The  plants  are  exceedingly  variable  and 
only  an  expert  can  name  them  with  any  degree  of  certainty.  I  have  a 
large  number  of  specimens  which  I  am  not  including  in  this  treatment 
because  I  can  not  satisfactorily  name  them. 
N.  E.  to  Minn,  and  southw. 

2.  Oenothera  nutans  Atkinson  &  Bartlett.     (Rhodora  15:  83.    1913.) 

Map  1485.    This  form  is  less  common  than  the  preceding  one  as  is  shown 
by  the  map.   The  plants  have  the  same  habitats  as  those  of  the  preceding. 
Widely  distributed  in  e.  N.  A. 

3.  Oenothera  canovirens  Steele.  (Contr.  U.  S.  Nation.  Herb.  13:  365. 
1911.)  Map  1486.  This  is  the  form  that  has  been  regarded  as  Oenothera 
strigosa  (Rydb.)  Mack.  &  Bush.  It  is  more  common  than  the  preceding 
species  and  has  the  same  habitats.  Probably  widely  distributed  in  eastern 
N.  A. 

4.  Oenothera  cymatilis  Bartlett.  (Cybele  Columbiana,  p.  51,  1914.) 
Our  only  specimen  of  this  species  was  collected  by  the  late  Carl  Buhl  in 
an  old  tamarack  bog  about  7  miles  west  of  La  Porte,  La  Porte  County. 
Since  it  is  reported  from  both  Illinois  and  Michigan,  it  is  doubtless  more 
or  less  frequent  in  the  dune  area. 

5.  Oenothera  rhombipetala  Nutt.  (Raimannia  rhombipetala  (Nutt.) 
Rose.)  Map  1487.  In  very  sandy  soil  along  roadsides  and  in  fallow  fields 
and  in  the  dune  area  in  open  woodland,  along  roadsides,  and  in  waste 
places,  becoming  plentiful  where  conditions  permit  it  to  spread. 

Ind.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Tex. 


706 


Onagraceae 


Oenothera 


o  5o 

Map  1487 


Oenothera     rhombipetala   Nutt. 


0  50 

Map  1488 


Oenothera     laciniata    Hill 


Map  1489 
Oenothera    pilosella    Raf. 


6.  Oenothera  laciniata  Hill.  (Raimannia  laciniata  (Hill)  Rose.)  Map 
1488.  In  sandy  to  very  sandy  soil  along  roadsides  and  in  fallow  fields. 
We  have  one  specimen  from  an  open  woods  and  one  from  hard,  white  clay 
soil  in  a  fallow  field.  It  has  already  become  a  weed  in  some  kinds  of  soils 
and  in  time  it  will  doubtless  become  a  weed  throughout  the  state. 

Maine  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  and  Tex. 

7.  Oenothera  pilosella  Raf.  (Oenothera  pratensis  (Small)  Rob.  and 
Kneiffia  pratensis  Small.)  Sundrops.  Map  1489.  Usually  common  where 
found.  In  low  ground  in  open  woods,  open  marshy  places,  and  fallow 
fields  of  slightly  acid  soil  and  along  roadsides. 

Ohio  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Mo.  and  Ark.  Recorded  from  eastern  N.  E. 

8.  Oenothera  tetragona  Roth.  var.  longistipata  (Pennell)  Munz. 
(Probably  in  part,  Oenothera  fruticosa  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Kneiffia 
fruticosa  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Map  1490.  Usually 
in  moist,  black  sandy  soil  in  prairie  habitats.  In  marshes  and  along  road- 
sides. 

The  species  varies  from  dwarf  and  simple-stemmed  plants  to  those 
with  long  spreading  branches,  the  last  form  sometimes  decumbent.  I  am 
citing  my  no.  48906  as  exceptional.  It  seems  to  be  a  hybrid  in  that  it 
has  the  pubescence  of  O.  pilosella,  flowers  intermediate,  otherwise  as  this 
variety. 

N.  E.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ind.  When  this  species  is  studied 
further,  the  range  may  be  changed. 

9.  Oenothera  perennis  L.  var.  typica  Munz.  {Oenothera  pumila  L.  and 
Kneiffia  pumila  (L.)  Spach.)  Map  1491.  Our  specimens  from  southern 
Indiana  were  found  in  hard,  white  clay  soil  and  those  from  the  northern 
part  were  in  a  wet,  prairie  habitat. 

N.  S.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Kans. 

10.  Oenothera  speci6sa  Nutt.  (Hartmannia  speciosa  (Nutt.)  Small.) 
Map  1492.    I  have  collected  this  species  from  the  side  of  a  railroad,  a 


Gaura 


ONAGRACEAE 


707 


11 

4 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug, 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 

1 

f 

»      [ 

L    o 

)    L         D 

/     ND 

D         o 

r 

■  •  ~7r 

t  ^ 

i 

lu 

DP 

1 

"1    1 

-  i 

J 

r' 

r, 

Dec.f- 

i 

DP 

1         ' 

D 

£/    Miles 

var.    1 

Deno 
)ngis 

ther 
tipat 

a     tetrag 
a    (Pennel 

0                 50 

Map  1490 
)na 

)  Munz 

Miles 
0  50 

Map  1491 


Oenothera     perennis   L,  var.  typica 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

\ 

\ 

( ^ 

D 

1 

r1 

<u 

D 

.     . 

"ON 

f 

r 

Dec.f- 

— 

i  ■ ' — 

-1       I      ^py 

J     Miles 

'U 

Oenothf 

Ta 

speciosa 

0              50 
Map  1492 

Nutt. 

roadside  to  which  it  had  escaped  from  a  cemetery,  and  a  roadside  where 
it  was  common,  and  also  in  an  adjoining  alfalfa  field.  I  planted  some  of  it 
and  when,  in  two  years,  it  had  spread  by  underground  rootstocks  over  a 
large  area,  it  became  necessary  to  destroy  it  and  the  process  required  three 
years  of  careful  work.  Since  I  never  permitted  it  to  seed  I  do  not  know 
its  ability  to  propagate  from  seed  but  most  species  of  this  genus  should 
be  regarded  with  suspicion.  This  species,  no  doubt,  in  time  will  become  an 
obnoxious  weed. 

Mo.  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Tex.;  introd.  eastw.  to  Ind.  and  reported 
from  Ohio. 

11.  Oenothera  tiiloba  Nutt.  (Lavauxia  triloba  (Nutt.)  Spach).  Map 
1493.  Dry,  rocky,  wooded  bluff  of  the  Ohio  River  near  Madison,  Jefferson 
County.  I  have  a  specimen,  too,  collected  by  Wm.  H.  Rudder  near  Salem, 
Washington  County.  No  doubt  a  native  of  some  of  the  hills  of  southern 
Indiana.  Biennial  in  Indiana ;  flowering  from  spring  sown  seed. 

Ind.,  Ky.  to  Kans.,  southw.  and  westw.  to  Miss.,  Tex.,  and  Mex. 


5819.  GAURA  L. 

[Munz.    A  revision  of  the  genus  Gaura.    Bull.    Torrey  Bot.  Club  65: 
105-112  and  211-228.   1938.] 

Fruit  sessile  or  nearly  so;  leaves  pubescent. 

Flowers  3-4  mm  wide;  fruit  glabrous,  somewhat  terete,  not  with  four  symmetrical 
sides;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate;  plants  not  branching  at  the  base.  .1.  G.  parviflora. 
Flowers  8-10  mm  wide;  fruit  pubescent,  with  four  symmetrical  sides;   leaves  nar- 
rower than  those  of  the  preceding  species. 
Plants  not  branching  at  the  base,  mostly  60-120  cm  high;  flowers  white,  turning 

pink  or  pinkish;  fruit  without  a  necklike  base 2.  G.  biennis. 

Plants  branching  at  the  base,  mostly  15-50  cm  high;  flowers  rose  colored,  turning 

scarlet;  fruit  with  a  necklike  base  nearly  as  long  as  the  body.  .3.  G.  coccinea. 

Fruit  on  short  pedicels ;  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so 4.  G.  filipes. 

1.     Gaura  parviflora  Dougl.    Map  1494.    In  1910  I  found  this  plant 
well  established  in  Indianapolis  along  White  River  near  the  Vandalia 


708 


Onagraceae 


Gaura 


0  50 

Map  1493 


Oenothera    triloba    L 


Railroad.  Smith  found  it  before  this  date  well  established  in  another  sec- 
tion of  Indianapolis.  Standley,  in  1930,  found  it  to  be  plentiful  in  vacant 
lots  in  East  Chicago,  Lake  County.  He  found  it  also  in  Porter  County 
along  a  railroad.  Chas.  M.  Ek  found  it  well  established  east  of  Peru  in 
Miami  County. 

111.,  S.  Dak.  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  Utah,  Ariz.,  Tex.,  and  Sonora,  Mex. 

2.  Gaura  biennis  L.  Map  1495.  Usually  in  the  open  in  alluvial  soil  along 
or  near  streams  in  open  woods,  in  prairies,  and  more  rarely  in  fallow  fields 
or  on  washed  slopes. 

Conn.,  Que.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ark.,  and  Nebr. 

3.  Gaura  coccinea  Nutt.  ex  Pursh.  Map  1496.  This  species  was 
reported  from  Fayette  County  by  Hessler,  who  found  it  along  a  railroad, 
and  said  that  it  soon  died  out.  Hill  found  it  in  Porter  County  along  a 
railroad  near  Crisman.  I  found  it  in  1930  in  White  County  in  ballast  along 
the  railroad  about  a  mile  east  of  Idaville.  This  colony  was  first  discovered 
in  1929  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Walter  Neff.  Nieuwland  found  it  to  be  well 
established  along  a  railroad  near  Lydick,  St.  Joseph  County. 

Man.  to  Minn.,  Nebr.,  Mo.,  and  Mex.,  westw.  to  Mont,  and  Ariz,  and 
into  Mex. 

4.  Gaura  filipes  Spach.  Map  1497.  I  found  this  species  in  1929  in  an 
open  place  on  a  sand  hill  in  the  edge  of  a  black  oak  woods  about  a  mile 
southwest  of  Plainville,  Daviess  County.  It  was  reported  by  Wilson  as 
being  common  in  Hamilton  and  Marion  Counties.  It  was  also  reported  by 
Phinney  from  the  area  of  Delaware,  Jay,  Randolph,  and  Wayne  Counties. 
He  says:  "Fields  and  woods.  Common."  He  also  reports  Gaura  biennis 
and  says  :  "Fields  and  woods.  Rare."  Phinney  used  Gray's  Manual,  edition 
5,  for  his  determinations  and  in  it  the  distinction  between  the  two  species 
is  not  very  clear  and  he  may  have  confused  them.  I  think  both  Phinney 
and  Wilson  made  wrong  determinations  but  I  am  not  able  to  account  for 
their  errors.   Munz  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  65:  217.   1938)  determined  my 


Circaea 


Onagraceae 


709 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


rrd 

i 

IS 

\ 

I 

1  r1'  X- 

Pol     ^— 

( 

\L  -L 

p 

_~[Z 

In 

t-  1     H 

i    ■' —              ly* 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1496 


Gaura    coccinea    Pursh 


Map  1497 
Gaura    filipes   Spach 


0  ~W 

Map  1498 


Circaea    latifolia   Hill 


specimen,  collected  near  Plainville,  Daviess  County  as  Gaura  filipes  var. 
major  T.  &  G.  In  1938  Kriebel  collected  plants  from  the  exact  place  where 
I  collected  my  specimen  and  the  sepals  of  all  the  specimens  are  less  than 
7  mm  long,  so  I  am  referring  all  my  specimens  to  the  species. 
Ind.  to  S.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Miss. 


5828.  CIRCAEA  [Tourn.]  L. 

Leaves  dark  green  above,  rather  firm,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base;  mature 
pedicels  strongly  reflexed;  calyx  lobes  mostly  1.4-2  mm  wide;  disk  cuplike,  pro- 
longed about  0.5  mm  beyond  the  perianth;  anthers  0.7-1  mm  long;  stigma  shal- 
lowly  2-lobed;  mature  fruit  compressed-pyriform,  with  3-5  longitudinal  corruga- 
tions on  each  face,  3.5-5  mm  wide  (including  the  hairs) 1.  C.  latifolia. 

Leaves  pale  green  above,  flaccid,  cordate  or  subcordate  at  the  base;   mature  pedicels 
spreading  or  only  slightly  reflexed;  calyx  lobes  0.8-1.7  mm  wide;   disk  inconspic- 
uous; anthers  0.2-0.8  mm  long;  stigma  deeply  cleft;  fruit  clavate,  not  corrugated, 
1-3  mm  long  (including  the  hairs) . 
Rootstocks  slender;   calyx  lobes  1.2-1.7  mm  wide;   petals  2.3-3.5  mm  long;   anthers 
0.5-0.8  mm  long;  fruit  unequally  2-celled,  1.5-3  mm  wide   (including  the  hairs). 

(See  excluded  species  no.  472,  p.  1077) C.  canadensis. 

Rootstocks  tuberous-thickened;  calyx  lobes  0.8-1.2  mm  wide;  petals  2-2.5  mm  long; 
anthers  0.2-0.3  mm  long;  fruit  1-celled,  1-1.5  mm  wide  (including  the  hairs)  .... 
2.     C.    alpina. 

1.  Circaea  latifolia  Hill.*  (Circaea  lutetiana  of  authors,  not  L.)  (See 
Rhodora  17:  222.  1915  and  19:  87.  1917.)  Enchanter's  Nightshade. 
Map  1498.  In  woodland  of  almost  all  kinds,  preferring  wooded  ravines  and 
beech  and  sugar  maple  woods.  Infrequent  to  frequent  throughout  the  state 
except  on  the  crests  of  black  oak  and  chestnut  oak  ridges,  on  the  dunes, 
and  in  prairies.  The  sepals  of  this  plant  are  usually  green,  but  sometimes 
are  rose  purple. 

N.  B.,  N.  S.,  and  Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Tenn.  and  Okla. 

*  The  name  now  proposed  for  this  plant  is  Circaea  quadrisulcata  (Maxim.)  Franch. 
&  Sav.  var.  canadensis  (L.)  Hara.    (Rhodora  41:  386-387.    1939.) 


710 


0  50 

Map  1499 


Circaea    alpina   L. 


1 

3 

11 



*"'         P 

I 

B    0 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aufc 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.f 

D 

D 

N_^                                                 J 

'r°~ 

DrV 

r  r^    - 

f 

K, — 

f 

r 

j 

V 

r, 

1 

>  ' — - 

£/    Miles 

Mynophyllum 

r^  V  J  °               5(3 
v>             Map  1500 

exalbescens   Fern. 

hr 

-f     > 

D 
T 

Jan. 

1 

Feb. 

^A 

-1 

Mar 

Apr. 

^ 

\ 

. 

May 

i 

o  H-, 

l 

June 

f 

l 

July 
Au& 

{ 

Sept. 

r 

"L 

Oct. 
Nov. 

J-r 

T 

r 

J 

Dec.f— 

1 

i 

i  ' — 

£/   Miles 

0                50 

S^<Cj-^hf            Map  1501 

Myriophyllum     heterophyllum    Michx. 

2.  Circaea  alpina  L.  Map  1499.  Very  local  but  often  common  where 
found.  In  bogs  and  on  old  logs  in  swamps  and  in  very  damp  places  such 
as  deep  ravines. 

S.  Lab.  to  James  Bay  and  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  E.,  Ga.,  the  Great  Lakes 
and  S.  Dak. ;  found  also  in  Eurasia. 

225.  HALORAGIDACEAE  Klotsch  &  Garcke.  Water-milfoil  Family 

Leaves  in  whorls   (sometimes  scattered  in  Myriophyllum  scabratum) . 

Plants  with  immersed  leaves  dissected;  emersed  leaves  not  entire;  stamens  4  or  8; 
fruit  4-celled 5834.  Myriophyllum,  p.  710. 

Plants  with  all  the  leaves  entire;  stamen  1;  fruit  1-celled 5837.    Hippuris,  p.  712. 

Leaves  alternate;  fruit  3-angled 5835.    Proserpinaca,  p.  711. 


5834.  MYRIOPHYLLUM  [Vaill.]  L.  Water-milfoil 

Bracts  or  floral  leaves  entire,  sparingly  dentate  or  serrate. 

Bracts  shorter  than  or  rarely  as  long  as  the  flowers  or  fruit,  ovate  to  very  broadly 

ovate,  entire  with  a  narrow,  brown,  chartaceous  margin  or  sparingly  dentate; 

stamens  8;  carpels  2-3  mm  long,  smooth;  rachis  of  leaf  about  the  width  of  the 

divisions 1.    M.    exalbescens. 

Bracts  about  twice  as  long  as  the  flowers  or  fruit  or  even  longer,  linear-oblong,  finely 

serrate;    stamens   4;    carpels    1-1.5   mm   long,   papillose,   2-ridged   on  the  back; 

stigmas  prominent;  rachis  of  leaf  slightly  broader  than  the  divisions 

2.   M.   heterophyllum. 

Bracts  pectinate. 

Bracts  about  5  times  as  long  as  the  flowers  or  fruit;  stamens  4;  fruit  1-1.5  mm  long, 

with  2  ridges  on  the  dorsal  side,  the  lateral  faces  slightly  roughened;  divisions 

of  the  leaf  mostly  wider  than  the  rachis 3.  M.  scabratum. 

Bracts  as  long  as  or  up  to  2.5  times  as  long  as  the  flowers  or  fruit;  stamens  8; 

carpels  2.5-3  mm  long,  smooth;   stigmas  prominently  recurved;   rachis  of  leaf 

slightly  broader  than  the  divisions 4.  M.  verticillatum  var.  pectinatum. 

1.  Myriophyllum  exalbescens  Fern.  (Rhodora  21 :  120.  1919.)  (Myrio- 
phyllum spicatum  L.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus. 
Flora,  ed.  2.)    Map  1500.    This  is  our  most  common  species  of  the  genus 


Proserpinaca 


Haloragidaceae 


711 


0  ~W 

Map  1502 

Myriophyllum     scabratum    Michx 


0 

Map  1503 
Mynophyllum     verticillatum 

var    pectmatum   Wallr. 


0  50 

Map  1504 
rpmaca  palustris 
var.  amblyogona  Fern. 


and  is  doubtless  infrequent  to  frequent  in  most  of  our  lakes  although  I  have 
botanized  several  lakes  without  finding  it.  In  addition  to  the  counties  in 
which  I  have  found  it,  it  has  been  reported  from  Lake  County.  I  have  found 
it  only  in  lakes. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  Kans.,  N.  Mex.,  Ariz., 
and  Calif. 

2.  Myriophyllum  heterophyllum  Michx.  Map  1501.  This  species  is 
infrequent  or  locally  frequent  in  the  lake  area.  It  is  found  in  lakes  and 
more  frequently  in  dredged  ditches. 

N.  J.  to  Fla.,  near  the  coast;  also  from  cent.  N.  Y.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw. 
to  Mo.  and  Tex. 

3.  Myriophyllum  scabratum  Michx.  (Myriophyllum  pinnatum  of  Brit- 
ton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Map  1502.  Our  only  recent  report  for 
this  species  is  from  Jasper  County  where  I  found  it  in  the  old  channel  of 
the  Kankakee  River  half  a  mile  west  of  the  Tefft  Bridge.  It  is  doubtless 
very  rare  in  Indiana. 

Coastal  Plain  from  Mass.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  and  northw.  to  Ind.  and 
Iowa. 

4.  Myriophyllum  verticillatum  L.  var.  pectinatum  Wallr.  Map  1503. 
Our  only  specimens  are  from  Crooked  Lake,  Steuben  County,  but  doubtless 
it  is  more  widely  distributed.  The  reports,  made  by  earlier  authors,  of 
Myriophyllum  pectinatum  from  Fulton,  Kosciusko,  Marshall,  Steuben, 
and  Vigo  Counties  and  from  the  dune  area  should  probably  be  referred  to 
this  variety. 

Newf.  to  Ont.  and  Wash.,  southw.  to  Md.,  111.,  and  Utah. 

5835.  PROSERPINACA  L. 

[Fernald  &  Griscom.  Proserpinaca  palustris  and  its  varieties.  Rhodora 
37:  177-178.    1935.] 

Angles  of  fruit  rounded 1.  P.  palustris  var.  amblyogona. 

Angles  of  fruit  sharp la.  P.  palustris  var.  crebra. 


712 


Araliaceae 


Hippuris 


0  50 

Map  1505 

Pros"erpinaca    palustris 
var.  crebra    Fern.  &  Grisc. 


— 

t 

— r ' — 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

r 

\ 

J    r^ 

f 

r 

- 

T~ 

r, 

Dec.f— 

i — — 

Jj    Miles 

H 

PF 

uri: 

vulgaris 

0                50 

Map  1506 
L. 

0  ~W 

Map  1507 


Aralia   nudicaulis   L. 


1.  Proserpinaca  palustris  L.  var.  amblyogona  Fern.  (Rhodora  11:  120. 
1909.)  Map  1504.  This  is  a  form  with  the  angles  of  the  fruit  rounded. 
My  Kosciusko  County  specimen  might  be  referred  to  this  variety  although 
it  is  not  well  marked.  Fernald  cited  O.  E.  Lansing's  no.  2509  from  a  ditch, 
Roby,  Lake  County,  Indiana  as  the  type. 

Lake  Huron,  Ont.,  Ind.,  and  Mo. 

la.  Proserpinaca  palustris  var.  crebra  Fern.  &  Grisc.  (Rhodora  37: 
177-178.  1935.)  (Proserpinaca  palustris  in  part,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7 
and  in  part,  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Mermaid  Weed. 
Map  1505.  All  reports  for  Proserpinaca  palustris  L.  should  be  referred 
to  this  variety  or  the  preceding  one.  In  the  low  sedge  borders  of  lakes, 
in  swamps,  dried-up  ponds  and  sloughs,  and  cypress  swamps.  Infrequent 
to  rare. 

N.  S.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Okla. 

5837.  HIPPURIS  L. 

1.  Hippuris  vulgaris  L.  Mare's  Tail.  Map  1506.  Our  only  specimen  is 
one  collected  by  E.  J.  Hill,  July  5,  1880  in  a  millpond  near  Otis,  La  Porte 
County.  This  specimen  is  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Illinois. 
The  species  has  been  reported  from  Kosciusko  and  Lake  Counties  and  from 
the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  by  Schneck,  who  says  it  is  "rare  in  ponds  and 
streams." 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  S.,  Maine,  Vt.,  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  111.,  Nebr., 
N.  Mex.  and  Calif. ;  also  in  Eurasia  and  S.  A. 


227.  ARALIACEAE  Vent.  Ginseng   Family 

[.eaves   alternate,   compound,   the   ultimate   divisions   pinnate;    inflorescence   compound; 

carpels  5;  fruit  black 5881.    Aralia,  p.  713. 

Leaves  3    (rarely  4)   in  a  whorl,  palmately  3-7-foliolate;   inflorescence  simple;   carpels 

2  or  3 ;  fruit  red  or  yellowish 5883.    Panax,  p.  714 


Aralia 


Araliaceae 


71.°, 


1 — 

\ 

-f 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Au£ 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

^ 

\_ 

2 

3 

1 

f1    ^ 

I 

r' 

W- 

"- 

H" 

J 

Dec.  C 

B     I 

io   Li 

0         D 

V1//    Miles 

1             D 
1              " 

/     I  0  J5\  * 

/  0                 50 

Map  1508 

Aralia    spinosa    L. 

0  55 

Map  1509 


Aralia    hispida   Vent. 


0  50 

Map  1510 


Aralia    racemosa   L 


5881.  ARALIA  [Tourn.]  L. 

Flowers  in  2-7  umbels  on  a  naked  scape 1.  A.  nudicaulis. 

Flowers  in  umbels  but  not  on  a  naked  scape. 

Plants  with  prickles  or  bristles   (at  least  near  the  base). 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  numerous  stout  prickles 2.  A.  spinosa. 

Herbs  with  bristles   (at  least  near  the  base) 3.    A.  hispida. 

Plants  without  prickles  or  bristles 4.  A.  racemosa. 

1.  Aralia  nudicaulis  L.  Wild-sarsaparilla.  Map  1507.  Infrequent  to 
rare  in  the  northern  counties  in  moist  soil  on  the  borders  of  marshes,  bogs, 
and  lakes ;  south  of  the  lake  area  it  is  very  rare,  being  restricted  to  a  few 
rocky,  wooded  bluffs. 

The  rays  of  the  umbels  and  the  principal  veins  of  the  under  surface 
of  the  leaves  of  Indiana  specimens  are  pubescent. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Mo.,  Colo.,  and  Idaho. 

2.  Aralia  spinosa  L.  Devils-walkingstick.  Map  1508.  Somewhat 
frequent  in  most  of  the  counties  indicated  on  the  map  and  probably  rare 
or  absent  in  most  of  the  remaining  southern  counties.  Found  on  the  crests 
and  slopes  of  black  and  white  oak  ridges  and  in  low  ground  in  hard,  white 
clay  soil  with  sweet  gum  and  beech. 

Southern  N.  Y.,  Ind.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  Aralia  hispida  Vent.  Bristly  Aralia.  Map  1509.  In  fine,  sandy 
soil  at  the  bases  of  wooded  dunes  and  in  sandy,  burned-over  areas.   Rare. 

Newf.  to  Hudson  Bay,  southw.  to  N.  C,  W.  Va.,  Ind.,  and  Minn. 

4.  Aralia  racemosa  L.  American  Spikenard.  Map  1510.  In  rich,  level 
woodland  and  on  wooded  slopes  throughout  the  state.  Formerly  frequent  to 
common  but  soon  becoming  extinct  in  woods  where  hogs  are  admitted 
because  they  are  very  fond  of  the  roots.  The  roots  were  formerly  much 
used  in  medicine  for  man  and  beast  for  respiratory  ailments. 

N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Mo.,  and  S.  Dak. 


714 


Umbelliferae 


Panax 


1 — 1 

**        E 

L    o 

T     »D          0 

r.   I     r 

Feb. 

i      y^ 

"  ;     b 



Mar. 
Apr. 

r 

Jk 

,. 

9 

May 

June 

r- 

— 

July 
Aug 
Sept. 

<- 

\j 

j 

Oct 
Nov 

y 

r 

-  i 

I 

Dec  j- 

D                 \     J\ 

MC  ]           IS  j 

/    Miles 

(  S  \  y\~  J 

50 

£pASa<j-''V              Map  1512 

Panax    tnfohum    L 

0  — 30 

Map  1513 


Hydrocotyle    umbellata   L. 


5883.  PANAX  L. 

Leaflets  5,  stalked,  obovate  or  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  the  larger  ones  8-14  cm  long; 

fruit  red 1.    P.  quinquefolium. 

Leaflets  3-5,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  obtuse  or  acute,  narrow-oval,  the  larger  ones  1.5-6  cm 

long ;  fruit  yellowish 2.  P.  trifolium. 

1.  Panax  quinquefolium  L.  American  Ginseng.  Map  1511.  Formerly 
frequent  to  common  in  rich  woods  throughout  the  state.  From  the  earliest 
times  it  was  dug  for  its  large  roots  which  were  shipped  mostly  to  China 
for  use  as  a  medicine.  The  earliest  pioneers  received  25  cents  a  pound  for 
the  dried  roots.  The  fact  that  the  price  has  steadily  advanced,  until  it  now 
sells  for  about  16  dollars  a  pound,  has  resulted  nearly  in  its  extinction. 

Que.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Mo.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ga. 

2.  Panax  trifolium  L.  Dwarf  Ginseng.  Map  1512.  Leaves  usually  3, 
sometimes  4.  Mostly  in  moist,  rich  beech  and  sugar  maple  woods  and 
rarely  in  wet  places  in  woods.  It  is  rather  local  in  a  few  of  the  northern 
counties  and  reappears  in  slightly  acid  soil  in  Decatur  and  Jennings 
Counties.  The  plant  is  rather  inconspicuous  and  may  be  more  common 
than  the  reports  indicate. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Del.,  Md.,  111.,  Iowa,  and  along  the  mts.  to  Ga. 


228.  UMBELLIFERAE  B.  Juss.  Parsley  Family* 

Leaves  all  simple. 

Inflorescence   capitate 5923.     Eryngium,  p.  718. 

Inflorescence  a  distinct  umbel,  not  capitate. 

Leaves  orbicular-peltate  or  reniform;  umbels  simple.  .  .5893.    Hydrocotyle,  p.  716. 

Leaves  perfoliate;  umbels  compound 5994.    Bupleurum,  p.  721. 

Leaves  not  all  simple. 

Ovary  and  fruit  variously  armed  with  bristles  or  with  hooked  or  barbed  prickles. 

Ovary  and  fruit  armed  with  bristles;  fruit  several  times  longer  than  wide 

5941.     Osmorhiza,  p.  719. 

*  The  manuscript  of  this  family  was  read,  and  the  key  to  the  genera  wi'itten  by 
Mildred  E.  Mathias,  Research  Associate,  University  of  California. 


Umbelliferae  715 

Ovary  and  fruit  armed  with  hooked  or  barbed  prickles;   fruit  not  several  times 
longer  than  wide. 
Plants  glabrous;   leaves   palmately  3-7-foliolate ;   flowers   perfect  or  staminate, 

5918.    Sanicula,  p.  717. 

Plants  pubescent;  leaves  pinnately  decompound;  flowers  all  perfect. 

Ovary  and  fruit  flattened  laterally,   covered  with   hooked   prickles;    rays  of 

umbels  short 5945.    Torilis,  p.  720. 

Ovary   and   fruit   flattened   dorsally,   covered   with   barbed   bristles;    rays   of 

umbels  long 6142.    Daucus,  p.  728. 

Ovary  and  fruit  not  armed. 

Fruit  several  times  longer  than  wide;  flowers  white. 

Leaves  trifoliolate  with  ovate  leaflets;  plants  perennial,  3-9  dm  high;  involucels 

absent 6015.    Cryptotaenia,  p.  723. 

Leaves  ternately  compound  with  pinnatifid  leaflets;  plants  annual,  usually  2-5 

dm  high;  involucels  present 5935.    Chaerophyllum,  p.  718. 

Fruit  less  than  twice  as  long  as  wide ;  flowers  white  or  yellow. 

Leaves  palmately  or  ternately  divided,  or  the  lower  simple  and  the  upper 
ternate,  or  the  lower  palmate  and  the  upper  not  cut  or  ternate,  then 
pinnate. 

Leaves  densely  tomentose;  outer  petals  of  the  umbel  larger  and  2-cleft 

6122.    Heracleum,  p.  728, 

Leaves  usually  glabrous;  outer  petals  of  the  umbel  not  larger  nor  2-cleft. 

Central  flower  and  fruit  of  umbellule  sessile 6008.    Zizia,  p.  721. 

Central  flower  and  fruit  of  umbellule  not  sessile. 

Plants  small,  from  a  bulblike  tuber;  involucre  leafy 

5960.  Erigenia,  p.  720. 

Plants  taller,  from  elongated  roots ;  involucre  usually  absent,  never  leafy. 
Leaflets  entire;  plants  glaucous  and  glabrous;  involucel  bracts  usually 

absent 6031.   Taenidia,  p.  723. 

Leaflets   not  entire;    plants   glabrous   or   pubescent,   never  glaucous; 
involucel  bracts  present. 
Flowers  yellow;  calyx  teeth  prominent. . .  .6076.    Thaspium,  p.  725. 
Flowers  white;  calyx  teeth  small  or  obsolete. 

Plants  annual;  fruit  about  3  mm  long.  . .  .6048.   Aethusa,  p.  724. 
Plants  perennial;  fruit  4-6  mm  long. 

Leaves  finely  divided;  involucral  bracts  linear  or  absent;  plants 

of  bogs  and  springy  places.  .  .6081.  Conioselinum,  p.  726. 

Leaves  not  finely  divided;  leaflets  serrate  or  sometimes  incised; 

involucral  bracts  absent;  plants  of  moist  to  dry  habitats. 

Rays  of  umbel  glabrous;  fruit  flattened  laterally 

6070.   Ligusticum,  p.  724. 

Rays  of  umbel  densely  scabrous  or  densely  short-pubescent; 

fruit  flattened  dorsally 6082.  Angelica,  p.  726. 

Leaves  pinnately  divided. 
Involucre  present. 

Stems  abundantly  specked  with  purple 5970.  Conium,  p.  720. 

Stems  never  specked  with  purple. 

Leaflets  filiform;  roots  tuberous;  garden  escape.  .6020.    Carum,  p.  723. 

Leaflets  linear  to  lanceolate;  roots  not  tuberous  or  a  fascicle  of  tubers. 

Leaf  margins  regularly  and  sharply  serrate  to  the  base,  usually  with 

2-6  teeth  to  the  cm;  fruit  about  3  mm  long. .  .6038.  Sium,  p.  724. 

Leaf  margins   remotely  and  irregularly  dentate,   usually  only  above 

the  middle  or  entire,  usually  1  or  2  teeth  to  the  cm;  fruit  usually 

5-6  mm  long 6107.  Oxypolis,  p.  727. 

Involucre  usually  absent. 


716 


UM  BELLI  FERAE 


Hydrocotyle 


0  50 

Map  1514 


Hydrocotyle    americana   L 


1 

6 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

10     J 

0 

D 
D        / 

)    KD 

B     D        p 

D            0 

-^-S 

J°J. 

\ 

t  r^ 

D 

( 

t 

1    B  D 

f 

_ 

- 

H 

D 

r 

r1 

r 

Dec  C 

/!/    Miles 

s 

anicula 

s '  v  J  °        50 

v>             Map  1515 
■narilandica    L 

0  50 

Map  1516 


Sanicula     gregana   Bickn 


Flowers  white;  fruit  flattened  laterally. 

Leaflets  toothed;   stems  streaked  with  purple  or  with  bulblets   in  the 

axils  of  upper  leaves 6011.  Cicuta,  p.  722. 

Leaflets  entire;  stems  not  streaked  with  purple,  bulblets  absent 

6036.  Perideridia,  p.  723. 

Flowers  yellow;  fruit  flattened  dorsally. 

Leaves  once  pinnate ;  fruit  broadly  ovate,  usually  5-7  mm  long 

6120.  Pastinaca,  p.  727. 

Leaves  2  or  3  times  pinnate;  fruit  slightly  obovate,  6-10  mm  long 

6102.     POLYTAENIA,   p.    727. 


5893.  HYDROCOTYLE  [Tourn.]  L.  Water  Pennywort 

Leaves  peltate 1.  H.  umbellata. 

Leaves  not  peltate. 

Umbels  pedunculate;  fruit  sessile.    (See  excluded  species  no.  477,  p.  1078) 

H.    rotundifolia. 

Umbels  sessile  or  nearly  so ;  fruit  pedicellate 2.  H.  americana. 

1.  Hydrocotyle  umbellata  L.  Umbellate  Pennywort.  Map  1513. 
Common  on  sandy  beaches  and  in  the  outlets  of  a  few  lakes  in  the  northern 

counties. 

N.  S.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Ark.  and  Tex. ;  also  in  Oreg.  and  Calif. 

2.  Hydrocotyle  americana  L.  American  Pennywort.  Map  1514.  In 
1933  I  found  a  small  colony  of  this  species  in  the  tamarack  border  of  the 
east  side  of  Cogg  Lake,  Lagrange  County.  It  grew  in  the  shade  in  sphag- 
num around  the  base  of  a  small  tamarack  with  Menyanthes,  Sarracenia, 
and  Vaccinium  macrocarpon.    It  was  at  maximum  an  thesis  on  July  15. 

This  species  was  reported  in  1878  from  Jefferson  County  by  Barnes, 
but  no  data  accompanied  the  report.  There  is  a  specimen  in  the  herbarium 
of  Indiana  University  which  was  collected  by  Young  in  Jefferson  County, 
September,  1875.  In  1935  it  was  again  found  in  Jefferson  County  by 
Miss  Edna  Banta.   It  was  growing  in  shallow  soil  on  a  high  ledge  of  rock 


Sanicula 


Umbelliferae 


717 


0  50 

Map  1517 


Sanicula    canadensis    L. 


0  50 

Map  1518 

Sanicula    tnfoliata     Bickn. 


^0 
Map  1519 


Eryngium    yuccaefohum    Michx. 


on  the  border  of  a  seeping  spring  on  the  north  slope  of  Big  Creek,  a  mile 
south  of  Lancaster. 

Newf.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Ohio,  Ind.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C. 


5918.  SANICULA  L.  Sanicle 

Styles  much  exceeding  the  bristles  of  the  fruit,  recurved. 

Calyx  teeth  of  staminate  flowers  lanceolate,  1-1.6  mm  long,  indurated  at  the  apex, 

sharp-pointed;   flowers  whitish  green;   fruit  sessile 1.  S.  marilandica. 

Calyx  teeth  of  staminate  flowers  triangular-ovate,  0.5-0.7  mm  long,  not  indurated  at 

the  apex,  obtuse  or  acute;  flowers  yellowish  green;   fruit  pedicellate 

2.     S.    gregaria. 

Styles  shorter  than  the  bristles  of  the  fruit. 

Pedicels   of   staminate   flowers    2-3   mm   long;    fruit   subglobose;    leaf   segments    3-5, 

rather  narrow;  calyx  inconspicuous  in  mature  fruit 3.  S.  canadensis. 

Pedicels  of  staminate  flowers  about  4  mm  long;  fruit  elliptic;  leaf  segments  generally 

3,  rather  broad;  calyx  forming  a  conspicuous  beak  on  mature  fruit 

4.   S.    trifoliata. 

1.  Sanicula  marilandica  L.  Map  1515.  Infrequent  in  moist  or  dry 
woods,  usually  associated  with  white  oak.  I  have  seen  no  specimens  from 
the  southern  part  of  the  state. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Colo.,  and  N.  Mex. 

2.  Sanicula  gregaria  Bickn.  Map  1516.  Infrequent  throughout  the 
state,  usually  associated  with  some  species  of  oak. 

N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  La. 

3.  Sanicula  canadensis  L.  Map  1517.  Our  most  common  sanicle.  Fre- 
quent in  all  parts  of  the  state  except  in  the  northern  counties  where  it  is 
infrequent  to  rare.  Moist  or  dry  woods,  usually  associated  with  some 
species  of  oak  but  sometimes  in  beech  and  sugar  maple  woods. 

N.  H.  to  Minn,  and  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Nebr.,  and  Tex. 

4.  Sanicula  trifoliata  Bickn.  Map  1518.  Infrequent  to  probably  rare  in 
all  parts  of  the  state.  In  moist  or  dry  woods,  more  often  in  beech  and 
sugar  maple  woods  than  in  white  and  black  oak  woods. 


718 


Umbelliferae 


Chaerophyllum 


Chaerophyllum     procumbens  (L)Crantz 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec 


YU 

"— 

YVU 

f 

F-  -L 

v^ 

Wm 

?-  1   H 

i  ' —     /x* 

f^  D.-^ 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1522 

Chaerophyllum    procumbens 

var   Shortii    T  &  G 


— 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec  f- 

| 

\ 

'    rK 

1 

Vj 

V 

_ 

i 

\ 

fj   Miles 

'  B  1      /          / 

D           \f 

Chaerophyl 

urn 

J    ^/   Map  1523 
Taintunen    Hook. 

Cent.  Maine  and  from  w.  N.  E.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Tenn.  and 
in  the  mts.  to  N.  C. 

5923.  ERYNGIUM  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Eryngium  yuccaefolium  Michx.  BUTTON-SNAKEROOT.  Map  1519. 
Infrequent  to  frequent  in  moist  sandy  soil  in  prairie  habitats  in  north- 
western and  western  Indiana  and  in  the  southern  counties  in  dry  oak 
woods  which,  for  the  most  part,  were  formerly  known  as  the  barrens. 

Conn,  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


5935.  CHAEROPHYLLUM  [Tourn]  L. 

Stems  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  under  surface  of  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the 
segments  of  the  leaflets  oblong,  bluntish  or  rounded  at  the  apex;  umbels  on  long 
peduncles;  pedicels  not  clavate. 

Fruit  7-8  mm  long,  glabrous 1.  C.  procumbent. 

Fruit  about  6  mm  long,  densely  pubescent  with  short,  spreading  hairs 

la.    C.  procumbens  var.  Shortii. 

Stems  distinctly  villous;  under  surface  of  leaves  villous,  the  segments  of  the  leaflets 

lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  acutish;   umbels  sessile;   pedicels  clavate 

2.    C.   Tainturieri. 

1.  Chaerophyllum  procumbens  (L.)  Crantz.  Chervil.  Map  1521.  Fre- 
quent on  the  alluvial  flood  plains  of  streams  throughout  the  state  except  in 
the  northern  counties  where  it  is  rare.  Where  it  is  found  it  is  usually 
abundant  and  sometimes  an  annoying  weed. 

N.  Y.,  Mich,  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  N.  C,  La.,  and  Ark. 

la.  Chaerophyllum  procumbens  var.  Shortii  T.  &  G.  Map  1522.  Abun- 
dant on  the  alluvial  bank  of  the  Ohio  River  above  the  mouth  of  Fourteen- 
mile  Creek  in  Clark  County.  The  variety  flowers  about  10  days  earlier 
than  the  species  which  grew  in  abundance  about  a  fourth  mile  from  where 
the  variety  was  found.   The  two  were  not  mixed.    The  species  was  badly 


Osmorhiza 


Umbelliferae 


719 


Ll 

4 

Jan 

Feb- 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

i 

» 

L     D 

)     S3          0 

0 

a         D 

^y           d 

-C-l    ° 

7~Y 

i  r^  ■- 

D 

D 

D 

f 

D     L 

D 
P 

DP 

1  B    0 

0          D 

B 

B           u 

3 

0 

B 

D 

0 

B 
0            „Q 

H  ° 

D 

-•i 

D 

~r 

r1- 

\      .          1, 

Dec  <- 

B 

0                     D 

I 'J 

!         L    — 

0                 D 

IU 

K        j1 -f 

D                  > 

n_     J  D    V 

-*— ^l     D     /        J 

p'     Miles 

Os 

morh 

Z3      ( 

Hay 

11  t\      J 

oni    (Mic 

0                 50 

Map  1524 
hx)    Clarke 

0  50 

Map  1525 


Osmorhiza     longistylis    (Torr.l    DC 


o  50 

Map  1526 
Osmorhiza     longistylis 
var    villicaulis    Fern. 


attacked  by  a  rust  but  the  variety  was  free  from  it.   Another  location  is  in 
Switzerland  County  on  the  wooded  flood  plain  of  a  small  creek  about  a  mile 
and  a  half  northwest  of  Vevay. 
Pa.  to  Va.,  westw.  to  Ind.  and  Ky. 

2.  Chaerophyllum  Tainturieri  Hook.  Map  1523.  Abundant  along  the 
L.  &  N.  Railroad  about  6  miles  west  of  Solitude  in  Posey  County.  At  this 
place  the  railroad  runs  along  the  base  of  Brewer  Hill  in  the  alluvial  flood 
plain  of  the  Wabash  River. 

Va.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  the  Gulf. 


5941.  OSMORHIZA  Raf. 

Stylopodium  and  style  0.8-1.5  mm  long,  not  longer  than  the  expanded  petals,  recurved 

in  flower,  becoming  straight  and  erect  when  mature 1.    0.  Claytoni. 

Stylopodium  and  style  3-4  mm  long,  longer  than  the  expanded  petals,  usually  divergent 
when  mature. 

Stems  glabrous  or  the  upper  part  with  some  pubescence 2.   0.  longistylis. 

Stems  villous  with  hairs  about  1-2  mm  long 2a.    0.  longistylis  var.  villicaulis. 

Stems  puberulent  with  hairs  mostly  about  0.5  mm  long 

2b.   O.  longistylis  var.  brachycoma. 

1.  Osmorhiza  Claytoni  (Michx.)  Clarke.  (Washingtonia  Claytoni 
(Michx.)  Britt.)  Sweet  Cicely.  Map  1524.  Frequent  throughout  the 
state  except  in  the  southwestern  counties.  In  moist  or  dry  woods  of  all 
kinds  except  in  very  sandy  places. 

The  stems  are  usually  more  or  less  villous  but  sometimes  nearly  glabrous. 
E.  Que.  and  N.  S.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ala.,  to  Mo.,  and  Kans. 

2.  Osmorhiza  longistylis  (Torr.)  DC.  (Washingtonia  longistylis  (Torr.) 
Britt.)  Sweet  Anise.  Map  1525.  Infrequent  in  moist  or  dry  woods  and 
probably  found  throughout  the  state. 

E.  Que.  to  Assin.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ala.,  Kans.,  and  Colo. 


720 


Umbelliferae 


Torilis 


0  50 

Map  1527 
Osmorhiza     longi  sty  1 1  s 

var.  brachycoma    Blake 


0  50 

Map  1528 


japomcus  (Houtt.)  DC. 


2a.  Osmorhiza  longistylis  var.  villicaulis  Fern.  Map  1526.  Infrequent, 
probably  throughout  the  state  in  rich  or  dry  woods. 

Del.  to  N.  Dak.,  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Mo.,  and  Okla. 

2b.  Osmorhiza  longistylis  var.  brachycoma  Blake.  (Rhodora  25:  110. 
1923.)  Map  1527.  Our  only  specimen  is  from  a  woods  about  12  miles  north- 
east of  Indianapolis  now  known  as  "Woollen's  Garden  of  Birds  and 
Botany." 

Ont.,  N.  Y.,  D.  C,  Pa.,  Maine,  Ohio,  and  Ind. 

5945.  TORILIS  Adans. 

1.  Torilis  japonicus  (Houtt.)  DC.  (Rhodora  40:  291-292.  1938.) 
(To7ilis  Anthriscus  Gmel.)  Erect  Hedge  Parsley.  Map  1528.  This 
species  was  first  collected  in  Montgomery  County  by  A.  R.  Bechtel.  It  was 
common  on  a  wooded  bank  of  Sugar  Creek  about  3  miles  north  of  Craw- 
fordsville  in  1926,  and  in  1927  it  was  collected  in  Jonathan  Winters'  woods 
about  2  miles  northwest  of  Darlington.  In  1935  it  was  discovered  by  Miss 
Edna  Banta  to  be  a  frequent  to  common  weed  along  the  road  and  adjacent 
areas  along  the  river  bluff  between  Brooksburg  and  Madison  in  Jefferson 
County. 

Nat.  of  Eu.;  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  Okla.,  Tex.,  and  Oreg. 

5960.  ERIGENIA  Nutt. 

1.  Erigenia  bulbosa  (Michx.)  Nutt.  Harbinger-of-SPRING.  Map  1529. 
Frequent  to  rare  in  rich  woods  throughout  the  state,  usually  found  in  beech 
and  sugar  maple  woods  and  sugar  maple  and  basswood  woods. 

Western  N.  Y.,  s.  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Kans.,  Ark.,  and  Ala. 

5970.  CONIUM  L. 

1.  Conium  maculatum  L.  Poison  Hemlock.  Map  1530.  I  have  seen 
this  plant  in  cultivation  twice  but  the  owners  were  not  aware  of  its  poison- 
ous character.    Local  along  roadsides  and  alluvial  banks  of  streams  and 


Bupleurum 


Umbelliferae 


721 


1 

5 

2 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

]    HD 

D                 0 

J 

B 

1 

J     rJi? 

D 

J 

[ 

1 
1 

0 

1    i_ 

D 

i 

\- 

r 

Dec  J— 

[ 

t 

id 
— - "i 

-~ — ]/    lj)a 

D  1     l> i 

Miles 

c 

on 

un 

■)     r 

nacula 

7  0                 50 

^   Map  1530 
turn    L. 

0  50 

Map  1531 


Bupleurum     rotundifolium     L. 


0  50 

Map  1532 


Zizia    aurea     (L.)   Koch 


locally  abundant  along  the  old  canal  in  Huntington,  Wabash,  and  Miami 
Counties  and  found,  no  doubt,  farther  down  the  canal.  Noted  along  the 
Ohio  River  in  Dearborn  County  and  as  a  weed  in  fields  between  Madison 
and  Hanover  in  Jefferson  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  S.  to  Out.  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Del.,  Pa.,  and  Tex. ;  also 
in  Calif.,  Mex.,  and  S.  A. 

5994.  BUPLEIJRUM  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Bupleurum  rotundifolium  L.  Hare's  Ear.  Map  1531.  This 
species  was  discovered  in  1933  by  Miss  Edna  Banta  who  says  it  is  frequent 
along  Lost  Fork  Creek  about  3  miles  east  of  Brooksburg,  Jefferson  County. 
She  adds  that  the  weed  was  known  on  her  father's  farm  for  at  least 
five  years. 

Nat.  of  cent.  Eu.  to  n.  Africa  and  w.  Asia;  N.  Y.  to  N.  C,  westw.  to 
Ind.,  Ky.,  Tenn.,  Mo.,  Ark.,  and  S.  Dak. 

6004.  SPERMOLEPIS  Raf. 
See  excluded  species  no.  478,  p.  1078. 

6008.  ZlZIA  Koch 

Basal  and  cauline  leaves  2-3-ternate;  leaflets  very  acute;  central  flower  of  umbellules 
sessile;  fruit  oval,  about  4  mm  long 1.  Z.  aurea. 

Basal  leaves  simple,  suborbicular  or  broadly  ovate;  cauline  leaves  with  3-5  rather 
bluntish  leaflets;  central  flower  of  umbellules  sessile;  fruit  ovate,  about  3  mm 
long 2.   Z.   aptera. 

1.  Zizia  aurea  (L.)  Koch.  Golden  Alexanders.  Map  1532.  Rather 
frequent  in  moist  soil  in  most  parts  of  the  state.  Moist  woodland  and  very 
often  in  moist  places  along  roadsides.  Usually  in  small  colonies.  Gray, 
Man.,  ed.  5  and  Wood,  Classbook  of  1865  did  not  make  the  distinction 
between  this  species  and  Thaspium  trifoliatum  var.  flavum  very  clear  and 
both  were  known  to  authors  as  Thaspium  aureum  Nutt.   Consequently  both 


722 


Umbelliferae 


Cicuta 


'  0  50 

Map  1533 
Zizia   aptera  (Gray)  Fern. 


0  50 

Map  1534 


Cicuta    bulblfera    L. 


Map  1535, 


Cicuta    maculata    L. 


species  were  reported  under  the  last  name  by  authors  before  our  present 
manuals  were  in  use  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  know  which  species  the 
author  had  in  hand. 

E.  Que.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ark.,  and  Tex. 

2.  Zizia  aptera  (Gray)  Fern.  (Rhodora  41:  441-444.  1939.)  (Zizia 
cordata  (Walt.)  DC.)  Heartleaf  Alexanders.  Map  1533.  Our  only 
specimens  are  from  an  open,  wooded  slope  in  Harrison  County  about  3  miles 
east  of  Elizabeth.  It  was  reported  from  Steuben  County  by  Bradner,  but 
no  doubt  this  report  should  be  referred  to  Thaspium  trifoliatum  var.  flavum 
which  is  found  there  and  which  he  did  not  report.  Zizia  aptera  is  often  con- 
fused with  Thaspium  trifoliatum  var.  flavum  which  also  has  thickened, 
white,  and  glabrous  margins  of  the  leaflets,  but  from  which  it  can  easily  be 
distinguished  because  Zizia  aptera  has  a  sessile  central  flower  in  each 
umbellule. 

Conn,  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Mo.,  Colo.,  and  Oreg. 


6011.  CICUTA  L. 

Leaflets  narrowly  linear;  fruit  orbicular,  1.5-2  mm  long;  axils  of  upper  leaves  bulblet- 
bearing 1.  C.  bulbifera. 

Leaflets  lanceolate,  rarely  some  narrowly  ovate;  fruit  oblong,  2.8-3.9  mm  long;  axils  of 
leaves  not  bulblet-bearing 2.    C.  maculata. 

1.  Cicuta  bulbifera  L.  Map  1534.  Restricted  to  the  lake  area  of  the 
northern  part  of  the  state.  Miry,  mucky,  or  sandy  borders  of  lakes,  ponds, 
and  swamps.  Infrequent.  Grows  in  wetter  situations  than  does  the  next 
species. 

Newf.  to  B.  C.  southw.  to  Md.,  Ind.,  Nebr.,  and  Oreg. 

2.  Cicuta  maculata  L.  Water  Hemlock.  Map  1535.  This  plant  is 
poisonous  and  each  year  in  this  state  there  are  reports  of  the  death  of 
stock  due  to  eating  it.  A  man  in  Wells  County,  mistaking  the  tuberous 
roots  for  sweet  anise,  ate  them  and  died.  Frequent  throughout  the  state  in 
low  ground  about  lakes  and  ponds,  in  low  woods,  and  in  and  along  ditches. 

Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


Cryptotaenia 


Umbelliferae 


723 


0  50 

Map  1536 
Cryptotaenia    canadensis    (LJ    DC. 


0  — 3o 

Map  1537 


Carum    Carvt    L. 


0  513 

Map  1538 


Taenidia     mtegernma    (L )     Drude 


6015.  CRYPTOTAENIA  DC. 

1.  Cryptotaenia  canadensis  (L.)  DC.  (Deringa  canadensis  (L.)  Ktze.) 
Honewort.  Map  1536.  Frequent  to  common  in  moist,  rich  woods 
throughout  the  state.  Frequent  almost  everywhere  in  woods  except  on 
very  dry  slopes,  in  very  sandy  soil,  and  in  very  wet  woodland.  Experience 
has  shown  that  this  species  and  Sanicula  should  not  be  introduced  into  wild 
flower  gardens  because  both  soon  become  weeds. 

Que.  to  La.,  westw.  to  S.  Dak.,  Kans.,  and  Ark. 

6020.  CARUM  L. 

1.  Carum  Carvi  L.  Caraway.  Map  1537.  Cultivated  for  its  aromatic 
seed  which  are  used  as  a  condiment.   Sparingly  escaped. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf .  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Mont.,  and  Oreg. 

6031.  TAENlDIA  Drude 

1.  Taenidia  integerrima  (L.)  Drude.  Map  1538.  Infrequent  to  rare  in 
all  parts  of  the  state.  Generally  on  the  upper  part  and  crests  of  wooded 
slopes  bordering  streams  and  usually  in  clay  or  gravelly  soil,  associated 
with  white  oak  or  with  white  and  black  oaks. 

W.  Que.  and  w.  N.  E.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Miss. 


6036.  PERIDERfDIA  Reichenb. 

1.  Perideridia  americana  (Nutt.)  Reichenb.  (Eulophus  americanus 
Nutt.)  Map  1539.  A  rare  plant  in  a  few  of  our  western  counties.  Our 
only  reports  are  from  Jasper  and  Vigo  Counties.  I  have  collected  it  in 
Benton,  Newton  and  Spencer  Counties.  It  is  a  typical  prairie  plant  and  is 
usually  found  in  such  a  habitat.  My  Spencer  County  specimen,  how- 
ever, was  found  among  large  post  oaks  in  a  low,  flat,  post  oak,  pin  oak, 


724 


Umbelliferae 


Sium 


0  50 

Map  1539 

Pe rider i d la    amencana  (NuttJ    Reichenb. 


0  ~~ 50 

Map  1540 


Sium    suave    Wal 


— 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov, 

Dec.f- 

h 

Jv 

t  r1- 

r 

~T 

f 

■ 

- 

-^ 

i 

J- 

T— 

/7     Miles 

L 

igust 

cum 

canadense 

0                50 

Map  1541 

LI    Britt. 

and  swamp  white  oak  flat  about  4  miles  northwest  of  Chrisney.   This  area 
is  a  low,  flat  woods  about  a  half  mile  wide  on  the  east  side  of  Little  Pigeon 
Creek.    The  soil  is  a  hard,  white,  slightly  acid  clay  in  which  are  found 
several  plants  distinctly  southwestern  in  their  distribution. 
W.  Ind.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Tenn.  and  Ark. 

6038.  SIUM  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Sium  suave  Walt.  (Rhodora  17:  131.  1915.)  (Sium  cicutaefolium 
Schrank.)  Water  Parsnip.  Map  1540.  In  the  shallow  water  of  the  bor- 
ders of  ponds  and  sloughs  and  in  springy  places  along  streams,  swampy 
woodland,  and  ditches. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Calif. 

6048.  AETHIJSA  L. 

See  excluded  species  no.  479,  p.  1078. 


6070.  LIGUSTICUM   L. 

1.  Ligusticum  canadense  (L.)  Britt.  Map  1541.  Our  only  specimen 
was  found  in  a  moist  place  near  the  crest  of  a  high  wooded  slope  along  the 
Ohio  River  about  3  miles  east  of  Elizabeth  in  Harrison  County,  and  near 
the  road  leading  up  the  bluff  from  Stuart's  Landing.  This  species  was 
reported  in  Coulter's  Catalogue  for  Wilson  from  Hamilton  County.  Since 
this  species  much  resembles  Thaspium  barbinode  which,  no  doubt,  is  more 
or  less  frequent  in  Hamilton  County  and  which  was  not  reported  by 
Wilson,  and  since  the  habitat  of  Ligusticum  canadense  does  not  occur  in 
Hamilton  County,  there  is  little  doubt  but  Wilson  made  an  error  in  determi- 
nation. I  have  not  been  able  to  locate  Wilson's  specimens.  I  never  received 
answers  to  the  letters  I  sent  him. 

S.  Pa.  and  s.  Ind.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 


Thaspium 


UM  BELLI  FERAE 


725 


^5 
Map  1542 


Thaspium    trifohatum  var.  flavum    Blake 


0  50 

Map  1543 

Thaspium    barbinode    (Michx)    Nutt 


0  50 

Map  1544 

Conioselinum     chinense    (L  )    B  S  P. 


6076.  THASPIUM  Nutt. 

Margins  of  leaves  and  leaflets  white  and  smooth;  plants  glabrous  throughout;  root- 
leaves    mostly    cordate;    basal    leaves    simple    and    cordate    or    ternate;    leaflets 

thickish,  crenate;  flowers  deep  yellow;  fruit  globose-ovoid,  about  4  mm  long 

1.   T.  trifoliatum,  var.  flavum. 

Margins  of  leaves  and  leaflets  green  and  more  or  less  ciliate;  plants  puberulent  at  least 
at  the  nodes;  root  leaves  ternate;  basal  leaves  mostly  biternate;  segments  of 
leaflets  ovate  to  lanceolate,  with  a  cuneate  base,  thin,  incised,  coarsely  toothed  or 
ternately  parted;  flowers  light  yellow;  fruit  4-6  mm  long 2.  T.  barbinode. 

1.  Thaspium  trifoliatum  (L.)  Britt.  var.  flavum  Blake.  (Rhodora  20: 
53.  1918.)  (Thaspium  aureum  Nutt.  and  Thaspium  trifoliatum  (L.) 
Britt.)  Map  1542.  Frequent  in  woodland  throughout  the  state.  Usually 
restricted  to  wooded  slopes  along  or  near  streams.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  all 
Indiana  specimens  have  yellow  flowers. 

N.  Ohio  and  Md.  to  Wyo.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

2.  Thaspium  barbinode  (Michx.)  Nutt.  (Thaspium  barbinode  var.  an- 
gustifolium  Coult.  &  Rose.)  Map  1543.  Frequent  throughout  the  state  in 
rich  woods  and  infrequent  in  prairie  habitats,  preferring  alluvial  soil  along 
streams  and  wooded  slopes. 

This  species  is  extremely  variable  in  all  of  its  parts  and  the  form  with 
narrow  leaf-segments  has  been  named.  Plants  that  grow  in  rich  soil  in 
shady  places  usually  have  the  leaf -segments  large  and  ovate  while  plants 
that  grow  in  poor  soil  and  prairie  habitats  usually  have  the  leaf -segments 
narrow.  The  nodes,  peduncles,  umbels,  and  furrows  of  the  fruit  are  gen- 
erally more  or  less  pubescent  with  short,  stout,  colorless  hairs  (sometimes 
only  granulose).  The  nodes  are  always  pubescent  and  rarely  can  a  plant 
be  found  that  has  the  inflorescence  nearly  glabrous.  Sometimes  the  pubes- 
cence is  conspicuous  in  the  inflorescence  and  on  the  veins  of  the  lower 
surface  of  the  leaflets.  The  flowers  are  sometimes  cream-colored,  and  the 
fruit  varies  in  size  and  pubescence.   I  am  not  able  to  correlate  the  pubes- 


726 


Umbelliferae 


Conioselinum 


7 

f 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

B 

r 

n     S- 

iV 

B 

"I 

t 

-I 

1 

|_ 

fM 

T 

Dec.j- 

i     ' — 

D 

I                     / 

T {- 

/    Miles 

i    1" 

h   D 

A 

ige 

lica 

VI 1 1 

IS! 

'  \iu  7 

i    (Walt) 

50 
Map  1545 

BSP 

0  50 

Map  1546 


Angelica    atropurpurea    L. 


0  50 

Map  1547 


Polytaema    Nuttallii    DC. 


cence  with  any  other  character  and  have  concluded  that  we  have  a  poly- 
morphic species  whose  variations  are  due  to  soil  and  exposure. 
N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ark. 

6081.  CONIOSELINUM  Hoffm. 

1.  Conioselinum  chinense  (L.)  BSP.  Map  1544.  Very  rare.  Two  of  my 
specimens  were  collected  in  dense  shade  on  the  south  banks  of  streams  in 
springy  places  in  sandy-gravelly  soil  made  miry  by  large  springs,  and  I 
found  it  in  a  tamarack  bog  in  La  Porte  County.  Grimes  collected  a  speci- 
men in  damp  soil  on  a  rocky  slope  along  Sugar  Creek  in  Montgomery 
County.  It  has  also  been  reported  from  Carroll  and  Noble  Counties  and 
from  the  area  of  Delaware,  Jay,  Randolph,  and  Wayne  Counties. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Pa.  and  Ind.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C. 


6082.  ANGELICA  L. 

Stems  pubescent  above;  leaflets  of  median  leaves  mostly  less  than  2.5  cm  wide;  umbels 
densely   pubescent ;    fruit  pubescent 1.  A.  villosa. 

Stems  glabrous  above;  leaflets  of  median  leaves  mostly  more  than  2.5  cm  wide;  umbels 
densely  scabrous;  fruit  glabrous 2.  A.  atropurpurea. 

1.  Angelica  villosa  (Walt.)  BSP.  Hairy  Angelica.  Map  1545.  Infre- 
quent in  the  unglaciated  region  on  barren  wooded  slopes  and  appearing 
again  in  the  northern  counties  in  a  dry,  sandy,  prairie  habitat. 

W.  Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tenn.,  and  Mo. 

2.  Angelica  atropurpurea  L.  PURPLESTEM  ANGELICA.  Map  1546.  Infre- 
quent in  the  northern  two  thirds  of  the  state,  being  more  frequent  in  the 
northern  counties.  In  marshes,  in  mucky  soil  about  lakes  and  ponds,  and 
in  alluvial  bottoms  along  streams. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Del.,  111.,  and  Iowa. 


Polytaenia 


Umbelliferae 


727 


Oxypolis  rigidior    (L 


0  50 

Map  1549 


Pastmaca    sativa    L. 


0~~     -^3 
Map  1550 


Heracleum     lanatum    Michx. 


6102.  POLYTAENIA  DC. 

1.  Polytaenia  Nuttallii  DC.  {Pleiotaenia  Nuttallii  (DC.)  Coult.  & 
Rose.)  Map  1547.  In  a  prairie  habitat  in  a  few  of  the  northwestern 
counties.  Also  found  by  Dr.  Clapp  in  the  "barrens  west  of  the  lake"  (Har- 
rison County,  southwest  of  Palmyra).  His  specimen  is  in  the  herbarium 
of  Wabash  College.   Rare. 

Mich.  ( ?)  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Tex. 

6107.  OXYPOLIS  Raf. 

1.  Oxypolis  rigidior  (L.)  Raf.  Cowbane.  Map  1548.  Infrequent 
throughout  the  state  in  marshes,  wet  borders  of  lakes,  wet  woods,  swamps 
and  wet  interdunal  flats.  In  some  large  marshes  it  is  common  and  in 
these  a  study  of  its  variation  may  be  made.  I  have  done  so  and  found  plants 
of  varying  size  with  all  of  the  leaflets  toothed,  usually  above  the  middle, 
some  with  nearly  all  of  the  leaflets  entire  or  some  with  all  of  the  leaflets 
entire.  Usually  the  larger  plants  have  larger  leaves  and  the  leaflets  are 
more  toothed,  and  the  leaves  of  the  smaller  plants  have  fewer  teeth  or  are 
entire.  The  form  with  entire  leaflets  has  been  given  a  varietal  name  but 
I  believe  this  is  only  a  form  of  the  species  without  taxonomic  significance. 
The  plants  with  entire  leaflets  conform  to  the  type  in  other  characters. 
The  width  of  the  widest  leaflets  of  the  plants  with  entire  leaflets  is  as 
follows :  2.5  mm ;  5.5  mm ;  6  mm ;  7  mm ;  8  mm ;  and  15  mm. 

Wilson  reports  this  species  as  "common"  in  Hamilton  and  Marion 
Counties.  No  doubt  this  report  should  be  referred  to  Cicuta  maculata 
which  is  a  common  plant  in  those  counties  and  which  he  does  not  report. 

N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  the  Gulf. 


6120.  PASTINACA  L. 

1.     Pastinaca  SATiVA  L.   Parsnip.   Map  1549.   A  weed  throughout  the 
state.  Rare  in  only  a  few  areas  and  infrequent  to  common  along  roadsides 


728 


CORNACEAE 


Heracleum 


1 

19 
17 

1 

1 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.  J- 

D 

o     ! 

"*      D 
L 

Id       o 

0 

D             D 
'  D 

\ 

H  J. 

D 

D 

r 

"— i          _ 

—I    « 

D        D 

^ 

D 

D 

\        ' 

8 

B 

B 
■0 

I1  HO 

D     |  D 

1               ' 

B        B      0 

J 

V 

]      10       Pr 

[D 

D    I'D          B 

10 

1         1 

D 

10 

k     /         r 
D    L, 

J     DJ       'Cb" 

B          P     /      X 

D    1      -Kn  1 

-tOpI           J 
IBs  1 s — 

J    Miles 

D 

1     "    1    D 
\j        P 

D    r1 

Dau 

cus 

d  y\.    ) 

Carota  L 

0                 50 

Map  1551 

o         ~^5 
Map  1552 

Nyssa  sylvatica  Marsh.var.  typica    Fern. 


2 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec  C 

V 

J    1 

r 

^^-i    _ 

B 
D 

1 

-4 

ft 

1    OP 

- 

MC 

r 

-  i 

B 

B 

i; 

p  :  • 

f 

b\» 

10    p 

1      ' — 

D 

10     , 

K      t             X 

T  D/ — 1 — 

10 

D     /      j  8 

10  1              D 

t/    Miles 

L 

v.i 

/         \  D  r   V^    j 

Nyssa    sylvatic; 
carolmiana    (Poir 

b            5b 
Map  1553 

Fern 

and  railroads,  in  bottom  land  along  streams,  in  hayfields,  pastures,  and 
waste  places.   The  parsnip  is  common  in  cultivation. 

The  juice  of  this  plant  is  said  to  be  poisonous  to  the  skin  (Rhodora  4: 
188.    1902.) 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  in  all  parts  of  N.  A. 

6122.  HERACLfiUM  L. 

1.  Heracleum  lanatum  Michx.  Cow  Parsnip.  Map  1550.  An  infre- 
quent or  rare  plant  in  moist,  rich  soil  along  streams,  about  lakes,  and 
along  roadsides. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  in  the  mts.  to  Ga.,  Nev.,  Kans.,  Utah,  and  Calif. 

6142.  DAUCUS  [Town.]  L. 

1.  Daucus  Carota  L.  Common  Carrot.  Map  1551.  Infrequent  to 
common  in  all  parts  of  the  state  but  rarely  found  in  a  prairie  habitat. 

The  flowers  vary  in  color  from  white  to  yellow;  11  of  my  33  specimens 
have  one  or  more  purple  flowers  in  the  inflorescence ;  rarely  there  is  an 
inflorescence  with  rose  colored  flowers.  Millspaugh  has  named  the  rose 
colored  form,  forma  rosea.  Farwell  calls  the  form  without  purple  flowers, 
forma  epurpurata.  (See  Grier.  Variation  in  the  flower  of  the  wild  carrot. 
Torreya  22:  64-66.   1922.)    Often  called  Queen  Anne's-lace. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia ;  throughout  N.  A. 


229.  CORNACEAE  Link.  Dogwood  Family 

Flowers  5-merous,  polygamo-dioecious ;  leaves  alternate ;  stone  of  fruit  oblong,  about 
7  mm  long 6151.    Nyssa,  p.  729. 

Flowers  4-merous,  perfect;  leaves  opposite  except  in  Coi-nus  alternifolia  which  has  a 
fruit  with  a  suborbicular  stone  about  5  mm  long 6159.    Cornus,  p.  729. 


Cornus  Cornaceae  729 

6151.  NYSSA  L. 
[Fernald.  The  varieties  of  Nyssa  sylvatica.  Rhodora  37:  433-437.  1935.] 

Lower  surface  of  leaves  smooth,  not  papillate  or  rarely  so,  glabrous,  glabrate,  or  rarely 
densely  pubescent  on  young  specimens;  leaves  firm  or  subcoriaceous  when  mature, 
short-acute  or  blunt  at  the  apex,  lustrous  above;  green  branchlets  usually  bending 
when  flexed  to  a  right  angle;  wood  difficult  to  split 1.   N.  sylvatica  var.  typica. 

Lower  surface  of  leaves  papillose,  glabrous,  glabrate  or  more  or  less  pubescent,  espe- 
cially on  the  veins;  leaves  not  firm  or  subcoriaceous  when  mature,  usually  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex  or  some  blunt;  green  branchlets  usually  breaking  when  flexed 
to  a  right  angle;  wood  easy  to  split la.  N.  sylvatica  var.  caroliniana. 

1.  Nyssa  sylvatica  Marsh,  var.  typica  Fern.  Black  Gum.  Map  1552. 
Infrequent  to  rare  in  the  northern  two  thirds  of  the  state  and  frequent  to 
common  in  the  southern  part.  It  is  found  in  both  dry  and  wet  soils,  ap- 
parently preferring  slightly  acid  soils.  It  is  erratic  in  its  distribution  and 
is  found  in  several  tree  associations.  The  leaves  of  coppice  shoots  and  some- 
times those  of  seedlings  are  often  more  or  less  lobed. 

West-cent.  Maine,  s.  Ont.,  s.  Mich.,  se.  Wis.  to  n.  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla. 
and  ne.  Tex. 

la.  Nyssa  sylvatica  var.  caroliniana  (Poir.)  Fern.  Map  1553.  This 
variety  is  infrequent  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  It  is  one  of  the  cove 
type  and  prefers  a  richer  soil  than  does  the  typical  form.  Pioneers  have 
always  insisted  that  there  were  two  kinds  of  black  gum.  They  distinguish 
them  by  their  splitting  qualities.  The  form  very  difficult  to  split  was 
known  as  the  black  gum,  and  the  form  that  split  "like  poplar"  was  known 
as  yellow  gum.  The  bark  of  the  variety  much  resembles  that  of  the  tulip 
tree,  and  the  branches  are  usually  ascending. 

Chester  County  Pa.  to  Essex  County,  Ont.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Miss.,  and 
e.  Tex. 

6159.  CORNUS  [Tourn.]  L. 

Inflorescence  capitate,  surrounded  by  a  large  4-leaved,  white,  petaloid  involucre;  fruit 
red. 

Plants  subherbaceous,  low,  mostly  less  than  2  dm  high 1.    C.  canadensis. 

Plants  arborescent,  small  trees 2.  C.   florida. 

Inflorescence  cymose,  without  an  involucre;  fruit  not  red. 
Pith  of  branchlets  and  of  one  and  two  year  old  branches  white. 

Leaves  alternate 3.   C.  alternifolia. 

Leaves  opposite. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate,  generally  having  7-9  pairs  of  veins,  usually  woolly- 
pubescent  beneath  at  maturity;  branchlets  yellow  green  and  usually  more 
or  less  blotched  with  longitudinal,  purplish  spots ;  fruit  bluish .  .  4.  C.  rugosa. 
Leaves  ovate,  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate-ovate,  generally  having  3-6  pairs  of 
veins,  woolly  or  appressed-pubescent  beneath  at  maturity;  branchlets 
reddish  or  grayish. 
Under  surface  of  leaves  mostly  woolly  at  maturity. 

Leaves  not  rough  above;  pith  of  last  year's  branchlet  wide,  more  than  a 

third  the  diameter  of  the  branchlet ;  branches  bright  red 

5a.  C.  stolonifera  var.  Bailey i. 

Leaves  rough  above;  pith  of  last  year's  branchlet  small,  usually  less  than  a 
third  the  diameter  of  the  branchlet ;  branches  gray  (this  species  rarely 
with  a  white  pith) 6.  C.  asperifolia. 


730 


CORNACEAE 


Cornus 


1 

1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

N    - 

B 
L 
s 

f 

4 

P                I 
)          / 

L~ 

L 

[V 

' 

X 

[ 

fn 

T 

r1 

Dec.  j- 

•     ' — 

V    Miles 

( 

\om 

JS     c 

anadensis 

3                50 
Map  1554 

L. 

Under  surface  of  leaves  appressed-pubescent  or  glabrous  at  maturity. 

Year  old  branches  bright  red;  pith  wide,  usually  more  than  a  third  the 
diameter  of  the  branch;  under  surface  of  leaves  thickly  appressed- 
pubescent   (sometimes  old  leaves  becoming  somewhat  glabrous;  fruit 

white 5.  C.  stolonifera. 

Year  old  branches  gray  or  dull,  reddish  brown;  pith  narrow,  usually  less 
than  a  third  the  width  of  the  branch ;  under  surface  of  leaves  sparsely 
clothed  with  a  short  pubescence  or  almost  glabrous. 
Fruit  white;  inflorescence  more  or  less  appressed-pubescent  with  color- 
less hairs;  peduncles  2-2.5  cm  long;  under  surface  of  leaves  more 
or  less  farinose  (this  species  generally  with  a  brownish  pith,  espe- 
cially of  two-year-old  branchlets) 7.  C.  racemosa. 

Fruit  blue;    inflorescence  glabrous  or   appressed-pubescent;    peduncles 
2.5-7  cm  long;  under  surface  of  leaves  green;  pith  of  branchlets 

white 8.    C.    stricta. 

Pith  of  branchlets  and  of  one  and  two  year  old  branches  tawny,  sometimes  white  in 
the  branchlets  and  in  one  year  old  branches  of  nos.  6  and  8. 

Leaves  rough  above,  woolly-pubescent  beneath ;  fruit  white 6.  C.  asperifolia. 

Leaves  not  rough  above,  appressed-pubescent  beneath;  fruit  white  or  bluish. 
Pubescence  of  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves  consisting  of  colorless  hairs,  only 
those  of  the  midrib  sometimes  reddish. 
Branches  reddish  brown;  branchlets  densely  pubescent;  calyx  lobes  0.75-1  mm 

long;  fruit  bluish 9.  C.  obliqua. 

Branches  gray;  branchlets  glabrous  or  glabrate;   calyx  lobes  less  than  0.75 

mm  long,  usually  minute  or  up  to  about  0.5  mm  long;  fruit  white 

l.C.  racemosa. 

Pubescence  of  under   surface  of  the  leaves  consisting  of  reddish  hairs;    fruit 
k]ujsh 10.   C.  Amomum. 

1.  Cornus  canadensis  L.  (Chamaepericlymenum  canadense  (L.)  Asch. 
&  Graebn.)  Bunchberry.  Map  1554.  Found  only  in  Lake  and  Porter 
Counties  near  Lake  Michigan.  Very  rare.  I  have  it  only  from  the  Mineral 
Springs  bog  in  Porter  County  where  it  was  formerly  common.  McCaslin's 
report  from  Jay  County  and  Scott's  report  from  Kosciusko  County  no 
doubt  should  be  referred  to  some  other  species,  probably  to  Medeola 
virginiana. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  W.  Va.,  Ind.,  Minn.,  Colo.,  and  Calif. 


Cornus 


CORNACEAE 


731 


0  50 

Map  1557 


Cornus     rugosa    Lam. 


30 
Map  1558 
iornus    stolonifera    var    Baileyi 
Coulter  &    Evans)    Dresher 


0  50 

Map  1559 


Cornus    aspenfolia    Michx. 


2.  Cornus  florida  L.  (Cynoxylon  floridum  (L.)  Raf.)  Flowering 
Dogwood.  Map  1555.  Frequent  to  common  in  dry  woods  throughout  the 
state  except  in  the  northwestern  part  where  it  is  absent  from  the  sandy 
black  oak  woods.  The  largest  tree  I  have  seen  was  in  Warrick  County, 
which  had  a  clear  bole  of  10  feet  and  measured  40  inches  in  circumference 
at  four  and  a  half  feet  above  the  ground. 

S.  Maine  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  Cornus  alternifolia  L.  f.  Pagoda  Dogwood.  Map  1556.  Infrequent 
to  rare  in  the  greater  part  of  the  state.  We  have  only  one  record  for  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  state  and  none  for  the  prairie  counties.  It  usually 
grows  in  moist  rich  soil  at  the  base  of  usually  rocky,  wooded  slopes  along 
or  near  streams  where  it  may  be  locally  frequent.  The  largest  specimen 
seen  was  in  Warren  County  which  was  4  inches  in  diameter  at  breast 
height,  and  had  a  clear  bole  of  6  feet. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Mo. 

4.  Cornus  rugosa  Lam.  (Cornus  circinata  L'Her.)  Roundleaf  Dog- 
wood. Map  1557.  Found  in  the  counties  indicated  on  the  map.  The  reports 
for  other  counties  are,  no  doubt,  errors  in  determination.  It  is  infrequent 
on  the  moist  shady  slopes  in  the  dunes  near  Lake  Michigan,  on  the  high 
sandy  bank  of  Pigeon  River  west  of  Mongo  in  Lagrange  County  and  in  a 
low  sandy  woods  north  of  Pigeon  River  3  miles  east  of  Mongo,  and  on  the 
crest  of  a  wooded  ridge  along  Sugar  Creek  about  a  mile  east  of  the  Shades 
in  Montgomery  County.  The  Montgomery  county  plant  was  found  in  a 
relict  area  with  Pinus  Strobus,  Gaultheria  procumbens,  and  Rhus  typhina. 

E.  Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ind.,  111.,  Iowa,  and  N.  Dak. 

5.  Cornus  stolonifera  Michx.  RED-OSIER  DOGWOOD.  Map  1560.  Infre- 
quent to  rare  in  swamps  and  wet  places,  mostly  in  the  lake  area.  Nos.  2,  3, 
5,  and  7  flower  about  2  weeks  earlier  than  the  other  species. 

Lab.  to  Mackenzie,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  Iowa,  Nebr.,  N.  Mex.,  Ariz.,  and 
Calif. 


732 


CORNACEAE 


Cornus 


0  50 

Map  1560 


Cornus    stolonifera    Michx. 


0  ^50 

Map  1561 


Cornus    racemosa   Lam. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec. 


1 

D 

Vr 

\_ 

X 

hV 

u , 

~rjL! 

1 

I 

D    / 

D                       -  | 

\JS    Miles 

0  ~T0 

Map  1562 


Cornus    stricta    Lam. 


5a.  Cornus  stolonifera  var.  Baileyi  (Coulter  &  Evans)  Drescher.  (Trans. 
Wisconsin  Acad.  Sciences  28:  190.  1933.)  {Cornus  Baileyi  Coult.  & 
Evans.)  Bailey  Dogwood.  Map  1558.  I  reported  this  variety  from  La- 
grange County  but  I  am  now  referring  that  specimen  to  Cornus  stolonifera. 
All  of  my  specimens  are  from  the  dune  area  bordering  Lake  Michigan 
except  one  from  Starke  County  which  was  collected  in  low  ground  along 
the  Kankakee  River. 

Great  Lakes  Region  from  Ont.,  westw.  to  S.  Dak. 

6.  Cornus  asperifolia  Michx.  Roughleaf  Dogwood.  Map  1559.  Infre- 
quent throughout  the  state  except  in  the  northern  tier  of  counties  where 
it  may  be  absent  or  rare.  Banks  of  streams,  borders  of  ponds  and  lakes,  in 
wet  woods,  and  along  moist  roadsides. 

Ont.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

7.  Cornus  racemosa  Lam.  {Cornus  paniculata  L'Her.  of  Gray,  Man., 
ed.  7  and  Cornus  femina  Mill,  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.) 
Gray  Dogwood.  Map  1561.  More  or  less  frequent  in  the  lake  area,  becom- 
ing rare  or  absent  in  the  southern  counties.  It  grows  in  both  dry  and  wet 
places,  preferring  drained  marshes.  It  is  often  found  in  moist  or  dry  sandy 
or  gravelly  soil  along  roadsides  and  fences,  in  clearings,  and  in  low  ground 
about  lakes  and  streams. 

Cent.  Maine  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Tenn.,  and  Nebr. 

8.  Cornus  stricta  Lam.  Stiff  Dogwood.  Map  1562.  Local  but  usually 
frequent  where  it  is  found.  In  low  woods,  usually  with  pin  oak,  sweet  gum, 
and  cypress.  The  map  shows  all  reports  of  this  species.  The  specimen 
from  Porter  County  appears  to  be  this  species  and  it  no  doubt  will  be 
found  along  the  Kankakee  River. 

Va.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Mo. 

9.  Cornus  obliqua  Raf.  {Cornus  Amomum  of  most  authors.)  Pale 
Dogwood.   Map  1563.   In  the  lake  area  frequent  to  common  in  low  places 


Cornus 


Ericaceae 


733 


0  50 

Map  1564 


Cornus  Amomum    Mi 


0  50 

Map  1565 

Chimaphifa    maculata    (L.)    Pursh 


about  swamps,  ponds,  and  lakes  and  along  streams.   South  of  this  area  it 
becomes  infrequent  to  rare,  especially  in  the  unglaciated  region. 
Que.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Pa.  and  Mo. 

10.  Cornus  Amomum  Mill.  Silky  Dogwood.  Map  1564.  Our  only  speci- 
mens are  from  the  bank  of  the  Ohio  River  in  Crawford  and  Jefferson 
Counties. 

Newf.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Ky. 

233.  ERICACEAE  DC.  Heath  Family 

Ovary  superior. 

Plants   saprophytic,  without  green   color;   pollen  grains   simple;    anthers   horizontal, 

opening  by  2  transverse   slits;    fruit  a   capsule 

1.    Subfamily  Monotropoideae,  p.  733. 

Plants  with  green  foliage;  pollen  grains  compound. 

Corolla   polypetalous ;    anthers   inverted,   dehiscing   by   basal    (apparently   apical) 

pores ;  fruit  a  capsule 2.    Subfamily  Pyroloideae,  p.  733. 

Corolla  gamopetalous ;   anthers  erect,  dehiscing  by  apical   pores    (except  Oxyden- 

drum  whose  anthers  open  by  chinks)  ;  fruit  a  berry  or  capsule 

3.    Subfamily   Ericoideae,  p.  734. 

Ovary  inferior;  pollen  grains  compound;  corolla  gamopetalous;  fruit  a  berry 

4.   Subfamily  Vaccinoideae,  p.  734. 

1.     Subfamily  Monotropoideae 

Plants  white  or  somewhat  tinged  with  pink;  corolla  polypetalous 

6169.   Monotropa,  p.  737. 


2.     Subfamily  Pyroloideae 

Leaves  scattered,  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate ;  flowers  in  corymbs  or  umbels;  styles  very 
short;  valves  of  capsule  with  smooth  edges 6166.  Chimaphila,  p.  734. 

Leaves  basal,  suborbicular  or  elliptic;  styles  long;  valves  of  capsules  with  cobwebby 
margins 6167.    Pyrola,  p.  735. 


734  Ericaceae  Chimaphila 

3.     Subfamily  Ericoideae 

Margin  of  leaves  entire. 

Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so,  generally  less  than  8  mm  wide 

6199.  Andromeda,  p.  738. 

Leaves  petioled,  generally  more  than  8  mm  wide. 
Blade  of  leaves  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base. 

Branchlets  smooth;  leaves  glabrous  beneath,  acute  at  the  apex;  corolla  saucer- 
shaped;  fruit  a  capsule 6192.  Kalmia,  p.  737. 

Branchlets   more    or   less   pubescent;    leaves   more   or   less    pubescent   beneath, 

rounded  at  the  apex;  corolla  usually  ovoid  or  urceolate;  fruit  a  berry 

6212.  Arctostaphylos,  p.  739. 

Blade  of  leaves  mostly  cordate  at  the  base 6205.  Epigaea,  p.  739. 

Margin  of  leaves  not  entire. 

Trees;  leaves  10-15  cm  long;  fruit  a  capsule 6203.  Oxydendrum,  p.  738. 

Low  shrubs;  leaves  less  than  10  cm  long. 

Shrubs  rarely  over  1.5  dm  high;  leaves  generally  in  a  cluster  of  3-5  at  the  ends 

of  the  branches,  more  than  1.5  cm  wide;  fruit  berrylike 

6206.    Gaultheria,  p.  739. 

Shrubs  usually  4-9  dm  high;   leaves  scattered  along  the  branches,  generally  less 
than  1.5  cm  wide;  fruit  a  capsule 6200.  Chamaedaphne,  p.  738. 

4.     Subfamily  Vaccinoideae 

Under  surface  of  leaves  and  calyx  tube  with  resinous  scales;  ovary  10-celled 

6215.  Gaylussacia,  p.  740. 

Under  surface  of  leaves  and  calyx  tube  without  resinous  scales;  ovary  4-5-celled 

621 6.   Vaccinium,  p.  740. 

6166.  CHIMAPHILA  Pursh 

Leaves  mostly  cuneate-oblanceolate,  the  midrib  above  bordered  with  whitish  green, 
generally  acute  at  the  apex,  the  taper  beginning  about  the  middle  of  the  blade,  the 
margins  usually  with  not  more  than  8  teeth  to  a  side;  dilated  part  of  filaments 
merely  ciliate 1-    C.  maculata. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  the  midrib  above  not  bordered  with  whitish 
green,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  the  taper  beginning  well  above  the  middle  of 
the  blade,  the  margins  with  more  than  8  teeth  to  a  side;  dilated  part  of  filaments 
villous 2.  C.  umbellata  var.  cisatlantica. 

1.  Chimaphila  maculata  (L.)  Pursh.  Striped  Pipsissewa.  Map  1565. 
An  infrequent  to  rare  plant  of  high  ground,  associated  with  either  black 
oak  or  beech.  There  is  a  specimen  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of 
Illinois  collected  in  1883  by  E.  J.  Hill  in  a  pine  woods  near  Edgemoor  (now 
in  west  Gary) . 

Maine  (?)  and  Mass.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Miss. 

2.  Chimaphila  umbellata  (L.)  Bart.  var.  cisatlantica  Blake.  (Rhodora 
19:  241.  1917.)  (Chimaphila  umbellata  (L.)  Nutt.  of  manuals  in  part.) 
Common  Pipsissewa.  Map  1566.  An  infrequent  to  rare  plant  of  our  north- 
ern counties.  I  have  seen  no  specimen  from  south  of  White  County.  All  of 
our  specimens  are  from  moist  or  dry,  sandy  black  oak  or  black  and  white 
oak  woods. 

N.  S.  to  Ga.,  westw.  to  the  Pacific  coast. 


Pyrola 


Ericaceae 


735 


1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

rff 

\   D 

\     »0 

D          B     D 

D 

DP 
BD 

L 

-      D 
^P 

r 

DP 

\ 

J-r^ 

f 

i 

n    1 

-  i 

J- 

r 

Dec.f— 

1 

■  ' — 

£/    Miles 

C 

hin 

11 

c 

ihili 

sat 

i    umbell; 
antica    Bl 

0                 50 

Map  1566 
ta 

ake 

— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

HD 

:• 

y 

r 

V 

1  A 

i  l 

r 

1 

f 

r 

- 

n  r 

r- 

r 

Oec.f— 

P     Miles 

Py 

ro 

la 

~>(       /  0                50 

■*/    ^/   Map  1567 

secunda   L. 

6167.  PYROLA  [Tourn.]  L. 

Styles  straight;  petals  connivent;  racemes  secund 1.  P-  secunda. 

Styles  strongly  declined;  petals  spreading;  racemes  not  secund. 

Cauline  bracts  none,  or  1-3,  narrowly  lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  not  sheathing  at 

the  base;   calyx  lobes  ovate-triangular,  little  or  not  at  all  longer  than  broad. 

Blades  of  leaves  oval,  3-8  cm  long,  longer  than  the  petioles;  anthers  blunt,  orange. 

2.    P.  elliptica. 

Blades  of  leaves  suborbicular,  1-3  cm  long,  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  anthers  with 

a  neck  or  point 3.  P.  chlorantha. 

Cauline  bracts  1-5    (rarely  none),  ovate-lanceolate,  their  bases  somewhat  sheathing 

the  stem;  leaf  blades  usually  shorter  than  the  petioles;  sepals  at  least  a  half 

longer  than  wide. 

Sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  blunt  or  acute,  twice  as  long  as  wide;  petals  white,  rarely 

pinkish-tinged,   6.5-10.5   mm   long;    bracts   of  flowers   about   as   long   as   the 

pedicels 4.    P.  rotundifolia  var.  americana. 

Sepals  triangular,  acute  or  acuminate,  about  1.5  times  as  long  as  wide;   petals 
pink,  about  5  mm  long. 

Leaf  blades  cordate  at  the  base.  (See  excluded  species  no.  483,  p.  1079.) 

P.  asarifolia. 

Leaf  blades  subtruncate,  rounded  or  tapering  at  the  base 

5.    P.  asarifolia  var.  incarnata. 

1.  Pyrola  secunda  L.  Map  1567.  This  species  has  been  reported  from 
Lake,  Porter,  and  Steuben  Counties.  There  are  specimens  from  Lake  and 
Porter  Counties,  collected  by  Nieuwland,  now  deposited  in  the  herbarium 
of  the  University  of  Notre  Dame.  The  Lake  County  specimen  was  collected 
at  Miller,  June  24,  1916 ;  the  Porter  County  specimen  was  collected  at  Min- 
eral Springs  June  14,  1911.  The  leaves  of  these  specimens  are  narrowed  at 
the  apex  instead  of  rounded;  the  secund  racemes  contain  more  than  10 
flowers;  the  styles  are  straight;  the  basal  cauline  bracts  are  involute  and 
lanceolate-acuminate. 

This  species  reaches  the  southern  limit  of  its  range  in  northern  Indiana. 
The  Steuben  County  report  may  have  been  correct,  but  the  report  from 


736 


Ericaceae 


Pyrola 


o  5o 

Map  1569 


Pyrola    chlorantha    Swartz 


Pyrola 
americana 


0  ^o 

Map  1570 
rotund  ifol  la 

'Sweet)    Fern 


Monroe  County  by  Dudley  may  safely  be  disregarded.    See  explanation 
under  excluded  species  no.  484,  p.  1079. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Md.,  Mich.,  n.  Ind.,  Nebr.,  and  Calif. 

2.  Pyrola  elliptica  Nutt.  Shinleaf.  Map  1568.  An  infrequent  to  rare 
plant  in  some  of  the  counties  of  the  lake  region.  It  is  usually  found  in  cool, 
shady  places  in  sandy  soil  at  the  base  or  on  the  lower  part  of  black  and 
white  oak  slopes  where  these  border  a  lake,  swamp,  or  pond.  Where  it  is 
found  it  is  usually  frequent  to  common.  This  is  by  far  our  most  common 
species  of  the  genus. 

Newf,  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  D.  C,  111.,  Iowa.,  and  N.  Mex. 

3.  Pyrola  chlorantha  Swartz.  Map  1569.  A  specimen  of  this  species 
was  collected  by  Hill,  May  25,  1878,  in  sandy  woods  near  Whiting,  Lake 
County.  It  is  in  the  herbarium  of  DePauw  University.  It  has  more  recently 
been  collected  by  Nieuwland  &  Just  in  a  tamarack  swamp  on  the  north  side 
of  Bass  Lake,  St.  Joseph  County,  June  18,  1930.  The  specimens  are  very 
young  but  seem  to  be  sufficiently  distinct.  Both  specimens  belong  to  the 
typical  form. 

Lab.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  D.  C,  111.,  Nebr.,  and  in  the  mts.  of  Ariz. 

4.  Pyrola  rotundifolia  L.  var.  americana  (Sweet)  Fern.  (Rhodora  22: 
122.  1920.)  (Pyrola  americana  Sweet.)  Roundleaf  Pyrola.  Map  1570. 
A  rare  plant  of  a  few  of  our  northern  counties.  In  shady  places  in  moist, 
sandy  soil,  usually  at  the  bases  of  wooded  dunes  or  wooded  slopes. 

P.  E.  I.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ohio. 

5.  Pyrola  asarifdlia  Michx.  var.  incarnata  (Fisch.)  Fern.  Map  1571. 
Our  only  specimen  was  found  in  a  tamarack  bog  on  the  southwest  side  of 
Tamarack  Lake  in  Steuben  County. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Vt,  cent.  N.  Y.,  Wis.,  Colo.,  and  Calif. 


Monotropa 


Ericaceae 


73? 


o  5o 

Map  1572 


Monotropa    uniflora    L. 


0  50 

Map  1573 

Monotropa    Hypopitys 
van  rubra    (Torr.)    Farw. 


Map  1574 


Kalmia    latifolia  L 


6169.  MONOTROPA  L. 

Flowers  solitary;  style  shorter  than  the  ovary,  glabrous;  stigmas  naked 

1.    M.  uniflora. 

Flowers    racemose;    style   longer   than    the    ovary,    pubescent;    stigmas    more   or   less 

retrorsely  bearded 2.   M.  Hypopitys  var.  rubra. 

1.  Monotropa  uniflora  L.  Indian  Pipe.  Map  1572.  A  saprophyte  on 
humus  in  several  types  of  habitat  but  usually  in  black  and  white  oak  woods. 
I  once  found  a  large  clump  of  large  plants  growing  in  sphagnum  in  a 
tamarack  bog.  The  species  is  well  distributed  in  the  state  but  ordinarily 
infrequent.  In  the  low  woods  on  the  north  side  of  the  Kankakee  River 
south  of  Schneider  in  Lake  County,  however,  it  was  so  common  that 
it  reminded  one  of  a  woods  in  winter  when  the  snow  was  on  the  ground. 
Acres  of  this  woods  were  carpeted  with  it.  I  revisited  this  woods  several 
years  at  the  same  time  of  the  year  but  I  was  able  to  find  only  a  plant 
here  and  there. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Mex. ;  also  in  eastern  Asia. 

2.  Monotropa  Hypopitys  L.  var.  rubra  (Torr.)  Farw.  (Amer.  Midland 
Nat.  10:  39.  1926.)  {Monotropa  Hypopitys  L.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and 
Hypopitys  lanuginosa  (Michx.)  Nutt.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora, 
ed.  2.)  Pine-sap.  Map  1573.  Saprophytic  on  slightly  acid  humus  in  dry  or 
moist  woods.  Infrequent  to  rare,  possibly  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  In 
addition  to  the  counties  indicated  on  the  map  it  has  been  reported  from 
Cass,  Franklin,  Hamilton,  Marion,  Vigo,  and  White  Counties.  Usually  found 
sparingly  in  black  and  white  oak  woods.  I  found  it  in  Clark  County,  how- 
ever, as  an  abundant  plant  in  a  low,  flat,  beech  and  sweet  gum  woods  where 
the  soil  is  a  hard,  white,  slightly  acid  clay.  The  stigmas  of  all  of  our 
Indiana  plants  are  pubescent. 

Que.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Mex. 

6192.  KALMIA  L. 

1.  Kalmia  latifolia  L.  Mountain-laurel.  Map  1574.  A  few  colonies 
have  been  found  in  Clark,  Crawford,  and  Perry  Counties.   It  was  reported 


738 


Ericaceae 


Andromeda 


Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec 


f 

"\    D 

)  "> 

D 

B 
D 

T    -1 

0 

D 

0 

- 

D 

D 
DP 

s 

J 

s- 

r 

r, 

) 

l 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1575 


Andromeda    g laucophy lla    Link 


0  50 

Map  1576 


Chamaedaphne    calyculala    ILJ    Moench 


o 53 

Map  1577 


Oxydendrum     arboreum    (L I    DC. 


by  Clapp  as  found  "near  Lafollette's  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Albany,"  and 
by  the  Editors  of  the  Botanical  Gazette  in  a  Flora  of  Indiana  (p.  17,  1881.) 
for  Dudley.  The  last  record  can  safely  be  ignored  since  it  is  known  that 
Dudley  confused  his  records. 

6199.  ANDROMEDA  L. 

1.  Andromeda  glaucophylla  Link.  (Andromeda  Polifolia  of  Britton  and 
Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Downy  Bog-rosemary.  Map  1575.  A  rare 
plant  of  bogs  in  a  few  of  the  northern  counties.  It  is  now  extinct  in 
Wells  County  because  of  draining  and,  no  doubt,  has  or  will  soon  become 
extinct  in  several  other  counties  for  the  same  reason. 

Lab.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  Minn. 

6200.  CHAMAEDAPHNE  Moench 

1.  Chamaedaphne  calyculata  (L.)  Moench.  Leatherleaf.  Map  1576. 
In  bogs  and  blueberry  marshes  in  our  northern  counties.  It  is  local 
but  where  found  it  may  cover  acres  to  the  exclusion  of  almost  all  other 
kinds  of  vegetation. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Ga.,  111.,  Minn.,  and  B.  C. ;  Eurasia. 


6203.  OXYDENDRUM  DC. 

1.  Oxydendrum  arboreum  (L.)  DC.  SOURWOOD.  Map  1577.  There  are 
a  few  trees  of  this  species  in  two  localities  about  five  miles  apart  about 
seven  miles  northeast  of  Cannelton  in  Perry  County.  The  largest  trees 
were  located  on  the  Walter  Hafele  farm  in  Township  6,  Range  2  W.,  section 
21.  They  were  associated  with  beech  near  the  base  of  a  sandstone  slope 
and  measured  41  !/•>  inches  in  circumference  at  breast  height,  had  a  clear 
bole  of  about  25  feet,  and  were  about  55  feet  high.  There  is  a  specimen 
in  the  herbarium  of  Wabash  College  collected  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
Albany,  Floyd  County,  June  14,  1836,  by  Dr.  A.  Clapp.    The  report  by 


Epigaea 


Ericaceae 


739 


0  50 

Map  1578 


Epigaea    repens    L 


0  50 

Map  1579 


Gaultheria    procumbens  L. 


o  50 

Map  1580 
Arctostaphylos   Uva-ursi 
var.    coactilis    Fern    &  Macb 


Dudley  for  Monroe  County  may  be  safely  ignored.    (See  explanation  under 
excluded  species  no.  484,  p.  1079.) 
Pa.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 

6205.  EPIGAEA  L. 

1.  Epigaea  repens  L.  Trailing-arbutus.  Map  1578.  Very  local  and 
limited  in  quantity  at  each  station  where  I  have  seen  it.  In  addition 
to  the  counties  indicated  on  the  map  it  has  been  reported  from  Lake, 
Marshall,  and  Montgomery  Counties.  In  northern  Indiana  it  grows  in 
moist  and  very  sandy  soil  in  protected  places  in  woodland.  In  the  southern 
part  of  the  state  it  grows  in  slightly  acid  soil  on  shady  slopes  on  or  close 
to  the  sandstone  outcrops,  usually  associated  with  black  and  white  oaks. 

Newf.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ky. 

6206.  GAULTHERIA  [Kalm]  L. 

1.  Gaultheria  procumbens  L.  Wintergreen.  Map  1579.  Rare  to  fre- 
quent in  some  of  the  northern  counties.  Southward  it  has  been  found  in 
only  a  few  places  in  a  few  counties  as  relicts  on  sandstone  outcrops.  Its 
preferred  habitat  in  Indiana  is  rather  moist  and  very  sandy  black  oak  flats. 
It  is  also  found  on  dry,  sandy  black  and  white  oak  slopes.  The  usual  form 
of  the  leaf  is  obovate  to  oval  but  plants  with  nearly  orbicular  and  narrow- 
elliptic  leaves  are  found.  The  extremes  in  leaf  form  have  been  given  botani- 
cal names  but  I  do  not  consider  our  plants  as  coming  within  the  range  of 
the  named  forms. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

6212.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS  Adans. 

1.  Arctostaphylos  tjva-ursi  (L.)  Spreng.  var.  coactilis  Fern.  &  Macb. 
(Rhodora  16:  212.  1914.)  (Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi  (L.)  Spreng.  and 
Uva-Ursi  Uva-Ursi  (L.)  Britt.)    Bearberry.  Map  1580.  Restricted  to  the 


740  Ericaceae  Gaylussacia 

dune  area  about  Lake  Michigan,  with  the  exception  of  one  small  colony 
which  I  found  in  dense  shade  in  sandy  soil  in  the  Margaret  Trasker  woods 
about  two  and  a  half  miles  southeast  of  Union  Mills  in  La  Porte  County, 
where  it  was  associated  with  black  and  white  oaks.  It  is  local  but  usually 
forms  large  mats  when  established  and  not  disturbed. 

Newf.  to  Yukon,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ind.,  111.  and  in  the  mts.  to  Colo, 
and  Calif. 

6215.   GAYLUSSACIA  HBK. 

Leaves  green  beneath;  filaments  of  stamens  ciliate;  fruit  black  without  a  bloom,  rarely 
with  a  slight  bloom 1.  G.  baccata. 

Leaves  glaucous  beneath;  filaments  of  stamens  glabrous;  fruit  dark  blue.  (See  excluded 
species  no.  486,  p.  1079.) G.  frond-osa. 

1.  Gaylussacia  baccata  (Wang.)  K.  Koch.  Black  Huckleberry.  Map 
1581.  Found  only  in  silicious  and  acid  soils.  In  the  northern  part  of  the 
state  it  is  usually  found  on  wooded  slopes  with  black  oak  or  in  black  and 
pin  oak  woods,  and  rarely  in  tamarack  bogs.  In  the  "knobs"  it  is  generally 
associated  with  chestnut  oak  and  dryland  blueberry;  and  in  the  "flats"  it 
is  found  with  sweet  gum  and  pin  oak. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  111.,  and  Wis. 

la.  Gaylussacia  baccata  f.  leucocarpa  (Porter)  Fern.  This  is  a  form 
with  white  to  pinkish  fruit.  I  found  a  single  colony  of  it  on  a  rocky 
wooded  slope  of  Bear  Creek  near  Fountain  in  Fountain  County.  The 
fruit  was  light  rose  color  and  about  a  half  larger  than  that  of  the  typical 
form. 

6216.  VACClNIUM  L.  Blueberry   and  Cranberry 

Stems  not  creeping  or  trailing;  leaves  not  evergreen  (in  Indiana)  ;  corolla  5-toothed  or 
lobed;  fruit  not  red. 
Corolla  open-campanulate,  5-lobed;   anthers  with  long  tubes,  2-awned  on  the  back; 
fruit  not  edible. 
Anthers  exserted  at  anthesis;  leaves  not  glossy  above,  usually  glaucous  beneath; 
fruit  green,  greenish  yellow  or  light  purple,  usually  with  a  bloom. 

Branchlets  and  under  surface  of  leaves  more  or  less  densely  pubescent 

1.    V.   stamineum. 

Branchlets  and  under  surface  of  leaves  glabrous 

la.    V.  stamineum  var.  neglectum. 

Anthers  not  exserted  at  anthesis;   leaves  glossy  above,  never  glaucous  beneath; 

fruit  black,  without  a  bloom 2.    V.  arboreum. 

Corolla  cylindric,  cylindric-ovoid,  or  urceolate,  5-toothed;  anthers  awnless,  included; 
fruit  edible. 
Shrubs  of  a  boggy  or  wet  habitat  (except  3b),  up  to  4  m  high,  usually  associated 
with  chokeberry,  winterberry,  and  buttonbush. 
Branchlets  glabrous  or  pubescent  in  lines;  under  surface  of  leaves  glabrous  or 
more  or  less  pubescent  along  the  principal  veins  until  maturity. 
Margin    of   leaves    entire   or    slightly    erose,   rarely   a   few   leaves   somewhat 

glandular  ciliate-serrulate  or  glandular  bristly-ciliate 

3.    V.  corymbosum. 

Margin  of  leaves  glandular  ciliate-serrulate  or  glandular  bristly-ciliate. 

Blades  green  on  both  surfaces 3a.    V.  corymbosum  var.  amoenum. 

Blades  green  above  and  glaucous  beneath.  .3b.  V.  corymbosum  var.  pallidum. 

Branchlets  and  under  surface  of  leaves  densely  pubescent 

3c.  V.  corymbosum  var.  atrococcum 


Vaccinium 


Ericaceae 


741 


0  50 

Map  1581 


Gaylussacia    baccata    (Wang.)    K.  Koch 


1 — 1 

Jan. 
Feb. 

rr 

1 1 

— 

/ 

—\       ■  1 

— 

Mar. 
Apr. 

1 

Jv 

\     r 

9 
2 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

r 

T 

-I 

"" 

fm 

J 

T~ 

r 

D 

Dec.  £ 

1 

B 

DP     D 

D        m     J 
i    J — ^~r 

D                1*^' 

"|a    rul  o -J 

r     1* 

I             D 

(             f^     1   E 

0     U- 

\j.vr\B\°L/    Miles 
dJ\p    7  °                 50 

S^Cf^-J              Map  1582 

Vaccinium     stamineum    L 

0  50 

Map  1583 
Vaccinium     stamineum 
var.  neglectum    (Small)    Deam 


Shrubs  of  dry  soils  or  moist  sandy  soil,  mostly  less  than  5  dm  high  except  in  5a. 
Leaves  glabrous  or  pubescent  on  the  midribs  beneath  at  fruiting  time. 

Fresh  leaves  green  beneath,  serrulate ;   fruit  with  a  bloom 

4.     V.    angustifolium. 

Fresh   leaves   glaucous   beneath,   entire   or   serrulate;    fruit   with   or   without 
a  bloom. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  oblong-elliptic,  serrulate;  fruit  without  a  bloom. 

4a.  V.  angustifolium  var.  nigrum. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oval  or  broadly  oblong,  entire  or  serrulate;  fruit  with  a 

bloom 5.    V.  vacillans. 

Leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  all  over  the  under  surface  at  fruiting  time. 
Blades  obovate  to  oval,  ovate  or  broadly  oblong,  usually  about  30  mm  long 

and  15  mm  wide,  never  all  of  them  entire;  shrubs  up  to  1.5  m  high 

5a.    V.  vacillans  var.  crinitum. 

Blades  oval  to  narrowly  elliptic  or  lanceolate,  usually  about  20  mm  long  and 
10  mm  wide,  margins  always  entire;  low  shrubs,  generally  less  than  0.5 

m  high 6.     V.   canadense. 

Stems  trailing  and  creeping;  leaves  evergreen;  corolla  4-parted;  fruit  reddish. 

Bracts  of  the  pedicel  above  the  middle  of  the  pedicel,  generally  green,  flat,  3  mm 
long  or  longer,  and  more  than  1  mm  wide;   margin  of  leaves  only  slightly 

inrolled,  elliptic  in  outline 7.  V.  macrocarpon. 

Bracts  of  the  pedicel  generally  about  the  middle  of  the  pedicel  or  lower,  mostly 
somewhat  colored,  generally  very  thin,  involute;  margins  of  leaves  strongly 
inrolled,  becoming  triangular  in  outline 8.  V.  Oxycoccos. 

1.  Vaccinium  stamineum  L.  (Ashe.  Polycodium.  Jour.  Elisha  Mitchell 
Scien.  Soc.  46:  196-213.  1931.)  (Polycodium  stamineum  (L.)  Greene.) 
Deerberry.  Map  1582.  A  shrub  mostly  of  wooded  slopes  in  the  unglaciated 
region  where  it  is  generally  associated  with  black  and  chestnut  oaks  and 
sometimes  with  Virginia  pine.  I  have  it  also  from  a  woods  in  the  "flats" 
of  Switzerland  County  about  2  miles  southeast  of  Fairview,  where  it  was 
associated  with  white  oak,  and  from  a  low  woods  in  an  old  lacustral  bed 
in  Crawford  County  about  3  miles  northwest  of  Leavenworth  where  it 
was  associated  with  pin  oak,  sweet  gum,  and  red  maple. 

Mass.  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  n.  Ga.,  and  westw.  to  Ind.,  Ky.,  and  Tenn. 


742 


Ericaceae 


Vaccinium 


a 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

f 

-                 |              | 

h 

^ 

|V 

-I 

-J. 

r 

-  k 

■~r 

r1 

Dec.f- 

■  ' — 

/    Miles 

/      JBD 
1          Ix  P 
[           ,D 

Vacc 

niurr 

1  1 

ar 

J           xj^ 

boreum     K 

J                50 

Map  1584 

4arsh. 

0  50 

Map  1585 


Vaccinium     corymbosum   L 


0  50 

Map  1586 


Vaccinium      anqustifolium    Ait 


la.  Vaccinium  stamineum  var.  neglectum  (Small)  Deam.  Map  1583. 
This  variety  seems  to  be  merely  a  glabrous  form  of  the  species  and  my 
specimens  show  that  its  range  in  Indiana  is  much  the  same  as  that  of 
the  species. 

Pa.  to  middle  Ga.,  westw.  to  Ind.,  Ky.,  and  Tenn. 

2.  Vaccinium  arboreum  Marsh.  (Batodendron  arbor eum  (Marsh.) 
Nutt.)  Farkleberry.  Map  1584.  This  is  a  straggling  shrub  up  to  9  feet 
high,  usually  found  in  shallow  soil  on  sandstone  ridges  and  bluffs  where 
it  is  associated  with  post  and  black  oaks. 

Va.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  Vaccinium  corymbosum  L.  Highbush  Blueberry.  Map  1585.  This 
species  is  restricted  to  the  lake  area  where  it  was  formerly  frequent  to 
common  over  large  areas.  It  grows  in  boggy  and  swampy  places  in  tama- 
rack bogs,  marshes,  and  interdunal  sloughs.  Before  the  lake  area  was 
drained  it  covered  hundreds  of  acres  of  swamp  land  but  there  now  remain 
only  a  few  small  blueberry  marshes. 

Maine  to  Minn,  and  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

The  following  varieties  are  of  questionable  value : 

3a.  Vaccinium  corymbosum  var.  amoenum  (Ait.)  Gray.  This  form  has 
been  reported  from  Lake  County  by  Hill  and  from  Montgomery  County  by 
Grimes.  I  have  seen  the  Grimes  specimen,  which  is  now  in  the  herbarium 
of  DePauw  University,  and  it  should  be  referred  to  Vaccinium  corymbosum 
var.  pallidum. 

The  range  of  the  variety  is  given  as  the  same  as  that  of  the  species. 
I  have  it  from  De  Kalb,  Lagrange,  La  Porte,  and  Porter  Counties. 

3b.  Vaccinium  corymbosum  var.  pallidum  (Ait.)  Gray.  This  form  has 
been  reported  from  Indiana  but  since  its  range  is  given  as  Virginia  to 
South  Carolina,  it  is  doubtful  whether  it  occurs  in  Indiana.  There  is,  how- 
ever, a  shrub  mostly  3-5  feet  high  in  the  "knobs"  of  the  unglaciated  area 


Vaccinium  Ericaceae  743 

that  I  place  here  for  want  of  better  determination.  I  do  not  believe  that 
these  plants  belong  to  Vaccinium  corymb osum  but  are,  of  themselves,  a 
unit,  which  may  belong  to  the  Vaccinium  pallidum  of  Small's  "Flora  of  the 
Southeastern  United  States."  Of  the  Indiana  species,  they  seem  to  be  near- 
est related  to  Vaccinium  vacillans.  There  are  probably  two  species  or  vari- 
eties in  this  complex.  The  leaves  are  mostly  oval  or  obovate  to  elliptic, 
acute,  acuminate,  or  somewhat  obtuse,  glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent 
all  over,  the  margins  ciliolate-serrulate ;  fruit  usually  black,  subglobose, 
sweet,  and  one  form  with  glaucous  fruit,  about  8  mm  wide  and  9  mm  long. 
It  is  usually  associated  with  chestnut  oak.  The  specimens  in  the  DePauw 
University  herbarium  collected  by  Grimes  on  the  "Devil's  Backbone"  in 
Montgomery  County  belong  here.  They  were  reported  as  Vaccinium  corym- 
bosum  var.  amoenum. 

3c.  Vaccinium  corymbosum  var.  atrococcum  Gray.  I  have  specimens 
from  Lagrange,  La  Porte,  Kosciusko,  Starke,  and  Steuben  Counties  which 
I  refer  to  this  variety. 

N.  B.  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  Ala. 

4.  Vaccinium  angustifdlium  Ait.  (Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum  Lam.) 
Lowbush  Blueberry.  Map  1586.  Erect  or  ascending  shrubs,  usually  10-20 
inches  high.  Its  preferred  habitat  is  sandy  white  oak,  black  and  white  oak, 
and  pin  and  black  oak  woods.  It  is  usually  associated  with  dryland  blue- 
berry. 

Newf.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Va.,  111.,  and  Wis. 

4a.  Vaccinium  angustifolium  var.  nigrum  (Wood)  Dole.  I  studied  for 
two  successive  years,  both  in  flower  and  in  fruit,  a  large  colony  of  this 
variety  in  Starke  County,  growing  in  an  acre  or  more  of  shrubs  of  the 
typical  species.  The  following  differences  were  noted.  The  leaves  were 
more  or  less  glaucous,  both  on  unfolding  and  at  fruiting  time ;  the  corolla 
was  about  0.5  mm  wider;  and  the  fruit  longer  than  wide,  and  black  with 
little  or  no  bloom.  I  collected  this  variety  also  in  La  Porte  County. 

5.  Vaccinium  vacillans  Kalm  ex  Torrey.  Dryland  Blueberry.  Map 
1587.  Erect,  branching  shrubs  up  to  4  feet  high,  usually  12-20  inches  high. 
This  species  is  restricted  to  the  lake  region  and  to  the  sandstone  and  knob- 
stone  area  of  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  Its  preferred  habitat  is  a  dry 
sandy  soil  and  it  is  rarely  found  in  a  moist  soil  unless  it  is  that  of  a  sandy 
black  and  pin  oak  woods  in  the  lake  region.  In  the  southern  part  of  the 
state  it  is  generally  associated  with  white,  black,  scarlet,  and  chestnut 
oaks,  and  Virginia  pine. 

N.  S.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tenn.,  and  Kans. 

5a.  Vaccinium  vacillans  var.  crinitum  Fern.  (Rhodora  13:  236.  1911.) 
In  this  variety  the  branchlets  and  under  surface  of  the  leaves  are  generally 
more  or  less  permanently  pubescent.  It  is  much  taller  and  the  leaves  are 
larger.  I  have  it  from  Clark,  Floyd,  Jackson,  Pulaski,  St.  Joseph,  and 
Washington  Counties.    I  do  not  know  its  general  range. 


744 


Primulaceae 


Vaccinium 


Map  1587 
Vaccinium     vacillans    Kalm   ex  Torrey 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

\ 

r  j 

\ 

lV 

- 

r1 

X 

r 

m 

j 

Dec  f- 

1 — ' — 

/    Miles 

(      r      \     ?>  V    7 
Vaccinium     canadense 

3                  50 

Map  1588 
Kalm 

0  50 

Map  1589 


Vaccinium     macrocarpon    Ai 


6.  Vaccinium  canadense  Kalm.  Canada  Blueberry.  Map  1588.  This 
species  is  distinguished  by  its  dwarf  size,  densely  pubescent  branchlets, 
and  narrow  leaves  which  are  entire  and  densely  pubescent  beneath.  Our 
only  authentic  record  for  Indiana  is  that  of  a  colony  on  the  north  slope 
of  a  wooded  headland  along  Bear  Creek  near  Fountain,  Fountain  County. 
The  area  where  it  is  located  is  used  as  a  summer  resort  and  since  the  plant 
is  exposed  it  will  doubtless  soon  disappear.  Associated  with  this  species  at 
this  place  was  a  form  of  it  about  1  dm  taller,  with  leaves  all  of  a  narrow 
form,  and  with  fruit  usually  oblong,  black,  and  without  a  bloom.  I  find  in 
literature  no  reference  to  this  form. 

Lab.  to  Man.,  southw.  in  the  mts.  to  Va.  and  111. 

7.  Vaccinium  macrocarpon  Ait.  (Oxycoccus  macrocarpos  (Ait.)  Pursh.) 
Cranberry.  Map  1589.  In  boggy  and  marshy  places,  usually  associated 
with  sphagnum.  Formerly  there  were  large  areas  of  "cranberry  marshes" 
in  Indiana  but  now  the  species  has  become  rare. 

Newf.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  W.  Va.,  and  Ark. 

8.  Vaccinium  Oxycoccos  L.  (Oxycoccus  Oxycoccus  (L.)  MacM.)  Map 
1590.  Found  only  in  boggy  places  associated  with  sphagnum.  It  is  exceed- 
ingly rare  and,  no  doubt,  will  soon  become  extinct  except  possibly  in  the 
La  Porte  County  station. 

Arctic  regions,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Ind.,  and  Wis. 


237.  PRIMULACEAE  Vent.  Primrose  Family 

Corolla  and  calyx  with  erect  or  spreading  segments. 

Plants  stemless 6321.  Androsace,  p.  745. 

Plants  with  leafy  stems. 

Plants  aquatic;  immersed  leaves  pectinate 6327.  Hottonia,  p.  745. 

Plants  terrestrial  or  of  marshes;  leaves  entire. 

Leaves  opposite  or  in  whorls   (rarely  a  few  of  the  lower  ones  alternate). 

Leaves  5-10  in  a  whorl  at  the  top  of  the  stem;  stem  erect,  usually  8-18  cm  long; 
flowers  white 6333.  Trientalis,  p.  750. 


Androsace 


Primulaceae 


745 


0  50 

Map  1590 
Vaccimum    Oxycoccos'  L 


o  ^o 

Map  1591 

Androsace    occidentalis    Pursh 


1 

1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

1 

-"^" 

.y1 

\ 

(   ^ 

i 

i' 

■u 

r 

j 

Dec  j- 

i  * — 

y    Miles 

rJ      D 

a          ' 

Hottonia 

J             Map  1592 
mflata    Ell. 

Leaves  opposite  or  in  whorls  along  leafy  stems;  plants  generally  more  than 
18    cm   long,   if   shorter   the   plants    trailing;    flowers   yellow   or    scarlet 
(rarely  white  in  Anagallis) . 
Flowers  scarlet,  rarely  white;  plants  annual;  leaves  less  than  2  cm  long; 

capsules  circumscissile 6338.  Anagallis,  p.  750. 

Flowers  yellow;  plants  perennial;  leaves  more  than  2  cm  long   (except  in 
Lysimachia  Nummularia,  a  creeping  plant)  ;  capsules  opening  by  valves. 

6330.   Lysimachia,  p.  746. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Flowers  in  axillary  racemes,  on  long  pedicels,  corolla  white;  leaves  mostly  2-8 

cm  long;  capsule  opening  by  5  apical  valves 6328.  Samolus,  p.  746. 

Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  sessile,  corolla  pinkish;  leaves  4-8  mm  long;  capsule 

circumscissile 6339.  Centunculus,  p.  750. 

Corolla    segments    reflexed;    stamens    exserted,    connivent,    forming    a    cone;    plants 
scapose 6341.     Dodecatheon,  p.  751. 

6321.  ANDROSACE  [Tourn.]  L. 

[St.  John.  Revision  of  certain  North  American  species  of  Androsace. 
Dept.  of  Mines,  Canada,  Memoir  126:  no.  4,  Biol.  Ser.  pp.  45-55.    1922.] 

1.  Androsace  occidentalis  Pursh.  Map  1591.  Reported  for  the  state  by 
Dorner  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1903:  119.  1904),  who  says  "somewhat 
abundant  in  lowland  near  Wea  Creek."  I  have  one  of  his  specimens,  and 
one  from  Knox  County,  without  data,  collected  by  W.  S.  Blatchley.  It  is  to 
be  noted  that  the  area  along  Big  Wea  Creek  has  many  western  species 
such  as  Muhlenbergia  cuspidata,  Arenaria  patula,  Lithospermum  incisum, 
and  others. 

W.  Ont.  to  s.  Sask.  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  Ind.,  111.,  Mo.,  Okla.,  and  Ariz. 


6327.  HOTTONIA  [Boerh.]  L. 

1.  Hottonia  inflata  Ell.  Water  Violet.  Map  1592.  This  species  has 
been  collected  only  three  times  in  Indiana.  A  specimen  was  found  in 
flower  on  May  17,  1901,  by  Dr.  Schneck  in  a  shallow  pond  in  Gibson  County 
near  Lyle  Station.   I  now  have  this  specimen.   I  collected  several  specimens 


746 


Primulaceae 


Samolus 


1 

10 
9 

l 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

ml" 

B 

so     y^ 

D 

D 

p 

~~V 

[V 

D 

D        D 

"1 

S      D 
HD  * 

DP 

X  . 

D        D 

D             DP 

r 

B 

fn 

1 

F 

D 

Dec  j- 

D                    D 
IU    i \ 

D      L_ 

__L  \^^ 
/    Miles 

1        ° 
u  f 

D 

s< 

0    r> 

molt 

jauciflorus 

J                  50 

Map  1593 
Raf. 

0  50 

Map  1594 


Lysimachia    Nummulana    L 


0  50 

Map  1595 


Lysimachia    t hyrsi flora    L 


in  flower  on  June  15,  1935  in  Posey  County  where  it  was  common  in  a  low 
area  in  the  pin  oak  woods  belonging  to  Mrs.  Nola  Erwin,  in  sec.  5  of  Point 
Township.   There  is  a  specimen  in  the  herbarium  of  Wabash  College  col- 
lected by  Dr.  Clapp  near  New  Albany,  Floyd  County,  in  1838. 
Maine  and  N.  H.  to  cent.  N.  Y.  and  Fla.,  westw.  to  Mo.  and  La. 


6328.  SAMOLUS  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Samolus  pauciflorus  Raf.  (Samolus  floribundus  HBK.)  Water  Pim- 
pernel. Map  1593.  In  wet  places  throughout  the  state.  While  I  have  no 
specimen  from  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state,  there  are  several  records 
for  that  section.  It  is  usually  found  on  muddy  and  sandy  bars  and  banks 
of  streams,  in  ditches,  low  places  in  woods,  and  cultivated  fields.  Although 
it  produces  an  abundance  of  seed,  it  is  never  abundant  and  is  usually  only 
an  occasional  or  infrequent  plant. 

N.  B.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  B.  C,  Calif.,  and  Tex. ;  also  in  Mex.,  West  Indies, 
and  S.  A. 

6330.  LYSIMACHIA  [Tourn]  L. 

[Fernald.  The  identity  of  Lysimachia  lanceolata.  Rhodora  39:  438-442. 
1937.] 

Leaves  dotted  above;  staminodia  none  or  very  rudimentary. 

Leaves  orbicular-ovate  to  orbicular,  not  twice  as  long  as  wide  in  our  specimens,  all 
cordate  or   subcordate  at  the  base,   rounded  at  the  apex;   stems   creeping  and 

sometimes   rooting  at  the   nodes 1.  L.  Nunvniularia. 

Leaves  and  stems  not  as  above. 

Flowers   in   dense,   axillary,    spikelike   clusters   from    the   axils   of   leaves   of   the 

middle  of  the  stem '. .  2.    L.  thyrsiflora. 

Flowers  axillary  or  in  terminal  racemes. 

Leaves  mostly  whorled;  flowers  axillary  on  long  pedicels 3.  L.  quad ri folia. 

Leaves  opposite    (rarely  a  few  of  the  lower  ones  alternate)  ;   flowers   in  loose 

terminal  racemes 4.    L.  terrestris. 

Leaves  not  dotted  above;  five  slender  staminodia  between  the  fertile  stamens. 
Blades  of  median  leaves  more  than  7  mm  wide,  plainly  pinnately  veined. 


Lysimachia  Primulaceae  747 

Blades  of  median  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  2-6  cm  wide,  rounded  or  sub- 
cordate  at  the  base,  the  margins  rigidly  short-ciliate ;  petioles  of  median  leaves 
mostly  about  2  cm  long,  rarely  as  short  as  1  cm,  the  margins  thickly  and 

strongly  long-ciliate  their  entire  length 5.  L.  ciliata. 

Blades  of  median  leaves  lanceolate,  sometimes  broadly  so,  0.5-3  cm  wide,  long  or 
short  taper-pointed  at  the  base,  the  margins  scabrous,  rarely  somewhat  short- 
ciliate;  petioles   (if  any)   of  the  median  leaves  generally  less  than  2  cm  long, 
the  margins  not  so  closely  or  strongly  ciliate  as  those  of  the  preceding  species, 
often  only  the  basal  part  ciliate;  calyx  lobes  5-9  mm  long. 
Median  and  two  lateral  veins  of  calyx  lobes  very  obscure  when  seen  from  the 
outside   under  an   8-diameter   magnification;    plants   stoloniferous,   from   a 
long  decumbent  rootstock,  15-65  cm  high,  generally  20-30  cm  high,  usually 
of  dry  woods  and  prairies,  rarely  in  wet  or  moist  situations,  simple  or  with 
short  branches  usually  above  the  fifth  to  the  seventh  node,  the  branches 
generally  shorter  than  the  subtending  leaf,  rarely  the  main  stem  dividing 
into  several  branches  below  the  fifth  node;  blades  below  the  second  and  up 
to  the  sixth  internodes  generally  much  shorter  and  of  different  shape  from 
those    above,   varying   from   nearly   orbicular   to   broad-oblong,    elliptic    or 
lanceolate,  all  petiolate;   blades  above  the  fifth  internode    (rarely  down  to 
the  second  or  up  to  the  seventh)  usually  much  longer  than  the  lower  blades, 
up  to  15  cm  long,  lanceolate  to  narrow-elliptic,  long  taper-pointed  at  the 

base,  sessile,  subsessile  or  rarely  petiolate 6.  L.  lanceolata. 

Median  and  two  lateral  veins  of  calyx  lobes  plainly  visible  and  usually  distinct 
when  seen  from  the  outside  under  an  8-diameter  magnification ;  plants  40-120 
cm  high,  with  long  branches  throughout;  usually  the  largest  and  longest 
leaves  at  the  base  of  the  plant  (not  so  if  they  are  stipular  leaves),  all 
petiolate  or  sometimes  a  few  at  the  top  subsessile;  lower  and  upper  blades  of 
the  same  shape,  mostly  short  taper-pointed  at  the  base  or  sometimes  the 

upper  ones  with  a  long  taper-pointed  base 7.  L.  hybrida. 

Blades  of  median  leaves  linear,  mostly  2-7  mm  wide,  1-nerved  or  very  obscurely 
pinnately  veined,  more  or  less  involute,  the  margins  smooth,  sessile  or  some- 
times the  lower  ones  petiolate;  branches  usually  longer  than  their  subtending 
leaves;  calyx  lobes  plainly  1-nerved,  4-6.5  mm  long 8.  L.  longifolia. 

1.  Lysimachia  Nummularia  L.  Moneywort.  Map  1594.  Frequent  in 
low  ground  along  streams,  ditches,  roadsides,  and  elsewhere.  I  have  seen 
it  form  a  carpet  in  low,  open  woods  along  streams,  crowding  out  all  other 
herbaceous  vegetation.  When  it  becomes  established  in  a  pasture  field,  it 
chokes  out  the  native  grass  and  is  very  difficult  to  exterminate.  Since  the 
plant  is  not  palatable  to  stock,  my  advice  to  land  owners  is  to  exterminate 
it  at  any  cost. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Va.,  and  111. 

2.  Lysimachia  thyrsiflora  L.  (Naumbergia  thyrsiflora  (L.)  Duby.) 
Water  Loosestrife.  Map  1595.  In  mucky  or  peaty  soil  in  bogs  and 
marshy  places  and  less  frequent  in  low,  sandy  borders  of  lakes.  Usually 
found  in  shallow  water. 

This  species  has  been  placed  in  another  genus  by  some  authors,  assuming 
the  presence  of  staminodia,  but  this  character  is  not  constant.  (Rhodora 
22:  193.   1920.) 

No  doubt  Andrews'  report  of  this  species  from  Monroe  County  should 
be  referred  to  some  species  which  occurs  in  that  county,  and  which  he  has 


748 


PRIMULACEAE 


Lysimachia 


0  50 

Map  1596 


Lysimachia    quadnfolia    L. 


failed  to  report.    This  species  is  possibly  restricted  to  the  lake  region  of 

the  state. 

Que.  to  Sask.  and  Alaska,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Mo.,  and  Calif. ;  also  in  n.  Eu. 

and  n.  Asia. 

3.  Lysimachia  quadrifolia  L.  Whorled  Loosestrife.  Map  1596.  Found 

generally  in  dry,  sandy  soil,  associated  mostly  with  black  oak  or  with 
black  and  white  oaks,  and  once  I  found  it  in  a  sedge  marsh.  In  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  state  it  is  found  in  dry  soil  on  black  and  white  oak  ridges 
and  sometimes  in  old  worn  out  fields.  It  is  only  an  infrequent  plant  where 
found  and  never  forms  close  stands.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  there 
are  no  records  for  the  area  about  Lake  Michigan,  although  we  should  ex- 
pect it  there.  It  is  absent  throughout  the  central  part  of  the  state  because 
the  soil  is  not  sufficiently  acid.  Add  Wells  County  to  the  map. 

Our  Indiana  specimens  are  all  more  or  less  pubescent. 

N.  B.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

4.  Lysimachia  terrestris  (L.)  BSP.  Swampcandle.  Map  1597.  An 
infrequent  plant  on  mucky  borders  of  lakes,  marshes,  and  sloughs,  and 
more  rarely  on  wet,  sandy  borders  of  lakes.  We  have  one  specimen  from 
the  very  wet  marly  border  of  a  lake.  Instead  of  flowering,  this  species 
sometimes  develops  bulblets  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves ;  also  sometimes  the 
lower  leaves  are  alternate  when  normally  they  would  be  opposite. 

A  form  of  this  species  occurs  in  which  the  flowers  are  in  the  axils  of 
foliaceous  bracts.   Our  specimen  from  Pulaski  County  is  of  this  form. 
There  is  no  evidence  or  specimen  to  support  the  Monroe  County  record. 
Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

5.  Lysimachia  ciliata  L.  (Steironema  ciliatum  (L.)  Raf.)  Fringed 
Loosestrife.  Map  1598.  Frequent  to  abundant  in  swampy  woodland,  wet 
prairies,  wet  borders  of  streams,  and  wet  roadsides. 

N.  S.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ala.,  Kans.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Ariz. 


Lysimachia 


PRIMULACEAE 


749 


o         ~"5o 
Map  1599 


Lysimachia    lanceolata   Walt. 


0  50 

Map  1600 


Lysimachia     hybrida    Michx 


o  50 

Map  1601 


Lysimachia  longifolia  Pursh 


6.  Lysimachia  lanceolata  Walt.  (Steironema  heterophyllum  Michx. 
and  Steironema  lanceolatum  (Walt.)  Gray.)  (Fernald.  The  identity  of  Lysi- 
machia lanceolata.  Rhodora  39:  438-442.  1937.)  Map  1599.  Rather 
frequent  in  small  colonies  in  dry  soil  on  the  crests  and  slopes  of  black  and 
white  oak  ridges,  in  dry  prairies,  and  rarely  in  moist  soil  and  then  usually 
in  a  slightly  acid  soil  and  usually  associated  with  black  chokeberry  or 
sweet  gum.  In  the  woods  it  is  most  commonly  associated  with  black  and 
white  oak.  Small  plants  usually  have  their  leaf  blades  more  or  less  folded 
inward. 

The  fact  that  this  species  is  difficult  to  separate  from  the  next  one  led 
me  to  place  it  under  cultivation.  I  have  found  it  very  responsive  to  light 
and  moisture.  I  think  these  two  factors  and  temperature  greatly  change 
the  appearance  of  the  mature  plants.  The  plants  send  up  one  or  two  sets 
of  basal  leaves  late  in  autumn  or  early  winter.  These  leaves  are  usually 
short  and  obtuse  and  have  long  petioles.  In  mild  winters  when  the  crown 
of  the  plant  is  protected  these  basal  leaves  persist,  sometimes  until  matur- 
ity. In  some  plants  these  early  leaves  are  killed  and  no  leaves  will  be  seen 
from  the  first  few  short  internodes.  Crowding,  too,  has  much  the  same 
effect  in  killing  off  the  early  leaves.  The  length  of  the  internodes  is  easily 
accounted  for  when  the  habitat  and  moisture  are  known.  The  next  species 
usually  grows  in  very  wet  places,  usually  inundated  more  or  less  until  late 
spring.  Many  plants  begin  their  growth  under  water  and  the  submerged 
leaves  die  off  and  are  later  replaced  by  stipular  leaves  that  are  smaller  and 
usually  much  narrower.  In  1937  it  was  very  wet  and  one  bed  of  my  plants 
set  their  principal  cauline  leaves  at  the  third  node,  but  usually  these  leaves 
begin  about  the  fifth  node. 

Pa.,  Ohio,  s.  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

7.  Lysimachia  hybrida  Michx.    Map  1600.    Infrequent  to  rare  in  the 

bottoms  of  ditches,  in  ponds  and  swamps,  and  on  the  muddy  borders  of 
sloughs  and  streams. 

Que.  to  w.  Ont.  and  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


750 


Primulaceae 


Trientahs 


Map  1603 
Anaqallis    arvensis    L 


0  50 

Map  1604 


Centunculus    minimus    L. 


8.  Lysimachia  longifolia  Pursh.  (See  Pflanzenfam.  IV,  237:  279. 
1905.)  (Steironema  quadriflorum  (Sims)  Hitchc.)  Map  1601.  Rather 
frequent  in  the  lake  area  in  marshes  and  springy  areas  about  lakes  and 
along  streams.  Farther  south  it  is  infrequent  to  local  in  springy  places.  It 
is  sometimes  found  in  wet  prairies. 

N.  Y.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Mo. 

6333.  TRIENTALIS  [Rupp.]  L. 

1.  Trientalis  borealis  Raf.  (Rhodora  11:  236.  1909.)  (TrientaMs 
americana  (Pers.)  Pursh.)  Star  Flower.  Map  1602.  In  deep  humus, 
usually  in  tamarack  and  birch  bogs,  under  white  pine  in  swamps,  or  in  low 
woods  which  border  the  preceding  habitats.  Local  but  frequent  to  common 
where  found. 

Lab.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  111. 

6338.  ANAGALLIS  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Anagallis  arvensis  L.  Scarlet  Pimpernel.  Map  1603.  Our  speci- 
mens are  from  clover,  wheat,  and  abandoned  fields,  waste  places  about 
habitations,  and  rarely  in  open  places  in  nearby  woods. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  Newf.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  the  Pacific  coast. 

6339.  CENTUNCULUS  [Dill.]  L. 

1.  Centunculus  minimus  L.  Chaffweed.  Map  1604.  This  plant  is 
usually  one  and  a  half  to  four  inches  high  and  so  minute  as  to  be  easily 
overlooked.  It  has  been  reported  from  Floyd  and  Jefferson  Counties. 
Where  I  have  found  it,  it  is  always  a  common  to  abundant  plant.  I  believe 
it  to  be  local,  however,  because  of  its  habitat,  for  it  apparently  prefers  a 
minimacid  soil.  It  is  found  in  bare  places  in  open  woods,  usually  associated 
with  black  oak,  in  bare  places  in  pastured  woods,  along  paths  in  woods, 
and  in  abandoned  fields. 

111.  and  Minn,  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Mex. ;  also  in  Eu.  and 
S.  A. 


Dodecatheon 


Sapotaceae 


751 


0  50 

Map  1605 


Dodecatheon    Meadia    L. 


0  50 

Map  1606 


Bumelia    lycioides   (L.)   Pers 


o  50 

Map  1607 


Diospyros    virginiana   L. 


6341.  DODECATHEON  L. 

1.  Dodecatheon  Meadia  L.  Common  Shootingstar.  Map  1605.  Mostly 
on  high,  wooded  banks  and  bluffs  of  streams  and  in  prairies,  more  rarely 
on  wooded  slopes,  and  very  rarely  in  marshes. 

The  flowers  vary  in  color  from  white  to  deep  pink.  Plants  with  white 
flowers  are  known  as  f.  alba  Macbride  (Field  Museum  Nat.  Hist.  Publ. 
Bot.  Ser.  8:  129.  1930.) 

Pa.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

239.  SAPOTACEAE  Reichenb.  Sapodilla  Family 
6374.  BUMELIA  Swartz 

1.  Bumelia  lycioides  (L.)  Pers.  BUCKTHORN  BUMELIA.  Map  1606.  Our 
only  station  for  this  shrub  or  small  tree  is  the  talus  slope  of  the  sandstone 
cliffs  of  the  Ohio  River  about  3  miles  above  Cannelton,  Perry  County. 
When  I  found  it  in  1912  there  was  one  specimen  about  10  feet  high  and 
several  other  specimens  of  lesser  height.  The  area  has  been  pastured  and 
in  1929,  there  were  only  two  small  specimens  surviving. 

Va.  to  s.  111.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


240.  EBENACEAE  Vent.  Ebony  Family 
6406.  DIOSPYROS  L. 

1.  Diospyros  virginiana  L.  Common  Persimmon.  Map  1607.  This  tree 
was  doubtless  a  native  of  southern  Indiana  from  Franklin  County  to 
Parke  County  and  southward.  Probably  introduced  northward.  For  the 
most  part  it  is  a  scattered  tree  throughout  this  area,  occurring  more  fre- 
quently and  in  greater  abundance  in  the  unglaciated  area.  It  is  found  most 
frequently  in  dry  ground  but  in  the  southwestern  counties  it  is  found  in 
low  ground  where  it  reaches  its  greatest  size.  In  old  abandoned  fields  it 
forms  thickets,  due  to  its  ability  to  spread  from  root  shoots. 

Conn,  to  s.  Iowa,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


752 


Oleaceae 


Fraxinus 


1 

2 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

i 

f 

0 

zy1 

_J^r~ 

[V 

' 

-i 

1 

r 

i 

fm 

j 

r1 

Dec  J- 

-/    Miles 

sV 

(£  * 

i      d 

<X 

DPP 

s 

yrax 

am 

encana    L 

0                 50 

Map  1608 

am. 

0  50 

Map  1609 


Fraxinus    amencana    L 


— 

f 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

r 

~~v 

K 

p 

" 

DP 

4 

0 

p 

E 
F 

r 

D 

-^ 

J 

[*■ 

Dec  <- 

»   D   D 
■  ' — 

D 

K      J j/ 

1 s 

/D 

DP     J  D   \    j 

r  d/ — j — 

D         1x0 

1b.    dJ  o, ' 

ph7 
p  /^ 

/    Miles 

fj       D 

j   T° 
p 

T3>VM-.J^ 

50 

Map  1610 

Fraxinus    biltmoreana  Beadle 

241.  STYRACACEAE  A.DC.  Storax  Family 
6411.  STYRAX  [Tourn.]  L. 
1.     Styrax  americana  Lam.  American  Snowbell.  Map  1608.  Swampy 
woods  and  in  woodland  along  streams  that  usually  overflow  annually. 
Local.  Its  distribution  in  Indiana  offers  an  interesting  problem. 

Va.  to  Fla.   and  La.,   and  northw.   in  the  Mississippi   Valley  to  the 
Kankakee  River  Valley  in  Ind. 

243.  OLEACEAE  Lindl.  Olive  Family 

Leaves  compound;  fruit  dry,  a  samara 6420.  Fraxinus,  p.  752. 

Leaves  simple;  fruit  fleshy,  a  drupe 6427.    Forestiera,  p.  754. 

6420.  FRAXINUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Ash 

Bark  of  mature  trees  furrowed;  fruit  not  winged  to  the  base. 

Body  of  fruit  robust,  round  and  rather  abruptly  passing  into  the  wing;   terminal 
buds  deltoid. 

Branchlets  glabrous;  axis  of  the  leaves  glabrous,  rarely  somewhat  pubescent 

1.     F.    americana. 

Branchlets  pubescent ;  axis  of  leaves  pubescent,  at  least  until  nearly  mature 

2.    F.   biltmoreana. 

Body  of  fruit  flattened  and  gradually  passing  into  the  wing,  gradually  tapering  from 
the  wings  to  the  base;  terminal  buds  longer  than  wide. 
Branchlets  glabrous  or  nearly  so  and  usually  smaller  than  those  of  F.  americana. 
3.    F.    lanceolata. 

Branchlets  velvety-pubescent,  at  least  when  young. 

Calyx  of  fruit  less  than  3  mm  long;  body  of  samara  just  below  the  wing  less 
than  3  mm  wide,  rarely  4  mm  wide,  usually  1.4-2.5  mm  wide;   samaras 

3-4.5    cm    long 4.  F.  pennsylvanica. 

Calyx  of  fruit  more  than  3  mm  long,  generally  4-5  mm  long;  body  of  samara 
just  below  the  wing  more  than  3  mm  wide,  usually  4-5  mm  wide;  samaras 

generally   4-6    cm   long 5.  F.  tomentosa. 

Bark  of  mature  trees  scaly  or  flaky;  fruit  winged  to  the  base. 

Branchlets  and  small  branches  usually  4-angled;  leaflets  on  very  short  stalks 

6.    F.  quadrangulata. 

Branchlets  and  branches  round;  leaflets  sessile 7.  F.  nigra. 


Fraxinus 


Oleaceae 


753 


o         ~ 53 
Map  1613 


Fraxinus    profunda    Bush 


1.  Fraxinus  americana  L.  White  Ash.  Map  1609.  Frequent  to  com- 
mon on  uplands  in  the  beech  and  sugar  maple  type  of  forest  and  rarely  in 
the  black  oak  and  hickory  type  except  in  the  coves.  In  the  northern  part 
of  the  state  in  the  level  woods  it  is  always  a  frequent  tree  in  the  beech  and 
sugar  maple  type  and  in  the  white  oak,  red  oak,  basswood  type  of  woodland. 

A  form  of  this  species  with  reddish  purple  fruit  is  known  as  f.  iodocarpa 
Fern.   It  is  found  throughout  the  eastern  part  of  the  state. 
N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Fraxinus  biltmoreana  Beadle.  BlLTMORE  Ash.  Map  1610.  This 
species  is  not  as  frequent  as  the  white  ash  but  in  certain  habitats  it  is  a 
common  tree.  I  am  certain  that  I  have  seen  this  species  as  far  north  as 
Yellow  River  in  Marshall  County  but  I  was  not  able  to  collect  a  specimen. 

Pa.,  Ind.,  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  and  Ala. 

3.  Fraxinus  lanceolata  Borkh.  Green  Ash.  Map  1611.  Frequent  and 
locally  common  in  low  ground  along  streams,  in  swamps,  and  in  low  woods. 
It  often  forms  a  complete  stand.  Its  most  constant  associates  are  white 
elm  and  soft  maples. 

Maine,  Que.,  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Fla,  and  Tex. 

4.  Fraxinus  pennsylvanica  Marsh.  Fernald  (Rhodora  40:  452-454. 
1938)  discusses  this  species  and  its  varieties.  Red  Ash.  Map  1612.  In  dry 
or  moist  soil,  usually  on  or  near  the  banks  of  streams  and  lakes. 

N.  S.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Miss.,  and  Okla. 

5.  Fraxinus  tomentosa  Michx.  f.  (Rhodora  40:  450-452.  1938.)  (Fraxi- 
nus profunda  of  authors  and  Fraxinus  profunda  var.  Ashei  E.  J.  Palmer.) 
Pumpkin  Ash.  Map  1613.  In  swamps,  ponds,  sloughs,  and  overflow  land 
along  streams.  Its  most  constant  associates  are  pecan,  red  maple,  white 
elm,  shellbark  hickory,  green  ash,  and  cypress.  Infrequent  to  common  in 
its  habitat. 

S.  Ind.  to  s.  111.,  southeastern  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 


754 


LOGANIACEAE 


Forestiera 


6  50 

Map  1614 


Fraxinus    quadrangulata    Michx 


6.  Fraxinus  quadrangulata  Michx.  BLUE  Ash.  Map  1614.  Found  spar- 
ingly throughout  the  state,  although  we  have  no  records  from  the  north- 
western counties.  It  is  generally  found  on  high  ground  and  where  its 
distribution  is  limited,  it  is  usually  restricted  to  the  high  banks  of  streams. 

Ont.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Tenn.  and  Ark. 

7.  Fraxinus  nigra  L.  Black  Ash.  Map  1615.  Rather  local  but  usually 
of  considerable  abundance  in  its  preferred  habitat.  Found  in  wet  and 
swampy  woods  throughout  the  lake  area ;  southward  it  becomes  an  infre- 
quent tree  of  swampy  places.  There  are  no  records  for  the  unglaciated 
area  except  in  the  White  River  Valley.  The  species  is  more  frequent  in 
northern  Indiana  than  our  map  indicates. 

Newf.  to  Lake  Winnipeg,  southw.  to  W.  Va.,  Ind.,  and  northwestern 
Ark. 

6427.  FORESTIERA  Poir. 

1.  Forestiera  acuminata  (Michx.)  Poir.  (Adelia  acuminata  Michx.) 
Texas  Adelia.  Map  1616.  Low  borders  of  sloughs,  swamps,  and  river 
banks.   It  is  usually  associated  with  buttonbush.   Very  local. 

Sw.  Ind.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Tex. 


245.  LOGANIACEAE  Dumort.  Logania  Family 
6453.  SPIGELIA  L. 

1.  Spigelia  marilandica  L.  Pinkroot.  Map  1617.  Our  only  known 
station  for  this  plant  is  a  post  oak  flat  just  south  of  Half  Moon  Pond  about 
10  miles  southwest  of  Mt.  Vernon,  Posey  County.  It  is  frequent  here  over 
several  acres.   The  report  for  Marion  County  is  doubtless  an  error. 

Ohio,  s.  Ind.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


Sabatia 


Gentianaceae 


755 


0  ~~ 30 

Map  1617 


Spigelia    manlandica    L. 


0  50 

Map  1618 


Sabatia     angularis    (L.)    Pursh 


— 

Jan 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

f 

r  i 

V 

(^ 

-I 

fn 

J 

T~ 

r 

Dec  J- 

1 

i 
\ — • — 

'J    Miles 

|     D    [ 

( 

SaD 

U   Torr 

itia 
ar 

campanula 

gracilis    (lv 

o            "55 

Map  1619 
ta 
ichx)  Fern 

246.  GENTIANACEAE  Dumort.  Gentian  Family 

Leaves  simple,   sessile,  opposite  or  whorled  or  if  scalelike   sometimes  some  of  them 
alternate. 
Plants  not  filiform;  leaves  not  scalelike. 

Plants  less  than  a  meter  tall;  leaves  not  in  whorls. 
Lobes  of  corolla  much  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  tube.  .6494.  Sabatia,  p.  755. 
Lobes  of  corolla  not  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  tube. 

Flowers  pink  to  rose  purple;  styles  usually  deciduous;  anthers  twisted 

6496.    Centaurium,  p.  756. 

Flowers   blue,   greenish    white    or    yellowish;    styles    persistent;    anthers    not 
twisted. 
Plants  not  more  than   16  cm  tall;   basal  leaves  reduced  to  scales;   corolla 

lobes  imbricated  in  bud 6502.    Obolaria,  p.  756. 

Plants  more  than   16  cm  tall;   basal  leaves  not  reduced  to  scales;   corolla 

lobes  convolute  in  bud 6509.    Gentiana,  p.  757. 

Plants  more  than  a  meter  tall;  leaves  mostly  in  whorls  of  4.  .6512.   Frasera,  p.  760. 

Plants  filiform;  leaves  scalelike 6501.    Bartonia,  p.  756. 

Leaves  3-foliolate;  petioles  alternate 6543.    Menyanthes,  p.  760. 

6494.  SABATIA  Adans.  Rose  Gentian 

Branches  opposite. 

Leaves  cordate-clasping;  stem  strongly  4-angled 1.  S.  angularis. 

Leaves  linear  and  linear-oblong,  sessile;  stem  slightly  4-angled.    (See  excluded  species 

no.  494,  p.  1080) S.  brachiata. 

Branches  alternate,  rarely  one  opposite;  plant  diffusely  branched  at  maturity;  leaves 

linear  or  the  lowest  lance-linear;  calyx  lobes  setaceous,  as  long  as  the  corolla  lobes. 

2.    S.  ca/mpanulata  var.  gracilis. 

1.  Sabatia  angularis  (L.)  Pursh.  Map  1618.  In  Indiana  this  plant  has 
two  distinct  habitats.  In  the  lake  area,  including  our  Henry  County  speci- 
men, all  of  our  specimens  with  one  exception  were  found  on  the  moist 
sandy  or  peaty  borders  of  lakes  and  swamps.  In  1938  I  found  it  to  be  a 
common  plant  on  an  open,  pastured  black  and  white  oak  ridge  a  half  mile 
northwest  of  Disko,  Fulton  County.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  state  this 
species  is  frequent  to  common  in  hard,  dry,  clay  soil  in  old  fallow  fields, 


756 


Gentianaceae 


Barton  ia 


8 

1 

» 

DP 

t  y 

fD 

D  1" 

>          D 

»             D 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec  C 

\sC 

-       0 

D 

vr 

f"  ^ 

r 

r1 

^ 

D 

^Tb&     D        . — > 

U     Miles 

J 

r 

B 

Ioll ' 

D 

1             D 

E 

lar 

onia 

vir 

cjinica    (U 

0                50 

Map  1620 
BSP 

3 

7 
1 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov 

t 

Jv 

[V 

-I 

- 

tn 

1 

r1 

r 

Dec.  (- 

B       I  B 
DP        0 

B               ° 
I       J ~S 

D             »J> 

i      V 

Tb»    f      / — ' 

d  "s  f  ^y 

D    ^ 

tV    Miles 

Obolaria 

3    J^X          / 

virginica 

0                 50 

Map  1621 
L. 

0  50 

Map  1622 


Gentiana    cnnita    Froel. 


and  in  this  habitat  it  reaches  its  greatest  size.    It  is  also  infrequently 
found  on  exposed  open  places  on  the  crests  or  slopes  of  wooded  ridges. 
N.  Y.  to  Ont.  and  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

2.  Sabatia  campanulata  (L.)  Torr.  var.  gracilis  (Michx.)  Fern.  (Rho- 
dora39:444.  1937.)  (Sabatia  gracilis  (Michx.)  Salisb.)  Map  1619.  Our 
only  specimens  were  found  in  a  small  colony  in  rather  acid  soil  in  a  low, 
sandy  flat  in  a  woods  4  miles  north  of  Washington,  Daviess  County.  Here 
it  was  closely  associated  with  Betula  nigra,  Spiraea  tomentosa,  Viola 
lanceolata,  Viola  sagittata,  Rhexia  mariana  var.  leiosperma,  Rhexia  vir- 
ginica,  Linum  medium  var.  texanum,  and  Hieracium  Gronovii. 

Nantucket,  Mass.  to  Fla.  and  west  to  La.  in  salt  marshes  and  brackish 
swamps,  rarely  inland  in  fresh-water  swamps ;  also  on  the  summits  of  the 
southern  Alleghenies;  Bahamas;  Cuba. 

6496.  CENTAURIUM  Hill 
See  excluded  species  nos.  495  and  496,  p.  1080. 

6501.  BARTONIA  Muhl. 

1.  Bartonia  virginica  (L.)  BSP.  Map  1620.  Infrequent  in  the  lake 
area  and  very  rare  south  of  it.  Usually  found  in  clumps  of  sphagnum  in 
bogs  and  more  rarely  in  moist  habitats  in  very  sandy,  minimacid  soil  in 
open  places  in  black  and  white  oak  woods,  growing  in  moss  with  Poly  gala 
cruciata,  Gaultheria  procumbens,  and  Aronia  melanocarpa. 

The  petals  vary  in  color  from  greenish  yellow  to  yellow  or  rose  purple. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

6502.  OBOLARIA  L. 

1.  Obolaria  virginica  L.  PENNYWORT.  Map  1621.  This  very  incon- 
spicuous plant  is  usually  rare  and  only  a  few  specimens  are  found  in  a 
colony.  It  is  sometimes  frequent,  however,  and  on  April  26,  1927,  I  found 
it  to  be  a  common  plant  in  a  small  field  on  a  wooded  slope  in  Harrison 


Gentiana  Gentianaceae  757 

County.  This  field  had  not  been  cultivated  for  more  than  20  years  and  had 
reforested  mostly  to  tulip  trees  4-6  inches  in  diameter.  It  prefers  rather 
sandy  soil  of  exposed  places,  although  it  is  often  found  in  places  with  a 
thick  cover  of  leaves  but  in  such  situations  it  is  never  abundant.  It  has 
been  reported  as  far  north  as  Parke  and  Putnam  Counties. 
N.  J.  to  111.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

6509.  GENTIANA  [Tourn.]  L.  Gentian 

Corolla  without  plaits,  lobes  or  teeth  in  the  sinuses. 
Peduncles  more  than  2  cm  long;  corolla  lobes  fringed. 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate;  corolla  lobes  deeply  fringed  around  the  summit; 

ovary  lanceolate 1.  G.  crinita. 

Leaves  linear  to  lance-linear;  corolla  lobes  fringed  at  the  sides,  the  summit  spar- 
ingly and  shortly  fringed  or  merely  dentate ;  ovary  elliptic 2.  G.  procera. 

Peduncles  less  than  2  cm  long;  corolla  lobes  not  fringed. 

Calyx  lobes  mostly  2-3.5  mm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  499,  p.  1081) 

G.  quinque folia. 

Calyx  lobes  mostly  4-8  mm  long 3.  G.  quinquefolia  var.  occidentalis. 

Corolla  with  plaits  in  the  sinuses. 

Margins  of  leaves  and  calyx  lobes  scabrous  or  ciliate;  flowers  blue;  seeds  winged. 
Corolla  nearly  truncate  at  the  summit,  the  narrow  lobes  almost  obsolete  or  at  least 
2.5-3  mm  shorter  than  the  plaits;  margins  of  the  wide,  whitish,  wedge-shaped 

plaits  minutely  fimbriate-dentate 4.  G.  Andrewsii. 

Corolla  with  distinct,  broad,  rounded  or  acute  lobes  1.5-10  mm  long;  margins  of 
the  less  conspicuous  2-cleft  plaits  dentate. 
Stamens  cohering  more  or  less  in  a  ring  about  the  style;  calyx  lobes  oblanceo- 
late,  widest  about  the  middle,  usually  1.5-3  mm  wide  and  7-12  mm  long, 
strongly  ciliate  on  the  margins,  rather  abruptly  acuminate;  stems  usually 
glabrous  or  some  internodes  more  or  less  puberulent  in  lines;  corolla  3-5  cm 
long,  the  erect,  mostly  acute  lobes  2-3  mm  longer  than  the  whitish  plaits. 

5.   G.  Saponaria. 

Stamens  free  (sometimes  adhering  in  dried  specimens  because  of  pressure  ap- 
plied in  drying)  ;  calyx  lobes  linear,  usually  6-8  mm  long  and  about  1  mm 
wide,  the  margins  scabrous  or  somewhat  minutely  ciliate,  long  taper-pointed 
from  about  the  middle;  entire  stem  usually  puberulent  in  lines;  corolla 
usually  2.5-3.5  cm  long,  the  conspicuous,  acute,  slightly  spreading  lobes  5-7 

mm  longer  than  the  bluish  plaits 6.  G.  puberula. 

Margins  of  leaves  and  calyx  lobes  smooth;  flowers  white  or  yellowish;  seed  winged 
or  wingless. 
Base  of  leaves  cordate  and  closely  clasping;  calyx  lobes  ovate  or  narrow-ovate; 
corolla  lobes  broad,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  broad,  toothed  appendages; 

seed  winged 7.  G.  flavida. 

Base  of  leaves  narrowed;   calyx  lobes  linear,  unequal;   corolla  lobes  ovate,  much 

exceeding  the   small,   sparingly  toothed   appendages ;    seed   wingless 

8.   G.   villosa. 

1.  Gentiana  crinita  Froel.  Fringed  Gentian.  Map  1622.  An  infre- 
quent to  common  plant  in  open,  springy  places,  marshes,  interdunal  flats 
and  on  the  sandy  borders  of  sloughs  in  the  dune  area.  This  is  a  much 
admired  plant  and  attempts  to  naturalize  it  usually  fail  because  it  is  so 
exacting  in  its  habitat.  It  was  formerly  common  in  certain  marshes  but 
since  these  have  been  grazed  it  has  disappeared  or  only  a  few  plants  have 
been  able  to  persist. 

Cent.  Maine  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ohio,  and  Iowa. 


758 


Gentianaceae 


Gentiana 


0  ~50 

Map  1624 
jentiana    quinquefolia 
var.  occidental  is    (Gray)    Hitchc. 


0  50 

Map  1.625 


Genliana    Andrewsii    Griseb 


2.  Gentiana  procera  Holm.  Lesser  Fringed  Gentian.  Map  1623.  A 
rare  plant  of  habitats  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding.  Our  southernmost 
plant  was  collected  in  a  springy  place  along  White  River  near  Anderson  by 
Ray  Dawson.  When  the  two  species  (Gentiana  crinita  and  this  species) 
grow  together  this  species  is  found  in  wetter  situations. 

N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  Man.,  Minn.,  and  S.  Dak. 

2a.  Gentiana  procera  f.  laevicalyx  Fern.  (Rhodora  32:  221.  1930.) 
This  is  a  form  with  a  smooth  calyx.  Our  only  specimen  is  from  the  sedge 
border  of  the  north  side  of  Bruce  Lake  in  Fulton  County. 

3.  Gentiana  quinquefolia  L.  var.  occidentals  (Gray)  Hitchc.  (Aloitis 
occidentalis  Greene  and  Aloitis  mesochora  Greene.)  Map  1624.  Gentiana 
quinquefolia  is  a  highly  variable  species  which  has  led  authors  to  name 
variants.  The  calyx  lobes  vary  from  4-8  mm  long,  acute  to  acuminate, 
linear  to  narrow-ovate,  leaving  a  wide  open  sinus  or  overlapping.  The 
form  with  wide  and  overlapping  calyx  lobes  is  rare  and  more  western  in  the 
state.  No  doubt  this  species,  as  well  as  other  species,  is  more  common 
than  our  records  indicate  because  the  plants  are  in  flower  usually  after  the 
season  for  botanical  collecting  is  over.  It  is  local  but  common  wThere  it  is 
found. 

Maine,  Ont.,  and  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Mo. 

4.  Gentiana  Andrewsii  Griseb.  (Dasystephaim  Andrewsii  (Griseb.) 
Small.)  Closed  Gentian.  Map  1625.  Infrequent  in  all  parts  of  the  state 
except  in  the  knobstone  area,  in  low  woods,  roadside  ditches,  low  ground 
about  lakes,  and  interdunal  flats.  Flowers  vary  in  color  from  light  to  dark 
blue  although  I  have  one  specimen  from  Steuben  County  that  is  maroon. 

Mass.,  Que.,  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Md.  and  Mo. 

5.  Gentiana  Saponaria  L.  (Dasystephana  Saponaria  (L.)  Small.)  Soap- 
WORT  Gentian.  Map  1626.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  state  it  is  found 
in  hard,  white  clay  soil  in  low,  flat  woods,  usually  associated  with  pin  oak, 


Gentiana 


Gentianaceae 


759 


0  50 

Map  1626 


Gentiana    Saponaria   L. 


0  ~K 

Map  1627 


Gentiana    puberula    Michx 


sweet  gum,  beech,  and  red  maple,  and  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state 
it  is  found  in  moist  black  sand  in  interdunal  flats  about  Lake  Michigan,  in 
sandy  flats  in  black  and  white  oak  woods,  and  in  moist  prairie  habitats. 
Infrequent,  but  where  found  several  specimens  may  be  found  here  and 
there,  growing  singly. 

Conn.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  ic  Fla.  and  La. 

6.  Gentiana  puberula  Michx.  {Dasystephana  puberula  (Michx.) 
Small.)  Downy  Gentian.  Map  1627.  This  is  supposed  to  be  a  prairie 
plant.  Infrequent  to  very  rare  in  moist,  black,  sandy  soil  in  the  open, 
usually  along  roadsides  and  railroads  and  in  fallow  fields,  low  open  woods, 
and  marshes.  In  two  different  years  I  made  a  collection  of  this  species  on 
an  open,  rocky,  black  and  post  oak  slope  of  the  high  hill  at  Stewart's 
Landing  about  3  miles  east  of  Elizabeth  in  Harrison  County.  This  seems 
to  be  an  unusual  habitat  but  it  was  associated  with  other  prairie  plants 
such  as  Liatris,  Viola  pedata,  and  Andropogon  furcatus.    Very  rare  here. 

Md.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Kans. 

7.  Gentiana  flavida  Gray.  (Dasy Stephana  flavida  (Gray)  Britt.)  Yel- 
lowish Gentian.  Map  1628.  This  species  has  been  reported  from  Cass, 
Lake,  Marshall,  Monroe,  Noble,  Porter,  St.  Joseph,  Steuben,  Tippecanoe, 
and  Vigo  Counties.  I  have  it  from  the  border  of  a  very  sandy  black  and 
white  oak  woods  in  Lagrange  County,  from  the  roadside  of  a  little  used 
road  along  a  woods  on  a  ridge  in  Perry  County,  and  from  moist  soil  near 
Mineral  Springs  in  Porter  County. 

Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  and  Mo. 

8.  Gentiana  villosa  L.  (Dasystephana  villosa  (L.)  Small.)  Map  1629. 
I  have  two  collections  of  this  species  from  Harrison  County.  It  was  first 
discovered  by  Mrs.  Chas.  C.  Deam.  Both  collections  were  made  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  county  in  black  and  white  oak  woods.  Only  a  few 
specimens  were  found. 

N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  Ind.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  and  La. 


760 


Apocynaceae 


Frasera 


2 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

J 

1 

lT 

L 

f   f^        -r 

r 

i~ 

i 

r 

-hH 

Dec  <- 

i 

1/    Miles 

Gent 

ana 

villosa    1 

0                 50 

Map  1629 

10 

1 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.£ 

D 

1      L 

/     ND          » 

D 

D 

D 

D       V 

'  M 

D 

f 

>v| 

Y 

V 

- 

I1 

-  i 

a   o 

0 

I 

r~ 

r, 

1 

IU 

T          ' 

D               » 
K      ,1 f 

D                  X 

J  ";-[ 

0    JO      | 

•HBa     0           . — ' 

fj    Miles 

DP 

Fr 

it1'!!  js\     7 
asera    carolinensis 

0                 50 

Map  1630 

Walt 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar.' 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


.           >^5    |" 

L                     B     D     0  » 

To       L    ) 

ID          D        to  l        F0 

Of     HD        J' 

D 

0 

Jl_    u 

f  - 

tillil 

U-hM 

^-  1 

l                      |           J^-T 

' — —        L^ 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1631 


Menyanthes    trifoliata    var.    minor  Raf. 


6512.  FRASERA  Walt. 

1.  Frasera  carolinensis  Walt.  American  Columbo.  Map  1630.  Infre- 
quent to  rare  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  is  usually  4-8  feet  high.  Generally 
in  dry,  clay  soil,  associated  with  white  and  black  oaks. 

N.  Y.,  Ont.,  and  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

6543.  MENYANTHES  [Tourn.]  L. 

[Fernald.  Menyanthes  trifoliata  var.  minor.  Rhodora  31 :  195-198. 
1929.] 

1.  Menyanthes  trifoliata  L.  var.  minor  Raf.  (Menyanthes  trifoliata  L. 
of  American  authors.)  Buckbean.  Map  1631.  Frequent  in  tamarack  bogs 
and  marshes  in  the  lake  area  before  these  were  drained;  now  becoming 
rare. 

Lab.  to  the  Rocky  Mts.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Nebr.,  and  Mo. 

247.  APOCYNACEAE 'Lindl.  Dogbane  Family 

Leaves   alternate 6591.    Amsonia,  p.  760. 

Leaves  opposite. 

Plants  small,  evergreen,  creeping  or  trailing,  the  erect  stems  usually  1-2.5  dm  high; 

leaf  blades  mostly  1.5-4  cm  long;   flowers  axillary,  solitary,  blue 

6598.     Vinca,  p.  761. 

Plants  not  evergreen,  long  climbing  vines  or  large  erect  or  diffuse  perennials;  leaf 

blades  more  than  5  cm  long;  flowers  terminal,  not  solitary,  white,  cream  or  pink. 

Climbing  vines;  calyx  glandular  within;  corolla  funnel-shaped;  filaments  slender. 

6667.    Trachelospermum,  p.  761. 

Erect  or  rarely  diffuse  perennials;  calyx  not  glandular  within;  corolla  bell-shaped 
or  cylindric;  filaments  short,  broad,  and  flat 6684.   Apocynum,  p.  762. 


6591.  AMSONIA  Walt. 

[Woodson.    A  monograph  of  the  genus  Amsonia.    Ann.  Missouri  Bot. 
Gard.  15:  379-434.    1928.] 


Vinca 


Apocynaceae 


761 


0  50 

Map  1632 
Amsonia'   Tabernaemontana 
var.  salicifolia     (Pursh)  Woodson. 


1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

1 
f 

* 

./ 

r 

\ 

f^ 

X 

' 

r 

^1 

J 

I1 

DecJ- 

>  ' — 

/  Miles 

* 

Trach 

D  _/ 

elosp 

ermum 
G 

P\l  0                50 

Map  1633 
difforme    (Walt.) 

o  ~5o 

Map  1634 


Apocynum     androsaemifolium    L. 


1.  Amsonia  Tabernaemontana  Walt.  var.  salicifolia  (Pursh)  Woodson. 
Willow  Amsonia.  Map  1632.  Frequent  to  infrequent  in  our  southwest- 
ern counties  in  compact  soils  in  low  open  woodland  and  along  ditches.  It  is 
perfectly  hardy  in  cultivation  in  northern  Indiana. 

Va.,  N.  C,  S.  C,  Ga.,  Ala.,  La.,  Ky.,  Tenn.,  Ind.,  111.,  Mo.,  Ark.,  and  Tex. 


6598.  VlNCA  L. 

1.  Vinca  minor  L.  Common  Periwinkle.  A  trailing,  woody  perennial 
which  spreads  rapidly  in  some  localities.  I  have  no  evidence  that  it  spreads 
by  seed.  The  largest  colony  known  to  me  is  in  Spring  Mill  State  Park. 
Here  it  covers  acres  of  native  forest  land  and  forms  so  dense  a  stand  that  it 
not  only  makes  difficult  the  reproduction  of  the  forest  trees  but  in  many 
places  excludes  almost  all  kinds  of  vegetation.  For  this  reason  it  should 
not  be  permitted  to  escape  to  woodland. 

Most  commonly  used  in  cemeteries  from  which  it  often  escapes.  On 
account  of  this  use  it  is  commonly  called  graveyard  myrtle  or  myrtle. 
Naturalized  in  all  parts  of  Indiana. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 


6667.  TRACHELOSPERMUM  Lemaire 

1.  Trachelospermum  difforme  (Walt.)  Gray.  Map  1633.  A  climbing 
vine,  herbaceous  in  Indiana,  growing  in  compact,  clay  soil  in  low,  open 
woods  in  southwestern  Indiana.  The  flowers  are  yellowish  and  very 
fragrant.  The  first  specimen  I  ever  found  was  detected  by  its  odor.  1 
noted  a  peculiar,  pungent  fragrance  and  in  searching  for  the  source  I 
found  this  vine,  at  least  a  rod  distant.   Very  rare  in  our  area. 

Del.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Ind.,  Mo.,  and  Tex. 


762  Apocynaceae  Apocynum 

6684.  APOCYNUM  L.  Indian  Hemp.  Dogbane 

[Woodson.  Studies  in  Apocynaceae.  I.  Ann.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  17: 
1-213.    1930.] 

It  is  evident  from  the  various  treatments  by  authors  of  the  species  of 
Apocynum  that  occur  in  our  area  that  they  are  not  well  understood.  Since 
Woodson  has  written  the  latest  monograph  and  made  the  most  intensive 
study  of  our  species,  I  have  followed  his  monograph  although  I  am  con- 
vinced that  additional  field  studies  will  alter  our  present  treatment  of 
them. 

Stem  leaves  drooping  or  spreading;  corollas  at  least  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  lobes, 
mostly  3-6  mm  long  in  dried  specimens,  campanulate,  with  recurved,  spreading  or 
rarely  erect  lobes,  pink,  pinkish,  white  striped  with  pink,  or  rarely  colorless    (in 
2a  and  2b)  ;   stems  unevenly  dichotomously  branched,   spreading  at  maturity   or 
somewhat  erect  if  crowded  by  vegetation  of  equal  height;   inflorescence   usually 
above  the  foliage;  coma  of  seeds  tawny,  mostly  1.5-2  cm  long. 
Corollas  at  least  three  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  lobes,  mostly  4-6  mm  long  in  dried 
specimens,  pink,  pinkish  or  white  striped  with  pink,  the  lobes  recurved,  strongly 
fragrant;   stems  conspicuously  dichotomously  branched;   stem  leaves  and  some- 
times those  of  the  branches  drooping;  follicles  6-15  cm  long,  straight  or  nearly 

so;  seed  about  2  mm  long 1.  A.  androsaemifolium. 

Corollas  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  lobes,  mostly  3-4  mm  long  in  dried  speci- 
mens, faintly  pink  or  colorless  in  2a  and  2b,  the  lobes  generally  spreading;  stems 
more  or  less  dichotomously  branched;  stem  leaves  spreading,  rarely  ascending; 
follicles  7-15  cm  long,  straight,  divergent,  or  somewhat  falcate;  seed  about  4  mm 
long. 
Plants  not  glabrous  throughout. 

Calyx  glabrous  without,  the  lobes  pinkish 2.  A.  medium. 

Calyx  hirtellous  without,  the  lobes  colorless 2a.  A.  medium  var.  samiense. 

Plants  glabrous  throughout;  calyx  lobes  colorless.  .2b.  A.  medium  var.  leuconeuron. 
Stem  leaves  ascending;  corollas  less  than  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  lobes,  usually  2.5-4 
mm  long  in  dried  specimens,  white  or  greenish  white,  tubular,  sometimes  the  tube 
very  short,  the  lobes  erect;  the  cymose  inflorescences  conspicuously  overtopped  by 
sterile  branches. 
Stem  leaves  evidently  petiolate,  narrowed  to  the  base,  or  the  very  lowest  sessile  and 
obtuse  at  the  base;  follicles  relatively  long  and  usually  falcate,  12-20  cm  long; 
coma  of  seed  20-30  mm  long. 
Plant  pubescent,  at  least  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves. 

Plant  glabrous  except  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves 3.  A.  cannabinum. 

Plant    pubescent    on    both    surfaces    of    the    leaves    and    in    the    inflorescence. 

3a.  A.  cannabinum  var.  pubescens. 

Plant  entirely  glabrous 3b.  A.  cannabinum  var.  glaberrimum. 

Stem  leaves  sessile  or  subsessile,  cordate  or  subcordate  at  the  base  and  often  clasp- 
ing, oblong  to  lanceolate;  follicles  relatively  short  and  straight,  4-10  cm  long; 
coma  of  seed  white,  8-20  mm  long. 

Leaves  glabrous  on  both  surfaces 4.  A.  sibiricum. 

Leaves  pubescent  on  the  lower  surface,  at  least  along  the  veins 

4a.  A.  sibimcum  var.  Farwellii. 

1.  Apocynum  androsaemifolium  L.  SPREADING  DOGBANE.  Map  1634. 
More  or  less  infrequent  in  rather  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  throughout  the 
northern  counties  along  roadsides  and  in  open  woodland,  where  it  is 
associated  with  black  and  white  oak.  In  southern  Indiana  it  has  a  similar 
habitat  but  becomes  rare  to  very  rare. 

Throughout  temperate  N.  A. 


Apocynum 


APOCYNACEAE 


763 


0  50 

Map  1636 
Apocynum     medium    vary 
sarniense    (Greene)    Woodson 


1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

1    ro       o 

r 

\ 

f  r^ 

i 

Vi 

1 

"i    i 

-  i 

j 

j- 

r, 

Dec.f- 

1 

i 
i  ' — 

£/    Miles 

Lt 

Apocynum    medium 
leuconeuron    (Greens 

0                 5C 

Map  1637 

var 

)    Woodson 

2.  Apocynum  medium  Greene.1  Map  1635.  Moist  places  in  open  wood- 
land, along  roadsides,  and  in  prairie  habitats. 

N.  B.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Que.,  Iowa,  Nebr.,  and  Tex. 

2a.  Apocynum  medium  var.  sarniense  (Greene)  Woodson.  Map  1636. 
Habitat  that  of  the  species. 

Woodson  says :  "Apparently  a  spontaneous  variety,  collected  in  sw.  Ont., 
se.  Mich.,  n.  Ind.,  and  s.  B.  C." 

2b.     Apocynum    medium    var.   leuconeuron    (Greene)    Woodson.     Map 
1637.   Habitat  similar  to  that  of  the  species. 
Woodson  says :  "Upper  Miss.  Valley,  eastw.  to  s.  Mich,  and  n.  Ind." 

3.  Apocynum  cannabinum  L.  Hemp  Dogbane.  Map  1638.  In  moist  or 
dry  situations  in  almost  all  kinds  of  soils  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  is 
usually  found  in  small  colonies  along  roadsides  and  fences,  in  hayfields, 
fallow  fields,  and  open  woodland.  I  have  found  specimens  of  this  and  other 
species  of  the  genus  growing  in  adverse  ecological  conditions,  that  have 
much  reduced  leaves  and  a  decumbent  habit.  I  refer  to  such  habitats  as 
ballast  of  railroads,  gravel  pits,  and  gravel  bars  of  streams. 

Woodson  says:    "Generally  throughout  the  eastern  half  of  the  U.  S." 

3a.  Apocynum  cannabinum  var.  pubescens  (Mitchell)  A.  DC.  Map 
1639.  Found  in  habitats  and  places  similar  to  those  of  the  species.  Infre- 
quent. 

Woodson  says:  "Generally  throughout  the  southeastern  and  central 
U.  S.,  in  north-central  Calif. ;  also  in  s.  Ont." 

1  After  the  text  of  this  genus  was  written,  Anderson  writes  that  this  species  is  a 
fertile  hybrid  betwten  Apocynum  androsaemifolium  and  Apocynum  cannabinum. 
See  Anderson.  An  experimental  study  of  hybridization  in  the  genus  Apocynum.  Ann. 
Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  23:  159-168.    1936. 


764 


ASCLEPIADACEAE 


Apocynum 


o         ~ ' 3o 
Map  1638 


Apocynum    cannabinum    L 


1 

12 

e 
i 

f 

S    no 

D 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec  j- 

0 

■. ' 

D 
D 

\ 

J 

^   D 

-4  ■ 

»         D 

D 

B 

D 

^* 

-  i 

D 

J 

y- 

r, 

i 

i 
■  ' — 

0 
R 

D    >• 

U     Miles 

UC 

0 

va 

k<S/T^V              Map  1639 
Apocynum     cannabinum 

subescens  (Mitchell)  A.  DC 

0  50 

Map  1640 
Apocynum     cannabinum 

var    cjlabernmum     A   DC. 


3b.  Apocynum  cannabinum  var.  glaberrimum  A.  DC.  Map  1640. 
Habitats  and  distribution  similar  to  those  of  the  species.  This  variety  is 
more  frequent  than  either  the  species  or  the  pubescent  variety. 

Woodson  says :  "Common  in  every  state  in  the  U.  S.  and  sparingly  in 
Can." 

4.  Apocynum  sibiricum  Jacq.  Map  1641.  Habitat  and  distribution 
similar  to  those  of  the  other  species.    Infrequent. 

Newf.  and  s.  Canada,  westw.  to  Wyo.,  and  southw.  to  Va.  and  Tex. 

4a.  Apocynum  sibiricum  var.  Farwellii  (Greene)  Fern.  Map  1642. 
A  study  of  our  specimens  shows  several  of  them  to  be  pubescent  on  the 
lower  surface  of  the  leaves.  Our  specimens  vary  from  densely  velvety- 
pubescent  to  pubescent  mostly  along  the  veins  with  scattered  hairs  be- 
tween.  Habitat  similar  to  that  of  the  other  species. 

Woodson  says :  "Cent.  N.  Y.,  e.  Mich.,  and  n.  Ind. ;  apparently  collected 
in  Tex." 


248.  ASCLEPIADACEAE  Lindl.  Milkweed  Family 

Erect  or  decumbent  herbs. 

Corona  hoods  without  an  incurved  horn  within G787.    Acerates,  p.  764. 

Corona  hoods  each  with  an  incurved  horn  within 6791.   Asclepias,  p.  765. 

Twining  vines. 

Corolla  lobes  erect 6812.  Ampelamus,  p.  769. 

Corolla  lobes  rotate 6943.   Gonolobus,  p.  770. 


6787.  ACERATES  Ell.  Green  Milkweed 

Leaves  many,  scattered  alternately;  sepals  about  2  mm  long;  crown  of  column  0.5-1 
mm  long;  hoods  1.5-2.5  mm  long,  mostly  about  2  mm  long 1.  A.  hirtella. 

Leaves  opposite;  sepals  about  3  mm  long,  lanceolate,  acute  (narrower  and  more  acute 
than  those  of  the  preceding  species)  ;  crown  sessile;  hoods  about  4  mm  long. 
2.   A.   viridiflora. 


Acerates 


ASCLEPIADACEAE 


765 


0  50 

Map  1641 


Apocynum    sibincum    Jacq 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

0 

J 

0 

SD           D 

D 

0 

r  j 

D 

Jk 

frS    -r 

t 

D 

*" 

r  ■ 

fn 

Dec.f- 

1 

B 

r        1 

P 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1642 
Apocynum    sibincum 
var.  Farwelln    (Greene)   Fern. 


0  50 

Map  1643 


Acerates     hirtella   Pennel 


1.  Acerates  hirtella  Pennell.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  46:  184-185. 
1919.)  (Acerates  floridana  (Lam.)  Hitchc,  in  part,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7 
and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Map  1643.  In  sandy  soil  along 
roadsides  and  railroads  and  in  fallow  fields.  Infrequent  in  the  lake  area 
and  in  the  western  part  of  the  state.   Mostly  in  prairie  habitats. 

Mississippi  Valley,  range  not  determined ;  probably  from  Mich,  southw. 
and  westw.  to  Okla. 

2.  Acerates  viridiflora  (Raf.)  Eaton.  Map  1644.  In  sandy  soil  along 
roadsides  and  railroads  and  in  fallow  fields.  It  prefers  sandy  soil  and  is 
apparently  a  prairie  plant  but  it  is  sporadic  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
state. 

Acerates  viridiflora  var.  lanceolata  (Ives)  Gray  is  a  variety  which  has 
been  reported  from  Indiana  but  which  I  am  referring  to  the  species,  as 
some  authors  do,  because  I  am  not  able  to  separate  the  two.  I  have  one  speci- 
men with  some  of  the  leaves  5  cm  wide  and  one  specimen  with  leaves  8  mm 
or  less  in  width,  and  other  specimens  with  leaves  that  connect  these 
extremes.  Since  the  width  of  the  leaves  is  the  only  distinguishing  char- 
acter, it  is  best  to  consider  the  species  as  one  with  variable  foliage.  A 
very  narrowleaf  form  occurs  on  the  low  dunes  in  west  Gary,  Lake  County. 

Ohio  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


6791.  ASCLIilPIAS  L.  Milkweed 


,1.  A.  verticillata. 


Leaves  filiform-linear,  mostly  in  whorls  of  3-6;  flowers  white 

Leaves  not  as  above. 
Leaves  alternate  or  a  few  opposite;  flowers  orange,  sometimes  very  pale  orange  or 

rose  color 2.  A.  tuberosa. 

Leaves  opposite  or  sometimes  in  nos.  3  and  7  with  1  or  2  whorls  of  3  or  4  leaves. 
Leaves  sessile  or  clasping,  broad  and  cordate  at  the  base. 

Blades  rather  small,  the  median  and  upper  pairs  rarely  more  than  7  cm  long, 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  gradually  tapering  from  below  the  middle  to  an  acute 
apex,  flat,  3  or  4  pairs,  rarely  a  whorl,  the  margins  scabrous;  umbels  termi- 


766 


ASCLEPIADACEAE 


Asclepias 


0  5o 

Map  1644 

Acerates    vindtflora    (Raf)    Eaton 


0  ^50 

Map  1645 

Asclepias    verticillata  L. 


0  50 

Map  1646 


Asclepias   tuberosa  L 


nal,  solitary;  peduncles  generally  less  than  twice  as  long  as  the  length  of 
the   upper   pairs   of   leaves;    pedicels   pubescent,   usually   less   than   1.5   cm 

long;  corollas  greenish  white 3.  A.  Meadii. 

Blades  large,  the  median  and  upper  pairs  usually  much  more  than  7  cm  long, 

oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  usually  abruptly  rounded  near  the  apex  to  a  rounded 

or  short-acute  apex;  corollas  generally  purplish. 

Leaves  flat,  the  margins   smooth;    umbels   terminal   and   solitary   or   a   few 

axillary;    peduncles   generally   shorter  than   the   subtending  upper   pair 

of    leaves;     pedicels    glabrous,     mostly    2-3     cm    long;     pods    glabrous. 

4.   A.   Sullivantii. 

Leaves  generally  with  a  ruffled  margin;   umbels  terminal  and   solitary   or  a 
few  axillary;  peduncles  generally  several  times  longer  than  the  upper  pair 

of  leaves;  pedicels  pubescent,  mostly  2-5  cm  long;  pods  puberulent 

5.    A.  amplexicaulis. 

Leaves  more  or  less  petioled,  generally  narrowed  at  the  base,  sometimes  rounded 
or  truncate  at  the  base  but  never  cordate. 
Reflexed  petals  3-5  mm  long. 

Flowers   rose   purple    (very   rarely   greenish   white)  ;    plants   of   low   ground. 
6.   A.   incarnata. 

Flowers  white  or  pinkish. 

Plants  mostly  with  3-5  pairs  or  whorls  of  leaves,  usually  1  or  2  pairs  in 

whorls  of  3  or  4  leaves 7.  A.  quadrifolia. 

Plants  with  more  than  6  pairs  of  leaves,  none  of  them  in  whorls;  plants  of 

very  low  ground 8.  A.  perennis. 

Reflexed  petals  more  than  5  mm  long. 
Flowers  white  or  tinged  with  pink. 

Umbels  dense;   pedicels   straight,  generally  less  than   15   mm   long;   leaves 

with  a  short  tip  at  the  strongly  rounded  or  blunt  apex.  .9.  A.  variegata. 

Umbels  loose;  pedicels  more  or  less  drooping,  more  than  15  mm  long;  leaves 

mostly  long-acuminate  at  the  apex 10.  A.  phytolaccoides. 

Flowers  deep  or  light  purple  or  lavender. 

Hoods  usually  exceeding  the  stigmas  about  1.5  mm,  with  a  tooth  on  each 

side  about  the  middle 11.  A.  syriaca. 

Hoods  usually  exceeding  the  stigmas  about  2-3  mm,  without  a  tooth  on  each 
side  about  the  middle 12.  A.  purpiirascens. 

1.     Asclepias  verticillata  L.    Horsetail  Milkweed.    Map  1645.    Infre- 
quent in  dry,  sandy  soil  or  in  moist,  prairie  habitats  in  the  lake  area, 


Asclepias 


ASCLEPIADACEAE 


767 


0  50 

Map  1647 


Asclepias    Meadn  Torr. 


o  50 

Map  1648 


Asclepias    amplexicaulis   J.E.Smith 


o  50 

Map  1649 


Asclepias   Sullivantn    Engelm 


mostly  along  roadsides  and  railroads,  becoming  rarer  southward.  In  the 
southern  part  of  the  state  it  is  found  on  washed  slopes,  sandy,  wooded 
ridges,  along  roadsides  in  clay  or  on  sand  hills,  and  in  the  hard,  clay 
flats.  In  1935  I  noted  this  species  to  be  abundant  in  the  old  Beaver  Lake 
bottom  in  Newton  County. 

Maine,  Ont.  to  Sask.,  south w.  to  Fla.  and  Mex. 

2.  Asclepias  tuberosa  L.  Butterflyweed.  Pleurisy  Root.  Map  1646. 
Infrequent  throughout  the  state  except  in  the  sandy  areas  of  the  lake 
region  where  it  becomes  frequent.  It  is  usually  found  on  dry,  sandy,  road- 
side knolls,  or  in  dry,  sandy,  open  woodland  and  in  moist  or  dry,  sandy 
prairies. 

This  species  is  variable  in  habit,  sometimes  almost  erect,  usually  some- 
what ascending,  or  rarely  almost  decumbent.  It  is  also  variable  in  the 
number,  position,  and  shape  of  the  leaves  on  the  stem.  The  stem  divides 
at  the  top,  usually  into  2-5  parts,  these  sometimes  much  elongated  and 
spreading,  and  each  bearing  1-5  umbels  of  flowers. 

N.  H.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. 

2a.  Asclepias  tuberosa  f.  bicolor  Standley.  (Rhodora  32:  33.  1930.) 
This  is  a  color  form  from  Porter  County  recently  described  by  Standley. 

In  it  the  corolla  is  bright  yellow  and  the  remainder  of  the  flower  is 
generally  orange. 

3.  Asclepias  Meadii  Torr.  Mead  Milkweed.  Map  1647.  The  only 
record  from  Indiana  is  that  of  a  specimen  collected  July  3,  1888,  in  dry 
ground  near  Crown  Point,  Lake  County,  by  Dr.  M.  A.  Brannon.  This  speci- 
men came  into  the  hands  of  S.  C.  Wadmond  of  Delavan,  Wisconsin,  who 
was  generous  enough  to  donate  it  to  me.  This  species  is  either  very  rare 
or  not  recognized  by  collectors. 

Ind.  to  Iowa  and  Wis. 

4.  Asclepias  amplexicaulis  J.  E.  Smith.  Map  1648.  In  the  lake  area 
this  milkweed  is  found  in  very  sandy  soil  on  roadside  knolls,  in  very  sandy, 


768 


ASCLEPIADACEAE 


Asclepias 


fallow  fields,  and  in  prairie  habitats.    In  the  southern  part  of  the  state 
it  is  found  in  similar  habitats  and  on  the  crests  of  sandstone  ridges  in 
open  woodland,  and  very  rarely  in  hard,  clay  soil.  Probably  entirely  absent 
from  many  counties  of  the  Tipton  Till  Plain. 
N.  H.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Minn.,  Nebr.,  and  Tex. 

5.  Asclepias  Sullivantii  Engelm.  Smooth  Milkweed.  Map  1649. 
Locally  frequent  in  prairie  habitats  along  roadsides  and  railroads  in  a  few 
of  the  western  counties.   Rarely  in  other  than  a  prairie  habitat. 

5.  Ont.  to  Ohio,  westw.  to  Minn.,  Nebr.,  and  Kans. 

6.  Asclepias  incarnata  L.  Swamp  Milkweed.  Map  1650.  Infrequent 
to  common  throughout  the  state  in  roadside  ditches,  along  streams  and 
railroads,  on  the  borders  of  lakes,  ponds,  and  swamps,  and  in  low,  open 
woodland  and  sometimes  in  fallow  fields. 

N.  B.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Kans. 

7.  Asclepias  quadrifolia  Jacq.  Map  1651.  Infrequent  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  state  in  dry  woodland.  The  reports  from  northern  Indiana  are 
dubious  and  if  it  occurs  there  it  is  very  rare.  There  are  no  reports  or 
specimens  from  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state. 

N.  H.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ark. 

8.  Asclepias  perennis  Walt.  Map  1652.  Infrequent  in  swampy  woods, 
and  about  sloughs  and  ponds,  mostly  in  the  southwestern  counties. 

Ind.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 

9.  Asclepias  variegata  L.  Map  1653.  A  rare  plant  of  dry,  open  wood- 
land in  the  southern  counties.  Usually  in  sandy  to  very  sandy  soil  and 
rarely  more  than  a  single  specimen  in  a  place.  The  report  by  Van  Gorder 
from  Noble  County  may  be  correct,  although  I  bought  his  herbarium  and 
found  no  specimen. 

L.  I.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Ind.  and  La. 


Asclepias 


ASCLEPIADACEAE 


769 


0    ~  M) 

Map  1654 


Asclepias     phytolaccoides    Pursh 


10.  Asclepias  phytolaccoides  Pursh.  (Asclepias  exaltata  (L.)  Muhl.  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Poke  Milkweed.  Map  1654.  This 
is  strictly  a  woodland  species  and  is  more  or  less  infrequent,  and  associated 
for  the  most  part  with  white  oak.  Ordinarily  only  a  single  plant  or  two 
are  found  at  a  place. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

11.  Asclepias  syriaca  L.  Common  Milkweed.  Map  1655.  Frequent  to 
common  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  Less  frequent  in  the  less  calcareous  soils. 
Usually  in  moist  soil  along  roadsides  and  railroads,  often  common  in 
cultivated  fields,  especially  oatfields,  and  in  fallow  fields  and  open  wood- 
land. 

This  species  is  variable  as  to  width  and  shape  of  the  leaves  and  the 
density  and  length  of  the  tubercles  on  the  follicles. 
N.  B.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. 

12.  Asclepias  purpurascens  L.  Purple  Milkweed.  Map  1656.  Infre- 
quent throughout  the  state.  Usually  only  one  or  a  few  plants  are  found 
together.  It  has  various  habitats.  The  most  common  one  is  a  rather  dry, 
and  usually  somewhat  sandy  soil  in  open  woodland  and  along  roadsides. 
Also  found  in  damp,  open  woodland  about  swamps  and  lakes  and  even  in 
tamarack  bogs. 

N.  H.  to  N.  C,  westw.  to  Minn,  and  Ark. 


6812.  AMPfiLAMUS  Raf. 

1.  Ampelamus  albidus  (Nutt.)  Britt.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  21:  314. 
1894.)  (Gonolobus  laevis  Michx.)  Bluevine.  Map  1657.  Mostly  on  the 
banks  and  alluvial  plains  of  streams  and  in  cultivated  fields  in  southern 
Indiana.  It  is  an  obnoxious  weed  in  corn  and  cultivated  fields  in  the  "bot- 
toms." In  1938  County  Agent  Mervin  F.  Smith  found  it  well  established 
in  a  cornfield  a  mile  south  of  Uniondale,  Wells  County.  As  a  weed  it  is 
as  difficult  to  eradicate  as  our  common  bindweed.    The  beekeepers  widely 


770 


CONVOLVULACEAE 


Gonolobus 


0  ^50 

Map  1657 
Ampelamus  albidus  (Null.)  Britl 


0  30 

Map  1658 


Gonolobus   gonocarpos  (Walt.)    Perry 


publicized  this  plant  as  an  excellent  honey  plant  under  the  name  of  blue- 
vine.  We  introduced  it  for  this  purpose  at  Bluffton  and  some  seed  escaped 
and  we  have  been  trying  to  exterminate  it  now  for  eight  years  without 
success.  If  the  Indiana  beekeepers  responded  to  the  appeal  to  plant  this 
plant,  it  is,  no  doubt,  now  well  established  in  all  parts  of  the  state. 
Pa.  to  111.  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

6943.  GONOLOBUS  Michx. 

[Perry,  Lily  M.  Gonolobus  within  the  Gray's  Manual  range.  Rhodora 
40:  281-287.   1938.] 

Pedicels   and   fruit  glabrous;    flowers   greenish   yellow;    fruit   angular   but   not  warty. 

1.   G.   gonocarpos. 

Pedicels    and    fruit    pubescent,    the    pubescence    consisting    mostly    of    minute    stalked 

glands;  flowers  crimson  purple;  fruit  both  angular  and  warty 2.  G.  obliquus. 

1.  Gonolobus  gonocarpos  (Walt.)  Perry.  (Vincetoxictim  gonocarpos 
Walt.)    Map  1658.   Climbing  vines  in  low  woodland  and  in  cultivated  fields. 

Va.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  S.  C.,  Ala.,  La.,  and  Tex. 

2.  Gonolobus  obliquus  (Jacq.)  Schultes.  (Vincetoxicum  obliquum 
(Jacq.)  Britt.)  Map  1659.  All  of  my  specimens  are  from  rocky  wooded 
slopes  except  one  which  was  found  in  a  low  woods  in  Posey  County,  asso- 
ciated with  the  preceding  species. 

Pa.,  Ohio,  Ind.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tenn.,  and  Mo. 


249.  CONVOLVULACEAE1  Vent.  Morning-glory  Family 

Plants   leafless,   parasitic,   twining;    stems  filiform,   yellowish   or  flesh   colored;    corolla 

whitish,  very  small,  less  than  5  mm  long 6968.    Cuscuta,  p.  771. 

Plants  with  green  leaves,  not  parasitic;  corolla  usually  colored,  more  than  5  mm  long. 
Stigmas  2,  linear  or  oblong;  calyx  with  two  large  subtending  bracts    (small  in  Con- 
volvulus arvensis  and  far  down  on  the  peduncle)  .  .  .  .6993.   Convolvulus,  p.  774. 

1  T.  G.  Yuncker  has  critically  reviewed  the  species  of  this  family,  occurring  in  Indi- 
ana, and  has  cited  specimens  which  are  not  in  my  herbarium.  I  have  indicated  these  on 
the  maps  with  a  "Y". 


Cuscuta 


CONVOLVULACEAE 


771 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov 

1 

\_ 

( ^ 

[ 

y 

| 

- 

I'J. 

i 

j 

y~ 

r 

Dec.j- 

i 

0   J 

p/_pp 

I     1 D 

}     L, — U 

a  D          — J 

Miles 

Go 

D 

no 

ob 

JS    0 

sliqu 

us  (Ja 

y  o          so 

MapI659 
cq.)   Schultes 

o         ~ Bo 
Map  1660 


Cuscuta    cuspidata    Engelm. 


~T3 

Map  1661 


Cuscuta   qlomerata    Choisy 


Stigmas  capitate;  calyx  without  or  with  small  subtending  bracts. 

Calyx  lobes  not  broadly  rounded  and  without  a  subtending  bract;  corolla  mostly 
funnel-shaped;  stamens  and  styles  not  exserted 7003.    Ipomoea,  p.  776. 

Calyx  lobes  broadly  rounded  and  with  a  subtending  bract  about  3  mm  long;  corolla 
tubular,  not  expanded  at  the  base,  limb  salver-shaped;  stamens  and  style  ex- 
serted  7005.    Quamoclit,  p.  777. 


6968.  CUSCUTA  [Tourn.]  L.  Dodder 

[Yuncker.  The  genus  Cuscuta.  Mem.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  18:  113-331. 
1932.  Yuncker.  Notes  on  our  Indiana  Dodders.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 
1919:  157-163.    1921.] 

Stigmas    linear;    capsules    circumscissile;    plants   usually   found    parasitic    on    legumes 
(usually   clover  or   alfalfa)  ;    although    reported   for   Ind.   we   have   no    specimens. 

(See  excluded  species  no.  510,  p.  1082) C.  Epithymum. 

Stigmas  capitate;  capsules  not  circumscissile. 

Sepals  generally  5,  distinct;  flowers  subtended  by  one  or  more  bracts. 

Flowers  on  bracteolate  pedicels,  in  loose  panicles 1.  C.  cuspidata. 

Flowers  closely  sessile,  in  densely  compact  clusters. 

Inflorescence  dense,  ropelike;  bracts  oblong,  scarious,  acute,  with  recurved  tips. 

2.    C.   glomerata. 

Inflorescence  less  dense  and  not  particularly  ropelike;   bracts  orbicular  or  oval 

(shape  of  the  sepals) ,  not  scarious,  obtuse,  closely  appressed 

3.    C.    compacta. 

Sepals  united,  at  least  at  the  base;  flowers  4-  or  5-parted;  flowers  not  subtended  by 
bracts. 
Flowers  commonly  5-parted. 

Corolla  lobes  reflexed,  acute,  with   inflexed  tips;   capsules  globose  or  depressed- 
globose   (not  pointed) . 

Calyx  lobes  broadly  overlapping  at  the  sinuses  to  form  angles 

4.    C.    pentagona. 

Calyx  lobes  not  overlapping  to  form  angles  at  the  sinuses;  flowers  mostly  2-3 

mm  long 5.  C.  campestris. 

Corolla  lobes  acute,  erect  to  spreading;  capsules  ovoid  or  globose,  not  depressed 
but  usually  pointed 6.  C.   Gronovii. 


772 


CONVOLVULACEAE 


Cuscuta 


0  50 

Map  1662 


Cuscuta    compacts   Juss. 


0  50 

Map  1663 


Cuscuta     pentagons    Engelm. 


Map  1664 
Cuscuta    campestris  Yuncker 


Flowers  commonly  4-parted  (or  3-parted). 

Withered  corolla  remaining  more  or  less  persistent  as  a  cap  at  the  apex  of  the 

capsule ;  inf rastaminal  scales  well  developed 7.  C.  Cephalanthi. 

Withered   corolla  remaining   at   the   base   of  the  capsule,   around  it  or   early 
deciduous;  inf  rastaminal  scales  rudimentary. 
Flowers  fleshy,  papillate,  about  2  mm  long;  on  pedicels  longer  or  shorter  than 

the  flowers;  calyx  lobes  acute;  corolla  lobes  with  inflexed  tips 

8.    C.    Coryll 

Flowers  glabrous,  about  2-2.5  mm  long,  subsessile;  calyx  lobes  obtuse;  corolla 
lobes  without  inflexed  tips 9.  C.  Polygonorum. 

1.  Cuscuta  cuspidata  Engelm.  Cuspidate  Dodder.  Map  1660.  My  only 
specimens  are  from  Posey  County.  Yuncker  reported  it  from  Vigo 
County  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1920 :  229.  1921.)  This  is  a  southwestern 
species. 

Hosts:  Prefers  species  of  Compositae;  specimens  reported  are  on 
Ambrosia. 

Ind.,  Colo.,  Utah,  southw.  to  La.  and  Tex. 

2.  Cuscuta  glomerata  Choisy.  Glomerate  Dodder.  Map  1661.  On 
hosts  of  low  ground,  mostly  in  marshes. 

Hosts  of  my  specimens  are:  1  on  Apios,  1  on  Asclepias  syriaca,  3  on 
Aster,  4  on  Helianthus,  and  1  on  Solidago. 

Mich,  and  Ind.  to  S.  Dak.  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Miss,  and  Tex. 

3.  Cuscuta  compacta  Juss.  Compact  Dodder.  Map  1662.  On  hosts 
mostly  of  low  ground.  Hosts  of  my  species  are  as  follows;  3  on  Campsis 
radicanSy  5  on  Cephalanthus  occidentalis,  2  on  Rhus  radicans;  1  on  Salix, 
2  on  Sassafras  albidum,  and  1  on  Vitis  cinerea. 

N.  H.  to  Okla.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  and  Tex. 

4.  Cuscuta  pentagona  Engelm.  (Cuscuta  arvensis  Bey  rich.)  Field 
Dodder.  Map  1663.  This  is  our  common  field  dodder  and  must  be 
regarded  as  an  obnoxious  weed.   It  is  commonly  found  on  clover. 


Cuscuta 


CONVOLVULACEAE 


773 


0  50 

Map  1665 


Cuscuta    Gronovn    Wi lid. 


0  50 

Map  1666 


Cuscuta    Cephalanthi    Engelm 


0  50 

Map  1667 


Cuscuta   Coryli    Engelm. 


Hosts  of  my  specimens  are  as  follows:  1  on  Daucus  Carota,  3  on 
Euphorbia  corollata,  1  on  Lespedeza,  1  on  Lespedeza  striata,  8  on  Trifolium 
pratense. 

Mass.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Calif. 

5.  Cuscuta  campestris  Yuncker.  {Cuscuta  pentagona  var.  calycina 
Engelm.)  Map  1664.  Yuncker  referred  my  specimens  named  Cuscuta 
pentagona  var.  calycina  to  this  species. 

U.  S.,  W.  I.,  and  S.  A. 

6.  Cuscuta  Gronovii  Willd.  (Cuscuta  Gronovii  var.  vulvivaga  Engelm.) 
Gronovius  Dodder.  Map  1665.  This  species  is  parasitic  mostly  on  plants 
of  a  wet  habitat.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  hosts  of  my  speci- 
mens; 3  on  Aster,  4  on  Boehmeria,  2  on  Campsis,  3  on  Cephalanthus, 
1  on  Dianthera,  1  on  Decodon,  1  on  Eupatorium,  1  on  Helianthus,  1  on 
Hypericum,  19  on  Impatiens,  1  on  Lactuca,  1  on  Laportea,  2  on  Mentha, 
1  on  Phytolacca,  1  on  Polygonum,  1  on  Rubus,  2  on  Saururus,  2  on  Salix, 
3  on  Solidago,  and  1  on  Vernonia. 

This  species  is  variable  in  the  size  and  proportion  of  its  flower  parts. 
Two  specimens  of  var.  vulvivaga  from  Steuben  County  were  cited  by 
Yuncker  (Univ.  of  Illinois  Biol.  Monographs  6:  66.  1921)  but  in  1932  he 
refers  this  variety  to  the  species.  Accordingly,  a  report  from  Porter 
County  by  Lyon  is  referred  to  C.  Gronovii  by  Buhl  (Amer.  Midland  Nat. 
16:  252.   1935). 

N.  S.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. 

6a.  Cuscuta  Gronovii  var.  calyptrata  Engelm.  "This  variety  differs 
from  the  typical  form  in  the  usually  longer  corolla  lobes  less  than  half 
as  long  as  the  tube.  The  calyx  lobes  are  oval-oblong  and  commonly  ser- 
rated. The  withered  corolla  caps  the  capsule"  (Mem.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  18: 
175.  1931) .  I  found  it  in  Clark  County  on  Solidago  and  in  Sullivan  County 
on  Saururus. 


774 


CONVOLVULACEAE 


Convolvulus 


hr 

YT 

Jan. 

DP 

j\ 

Feb 

^y 

"■  i 

Mar 

\  » 

L_ 

Apr. 

Of    S 

Itt   'l 

> 

— 

H            1 

May 
June 
July 

/ 

r 

" 

4 

D 

3 

2 

Aug 
Sept. 

v 

" 

1           1 

3 

Oct. 
Nov. 

1 

r, 

-  i 

D 

»     ^0 
DP     0 

r 

Oec.f- 

I 

1 — ' — 

W           . — J 

d| 

DP  Jt" 

D  DP  i        \~\ 

/    Miles 

f   \   r   j  \    j^\    7 

5                 50 

^J^x^y-^V             Map  1668 

Cuscuta    Polygonorum    Engelm. 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


)    >o 

D 

)         y-1 

D 

,"^"r 

K 

D 

D 

A" 

f 

J 

a 

B 

r1 

X 

r, 

|           ) 

t 

1  °  1 

_J^[     P       1       

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1669 


Convolvulus    spithamaeus   L. 


0  50 

Map  1670 


Convolvulus   japonicus  Thunb. 


7.  Cuscuta  Cephalanthi  Engelm.  Buttonbush  Dodder.  Map  1666. 
This  species,  also,  prefers  plants  of  low  ground  for  hosts.  The  host  plants 
of  my  specimens  are  as  follows:  7  on  Aster,  1  on  Cephalanthus,  1  on 
Dianthera,  1  on  Physostegia,  1  on  Rhus,  3  on  Salix,  and  1  on  Teucriiim. 

Maine  to  Wash,  and  Oreg.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Tenn.,  and  Tex. 

8.  Cuscuta  Coryli  Engelm.  Hazel  Dodder.  Map  1667.  On  plants  about 
lakes  and  in  low  woods.  The  hosts  of  my  specimens  are  as  follows :  1  on 
Aster,  1  on  Campsis,  1  on  Corylus,  1  on  Prunella,  1  on  Sanicula,  2  on 
Solidago,  and  2  on  Stachys  hyssopifolia. 

R.  I.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. 

9.  Cuscuta  Polygonorum  Engelm.  (Cuscuta  obtusiflora  of  Gray,  Man., 
ed.  7.)  Smartweed  Dodder.  Map  1668.  On  plants  of  low  ground  about 
ponds  and  lakes  and  in  low  woods.  The  hosts  of  my  specimens  are  as 
follows:    1  on  Aster,  4  on  Bidens,  1  on  Polygonum,  and  1  on  Xanthium. 

Md.  to  Minn,  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Tenn.,  and  possibly  Tex. 

6993.  CONVOLVULUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Bindweed 

Bracts  large,  surrounding  and  inclosing  the  calyx;  stigmas  oval  or  oblong. 

Plants  short,  erect  or  ascending;  petioles  mostly  less  than  a  fourth  as  long  as  the 

blade    1.    C.   spithamaeus. 

Plants  long,  trailing  or  twining;  petioles  mostly  more  than  a  fourth  as  long  as  the 
blade. 

Flowers  double;  plants  escaped  from  cultivation 2.  C.  japonicus. 

Flowers  single;  plants  native. 

Peduncles  mostly  much  longer  than  the  petioles;  flowers  commonly  only  1  in  an 
axil. 
Leaves   glabrous,   sometimes   somewhat   pubescent,   rarely   densely   pubescent; 
basal  lobes  mostly  hastate   (turned  outward)  ;  peduncles  not  wing-angled. 

3.   C.   sepium. 

Leaves  densely  pubescent;  basal  lobes  rounded  or  sagittate   (lobes  not  turned 

outward)    4.   C.  repvns. 

Peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the  petioles;   flowers  commonly  2   in  each   axil. 

3a.    C.  sepium  var.  fraterniflorus. 

Bracts  small,  much  smaller  than  the  calyx  and   at  some  distance  below  the  flower; 
stigmas  filiform  5.  C.  arvensis. 


Convolvulus 


CONVOLVULACEAE 


775 


0  50 

Map  1671 


Convolvulus    sepium   L 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar, 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov, 

Dec. 


r 

^ 

i 

W, 

Tti 

— 

i 

n              i 

^y~c  b«  i  , — "■ 

|          /      J             K 

D     / 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1672 
Convolvulus     sepium 
var.   fraterniflorus    Mack.  &  Bush. 


0  ~50 

Map  1673 


Convolvulus    repens   L. 


1.  Convolvulus  spithamaeus  L.  Map  1669.  This  species  is  variable  in 
the  density  of  its  pubescence,  the  shape  of  the  leaves,  and  the  length  of 
the  stem.  Generally  in  poor  clay  soil  in  bare  places  on  open  wooded 
slopes  and  rarely  in  sandy  soil  in  prairie  habitats. 

N.  S.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ky. 

2.  Convolvulus  japonicus  Thunb.  Rose  Convolvulus.  Map  1670. 
In  moist  waste  places.  Escaped  from  cultivation  in  Marion,  Monroe,  Put- 
nam, and  Tipton  Counties. 

Nat.  of  Asia. 

3.  Convolvulus  sepium  L.  Hedge  Bindweed.  Map  1671.  I  was  told 
by  a  farmer  who  had  lived  in  several  places  in  Carroll  County  that  this 
species  is  known  there  to  the  farmers  as  gopher  weed.  It  is  a  pernicious 
weed.  It  prefers  a  moist  alluvial  soil.  Frequent  to  common  in  cultivated 
fields,  along  roadsides  and  railroads,  and  in  waste  places,  fallow  fields,  and 
open  woodland  along  streams. 

N.  S.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Kans.,  and  N.  Mex. 

3a.  Convolvulus  sepium  var.  fraterniflorus  Mack.  &  Bush.  (Convolvulus 
fraterniflorus  Mack.  &  Bush.)  Map  1672.  This  variety  is  rare  in  Indiana 
and  has  the  habitat  of  the  species. 

Ind.  to  Mont.,  southw.  to  Ark.  and  N.  Mex. 

4.  Convolvulus  repens  L.  (Convolvulus  sepium  var.  pubescens  (Gray) 
Fern.)  Map  1673.  In  poor  clay  soil  in  fallow  fields  and  on  bare  places 
on  open  wooded  slopes.  Reported  by  Peattie  for  the  Calumet  District. 
Rare. 

E.  Que.  to  Fla.,  westw.  at  least  to  Ind. 

5.  Convolvulus  arvensis  L.  Field  Bindweed.  Map  1674.  This 
species  is  extremely  variable  in  the  shape  of  its  leaves.  We  have  specimens 
with  leaves  varying  from  5  to  35  mm  in  width.  It  is  an  obnoxious  weed 
wherever  it  is  found.  It  is  a  plant  mostly  of  waste  places  and  along  road- 
sides, railroads,  streets,  and  alleys. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 


776 


CONVOLVULACEAE 


Ipomoea 


1 

f 

D 

Vr 

Tr[ 

i 

li1 

rrf- 

H_^ 

D        B 

1                    » 

,u  -vr 

"  rfU 

1  "     1 
<  10  ) 

r      K 

D               

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1675 


Ipomoea    lacunosa  L. 


7003.  IPOMOEA  L.  Morning-glory 

Flowers  small,  1-2  cm  long,  usually  about  1.5  cm  long,  varying  in  color  from  white  to 

pink  and  purplish;  capsules  pubescent;  seed  glabrous 1.  /.  lacunosa. 

Flowers  large,  more  than  3  cm  long,  varying  in  color  from  white  to  purple;  capsules 
glabrous;  seeds  more  or  less  pubescent. 
Stems,  petioles,  and  peduncles  glabrous. 

Under  surface  of  most  of  the  leaves  sparsely  pubescent  at  least  on  the  principal 

nerves    2.   I.  pandurata. 

Under  surface  of  leaves  glabrous 2a.  /.  pandurata  var.  rubescens. 

Stems,  petioles,  and  peduncles  with  long,  retrorse  hairs. 

Flowers  mostly  less  than  4  cm  long;  base  of  calyx  tube  with  more  or  less  rufous 
hairs;  calyx  lobes  long,  attenuate-caudate,  with  spreading  tips;  leaves  always 

3-lobed 3.  I.  hederacea. 

Flowers  mostly  more  than  4  cm  long;  base  of  calyx  with  colorless  hairs;  calyx 
lobes  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  the  tips  not  spreading;  leaves  never  lobed 
except  in  the  form. 

Leaves  entire 4-  L  ptirpurea. 

Leaves  3-lobed 4a.  I.  purpurea  forma. 

1.  Ipomoea  lacunosa  L.  Map  1675.  Infrequent  but  common  enough 
where  it  is  found.  Usually  in  cultivated  fields  and  in  the  wild  in  moist  or 
wet  places  along-  streams.  The  leaves  vary  from  entire  to  angled  or  3-lobed 
and  the  flowers  from  white  to  pink,  mostly  white  in  our  area. 

Pa.,  111.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  S.  C.  and  Tex. 

2.  Ipomoea  pandurata  (L.)  G.  F.  W.  Mey.  Wild  Potato  Vine.  Map 
1676.  More  or  less  frequent  throughout  the  state  although  there  are  no 
records  for  the  area  north  of  the  Kankakee  River.  It  prefers  moist  soil 
along  streams  but  is  also  found  on  washed  slopes  and  infrequently  in  dry 
woodland. 

This  species  develops  a  tuber  of  enormous  size  at  a  great  depth  in 
the  ground.  The  largest  I  have  seen  was  about  24  inches  long  and  about 
5  inches  in  circumference  in  the  middle.  It  was  elliptic  in  shape.  I  was 
told  of  one  that  was  of  incredible  size  and  I  forbear  to  give  dimensions  for 
fear  an  error  was  made  in  identification  or  measurements.    Vines  9  to  15 


Quamoclit 


CONVOLVULACEAE 


777 


0  50 

Map  1677 
Ip'omoea    pandurata 
var.   rubescens    Choisy 


0  50 

Map  1678 


Ipomoea    hederacea   Jacq. 


0  50 

Map  1679 


Ipomoea     purpurea   (L.)   Roth 


feet  long  are  not  uncommon  and  these  crawl  upon  bushes  3  to  9  feet 
high. 

The  variety  and  species  have  not  been  separated  long  enough  to  ascer- 
tain the  range  of  either.  In  Indiana  the  ranges  of  the  two  are  practically 
coextensive.  The  variety  is  distinct  in  our  area  and  we  have  no  intergrad- 
ing  specimens.   The  range  of  the  species  is  taken  from  our  manuals. 

Conn.,  Ont.,  Mich.,  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2a.  Ipomoea  pandurata  var.  rubescens  Choisy.  (Rhodora  20:  65.  1918.) 
Map  1677.   The  habitat  is  that  of  the  species. 

3.  Ipomoea  hederacea  Jacq.  Ivyleaf  Morning-glory.  Map  1678. 
A  local,  infrequent  or  frequent  vine  of  cultivated  and  fallow  fields,  along 
roadsides,  and  rarely  in  open  woodland. 

Nat.  of  tropical  America ;  now  established  from  Maine  to  Nebr.,  southw. 
to  Fla.  and  Mex. 

4.  Ipomoea  purpurea  (L.)  Roth.  Common  Morning-glory.  Map 
1679.  Reported  as  an  escape  from  all  parts  of  the  state.  I  have  seen  it 
as  a  pernicious  weed  in  cornfields  in  several  counties.  I  have  not  collected 
it  as  often  as  I  saw  it;  so  our  map  does  not  indicate  its  frequency  in  the 
state.   The  leaves  of  this  species  are  sometimes  3-lobed. 

Nat.  of  tropical  America;  now  found  from  N.  S.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to 
Fla.  and  Tex. 

4a.  Ipomoea  purpurea  forma.  .  .  .  This  is  a  form  with  3-lobed  leaves 
which  I  have  found  in  Kosciusko  and  Wells  Counties. 

7005.  QUAMOCLIT  [Tourn.]  Moench 

1.  Quamoclit  coccinea  (L.)  Moench.  {Ipomoea  coccinea  L.)  Scarlet 
Starglory.  Map  1680.  A  rare  escape  in  cultivated  fields  and  along  road- 
sides. 

Nat.  of  tropical  America;  now  established  from  R.  I.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to 
Fla.  and  Tex. 


778  POLEMONIACEAE  Phlox 

250.  POLEMONIACEAE1  DC.  Phlox  Family 

Leaves  opposite,  simple  and  entire;  corolla  salver-shaped 7014.   Phlox,  p.  778. 

Leaves  alternate;  flowers  not  salver-shaped. 
Leaves  simple. 

Leaves  entire;  flowers  lilac  purple  to  white 7015.    Collomia,  p.  783. 

Leaves  cut  into  filiform  segments;  flowers  reddish 7016.    Ipomopsis,  p.  783. 

Leaves  compound,  the  leaflets  entire;  flowers  blue 7017.   Polemonium,  p.  784. 

7014.  PHLOX  L.  Phlox 

Leaves   ovate,   lanceolate   or  linear    (if  linear,   the   flowering   stems   more   than   2   dm 
high) . 
Plants  at  flowering  time  without  long,  prostrate,  vegetative  shoots. 

Leaves  mostly  more  than  2  cm  wide,  broadest  near  or  slightly  below  the  middle, 
lateral  veins  widely  spreading  and  plainly  visible  without  a  lens. 
Corolla    tube    generally    more    or    less    pubescent;    inflorescence    more    or    less 

pubescent,  the  hairs  rarely  glandular 1.  P.  paniculata. 

Corolla    tube    glabrous;    inflorescence    densely    glandular-pubescent,    the    hairs 

glandular 2.   P.   amplifolia. 

Leaves  mostly  less  than  2  cm  wide,  generally  broadest  about  a  fourth  of  their 
length    above   the   base,    sometimes   broadest   near   the    middle,    lateral    veins 
strongly  ascending,  rarely  visible  without  a  lens. 
Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Stems  green,  rarely  with  purple  spots;  inflorescence  (measured  from  the  tips 
of  the  calyx  lobes)  as  wide  as  long  or  not  more  than  twice  as  long  as 
wide. 

Stems  at  flowering  time  with  3  or  4  pairs  of  leaves 3.  P.  ovata. 

Stems  at  flowering  time  with  more  than  4  pairs  of  leaves. 

Upper  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate;   calyx  6-11   mm  long 

4.  P.  Carolina  var.   trifiora. 

Upper  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate;  calyx  6-8  mm  long.  ..5.  P.  glaberrima. 
Stems   generally   purple   spotted;    inflorescence    (measured   from   the   tips   of 

the  calyx  lobes)   more  than  twice  as  long  as  wide 6.  P.  maculata. 

Plants  more  or  less  pubescent. 

Leaves     linear     to     lanceolate     or    some     nearly     ovate,     acuminate;     bracts 
spreading,  scattered  through  the  moderately  compact  cyme;  hairs  of  in- 
florescence  fine   or   exceptionally   coarse,   sometimes   gland-tipped,   rarely 
lacking;  calyx  awns  often  long. 
Hairs  of  inflorescence  glandular   (eglandular  in  occasional  colonies)  ;  calyx 
lobes    narrow    and    long-awned    or    occasionally    broader    and    shorter 

awned;  plant  of  eastern  U.  S.  generally 7.  P.  pilosa. 

Hairs  of  inflorescence  consistently  eglandular;   calyx  lobes  broad    (narrow 
in    occasional     colonies),     short-awned    or    long-awned    in    occasional 
colonies. 
Hairs  fine  and  lustrous;  plant  of  northwest.  ..  .7a.  P.  pilosa  var.  fulgida. 

Hairs  coarse    (lacking  in  occasional  colonies);   plant  of  southwest 

7b.  P.  pilosa  var.  amplexicaulis. 

Leaves  oblong-elliptic  or  sometimes  lanceolate,  obtusish  to  acuminate;  bracts 
ascending,  closely  surrounding  the  decidedly  compact  cyme;  hairs  of  in- 
florescence coarse,  never  gland-tipped;   calyx  awns  short.     (See  excluded 

species  no.  511,  p.  1082) P.  amoena. 

Plants  at  flowering  time  with  long,  prostrate  vegetative  shoots. 

Leaves   of   vegetative   shoots   on   long   petioles;    blades   lanceolate   to   ovate,    long 
taper-pointed   at  both   ends;    stems   at  flowering  time  usually   with   about   3 

1  All  of  my  Polemoniaceae  have  been  seen  and  named  by  E.  T.  Wherry,  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania. 


Phlox 


POLEMONIACEAE 


779 


0  50 

Map  1681 


Phlox    paniculata    L. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Au& 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


r 

l 

i 

^ 

tr 

r 

i 

— ^/l3a   It 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1682 


Phlox    amphfoha   Britt. 


pairs  of  leaves,  the  lower  ones  narrowed  at  the  base  and  usually  more  or  less 

petiolate 3.   P.    ovata. 

Leaves  of  vegetative  shoots  sessile  or  the  lower  on  short  petioles;  blades  lanceolate 
to   ovate-lanceolate,   elliptic   or  obovate,   narrowed  at  the  base  but  not   long 
taper-pointed,  subacute  or  rounded  at  the  apex. 
Apex  of  leaves  of  vegetative  shoots  acute  or  subacute;   corolla  tube  glabrous, 

petals  usually  notched;  plant  found  throughout  Indiana 8.  P.  divaricata. 

Apex   of  leaves   of   vegetative   shoots   rounded;    corolla   tube   pubescent,   petals 
never   notched;    plant   found   to    the   southeast   of   Indiana.     (See   excluded 

species  no.  512,  p.  1082) P.  stolonifera. 

Leaves  linear,  acute  or  subulate,  more  or  less  fascicled;  low,  diffuse  plants,  creeping 
or  decumbent,  generally  less  than  2  dm  high. 
Nodes  few;  lower  leaves  20-60  mm  long,  sharply  acute;  sinuses  of  corolla  lobes  aver- 
aging 3  mm  deep 9.   P.    bifida. 

Nodes   numerous,   crowded;    lower   leaves   8-20   mm   long;    sinuses    of   corolla   lobes 
averaging  1  mm  deep 10.  P.  subulata. 

1.  Phlox  paniculata  L.  Garden  Phlox.  Map  1681.  Infrequent  through- 
out the  state  except  in  the  northern  counties ;  in  wooded  flood  plains  of 
streams  and  rarely  in  wet  woods  away  from  streams  or  elsewhere.  I  have 
a  narrowleaf  form  from  a  wooded  cliff.  The  northern  tier  of  counties 
in  Indiana  has  been  botanized  more  thoroughly  than  any  other  area  of  the 
state,  yet  the  species  has  been  found  in  only  a  few  of  these  counties  because 
it  reaches  its  northern  limit  in  northern  Indiana. 

Pa.  to  111.  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

2.  Phlox  amplifolia  Britt.  Map  1682.  We  have  had  this  species  under 
cultivation  for  eleven  years  and  it  is  very  thrifty,  has  a  long  blooming 
period,  and  is  one  of  the  best  phloxes  for  cultivation. 

Found  locally  on  open,  wooded  slopes  and  on  wooded  flood  plains  of 
streams  in  a  few  of  the  Ohio  River  Counties. 
Ind.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Tenn. 

3.  Phlox  ovata  L.  (Wherry.  Bartonia  13:  25-29.  1932.)  MOUNTAIN 
Phlox.    Map1   1683.    A  few  colonies  on  slopes  in  white  and  black  oak 

1  The  maps  in  Polemoniaceae  include  the  specimens  not  seen  by  me  but  seen  by 
E.  T.  Wherry  and  his  records  are  indicated  by  "W". 


780 


POLEMONIACEAE 


Phlox 


o  50 

Map  1683 


Phlox    ovata    L 


0  50 

Map  1684 
Phlox    Carolina 
var.   triflora    (Michx)    Wherry 


woods  in  a  few  of  the  eastern  counties.   Phinney's  report  for  Jay  County 
can  not  be  verified. 

This  is  an  Applachian  Mountain  species,  extending  from  e.  Pa.  to  nw. 
Ohio  and  n.  Ind.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

4.  Phlox  Carolina  L.  var.  triflora  (Michx.)  Wherry.  (Wherry.  Bartonia 
13:30-37.  1932.)  Map  1684.  Low  woods  and  moist,  wooded  ravines.  Very 
rare  in  Indiana. 

This  variety  of  the  species  ranges  from  Md.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  N.  C. 

5.  Phlox  glaberrima  L.  (Wherry.  Bartonia  14:  14-19.  1932.)  SMOOTH 
Phlox.  Map  1685.  Infrequent  in  prairie  habitats  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  state  and  in  the  Illinoian  area,  especially  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  the  state,  in  hard,  clay  soil  in  low  woods.  Usually  frequent  to  even 
common  where  it  is  found.  Generally  in  low,  wet  woods  and  along  roadsides 
in  southern  Indiana,  and  mostly  along  roadsides  and  railroads  in  the 
northwestern  part.  I  collected  an  albino  form  of  this  species  which  I 
planted  and  it  has  done  well  in  cultivation  for  nearly  four  years.  It  seems 
to  prefer  a  slightly  acid  soil. 

Wherry  divides  this  species  into  two  varieties,  a  northern  and  a  southern 
one,  as  follows : 

Sepals  5.5-7.5  mm  long,  united  to  about  two  thirds  their  length;  calyx  lobes  thus  1.5-3 

mm  long P.  glaberrima  var.  interior  Wherry. 

Sepals  6.5-8.5  mm  long,  united  a  half  to  two  thirds  their  length;  calyx  lobes  thus  2.5-4 

mm  long P.  glaberrima  var.  melampyrifolia   (Salisbury)    Wherry. 

The  first  variety  is  the  northern  form  of  the  species  and  extends  as  far 
south  as  Kentucky,  hence  all  Indiana  plants  belong  to  this  variety.  The 
second  variety  is  the  southern  representative  of  this  species  and  has  not 
yet  been  found  as  far  north  as  Indiana. 

Se.  Va.  to  se.  Wis.,  southw.  to  n.  Fla.  and  e.  Tex. 

6.  Phlox  maculata  L.  (Wherry.  Bartonia  14:  20-26.  1932.)  Sweet 
William  Phlox.  Map  1686.  An  infrequent  plant  but  usually  frequent  to 
common  where  it  is  found.    It  generally  occurs  in  open,  springy  places, 


Phlox 


POLEMONIACEAE 


781 


0         ~~      50 

Map  1686 


Phlox    maculata    L. 


0  "To 

Map  1687 


Phlox    pilosa    L. 


although  in  some  of  the  southern  counties  in  the  Illinoian  area  it  is  found 
in  hard,  white  clay  soil  in  low,  flat,  beech  and  sweet  gum  woods,  where 
it  is  usually  common. 

Wherry  divides  the  species  into  two  varieties  as  follows : 
Nodes  few   (about  7-15)   and  often  remote;  upper  leaves  tending  to  become  broadly 

lanceolate  and  cordate;  blooming  chiefly  in  early  summer 

P.  maculata  var.  odorata  (Sweet)  Wherry. 

Nodes  numerous   (about  15-30),  and  often  crowded;  upper  leaves  tending  to  become 

linear-  or  oblong-lanceolate;  blooming  chiefly  in  late  summer 

P.  maculata  var.  pyramidalis    (Smith)    Wherry. 

The  first  variety  is  the  northern  form  and  extends  southward  in  Indiana 
to  Jennings  County.  The  second  variety  is  the  southern  form  of  the  species 
and  extends  northward  in  Indiana  to  Jackson  and  Wayne  Counties. 

Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Mo. 

7.  Phlox  pilosa  L.  (Wherry.  Bartonia  12:  36-47.  1931.)  Downy 
Phlox.  Map  1687.  A  frequent  plant  in  the  lake  area  and  where  it  is  found 
it  often  forms  complete  stands,  notably  along  railroads.  In  the  Tipton  Till 
Plain,  it  is  infrequent  to  rare,  becoming  infrequent  to  frequent  on  the 
crests  and  open  slopes  of  wooded  ridges  along  the  Ohio  River.  It  is  also 
sometimes  found  in  wet  places  in  the  south.  In  the  northern  part  of  the 
state  it  is  most  commonly  found  in  rather  dry,  open,  sandy  woods,  along 
roadsides  and  railroads,  and  less  frequently  in  moist  prairies,  marshes, 
and  bogs. 

Wherry  writes  me  that  "the  common  Phlox  pilosa  in  Indiana  is  what  I 
call  variety  virens,  which  is  the  same  thing  as  variety  'typica'  in  the  sense 
that  it  is  the  Linnean  plant  on  which  the  species  was  founded." 

The  species  and  its  varieties  are  found  from  Conn,  to  N.  Dak.,  southw. 
to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

7a.  Phlox  pilosa  var.  fulgida  Wherry.  This  is  a  variety  with  the 
inflorescence  densely  clothed  with  fine  nonglandular  hairs;  calyx  lobes 
broadish.  I  have  a  single  specimen  referable  to  this  variety.  It  is  from 
a  roadside  about  10  miles  northwest  of  Fort  Wayne.  It  was  also  found  by 


782  POLEMONIACEAE  Phlox 

Scott  McCoy  in  Benton  and  Lake  Counties.    The  range  of  the  variety  is 
in  the  prairies  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  Basin  to  Manitoba. 

7b.  Phlox  pilosa  var.  amplexicaulis  (Raf.)  Wherry.  This  form  of  the 
species  is  rare  in  Indiana.  We  have  it  under  cultivation  in  neutral  soil 
and  it  is  a  very  thrifty  and  a  highly  ornamental  plant.  It  forms  large  mats 
and  has  a  long  flowering  period. 

This  is  a  variety  with  the  inflorescence  densely  clothed  with  long,  coarse 
hairs  and  rather  broad  calyx  lobes.  So  far,  it  has  been  found  in  only  two 
counties.  In  Spencer  County  it  was  found  in  hard,  white  clay  soil  in  low, 
open,  white  and  post  oak  woods  along  Little  Pigeon  Creek.  In  Perry 
County  it  was  on  an  open  wooded  slope  with  beech,  and  it  was  abundant 
along  this  woods  in  an  old  fallow  field.  This  variety  is  rare  within  its 
range. 

Phlox  argillacea  Clute  &  Ferriss.  The  authors  of  this  species  say  that 
it  is  distinguished  by  its  "lighter  green  leaves,  greater  height,  less  com- 
pact flower  clusters,  restricted  habitat,  and,  above  all,  pale  flowers  and 
later  and  longer  season  of  bloom."  Wherry  refers  this  to  a  form  of  the 
variable  species,  Phlox  pilosa,  and  says  "the  only  way  they  can  be  dis- 
tinguished is  by  the  greater  vigor  of  the  former,  a  difference  of  horti- 
cultural but  not  of  taxonomic  significance." 

S.  Ind.,  Tenn.,  and  La.  to  Tex. 

8.  Phlox  divaricata  L.  (Wherry.  Bartonia  12:  25-35.  1931.)  BLUE 
Phlox.  Map  1688.  The  flowers  of  this  species  vary  greatly  in  intensity  of 
color,  length  of  corolla  tube,  and  the  form  of  the  corolla  lobes.  The  apical 
end  of  the  lobes  is  usually  marked  with  a  sinus  1-3  mm  deep  but  there  are 
plants  with  the  lobes  rounded  or  rounded  and  mucronate.  This  round- 
lobed  form,  var.  Laphami  Wood,  is  restricted  mostly  to  our  western  coun- 
ties. The  largest  specimens  of  this  species  belong  to  this  form  and  are 
found  in  low,  wet  woods  and  wet,  alluvial  soil  which  is  usually  slightly 
acid. 

Albino  forms  are  not  infrequent.  We  have  had  an  albino  form  in  culti- 
vation for  about  15  years  and  it  remains  true. 

Frequent  in  most  moist  woods  throughout  the  state.  It  occurs  in  every 
county  of  the  state  although  it  may  not  be  native  in  Benton  County.  It  is  a 
plant  of  the  woodland  and  is  rarely  found  in  the  open.  It  prefers  a  neutral 
soil,  shuns  sandy  habitats,  and  is  rarely  found  in  swampy  places. 

Vt.,  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla,  and  Tex. 

9.  Phlox  bifida  Beck.  (Wherry.  Bartonia  11:  29-35.  1929.)  CLEFT 
Phlox.  Map  1689.  Within  the  range  of  the  species,  the  number  of  gland- 
tipped  hairs  varies  greatly.  In  the  northern  part  of  its  range  the  young 
growth,  at  least,  has  an  abundance  of  gland-tipped  hairs.  This  form  has 
been  named  P.  bifida  var.  glandifera  Wherry,  and  has  been  reported  from 
St.  Joseph  County  by  Sr.  Elizabeth  McDonald.  In  the  center  of  its  range 
the  glands  become  fewer  and  may  be  present  only  on  the  pedicels,  and  in 
the  southeastern  part  of  its  range  the  plants  may  be  glandless.  A  thinly 
pubescent  to  glabrous  extreme  is  found  among  Harrison,  Montgomery, 


Col  lorn  ia 


POLEMONIACEAE 


783 


Ipomopsis    rubra    (L )   Wherry 


0  ^50 

Map  1691 


Polemonium     reptans   L. 


and  St.  Joseph  County  specimens  and  is  known  as  Phlox  bifida  var.  stellaria 
(Gray)  Wherry. 
S.  Mich,  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Tenn.  and  Ark. 

10.  Phlox  subulata  L.  (Wherry.  Bartonia  11:  18-28.  1929.)  Moss 
Pink.  This  species  has  been  reported  from  six  counties  and  probably 
all  of  them  should  be  regarded  as  escapes  since  the  natural  distribution  is 
mostly  to  the  east  of  Indiana,  and  those  making  the  reports  do  not  give  the 
habitat.  The  St.  Joseph  County  specimen,  however,  grew  along  the  St. 
Joseph  River  and  may  be  native.  It  has  been  much  used  for  planting  on 
graves  in  cemeteries.  Since  it  has  proved  very  hardy  and  prolific,  its  escape 
is  to  be  expected.  I  found  it  on  a  wooded  slope  along  a  creek  and  I  traced 
it  back  to  a  cemetery  on  the  bank  a  short  distance  away. 

Cent.  N.  Y.  to  s.  Mich.,  southw.  to  w.  N.  C. 

10a.  Phlox  subulata  var.  ciliata  (Brand)  Wherry.  This  is  a  form  with 
the  hairs  of  the  inflorescence  normally  glandless ;  corolla  purple,  averaging 
11  mm  long  with  lobes  8  mm  long  and  5.5  mm  wide.  It  has  been  reported 
from  St.  Joseph  County  by  Sr.  McDonald  for  Nieuwland.  The  specimen 
was  collected  6  miles  north  of  Notre  Dame,  near  the  Michigan  boundary. 

7015.  COLLOMIA  Nutt. 

(See  excluded  species  no.  513,  p.  1082.) 


7016.  IPOMOPSIS  Michx. 

1.  Ipomopsis  rubra  (L.)  Wherry.  (Bartonia  18:  56.  1936.)  (Gilia 
rubra  (L.)  Heller.)  Standing  Cypress.  Map  1690.  In  my  herbarium 
there  is  a  specimen  from  Cass  County  and  there  are  specimens  from  two 
places  in  Starke  County.  Four  of  the  specimens  I  have  seen  are  from  sandy 
roadside  knolls  and  one  I  collected  was  on  a  cleared  sand  hill  in  a  large  black 
oak  woods  about  a  mile  south  of  Koontz  Lake,  Starke  County.  It  has 
escaped  in  the  vicinity  of  Morocco,  Newton  County.   This  plant  is  biennial 


784  Hydrophyllaceae  Polemonium 

and  I  highly  recommend  it  for  ornamental  planting.    It  has  sown  itself 
in  our  garden  for  many  years. 

S.  Dak.  to  Ark.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  naturalized  northw.  and  eastw. 

7017.  POLEMONIUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Polemonium 

1.  Polemonium  reptans  L.  Creeping  Polemonium.  Map  1691.  Our 
manuals  call  this  species  Greek  Valerian.  Frequent  to  common  in  deep 
humus  throughout  the  state,  although  there  are  no  specimens  from  La- 
grange or  Steuben  Counties.  It  is  more  abundant  when  associated  with 
beech  and  sugar  maple  and  white  oak  and  red  oak.  It  is  rarely  found  in 
springy  places  but  sometimes  it  is  found  in  low,  flat  woods  in  the  south- 
western part  of  the  state.  It  is  rarely  found  in  the  open  along  roadsides 
and  railroads,  although  when  introduced  into  cultivation  it  thrives  in  the 
open. 

Two  old  pioneers  told  me  that  the  root  was  a  diuretic  and  a  specific  for 
kidney  disorders. 

N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Kans. 

251.  HYDROPHYLLACEAE  Lindl.  Waterleaf  Family 

Flowers  in  scorpioid  cymes  or  in  loose  racemes. 

Corolla  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud;  blades  of  median  stem  leaves  generally  more  than 

8  cm  long;  plants  not  glandular;  ovary-placentae  dilated 

7021.   Hydrophyllum,  p.  784. 

Corolla  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  blades  of  median  stem  leaves  generally  less 

than  8  cm  long;  ovary-placentae  not  dilated 7025.   Phacelia,  p.  786. 

Flowers  solitary,  opposite  the  leaves 7023.    Ellisia,  p.  785. 

7021.  HYDROPHYLLUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Waterleaf 

Stem  leaves  mostly  orbicular  in  outline,  more  or  less  deeply  5-7-lobed  (sometimes  the 

terminal  leaf  3-lobed  or  the  lower  one  with  a  pair  of  pinnae  below  the  main  body 

of  the  leaf). 

Peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles  of  the  stem  leaves;  stem  leaves  usually  more  than 

3;  stems  usually  densely  pubescent;  flowers  purplish;  lower  pedicels  mostly  5-15 

mm  long;  calyx  lobes  densely  pubescent,  with  long  reflexed  appendages  in  the 

sinuses 1.  H.  appendiculatum. 

Peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles  of  the  stem  leaves;  stem  leaves  usually  2  or  3; 
flowers  white  or  nearly  so;  stems  nearly  glabrous;  lower  pedicels  mostly  5-10 
mm  long,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  calyx  lobes  without  reflexed  lobes  in  the  sinuses, 

or  with  very  short  ones 2.  H.  canadense. 

Stem  leaves  oblong,  longer  than  broad,  pinnately  lobed  or  pinnately  divided  into  5-7 
lobes. 
Plants  nearly  glabrous,  the  pubescence  scant,  short,  and  appressed;  hairs  of  the  stem 
usually  0.5-1  mm  long;  lateral  lobes  of  leaves  more  or  less  ovate,  strongly  nar- 
rowed at  the  base;  flowers  more  or  less  colored,  sometimes  white 

3.   H.  virginianum. 

Plants  densely  pubescent,  the  hairs  of  the  stem  usually  about  2  mm  long;  lateral 

lobes  of  leaves  oblong,  scarcely  narrowed  at  the  base;  flowers  white 

4.    H.  macrophyllum. 

1.  Hydrophyllum  appendiculatum  Michx.  Appendaged  Waterleaf. 
Map  1692.  Infrequent  to  common  in  all  parts  of  the  state,  although  we 
have  no  reports  for  the  area  near  Lake  Michigan.  It  prefers  deep  leaf  mold 


Hydrophyllum 


Hydrophyllaceae 


785 


o  5o 

Map  1694 


Hydrophyllum    virginianum    L. 


and  is  most  abundant  in  beech  and  sugar  maple  woods.  On  rich,  wooded 
slopes  of  ravines,  alluvial  plains,  and  rarely  in  exposed  places  on  open 
wooded  slopes.   Not  found  on  poor  black  oak  slopes. 

All  of  the  waterleafs  do  well  in  cultivation. 

N.  Y.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Kans. 

2.  Hydrophyllum  canadense  L.  Broadleaf  Waterleaf.  Map  1693. 
Infrequent  to  rare  in  deep  humus  in  moist  soil,  usually  toward  the  bases 
of  deep  wooded  ravines.  Generally  associated  with  beech  and  usually  form- 
ing large  colonies.  In  cultivation  where  it  is  relieved  of  competition  it 
spreads  rapidly. 

Sw.  Vt.  to  Ont.  and  111.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ky. 

3.  Hydrophyllum  virginianum  L.  Virginia  Waterleaf.  Map  1694. 
Infrequent  throughout  Indiana  except  the  southwestern  part.  It  prefers 
moist  soil  in  woodland,  although  it  is  sometimes  found  along  roadsides  and 
railroads.  Usually  found  in  alluvial  flood  plains  and  in  moist  woods  of 
nearly  any  composition,  although  it  is  more  frequent  in  beech  and  sugar 
maple  and  white  oak  woods. 

Que.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  S.  C.  and  Kans. 

4.  Hydrophyllum  macrophyllum  Nutt.  Largeleaf  Waterleaf.  Map 
1695.  Infrequent  in  most  parts  of  the  state,  although  there  are  no  records 
from  the  northwestern  part.  It  prefers  deep  humus  and  is  usually  found  on 
the  slopes  of  deep  ravines,  generally  associated  with  beech. 

My  Dearborn  County  specimen  no.  5697  has  purplish  flowers,  the 
corolla  glabrous  without,  the  calyx  lobes  scarcely  dilated  at  the  base  and 
short  pubescence  on  these  lacking  or  nearly  so. 

Va.,  Ohio,  and  111.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Tenn. 

7023.  ELLlSIA  L. 

1.  Ellisia  Nyctelea  L.  (Nyctelea  Nyctelea  (L.)  Britt.  of  Britton  and 
Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)    Nyctelea.  Map  1696.  Very  local  but  common 


786 


Hydrophyllaceae 


Phacelia 


9 
IS 

Jan, 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept, 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec  f 

^- 

T" 

V 

D 

l 

D 

\ 

V 

D 

D                 D 

1 

D 
P 

t 
DP 

X  ■ 

'»!    . 

D 
l                    n 

DP 

L 

B  0 

m 

/    Miles 

J 

D                   " 

D                         r 

IU  h — ' — 

D 
I      I- J 

D      L 
—    o    f      \    X 

J           1  D 

Hydro 

D 

llu 

So 

m 

Jo\       7 

macrophyll 

50 

Map  1695 
jm   Nutt 

0  50 

Map  1696 


Ellisia    Nyctelea   L. 


o  50 

Map  1697 


Phacelia    bipinnat if ida   Michx. 


where  found.  Most  of  my  specimens  are  from  wooded  flood  plains  and 
terrace  banks  of  the  Wabash  River  although  I  found  it  in  a  woods  in  Benton 
County.  Welch  reported  it  for  Fountain  Park  in  Jasper  County  and  it  has 
been  reported  for  the  Calumet  Region. 

N.  J.,  Minn,  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Nebr.,  and  Kans. 


7025.  PHACELIA  Juss.  Phacelia 

Inflorescence  with  a  copious  pubescence  of  spreading,  glandular,  hairs;   corolla  lobes 

entire 1.  P-  bipinnatifida. 

Inflorescence  with  a  rather  sparse,  appressed  pubescence. 
Calyx  lobes  pubescent  over  the  entire  outer  surface. 

Filaments  of  stamens  pubescent;  upper  leaves  sessile,  only  the  lower  ones  on  long 
petioles;    calyx   lobes   of   an   elliptic   type,    about   4    mm   long,    obtuse,   much 

shorter  than  the  corolla.    (See  excluded  species  no.  514,  p.  1082) P.  dubia. 

Filaments   of   stamens   glabrous;    upper   leaves    long-petiolate ;    calyx   lobes    of   a 

linear  type,  about  5  mm  long,  almost  as  long  as  the  corolla 2.  P.  Covillei. 

Calyx  lobes  glabrous  on  the  back,  the  margins  ciliate  with  long,  spreading  hairs; 
corolla  lobes  fringed 3.    P.  Purshii. 

1.  Phacelia  bipinnatifida  Michx.  Map  1697.  Infrequent  throughout  the 
area  shown  on  the  map  which  covers  all  of  our  reports.  Probably  absent 
from  the  area  east  and  north  of  the  stations  indicated.  The  only  report 
from  Ohio  is  from  Hamilton  County,  near  Cincinnati.  It  prefers  a  moist, 
rich  soil,  usually  that  of  wooded  slopes  along  streams.  The  bruised  plant 
is  ill-scented. 

Ohio,  111.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Tenn. 

2.  Phacelia  Covillei  Wats.*  Coville  Phacelia.  Map  1698.  An  extreme- 
ly lare  and  local  plant.  I  have  specimens  from  the  low  woods  about 
Little  Cypress  Swamp  in  Knox  County  as  follows:  It  was  first  found  by 
Schneck  on  May  16,  1896,  when  it  was  in  fruit.  He  again  found  it  in  flower 
on  April  20,  1903.  Blatchley  found  it  in  flower  April  23,  1903.  I  found  it  in 
fruit  May  23,  1926,  and  in  flower  on  April  19,  1927.  I  made  a  study  of  it 
on  the  ground  and  made  the  following  notes:    Length  of  corolla  4  mm, 

*  The  name  of  this  plant  now  becomes  Phacelia  ranunculacea  (Nutt.)  Constance. 
(Rhodora  42:  39.    1940.) 


Phacelia 


BORAGINACEAE 


787 


0"  50 

Map  1698 


Phacelia    Covillei    S.Wats. 


0  50 

Map  1699 


Phacelia    Purshu    Buckley 


0  ~To 

Map  1700 


Helibtropium     indicum   L 


expanse  of  corolla  4  mm,  light  Wisteria  Violet  (Ridgway)  ;  filaments  glab- 
rous ;  capsules  about  4  mm  wide  and  3  mm  long,  2-  or  3-seeded ;  surface  of 
seed  not  reticulated  in  lines. 

The  area  where  the  plant  grows  is  usually  inundated  each  year  for  weeks 
at  a  time.  It  is  associated  with  Carya  laciniosa,  Liquidambar,  and  Que  reus 
Prinus. 

Known  only  from  Knox  County,  Ind.,  along  the  Potomac  River  above 
Washington,  D.  C,  and  Arlington  County,  Va. 

3.  Phacelia  Purshii  Buckley.  Pursh  Phacelia.  Map  1699.  Our  records 
indicate  that  this  species  is  restricted  to  the  alluvial  flood  plains,  banks, 
and  slopes  of  the  terraces  of  streams.  Found  in  sandy  soil  in  the  locations 
indicated,  along  roadsides,  and  in  clover  fields.  It  is  the  most  abundant  in 
the  White  Water  River  Valley.  I  have  seen  it  by  the  acre  along  this  river  in 
Franklin  and  Union  Counties.  It  has  become  so  abundant  in  some  places 
that  farmers  have  reported  it  as  an  obnoxious  weed.  It  can  not  stand 
competition  but  when  once  established  it  will  persist  if  bare  soil  exists. 
We  have  had  it  in  our  meadow  along  the  Wabash  River  for  25  years. 
Wood's  Classbook  of  all  editions  except  the  first  gives  Miami  Mist  for  its 
common  name.   Fisher1  says  it  was  so  called  in  western  Ohio. 

Pa.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ala.,  and  Miss. 


252.  BORAGINACEAE  Lindl.  Borage  Family 

[Johnston.  A  synopsis  of  the  American  native  and  immigrant  borages 
of  the  subfamily  Boraginoideae.  Contr.  Gray  Herb.  Harvard  Univ.  70 : 
1-55.    1924.] 

Flowers  white  or  yellow. 
Nutlets  armed  with  prickles. 

Calyx  lobes  in  anthesis  about  1  mm  long;  flowers  usually  2  mm  long;  seeds  mostly 

3-5  mm  long 7073A.   Hackelia,  p.  790. 

Calyx  lobes  in  anthesis  about  3  mm  long;   flowers  more  than  2  mm  long;   seed 
mostly  5-6  mm  long.   White-flowered  form  of  Cynoglossum  officinale.  . .  .p.  789. 

lTorreya  23:  106.     1923. 


788 


BORAGINACEAE 


Heliotropium 


0  50 

Map  170! 


Cynoglossum     officinale 


0  ^50 

Map  1702 


Cynoqlossum    virginianum   L. 


Map  1703 
Lappula    echmata  Gilib. 


Nutlets  not  armed  with  prickles. 
Racemes  without  bracts. 
Plants  large  and  coarse  with  long,  acuminate  leaves.  .7090.  Symphytum,  p.  790. 

Plants  not  large  and  coarse;  leaves  mostly  obtuse 

7100.    Myosotis  virginica,  p.  791. 

Racemes  with  bracts. 

Lobes  of  corolla  spreading,  rounded 7109.   Lithospermum,  p.  792. 

Lobes  of  corolla  erect,  acute 7113.   Onosmodium,  p.  794. 

Flowers  blue  to  purplish. 
Nutlets  armed  with  prickles. 

Leaves  more  than  1  cm  wide;  nutlets  (exclusive  of  prickles)  4-7  mm  long 

7064.   Cynoglossum,  p.  788. 

Leaves  mostly  less  than  1  cm  wide;  nutlets  (exclusive  of  prickles)  less  than  4  mm 

long 7073.   Lappula,  p.  789. 

Nutlets  not  armed  with  prickles. 
Flowers  regular. 

Corolla  generally  2-2.5  cm  long 7102.   Mertensia,  p.  792. 

Corolla  less  than  2  cm  long. 

Stem  leaves  on  long  petioles 7052.   Heliotropium,  p.  788. 

Stem  leaves  sessile  or  on  short  petioles 7100.   Myosotis,  p.  790. 

Flowers  irregular. 

Corolla  bent  at  about  the  middle;  stamens  included 7094.   Lycopsis,  p.  790. 

Corolla  not  bent;  stamens  exserted 7118.  Echium,  p.  794. 

7052.  HELIOTROPIUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Heliotrope 

1.  Heliotropium  Indicum  L.  India  Heliotrope.  Map  1700.  Infre- 
quent in  moist,  sandy,  open,  generally  alluvial  woods  of  the  southern  part 
of  the  state ;  more  rarely  in  waste  places  and  fallow  fields. 

Nat.  of  India;  naturalized  in  U.  S.  from  N.  C,  Ky.,  to  Mo.,  southw.  to 
Fla.  and  Tex. 


7064.  CYNOGLOSSUM  [Tourn.l  L.  Houndstongue 

Flowers  maroon,  purple  or  rarely  white;  stems  leafy  to  the  top;  nutlets  flat 

1.    C.  officinale. 

Flowers  blue;  stems  leafless  above;  nutlets  convex 2.  C.  virginianum. 


Lappula  BORAGINACEAE  789 

1.  Cynoglossum  officinale  L.  Common  Houndstongue.  Map  1701. 
More  or  less  frequent  in  dry  soil  in  pasture  fields  and  woods  pastures,  on 
open  wooded  slopes,  and  along  roadsides  and  railroads.  This  is  a  species 
that  one  usually,  by  preference,  neglects  to  collect,  and  this  fact,  no  doubt, 
accounts  for  the  lack  of  specimens  from  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state. 
There  are  specimens  with  white  flowers  from  Kosciusko  and  Noble 
Counties. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  now  naturalized  in  N.  A.  from  Que.,  Ont.,  Man.,  and 
Oreg.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ala.,  and  N.  Mex. 

2.  Cynoglossum  virginianum  L.  Wild  Comfrey.  Map  1702.  Frequent 
in  the  southern  half  of  the  state  and  rare  in  the  northern  part.  My 
Lagrange  County  specimen  is  not  shown  on  the  map.  It  is  strictly  a  wood- 
land species  found  mostly  on  wooded  slopes  of  white  oak,  black  and  white 
oak,  and  beech.  Careful  measurements  of  our  specimens  in  anthesis  show 
the  following  results.  In  3  specimens  the  calyx  was  from  2-2.5  mm  in 
length,  the  corolla  from  11-14  mm  in  width,  the  lobes  orbicular,  and  the 
sinuses  closed;  in  7  specimens  the  calyx  was  3  mm  long,  the  corolla  from 
11.5-16  mm  wide,  the  lobes  orbicular,  and  the  sinuses  closed;  and  in  4 
specimens  the  calyx  was  3.5-4  mm  long,  corolla  14-16  mm  wide,  the  lobes 
orbicular,  and  the  sinuses  closed.  Not  included  in  the  preceding  measure- 
ments I  have  a  specimen  from  Franklin  County,  no.  34008,  with  a  calyx 
2.5  mm  long,  corolla  9  mm  wide,  the  lobes  oblong,  and  the  sinuses  open; 
and  one  specimen  from  Jennings  County  with  a  calyx  2  mm  long,  corolla 
9  mm  wide,  the  lobes  oblong,  and  the  sinuses  open. 

Cynoglossum  boreale  Fern.,  a  northern  species,  is  described  as  having  a 
calyx  2-2.5  mm  long;  corolla  6-8  mm  wide,  the  lobes  ovate-oblong,  and  the 
sinuses  open.  Our  Franklin  and  Jennings  County  specimens  belong,  no 
doubt,  to  this  species.  The  preceding  measurements  convince  me  that  our 
specimens  belong  to  one  variable  species.  Johnston  (Contr.  Gray  Herb. 
Harvard  Univ.  70:  34.  1924),  in  his  synopsis  of  the  genus,  says:  "All 
the  vegetative  characters  of  this  species  [Cynoglossum  boreale']  can  be 
matched,  after  a  short  search,  among  undubitable  material  of  C.  vir- 
ginianum." 

Peattie  reported  Cynoglossum  boreale  from  the  dune  area  but  I  have  not 
seen  his  specimen  if  he  preserved  one.  Buhl  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  262. 
1935)  says  this  report  lacks  confirming  specimens. 

S.  Conn,  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

7073.  LAPPULA  [Rivin.]  Moench 

1.  Lappula  echinata  Gilib.  (Lappula  Lappula  (L.)  Karst.)  Map 
1703.  This  species  has  been  reported  from  all  parts  of  the  state  although 
my  specimens  are  all  from  the  northeastern  part.  Jt  prefers  a  sandy  soil 
and  is  generally  found  in  ballast  along  railroads  and  roadsides,  in  waste 
places  and  fallow  fields,  and  rarely  in  pastures  or  open  woods. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  naturalized  in  N.  A.  from  N.  S.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to 
N.  J.,  Kans.,  and  Calif. 


790 


BORAGINACEAE 


Hackelia 


0  50 

Map  1704 


Hackelia    virgmiana    (L)  Johnston 


0  50 

Map  1705 


Myosotis    scorpioides   L 


0  50 

Map  1706 


Myosotis    laxa    Lehm. 


7073A.  HACKELIA  Opiz.  Stickseed 

1.  Hackelia  virginiana  (L.)  I.  M.  Johnston.  (Lappula  virginiana  (L.) 
Greene.)  Map  1704.  This  is  strictly  a  woodland  species  and  is  found 
throughout  our  area  in  dry  woods  of  all  kinds,  although  it  is  most  abundant 
in  beech  and  sugar  maple  and  white  oak  woods.  It  is  rarely  found  in  very 
wet  or  springy  places. 

Maine,  w.  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  La.,  and  Kans. 

7090.  SYMPHYTUM  [Town.]  L. 
See  excluded  species  no.  516,  p.  1082. 

7094.  LYCOPSIS  L. 

See  excluded  species  no.  517,  p.  1083. 

7100.  MYOSOTIS  [Rupp.]  L.  Forget-me-not 

Hairs  of  calyx  few,  short,  straight,  closely  appressed,  nonglandular;  annuals. 

Calyx  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  large,  5-9  mm  wide;  style  usually  much 

exceeding  the  nutlets 1.    M.  scorpioides. 

Calyx  lobes  about  equaling  the  tube;  corolla  rather  small,  3-6  mm  wide;  style  clearly 

exceeding  the  nutlets 2.    M.  laxa. 

Hairs  of  calyx,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  with  hooked  tips;  annuals  or  perennials. 

Fruiting  pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx.    (See  excluded  species  no.  518,  p.  1083) .... 
M.  arvensis. 

Fruiting  pedicels  not  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Calyx  very  unequally  cleft;  flowers  white;  nutlets  1.5-2.5  mm  long. 

Fruiting  calyx  usually  less  than  5  mm  long;  nutlets  about  1.5  mm  long 

3.    M.  virginica. 

Fruiting  calyx  generally  5-7  mm  long;  nutlets  2-2.5  mm  long 

3a.  M.  virginica  var.  macrosperma. 

Calyx  nearly  regular;  flowers  blue;  nutlets  about  1  mm  long.  . .  .4.   M.  micrantha. 

1.  Myosotis  scorpioides  L.  True  Forget-me-not.  Map  1705.  Re- 
ported by  Pepoon  as  common  on  the  shores  of  the  Calumet  River  at  Clarke, 
in  Lake  County.   Also  reported  by  Blatchley  as  an  escape  in  Vigo  County, 


Myosotis 


BORAGINACEAE 


791 


0  50 

Map  1707 


Myosotis    virginica  (L.)   BSP. 


0         ~^o 
Map  1708 
Myosotis    virginica  var. 

macrosperma    (Engelm.)    Fern. 


50 

Map  1709 


Myosotis    micrantha    Pal 


and  by  Young  for  Jefferson  County.   I  found  a  large  colony  along  the  St. 
Joseph  River  just  west  of  the  Elkhart  County  line. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  now  naturalized  in  N.  A.  from  Newf.  to  Que.,  southw.  to 
Ga.  and  La. ;  also  in  Calif,  and  B.  C. 

2.  Myosotis  laxa  Lehm.  Map  1706.  Frequent  in  the  Mineral  Springs 
Bog  in  Porter  County  and  also  reported  from  Lake  County  by  Pepoon  as 
occurring  on  the  banks  of  a  cold  brook  near  Miller  and  on  the  margin  of 
the  Little  Calumet  River.  Probably  restricted  to  these  two  counties. 

Newf.,  Ont.,  and  Ind.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. ;  also  on  the  Pacific 
coast  from  Calif,  to  B.  C. ;  and  in  Chile. 

3.  Myosotis  virginica  (L.)  BSP.  Map  1707.  An  infrequent  plant  in  the 
northern  and  southern  parts  of  the  state.  There  are  no  records  from  the 
area  about  Lake  Michigan  or  from  the  central  part  of  the  Tipton  Till  Plain. 
It  is  generally  found  in  open  places  in  noncalcareous  soils.  In  the  northern 
part  it  is  found  in  bare  spots  on  the  crests  and  slopes  of  black  oak  ridges ; 
on  lower  ground,  it  is  usually  found  in  depressions  in  sandy  soil  in  open 
places  in  black  and  white  oak  woods,  generally  associated  with  Gaylussacia 
baccata,  Vaccinium  vacillans,  Houstonia  longifolia,  etc.,  and  more  rarely 
found  along  railroads  and  roadsides.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  state  it  is 
most  commonly  found  in  white  clay  soil  in  fallow  fields,  where  it  is  some- 
times abundant,  associated  with  Alopecurus  caroliniana,  Callitriche  Aus- 
tini,  Arabis  virginica,  and  Poa  Chapmaniana.  It  is  also  found  in  bare 
places  in  low,  flat,  post  oak  woods  and  in  bare  places  on  the  crests  of 
black  and  white  oak  ridges. 

Maine,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3a.  Myosotis  virginica  var.  macrosperma  (Engelm.)  Fern.*  Map  1708. 
This  is  a  much  larger  plant  than  the  species  with  larger  calyx  and  seed 
and  is  found  in  wet  woods,  associated  with  white  elm,  ash,  and  river  birch ; 
in  drier  woods  with  black  and  white  oak ;  also  on  wooded  slopes. 

Va.  to  Ind.,  southw. 

*  Fernald  has  recently  restored  this  plant  to  specific  rank,  Myosotis  macrosperma 
Engelm.  (Rhodora  41:  558.    1939.) 


792 


BORAGINACEAE 


Mertensia 


15 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

| — 

f^ 

O 

" 

□ 
P 

B 

D 

r 

i 

-l" 

HI 

1 

~~t  *       i" 

r 

-  i 

B      0 

D     J 
»        0 

■ 

Tx 

Dec  j- 

B 
IU 

K            D 

D     J        VI 

-1— X|           I  D   J 

°  1  yi\ 

/    Miles 

0 

f*f        D 

"    ( 

D 

Mer 

!ensi 

a    v 

r9 

r>\       J 

nica   (L. 

1                 50 

Map  1710 
Link 

0  50 

Map  1711 


Lithospermum     arvense   L. 


9 

1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

UK  I 

f 

D              y-i                    

D 

' 

\ 

J 

-H1 

HC 

-4 

D 

D 

j 

D 

"1 

-  X 

B        D 

J 

r1 

r 

Dec.  f- 

i 

IU                 D 

1      ' 

B 
D 

D    p 

"TBa             i 

J    Miles 

Lithospermum 

1   (        *>./' 

latifoliurr 

0                50 

Map  1712 
Michx. 

4.  Myosotis  micrantha  Pall.  Map  1709.  Found  in  a  white  oak  woods 
pasture  in  Lagrange  County,  common  in  blue  grass  along  Eel  River  at 
Cataract  Falls  in  Owen  County,  and  a  common  weed  in  Turkey  Run  State 
Park  about  the  Administration  Building. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  now  established  in  N.  H.,  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  Ohio,  Mich., 
Ont.,  and  Ind. 

7102.  MERTENSIA  Roth  Bluebell 

1.  Mertensia  virginica  (L.)  Link.  (Mertensia  virginica  (L.)  DC.) 
(Williams.  A  monograph  of  the  genus  Mertensia  in  North  America.  Ann. 
Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  24:  17-159.  16  fig.  1937.)  Virginia  Bluebell. 
Map  1710.  Local  throughout  the  area  indicated  on  our  map  but  usually 
frequent  to  abundant  where  it  is  found.  All  but  three  of  our  specimens 
are  from  wooded  flood  plains  and  wooded  terraces  of  streams.  These  three 
are  from  rather  sandy  woods.  I  have  seen  it  also  as  a  common  plant  on  a 
rocky,  wooded  hillside  about  three  miles  southeast  of  Dillsboro,  Dearborn 
County.    This  species  does  well  in  cultivation  but  prefers  partial  shade. 

N.  Y.,  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Kans. 


7109.  LITHOSPERMUM   [Tourn.]  L.  Cromwell 

Flowers  less  than  10  mm  long. 

Corolla  white  or  nearly   so,  without  crests  in   the   throat,   lobes   glabrous  without; 

nutlets  gray,  dull,  wrinkled,  and  roughened 1.  L.  arvense. 

Corolla  greenish  white  or  yellow,  with  crests  in  the  throat,  lobes  pubescent  with- 
out; nutlets  ivory  white,  glossy,  smooth,  more  or  less  impressed-punctate. 
Leaves    lanceolate,    firm,    acute,   veins    obscure    beneath;    corolla    greenish    white; 
nutlets  about  3  mm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  519,  p.  1083) .  .L.  officinale. 
Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  thin,  acuminate,  veins  prominent  beneath;  corolla 

yellow;  nutlets  about  4  mm  long 2.  L.  latifolium. 

Flowers  more  than  10  mm  long. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  acute,  appressed  canescent-pubescent;  corolla  light  yellow, 
tube  15-33  mm  long,  lobes  more  or  less  fimbriate  or  erose,  with  well  developed 
crests  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla 3.   L.  incisum. 


Lithospermum 


BORAGINACEAE 


793 


0  50 

Map   1713 


Lithospermum     incisum     Lehm. 


0  50 

Map  1714 

Lithospermum  canescens  (Michx.)    Lehm. 


0  50 

Map  1715 


Lithospermum    croceum    Fern. 


Leaves  mostly  oblong,  lanceolate  or  narrow-lanceolate,  rarely  linear,  mostly  obtuse; 

corolla  light  to  deep  orange  yellow,  tube  less  than  15  mm  long,  generally  without 

well  developed  crests  in  the  throat. 

Corolla  orange  yellow,  the  ring  of  glands  at  the  base  within  not  hairy;   leaves 

closely  appressed  canescent-pubescent  above,  the  hairs  about  0.6  mm  long  and 

not  with  a  conspicuous  papillose  base;  calyx  lobes  in  anthesis  5-6  mm  long; 

nutlets  mostly  2.5-3  mm  long 4.    L.  canescens. 

Corolla  generally  light  yellow,  the  ring  of  glands  at  the  base  within  hairy;  leaves 
loosely  appressed-pubescent  above;  hairs  fewer  than  in  the  preceding  species, 
about   1   mm  long,  arising  from   a   conspicuous,  transparent,  papillose  base; 

calyx  lobes  at  anthesis  more  than  6  mm  long;  nutlets  3.5-4  mm  long 

5.   L.  croceum. 

1.  Lithospermum  arvense  L.  Corn  Gromwell.  Map  1711.  Frequent 
to  common  in  all  parts  of  the  state,  mostly  in  sandy  soil  along  roadsides 
and  railroads  and  in  waste  places,  fallow,  and  cultivated  fields. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  adjacent  Asia  and  Africa ;  Maine  to  Mont.,  southw.  to 
Fla.  and  La. ;  also  in  B.  C,  Calif,  and  Utah. 

2.  Lithospermum  latifolium  Michx.  Map  1712.  An  infrequent  to  rare 
plant  throughout  the  state.  Generally  on  wooded  slopes  adjacent  to 
streams  and  rarely  in  comparatively  level  woods.  It  has  no  particular  tree 
associates,  but  is  more  often  associated  with  the  oaks. 

Western  N.  Y.  to  s.  Minn.,  southw.  to  e.  Tenn.  and  Kans. 

3.  Lithospermum  incisum  Lehm.  (Kew  Bull.  1934:  59.  1934.)  (Litho- 
spermum angustifolium  Michx.  and  Lithospermum  linearifolium  Goldie.) 
Map  1713.  This  rare  species  has  been  reported  from  only  Putnam,  Steuben, 
Tippecanoe,  and  Vigo  Counties.  Grimes'  specimens  from  Putnam  and  Tip- 
pecanoe Counties  are  in  the  herbarium  of  DePauw  University.  Found  in 
sandy  and  gravelly  open  places.  Infrequent  along  the  roadside  southwest 
of  Lafayette,  on  the  gravelly  terrace  of  Big  Wea  Creek  west  of  the  Wabash 
Railroad. 

Ont.  to  Man.  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  Tex.  and  Chihuahua,  Mex. 

4.  Lithospermum  canescens  (Michx.)  Lehm.  PUCCOON.  Map  1714. 
Infrequent  in  dry,  sandy  prairie  habitats,  on  dry,  sandy  knolls  along  road- 


794 


BORAGINACEAE 


Onosmodium 


0  50 

Map  1716 


Onosmodium     hispidissimum    Mack. 


Map  1717 


Echium    vulgare   L. 


1 — 1 

Jan. 
Feb- 

— 

_, 

— 

Mar. 

Apr 

1 

l 

■Li 

— 

i^ 

1 

May 
June 
July 
Aug. 
Sept. 

/ 

X » 

f 

_ 

~L 

1 

Oct. 
Nov. 

1 

r 

H 

i 

Dec  j- — 

1 

i 

D         Ls 

i 

^Ta«     1     _J 

1/   Miles 

6                50 

l^h^(j-^nJ             Map  1718 

Verbena    canadensis   (LJ   Britt. 

sides  and  railroads,  on  the  crests  and  slopes  of  open,  wooded  ridges  in  the 
area  of  the  sandstone  outcrops,  and  rarely  in  moist  prairie  habitats.  Prob- 
ably absent  from  many  of  the  counties  of  the  area  of  the  Tipton  Till  Plain. 
S.  Pa.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Ala.,  and  Tex. 

5.  Lithospermum  croceum  Fern.  (Rhodora  37:  329.  1935.)  (Litho- 
spermum  Gmelini  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Lithospermum  carolinense  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Map  1715.  Infrequent  through- 
out the  sandy  area  of  the  lake  region.  There  are  reports  from  southern 
Indiana  but  this  and  the  preceding  species  have  always  been  confused  and 
I  believe  that  most  of  the  southern  reports  should  be  referred  to  Litho- 
spermum canescens.  Usually  in  very  sandy  soil  in  open  black  oak  woods, 
along  roadsides  and  railroads,  and  in  sandy  prairie  habitats. 

N.  Y.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Mex. 

7113.  ONOSMODIUM  Michx. 

1.  Onosmodium  hispidissimum  Mack.  False  Gromwell.  Map  1716. 
Until  1905  our  manuals  did  not  properly  distinguish  our  species  of  this 
genus.  Previous  to  1905  three  species  were  reported  from  six  counties  in 
Indiana  and  no  doubt  all  of  these  should  be  referred  to  this  species.  For 
a  discussion  of  this  subject  see  excluded  species.  All  the  specimens  that  I 
have  seen  were  collected  in  dry,  gravelly  soil  in  open  woods  or  along  road- 
sides.  Rare,  and  only  a  few  specimens  at  a  location. 

Cent.  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

7118.  ECHIUM  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Echium  vulgare  L.  Blueweed.  Blue  Thistle.  Map  1717.  This 
species  has  been  reported  from  five  counties  besides  those  shown  on  the 
map.  It  prefers  sandy  soil  and  is  found  mostly  in  fallow  fields,  along  road- 
sides and  railroads,  and  sometimes  in  open  woods  and  woods  pastures.  In 
1920  I  noted  a  five-acre  field  of  it  in  Lagrange  County  where  it  was  so 
abundant  that  on  June  21,  when  it  was  in  flower,  the  whole  field  presented 


Verbena  Verbenaceae  795 

a  sky  blue  appearance.  I  observed  this  field  in  later  years  and  the  owner 
had  been  able  to  exterminate  it  entirely.  It  has  become  well  established 
in  Lagrange  County  and  is  found  in  many  places,  especially  in  the 
vicinity  of  Mongo  and  Brushy  Prairie.  I  cultivated  this  plant  one  year 
and  the  largest  one  stood  28  inches  high,  and  had  22  branches,  the  longest 
of  which  was  42  inches  long.  Needless  to  say  I  did  not  permit  it  to 
mature  seed. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  naturalized  in  N.  A.  from  N.  B.,  Ont.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to 
Ga.  and  Tex. 

253.  VERBENACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.  Vervain  Family 

[Perry.    A  revision  of  the  North  American  species  of  Verbena.    Ann. 
Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  20:  239-362.    1933.]* 

Calyx  tubular;   limb  of  corolla  5-lobed,  regular  or  nearly  so;  fruit  in  long  or  short 

spikes  and  not  very  dense;  fruit  splitting  into  4  nutlets. .  .  .7138.   Verbena,  p.  795. 

Calyx  short,  2-cleft;   limb  of  corolla  4-lobed,   2-lipped;   fruit  in   short  or  long,  dense 

heads;  fruit  splitting  into  2  nutlets 7145.   Phyla,  p.  798. 

7138.  VERBENA  [Tourn.]  L.  Vervain 

Flowers  15-25  mm  long;  anthers  of  the  longer  stamens  gland-tipped;  calyx  8-10  mm 
long. 

Bracts  mostly  shorter  than  the  calyx;  limb  of  corolla  mostly  15-25  mm  wide 

1.    V.  canadensis. 

Bracts  mostly  longer  than  the  calyx;   limb  of  corolla  mostly  8-15  mm  wide.     (See 

excluded  species  no.  523,  p.  1083) V.  bipinnatifida. 

Flowers  4-10  mm  long;  anthers  of  the  longer  stamens  not  gland-tipped;  calyx  mostly 
less  than  5  mm  long. 
Bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers;  spikes  filiform  or  slender;  plants  erect  or  diffuse  in 
Verbena  officinalis. 
Spikes  filiform;  fruiting  calyx  about  2  mm  long  or  less;  fruit  scattered. 

Plants  diffuse  annuals;  leaves  incised  or  pinnatifid,  sessile;  fruiting  calyx  less 
than  2  mm  long;  flowers  purplish.    (See  excluded  species  no.  524,  p.  1084) 

V.  officinalis. 

Plants  erect  perennials;  leaves  serrate  (rarely  incised),  petiolate;  fruiting  calyx 
about  2  mm  long;  flowers  white  (rarely  pink  or  purplish). 
Leaves  strigose-hirsute  beneath  or  glabrate,  the  colorless  hairs  1-1.3  mm  long, 
appressed  or  subappressed;   mature   inflorescence  with  stiff,  strigose  as- 
cending branches;  mature  calyx  2-2.3  mm  long;  mature  nutlets  definitely 

ribbed  on  the  back 2.    V.  urticaefolia. 

Leaves  densely  pubescent  beneath  with  short  hairs  about  0.3  mm  long;  mature 

inflorescence  with   loosely   ascending  or   spreading,   puberulent  branches; 

mature  calyx  usually  "less  than  2  mm  long;  mature  nutlets  about  1.5  mm 

long  and  quite  smooth  on  the  back.  .  .  .2a.  V.  urticaefolia  var.  leiocarpa. 

Spikes  slender;  fruiting  calyx  more  than  2  mm  long;  flowers  blue  (rarely  albino 

forms);  fruit  densely  imbricated. 

Stems  glabrous  or  sparingly   rough-pubescent,   the  hairs  mostly  less  than   0.5 

mm  long;  leaves  lanceolate  or  narrower. 

Leaves  on  petioles  mostly  1.5-2  cm  long,  acuminate;  fruiting  calyx  generally 

1.5-3  mm  long;  seed  1.5-1.7  mm  long 3.  V.  hastata. 

Leaves  sessile,  mostly  obtuse;  fruiting  calyx  3.5-4.5  mm  long,  usually  about  4 
mm  long;  seed  about  2.5  mm  long 4.    V.  simplex. 

*  H.  L.  Moldenke  examined  all  my  specimens  of  this  family. 


796 


Verbenaceae 


Verbena 


0  50 

Map  1719 

Verbena    urticaefolia    L 


Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aufc 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec. 


T^-H- 

V 

^    Tl 

(                 D 
J 

B 

B 

B 

B 
)     /       J 

1         >f     h 

J 

-                   "     1    X 

T           ' 

io    __J-T' 

— I       To  i  r~ 
b  >-^-H 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1720 

Verbena    urticaefolia 
var.    leiocarpa    Perry  &  Fern. 


3 

18 

2 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

1  I 
B        I 
Pr     1 

da 

IE  | 
B 

B 

)             D 

B            0 

1 

B          B 

D 

r°  . 

? 
B 

rV 

^A 

S 

B 

T 

P 
BP 

OP 

r 

X      B 

B 

0 

D          DP 

C 

B        ' 
B 

r 

J 
HC 

r             PS 

-      4r 

10   pp 
MC 

B 

Dec  y- 

B      \   B 

»          0 

10    I, 1 

B 

X      ]— — V* 
r r 

j     ?ssr 

B                /       J 

kcl/^i 

Tbb  Tl  d ) 

til  (    ^*^ 
/   Miles 

HC     B 

10 

~/uc 

B    J 

S»[    B 

D  ( 

Ve 

"bena 

V      /  r 
lastata 

Wap  1721 

Stems    densely    soft-pubescent,    the    hairs    mostly    0.75-1    mm    long;    fruiting 
calyx  generally  4-5  mm  long;  seed  about  2.5  mm  long;  leaves  thick,  rigidly 

ascending,  mostly  ovate,  densely  soft-pubescent 5.  V.  stricta. 

Bracts    longer    than    the    flowers;    spikes    thick,    dense;    plants    usually    spreading, 
never  erect 6.   V.  bracteata. 

1.  Verbena  canadensis  (L.)  Britt.  Rose  Verbena.  Map  1718.  This 
species  has  been  reported  from  6  counties.  It  has  long  been  cultivated  and 
much  used  for  planting  on  graves  in  cemeteries  whence  it  doubtless  fre- 
quently escapes.  I  have  found  this  species  growing  on  the  slope  of  a  creek 
bank  below  an  old  cemetery  in  which  I  found  it  to  be  common.  It  has 
abundantly  escaped  from  cemeteries  in  Jefferson  County  and  it  was  found 
by  Chas.  M.  Ek  as  an  escape  from  a  cemetery  in  Howard  County.  I  believe 
it  is  an  escape  in  Indiana. 

Va.  to  111.  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Verbena  urticaefolia  L.  White  Vervain.  Map  1719.  This  species 
doubtless  occurs  in  every  county.  It  is  found  in  almost  all  kinds  of  soil 
except  in  very  wet  places ;  it  is  generally  found  in  open  woods,  along  logging 
roads  in  thick  woodland,  in  fallow  fields  and  waste  places,  and  along  road- 
sides and  railroads.  All  of  the  species  of  Indiana  vervains  are  extremely 
variable,  especially  in  the  leaf  margins  and  color  of  flowers.  Evidence  of 
hybridization  is  frequent.  I  have  a  specimen  with  pink  flowers  from  Wells 
County. 

N.  B.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.    - 

2a.  Verbena  urticaefolia  var.  leiocarpa  Perry  &  Fern.  (Rhodora  38: 
441-443.  1936.)  Map  1720.  This  variety  has  the  habitat  of  the  species  and 
is  about  as  widely  distributed  in  Indiana. 

Fernald  gives  the  range  as  from  Conn,  to  S.  C. 

3.  Verbena  hastata  L.  Blue  Vervain.  Map  1721.  This  species  is  found 
throughout  the  state.  It  prefers  a  moist  soil  in  the  open.  It  is  frequent  to 
common  in  the  lake  area  in  moist  places  about  lakes,  in  marshes,  moist, 
sandy  prairie  habitats,  interdunal  flats,  low,  open  woods,  roadside  ditches, 


Verbena 


Verbenaceae 


797 


0  50 

Map  1722 


Verbena     simplex   Lehm 


0  50 

Map  1723 


Verbena    stricta    Vent 


0  50 

Map  1724 


Verbena    bracteata    Lag.  &  Rodr. 


and  even  in  the  moist,  marl  border  of  a  lake.  It  is  less  frequent  south  of 
the  lake  area  and  is  found  in  moist  places  along  roadsides,  in  clearings, 
fallow  fields  and  low  open  woods. 

I  have  specimens  with  white  flowers  from  La  Porte  and  Warrick 
Counties. 

N.  S.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Nebr.,  and  Ariz. 

3a.  X  Verbena  Engelmannii  Moldenke.  (Verbena  hastata  X  urticae- 
folia.)  I  collected  this  hybrid  in  a  prairie  habitat  along  the  roadside 
2  miles  south  of  Circleville,  Clinton  County  and  in  Warrick  County. 

4.  Verbena  simplex  Lehm.  (Verbena,  angustifolia  Michx.)  Narrow- 
leaf  Vervain.  Map  1722.  This  species  has  been  reported  from  9  counties 
and  doubtless  is  found  infrequently  throughout  the  state.  It  prefers  dry 
and  rather  sandy  soil  in  the  open,  although  I  have  one  specimen  from  a 
dried-up  slough.  It  is  generally  found  along  roadsides  and  railroads,  in 
fallow  fields,  and  on  open,  washed,  wooded  slopes.  It  is  usually  found 
associated  with  Verbena  stricta. 

Vt,  Ont.,  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Okla. 

4a.  X  Verbena  moechina  Moldenke.  This  is  the  name  recently  proposed 
for  the  commonly  occurring  natural  hybrid  between  Verbena  simplex  and 
Verbena  stricta.  I  have  it  from  Daviess,  Harrison,  Marion,  Orange,  and 
Washington  Counties. 

5.  Verbena  stricta  Vent.  Hoary  Vervain.  Map  1723.  Found  through- 
out the  state  although  there  are  no  records  or  specimens  from  some  of  the 
central  counties.  It  is  almost  exclusively  found  in  very  sandy  soil  along 
roadsides,  rarely  along  railroads,  in  sandy  pastures,  waste  places,  and 
fallow  fields.  I  believe  it  has  migrated  into  northern  Indiana,  and  were 
it  not  for  the  fact  that  Michaux,1  who  spent  August  18,  1795  botanizing 
along  the  Wabash  River  in  the  vicinity  of  Vincennes,  reported  finding 

1  Michaux.    Travels  west  of  the  Alleghenies.    Thwaite's  ed.  p.  67.    1904. 


798 


Lab  i  at  ae 


Phyla 


0  50 

Map  1725 

Phyla    lanceolata    IMichx.)  Greene 


0  ^50 

Map  1726 


Teucnum    canadense   L 


0~  50 

Map  1727 
Teucrium     canadense 
var   virginicum    (L.)   Eaton 


Verbena  bracteata,  Verbena  hastata,  Verbena  stricta,  and  Verbena  urti- 
caefolia,  I  should  believe  it  had  invaded  the  whole  state  in  recent  years. 
Mass.  to  Mont.,  southw.  to  Okla.  and  N.  Mex. 

6.  Verbena  bracteata  Lag.  &  Rodr.  {Verbena  bracteosa  Michx.)  LONG- 
bract  Vervain.  Map  1724.  This  species  is  an  infrequent  plant  through- 
out the  state  in  sandy  places,  mostly  along  roadsides  and  in  waste  places. 
Sometimes  it  is  found  in  sandy  pastures,  in  ballast  along  railroads,  and  on 
the  slopes  of  the  banks  of  the  Ohio  River,  especially  at  boat  landings. 

Maine  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  westw.  to  Calif. 

6a.  X  Verbena  Perriana  Moldenke.  (Verbena  bracteata  X  urticae folia.) 
I  have  specimens  of  this  hybrid  from  Fulton,  Kosciusko,  Lagrange,  and 
Lawrence  Counties. 

7145.  PHtLA  Lour. 

1.  Phyla  lanceolata  (Michx.)  Greene.  (Pittonia  4:  47.  1899.)  (Lippia 
lanceolata  Michx.  and  Lippia  lanceolata  Michx.  var.  recognita  Fern.  &  Grisc. 
Rhodora  37:  178.  1935.)  Map  1725.  Found  in  various  habitats  through- 
out the  state.  Infrequent  on  the  muddy  borders  of  streams,  lakes,  ponds, 
and  bayous,  and  in  ditches,  usually  growing  with  grasses  and  sedges.  When 
it  has  competition  it  does  not  root  at  the  nodes  but  when  it  grows  on  the 
muddy  borders  of  banks  and  on  sandbars  it  becomes  a  creeping  plant  up 
to  a  yard  long,  rooting  at  the  nodes. 

E.  Pa.,  s.  Ont.  to  Iowa  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  adjacent  Mex. 


254.  LABIATAE  B.  Juss.  Mint  Family 

A.    Ovary  of  4  united  nutlets;  nutlets  laterally  attached;  styles  not  basal. 

Flowers  in  dense  terminal  spikes;  leaves  mostly  4-14  cm  long,  regularly  serrate 

7212.    Teucrium,  p.  800. 

Flowers  axillary,  1-3  in  an  axil;  leaves  3-8  cm  long,  entire  or  with  a  few  irregular 
teeth. 


Labiatae  799 

Calyx  nearly  regular;  corolla  about  5  mm  long;   stamens  scarcely  exceeding  the 

corolla;  seed  slightly  pubescent  at  the  summit 7217.   Isanthus,  p.  801. 

Calyx  strongly  2-lipped,  the  two  lower  teeth  not  reaching  the  base  of  the  3  upper 
teeth;  corolla  more  than  5  mm  long;  stamens  exserted;   seed  glabrous  at  the 

summit 7218.    Trichostema,  p.  801. 

A.    Ovary  of  4  distinct  or  nearly  distinct  nutlets;  nutlets  basally  attached;  styles  basal. 
Calyx   2-lipped,    gibbous    at    the   base,   both    lips    entire,   not   hairy    in    the   throat; 

stamens  4 7234.  Scutellaria,  p.  802. 

Calyx  either  2-lipped  or  regular,  4-  or  5-toothed,  if  gibbous  at  the  base,  then  hairy  in 
the  throat  (Hedeoma). 
Stamens  and  style  included  in  the  corolla  tube;  calyx  teeth  aristate  and  recurved; 

flowers  in  dense  axillary  clusters 7238.  Marrubium,  p.  806. 

Stamens  and  style  not  included  in  the  corolla  tube. 
B.  Upper  lip  of  corolla  concave. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  4. 

Stamens  strongly  exserted  beyond  the  corolla;   tall,  coarse  herbs;   inflores- 
cence of  long  and  usually  dense,  terminal  spikes 

7241.   Agastache,  p.  806. 

Stamens  not  exserted  beyond  the  corolla. 

Stems  generally  0.5-1.5  m  tall;  leaves  usually  7-15  cm  long  and  1.5-3  cm 
wide,  sharply  and  coarsely  serrate;  inflorescence  of  closely  flowered, 

long,  terminal  spikes;  flowers  purplish,  mostly  15-25  mm  long 

7257.   Physostegia,  p.  808. 

Stems,  leaves,  and  inflorescence  not  as  above. 

Plants   low  and  diffuse,   stoloniferous,  or  creeping  and  rooting  at  the 
nodes;  at  least  the  lower  leaves  petioled  and  cordate. 
Flowers  axillary,  generally  1-3  in  an  axil;  leaves  reniform;  petioles  of 

about  equal   length 7249.    Glecoma,  p.  807. 

Flowers,  leaves,  and  petioles  not  as  above. 

Calyx  15-nerved;  flowers  large,  usually  2-3.5  cm  long 

7243.  Meehania,  p.  807. 

Calyx  about  5-nerved;  flowers  usually  less  than  2  cm  long 

7271.    Lamium,  p.  810. 

Plants  not  as  above. 

Corolla  generally  3-4  cm  long,  colorless  or  greenish  yellow;  leaves  on 

long  petioles,  cordate  at  the  base 7259.    Synandra,  p.  809. 

Corolla   less   than  2.5   cm   long,   usually   pinkish   or  purplish;   leaves 
rarely  cordate  at  the  base. 
Plants  canescent-pubescent;  under  surface  of  leaves  velvety  to  the 

touch 7247.    Nepeta,  p.  807. 

Plants  not  as  above. 

Calyx  teeth  rigid  and  spine-tipped,  spreading  at  maturity. 

Leaves  pinnately  crenate 7270.    Galeopsis,  p.  809. 

Leaves  incised  or  lobed 7273.    Leonurus,  p.  810. 

Calyx  teeth  not  rigid  and  spine-tipped;  erect  at  maturity. 

Calyx  closed  in  fruit;  bracts  large,  ovate-orbicular 

7254.   Prunella,  p.  808. 

Calyx  not  closed  in  fruit;   bracts  not  as  above 

7281.   Stachys,  p.  810. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  2. 

Calyx  regular,  15-ribbed,  generally  hairy  in  the  throat 

7296.    Monarda,  p.  814. 

Calyx  2-lipped,  12-13-ribbed,  not  hairy  within  the  throat. 

Teeth  of  the  calyx  of  our  species  not  equal;  bracts  not  ciliate  with  long 

hairs 7290.    Salvia,  p.  813. 

Teeth  of  the  calyx  equal;  bracts  ciliate  with  long  hairs 

7297.   Blephilia,  p.  816. 


800  Labiatae  Teucrium 

B.    Upper  lip  of  corolla  flat,  or  the  corolla  regular. 
C.    Flowers  in  axillary  whorls  or  clusters,  or  these  forming  terminal  spikes. 
Corolla  more  or  less  2-lipped;  upper  lip  erect  or  spreading,  the  lower  lip  also 
spreading. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  2. 

Calyx  teeth  equal;  stamens  long-exserted 7323.    Cunila,  p.  821. 

Calyx  teeth  not  equal;  stamens  not  exserted. . .  .7302.   Hedeoma,  p.  817. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  4. 

Calyx  15-nerved 7313.   Hyssopus,  p.  819. 

Calyx  10-13  nerved. 

Stamens  curving  more  or  less,  ascending  under  the  upper  lip. 
Corolla  tube  curved  upward;  calyx  13-nerved,  not  hairy  in  the  throat. 

7304.  Melissa,  p.  818. 

Corolla    tube    straight;    calyx    10-13-nerved,   usually    hairy   in    the 

throat 7305.   Satureja,  p.  818. 

Stamens  straight. 

Plants  tall,  erect ;  calyx  nearly  regular 

7317.  Pycnanthemum,  p.  819. 

Plants  low,  creeping  at  the  base;  calyx  2-lipped 

7319.   Thymus,  p.  820. 

Corolla  nearly  regular,  4-  or  5-toothed. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  2 7326.   Lycopus,  p.  821. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  4 7328.    Mentha,  p.  823. 

C.    Flowers  in  terminal  panicled  racemes  or  spikes;  corolla  2-lipped. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  2;  corolla  yellow,  lower  lip  not  fimbriate;  native.  . 

7331.   Collinsonia,  p.  826. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  4;  corolla  usually  purplish,  the  lower  lip  fimbriate; 
introduced 7332.    Perilla,  p.  826. 

7212.  TEUCRIUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Germander 

Pubescence  of  the  upper  part  of  stem  and  of  the  inflorescence  sparse  or  dense,  consisting 
mostly  of  recurved  hairs  about  0.5-0.75  mm  long,  glandless. 

Bracts  exceeding  the  calyx;  leaves  narrowed  at  the  base 1.    T.  canadense. 

Bracts  not  exceeding  the  calyx,  equaling  it  or  shorter;  leaves  usually  more  or  less 

rounded  at  the  base la.    T.  canadense  var.  virginicum. 

Pubescence  of  the  upper  part  of  stem  and  of  the  inflorescence  dense,  consisting  usually 
of  spreading  or  slightly  recurved  hairs  about  1  mm  long  or  longer. 

Hairs  of  the  inflorescence  mostly  gland-tipped 2.    T.  occidentale. 

Hairs  of  the  inflorescence  mostly  without  glands 2a.  T.  occidentale  var.  boreale. 

1.  Teucrium  canadense  L.  (Rhodora  35:  295.  1933.)  (Teucrium  lit- 
torale  Bickn.  and  Teucrium  canadense  var.  littorale  (Bickn.)  Fern.)  Amer- 
ican Germander.  Map  1726.  Infrequent  throughout  the  state  in  moist  soil 
along  roadsides,  in  low,  open  woods,  especially  along  streams,  about  lakes, 
and  in  fallow  and  cultivated  fields.  The  amount  of  pubescence  of  the  stem 
and  calyx  varies  greatly. 

N.  B.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Fla. 

la.  Teucrium  canadense  var.  virginicum  (L.)  Eaton.  (Teucrium  cana- 
dense of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7,  not  L.)  Map  1727.  Rather  frequent  through- 
out the  state  in  habitats  similar  to  those  of  the  species.  I  admit  that  the 
distinction  between  the  species  and  the  variety  is  not  very  constant  since 
the  bracts  of  the  flowers  become  progressively  shorter  toward  the  end  of 
the  raceme.  The  lowest  bracts  may  be  conspicuously  longer  than  the  calyx 
while  the  remainder  may  be  shorter.    Other  characters  that  have  been 


Isanthus 


Labiatae 


801 


0  50 

Map  1728 


Teucnum    Occident 


ale    bray 


0  50 

Map  1729 

Teucnum    occidentale 
var.   boreale    (Bickn.)  Fern. 


4 
? 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

\_ 

D 

J    X 

D 

f 

D 
B 

0 
DP 

J 

Xi- 

D 

||J_ 

_ 

D 

D 

p 

r 

Dec.  j- — 

1 

D 

D        |            /    S\ 

B 

D 

P 

B     D    { 
-1          { 

9   ^fO^ 

1    I" 

Miles 

Isanthus 

I 

rac 

hiatus 

u  JO              '56 
Map  1730 

(L.)    BSP. 

given  to  separate  them  are  not  constant  enough  to  be  of  much  assistance. 
Probably  only  a  form  of  the  species  in  our  area.  The  range  is  probably 
N.  E.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Tex. 

2.  Teucnum  occidentale  Gray.  Map  1728.  Infrequent  and  found  mostly 
in  low  ground  about  lakes  and  in  prairie  habitats. 

Maine  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Ohio,  Mo.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Calif. 

2a.     Teucrium  occidentale  var.  boreale    (Bickn.)   Fern.      (Rhodora  10: 
85.    1908.)    Map  1729.    Infrequent  to  rare  in  the  habitats  of  the  species. 
Northern  N.  H.  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  w.  N.  Y.,  111.,  and  Tex. 

7217.  ISANTHUS  Michx. 

1.  Isanthus  brachiatus  (L.)  BSP.  False  Pennyroyal.  Map  1730.  My 
specimens,  supplemented  by  reports  from  6  other  counties  made  by  other 
authors,  show  that  this  species  is  an  infrequent  to  rare  plant  throughout 
the  state.  It  may,  however,  be  more  frequent  than  our  records  indicate 
because  it  closely  resembles  the  common  pennyroyal  and  may  not  be  distin- 
guished easily.  It  is  generally  found  in  bare,  gravelly  or  sandy  places  about 
gravel  pits,  in  old  lake  beds,  along  roadsides  and  railroads,  washed  places 
in  fallow  fields,  and  on  open,  wooded  slopes.  Usually  common  in  large 
colonies  where  it  is  found. 

Vt.,  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 


7218.  TRICHOSTEMA  L. 

1.  Trichostema  dichotomum  L.  Bluecurls.  Map  1731.  I  have  found 
this  rare  species  on  the  dry,  sandy  spill  bank  of  the  Kankakee  River  west 
of  the  Tefft  Bridge  in  Jasper  County,  on  a  wooded  ridge  in  Harrison 
County,  in  the  Princeton  fine  sand  in  an  open  black  and  white  oak  woods 
4  miles  south  of  Vincennes,  and  on  a  slight  rise  in  a  post  and  pin  oak  woods 
in  the  "flats"  about  4  miles  northwest  of  Chrisney  in  Spencer  County.   It 


802 


Labiatae 


Scutellaria 


2 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

■■ 

l~ 

"l D 
1? 

\ 

'    rK 

1 

Y 

- 

1 

r 

-  i 

r, 

Dec  (— 

[ 

i 

V  no 

D 

K       } ^ 

f\ 

B    /      ) 

D   J 

£/   Miles 

Tn 

chc 

r  2 

St( 

'ma 

dichotom 

0                50 
Map  1731 

urn    L. 

0  50 

Map  1732 


Scutellaria    galericulata    L, 


0  50 

Map  1733 

Scutellaria    nervosa    Pursh. 


has  also  been  collected  in  Lawrence  County  by  Kriebel  and  in  Porter  County 
by  Nieuwland. 

Maine  to  n.  Ind.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


7234.  SCUTELLARIA  [Rivin.]  L.  Skullcap 

[Penland.  Notes  on  North  American  Scutellarias.  Contr.  Gray  Herb. 
Harvard  Univ.  71 :  61-79.  1924.  Leonard.  The  North  American  species 
of  Scutellaria.     Contr.  U.  S.  Nation.  Herb.  22:  703-748.    1927.] 

Median  stem  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so  or  on  petioles  up  to  3  mm  long,  sometimes  the 
lowest  leaves  on  longer  petioles. 
Stems  with  a  retrorse  pubescence;  plants  of  a  marsh  habitat;  corollas  17-22  mm  long. 

1.  S.  galericulata. 

'  Stems  glabrous  or,  if  pubescent,  not  as  above;  plants  not  of  a  marsh  habitat;  corollas 
less  than  15  mm  long. 

Median  and  lower  leaves  coarsely  crenate 2.  S.  nervosa. 

Median  and  lower  leaves  entire  or  mostly  so. 
Pubescence  of  stems  and  pedicels  spreading. 

Lower  surface  of  leaves  more  or  less  dotted  with  sessile  glands 

3.    S.  parvula. 

Lower  surface  of  leaves  not  dotted  with  sessile  glands 4.   S.  australis. 

Pubescence  of  stem  and  pedicels  upwardly  appressed 

5.    S.  Leonardi. 

Median  stem  leaves  on  petioles  more  than  5  mm  long. 

Internodes  of  stems  and  lower  surface  of  leaves  glabrous  or  with  only  a  straggling 
pubescence  on  the  angles  of  the  stem  and  on  the  veins  of  the  blades. 
Inflorescence  a  terminal  loose  raceme.    (See  excluded  species  no.  525,  p.  1084).  . .  . 

S.  serrata. 

Inflorescence  not  as  above. 

Median  stem  leaves  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  acute  to  acuminate  at 
the   apex;    inflorescence   in   loose   axillary   racemes;    flowers   5-8   mm   long; 

plants  of  wet  places 6.  S.  lateriflora. 

Median  stem  leaves  cordate  at  the  base,  obtuse  to  very  obtuse  at  the  apex; 
inflorescence  of  single  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  flowers  mostly 
15-18  mm  long;  plants  not  of  wet  places 7.   S.  saxatilis. 


Scutellaria 


Labiatae 


803 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

1 

D 

0 

V 

f^ 

0 

1 

X 

D 

J 

r~ 

r 

Dec.  C 

i  ' — 

/     Miles 

Sc 

utell; 

ria 

parvula  M 

)                50 
Map  1734 

chx. 

o  5o 

MapI735 


Scutellaria  auslralis  (Fassett)  Eplmcj 




D 

— 

Jan. 
Feb 



Mar. 
Apr. 

B 

s.^b" 

B 
UC 

\ 



rJ            1 

— 

May 
June 

r 

1 

X 

:    n 

July 
Aug. 
Sept. 

: 

1 

J 

Oct. 
Nov. 

X 

J 

U 

Dec.  f- 

j 

1          1 

r 

U- 

D     1    D 

0/ 

D     (        ^ 

fJ    Miles 

/  0                  50 

^<Cj-\f             Map  1735a 

Scutellaria  Leonard!  Epltng 

Internodes  of  stems  and  under  surface  of  leaves  more  or  less  densely  pubescent. 
Bracts  of  racemes  lanceolate  or  linear;  hairs  of  inflorescence  mostly  recurved  or 

appressed;  calyx  canescent,  rarely  with  a  few  gland-tipped  hairs 

8.    S.  incana. 

Bracts  of  racemes  ovate  or  oblong-spatulate;  hairs  of  inflorescence  spreading  and 

mostly   glandular;    calyx   densely   pubescent  with   glandular,   spreading   hairs. 

Leaves  narrowed  or  rarely  truncate  at  the  base,  sometimes  the  lowest  leaves 

cordate;  blades  beneath  conspicuously  and  densely  covered  with  oil  glands; 

middle  internodes  of  the  stem  conspicuously  longer;  bracts  oblong-spatulate. 

9.    S.  ovalifolia. 

Leaves  deeply  cordate  at  the  base;  blades  beneath  not  conspicuously  and  densely 
covered  with  oil  glands;  middle  internodes  of  the  stem  not  noticeably  longer; 
bracts  ovate 10.   5.  ovata. 


1.  Scutellaria  galericulata  L.  (Scutellaria  epilobiifolia  Hamilton ;  Fer- 
nald  in  Rhodora  23:  85-86.  1921.)  Map  1732.  Found  in  marshes  about 
lakes,  between  dunes,  in  tamarack  bogs,  about  swamps  in  woods,  and 
in  low  borders  of  dredged  ditches.  The  known  specimens  of  this  species 
restrict  its  distribution  to  the  lake  area  of  the  state.  No  doubt  the 
report  from  Clark  County  should  be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ohio,  Nebr.,  and  Ariz. 

2.  Scutellaria  nervosa  Pursh.  Map  1733.  Rather  frequent  in  the 
southern  third  of  the  state  in  moist  soil  in  woodland,  becoming  rare  north- 
ward, and  probably  absent  from  our  northern  counties.  It  is  found  in  moist 
woods  of  all  kinds.  I  have  a  white-flowered  specimen  from  Spencer  County. 
I  have  had  it  in  cultivation  for  many  years,  and  it  is  so  prolific  that  each 
year  many  seedlings  must  be  weeded  out. 

Pa.,  111.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ala.,  and  La. 

3.  Scutellaria  parvula  Michx.  Map  1734.  My  specimens  are  from  dry 
soil  on  the  top  of  high  wooded  banks  of  streams. 

Ont.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ala.,  La.,  and  Tex. 


804 


Labiatae 


Scutellaria 


0  ^50 

Map  1736 


Scutellaria    lateriflora    L 


0  50 

Map  1737 


Scutellaria    saxatilis    Riddel 


0  50 

Map  1738 


Scutellaria     incana    Spreng 


4.  Scutellaria  australis  (Fassett)  Epling.  (Amer.  Jour.  Bot.  26:  21-22. 
1939.)  (Rhodora  39:  378-379.  1937.)  Map  1735.  On  the  crests  of  wooded 
ridges  and  in  the  post  oak  flats  of  the  southwestern  counties. 

Ind.  to  Kans.  and  Okla.,  southw.  to  Tenn.,  Ala.,  and  e.  Tex. 

5.  Scutellaria  Leonardi  Epling.  (Amer.  Jour.  Bot.  26:  20-21.  1939.) 
(Scutellaria  parvula  var.  ambigua  (Nutt.)  Fern.,  Rhodora  3:  198-201. 
1901.)  Map  1735a.  In  dry  clayey  soil  on  the  crests  of  wooded  ridges  and 
in  dry,  black,  sandy  soil  of  prairies. 

Maine  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Tenn.,  Mo.,  and  Kans. 

6.  Scutellaria  lateriflora  L.  Skullcap.  Map  1736.  Frequent  through- 
out the  state  on  the  low,  wet  borders  of  lakes,  ponds,  and  swamps,  in  low 
wet  woods,  and  dredged  ditches,  and  sometimes  in  roadside  ditches.  It  is 
commonly  found  on  the  inner  zone  of  vegetation  of  swamps  and  ponds 
which  become  dry  in  summer. 

This  species  is  the  one  used  in  medicine,  The  whole  plant  is  used  and  15 
grains  of  the  powdered  plant  is  an  average  dose.  It  is  used  as  a  nervine 
and  tonic. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  N.  Mex. 

7.  Scutellaria  saxatilis  Riddell.  Map  1737.  A  rare  plant  throughout 
its  general  range.  I  have  found  it  only  twice.  Once  I  found  it  in  the 
detritus  of  a  sandstone  cliff  along  Little  Blue  River  at  the  site  of  the  old 
Carnes  Mill,  about  2  miles  southeast  of  Grantsburg,  in  Crawford  County. 
There  are  two  vigorous  colonies  here,  growing  in  the  shade  of  the  cliff 
and  surrounding  trees.  I  found  it  again  in  the  detritus  at  the  base  of  a 
cliff  of  the  Ohio  River,  about  2  miles  south  of  Fredonia,  in  Crawford 
County.  This  station  is  just  south  of  a  picnic  ground  2  miles  south  of 
Fredonia.  Here  is  a  small  colony,  growing  in  the  dense  shade  of  the  cliff 
and  woods. 

It  has  been  found  in  the  following  states :  Del.,  Md.,  D.  C,  Va.,  W.  Va., 
N.  C,  Ohio,  Ind.,  Ky.,  Tenn.,  and  Ark. 


Scutellaria 


Labiatae 


805 


0  50 

Map   1739 


Scutellaria    ovalifolia    Pers 


0  50 

Map  1740 


Scutellaria    ovata    Hill 


Map  1741 


Marrubium     vulgare    L 


8.  Scutellaria  incana  Spreng.  (Scutellaria  canesceiis  Nutt.  and  Scutel- 
laria incana  Muhl.)  Map  1738.  Infrequent  throughout  the  state  except 
the  northern  part,  from  which  we  have  no  records.  Usually  found  in 
dry  soil  in  black  and  white  oak  and  in  beech  and  sugar  maple  woods. 
Rarely  along  roadsides  and  in  wet  situations.  About  half  of  my  specimens 
from  the  southern  part  of  the  state  have  stems  more  or  less  glandular- 
pubescent. 

Pa.,  Ont.,  and  Wis.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  and  Kans. 

9.  Scutellaria  ovalifolia  Pers.  (Scutellaria  pilosa  Michx.  and  Scutel- 
laria pilosa  var.  hirsuta  (Short)  Gray  of  Coulter's  Cat.  1900.)  Map  1739. 
Infrequent  to  rare  in  the  area  of  the  southern  part  of  the  state  shown  by 
the  map.  On  black  and  white  oak  and  beech  and  sugar  maple  wooded 
slopes.  Probably  entirely  absent  from  most  of  the  Tipton  Till  Plain  and 
the  lake  area.  I  have  specimens  from  dry,  white  oak  woods  in  De  Kalb 
and  Lagrange  Counties.  Nieuwland  collected  it  in  St.  Joseph  County.  It 
has  been  reported  from  3  other  counties,  Dearborn,  Floyd,  and  Putnam. 
The  great  variation  in  the  length  of  the  pubescence  led  to  the  naming  of 
the  extreme  pubescent  form  but  the  species  is  now  regarded  as  variable 
enough  to  include  this  form. 

Southern  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

10.  Scutellaria  ovata  Hill.  {Scutellaria  versicolor  Nutt.  and  Scutel- 
laria cordifolia  Muhl.)  Map  1740.  Infrequent  in  beech  and  sugar 
maple  and  white  oak  and  beech  woods  throughout  the  state,  although 
we  have  no  specimens  from  the  northern  counties.  We  have  Van  Gorder's 
record  from  Noble  County  which  is  the  only  one  north  of  the  range 
shown  on  the  map.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  this  species  is  a  preferred  food 
for  insects  and  it  is  often  very  difficult  to  secure  an  herbarium  specimen 
which  is  not  badly  eaten  by  them.  The  bracts  of  the  flowers  are  variable 
in  size.  We  have  one  specimen  from  Tippecanoe  County  which  has  large, 
broadly  cordate  bracts  about  8  mm.  long. 

Pa.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Kans. 


806 


Labiatae 


Marrubium 


0  50 

Map  1742 


Agastache    nepetoides   (L.)  Ktze 


o  50 

Map  1743 

Agastache    scrophulanaefolia 

(Willd.)   Ktze. 


Ma?  1744 


Nepeta    Catana   L. 


7238.  MARRUBIUM  [Tourn]  L. 

1.  Marrubium  vulgare  L.  Common  Horehound.  Map  1741.  This 
plant  has  been  cultivated  for  its  medicinal  properties  since  pioneer  times. 
It  has  escaped  from  gardens  to  barnyards,  roadsides,  open  woods,  and 
woods  pastures. 

I  have  found  it  to  be  common  in  hogyards  where  the  hogs  had  killed 
all  other  vegetation  without  disturbing  this  plant. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  naturalized  in  N.  A.  from  Maine,  Ont.,  B.  C,  southw.  to 
N.  C,  Ala.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Calif. 


7241.  AGASTACHE  Clayton 

Leaves  glaucous  white  and  minutely  tomentose  beneath;   flowers  blue.   (See  excluded 

species  no.  526,  p.  1084) A.  Foeniculum. 

Leaves  green  beneath  and  glabrous  or  short-pubescent;  flowers  greenish  yellow,  pur- 
plish or  pinkish. 
Blades  more  or  less  densely  short-pubescent  beneath;   bracts  broadly  ovate,  green, 
gradually   acuminate;    flowers   greenish   yellow;   calyx   4-5   mm   long,   the  teeth 

1-1.5  mm  long,  green,  obtuse  or  acute 1.  A.  nepetoides. 

Blades  glabrous  beneath  or  with  a  few  hairs  along  the  veins;  bracts  nearly  orbicular, 
abruptly  acuminate,  somewhat  colorless;  flowers  purplish  or  pinkish;  calyx  6-7 

mm  long,  the  teeth  2-3  mm  long,  somewhat  colorless,  long-acuminate 

2.   A.  sarophulariae folia. 

1.  Agastache  nepetoides  (L.)  Ktze.  Giant  HYSSOP.  Map  1742.  In- 
frequent to  rare  and  generally  found  in  rather  open  woods,  in  moist  and 
usually  sandy  soil  along  streams;  sometimes  in  moist  open  woods  and 
fallow  fields,  and  along  roadsides. 

E.  Mass.,  w.  Que.,  and  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tenn.,  Kans.,  and  Ark. 

2.  Agastache  scrophulanaefolia  (Willd.)  Ktze.  Figwort  Giant  Hys- 
sop. Map  1743.  A  rare  plant  and  found  more  often  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  state.  It  is  generally  found  in  somewhat  moist  and  sandy  soil  in 
dry,  open  woods  and  along  roadsides.    The  flowers  vary  greatly  in  color. 


Nepeta 


Labiatae 


807 


o  50 

Map  1745 


Glecoma    hederacea   L. 


0  50 

Map  1746 
Glecoma    hederacea 
var.   parviflora    (BenthJ  House 


0  50 

Map  1747 

Prunella    vulgaris 
var.    lanceolata    (Barton)    Fern, 


They  are  usually  purplish  but  sometimes  nearly  white  with  a  tinge  of 
purple  or  pink. 

N.  H.,  Ont,  and  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ky.,  and  Mo. 


7243.  MEEHANIA  Britt. 

See  excluded  species  no.  527,  p.  1084. 

7247.fNEPETA  [Rivin.]  L. 

1.  Nepeta  Cataria  L.  Catnip.  Map  1744.  Prefers  a  moist  or  dry 
sandy  soil  and  is  frequent  to  common  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  Too  fre- 
quent in  waste  places  about  dwellings,  truck  gardens,  pastures,  and  open 
woodland.  At  our  home  we  regard  it  as  an  obnoxious  weed,  and  even  by 
persistent  efforts  can  not  entirely  eradicate  it. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  naturalized  from  Newf.,  Que.,  Oreg.,  southw.  to  Ga., 
Kans.,  and  Utah. 

7249.  GLECOMA  L. 

Corollas  mostly  1.6-2.2  cm  long 1.    G.  hederacea. 

Corollas  mostly  1-1.5  cm  long la.  G.  hederacea  var.  parviflora. 

1.  Glecoma  hederacea  L.  (Nepeta  hederacea  (L.)  Trev.)  Large- 
flower  Ground-ivy.  Map  1745.  Fernald  (Rhodora  23:  289.  1921) 
separated  the  large-flowered  form  of  this  species  from  the  small-flowered 
one.  Most  of  our  reports  for  the  species  were  made  before  the  separation 
was  made.  These  reports  show  the  species  to  be  all  over  the  state.  How- 
ever, my  specimens  and  observations  of  recent  years  show  that  the  large- 
flowered  form  is  rare  in  the  state.  Habitat  the  same  as  that  of  the  variety. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  naturalized  from  P.  E.  I.  to  Conn,  and  N.  Y.  I  have  not 
been  able  to  investigate  further  its  general  range. 

la.  Glecoma  hederacea  var.  parviflora  (Benth.)  House.  Small- 
flower  GROUND-IVY.    Map   1746.    More  or  less  frequent  throughout  the 


808  Labiatae  Prunella 

state  in  lawns,  gardens,  waste  places,  and  moist,  open  woodland  along 
streams,  and  along  roadsides.  It  is  an  obnoxious  weed  wherever  found.  It 
prefers  the  open  and  is  generally  found  with  bluegrass  and  herbs,  and  not 
in  leaf  mold  in  woods. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  naturalized  from  Newf.  and  Ont.  to  Minn,  and  Oreg., 
southw.  to  Ga.,  Tenn.,  Kans.,  and  Colo. 

7254.  PRUNELLA  L. 

[Fernald.  The  indigenous  varieties  of  Prunella  vulgaris  in  North 
America.   Rhodora  15:  179-186.   1913.] 

Principal  or  median  cauline  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  rounded  at  the  base,  two  fifths 
to  two  thirds  as  wide  as  long 1.   P.  vulgaris. 

Principal  or  median  cauline  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong,  gradually  narrowed  or  cuneate 

at  the  base  (sometimes  broad  at  the  base),  a  fifth  to  half  as  wide  as  long 

la.   P.  vulgaris  var.  lanceolata. 

1.  Prunella  vulgaris  L.  Selfheal.  This  is  the  European  plant  and 
is  described  by  Bentham  as  having  the  "stem  procumbent  or  creeping, 
and  rooting  at  the  base,  with  ascending  flowering  branches,  sometimes 
2  or  3  inches,  rarely  near  a  foot  high."  Smith  described  a  variety  minor 
as  having  "stems  a  span  high,  erect  or  ascending,  etc."  Clute  (Amer. 
Bot.  3:  10.  1902)  described  Prunella  vulgaris  var.  nana  as  a  plant  of 
lawns,  creeping  and  rooting  at  the  nodes.  I  have  found  this  plant  an 
obnoxious  weed  in  a  lawn  in  Bluffton,  Indiana.  It  is  also  well  established 
in  a  lawn  at  206  Wakewa  St.,  South  Bend,  St.  Joseph  County  and  probably 
in  other  places  throughout  the  state.  No  doubt  many  of  our  reports  for  this 
species,  however,  should  be  referred  to  the  native  variety. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  naturalized  from  Newf.  and  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to 
N.  C.  and  Mex. 

la.  Prunella  vulgaris  var.  lanceolata  (Bart.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  15:  179- 
186.  1913.)  American  Selfheal.  Map  1747.  Frequent  throughout  the 
state  in  moist  or  rather  dry  open  woods,  fallow  fields,  waste  places,  hay- 
fields,  and  along  roadsides  and  railroads.  It  prefers  rather  sandy  and  moist 
soil  near  streams  and  in  ravines,  and  is  usually  found  in  grassy  places.  It 
adapts  itself  to  almost  all  kinds  of  soils  and  situations. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Ariz. 

7257.  PHYSOSTEGIA  Benth.  False-dragonhead 

Upper  leaves  of  stem  not  conspicuously  reduced  in  size;  calyx  densely  puberulent  with 
stiff,  straight  hairs;  flowers  8-20  mm  long. 

Flowers  usually  15-20  mm  long;  leaves  sessile 1.   P.  speciosa. 

Flowers  usually  8-15  mm  long;  leaves  petiolate.     (See  excluded  species  no.  528,  p. 

1084) P-  parviflora. 

Upper  leaves  of  stem  greatly  reduced   in   size;   calyx   densely  puberulent  with   stiff, 

straight  hairs  and  covered  more  or  less  with  stipitate  glands  of  about  the  same 

length  as  the  hairs  (sometimes  the  glands  few)  ;  flowers  generally  20-30  mm  long. 

2.    P.  Virginia  mi. 

1.     Physostegia  speciosa   (Sweet)    Sweet.     {Physostegia  virginiana  in 

part,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Dracocephalum  virginianum  in  part,  of  Brit- 


Synandra 


Labiatae 


809 


1 

9 

:■ 

Jan, 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

D 

MX 

B     D 

D  1. 

1     HD 

> 

_^_ 

D 

t  r± 

0 

D 

i 

D 

f 

D    HO 
HO 

r 

D 

I 

1 

j     _ 

Nov. 
Dec  (- 

j 

y~ 

r 

V 

> 

IU 

B       ___ 

j  ( 

Miles 

Phy 

ioste 

gia 

specio 

JO              '50 
Map  1748 

sa    SweeO 

ton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Tall  Cluster  False-dragon  head. 
Map  1748.  Infrequent  in  moist  soil  mostly  along  streams.  The  distribution 
of  this  and  the  next  species  is  not  known  because  I  did  not  separate  the 
two  species  before  I  made  my  study  of  the  genus.  The  two  species  have 
always  been  confused  and  their  range  is  not  known.  This  species  flowers 
about  10  days  earlier  than  the  next  and  is  strongly  stoloniferous.  The 
general  range  of  the  two  species  is  given  as  follows:  Vt.,  Que.  to  Minn., 
southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Physostegia  virginiana  (L.)  Benth.  (Physostegia  virginia?w  in  part, 
of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Dracoceplmlum  virginianum  in  part,  of  Britton 
and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Virginia  False-dragon  head.  Map  1749. 
Infrequent  throughout  the  state  in  moist,  sandy  soil  in  prairie  habitats, 
in  moist  soil  on  wooded  banks  of  streams,  in  moist  borders  of  lakes,  and 
more  rarely  on  rocky,  open,  wooded  slopes. 

Both  species  do  well  in  cultivation  in  good,  black  loam  soil.  They  are 
easily  propagated  from  seed. 

7259.  SYNANDRA  Nutt, 

1.  Synandra  hispidula  (Michx.)  Britt.  Map  1750.  This  mint  is  local 
and  rare  in  the  state  but  where  it  is  found  there  are  usually  several  plants 
in  a  colony  or  it  is  found  growing  for  some  distance  in  its  restricted 
habitat.  It  grows  in  deep  leaf  mold  in  cool,  moist  places,  usually  toward 
the  bases  of  deep,  wooded  ravines.  Rarely  found  in  level  woods  where  it 
grows  in  dense  shade. 

Ohio  to  111.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Tenn. 


7270.  GALEOPSIS  L. 

See  excluded  species  no.  530,  p.  1084. 


810 


Labiatae 


La  mi  urn 


0  50 

Map  1751 


Lamium    amplexicaule   L. 


0  50 

Map  1752 


Lamium     purpureum   L. 


7271.  LAMIUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Deadnettle 

Leaves  sessile  or  clasping  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem 1.    L.  amplexicaule. 

Leaves  all  petiolate. 

Flowers  red  or  purplish 2.    L.  purpurem. 

Flowers  white.    (See  excluded  species  no.  531,  p.  1084) L.  album. 

1.  Lamium  amplexicaule  L.  Henbit.  Map  1751.  Frequent  to  com- 
mon, at  least  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  in  sandy  soil.  It  grows  in 
waste  places,  gardens,  truck  gardens,  fallow  fields,  cornfields,  pastures 
and  open  woods,  and  along  roadsides  and  railroads. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia ;  N.  B.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ark.,  and  Calif. 

2.  Lamium  purpureum  L.  Purple  Deadnettle.  Map  1752.  We  have 
a  single  report  for  this  species.  I  have  specimens  from  four  counties: 
from  Jefferson  County,  frequent  along  the  roadside  along  a  creek  north- 
east of  Brooksburg;  from  St.  Joseph  County,  in  a  cemetery  along  the  St. 
Joseph  River  near  South  Bend ;  and  from  Tippecanoe  County  from  nursery 
grounds  in  West  Lafayette. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  Newf.,  N.  C,  Pa.,  and  Mo. 

7273.  LEONURUS  L.  Motherwort 

1.  Leonurus  Cardiaca  L.  Common  Motherwort.  Map  1753.  Fre- 
quent throughout  the  state  in  waste  places,  fallow  fields,  and  open  woods 
and  along  roadsides  and  fences. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  S.  to  N.  Dak.  and  Utah,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Kans. 

7281.  STACHYS  [Tourn.]  L.  Hedge  Nettle' 

Lower  and  upper  leaves  sessile,  the  median  subsessile,  rarely  on  petioles  as  long  as 
8  mm. 
Leaves  entirely  glabrous  or  thinly  hispid  with  stiff  hairs  only,  neither  pubescent  nor 
glandular. 

1  This  key  and  the  synonymy  were  contributed  by  Carl  Epling  of  the  University  of 
California  at  Los  Angeles.   He  has  seen  and  named  all  of  my  specimens. 


Stachys 


Labiatae 


811 


0  50 

Map  1754 


Stachys    hyssopifolia    Michx 


Stachys    aspera    Michx 


6 
24 

8 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec.j- 

D 
F 

d) 

i 

L    D      F 

)      KD           D 

0 

., /  ND                      I 

D 

r 

D         D 

p                     1 — 

J   0 

J°«c        ' 

itc 
p 

— K-*- 

D       ■>         0 

a 

D 

D          D 

77        •« 

-  i 

J 

r,"  ■ 

i 

D 

1         ' 

K       , 

^Ei a     P          . — > 

d  .y 

U    Miles 

j     D 

Stachys 

i/             Map  1756 
hispida    Pursh 

Calyx  essentially  glabrous,  sometimes  bearing  a  few  bristles,  especially  toward 
the  base;  leaves  entire  or  serrulate,  essentially  glabrous. 

Leaves  rarely  more  than  6  mm  wide,  mostly  entire 1.  S.  hyssopifolia. 

Leaves  mostly  8-12  mm  wide,  usually  serrulate 2.  S.  aspera. 

Calyx  definitely  hispid;  leaves  hispid,  rarely  glabrate,  mostly  1.5-4  cm  wide 

3.   S.  hispida. 

Leaves  definitely  pubescent,  even  velvety. 

Leaves   tending  to   be   elliptical   and  narrowed  below  the  middle,  mostly  2-4  cm 

wide,  sometimes  wider 4.  S.  palustris  var.  homotricha. 

Leaves  tending  to  be  oblong,  particularly  below  the  middle,  usually  less  than  2.5 

cm  wide.    (See  excluded  species,  no.  532,  p.  1085) S.  palustris. 

Lower  leaves   on  petioles  usually   1-2  cm  long,  the  median  ones   on   petioles   1-7  cm 
long,  the  uppermost  rarely  sessile. 
Plants  essentially  glabrous,  sometimes  thinly  hispid  on  the  margins  of  the  stems. 

5.  S.  tenuifolia. 

Plants  definitely  pubescent. 

Stems  clothed  with  both  long  and  short  hairs;  leaves  prevailingly  ovate  or  obovate; 

calyx  teeth  deltoid  and  shorter  than  the  tube 6.  S.  Riddellii. 

Stems  clothed  on  the  angles  with  stiffish  hairs,  otherwise  glabrous;  leaves  pre- 
vailingly oblong  or  tending  to  be  oblong  rather  than  ovate;  calyx  teeth  in 
shape  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species 7.  S.  Clingmanii. 

1.  Stachys  hyssopifolia  Michx.  Map  1754.  A  local  plant  in  the  north- 
western counties,  usually  common  where  it  is  found.  It  is  usually  found 
in  moist,  open,  sandy  places  about  lakes,  and  was  found  once  along  a  sandy 
roadside.  Its  habitat  is  doubtless  minimacid  because  the  plants  most  often 
associated  with  it  are  Rhexia  virginica,  Aletris,  Hypericum  gentianoides, 
Poly  gala  cruciata,  Gaultheria,  and  Vaccinium  migustifolium. 

Mass.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla. 

2.  Stachys  aspera  Michx.  (Stachys  hyssopifolia  var.  ambigua  Gray 
and  Stachys  ambigua  Britt.,  not  Smith.)  Map  1755.  Our  only  specimen 
is  from  railroad  ballast  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  east  of  Dana  in  Ver- 
million County.  Common  here  in  one  place  but  not  noted  again  between 
Dana  and  Hillsdale,  a  distance  of  6  miles. 

Mass.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ky. 


812 


Labiatae 


Stachys 


0  50 

Map  1757 


Stachys  palustris    var,   homotncha   Fern 


2 
19 
9 

3 

1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

10 

B 

s-X   B 

0 

r 

D 

V 

ry 

-,    °   ^ 

0        D 

D 
P 

X  * 

D 

B 
D 

» 

D 

B 

B   D     MC 
■0 

TO 

J 

T~ 

r 

IC 

Dec^ 

1 

» 

D 

ID    \ 1 

11             D         j 
7.      1 ( 

D     i       V 

D    1    J\ 

o  |_L^_? 

y     Miles 

B 

pS  B 

D    I          fo 
1    D 

D 

Stacl 

D     ) 

D  /V  7 

tenuifolia 

0                 50 

Map  1758 
Villd 

5 

9 

z 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sep|. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

j 

\ 

\ 

fr1- 

D 

X 

0 

D 

"T- 

V- 

r 

Dec.£ 

! 

o  |  a  j 

0 
1U 

1           1    DJ 

"(B«fn/|D^J 

o   J 
!/    Miles 

Stachys    Riddellii    h 

0 

Map  1759 
ouse 

3.  Stachys  hispida  Pursh.  (Stachys  tenuifolia  var.  aspem  (Michx.) 
Fern,  and  Stachys  aspera  of  authors,  not  Michx.)  Map  1756.  Frequent 
throughout  the  state  in  low  places  in  woods,  wet  borders  of  lakes,  ditches 
along  roadsides  and  railroads,  and  sometimes  in  fallow  fields. 

E.  Mass.,  Vt.,  and  Ont.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

4.  Stachys  palustris  L.  var.  homotricha  Fern.  (Rhodora  10:  85.  1908.) 
Map  1757.  An  infrequent  and  local  plant.  It  prefers  a  moist  or  wet  sandy 
habitat,  especially  a  prairie.  Found  in  open  places  about  lakes  and  along 
roadsides  and  railroads.  My  Ripley  County  specimen  was  found  along 
the  B.  &  O.  Railroad  one  mile  west  of  Osgood. 

Newf.  to  Mackenzie,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ohio,  111.,  and  Colo. 

5.  Stachys  tenuifolia  Willd.  Map  1758.  Infrequent  throughout  our 
area.  Generally  found  in  low  woods,  moist  ravines,  rarely  in  open  places 
and  on  banks  of  streams.  When  it  grows  in  very  dense  shade,  the  plant 
usually  becomes  weak  and  decumbent  and  is  more  branched  than  when 
it  grows  in  open  places  or  in  the  sun. 

N.  Y.  to  Iowa  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  La. 

6.  Stachys  Riddellii  House.  (Stachys  cordata  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Map  1759.  A  rare  plant  found 
usually  on  moist  or  dry  wooded  slopes. 

Ohio,  Ind.,  and  111.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 

7.  Stachys  Clingmanii  Small.  (Small,  Flora  Southeastern  United  States, 
p.  1032.  1903.)  Map  1760.  This  is  a  local  species  of  various  habitats.  I 
have  specimens  from  dry  oak  slopes,  moist  sugar  maple  and  beech  woods, 
and  from  hard  white  clay  soil  in  a  sweet  gum  "flat"  in  Clark  County  where 
I  found  specimens  5  feet  high. 

W.  Va.,  Ind.,  and  111.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 


Salvia 


Labiatae 


813 


2 
3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f- 

r 

V 

r"  ^ 

i 

tri 

Dec.j- 

D 
1         ' 

H7 

t/ 
V     Miles 

s 

achy 

S  I 

s    C 

1  fngmanii 

0                 50 

Map  1760 
Small 

4 

i 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 



r 

V 

f^ 

" 

-I 

r 

J 

Lk 

r ' 

r1 

Tl 

Dec.f- 

ID                  r 

l       ' 

I . 

T  " 

D            D     J^- 

*          c 

D  IflC  {   B  r77 

d       L^o 

/    Miles 

a 

1  D    ° 

Salvia 

yrata    L 

)                 50 

Map  1761 

i 
i 
i 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

OP 

f 

■ 

D 

r 

n  y 

f^ 

X 

r 

j 

-  k 

J 

Dec  C 

>  * — 

/    Miles 

CL     p 

alvia 

r« 

n 

P\       /0                50 

Map  1762 
exa   Hornem 

7290.  SALVIA  [Tourn.]  L.  Sage 

Stems  with  1-3  pairs  of  leaves,  the  leaves  mostly  basal 1.  S.  lyrata. 

Stems  leafy,  bearing  more  than  3  pairs  of  leaves. 

Leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  lanceolate,  less  than  2  cm  wide. 

Annual;  pubescence  of  pedicels  retrorsely  appressed 2.    S.  reflexa. 

Perennial;  pubescence  of  pedicels  spreading.    (See  excluded  species  no.  533,  p.  1085) 

S.  Pitcheri. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  ovate  or  oval,  more  than  2  cm  wide. 

Stems  glandular-pubescent  above.    (See  excluded  species  no.  535,  p.  1085) 

S.  urticaefolia. 

Stems  not  glandular-pubescent. 
Corollas  about  1  cm  long. 

Pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx 3.  S.  sylvestris. 

Pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  calyx.    (See  excluded  species  no.  536,  p.  1085)  .  . . 

S.    vetrticillata. 

Corollas  about  2  cm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  534,  p.  1085) 

S.  pratensis. 

1.  Salvia  lyrata  L.  Lyreleaf  Sage.  Map  1761.  Infrequent  in  a  few 
of  the  south  central  counties.  It  is  usually  found  in  dry  soil  but  some- 
times in  moist  soil  in  the  "flats."  It  is  generally  found  in  open,  bare  places 
on  slopes  in  woods  associated  with  black  and  white  oak,  or  with  beech. 
It  was  noted  as  a  weed  in  a  woods  pasture  about  a  mile  east  of  Charles- 
town  in  Clark  County.  Here  the  soil  was  shallow  and  underlaid  by  lime- 
stone. 

Conn,  to  111.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Salvia  reflexa  Hornem.  (Fedde  Rept.  Spec.  Nov.  110:  102.  1938.) 
(Salvia  Imiceaefolia  Poir.)  Map  1762.  This  western  annual  has  been 
found  established  in  a  few  counties.  I  found  it  to  be  well  established  in 
sandy  soil  in  a  barnyard  about  half  a  mile  northeast  of  Leiter's  Ford  in 
Fulton  County,  and  in  a  sandy  truck  garden  along  the  Wabash  River  in 
Gibson  County. 

Ohio  to  Mont.,  southw.  to  Ariz,  and  Mex. 

3.  Salvia  sylvestris  L.  Map  1763.  I  found  this  sage  in  a  pasture  field 
about  a  half  mile  north  of  Culver,  Marshall  County  in  1920  and  in  1937 


814 


Labiatae 


Monarda 


0  50 

Map  1763 


Salvia    sylvestns  L. 


o  50 

Map  1764 


Monarda    Bradbunana    Beck 


9 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

f 

\ 

|V 

' 

X 

r 

uc 

m 

J 

(* 

3 

Dec.j- 

o        o        D 

IU           D      1 
J 

D                    J7" 

D     /      J 
°1        >Di 

"TBI!                     ' 

1/    Miles 

Monarda 

C 

mopodia 

0                  50 

Map  1765 
L. 

it  still  persisted  there.  In  1936  Ralph  M.  Kriebel  found  it  as  a  common 
weed  along  State  Road  37  near  Waverly,  Morgan  County.  He  informed 
me  it  was  well  established  in  an  adjacent  field  also.  J.  E.  Potzger  told 
me  that  he  had  observed  it  as  a  common  weed  at  the  same  place  for 
several  years. 

Native  of  Eurasia. 


7296.  MONARDA  L.  Beebalm 

Calyx  lobes  generally  2.5-3  mm  long;  leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so..  .  .  1.  M.  Bradburiana. 
Calyx  lobes  generally  less  than  2.5  mm  long. 

Flower  clusters  on  long,  terminal  peduncles   (rarely  some  clusters  from  the  upper 
axils,  these  on  long  peduncles);  anthers  exserted;  leaves  petiolate. 
Calyx  without  hairs  in  the  throat;  corolla  bright  red,  showy.  (See  excluded  species 

no.  537,  p.  1085) M.  didyma. 

Calyx  with  hairs  in  the  throat;  corolla  white,  yellowish  white  or  purplish. 

Corolla  white  or  yellowish  white;  stems  generally  simple,  not  branched;  flower- 
ing mostly  in  June 2.  M.  clinopodia. 

Corolla  purplish;   stems   branched,  rarely   simple;   flowering  mostly  in  July   or 
later. 

Stem  crisp-pubescent  and  more  or  less  villous-hirsute 3.  M.  fistulosa. 

Stem  crisp-puberulent  only 3a.  M.  fistulosa  var.  moUis. 

Flower  clusters  all  axillary;  anthers  not  exserted 4.  M.  punctata  var.  villicaulis. 

1.  Monarda  Bradburiana  Beck.  Map  1764.  A  very  rare  plant  in  this 
state  and  probably  confused  with  other  species.  Our  older  manuals  did 
not  recognize  Monarda  clinopodia  and  when  the  flowers  lose  their  color, 
the  species  are  separated  with  difficulty.  It  has  been  reported  from  Clark, 
Franklin,  Jefferson,  and  Putnam  Counties,  for  the  area  of  Delaware, 
Jay,  Randolph,  and  Wayne  Counties,  and  for  the  area  of  the  Lower 
Wabash  Valley.  All  of  these  reports  were  made  before  1886.  Schneck, 
in  1872,  says  for  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley:  Open  woods  and  fence-rows, 
common.  1  have  it  from  clayey  roadsides  and  dry  wooded  slopes  from 
Knox  and  Posey  Counties. 

Ind.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Ala.,  Tenn.,  and  Ark. 


Monarda 


Labiatae 


815 


o  53 

Map  1766 


Monarda    fistulosa    L. 


0                50 
Map  1767 
Monarda    fistulosa 
var    mollis    (L.)   Benth. 


0  50 

Map  1768 


Monarda    punctata 
var.   villicaulis    Pennell 


2.  Monarda  clinopddia  L.  Map  1765.  Infrequent  in  a  few  of  the  south- 
ern counties.  It  is  usually  found  in  dry,  white  and  black  oak  woods  and 
less  frequently  in  beech  woods.  The  flowers  are  generally  white  or  yel- 
lowish white. 

Ont.,  N.  Y.  to  111.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ky. 

3.  Monarda  fistulosa  L.  Wild  Bergamot.  Map  1766.  Infrequent  to 
frequent  throughout  the  state.  In  moist  sandy  soil  in  prairie  habitats  or 
in  extinct  lake  bottoms,  it  is  often  abundant  over  several  acres.  It  pre- 
fers a  moist,  sandy  soil  but  is  found  also  in  dry,  gravelly  soil  and  on  rocky 
wooded  slopes.  It  is  generally  found  in  moist  places  along  streams,  usually 
in  open  woods;  in  deep  wooded  ravines,  in  fallow  fields,  on  open  rocky 
wooded  slopes,  and  along  roadsides  and  railroads. 

A  careful  study  of  my  75  specimens  shows  that  I  have  specimens  of 
the  typical  form  of  the  species  and  its  variety.  Nearly  all  are  intermediate 
in  the  kind  and  quantity  of  pubescence;  plants  typical  of  the  variety  will 
have  some  villous  hairs  about  the  nodes  or  on  the  petioles.  The  calyx  tube 
varies  from  5  to  9  mm  long,  its  teeth  from  1  to  2  mm  long,  and  the  surface 
is  more  or  less  densely  glandular-puberulent.  The  leaves  vary  from  ovate 
with  rounded  bases  to  those  that  are  ovate-lanceolate  to  lanceolate  with 
rounded,  truncate  or  cuneate  bases.  Ordinarily  the  deep  woods  forms 
have  broad  leaves  while  those  of  dry  habitats  have  narrower  leaves.  The 
color  of  the  flowers  also  varies  from  a  light  to  a  deep  purple. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3a.  Monarda  fistulosa  var.  mollis  (L.)  Benth.  {Monarda  mollis  L.) 
Hairy  Wild  Bergamot.  Map  1767.  The  habitat  and  distribution  are  the 
same  as  that  of  the  species.  The  under  surface  of  the  leaves  of  the  typical 
form  is  velvety  to  the  touch.  The  pubescence  of  the  branches  of  the  stem 
and  under  surface  of  the  leaves  in  the  variety  is  densely  canescent  and  the 
hairs  on  the  stem  are  not  at  all  spreading. 

4.  Monardo  punctata  L.  var.  villicaulis  Pennell.  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club 
46:  186.    1919.)     (Monarda  punctata  L.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton 


816 


Labiatae 


Blephilia 


0  50 

Map  1769 


Blephilia    clliata    (U    Raf. 


0  50 

Map  1770 


Blephilia    hirsuta    (Pursh)    Benth. 


0 

Map  1771 


Hedeoma    pulegioldes    (LJ   Pers. 


and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Horsemint.  Map  1768.  Found  in  the 
open  on  sandy  knolls  and  dunes.  Where  it  is  found,  it  is  usually  abundant. 
Found  also  by  Chas.  M.  Ek  in  Kokomo,  Howard  County,  on  the  siding  of 
the  old  plate  glass  works.    Introduced  here  from  glass  sand. 

The  herb  and  oil  have  long  been  used  in  medicine. 

N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


7297.  BLEPHILIA  Raf.  Blephilia 

Stems  generally  simple;  leaves  usually  only  slightly  serrate;  upper  leaves  generally 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  sessile  or  on  petioles  up  to  5  mm  long;  outer  bracts  ovate, 

acute  or  acuminate,  colored,  as  long  as  the  calyx;   corolla  generally  hairy 

1.  B.   ciliata. 

Stems  generally  with  2  or  more  branches;  leaves  generally  sharply  serrate;  upper 
leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  on  petioles  generally  10-15  mm  long;  outer  bracts 
mostly  linear,  with  aristate  tips  usually  shorter  than  the  calyx;  corolla  generally 
not  hairy 2.  B.  Mrsuta. 

1.  Blephilia  ciliata  (L.)  Raf.  Map  1769.  Found  throughout  the  state 
although  we  have  no  reports  for  the  counties  bordering  Lake  Michigan. 
This  is  a  species  generally  of  open  dry  places  but  sometimes  it  is  found 
in  moist  places  in  dense  shade  such  as  the  base  of  wooded  ravines  where 
it  develops  long,  stoloniferous  branches  which  root  at  each  node.  These 
creeping  branches  have  leaves  which  vary  greatly  in  shape,  some  truncate 
and  even  cordate  at  the  base.  Blatchley  had  such  a  specimen  from  Monroe 
County,  which  I  now  have,  which  he  reported  to  be  Meehania  cordata. 
The  specimen  is  the  creeping  form  of  this  species  which  had  not  yet  de- 
veloped a  flowering  head.  Also  when  it  grows  in  dense  shade  it  some- 
times develops  a  pubescence  much  like  that  of  the  next  species.  This 
species  rarely  develops  branches.  I  have  one  specimen  with  axillary 
heads  on  peduncles  up  to  5  cm  long.  I  have  an  albino  specimen  from  Noble 
County.  I  recommend  this  species  highly  for  cultivation  both  for  its 
beauty  and  for  its  long  flowering  period. 


Hedeoma 


Labiatae 


817 


0  50 

Map  1772 


Hedeoma    hispida    Pursh 


0  50 

Map  1773 


Melissa    officinalis    L. 


0  50 

Map  1774 


Satureja    vulgaris   (L.)   Fritsch 


It  is  generally  found  in  dry  open  woods,  clearings,  fallow  fields,  and 
along  roadsides. 

Vt.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Mo. 

2.  Blephilia  hirsuta  (Pursh)  Benth.  Map  1770.  This  is  strictly  a  wood- 
land species  and  is  very  rarely  found  elsewhere.  Found  throughout  the 
state  although  we  have  no  records  for  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state 
west  of  La  Porte  County.  It  is  generally  found  in  rich  woods  in  deep  leaf 
mold.  It  is  notable  that  the  foliage  is  eaten  by  insects  to  such  an  extent 
that  whole  specimens  are  usually  difficult  to  obtain. 

Vt.,  Que.,  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

7302.  HEDEOMA  Pers. 

Leaves  petiolate,  ovate  to  linear-lanceolate,  mostly  3-12  mm  wide,  sometimes  up  to 
20  mm  wide,  at  least  the  wider  ones  serrate;  bracts  mostly  shorter  than  the 
pedicels,  obtuse;  teeth  of  the  upper  lip  generally  triangular,  acute;  seed  smooth, 
broadly  ovate,  generally  slightly  less  than  1  mm  long 1.  H.  pulegioides. 

Leaves  sessile  or  the  lowest  petiolate,  linear,  1.5-3  mm  wide,  rarely  wider,  entire; 
bracts  linear-subulate,  generally  longer  than  the  pedicels;  upper  teeth  of  calyx 
generally  subulate;  seed  oblong,  generally  1-1.3  mm  long,  surface  reticulate  under 
a  magnification  of  20  diameters 2.  H.  hispida. 

1.  Hedeoma  pulegioides  (L.)  Pers.  AMERICAN  PENNYROYAL.  Map 
1771.  Frequent  to  common  in  all  parts  of  the  state  and  probably  found 
in  every  county.  This  species  prefers  dry  soil  and  is  found  in  dry,  open 
woods  of  all  kinds,  sometimes  in  low  woods,  fallow  fields  and  along  road- 
sides and  railroads.  It  usually  flowers  about  two  weeks  or  more  later  than 
the  next  species. 

N.  S.,  Que.,  and  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ala.  and  Ark. 

2.  Hedeoma  hispida  Pursh.  PvOUGH  Pennyroyal.  Map  1772.  Infrequent 
in  Indiana.  The  plant  is  inconspicuous  and  no  doubt  is  more  common  than 
our  map  indicates.  It  is  found  only  in  dry,  usually  very  sandy  soil,  in 
rather  acid  habitats  in  open  black  oak  woods,  open  wooded  crests  of  ridges, 


818  Labiatae  Melissa 

barren  places  in  fallow,  clayey  fields,  in  sandy,  fallow  fields,  and  on  sandy 
spill-banks  of  dredged  ditches. 

Conn.,  N.  Y.,  111.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Tenn.,  La.,  Ark.,  and  Colo. 

7304.  MELfSSA  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Melissa  officinalis  L.  Common  Balm.  Map  1773.  This  plant 
was  frequently  cultivated  by  the  pioneers  because  of  its  medicinal  qualities. 
It  has,  in  some  instances,  persisted  on  the  sites  of  pioneer  habitations  and 
sometimes  escaped,  especially  to  roadsides.  I  have  found  it  in  such  places 
and  also  on  open,  wooded  hills  near  the  Ohio  River. 

Nat.  of  Eu.;  Maine  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Mo.  and  Ark.;  also  in  Oreg.  and 
Calif. 

7305.  SATUREJA  [Tourn.]  L.  Savory 

Plants  puberulent  or  pubescent. 

Leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong;  bracts  shorter  than  the  pedicels;  annuals 

1.   S.   hortensis. 

Leaves  ovate;  bracts  shorter  or  longer  than  the  pedicels;  perennials. 

Bracts  very  small,  linear,   shorter  than  the  pedicels,  introduced  plant.    (See  ex- 
cluded species  no.  539,  p.  1086) S.  Nepeta. 

Bracts  setaceous,  longer  than  the  pedicels;  native  plant 2.  S.  vulgaris. 

Plants  glabrous. 

Leaves   linear   or   the   lowest   spatulate,   those   of   the   runners   broader   and   longer 

petioled;  stem  leaves  generally  entire;  corolla  less  than  10  mm  long 

3.   S.    glabra. 

Leaves   oblong  or   elliptic,   sparingly   serrate,   short-petioled;   corolla   more   than   10 
mm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  538,  p.  1086) S.  glabella. 

1.  Satureja  hortensis  L.  Summer  Savory.  This  species  has  been 
rather  extensively  cultivated  as  a  kitchen  herb  and  for  its  medicinal  prop- 
erties and  no  doubt  it  sometimes  escapes.  It  was  reported  for  Clark 
County  in  1878  and  for  Porter  County  in  1930  by  Lyon.  I  have  seen  his 
specimen.  Evidently  it  is  only  an  occasional  escape  or  the  reports  would 
be  more  numerous. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  B.  to  Mich,  and  Ky. 

2.  Satureja  vulgaris  (L.)  Fritsch.  Basil.  Map  1774.  In  wet  woods 
and  moist  roadsides.    Rare.    Probably  introduced. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Mass.,  Va.,  and  Ind. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 

3.  Satureja  glabra  (Nutt.)  Fern.*  Map  1775.  Common  in  moist  sandy 
soil  on  the  dune  just  south  of  Pine,  in  Lake  County;  local  in  the  crevices 
and  in  the  talus  at  the  base  of  the  limestone  escarpment  of  the  Wabash 
River  below  Logansport  and  Georgetown  in  Cass  County;  and  in  the 
Elliott's  Mill  Bog  about  4  miles  southeast  of  Richmond.  It  has  also  been 
reported  for  Porter  County  and  for  Clark  and  Jefferson  Counties.  This 
species  is  easily  cultivated  and  because  of  its  stoloniferous  habit,  it  soon 
spreads  and  covers  the  ground  or  rocks  on  which  it  is  planted.  We  have 
had  it  in  cultivation  for  several  years  and  it  is  perfectly  hardy  and  is 
admired  by  visitors. 

Ont.  and  w.  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  s.  Ind.,  Mo.,  Ark.,  and  Tex. 

*  The  latest  name  proposed  for  this  plant  is  Satureja  glabella  var.  angustifolia 
(Torr.)   Svenson.    (Rhodora  42:  7.    1940.) 


Hyssopus 


Labiatae 


819 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


D 
P 

r           (. 

Th 

f 

~f 

if— 

a 

) 

J 

u , 

i 

1 

— jT    « y 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1775 


Satureja    qlabra    (Null)   Fern. 


10 
13 

5 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.j- 

~~V 

J  A. 

f 

^ — 

V 

H 

-  i 

D 

r 

[' 

B    I 
DP        B 

I0S — ' — 

D               0 

10 

E      I f 

D       JV 

"T-?   J   B   T 

"Tbi  io       J 

fJ     Miles 

B         0 

B  1         1 
f  P          D 
HO 

|io  |  d 

D        D    f    D 

Pycnant  h 

emurn     pycnanth 

(Leavenw)   Fern 

0                 50 

Map  1776 
emoides 

0  50 

Map  1777 

Pycnanthemum    flexuosum    (Walt.)   BSP. 


7313.  HYSSOPUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Hyssop 
See  excluded  species  no.  540,  p.  1086. 

7317.  PYCNANTHEMUM  Michx.  Mountain-mint 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  the  upper  floral  ones  whitened  beneath  and  mostly 
1-2  cm  wide;  fruiting  cymose  clusters  generally  loose  and  1-2  cm  wide  or  up  to 
4  cm  wide. 

Lower  pair  of  calyx  teeth  1.5-2.5  mm  long,  upper  pair  a  third  to  half  as  long 

1.  P.  pycnanthemoides. 

Lower  pair  of  calyx  teeth  1-1.5  mm  long,  upper  pair  a  half  to  two  thirds  as  long. 

(See  excluded  species  no.  542,  p.  1086) P.  incanum. 

Leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  the  floral  ones  not  whitened  and  less  than   1  cm  wide; 
fruiting  heads  less  than  1  cm  wide;  calyx  teeth  nearly  glabrous  to  densely  pubescent 
but  never  with  long  hairs  (1-2  mm  long). 
Stems,  upper  branches,  and  leaves  glabrous,  rarely  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  and 
branches  minutely  puberulent  or  scabrous,  sometimes  the  margins  of  the  leaves 
scabrous;  blades  mostly  1-3.5  mm  wide;  calyx  teeth  triangular-lanceolate,  long- 
acuminate,  nearly  glabrous  to   puberulent   or  pubescent,  not  long  and   densely 

pubescent  to  the  apex;  corolla  about  as  long  as  the  calyx  tube 2.  P.  flexuosum. 

Stems,  upper  branches,  and  leaves  pubescent,  generally  densely  so,  and  very  rarely 
the    pubescence    scant;    bracts    and    calyx    teeth    generally    woolly-    or   matted- 
pubescent. 
Stems  pubescent  on  the  angles  only;  upper  leaves  canescent  or  densely  puberulent 
above;  median  leaves  generally  densely  pubescent  beneath,  the  blades  mostly 
5-15  mm  wide;  calyx  teeth  generally  triangular-lanceolate,  acuminate,  generally 

densely  pubescent  to  the  apex 3.   P.  jrilosum. 

Stems  pilose  with  spreading  hairs;  upper  leaves  green  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so 
above;  median  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  principal  veins  beneath, 
rarely  nearly  glabrous,  the  blades  mostly  2-10  mm  wide;  calyx  teeth  generally 
short,  triangular-ovate  or  somewhat  narrower,  not  usually  densely  pubescent 
to  the  apex A.  P.  virginianum. 

1.  Pycnanthemum  pycnanthemoides  (Leavenw.)  Fern.  (Koellia  pyc- 
nanthemoides (Leavenw.)  Kuntze.)  Map  1776.  In  dry  soil  in  open  woods 
and  fallow  fields  and  along  roadsides.  This  is  a  very  conspicuous  plant, 
usually  about  a  meter  high.  It  is  restricted  to  the  southern  part  of  the 
state  and  has  been  reported  as  Pycnanthemum  incanum. 


820 


Labiatae 


Pycnanthemum 


0  50 

Map  1778 


Pycnanthemum     pilosum   Nutl 


0  50 

Map  1779 
Pycnanthemum     virginianum 
(L.)   Dur'and  &  Jackson 


3 
6 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct: 

Nov. 

fj 

\ 

J^l     - 

?- 

,_ 

1 

J 

!~T 

J 

'  i 

Dec.j- — 

B   0     o    D 

DP        10          I 

1U        no 

i-L^i     / 

a  id     "    u 

1     h^~i 

1  D 

D 

TdF 

T—  J    P     1_ 

>£/    Miles 

Cunila 

nBp\»  7  o         so 

r"W/              Map  1780 
oncjanoides    (L.)  Britt. 

I  was  informed  by  a  pioneer  of  Perry  County  that  he  was  cured  of 
incontinence  of  urine  by  a  tea  made  of  this  plant. 
Va.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

2.  Pycnanthemum  flexuosum  (Walt.)  BSP.  (Koellia  flexuosa  (Walt.) 
MacM.)  Slender  Mountain-mint.  Map  1777.  This  species  has  a  wide 
range  of  habitats.  It  is  generally  found  in  dry  soil  on  the  crests  and  slopes 
of  black  and  white  oak  ridges,  in  dry  fallow  fields,  and  in  dry  soil  along 
roadsides  and  railroads.  It  is  also  found  in  moister  situations  but  usually 
in  sandy  or  hard,  sandy,  clay  soil  along  roadsides  and  in  prairie  habitats. 

This  species  is  likely  to  be  confused  with  Pycanthemum  virginianum, 
from  which  it  may  be  distinguished  easily  by  being  glabrous  or  nearly  so, 
and  by  having  long,  glabrous  calyx  teeth.  Pycnanthemum  virginianum  is 
generally  pubescent,  and  its  calyx  teeth  are  merely  acute  and  generally 
long  white-pubescent  to  the  tip. 

Cent.  Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  Pycnanthemum  pilosum  Nutt.  {Koellia  pilosa  (Nutt.)  Britton  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Hairy  Mountain-mint.  Map 
1778.  Generally  in  dry  sandy  soil,  along  roadsides,  in  open  woods,  and 
rarely  in  moist  places. 

This  species  is  a  great  favorite  of  the  honey  bee. 
Pa.,  Ont.,  and  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ark.,  and  Kans. 

4.  Pycnanthemum  virginianum  (L.)  Durand  &  Jackson.  (Koellia  vir- 
giniana  (L.)  MacM.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  VlR- 
giana  Mountain-mint.  Map  1779.  This  species  is  generally  found  in  low 
ground  about  lakes  and  ponds,  in  marshes,  low  open  woods,  roadside 
ditches,  and  frequently  in  moist,  sandy  prairie  habitats. 

Cent.  Maine  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Kans. 

7319.  THYMUS' [Town.]  L.  Thyme 
See  excluded  species  no.  544,  p.  1086. 


Cunila  Labiatae  821 

7323.  CUNtLA  L.  Stonemint 

1.  Cunila  origanoides  (L.)  Britt.  Stonemint.  Map  1780.  An  infre- 
quent plant  of  the  unglaciated  area  on  the  crests  and  slopes  of  chestnut 
oak  and  black  and  white  oak  ridges. 

I  recommend  this  plant  for  rock  gardens. 

N.  Y.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

7326.  LYCOPUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Bugleweed 

Leaves  all  more  or  less  serrate,  not  even  the  lowest  incised;  tops  of  nutlets  scarcely 
oblique,  more   or  less  tuberculate,   at  least  the  outer  margin  with   one  or  more 
tubercles  (not  very  conspicuous  in  Lycopus  asper). 
Calyx   lobe's   lanceolate   or   deltoid,   blunt,   shorter  than   the   mature  nutlets,   rarely 
equaling  them. 
Root  of  year  old  plants  ending  in  a  subterranean  tuber,  usually  simple;  roots  of 
older  plants  not  ending  in   a  tuber,   stoloniferous  and  usually  many  of  the 
stolons  bearing  tubers;  older  plants  much  and  widely  branched,  usually  20-50 
cm  high   except  sometimes  taller  when  growing  in   a  crowded  environment; 
leaves  usually  sessile,  sometimes  on  petioles  up  to  7  mm  long,  the  widest  ones 
ranging  from  8-25  mm  in  width,  the  greatest  number  of  teeth  to  a  side  gen- 
erally 5-7;  nutlets  usually  1-1.5  mm  long 1.  L.  uniflorus. 

Root  of  year  old  plants  not  ending  in  a  subterranean  tuber;  older  plants  strongly 
stoloniferous,  rarely  with  subterranean  tubers;  older  plants  usually  simple  or 
sparingly  branched,  30-90  cm  high;  leaves  usually  petiolate  (some  plants 
with  all  the  leaves  sessile),  petioles  up  to  20  mm  long,  widest  leaves  ranging 
from  18-55  mm  in  width,  the  greatest  number  of  teeth  to  a  side  7-14;  nutlets 

usually  1.6-2  mm  long 2.  L.  virginicus. 

Calyx  lobes  narrow,  very  acute  to  acuminate,  longer  than  the  mature  nutlets. 
Leaves  sessile. 

Stems  glandular-puberulent,  most  of  the  internodes  more  than  2  cm  long;  leaves 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  the  margins  coarsely  and  irregularly  serrate,  generally 
with  3-5  teeth  to  the  side;  outer  bracts  minute,  filiform,  much  shorter  than 

the  calyx 3.  L.  sessilifolius. 

Stems  pubescent  with  flat,  multicellular  hairs,  most  or  all  of  the  internodes  less 
than  2  cm  long;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  the  margins  regularly  and  sharply 
serrate,  generally  with  6-8  teeth  to  a  side;  outer  bracts  conspicuous,  usually 
as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  calyx.    (See  excluded  species  no.  545,  p.  1087) 

L.   asper. 

Leaves  petiolate 4.  L.  rubellus. 

Leaves  (at  least  the  lowest)  generally  more  or  less  incised  or  pinnatifid;  nutlets  mostly 
1-1.5  mm  long,  top  very  oblique,  not  tuberculate  but  the  outer  margin  raised  and 
entire  (rarely  slightly  undulate),  the  inner  angle  not  raised. 

Stems  glabrous  or  with  a  few  short  and  long  hairs 5.  L.  americanus. 

Stems  more  or  less  densely  pubescent  with  long,  spreading,  multicellular  hairs. .  . . 
5a.  L.  americamis  var.  Longii. 

1.  Lycopus  uniflorus  Michx.  Map  1781.  All  of  my  specimens  except 
one  are  from  the  lake  area.  The  Parke  County  specimen  was  found  east 
of  Rosedale,  in  "Nigger  Legs"  prairie,  which  is  now  drained.  It  is  fre- 
quent throughout  the  lake  area  and  usually  common  where  found.  It  grows 
mostly  on  the  borders  of  lakes  in  the  moist,  sandy  or  marly  shores.  I  have 
seen  this  species  common  in  the  litter  on  the  shore  of  a  lake,  while  in  a 
zone  back  of  the  litter,  Lycopus  virginicus  was  found ;  but  the  two  species 
were  restricted  to  two  separate  zones.   It  is  also  found  in  marshes,  sphag- 


822 


Labiatae 


Lycopus 


o  5o 

Map  1781 


Lycopus    uniflorus    M ichx 


0  TO 

Map  1782 


Lycopus    virgimcus   L 


~35 
Map  1783 


Lycopus    sessilifolius  Gray 


num  bogs,  and  mucky  places.  The  tuber  on  this  species  has  always  in- 
terested me,  and  a  few  years  ago  I  planted  one  year  old  seedlings  with 
a  tuber  and  the  second  year  I  found  that  the  tuber  had  decayed  and,  in 
clay  soil,  the  plant  was,  as  usual,  stoloniferous  with  many  subterranean 
tubers.  Two  year  old  plants  were  planted  in  clay,  and  they  were  more 
proliferous  and  grew  an  incredible  number  of  tubers.  The  limited  number 
of  tubers  in  their  native  habitat  is  doubtless  due  to  lack  of  nutrients.  This 
species  is  not  satisfactorily  separated  from  the  next  one  and  more  study 
is  needed  on  all  parts,  especially  on  the  flowers. 

According  to  Gray's  Manual,  the  distribution  is  as  follows : 
Newf.  and  Lab.  to  B.  C,  southw.  in  the  mts.  to  Va.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  Nebr., 
Wyo.,  and  Oreg. 

2.  Lycopus  virginicus  L.  Map  1782.  This  species  is  frequent  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state  and  infrequent  to  local  in  the  northern  part.  It 
grows  in  wet  places  in  woodland,  in  ditches,  and  on  the  muddy  borders 
of  sloughs  and  streams. 

N.  H.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Miss.,  and  Mo. 

3.  Lycopus  sessilifolius  Gray.  Map  1783.  This  species  is  local.  It  has 
been  found  in  Jasper  County  in  marshes  about  two  and  a  half  miles  south- 
east of  Tefft,  and  in  Starke  County  in  a  marsh  near  Bass  Lake  and  in  a 
roadside  ditch  south  of  San  Pierre. 

Costal  Plain  from  Mass.  to  Fla.  and  Miss,  and  in  n.  Ind. 

4.  Lycopus  rubellus  Moench.:!:  Map  1784.  Found  sparingly  throughout 
the  state.  It  is  usually  found  in  dried-up  swamps  and  ponds  in  woods,  often 
on  old  logs,  and  in  the  moss  on  the  bases  of  trees  that  are  growing  in  or 
on  the  border  of  ponds. 

Vt.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  and  Ark. 

5.  Lycopus  americanus  Muhl.  American  Bugleweed.  Map  1785.  In- 
frequent to  frequent  throughout  the  state.  It  is  found  in  wet  and  moist 
ground  in  all  kinds  of  habitats.   This  species  was  reported  by  some  of  our 

*  Variety  arkansanus  (Frcs.)  Benner  (Bartonia  15:  50.   1935.)  occurs  in  Posey  County. 


Mentha 


Labiatae 


823 


'i            ° 

D 

D 

y                   d 

V-  ° 

km 

i 

(r 

B 

t-           H 

(-  r 

B                         J /J 

'         

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1786 


Lycopus    amencanus 
van   Longii    Benner 


early  authors  as  Lycopus  europaeus  L.  when  some  of  our  manuals  did 
not  separate  this  species  from  the  European  plant.  All  of  our  Indiana  re- 
ports for  the  European  species  should  be  referred  to  Lycopus  americanus. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Calif. 

5a.  Lycopus  americanus  var.  Longii  Benner.  (Bartonia  16:  46-47. 
1935.)  Map  1786.  This  variety  is  not  well  marked  on  account  of  a  lineal 
series  of  intermediates,  but  is  amply  distinct  in  the  extremes.  In  Indiana 
it  is  restricted  mostly  to  our  northern  counties  where  it  grows  in  habitats 
similar  to  those  of  the  species  but  usually  in  slightly  wetter  situations. 

Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  Del. ;  and  in  nw.  Ohio,  s.  Mich.,  and  n.  Ind. 

7328.  MENTHA  [Tourn.]  L.  Mint 

Whorls  of  flowers  in  terminal  spikes,  or  some  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves. 
Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so;  calyx  generally  about  1.5  mm  long 1.  M.  spicata. 

Leaves  petiolate;  calyx  mostly  2.5-3.5  mm  long 2.  M.  piperita. 

Plants  canescent,  woolly-pubescent  or  pubescent. 

Leaves  petiolate;  petioles  about  1  cm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  546,  p.  1087) 
M .    aquatica. 

Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so. 
Spikes  canescent. 

Leaves  acute,  the  margins  sharply  serrate 3.  M.  longifolia  var.  mollissima. 

Leaves  rounded  at  the  apex,  the  margins  incised.   (See  excluded  species  no. 

548,  p.  1087) M.  longifolia  var.  undulata. 

Spikes  not  canescent,  leaves  obtuse 4.  M.  rotundifolia. 

Whorls  of  flowers  axillary. 

Upper  leaves  much   smaller   than   the   lower   ones.     (See   excluded   species  no.   547, 

p.   1087.) M.  Cardiaca. 

Upper  leaves  not  conspicuously  reduced. 

Stems  more  or  less  pubescent;  calyx  more  or  less  pubescent,  especially  the  teeth; 
corolla  usually  4-5  mm  long. 

Pedicels  glabrous;  calyx  lobes  usually  less  than  1  mm  long 5.  M.  arvensis. 

Pedicels  retrorsely  pubescent;  calyx  lobes  usually  more  than  1  mm  long 

5a.  M.  arvensis  var.  sativa. 

Stems  glabrous;  calyx  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  corolla  about  2  mm  long 

6.  M.  gentilis. 


824 


Labiatae 


Mentha 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


£ 

ND 

B              B 

y' 

D 

I         - 

L_ 

•ir.  1 

— 

.J8    1 

c 

-r 

-i  iu^ 

0 

p 

4 

J,  • 

DP 

o    / 

I1             IU 

\ 

OP 

J. 

r 

uc 

-  i 

J 

B      m 

io                 r 

o         lx 

D 

IU                       1 

K       /— f^ 

'       /  p    1 

Tea               i 

/    Miles 

o  55 

Map  1787 


Mentha     spicata    L. 


0  50 

Map  1788 


Mentha     piperita    L. 


0  ^0 

Map  1789 
Mentha  longifolia  Huds. 

var.  mollissima  Borkh. 


1.  Mentha  spicata  L.  Spearmint.  Map  1787.  This  plant  was  culti- 
vated by  the  pioneers  for  its  medicinal  properties  and  has  escaped  in  many 
parts  of  the  state.  It  is  generally  found  in  wet  places  along  roadsides  and 
streams,  and  about  lakes. 

Na.  of  Eurasia ;  N.  S.  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. 

2.  Mentha  piperita  L.  Peppermint.  Map  1788.  This  species  has 
been  commonly  cultivated  for  its  medicinal  properties  and  as  a  kitchen 
herb;  of  recent  years  it  has  been  cultivated  on  a  commercial  scale  for  its 
volatile  oil  which  is  now  extensively  used  as  a  flavoring  agent.  This  species 
is  regarded  as  of  hybrid  origin.  It  does  not  produce  viable  seed  and  is 
propagated  by  stolons.  For  this  reason  its  escape  is  limited  although  it 
has  widely  escaped,  especially  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  where  it 
has  been  cultivated.  It  prefers  moist  situations  and  is  found  along  fences, 
roadsides,  and  streams,  and  about  lakes. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ark.,  also  in  Calif., 
Bermuda,  and  Jamaica. 

3.  Mentha  longifolia  (L.)  Huds.  var.  mollissima  Borkh.  Map  1789. 
I  found  this  mint  in  1923  in  moist  soil  along  a  recently  graded  roadside  3 
miles  southwest  of  Packerton,  in  Kosciusko  County,  where  it  formed  a 
complete  stand  on  both  sides  of  the  road  for  about  200  feet.  I  first  found 
it  in  1916  in  sandy  soil  along  the  roadside  north  of  Wolf  Lake  in  Noble 
County.  In  1922  and  1938, 1  revisited  this  place  and  the  plant  still  persisted 
although  the  owner  of  the  land  had  tried  to  exterminate  it.  In  1922,  I 
found  a  colony  about  2  rods  long  along  the  roadside  in  section  13,  about 
4  miles  north  of  Modoc,  in  Randolph  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  I  do  not  know  the  distribution  of  the  variety  in  the  U.  S. 

4.  Mentha  rotundifolia  L.  Apple  Mint.  Map  1790.  In  1923,  I 
found  a  small  colony  of  this  plant  in  dry,  sandy  soil  near  Clarke,  in  Lake 
County.  Peattie  reports  finding  this  same  colony  a  few  years  later  and  also 
says  that  it  is  established  at  Gibson,  in  Lake  County.    Clark  reported  it 


Mentha 


Labiatae 


825 


5  53 

Map  1790 


Mentha     rotund ifol ia   L. 


Miles 
0  5(5 

Map  1791 


Mentha     arvensis    L. 


Mentha    arvensis 
var    sativa    Benth 


from  Kosciusko  County.    No  doubt  it  will  persist  in  Lake  County  and  can 
safely  be  admitted  to  our  flora. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Maine  to  Ark.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5.  Mentha  arvensis  L.  Field  Mint.  Map  1791.  This  species  is  found 
throughout  the  state  although  it  is  more  frequent  in  the  northern  part. 
It  is  very  variable  and  I  am  regarding  it  as  a  species  complex.  I  am  re- 
ferring to  it  all  of  my  specimens  which  I  had  formerly  named  Mentha 
arvensis,  Mentha  arvensis  var.  canadensis,  and  Mentha  arvensis  var. 
glabrata.  I  have  only  72  sheets  from  which  to  make  a  study  and  I  find 
that  this  number  of  specimens  together  with  the  meager  amount  of  litera- 
ture available  are  not  sufficient  to  justify  a  satisfactory  conclusion.  I  find 
that  Victorin  in  his  "Flore  Laurentienne"  treats  the  plants  of  his  area  as 
one  species  and  calls  them  Mentha  canadensis.  The  plants,  as  a  whole, 
differ  widely  from  each  other,  and  large  and  widely  spreading  plants  dif- 
fer greatly  in  the  parts  of  the  same  plant.  Bentham,  in  his  monograph 
of  Labiatae,  described  seven  varieties,  one  of  which  I  am  recognizing 
because  it  has  one  character  which  seems  to  be  constant.  Doubtless  the 
plants  of  America  are  different  from  those  of  Europe  and  Asia  and  it 
may  have  been  wiser  to  have  followed  other  authors  in  calling  our  plant 
Mentha  arvensis  var.  canadensis  or  Mentha  canadensis  as  Victorin  did. 
Without  convincing  proof  I  prefer  to  be  conservative  and  use  the  old 
name  and  await  the  report  of  a  monographic  study  of  the  genus.  All  Indi- 
ana forms  are  shown  on  one  map. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Pa.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Calif. ;  Eurasia. 

5a.  Mentha  arvensis  var.  sativa  Benth.  Map  1792.  I  have  only  two 
sheets  of  this  variety.  One  is  from  Decatur  County  and  one  is  from  Whit- 
ley County.  The  upper  parts  of  the  stems  and  branches  of  these  specimens 
are  pubescent  all  over;  the  leaves  are  of  an  ovate  type,  strongly  rounded 
or  subcordate  at  the  base;  the  calyx  lobes  are  very  sharp  and  1-2  mm 
long;  and  the  corollas  pubescent  without. 

Distribution  not  known. 


826 


SOLANACEAE 


Collinsonia 


0  50 

Map  1793 


Collinsonia    canadensis    L. 


4 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

r 

\ 

K 

" 

r 

X 

IU 

r 

uc 

-  i 

Dec  f- 

■  ' — 

K 

0  / 

J    Miles 

i 

D      /      1 

1    0 

Penlla 

?     Id  Jp\       ] 

frutescens  (L.)  Bntt. 
var.  crispa  IB 

50 

Map  1794 
;nth.)  Deane 

1 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

v 

r 

\ 

(r\ 

" 

OP 

r1 

X 

1      1U 

-"k 

Oec.f— 

1      ' — 

10 

x     1 y 

/    Miles 

V.    D 

^~<ij^\/              Map  1795 
Nicandra  physalodes  (L)  Pers. 

6.  Mentha  gentilis  L.  This  species  has  been  reported  from  four 
counties  and  since  it  is  a  frequent  escape  in  other  states,  it  is  given  a  place 
in  our  flora.  It  has  been  reported  from  Clark,  Jefferson,  and  White 
Counties.   I  have  it  from  Decatur  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  S.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 


7331.  COLLINSONIA  L.  Horsebalm 

1.  Collinsonia  canadensis  L.  Citronella  Horsebalm.  Stoneroot. 
Map  1793.  Throughout  the  state  in  dry,  rich  woods  although  we  have  but 
one  record  from  the  northwestern  counties.  The  thickened,  hard  rootstock  is 
much  used  in  medicine  for  kidney  and  urinary  disorders. 

W.  Que.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Mo.,  and  Kans. 

7332.  PERILLA  L. 

1.  Perilla  frutescens  (L.)  Britt.  var.  crispa  (Benth.)  Deane.  (Rho- 
dora25:40.  1923.)  Purple  Perilla.  Map  1794.  Sparingly  escaped  from 
gardens.  We  have  had  only  four  county  records.  I  noted  it  covering  at 
least  half  an  acre  in  an  open  woods  in  Perry  County.  In  a  sandy  woods 
about  3  miles  northwest  of  Bicknell,  in  Knox  County,  it  was  a  common 
weed  over  the  greater  part  of  a  20  acre  woods.  This  woods  had  been 
heavily  grazed  by  hogs.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  even  hogs  do  not  disturb  it 
and  if  it  once  gets  started  it  may  become  a  permanent  plant.  It  is  an 
annual  which  is  frequently  grown  as  a  border  plant.  I  have  grown  it  for 
years  and  have  allowed  a  few  plants  to  seed  themselves  annually  but  have 
never  noted  seedlings  except  in  the  flower  beds. 

Nat.  of  the  Himalayas,  Burma,  China,  and  Japan ;  Conn,  to  Mo.,  southw. 
to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

256.  SOLANACEAE  Pers.     Nightshade  Family 

Flowers  less  than  3.5  cm  long;  fruit  a  fleshy  or  dry  berry. 

Plants    woody;    trailing   or    climbing   shrubs,    with    or    without    thorns;    fruit    a    dry 
berry 7379.    Lycium,  p.  827. 


Nicandra 


SOLANACEAE 


827 


Miles 

0  55 

Map  1796 


Lypium    halimifolium    Mi 


0  55 

Map  1797 


Physalis    subglabrata    Mack.  &  Bush 


Physa lis    virgmiana    M 


Plants  herbaceous   (sometimes  partly  woody  and  climbing  in  Solanum  Dulcamara)  ; 
fruit  a  fleshy  berry. 
Flowers  large,  generally  2.5  cm  long,  purplish;  fruit  enclosed  in  the  inflated  calyx; 

calyx  with  5   large  wings,  the  wings   sagittate  at  the  base 

7377.   Nicandra,  p.  827. 

Flowers  smaller,  generally  much  less  than  2  cm  long;  fruit  naked  or  enclosed  in 
an  inflated  calyx. 
Anthers   not  opening  by   pores;    flowers   yellow;    fruit  enclosed  in   an   inflated 

calyx;   calyx  without  sagittate  wings  but  often   somewhat  5-angled 

7401.  Physalis,  p.  828. 

Anthers   opening  by  pores;   flowers  purplish,   white  or  yellow;    fruit   a  berry, 

not  enclosed  by  the  calyx 7407.    Solanum,  p.  829. 

Flowers  3.5  cm  long  or  longer;  fruit  a  capsule. 

Plants  glabrous;  capsules  prickly 7415.   Datura,  p.  831. 

Plants  viscid-pubescent;  capsules  not  prickly 7436.   Petunia,  p.  832. 

7377.  NICANDRA  Adans.  Apple-of-Peru 

1.  Nicandra  physalodes  (L.)  Pers.  {Physalodes  physalodes  (L.) 
Britt.)  Apple-of-Peru.  Map  1795.  This  species  has  been  reported  from 
10  other  counties  than  those  in  which  I  have  found  it.  Two  authors  re- 
port on  its  habitat  and  say:  "In  waste  grounds."  I  have  found  it  three 
times  and  each  time  in  a  cornfield  where  it  was  frequent  to  abun- 
dant. I  have  not  been  able  to  revisit  any  of  these  stations  to  learn 
whether  it  has  persisted.  Since  it  is  rarely  or  no  longer  cultivated,  I  be- 
lieve its  spread  will  be  limited. 

Nat.  of  Peru ;  N.  S.  to  Ont.,  southw. 


7379.  LYCIUM  L.  Matrimony-vine 

1.  Lycium  halimifolium  Mill.  Common  Matrimony-vine.  Map  1796. 
This  species  has  been  reported  from  7  counties,  and  all  of  the  reports  but 
one  are  nearly  40  years  old.  I  do  not  believe  this  vine  is  any  longer  culti- 
vated and  doubtless  its  spread  will  be  slow.  I  have  seen  it  only  once  in 
abundance  or  far  from  a  habitation. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Kans. 


828  Solanaceae  Physalis 

7401.  PHYSALIS  L.  Groundcherry 

All  Indiana  records  for  Physalis,  except  the  more  recent  ones,  should  be  ignored 
because  most  of  them  were  made  while  the  species  as  now  understood  were  treated  as 
aggregates  by  the  older  manuals. 

Peduncles  glabrous.    (See  excluded  species  no.  551,  p.  1087) P.  angulata. 

Peduncles  pubescent. 

Pubescence  of  peduncles  appressed;  calyx  lobes  short,  deltoid-ovate. 

Pubescence  of  peduncles  upwardly  appressed;  anthers  bluish. ...1.  P.  subglabrata. 
Pubescence  of  peduncles  downwardly  appressed.    (See  excluded  species  no.   552, 

p.  1087) P.  ixocarpa. 

Pubescence  of  peduncles  spreading,  sometimes  some  of  the  hairs  more  or  less  curved 
toward  the  apex  but  not  appressed;  calyx  lobes  of  a  lanceolate  type. 
Leaves   narrowed   more   or   less   at   the   base,    lanceolate   to   ovate-lanceolate    or 
oblanceolate;  perennials. 
Blades  usually  2-6  cm  long. 

Fruiting  calyx  obtusely  5-angled  and  deeply  sunken  at  the  base;  leaves  usually 
lanceolate,  sometimes  of  an  ovate  type,  entire,  undulate  or  rarely  toothed; 
margins  of  the  calyx  lobes  densely  ciliate  with  hairs  less  than  0.5  mm 

long  without  intervening  long  hairs 2.  P.  virginiana. 

Fruiting  calyx  scarcely  angled  and  scarcely  sunken  at  the  base;  leaves 
oblanceolate   or   spatulate,   subentire   or   rarely   undulate.     (See   excluded 

species  no.  553,  p.  1087) P.  lanceolata. 

Blades  usually  6-12  cm  long;  margins  of  calyx  lobes  densely  ciliate  with  short 

hairs  with  the  addition  of  a  few  hairs  about  1  mm  long 3.  P.  nyctaginea. 

Leaves  rounded,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  broadly  ovate;   annuals  or 
perennials. 
Annuals;  anthers  bluish,  1-2  mm  long;  filaments  not  dilated. 

Stem  sharply  angled;  leaf  blades  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the 
base,  margin  entire,  undulate  or  with  a  few  blunt  teeth,  the  margin  never 
toothed  to  the  base  of  the  blade;  corolla  usually  10-12  mm  in  diameter, 

the   limb    recurving;    anthers   blue,    generally    1.5-2   mm    long 

4.   P.   pubescens. 

Stem  obtusely  angled;  blades  thicker,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  cordate  at 
the  base,  the  margins  of  most  of  the  blades  more  or  less  strongly  sinuate- 
toothed  to  the  base;  anthers  blue,  generally  1-1.5  mm  long.  .5.  P.  pruinosa. 
Perennials;    anthers    greenish   white    or   greenish   yellow,   often   turning   bluish 
after   anthesis   or   rarely   blue,   about   3    mm   long;    filaments   blue,   dilated 
above. 
Upper   part   of   plant   densely  pubescent   with   short,   terete,   glandular   hairs 
about  0.5  mm  long,  with  a  few  much  longer,  flat,  jointed,  often  glandular 
hairs,   the   long   hairs   generally   more  numerous   on   the    lower   part   of 

the  stem;  anthers  yellow Q-  P-  heterophylla. 

Upper  part  of  plant  densely  pubescent  with  long,  flat,  jointed,  sometimes 
glandular  hairs,  lacking  the  short,  terete,  glandular  hairs;  anthers  yel- 
lowish white,  turning  purplish  after  anthesis 7.  P.  ambigua. 

1.  Physalis  subglabrata  Mack.  &  Bush.  Smooth  Groundcherry.  Map 
1797.  A  frequent  to  common  weed  in  cultivated  ground,  fallow  ground, 
clover  fields,  waste  places,  open  woods,  and  pastures  and  along  roadsides 
and  railroads.  By  far  the  most  common  groundcherry  of  the  state. 

R.  I.,  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Colo. 

2.  Physalis  virginiana  Mill.  VIRGINIA  GROUNDCHERRY.  Map  1798. 
Plants  of  dry,  usually  very  sandy  soil.  Found  mostly  in  railroad  ballast, 
fallow  fields,  open  wooded  slopes,  and  along  roadsides. 

N.  Y.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


Physalis 


SOLANACEAE 


829 


1 

Jan 

, 

1 
f 

J 

/ 

; 



Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

-*./ 

J 

~\ 

[Y 

V- 

r 

-^ 

Dec.j- 

i 

D 

1         ' 

J   Miles 

P 

iysa[ 

s    n 

yc 

ag  mea 

o             50 
Map  1799 

Dunal 

O  50 

Map  1800 


Physalis    pubescens    L. 


r— 1 

tr 

Y" 

ID 

Jan. 

— 

Feb 
Mar. 

<- 

./ 

II 

rLr- 

\_ 

Apr. 

1 

i 

J                1 

a 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

(■ 

r 

D 

" 

X 

r 

/ 

"i 

l 

Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec.j- 

\ 

r 

-  i 

'  ' — 

D 

D 

i    1 .y 

/    Miles 

3                50 

^<(j-\f            Map  1801 

Physalis    prumosa    L. 

3.  Physalis  nyctaginea  Dunal.  Map  1799.  I  have  only  one  specimen 
and  it  was  collected  in  a  shady,  black  and  white  oak  woods  about  4  miles 
east  of  Bloomington,  Monroe  County. 

R.  I.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  La. 

4.  Physalis  pubescens  L.  Common  Groundcherry.  Map  1800.  Usually 
in  cultivated  ground  such  as  cornfields  and  less  frequently  on  open  wooded 
slopes  and  in  alluvial  bottoms. 

Pa.  to  Calif.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Mex. 

5.  Physalis  pruindsa  L.  Map  1801.  In  moist  soil  in  clearings,  alluvial 
bottoms,  pastures,  and  fallow  fields. 

Mass.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tenn. 

6.  Physalis  heterophylla  Nees.  Map  1802.  This  species  prefers  dry, 
sandy  soil  and  is  found  on  wooded  slopes  and  along  roadsides. 

N.  B.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

7.  Physalis  ambigua  (Gray)  Rydb.  Map  1803.  This  species  also  pre- 
fers a  dry,  sandy  soil  and  is  found  in  cultivated  and  fallow  fields,  along 
roadsides  and  railroads,  and  in  open  woods.  It  usually  has  not  been  sep- 
arated from  the  preceding  species. 

Vt.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Tenn. 


7407.  SOLANUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Nightshade 

Plants  more  or  less  prickly;  pubescence  stellate. 

Perennial;  corolla  violet  or  white;  fruit  naked 1.  S.  carolinense. 

Annual;  corolla  yellow;  fruit  partly  covered  by  the  spiny  calyx 2.  S.  rostratum. 

Plants  not  prickly;  pubescence  not  stellate. 

Annual;   a  low,  much  branched,  and  often   spreading  plant;   flowers  white;   berries 

black S.  S.  nigrum . 

Perennial;    a   tall,   climbing,   semi-woody   plant;    flowers   purplish   or  white;   berries 
scarlet 4.5.  Dulcamara. 


830 


SOLANACEAE 


Solanum 


Jan. 



Feb. 

"■" 

Mar. 

\ 

H  _L  - 

May 
June 

n 

0 

~ 

-l» 

3 
4 

July 
Aug. 
Sept. 

V 

i 

0 

1 

1 

i  r 

Oct. 
Nov. 

1 

r 

o    I 

r1 

Dec.  j- 

>  ' — 

D 

J  D      f 

IU                J 
D               J? 

'Td      p      .. — > 

J     Miles 

r           [        ?    \  p  J^\  "    7 

o             5(5 

j!jJ6si<(/-^V     ^/  Map  1802 

Physalis    heterophylla    Nees 

0  50 

Map  1803 


Physalis    ambiqua    (A.Gray)   Rydb. 


1.  Solanum  carolinense  L.  HORSE  NETTLE.  Map  1804.  The  root  and 
fruit  of  this  nightshade  are  used  in  medicine.  An  obnoxious  weed,  more  or 
less  frequent  to  abundant  throughout  the  state.  It  prefers  a  sandy  soil. 
Found  mostly  in  cultivated  and  fallow  fields,  waste  places,  and  sometimes 
in  open  woods.  There  is  little  doubt  that  this  species  is  native  to  Indiana 
because  it  was  reported  in  1834  by  Clapp  from  the  vicinity  of  New  Albany, 
and  in  1819  by  Thomas  from  the  vicinity  of  Vincennes.  The  early  botanists 
of  the  southern  part  of  the  state  reported  it  as  common  in  that  area,  but  the 
botanists  of  northern  Indiana  reported  it  as  rare.  It  has,  no  doubt,  been 
introduced  in  later  years  at  least  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state. 

Mass.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Solanum  rostratum  Dunal.  Buffalo  Bur.  Map  1805.  This  species 
has  been  reported  from  11  counties  but  none  of  the  authors  state  its  abun- 
dance or  whether  it  persisted.  I  have  found  it  in  6  counties,  and  in  3 
counties  I  found  only  a  single  plant ;  in  two  counties  it  covered  large  barn- 
yards; in  St.  Joseph  County,  however,  it  was  an  abundant  and  common 
weed  in  sandy  soil  over  2-3  acres  in  a  large  barnyard  and  an  adjoining 
truck  garden.  The  owner  despaired  of  ever  being  able  to  eradicate  it.  It 
has  been  collected  by  Bechtel  in  Montgomery  County  where  it  is  estab- 
lished. Miss  Edna  Banta  informs  me  that  it  is  a  weed  on  a  farm  near 
Brooksburg,  Jefferson  County.  No  doubt  this  species  can  safely  be  regarded 
as  a  permanent  introduction. 

S.  Dak.  to  Tex.  and  Mex. ;  adventive  eastw.  to  N.  H.,  southw.  to  Fla. 

3.  Solanum  nigrum  L.  Common  Nightshade.  Map  1806.  Infrequent 
throughout  the  state.  Sometimes  frequent  to  common  in  woods  pastures. 
Ordinarily  the  plant  is  not  grazed  but  when  it  is  eaten  in  sufficient  quantity, 
it  proves  fatal.  Sheep  are  frequently  killed  by  it.  It  is  found  in  open  woods, 
pastures,  fallow  and  cultivated  fields  and  along  roadsides  and  railroads. 
The  berries  are  poisonous  and  there  are  records  where  death  of  children 
resulted  from  the  eating  of  the  fruit. 

N.  S.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


Datura 


SOLANACEAE 


831 


0  50 

Map  1805 


Solanum    rostratum    Dunal 


0  50 

Map  1806 


Solanum     nigrum    L. 


0  50 

Map  1807 


Solanum    Dulcamara    L. 


4.  Solanum  Dulcamara  L.  Bitter  Nightshade.  Bittersweet.  Map 
1807.  This  is  the  true  bittersweet  of  medicine,  and  should  not  be  confused 
with  Celastrus  scandens  which  is  also  called  bittersweet. 

This  species  is  more  or  less  frequent  in  the  lake  area  and  is  practically 
confined  to  it  although  it  is  reported  from  6  of  the  southern  counties.  It  is 
found  in  swamps,  bogs,  and  low  woods  and  along  low  roadsides.  Authors 
say  it  is  adventive  from  Europe  but  all  of  our  early  authors  found  it  and 
its  habitat  suggests  that  it  is  native.    It  is,  no  doubt,  native  in  Indiana. 

This  species  varies  greatly  in  the  amount  of  pubescence  of  the  branch- 
lets,  varying  from  almost  glabrous  to  rather  densely  pubescent  but  the 
pubescence  not  quite  dense  and  long  enough  to  make  our  specimens  belong 
to  the  pubescent  variety.  The  young  branchlets  are  used  in  medicine. 
White-flowered  forms  are  found  occasionally. 

N.  S.  to  Minn,  and  Wash.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Ga.,  and  Kans. 


7415.  DATURA  L. 

1.  Datura  Stramonium  L.  (Datura  Tatula  L.)  Datura.  Jimson- 
WEED.  Map  1808.  The  whole  plant  is  very  poisonous  when  taken  internally, 
yet  it  is  much  used  in  medicine  externally.  Plants  are  found  with  white 
flowers  and  green  stems  and  with  purple  flowers  and  purplish  stems ;  some 
plants  have  capsules  with  all  of  the  prickles  of  the  same  length  while  other 
plants  have  capsules  with  the  lower  prickles  of  the  capsule  shorter.  Until 
recently  the  two  plants  have  been  regarded  as  separate  species.  In  recent 
years  much  genetic  study  has  been  given  these  two  forms  and  the  result  of 
this  study  shows  that  the  two  characters  used  to  separate  the  species  do 
not  correlate,  so  it  seems  best  to  regard  the  two  forms  as  a  polymorphic 
species. 

This  species  has  been  reported  from  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  was 
formerly  much  more  abundant  than  at  present.  Its  decrease  may  be  due 
partly  to  the  changed  habitat,  but  probably  more  to  the  fact  that  farmers 
recognize  its  poisonous  character  and  destroy  it.    When  I  was  a  boy  it 


832 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 


Petunia 


0  50 

Map  1808 


Datura   Stramonium    L. 


0  50 

Map  1809 


Verbascum    Blattana    L 


was  a  common  weed  of  barnyards  and  hogyards  but  now  it  is  rarely  seen ; 
when  it  is  found  there  it  is  usually  a  common  weed,  because  all  stock  avoid 
it.   It  is  found  sometimes  in  waste  places  and  cultivated  fields. 
Nat.  of  tropical  regions;  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

7436.  PETUNIA  Juss. 

See  excluded  species  no.  560,  p.  1088,  for  a  discussion  of  the  species. 

257.  SCROPHULARIACEAE  Lindl.  Figwort  Family1 

[Pennell.  The  Scrophulariaceae  of  Eastern  Temperate  North  America. 
Monograph  no.  1.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia  i-xiv.  650p.  155  maps. 
1935.] 

Anther-bearing  stamens  5;  corolla  rotate;  leaves  alternate. .  .  .7460.  Verbascum,  p.  834. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  2  or  4;  leaves  opposite,  verticillate  or  alternate. 
Corolla  spurred,  saccate  or  gibbous  on  the  lower  side  at  the  base. 
Leaves  ovate  with  widely  spreading  auricles  at  the  base;  stems  densely  spreading- 

pubescent 7479.    Kickxia,  p.  835. 

Leaves  of  a  linear  type,  entire. 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  stems  glandular-pubescent  through- 
out; pedicels  about  10  mm  long 7484.    Chaenorrhinum,  p.  836. 

Flowers   in    terminal    racemes;    stems   glabrous;    pedicels   about   5   mm   or   less 

long 7480.   Linaria,  p.  835. 

Corolla  not  spurred,  saccate  or  gibbous  at  the  base. 
Fertile  stamens  2. 

Leaves  opposite  or  in  whorls. 

Leaves  mostly  in  whorls  of  3-6,  rarely  opposite 

7579A.   Veronicastrum,  p.  840. 

Leaves  opposite. 

Capsules  flattened  and  more  or  less  notched  at  the  apex 

7579.    Veronica,  p.  845. 

Capsules  not  flattened  or  notched  at  the  apex. 

1  Dr.  F.  W.  Pennell,  who  has  made  a  lifelong  study  of  this  family,  has  identified 
nearly  all  of  my  specimens.  His  profound  study  of  the  family  leads  me  to  accept  his 
nomenclature  throughout.  I  have  used  his  keys  to  genera  that  occur  in  Indiana  in  a 
condensed  form,  and  I  hereby  wish  to  express  grateful  acknowledgement. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE  833 

Calyx    2-bracteolate,    the    bracts    longer    than    the    calyx    lobes;    sterile 

filaments  stout,  short  or  almost  lacking 7542.    Gratiola,  p.  843. 

Calyx    not    bracteolate;    sterile    filaments    slender,    2-lobed 

7562.     Lindernia,  p.  844. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Basal   leaves   present   at   flowering  time,   large,   on   long  petioles,  the  blades 
usually  cordate  at  the  base   and   5-15   cm  long;   stem  leaves  sessile  and 

much  reduced,  usually  1-2.5  cm  long 7583 A.   Besseya,  p.  850. 

Basal  and  stem  leaves  not  as  above 7579.   Veronica,  p.  845. 

Fertile  stamens  4. 

Trees    (introduced) 7513_    Paul0Wnia,  p.  842. 

Herbs. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Leaves  sessile,  3-5-lobed  or  cleft,  2-6  cm  long 7631.    Castilleja,  p.  856. 

Leaves,  all   but  the  uppermost,   petiolate,  pinnately   parted,   6-10  cm  long. 

7648.    Pedicularis,  p.  857. 

Leaves  mostly  opposite. 

Flowers  all  axillary. 

Leaves  obovate  or  orbicular,  entire;  plants  aquatic  or  of  muddy  shores. 

7548.    Hydranthelium,  p.  844. 

Leaves  not  entire;  plants  not  aquatic. 

Leaves  serrate,  4-10  cm  long 7524.    Mimulus,  p.  842. 

Leaves   pinnately   parted   into   3-7    linear   segments,    1-2    cm   long 

7545.    Leucospora,  p.  844. 

Flowers  not  all   axillary,  at  least  some  or  all   in  terminal  spikes,  racemes 
or  panicles. 

Leaves  and  bracts  entire,  linear,  sessile 7604.    Gerardia,  p.  850. 

Leaves  not  as  in  the  preceding. 

Plants  mostly  1.5-5  dm  high;  lower  leaves  petiolate,  smaller  than  the 

upper  cauline   ones;    flowers  not  more  than    15   mm   long,  whitish, 

half  blue  or  purplish,  never  yellow. 

Lower  leaves  petiolate,  upper  ones  much  larger,  sessile  or  clasping; 

flowers  in   the  upper  axils  and  in   a  terminal  cluster,  the  lower 

1;P   bhje 7503.     Collinsia,  p.  836. 

Lower  and  upper  leaves   short-petiolate;    flowers   in   terminal   spikes, 

subtended  by  large,  foliaceous  bracts 

7635.    Melampyrum,  p.  857. 

Plants    usually    more    than    5    dm    high,    if    shorter,    the    lower    leaves 
sessile  and  similar  to  the  upper  cauline  ones. 
Blades  of  leaves  regularly  serrate  (rarely  laciniate  toward  the  base), 
or   nearly   entire   with    a   few   short   teeth    or   with    1    or   2   long 
auricles  at  the  base;  flowers  never  yellow. 
Flowers  sessile  in  terminal  and  axillary  spikes. 

Tall,  glabrous  or  partly  pubescent  plants;   flowers  usually  more 

than  20  mm  long 7507.    Chelone,  p.  838. 

Low,  hispid  or  scabrous  plants;  flowers  mostly  less  than  10  mm 
long. 

Flowers   leafy-bracted,   about   2.5   cm   long;    capsules   about    10 

mm  long 7604A.    Tomanthera,  p.  853. 

Flowers  minutely  bracted,   about   1.5  cm   long;   capsules   about 

8  mm  long 7622.    Buchnera,  p.  856. 

Flowers  pedicellate  in  terminal  panicles,  thyrses,  cymes  or  racemes. 
Cauline  leaves  on  petioles  1-8  cm  long,  of  an  ovate  type;  flowers 

maroon    color 7505.     Scrophularia,  p.  837. 

Cauline  leaves  sessile  or  clasping,  of  a  lanceolate  type;   flowers 
mostly  purplish  or  white 7508.    Penstemon,  p.  839. 


834  Scrophulariaceae  Verbascum 

Blades  of  leaves  1  or  2  times  parted,  pinnatifid,  pinnately  lobed  or 
at   least   some   on   the   stem   with    1    or   2   auricles   at  the   base; 
flowers  yellow. 
Flowers  sessile. 

Plants  large,  coarse,   of  a  dry  habitat;   leaves  large  and  irreg- 
ularly cut;  flowers  less  than  20  mm  long 

7602.     Dasistoma,  p.  850. 

Plants   slender,   of   a  wet  habitat;    leaves   of   a   lanceolate  type, 

rather  regularly  pinnately  lobed,  the  lobes  short 

7648.     Pedicularis,  p.  857. 

Flowers  on  short  pedicels  and  more  than  20  mm  long 

7604B.     Aureolaria,  p.  854. 

7460.  VERBASCUM  [Bauhin]  L.  Mullein 

[Murbeck.  Monographie  der  Gattung  Verbascum.  630p.  31  pi.  Lund 
(Sweden),  1933-34.] 

Stem,  pedicels,  and  calyx  with  simple,  glandular  hairs,  otherwise  glabrous 

1.   V.   Blattaria. 

Stem,  pedicels,  calyx,  and  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  with  stellately  branched,  non- 
glandular  hairs. 
Inflorescence   interrupted,    at   least   the   lower   clusters    somewhat   remote;    pedicels 
several  to  an  axil,  up  to  10  mm  long;  leaves  slightly  decurrent  on  the  stem; 

corollas  25-40  mm  wide 2.  V.  phlomoides. 

Inflorescence  densely  crowded;  pedicels  usually  1  to  an  axil,  very  short  or  lacking; 
leaves  long-decurrent  on  the  stem;  corollas  15-22  mm  wide 3.  V.  Thapsus. 

1.  Verbascum  Blattaria  L.  Moth  Mullein.  Map  1809.  Infrequent 
to  frequent  or  locally  common  throughout  the  state.  It  is  spreading  every 
year.  It  is  found  mostly  in  pastures,  fallow  ground,  and  hayfields  and 
along  roadsides.  There  are  two  forms,  a  yellow-flowered  one,  the  typical 
form,  and  a  white-flowered  one  (f.  albiflora  (G.  Don)  House).  Since  my 
labels  do  not  always  give  the  color  of  the  flower,  unfortunately,  I  am  not 
able  to  give  their  ratio  of  abundance.  My  recollection  is,  however,  that  the 
yellow  form  is  much  more  common.  Through  neglect  we  permitted  the 
white  form  to  become  established  in  our  three-acre  arboretum  about  10 
years  ago.  Since  then  I  have  endeavored  to  exterminate  it  by  digging  every 
plant  as  soon  as  discovered,  and  not  a  single  plant  has  been  permitted  to 
seed.  The  viability  of  the  seed  is  shown,  however,  by  the  fact  that  a  few 
plants  were  found  last  year.  It  might  be  added  that  I  have  never  seen  a 
yellow-flowered  plant  in  the  tract.  I  have  seen  large  areas  of  this  species 
and  I  do  not  recall  that  I  ever  saw  the  two  forms  growing  together,  al- 
though this  is  quite  possible. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  naturalized  throughout  the  U.  S. 

2.  Verbascum  phlomoides  L.  Map  1810.  About  1925  Mr.  Walter  Neff 
and  Mrs.  Ivy  Neff  discovered  this  species  as  a  common  weed  in  the  Cedar- 
ville  Cemetery  and  nearby  pastures  and  roadside  in  Carroll  County,  about 
two  or  two  and  a  half  miles  southwest  of  Burnettsville.  Mrs.  Neff  has 
written  of  the  discovery  and  described  the  plant  (Amer.  Bot.  36:  85-87. 
1930) .  At  that  time  the  name  was  still  in  controversy.  I  visited  this  colony 
in  1929  and  found  that  it  formed  an  almost  complete  stand  in  a  pasture  of 
two  to  three  acres  and  that  it  was  scattered  in  pasture  fields  for  a  distance 


Kickxia 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 


835 


Verbascum    Thapsus   L. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

\ 

f^ 

~ 

t 

X 



r 

-4: 

j 

Dec.f- 

1 

i      ' — 

IU 

/   Miles 

Ki 

kxia 

)  ^V  J 

Elatine   (L.) 

)                50 

Map  1812 
)urnort. 

0  50 

Map  1813 


Linana    vulgaris  Hi 


of  about  three  miles.  I  sent  specimens  collected  from  this  colony  to  Pennell 
who  sent  them  to  Murbeck  for  determination.  Murbeck,  in  1936,  identified 
them  as  Verbascum  phlomoides  L.  In  1937  I  found  this  mullein  common 
along  an  east  and  west  road  two  miles  north  of  Rochester,  Fulton  County 
and  in  several  places  along  the  Tippecanoe  River  south  of  Talma. 
Nat.  of  Eu. 


o 
O. 


Verbascum  Thapsus  L.  Mullein.  Map  1811.  Frequent  to  common 
throughout  the  state.  This  mullein  prefers  a  dry,  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  and 
is  found  principally  in  pastures,  idle  fields,  and  waste  places  along  road- 
sides.  It  is  a  common  weed  of  pastures  because  stock  do  not  eat  it. 
Nat.  of  Eu. ;  naturalized  nearly  throughout  temperate  N.  A. 


7479.  KICKXIA  Dumort. 

1.  Kickxia  Elatine  (L.)  Dumort.  (Linaria  Elatine  (L.)  Mill.)  Map 
1812.  This  species  was  found  in  1925  by  R.  C.  Friesner  in  Clifty  Falls 
State  Park,  Jefferson  County.  It  was  well  established  about  half  a  mile 
north  of  Tunnel  Falls.  It  has  also  been  reported  from  Ohio  and  Vander- 
burg  Counties  by  Hansen  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  34:  257.  1925.)  There 
is  a  specimen  in  the  herbarium  of  Indiana  University  collected  by  Wible  in 
Lawrence  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  naturalized  from  Mass.  to  La.,  mostly  near  the  coast  and 
inland  to  n.  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  and  Mo. 


7480.  LINARIA   [Bauhmj  Mill.  Toadflax 

Flowers  yellow,  2-3  cm  long;  capsules  mostly  6-8  mm  long 1.  L.  vulgaris. 

Flowers  blue  or  rarely  white,  about  1  cm  long;  capsules  about  2-5  mm  long 

2.  L.  canadensis. 

1.  Linaria  vulgaris  Hill.  Common  Toadflax.  Map  1813.  This  species 
prefers  dry,  sandy  soil  and  has  escaped  from  cultivation  to  roadsides  and 
pastures  throughout  the  state.   It  has  become  a  weed  in  some  of  the  eastern 


836 


SCROPH  ULARIACEAE 


Chaenorrhinum 


0  50 

Map  1814 

Linaria    canadensis    (L.)    Dumort. 


0  50 

Map  1815 

Chaenorrhinum  minus    (U    Lanqe 


0  50 

Map  1816 


Collinsia    verna    Nutt. 


states,  and  I  have  seen  large  colonies  of  it  in  Indiana  in  sandy  soil  in 
pastures.  It  is  difficult  to  eradicate  and,  for  this  reason,  should  be  extermi- 
nated as  soon  as  it  is  detected.    It  is  commonly  called  butter  and  eggs. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  naturalized  from  Newf .,  Que.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex., 
and  Calif. ;  most  common  in  the  ne.  U.  S. 

2.  Linaria  canadensis  (L.)  Dumort.  Map  1814.  Usually  in  dry  and 
almost  pure  sand  in  fallow  fields  and  on  open  dunes.  Sometimes  in  fallow 
fields  it  grows  in  such  abundance  that  the  landscape  is  blue.  This  species 
should  still  be  sought  in  Kosciusko,  Lagrange,  and  Steuben  Counties. 

N.  S.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  along  the  Pacific  coast  from 
B.  C.  to  Calif. 

7484.  CHAENORRHINUM  Reich. 

1.  Chaenorrhinum  minus  (L.)  Lange.  (Linaria  minor  (L.)  Desf.) 
Map  1815.  This  species  is  reported  to  have  been  introduced  in  1874  at 
Camden,  New  Jersey.  Since  that  time  it  has  spread  extensively  and  is 
always  found  in  cinder  or  sand  ballast  along  railroads.  I  first  found  it  in 
Vigo  County  in  1918.  I  have  seen  it  spread  from  a  few  plants  along  the 
traction  line  in  Wells  County  until  the  railroad  bed  for  miles  in  flowering 
season  is  blue  with  it. 

Nat.  of  the  Mediterranean  region ;  now  naturalized  from  N.  S.  and  Que. 
to  Wis.  and  Iowa,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ohio,  and  111. 


7503.  COLLlNSIA  Nutt, 

[Newsom.  A  revision  of  the  genus  Collinsia.  Bot.  Gaz.  87:  260-301. 
1929.] 

1.  Collinsia  verna  Nutt.  Blue-eyed- mary.  Map  1816.  This  species  is 
well  distributed  throughout  the  state  but  rather  local  and  usually  abundant 
where  it  is  found.    Its  preferred  habitat  is  moist,  rich  soil  and  it  is  most 


Scrophularia 


SCROPH  UL  ARIACEAE 


83r 


0  50 

Map  1817 


Scrophularia    manlandica   L. 


0 

Map  1818 


Scrophularia    lanceolata    Pursh 


1 

9 
2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Decf^ 

f 



1 — 

|— _ 

[V 

1 

D 

-i 

B      D 
NY   W 

D 

DP 
UC 

B   110 

'      ■ 

HO 

-  i 

T 

D 

y~ 

r 

i 

i 
■  ' — 

B 

K       1 J 

1/    Miles 

p/     D 

Pfc 

0     (        \ 
P    )" 

0 

var. 

r    D  1 

Chelone 
speciosa    P 

obliqua 
ennell  & 

0                 5(3 

Map  1819 

Wherry 

often  found  in  alluvial  bottoms  and  on  stream  terraces,  most  often  asso- 
ciated with  sugar  maple  and  white  oak.  It  is  much  less  frequently  found 
in  woodland  not  adjacent  to  streams. 

N.  Y.,  Ont,  Mich,  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  Mo.,  Ark.,  and  Kans. 


7505.  SCROPHULARIA  [Bauhin]  L. 

Sterile  stamen  brown  or  purplish;  corolla  5-8  mm  long,  dull;  panicle  usually  broad, 
5-18  cm  wide,  its  branches  usually  spreading;  plant  flowering  mostly  after  July 
15;  capsules  4-7  mm  long,  usually  glossy;  stem  with  each  side  deeply  grooved; 
leaves  slender-petioled,  the  petioles  mostly  3-8  cm  long  and  scarcely  margined. 
1.   S.   marilandica. 

Sterile  stamen  greenish  yellow;  corolla  7-11  mm  long;  panicle  narrowly  elongate,  4-8 
cm  wide,  its  branches  relatively  stout  and  ascending;  plant  flowering  mostly  in 
June;  capsules  dull,  6-9  mm  long;  stem  with  the  sides  flat  or  with  a  very  shallow 

groove;    leaves   on   stout,   margined   petioles,   the   petioles   1-3   cm   long 

2.  S.   lanceolata. 

1.  Scrophularia  marilandica  L.  Map  1817.  Frequent  throughout  the 
state.  It  is  usually  found  in  open  woodland  in  moist  or  dry  soils  of  varying 
fertility.   Sometimes  it  is  found  along  roadsides  and  in  fallow  fields. 

The  leaves  of  this  species  vary  from  essentially  glabrous  to  densely 
pubescent.  For  the  convenience  of  those  who  wish  to  recognize  the  ex- 
tremely pubescent  form  by  a  name,  Pennell  has  called  it  f.  neglecta  (Rydb.) 
Pennell.   I  have  this  form  from  Clark,  Gibson,  and  Knox  Counties. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  S.  C,  La.,  and  Okla. 

2.  Scrophularia  lanceolata  Pursh.  (Scrophularia  leporella  Bickn.)  Map 
1818.  Except  for  three  widely  separated  locations,  all  of  our  speci- 
mens are  from  the  area  north  and  west  of  the  Wabash  River.  It  is 
infrequent  to  rare  and  usually  found  in  moist  or  dry  and  very  sandy  soil. 
It  is  generally  found  in  open,  black  oak  woods  or  on  wooded  slopes,  and  less 
frequently  along  roadsides  and  on  the  right  of  way  of  railroads. 

Cape  Breton  Island  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Okla.,  N.  Mex.  and  Calif. 


838  Scrophulariaceae  Chelone 

7507.  CHELONE  [Tourn.]  L.  Turtlehead 

Corollas  purple  or  reddish  purple  throughout,  mostly  30-37  mm  long;  sepals  ciliolate; 
leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  the  largest  on  each  plant  varying  from  3-7  cm  wide; 

petioles  mostly  5-15  mm  long 1.  C.  obliqua  var.  speciosa. 

Corollas  white  or  greenish  white  throughout  or  purple  at  the  distal  end  or  rarely  only 
the  basal   part  white,   mostly   20-25   mm   long;    sepals   obscurely   ciliolate;   leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate  to  elliptic,  the  largest  usually  8-25  mm  wide. 
Corollas   white   or   greenish   at    the    distal   end,    externally   only   faintly,   if   at   all, 
purplish;  leaves  sessile,  subsessile  or  on  petioles  up  to  about  5  mm  long. 
Lips  of  corollas  purplish  within. 

Leaf  blades  lanceolate  or  elliptic,  relatively  firm;  spikes  usually  short. 

Blades  not  tomentose  beneath 2.  C.  glabra  var.  typica. 

Blades  more  or  less  tomentose  beneath 2a.  C.  glabra  f.  tomentosa. 

Leaf  blades   linear-lanceolate,  relatively   thin;    spikes   tending  to   elongate 

2b.  C.  glabra  var.  elongata. 

Lips  of  corollas  white  within,  the  corollas  externally  greenish  yellow;  leaf  blades 
linear  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  mostly  1-2  cm  wide. 

Blades  glabrous  or  pubescent  only  on  the  veins  beneath 

2c.  C.  glabra  var.  linifolia. 

Blades  densely  pubescent  over  the  entire  lower  surface 

2d.  C.  glabra  var.  linifolia  f .  velutina. 

Corollas  purple  at  the  distal  end;  petioles  5-20  mm  long;  leaf  blades  lanceolate  to 
elliptic-oval,  the  largest  2-6  cm  wide 2e.  C.  glabra  var.  elatior. 

1.  Chelone  obliqua  L.  var.  speciosa  Pennell  &  Wherry.  (Bartonia  10: 
19.  1929.)  (Chelone  obliqua  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown, 
lllus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Rose  Turtlehead.  Map  1819.  Usually  found  in  low 
woods  and  less  frequently  in  springy  places  in  woodland. 

Ind.  to  Iowa  and  Ark. 

2.  Chelone  glabra  L.  var.  typica  Pennell.  White  Turtlehead.  Map  1820. 
Pennell  has  divided  Chelone  glabra  into  several  varieties  and  forms,  five 
of  which  he  cites  from  Indiana.  For  the  benefit  of  those  who  wish  to  study 
this  species  intensively  I  have  listed  these  forms  and  given  their  distri- 
bution. The  species  and  its  forms  grow  in  wet  woods,  springy  places  about 
lakes,  along  streams,  and  in  marshes. 

Newf.,  n.  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

2a.  Chelone  glabra  f.  tomentosa  (Raf.)  Pennell.  I  have  this  form  from 
Porter  and  Spencer  Counties. 

2b.  Chelone  glabra  var.  elongata  Pennell  &  Wherry.  (Bartonia  10 :  22. 
1929.)  I  have  this  variety  from  Dubois,  Jennings,  and  Spencer  Counties 
and  Kriebel  has  collected  it  in  Lawrence  County. 

Ohio  to  111.  and  Tenn. 

2c.     Chelone  glabra  var.  linifolia  Coleman.    (Cat.  Fl.  PI.  S.  Mich.  27. 
1874.)    Map  1821.    This  is  the  common  form  of  the  species  in  our  area. 
S.  Ont.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ohio,  Ind.,  and  111. 

2d.  Chelone  glabra  var.  linifolia  f.  velutina  Pennell  &  Wherry.  I  have 
this  form  from  Carroll,  Elkhart,  Lake,  La  Porte,  and  Miami  Counties. 

2e.     Chelone  glabra  var.  elatior  Raf.    (Raf.  Med.  Fl.  2:  118.    1830.)    I 
have  this  form  from  only  Clark  County. 
Pa.,  Ind.,  and  Ala. 


Penstemon 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 


839 


0  5o 

Map  1820 


Chelone    glabra    L,  van    typica 


0  50 

Map  1821 


Chelone    glabra    var.    Iinifolia    Coleman 


0  50 

Map  1822 


Penstemon     tubaeflorus    Nutt. 


7508.  PENSTEMON  Mitchell  Penstemon 

[Key  adapted  from  Pennell's  Monograph,  loc.  cit.] 

Corolla  glandular-puberulent  within  on  all  sides,  the  throat  slightly  inflated,  obscurely 
or  not  at  all  ridged  within,  white  throughout,  20-25  mm  long,  the  lobes  strongly 

spreading;  sepals  3-4  mm  long,  triangular-ovate,  acuminate 1.   P.  tubaeflorus. 

Corolla  pubescent  with  glandless  hairs  within  over  the  bases  of  the  anterior  lobes,  the 
throat  more  inflated  and  plainly  ridged  within. 
Throat   of   corolla   much   inflated   and   only    slightly   ridged   within    anteriorly,   the 
anterior  lobes  of  the  corolla  little  exceeding  the  posterior  ones;  sterile  filament 
slightly  to  moderately  bearded. 
Corollas    purplish    (rarely    only    faintly    so),    (15)    20-35    mm    long,    the    throat 
moderately    inflated;    sepals    linear-attenuate,    5-12    mm    long,    usually    con- 
spicuously  widely    spreading    in    flower,    generally    the    margins    not   plainly 
scarious;   anthers  never  bearded;   cauline   leaves  widely  lanceolate   to  ovate; 

inflorescence  sparingly  glandular 2.  P.  calycosus. 

Corollas  white  or  faintly  tinged  with  purple,  13-30  mm  long,  the  throat  amply 
inflated;    sepals    ovate    or    ovate    with    acuminate    tips,    3-9    mm    long    (con- 
spicuously scarious  and  caudate-tipped  in  Penstemon  Digitalis)  ;  anthers  usually 
bearded  with  a  few,  stiff,  white  hairs  on  the  dorsal  part  (hairs  not  to  be  con- 
fused with  the  teeth  of  the  sutures). 
Corollas  20-30  mm  long;  inflorescence  decidedly  glandular;  sepals  in  anthesis  5-8 
mm    long,    caudate-acuminate,    plainly    scarious-margined;    stem    somewhat 
shining,  glabrous,  and  slightly  glaucous;  usually  found  along  roadsides,  in 

pastures,  and  fallow  fields,  and  rarely  in  woodland 3.  P.  Digitalis. 

Corollas  mostly  13-23  mm  long;   inflorescence  in  anthesis  glabrous  or  slightly 
glandular;  stems  dull,  finely  pubescent  or  glabrous;   sepals  in  anthesis  2-5 
mm  long. 
Sepals   becoming   5-9   mm   long   at  maturity,   more   than   half   the   length   of 
the  capsule,  oval  with  caudate  tips,  not  at  all  or  only  scarcely  scarious- 
margined;   corollas   17-23   mm  long;    lower  blades  lanceolate,   acuminate, 

rather    sharply    serrate,    the    basal    ones    usually   few    at    anthesis 

4.    P.   alluviorum. 

Sepals  only  2-4  mm  long  at  maturity,  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  capsule, 
ovate  or  somewhat  acuminate,  plainly  scarious-margined;  corollas  15-20 
(22)  mm  long;  lower  blades  oblong  or  oval,  rounded,  entire  or  slightly 
denticulate,  the  basal  ones  usually  many  at  anthesis 5.   P.  Deamii. 


840 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 


Penstemon 


0  50 

Map  1823 


Penstemon    calycosus   Smal 


4 
20 

1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 
ID 

Mol 
MK  | 

***      »„      J    *D 
HD     f 

^/   B 

D 

r\X- 

D 

V 

rn- 

B 

D 

"1 

D 

• 

DP 

r1- 

-l 

B         D 

r 

B  D       n 
110        — 

D 

J 

B       tT 

Dec.j- 

y—i — 

/"d    1 

7 — £    "*/ 
n      ]     ^  //    Miles 

\ 

10 

pf    D 

"ft 
10    / 

1     °     rJ 

Pensl 

emor 

! 

r>\     J 
Digitalis 

)                 50 

Map  1824 
Null. 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 
Apr. 

r~ 

\ 

rJ            1 

9 
1 

May 
June 
July 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 

r 

— 1 

f 

'kj — _ 

j 

i 

-  i 

j 

H~ 

j 

i , 

Dec.f- — 

D                /     jl 

ro y 

"v    *      / — 

D    Jt- 

^  d    }     Va/    Miles 

p  D 

r      \     s  V  7 

3                 50 

S^<(j^W             Map  1825 

Penstemon    alluviorum    Penned 

Throat  of  corolla  narrow,  flattened  and  strongly  ridged  within,  the  anterior  lobes 

of  the  corolla  projecting  considerably  beyond  the  posterior  ones;  sterile  filament 

more  densely  bearded. 

Orifice  to  the  throat  of  the  corolla  open;  cells  of  anthers  longer  than  wide;  lower 

surface  of  leaves  more  or  less  short-pubescent  or  pubescent  on  the  midrib  and 

along  the  principal  veins. 

Throat  of  corolla  moderately  inflated;  corolla  20-32  mm  long;  lower  surface  of 

leaves  sparsely  pubescent  all  over  with  long  hairs  or  only  on  the  midrib 

and  larger  veins 6.  P.  canescens  var.  typicus. 

Throat  of  corolla   slightly   inflated;    corolla   17-22   mm   long;    lower   surface   of 

leaves  densely  pubescent  all  over  with  short  hairs 7.  P.  pallidns. 

Orifice  to  the  throat  of  corolla  closed  by  the  uparching  lower  lip;  corolla  23-28 
mm  long;  cells  of  anthers  about  as  wide  as  long;  lower  surface  of  leaves 
usually  soon  glabrous  or  only  the  midrib  with  long  hairs 8.  P.  hirsutus. 

1.  Penstemon  tubaeflorus  Nutt.  Tube  Penstemon.  Map  1822.  I  have 
this  species  from  only  three  places  in  two  counties  where  I  found  it  in  dry 
and  very  sandy  soil  on  an  open,  oak,  sand  ridge  and  along  the  railroad 
about  5  miles  south  of  Vincennes.  It  was  also  collected  in  Vigo  County 
by  Evermann. 

Ind.  to  Kans.  and  Tex. ;  probably  introduced  in  the  Atlantic  States  from 
Maine  to  Pa. 

2.  Penstemon  calycosus  Small.  Map  1823.  This  is  our  most  common 
species  and  could  possibly  be  found  in  every  county  of  the  state,  although 
it  is  less  frequent  in  our  northern  counties.  While  it  prefers  moist,  alluvial 
soil  along  streams  and  bases  of  slopes,  it  is  found  also  on  dry,  wooded 
slopes,  along  roadsides  and  railroads,  and  in  fallow  fields. 

Maine,  Mich.,  to  111.,  and  along  the  coast  to  Pa.,  southw.  to  n.  Ala.,  Miss., 
Mo.,  and  Ark. 

3.  Penstemon  Digitalis  Nutt.  (Penstemon  laevigatas  var.  Digitalis 
(Sweet)  Gray  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Penstemon  Digitalis  (Sweet)  Nutt. 
of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Foxglove  Penstemon.  Map 
1824.  This  species  is  somewhat  frequent  throughout  the  state  in  both 
moist  and  dry  soils  in  various  habitats.   It  often  forms  large  colonies,  espe- 


Penstemon 


SCROPH  ULARI ACEAE 


841 


o  50 

Map  1826 


Penstemon    Deamii    Pennell 


6  35 

Map  1827 

Penstemon    canescens     (Britt.)    Britt., 
var.  typicus. 


6 
4 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

D 

I- 

\ 

J 

■L. 

—L— 

B 

~l 

-  i 

J 

J~ 

r, 

Dec.j- 

D          »D 

'         ' 

D                   J7 

"1— ?-)       \j 

D                /      J 

Phy-1- — f- k 

U     Miles 

P 

enstemon 

pallidus 

0                 50 

Map  1828 

Small 

daily  in  fallow  fields  in  the  Illinoian  drift  area  where  it  is  most  frequent. 
Maine  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  n.  Ala.  and  Tex. ;  absent  from  the  Coastal 
Plain  from  Va.  southw.  and  westw.  to  Ala. 

4.  Penstemon  alluviorum  Pennell.  Map  1825.  This  and  the  next  species 
are  white-flowered,  rarely  partly  purple  tinged,  and  are  restricted  to  our 
southern  counties.  The  species  is  local  and  is  found  in  both  moist  and  dry 
soil,  mostly  on  open  slopes  in  our  area. 

Along  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Rivers  and  s.  Ohio,  s.  Ind.,  and  Ky., 
southw.  to  Ark.,  Mo.,  and  Tenn. 

5.  Penstemon  Deamii  Pennell.  Map  1826.  This  rare  penstemon  is  local 
or  infrequent  in  the  "knobs"  of  a  few  counties  along  the  Ohio  River.  It  is 
found  in  poor  soil  in  fallow  fields  and  in  open  places  on  oak  ridges.  In  1932 
it  was  found  by  Scott  McCoy  in  rich  soil  in  a  field  in  the  north  part  of 
Indianapolis,  Marion  County.  It  is  difficult  to  reconcile  these  two  widely 
different  kinds  of  habitat  for  this  plant. 

Ind.  and  111.    (Pennell). 

6.  Penstemon  canescens  (Britt.)  Britt.  var.  typicus  Pennell.  Map  1827. 
Found  locally  on  white  oak  slopes  in  our  southeastern  counties. 

S.  Pa.  to  se.  Ind.  and  n.  Ala.,  thence  eastw.  to  the  Coastal  Plain  line. 

7.  Penstemon  pallidus  Small.  Map  1828.  Infrequent  to  local  on  dry, 
wooded  or  washed  slopes.  My  specimens  are  mostly  from  the  southern  part 
of  the  state. 

Maine,  Mich.,  n.  111.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tenn.,  and  Ark. 

8.  Penstemon  hirsutus  (L.)  Willd.  Eastern  Penstemon.  Map  1829. 
Restricted  almost  entirely  to  sandy,  gravelly  or  rocky  soils  on  the  dry 
banks  or  rocky  bluffs  along  streams  and  about  lakes.  Where  it  is  found  it 
is  usually  frequent  to  common  and  may  be  found  in  suitable  habitats  along 
streams  for  miles  and  may  be  absent  in  intervening  habitats. 

Maine  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Tenn. 


842 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 


Mimulus 


0  50 

Map  1829 
Penstemon    hirsutus  (L.)  W Mid. 


0  50 

Map  1830 


Mimulus    ringens  L. 


0  ^50 

Map  1831 


Mimulus    alatus    Ait. 


7513.  PAULOWNIA  Sieb.  &  Zucc. 

1.  Paulownia  tomentosa  (Thunb.)  Steud.  Royal  Paulownia.  This 
species  has  been  introduced  in  a  few  Ohio  River  towns  and  is  apparently 
hardy.  I  know  of  a  planted  tree  that  is  hardy  on  the  "knobs"  about  3  miles 
northwest  of  Henryville,  Clark  County.  In  1925  I  found  a  tree  in  a  woods 
just  east  of  no.  10  school  about  5  miles  southeast  of  Laconia,  Harrison 
County.  It  was  10  inches  in  diameter  with  a  clear  bole  of  about  30  feet. 
This  tree  was  surrounded  by  several  rootshoots,  one  of  the  largest  of  which 
I  cut  off.  It  measured  slightly  more  than  2  inches  in  diameter  near  the  base 
and  was  5  years  old.  In  1935  I  again  visited  this  place  and  found  that  the 
large  tree  had  been  cut  but  that  there  were  many  seedlings  along  the  road- 
side about  125  feet  distant  where  the  mineral  soil  was  exposed.  In  1935 
some  specimens  were  sent  to  me  from  a  "black  jack"  ridge  about  3  miles 
south  of  Livonia,  Washington  County.  The  letter  accompanying  the 
specimens  said  that  there  were  a  few  small  trees  about  15  feet  high.  Ralph 
M.  Kriebel  writes  that  there  are  a  few  trees  planted  in  Bedford,  Lawrence 
County,  and  that  in  1935  he  found  it  as  an  escape  in  four  abandoned  stone 
quarries  in  the  vicinity  of  Bedford.  It  was  found  growing  in  the  "grout" 
(small  chips  of  limestone)  of  these  quarries.  This  habitat  observation  is 
very  significant  and  worthy  of  further  investigation. 

Some  recent  authors  place  this  genus  in  Bignoniaceae.  (Campbell.  The 
relationships  of  Paulownia.    Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  57:  47-50.    1930.) 

Nat.  of  Japan. 

7524.  MlMULUS  L.  Monkeyflower 

[Grant.  A  monograph  of  the  genus  Mimulus.  Ann.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard. 
11:  99-399.    1924.] 

Stems  erect;  leaves  lanceolate,  oval  or  ovate;  flowers  Hortense  Violet  (Ridgway). 

Leaves  clasping;  angles  of  stem  wingless 1.  M.  ringens. 

Leaves  petiolate;  angles  of  stem  more  or  less  winged 2.  M.  alatus. 

Stems  diffuse;  leaves  nearly  orbicular;  flowers  lemon  yellow.  (See  excluded  species 
no.  565,  p.  1089) M.  glabratus  var.  Fremontii. 


Gratiola 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 


843 


0  50 

Map  1832 


Gratiola    neglecta  Torn 


o  50 

Map  1833 


Gratiola    virgmiana    L 


0  50 

Map  1834 

Leucospora    multifida    (Michx.)   Nutt. 


1.  Mimulus  ringens  L.  Map  1830.  Frequent  to  almost  common  in  the 
northern  two  thirds  of  the  state,  becoming  infrequent  to  rare  in  the 
southern  counties.  It  is  found  in  wet  soils  both  in  the  open  and  in  the 
woodland.  Usually  found  in  moist  or  wet  soil  along  streams,  in  ditches, 
and  about  lakes  and  ponds. 

Cape  Breton  Island,  James  Bay,  and  Man.,  southw.  to  Ala.,  La.,  Okla., 
and  Colo. 

2.  Mimulus  alatus  Ait.  Map  1831.  This  species  is  more  or  less  frequent 
in  all  of  the  southern  half  of  the  state,  becoming  less  frequent  northward 
until  the  Wabash  River  is  reached.  North  of  the  Wabash  River  there  are 
specimens  from  only  Allen  and  Warren  Counties. 

Conn,  to  e.  Nebr.,  southw.  to  n.  Fla.  and  e.  Tex. 


7542.   GRATIOLA  [Bauhin]  L. 

Pedicels  slender,  10-25  mm  long  in  fruit;  stems  relatively  slender,  glandular-puberulent 
or  sometimes  nearly  glabrous 1.  G.  neglecta. 

Pedicels  stout,  mostly  less  than  5  mm  long,  rarely  up  to   12  mm  long  at  maturity; 

stems   relatively   fleshy,   glabrous    or   rarely    somewhat   glandular   above 

2.    G.    virginiana. 

1.  Gratiola  neglecta  Torr.  (Gratiola  virginiana  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  not  L.)  Map  1832.  Infrequent  to 
frequent  throughout  the  state  except  in  the  northern  tier  of  counties.  It 
grows  in  moist  or  wet  soil  in  bare  places,  and,  where  it  is  found,  it  often 
forms  large  colonies.  My  notes  say  "abundant  over  an  acre  or  more  in  acid 
soil  in  a  one  year  old,  fallow  cornfield  in  Warren  County,"  and  "abundant 
over  more  than  an  acre  in  moist,  sandy  soil  in  a  fallow  field  about  2 
miles  northwest  of  Monticello,  White  County."   It  is  most  often  found 


S 1 1  SCROPHULARIACEAE  Hydranthelium 

in   old   logging   roads,   about   old   hog   wallows,    and   on   the   borders   of 
dried-up  ponds. 

Que.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tex.,  and  Calif. 

2.  Gratiola  virginiana  L.  (Gratiola  sphaerocavpa  Ell.  and  Gratiola 
mesochora  Peattie.)  Map  1833.  Infrequent  to  very  rare  throughout  the 
state  on  the  muddy  shores  of  artificial  ponds,  in  ditches,  and  in  wet  places 
in  marshes. 

N.  J.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

7545A.  LEUCOSPORA  Nutt. 

1.  Leucospora  multifida  (Michx.)  Nutt.  (Conobea  multifield  (Michx.) 
Benth.)  Map  1834.  Frequent  in  the  southern  half  of  the  state,  soon  be- 
coming infrequent  to  rare  northward  and  probably  absent  or  very  rare  in 
our  northern  counties.  While  well  distributed,  it  is  rarely  found  in  colonies 
but  more  or  less  as  scattered  plants,  except  on  stretches  of  the  slope  of  the 
bank  of  the  Ohio  River,  where  it  may  be  present  for  considerable  distances. 
It  prefers  a  moist,  sandy  soil  and  is  almost  entirely  restricted  to  bare  places 
on  sand  bars  and  muddy  shores  of  streams  and  rarely  in  cultivated  fields 
and  open  woodland. 

Ohio  to  Iowa  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  s.  Tex. 

7548.  HYDRANTHELIUM  HBK. 

1.  Hydranthelium  rotundifolium  (Michx.)  Pennell.  (Pennell.  Mono- 
graph Scrophulariaceae  of  eastern  North  America,  p.  629.  1935.)  (Bacopa 
rotundifolia  (Michx.)  Wettst.  and  Bramia  rotundifolia  (Michx.)  Britt.) 
Map  1835.  Infrequent  in  sink  holes  in  Lawrence,  Orange,  and  Washington 
Counties,  but  not  seen  in  sink  holes  in  other  counties  where  the  same 
habitat  occurs.  The  specimen  found  in  Warrick  County  was  found  in  the 
old  canal  near  Millersburg.  It  was  very  common  in  the  ponds  where  it  was 
found,  although  stock  had  injured  it. 

Ind.  and  Tenn.  to  Mont.,  southw.  to  Colo,  and  Tex. 

7562.  LINDERNIA  All. 

Mature  seed  pale  yellow,  averaging  0.4  mm  long  and  mostly  twice  or  three  times  as 

long  as  wide;  leaf  blades  1-3  cm  long,  the  lower  ones  generally  narrowed  at  the 

base;  pedicels  shorter  or  longer  than  the  leaves;  later  corollas  falling  unopened, 

the  flowers  cleistogamous. 

Pedicels  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  leaves,  10-20  mm  long,  usually  divaricately 

spreading 1.  L.  dubia  var.  typica. 

Pedicels  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves,  usually  less  than  10  mm  long,  and  mostly 

ascending la.  L.  dubia  var.  major. 

Mature  seed  a  brownish  yellow,  averaging  O.'A  mm  long  and  mostly  one  and  a  half  to 
two  times  as  long  as  wide;  leaf  blades  0.5-1.5  cm  long,  nearly  all  rounded  and 
widest  near  the  base;  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  leaves;  corollas  all  opening, 
not  cleistogamous 2.   L.   anagallidea. 


Veronica 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 


845 


Hydranthelium 
(MichxJ 


0  50 

Map  1835 

rotundifohum 
Pennell         


Lindernia     dubia     (LJ 
var    lypica 


0  50 

Map  1836 

Pennell, 


0  50 

Map  1837 

Lindernia    dubia 
var.    major    (Pursht    Pennell 


1.  Lindernia  dubia  (L.)  Pennell  var.  typica  Pennell.  (Ilysanthes  dubia 
(L.)  Barnh.)  Map  1836.  Probably  infrequent  to  frequent  throughout  the 
state.  It  grows  in  moist  or  muddy  bare  places  about  ponds,  on  bars  and  on 
the  banks  of  streams  and  ditches,  and  in  logging  roads  in  woodland. 

W.  Vt.  to  e.  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  e.  Tex. 

la.  Lindernia  dubia  var.  major  (Pursh)  Pennell.  Map  1837.  This  form 
is  probably  nearly  as  common  as  the  preceding  one  and  as  well  distributed. 
The  two  forms  of  this  species  are  not  well  marked  and  it  is  sometimes  diffi- 
cult to  say  to  which  form  a  specimen  belongs.  The  habitats  are  the  same  as 
those  of  the  preceding  variety. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

2.  Lindernia  anagallidea  (Michx.)  Pennell.  (Ilysanthes  anagullidea 
(Michx.)  Rob.)  Map  1838.  This  species  is  infrequent  and  all  of  my  speci- 
mens are  from  the  western  and  southern  parts  of  the  state.  The  habitats 
are  the  same  as  those  of  the  preceding  varieties,  but  it  prefers  a  more  sandy 
soil. 

N.  H.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

7579.  VERONICA  [Bauhin]  L.  Speedwell 
Leaves  of  the  stem  and  of  the  branches  below  the  flowers  opposite,  those  subtending 
the   flowers   alternate    (rarely   a  few   flowers   in   the   axils    of   opposite   leaves   in 
Veronica  persica)  ;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves. 
Styles  hidden  between  the  lobes  of  the  capsules,  appearing  obsolete,  less  than  0.5 
mm  long. 

Stems  glabrous;  capsules  glabrous 1.  V.  peregrina  var.  typica. 

Stems   glandular-pubescent;   capsules   of  Indiana   specimens   glabrous,   those  west 

of  our  area  more  or  less  pubescent la.  V.  peregrina  var.  xalapensis. 

Styles  mostly  0.5-2  mm  long. 

Pubescence  of  the  stem  curved  upward,  the  hairs  short,  mostly  0.2-0.4  mm  long 
and  not  conspicuously  multicellular;  perennial  from  a  subterranean  rhizome.  . . 

2.  V.  serpyllifolia. 

Pubescence  of  stem  spreading  or  partly  upwardly  curved,  the  spreading  hairs  not 
more  than  0.5  mm  long  and  conspicuously  multicellular;  the  curved  hairs,  if 
any,  like  those  of  the  preceding  species;  annual. 


846 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 


Veronica 


0    ~  50 

Map  1838 


Lindernia     anagallidea    (Michx.)    Pennell 


0  "50 

Map  1839 


Veronica    peregrina    L,  var.   typica 


0         ~~To 

Map  1840 
Veronica     peregrina 
var.    xalapensis    (HBKJ    Pennell 


Pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx;  leaves  sessile  except  the  lowermost  ones 

3.    V.   arvensis. 

Pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Lobes  of  capsule  somewhat  acutish,  strongly  divergent,  the  most  distal  point 
of  each  near  the  lateral  margin;  styles  as  long  as  or  exceeding  the  cap- 
sules, usually  1.5-2  mm  long;  pedicels  mostly  12-25  mm  long.  .4.  V.  persica. 
Lobes  of  capsule  rounded,  not  strongly  divergent,  the  most  distal  point  about 
midway  between  the  style  and  the  lateral  margin;  styles  usually  not 
exceeding   the    capsules,   about    1    mm    long.     (See    excluded    species    no. 

567,  p.  1089) V.  agrestis. 

Leaves  all  opposite;  flowers  in  axillary  racemes — these  sometimes  reduced  to  a  single 
flower  or  sometimes  appearing  terminal. 
Capsules  pubescent;  stem,  leaves,  pedicels,  and  sepals  pubescent;  plants  of  dry  soil. 

Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  petiolate;   pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx 

5.    V.   officinalis. 

Leaves  ovate,  nearly  or  quite  sessile;  pedicels  longer  than  the  calyx 

6.   V.  Chamaedrys. 

Capsules  glabrous  or  with  a  few  minute  gland-tipped  hairs;  stems,  leaves,  pedicels, 
and   sepals   glabrous   or   sparsely   glandular-puberulent    (or   rarely  pubescent   in 
Veronica  sciitellata)  ;  plants  more  or  less  semi-aquatic. 
Capsule  conspicuously  wider  than  long,  strongly  two-lobed,  mostly  4-5  mm  wide; 

pedicels  filiform  and  reflexed  in  fruit 7.  V.  scutellata. 

Capsule  not  conspicuously  wider  than  long,  and  scarcely  or  not  at  all  two-lobed. 

Leaves  all  petiolate;  plants  strictly  glabrous;  pedicels  5-13  mm  long 

8.   V.  americana. 

Leaves  not  all  petiolate,  at  least  the  upper  ones  sessile  and  clasping;  pedicels 
3-6    mm    long;    plants    more    or    less    glandular-pubescent,    at    least    in    the 
inflorescence. 
Sepals  acute   or   acuminate;    capsule   scarcely   wider   than   long,  not   at  all   or 
only  slightly  notched  at  the  apex;  leaf  blades  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceo- 
late,  serrate  with   close  teeth    (four   or  more   to   1    cm),   those   of  young 
autumnal  shoots  petiolate. 
Pedicels,  rachis,  and  upper  part  of  stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  sepals  acute 
to  slightly  acuminate;   styles  1.5-3  mm  long;  leaf  blades  oblong-ovate, 
mostly  widest  about  the  middle,  slightly  serrate  to  nearly  entire.    (See 
excluded  species  no.  568,  p.  1089) V.  Anagallis-aquatica. 


Veronica 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 


847 


15 
6 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

[ 

DI 

)    BD          D 

0 

y-L 

D 

D            ° 

r 

0 

\ 

fr1 

0        D 

' 

D 
DP 

X 

D 

D 

p 

HO 

tn 

j 

OP 

J. 

>         fr 

Dec.f- 

IU  p 

D 

I        1 j 

— 1  °   I    X 
/    Miles 

D     f 

V 

eron 

ca 

se 

i\       / 

pyllifoli 

J                 50 

Map  1841 

a    L. 

O  50 

Map  1842 


Veronica    arvensis  L 


Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar. 
Apr. 

May 
June 
July 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 


D 
UK  \ 

f 

J 

J 

k 

\ 

-jV 

-DP 

r 

\ 

■  *- 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1843 


Veronica    persica    Poir 


Pedicels,  rachis,  and  upper  part  of  stem  pubescent  with  gland-tipped  hairs; 
sepals  strongly  acuminate;  styles  1-1.5  mm  long;  leaf  blades  lanceo- 
late or  broadly  lanceolate,  widest  near  the  base,  usually  more  strongly 

serrate 9.    V.   glandifera. 

Sepals  obtuse  to  acutish;  capsule  obviously  wider  than  long,  plainly  notched 
at  the  apex;  leaf  blades  linear-lanceolate,  crenate-serrate  with  remote 
teeth,  all  clasping 10.  V.  connata. 

1.  Veronica  peregrina  L.  var.  typica  Pennell.  Purslane  Speedwell.  Map 
1839.  This  is  a  common  and  obnoxious  weed  in  cultivated  grounds  through- 
out the  state  except  the  northern  counties  where  it  is  rare.  When  once  it 
becomes  well  established  in  gardens,  it  is  difficult  to  eradicate  or  to  keep 
in  control. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  also  introduced  on  the  Pacific 
coast  from  B.  C.  to  Oreg. ;  Bermuda  Islands,  W.  I.,  and  w.  Eu. 

la.  Veronica  peregrina  var.  xalapensis  (HBK.)  Pennell.  Map  1840. 
This  is  a  variety  rare  to  infrequent  in  all  parts  of  the  state  except  in  the 
sandy  areas  where  it  is  more  frequent  but  I  have  never  seen  it  entirely 
displace  the  species. 

Que.  to  Yukon,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Calif.,  and  Guatemala;  also  in  S.  A. 

2.  Veronica  serpyllifolia  L.  Thymeleaf  Speedwell.  Map  1841. 
Infrequent  to  frequent  throughout  the  state  in  pastures,  open  woodland, 
fallow  fields,  and  lawns. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  Asia ;  naturalized  in  N.  A.  from  Newf .,  Que.  to  Minn., 
southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo.,  and  on  the  Pacific  coast  from  B.  C.  to  n.  Calif. 

3.  Veronica  arvensis  L.  Corn  Speedwell.  Map  1842.  Frequent  to 
common  in  all  parts  of  the  state  in  pastures,  open  woodland,  fallow  fields, 
lawns,  and  waste  places. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Tex.,  also  in  Colo., 
Utah,  and  on  the  Pacific  coast  from  B.  C.  to  Calif. 

4.  Veronica  persica  Poir.  Map  1843.  This  species  has  been  found 
in  only  four  counties  in  the  state.  I  first  found  it  as  a  lawn  weed 
in  Bluffton  in  1917  and  later  in  two  other  parts  of  Bluffton  a  half  mile 


848 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 


Veronica 


4 
6 
2 

1 

Jan 
feb 
Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

c 

DP 

D      L 
■  D 

D             D 

D 

D 

D 
D 

fBr^->  ' 

f 

DP 

D 

t 

D 

: 

r 

_J 

J 

1* 

3        Pi 

Oec  f- 

DP 
ID 

1 

L-r'lu  P|          J 

"* — T         ?*    1   ,—          / 

\A/     Miles 

ID 

Verc 

nica 

I 

ffici 

I  0                 56 

Map  1844 
Talis   L. 

O  50 

Map  1845 


Veronica     Chamaedrys    L. 


0  50 

Map  1846 


Veronica    scutellala   L 


distant.  The  fact  that  it  was  still  persisting  in  1936  shows  it  to  be  well 
established  in  this  locality.  It  has  been  found  in  Goodland,  Newton  County, 
by  Madge  McKee.  Grimes  found  it  in  waste  ground  in  Russellville,  Putnam 
County.   It  doubtless  could  be  found  in  many  other  places. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  Newf.  to  Man.,  s.  Alaska,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex., 
and  Calif. 

5.  Veronica  officinalis  L.  Common  Speedwell.  Map  1844.  This 
species  prefers  a  dry  and  rather  sandy  soil.  It  is  infrequent  in  the  lake 
area  and  progressively  less  frequent  to  rare  southward.  It  is  most  frequent 
in  pastures  and  open  woodland. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  Newf.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. ;  also  in 
e.  S.  Dak.,  and  near  the  Pacific  coast  in  Wash,  and  Oreg. 

6  Veronica  Chamaedrys  L.  Germander  Speedwell.  Map  1845.  This 
species  was  first  collected  in  1924  by  A.  R.  Bechtel  in  the  Crawford  woods 
near  Crawfordsville,  Montgomery  County.  He  made  a  second  collection  in 
1935  and  he  says  it  is  well  established  there. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. ;  also  in  e.  S.  Dak. 
and  near  the  coast  in  Wash,  and  Oreg. 

7.  Veronica  scutellata  L.  Skullcap  Speedwell.  Map  1846.  Infrequent 
to  frequent  in  the  lake  area  with  two  stations  south  of  it.  It  prefers  the 
dried-up  borders  of  ponds  that  are  well  covered  with  old  leaves.  While  it 
sometimes  grows  in  marshes  and  in  muck  it  prefers  to  root  in  decaying 
vegetation. 

Newf.  to  Mackenzie,  southw.  to  Va.,  111.,  Colo.,  and  Calif. 

8.  Veronica  americana  (Raf.)  Schwein.  May  1847.  This  is  a  water 
loving  plant  which  is  found  in  swampy  places.  Our  only  specimen  was 
collected  by  Nieuwland  in  the  Mineral  Springs  Bog,  Porter  County. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Mo.,  Calif.,  and  Mex. 

9.  Veronica  glandifera  Pennell.*    (Torreya  19:  170.  1919.)    Map  1848. 

*  For  this  plant  Fernald  proposes  the  name  Veronica  Anagallis-aquatica  f.  anagalli- 
formis   (Boreau)   G.  Beck.    Rhodora  41:  564.    1939. 


Veronicastrum 


SCROPH  ULARI ACEAE 


849 


0  ^0 

Map  1847 
Veronica    amencana   (Raf.)   Schwein. 


Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


J 

P 

-,     ,     r~ 

~v_ 

D 

-jr 

u 

uc 

1 

T 

1    D-i 

__^_^/^[TBa       / — ■ 

\H     Miles 

0  "TO 

Map  1848 


Veronica     qlandifera    Pennel 


0  So 

Map  1849 


Veronica    connata    Raf.,  var.    lypica 


I  have  this  species  from  three  of  our  southeastern  counties  where  I  found 
it  on  the  borders  of  small  streams  and  in  the  outlets  of  springs.    Scott 
McCoy  also  found  it  along  Crooked  Creek  in  Marion  County  about  three 
miles  northwest  of  Indianapolis. 
Pa.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  N.  C. 

10.  Veronica  connata  Raf.  var.  typica  Pennell.f  Map  1849.  This  species 
has  been  sparingly  found  in  the  lake  area  and  in  a  few  places  south  of  it. 
It  is  found  on  the  muddy  shores  of  dredged  ditches,  streams,  and  lakes. 

Mass.  and  Ont.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Tenn.,  and  Okla. 


7579A.  VERONICASTRUM  [Heist,]  Fabricius 

1.  Veronicastrum  virginicum  (L.)  Farw.  {Veronica  virginica  L.  and 
Leptandra  virginica  (L.)  Nutt.)  Culver's-PHYSIC.  Map  1850.  Somewhat 
frequent  in  the  lake  and  prairie  areas  of  the  state  and  infrequent  to  rare 
or  absent  elsewhere.  It  is  found  in  small  colonies  or  as  scattered  plants 
and  possibly  originally  occurred  in  small  prairie  openings  in  every  county 
of  the  state.  Its  moisture  requirements  vary  from  those  of  a  marsh  to  a 
dry,  wooded  slope.  The  plant  is  peculiar  in  that  one  can  rarely  predict 
where  it  may  be  found  and  that  it  has  no  special  plant  associate.  On  the 
whole,  it  seems  to  prefer  sandy  soil  and  prairie  habitats. 

The  plants  of  this  species  vary  greatly  and  some  of  the  extremes  have 
been  named,  but  Pennell  regards  the  species  as  polymorphic.  The  leaves 
vary  from  3-6  in  a  whorl ;  the  pubescence  of  the  stem  and  lower  surface 
of  the  leaves  from  glabrous  to  velutinous;  and  the  flowers  from  white  to 
purplish.  The  plant  has  long  been  used  in  medicine  and  is  known  to  the 
eclectic  physician  as  Leptandra,  one  of  its  generic  synonyms. 

Mass.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

f  For  this  plant  Fernald  proposes  the  name  Veronica  salina  Schur.    Rhodora  41:  568. 
1939. 


850 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 


Besseya 


0  50 

Map  1851 


Jesseya 


(Eaton)   Rydb. 


0  50 

Map  1852 


Dasistoma    macrophylla    (Nutt.)    Raf. 


7583A.  BESSEYA  Rydb. 

1.  Besseya  Bullii  (Eaton)  Rydb.  (Synthyris  Bullii  (Eaton)  Heller.) 
Map  1851.  Very  local.  Usually  only  one  or  a  few  plants  are  found  at  a 
place.  Seemingly  it  prefers  a  slightly  acid  and  gravelly  soil  and  is  found 
on  or  near  the  brink  of  high,  gravelly  banks  of  streams.  In  White  County 
I  found  it  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Tippecanoe  River  about  a  mile  northeast 
of  Buffalo,  where  scattered  plants  were  found  for  about  50  feet  and  asso- 
ciated with  Berberis  canadensis  and  Pedicularis  canadensis.  Both  this 
species  and  the  Berberis  were  restricted  to  the  edge  of  the  bank. 

S.  Mich,  to  s.  Minn.,  southw.  to  s.  Ohio,  111.,  and  Iowa. 

7602.  DASf STOMA  Raf. 

1.  Dasistoma  macrophylla  (Nutt.)  Raf.  (Seymeria  macrophylla  Nutt., 
and  Afzelia  macrophylla  (Nutt.)  Ktze.)  Map  1852.  Infrequent  to  frequent 
except  in  the  northern  counties,  where  it  is  rare  or  absent.  This  is  a 
woodland  species  found  principally  in  dry  soil  along  streams.  It  is  a  coarse 
perennial  usually  turning  black  on  drying  and  soon  beginning  to  disinte- 
grate so  that  specimens  more  than  twenty  years  old  become  very  brittle. 
The  largest  plant  I  have  seen  was  7  feet  high,  and  another  large  plant 
was  6  feet  high  with  a  lower  side  branch  4  feet  long. 

Ohio  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  n.  Ala.  and  ne.  Tex. 


7604.  GERARDIA  L.  Gerardia 

Pedicels,  in  flower,  mostly  shorter  or  1-2 'times  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
Calyx  lobes  short  and  acuminate,  0.5-2  mm  long,  usually  about  1  mm  long;  sinuses 

between  the  calyx  lobes  usually  very  broad  and  rounded;  corollas  20-35  mm  long; 

capsules  globose  or  globose-ovoid;  branches  widely  spreading. ..  .1.  G.  purpurea. 
Calyx  lobes  longer,  1.5-3.5  mm  long,  mostly  about  2  mm  long,  acute;  sinuses  between 

the  calyx  lobes  usually  acute  or  rounded  and  much  narrower  than  those  of  the 

preceding  species;  corollas  15-25  mm  long;  capsules  globose  or  cylindric. 


Gerardia 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 


851 


o  50 

Map  1853 


Gerardia    purpurea    L. 


0  50 

Map  1854 
Gerardia    paupercula 

(Gray)    Britt.,  van   typica 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

B 
D 

1 
f 

0 

D               D 

^/Pb 

)• 

\ 

[V 

D 

^ 

r1 

r 

fjH 

Dec.  j- 

i 
1  — 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1855 
Gerardia    paupercula 
var.   borealis    (Pennell)    Pennell 


Capsules  cylindric,  decidedly  longer  than  wide;  corollas  18-25  mm  long,  the  upper 

lobes    only    slightly    spreading;    pedicels    and    branches    strongly    ascending; 

leaves  very  scabrous  above.    (See  excluded  species  no.  569,  p.  1090) .  .G.  aspera. 

Capsules   globose   or   nearly   so;    corollas    15-20    (23)    mm  long,   the   upper   lobes 

reflexed-spreading;   pedicels  and  branches  ascending  or  somewhat  spreading; 

leaves  densely  scabrous  to  nearly  glabrous  above. 

Anthers  rather  densely  white-villous;  corolla  15-20  (23)  mm  long,  campanulate, 

its  throat  relatively  broad,  the  lobes  spreading;  in  older  buds  the  corolla 

broadly  rounded,  its  profile  being  widely  oblong  to  obovate-oblong;   styles 

7-10  mm  long 2.  G.  paupercula  var.  typica. 

Anthers  sparingly  villous-pubescent  with  pale  brownish  or  white  hairs;  corolla 
10-17  mm  long,  tubular-campanulate,  its  throat  narrower,  the  lobes  project- 
ing or  slightly  spreading;  in  older  buds  the  corolla  narrowly  rounded,  its 

profile  being  oblong  to   oblanceolate;   styles   6-8  mm  long 

2a.  G.  paupercula  var.  borealis. 

Pedicels,  in  flower,  2-6  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Seed  dark  brown  or  blackish;   plants  relatively  dark  green,  tending  to  blacken  in 
drying;  corolla  purplish;  leaves  mostly  1-6  mm  wide. 
Calyx  lobes  0.2-1  mm  long;  capsules  usually  3-4  mm  long;  anthers  villous;  axillary 

fascicles  not  developed 3.  G.  tenuifolia  var.  typica. 

Calyx  lobes  mostly  1-2  mm  long;  capsules  usually  5-7  mm  long. 

Axillary  fascicles  not  at  all  or  only  slightly  developed;  anthers  densely  villous; 

leaves  and  branches  spreading 3a.  G.  tenuifolia  var.  maaroph/ylla. 

Axillary  fascicles  usually  conspicuously  developed;  anthers  sparingly  villous; 
leaves  and  branches  ascending,  the  former  usually  more  decidedly  scabrous 

on  the  upper  surface 3b.  G.  tenuifolia  var.  parviflora. 

Seeds  yellow  or  yellowish  brown;  plants  yellowish  green,  not  tending  to  blacken  in 
drying;  corollas  pinkish. 
Stems  conspicuously  striate-angled,  the  angles  scabrellous;  corolla  lobes  truncate; 

stigmas  1.5-2  mm  long;  capsules  4-5  mm  long 4.  G.  Skinneriana. 

Stems  less  conspicuously  striate-angled,  the  angles  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  corolla 
lobes  more  or  less  emarginate;  stigmas  1-1.5  mm  long;  capsules  3-4  mm  long.  . 
5.  G.  Gattingeri. 

1.  Gerardia  purpurea  L.  (Agalinis  'purpurea  (L.)  Britt.)  PURPLE 
Gerardia.  Map  1853.  This  species  is  infrequent  to  frequent  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  state,  where  its  habitat  is  frequent,  and  local  or  absent 
in  other  parts  of  the  state  where  its  habitat  is  absent.    Its  preferred 


852 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 


Gerardia 


0  50 

Map  1856 


Gerardia    tenuifolia   Vahl,  var   typica 


0               50 
Map  1857 
Gerardia    lenuifoha 
var.   macrophylla    Benth 


Gerardia    tenuifolia  var    parviflora   Nutt. 


habitats  are  moist,  sandy  soil  on  interdunal  flats,  in  marshes,  and  springy 
places,  wet  prairies,  and,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  in  hard,  white 
clay  soil  in  wet,  open  sweet  gum  woods  and  fallow  fields. 
Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Gerardia  paupercula  (Gray)  Britt.  var.  typica  Pennell.  (Agalinis 
paupercula  (Gray)  Britt.)  Map  1854.  Infrequent  in  the  lake  area  where 
it  is  found  on  the  low  borders  of  lakes  or  on  interdunal  flats.  It  grows  in 
moist,  sandy  or  gravelly  places  and  on  marshy  shores. 

N.  B.  to  Pa.  and  Minn. 

2a.  Gerardia  paupercula  var.  borealis  (Pennell)  Pennell.  (Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia  81:  159.  1929.)  Map  1855.  The  variety  is  less 
frequent  than  the  typical  form  and  is  found  in  similar  habitats. 

Que.  to  Minn.,  chiefly  in  the  St.  Lawrence  Valley  and  in  the  Upper 
Mississippi  Valley. 

3.  Gerardia  tenuifolia  Vahl  var.  typica  Pennell.  (Agalinis  tenuifolia 
(Vahl)  Raf.)  Map  1856.  This  species  is  probably  found  throughout  the  state 
although  it  may  not  be  present  in  the  dune  area.  Infrequent  in  the  northern 
counties  and  frequent  in  the  southern  counties.  With  the  exception  of  an 
intermediate  form  all  of  my  specimens  were  found  on  white  and  black 
and  white  oak  slopes  and  on  chestnut  oak  ridges. 

The  extreme  variability  of  this  species  has  led  authors  to  divide  it  into 
species  and  varieties.  The  well  known  botanist,  E.  L.  Greene,  found  a  very 
wideleaf  form  near  Ridgeville,  Indiana,  which  he  described  as  a  new 
species.  The  forms  seem  to  intergrade  and  are  so  perplexing  that  I  have 
copied  the  section  of  Pennell's  key  to  this  species  and  its  varieties  and  I 
have  indicated  my  specimens  on  the  maps  as  he  has  named  them. 

Maine  to  Mich,  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  La. 

3a.  Gerardia  tenuifolia  var.  macrophylla  Benth.  (Agalinis  Besseyana 
Britt.)  Map  1857.  This  variety  is  a  very  common  form  of  the  species 
and  is  somewhat  frequent  throughout  the  state.    It  is  found  in  both  dry 


Tomanthera 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 


853 


0  50 

Map  1859 


Gerardia    Skinnenana  Wood 


and  moist  habitats  but  is  more  common  in  moist  places  about  lakes  and  on 
alluvial  areas  and  banks  of  streams.  It  is  also  found  on  moderate  slopes 
in  woodland. 

Pa.  to  se.  Minn.,  southw.  to  Miss,  and  Okla. 

3b.     Gerardia  tenuifolia  var.  parviflora  Nutt.  Map  1858.  This  variety  is 
found  in  habitats  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  variety. 
Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Wyo.  and  Okla. 

4.  Gerardia  Skinneriana  Wood.  (Agalinis  Skinneriana  (Wood)  Britt.) 
Skinner  Gerardia.  Map  1859.  This  rare  species  is  known  only  from  the 
type  locality  in  Greene  County  and  in  moist  sands  of  the  northwestern 
part  of  Lake  County. 

Ont.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  se.  Kans. 

5.  Gerardia  Gattingeri  Small.  (Agalinis  Gattingeri  Small.)  Gattinger 
Gerardia.  Map  1860.  Known  only  from  three  widely  separated  counties. 
In  sterile  soil  at  the  bases  of  wooded  slopes  or  on  the  crests  of  ridges. 

Ont,  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Tex. 


7604A.  TOMANTHfiRA  Raf. 

1.  Tomanthera  auriculata  (Michx.)  Raf.  (Gerardia  auriculata  Michx. 
and  Otophylla  auriculata  (Michx.)  Small.)  Map  1861.  I  found  this  species 
in  a  wet  prairie  in  Benton  County  about  a  mile  southwest  of  Fowler.  It 
was  first  found  by  Elmore  Barce  who  told  me  where  to  look  for  it.  It  was 
found  in  Lake  County  by  H.  C.  Benke.  Pennell  reports  a  specimen  of  this 
species  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Phil- 
adelphia, which  was  collected  by  Dr.  Short  in  the  "barrens"  of  Indiana. 
There  is  a  specimen  in  the  herbarium  of  Wabash  College  collected  by 
A.  Clapp  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Albany,  Floyd  County,  in  1837. 

N.  J.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Tex. 


854 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 


Aureolaria 


9 

4 

Hw 

H 

K 

F 

>> 

] 

D             D 
Po          ' 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.  j- 

.          Il„          0 

D 

l/°    -    , 

r 

°~ID 

\ 

J-rS-  - 

D 
Pb 

T 

DP 

_ 

DP 

B 

T~ 

1    »° 

It.                 »° 

/i   / 

D 

10 

I      )— — -_ 

(io  [ 

-^I'jJ  y — 

D           *) 

BD             S, 
'"l—.J   B     1 

7/    Miles 

Au 

D 

reo 

lar 

ia 

fl 

D     ) 

ava 

(U   Farw 

0                 50 

Map  1862 
var    typica 

Jan. 

Feb. 

IT 

- 



Mar. 
Apr. 

3         ~V 

D 



r-1            1 

1 
s 
2 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

£ 

r-1-, 

f 

M 

r 

- 

< 

D 

j 

l' 

r- 

Dec.  C 

>  ' — 

D 

^^ 

J                    ID 

D       I 

D    J 

tj p   1     V//    Miles 

~ 7     J   \     y\"7  0             5d 

^<Cj^W             Map  1863 

Aureolaria    flava    var.  macrantha   Pennell 

11 

1 

f 

10   • 
NO 

B0          D 

KD 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

>_/  o 

d    r 

Ho            B 

D 

V 

[V 

1 

-i 

r 

-f-M 

7~ 

r1 

Dec  (- 

1 
1  ' — 

c 

"L^  _J  p     1/ 

"TTBi-N  / — 

1/    Miles 

/ 

(      s^    \  D  / 
ureolana    virt 

j°y»  /  0              50 
Map  1864 

inica   (L.)    Farw. 

7604B.  AUREOLARIA  Raf. 

Stems  glabrous  and  more  or  less  glaucous;  capsules  glabrous. 

Calyx  lobes  2-5  mm  long;  corollas  35-40  mm  long 1.  A.  flava  var.  typica. 

Calyx  lobes  5-14  mm  long;  corollas  35-60  mm  long la.  A.  flava  var.  macrantha. 

Stems  more  or  less  puberulent  or  pubescent,  at  least  above  the  base,  some  with  glandu- 
lar hairs  also;  capsules  more  or  less  pubescent. 
Pubescence  glandless;  perennials. 

Capsule  pubescent  at  maturity,  12-15  mm  long;  pedicels  1.5-3  mm  long;  corollas 

30-35  mm  long;  flowering  in  July 2.  A.  virginica. 

Capsule  glabrous,  15-23  mm  long;   pedicels  3-25  mm  long;   corollas  mostly  45-55 

long;  flowering  in  August 3.  A.  grandiflora  var.  pulchra. 

Pubescence  more  or  less  glandular. 

Upper   part   of   stems   closely   pubescent,   not   at   all   or   only    slightly   glandular; 
leaves    puberulent,    scarcely    or    not    glandular;    capsules    narrowly    ellipsoid, 

usually  9-11  mm  long 4.  A.  pedicularia  var.  typica. 

Upper  part  of  stems  glandular-pubescent  to  hirsute;  leaves  glandular-puberulent 
to  pubescent;  capsules  ellipsoid  to  broadly  ellipsoid,  usually  11-15  mm  long. 
Glands  scattered  through  the  pubescence  of  the  upper  portions  of  the  stems; 

capsules  mostly  11-12  mm  long 4a.  A.  pedicularia  var.  intercedens. 

Glands  crowded  in  the  pubescence  of  the  upper  portions  of  the  stems;  capsules 
mostly  11-15  mm  long 4b.  A.  pedicularia  var.  ambigens. 

1.  Aureolaria  flava  (L.)  Farw.  var.  typica  Pennell.  (Gerardia  virginica 
in  part,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Dasystoma  virginica  in  part,  of  Britton 
and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Smooth  False  Foxglove.  Map  1862. 
Infrequent  to  frequent  in  the  lake  area,  less  frequent  in  the  unglaciated 
area,  and  probably  local  or  absent  in  the  intervening  area.  It  prefers  very 
sandy  soil  but  is  found  also  in  clayey  soil.  This  plant,  as  well  as  the  next 
two,  are  supposed  to  be  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  species  of  the  white  oak 
group  of  oaks  and  are  found  on  slopes  and  ridges  wooded  with  these  oaks. 

Maine  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ala. 

la.  Aureolaria  flava  var.  macrantha  Pennell.  (Gerardia  virginica  in 
part,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Dasystoma  virginica  in  part,  of  Britton  and 
Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Smooth  False  Foxglove.  Map  1863.  This 
variety  is  rare  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  becoming  somewhat  fre- 


Aureolaria 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 


855 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D   1 

r 

i" 

r- 

[^ 

? 

k 

r, 

1     ( 

Dec.j- 

•  '- 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1866 
Aureolaria     pediculana 
(L.)   Raf.,   var.    typica 


quent  in  the  southern  part  in  the  ungiaciated  area.   This  variety,  like  the 
species,  grows  on  white  oak  and  chestnut  oak  slopes  and  ridges. 
Ont.  to  Mo. ;  southw.  to  Ala.  and  La. 

2.  Aureolaria  virginica  (L.)  Farw.  (Gerardia  flcuva  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7 
and  Dasytoma  fiava  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Downy 
False  Foxglove.  Map  1864.  This  species  seems  to  be  localized  in  a  few 
of  the  northern  counties,  where  it  is  infrequent,  and  there  are  a  few  speci- 
mens from  some  of  the  Ohio  River  Counties.  Probably  it  is  rare  or  absent 
elsewhere.   It  is  found  in  slightly  acid  soils  on  white  oak  slopes. 

N.  H.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

3.  Aureolaria  grandiflora  (Benth.)  Pennell  var.  pulchra  Pennell.  {Ger- 
ardia grandiflora  in  part,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Dasystoma  grandi- 
flora in  part,  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Map  1865.  This 
variety  is  known  from  specimens  from  only  four  counties.  It  is  a  western 
plant  which  barely  enters  our  state. 

Wis.  to  Ind.  and  Mo. 

4.  Aureolaria  pedicularia  (L.)  Raf.  var.  typica  Pennell.  (Gerardia  pedi- 
cularia  in  part,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Dasystoma  pedicularia  in  part,  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Map  1866.  Known  in  Indi- 
ana only  from  specimens  collected  in  very  sandy  soil  in  a  black  and 
white  oak  clearing  in  the  northern  part  of  Newton  County.  This  form  is 
found  mostly  along  the  Atlantic  coast. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  along  the  coast  to  N.  C. 

4a.  Aureolaria  pedicularia  var.  intercedens  Pennell.  (Gerardia  pedicu- 
laria in  part,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Dasystoma  pedicularia  in  part,  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This  form  of  the  species  is  known 
from  only  two  of  our  northwestern  counties — Lake  and  Newton  Counties. 
The  habitat  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  next  variety. 

Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C. 


856 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 


Buchnera 


50 
Map  1868 


uchnera    amencana    L. 


0  50 

Map  1869 


Castilleja    coccinea    IL.)   Sprenc 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

o   1  c 
DP    , 

f 

D   NO 
«Y 

D 

1 

s 

[^ 

r 

t 

r, 

I          1 

Dec.f 

■  *- 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1870 
Melampyrum    lineare 
var.   latifo I i u m    IMuhl.)   Beauverd 


4b.  Aureolaria  pedicularia  var.  ambigens  (Fern.)  Farw.  (Gerardia 
pedicularia  var.  ambigens  Fern,  and  Dasy stoma  pedicularia  in  part,  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Map  1867.  This  variety  is  infre- 
quent in  northern  Indiana  and  its  range  probably  can  be  extended  only 
to  a  few  counties  adjacent  to  those  shown  on  the  map.  There  are  re- 
ports from  Tippecanoe  and  White  Counties.  It  is  found  only  in  very  sandy, 
slightly  acid  soil.  It  usually  grows  in  oak  woods  in  low  areas  surrounded 
by  Vaccinium  angustij  olium  or  in  somewhat  moist,  rarely  dry,  sandy  places 
near  the  bases  of  oak  slopes. 

Nw.  Ohio  to  se.  Minn. 

7622.  BUCHNERA  L. 

1.  Buchnera  americana  L.  Map  1868.  This  plant  is  extremely  rare  in 
Indiana.  The  only  recent  specimens  are  from  the  low  dunes  near  Lake  Mich- 
igan in  Lake  and  Porter  Counties.  It  formerly  was  frequent  on  the  low 
dunes  at  Pine,  now  the  north  end  of  Clark  Street  in  Gary,  but  in  1935 
search  was  made  for  it  and  only  a  few  plants  were  seen.  It  will  soon  be 
extinct  at  this  station,  and  only  a  few  plants  have  been  seen  in  Porter 
County.  In  the  Wabash  College  herbarium  are  two  sheets  collected  by 
Dr.  A.  Clapp  Aug.  6,  1835,  in  the  "barrens"  (in  Floyd  or  Harrison  Coun- 
ties). 

N.  Y.,  Ont.,  and  111.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Kans.,  and  Tex. 


7631.  CASTILLEJA  Mutis 

1.  Castilleja  coccinea  (L.)  Spreng.  Indian  Paintbrush.  Map  1869. 
This  is  an  infrequent  to  rare  species  in  the  lake  area  with  a  few  reports 
from  the  southwestern  border  of  the  state.  It  grows  in  moist,  sandy, 
slightly  acid  soils,  usually  in  marshes  or  wet  prairie  habitats.  It  is  gen- 
erally found  in  small  colonies,  but  I  saw  acres  of  it  in  a  drained  marsh 
that  had  been  closely  pastured  for  a  few  years.  It  is  still  somewhat  fre- 
quent on  the  borders  of  sloughs  between  the  low  dunes  near  Lake  Michigan 


Melampyrum 


SCROPHULARIACEAE 


857 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


f 

J 

9 

Y            S 

r 

i 

s 

^V 

Y 

r, 

i  } 

■  '- 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1871 
Melampyrum     lineare 
var.   pectinatum    Pennel I 


0  ""30 

Map  1872 


Pediculans    canadensis   L. 


in  Lake  County;  elsewhere  it  is  rare  or  extinct.   Red  is  the  common  color 
form,  and  yellow  is  infrequent. 

N.  H.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

7635.  MELAMPYRUM  [Bauhin]  L. 

[Key  from  Pennell's  Monograph.] 

Upper  bracts  slightly  or  moderately  fimbriate-dentate  near  base,  the  teeth  shorter  than 
the  width  of  the  blade;  capsule  acute  to  slightly  attenuate,  only  slightly  decurved; 
seed  3-4  mm  long,  black  to  blackish. 
Main   stem  leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  nearly   ovate;   corolla  9-13  mm  long;   bracts 

very  variable  in  amount  of  fimbriation 1.  M.  lineare  var.  latifolium. 

Main  stem  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate-linear;  corolla  6-9  mm  long;  bracts  only  slightly 

fimbriate.    (See  excluded  species  no.  571,  p.  1090) M.  lineare  var.  typicum. 

Upper  bracts  usually  conspicuously  fimbriate-dentate  near  base,  with  teeth  frequently 
as  long  as  the  width  of  the  blade;   capsule   acuminate-attenuate,  more  strongly 

decurved;  seed  2-3  mm  long,  brown  or  dark  brown,  more  rarely  blackish 

la.  M.  lineare  var.  pectinatum. 

1.  Melampyrum  lineare  Lam.  var.  latifolium  (Muhl.)  Beauv.  Map  1870. 
The  two  varieties  of  Melampyrum  are  very  rare  in  Indiana.  This  one 
is  the  more  frequent  and  is  found  in  moist,  slightly  acid  soil,  usually 
at  the  bases  of  slopes  and  often  associated  with  Polygaki  cruciata,  Aureo- 
laria  pedicularia  var.  ambigens,  and  Aletris  farinosa. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga. 

la.     Melampyrum   lineare   var.   pectinatum   Pennell.    Map   1871.    This 
variety  has  been  found  only  in  moist,  acid  soil  about  Lake  Michigan. 
Mass.  to  Va.  and  nw.  Ind. 


7648.  PEDICULARIS  [Bauhin]  L. 

Plants  flowering  mostly  in  May,  of  a  dry  habitat,  rarely  found  elsewhere;  stems,  at 
least  the  upper  part,  hirsute  or  pubescent;  leaves  pinnately  lobed;  capsules 
lanceolate,  three  times  as  long  as  the  calyx 1.  P.  canadensis. 


858  Bignoniaceae  Bignonia 

Plants  flowering  the  last  of  August  and  through  September,  of  a  wet  habitat;  stems 
usually  pubescent  below  and  glabrous  above;  leaves  pinnately  parted;  capsules 
ovate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx 2.  P.  lanceolata. 

1.  Pedicularis  canadensis  L.  Early  Woodbetony.  Map  1872.  This 
species  prefers  a  dry,  sandy,  and  slightly  acid  soil,  although  it  is  often 
found  in  clayey  soil,  and  I  once  found  it  well  established  in  a  marsh.  It 
usually  grows  on  white  oak  slopes,  sometimes  with  beech,  along  streams. 
It  is  rather  frequent  in  the  lake  area  becoming  less  frequent  southward 
and  our  map  shows  a  large,  open  area  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the 
state.  The  flowers  are  usually  yellowish,  but  plants  with  reddish  flowers 
are  not  rare. 

Maine  and  Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Chihuahua. 

2.  Pedicularis  lanceolata  Michx.  Swamp  Woodbetony.  Map  1873. 
This  species  is  somewhat  frequent  in  the  lake  area,  becoming  very  local 
south  of  it.   It  is  found  in  marshes,  springy  places  in  general,  and  ditches. 

Mass.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Mo.,  and  Nebr. 

258.  BIGNONIACEAE  Pers.  Trumpet-creeper  Family 

Leaves  compound;  anther-bearing  stamens  4;  our  species  vines. 

Leaves  with  a  tendril;  leaflets  2,  margins  entire;  flowers  about  5  cm  long;  pods  flat.  .  . 

7705.    Bignonia,  p.  858. 

Leaves  without  a  tendril;  leaflets  7-13,  margins  serrate;  pods  terete 

7714.    Campsis,  p.  858. 

Leaves  simple;  anther-bearing  stamens  2;  trees 7727.    Catalpa,  p.  859. 

7705.  BIGNONIA  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Bignonia  capreolata  L.  (Anisostichns  capreolata  (L.)  Bureau.) 
Crossvine.  Map  1874.  This  vine  climbs  trees  to  a  height  of  60  feet,  and 
prefers  full  sunlight.  It  is  recommended  for  ornamental  planting  because 
of  its  large  and  highly  colored,  though  ill-scented,  flowers  which  appear 
the  last  of  May.  It  grows  on  wooded  slopes  and  alluvial  bottoms  along 
streams.  Without  doubt  Thompson's  record  from  Carroll  County  either 
should  be  referred  to  the  next  species  or  considered  a  cultivated  specimen. 

Miss  Edna  Banta  informs  me  that  this  species  grows  along  the  Ohio 
River  in  Jefferson  County,  2  miles  east  of  Madison.  We  have  had  it  in 
cultivation  for  9  years  and  in  that  time  it  has  climbed  a  walnut  tree  to  a 
height  of  35  feet. 

Va.  to  s.  111.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

7714.  CAMPSIS  Lour.  Trumpet-creeper 
1.  Campsis  radicans  (L.)  Seemann.  (Tecoma  radicans  (L.)  Juss.  and 
Bignonia  radicans  L.)  TRUMPET-CREEPER.  Map  1875.  A  vine  trailing  or 
climbing  to  a  length  of  40  feet.  It  is  infrequent  in  woodland  except  in  a 
few  of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  counties  where  it  may  be  more  or  less 
frequent.  It  is  rare  to  infrequent  in  all  of  northern  Indiana.  This  species, 
however,  produces  an  abundance  of  seed  which  grow  easily  when  they 
come  in  contact  with  exposed  soil,  and  it  has  become  one  of  the  most 
despised  plants  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Bottoms  where  it  is  known  as  shoe- 


Catalpa 


BlGNONIACEAE 


859 


0  50 

Map  1874 


Bi qnonia    capreolata   L. 


0  50 

Map  1875 


Campsis    radicans   (L.)  Seemann 


strings  and  hell  vine.  It  grows  so  rapidly  that  in  one  or  two  years  it  is 
difficult  to  cultivate  ground  in  which  it  becomes  established.  It  prefers 
alluvial  bottoms  and  wherever  this  vine  is  noted  in  such  a  habitat  it  should 
be  destroyed  or  the  capsules  gathered  and  burned  before  the  seed  escape. 
It  is  ornamental  and  has  been  widely  planted  which  accounts  for  its 
distribution.  I  doubt  that  it  was  a  native  of  more  than  the  Ohio  River 
Counties  and  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley.  It  is  still  being  planted  and 
recommended  for  ornamental  planting  but  only  by  persons  who  are 
ignorant  of  its  potential  weedy  nature.  My  advice  is  to  exterminate  it 
wherever  found  and  never  permit  the  vine  to  mature  seed. 
Pa.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


7727.  CATALPA  Scop.  Catalpa 

Bark  of  old  trees  thin  and  scaly;  odor  of  bruised  leaves  fetid;  lower  lobe  of  corolla 
entire 1-    C-    bignonioides. 

Bark  of  old  trees  fissured  and  ridgy;  odor  of  bruised  leaves  not  fetid;  lower  lobe  of 
corolla  notched  at  the  apex 2.  C.  speciosa. 

1.  Catalpa  bignonioides  Walt.  (Catalpa  Catalpa  (L.)  Karst.)  Com- 
mon Catalpa.  Map  1876.  This  species  has  been  freely  planted  as  an 
ornamental  and,  no  doubt,  does  escape.  I  have  seen  it  freely  escaping  along 
a  roadside  in  Johnson  County  and  abundantly  so  in  a  few  sandy,  fallow 
fields  in  northwestern  Elkhart  County.  It  is  not  recommended  for 
ornamental  planting.  If  a  species  of  catalpa  is  desired  it  is  best  to  use 
the  next  species. 

Ga.  to  Fla.  and  westw.  to  Miss. ;  introduced  northward. 

2.  Catalpa  speciosa  Warder.  Hardy  Catalpa.  Map  1877.  This  is  a 
forest  tree  and  was  a  native  of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley.  I  think  I  was 
reliably  informed  by  a  pioneer  of  Perry  County  who  told  me  that  it  was 
a  native  in  the  lower  valley  of  Deer  Creek.  The  tree  is  not  readily  dis- 
tinguished from  the  preceding  species  and  reports  for  this  species  from 
counties  not  indicated  on  the  map  should  be  regarded  with  suspicion. 


860  Orobanchaceae  Martynia 

Doubtless  they  should  all  be  referred  to  the  preceding  species  or  to  cul- 
tivated trees  of  this  species. 

Ohio  Valley  from  the  mouth  of  Deer  Creek  in  Perry  County,  lnd.,  and  the 
Mississippi  Valley  to  se.  Mo.  and  ne.  Ark. 

260.  MARTYNIACEAE  Link.  Unicorn  Plant  Family 

7784.  MARTYNIA  L.  Unicorn  Plant 

[Van  Eseltine.  A  preliminary  study  of  the  unicorn  plants  (Marty mi- 
aceae).  New  York  State  Agric.  Exp.  Sta.  Tech.  Bull.  149:  1-41.  15  fig. 
1929.] 

1.  Martynia  louisianica  Mill.  (Martynia  louisiana  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed. 
7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This  plant  has  been  re- 
ported from  five  of  the  southern  counties.  It  is  probably  native  in  the 
Ohio  Valley  and  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley.  Clapp  records  it  in  his  list  in 
1834.  A  specimen  in  the  herbarium  of  Indiana  University  was  collected 
by  Young  in  Jefferson  County  in  1877.  Authors  report  it  as  being  found 
in  sandy  habitats,  especially  along  the  Ohio  and  Wabash  Rivers.  It  has 
been  cultivated  and  one  finds  it  as  an  occasional  escape.  I  have  found  it 
three  times  in  Wells  County  but  in  each  instance  it  was  introduced  by 
some  means  or  other.  Once  it  was  introduced  with  some  strawberry  plants. 

Del.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Mex. 

261.  OROBANCHACEAE  Lindl.  Broomrape  Family 

Flowers  all  perfect  and  complete. 

Plants  glabrous;  flowers  in  a  thick,  scaly  spike;  calyx  deeply  cleft  in  front;  stamens 

exserted 7790.    Conopholis,  p.  860. 

Plants  glandular-pubescent;  calyx  5-cleft;   stamens  included 

7791.   Orobanche,  p.  860. 

Flowers  of  two   sorts,   the   lower  cleistogamous   and  fertile,  the  upper  complete   but 
usually   sterile 7792.     Epifagus,  p.  862. 

7790.  CONOPHOLIS  Wallr. 

1.  Conopholis  americana  (L.  f.)  Wallr.  Cancer-root.  Map  1878.  In- 
frequent to  frequent  or  local  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  is  inconspicuous, 
and  for  this  reason  it  often  may  be  overlooked,  and,  no  doubt,  it  is  more 
frequent  than  the  reports  indicate.  In  Indiana  it  is  parasitic  on  species 
of  oak,  probably  most  commonly  on  the  white  oak.  It  is  generally  found 
in  woods  with  a  deep  cover  of  leaves,  in  such  places  as  ravines  and  on 
protected  slopes. 

S.  Maine  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tenn. 

7791.  OROBANCHE  [Tourn.]  L.  Broomrape 

[Achey.  A  Revision  of  the  section  Gymnocaulis  of  the  genus  Orobanche. 
Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  60 :  441-451.   1933.] 

Flowers  racemose  or  the  upper  sessile  and  the  lower  on  pedicels  up  to   1  cm  long; 
each  flower  with  1  or  2  long  bracts  below  the  calyx 1.  O.  ludoviciana. 


Orobanche 


Orobanchaceae 


861 


Catalpa    speciosa   War 


0    "  50 

Map  1878 

Conopholis    amencana    (L.f.)  Wallr 


0  50 

Map  1879 

Orobanche    ludoviciana    Nutt 
var.   genuina 


Flowers  solitary  on  long,  naked  peduncles,  without  bracts. 

Cauline    scales    glabrous;    stems    very    short;    peduncles    1-4,    erect;     calyx    lobes 

lanceolate,  acuminate 2.0.  uniflora. 

Cauline  scales  pubescent;  stems  usually  4-10  cm  long;  peduncles  several;  calyx  lobes 

broad,  acute 3.  O.  fasciculata. 

1.  Orobanche  ludoviciana  Nutt.  var.  genuina  G.  Beck.  (Munz.  The  North 
American  species  of  Orobanche,  section  Myzorrhiza.  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club 
57:  620.  1930.)  Map  1879.  A  very  local  plant  in  Indiana.  It  has  been 
reported  from  Jefferson  and  Vigo  Counties  and  from  the  Lower  Wabash 
Valley.  Usually  a  parasite  on  the  roots  of  Ambrosia  trifida.  I  found  it 
as  a  common  plant  on  this  host  on  the  east  bank  of  Goose  Pond  in  Gibson 
County.  Miss  Edna  Banta  found  it  on  the  roots  of  tobacco  plants  in 
Jefferson  County.   In  1938  I  found  it  in  Knox  County. 

Sask.  southw.  to  Ind.  and  Tex. 

2.  Orobanche  uniflora  L.  var.  typica  Achey.  (Thalesia  uniflora  (L.) 
Britt.)  One-flower  Broomrape.  Map  1880.  This  is  a  rare  plant  but  prob- 
ably found  throughout  the  state.  It  has  been  reported  from  ten  widely 
separated  counties.  The  plants  I  have  found  were  parasitic  on  white  and 
chestnut  oak.  Bechtel  found  it  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  a  Solidago  in 
Montgomery  County. 

Newf.  to  Ont.  and  possibly  B.  C,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tex.,  and  Calif. 

3.  Orobanche  fasciculata  Nutt.  var.  typica  Achey.  (Thalesia  fasciculata 
(Nutt.)  Britt.)  Clustered  Broomrape.  Map  1881.  This  species  has  been 
found  only  in  Lake  and  Porter  Counties  in  the  dunes  bordering  Lake 
Michigan.  Most  of  the  collections  have  been  made  on  the  low  dunes  just 
south  of  Pine,  in  Lake  County.  Locally  it  is  common.  I  have  seen  it  only 
on  the  low  dune  south  of  Pine  where  it  was  common  on  the  roots  of 
Artemisia  caudata. 

Ind.  to  Minn,  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  Nebr.  and  Calif. 


862 


Lentibulariaceae 


Epifagus 


2 
1 

z 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

L 

f 

D       / 

— 

r 

V 

[V 

X 

-^ 

r~ 

,T~ 

r 

Dec/ 

1 

l 
i     ' — 

_/  '.' . , 

Or 

obanc 

he    f 

asciculata  Nutt 

0                50 

Map  1881 
,  van  typica 

22 

5 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

: 

ID 

* 

»D 

P  j-t 

D 

D 

r- 

J       ^ 

0 

I 

0 

i 

1  .' 

B 
D 

f 

V 

8 

B           10 

B 
D 
DP 

( 

n 

3 
0     1^ 

Fr 

2 

Dec.f— 

1     " 

in 

=P       Tl 
IV        '1 

3        D 

I    0 

B          D 

IU 

1        _K^I 

I 

0     I 

;j"sJVj 

B 

icTp 

CL           \      1  ° 

B      DJ 

XV   Miles 

0 

p 

Epi 

D 

tag 

US 

vir 

d~3°(       /  0                50 
■J    ^/   Map  1882 

cjiniana    (L)  Bart. 

7792.  EPIFAGUS  Nutt. 

1.     Epifagus  virginiana    (L.)    Bart.     (Leptamnium  virginianum    (L.) 

Raf.)  BEECHDROPS.  Map  1882.  Frequent  to  common  in  all  parts  of  the 
state  where  the  beech  tree  grows.  It  is  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  the  beech 
and  is  not  found  elsewhere. 

N.  B.  and  Ont.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

264.  LENTIBULARIACEAE  Lindl.  Bladderwort  Family 

7901.  UTRICULARIA  L.1 

Scapes  naked  (except  some  small,  scaly  bracts). 
Flowers  all  purplish. 

Stems  3-9  dm  long,  free-floating  with  copious  whorled  leaves;  scapes  2-4-flowered. 

1.  17.  purpurea. 

Stems  0.5-3  dm  long,  rooting  in  marly  mud  or  sand  and  not  free-floating;  scapes 
with  a  solitary  flower  and  appearing  as  a  single  plant  with  a  few,  very  small 

leaves  at  the  base,  these  rarely  bladder-bearing 2.  U.  resupinata. 

Flowers  yellowish. 

Bracts  at  the  base  of  the  pedicel  accompanied  by  a  pair  of  bractlets;  calyx  closing 

in  fruit 3.    U.  comuta. 

Bracts  at  the  base  of  the  pedicel  not  accompanied  by  bractlets;  calyx  not  closing 
in  fruit. 
Stem  creeping  on  the  bottom  in  shallow  water;  corolla  4-12  mm  long. 
Pedicels  ascending  in  fruit;  spur  and  palate  of  the  corolla  conspicuous. 

Segments  of  the  leaves  capillary;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  equaling  the  lower 

one  which  is  about  6  mm  long 4.  U.  gibba. 

Segments   of  the  leaves   linear,   flat,  the  margins  bristle-toothed;   bladders 
on  separate  branches;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  about  half  as  long  as  the 

lower  one  which  is  10-15  mm  long 5.    U.  intermedia. 

Pedicels  recurved  in  fruit;  spur  a  mere  sac;  palate  obsolete;  corolla  4-8  mm 

long 6.    U.  minor. 

Stem  submerged  or  free-floating;  corolla  14-20  mm  long 7.  U.  macrorhiza. 

Scapes  with  a  whorl  of  elongated,  floating  bladders  formed  of  inflated  petioles;  flowers 

yellow 8-   U-  radiata. 

1  Dr.  J.  H.  Barnhart,  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  has  named  nearly  all  of 
my  specimens. 


Utricularia 


Lentibulariaceae 


863 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


D 

n 

-^.y  p 

D        — r 

"Y-  D 

J 

k 

A 

"J, 

HZ 

ji 

L 
i 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1884 


Utricularia    resupinata    B.D.Greene 


1.  Utricularia  purpurea  Walt.  (Vesiculina  purpurea  (Walt.)  Raf.) 
Purple  Bladder  wort.  Map  1883.  Local  and  sometimes  common.  In  1930, 
in  a  bayou  of  about  5-10  acres  in  Lake  Cicott,  Cass  County,  it  was  com- 
mon in  about  3-5  feet  of  water,  associated  with  Utricularia  macrorhiza, 
Nuphar  advena,  and  Nymphaea  tuberosa.  It  has  been  reported  also  from 
Marshall  County. 

Maine  to  Fla.  and  La.,  near  the  coast;  also  in  Mich.,  Ind.  to  Minn. 

2.  Utricularia  resupinata  B.  D.  Greene.  (Lecticula  resupinata  (B.  D. 
Greene)  Barnhart.)  Map  1884.  Reported  from  Lake,  Marshall,  Noble,  and 
Whitley  Counties.  It  is  local  and  grows  on  wet,  sandy  or  marl  borders  of 
lakes  or  in  shallow  water  up  to  10  inches  deep. 

N.  B.  to  w.  Ont.  and  Pa.,  southw.  to  S.  C.  and  Fla. 

3.  Utricularia  cornuta  Michx.  (Stomoisia  cornuta  (Michx.)  Raf.) 
Horned  Bladderwort.  Map  1885.  This  is  one  of  our  rarest  species.  It 
has  been  found  only  in  St.  Joseph,  Elkhart,  and  Lake  Counties.  It  was 
formerly  common  on  the  wet,  sandy  borders  of  sloughs  near  Lake  Michi- 
gan in  Lake  County. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

4.  Utricularia  gibba  L.  Humped  Bladderwort.  Map  1886.  This  is  a 
small  species  usually  found  on  the  wet  sandy  or  mucky  borders  of  lakes 
and  sloughs.  A  few  years  after  the  highway  was  built  around  Bass  Lake, 
Starke  County,  I  found  this  species  and  Utricularia  resupinata  by  the 
thousands  in  the  bottom  of  the  moist,  sandy  roadside  ditch.  It  was  no 
doubt  frequent  throughout  the  lake  area  before  it  was  drained,  and  rare 
elsewhere. 

Maine  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5.  Utricularia  intermedia  Hayne.  Map  1888.  This  species  has  been  re- 
ported from  Kosciusko  and  Marshall  Counties  by  Clark,  and  from  Lake 
County  by  Peattie  and  by  Pepoon.  In  a  letter  from  J.  H.  Barnhart  of  the 
New  York  Botanical  Garden,  dated  June  11,  1932,  he  says  that  there  are 


864 


Lentibulariaceae 


Utricularia 


Map  1886 
Utricularia    gtbba   L. 


0   ""  50 

Map  1889 


Utricularia    minor    L. 


two  specimens  from  Indiana  in  that  herbarium.  One  is  from  Marshall 
County  collected  by  Scovell  &  Clark  near  Lake  Maxinkuckee,  August  13, 
1900.  The  other  is  one  from  Lagrange  County,  which  I  collected  June  1, 
1916.  I  also  have  it  from  Elkhart,  Lake,  La  Porte,  and  Steuben  Counties. 
Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Calif. ;  also  in  Eu. 

6.  Utricularia  minor  L.  Lesser  Bladderwort.  Map  1889.  This  species 
has  been  reported  from  Lake,  Marshall,  Noble,  and  Porter  Counties.  My 
only  specimens  were  collected  on  the  border  of  Kellogg  Lake,  in  the  north- 
eastern corner  of  Steuben  County  and  on  the  low  marsh  border  of  a  lake  in 

Elkhart  County. 

Circumpolar  and  southw.  in  America  to  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  Ohio,  Ind., 

Colo.,  and  Calif. 

7.  Utricularia  macrorhiza  LeConte.  (Utricularia  vulgaris  var.  ameri- 
cana  Gray.)  Greater  Bladderwort.  Map  1890.  This  species  was,  no 
doubt,  frequent  to  common  in  shallow  water  throughout  the  lake  region 
before  it  was  drained,  and  local  elsewhere  in  shallow  water  in  suitable 

habitats. 

Newf.  to  Yukon,  southw.  to  Md.,  Mo.,  Okla.,  Ariz.,  and  Lower  Calif. 

8.  Utricularia  radiata  Small.  Map  1891.  This  species  was  first  found 
August  10,  1924,  by  Winona  Welch  in  Walker  Township  of  Jasper  County, 
in  a  roadside  ditch  through  the  old  basin  of  Clear  Lake  about  3  miles  south 
of  Tefft.  I  found  it  at  the  same  place  in  1937.  This  is  another  of  the 
Coastal  Plain  species  found  in  this  immediate  vicinity  and  the  record  is 
added  evidence  of  the  migration  of  plants  through  the  Mississippi  and 
Kankakee  River  Valleys. 

Maine  to  Tex.,  mostly  near  the  coast. 

266.  ACANTHACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.  Acanthus  Family 

Plants  not  growing  in  water  or  on  muddy  shores  and  bars  in  streams;   leaves  wider 
than  linear-lanceolate. 


Ruellia 


ACANTHACEAE 


865 


o  5o 

Map  1890 

Utnculana    macrorhiza   Le  Conte 


Corolla    convolute    in    the    bud,    nearly    regular;    stamens    4;    seeds    densely    short- 
pubescent 7965.    Ruellia,  p.  865. 

Corolla  imbricate  in  the  bud,  bilabiate;  stamens  2;  seeds  prickly 

8031.    Diapedium,  p.  866. 

Plants  growing  in  the  water  or  on  muddy  shores  and  bars  in  streams;  leaves  linear- 
•lanceolate,  elongated,  gradually  acute  or  acuminate 8094.   Dianthera,  p.  866. 


7965.  RUELLIA  [Plunder]  L.  Ruellia 

Calyx  lobes  linear-filiform,  much  exceeding  the  capsules,  generally  2-2.5  cm  long  and 
rarely  1  mm  wide;  plants  villous  and  sometimes  with  shorter,  recurving  hairs. 

Corolla  tube  much  longer  than  the  calyx  lobes 1.  R.  caroliniensis. 

Corolla  tube  shorter  or  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx  lobes;  flowers  smaller  than  those 

of  the  species la.  J?,  caroliniensis  var.  parviflora. 

Calyx   lobes   linear-lanceolate,   about   equaling  the   capsules,   generally   1.5-2  cm   long; 
plants  glabrate  or  sparingly  pubescent. 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  none  of  the  flowers  cleistogamous 

2.  R.  strepens. 

Flowers  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves:  some  or  all  of  the  flowers  cleistogamous; 
calyx  lobes  usually  much  more  glandular 2a.  R.  strepens  f.  cleistantha. 

1.  Ruellia  caroliniensis  (Walt.)  Steud.  (Blake.  Neglected  names  in 
Walter's  Flora.  Rhodora  17:  137.  1915.)  (Ruellia  ciliosa  Pursh.)  Hairy 
Ruellia.  Map  1892.  This  species  prefers  a  dry,  sandy  soil  and  is  found 
mostly  in  open  places  along  roadsides  and  railroads,  on  dry,  open  wooded 
slopes,  and  in  prairie  habitats. 

N.  J.  to  Mich,  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

la.  Ruellia  caroliniensis  var.  parviflora  (Nees)  Blake.  Map  1893.  Has 
the  habitat  of  the  species. 

Md.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Ruellia  strepens  L.  Smooth  Ruellia.  Map  1894.  This  species  pre- 
fers moist,  alluvial  soil  in  open  woodland  along  streams,  but  is  also  found 
in  moist,  open  woodland  and  rarely  in  moist,  open  places.  It  is  sometimes 
found  in  dry  soil  on  the  slopes  of  high,  wooded  banks  and  ridges. 

Pa.  to  Wis.  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


866 


Phrymaceae 


Dianthera 


0  "50 

Map  1893 
Ruellia    carolmiensis 
var.   parviflora    (Nees)   Blake 


0  50 

Map  1894 


Ruellia    strepens   L. 


0  50 

Map  1895 


Diapedium    brachiatum    (Pursh)  Kuntze 


2a.  Ruellia  strepens  f.  cleistantha  (Gray)  McCoy.  There  are  speci- 
mens of  this  form  from  Adams,  Carroll,  Dubois,  Gibson,  Harrison,  Madi- 
son, Marion,  Putnam,  Perry,  Spencer,  Sullivan,  and  Warrick  Counties. 
McCoy  has  shown  that  this  form  is  only  the  autumnal  phase  of  the 
species.  (Amer.  Botanist  43:  22-24.  1937.) 

8031.  DIAPEDIUM  Konig 

1.  Diapedium  brachiatum  (Pursh)  Ktze.*  Map  1895.  Common  at  the 
base  of  a  wooded  slope  and  the  adjoining  alluvial  bottoms  along  Little 
Pigeon  Creek  on  the  farm  of  Nathan  Taylor  about  a  half  mile  west  of 
Yankeetown  in  Warrick  County.  This  is  the  only  known  station  in  Indiana. 

N.  C.  to  Fla.,  Mo.,  Kans.,  and  Tex. 

8094.  DIANTHERA  [Gronov.fL.  Water  Willow 

1.  Dianthera  americana  L.  Dense-flowered  Water  Willow.  Map 
1896.  This  species  grows  in  dense  colonies  on  the  muddy  shores  of  streams 
and  on  muddy  bars  in  streams  and  rarely  on  the  low  border  of  lakes.  It  is 
local  to  frequent  in  the  counties  indicated  on  the  map.  It  appears  to  be 
absent  or  rare  in  the  extreme  northern  part  and  rare  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  the  state. 

Que.,  Ont.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

268.  PHRYMACEAE  Schauer  Lopseed  Family 

8115.  PHRYMA  L.  Lopseed 

1.  Phryma  Leptostachya  L.  LOPSEED.  Map  1897.  This  plant  prefers 
beech  and  sugar  maple  woods  and  is  less  frequent  in  black  and  white  oak 
woods.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in  woodland  with  deep  leaf  mold.  Found 
throughout  the  state  although  there  are  no  records  for  the  area  near  Lake 
Michigan. 

N.  B.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Kans. ;  found  also  in  e.  Asia. 

*  The  name  of  this  plant  now  becomes  Dicliptera  brachiata  (Pursh)  Spreng. 


Plantago 


Plantaginaceae 


867 


2 

7 
2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov.  • 

Dec.^ 

— 

.1 

| 

D 

n    V 

0 

D 

J  DJL°  ' 

D 

K     ^ 

w    

D 
P 

.        I^D 

— 

B 

0 
DP 

0 

- 

D 

B 
IU 

"  j 

DP 

B     1             1 

u 

X 

T7 

r 

u 

Wl 

1   " 

DP 
IU 

B 
D 

D 
K 

u  p  r   j 

D  \ 

erica 

fJ    Miles 

Dia 

ntr 

era 

im 

0                 50 

Map  1896 
la    L. 

0  50 

Map  1897 


Phryma   Leptostachya    L. 


2 
1 

Jan. 

Feb- 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec.f^ 

r 

L 

J       1 

D 

H 

10 
P 

Y 

'^ 

^ 

J^ 

r 

1 

\*~ 

D     /      J 
IUJ 
P      / 

f/    Miles 

1 

Plant 

ago 

cordata 

0                50 

Map  1898 

.am. 

269.  PLANTAGINACEAE  Lindl.  Plantain  Family 
[Pilger,  Robert.    Plantaginaceae.    Das  Pflanzenreich,  IV.  269.  1937.] 


8116.  PLANTAGO  [Tourn.]  L.  Plantain 

Plants  acaulescent;  flowers  spicate  or  capitate  at  the  ends  of  scapes. 

Corolla  lobes  spreading  or  reflexed  in  fruit,  not  closed  over  the  top  of  the  capsule. 
Leaves   broad,   abruptly   contracted,    generally   into    long   petioles;    petioles   much 
longer  than  half  the  length  of  the  blades;  spikes  long  and  slender;  seeds  not 
hollowed  on  the  inner  face. 

Ribs  of  the  broad  leaves  arising  from  the  midrib;  capsule  2-4-seeded 

1.    P.    cordata. 

Ribs   of  the  leaves  free  to   the   contracted  base;   capsule   generally  more  than 
4-seeded. 
Bracts  and  sepals  broad  and  rounded,  obtuse;   capsule  ovate,  about  2.5  mm 
long,  circumscissile  near  the  middle;  seed  mostly  7-15,  usually  about  0.5 

mm  wide  and  1  mm  long 2.  P.  major. 

Bracts  and  sepals  narrow,  subacute;  capsule  elliptic-oblong,  about  3.5  mm 
long,  circumscissile  much  below  the  middle;  seed  4-9,  about  0.5-0.8  mm 
wide  and  1-1.5  mm  long. 

Scapes  and  leaves  entirely  glabrous 3.  P.  Rugelii. 

Scapes  and  usually  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent. 

3a.  P.  Rugelii  var.  asperula. 

Leaves  lanceolate   or  linear;   capsule   2-seeded;   seeds  concave   on  the  inner  face. 

Lower  bracts  at  least  twice  as  long  as  the  flowers 4.  P.  aristata. 

Lower  bracts  less  than  twice  as  long  as  the  flowers. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  linear-lanceolate  to  linear-elliptic,  more  than  5  mm  wide; 

mature    spikes   generally   about   8    mm   wide   near   the   base;    bracts   not 

silky-pubescent. 

Spike  at  beginning  of  anthesis  narrowly  ovoid-conic,  tapering  to  the  apex, 

in   fruit   cylindric   and   obtuse,   1.5-8   cm   long;    leaf   blades   0.5-2.3   dm 

long,  0.6-4  cm  wide,  glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent  above 

5.  P.  lanceolata. 

Spike  at  beginning  of  anthesis  subglobose,  rounded  to  the  apex,  in  fruit 
subglobose  to  cylindric  and  obtuse,  0.5-2.3  cm  long;  leaf  blades  0.2-1.2 
dm  long,  0.3-2  cm  wide;  upper  surface  gray  with  abundant,  long  hairs. 
5a.  P.  lanceolata  var.  sphaerostacJvya  f .  eriophora. 


868 


Plantaginaceae 


Plantago 


0  ~  50 

Map  1899 


Plantago    major   L. 


B 

1 — 1 

Jan. 
Feb 

r  •  /  °  D 

D             D 

— 

D 

/DO 

0 
-"«       ■    1 

Mar 

DP          d                    \- 

-1    °               ° 

1 
11 

3 
3 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

U>   I 

r1         U 

D 

D 

D 

p 

D 

D 

£ 

f 

UC 

8 

-,■■ 

J 

^    " 

D 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

I 

Id 
|b d 

-[■■ 

^ 

r,  ", 

Dec.  t 

D    1  B 

DP     0 

0 

J         [             D 

K       } 1 

D            ° 

D     j/ 

ci°lJ  ° 

-,»  j  G 

p'     M.les 

(D 

["  A    \°  Jr\     J 

0                 50 

IS^Xj-^v1             Map  1900 

Plantago    Rucjelii    Dene. 

0  ~50 

Map  1901 


Plantaqo    anstata   Michx 


Leaves  linear,  generally  much  less  than  5  mm  wide;   mature  spikes  usually 

5-6  mm  wide  near  the  base;  bracts  silky-pubescent 6.  P.  Purshii. 

Corolla  lobes  erect  and  closed  over  the  top  of  the  capsule. 

Leaves  spatulate  to  obovate;  stamens  4;  seed  concave  on  the  inner  face,  the  sur- 
face not  plainly  punctate 7.  P.  virginica. 

Leaves  linear-filiform;  stamens  2;  seed  umbilicate  on  the  inner  face,  the  surface 

plainly  pitted,  about  1.5  mm  long 8.  P.  pusilla. 

Plants  with   erect,  leafy   stems;    flowers   capitate   at   the   ends   of   axillary   peduncles. 
(See  excluded  species  no.  576,  p.  1091) P.  indica. 

1.  Plantago  cordata  Lam.  Heartleaf  Plantain.  Map  1898.  Reported 
from  Kosciusko  County  and  from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley.  It  is  ex- 
tremely rare.  I  have  found  it  in  a  small  open  ditch  in  Wells  County,  in 
a  low  woods  in  Knox  County  which  was  inundated  much  of  the  time,  and 
in  an  open  ditch  in  a  woods  in  the  southeast  corner  of  Whitley  County. 

N.  Y.,  Ont,  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ala.,  La.,  and  Mo. 

2.  Plantago  major  L.  Common  Plantain.  Map  1899.  In  moist  or  dry 
waste  places.  Rare  in  Indiana.  It  has  been  reported  by  many  authors 
but  I  believe  that  most  of  the  reports  should  be  transferred  to  Plantago 
Rugelii,  which  without  doubt  occurs  in  every  county  of  the  state,  although 
our  early  authors  failed  to  report  it. 

I  collected  an  abnormal  specimen  of  Plantago  major  on  a  knoll  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  east  of 
Winona  Lake  Station  in  Kosciusko  County.  It  has  five  scapes  and  three  of 
them  have  a  whorl  of  leaves  just  below  the  spike.  One  spike  has  three 
leaves,  one  has  five,  and  the  third  has  six,  the  largest  5  cm  long,  but  these 
are  not  in  a  whorl.  All  of  my  specimens  of  this  species  are  more  or  less 
pubescent. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. 

3.  Plantago  Rugelii  Dene.  Rugel  Plantain.  Map  1900.  Frequent  to 
common  throughout  the  state  in  lawns,  waste  places,  fields,  and  open 
woodland  and  along  roadsides  and  railroads. 


Plantago 


PLANTAGINACEAE 


869 


The  inflorescence  of  this  species  sometimes  branches  and  I  have  noted 
plants  with  as  many  as  five  branches. 
N.  B.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3a.  Plantago  Rugelii  var.  asperula  Farw.  (Papers  Michigan  Acad.  Sci. 
1:  99.  1923.)  This  variety  is  not  well  marked  on  account  of  the  many 
intergrading  forms.  Most  of  my  specimens  are  entirely  glabrous  but  some 
of  them  are  rather  densely  pubescent  on  the  scapes  and  lower  surface  of 
the  blades,  while  some  of  them  are  pubescent  on  the  scapes  only. 

The  variety  is  not  geographically  separated  in  Indiana  and  is  included 
in  the  map  of  the  species. 

4.  Plantago  aristata  Michx.  Bracted  Plantain.  Map  1901.  This 
species  prefers  slightly  acid  soil  and  is  a  good  indicator  of  soil  of  this 
kind.  It  is  generally  a  common  plant  where  it  is  found  and  is  regarded 
as  a  weed.  It  is  found  in  fallow  fields,  on  washed  slopes,  and  sometimes  on 
the  crests  of  ridges  in  open  woodland. 

Maine  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  N.  Mex. 

5.  Plantago  lanceolata  L.  Buckhorn.  English  Plantain.  Map 
1902.  A  pernicious  weed  found  throughout  the  state.  It  is  especially 
troublesome  in  clover  fields  because  the  seed  are  separated  with  difficulty 
from  the  clover  seed.  A  farmer  in  Perry  County,  however,  told  me  that 
the  young  plants  are  much  relished  by  stock,  and  he  said  that  he  always 
sowed  the  seed  in  his  pastures  to  increase  the  forage. 

It  is  found  in  cleared  grounds  almost  everywhere  except  in  very  sandy 
or  very  wet  soils. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf .  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Kans. 

5a.  Plantago  lanceolata  var.  sphaerostachya  Mert.  &  Koch  f. 
eriophora  (Hoffmansegg  &  Link)  Beck.  (Rhodora  24:  204.  1922.)  I  found 
this  form  as  a  frequent  plant  in  a  pasture  field  on  the  east  side  of  Pleasant 


870 


RUB1ACEAE 


Plantago 


0  50 

Map  1907 


Houstonia    purpurea   L. 


Lake,  Noble  County,  and  a  few  specimens  on  the  sandy  bank  of  the  north 
side  of  Simonton  Lake,  Elkhart  County. 
N.  S.,  s.  N.  E.,  and  Oreg. 

6.  Plantago  Purshii  R.  &  S.  Pursh  Plantain.  Map  1903.  This  species 
grows  in  very  sandy  soil  in  pastures  and  fallow  fields.  I  found  acres  of 
it  in  a  fallow,  sandy  field  in  Starke  County. 

Ont.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. 

7.  Plantago  virginica  L.  Map  1904.  Rare  or  absent  from  most  of  our 
northern  counties,  becoming  frequent  to  common  in  the  southern  coun- 
ties. It  is  found  in  both  dry  and  moist  habitats,  but  prefers  slightly  acid, 
moist  soil  and  is  usually  found  in  fallow  fields  and  pastures. 

Conn,  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Kans.,  and  Ariz. 

8.  Plantago  pusilla  Nutt.  (Pilger.  Plantaginaceae,  IV.  269.  Page  74. 
1937.)  Map  1905.  This  species  prefers  slightly  acid  and  dry  soil  and  is 
generally  found  in  pastures  where  it  is  often  frequent  to  common.  Scott's 
report  for  the  Leesburg  swamp  in  Kosciusko  County  should  be  referred  to 
some  other  species. 

Man.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Ind.  and  Okla. 


270.  RUBIACEAE  B.  Juss.  Madder  Family 

Leaves  opposite  or  sometimes  in  verticels  of  3  in  Cephalanthus. 
Flowers  terminal,  pedicellate,  solitary,  cymose  or  in  heads. 
Herbs;  leaves  less  than  3  cm  wide. 

Plants  evergreen,  creeping;  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular,  glabrous,  cordate 

at  the  base;  fruit  composed  of  2  united  drupes,  red 

8451.    Mitchella,  p.  873. 

Plants  not  evergreen,  erect  or  ascending;  leaves  not  as  above;  fruit  a  dry  capsule 

with  the  calyx  tube  adnate  at  least  half  the  length  of  the  capsule 

8141.    Houstonia,  p.  871. 

Shrubs;  leaves  more  than  3  cm  wide;  flowers  white,  in  heads 

8230.     Cephalanthus,  p.  872. 


Houstonia  RUBIACEAE  871 

Flowers  axillary,  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

Plant  and  capsule  pubescent 8471.    Diodia,  p.  873. 

Plant  and  capsule  glabrous 8475.    Spermacoce,  p.  874. 

Leaves  in  whorls  of  4  to  8 8486.  Galium,  p.  874. 

8141.  HOUSTONIA  L.  Houstonia 

Flowers  solitary  on  filiform  peduncles  usually  2-5  cm  long 1.  H.  caerulea. 

Flowers  cymose  or  in  small  clusters,  peduncles  shorter  than  those  of  the  preceding. 
Fruit  (when  mature)  conspicuously  broader  than  long;  sepals  mostly  3-6  mm  long; 

leaf  blades  ovate,  lanceolate  or  narrow-lanceolate 2.    H.  purpurea. 

Fruit  (when  mature)  not  conspicuously  broader  than  long;  leaf  blades  of  the  stems 
linear  to  narrow-oblong. 
Calyx  lobes  about   1  mm  long,  usually   shorter  than  the  mature  capsule;   leaves 
linear;  capsule  free  only  at  the  apex;  stems  tufted,  from  a  hard  or  woody  root. 

3.  H .  angusti folia. 

Calyx  lobes  usually  more  than  2  mm  long,  longer  than  the  mature  capsule;  leaves 

linear  or  narrow-oblong;  stems  not  from  a  woody  root. 

Stem  leaves  linear  to  narrow-oblong,  more  or  less  glabrous,  sometimes  the  blades 

rough-pubescent  all  over,  in  lines  or  only  the  margins  roughened,  regularly 

ciliate,  but   the   radical   leaves   narrowly  oval   or   oblong,   the  margins   not 

regularly  ciliate 4.  H.  longifolia. 

Stem  leaves  few  and  distant  (the  lower  internode  sometimes  5  cm  long),  rather 
thick,  obscurely  1-nerved,  oblanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  the  radical  ones 
oval  or  oblong-spatulate,  tapering  into  a  petiole,  ciliate,  sometimes  all  of 
the  leaves  ciliate  on  the  margins  (rough-pubescent  margins  of  leaves  must 
not  be  confused  with  ciliate  margins).  (See  excluded  species  no.  579,  p. 
1091 ) H.  canadensis. 

1.  Houstonia  caerulea  L.  Bluets.  Map  1906.  Mostly  in  the  north- 
western and  southeastern  parts  of  the  state.  This  species  prefers  a  slightly 
acid  soil  and  is  usually  found  in  black,  sandy  soil  in  woodland  or  pastures 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state,  and  in  open  woodland  and  fallow 
fields  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state.  Where  it  is  found  it  is  usually 
common,  sometimes  covering  acres. 

N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Mo. 

2.  Houstonia  purpurea  L.  MOUNTAIN  HOUSTONIA.  Map  1907.  My  spec- 
imens are  mostly  from  the  southern  half  of  the  state  where  it  is  more  or 
less  frequent  and  occurs  mostly  on  slopes  in  white  and  black  oak  woods. 
In  the  northern  part  of  the  state  it  has  been  reported  from  Cass,  Kos- 
ciusko, Lake,  and  Tippecanoe  Counties. 

This  species,  like  Houstonia  longifolia,  is  extremely  variable.  I  have 
specimens  with  the  leaves  varying  from  narrowly  lanceolate  to  broadly 
ovate.  The  calyx  lobes  vary  from  3-6  mm  in  length.  The  plant  that  has  the 
widest  leaves  has  the  longest  calyx  lobes.  The  plants  are  more  or  less 
pubescent  and  an  extreme  form  which  is  densely  pubescent  all  over  is  f. 
pubescens  (Britt.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  38:  444.  1936.)  I  have  the  form  from 
Perry  and  Pike  Counties. 

Md.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ala.,  Ga.,  and  Ark. 

3.  Houstonia  angustifolia  Michx.  Narrowleaf  Houstonia.  Map  1908. 
I  found  this  species  in  very  shallow  soil  on  top  of  the  high  cliff  of  the  Ohio 


872 


RUBIACEAE 


Houston  ia 


0  ^30 

Map  1908 


Houstonia    anqustifolia   Michx 


0  ~W 

Map  1909 


Houstonia    longifolia   Gaertn. 


0  So 

Map  1910 


Cephalanthus    occidentalis  L 


River  in  a  woods  in  Harrison  County  in  sec.  14  about  4  miles  southeast  of 
Laconia.  It  occurs  also  on  the  slope  of  the  high  gravelly  terrace  of  Big 
Wea  Creek  about  4  miles  southwest  of  Lafayette,  Tippecanoe  County. 

Ind.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

4.  Houstonia  longifolia  Gaertn.  Longleaf  Bluets.  Map  1909.  Prob- 
ably infrequent  throughout  the  state  on  bare  places  on  the  crests  of  wooded 
ridges,  on  washed  wooded  slopes,  and  more  rarely  in  moist,  low  woodland. 
It  is  commonly  found  on  bare,  gravelly  places  in  woodland  of  all  kinds 
but  most  commonly  on  the  terraces  of  streams. 

This  species  is  variable  in  the  form  of  the  leaves  and  in  the  amount 
of  pubescence.  Some  leaves  are  nearly  glabrous  but  the  leaves  of  many 
specimens  are  more  or  less  harsh-pubescent  above ;  some  are  more  or  less 
pubescent  all  over  above ;  some  are  pubescent  only  on  the  nerves  and 
margin,  and  there  are  a  few  with  only  the  margin  rough-pubescent.  I 
have  not  seen  a  specimen  with  the  basal  leaves  strictly  ciliate.  I  have 
specimens  with  the  leaf  margins  rough-pubescent  but  the  pubescence  is 
not  in  lines  and  I  do  not  class  them  as  ciliate.  Houstonia  canadensis  has 
been  reported  13  times  from  Indiana  and  I  had  all  my  specimens  so 
labeled,  but  after  a  careful  restudy  of  the  material,  I  changed  all  of  them 
to  Houstonia  longifolia.  I  do  not  believe  we  have  typical  Houstonia 
canadensis  in  Indiana.  Reported  by  many  Indiana  authors  as  Houstonia 
ciliolata  Torr. 

Maine  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

8230.  CEPHALANTHUS  L.  Buttonbush 
Branchlets,   peduncles,   petioles,   and   under   surface   of   the    leaves   glabrous 

l.C.  occidentalis. 

Branchlets,  peduncles,  petioles,  and  under  surface  of  the  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent. 

la.   C.  occidentalis  var.   pubescens. 

1.  Cephalanthus  occidentalis  L.  COMMON  BUTTONBUSH.  Map  1910. 
Throughout  the  state  in  ponds  and  swamps  and  on  the  borders  of  lakes 
and  streams.  Found  also  in  Tippecanoe  County  on  a  high  gravelly  slope 
about  4  miles  southwest  of  Lafayette. 


Mitchella 


Rubiaceae 


873 


0  50 

Map  1911 

Cephalanthus    occidenlahs 
var    pubescens    Raf. 


0  50 

Map  1912 


Mitchella     repens    L 


0  50 

Map  1913 


Diodia    teres 
var.  setlfolia    Fern.  &  Grisc. 


Unusual  common  names  are  Pond  Dogwood  (Lower  Wabash  Valley), 
Flowering  Ash  (Shelby  County),  and  Swamp  Sycamore  (Jay  County) 
because  the  fruit  resembles  that  of  the  sycamore. 

N.  B.,  Ont.  to  Calif.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  also  in  e.  Asia. 

la.  Cephalanthus  occidentalis  var.  pubescens  Raf.  Hairy  Button- 
bush.  Map  1911.  This  variety  is  found  principally  in  the  southern  half 
of  the  state.  Our  only  report  from  northern  Indiana  is  that  of  Peattie 
from  Lake  County.  I  have  looked  closely  for  this  in  Lake  County  without 
success.    I  could  not  find  Peattie's  specimen. 

The  habitat  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  species  but  it  is  rarely  found  with 
it. 

Ind.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  La.,  and  Tex. 

8451.  MITCHELLA  L.  Partridgeberry 

1.  Mitchella  repens  L.  Partridgeberry.  Map  1912.  In  all  parts  of 
the  state  where  there  are  areas  of  slightly  acid  soil.  I  have  never  seen 
it  associated  with  lime  loving  plants.  The  map  covers  the  area  of  all  of 
the  reports  except  one  in  Lake  County  where  its  habitat  occurs.  It  is 
usually  found  in  low,  flat  sweet  gum  and  beech  woods,  on  the  crests  and 
slopes  of  sandstone  ridges,  and  in  the  black  sand  of  black  and  pin  oak 
woods  of  the  northern  part  of  the  state. 

N.  S.,  Ont.,  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ark.,  and  Tex. 


8471.  DIODIA  [Gronov.]  L.  Buttonweed 
[Fernald  &  Griscom.    Notes  on  Diodia.    Rhodora  39:  306-308.  1937.] 

1.  Diodia  teres  Walt.  var.  setifolia  Fern.  &  Grisc.  (Rhodora  39:  307. 
1937.)  (Diodia  teres  Walt,  of  authors.)  Rough  Buttonweed.  Map  1913. 
Generally  in  hard,  poor  clay  soil  in  pastures,  fallow  and  wheat  stubble 
fields,  and  clearings,  on  the  crests  of  open  woods,  and  along  roadsides  and 


874 


RUBIACEAE 


Spermacoce 


0  50 

Map  1914 


Spermacoce    glabra    Michx 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

J 

S 

frS 

kj 

:      r~ 

k 

r- 

r, 

/  I 

Dec.f- 

D 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1915 


Galium    circaezans   Michx 


6 30 
Map  1916 
Galium    circaezans 
var.   hypomalacum    Fern. 


railroads.  It  is  restricted  mostly  to  the  southern  half  of  the  state  although 
we  have  a  few  reports  from  the  northern  part  of  the  state  along  railroads. 

The  pubescence  of  the  stem  of  all  my  specimens  is  dense,  spreading,  and 
less  than  0.5  mm  long.  A  few  specimens  have  in  addition  a  few  long 
spreading  hairs  about  1  mm  long. 

Southern  Mich,  to  Texas;  represented  east  of  Indiana  and  south  to  Fla. 
and  west  to  Tex.  by  the  typical  form  of  the  species. 


8475.  SPERMACOCE  [Dill.]  L. 

1.  Spermacoce  glabra  Michx.  SMOOTH  BUTTONWEED.  Map  1914.  In- 
frequent to  frequent  on  the  muddy  slopes  of  rivers,  ponds,  and  sloughs  and 
in  very  low,  open  woods.  Reported,  also,  from  Clark  and  Jefferson  Coun- 
ties. 

Southern  Ohio,  111.,  and  Ark.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

8486.  GALIUM  L.  Bedstraw 

Fruit  uncinate  or  more  or  less  hispid. 

Leaves  3-nerved,  at  least  at  the  base  (obscurely  so  in  a  form  of  no.  4),  not  cuspidate. 

Flowers   along  the   primary   branches   of   the   inflorescence,    sessile   or  nearly   so, 

greenish   yellow  or  purple. 

Plants  more  or  less  pubescent;  upper  leaves  generally  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 

obtuse  or  rarely  somewhat  acuminate;  corolla  greenish  yellow,  2-2.5  (3)  mm 

wide,  generally  pubescent. 

"Larger   leaves    1.5-2.5   cm    long   and   0.7-1.4    cm   broad,    the   nerves    beneath 

sparingly  short-hispid  to  glabrous."* 1.  G.  circaezans  var.  typica. 

"Larger  leaves  2-5  cm  long  and  1-2.5  cm  broad,  their  nerves  conspicuously 

long-hirsute  beneath."* la.  G.  circaezans  var.  hypomalacum. 

Plants    glabrous    or   nearly   so;    upper   leaves    generally    lanceolate   to   narrow- 
lanceolate,    generally    long-acuminate    or    acuminate;    flowers    deep    purple, 

rarely  greenish  yellow,  3-6  mm  wide,  glabrous 2.  G.  lanceolatum. 

Flowers  pedicellate,  paniculate. 

Leaves  oval,  more  or  less  pubescent,  the  median  ones  usually  6-12  mm  wide; 
corolla  greenish  purple 3.  G.  pilosum. 

*Free  translation  from  Rhodora  39:  450.    1937. 


Galium  Rubiaceae  875 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  mostly  less  than  5  mm  wide;  corolla  white. 

Fruit  covered  with  long,  straight  hairs 4.  G.  boreale  var.  typicum. 

Fruit   covered   with    short,    appressed    or   incurved   hairs 

4a.  G.  boreale  var.  intermedium. 

Fruit  glabrous  or  glabrate 4b.  G.  boreale  var.  hyssopifolium. 

Leaves  1-nerved. 

Blades  cuspidate  at  the  apex.  * 

Leaves  about  8  in  a  whorl,  narrowly  oblanceolate;  flowering  mostly  before  the 

middle  of  June;  annuals 5.  G.  Aparine. 

Leaves   6   in   a   whorl,  elliptic-lanceolate;   flowering   after   the  middle   of  June; 

perennials 6.   G.   triflorum. 

Blades  rounded  at  the  apex 7.  G.  obtusum. 

Fruit  glabrous. 

Flowers  yellow;  introduced  species  (See  excluded  species  no.  586,  p.  1092) .  .G.  verum. 

Flowers  purple.    (See  excluded  species  no.  583,  p.  1091) G.  latifolium. 

Flowers  white. 

Flowers  in  terminal  panicles;  plants  erect 4b.  G.  boreale  var.  hyssopifolium. 

Flowers  solitary,  in  2's  or  3's;  plants  usually  weak,  reclining  or  ascending  on  other 
plants,  or  diffuse. 
Leaves  cuspidate  or  sharply  acute  at  the  apex. 

Stems  glabrous;   leaves  in  whorls  of  8  on  the  stems  and  in  whorls  of  6  on 

the  branches;  perennial.    (See  excluded  species  no.  584,  p.  1091) 

G.  Mollugo. 

Stems  more  or  less  scabrous  on  the  angles. 
Margins  of  leaves  upwardly  roughened. 

Annual;  leaves  mostly  ascending;  flowers  about  1  mm  wide;  fruit  about 

1  mm  wide;  introduced  species 8.  G.  parisiense. 

Perennial;  stems  weak,  in  clusters  or  dense  mats,  less  than  5  dm  high; 
leaves  mostly  spreading,  linear,  mostly  less  than  2  mm  wide;  flowers 
about  2  mm  wide;   fruit   about  2   mm  wide;   native   species   of  rich 

woodland 9.  G.  concinnum. 

Margins  of  leaves  retrorsely  hispid;   stems  long,  climbing  on  other  plants 
sometimes  to  a  height  of  1.5  m;   leaves  oval  or  slightly  oblanceolate, 

usually  2.5-5  mm  wide;  plants  of  a  wet  habitat 10.  G.  asprellum. 

Leaves  blunt  at  the  apex. 

Corolla  4-lobed,  the  lobes  acute,  1  mm  or  more  long;  peduncles  and  pedicels 
glabrous. 
Leaves   ascending   or   spreading,    1.5-2.5   cm   long;    stem   strictly   glabrous; 
fruit  2-celled,  mostly  2.5-3.5  mm  wide   (one  cell  often  not  developing). 

7.   G.   obtusum. 

Leaves  usually  all  strongly  reflex ed,  mostly  less  than  11  mm  long,  rarely 
longer;    fruit    2-celled,    usually    about    1.5    mm    wide;    pedicels    short. 

11.   G.  labradoricum. 

Corolla  3-lobed,  rarely  4-lobed,  the  lobes  obtuse,  usually  0.5-1  mm  long;  fruit 
2-celled,  1.5-2.75  mm  wide. 
Flowers  mostly  in  2's  and  3's;  pedicels  usually  straight,  glabrous,  mostly 

2-5    (6)   mm  long 12.    G.  tinctorium. 

Flowers  solitary;  mature  pedicels  generally  arcuate,  scabrous,  usually  5-10 
mm  long 13.  G.  trifidum. 

1.  Galium  circaezans  Michx.  var.  typicum  Fern.  Wild  Licorice.  Map 
1915.  Fernald  (Rhodora  39:  449-450.  1937)  has  divided  this  species  into  a 
northern  and  southern  form.  He  designates  the  southern  form  as  the 
typical  form  of  the  species.  Out  of  my  73  Indiana  specimens  I  am  re- 
ferring all  but  three  to  the  variety. 

R.  I.,  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  s.  Mich.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


876 


RUB1ACEAE 


Galium 


0  50 

Map  1919 

Galium    boreale  L  ,  var    typicum 


la.  Galium  circaezans  var.  hypomalacum  Fern.  (Rhodora  39:  450. 
1937.)  Wild  Licorice.  Map  1916.  The  variety  is  frequent  in  moist,  rich 
woods  throughout  the  state. 

Maine,  sw.  Que.  to  Minn,  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ky.,  Mo.  and 
Okla. 

2.  Galium  lanceolatum  Torr.  Wild  Licorice.  Map  1917.  Very  local;  in 
moist  or  dry  woods,  usually  associated  with  beech  and  sugar  maple. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ky. 

3.  Galium  pilosum  Ait.  Hairy  Bedstraw.  Map  1918.  Infrequent 
throughout  the  lake  area  in  dry,  sandy  soil,  usually  associated  with  black 
and  white  oak;  rarer  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state,  where  it  is 
generally  found  in  rather  sandy  soil  on  the  crests  and  slopes  of  black  oak 
ridges ;  apparently  absent  from  the  Tipton  Till  Plain. 

N.  H.,  Ont.,  Mich.,  111.,  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

4.  Galium  boreale  L.  var.  typicum  Beck  von  Man.  (Femald.  The  varieties 
of  Galium  boreale.  Rhodora  30:  106-10.  1928.)  Northern  Bedstraw. 
Map  1919.  Restricted  to  the  lake  area.  Our  specimens  are  from  moist,  sandy 
soil  along  railroads  and  roadsides  and  one  is  from  a  tamarack  bog. 

N.  H.  to  B.  C.,  and  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Oreg. 

4a.  Galium  boreale  var.  intermedium  DC.  Map  1920.  Local  in  the  lake 
area  in  moist,  sandy  soil  in  black  oak  woods,  on  borders  of  lakes,  and 
along  roadsides. 

N.  E.  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  Del.  and  Ind. 

4b.  Galium  boreale  var.  hyssopifolium  (Hoffm.)  DC.  Map  1921.  Re- 
stricted to  the  lake  area  and  found  in  dry,  sandy  soil  along  railroads  and 
roadsides,  and  less  frequently  in  bogs  and  marshes. 

Gaspe  Peninsula,  s.  Que.,  N.  Dak.  to  Vancouver  Island,  southw.  to  n. 
N.  J.,  Ohio,  Mo.,  and  Oreg. 


Galium 


RUBIACEAE 


877 


o  50 

Map  1921 

Galium    boreale 
var.    hyssopifolium     (Hoffm)    DC 


n  50 

Map  1922 


Galium    Aparine    L 


0  50 

Map  1923 


Galium    triflorum    Michx 


0  ~W 

Map  1924 


Galium    obtusum    Bigel 


0  50 

Map  1925 


Galium    pansiense    L 


5.  Galium  Aparine  L.  Cleavers.  Map  1922.  Throughout  the  state  in 
moist  woods.  It  is  more  common  in  moist  woods  and  in  some  places  it 
will  form  dense  stands,  especially  in  alluvial  flats;  also  found  along  road- 
sides and  sometimes  it  is  an  annoying  weed  in  gardens.  It  is  undoubtedly 
a  native  of  Indiana. 

N.  B.  to  B.  C.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Calif. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 

6.  Galium  triflorum  Michx.  Sweet-scented  Bedstraw.  Map  1923. 
Frequent  in  moist  woods  throughout  the  state. 

Greenland  and  Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  Colo.,  and  Calif. 

7.  Galium  obtusum  Bigel.  (Rhodora  37:  443-445.  1935.)  (Galium  tinc- 
torium  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.) 
Map  1924.  Frequent  to  infrequent  in  wet  woods  throughout  the  state. 
There  is  a  form  common  in  a  low,  wet  woods  in  section  17  of  Point  Town- 
ship, Posey  County,  that  has  the  fruit  more  or  less  hispid.  I  studied  this 
plant  where  it  was  common  over  several  acres  and  found  the  fruit  to  be 


878 


RUBIACEAE 


Galium 


0  50 

Map  1926 


Galium     concmnum   T  &  G 


Map  1927 
Galium    asprellum    Michx. 


very  variable.  There  were  plants  with  all  of  the  fruit  glabrous,  plants  with 
some  of  the  fruit  more  or  less  glabrous,  and  some  plants  with  all  of  the 
fruit  rather  densely  pubescent. 

N.  S.  to  Mich,  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ariz. 

8.  Galium  parisiense  L.  Map  1925.  This  species  was  found  by  R.  C. 
Friesner  in  1935  in  an  abandoned  field  on  the  east  side  of  State  Road  135 
about  0.3  mile  north  of  Bean  Blossom,  Brown  County.  He  says  that  it 
was  common  over  at  least  three  acres  of  a  large  field.  In  1939  he  re- 
visited this  place  and  reported  it  even  more  common  than  in  1935. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  sparingly  introduced,  Va.,  N.  C.,  Ind.,  and  Tenn. 

9.  Galium  concinnum  T.  &  G.  PRETTY  Bedstraw.  Map  1926.  Frequent 
in  rich,  dry  woods  throughout  the  state.  In  1916  I  met  a  man  near  Lake 
George  in  Steuben  County  who  makes  a  tea  from  this  plant  and  who 
says  that  it  is  an  infallible  remedy  for  kidney  disorders  and  dropsy. 

N.  J.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Ark. 

10.  Galium  asprellum  Michx.  Rough  Bedstraw.  Map  1927.  A  plant 
mostly  of  springy  places  and  swamps  where  it  usually  climbs  upon  vegeta- 
tion to  a  height  of  3  to  5  feet.  It  is  very  local  and  is  found  mostly  in  the 
northern  half  of  the  state. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  111.,  Mo.,  and  Nebr. 

1 1 .  Galium  labradoricum  Wieg.  Map  1928.  Local.  Generally  in  sphag- 
num in  tamarack  bogs,  marshes,  and  sedge  borders  of  lakes. 

Lab.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  n.  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  and  Ind. 

12.  Galium  tinctorium  L.*  (Galium  Clayton i  Michx.)  Map  1929.  In- 
frequent in  all  parts  of  the  state  in  swampy  woods,  about  ponds,  and  along 
ditches. 

Newf.,  N.  Y.,  and  Mich,  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

13.  Galium  trifidum  L.  Map  1930.  Very  local;  in  marshes  and  bogs. 
There  are  18  reports  of  it  from  south  of  the  lake  area.    I  believe  all  of 

*For  a  discussion  of  this  species  see  Rhodoi'a  41:  388.    1939. 


Sambucus 


Caprifoliaceae 


879 


Jan 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec 


D      I 

^      D       )     BD 

D 

D 

D 

•^y  d 

"I         .[ 

D 

D   1 

I 

"f1" 

0 

W 

i 

K 

D 

I 

D    f  0 

D     1 

/   1  Ba 

TD  i  r*' 

a    i7 — 7 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1929 


Galium    tinciorium   L 


0  50 

Map  1930 


Galium    trifidum    L 


o  50 

Map  1931 


Sambucus    canadensis   L 


these  reports  should  be  referred  to  some  other  species  although  we  now 
have  two  specimens  from  south  of  the  lake  area.  One  from  Jefferson  County 
and  another  which  was  collected  by  Wilson  in  Hamilton  County  in  1899 
now  in  the  herbarium  of  DePauw  University.  The  books  used  by  the  early 
botanists  did  not  enable  them  to  easily  separate  this  species  from  those 
closely  allied  to  it,  and  that  fact  may  have  been  responsible  for  some  of  the 
early  reports. 

Newf.  and  Lab.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  n.  and  w.  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  Ohio,  Ind., 
Colo.,  and  Calif. 


271.  CAPRIFOLIACEAE  Vent.  Honeysuckle  Family 

Leaves  compound 8515.    Sambucus,  p.  879. 

Leaves  simple. 

Flowers  in  compound  cymes 8516.   Viburnum,  p.  880. 

Flowers  not  as  above. 

Plants    trailing,    evergreen,    semi-herbaceous;    flowers    on    long   peduncles;    leaves 
rounded-oval   to   nearly   orbicular,   generally   less   than    1   cm   wide,   sparsely 

crenate 8520.     Linnaea,  p.  887. 

Plants  not  as  above. 

Stems  herbaceous,  erect;  flowers  sessile,  axillary,  1-3  in  a  cluster,  pale  yellow 

or  reddish  purple,  8-18  mm  long;  fruit  fleshy,  9-14  mm  in  diameter 

8517.     Triosteum,  p.  884. 

Stems  woody. 

Leaves  serrate;  fruit  a  capsule 8524.    Diervilla,  p.  890. 

Leaves  not  serrate;  fruit  a  berry. 

Flowers  regular,  mostly  4-6  mm  long,  sessile  or  on  short  pedicels,  in  clusters, 
short  spikes  or  racemes,  terminal  or  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves; 

erect  or  spreading  shrubs 8518.    Symphoricarpos,  p.  887. 

Flowers   irregular,   over   1   cm   long,   capitate,   spicate   or   in   pairs;   mostly 
twining  vines,  one  species  erect 8523.    Lonicera,  p.  888. 

8515.  SAMBUCUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Elder 

Pith  of  plant  white;  mature  fruit  black  or  greenish  yellow 1.  S.  canadensis. 

Pith  of  plant  brown;  mature  fruit  bright  red 2.  S.  pubens. 


880  Caprifoliaceae  Viburnum 

1.  Sambucus  canadensis  L.  American  Elder.  Elderberry.  Map  1931. 
Fruit,  when  mature,  a  purple  black.  In  moist  soil  throughout  the  state. 
It  is  found  in  wet,  open  woodland,  about  lakes,  and  along  streams  and 
fences. 

The  leaves  and  leaflets  of  this  species  are  variable.  Rarely  some  of 
the  leaves  are  bipinnate  at  the  base.  The  pubescence  of  the  lower  surface 
of  the  leaflets  varies  from  slightly  pubescent  to  densely  soft-pubescent 
(var.  submollis  Render).  The  densely  pubescent  form  is  more  or  less  fre- 
quent throughout  the  state.  The  pubescence  often  varies  much  on  the 
same  plant  and  it  is  of  no  advantage  to  divide  our  plants  on  this  basis 
since  all  intermediate  forms  can  be  found. 

N.  S.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Kans.,  and  Ariz. 

la.  Sambucus  canadensis  f.  chlorocarpa  Rehd.  This  form  is  dis- 
tinguished from  the  typical  form  by  its  greenish  yellow  fruit.  The  only 
record  of  this  form  is  that  of  a  colony  which  I  found  along  the  roadside 
about  a  half  mile  northwest  of  Helmer,  Steuben  County.  I  found  it  in  a 
colony  of  the  typical  form.  I  have  had  it  under  cultivation  since  1923,  and 
new  plants  from  its  seed  have  the  characteristic  greenish  yellow  fruit. 

2.  Sambucus  pubens  Michx.  (Sambucus  racemosa  L.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed. 
7  and  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Scarlet  Elder.  Map 
1932.  This  species  is  restricted  to  the  lake  area  where  it  is  generally  found 
in  moist  woods,  in  swamps  where  it  is  frequently  associated  with  black 
ash,  and  rarely  on  dry  ground  where  I  found  it  associated  with  beech  and 
sugar  maple. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Iowa,  Colo.,  and  Calif. ;  also  in  the  mts. 
to  Ga. 

2a.  Sambucus  pubens  f.  calva  Fern.  (Rhodora  35:  310.  1933.)  This 
is  a  form  with  glabrous  leaves  and  branchlets.  I  have  a  specimen  from 
Noble  County. 

"Occasional  through  the  range  of  the  species." 

2b.  Sambucus  pubens  f.  xanthocarpa  (Cockerell)  Fern.  (Sambucus 
pubens  var.  xanthocarpa  Nieuwl.)  This  is  a  yellow  fruited  form  found 
west  of  South  Bend,  St.  Joseph  County,  by  Nieuwland. 

8516.  VIBURNUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Viburnum 

Leaves  3-lobed,  rarely  one  or  more  pairs  not  lobed. 

Branchlets   glabrous;    petioles    glabrous,   with   2   glands   near   the   base   of   the   leaf 

blade;  fruit  red 1.  V.  trilobum. 

Branchlets  pubescent;  petioles  pubescent,  glandless;  fruit  black.... 2.  V.  acerifolium. 
Leaves  not  lobed. 

Leaves  without  stipules,  finely  serrate  or  more  or  less  crenulate-dentate,  glabrous 
above  and  beneath   (no.   6  usually  having  some  rusty  tomentum   on  the  veins, 
midrib,  and  petiole);  petioles  flat  and  more  or  less  margined;  stones  flat,  with- 
out grooves  on  the  sides  (except  in  no.  3). 
Blades  more  or  less  crenulate-dentate,  some  more  or  less  entire  or  only  the  upper 

half  crenulate;  cymes  on  peduncles  1-2  cm  long 3.  V.  cassinoides. 

Blades  finely  and  sharply  serrate;  cymes  sessile  or  on  short  peduncles,  these  rarely 
2  cm  long. 


Viburnum 


Caprifoliaceae 


881 


0  50 

Map  1932 


Sambucus    pubens    Michx 


1 
I 

Jan 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

: 

T 

D 
DP 

1, 

Jv- 

1  A 

D 

r 

X 

V 

r 

i 

"Ji 

Dec  (— 

/    Miles 

Viburnum 

tr 

y>\    Jo           so 
Map  1933 

lobum    Marsh 

Buds   not   scurfy-punctate   during   the   summer  phase,   the   surface  not  porous, 

usually  somewhat  glossy;  leaves  thin,  acute  or  acuminate;  subapical  margins 

of  principal  blades  concave;  under  surface  of  blades  and  petioles  glabrous 

or  some  of  the  petioles  under  flowering  cymes  with  rusty  tomentum. 

Leaves    caudate-acuminate,    rarely    some    or    all    short-pointed    at    the    apex; 

margins  of  petiole  wide  and  wavy;   stamens  usually  exserted  half  their 

length;  shrubs  of  springy  or  wet  places 4.  V.  Lentago. 

Leaves  merely  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex;  margins  of  petiole  narrow,  not  so 
wide  or  wavy  as  the  preceding;  stamens  usually  exserted  about  a  fourth 
their  length;  shrubs  usually  of  moist  places  and  generally  near  streams. 

5.    V.   pruni folium. 

Buds  scurfy-punctate  or  rusty-pubescent,  the  surface  porous,  not  at  all  glossy; 
leaves  very  thick,  usually  rounded  at  the  apex  or  short-acute;  subapical 
margins  of  principal  blades  convex  or  straight;  under  surface  of  petioles 
and  often  the  midrib,  veins,  or  the  whole  under  surface  of  the  blade  covered 

more  or  less  with  a  rusty  tomentum 6.  V.  rufidulum. 

Leaves  with  or  without  stipules,  more  or  less  pubescent  both  above  and  beneath 

but   the   pubescence   never   of   a   rusty   color;    petioles  rounded;    sides   of   stones 

of  fruit  more  or  less  grooved. 

Teeth  of  leaves  rarely  more  than  9  to  a  side;  petioles  less  than  1  cm  long;  peduncles 

of  cymes  mostly  0.5-2  cm  long;  cymes  mostly  3-5  cm  broad. 

Under   surface   of   leaves   pubescent   only   on  the   midrib   and   on   the  principal 

veins  or  very  sparingly  between  the  veins 7.  V.  affine. 

Under  surface  of  leaves  densely  pubescent  over  the  entire  surface 

7a.   V.  affine  var.  hypo?nalacum. 

Teeth  of  leaves  mostly  more  than  9  to  a  side;  petioles  longer  than  1  cm;  peduncles 
of  cymes  mostly  2-9  cm  long;  cymes  mostly  2-7  cm  broad. 

Bark  exfoliating;  leaves  cordate  at  the  base 8.  V.  molle. 

Bark  not  exfoliating;  leaves  not  cordate  at  the  base. 

Under  surface  of  leaves  pubescent  all  over 9.  V.  pubescens  var.  Deamii. 

Under   surface   of   leaves   pubescent   only   along  and   on   the  principal   veins, 

rarely    sparsely   pubescent   between   the   veins 

9a.  V.  pubescens  var.  indianense. 

1.  Viburnum  trilobum  Marsh.  (Viburnum  Opulus  var.  americanum 
(Mill.)  Ait.  and  Viburnum  Opulus  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora, 
ed.  2.)  American  Cranberrybush.  Cramp  Bark.  Map  1933.  Restricted 
to  the  lake  area  where  it  is  found  in  low  woods  and  on  the  borders  of 


882 


Caprifoliaceae 


Viburnum 


o  ~5o 

Map  1935 


Viburnum    cassinoides   L 


0  30 

Map  1936 


Viburnum    Lentago   L 


0  50 

Map  1937 


Viburnum    prunifolium    L 


lakes  and  streams.  It  has  been  reported  from  Kosciusko,  La  Porte,  Steuben, 
and  Tippecanoe  Counties.  The  Tippecanoe  County  report  is  probably 
based  upon  a  cultivated  plant.    1  found  no  specimen. 

N.  B.  to  B.  C.  and  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  Ind.,  S.  D.,  and  Oreg. 

2.  Viburnum  acerifolium  L.  Mapleleaf  Viburnum.  Map  1934.  In 
dry  woods  in  all  parts  of  the  state  although  there  are  neither  records 
nor  specimens  from  10  of  the  southwestern  counties.  It  is  usually  a  shrub 
from  2-5  feet  high  but  I  measured  a  specimen  in  St.  Joseph  County  that 
was  7  feet  high. 

N.  B.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

2a.  Viburnum  acerifolium  f.  ovatum  Rehder.  (Jour.  Arnold  Arboretum 
5:  241.  1924.)  This  is  a  form  with  leaves  ovate,  remotely  dentate,  and 
subcordate.  I  found  it  in  a  white  oak  woods  about  2  miles  east  of  Gray- 
ford  in  Jennings  County. 

3.  Viburnum  cassinoides  L.    Withe-rod.    Map  1935.    So  far  as  it  is 

known  this  species  is  restricted  to  the  northern  tier  of  counties.  Found 
in  low,  sandy,  black  and  white  oak  woods.  Very  local.  There  is  a  specimen 
from  La  Porte  County  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Notre  Dame. 
Buhl  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  252.  1935)  refers  the  report  of  Pepoon  to 
V.  afflne  or  its  variety. 

Newf.  to  Man.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Fla.,  and  Ala. 

4.  Viburnum  Lentago  L.  Nannyberry.  Map  1936.  Rather  frequent  in 
the  lake  area  and  occasional  in  boggy  places  south  of  it.  It  has  been 
reported  from  the  southern  part  of  the  state  but  I  believe  all  or  at  least 
most  of  the  reports  should  be  referred  to  Viburnum  prunifolium.  This 
species  is  difficult  for  some  to  distinguish  from  Viburnum  prunifolium. 
Most  of  the  southern  reports  say  that  the  specimens  were  found  in  dry 
woods  which  is  not  the  habitat  of  this  species.  I  have  seen  it  only  in  wet 
woods  and  springy  places. 


Viburnum 


Caprifoliaceae 


883 


0  "  5o 

Map  1938 


Viburnum     rufidulum    Raf 


0  50 

Map  1940 

Viburnum     affine 
var    hypomalacum    Blake 


In  1923,  I  measured  a  specimen  in  the  Clarence  Tumm  woods  7  miles 
east  of  Michigan  City  that  was  16.5  inches  in  circumference  at  40  inches 
above  the  ground,  and  was  20  feet  high. 

Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ind.,  Kans.,  and  Colo. ;  in  the  mts.  to  Ga. 

5.  Viburnum  prunifolium  L.  Blackhaw.  Map  1937.  This  species,  no 
doubt,  was  native  in  every  county  of  the  state.  More  or  less  frequent  in 
moist  woods  throughout  the  state,  except  in  the  hilly  counties  where  it 
becomes  more  or  less  rare,  and  its  place  is  taken  by  Viburnum  rufidulum. 

Conn,  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

6.  Viburnum  rufidulum  Raf.  Southern  Blackhaw.  Map  1938.  Re- 
stricted to  the  southern  part  of  the  state  and  possibly  not  extending  far 
beyond  the  area  indicated  on  the  map.  All  of  our  specimens  are  from  the 
slopes  of  rocky,  wooded  ravines. 

N.  J.,  Ind.,  Mo.,  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

7.  Viburnum  affine  Bush.  (Viburnum  pubescens  (Ait.)  Pursh,  in  part, 
of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Missouri 
Viburnum.  Map  1939.  In  clay  soil  on  white  oak  slopes  and  their  bases, 
in  sandy  soil  on  the  crests  and  slopes  of  wooded  ridges,  and  in  moist  places 
at  their  bases.  All  of  our  specimens  and  reports  are  from  Marion  County 
and  northward. 

Ind.  to  Minn,  and  Mo. 

7a.  Virburnum  affine  var.  hypomalacum  Blake.  (Rhodora  20:  14.  1918.) 
(Viburnum  pubescens  (Ait.)  Pursh,  in  part,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Brit- 
ton and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Map  1940.  Usually  in  dry  clay  or  sandy 
soil  on  wooded  slopes  and  restricted  to  the  lake  area. 

Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  111. 

8.  Viburnum  molle  Michx.  Kentucky  Viburnum.  May  1941.  Very 
local.   On  gravelly  or  rocky,  wooded  slopes,  usually  bordering  streams. 

Ind.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ky.  and  Mo. 


884 


Caprifoliaceae 


Triosteum 


o  55 

Map  1941 


Viburnum    molle    Michx 


•■ 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov 

f 

h 

\ 

J 

-U 

p 

-4 

"1 

-  i 

J 

r1 

r 

Dec.j- 

6       I     D 

feV     f 

IU      , 

~nr  D   B 

j          IU  SD 

D             /     X 
t>     Miles 

D 

/         1  B 

1,           flB 
1            1U 

Vib 

urnum 

pub 

;scens    var.    D 

0                 50 

Map  1942 
samii   Rehd. 

0  50 

Map  1943 
Viburnum    pubescens 
var    mdianense    Rehd. 


9.  Viburnum  pubescens  (Ait.)  Pursh  var.  Deamii  Rehd.  (Jour. 
Arnold  Arboretum  5:  58-59.  1924.)  Map  1942.  This  shrub  is  found  in 
the  southern  half  of  the  state  in  hard,  clay  soil,  associated  with  sweet  gum, 
black  gum,  pin  oak,  and  beech.  It  is  also  found  in  the  knobstone  area  to- 
ward the  bases  of  wooded  slopes  where  it  is  associated  with  oaks,  or  with 
beech  and  maple. 

So  far  as  known  it  is  restricted  to  Ind.,  Ky.  and  ne.  Mo. 

9a.  Viburnum  pubescens  var.  indianense  Rehd.  (Jour.  Arnold  Ar- 
boretum 5:  59.  1924.)  Map  1943.  Usually  found  in  low  woods,  asso- 
ciated with  beech,  red  maple,  and  sweet  gum ;  with  beech,  white  ash,  shag- 
bark  hickory,  and  sugar  maple;  and  with  white  elm,  ash,  and  red  oak. 
Rarely  is  it  found  on  dry,  rocky,  wooded  slopes  and  once  it  was  found  in 
a  springy  terrace  along  Sugar  Creek  in  Montgomery  County. 

Known  in  Indiana  from  Montgomery  County  southward,  and  in  south- 
western Ohio  (Braun). 


8517.  TRIOSTEUM  L.  Horsegentian 

[Wiegand.    Triosteum   perfoliatum  and  related  species.    Rhodora  25: 
199-203.    1923.] 

Sepals  finely  and,  for  the  most  part,  evenly  pubescent;  stipules  of  leaves  rarely  reach- 
ing the  tips  of  the  sepals;  flowers  2-6  at  each  node;  corolla  pale  to  deep  purple, 
8-15  (17)  mm  long,  densely  puberulent,  more  or  less  glandular;  stem  densely 
pubescent  with  short  and  more  or  less  glandular  hairs  and  with  a  sparser  and 
longer  pubescence  or  villous  with  few  or  no  short  hairs;  leaves  narrowly  to  broadly 
ovate-oblong,  finely  strigose  to  subglabrate  above,  sometimes  with  hairs  1  mm 
long  or  less. 
Leaves  velvety  beneath. 

Principal  leaves  usually  connate-clasping;  stem  densely  short-pubescent  with  a 
mixture  of  longer  and  shorter  hairs,  the  shorter  ones  often  nearly  all  glandular; 
sepals  usually  narrow  (in  flower  0.9-2  mm  wide),  generally  very  acute;  corolla 
purplish,  often  greenish  on  the  lower  part,  firm,  the  mouth  5-6  mm  wide, 
usually  not  flaring;  fruit  usually  6  at  some  of  the  nodes,  especially  the  lower 


Triosteum  Caprifoliaceae  885 

ones,  short-pubescent,  glandular,  the  hairs  mostly  not  more  than  0.5  mm  long, 
the  longest  hairs  glandular,  surface  dull;  fruit  maturing  in  late  October,  12-14 
mm   long,   and   11-12   mm   wide,   subglobose,    Ochraceous-Orange    (Ridgway). 

1.    T.   p&rfoliatum. 

Principal  and  other  leaves  usually  not  connate,  narrowed  below  into  winged,  sessile, 
hardly  clasping  bases,  generally  less  velvety;  stem  usually  spreading-villous, 
with  few  or  no  short  hairs;  sepals  generally  broader  (in  flower  1.5-2.8  mm 
wide),  obtuse  or  acute,  sometimes  purple  tinged;  corolla  purplish  red,  often 
lighter,  the  mouth  7-9  mm  wide,  usually  more  flaring;  fruit  usually  maturing 
less  than  6  at  a  node,  sometimes  only  2  or  2  or  4  perfect  ones  and  the  others 
aborted,  villous  with  spreading  hairs  0.75-2  mm  long,  the  longest  hairs  not 
glandular,  interspersed  with  shorter,  glandular  ones,  surface  rather  glossy; 
fruit  maturing  from  early  August  to  early  October,  11-18  mm  long  and  8.5-15 
wide,  ellipsoid-ovoid,  Brazil  Red  (Ridgway). 

Cauline  hairs  up  to  1.5  mm  long;   longest  hairs  of  fruit  0.75-1   mm  long 

2.  T.  aurantiacum. 

Cauline  hairs  1.5-2  mm  long  or  longer;  pubescence  of  fruit  1-1.5  (2)  mm  long; 

hairs   on  upper  surface  of  leaves  up   to   1   mm  long 

2a.  T.  aurantiacum  var.  illinoense. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so  beneath,  pubescence  of  sepals  and  corolla  usually  less 

than  that  of  T.  aurantiacum;  sepals  usually  acute 

2b.  T.  aurantiacum  var.  glaucescens. 

Sepals  hispid-ciliate,  otherwise  glabrous  or  sparingly  short-hispid;  stipules  of  leaves 
usually  extending  beyond  the  sepals;  flowers  usually  2  at  each  node;  corolla  yellow, 
14-18  mm  long,  loosely  villous,  slightly  glandular,  the  lobes  large  and  broad;  stem 
setose-hispid,  the  hairs  nearly  all  long  (longest  hairs  1.5-2.8  mm  long) ;  leaves  not 
perfoliate,  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  distinctly  hispid-strigose  above  with 
hairs  0.8-1.8  mm  long;  fruit  maturing  in  September,  about  8.5  mm  long  and  6.5  mm 
wide,  ellipsoid,  Mars  Orange   (Ridgway) 3.   T.  angusti folium, 

1.  Triosteum  perforatum  L.  COMMON  HORSEGENTIAN.  Map  1944. 
There  are  reports  of  this  species  from  all  parts  of  the  state  but  since  those 
from  the  southern  part  were  made  before  the  species  was  divided,  the 
only  way  to  consider  the  distribution  is  from  the  specimens  at  hand.  It 
is  generally  found  in  dry  clay  or  sandy  soil  on  white  oak  slopes  and  rarely 

in  moist  ground. 

Wiegand,  in  his  article  cited  above,  considers  the  following  species, 
T.  aurantiacum,  as  a  variety  of  T.  perfoliatum.  However,  they  seem  suf- 
ficiently distinct  in  Indiana  to  warrant  treatment  as  species.  Colonies  of 
both  species  growing  in  the  Deam  garden  were  observed  for  four  years, 
and  notes  were  kept  concerning  them. 

T.  perfoliatum  was  found  to  bloom  from  two  to  three  weeks  later  than 
T.  aurantiacum,  and  to  mature  its  fruit  correspondingly  later.  It  is  a  light 
orange  yellow  when  beginning  to  mature,  gradually  darkening  until  it  is 
Ochraceous-Orange  (Ridgway).  The  fruit  persists  well  into  November, 
resisting  a  temperature  as  low  as  26°  without  harming  the  plant  or  causing 
the  fruit  to  shrivel  or  drop.  By  the  latter  part  of  October,  the  fruit  of 
T.  aurantiacum  began  to  dry  up  and  to  fall. 

Mass.,  Wis.,  Nebr.,  south  to  D.  C.  and  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C,  Kans.,  and  Mo. 

2.  Triosteum  aurantiacum  Bickn.  (Torreya  1:  26.  1901.)  Map  1945. 
Infrequent  possibly  throughout  the  state.  It  is  generally  found  in  rather 
open,  dry  woods  and  more  rarely  in  moist,  sandy  places  in  a  prairie 
habitat. 


886 


Caprifoliaceae 


Triosteum 


Map  1944 
Triosteum     perfohatum    L 


0  50 

Map  1945 

Triosteum    aurantiacum    Bickn 


0—      ~3o 

Map  1946 

Triosteum   aurantiacum    var   illinoense 
(Wieg)    Palmer   &   Steyermark 


Wiegand  places  this  species  as  a  variety  of  the  preceding  one  on  the 
basis  that  there  are  intergrading  plants  and  some  plants  of  the  non- 
perfoliate  group  are  sometimes  perfoliate  and  sometimes  the  pubescence 
characters  are  not  constant.  It  has  been  observed  that,  as  is  shown  in 
Bicknell's  description,  the  leaves  of  T.  aurantiacum,  are  sometimes  perfoli- 
ate but  it  is  true  only  of  the  upper  ones,  not  the  middle  or  principal  leaves, 
while  in  T.  perfoliatum,  it  is  the  middle  leaves  which  are  perfoliate  and  if 
there  is  any  difference  in  the  leaves,  it  is  the  upper  ones  which  are  nar- 
rowed. The  fruit  characters,  however,  their  color,  shape,  and  pubescence, 
the  time  of  flowering  and  maturing  of  fruit,  and  various  other  combina- 
tions of  characters  are  sufficient  to  separate  the  two  without  depending 
upon  the  types  of  leaves  although  they  are  helpful  when  understood. 

Que.  to  Conn.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Va.,  and  from  N.  Y.  to  111.  and  Wis. 

2a.  Triosteum  aurantiacum  var.  illinoense  (Wieg.)  Palmer  &  Steyer- 
mark. (Rhodora  40:  133.  1938.)  Map  1946.  This  variety  occurs  through- 
out the  state.  Nearly  all  of  our  specimens  are  from  rocky,  wooded  slopes 
bordering  streams.  A  few  are  from  dry  woods.  The  pubescence  of  the 
fruit,  stem,  and  leaves  is  longer  than  that  in  the  species. 

Ohio  to  Mo. 

2b.  Triosteum  aurantiacum  var.  glaucescens  Wieg.  (Rhodora  20:  116. 
1918.)  Map  1947.  Our  only  specimen  is  from  the  wooded  bank  of  Raccoon 
Creek  south  of  Russellville,  Putnam  County.  Both  surfaces  of  the  leaves 
are  entirely  glabrous ;  the  pubescence  of  the  stem  is  as  in  T.  aurantiacum. 

Cent.  N.  Y.  to  Pa.  and  Ind. 

3.  Triosteum  angustifolium  L.  YELLOW-FLOWER  Horsegentian.  Map 
1948.  This  species  is  undoubtedly  restricted  to  the  southern  half  of  the 
state.  I  have  found  it  on  dry,  wooded  slopes  only,  and  usually  associated 
with  black  and  white  oak. 

Conn,  to  Md.,  and  in  the  uplands  to  Ala.  and  Tenn.,  westw.  to  111.  and  Mo. 


Symphoricarpos 


Caprifoliaceae 


887 


0  — 50 

Map  1947 
Tnosteum    auranticum 
var.  glaucescens  Wieg. 


1 

9 

Jan. 

Feb. 
Mar. 
Apr. 

May 
June 

July 
Au& 
Sept 
Oct. 
Nov. 

v 

r~~ 

L 

f^ 

" 

t 

-I 

r 

B      D 

Dec.  C 

i 

»0                    r 

I        ' 

0  DP 

ID  I  J } 

d  °y 

D   fr)        III 

-1 '1     D    /   D  J 

D               Lo 

t?*     "        / 

/    Miles 

D 

D  J    P     [  0 

'"    \        1             ?  B> 

Tnosteum 

D 

an 

F\       /  0                50 

Map  1948 
gustifolium   L 

0  3o 

Map  1949 


Symphoricarpos     orbiculatus    Moench 


8518.  SYMPHORICARPOS  [Dill.]  Ludwig    Snowberry 

Style  bearded;  fruit  coral  red 1.  S.  orbiculatus. 

Style  glabrous ;  fruit  white 2.  S.  rivularis. 

1.  Symphoricarpos  orbiculatus  Moench.  (Symphoiicarpos  Symphori- 
carpos (L.)  MacM.)  Coralberry.  Map  1949.  In  Indiana  generally 
called  buckbush.  It  is  native,  probably  only  in  the  southern  half  of  the 
state  although  it  is  now  found  as  an  escape  in  the  northern  part.  Since  it  is 
freely  planted  and  produces  an  abundance  of  fruit,  it  is  strange  that  it  does 
not  escape  more  often  than  it  has. 

N.  J.  to  S.  D.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

la.  Symphoricarpos  orbiculatus  f.  leucocarpus  (D.M.  Andrews)  Rehd. 
(Jour.  Arnold  Arb.  21 :  277.  1940.)  This  form  was  reported  to  me  in  1937 
by  Harold  W.  Reynolds  as  scattered  on  the  border  of  the  grounds  about 
the  old  Reid  schoolhouse,  on  the  Thomas  Brewer  farm,  eleven  and  a  half 
miles  north  of  Salem,  Washington  County.  Mr.  Reynolds  reports  he  has 
known  the  colony  about  25  years  and  that  his  sister  had  known  of  it  for 
about  40  years. 

2.  Symphoricarpos  rivularis  Suksdorf.  (Symphoricarpos  racemosus 
var.  laevigatus  Fern.  Garden  Snowberry.  This  species  is  commonly 
planted  as  an  ornamental  shrub  and  has  been  reported  as  an  escape  in 
Franklin,  Jefferson,  and  Steuben  Counties  and  in  the  Lower  Wabash 
Valley.  I  have  found  it  twice  as  an  escape. 

Alaska  to  Calif.,  eastw.  to  Mont.   Cultivated  and  escaping. 

8520.  LINNAEA  [Gronov.]  L. 

1.  Linnaea  borealis  L.  var.  americana  (Forbes)  Rehd.  (Linnaea  ameri- 
cana  Forbes.)  Twinflower.  Map  1950.  This  plant  grows  in  bogs  and 
rarely  on  dry  land.  I  found  a  single  small  colony  in  very  sandy  soil,  grow- 
ing in  a  patch  of  Gaylussacia  baccata  on  a  north  slope,  wooded  with  black 


888 


Caprifoliaceae 


Lonicera 


1 

Jan 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec  C- 

OP 
■0 

f 

» 

J. 

IB       / 

t 
? 

r 

\ 

it 

~ 

r1 

X 

1 

/    Miles 

J 

I 

i  ■  I — 

var 

L 
ame 

nnae 
•ican 

a 

a 

rv  7 ( 

boreali 
(Forbes) 

)               50 
Map  1950 

'  Rehd 

0  50 

Map  1951 


Lonicera    canadensis    Marsh. 


0  ~^0 

Map  1952 


Lonicera    japonica  Thunb. 


and  white  oak,  about  a  mile  south  of  Alcinda  in  Noble  County.  This  slope 
bordered  a  land-locked  blueberry  swamp  and  I  believe  this  plant  may 
have  been  a  frequent  plant  about  the  swamp  before  the  water  level  was 
lowered.  The  plant  grew  about  8  feet  above  the  water  level.  I  found  this 
colony  in  1916,  but  when  I  revisited  the  place  in  1929,  although  the  colony 
still  persisted,  it  was  almost  extinct.  I  searched  the  border  of  this  swamp 
for  other  colonies  but  failed  to  find  any. 

So  far  as  is  known,  this  plant  will  soon  become  extinct  in  Indiana  except 
in  Porter  County. 

Lab.  to  B.  C.  and  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Md.,  Pa.,  Ind.,  and  Minn. 


8523.  LONlCERA  L.  Honeysuckle 

The  honeysuckles  are  much  used  in  ornamental  planting  for  covering 
trellis  work.  Foreign  species,  however,  are  mostly  used.  They  can  be 
propagated  by  sowing  the  seed  in  the  fall,  and  by  cuttings. 

Flowers  in  pairs  on  axillary  peduncles;  none  of  the  leaves  connate-perfoliate;  upright 
shrubs  or  twining  vines. 
Bracts  linear  or  wanting;  upright  shrubs. 

Leaves  with  the  margins  more  or  less  ciliate,  the  base  rounded..  . .  1.  L.  canadensis. 
Leaves  with  margins  not  ciliate,  more  or  less  narrowed  at  base.    (See  excluded 

species  no.  594,  p.  1093) L.  oblongifolia. 

Bracts  leaflike ;  twining  vines 2.  L.  japonica. 

Flowers  terminal,  in  dense  clusters  or  interrupted  spikes;  upper  leaves  of  flowering 
branchlets  connate-perfoliate;  twining  vines. 
Leaves  pubescent  both  above  and  beneath,  the  margins  green  and  ciliate.  (See  ex- 
cluded species  no.  593,  p.  1093) L.  hirsuta. 

Leaves  not  pubescent  both  above  and  beneath,  the  margins   cartilaginous  and  not 
ciliate. 
Flowers  more  than  3  cm  long,  the  limb  nearly  equally  5-lobed;  anthers  scarcely 
exserted;   cultivated  and  possibly  escaped.     (See  excluded  species  no.  595,  p. 

1093) L.   sempervirens. 

Flowers  less  than  3  cm  long;  the  tube  2-lipped  and  spreading;  anthers  conspicuously 
exserted;  native  vines. 


Lonicera 


Caprifoliaceae 


889 


7 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

Jul) 

Au& 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

JTff 

r" 

rD       d 

B      O 

ia       id 

°ls 

D 

r  j 

V 

rv 

" 

X 

f 

r 

tn 

j 

Dec  j- 

i  ' — 

P     J 

J    Miles 

L 

onice 

D 

ra 

A\       7 

dioica 

50 
Map  1953 

L 

0  "50 

Map  1954 
Lonicera     dioica 
var    glaucescens    (Rydb.l    Butters 


0  50 

Map  1955 


Lonicera    prolifera    (Kirchner)    Rehd 


Upper  surface  of  disk  not  glaucous;  disk  usually  somewhat  rhombic  or  elliptic, 
usually  tapering  at  the  ends  or  sometimes  rounded;  leaves  usually  of  an 
oblong  type;  flowers  generally  more  or  less  purplish  and  usually  glabrous 
or  nearly  so  on  the  outside,  or  entirely  pale  yellow  and  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent; whorls  of  flowers  approximate. 
Leaves  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  beneath;  outside  of  corolla  glabrous  or  nearly 

so;  corolla  more  or  less  purplish 3.  L.  dioica. 

Leaves  pubescent  beneath;  outside  of  corolla  villous;  corolla  pale  yellow,  rarely 

purplish 3a.  L.  dioica  var.  glaucescens. 

Upper  surface  of  disk  glaucous;  disk  usually  of  an  orbicular  type  with  rounded 
ends;  leaves  more  of  an  oval  type;  flowers  always  pale  yellow,  glabrous 
without;  whorls  of  flowers  usually  separated  and  forming  a  short  spike..  .  . 
4.  L.  prolifera. 

1.  Lonicera  canadensis  Marsh.  American  Fly  Honeysuckle.  Map 
1951.  This  species  has  been  reported  from  Pine  Station,  Lake  County,  and 
I  found  a  single  specimen  in  La  Porte  County.  This  is  one  of  our  rarest 
shrubs  and  may  soon  be  extinct. 

E.  Que.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Ind.,  Wis.,  and  Minn. 

2.  Lonicera  japonica  Thunb.  Japanese  Honeysuckle.  Map  1952. 
This  species  has  been  cultivated  for  a  long  time  and  is  still  common  in 
cultivation.  Where  it  is  planted  it  persists  under  the  most  adverse  circum- 
stances and  usually  spreads  rapidly  by  rootshoots.  I  have  seen  it  only  twice 
where  I  felt  sure  that  it  was  an  escape  from  seed.  No  doubt  it  is  perma- 
nently established  in  Indiana  because  the  task  of  destroying  it  is  too  great. 

Nat.  of  e.  Asia;  escaped  in  Conn,  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Fla. 

3.  Lonicera  dioica  L.  Limber  Honeysuckle.  Map  1953.  This  species  is 
restricted  mostly  to  the  lake  area  where  it  is  infrequent  mostly  in  swampy 
and  springy  places  and  is  absent  or  very  rare  south  of  the  lake  area. 

Maine  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Nebr. 

3a.  Lonicera  dioica  var.  glaucescens  (Rydb.)  Butters.  {Lonicera  glau- 
cescens Rydb.)  Map  1954.  Infrequent  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  state 
in  most  soil,  usually  about  swamps  and  even  in  bogs.   South  of  this  area  it 


890  Valerianaceae  Valerianella 

becomes  rare  and  local  and  is  found  on  wooded  bluffs,  generally  along 
streams. 

Ont.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Pa.,  N.  C,  Ohio,  and  Nebr. 

3b.  Lonicera  dioica  var.  glaucescens  f.  dasygyna  (Rehder)  Deam.  This 
form  has  glandular  and  hirsute  fruit.  I  have  specimens  of  it  from  Steuben, 
Wells,  and  Whitley  Counties. 

4.  Lonicera  prolifera  (Kirchner)  Rehder.  (Rhodora  12:  166-167.  1910.) 
(Lo7iicera  Sullivantii  Gray.)  Grape  Honeysuckle.  Map  1955.  Infrequent 
to  very  rare.  Found  on  wooded  slopes  and  in  sandy  woods. 

Ont.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Tenn.  and  Iowa. 

8524.  DIERVfLLA  [Tourn.]  Mill.  Bush-honeysuckle 

1.  Diervilla  Lonicera  Mill.  (Diervilla  Diervilla  (L.)  MacM.)  Bush- 
honeysuckle.  Map  1956.  This  shrub  grows  in  very  sandy  soil  about  Lake 
Michigan  where  it  is  more  or  less  frequent.  South  of  the  lake  it  becomes 
very  rare.  In  Fountain  and  Montgomery  Counties  a  few  specimens  were 
found  on  the  crests  of  wooded  sandstone  ridges.  In  slightly  acid  soil  this 
species  does  well  in  cultivation. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  s.  N.  E.  and  Wis.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ga. 

273.  VALERIAN ACEAE  Batsch  Valerian  Family 

Sepals  minute  or  lacking;  fruit  3-celled,  but  only  one  cell  seed-bearing;  leaves  not 
pinnatifid 8529.   Valerianella,  p.  890. 

Sepals  inrolled  in  flower,  in  fruit  forming  a  crown  or  pappuslike  fringe;  ovary  1-celled, 
1-seeded;  some  leaves  pinnatifid 8532.   Valeriana,  p.  891. 

8529.  VALERIANELLA  [Tourn.]  Mill.  Cornsalad 

[Dyal,  Sarah  C.  Valerianella  in  North  America.  Rhodora  40:  185-212. 
1938.] 

Corolla  blue;  bracts  ciliate  and  obtuse;  fruit  wider  than  long 1.  V.  olitoria. 

Corolla  white;  bracts  not  ciliate,  acute;  fruit  longer  than  wide. 

Fruit  triangular-pyramidal,  mostly  2.5-4  mm  long 2.   V.  chenopodifolia. 

Fruit  oblong-tetragonal,  mostly  1.5-2.1  mm  long. 

Corolla  3-5  mm  long,  conspicuous  above  the  bracts 3.  V.  intermedia. 

Corolla   1.5-2   mm   long,  inconspicuous  above  the  bracts.     (See   excluded   species 
no.  598,  p.  1093) V.  radiata. 

1.  Valerianella  olitoria  (L.)  Poll.  Cornsalad.  This  species  was 
reported  more  than  60  years  ago  as  a  garden  escape  in  Jefferson  County 
by  Barnes  and  by  Young.  There  are  two  specimens  in  the  herbarium  of 
Wabash  College  which  were  collected  by  J.  M.  Coulter  in  1877.  In  1936  it 
was  discovered  by  Miss  Edna  Banta  in  the  Big  Creek  Bottoms  about  a  mile 
west  of  Volga,  Jefferson  County.  The  plant  is  said  to  be  cultivated  for 
salad,  although  I  have  never  seen  it  in  cultivation. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

2.  Valerianella  chenopodifolia  (Pursh)  DC.  Map  1957.  Our  only  speci- 
mens  were   collected   by   Nieuwland   in   Studebaker's   woods,   St.   Joseph 


Valeriana 


Valerianaceae 


891 


0  50 

Map  1956 


Diervilla    Lonicera   Mill. 


0  50 

Map  1957 


Valerianella   chenopodifolia    (Pursh)  DC 


6 

6 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

'           D 



p 

V 

J 

Id          , 

D 

DP 
DP 

-4  » 

<>        D 

D         °          D 

D 

B    )u 

of             a 

"■i 

) 

T~ 

i     "  ° 

Dec.f^ 

I 

D 

1         ' 

1/    Miles 

Va 

enanella 

intermed 

0                 50 

Map  1958 
a   Dyal 

County.  One  specimen  was  collected  June  4,  1912,  and  another  was  col- 
lected July  17,  1919.  This  cornsalad  was  reported  in  1895  from  Hamilton 
and  Marion  Counties  by  Wilson  but  I  have  not  seen  specimens  to  confirm 
this  report. 

N.  Y.,  Pa.,  Ont.,  Ohio,  and  Ind. 

3.  Valerianella  intermedia  Dyal.  (Rhodora  40 :  202-204.  1938.)  (Vale- 
rianella radiata  of  most  Indiana  authors.)  Map  1958.  In  low  ground  in 
creek  bottoms,  fields,  and  open  woods.  Infrequent  but  usually  abundant 
where  it  is  found.  The  fruit  is  either  glabrous  or  pubescent.  In  Indiana 
the  glabrous  form  is  more  frequent. 

Mass.  and  Conn,  to  111.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ky. 


8532.  VALERIANA  [Tourn.]  L.  Valerian 

Corolla  tube  10-20  mm  long,  slender;  basal  leaves  and  those  of  the  runners  cordate 

at  the  base 1.  V.  pauciflora. 

Corolla  tube  less  than  10  mm  long;  basal  leaves  not  cordate  at  the  base. 

Roots  fusiform;  leaves  thickish,  the  basal  ones  mostly  entire,  parallel-veined,  stem 
leaves  more  or  less  parted;  fruit  crowned  with  the  plumose  calyx  teeth;  native 

plants  of  a  springy  and  marly  habitat 2.  V.  edulis. 

Roots  fibrous;  leaves  thin,  all  more  or  less  divided  into  7-25  segments;  fruit  with- 
out plumose  calyx  teeth;  introduced  plants,  escaped  from  gardens.  (See  ex- 
cluded species  no.  599,  p.   1094) V.  officinalis. 

1.  Valeriana  pauciflora  Michx.  Large-flower  Valerian.  Map  1959. 
Infrequent  but  generally  abundant  where  it  is  found;  in  moist,  shaded, 
wooded  ravines  and  wooded,  alluvial  plains. 

Pa.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  W.  Va.  and  Tenn. 

2.  Valeriana  edulis  Nutt.  Edible  Valerian.  Map  1960.  In  Indiana 
this  species  grows  in  marly  springy  places,  and  I  have  found  it  in  only  three 
places.    It  has  been  destroyed  in  one  or  two  of  these  places  by  drainage 


892 


DlPSACACEAE 


Dipsacus 


21 

U 

Jan. 
reb 
Mar 
Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

h 

D 

v 

f    ^    ' 

0 

D 

f 

D 
H 

P 

B 

1 

D 

— V- 

D        D 

D    x 

7  D 

D)   b 
{    D 

D 

- 

B 
D          D 

y:    - 

r 

I 'J 

-  i 

D        D     "° 

J 

^! 

r- 

Dec.  C 

DP      0 

"^  ' — s  — 
B      I 

K        i— ■ y 

D             °      j= 

-i         1    D  V 

£/    Miles 

0  | 

V< 

lena 

na 

jauciflora 

0                  50 

Map  1959 

Michx 

1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

0 

n 

i    I 

\ 

f^ 

D  B 

T          -r- 

X 

r 

1 

m 

r 

Dec  .(- 

i 
i  ' — 

J    Miles 

Valerian, 

r\          / 

edulis  N 

J                50 
Map  I960 

utt. 

■ — | 

\             1     SD 

0             D 

— 

Jan. 
Feb 

)                /j 

-       0 
1 

— 

Mar 
Apr. 

fiT7 

V 



]  r 

D 

ii 

10 

1 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

/ 

~^->              _, 

D        D 

« 

P 

I 

DP 

-l      ' 

°          D 

D 

1 

II 

-  r 

-  i 

D 

j 

D 

J" 

r  ^ 

Dec.f- 

1 

1        ' 

r"'1  »  1    y 

D                )/\ 

IU 

K      ( 1 

k»i[j 

_    D     (        \ 

1/   Miles 

;    o  y    1       15\        7 

0                50 

^CrW    ^  Map  1961 

Dipsacus    sylvestris  Huds. 

and  grazing,  but  still  persisted  in  1935  in  a  marly  springy  place  in  eastern 
Cass  County. 

Ont.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Ohio  and  Iowa,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Ariz, 
and  N.  Mex. 

274.  DlPSACACEAE  Lindl.  Teasel  Family 
8540.  DIPSACUS  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Dipsacus  sylvestris  Huds.  Common  Teasel.  Map  1961.  An  ob- 
noxious weed  along  roadsides,  on  the  banks  of  streams,  and  in  waste  places, 
fields,  and  open  woods. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  Asia ;  Maine  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ind. 

275.  CUCURBITACEAE  B.  Juss.  Gourd  Family 

Corolla  large,  yellow,  generally  6-15  cm  long;  stem  trailing.  .  .8622.    Cucurbita,  p.  892. 
Corolla  small,  less  than  6  cm  long,  white  or  greenish;  stem  high-climbing  by  tendrils. 

Fruit  glabrous;  tendrils  simple 8562.    Melothria,  p.  892. 

Fruit  prickly  or  spiny;  tendrils  divided. 

Stem  and  leaves  glabrous;  fruit  an  inflated  pod,  dehiscent  at  the  apex  or  bursting 

irregularly;  usually  4-seeded 8629.    Echinocystis,  p.  893. 

Stem  and  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent;  fruits  3-10  together,  indehiscent,  1-seeded. 
8637.    Sicyos,  p.  893. 

8562.  MELOTHRIA  L. 

1.     Melothria  pendula  L.    Map  1962.   Wooded  bluffs  of  the  Ohio  River. 
Rare.   It  has  been  reported  from  Clark  and  Jefferson  Counties. 
Pa.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 


8622.  CUCURBITA   [Tourn.]   L.  Gourds,   Squashes,   Pumpkins 

Leaves  deeply  3-5-lobed.    (See  excluded  species  no.  602,  p.  1094) C.  Pepo  var.  ovifera. 

Leaves  merely  angulate  or  slightly  3-5-lobed.     (See  excluded  species  no.  601,  p.  1094) 

C.  foetidissima. 


Echinocystis 


Campanulaceae 


893 


1 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov 

f 

v_ 

t     + 

< 

"k 

■H" 

J 

J~ 

r 

Dec  C 

\ 

■ 

D     J 

\h  M,|es 

Mel 

othn 

■ 

a 

pen 

7  0                 50 

Map  1962 
iula    L 

0  50 

Map  1963 


Echinocystis  lobata    (Michx.)    Greene 


0  50 

Map  1964 


Sicyos    angulatus  L. 


8629.  ECHINOCYSTIS  T.  &  G. 

1.  Echinocystis  lobata  (Michx.)  T.  &  G.  (Micrampelis  lobata  (Michx.) 
Greene.)  Wild  Balsam-apple.  Map  1963.  Infrequent  in  low  ground  along 
streams  and  about  lakes  and  ponds  throughout  the  state  although  there 
are  no  published  records  from  the  southwestern  part.  Sometimes  cultivated 
as  an  ornamental  vine. 

N.  B.  to  Man.  and  Mont.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Ga.,  Ky.,  Kans.,  and  Tex. 

8637.  SICYOS  L.  One-seeded  Bur  Cucumber 

1.  Sicyos  angulatus  L.  Map  1964.  Probably  found  throughout  the  state. 
It  prefers  moist  soil  along  streams  in  open  woodland  and  in  cultivated 
fields.  It  is  rare  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  becoming  abundant  in 
cornfields  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Bottoms  where  it  is  regarded  as  one  of  the 
most  objectional  of  all  weeds  because  the  spines  of  the  fruit  stick  through 
clothing,  and  in  husking  corn  the  hands  of  workmen  are  injured. 

S.  Maine  and  w.  Que.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  e.  Kans.,  and  Tex. 

276.  CAMPANULACEAE  Juss.  Bellflower  Family 

Leaves  petiolate  or,  if  sessile,  very  narrow 8644.    Campanula,  p.  893. 

Leaves  sessile,  usually  clasping,  with  wide,  cordate  bases.  .  .  .8649.    Specularia,  p.  896. 


8644.  CAMPANULA  [Tourn.]  L.  Bellflower 

Flowers  nearly  sessile,  in  spikes  or  racemes. 

Corolla  rotate;  style  declined;  capsule  with  apical  pores 1.  C.  americana. 

Corolla   campanulate;    style   straight;   capsule   with   pores   at   the   base 

2.  C.  rapunculoid.es. 

Flowers  long-peduncled,  solitary  or  in  loose  panicles. 

Plants  of  marshes,  bogs  or  wet  ground;  stems  weak,  usually  supported  by  adjacent 
vegetation;  corolla  5-12  mm  long. 
Leaves  linear,  2.5-6  cm  long,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex;   calyx  lobes  in  flower 
usually  1.5-3  mm  long;  corolla  mostly  10-12  mm  long,  blue..  .3.  C.  uliginosa. 


894 


Campanulaceae 


Campanula 


0  50 

Map  1965 


Campanula    amencana   L 


0  50 

Map  1966 


Campanula     uliginosa    Rydb 


0  50 

Map  1967 


Campanula    apannoides    Pursh 


Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  2-5  cm  long,  subacute  at  the  apex;   calyx- 
lobes  in  flower  generally  1-2  mm  long;  corolla  5-8  mm  long,  white 

4.  C.  apannoides. 

Plants  of  dry,  gravelly  or  sandy  places  or  on  rocky  ledges;  stems  decumbent  only  at 
the  base;  corolla  more  than  15  mm  long. 

Base  of  stem  pubescent  all  over  for  at  least  10  cm 5.   C.  rotundifolia. 

Base  of  stem  glabrous  or  pubescent  only  in  lines 

5a.  C.  rotundifolia  var.  intercedens. 

1.  Campanula  americana  L.  Tall  Bellflower.  Map  1965.  In  moist, 
rich  woods  throughout  the  state.  It  is  easy  to  grow  in  cultivation  and,  if 
the  ground  is  bare  when  it  ripens  its  seed,  it  sows  itself  abundantly.  In 
the  spring  hundreds  of  plants  will  grow  and  these  can  be  thinned  out  and 
the  surplus  be  used  for  "greens." 

Ont.  and  N.  Y.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ark. 

2.  Campanula  rapunculoides  L.  False  Rampion.  In  1937  I  found  a 
colony  about  200  feet  long  and  from  one  to  three  feet  wide  on  the  east  side 
of  a  north  and  south  road  near  the  south  side  of  sec.  11  about  five  and  a 
half  miles  southeast  of  Angola,  Steuben  County.  No  house  was  near  and 
no  evidence  of  a  former  habitation  near.  I  found  it  also  as  an  escape  along 
the  railroad  near  Bluffton,  Wells  County. 

2a.  Campanula  rapunculoides  var.  ucrAnica  (Bess.)  K.  Koch  is  a 
glabrous  variety  which  I  found  as  an  escape  along  a  roadside  in  Lake 
County.  I  have  not  been  able  to  revisit  this  place  to  learn  if  it  has  persisted 
or  not. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia. 

3.  Campanula  uliginosa  Rydb.  Blue  Marsh  Bellflower.  Map  1966. 
In  the  low  borders  of  lakes  and  in  marshes  in  the  lake  area.  Rather  fre- 
quent where  its  habitat  exists. 

Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  and  Ind. 

4.  Campanula  aparinoides  Pursh.  White  Marsh  Bellflower.  Map 
1967.   This  species  was  confused  with  the  preceding  one  and  they  were  not 


Specularia 


LOBELIACEAE 


895 


1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

f 

J 

D 

r  i 

\ 

t     ^ 

f 

f1 

j 

r 

w\ 

Dec  (- 

i  ' — 

V     Miles 

C 

amp< 

nula 

rotundifo 

0                 50 

Map  1968 
lia   L 

0  50 

Map  1969 
Campanula    rolundifolia 
var   intercedens  (Witasek)   Farw. 


Map  1970 
Specularia    perfoliata    (L.)   A.  DC. 


separated  until  1901.  Campanula  aparinoides  is  more  southern  in  its  dis- 
tribution. Since  most  of  our  reports  were  made  before  the  preceding 
species  was  described  it  is  impossible  to  say  to  which  one,  the  reports 
should  be  referred.  I  believe  all,  or  almost  all,  reports  from  the  lake  area 
should  be  referred  to  Campanula  uliginosa.  Campanula  aparinoides  is  rare 
in  northern  Indiana. 

N.  B.  to  Colo.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ky. 

5.  Campanula  rotundifolia  L.  (Malte.  Critical  notes  on  plants  of 
Arctic  America.  Rhodora  36:  188-190.  1934.)  Harebell.  Map  1968.  In 
sandy  or  gravelly  soil  usually  on  the  slopes  and  ledges  of  banks  of  streams 
and  lakes.  This  is  the  true  species  and  has  the  stems  densely  pubescent  at 
the  base  and  is  found  in  Europe  and  western  America  and  rarely  inland  or 
in  eastern  America.  I  found  it  on  the  gravelly  bank  of  the  south  side  of 
Lake  Gage  in  Steuben  County,  and  on  the  slope  of  the  high,  wooded  bank 
of  the  south  side  of  North  Twin  Lake  in  Lagrange  County  where  it  was 
growing  side  by  side  with  the  glabrous  form  which  was  common,  while  the 
species  was  rare. 

Boreal  regions  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Great  Lakes  Region,  and  Tex.  (Ann. 
Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  20:  797.   1933.) 

5a.  Campanula  rotundifolia  var.  intercedens  (Witasek)  Farw.  Map 
1969.  This  is  the  glabrous  form  of  the  species;  it  is  found  in  the  interior 
and  eastern  North  America.  The  habitat  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  species. 
I  found  it  common,  however,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Wabash  River  below 
Georgetown  in  Cass  County,  in  the  upper  crevices  of  the  10  foot  rock  cliff 
which  forms  the  bank  of  the  river. 

This  variety  is  more  or  less  frequent  throughout  most  of  the  lake  area 
where  its  habitat  is  well  represented. 

The  var.  arctica  Lange  has  been  reported  by  Peattie  as  occurring  in  the 
dunes.  This  is  merely  a  dwarf  form  of  the  preceding  variety  and  I  regard 
it  as  an  ecological  variation  without  taxonomic  significance. 


896  Lobeliaceae  Lobelia 

8649.  SPECULARIA  [Heist.]  Fabricius 

Leaves  rounded  or  ovate,  clasping  by  the  cordate  base;  capsules  ellipsoid,  short, 
straight,  4-6  mm  long 1.  S.  perfoliata. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  sessile;  capsules  cylindric,  about  1  mm  in 
diameter,  8-15  mm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  604,  p.  1094) S.  leptocarpa. 

1.  Specularia  perfoliata  (L.)  A.  DC.  Venus  Looking-glass.  Map  1970. 
This  species  prefers  dry,  sandy  soil  and  is  found  in  dry,  open  woods  and 
fallow  fields  and  along  roadsides.  It  is  rare  in  northern  Indiana,  becoming 
infrequent  to  frequent  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state. 

Maine  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  La.,  Mex.,  Ariz.,  and  Oreg. 

276A.  LOBELIACEAE  Dumort.  Lobelia  Family 
8694.  LOBELIA  [Plumier]  L.  Lobelia 

[McVaugh.  Studies  in  the  taxonomy  and  distribution  of  the  eastern 
North  American  species  of  Lobelia.  Rhodora  38 :  241-263.  1  pi. ;  276-298 ; 
305-329;  346-362.    1936.] 

Corolla  tube  more  than  6  mm  long. 

Corolla   3-4   cm   long;    flowers   red,   rarely   white;    calyx   lobes   linear,   straight,   not 

auricled  at  the  base 1.  L.  Cardinalis. 

Corolla  less  than  3  cm  long;  flowers  blue,  rarely  white. 

Calyx  lobes  broadly  linear,  more  or  less  folded  together,  making  them  crooked, 
with  a  broad,  recurving  auricle  on  each  side  at  the  base;  stem  glabrous  or 
slightly  pubescent  on  the  lower  half;  leaves  long-tapered  at  the  base,  glabrous 
or  sparingly  pubescent  above  and  beneath;   flowers  usually  about  2  cm  long. 

2.  L.   siphilitica. 

Calyx  lobes  linear,  flat,  straight,  without  auricles  at  the  base;  stem  densely 
pubescent  all  over;  leaves  very  short-tapered  at  the  base,  densely  pubescent 

above  and  beneath;  flowers  mostly  1-1.5  cm  long 3.  L.  pubenda. 

Corolla  tube  less  than  6  mm  long. 

Leaves  linear,  mostly  1-2  mm  wide;  plants  of  a  wet,  marly  habitat 4.  L.  Kalmii. 

Leaves  more  than  3  mm  wide;  plants  of  a  dry  habitat,  sometimes  in  a  moist  habitat 
or  in  dried-up  wet  places. 
Stem    densely   long-pubescent   all   over,   usually   branched;    median    leaves   mostly 
ovate-lanceolate,   repand-dentate   or   denticulate;   pods   inflated,  usually   about 

5  mm  wide,  without  ridges 5.  L.  inflata. 

Stem  glabrous,  pubescent  in  lines  or  short-pubescent  below;  leaves  mostly  entire 
or  with  a  few  denticulations,  rarely  the  whole  blade  coarsely  denticulate;  pods 
not  inflated  or  rarely  so,  mostly  less  than  3  mm  wide,  more  or  less  ribbed. 
6.  L.  spicata. 

1.  Lobelia  Cardinalis  L.  Cardinal-flower.  Map  1971.  Infrequent 
throughout  the  state  in  low  ground  in  woods,  along  ditches,  and  on  the 
borders  of  lakes  and  ponds. 

Southern  N.  B.  to  Ont.  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

la.  Lobelia  Cardinalis  f.  alba  (A.  A.  Eaton)  St.  John.  This  is  a  white- 
flowered  form  of  the  species  which  has  been  reported  from  the  dune  area 
by  Peattie. 

2.  Lobelia  siphilitica  L.  Large  Blue  Lobelia.  Map  1972.  Rather  fre- 
quent in  low  ground  throughout  the  state  in  woodland,  along  roadsides  and 
ditches,  and  about  lakes. 

Maine,  Ont.  to  S.  Dak.  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ala. 


Lobelia 


LOBELIACEAE 


897 


0  50 

Map  1971 


Lobelia  Cardinalis    L. 


o  ^3o 

Map  1972 


Lobelia    siphilitica   L 


Jan. 

Feb. 
Mar- 
Apr 
May 
June 
July 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov 

-L 

Jv 

(    ^ 

1 

f 

— \     '  I 

- 

j 

r 

J 

J~ 

r, 

Dec.j- 

r 

\~\      1° 

i 

"-r^D  P  1 

p  y 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  1973 


Lobelia    puberula   Michx. 


2a.  Lobelia  siphilitica  f.  albiflora  (Britt.)  House.  This  a  form  with 
white  flowers.  Bradner  reported  it  from  Steuben  County  and  Peattie 
reported  it  from  the  dune  area.  I  have  found  this  form  twice  in  Wells 
County. 

3.  Lobelia  puberula  Michx.  Map  1973.  Infrequent  to  rare  in  its  range 
in  Indiana.  It  is  generally  found  in  dry  woods  but  I  have  found  it  also  in 
"flat  woods"  associated  with  beech  and  sweet  gum.  I  believe  this  species 
is  restricted  to  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  It  has  been  reported  from 
the  northern  counties  by  some  authors,  but  I  believe  all  of  these  reports 
should  be  transferred  to  Lobelia  spicata  var.  leptostachys.  It  was  reported 
from  Tippecanoe  County  upon  the  authority  of  Hussey.  I  have  seen  his 
specimen,  which  is  in  the  herbarium  of  Purdue  University,  and  it  belongs 
to  Lobelia  spicata  var.  leptostachys.  Pepoon  reported  it  from  Porter  County 
upon  the  authority  of  Umbach  and  I  refer  this  report  also  to  Lobelia 
spicata  var.  leptostachys  which  he  does  not  report  and  which  occurs  there. 
Buhl  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  252.  1935)  says  there  are  no  confirming 
specimens  for  this  latter  report. 

N.  J.  to  111.  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

4.  Lobelia  Kalmii  L.  Kalm  Lobelia.  Map  1974.  Locally  frequent  to 
common  in  calcareous  habitats  such  as  wet,  marly  borders  of  lakes  and  in 
marshes.  It  is  usually  associated  with  Parnassia  glauca. 

Newf.  to  Man.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ohio,  Ind.,  and  Iowa. 

5.  Lobelia  inflata  L.  Lobelia.  Map  1975.  The  dried  plant  and  seed 
of  this  species  have  been  used  in  medicine  for  about  one  hundred  and  fifty 
years.  The  plant  is  known  to  the  medical  profession  and  to  the  laity  as 
lobelia,  and  for  this  reason  no  other  name  should  be  used.  Some  authors 
call  it  Indian  tobacco  but,  since  several  other  plants  have  the  same  name,  it 
seems  inadvisable  to  supplant  a  well  known  name  by  one  which  is  mis- 
leading. Infrequent  to  frequent  throughout  the  state  in  various  situations. 
It  is  usually  found  in  poor  soils  in  open  woods  and  fallow  fields,  and  some- 


898 


LOBELIACEAE 


Lobelia 


o        ~w 
Map  1974 


Lobelia    Kalmn    L 


1 
It 

3 

a 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

] 

D 

"l       "          » 

D 

D              0 

r 

D 

V 

r~ 

-M 

D 

D 
P 

-4  - 

0 

D 

DP 

0  I1 

-  i 

B        D 

D        || 

?• 

r  1 
i  f  i 

Dec  <- 

B 

»   \  B 

10        «0 

BD    !i — -J 

B      D        D 

10  I )____/ 

1 (b 

D       J, 

k_DJD^ 

"°  JL_rt_i 

£/    Miles 

D 

D 

rf    D 

°jL? 

MI        1 

O        D 

1  »y  \ D  J*\    7 

i    ~y  d    J     r'    V^ 
Lobelia    inf lata 

0                 50 

Map  1975 

L. 

12 
I 
2 

B 

8~f  ° 
D    1    I 
Iff  | 

D 

L  HE 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

^/ir 

-         I 

-  B     D 
P 

D 
P 

p 

n     C 

f-H- 

0 

p 

X 

DpDP 

f 

r 

m 

~r 

r1 

Dec.  C 

D 

ll > 

D 

I     1— — *J 
D      L 

1/    Miles 

10 

1 

i 
epl 

ob 
isl 

el  la 

achy 

i  Dr^V  /   °                 50 

/-"M/             Map  1976 

spicata  Lam.   var 

>   (A.DC.)   Mack.  &  Bush 

times  as  a  weed  in  cultivated  fields.    It  is  also  found  in  rich  soil  and  in 
dried-up  sloughs. 

Lab.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Kans.,  and  La. 

6.  Lobelia  spicata  Lam.  McVaugh  says :  "This  is  a  species  with  at  least 
five  well  defined  phases,"  four  of  which  occur  in  Indiana.  A  key  is  given  to 
separate  these  variations. 

Sinus  between  the  calyx  lobes  with  a  conspicuous  deflexed  appendage 

6a.  L.  spicata  var.   leptostachys. 

Sinus  between  the  calyx  lobes  without  a  deflexed  appendage,  rarely  a  sinus  with  a 
short  one. 

Lobes  of  the  calyx  more  or  less  ciliate  with  short  stiff  hairs 

6b.   L.  spicata  var.  hirtelUi. 

Lobes  of  calyx  not  ciliate. 

Anthers  blue;   calyx  flattish  in  anthesis;  racemes  dense,  many-flowered;   capsules 

short-hemispheric 6c.  L.  spicata  var.  originalis. 

Anthers  white;  calyx  roundish  in  anthesis;  racemes  few- (10-30)  flowered;  capsules 
globose,  often  somewhat  inflated 6d.  L.  spicata  var.  campanulata. 

6a.  Lobelia  spicata  var.  leptostachys  (A.  DC.)  Mack.  &  Bush.  Map  1976. 
Infrequent  to  rare  in  all  parts  of  the  state  in  dry  soil  in  rather  open  woods, 
clearings,  prairies,  and  fallow  fields  and  along  roadsides. 

W.  Va.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  and  Ark. ;  rare  or  absent  on  the  eastern 
Coastal  Plain. 

6b.  Lobelia  spicata  var.  hirtella  Gray.  Map  1977.  Local  in  prairie 
habitats  or  in  marly,  springy  places  in  northern  Indiana. 

Gaspe  Peninsula,  southw.  to  N.  Y.  and  westw.  to  Ind.,  and  thence 
northwestw.  to  Alberta  and  southw.  to  e.  Kans. 

6c.  Lobelia  spicata  var.  originalis  McVaugh.  This  form  of  the  species 
is  very  local.  My  specimens  are  from  dry,  gravelly  oak  slopes  in  Lagrange, 
Steuben,  and  Warren  Counties,  and  from  an  interdunal  flat  in  Lake 
County. 

N.  B.  to  Pa.,  Mich.,  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 


COMPOSITAE 


899 


3 
3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Au& 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

! 

D  1 

f 

ID 

D 

D                    y-L 

D 

— [— 

\ 

f^ 

X 

r 

fM 

T~ 

Dec.<- 

i 
i  ' — 

y    Miles 

( 

Lc 

belia 

spic 

ata 

var.    hirtell 

3                50 
Map  1977 

a    A.Gray 

o         ~"5o 
Map  1978 


Vernonia     altissima    Nutt 


~~ Hi 
Map  1979 


Vernonia    fasciculata   Michx 


6d.  Lobelia  spicata  var.  campanulata  McVaugh.  (Rhodora  38:  316. 
1936.)  This  extremely  local  and  widely  distributed  plant  is  found  in  dry, 
open  woods  in  Clark,  Lagrange,  and  Lake  Counties.  Our  Clark  County 
station  is  the  southern  limit  of  its  range  in  the  United  States. 

Maine,  n.  Mich.,  n.  Wis.,  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  N.  J.,  and  Ind. 


280.  COMPOSITAE  Adans.  Composite  Family 

[The  following  key  is  adapted  from  the  one  found  in  Gray,  Manual, 

ed.  7.] 

Corolla  tubular  in  all  of  the  perfect  flowers,  regularly  5  (rarely  3  or  4) -parted; 
flowers  ligulate  only  in  the  marginal  or  ray-flowers,  which,  when  present,  are 
either  pistillate  only,  or  neutral  (with  neither  stamens  nor  pistil);  sap  of  plants 
not  milky SERIES  I.    Tubuliflorae. 

Corolla  ligulate  in  all  of  the  flowers  of  the  head;  flowers  all  perfect;  sap  of  plants 
milky;  leaves  alternate SERIES  II.    Liguliflorae. 

Series  I.     Tubuliflorae  DC. 

A.     Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  separate  heads  (rarely  so  in  Cirsium) . 
Pappus  capillary. 

Leaves  not  prickly,  entire. 

Basal    leaves   much   larger   than   the   cauline   and   differing   from    them   in 

shape;  plants  usually  less  than  4  dm  high 

8978.    Antennaria,  p.  950. 

Basal  leaves  lacking  at  flowering  time  or,  if  present,  similar  to  the  cauline 

ones  in  shape  and  size 8983.    Anaphalis,  p.  953. 

Leaves  prickly,  not  entire;  heads  large 9462.    Cirsium,  p.  999. 

Pappus  none. 

Pistillate    heads    1-flowered,    developing   an    obovoid   achene    armed   with    4-8 

tubercles  or  straight  spines 9146.    Ambrosia,  p.  960. 

Pistillate  heads  forming  an  oblong  or  oval  bur  covered  with  hooked  or  straight 

prickles 9148.     Xanthium,  p.  962. 

A.     Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  not  in  separate  heads. 

B.     Heads  discoid,  rays  or  ligulate  flowers  none  or  very  inconspicuous;  corollas  all 
tubular. 


900  COMPOSITAE 

C.     Pappus  composed  of  bristles. 

Pappus   double,  the   outer  bristles   very   short,   the   inner   ones   longer. 

8751.    Vernonia,  p.  904. 

Pappus-bristles  all  of  the  same  length,  not  in  2  series. 
Heads  aggregated  into  dense  clusters. 

Foliage  not  spiny;  heads  few-flowered 

8775.    Elephantopus,  p.  905. 

Foliage  spiny;  heads  1-flowered 9442.    Echinops,  p.  998. 

Heads  not  aggregated  into  clusters. 
Leaves  prickly. 

Receptacle  densely  bristly. 

Pappus-bristles  not  plumose 9461.    Carduus,  p.  999. 

Pappus-bristles  plumose 9462.    Cirsium,  p.  999. 

Receptacle  not  bristly 9467.    Onopordum,  p.  1003. 

Leaves  not  prickly. 

Pappus-bristles  plumose  or  conspicuously  upwardly  barbed. 

Corollas  whitish;  heads  corymbose 8825.    Kuhnia,  p.  910. 

Corollas   rose   colored,   purple,   or   white;    heads   racemose   or 

spicate 8826.     Liatris,  p.  911. 

Pappus-bristles  not  plumose  or  with  inconspicuous  barbs. 

Stems    twining;    leaves    opposite,    triangular-hastate;    flowers 

flesh  to  pale  purplish 8818.    Mikania,  p.  910. 

Stems  not  twining. 

Involucral   bracts  scarious   throughout;   plants   more   or   less 
white-woolly. 
Plants  dioecious;  pistillate  heads  with  a  few  perfect  flowers 

in  the  center;  perennial 8983.    Anaphalis,  p.  953. 

Plants  not  dioecious;  all  of  the  flowers  fertile,  the  central 
ones  perfect,  surrounded  by  pistillate  ones;  annual  or 

perennial 8992.    Gnaphalium,  p.  954. 

Involucral  bracts  not  scarious  throughout  or  if  so,  the  plants 
not  white-woolly. 

Involucral  bracts  hooked 9452.    Arctium,  p.  998. 

Involucral  bracts  not  hooked. 
Bracts  of  involucre  in  1  series. 

Length   of  bracts  about  15  mm 

9389.    Erechtites,  p.  994. 

Length  of  bracts  about  10  mm  or  less. 

Cauline  leaves  pinnatifid 9411.    Senecio,  p.  996. 

Cauline  leaves  not  pinnatifid. .  9409.   Cacalia,  p.  994. 
Bracts  of  involucre  in  more  than  1  series. 

Central  disk  flowers  sterile ;  anthers  tailed  at  the  base ; 

bruised  foliage  malodorous 

8941.    Pluchea,  p.  949. 

Central  disk  flowers  fertile;  anthers  not  tailed  at  the 
base;  bruised  foliage  not  malodorous. 
Leaves  large,  triangular,  the  lower  ones  hastate  at 

the  base 9409.    Cacalia,  p.  994. 

Leaves  not  as  above. 

Leaves  opposite  or  whorled;  plants  usually  with 
resinous  dots;  stigmatic  lines  only  at  the  base 
of  the  minutely  and  uniformly  pubescent  style 

branches 8816.    Eupatorium,  p.  905. 

Leaves  alternate;  plants  not  resinous;  stigmatic 
lines  extending  to  the  tips  of  the  style 
branches  or  their  appendages. 


COMPOSITAE  901 

Corollas  of  disk  flowers  5-lobed;  achenes  terete 
or  angled 8849.    Solidago,  p.  914. 

Corollas  of  disk  flowers  4-parted;  achenes  flat. 
8901.     Erigeron,  p.  947. 

C.  Pappus  not  composed   of  bristles,   entirely   lacking   or  a   mere  crown,   or 

composed  of  scales. 

Achenes  crowned  with  2-4  stiff  awns 9237.    Bidens,  p.  981. 

Achenes  not  crowned  with  stiff  awns. 
Receptacle  bristly  or  chaffy. 

Heads  many  in  long,  terminal,  bracted  spikes. .  .  .9141.   Iva,  p.  959. 
Heads  not  in  long,  terminal,  bracted  spikes. 
Leaves    mostly    opposite,    large,    thin,    lobed,    malodorous    when 

bruised 9122.    Polymnia,  p.  955. 

Leaves  alternate,  thick,  not  lobed,  nor  malodorous  when  bruised. 

9138.    Parthenium,  p.  959. 

Receptacle  naked. 

Involucral  bracts  in  1  series;  leaves  finely  dissected. 

Achenes   conspicuously   obovoid,   about   4   mm   long,   densely   pu- 
bescent; receptacle  nearly  flat 

9292.    Hymenopappus,  p.  986. 

Achenes  slightly  obovoid,  about  1  mm  long,  glabrous;  receptacle 

conic-oblong 9339.    Matricaria,  p.  990. 

Involucral  bracts  in  more  than  1  series. 

Heads  chiefly  nodding,  in  spikes,  racemes,  or  panicles 

9358.   Artemisia,  p.  992. 

Heads  erect,  corymbose. 

Leaves   bipinnatifid 9341  A.     Tanacetum,  p.  991. 

Leaves  not  bipinnatifid,  crenate-dentate 

9341.  Chrysanthemum,  p.  990. 

B.     Heads  with  rays,   i.e.,  the  marginal   flowers  or  some  of  them,  with  ligulate 
corollas. 

D.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,   at  least  the  lower  ones    (sometimes   some- 

what variously  disposed  in  Silphium) . 
Achenes  crowned  with  2-6  slender  awns;  rays  yellow. 

Plants  terrestrial,   although   often  in  very  wet  places 

9237.    Bidens,  p.  981. 

Plants  aquatic,  floating 9237A.    Megalodonta,  p.  985. 

Achenes  not  crowned  with  awns. 

Leaves  finely  dissected 9312.    Dyssodia,  p.  988. 

Leaves  not  dissected. 

Involucres  small,  less  than  6  mm  high;  rays  white. 

Peduncles   with   a   spreading,   glandular   pubescence 

9246.    Galinsoga,  p.  986. 

Peduncles  with  an  upwardly  appressed,  nonglandular  pubescence. 

9166.    Eclipta,  p.  964. 

Involucres    large,    generally    more   than    6    mm    high,    if   less,   the 
leaves  divided    (Coreopsis);  rays  yellow  (whitish  in  Polymnia 
canadensis ) . 
Achenes  flat,  winged,  notched  at  the  apex. 

Disk  flowers  sterile 9131.    Silphium,  p.  956. 

Disk  flowers  fertile 9227.   Coreopsis,  p.  979. 

Achenes   compressed    or   quadrangular,   not   winged   or   notched. 

Leaves  large,  thin,  lobed;  achenes  blackish,  about  7  mm  long, 

elliptic,    strongly    compressed,    and    longitudinally    striate 

or  brownish,  about  4  mm  long,  strongly  compressed,  and 

3-ribbed 9122.    Polymnia,  p.  955. 


902  COMPOSITAE 

Leaves    not    thin    or    lobed;    achenes    somewhat    quadrangular- 
obovoid,  3-4-sided,  truncate  at  the  summit. 

Ray  flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  the  rays  persisting 

9157.    Heliopsis,  p.  963. 

Ray  flowers  neutral,  sterile,  the  rays  deciduous 

9200.    Helianthus,  p.  970. 

D.     Leaves  alternate. 

E.     Pappus  of  terete  awns  or  bristles. 
Pappus  of  terete  awns. 

Involucres    very    glutinous;    bracts    glabrous    and    hooked;    awns 

smooth  and  deciduous;  receptacle  not  chaffy 

8833.   Grindelia,  p.  913. 

Involucres    not    glutinous;    bracts    not    hooked,    not    deciduous; 

receptacle  chaffy 9237.    Bidens,  p.  981. 

Pappus  of  capillary  bristles. 

Involucres    with    conspicuous,    oblong    glands;    leaves    dissected. 

9312.    Dyssodia,  p.  988. 

Involucres  lacking  conspicuous  glands. 

Rays  many,  40-200,  arranged  in  more  than   1  row 

8901.    Erigeron,  p.  947. 

Rays  fewer  than  40,  arranged  in  one  row. 
Bracts  of  involucre  in  1  series,  sometimes  with  a  few  bract- 
lets  at  the  base  of  the  involucre;   rays  yellow 

9411.    Senecio,  p.  996. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  more  than  1  series. 
Rays  yellow. 

Involucres  2.5-10  cm  in  diameter  .  .9061.    Inula,  p.  955. 
Involucres  0.5-2.3  mm  in  diameter. 

Pappus   double,   the   outer  row   of  very   small,   chaffy 
bristles,    much    shorter    than    the    inner    row    of 

numerous   capillary   bristles 

8844.    Chrysopsis,  p.  914. 

Pappus  simple,  of  numerous  slender  and  equal  bristles. 

8849.    Solidago,  p.  914. 

Rays  violet,  purple,  blue,  or  white. 

Bracts  few,  3-6,  firm  and  thick,  the  inner  ones  blunt  or 
rounded  and  green  at  the  apex,  the  green  part 
more    or    less    inconspicuously    glandular-punctate; 

heads  corymbose;   flowers  white 

8904.    Sericocarpus,  p.  949. 

Bracts  not  as  above;  flowers  mostly  colored 

8900.    Aster,  p.  928. 

E.    Pappus  none  or  a  cup  or  crown,  or  of  thin  chaffy  scales. 

Plants  with  the  stem  leaves  decurrent;  pappus  of  5-8  thin,  1-nerved 
chaffy  scales,  the  nerve  usually  ending  in   a  bristle  or  point. 

9305.     Helenium,  p.  987. 

Plants  not  as  above. 
Receptacle  naked. 

Rays  yellow 9227.    Coreopsis,  p.  979. 

Rays  white. 

Leaves  entire  or  mostly  so;  involucres  less  than  8  mm  wide. 

8892.    Boltonia,  p.  928. 

Leaves  coarsely  dentate  to  pinnatifid;   involucres  more  than 

8  mm  wide 9341.    Chrysanthemum,  p.  990. 

Receptacle  chaffy,  at  least  at  the  summit. 

Rays  sterile,  neutral  or  rarely  pistillate;   disk  flowers  perfect 
and  fertile. 


COMPOSITAE  903 

Receptacle  flat  or  nearly  so;  rays  yellow 

9227.    Coreopsis,  p.  979. 

Receptacle  convex  to  columnar. 

Involucral  bracts  with  thin,   scarious  margins 

9330.    Anthemis,  p.  988. 

Involucral  bracts  distinctly  herbaceous. 
Pappus  consisting  of  2  flat  awns. 

Awns  of  pappus  decidedly  deciduous 

9200.    Helianthus,  p.  970. 

Awns  of  pappus  persistent 

9215.    Actinomeris,  p.  978. 

Pappus  none  or  merely  a  crown  of  short  teeth. 

Rays  pistillate,  rose  colored   (rarely  yellow) 

9178B.     Brauneria,  p.  968. 

Rays  neutral,  yellow  to  brownish  red  or  orange. 
Achenes   4-sided,    marginless;    leaves   not    pinnately 

divided 9178.    Rudbeckia,  p.  964. 

Achenes   flattened   and   margined;    leaves   pinnately 

parted 9178C.     Ratibida,  p.  969. 

Rays  fertile,  pistillate. 

Disk  flowers  also  fertile,  their  achenes  maturing. 
Leaves  simple;  rays  yellow. 

Leaves  serrate 9218.    Verbesina,  p.  979. 

Leaves  entire 9253.    Madia,  p.  986. 

Leaves    dissected    or    bipinnately    parted;    flowers    white, 
rarely  pinkish. 
Heads    (with    rays    expanded)    more    than    1    cm    wide; 

achenes  tuberculate,  terete;   annual 

9330.    Anthemis,  p.  988. 

Heads  (with  rays  expanded)  less  than  1  cm  wide;  achenes 

smooth,  fiat;  perennial 9332.    Achillea,  p.  989. 

Disk  flowers  not  fertile;  mature  achenes  flat. 
Rays    5,   obcordate,    scarcely   exceeding  the   disk,   whitish. 

9138.   Parthenium,  p.  959. 

Rays   more   than   5,   yellow,   much   longer   than   the   disk; 
achenes  with  wide  margins.  .  .9131.    Silphium,  p.  956. 

Series  II.    Liguliflorae  DC. 

Pappus  none 9556.    Serinia,  p.  1004. 

Pappus  composed  of  scales  or  of  both  scales  and  bristles. 

Pappus  of  scales  only;  flowers  blue,  rose  colored  or  white 

9553.     Cichorium,  p.  1004. 

Pappus  composed  of  scales  and  bristles;  flowers  yellow 9560.   Krigia,  p.  1004. 

Pappus  composed  of  either  bristles  or  hairs. 

Bristles  plumose  (seen  best  when  mature  and  dry). 

Plants  scapose 9572.    HYPOCH AERIS,  p.   1006. 

Plants  not  scapose 9579.    Tragopogon,  p.  1006. 

Bristles  simple,  at  most  scabrous. 

Achenes  spinulose  at  the  summit 9592.   Taraxacum,  p.  1006. 

Achenes  not  spinulose  at  the  summit. 
Achenes  flat  or  flattish. 

Achenes  beaked;  flowers  light  yellow 9596.    Lactuca,  p.  1008. 

Achenes  narrowed  at  the  apex  or  truncate. 

Flowers  blue   (rarely  cream  color  in  Lactuca  spicata) 

9596.    Lactuca,  p.  1008. 

Flowers  yellow 9595.    Sonchus,  p.  1007. 


904  Compositae  Vernonia 

Achenes  columnar,  often  slender. 

Flowers  cream  color,  whitish,  or  pale  purplish;  heads  pendulous 

9606.    Prenanthes,  p.  1014. 

Flowers  yellow  or  reddish;  heads  erect. 

Achenes  beaked 9604.   Pyrrhopappus,  p.  1013. 

Achenes  not  beaked. 

Pappus  white 9605.    Crepis,  p.  1013. 

Pappus  tawny 9607.   Hieracium,  p.  1016. 

8751.  VERNONIA  Schreb.  Ironweed 

Note :  The  Indiana  ironweeds  are  difficult  to  separate  into  species  because 
there  are  so  many  intergrading  forms,  which  are  due,  possibly,  to  hybridi- 
zation. My  study  was  made  with  a  lens  of  28  diameter  magnification  and 
was  restricted  to  my  123  specimens  from  Indiana.  Duplicates  of  most  of  my 
specimens  have  been  seen  by  H.  A.  Gleason,  who  revised  the  genus  (North 
Amer.  Flora  33 :  32-95.  1922)  and  he  writes  that  Indiana  has  only  the 
three  species. 

Under  surface  of  leaves  (except  the  midrib  and  principal  veins  which  are  usually  more 
or  less  pubescent)  subglabrous  to  minutely  pubescent  with  one-celled,  conical  hairs, 
the  hairs  more  or  less  appressed. 
Inflorescence  paniculate,  the  branches  widely  spreading;  under  surface  of  leaves  not 

punctate,  rarely  specimens  more  or  less  punctate 1.  V.  altissima. 

Inflorescence  fastigiate   (the  heads  in  close  clusters);  under  surface  of  leaves  con- 
spicuously  punctate 2.    V.  fasciculata. 

Under  surface  of  leaves  (except  the  midrib  and  principal  veins  which  are  pubescent) 
pubescent  with  the  one-celled,  appressed  hairs  and  with  few  to  many  multicellular 
hairs,  all  over  the  lower  surface;  also  the  lower  surface  of  the  blades  more  or 
less  densely  punctate 3.  V.  missurica. 

1.  Vernonia  altissima  Nutt.  Tall  Ironweed.  Map  1978.  Probably 
found  in  every  county  of  the  state  although  there  are  no  authentic  reports 
from  the  northwestern  counties.  Usually  frequent  to  common  or  abundant 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  lake  area  and  in  the  Tipton  Till  Plain,  becoming 
rare  in  the  unglaciated  area.  It  has  a  wide  range  of  habitat  and  is  found  in 
dry,  open  or  moist  woodland,  fallow  fields  and  prairies,  and  rarely  in  dried- 
up  sloughs  and  swamps. 

Pepoon's  reports  for  Hill  and  for  Umbach  from  Porter  County  are  re- 
ferred by  Fassett  (Rhodora  35:  202.  1933)  to  V.  missurica  Raf. 

N.  Y.,  Ohio,  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  S.  C,  Ga.,  and  La. 

la.  Vernonia  altissima  var.  lilacina  Clute.  (Amer.  Bot.  36:  225.  1930.) 
This  is  a  form  with  "pinkish-lavender"  flowers  which  was  found  on  the 
campus  of  Butler  University  at  Indianapolis. 

The  flowers  of  this  species  are  variable,  ranging  from  purplish,  the 
normal  color,  to  colorless  (white).  In  the  white  form  the  bracts  are  usually 
green  with  no  trace  of  purple.  I  have  seen  this  form  several  times.  In  a 
pasture  of  about  five  acres  in  Montgomery  County  it  was  noted  re- 
peatedly. 1  have  collected  a  rose  colored  form  in  Lagrange  County.  I  have 
had  the  white  and  rose  colored  forms  in  cultivation  for  several  years  and 
as  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  determine,  they  continue  the  same  color  forms. 


Elephantopus 


Compositae 


905 


0  50 

Map  1980 


Vernonia    missurica    Raf 


0         "To 
Map  1981 


Elephantopus    carolimanus    Raeuschel 


Map  1982 
Eupatonum    maculatum    L 


2.  Vernonia  fasciculata  Michx.  Map  1979.  This  species  prefers  a  wet  or 
prairie  habitat  and  is  found  in  sloughs  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Bottoms,  in 
wet  marshes,  and  moist  prairie  habitats.  It  is  infrequent  and  probably 
entirely  absent  from  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state  although  there  are 
reports  for  it  from  that  area. 

Ohio  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Okla. 

3.  Vernonia  missurica  Raf.  ( Vernonia  illinoensis  Gleason  and  Vernonia 
altissima  var.  taeniotricha  Blake.)  Map  1980.  Infrequent  to  frequent, 
usually  in  dry  places  and  rarely  in  wet  places.  It  is  generally  found  along 
roadsides  and  railroads,  in  pasture  fields,  and  less  frequently  in  open  woods. 

Ont.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ala.,  Miss.,  and  N.  Mex. 

3a.  Vernonia  missurica  f.  carnea  Standley  (Rhodora  32:  33.  1930.)  is 
a  form  with  "rose  or  flesh  colored"  flowers  which  was  reported  by  Standley 
as  found  in  Porter  County. 


8775.  ELEPHANTOPUS  [VailL]  L.  Elephant's-foot 

1.  Elephantopus  carolinianus  Raeuschel.  (Elephantopus  carolinianus 
Willd.)  Elephant's-foot.  Map  1981.  Frequent  to  infrequent  or  rare  in 
dry  and  usually  more  or  less  sandy  soil,  mostly  in  black  and  white  oak 
woods  but  also  in  beech  woods,  and  along  roadsides.  It  was  once  found  in 
a  hogyard  where  the  hogs  had  destroyed  all  the  vegetation  except  this 
species,  which  they  had  not  molested. 

N.  J.  to  111.,  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

8816.  EUPATORIUM  [Tourn.]  L. 

Leaves  verticillate  in  3's-6's,   or  the  upper  opposite,  petiolate;   tall  plants  generally 

1-3  m  high. 

Florets  9-15,  rarely  8  or  more  than  15;  inflorescence  flat-topped;  flowers  generally 

pinkish   purple;    florets    scarcely    exserted    at    anthesis;    stems    generally    solid, 

rarely  hollow,  not  glaucous;   leaves  mostly  in  4's   or  5's,  rarely  in  3's  or  6's. 

1.  E.  maculatum. 


906  Compositae  Eupatorium 

Florets  5-7,  rarely  3,  4,  or  8;  inflorescence  convex;  stems  more  or  less  glaucous. 
Stems  hollow,  plainly  glaucous,  purple  (except  when  growing  in  dense  shade),  not 
darker   at   the   nodes;    flowers   generally   pinkish   purple,   sometimes   greenish 

yellow 2.  E.  fistulosum. 

Stems  solid  (with  a  pith),  rarely  hollow  toward  the  base,  faintly  glaucous,  green 
with  the  nodes  generally  purplish;   flowers  generally  greenish  yellow,  rarely 

pinkish  purple 3.  E.  purpureum. 

Leaves  opposite   (rarely  ternate  or  the  upper  alternate);   plants  generally  less  than 
1.5  m  high. 
Involucral  bracts  imbricated  in  2  or  more  series,  the  outer  shorter. 
Involucral  bracts  oblong,  obtuse. 
Heads   12-15-flowered. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  slender-petioled,  3-nerved;  achenes  less  than  2  mm 

long 4.  E.  serotinum. 

Leaves    sessile,    the    cuneate    base    entire,    many-nerved;    achenes   more   than 

2  mm  long 4a.  E.  serotinum  var.  polyneuron. 

Heads  5-flowered. 

Leaves  strongly  3-nerved,  long-tapering  at  the  base 5.  E.  altissimum. 

Leaves  pinnately  veined,  rounded  and  sessile  at  the  base. .  .  6.  E.  sessilifolium. 
Involucral  bracts  lanceolate,  acute. 
Flowers  white. 

Leaves   connate-perf oliate 7.   E.  perfoliatum. 

Leaves  not  connate-perfoliate. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  upper,  truncate  or  rounded  at  the  base 

7a.  E.  perfoliatum  f.  truncation. 

Leaves  cuneate  at  the  base,   sessile,  smaller  than  in  the  species  or  other 

forms 7b.  E.  perfoliatum  var.   cuneatum. 

Flowers  purplish I.E.  perfoliatum  f .  purpureum. 

Involucral  bracts  in  1  or  2  series,  all  equal  or  nearly  so. 

Flowers  white;  leaves  ovate,  large,  thin,  generally  abruptly  narrowed  at  the  base, 

or  rarely  truncate  or  subcordate;  bracts  generally  obtuse 8.  E.  rugosum. 

Flowers  pink   or  violet   purple;   leaves   ovate   or  deltoid-ovate,   truncate,   cordate, 
subcordate,  or  shortly  narrowed  at  the  base. 
Receptacle  flat;  leaves  deltoid-ovate;  outer  bracts  mostly  less  than  half  as  long 

as  the  inner,  acute 9.  E.  incarnatum. 

Receptacle  conical;  leaves  ovate;  outer  bracts  nearly  as  long  as  the  inner  ones, 
long-acuminate 10.    E.   coelestinum. 

1.  Eupatorium  maculatum  L.  (Wiegand.  Eupatorium  purpureum  and 
its  allies.  Rhodora  22 :  57-70.  1920  and  Wiegand  &  Weatherby.  The  nomen- 
clature of  the  Verticillate  Eupatoria.  Rhodora  39:  297-306.  1937.) 
Spotted-stem  Joe-pye-weed.  Map  1982.  In  wet  ground  or  springy  places 
along  streams  and  ditches,  about  lakes,  and  in  marshes  and  wet  woods 
throughout  the  lake  area  of  the  state.  South  of  this  area  it  is  rare 
or  absent. 

The  Joe-pye-weeds  have  been  misunderstood,  and  all  or  most  all  of  the 
reports  should  be  ignored,  because,  as  far  as  I  know,  none  of  our  authors 
knew  of  the  existence  in  our  area  of  three  species  of  this  group  or  had  keys 
which  would  separate  them. 

Newf.,  Que.,  Mich,  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Pa.,  111.,  and  N.  Mex. 

2.  Eupatorium  fistulosum  Barratt.  PURPLE-STEM  Joe-PYE-WEED.  Map 
1983.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in  springy  and  wet  places  in  woods  and  along 
streams  in  the  southern  half  of  the  state.  Formerly  I  did  not  recognize  the 


Eupatorium 


COMPOSITAE 


907 


0  50 

Map  1983 
Eupatorium    fistulosum    Barratt 


0  ^50 

Map  1984 


Eupatorium    purpureum    L. 


0         ~3o 
Map  1985 


Eupatorium    serotinum    Michx. 


three  species  of  the  Joe-pye-weeds  and,  if  I  had,  I  might  have  been  able  to 
extend  the  range  of  this  species  farther  north  in  the  state. 
S.  Maine,  R.  I.,  w.  Pa.,  and  Ohio,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  Eupatorium  purpureum  L.  (Probably  Eupatorium  purpureum  var. 
amoenum  (Pursh)  Gray  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Eupatorium  falcatum 
Michx.)  Green-stem  Joe-pye-weed.  Map  1984.  Infrequent,  probably 
throughout  the  state  in  moist  or  dry  soil,  usually  in  wooded  ravines,  open 
woodland,  and  clearings;  also  near  the  bases  of  slopes  bordering  wet 
grounds. 

Mass.,  Ont.,  Wis.,  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Okla. 

4.  Eupatorium  serotinum  Michx.  Late  Eupatorium.  Map  1985.  This 
species  prefers  a  slightly  acid  soil  and  is  more  or  less  frequent  to  common 
in  such  habitats.  It  prefers  a  moist,  white  clay  or  moist,  black,  sandy  soil. 
In  the  "flats"  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  it  sometimes  covers  acres 
of  fallow  or  pasture  lands.  Stock  do  not  eat  this  species  nor  any  other 
species  of  Eupatorium  unless  they  are  forced  to  do  so  by  scarcity  of  food. 
It  is,  no  doubt,  rare  or  absent  from  the  area  where  it  is  not  represented 
on  the  map. 

Del.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

4a.  Eupatorium  serotinum  var.  polyneuron  F.  J.  Hermann  (Rhodora 
40:  86.  1938.)  This  form  was  found  by  Edna  Banta  in  Jefferson  County 
in  1933.  It  was  found  in  hard,  white,  moist,  clay  soil  in  a  flat  beech  woods 
on  the  Schumann  farm  about  3  mi.  northeast  of  Hanover.  This  is  the  only 
known  station  for  it. 

5.  Eupatorium  altissimum  L.  Map  1986.  Very  local  but  not  rare  where 
it  is  found.  Most  of  my  specimens  are  from  high,  wooded  banks  of  streams ; 
frequent  in  Henry  County  in  one  place  at  the  base  of  a  high  slope  that 
borders  a  marsh,  and  frequent  in  a  prairie  habitat  in  Benton  County.  Its 
habitats  and  locations  in  Indiana  suggest  that  it  is  a  prairie  plant. 

Pa.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tex. 


908 


COMPOSITAE 


Eupatorium 


0  50 

Map  1986 


Eupatcnum    altissimum    L 


10 
6 
1 

[ 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

D 
P 

D 

Jv 

f^ 

" 

D 
IU 

p 

-L 

OF 

r 

fn 

r 

r1 

Dec.l- 

i 

, ...  i — 

D 

S        , 

D      L 

D       B 

0 

D     f 

r/                       1    D 

J     D]E    ^ 

/   M.les 

(D 

/        >    \  d    LA,     / 

')                50 
Map  1987 

Eupatorium    sessilifolium    L 

Map  1988 
Eupatorium    perfoliatum    L 


6.  Eupatorium  sessilifolium  L.  Upland  Boneset.  Map  1987.  Infre- 
quent in  many  parts  of  the  state.  It  is  generally  found  on  high,  wooded 
ridges  and  in  dry,  sandy  woods.    It  is  usually  common  where  it  is  found. 

Vt.  and  Mass.  to  111.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Mo. 

7.  Eupatorium  perfoliatum  L.  Boneset.  Map  1988.  Frequent  to  com- 
mon in  all  parts  of  the  state  in  low  ground  in  woodland,  pastures,  and  fallow 
fields  and  along  ditches  and  roadsides.  The  tops  and  leaves  were  formerly 
an  official  drug  and  the  pioneers  freely  used  a  warm  infusion  of  it  as  a 
diaphoretic. 

The  leaves  and  flowers  are  variable  and  these  variations  have  been 
named.   I  have  included  all  forms  in  the  one  map. 

7a.  Eupatorium  perfoliatum  f.  truncatum  (Muhl.)  Fassett.  This  is  a 
form  with  at  least  the  upper  leaves  separate,  truncate  or  rounded  at  the 
base.  A  few  of  my  specimens  belong  to  this  form. 

7b.  Eupatorium  perfoliatum  var.  cuneatum  Engelm.  This  is  a  form 
with  leaves  smaller,  narrowed  at  the  base,  and  separate;  heads  fewer- 
flowered.  I  found  it  along  a  moist,  sandy  roadside  in  Newton  County  about 
2  miles  north  of  Lake  Village. 

7c.  Eupatorium  perfoliatum  f.  purpureum  Britt.  A  form  with  pur- 
plish flowers.  It  is  not  as  common  as  the  typical  form  which  has  white 
flowers. 

N.  S.  and  N.  B.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

8.  Eupatorium  rugosum  Houtt.  (Rhodora  40:  293.  1938.)  (Eupa- 
torium urticae folium  Reich.)  White  Snakeroot.  Map  1989.  Frequent  to 
common  in  most  of  the  dry  and  moist  woods  of  the  state.  It  is  more  com- 
mon in  beech  and  sugar  maple  and  black  and  white  oak  woods.  This  plant 
is  poisonous  to  grazing  animals  and  if  it  is  eaten  in  a  sufficient  quantity  it 
proves  fatal.  A  symptom  of  having  eaten  too  much  of  this  weed  is  a 
trembling  of  the  animal  and  because  of  this  characteristic,  the  disease  has 


Eupatorium 


COMPOSITAE 


909 


0  50 

Map  1989 


Eupatorium    rugosum   Houtt. 


o  so 

Map  1990 


Eupatorium     incarnatum    Wal' 


been  called  "trembles."  The  plant  is  frequently  eaten  by  sheep  and  by 
cattle  when  the  pasturage  becomes  scarce,  and  many  of  those  animals 
are  killed  in  Indiana  each  year  by  this  weed.  When  it  is  eaten  by  milch 
cows,  the  poisonous  principle  (a  barium  salt)  is  communicated  to  the  milk; 
such  milk,  when  consumed  by  people,  has  the  same  effect  as  the  plant  has 
upon  stock.  The  pioneers  called  it  "milk  sickness,"  and  many  of  them  died 
from  drinking  too  much  of  the  affected  milk.  A  pioneer  informed  me  that 
a  family  of  four  in  my  own  county  died  from  this  cause. 

Indiana  specimens  show  some  variation  in  leaf  form.  All  of  my  speci- 
mens are  generally  densely  short-pubescent  in  the  inflorescence  and  on  the 
upper  half  of  the  stem,  and  in  a  few  plants  the  stem  is  villous.  (See 
Rhodora  10:  87.  1908.)  The  leaves  of  all  of  my  specimens  are  abruptly 
cuneate  at  the  petiole  except  in  my  Lake  and  Warren  County  specimens  in 
which  they  are  slightly  cordate  at  the  base. 

N.  B.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

9.  Eupatorium  incarnatum  Walt.  Map  1990.  I  have  found  this  species 
in  only  three  places  in  Indiana;  in  Harrison  County,  in  the  rather  moist 
talus  of  a  cliff  along  Blue  River  about  half  a  mile  north  of  White  Cloud; 
and  in  Perry  County,  more  or  less  frequent  for  a  mile  in  moist  places  in  the 
roadside  ditch  at  the  base  of  the  high,  wooded  bluff  along  the  Ohio  River 
about  5  miles  above  Cannelton,  and  along  the  moist  roadside  of  an  aban- 
doned road  on  the  crest  of  the  "German  Ridge"  about  6  miles  east  of 
Cannelton. 

Va.,  s.  Ind.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Mex. 

10.  Eupatorium  coelestinum  L.  Mistflower.  Map  1991.  Rather  infre- 
quent in  the  southern  half  of  the  state.  My  only  specimen  from  north- 
ern Indiana  was  one  which  I  found  on  the  moist,  north  bank  of  Tippe- 
canoe Lake,  in  Kosciusko  County.  It  was  in  a  habitat  which  suggested  it  was 
native  although  it  might  have  been  seeded  there  from  one  of  the  cottages 
on  the  lake,  the  nearest  one  being  about  150  feet  to  the  east.  It  prefers  a 
moist,  hard,  clay  soil  and  is  found  in  roadside  ditches  and  moist  places 


910 


COMPOSITAE 


Mikania 


0  ~30 

Map  1992 


Mikania    scandens    (U  Willd. 


0  5o 

Map  1993 


Kuhnia     eupatonoides    L. 


0  35 

Map  1994 
Kuhnia    eupatonoides 
var    corymbulosa   T  &  G 


along  streams.   This  species  is  frequently  cultivated  and  it  is  possible  that 
some  of  our  roadside  plants  are  escapes. 

N.  J.,  s.  Ohio,  Ind.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

8818.  MIKANIA  Willd. 

1.  Mikania  scandens  (L.)  Willd.  May  1992.  Common  in  low  ground 
along  the  Kankakee  River  at  the  Baum  Bridge,  south  of  Kouts,  in  Porter 
County.  Here  in  1915  it  was  common  especially  along  the  old  channel  of 
the  river  where  it  was  found  climbing  usually  on  buttonbush  or  on  tall 
weeds.  Blatchley  reported  that  it  was  abundant  about  50  feet  south  of  the 
bridge  over  Sandy  Hook  Creek  about  5  miles  east  of  Hebron,  in  Porter 
County.  It  was  reported  by  Schneck  from  the  Lower  Wabash  bottoms, 
and  Coulter's  Catalogue  reports  it  from  Putnam  and  Tippecanoe  Counties 
on  the  authority  of  MacDougal  and  Wright,  respectively.  It  is,  no  doubt, 
very  local. 

Maine,  southw.  near  the  coast  to  Fla.  and  through  the  Gulf  States  to 
Tex.,  northw.  in  the  interior  to  Okla.,  n.  Ind.,  s.  Mich.,  and  in  N.  Y. 


8825.  KUHNIA  L. 

Leaves  puberulent,  sometimes  nearly  glabrous,  sparingly  dentate  or  entire,  the  lower 

ones  often  on  short  petioles;  heads  mostly  8-10  mm  long,  rather  loosely  clustered..  . 

1.  K.  ewpatorioides. 

Leaves   pubescent    or    tomentulose,    distinctly    dentate    (those   of   the   upper   branches 

sometimes  entire),  veiny,  sessile;  heads  mostly  12-16  mm  long,  densely  clustered..  . 

la.  K.  ewpatorioides  var.  corymbulosa. 

1.  Kuhnia  eupatorioides  L.  False  Boneset  Map  1993.  Locally  infre- 
quent to  common  in  very  sandy  soil  on  open,  wooded  dunes  and  along 
roadsides  in  the  extreme  northern  part  of  the  state  and  in  a  few  counties 
to  the  south  of  this  area.  In  the  southern  part,  and  in  a  few  of  the  central 
counties,  it  is  found  on  high,  wooded  river  bluffs,  and  on  the  crests  and 
slopes  of  open,  wooded  ridges. 

N.  J.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 


Liatris  Compositae  911 

la.  Kuhnia  eupatorioides  var.  corymbuldsa  T.  &  G.  Map  1994.  Usually 
found  in  sandy  to  very  sandy  soil  in  dry  prairie  habitats  and  infrequently 
on  high,  gravelly  banks  of  streams. 

Prairies  and  plains  from  Ind.  westw.  and  southw. 

8826.  LIATRIS  Schreb.  Gayfeather 

Pappus  very  plumose;  bracts  acute  or  acuminate;  corolla  lobes  pubescent  within. 
Stems  and  peduncles  pubescent;   bracts  lanceolate,  thick,   stiff,  long   sharp-pointed, 

squarrose 1.   L.   squarrosa. 

Stems  and  peduncles  glabrous;  bracts  broadly  oval,  thin,  all  but  the  outer  abruptly 

short-pointed,  appressed 2.  L.  cyliyidracea. 

Pappus  barbellate  (not  obviously  plumose  to  the  naked  eye);  bracts  acute,  obtuse  or 
rounded;    corolla  lobes   not  pubescent  within. 
Heads  oblong,  mostly  about  10  mm  long,  in  dense  spikes,  3-15-flowered. 
Rachis  of  spike  pubescent. 

Involucral  bracts  merely  acute,  their  broad  tips  spreading  or  recurving 

3.   L.   Bebbiana. 

Involucral  bracts  ending  in  long-acuminate  tips.     (See  excluded  species  no.  608, 

p.  1095) L.  pycnostachya. 

Rachis  of  spike  glabrous,  rarely  puberulent;  involucral  bracts  obtuse,  appressed..  . . 

4.  L.  spicata. 

Heads  hemispheric  or  campanulate,  mostly  15-20  mm  long,  15-45-flowered,  gen- 
erally loosely  racemose,  subcorymbose  or  sometimes  the  heads  subsessile;  bracts 
obtuse  or  rounded;  rachis  of  inflorescence  pubescent 5.  L.  scariosa  (complex). 

1.  Liatris  squarrosa  Willd.  (Lacinaria  squarrosa  (L.)  Hill.)  Map  1995. 
Local  in  southern  Indiana  where  it  is  found  in  poor  soil  on  black  oak  ridges 
or  in  almost  pure  sand  on  a  black  oak  ridge  in  Daviess  County;  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  state  it  has  been  reported  as  occurring  on  the  dunes 
near  Lake  Michigan.  My  specimens  are  variable  in  the  pubescence  of  the 
leaves  and  of  the  bracts,  and  the  length  of  the  peduncle.  Some  of  the  heads 
are  sessile  and  some  are  on  peduncles  up  to  5  cm  long.  I  have  a  specimen 
from  Perry  County  with  the  stem  almost  glabrous,  the  leaves  glabrous,  and 
the  bracts  glabrous  except  the  ciliate  margins.  It  also  has  very  narrow 
leaves  and  closely  approaches  the  glabrate  form  of  this  species,  known  as 
Liatris  glabrata  Rydb. 

Pa.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Liatris  cylindracea  Michx.  (Lacinaria  cylindracea  (Michx.)  Ktze.) 
Map  1996.  Local  in  northern  Indiana  on  open  sand  hills  and  dunes  and  near 
Lake  Michigan  on  dry  interdunal  flats.  It  was  reported  by  Schneck  as  rare 
in  prairies  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  but  since  the  Indiana  side  of  the 
Wabash  River  has  no  real  prairies  in  the  territory  where  Dr.  Schneck 
collected,  I  believe  that  his  report  should  go  to  the  Illinois  side  of  the  river. 

W.  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ohio  and  Mo. 

3.  Liatris  Bebbiana  Rydb.  (Brittonia  1:  99.  1931.)  (Liati-is  pycnos- 
tachya Michx.  of  Indiana  authors  and  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Lacinaria 
pycnostachya  (Michx.)  Ktze.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.) 
Cattail  Gayfeather.  Map  1997.  A  very  rare  species  of  prairies.  Liatris 
pycnostachya,  which  does  not  occur  in  Indiana,  has  been  reported  from 


912 


C0MP0S1TAE 


Liatris 


1 

1 
1 

Jan 

Feb 

f 



Mar 
Apr. 
May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

■Cl 

L. 

f  X 

f 

S4 

~r 

j~ 

r, 

Dec.  C 

1 

0  J   B  VI 

fj    Miles 

I    D 

Liatr 

B      ) 

IS     s 

quarrosa 

0                 50 

Map  1995 

Willd. 

0  50 

Map  1997 


Liatris    Bebbiana    Rydb 


Jasper,  Marshall,  St.  Joseph,  and  Vigo  Counties  and  Schneck  reported 
it  from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley.  Doubtless  all  of  these  reports  should 
go  to  this  species.  A  specimen  in  the  herbarium  of  Purdue  University 
collected  in  St.  Joseph  County  by  Barnes  and  labeled  L.  pycnostachya 
is  L.  Bebbiana.  I  have  seen  the  Jasper  County  specimen  and  it  belongs 
here.  Blatchley  reported  it  from  Vigo  County.  He  collected  his  speci- 
men in  the  Haeckland  Prairie  in  1889  and  it  is  now  in  the  herbarium 
of  Butler  University.  I  collected  my  specimen  in  the  same  place  in  1917. 
Since  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  has  no  prairies  on  the  Indiana  side  of  the 
river  where  Dr.  Schneck  collected,  it  is  best  to  refer  his  specimen  to  Illinois. 
Prairies  of  Ind.,  westw.  to  Nebr.  and  Mo. 

4.  Liatris  spicata  (L.)  Willd.  (Lacinaria  spicata  (L.)  Ktze.)  Spike 
Gayfeather.  Map  1998.  This  species  and  others  of  this  genus  are  often 
called  blazing  star.  In  the  northern  half  of  the  state  this  species  grows 
generally  in  marshy  places  and  in  moist  prairies.  In  the  prairies  it  is  often 
so  abundant  that  it  gives  a  rose  purple  color  to  the  landscape.  In  the 
southern  part  of  the  state  it  is  local  and  is  found  in  the  "flats"  and  in  sandy 
soil  on  open,  wooded  slopes. 

The  rachis  of  all  of  my  plants  is  quite  glabrous.   Kriebel's  no.  3958  from 
Greene  County  has  the  rachis  closely  puberulent. 
Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

5.  Liatris  scariosa  (L.)  Willd.  {Lacinaria  scariosa  (L.)  Hill.,  Laci- 
naria Deamii  Lunell,  Lacinaria  scariosa  intermedia  Lunell,  Lacinaria 
scariosa  var.  Nieuwlandii  Lunell,  Lacinaria  scariosa  var.  petiolata  Lunell, 
Lacinana  scariosa  var.  praesignis  Lunell,  and  Lacinaria  scariosa  var. 
strictissima  Lunell.)  Map  1999.  Lunell  in  his  revision  of  the  genus  de- 
scribed new  species  and  new  varieties  and  cited  Indiana  specimens  in  the 
Deam  Herbarium.  I  am  regarding  this  polymorphic  species  as  a  complex. 
E.  S.  Steele  had  my  specimens  and  after  working  on  this  genus  for  several 


Grindelia 


Compositae 


913 


5  50 

Map  1998 


Liatris    spicata  (L )  Willd 


Map  1999 
Liatris    scanosa   Willd. 


o  55 

Map  2000 

Grindelia    squarrosa  (Pursh)   Dunal 


years,  he  wrote  a  manuscript  of  about  500  pages  in  which  he  described 
many  species  of  this  complex.  In  my  collection  of  about  400  sheets  I  have 
many  type  specimens  and  varieties  which  he  proposed  to  publish.  I  was 
told  by  a  geneticist  that  he  estimated  this  species  contains  at  least  100 
elemental  species.  It  at  once  becomes  evident  that  a  detailed  account  of 
this  group  would  be  out  of  place  in  a  work  of  this  kind. 

Infrequent  to  frequent  or  common  in  prairie  habitats  in  northern  In- 
diana, in  moist  or  dry,  sandy  soil  in  fallow  fields,  in  open  woods,  in  prairie 
habitats,  and  along  roads  and  railroads.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  state 
it  is  local  and  is  found  in  dry,  sandy  clay  soil  on  ridges  or  on  open,  wooded 
slopes. 

This  and  the  preceding  species  are  easily  cultivated  and  their  inflores- 
cences are  commonly  seen  on  the  market.  They  prefer  a  sandy,  well 
drained  soil.  In  the  event  that  the  corms  are  forced  to  the  surface  by 
freezing  during  the  winter  they  should  be  replanted  in  the  spring,  the 
depth  depending  upon  the  soil. 

Maine  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5a.  Liatris  scariosa  f.  Benkei  Macbride.  This  is  a  white  flowered  form 
reported  from  Lake  County.  I  have  specimens  from  Fulton  and  White 
Counties. 

8833.  GRINDfiLIA  Willd. 

[Steyermark.  Studies  in  Grindelia  I.  Ann.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  21 : 
227-30.  1934.  Studies  in  Grindelia  II.  Ann.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  21 :  433- 
608.  1934.] 

Cauline  leaves  mostly  2-4  times  longer  than  wide,  ovate  to  broadly  oblong 

1.   G.  squarrosa. 

Cauline  leaves  (4-4.5)  5-7  times  longer  than  wide,  linear-oblong,  or  oblong  to  lanceo- 
late  la.  G.  squarrosa  var.  serrulata. 

1.  Grindelia  squarrosa  (Pursh)  Dunal.  Broadleaf  Gumplant.  Map 
2000.  This  is  a  western  species  that  is  becoming  established  in  Indiana  as 


914 


COMPOSITAE 


Chrysopsis 


Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec 


ryTT 



\ 

-Tfj 

\t- 

^4- 

{ 

)\— 

I  ~1 

V,  r 

t    -^ 

,  *      rHU 

1    D 

r — ' —               Lxj 

/  I     )         

Miles 


50 

Map  2001 
Chrysopsis    villosa     (Pursh )    Nutt. 


~T3 

Map  2002 


Sohdago    squarrosa   Muhl 


0  50 

Map  2003 


Soli  dago    Buckleyi    T.  &  G 


a  weed  in  sandy  fallow  fields  and  waste  places.  Paul  Standley  writes 
that  it  is  frequent  in  vacant  lands  in  the  vicinity  of  Whiting  in  Lake 
County. 

Ne.  Mich,  to  N.  Dak.  and  Idaho,  southw.  to  Tex.  and  Mex. 

la.  Grindelia  squarrosa  var.  serrulata  (Rydb.)  Steyermark.  The 
variety,  like  the  species,  is  becoming  established  in  fallow  fields,  alfalfa 
fields,  and  waste  places  in  northern  Indiana.  I  have  specimens  from  St. 
Joseph,  Steuben,  and  Wells  Counties. 

My  specimens  were  determined  by  J.  A.  Steyermark  who  studied 
the  genus. 

Both  the  species  and  variety  are  western  plants  that  have  been  intro- 
duced and  have  established  themselves. 

8844.  CHRYSOPSIS  Nutt. 

1.  Chrysopsis  villosa  (Pursh)  Nutt.  Hairy  Golden-aster.  Map  2001. 
Locally  common  in  very  sandy  soil  along  roadsides  in  the  counties  indi- 
cated on  the  map.  This  species  is  easily  cultivated  and  is  worthy  of 
cultivation,  but,  no  doubt,  it  would  soon  spread  if  a  congenial  habitat  were 
nearby  unless  the  seed  were  collected  before  they  became  mature. 

111.  to  Minn,  and  Man.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  N.  Mex. 


8849.  SOLIDAGO  L.  Goldenrod 

[Friesner.  The  genus  Solidago  in  northeastern  North  America.  Butler 
Univ.  Bot.  Stud.    3:  1-64.    1933.] 

The  following  key  has  been  adapted  from  Friesner's  study  and  grateful 
acknowledgment  is  given. 

A.     Heads  all  distinctly  pedicellate. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre,  at  least  the  outer  ones,  squarrose. 


Solidago  Compositae  915 

Basal  rosettes  conspicuous;  blades  of  rosettes  and  lower  stem  leaves  5-15  cm 
long  and  3-7  cm  wide,  on  margined  petioles  of  nearly  equal  length;  upper 
stem  leaves  sessile  or  subsessile;  pedicels  about  5  mm  long;  pubescence 

on  back  of  bracts  appressed  and  eglandular  or  with  a  few  glands 

1,  S.  squarrosa. 

Basal  rosettes  usually  lacking;  blades  of  the  lower  stem  leaves  generally  much 
smaller  than  the  median  ones,  usually  7-12  cm  long  and  1-2  cm  wide,  all 
sessile  or  subsessile. 
Pedicels  usually  about  2  mm  long;  pubescence  of  bracts  eglandular.    (See 

excluded  species  no.  617,  p.  1096) S.  petiolaris. 

Pedicels  mostly  5-10  mm   long;   pubescence  of  bracts  rather  dense,   short, 

spreading,  and  glandular 2.  S.  Buckleyi. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  erect,  not  squarrose. 
B.     Inflorescence  axillary,  i.  e.,  in  clusters  or  short  racemes  from  the  axils  of 
ordinary  leaves. 
Achenes  glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent  at  maturity. 

Stems  densely  pubescent  from  the  base  through  the  inflorescence;  pub- 
escence multicellular,  spreading  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem,  and 
on  the  upper  part  usually  upwardly  subappressed;  leaves  not  thick, 
densely  pubescent  below  and  pubescence  usually  equally  as  dense 
above  but  the  hairs  shorter;  involucres  mostly  4.5-5  mm  long, 
glabrous  or  pubescent;  mature  achenes  1.5-2.2  mm  long,  those  of  the 
ray  flowers  generally  longer. 

Rays  white 3-  S-   bicolor. 

Rays  yellow 4-  S-  hispida. 

Stems  glabrous  below  the  inflorescence  but  the  axis  of  the  inflorescence 
pubescent;  leaves  thick,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  both  above  and  below. 

5.  S.  erecta. 

Achenes  densely  pubescent. 
Involucres  3.5-5  mm  high. 

Stems  glabrous,  glaucous,  terete,  usually  more  or  less  branched;  leaves 

of  a  lanceolate  type 6-  s-  caesia. 

Stems  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent  above  but  not  glaucous,  more 
or  less  angular  and  zigzag,  rarely  branched;  leaves  usually  of  a 

broadly  ovate  type 7-  s-  latifoKa. 

Involucres    6-9    mm    high;    plants    found    in    Indiana    only    along    Lake 
Michigan. 
Blades  of  basal  rosette  obovate  to  narrow-obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex 
or  some  of  them  acute,  on  margined  petioles  about  half  the  length 
of  the  blades;   inflorescence  narrow  and  compact,  spikelike  in   ap- 
pearance, less  than  5  cm  wide;  heads  mostly  in  small  clusters.  .. .. 

8.    S.  Deamii. 

Blades  of  the  basal  rosette  oblanceolate,  acute,  on  margined  petioles 
almost  as  long  as  the  blades;  inflorescence  usually  of  a  paniculate 
type,  mostly  5-15  cm  wide  (small  specimens  may  be  narrower)  ; 
heads    comparatively    few,    usually    racemosely    disposed    on    the 

branchlets,  rarely  a  few  heads  in  a  cluster • 

9.   S.  racemosa  var.  Gillmani. 

B.     Inflorescence  not  axillary,  either  racemose,  paniculate  or  corymbose. 
C.     Inflorescence  racemose  or  paniculate. 
D.     Heads  secund,  i.  e.,  racemes  one-sided. 


916  Compositae  Solidago 

E.     Leaves  triple-nerved,  i.  e.,  one  pair  of  lateral  veins  decidedly  more 
prominent  than  the  others. 
Involucres  2-2.8  mm  high. 

Stems  glabrous  throughout.    (See  excluded  species  no.  621,  p.  1096) 

S.   rupestris. 

Stems  more  or  less  densely  pubescent. 

Stems  glabrous  below  the  inflorescence;   leaves  pubescent  on  the 

nerves  beneath 10.  S.  canadensis. 

Stems  densely  pubescent  throughout;  leaves  densely  cinerous- 
pubevulent  beneath 10a.  S.  canadensis  var.  gilvocanescens. 

Involucres  3-8  mm  high. 

Stems  entirely  glabrous,  including  the  inflorescence. 

Plants  flowering  mostly  from  the  last  of  August  through  Sep- 
tember, of  a  prairie  habitat;  plants  strongly  stoloniferous, 
the  stolons  forming  sterile  branches,  usually  with  a  terminal 
rosette  of  leaves;  leaves  of  stolons  linear-lanceolate,  mostly 
7-15  mm  wide,   the   veins   conspicuous  beneath,   the   margins 

usually  strongly  and  evenly  serrate  above  the  middle 

11.  S.  glaberrima. 

Plants  flowering  mostly  from  the  first  of  July  to  the  latter  part 
of  August;  not  strongly  stoloniferous  but  with  root  stocks 
at  flowering  time,  these  with  elliptic,  serrate  leaves,  the 
blades  sometimes  15  cm  long  on  petioles  of  equal  length.... 
11a.  S.  juncea. 

Stems  and  inflorescence  not  entirely  glabrous. 

Stems  usually  glabrous  to   the   inflorescence  or  if  pubescent  not 
rough. 
Rootshoot    leaves    always    present    at    flowering    time;    plants 
flowering  mostly   from   the   first  of  July  through   August, 

usually  of  a  dry  habitat 11a.  S.  juncea. 

Rootshoot    leaves    absent    at    flowering    time;    plants    flowering 
mostly  from  the  last  of  August  through  September,  usually 
of  moist  or  wet  places. 
Leaves   glabrous   or  somewhat   scabrous   above,   pubescent  at 

least  on  the  midrib  beneath 12.  S.  gigantea. 

Leaves  glabrous  above  and  beneath 

12a.  S.  gigantea  var.  leiophylla. 

Stems  at  least  partly  rough  or  scabrous. 

Stems  minutely  rough-pubescent  above;   leaves  rigid,  glabrous, 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  mostly  serrate  toward  the 
apex.    (See  excluded  species  no.  622,  p.  1096)  .  . .  .S.  Shortii. 
Stems  distinctly  scabrous  or  pubescent  their  entire  length. 

Cauline  leaves  of  a  lanceolate  type 13.  S.  altissima. 

Cauline  leaves  of  an  oblong  or  oblanceolate  type. 

Stems  scabrous,  green;  rays  3-7.     (See  excluded  species  no. 

619,  p.  1096) S.  radula. 

Stems  grayish  pubescent  or  canescent;  rays  5-9. 

Lower    stem    leaves    3-6.25    times    as   long   as    wide;    in- 
volucres 3-4.5  mm  high 14.  S.  nemoralis. 

Lower  stem  leaves  7-10  times  as  long  as  wide;  involucres 
4.5-5.5  mm  high.  . .  .14.  S.  nemoralis  var.  decemflora. 


Solidago  Compositae  917 

E.     Leaves   not   triple-nerved,   more   or   less   pinnately   veined,   although 
some  of  the  leaves  may  have  short  and  faint  lateral  veins, 
a.     Stems  glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent  above  the  middle;  pappus 
of  bristles  longer  than  the  achenes. 

Stems  strongly  angled,  at  least  below  the  middle,  glabrous;  leaves 
usually  very  thick  and  the  upper  surface  strongly  scabrous, 
the  hairs  (under  a  28  diameter  magnification)  appearing 
stout,  conical,   and  arising  from   a  callous  base;   plants  of  a 

springy  or  wet  habitat 15.  S.  patula. 

Stems  terete  (strongly  striate  in  Solidago  rugosa  var.  celtidifolia) . 
Plants  flowering  mostly  from  the  first  of  July  to  the  last  of 
August,  with  large  rootshoot  leaves  at  flowering  time,  these 
often  with  blades  15  cm  long  on  petioles  of  equal  length; 
upper  cauline  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  elliptic  and  entire  or 
with  only  a  few  teeth 11a.  S.  juncea. 

Plants  flowering  mostly  from  the  last  of  August  through  Sep- 
tember,  usually   lacking   the   rootshoots   at   flowering   time; 
upper   cauline   leaves   not   of  a   linear  type,   usually   short- 
elliptic    or    short-lanceolate    and    serrate    on    both    margins. 
Leaves  pubescent  beneath,  sharply  serrate  to  the  inflorescence; 
achenes  pubescent. 
Blades  of  leaves  usually  firm  to  thick,  antrorsely  scabrous 
above   with    stout   projections   much   less   than   0.5   mm 
long,    these    arising    from    a    callous    base    making   the 
upper  surface  very  rough  to  the  touch,  both  surfaces 
of  the  blade  more  or  less  strongly  pitted,  that  is,  with 
the   areas   between   the   veinlets   more    or   less   sunken, 
giving  the  appearance  of  deeply  hammered  metal ;  plants 
of  wet  places,  stoloniferous. 

Leaves  tapering  at  the  base 17.  S.  rugosa. 

Leaves  rounded  at  the  base. 

Blades  more  than  two  and  a  half  times  as  long  as  wide; 

pedicels  mostly  with  1-5  bracts 

17a.  S.  rugosa  var.  aspera. 

Blades  less  than  two  and  a  half  times  as  long  as  wide; 

pedicels  mostly  with  3-9  bracts 

17b.  S.  rugosa  var.  celtidifolia. 

Blades  of  leaves  usually  thin,  pubescent  above  with  scat- 
tered, curved  hairs  0.5-1  mm  long,  rarely  glabrous; 
leaves  mostly  long-acuminate  or  short-acuminate  at  the 
apex,  tapering  to  a  sessile  or  subsessile  base,  neither 
the  upper  nor  the  lower  surface  having  the  areas  be- 
tween   the    veinlets    sunken;    plants    of    dry    soil,    not 

stoloniferous 16.  S.  ulmifolia. 

Leaves  glabrous  beneath;  basal  leaves  lanceolate,  sometimes 
broadly  so,  the  cauline  ones  similar  in  shape  but  narrower 
and  quickly  diminishing  in  size  upward,  the  margins  entire 
or  some  more  or  less  serrate;  fresh  leaves  usually  with  a 
greasy  texture;  achenes  glabrous  or  strigose. 

Axis  of  the  inflorescence  pubescent 18.  S.  uniligulata. 

Axis  of  the  inflorescence  glabrous 

,  *  ,  , . .  .  18a.  S.  uniligulata  var.  levipes. 


918  Compositae  Solidago 

a.     Stems  pubescent,  scabrous-puberulent  or  somewhat  hispid, 
rarely  glabrous  above  the  base. 
Pappus  of  long  bristles,  much  longer  than  the  achenes. 
Lower   stem   leaves   and   usually   those   of   rootshoots 
oblanceolate. 
Lower  stem  leaves  3-6.25  times  as  long  as  wide;  in- 
volucres 3-4.5  mm  high 14.  S.  nemoralis. 

Lower  stem  leaves  7-10  times  as  long  as  wide;  in- 
volucres 4.5-5.5  mm  high 

14a.  S.  nemoralis  var.  decemflora. 

Lower  stem  leaves  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate  to  ellip- 
tic. 

Leaves  tapering  at  the  base 17.  S.  rugosa. 

Leaves  rounded  at  the  base. 

Blades  more  than  two  and  a  half  times  as  long  as 

wide;  pedicels  mostly  with  1-5  bracts 

17a.  S.  rugosa  var.  aspera. 

Blades  less  than  two  and  a  half  times  as  long  as 

wide;  pedicels  mostly  with  3-9  bracts 

17b.  S.  rugosa  var.  celtidifolia 

Pappus  as  long  as  or  shorter  than  the  achenes. 

Pappus  (about  0.5  mm  long)  about  half  as  long  as  the 
achenes;  leaves  of  rootshoots  broadly  ovate,  cor- 
date at  the  base 19.  S.  sphacelata. 

Pappus  (about  1  mm  long)  as  long  as  the  achenes.  .  .  . 

20.  S.  ovata. 

D.     Heads  not  secund;  plants  of  a  dry  sandy  soil,  mostly  of  northern 

Indiana  or  of  crests  of  the  higher  ridges  of  southern  Indiana; 

stems  glabrous  to  the  inflorescence;  leaves  glabrous  except  the 

ciliate  margins;   achenes  glabrous  when  mature. 

Lowest  stem  leaves  oval,  never  widest  above  the  middle;  corolla 

lobes  mostly  0.8-1.1  mm  long;  mature  achenes  mostly  1-2.3 

(2.5)  mm  long 21.  S.  speciosa. 

Lowest  stem  leaves  usually  slightly  broadest  above  the  middle; 
corolla  lobes  mostly  1.4-1.8  mm  long;  mature  achenes  mostly 

(2)  2.5-3.5  mm  long 5.  S.  erecta. 

C      Inflorescence  corymbose,  not  at  all  racemose. 

Leaves  of  an  ovate,  oval  or  oblong  type;  pubescent  above  and  below; 

plants  of  a  dry  habitat 22.  S.  rigida. 

Leaves  of  a  linear  or  lanceolate  type,  glabrous  both  above  and  below; 

leaves  of  the  rootshoots  half  the  length  of  the  plant  or  longer; 

plants  of  a  boggy  or  marshy  habitat. 

Plants   entirely   glabrous   except   for   the   margins   of   the   leaves; 

leaves   of   the   rootshoots   obtuse   at   the   apex;    cauline   leaves 

not  clasping  at  the  base,  always  flat 23.   S.  ohioensis. 

Plants  usually  pubescent  in  the  inflorescence;  leaves  of  the  root- 
shoots acute  at  the  apex;  cauline  leaves  sheathing  at  the  base, 
some  or  all  somewhat  folded,  at  least  the  lower  ones  usually 

recurving 24.    S.  RirfdeUii. 

A.     Heads  sessile  or  subsessile;  inflorescence  a  corymb. 

Largest  leaves  5-nerved,  i.e.,  with  3  prominent  and  2  less  distinct  nerves. 
Stem,    branches,    pedicels,    and   leaves    minutely    and    usually    densely    short- 
pubescent 25.  S.  graminifolia  var.  Nuttallii. 

Stem,  branches,  and  leaves  except  the  margins  glabrous.  (See  excluded  species 

no.  613,  p.  1 095) S.  graminifolia. 

Largest  leaves  3-nerved,  i.e.,  with  a  prominent  midrib  and  2  faint  lateral  nerves. 
Heads  glomerate,  in  clusters  of  3-7;  lower  branches  floriferous. .  .26.  S.  media. 


Solidago 


Compositae 


919 


o  5o 

Map  2004 


Solidago    bicolor  L 


o  5o 

Map  2005 


Solidago    hispida    Muhl 


0  55 

Map  2006 


Solidago  erecta    Pursh 


Heads  not  glomerate,  nearly  all  on  separate  pedicels;  lower  branches  sterile 
or  only  sparsely  floriferous 27.  S.  remota. 

1.  Solidago  squamosa  Muhl.  Map  2002.  In  Indiana  this  goldenrod  is 
known  from  only  Clark  and  Floyd  Counties.  It  is  frequent  in  the  Clark 
County  State  Forest  about  3  miles  northwest  of  Henryville  on  the  south 
side  of  a  deep  hollow  just  north  of  the  fire  tower.  This  wooded  hollow  is 
probably  150  feet  deep  and  the  goldenrod  is  found  here  and  there  from  the 
top  to  the  bottom  of  the  slope  facing  north.  At  the  top  of  the  slope  it  is 
associated  with  Pinus  virginiana,  Quercus  montana,  Quercus  velutina,  and 
Vaccinium.  There  is  a  specimen  in  the  herbarium  of  Purdue  University 
collected  by  A.  Clapp  in  183?  in  the  "barrens"  (probably  in  Floyd  County). 

N.  B.  to  Ont.,  N.  Y.,  Ohio,  s.  Ind.,  southw.  to  N.  C. 

2.  Solidago  Buckleyi  T.  &  G.  (Flora  of  North  America  2:  198.  1841- 
1843.)  Map  2003.  In  1935  I  found  a  colony  of  this  species  about  3  feet  in 
diameter  in  hard,  white  clay  soil  in  a  low,  flat  oak  woods  about  three  fourths 
of  a  mile  southeast  of  the  Spencer  school  house  or  about  8  miles  southwest 
of  Mt.  Vernon,  Posey  County.  I  transplanted  some  of  it  at  Bluffton  where 
it  has  proved  to  be  hardy  and  grows  vigorously,  flowering  in  October. 

W.  Va.,  s.  Ind.,  s.  111.,  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Ala. 

3.  Solidago  bicolor  L.  White  Goldenrod.  Map  2004.  I  am  following 
other  authors  in  maintaining  this  goldenrod  and  the  next  as  species  al- 
though I  do  not  believe  they  are  of  specific  rank.  I  believe  this  species  is 
only  an  albino  form  of  Solidago  hispida.  I  prefer  to  regard  it  as  a 
fertile  strain  of  S.  hispida  that  has  lost  its  power  to  produce  yellow  rays. 
I  think  this  assumption  is  supported  by  the  fact  that  there  is  a  general 
reduction  of  the  number  of  rays  in  the  colorless  forms.  I  have  tried  to 
separate  this  plant  from  the  next  one  and  I  find  that  all  characters  used  by 
other  authors  fail. 

Outside  of  Jefferson  County  S.  bicolor  is  restricted  chiefly  to  the  un- 
glaciated  area  of  the  state  and  is  only  rarely  found  a  few  miles  outside 


920 


COMPOSITAE 


Solidago 


0  50 

Map  2007 


Solidago    caesia   I 


4 

29 
8 

B 

10             0 

E 
D 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Auj. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

~        "            B° 

0 

\ 

J 

J?      D      0 

D 

0       D 

tl 

B     D 
P 

I  B    0 
\j 

0 

UQ 
B 

110 

B 
HO 

ND       — 

t 

-  i 

B     B        D 

D   J 
DP 

T~ 

1    HO          B 

Oec.f- 

r 

,     IB   B 
S        II! 

10 

I      ' — 

B 

B             D> 
B     0)       \ 

1  °   /        1 
-L-^T     B    /        J 
B               IX) 

'''Tbb  P  3        . — J 

P     Miles 

\              ° 

D 

So 

lidac 

0  J*\          7 

o    latifoli; 

0                50 

Map  2008 
L. 

0  50 

Map  2009 


Solidago    Deamn    Fern 


of  it.    It  is  rather  local  and  is  found  only  on  the  crests  and  slopes  of  oak 
ridges  or  rarely  in  fallow  fields. 

P.  E.  I.  to  Mich,  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

4.  Solidago  hispida  Muhl.  Map  2005.  This  goldenrod  is  very  rare  in 
Indiana.  I  have  it  from  dry  sandy  and  gravelly  wooded  banks  of  lakes  in 
Steuben  County  and  from  a  sandstone  outcrop  in  Warren  County. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

5.  Solidago  erecta  Pursh.  Map  2006.  Restricted  to  the  unglaciated  area 
and  found  on  the  crests  of  chestnut  oak  ridges  underlaid  with  sandstone  or 
in  soil  of  weathered  sandstone.  It  is  often  associated  with  Solidago 
bicolor. 

N.  J.,  Pa.,  and  Ind.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

6.  Solidago  caesia  L.  Wreath  Goldenrod.  Map  2007.  Frequent 
throughout  the  state  in  both  dry  and  moist  woods.  Sometimes  it  forms 
large  colonies.  The  plants  vary  from  simple  to  widely  branched  forms 
which  are  often  found  in  the  same  colony.  These  forms  have  been  given 
names  but  I  do  not  believe  they  are  of  taxonomic  value.  Since  they  occur 
throughout  the  state,  all  forms  are  shown  on  one  map. 

N.  S.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

7.  Solidago  latifolia  L.  (Solidago  flexicaulis  L.)  Broadleaf  Golden- 
rod. Map  2008.  This  goldenrod  occurs  frequently  throughout  the  state  in 
both  dry  and  moist  woods.  It  is  found  in  colonies  because  it  propagates 
mostly  by  stolons. 

Newf.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Kans. 

8.  Solidago  Deamii  Fern.  (Rhodora  38:  204-205.  1936.)  Deam  Gol- 
denrod. Map  2009.  Known  only  from  dunes  near  Lake  Michigan  in  Lake 
and  Porter  Counties. 

9.  Solidago  racemosa  Greene  var.  Gillmani  (Gray)  Fern.  (Solidago 
Fisheri  Steele,  Solidago  racemosa  Greene  of  Indiana  authors,  and  Solidago 


Solidago 


Compositae 


921 


5 
11 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 

DP 

hd    » 

f 

/[I 

L 

0          ju 

3./ 

\ 

j 

-L, 

—I 

~~ r 

-  X 

J 

J~ 

r 

Dec.f- 

1 

■  ' — 

y*—i — 
U     Miles 

va 

i  da  g 

r.  G. 

o     r 
lima 

acemosa  C 
ii    (Gray) 

o          '   '50' 
Map  2010 

reene 
Fern. 

Solidago   canadensis  L 


0  50 

Map  2012 

Solidago   canadensis 
van   gilvocanescens    Rydb. 


Gillmani  (Gray)  Steele  of  Indiana  authors.)  Gillman  Goldenrod.  Map 
2010.  An  infrequent  goldenrod  on  open  dunes  bordering  Lake  Michigan. 
At  present  it  is  common  on  the  dunes  just  east  of  the  Dunes  State  Park, 
Porter  County. 

Authors  write  that  the  stems  are  glabrous  to  the  inflorescence.  My 
specimens  are  all  more  or  less  or  have  been,  densely  appressed-pubescent. 
The  abrasive  force  of  moving  sand,  however,  has  detached  the  hairs  from 
the  stems  of  some  of  my  specimens  so  that  to  a  casual  observer  they  appear 
glabrous.  Close  inspection,  however,  will  usually  show  many  hairs  on 
protected  parts  of  the  stem  and  the  many  hair  scars  prove  that  the  plants 
were  pubescent.  The  glabrate  specimens  match  those  grown  in  places  pro- 
tected from  shifting  sand.  This  species  is  highly  variable  in  all  parts  and 
it  is  possible  that  the  preceding  species  should  be  included  in  it.  In  1937  I 
made  a  special  effort  to  collect  this  species  in  large  series.  In  so  doing  I 
found  the  roots  of  a  few  plants  infested  with  aphids.  In  my  collection  of 
former  years,  I  have  several  sheets  with  small  heads  and  with  many  unde- 
veloped flowers.  Might  it  not  be  that  at  least  some  of  the  variation  in  these 
plants  is  nutritional  and  due  to  badly  infested  roots?  The  plants  found 
this  year  that  were  infested  were  normal  but  the  aerial  effect  of  aphids  on 
cultivated  asters  is  well  known. 

Dunes  and  rocks  on  the  borders  of  the  Great  Lakes. 

10.  Solidago  canadensis  L.  Canada  Goldenrod.  Map  2011.  My  Steuben 
County  specimen  is  the  only  one  I  have  that  I  regard  as  typical.  The 
remainder  are  atypical  forms  that  are  nearer  the  typical  form  than  the 
variety.  My  Steuben  County  specimen  is  from  the  mucky  border  of  a  lake 
and  the  remainder  are  from  dry  slopes. 

Newf.  to  N.  Dak.,  south w.  to  Va.  and  Ky. 

10a.  Solidago  canadensis  var.  gilvocanescens  Rydb.  Map  2012.  This 
form  is  found  in  various  habitats  ranging  from  alluvial  banks,  open  woods, 


922 


COMPOSITAE 


Solidago 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec 


D 

— 

~°i     ' 

— i—   . 

B    ]      J 

!        f 

vW 

i 

It 

1— hi 

r, 

j 
ii — i — 

-i    f  \7s  M 

les 

0         ~~3o 
Map  2013 


Solidago    glabern'ma   Martens 


0"  50 

Map20I33 


Solidago    juncea   Ait. 


10 
9 

C 

1 

J 

D       j 

D 

B 
0 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

—                   n 
D 

B 

B 

B 

D 

0            8 

D 

— ki 

t 

P 

L 

B 
8        yc 

D 

W 

—     i 

Otc.f 

5 

1             n        t 

SD 

1  >| 

p       ":  1 

if         K 

y^[             V                      j 

\~%S    M'Hs 

r  D 

y  o         56 

\S^<Cr^/           Map  2014 

Solidago  gigantea  Ait. 

and  crests  of  hills  to  roadsides.    It  is  difficult  to  separate  from  forms  of 
Solidago  altissima. 

Mass.,  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Md.,  and  Ind. 

11.  Solidago  glaberrima  Martens.  Map  2013.  Local  and  restricted  to 
the  prairie  area  of  the  state.  It  is  generally  found  in  colonies  because  it 
suckers  freely  from  the  roots  as  does  Solidago  juncea. 

This  is  a  perplexing  species  to  name  because  it  closely  resembles  four 
other  species.  The  original  description  calls  for  smooth  plants  with 
3-nerved,  serrulate  leaves  that  are  shining-punctate  below.  This  species  is 
much  like  small  specimens  of  Solidago  juncea  but  differs  in  being  glab- 
rous throughout,  in  having  leaf  margins  sharply  serrate;  and  in  having 
the  upper  leaves  more  crowded  and  elongate.  It  differs  from  Solidago 
missouriensis  Nutt.  in  having  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence  spreading 
or  recurving  instead  of  being  erect.  Solidago  moritura  Steele  differs  in 
that  the  leaves  are  not  triple-nerved,  at  least  the  lateral  nerves,  if  present, 
are  short  and  faint. 

Mich,  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Mo.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. 

11a.  Solidago  juncea  Ait.  Early  Goldenrod.  Map  2013a.  This  is  our 
early  goldenrod  and  is  more  or  less  frequent  throughout  the  state.  It  is 
generally  found  in  small  colonies  in  dry  soils  along  roadsides,  railroads,  and 
fences  and  on  dry  gravelly  or  clayey  knolls  in  open  woodland. 

N.  B.  to  Hudson  Bay  and  s.  Sask.,  southw.  to  S.  C.  and  Mo. 

12.  Solidago  gigantea  Ait.  (Rhodora  41 :  457.  1939.)  (Solidago  serotina 
var.  gigantea  (Ait.)  Gray.)  Map  2014.  Frequent  to  infrequent  in  the  lake 
area  and  infrequent  to  local  south  of  it.  The  habitat  is  the  same  as  that 
of  the  variety  although  it  is  usually  found  in  wetter  places. 

Newf.  to  Que.  and  Wis.,  southw.  to  S.  C.  and  Tex. 

12a.  Solidago  gigantea  var.  leiophylla  Fern.  (Rhodora  41:  457.  1939.) 
{Solidago  serotina  Ait.)  Map  2015.  Frequent  in  the  glaciated  area  but  less 
frequent  south  of  it.  It  prefers  a  moist  rich  soil  and  is  usually  found  in  low 


Soli  dago 


COMPOS1TAE 


928 


Map  2015 


Solidago  qiqantea 
var.  leiophylla  Fern. 


0  53 

Map  2016 


Soli  dago   altissima  L. 


o~    -S3 

Map  2017 


Solidago    nemoralis   Ait. 


places  about  lakes  and  along-  streams.    It  is  sometimes  found  in  marshes 
and  rarely  in  dry  woods. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tex.,  and  Oreg. 

13.  Solidago  altissima  L.  Tall  Goldenrod.  Map  2016.  This  goldenrod 
is  frequent  to  common  in  every  county  of  the  state.  It  prefers  a  moist  rich 
soil  but  adapts  itself  to  all  kinds  of  soils  and  habitats. 

Newf.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

14.  Solidago  nemoralis  Ait.  Old-field  Goldenrod.  Map  2017.  Frequent 
to  common  in  every  county  of  the  state.  It  prefers  a  poor,  dry,  clay  or 
sandy  soil  and  is  a  common  weed  in  fallow  fields.  It  is  frequent  in  open 
woodland  and  along  roadsides. 

Newf.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ariz. 

14a.  Solidago  nemoralis  Ait.  var.  decemflora  (DC.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  38: 
226.  1936.)  (Solidago  longipetiolata  Mack.  &  Bush.)  Map  2018.  Frequent 
on  the  dunes  bordering  Lake  Michigan  and  local  elsewhere  in  the  lake  area 
in  dry  sandy  or  gravelly  soil. 

W.  Ont.  to  n.  Alberta,  southw.  to  Ky.,  Ark.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. 

15.  Solidago  patula  Muhl.  Roughleaf  Goldenrod.  Map  2019.  Infre- 
quent in  the  lake  area  and  local  south  of  it.  It  is  found  in  springy  places, 
bogs,  and  marshes  and  rarely  about  ponds,  hence  it  becomes  local  in 
southern  Indiana  because  its  preferred  habitat  is  lacking. 

Maine  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Tex. 

16.  Solidago  ulmifolia  Muhl.  Elmleaf  Goldenrod.  Map  2020.  Fre- 
quent in  every  county  of  the  state,  although  the  map  shows  no  specimens 
from  a  few  central  counties  that  have  not  been  botanized.  This  is  a  wood- 
land species  and  is  found  in  dry  soil  on  the  crests  of  ridges,  on  wooded 
slopes,  and  on  the  high  banks  of  streams. 

I  am  citing  my  no.  54623  as  exceptional.  In  1933  I  found  this  plant  in  a 
sandy  black  and  white  oak  woods  on  the  northeastern  side  of  Simonton 


924 


COMPOSITAE 


Solidago 


12 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

B 
D 

B        B 
D    I 

B 

E 

) 

D              0 

3         /~ 

J 

8 

jl 

i*1 

B 

"1 

X 

r 

-  k 

J 

? 

Dec.j- 

'i  i — 

/   Miles 

var 

Sol 
.  de 

idag 
■emf 

3    nemoral 
lora    (DC) 

)                 50 

Map  2018 

s 

Fern. 

0  50 

Map  2019 


Solidago  patula   Muhl. 


0  50 

Map  2020 


Solidago  ulmifolia  Muhl. 


Lake,  Elkhart  County.  In  1935  I  again  collected  it  under  my  no.  56864. 
This  form  covered  an  area  about  50  feet  wide  and  125  feet  long.  It  was 
associated  with  a  thick  stand  of  Solidago  caesia  which  covered  an  acre 
or  more.  The  leaves  of  this  form  are  on  distinct  short  petioles,  the  base 
rounded,  the  teeth  of  the  margin  fewer  and  wide  apart,  the  blades  dis- 
tinctly much  longer  than  in  the  typical  form.  It  has  been  suggested  to  me 
by  a  student  of  the  genus  as  a  possible  hybrid  of  Solidago  caesia  and 
Solidago  ulmifolia. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

17.  Solidago  rugosa  Mill.  Map  2021.  Infrequent  in  the  lake  area  and 
local  south  of  it.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  state  it  is  found  mostly  on  the 
wet  or  moist  borders  of  lakes,  bogs,  and  marshes.  In  the  southern  part  it 
grows  in  wet  woodland. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  Indiana  plants  differ  from  that  shown  in  plate  426 
of  Rhodora,  1938.  The  leaves  of  our  plants  are  not  oblanceolate  but  are  of 
a  lanceolate,  ovate,  or  elliptic  type  and  the  surface  is  more  or  less  rugose 
both  above  and  beneath.  The  pubescence  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves 
is  sparse  and  consists  of  simple,  short,  stout,  colorless,  conical  hairs,  arising 
from  a  papillose  base  and  is  usually  more  or  less  appressed.  The  pubes- 
cence of  plants  I  have  seen  from  New  England  consists  of  multicellular, 
flattened  trichomes  similar  to  those  of  Solidago  ulmifolia  and  the  surface  of 
the  leaves  is  not  conspicuously  rugose.  The  trichomes  of  the  New  England 
plants  arise  mostly  from  veinlets  while  ours  arise  mostly  from  the  spaces 
enclosed  by  the  veinlets.  The  blades  of  Indiana  plants  are  usually  thick 
while  those  of  New  England  plants  are  thin. 

Newf.  to  Ont,  southw.  to  Va.  and  La. 

17a.  Solidago  rugosa  var.  aspera  (Ait.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  17:  7.  1915.) 
Map  2022.  This  variety  has  a  limited  distribution  in  the  state  and  has  much 
the  same  habitats  as  the  species  but  grows  in  slightly  drier  soil. 

Most  authors  define  the  specific  name  of  this  species  as  "wrinkled."  As 
I  understand  this  definition,  the  axis  of  the  wrinkle  would  be  longer  than 


Solidago 


COMPOSITAE 


925 


o  5o 

Map  2021 


Solidago   rugosa    Mill 


0  50 

Map  2023 


Solidago    uniligulata    (DC.)   Porter 


wide  which  does  not  agree  with  the  facts.  The  character  described  is  the 
sunken  area  between  the  veinlets  and  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  prominent 
lateral  veins.  The  surfaces  of  the  blades  appear  as  "hammered  metal" 
without  a  design. 

Maine,  Ohio,  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

17b.  Solidago  rugosa  var.  celtidifolia  (Small)  Fern.  (Rhodora  38:  223- 
224.  1936.)  The  range  of  this  variety  is  given  by  Fernald  to  include 
Indiana.  This  range  is  based  upon  a  specimen  labeled  "Valparaiso,  Indiana, 
Sept.  17,  1927.  Benke,  5096"  in  the  Gray  Herbarium.  I  have  not  seen 
this  specimen. 

Va.,  Ind.  to  Ark.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

18.  Solidago  uniligulata  (DC.)  Porter.  (Solidago  uniligulata  var.  neg- 
lecta  (T.  &  G.)  Fern.,  Solidago  uliginosa  Nutt.  of  Indiana  authors,  and 
Solidago  stricta  Ait.  of  early  Indiana  authors.)  Map  2023.  Infrequent 
throughout  the  lake  area  and  in  a  few  springy  places  south  of  it.  This 
goldenrod  is  strictly  a  bog  and  marsh  plant.  It  is  conspicuously  variable  in 
size,  in  branching  of  the  inflorescence,  and  in  the  number  of  rays  to  a  head. 
I  have  had  an  opportunity  to  study  it  in  several  places  where  it  grew  in 
abundance.  One  place  was  a  decadent  marsh  on  the  south  side  of  Little 
Long  Lake,  Noble  County.  This  marsh  covered  about  an  acre  and  in  places 
large  colonies  of  Cornus  and  Salix  were  established  on  the  border.  In  the 
center  of  the  marsh,  which  was  the  wettest  part,  grew  very  slender  plants 
of  this  species,  while  in  the  drier  part  on  the  border  of  the  shrub  zone,  grew 
larger  and  branched  plants.  Between  these  two  extreme  habitats  inter- 
mediate plants  were  found.  I  collected  a  large  series  for  future  study  which 
has  convinced  me  that  the  difference  in  the  plants  was  a  result  of  environ- 
ment. The  reason  for  the  difference,  I  do  not  know.  I  have  found  this 
species  in  both  marl  and  peaty  habitats. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ohio,  Ind.,  and  111. 

18a.     Solidago  uniligulata  var.  levipes  Fern.     (Rhodora  17:  7.    1915.) 

I  think  this  is  merely  a  glabrous  form  of  the  species  and  is  found  with  it. 


926 


COMPOSITAE 


Solidago 


0  50 

Map  2024 


Solidago   sphacelata   Raf. 


0  50 

Map  2025 


Solidago  speciosa   Nutt. 


o         "To 
Map  2026 


Solidago    rigida   L. 


19.  Solidago  sphacelata  Raf.  (Brachychaeta  sphacelata  (Raf.)  Britt.) 
Map  2024.  Restricted  mostly  to  the  unglaciated  region  where  it  is  usually 
found  in  poor  clayey  soil  on  the  crests  and  slopes  of  ridges  and  on  the  tops 
of  high  banks  along  streams. 

I  have  had  this  goldenrod  in  cultivation  many  years  and  I  regard  it  as 
the  most  beautiful  of  the  genus  in  our  area.  In  good  clay  loam  it  grows 
to  a  height  of  about  three  feet  with  many  long  spreading  or  recurving 
branches.  It  begins  to  flower  about  the  middle  of  September  and  continues 
until  killing  frost.  It  self  sows  in  exposed  soil  but  I  have  never  found  it  as 
an  escape  although  no  effort  has  been  made  to  prevent  it. 

I  am  keeping  this  species  in  the  genus  Solidago  because  it  is  known  to 
hybridize  with  Solidago  ulmifolia  and  I  do  not  like  bigeneric  hybrids. 

Va.  to  s.  Ind.,  southw.  to  e.  Ga.  and  Ala. 

20.  Solidago  ovata  Friesner.  Our  only  specimens  of  this  species  were 
collected  by  Ray  C.  Friesner  on  a  clayey  wooded  ridge  west  of  Centerton, 
Morgan  County  and  in  a  similar  habitat  in  Brown  County.  Friesner  has 
had  this  form  under  cultivation  in  the  Butler  University  botanical  garden 
and  his  study  of  the  plant  convinces  him  that  it  is  a  hybrid  of  Solidago 
sphacelata  Raf.  and  Solidago  ulmifolia  Muhl.  I  quite  agree  with  him 
on  the  status  of  the  plant. 

Known  only  from  the  type  locality  in  Morgan  County  and  from  one 
collection  in  Brown  County. 

21.  Solidago  speciosa  Nutt.  (Solidago  rigidiuscula  and  Solidago  spe- 
ciosa var.  rigidiuscula  of  Indiana  authors.)  Map  2025.  Infrequent  to  fre- 
quent in  the  lake  area  and  absent  or  local  south  of  it.  It  grows  only  in 
sandy  or  gravelly  soil  and  is  found  in  open  wooded  dunes,  open  black  and 
white  oak  woods,  and  in  sandy  prairies. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ark.,  and  Kans. 

22.  Solidago  rigida  L.  (Solidago  rigida  f.  magna  Clute.)  Stiff  Gol- 
denrod.   Map  2026.    Infrequent  in  prairie  and  decadent  prairie  habitats 


Solidago 


Compositae 


927 


o  50 

Map  2027 


Solidago   ohioensis   Riddel 


o        "^53 
Map  2029 

Solidago   grammifolla  IL.)  Salisb. 
var.   Nuttallii   (Greene)  Fern. 


in  northern  Indiana  and  very  local  in  southern  Indiana  in  similar  habitats. 
Now  found  mostly  along  roads  and  railroads. 
Mass.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

23.  Solidago  ohioensis  Riddell.  Map  2027.  Infrequent  in  marly  marshes 
in  the  lake  area  and  very  local  in  springy  places  south  of  it.  It  is  usually 
common  where  it  occurs.  I  once  saw  a  colony  of  about  five  acres  on  the 
wide  marl  border  of  the  south  side  of  Lake  Pleasant  which  is  located  just 
south  of  the  Michigan  State  line  in  Steuben  County.  Only  the  most  tolerant 
calciphiles  were  associated  with  it  such  as  Triglochin  maritima,  Eleocharis 
pauciflora  var.  Fernaldii,  Juncus  brachycepludus,  and  Lobelia  Kalmii.  This 
species  is  always  indicative  of  a  limy  soil  and  if  the  soil  is  not  too  alkaline 
Lobelia  Kalmii  and  Parnassia  glauca  will  be  found  with  it. 

N.  Y.,  Ont.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ohio  and  111. 

24.  Solidago  Riddellii  Frank.  Riddell  Goldenrod.  Map  2028.  Infre- 
quent in  the  lake  area  and  local  south  of  it  where  its  habitat  occurs.  It  is 
found  in  springy  and  marshy  places  that  are  somewhat  alkaline.  It  is  often 
found  closely  associated  with  Solidago  ohioensis,  which  flowers  about  10 
days  earlier,  but  in  a  wetter  habitat.  This  zonal  distribution  is  often  quite 
conspicuous.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  where  this  species  grows  in  numbers  the 
plants  vary  greatly  in  size,  doubtless  due  to  some  habitat  factor. 

Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ohio,  111.,  and  Mo. 

25.  Solidago  graminifolia  (L.)  Salisb.  var.  Nuttallii  (Greene)  Fern. 
(Solidago  graminifolia  of  early  Indiana  authors,  Solidago  hirtella  (Greene) 
Bush,  and  Euthamia  hirtella  Greene.)  Map  2029.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in 
every  county  of  the  state.  It  prefers  a  moist  rich  soil  but  adapts  itself  to 
almost  all  kinds  of  soils  and  habitats.  It  is  usually  found  in  large  colonies 
where  its  spread  is  not  limited.  Frequent  along  roadsides  and  railroads,  in 
open  places  in  alluvial  soil  along  streams,  in  open  woodland,  and  in  fallow 
fields. 

Mass.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Tenn. 


928 


COMPOSITAE 


Boltonia 


o         ~w 
Map  2030 


Solidago    media    (Greene)  Bush 


4 

11 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 

DP 

f 

3          B 

1                       B 

L^ 

j' 

B 
D 

\ 

^ 

B 

J, 

j- 

1 

"k 

i 

r1 

Dec.  f- 

i     ' — 

/   Miles 

S 

oli 

dac 

o    remotj 

(Greene) 

)                 50 

Map  2031 
Friesner 

26.  Solidago  media  (Greene)  Bush.  Map  2030.  This  species  prefers 
the  moist  soil  of  prairie  habitats  and  is  found  also  about  lakes  and  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state  in  flat  woods  in  a  slightly  acid  soil. 

Ind.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Mo. 

27.  Solidago  remota  (Greene)  Friesner.  Map  2031.  This  goldenrod 
also  prefers  the  moist  soil  of  prairie  habitats  but  is  found  also  in  dry  sand 
and  in  wet  woods.   Restricted  mostly  to  northwestern  Indiana. 

This  and  the  preceding  species  are  closely  allied  and  in  the  extremes 
are  difficult  to  separate  and  both  species  may  be  considered  only  as  varie- 
ties of  Solidago  graminifolia.  When  the  literature  is  considered  it  is  ap- 
parent that  authors  are  far  from  unanimous  concerning  the  status  of  the 
species  of  the  section  Euthamia  of  the  genus  Solidago.  I  have  made  no 
field  study  of  the  group  and  my  conclusions  have  been  drawn  from  the 
literature  and  from  my  specimens. 

Ind.  and  Wis. 

8892.  BOLTONIA  L'Her. 

1.  Boltonia  asteroides  (L.)  L'Her.  White  Boltonia.  Map  2032.  In- 
frequent in  moist  soil  in  prairie  habitats  along  roadsides  and  streams 
and  about  lakes,  ponds,  and  sloughs.  Rare  or  absent  from  the  eastern 
part  of  the  state. 

Conn,  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 


8900.  ASTER  [Tourn.]  L.  Aster 

[Burgess.  Species  and  variations  of  Biotian  Asters.  Mem.  Torrey  Bot. 
Club  13:  1-419.  1906.  Wiegand.  Aster  lateriflorus  and  some  of  its  rela- 
tives. Rhodora  30:  161-179.  1928  and  Aster  paniculatus  and  some  of  its 
relatives.   Rhodora  35:  16-38.   1933.] 

A.  Basal  and  lower  leaves  or  some  of  them,  cordate  or  subcordate  and  slender-petioled, 
mostly  of  an  ovate-cordate  type  and  long-petioled ;  upper  cauline  blades  essen- 
tially similar,  but  with  shorter  petioles  or  even  sessile. 


Aster  COMPOSITAE  929 

Upper  stem  leaves  not  cordate-clasping;  bracts  glabrous  or  with  ciliate  margins 
except  nos.  1  and  2. 

Peduncles  and  branches  of  the  inflorescence  more  or  less  glandular 

1.    A.  macrophyllus. 

Peduncles  and  branches  of  the  inflorescence  not  glandular. 
Rays  white. 

Bracts  linear,  all  acute  or  acuminate,  mostly  less  than  0.6  mm  wide; 

peduncles   usually    short    and   many-bracted 

6a.  A.  sagittifolius  var.  urophyllus. 

Bracts  various    (the  lower  mostly  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  the  middle 

ones  oblong,  obtuse,  and  the  inner  ones  linear  and  obtuse  or  acute) , 

more  than  0.6  mm  wide;  peduncles  generally  naked. 

Leaves  slightly  scabrous  above,  glabrate  beneath;  involucres  mostly 

6-7  mm  long;  lower  bracts  ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  the  middle 

ones  mostly  narrow-oblong,  generally  1-1.3  mm  wide,  obtuse,  the 

inner  ones  linear,  obtuse  or  acute.    (See  excluded  species  no.  627, 

p.  1097) A.  divaricatus. 

Leaves  very  scabrous  above,  rather  densely  hispidulous  beneath;  in- 
volucres mostly  7-8  mm  long;  bracts  generally  obtuse  and  wider 
than  the  preceding,  the  middle  ones  generally  1.4-1.8  mm  wide.  . .  . 

2.  A .  furcatus. 

Rays  blue  or  violet. 

Plants  usually  not  leafy  below,  internodes  of  the  stem  long;  upper 
leaves  linear  and  subulate-pointed;  leaves  of  branches  linear  and 
closely  appressed,  subulate-pointed;  lower  cauline  leaves  subcordate 
or  narrowed  at  the  base,  thick,  their  margins  entire  or  shallow- 
serrate,  scabrous  above  and  beneath;  inflorescence  paniculate,  the 
branches  widely  spreading;  heads  usually  secund  and  terminating 

long  scaly  peduncles;  bracts  with  short-acute,  green  tips 

3.    A .  azureus. 

Plants  not  agreeing  with  the  preceding  description. 

Leaves  entire  (sometimes  some  leaves  with  a  part  of  the  margin  ser- 
rate), thick,  firm,  ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  glabrous  or 
slightly  scabrous  above  (rarely  very  rough),  more  or  less  short- 
pubescent  beneath,  sometimes  glabrous;  petioles  not  margined  at 

the  base;  bracts  linear,  short-acute 4.   A.  Shortii. 

Leaves  more  or  less  sharply  serrate,  thin  or  firm. 
Bracts   short-acute,   mostly  with  colored   tips;   leaves  thin;   lowest 
stem    leaves    of    an    ovate    to    broadly    ovate    type,    generally 
strongly  cordate  and  sharply  serrate,  the  petioles  usually  not 

margined 5.  A.  cordifolius. 

Bracts  long  taper-pointed,  rarely  some  of  them  with  colored  tips; 
leaves  firm;  lower  stem  leaves  usually  not  deeply  cordate, 
mostly  of  an  ovate-oblong  type,  usually  less  serrate  and  teeth 
not  so  long,  generally  all  or  at  least  the  upper  ones  with  mar- 
gined petioles. 

Stems  of  plants  essentially  glabrous  or  pubescent  in  lines 

6.  A.  sagittifolius. 

Stems  of  plants  usually  densely  short-pubescent 

7.  A.  Drummondii. 

Upper  stem  leaves  and  those  of  the  branches  more  or  less  sessile  and  cordate- 
clasping;    lower    stem    leaves   usually   with   margined,   clasping   petioles; 

bracts  pubescent,  rarely  glabrous S.  A.  undulatus. 

A.     Basal  leaves  not  both  cordate  and  petiolate;  lower  stem  leaves  relatively  narrow, 
cordate  and  sessile,  more   or  less  narrowed   at  the  base  and   sessile  or  nar- 


930  COMPOSITAE  Aster 

rowed  at  the  base  and  more  or  less  petiolate  in  nos.  12  and  27  and  rarely  a 
few  leaves  petiolate  in  other  species. 
B.     Stem  leaves  with  their  bases  more  or  less  cordate  and  clasping. 
C.     Involucral  bracts  and  sometimes  the  peduncles  glandular. 

Bracts  narrowly  linear,  long-attenuate  at  the  apex,  mostly  6-9  mm  long, 
more   or   less   suffused   with   purple;   achenes   about   1.5   mm   long; 

plants  of  moist  soil 9.  A.  novae-angliae. 

Bracts  oblong-linear,  merely  acute  at  the  apex  or   some  of  the  inner 
ones  with  acuminate  tips,  without  purple  color,  mostly  4-6  mm  long; 
achenes  about  2  mm  long;  plants  of  very  dry  habitats. 
Stem  leaves  mostly  15-25  mm  wide,  the  basal  lobes  developed  so  that 

the  leaves  appear  perfoliate 10.  A.  patens. 

Stem  leaves  mostly  5-10  mm  wide,  their  bases  merely  clasping. 

Pubescence  of  stem  and  branches  dense,  widely  spreading 

11.  A.  oblongifolius. 

Pubescence  of  stem  and  branches  not  dense,   upwardly  appressed 

11a.   A.   oblongifolius   var.   rigidulus. 

C.     Involucral  bracts  and  peduncles  not  glandular. 

D.     Stems  entirely  glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent  in  lines  on  the  upper 
part  or  in  the  inflorescence. 
E.     Leaves  more  or  less  serrate. 

Blades  abruptly  narrowed  below  the  middle  so  as  to  form  a 

broad-margined,   entire  petiole 12.   A.  prenanthoides. 

Blades  not  as  above. 

Leaves  gradually  narrowed  to  a  narrow  base,  rarely  clasping; 
heads  mostly  15-20  mm  wide;  involucre  4.5-5.5  mm  long. 

18a.   A.   paniculatus   var.    simplex. 

Leaves  gradually  narrowed  to  a  wide  clasping  base;  heads 
large,  mostly  more  than  20  mm  wide;   involucre  6  mm 

long  or  more 15.  A.  lucidulus. 

E.     Leaves  entire  or  some  with  a  few  short  teeth  near  the  middle. 
Tips  of  the  bracts  squarrose  or  recurved-spreading.    (See  ex- 
cluded species  no.  631,  p.  1098) A.  novi-belgii. 

Tips  of  the  bracts  not  squarrose  or  spreading. 
Plants  glaucous,  glabrous  or  with  a  few  lines  of  hairs  on  the 
upper  parts;  leaves  thick,  very  smooth,  entirely  glabrous 
except  the   scabrous   margins;   the  middle  bracts   short- 
acute,  with  indurated  tips,  the  green   area  short-rhom- 

boidal 13.   A.    laevis. 

Plants  not  as  above. 

Bracts  of  nearly  equal  length,  mostly  6-8  mm  long. 

Leaves   thin,   usually   less   than    18   mm   wide;   branches 

generally  longer  than  the  subtending  leaves;  heads 

few  or  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  bracts 

in  1  or  rarely  2  rows;  lower  part  of  stem  generally 

2-3  mm  in  diameter 14.  A.  longifolius. 

Leaves  thick,  generally  15-30  mm  wide;  branches  mostly 
shorter  than  the  subtending  leaves;  heads  usually 
several  and  somewhat  in  clusters  towards  the  ends 
of  the  branches;  bracts  in  2  rows;  lower  part  of  stem 

more  than  4  mm  in  diameter 15.  A.  lucidulus. 

Bracts  imbricated  in  3-5  rows,  of  several  lengths. 

Veinlets  of  under  surface  of  blades  conspicuous,  the 
areas  enclosed  by  them  about  as  long  as  wide;  tall 
plants  with  reddish  brown  stems;  branches  and 
branchlets    very    leafy;    leaves    a    yellowish    green, 


Aster  COMPOSITAE  931 

thick,  glossy,  slightly  revolute  with  strongly  involute, 

indurated    tips,    covered    above    more    or    less    with 

short,  stout,  forward-pointing  hairs,  especially  near 

the  margins  and  at  the  apical  end;  flowers  in  dense, 

racemose  clusters  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches; 

rays   light  lavender. 

Leaves  of  the  branches  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  or 

narrowly  elliptic-lanceolate,  very  acute. 

Leaves  of  stem  and  branches  lanceolate  to  narrowly 

elliptic-lanceolate,  those  of  the  primary  branches 

6-10  times  as  long  as  broad.  .  .  .16.  A.  praealtus. 

Leaves  of  the  stem  and  branches  linear  or  nearly  so, 

those  of  the  primary  branches  about  11  times  as 

long  as  broad.  .16a.  A.  praealtus  var.  angustior. 

Leaves  of  the  branches,  at  least  the  ultimate,  broadly 

elliptic-lanceolate  or  oval,  often  obtuse 

16b.    A.  praealtus  var.  subasper. 

Veinlets   of   the   under   surface   of   the   blades   not   con- 
spicuous,  the   areas   enclosed  by  them   longer  than 
broad;    stem   and   branches   not   very   leafy;    leaves 
dark   green,   thinner   than   those   of   the   preceding, 
usually  flat  and  not  involute  at  the  tip,  not  glossy, 
more  or  less  pubescent  above  but  the  hairs  not  as 
stout    as    those    in    the    preceding    species;    heads 
usually  not  clustered,  mostly  white,  rarely  colored. 
Involucre  5-7  mm  high,  hemispheric;  inflorescence  sub- 
corymbose,   not   crowded;   heads   large,   spread   of 
rays  15-25  mm,  rays  commonly  30  or  more;  lobes 
of    disk    flowers    short,    about    25%    of    the    total 
length  of  the  limb;   leaves  always  linear;   plants 

usually  of  a  marsh  habitat 17.  A.  junceus. 

Involucre  3-5.5  mm  high,  turbinate;  inflorescence  pani- 
culate, heads  numerous,  of  medium  size  or  smaller, 
spread  of  rays  10-20  mm;  rays  usually  less  than 
30;  lobes  of  disk  flowers  moderately  deep,  40%- 
50%  of  the  total  length  of  the  limb;  leaves  linear 
to  lanceolate;  plants  of  moist  or  dry  habitats. 
Heads  of  medium  size,  spread  of  rays  12-20  mm;  in- 
volucre (4)  4.5-5.5  mm  high;  rays  6-11  mm  long. 
Leaves  linear,  12  times  as  long  as  broad  or  longer. 

18.    A.  panicalatus. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  less  than  12  times  as  long  as 

broad 18a.  A.  paniculatus  var.  simplex. 

Heads  smaller,  spread  of  rays  10-16  mm;  involucre 

3-4  (4.5)  mm  high;  rays  4.4-8.5  mm  long 

19.  A.  interior. 

D.     Stems  pubescent  more  or  less  over  the  entire  surface,  not  in  lines. 

Leaves    glabrous    above    and    beneath,    margins    scabrous,    narrow, 

mostly  2-3.5  mm  wide  and  2-4  cm  long;  flowers  usually  few; 

involucre    about    7    mm    high;    bracts    thick,    mostly    obtuse    or 

merely  acute;  rays  violet 20.  A.  linariifolius. 

Leaves  pubescent  above  and  beneath  (sometimes  some  of  the  leaves 
more  or  less  glabrous  in  no.  23),  otherwise  not  as  above. 
Involucral  bracts  about  5  mm  long,  imbricated  in  about  3  or  4  rows, 
linear,  with  long-acuminate  points,  more  or  less  tinged  with 


932  Compositae  Aster 

purple.    (See  excluded  species  no.  625,  p.  1097) 

A .    amethystinus. 

Involucral  bracts  not  as  above: 

Involucres  mostly  6-9  mm  long,  their  bracts  essentially  of  the 
same  length,  in  2  loosely  imbricated  rows;  plants  of  wet 
places  with  stems  5  mm  or  more  in  diameter  near  the  base. 

Branches  usually  much  exceeding  the  subtending  leaves 

.    21.    A.    puniceus. 

Branches  shorter  than  the  subtending  leaves. 

Leaves  elongate-lanceolate,  hispid  on  the  midrib  beneath. 

21a.  A.  puniceus  var.  demissus. 

Leaves  subrhomboidal,  smooth  or  sparingly  hispidulous  be- 
neath  21b.  A.  puniceus  var.  compactus. 

Involucres  not  as  above;  plants  of  a  dry  habitat;   stems  less 

5  mm  in  diameter,  near  the  base. 

Rays  violet  purple;   median  stem  leaves  more  than   12  mm 

wide,   their   basal    lobes   usually   developed   so    that   the 

leaves  appear  perfoliate;   heads  large,  20  mm  wide  or 

more,   solitary   or  a  few  together  at  the  ends   of  long 

branches,  rarely  racemose 10.  A.  patens. 

Rays   white;    median    stem   leaves   mostly   less    than    5   mm 
wide;   heads   small,  6-8  mm  wide. 
Pubescence  of  stem  dense  and  spreading.  .22.  A.  exiguus. 

Pubescence  of  stem  not  dense,  upwardly  appressed 

23.  A.  ericoides. 

B.     Stem  leaves  sessile  or  sometimes  the  lower  on  very  short  petioles  (petiolate  in 
no.  27),  not  at  all  clasping, 
a.  Leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  over  the  entire  under  surface. 

Blades  silky-pubescent  above  and  beneath 24.  A.  sericeus. 

Blades  not  silky-pubescent  above  and  beneath. 

b.  Involucral  bracts  (at  least  the  outer  ones)  and  leaves  of  the  branchlets 
with  mucronate  tips. 
Rays  blue  or  violet. 

Plants   glabrous   or   nearly    so;    bracts   with   recurving   tips.     (See 

excluded  species  no.  631,  p.  1098) A.  novi-belgii. 

Plants  pubescent. 
Bracts  glandular. 

Pubescence  of  stem  and  branches  spreading 

11.     A.    oblongifolius. 

Pubescence  of  stem  and  branches  not  dense,  upwardly  appressed. 

11a.  A  oblongifolius  var.  rigididus. 

Bracts  not  glandular,   linear  and   long-acuminate,   more  or   less 
tinged  with  purple.     (See  excluded  species  no.  625,  p.  1097. 

A.    amethystinus. 

Rays  white. 

Stems  more  or  less  densely  pubescent. 

Bracts  (at  least  the  lower  ones)  with  recurved  tips,  stout,  hispid 
and  hispid-ciliate  or  only  hispid-ciliate;  heads  small,  densely 
clustered. 
Pubescence  of  stems  dense  and  spreading;  bracts,  at  least  the 

outer  ones,  hispid  on  the  back 22.  A.  exiguus. 

Pubescence  of  stem  not  dense,  upwardly  appressed;  bracts  gen- 
erally glabrous  on  the  back 23.  A.  ericoides. 

Bracts  appressed,  not  stout;  heads  larger  than  in  the  preceding, 
usually  not  in  clusters. 
Bracts  generally  more  than  7  mm  long.    (See  excluded  species 
no.  633,  p.  1098) A.  polyphyllus. 


Aster  COMPOSITAE 


933 


Bracts  mostly  less  than  7  mm  long. 

Leaves   linear   to   linear-lanceolate;    large  plants   with   long, 

wide-spreading  branches 25.  A.  pilosus. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate;   inflorescence  not  as 

large  and  spreading 25a.  A.  pilosus  var.  platyphyllus. 

Stems  glabrous  or  pubescent  in  lines. 

Plants  large  and  bushy 25b.  A.  pilosus  var.  clemotus. 

Plants  simple,  small,  usually  about  3-6  dm  high,  branches  short, 
heads  few.     (A  northern  form,  see  excluded  species  no.  632, 

p.  1098) a    pilosus  var.  Pringlei. 

b.  Involucral  bracts  without  mucronate  tips. 

Bracts    with    green    tips    and    midribs;    leaves    lanceolate    to    ovate- 
lanceolate,  serrate  in  the  middle;  inflorescence  paniculate,  heads 
mostly  racemose;  corolla  tube  campanulate. 
Inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  3.2-4.6  mm  long;   lobes  of  the  disk- 
corollas  (0.8)  1-1.2  mm  long;  heads  racemose  on  long,  spreading 

branches 26.   A.  missowriensis. 

Inner  bracts  2.8-3  mm  long;   lobes  of  the  disk-corollas  0.7-1  mm 
long;  plant  more  strict,  with  a  more  abundant  small,  ascending 

rameal  leaves  and  smaller,  more  densely  racemose  heads 

26a.   A.   missouriensis   var.    thyrsoides. 

Bracts  without  green  tips  or  the  midrib  only  somewhat  green;  leaves 
lanceolate  to  elliptic,  much  larger,  entire;  inflorescence  composed 
mostly  of  compound  corymbs,  generally  flat-topped;  corolla  tube 

funnel-shaped 27.  A.  umbellatus. 

a.  Leaves  glabrous  beneath  or  pubescent  only  on  the  midrib. 

Plants  with  a  flat-topped  inflorescence,  composed  generally  of  compound 
corymbs;  leaves  mostly  1-3  cm  wide,  5-12  cm  long,  margins  entire, 
ultimate  areolae  conspicuous,  very  small,  usually  less  than  0.5  mm 
in  diameter;  pappus-bristles  in  2  series,  the  outer  very  short 

27.  A.  umbellatus. 

Plants  not  as  above. 

Plants  branched  at  the  top,  with  stiff,  linear  leaves,  mostly  2-3.5  mm 
wide,  2-4  cm  long;  flowers  few;  involucres  about  7  mm  high,  in 
several  series,  thick,  mostly  obtuse  or  merely  acute;   rays  violet. 

20.  A.  linariifolius. 

Plants  not  as  above. 

Involucral   bracts   subequal,   mostly   8-10  mm   long,  in   1   or  2  rows. 
Annual;  pappus  much  longer  than  the  disk  flowers.    (See  excluded 

species  no.  626,  p.  1097) a.  angustus. 

Perennial;  pappus  about  as  long  as  the  disk  flowers;  plant  glabrous 

or  nearly  so;  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate 

14.  A.  longifolius. 

Involucral  bracts  not  subequal,  less  than  8  mm  long,  usually  in  3  or  4 
series. 

Plants  with  a  white,  flat-topped  inflorescence;  involucre  less  than  5 
mm  high,  the  bracts  fleshy  and  closely  appressed;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  or  linear,  with  3  longitudinal  veins  usually  visible; 
plants  of  the  dunes  about  Lake  Michigan.  .  .28.  A.  ptarmicoides. 
Plants  not  as  above. 
Heads  in  more  or  less  1-sided  racemes. 

Plants  with  (9)  11-12  (14)  rays;  leaves  lanceolate  to  elliptic- 
lanceolate  or  oval-lanceolate;  heads  mostly  7-10  mm  wide, 
usually  on  short  branchlets  1-10  mm  long,  the  branchlets 
mostly  shorter  than  the  subtending  leaves;  involucre  4-5.5 
mm  long;  corolla  of  disk  flowers  goblet-shaped,  its  lobes 
1-1.6  mm  long;  lobes  50%-75%  of  the  total  length  of  the 
limb. 


934  Compositae  Aster 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  broadly  lanceolate,  less  than  8.3  times 

as  long  as  wide 29.  A.  laterifloms. 

Leaves   linear   to   linear-lanceolate,   more  than   8.3   times   as 

long  as  wide 29a.  A.  laterifloms  var.  angustifolius. 

Plants  not  as  above. 
Involucres  4-5.5  mm  long;  heads  on  long,  ascending  branch- 
lets,    12-15   mm   wide    (including   the   rays);    branchlets 
longer  than  the  subtending  leaves,  usually  1-2  cm  long 
or  up  to  4  cm  long  or  longer;  lobes  of  disk  flowers  0.4-0.8 
mm  long,  21%-36%  of  the  total  length  of  the  limb;  limb 
funnel-shaped;  leaves  of  branchlets  abruptly  smaller  than 
the    cauline,    very    small,    linear,    generally    mucronate- 
pointed. 
Leaves  of  the  branches  and  branchlets  mostly  spreading  or 
refiexed;    cauline   leaves   4-7   mm  wide,   3-5   cm   long; 

rays  19-26 30.  A.  dumosus. 

Leaves  of  branches  and  branchlets  mostly  ascending;  cau- 
line leaves  linear,  5-7.6  mm  wide,  7-11  cm  long;  in- 
florescence   rather   small   and   terminal,   the   branches 

ascending;   rays  13-16   (20) 

30a.  A.  dumosus  var.  strictior. 

Involucres  3-3.6  mm  long;  heads  numerous,  6-10  mm  wide, 
mostly  on  very  short  branchlets,  the  branchlets  longer 
or  shorter  than  the  subtending  leaves;  leaves  of  the 
branchlets  abruptly  smaller  than  the  cauline,  linear,  with 
indurated  tips;  lobes  of  disk  flowers  0.6-0.8  mm  long, 
38% -41%  of  the  total  length  of  the  limb;  limb  funnel- 
shaped;  rays  15-22  (25) 31.  A.  viminens. 

Heads  not  in  1-sided  racemes;  inflorescence  paniculate,  heads  scat- 
tered or  somewhat  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  in 
no.  16. 
Veinlets  of  under  surface  of  blades  conspicuous,  the  areas  en- 
closed by  them  about  as  long  as  wide;   tall  plants  with 
reddish  brown  stems;  branches  and  branchlets  very  leafy; 
leaves   a   yellowish   green,   thick,   glossy,   slightly  revolute 
with  strongly  involute,  indurated  tips,  covered  above  more 
or  less  with  short,  stout,  forward-pointing  hairs,  especially 
near  the  margins  and  at  the  apical  end;  flowers  in  dense 
racemose  clusters  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches;   rays 
light   lavender. 
Leaves  of  the  branches   linear  or  linear-lanceolate  or  nar- 
rowly elliptic-lanceolate,  very  acute. 
Leaves  of  stem  and  branches  lanceolate  to  narrowly  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  those  of  the  primary  branches  6-10  times  as 

long  as  broad 16.  A.  praealtus. 

Leaves  of  the  stem  and  branches  linear  or  nearly  so,  those 
of  the  primary   branches   about   11   times   as  long  as 

broad 16a.  A.  praealtus  var.  angustior. 

Leaves  of  the  branches,  at  least  the  ultimate  ones,  broadly 

elliptic-lanceolate  or  oval,  often  obtuse 

16b.    A.  praealtus  var.  subasper. 

Veinlets  of  the  under  surface  of  the  blades  not  conspicuous,  the 
areas  enclosed  by  them  longer  than  broad;  stem  and 
branches  not  as  leafy  as  the  preceding;  leaves  dark  green, 
thinner  than  the  preceding,  usually  flat,  and  not  involute  at 
the  tip,  not  glossy,  more  or  less  pubescent  above,  but  the 


Aster 


Compositae 


935 


0  ~T0 

Map  2034 


Aster   furcatus    Burgess 


hairs  not  as  stout  as  those  in  the  preceding  species;  heads 

usually  not  clustered,  mostly  white,  rarely  colored. 

Involucre  5-7  mm  high,  hemispheric;  inflorescence  subcorym- 

bose,  not  crowded;  heads  large,  spread  of  rays  15-25  mm, 

rays  commonly  30  or  more;  lobes  of  disk  flowers  short, 

about  25%  of  the  total  length  of  the  limb;  leaves  always 

linear;  plants  usually  of  a  marsh  habitat.  .17.  A.  junceus. 

Involucre  3-5.5  mm  high,  turbinate;  inflorescence  paniculate, 

heads  numerous,  of  medium  size  or  smaller,  spread  of 

rays  10-20  mm;  rays  usually  fewer  than  30;  lobes  of  disk 

flowers  moderately  deep,  40%-50%   of  the  total  length 

of  the  limb;  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate;  plants  of  moist 

or  dry  habitats. 

Heads  of  medium  size,  spread  of  rays  12-20  mm;  involucre 

(4)  4.5-5.5  mm  high;  rays  6-11  mm  long. 

Leaves  linear,  12  times  as  long  as  broad  or  longer 

18.  A.  paniculatus. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  less  than  12  times  as  long  as  broad. 

18a.  A.  paniculatus  var.  simplex. 

Heads   smaller,   spread   of  rays   10-16   mm;    involucre   3-4 

(4.5)  mm  high;  rays  4.4-8.5  mm  long 

19.  A  interior. 

1.  Aster  macrophyllus  L.  Bigleaf  Aster.  Map  2033.  In  our  north- 
ern counties,  colonies  of  this  aster  are  infrequently  found  in  sandy  or 
gravelly  soil  on  black  and  white  oak  slopes  and  in  the  dune  area,  at  the  base 
of  such  slopes.  In  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  I  have  found  large  colonies 
in  three  counties  on  black  and  white  oak  slopes.  It  is  difficult  to  explain  why 
it  has  not  been  found  in  other  of  our  southern  counties  since  its  habitat  ap- 
parently exists  in  many  of  them. 

The  extreme  variability  of  this  species  has  given  rise  to  the  publica- 
tion of  several  varieties,  three  of  which  have  been  reported  from  Indiana. 
I  have  studied  my  specimens  rather  carefully  and  have  had  the  species 
under  cultivation  for  years.   I  prefer  to  regard  it  as  a  polymorphic  species. 

N.  B.  to  Minn,  and  N.  C. 

The  following  three  varieties  have  been  reported  from  Indiana : 


936 


COMPOSITAE 


Aster 


Map  2036 
Aster  Shortii  Lindl. 


0  50 

Map  2037 


Aster    cordifolius  L. 


0  50 

Map  2038 


Aster   sagittifolius  Wedemeyer 


la.  Aster  niacrophyllus  var.  ianthinus  (Burgess)  Fern.  This  variety 
is  described  as  having  thin  leaves  and  minute  glands,  these  rarely  stipitate. 
I  reported  it  from  Clark  County. 

Maine  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  W.  Va.  and  Ind. 

lb.  Aster  macrophyllus  var.  pinguifdlius  Burgess.  This  variety  is  de- 
scribed as  having  many  of  the  basal  leaves  very  smooth  (almost  greasy). 
This  form  was  reported  from  the  dune  area.  I  have  a  few  specimens  that 
have  this  character. 

Maine  to  N.  Y.  and  westw. 

lc.  Aster  macrophyllus  var.  velutinus  Burgess.  This  variety  is  de- 
scribed as  having  villous-pubescent  stems  and  leaves  pilose  beneath,  all 
but  the  lowest  truncate  or  tapering  at  the  base.  This  form  was  reported 
from  the  dune  area. 

Throughout  the  range. 

2.  Aster  f urcatus  Burgess.  Forking  Aster.  Map  2034.  My  specimens 
are  from  a  bluff  along  Pine  Creek  in  Warren  County  and  from  a  moist 
place  near  Wildcat  Creek  in  Tippecanoe  County.  Lyon  writes  that  his 
specimen  from  Porter  County  is  deposited  in  the  S.  F.  Blake  herbarium. 
This  species  is  evidently  very  rare  in  this  state. 

Ind.  to  Mo. 

3.  Aster  azureus  Lindl.  Azure  Aster.  Map  2035.  Infrequent  to  fre- 
quent in  sandy  soil  in  open,  black  and  white  oak  woods  and  in  the  dunes. 
Found  rarely  in  moist  soil  and  once  a  specimen  was  found  in  a  marly 
marsh  in  Henry  County.  This  species  is  easily  distinguished  from  closely 
related  asters  by  the  long,  linear  stem  leaves  just  below  the  inflorescence 
and  the  appressed,  linear  leaves  of  the  branches.  1  believe  reports  for  this 
species  from  southern  Indiana  should  be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

Western  N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 


Aster 


COMPOSITAE 


937 


0  50 

Map  2039 


Aster   sagitlifolius   var    urophyllus   Lindl 


0  50 

Map  2040 

Aster    Drummondii   Lindl. 


o  50 

Map  2041 


Aster  undulatus  L 


4.  Aster  Shortii  Lindl.  {Aster  Shortii  Hook.)  Short's  Aster.  Map 
2036.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in  dry  woods  throughout  the  state,  although 
there  are  no  specimens  or  records  from  the  northern  tier  of  counties.  It 
is  more  common  toward  the  bases  of  wooded  slopes.  Very  variable  in  the 
width  of  the  leaves  and  the  pubescence  of  the  under  surface  of  the  blades, 
which  varies  from  a  dense,  short,  harsh  pubescence  to  only  a  few  hairs  on 
the  midrib.  The  bracts  are  usually  more  or  less  densely  pubescent,  at 
least  ciliate,  and  generally  the  rhomboidal,  green  tip  is  also  pubescent, 
usually  short-acute,  rarely  acuminate  or  some  of  the  lower  ones  subulate. 
My  no.  19155  from  Franklin  County,  collected  about  2  miles  west  of 
Metamora,  is  cited  as  exceptional.  This  plant  is  glabrous  to  the  in- 
florescence; above  that  it  is  only  slightly  pubescent  and  then  only  in 
lines.  The  leaves  are  narrow-lanceolate  and  long-acuminate,  entirely 
glabrous  both  above  and  beneath,  the  margins  ciliate  and  most  of  them 
more  or  less  shallow-serrate  to  about  the  middle;  bracts  very  narrow, 
the  widest  0.5-0.6  mm  wide,  long-acuminate,  some  of  the  lower  subulate- 
pointed,  glabrous  or  minutely  and  finely  ciliate  toward  the  apex.  It  seems 
to  agree  with  the  description  of  Aster  cam'ptosorus  Small. 

Pa.  to  Wis.  and  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

5.  Aster  cordifolius  L.  Blue  Wood  Aster.  Map  2037.  Infrequent  to 
frequent  throughout  the  state  in  dry  woods.  This  is  also  a  highly  variable 
species  and  several  varieties  have  been  described.  None  of  them  have  been 
reported,  and  I  hesitate  to  report  the  variation  in  my  specimens  under 
varietal  names. 

N.  S.  and  N.  B.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

6.  Aster  sagittifolius  Wedemeyer  ex  Willd.  Arrow  Aster.  Map  2038. 
Infrequent  to  frequent  in  some  places  throughout  the  state  except  the 
northwestern  part,  where  the  variety  takes  its  place.  It  is  found  mostly  in 
dry,  white  oak  and  black  and  white  oak  woods. 

N.  B.  to  Ont.,  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ga.,  and  Mo. 


938 


COMPOSITAE 


Aster 


0  50 

Map  2044 


Aster   oblongifolius  Nutt. 


6a.  Aster  sagittifolius  var.  urophyllus  Lindl.  White  Arrow  Aster. 
Map  2039.  This  variety  is  infrequent  to  frequent  in  very  sandy  soil, 
usually  in  open  woodland  and  in  the  dunes.  It  is  distinguished  from  the 
species  by  its  white  rays,  closer  inflorescence,  and  the  under  surface  of 
the  leaves,  which  is  more  glabrous  than  in  the  typical  form.  In  fact, 
the  whole  plant  has  a  more  glabrous  aspect. 

N.  Y.  to  Minn. 

7.  Aster  Drummondii  Lindl.  Drummond  Aster.  Map  2040.  Very  local 
in  dry,  open  woods.  Reported  from  the  Calumet  District  by  Peattie.  This 
species  seems  to  be  merely  a  pubescent  form  of  the  preceding  one  but  its 
range  does  not  coincide  with  that  of  A.  sagittifolius. 

Ohio  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ky.  and  Tex. 

8.  Aster  undulatus  L.  Wavyleaf  Aster.  Map  2041.  A  rare  aster 
found  on  the  crests  of  high,  open  ridges  and  on  high,  wooded  banks.  It 
has  been  reported  from  five  other  counties  besides  those  indicated  on  the 
map,  but  I  have  seen  no  specimens  to  verify  these  reports.  My  experience 
indicates  that  it  is  very  local. 

N.  B.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

9.  Aster  novae-angliae  L.  New  England  Aster.  Map  2042.  This  is 
a  species  of  moist,  rich  soil  and  is  found  throughout  the  state.  It  is  fre- 
quent to  rather  common  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  becoming  infre- 
quent or  rare  in  the  hill  area  of  the  southern  part.  It  is  more  generally 
found  in  marshy  places,  along  moist  roadsides,  and  in  prairie  habitats. 

Maine  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  S.  C,  Ala.,  and  Kans. 

9a.  Aster  novae-angliae  f.  roseus  (Desf.)  Britt.  This  is  a  form  with 
rose  colored  rays.  I  have  found  it  a  few  times,  and  I  have  also  found  a 
white  rayed  form. 

10.  Aster  patens  Ait.  Spreading  Aster.  Map  2043.  Local  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  state  on  the  crests  of  open,  wooded  ridges,  usually 
with  black  and  white  oak  or  in  very  sandy  soil  on  wooded,  sandy  knolls, 


Aster 


COMPOSITAE 


939 


2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

1 

\ 

fr1 

V- 

0 
H 

r1 

r, 

-4c 

Dec. j- 

i  ' — 

/   Miles 

A  st 

er    ot 

long 

foil  u 

s 

rv  7 

var.  rig 

3                 50 

Map  2045 
dulus  Gray 

0 55 
Map  2046 


Asler   prenanthoides   Muhl 


Miles 
0       '        '50 

Map  2047 


Aster    laevfs  L. 


and  terraces.  None  of  my  specimens  have  the  pedicels,  small  branches, 
or  small  leaves  of  the  branches  glandular.  The  inflorescences  vary  from 
those  with  the  branches  terminating  in  a  single  head  to  those  with  20-25 
heads.  The  leaves  are  also  variable.  In  one  specimen  the  leaves  are  nar- 
rowed at  the  base  into  a  margined,  clasping  petiole. 
Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

11.  Aster  oblongifolius  Nutt.  Oblong-leaf  Aster.  Map  2044.  Found 
on  high,  wooded  bluffs  of  the  Ohio  River.  A  report  from  Clark  County  is,  no 
doubt,  correct.  It  has  also  been  reported  from  Noble  and  Wayne  Counties 
but  these  reports  doubtless  are  based  upon  wrong  determinations.  The  re- 
port from  Tippecanoe  County  should  be  referred  to  the  variety. 

Bluffs  and  prairies  from  Pa.  to  Minn.,  N.  Dak.,  and  Colo.,  southw.  to 
Va.  and  Tex. 

11a.  Aster  oblongifolius  var.  rigidulus  Gray.  Map  2045.  I  found  this 
variety  on  the  high,  gravelly  slope  of  the  flood  plain  of  Big  Wea  Creek 
about  4  miles  southwest  of  Lafayette.  Associated  with  it  were  other 
western  plants  such  as  Muhlenber^gia  cuspidata,  Linum  sulcatum,  Litho- 
spermum  incisum,  and  Houstonia  angustifolia.  No  doubt  the  Tippecanoe 
County  report  for  the  species  was  made  from  a  specimen  collected  in  this 
vicinity  and  should  be  referred  to  this  variety. 

Ind.,  Wis.,  S.  Dak.  to  Colo.,  southw.  to  Tex. 

12.  Aster  prenanthoides  Muhl.  Crooked-stem  Aster.  Map  2046.  In- 
frequent on  wooded  flood  plains  and  in  roadside  ditches  in  a  few  counties 
of  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state.  It  has  been  reported  from  a  few  of 
the  central  counties  and  no  doubt  its  range  will  be  extended  in  Indiana, 
although  I  believe  it  is  a  rare  species  in  the  state. 

Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ky.,  and  Iowa. 

13.  Aster  laevis  L.  Smooth  Aster.  Map  2047.  Infrequent  to  rare  in 
all  parts  of  the  state.  It  is  generally  found  on  white  and  black  oak  ridges 
and  on  bluffs  of  streams,  in  clayey  soil  or  more  often  in  very  sandy  soil. 


940 


COMPOSITAE 


Aster 


0  50 

Map  2048 


Aster    longif ol ius  Lam. 


0  50 

Map  2049 


Aster   lucidulus    (Gray)  Wieg. 


6 50 
Map  2050 


Aster    praealtus   Poir 


It  is  also  found  in  prairie  habitats  and  in  Posey  County  I  found  it  on  the 
bank  of  a  pond  that  usually  overflows  each  year.  The  great  variation  of 
this  species  in  the  shape  and  width  of  the  leaves  (1-4  cm  wide),  and  in 
the  form  of  the  inflorescence  has  resulted  in  the  description  of  9  varieties. 
The  involucres  of  my  specimens  are  usually  6-7  mm  long.  The  upper  bracts 
are  mostly  1-1.4  mm  wide,  abruptly  acute  (rarely  acuminate)  and  usually 
with  slightly  spreading  tips.  An  exception  is  my  no.  11970,  collected 
August  4,  1912,  along  the  railroad  about  a  mile  east  of  Dana  in  Ver- 
million County.  In  this  the  inflorescence  is  fastigiate  and  very  leafy;  the 
involucres  are  8-10  mm  long  and  the  bracts  are  narrower  than  those  of 
the  typical  form  and  are  long-acuminate. 

Maine  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ala.,  La.,  Mo.,  and  Colo. 

13a.  Aster  laevis  var.  falcatus  Farw.  (Rept.  Michigan  Acad.  Sci.  21 : 
370.  1920.)  Farwell  describes  this  variety  as  follows:  "Panicle  usually 
shorter  and  ovate;  median  stem  leaves  usually  broadest  at  the  auriculate 
base,  linear  or  oblong-lanceolate,  under  three  fourths  inch  wide  and  often 
6  inches  long,  some  of  them  falcate;  small  subulate  leaves  as  in  the  pre- 
ceding variety"  (var.  laevigatas) .  I  have  this  variety  from  the  wooded 
sand  hills  about  3  miles  south  of  Ft.  Wayne,  Allen  County,  and  from  an 
upland  woods  about  2  miles  south  of  Oriole,  Perry  County.  The  specimens 
are  deposited  in  the  Gray  Herbarium. 

14.  Aster  longifdlius  Lam.  Longleaf  Aster.  Map  2048.  This  species 
has  been  reported  from  Cass,  Noble,  and  Porter  Counties.  The  specimen 
collected  Sept.  13,  1926,  by  Dr.  Lyon  in  a  subdunal  marsh  at  Tamarack, 
in  Porter  County,  and  one  which  I  collected  on  the  low  border  of  Cogg 
Lake,  about  4  miles  south  of  Lagrange,  Lagrange  County,  are  the  only 
specimens  which  I  have  seen. 

Lab.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  n.  N.  E.,  Ont.,  Great  Lake  Region,  and  Mont. 

15.  Aster  lucidulus  (Gray)  Wieg.  (Rhodora  26:  4.  1924.)  (Aster  puni- 
ceus  var.  lucidulus  Gray  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7.)    Glossyleaf  Aster.   Map 


Aster 


COMPOSITAE 


941 


0  50 

Map  2051 


Aster    praealtus    var.  angustior  Wieg. 


0  30 

Map  2052 


Aster  junceus   Ait. 


. . 

S    *4     \  ■ 

D 

„ 

D 

Feb. 

D 

-i J 

— 

Mar. 
Apr. 

UX  1 

K 

H  D 



r1       1 

May 

r^-< 

June 

r 

X  • 

July 

/ 

7 

Auj 

Sept. 

v 

i 

uo 

1 

Oct. 
Npv. 

V 

-  i 

r 

i1 

1 

Dec.  C 

I               - 

/  Miles 

f     I    \S    ;    ^V  J 

i              50 

Is^^J-^f            Map  2053 

Aster    pamculatus   Lam. 

2049.     This  species  seems  to  be  restricted  to  springy  and  marshy  places 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  state. 
N.  E.  to  Wis.  and  111. 

15a.  Aster  lucidulus  (Gray)  Wieg.  f.  firmus  (Nees)  comb.  nov.  (Aster 
firmus  Nees,  Gen.  et  Sp.  Asterearum :  66.  1832.)  This  form  of  the  preceding 
species  has  sharply  serrate  leaves.  I  have  specimens  from  Allen,  Marshall, 
and  Steuben  Counties  which  I  refer  to  this  form. 

16.  Aster  praealtus  Poir.  (Rhodora  35:  21-24.  1933.)  (Aster  salici- 
folius  Ait.  of  recent  authors.)  Map  2050.  This  species  is  essentially  an  in- 
habitant of  moist,  prairie  habitats.  Infrequent  in  moist  prairie  habitats 
and  less  often  in  moist,  black  loam  about  lakes  and  in  marshes  and  in  low, 
open  woods. 

Ohio  to  Wis.  ( ?)  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Ky.,  Tex.,  and  n.  Mex. 

16a.  Aster  praealtus  var.  angustior  Wieg.  (Rhodora  35:  24.  1933.) 
Map  2051.  This  variety  is  distinguished  from  the  species  by  having  nar- 
rower leaves  and  is  found  in  similar  habitats.  It  is  apparently  local  in  its 
distribution. 

Mass.,  Ind.,  and  111. 

16b.  Aster  praealtus  var.  subasper  (Lindl.)  Wieg.  This  variety  was  re- 
ported by  Wiegand  (Rhodora  35:  25.  1933)  from  Indiana,  as  collected  by 
Dr.  Clapp,  who  did  his  collecting  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Albany. 

Ind.  and  111.,  southw.  to  Tex. 

17.  Aster  junceus  Ait.  Rush  Aster.  Map  2052.  Infrequent  to  fre- 
quent in  marshes  in  northern  Indiana.  With  one  exception,  all  of  my 
specimens  have  white  flowers.  This  species  is  variable  in  the  size  of  the 
heads  and  branching  of  the  stem. 

N.  S.  to  B.  C.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ohio,  and  Colo. 

18.  Aster  paniculatus  Lam.  (Rhodora  35:  28-32.  1933.)  Panicled 
Aster.  Map  2053.  This  aster  has  been  reported  from  all  parts  of  the 
state  but  my  specimens  are  mostly  from  the  northern  half  of  the  state.    All 


942 


COMPOSITAE 


Aster 


Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aufc 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec 


"f           I       D 

J       ID 

D 

D 

— t 

D 

V- 

tfp1 

i 

(. 

OP 

1 

_jL_ 

1 

b  —-'i 

_/^d  y 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  2054 
Aster    paniculatus 
var.  simplex    (Willd.)    Burgess 


0  ~~ To 

Map  2055 


Aster    interior  Wieg. 


of  my  specimens  have  white  flowers,  with  the  exception  of  one  from  Henry 
County.  This  species  prefers  a  moist  habitat  and  is  found  in  a  wide  range 
of  situations,  but  rarely,  if  ever,  in  woodland  unless  it  is  open.  Most  of 
my  specimens  are  from  roadside  ditches  and  marshes. 

N.  B.,  N.  S.,  cent.  Que.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  e.  Pa.,  n.  Ohio,  n.  111. 
to  Mo. 

18a.  Aster  paniculatus  var.  simplex  (Willd.)  Burgess.  (Rhodora  35: 
32-34.  1933.)  Map  2054.  This  is  a  more  southern  and  western  form  of  the 
species.   All  of  my  specimens  are  from  moist  places  in  woodland. 

N.  B.  and  Que.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Va.,  W.  Va.,  and  Mo. 

19.  Aster  interior  Wieg.  (Rhodora  35 :  35-36. 1933.)  {Aster  Tradescanti, 
in  part,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7.)  Map  2055.  This  is  a  species  of  moist  wood- 
land. It  is  found  throughout  the  state,  and  is,  no  doubt,  frequent  to  com- 
mon in  most  parts. 

N.  Y.  to  Wis.(?)  and  111.,  southw.  to  Mo.  and  La. 

20.  Aster  linariifolius  L.  (Ionactis  linariifolius  (L.)  Greene.)  Stiff- 
leaf  Aster.  Map  2056.  Infrequent  in  a  few  of  the  northwestern  counties 
associated  with  black  and  white  oak,  on  dunes,  sandy  ridges,  and  knolls. 
Very  rare  on  the  crests  of  ridges  in  a  few  of  our  southern  counties.  It 
has  been  reported  also  from  Floyd,  La  Porte,  Marshall,  Putnam,  and  Vigo 
Counties. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

21.  Aster  puniceus  L.  Purple-stem  Aster.  Map  2057.  Frequent  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  state,  becoming  infrequent  to  very  rare  in  the 
southern  part.  It  is  an  inhabitant  of  springy  places  along  streams  and 
about  lakes  and  swamps.  It  rarely  forms  large  colonies  and  sometimes 
grows  to  great  height.  In  Noble  County,  I  measured  a  specimen  that  was 
9  feet  high. 

Newf.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 


Aster 


COMPOSITAE 


943 


0  "  50 

Map  2057 


Aster    puniceus  L 


0  ~30 

Map  2058 


Aster    exiguus   (Fern)   Rydb. 


« 

s 

f 

•»]    B 

0 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

r 

L 

|Y 

V- 

r1 

a 

n 

r 

Dec.j- 

—  — 

/  Miles 

D 

As 

ter 

v>             Map  2059 
encoides   L. 

21a.  Aster  puniceus  var.  demissus  Lindl.  This  variety  has  elongate- 
lanceolate  leaves  that  are  usually  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  branches. 
Peattie  reported  it  from  La  Porte  County  and  I  have  it  from  Grant,  La- 
grange, and  Owen  Counties.  Buhl  (Bull.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.  5:  9.  1934) 
was  in  error  in  reporting  Peattie's  collection  as  from  Porter  County.  Peat- 
tie's  report  was  from  Trail  Creek,  Michigan  City,  which  is  in  La  Porte 
County. 

21b.  Aster  puniceus  var.  compactus  Fern.  This  is  a  form  with  sub- 
rhomboidal  leaves  that  are  usually  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  branches. 
I  have  it  from  only  Parke  County  where  I  found  it  in  the  remnant  of 
Nigger  Legs  Prairie  about  a  mile  east  of  Rosedale. 

22.  Aster  exiguus  (Fern.)  Rydb.  (Rydberg.  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  28: 
505.  1901.)  {Aster  multiflorus  var.  exiguus  Fern,  and  Aster  multiflorus 
Ait.,  in  part.)  Map  2058.  Infrequent  along  roadsides  in  prairie  habitats. 
I  have  one  specimen  from  a  high,  gravelly,  wooded  bank  on  the  north 
side  of  Diamond  Lake  in  Noble  County. 

Vt.  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Ariz.,  and  Mex. 

23.  Aster  ericoides  L.  (Blake.  Rhodora  32:  138.  1930.)  (Aster  multi- 
florus Ait.,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Aster  multiflorus,  in  part,  of  Britton 
and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Wreath  Aster.  Map  2059.  An  infrequent 
plant  in  dry  soil,  mostly  in  prairie  habitats,  in  the  western  part  of  the 
state. 

Maine  to  Mont.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mex. 

24.  Aster  sericeus  Vent.  Silky  Aster.  Map  2060.  All  of  our  specimens 
and  reports  come  from  the  six  counties  shown  on  the  map.  Found  in 
very  sandy  soil  on  wooded  slopes  or  low  dunes.  Restricted  mostly  to  the 
dunes  near  Lake  Michigan. 

Ind.  to  Minn,  and  Man.,  southw.  to  Tenn.  and  Tex. 


944 


COMPOSITAE 


Aster 


0  — 30 

Map  2060 


Aster   senceus  Vent 


0  50 

Map  2061 


Aster  pilosus  Willd. 


25.  Aster  pilosus  Willd.  (Aster  ericoides  var.  villosus  T.  &  G.  and 
Aster  ericoides  of  authors,  not  L.)  Heath  Aster.  Map  2061.  In  south- 
western Indiana  this  species  is  called  goodbye  meadow,  which  is  a  very 
appropriate  name  for  it  there  because  it  soon  forms  dense  stands  in  fallow 
fields  and  in  meadows  (hay fields) .  Frequent  to  abundant  in  all  parts  of 
the  state  in  dry  soil,  in  fallow  fields,  meadows,  and  open  woodland  and 
along  roadsides.  It  should  be  regarded  as  an  obnoxious  weed  because  of  its 
ability  to  crowd  out  other  vegetation  and  because  of  its  success  in  spread- 
ing widely  by  means  of  its  wind-borne  seed.  It  has  a  wide  range  of 
habitats,  but  is  most  at  home  in  a  clay  soil.  In  good  soil  it  reaches  a  height 
of  over  3-4  feet,  while  a  depauperate  specimen  growing  in  hard  soil  along 
the  roadside  may  not  be  over  a  foot  high.  It  is,  also,  rather  variable.  The 
involucres  of  my  40  specimens  vary  from  3.5-6.5  mm  long.  The  bracts 
vary  from  3-5  series. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla. 

25a.  Aster  pilosus  var.  platyphyllus  (T.  &  G.)  Blake.  (Aster  ericoides 
var.  platyphyllus  T.  &  G.)  This  variety  was  described  by  Torrey  and 
Gray  in  the  Flora  of  North  America  2 :  124.  1841,  and  they  cite  a  specimen 
from  Indiana  collected  by  Dr.  Clapp,  who  did  his  collecting  in  the  vicinity 
of  New  Albany.  It  was  also  reported  by  Lyon  from  Porter  County,  and 
Peattie  duplicated  Dr.  Lyon's  report.  I  have  seen  this  specimen  and  it 
is  the  common  form  of  the  species.  This  variety  is  described,  in  part,  as 
follows:  "Cauline  leaves  pubescent-hirsute,  lanceolate;  the  lower  ones 
oblong-spatulate",  and  with  larger  heads.  I  have  specimens  from  Clark 
and  Kosciusko  Counties  which  I  refer  to  this  variety.  These  have  leaves 
which  are  20-30  mm  wide.  A  specimen  from  Owen  County  approaches 
this  variety,  and  my  Jennings  County  specimen  has  a  leaf  18  mm  wide, 
while  those  of  ordinary  specimens  are  mostly  less  than  8  mm  wide. 

Ohio  to  Mich,  and  111.,  and  southw. 

25b.  Aster  pilosus  var.  demotus  Blake.  (Aster  ericoides  in  part  of  Gray, 
Man.,  ed.  7.)    This  variety  is  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  otherwise  it  is  like 


Aster 


COMPOSITAE 


945 


Aster  umbellatus  Mi 


1 

2 

Jan. 

Fe  b. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

ST 

OP 
KB 
P 

f 

L        A- 

r 

t 

f^ 

-I 

i — 

r 

i 

-4c 

J 

r1 

Dec.  j- 

'      — 

/    Miles 

Aster 

ptarmicord 

P\      7 

es   (Nees 

J                 50 

Map  2064 
)  T&G. 

o  50 

Map  2065 

Aster    latenflorus    (LJ  Britt. 


the  species.  My  specimens  are  all  sparsely  pubescent  in  lines.  I  have 
specimens  from  Greene,  Harrison,  Jay,  Posey,  Spencer,  and  Wells  Coun- 
ties which  I  refer  to  this  variety. 

Maine  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Mo. 

25c.  Aster  pilosus  f.  pulchellus  Benke.  (Rhodora  34:  11.  1932.)  This 
is  a  form  with  rose  red  rays  which  Benke  reported  from  Porter  County. 

26.  Aster  missouriensis  Britton.  (Rhodora  30:  177.  1928.)  Map  2062. 
Probably  infrequent  in  Indiana.  My  specimens  are  from  low  woodland 
bordering  streams. 

Mich,  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Tenn.  and  Mo. 

26a.  Aster  missouriensis  var.  thyrsoides  (Gray)  Wieg.  (Rhodora  30: 
177.  1928.)  My  specimen  no.  26479  from  the  Kankakee  River  in  Porter 
County  is  provisionally  referred  to  this  variety. 

Ind.  and  111.  to  Tenn. 

27.  Aster  umbellatus  Mill.  (Doellingeria  umbellata  (Mill.)  Nees.) 
Flat-top  Aster.  Map  2063.  Infrequent  to  somewhat  frequent  in  marshes 
and  low  places  in  woodland  and  in  moist,  prairie  habitats  throughout  the 
lake  area.  It  is  also  found  in  a  few  of  our  southern  counties  in  low,  flat 
woods. 

Our  specimens  vary  considerably  in  the  size  of  the  heads  and  in  the 
pubescence  of  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves.  A  few  plants  are  glabrous 
but  the  greater  number  are  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath  with  strag- 
gling, coarse  hairs.  The  leaves  of  my  La  Porte  County  specimens  are 
almost  hirsute  but  none  of  our  plants  have  leaves  that  are  puberulent 
beneath. 

Newf.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Iowa. 

28.  Aster  ptarmicoides  (Nees)  T.  &  G.  White  Upland  Aster.  Map 
2064.  This  species  grows  in  almost  pure  sand  on  the  low  dunes  in  Lake 
and  Porter  Counties.   It  was  formerly  frequent  in  the  shifting  sands  near 


946 


COMPOSITAE 


Aster 


o  50 

Map  2066 


Aster   latenf lorus 
var   angustifolius  Wieq, 


0  50 

Map  2067 


L 


Aster    dumosus   L 


0  ^50 

Map  2068 


Aster  vimineus  Lam. 


Indiana  Harbor,  becoming  rare  in  Porter  County.  It  was  reported  in 
Coulter's  Catalogue  on  the  authority  of  Conner  &  Laben,  as  occurring  in 
Happy  Hollow  near  Lafayette,  in  Tippecanoe  County.  I  doubt  this  de- 
termination and,  in  the  absence  of  a  specimen,  it  is  best  to  restrict  its  dis- 
tribution in  Indiana  to  the  dune  area. 

Mass.,  Ont.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Ind.,  Mo.,  and  Colo. 

29.     Aster    lateriflorus    (L.)    Britt.      (Rhodora    30:    172-173.     1928.) 
White  Woodland  Aster.   Map  2065.   This  species  is  our  common  wood- 
land aster.    It  is  found  in  both  dry  and  moist  places,  usually  preferring 
white  oak  woodland. 

P.  E.  I.,  N.  S.,  Que.,  southw.  to  Conn.,  Pa.,  and  Ind.,  and  in  the  mts.  to 
N.  C. 

29a.  Aster  lateriflorus  var.  angustifolius  Wieg.  (Rhodora  30:  174. 
1928.)  Map  2066.  This  is  a  narrowleaf  form  of  the  species  and,  like  it, 
prefers  the  woodland,  although  both  of  them  are  sometimes  found  in  the 
open,  mostly  along  roadsides. 

Western  N.  E.,  Ont.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.  and  Ind. 

30.  Aster  dumosus  L.  (Rhodora  30:  165.  1928.)  Map  2067.  Infre- 
quent or  probably  rare  in  the  lake  area  of  the  state,  where  it  occurs  in 
moist,  very  sandy  soil. 

Maine  and  along  the  coast  to  N.  J.  and  westw.  to  Ind.  and  probably  in 
the  mts.  to  N.  C. 

30a.  Aster  dumosus  var.  strictior  T.  &  G.  I  have  this  variety  from 
Allen  and  Jasper  Counties  and  it  has  been  reported  from  Porter  County 
on  the  authority  of  Umbach.  My  four  specimens  are  from  moist,  very 
sandy  soil. 

Western  N.  Y.  and  w.  Ont.  to  Mich,  and  111. 

31.  Aster  vimineus  Lam.  (Rhodora  30:  168.  1928.)  Small  White 
Aster.  Map  2068.  All  of  my  specimens  are  from  the  southern  part  of  the 
state,  where  they  are  usually  found  in  a  hard,  white,  moist,  slightly  acid. 


Erigeron 


Compositae 


947 


15 
16 
5 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

II 
D        I 

D 

- 

D          D 

/  D 

p 

D 

p 

0 

\ 

["■H: 

D     D 

D 
P 

D 
DP 

r1 

1     e  b 
— V, 

B         « 
D 

r 

D 

J 

D 

g 

Dec.  £ 

in                _ 
i      ' — 

t               J- 

D       L. 

D  J        "?d7 

B    >  LA 

UP  |         I^S  f 

/    Miles 

D 

B 

D 

rJ 

MC  J     D    [ 

JD     1 

Eng< 

>ron 

^v  7 

canadensis 

3                 50 

Map  2069 
L. 

0  50 

Map  2070 


Erigeron    pusillus  Nutt. 


1 

1 

13 
5 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

— Id 

"  r 

D 

d)  d 

(    DP 

1              1             1 

D 

D 

D 

op  y- 

f'ri 

D 

D 

-I      " 

D 

r 

ffd 

J 
D 

r1 

) 

Dec  £ 

0~ 

D 

ID                     1 

'         

D 

«  J— ~v 

"|fo    P         J 

/    Miles 

UC 

D      /      J 

HO  1              D 

d  r 

E 

nqeron 

D    J*\          7 

ivancatus 

50 

Map  2071 
Michx. 

clay  soil  on  the  borders  of  ponds,  in  low  woodland  and  fallow  fields,  and 
along  roadsides.  Most  of  my  specimens  are  from  low  places  in  beech  and 
sweet  gum  woods  in  the  southeastern  part  and  from  low,  post  oak,  shingle, 
and  pin  oak  woods  in  the  southwestern  part.  It  has  been  reported  from 
several  counties  of  northern  Indiana,  but  I  believe  many  or  all  of  the  re- 
ports should  be  referred  to  some  other  species.  I  have  seen  the  Porter 
County  specimen  and  it  is  Aster  dumosus. 
Maine  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Va. 

31a.  Aster  vimineus  var.  subdumosus  Wieg.  In  this  variety,  the  heads 
are  solitary  on  the  ends  of  long,  slender,  more  uniformly  bracted  peduncles. 
The  leaves  of  the  branches  and  branchlets  are  linear  and  acute.  The  rays 
are  somewhat  more  numerous,  17-30.  A  specimen  of  this  variety  was 
found  in  an  open,  low,  flat  woods  in  Daviess  County,  where  it  was  as- 
sociated with  other  southern  species. 

Ind.,  111.,  Mo.,  and  southw.  to  Ala. 


8901.  ERfGERON  L.  Fleabane 

Heads  small,  generally  about  5  mm  wide;  rays  scarcely  exceeding  the  disk. 
Stems  erect,  mostly  3-20  dm  high. 

Involucral  bracts  with  attenuate,  whitish  tips;  stems  usually  more  or  less  densely 

pubescent 1.  E.  canadensis. 

Involucral  bracts  with  minute,  purple  tips;  stems  glabrous  or  nearly  so 

2.  E.  pusillus. 

Stems  diffuse,  mostly  1-3  dm  high 3.  E.  divaricatus. 

Heads  large,  generally  1.5-3.5  cm  broad;  rays  much  exceeding  the  disk. 
Leaves  sessile  and  clasping;  rays  colored,  bluish  or  pinkish. 

Stems  simple;  heads  generally  2-7  (9),  rarely  solitary;  bracts  more  or  less  glan- 
dular; rays  about  50,  bluish  purple,  mostly  about  1  mm  wide;  corollas  4.5-5.5 

mm  long,  about  1  mm  wide 4.  E.  pulchellus. 

Stems  branched  above;  heads  generally  6-35,  rarely  more  or  fewer;  bracts  not 
glandular,  rarely  with  a  trace  of  glands;  rays  generally  100-150,  rose  purple, 
sometimes   lighter,   generally   about  0.5   mm   wide;    corollas   mostly  2.5-3   mm 

long,  about  0.5  mm  wide 5.  E.  philadelpkicus. 

Leaves  sessile,  not  at  all  clasping;  rays  white,  rarely  tinged  with  purple. 


948 


COMPOSITAE 


Erigeron 


Median  and  upper  leaves  entire,  rarely  with  a  few  teeth,  linear  or  narrow-lanceo- 
late, margins  not  conspicuously  ciliate;  pubescence  of  the  middle  part  of  stem 
usually  appressed,  the  hairs  mostly  about  0.5  mm  long 6.  E.  ramosus. 

Median  and  upper  leaves  toothed  in  the  middle,  ovate-lanceolate  to  narrow-lanceo- 
late, the  margins  conspicuously,  coarsely  hispid-ciliate;  pubescence  of  the 
middle  part  of  the  stem  usually  sparse,  the  hairs  usually  spreading,  mostly 

1-2  mm  long,  about  twice  as  long  as  those  of  the  preceding  species 

7.  E.  annuus. 

1.  Erigeron  canadensis  L.  (Leptilon  canadense  (L.)  Britt.)  Canada 
Fleabane.  Map  2069.  This  plant  bears  several  other  common  names, 
not  one  of  which  is  applicable  to  it.  It  is  a  frequent  to  a  common  weed  in 
cultivated  grounds  throughout  the  state.  It  is  also  infrequent  to  frequent 
in  clearings  and  open  woodland. 

Throughout  N.  A.  except  in  the  extreme  North;  spread  also  to  other 
countries. 

2.  Erigeron  pusillus  Nutt.  Map  2070.  My  only  specimen  of  this  flea- 
bane  was  found  on  a  dune  of  Princeton  fine  sand  along  the  railroad  about  4 
miles  south  of  Vincennes.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  on  this  same  dune  I  have 
found  Stylosanthes  biflora  var.  hispidissima,  Carya  Buckleyi  var.  arkan- 
sana,  and  two  other  hickories  that  I  have  not  been  able  to  name,  which 
apparently  belong  to  the  south  or  southeast. 

Mass.  to  Fla.,  and  southw.  to  S.  A.,  westw.  to  Ky.,  Tex.,  and  Calif. 

3.  Erigeron  divaricatus  Michx.  (Leptilon  divaricatum  (Michx.)  Raf.) 
Spreading  Fleabane.  Map  2071.  All  of  my  specimens  of  this  species  but 
two  were  found  in  dry  soil  in  pasture  fields.  It  is  avoided  by  grazing  ani- 
mals and  for  this  reason  may  be  detected  in  a  field  at  a  long  distance.  It 
prefers  a  sandy  or  prairie  habitat.  In  Indiana  there  are  no  reports  east  of 
the  counties  shown  on  the  map.  My  opinion  is  that  this  plant  has  been 
introduced  into  northern  Indiana  within  the  past  25  years. 

Ohio  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  La.  and  Tex. 

4.  Erigeron  pulchellus  Michx.  Robin's  Plantain.  Map  2072.  The 
common  name  is  very  inappropriate  since  it  is  not  a  plantain.  Infrequent 
to  rare  in  all  parts  of  the  state  in  open  places  in  woodland  or  in  clearings, 


Sericocarpus 


COMPOSITAE 


949 


o  5o 

Map  2075 


Erigeron    annuus   (L.)   Pers. 


1 

4 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

\ 

[V 

X 

r 

-  k 

r 

l' 

Oec.f- 

■  ' — 

/    Miles 

Sencocar 

3US 

i/            Map  2076 
linifohus   (U  BSP 



— 

Feb. 



Mar. 
Apr. 

C 

\ 



H      1 

i 
s 

3 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

c 

r 

X 

: 

r 

3 

Oct. 
Nov. 

\ 

U 

-  i 

J 

j 

i 

Dec  (— 

i 

1 — fr 

p 

0            L-w 

[Ba  pf        ^ — > 

D     I 

^T     D  T-, 

I        \B  / 

J    Miles 

r° THv^l  r^V 7 

3              56 

jl^Aj^^/^V             Map  2077 

Pluchea    vtscida  (Raf)  House 

more  often  on  or  near  the  banks  of  streams.    It  is  perennial  by  stolons 
and  these  are  often  conspicuous  in  late  summer. 
S.  Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

5.  Erigeron  philadelphicus  L.  Philadelphia  Fleabane.  Map  2073. 
Frequent  to  common  throughout  the  state  in  moist  grounds  in  open  woods, 
in  creek  bottoms,  in  open  woodland  pastures,  in  moist  meadows,  marshes, 
fallow  fields,  and  prairies.   It  is  rarely  found  in  dry  soil. 

Lab.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. 

6.  Erigeron  ramosus  (Walt.)  BSP.  Narrowleaf  Whitetop.  Map 
2074.  Frequent  to  infrequent  or  even  rare  in  dry,  open  woodland,  sandy 
and  gravelly  fallow  fields,  and  dry  prairies ;  rare  to  infrequent  in  hayfields 
and  along  roadsides;  rare  in  moist  habitats. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Calif. 

7.  Erigeron  annuus  (L.)  Pers.  Whitetop.  Map  2075.  Infrequent  to 
frequent  in  open  woods  and  clearings  throughout  the  state.  Also  a  frequent 
to  common  weed  in  hayfields  and  waste  cleared  grounds  and  along  road- 
sides.   In  some  hayfields  it  is  an  obnoxious  weed. 

N.  S.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ky.,  and  Mo. 

8904.  SERICOCARPUS  Nees 

1.  Sericocarpus  linifolius  (L.)  BSP.  Narrowleaf  White-top  Aster. 
Map  2076.  Rare  in  barren,  upland  woods  in  a  few  counties  shown 
on  the  map.  The  records  from  Kosciusko  and  Vigo  Counties,  no  doubt, 
should  be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

Maine  to  s.  Ind.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  La. 

894L  PLUCHEA  Cass 
1.     Pluchea  viscida  (Raf.)  House.*    (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  7:  129.   1921.) 
(Pluchea  petiolata  Cass.)    Inland  Marsh  Fleabane.    Map  2077.    This 

*  Fernald  (Rhodora  41:  459-461.  1939)  shows  that  the  proper  name  for  this  plant  is 
Pluchea  camphorata  (L.)  DC.  Pluchea  camphorata  of  authors  is  P.  marilandica 
(Michx.)   Cassini. 


950  Compositae  Antennaria 

plant  emits  a  disagreeable  odor  which  is  noticeable  several  feet  from  the 
plant.  When  any  part  of  the  plant  is  bruised,  the  odor  is  very  strong  and 
every  one  on  whom  I  have  tested  it  agrees  that  it  is  extremely  unpleasant. 
The  nearest  approach  to  it  is  the  odor  of  the  skunk,  and  I  think  it  should 
receive  a  common  name  to  suggest  its  vile  odor.  It  is  local  but  usually 
common  where  it  is  found.  Its  habitat  is  swamps  and  sloughs  in  a  soil  that 
is  slightly  acid.  Usually  associated  with  pin  oak,  buttonbush,  sweet  gum, 
swamp  cottonwood,  Hibiscus  palustris,  Panicum  stipitatum,  and  Juncus 
effustis  var.  solntus.  I  once  found  it  on  high  ground  in  a  logging  road 
but  this  is  no  surprise,  because  I  planted  it  in  Bluffton  in  our  garden  and 
it  grew  very  vigorously  which  shows  that  it  will  grow  wherever  its  seeds 
may  be  deposited. 

Md.  to  111.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Mo.,  and  Okla. 

8978.  ANTENNARIA  Gaertn.' 

Rosette  leaves    (those  of  the   previous  year)    comparatively   small;   blades   0.5-1.4  cm 
wide  and  2-4.5  cm  long,  lower  surface  with  only  the  midrib  prominent;  exserted 
portion  of  styles  0.5-3   (3.5)  mm  long. 
Middle  and  upper  stem  leaves  terminated  by  a  flat  or  merely  involute  scarious  ap- 
pendage;  rosette  leaves  gradually  tapering  to  the  sessile  base,  oblanceolate  to 
spatulate-oblanceolate,  or  narrowly  obovate,  subacute,  rarely  rounded,  1-nerved 
beneath. 
Stolons  decumbent,  the  leaves  much  reduced  except  the  apical  ones  which  become 
enlarged  at  maturity;  upper  surface  of  rosette  leaves  dull,  glabrous  or  some- 
what  tomentose;   upper   surface   of   leaves   of   stolons   and   stems   tomentose; 
pistillate  heads  1-8,  usually  crowded  into  a  cluster,  later  becoming  racemose; 
staminate  inflorescence  a  terminal  cluster  of  heads;  pistillate  corollas  4.5-5.5 
mm  long;  achenes  mostly  1.2-1.5  mm  long;  exserted  portion  of  styles  1-3  (3.5) 

mm  long;  style  branches  mostly  0.5-0.8  mm  long 1.  A.  neglecta. 

Stolons  ascending,  leafy  throughout;  upper  surface  of  rosette  leaves,  stolons,  and 
stem  a  bright  green  and  generally  glabrous  from  the  first  or  loosely  tomentose 
(the  tomentum  tardily  deciduous);  pistillate  inflorescence  of  3-18  heads  in  a 
corymb;   pistillate  corollas  4.5-5.5  mm  long;  exserted  portion  of  style  mostly 

1-1.5  mm  long.    (To  be  sought  in  northern  Indiana.) A.  canadensis. 

Middle  and  upper  stem  leaves  subulate-tipped  or  mucronate,  without  a  scarious  ap- 
pendage (except  sometimes  on  the  bracteal  leaves  of  the  inflorescence);  stolons 
at  once  ascending,  leafy  throughout  but  the  terminal  leaves  the  largest;  leaves  of 
the  stolons  abruptly  contracted  below  the  middle  into  a  petiolelike  base,  tomen- 
tose above  as  are  those  of  the  stem;  inflorescence  generally  of  5-8  heads  in  a 
tei'minal  corymb;  corollas  of  pistillate  flowers  3.7-5  mm  long;  achenes  1.1-1.5  mm 

long;  exserted  portion  of  style  usually  0.5-1.5  mm  long 2.  A.  neodioica. 

Rosette  leaves  comparatively  large;  blades  1.4-2.5  cm  wide  and  mostly  3-5  cm  long, 
with  3-5  somewhat  prominent  ribs  beneath   (leaves  of  young  stolons  much  smaller). 
Inflorescence  of  the  pistillate  and  staminate  plants  each  consisting  of  a  single  termi- 
nal head;  lobes  of  the  corolla  of  pistillate  flowers  conspicuously  glandular  under 
a  sixteen  diameter  magnification,  lobes  of  staminate  flowers  generally  0.7-1  mm 
long  (longer  and  larger  than  those  of  any  other  Indiana  species)  .  .3.  A.  solitaria. 

'Adapted  mostly  from  the  key  in  the  "Flora  of  the  Cayuga  Basin"  by  Wiegand  and 
Karnes.  The  measurements  are  those  of  specimens  in  the  Deam  herbarium  and,  no 
doubt,  the  range  of  measurements  would  be  changed  if  a  larger  series  had  been 
measured. 


Antennaria 


C0MP0S1TAE 


951 


0  50 

Map  2078 


Antennaria    neglecta  Greene 


4 

z 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

i 

B  1 

f 

D 

D 

i-m 

n 

L 

[V 

D 
DP 

1       D  S 
~\i 

-^ 

J 

r 

Dec.  C 

1 

•  ' — 

y    Miles 

An 

tenna 

na 

ie 

idioica  C 

0                 50 

Map  2079 

ireene 

3 
2 

Feb. 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Jv 

r  r1- 

f 

-X 

f 

r 

- 

n  r 

j 

J~ 

r, 

Dec.f- 

1 

l 

0 

^/    Miles 

; 

ntennana 

solitana 

0                 50 

Map  2080 
Rydb. 

Inflorescence  and  corollas  not  as  above. 

Upper  surface  of  leaves  of  stolons  and  stems  bright  green,  glabrous  or  nearly  so 
from  the  beginning  or  loosely  tomentose  (the  tomentum  tardily  deciduous); 
stems  and  stem  leaves  and  usually  also  the  stolons  (especially  toward  the 
base)  generally  covered  more  or  less  with  purplish  glands,  sometimes  the 
glands  very  few,  restricted  to  a  few  on  the  stem  and  on  only  the  margins  of 
some  of  the  stem  leaves;  leaves  mostly  rhombic-obovate,  rounded  or  subacute 
at  the  apex;  involucres  of  pistillate  plants  mostly  7-8  mm  long;  corollas  of 
pistillate  heads  4.5-5.8   mm  long,  those   of  staminate  heads  3.5-4  mm  long; 

achenes  mostly  1.5-1.7  mm  long 4.  A.  Parlinii. 

Upper  surface  of  leaves  of  stolons,  stem,  and  rosette  dull,  dark  green,  tomentose 
or  those  of  the  rosette  weathered  glabrous. 
Pistillate  heads  small;  involucres  5-7  mm  long;  stems  slender,  stem  leaves  dis- 
tant, basal  leaves  obovate  to  roundish  oblong-ovate  or  more  rarely  oblanceo- 
late,  mature  corollas  of  pistillate  heads  generally  3-4.3  mm  long;  achenes 

mostly  1.2-1.5  mm  long 5.  A.  plantaginifolia. 

Pistillate    heads    larger,    their    involucres    6.5-10    mm    long;    mature    pistillate 
corollas  4.5-6  mm  long  (-7  mm  in  A.  munda)  ;  achenes  mostly  1.2-1.8  mm 
long. 
Principal  rosette  leaves  of  an  ovate  or  elliptic  type ;  blades  broadest  at  or  below 
the  middle,  mostly  1.5-3.5  cm  wide  except  in  A.  munda. 

Blades  of  the  rosette  leaves  tapering  to  a  subacute  apex 6.  A.  fallax. 

Blades  of  principal  rosette  leaves  rounded  at  the  apex 

6a.  A.  fallax  var.  calophylla. 

Principal  rosette  leaves  mostly  broadest  above  the  middle,  "spatulate  or  nar- 
rowly spatulate-obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex;  blades  2-6  cm  long,  1.3-5 
cm  wide,  3-5-nerved,  thinly  canescent-tomentulose  above;  involucres  8-10 
mm  long;  flower  bracts  in  3  or  4  series,  brownish  or  purplish  at  the  base, 
the  outer  obtuse,  the  inner  acute;  corollas  5.5-7  mm  long;  achenes  1.5-1.8 
mm  long;  longest  pappus  8-9  mm  long."1 7.  A.  munda. 

1.  Antennaria  neglecta  Greene.  PUSSYTOES.  Map  2078.  In  dry  soil 
on  open,  wooded  slopes,  on  dry  knolls  along  roadsides,  in  dry  pastures 
where  it  is  most  common,  in  the  sandy  soil  of  drained  lake  basins,  and  in 
sandy,  dry  prairies.  Staminate  plants  are  nearly  as  frequent  as  the  pistil- 
late ones. 

1A  free  translation  of  the  original  description.  (Fernald.  Rhodora  38:  229-230. 
1936.) 


952 


COMPOSITAE 


Antennaria 


3 

12 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

i 

D            D 

5             » 

J. 

D 

■     I         o 

li  D 

7 

V 

f-ri 

D 

D        D 
P 

1 

D 
DP 

B 
D 

1 

X 

P 

r 

-  k 

V 

0 

r1" 

!          Tr 

Dec.(- 

i 

MO          °                , 

~nta  D  p       ' 

J    Miles 

0  J 

l 

nten 

D       ) 

laria 

Parlinii   F 

0                  50 

Map  2081 
ern. 

Jan. 

Feb 
Mar. 
Apr- 
May 
June 
July 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 


L                *-*■ 

\              ~ 

St 

{ 

\-  -L 

\- 

\Hv\ 

'      1 

i — ' —          Is* 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  2082 


Antennaria   plantaqinifolia    1LJ  Richards 


0  55 

Map  2083 


Antennaria    fa  I  lax    Greene 


All  of  the  species  usually  grow  in  poor  ground  where  there  is  little  com- 
petition with  other  plants  and  when  once  the  plant  becomes  established, 
it  soon  forms  a  complete  mat  because  of  its  stoloniferous  habit  of  growth 
and  because  it  is  not  eaten  by  grazing  animals.  It  is  sometimes  called 
everlasting  which  is  a  very  appropriate  name  for  it  because  when  it 
becomes  established  it  is  everlasting,  and  also  because  the  leaves  of 
the  rosette  remain  green  during  the  winter. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ind.,  Mo.,  and  Kans. 

2.  Antennaria  neodioica  Greene.  Pussytoes.  Map  2079.  In  dry  clay 
or  sandy  soil  in  open  places  in  woodland  and  pastures  and  along  roadsides. 
This  species  is  more  northern  than  the  preceding  one  and  is  restricted 
mostly  to  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  I  have  not  seen  any  staminate 
plants. 

Newf.  and  N.  S.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ont.,  and  n.  Ind. 

3.  Antennaria  solitaria  Rybd.  Single-head  Pussytoes.  Map  2080. 
Infrequent  to  rare  on  the  crests  or  slopes  of  chestnut  oak  ridges  of  a  few 
of  the  southern  counties.   Staminate  plants  rather  rare. 

Pa.  to  s.  Ind.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  La. 

4.  Antennaria  Parlinii  Fern.  Parlin  Pussytoes.  Map  2081.  Rather 
frequent  throughout  the  state  in  dry,  clay  or  sandy  soil  in  open  places  in 
woodland,  on  the  tops  of  high,  wooded  banks  of  streams,  on  roadside  knolls, 
and  in  pastures.   Staminate  plants  as  frequent  as  the  pistillate  ones. 

Antennaria  Parlinii  var.  arnoglossa  (Greene)  Fern,  is  a  more  glabrous 
form  of  the  species  which  I  reported  from  Vermillion  County.  I  now  in- 
clude this  form  with  the  species. 

N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Iowa,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ohio,  111.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ga. 

5.  Antennaria  plantaginifolia  (L.)  Richards.  Plantain-leaf  Pussy- 
toes. Map  2082.  In  dry  soil  on  wooded  slopes.  I  believe  this  species  is 
rare  in  Indiana  and  that  it  is  often  confused  with  the  next  species. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Tenn.,  Mo.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ga. 


Anaphalis 


Compositae 


953 


o  5o 

Map  2084 
ArUennana    fa  Flax 
var.  calophylla    (Greene)   Fern. 


0"  50 

Map  2085 


Anlennaria    munda  Fern. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Ocf 

Nov. 

f 

I                      B 

r 

S 

r~ 

iV 

- 

X 

] 

r 

-  i 

J 

y~ 

r- 

Dec.f- 

\ 

■  i — 

/    Miles 

var 

Anapl 
revol 

alis 
uta  J 

mar 
>uks( 

ga 

H\     JO                 50 

Map  2086 
■itacea  (L.)  Gray 
f    arachnoidea    Fern 

6.  Antennaria  fallax  Greene.  Pussytoes.  Map  2083.  This  species 
closely  resembles  the  preceding  one  and  was  not  separated  from  it  in 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illustrated  Flora,  edition  2.  This  is  the  most  common 
species  of  the  genus  in  the  state.  Frequent  in  all  parts  of  the  state  in  dry 
clay  or  sandy  soil  in  open  woodland  and  pastures  and  on  roadside  knolls. 

Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ind.,  Miss.,  and  Tex. 

6a.  Antennaria  fallax  var.  calophylla  (Greene)  Fern.  (Rhodora  38:  230. 
1936.)  (Antennaria  calophylla  Greene.  Pittonia  3 :  347.  1898.)  Map  2084. 
This  variety  is  more  frequent  in  the  southern  counties  and  according  to 
Fernald  "ranges  from  Georgia  to  Texas,  coming  north  to  Virginia,  Indiana, 
Illinois,  and  Missouri,  in  the  northern  states  passing  insensibly  into  A. 
fallax." 

7.  Antennaria  munda  Fern.  (Antennaria  occidentalis  of  authors,  not 
Greene.)  (Rhodora  38:  229-230.  1936.)  Map  2085.  The  only  specimen  of 
this  species  from  Indiana  which  I  have  seen  is  the  one  I  collected  in 
Porter  County.  Fernald  writes  me  that  a  duplicate  of  this  number  belongs 
to  this  species.  I  have  not  been  able  to  make  an  intensive  study  of  this 
and  the  preceding  species.  I  have  not  seen  a  key  that  will  definitely  separate 
them.  In  this  complex  I  am  also  including  our  reports  of  Antennaria  oc- 
cidentalis Greene. 

Cent.  Maine  to  Que.,  westw.  to  Thunder  Bay  District.,  Ont.,  southw.  to 
Mass.,  Conn.,  Va.,  ne.  Pa.,  cent,  and  w.  N.  Y.,  n.  Ind.,  and  Minn. 


8983.  ANAPHALIS  DC.  Everlasting 

1.  Anaphalis  margaritacea  (L.)  Gray  var.  revoluta  Suksd.  f.  arach- 
noidea Fern.  *  (Rhodora  40:  219.  1938.)  Pearly  Everlasting.  Map  2086. 
This  is  a  northern  species  which  has  been  reported  several  times  from 
Indiana.  In  nearly  every  instance  the  author  has  failed  to  report  Gna- 
phalium  obtusi folium  which  doubtless  occurs  in  every  county  of  the  state. 
Without  doubt  all  or  most  of  our  authors  have  confused  the  two  plants. 

*  The  latest  name  for  this  plant  is  Anaphalis  margaritacea  var.  intercedens  Hara. 
(Rhodora  41:  391.  1939.) 


954 


COMPOSITAE 


Gnaphalium 


0  ~50 

Map  2087 


Gnaphalium    obtusifolium  L 


0  56 

Map  2088 


Gnaphalium  Macounn   Green 


When  a  study  is  made  of  the  two,  it  is  easy  to  understand  how  they  could 
be  confused.  This  species  is  perennial,  stoloniferous,  has  papery,  white, 
finely  striate,  spreading  involucral  bracts  while  in  Gnaphalium  the  bracts 
are  yellowish  white  or  brownish,  not  striate,  and  subappressed,  and  this 
species  lacks  the  balsamic  odor  which  is  characteristic  of  Gnaphalium  ob- 
tusi folium.  I  have  Anaphalis  margaritacea  from  Elkhart  County  and 
Potzger  has  collected  it  in  Morgan  County.  These  are  the  only  specimens 
I  have  seen. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Va.,  Kans.,  and  Oreg. 

8992.  GNAPHALIUM  L.  Cudweed 

Bristles  of  the  pappus  distinct;  bracts  white  or  light  brown. 

Plants  tall,  erect,  simple  below,  with  a  large,  more  or  less  paniculate  corymb;  achenes 
smooth;  bracts  pearly  white. 
Stems  white-tomentose;   leaves  not  decurrent   on   the  stem;   outer  bracts  obtuse. 

1.  G.  obtusifolium. 

Stems  white-tomentose  only  in  the  inflorescence,  the  main  stem  green,  glandular- 
viscid;  leaves  decurrent  on  the  stem;  outer  bracts  mostly  with  short-acute  tips. 

2.  G.  Macounii. 

Plants   low,  generally   less  than   2.3   dm   high,   diffusely  branched   above  the  base; 

achenes  scabrous;  bracts  light  brown;  plants  of  dried-up  muddy  places 

3.  G.  uliginosum. 

Bristles  of  the  pappus  united  at  the  base;  bracts  more  or  less  purplish;  inflorescence  a 
terminal  and  usually  an  interrupted  spike 4.  G.  purpureum. 

1.  Gnaphalium  obtusifolium  L.  (Gnaphalium  polycephalum  Michx. 
Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7.)  Old-field  Balsam.  Map  2087.  Throughout  the  state 
in  dry  soil,  mostly  in  pasture  fields,  fallow  fields,  and  open  woodland.  The 
plant  has  several  common  names  but  I  believe  old-field  balsam  is  the  most 
appropriate  because  it  is  the  only  species  of  the  genus  in  Indiana  that  has 
a  balsamic  odor  by  which  it  is  easily  distinguished. 

I  knew  of  a  case  where  a  person  who  was  suffering  with  flux  and  had 
been  given  up  by  the  attending  physician  was  cured  by  drinking  copious 
draughts  of  milk  in  which  this  herb  had  been  boiled. 

N.  S.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Kans.,  and  Tex. 


Inula 


COMPOSITAE 


955 


o  55 

Map  2090 


Gnaphalium    purpureum   L 


6 
2 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

i 

J 

S     NO 

: 

0 

D 

F 

» 

r 

f    ^ 

0 

f    » 

B 

0 
» 

DP 

r1 

I 

1 

3 

■\z 

r 

1 

Dec.  f- 

0 

L 

\  £/    Miles 

Inula 

He 

P\J  0                 50 

Map  2091 
lemum  L 

o  55 

Map  2092 


Polymma    canadensis  L 


2.  Gnaphalium  Macounii  Greene.  (Gnaphalium  decurrens  Ives.) 
Winged  Cudweed.  Map  2088.  This  is  a  northern  species.  May  specimens  are 
from  open,  sandy  woods  and  I  found  a  very  sandy,  fallow  field  of  about  five 
acres  that  was  covered  with  old-field  balsam  and  this  species.  This  species 
was  rare  and  found  in  the  moister  situations.  The  plants  were  much  taller 
and,  in  most  instances,  with  several  branches  from  near  the  base  that 
were  almost  as  large  as  the  central  stem. 

E.  Que.  to  B.  C.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Ohio,  Ind.,  and  Minn. 

3.  Gnaphalium  uliginosum  L.  Low  Cudweed.  Map  2089.  A  rare  or 
infrequent  plant  throughout  the  state.  It  is  usually  found  in  dried-out 
muddy  places,  such  as  hog  wallows  in  lanes,  in  open  woods,  and  along 
river  banks. 

I  believe  this  species  and  G.  obtusifolium  and  G.  purpureum  are  rapidly 
spreading  since  their  habitat  is  becoming  more  frequent. 
Newf.  to  Sask.  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ind.,  and  Colo. 

4.  Gnaphalium  purpureum  L.  Purplish  Cudweed.  Map  2090.  This 
species  prefers  a  dry,  sandy  soil  and  is  more  or  less  frequent  in  fallow 
fields  and  open  woodland  in  the  southern  half  of  the  state,  becoming  infre- 
quent to  very  rare  in  the  northern  half  of  the  state  but  being  rapidly 
introduced. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

9061.  Inula  l. 

1.  Inula  Helenium  L.  Elecampane.  Map  2091.  This  plant  has 
medicinal  qualities  and  was  commonly  cultivated  by  the  pioneers.  It  has 
escaped  in  all  parts  of  the  state  to  roadsides,  pastures,  and  open  woodland. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Mo. 


9122.  POLYMNIA  L.  Leafcup 

Rays  whitish,  usually  small  and  shorter  than  the  involucre,  sometimes  all  well  devel- 
oped in  f.  radiata  and  about  10  mm  long;  plants  generally  7-12  dm  high,  glandular, 


956 


COMPOSITAE 


Silphium 


6 
. 
1 

Jan 

feb 
Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Oec.j- 

f 

l 

|V 

" 

X 

1 

D    ./ 

/    Miles 

J 

.T" 

r 

1 

K 

rj   o 

f     1  D 

Pol 

^mni 

i 

Uvedalia 

0                 50 

Map  2093 
L 

Jan 

Feb 
_  Mar 

Apr 

May 
l    June 
iz    July 
16    Aug 
«    Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec.£ 

D 

D 

S     SB 

D 



-+"""                                  P 

_f    ■>             D 

D        "f 
LX  1 

\ 

'    rt,    : 

0        D 

r     d 

f 

6 
D 

i     D 
1 

0 
DP 

IB     D 
T 

u 

D 

D 

D 

n      1 

D 

B 
UC 

M     - 

~r   *  U 

Id  J_p_ 

1     D 

D 
D 

P; 

!  ' 

»          B 
IU 

'         ' 

D 

K       I— ^-^ 

i-l— ^f  a    la   ) 

-  d        \y\ 

aTb?    d]     J 

fJ    Miles 

r*     D 

B 

D     /d    /" 

D 

IU 

Stlphium 

J              Map  2095 
perfohatum   L 

strongly  scented,  odor  characteristic  and  unpleasant;  leaves  thin,  pinnately  lobed; 
achenes  mostly  3-4  mm  long,  3-ribbed  and  finely  striated  or  the  striae  obscure. .  . . 

1.  P.  canadensis. 

Rays  yellow,  12-22  mm  long;  plants  generally  1.5-2.5  m  high;  glandular  only  in  the 
inflorescence;  leaves  firm,  palmately  lobed;  achenes  mostly  6-8  mm  long,  coarsely 
striated 2.  P.  Uvedalia. 

1.  Polymnia  canadensis  L.  White-FLOWER  Leafcup.  Map  2092.  This 
species  is  found,  no  doubt,  in  every  county  except  possibly  in  a  few  of 
the  prairie  counties.  It  is  strictly  a  woodland  species  and  prefers  a  moist 
soil  covered  with  leaf  mold  in  thick  woodland.  It  is  rarely  found  on  steep 
slopes  without  leaf  mold  or  in  open  woodland,  but  is  often  found  in  over- 
flow land  along  streams. 

W.  Vt.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Tenn.,  and  Ark. 

la.  Polymnia  canadensis  f.  radiata  (Gray)  Fassett.  This  is  a  form  in 
which  the  ligules  of  the  heads  are  fully  developed,  usually  being  about  1  cm 
long.   Found  with  the  species  but  rare. 

2.  Polymnia  Uvedalia  L.  Yellow-flower  Leafcup.  Map  2093.  Re- 
stricted to  the  southern  part  of  the  state  where  it  is  found  on  wooded 
slopes  in  places  exposed  to  the  sun,  usually  toward  the  base  of  a  slope 
but  not  always  so.  It  is  infrequent  and  grows  in  colonies.  In  1931  in 
Harrison  County,  I  found  it  as  a  common  weed  in  an  orchard  of  Wm.  W. 
Jacobs  about  a  mile  west  of  Glidas.  The  orchard  was  on  the  south  side 
of  a  woods  where  the  species  was  common  and  from  which  it  had  escaped 
into  the  orchard.   The  owner  was  making  strenuous  efforts  to  eradicate  it. 

N.  Y.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

9131.  SlLPHIUM  L.  Rosinweed 
[Perry.   Notes  on  Silphium.   Rhodora  39:  281-297.    1937.] 

Stem  leafless  or  nearly  so,  scaly  above;  very  tall  plants  with  large  basal  leaves. 

Leaves  cordate,  dentate 1.  S.  terebinthinaceum. 

Leaves  pinnatifid  or  lobed.    (See  excluded  species  no.  646,  p.  1099)  . 

S.   terebinthinaceum  var.   pinnatifidum. 


Silphium  Compositae  957 

Stem  leafy  throughout;  large  basal  leaves  wanting. 

Stems  quadrangular;  large  plants  with  the  upper  leaves  large  and  connate-perfoliate. 

2.   S.   perfoliatum. 

Stems  more  or  less  terete,  the  upper  leaves  not  very  large  or  connate. 

Leaves  pinnately  parted,  large,  all  alternate;   involucres  generally  2-3  cm  broad. 

Involucre  and  peduncle  glandless 3.  S.  laciniatum. 

Involucre  and  peduncle  glandular 3a.  S.  laciniatum  var.  Robinsonii. 

Leaves  not  parted  or  pinnatifid,  entire,  dentate  or  serrate,  generally  opposite  or 

whorled    or  sometimes   some   of  them  alternate;   involucres  mostly   1-1.5  cm 

broad;  involucral  bracts  ciliate. 

Outer  involucral  bracts  glabrous  on  both  faces;  stems  terete,  glabrous  and  usually 

very     glaucous;     leaves    lanceolate,    oblong-lanceolate     or    lanceolate-ovate, 

opposite  or  usually  the  middle  ones  in  3's  or  4's,  tapering  at  the  base  into  a 

distinct  petiole   except  the  upper   ones   which   are   sessile;    petioles   mostly 

0.3-3  cm  long. 

Plant  with  at  least  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  pubescent;  leaves  chiefly 

verticillate  though  often  opposite  or  alternate 4.  S.  trifoliatum. 

Plant  glabrous;  leaves  usually  opposite 4a.  S.  trifoliatum  var.  latifolhim. 

Outer  involucral  bracts  more  or  less  pubescent  on  one  or  both  faces,  sometimes 
the  whole  involucre  also  glandular;  stems  more  or  less  compressed  to  4-sided, 
usually  somewhat  scabrous  or  pubescent,  rarely  glabrous,  but  scabrous  in  the 
inflorescence;  leaves  opposite,  rarely  a  few  ternate  or  alternate,  ovate  to 
lanceolate-ovate,  all  sessile  or  the  lower  ones  on  very  short  petioles,  narrowed, 
rounded  or  cordate-clasping  at  the  base. 

Involucral  bracts  pubescent  but  not  glandular 5.  S.  integrifolium. 

Involucral  bracts  glandular-pubescent 5a.  S.  integrifolium  var.  Deamii. 

1.  Silphium  terebinthinaceum  Jacq.  Dock  Rosin  weed.  Map  2094. 
Found  here  and  there  in  all  parts  of  the  state  but  frequent  to  common  in 
the  prairie  area.  It  has  a  very  wide  range  of  habitat — from  the  crest  of  a 
wooded  sandstone  ridge  to  a  marsh.  It  is  generally  found  in  a  prairie 
habitat  along  roadsides  and  railroads  and  rarely  on  open,  wooded  or  gravel- 
ly slopes. 

Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  La. 

2.  Silphium  perfoliatum  L.  Cup  Rosinweed.  Map  2095.  Found  through- 
out the  state  although  it  may  be  absent  from  a  few  of  our  northern  coun- 
ties. It  is  generally  found  on  the  alluvial  banks  of  streams  and  on  the  low 
borders  of  lakes.  It  is  found  both  in  woodland  and  in  open  places  and 
sometimes  in  low  ground  along  roadsides. 

Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Miss.,  and  Okla. 

3.  Silphium  laciniatum  L.  Compassplant.  Map  2096.  This  species  is 
a  true  prairie  plant  and  in  its  distribution  in  Indiana  it  was  restricted 
to  the  prairie  areas.  All  of  our  prairie  areas  are  under  cultivation  and  it  is 
found  now  only  in  moist  prairie  habitats  along  railroads  and  roadsides. 
The  published  records  extend  its  range  somewhat  beyond  that  shown  on 
the  map.  Beyond  the  area  indicated  by  the  map,  it  has  been  reported  from 
the  area  of  Delaware,  Jay,  Randolph,  and  Wayne  Counties,  and  from  Elk- 
hart, Knox,  and  Noble  Counties. 

Ohio  and  Ind.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Okla.  and  Tex. 


958 


COMPOSITAE 


Silphium 


3 

D 

— r 1          1 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov 

V 

iVrU 

r 

r 

T 

DP 

r 

- 

^  r 

D 

t 

r, 

Dec  J- 

•t  ■' — 

f 

/!/    Miles 

< 

5ilph 

um 

lactniaturr 

0                50 

Map  2096 
i  L 

Silphium 


0         ~T(5 
Map  2096a 
laciniatum    L     var 

Robin sonii    Perry 


14 

4 
1 

f 

D          D 
0          3 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

-  s    » 

0          0 

\ 

[r1 

" 

-I 

r 

I 

D 

J 

r1 

Dec  j- 

D 

1         |  0 

1         ° 

D     j 

Silph 

ium 

D 

tr 

foliatum 

50 

Map  2097 

L 

3a.  Silphium  laciniatum  var.  Robinsonii  Perry.  (Rhodora  39:  297. 
1937.)  Map  2096a.  In  Indiana  this  variety  has  the  same  habitat  as  the 
species. 

Ind.,  southw.  to  La. 

4.  Silphium  trifoliatum  L.  Whorled  Rosinweed.  Map  2097.  Infre- 
quent to  rare  in  dry  soil  on  open,  wooded  slopes  in  two  widely  separated 
parts  of  the  state.  Beyond  the  area  shown  on  the  map,  it  has  been  reported 
from  Carroll,  Cass,  Knox,  and  La  Porte  Counties.  This  species,  like  the 
next,  is  variable  and  in  certain  forms  it  is  separated  from  it  with  diffi- 
culty. In  the  typical  form,  the  leaves  are  lanceolate,  dark  green,  some 
whorled,  and  generally  with  nearly  entire  margins.  Non-typical  plants 
may  have  only  opposite  leaves  or  some  alternate  ones,  and  narrow-ovate 
blades.  The  inner  face  of  the  achenes  is  glabrous  or  pubescent,  usually  the 
latter. 

Pa.,  Ont.,  Ind.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 

4a.  Silphium  trifoliatum  var.  latifolium  Gray.  This  is  a  glabrate  form 
of  the  species  and  is  not  well  marked.  Some  specimens  will  have  most 
of  the  leaves  glabrous  above  and  one  or  more  scabrous  above.  I  have  this 
form  from  Crawford,  Decatur,  and  Washington  Counties. 

Ohio  and  Ind.,  southw.  to  S.  C.  and  Ala. 

5.  Silphium  integrifolium  Michx.  ENTIRE-LEAF  RosiNWOOD.  Map  2098. 
Infrequent  to  rare,  rarely  frequent,  throughout  Indiana  although  there 
are  no  records  from  the  northeastern  part.  It  is  generally  found  in 
dry  soil  on  open  wooded  slopes,  frequent  in  prairie  habitats,  and  on  the 
low  wooded  dunes  along  Lake  Michigan.  The  plants  are  variable  in  the 
width  and  margins  of  the  leaves  and  in  the  pubescence  of  the  stem,  leaves, 
and  involucre.  Some  plants  have  stems  with  a  few  ternate  or  alternate 
leaves.  The  inner  face  of  the  achenes  is  either  glabrous  or  pubescent, 
mostly  more  or  less  pubescent.  I  have  had  all  forms  of  this  species  under 
cultivation  for  many  years  to  study  them. 

Ohio  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Miss,  and  Tex. 


Parthenium 


COMPOSITAE 


959 


0  50 

Map  2098 


Silphium    integrifolium   Michx 


Silphium    integnfolium 


0  — 1o 

Map  2100 


Parthenium    integnfolium   L 


5a.  Silphium  integrifolium  var.  Deamii  Perry.  (Rhodora  39 :  287.  1937.) 
Map  2099.  Found  throughout  the  range  of  the  species  but  rarely  found 
closely  associated  with  it  in  Indiana. 

Ind.  and  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ala.,  Miss.,  and  Ark. 


9138.  PARTHENIUM  L. 

1.  Parthenium  integrifolium  L.  American  Feverfew.  Map  2100. 
This  is  one  of  our  typical  prairie  plants.  Since  all  of  our  original  prairies 
are  under  cultivation,  this  plant  is  found  now  only  in  prairie  habitats  along 
roadsides  and  railroads.  I  have  a  few  specimens  collected  in  "oak  open- 
ings," which  means  that  the  plants  are  relicts.  The  range  in  Indiana  is 
extended  by  published  records  from  Clark,  Floyd,  Jefferson,  and  Marshall 
Counties. 

Md.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

9141.  IVA  L. 

Heads  subtended  by  leafy  bracts;  fertile  flowers  with  evident  corollas 1.  I.  ciliata. 

Heads  not  subtended  by  leafy  bracts;  corollas  of  fertile  flowers  rudimentary  or  lacking. 
2.   /.   xanthifolia. 

1.  Iva  ciliata  Willd.  Map  2101.  Known  only  from  Gibson  and  Posey 
Counties.  I  found  it  to  be  frequent  to  common  in  hard,  clay  soil  in  a  field 
on  the  border  of  Pitcher's  "Lake,"  along  the  roadside  on  the  south  side  of 
Half  Moon  Pond,  and  along  the  roadside  for  a  mile  or  more  along  the 
Wabash  River  in  the  vicinity  of  Bone  Bank,  Posey  County. 

Ind.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  La.  and  N.  Mex. 

2.  Iva  xanthifolia  Nutt.  Reported  by  Hansen  as  found  along  a  ditch 
in  Tippecanoe  County,  and  by  Peattie  as  found  in  the  Calumet  District. 
Although  I  have  not  seen  a  specimen,  I  am  admitting  this  species  because 
there  is  little  possibility  of  a  wrong  determination. 

Ont.  and  Mich,  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Tex.  and  Utah;  introduced  in  the 
East,  from  Maine  to  Del. 


960 


COMPOSITAE 


Ambrosia 


o  5o 

Map  2101 


Iva 


ala  Willd. 


— . 

Jan. 



Feb. 



Mar. 

~~Y 

J 



1    ,J 

May 
June 

July 

y 

r 

" 

X 

6 

Aug. 
Sept. 

f 

- 

r       i 

— 

Oct 

\ 

DP 

r 

-  i 

i 

t 

1 

Dec  j- 

i 

0 

ua 

— — 

K                      1 

-f'  Ba    I       i 

J    D    J  D 

r-f^       \ 

/    Miles 

rTTvn  A^y 

.50 

Is^^T^             Map  2103 

Ambrosia     bidentata    Michx 

12 
2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec.j- 

0 

f    IID          D 

D 

D 

I 

D          D 

fij       D 

D           D       T-  — 

'^ 

D 

1 

D 

D 

D 

1 

DP 

I  D      IU 

<H 

D 

D     "d 

{ 

d)  b  l 

1    D 

D 

D        ° 

DP 

,j- 

B 

r 

-  i 

D 

T7 

r,* 

f     " 

B    1. 

10             B 
t       i— — V 

no     \y 

«/    D 

0 

1  D 

(J    Miles 

o  r 

D  _/ 

Am 

)  d  /-^  \_  y 

>rosia    trifida 

0                50 
Map  2104 

L 

9146.  AMBROSIA  [Tourn.]  L.  Ragweed 

Staminate  heads  sessile;  leaves  not  divided,  mostly  less  than  1  cm  wide;  fruit  4-angled, 

each  angle  ending  in  a  short  prickle 1.  A.   bidentata. 

Staminate  heads  on  short  pedicels;  leaves  1-2-pinnatifid,  3-5-lobed  or,  if  undivided,  more 
than   1  cm  wide. 

Leaves  3-5-lobed  or  undivided 2.  A.  trifida. 

Leaves  pinnatifid  or  bipinnatifid. 

Stem  leaves  petiolate;  fruit  with  5-7  short  prickles  about  0.5  mm  long,  the  beak 

generally  1-1.5  mm  long;  annual,  branches  widely  spreading 

3.  A.  elatior. 

Stem  leaves  sessile  or  with  short  petioles;  fruit  without  prickles  or  with  1-4  very 
short  ones  less  than  0.5  mm  long,  the  beak  generally  about  0.5  mm  long; 
perennial,  branches  ascending,  more  compact 4.  A.  coronopifolia. 

1.  Ambrosia  bidentata  Michx.  Lanceleaf  Ragweed.  Map  2103.  Gen- 
erally found  in  hard,  white  clay  soil  in  low  land  in  fallow  fields,  in  open  ■ 
woodland,  and  along  roadsides.  Pioneers  have  told  me  that  they  did  not 
note  this  species  until  the  past  ten  years.  Blatchley  reports  that  it  was 
first  noted  in  1895.  Schneck  in  1876  reports  it  as  "common  in  prairies." 
This  western  species  is  slowly  migrating  eastward.  Where  it  is  found,  it 
usually  forms  dense  stands.  I  was  told  by  a  farmer  that  stock  will  not 
eat  it,  although  they  will  eat  other  species  of  ragweed.  It  is  restricted  to 
the  southwestern  part  of  the  state.  There  are  records  of  its  occurrence 
in  Clay  and  Vigo  Counties. 

Ind.  to  Nebr.,  south w.  to  La.  and  Tex. 

2.  Ambrosia  trifida  L.  Great  Ragweed.  Map  2104.  This  ragweed, 
without  doubt,  occurs  in  every  county  of  the  state.  It  is  usually  abundant 
in  the  alluvial  bottoms  of  streams.  Found  in  low,  open  places  in  cultivated 
and  fallow  fields  and  woodland.  It  grows  to  giant  size  and  J.  M.  Coulter 
records  measuring  a  specimen  18  feet  high.  A  form  with  entire  leaves  is 
often  found  growing  with  the  species.  I  believe  that  it  is  a  depauperate 
form  of  the  species  and  it  has  no  taxonomic  significance. 

Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  N.  Mex. 


Ambrosia 


COMPOSITAE 


961 


0  50 

Map2I05 


Ambrosia    elatior    L 


Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov 

D 

f 

**            1    10 

r- 

r  H-i 

i 

i' 

9- 

J 

1  - 

/    L 

r 

Dec  <- 

i 

-1 — 

77  i 

\X>    Miles 

Amb 

rosia 

coronopi 

"^    Map  2106 

folia    T  &G 

0  50 

Map  2107 


Xanthium     spinosum    L 


3.  Ambrosia  elatior  L.  (Ambrosia  artemisii folia  L.  and  Ambrosia 
elatior  var.  artemisiifolia  (L.)  House.)  (For  a  discussion  of  this  species 
see  Jones.  Studies  on  Ambrosia.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  17:  673-700.  1936 
and  Fernald  &  Griscom.  Ambrosia  artemisiaefolia  and  its  variations  in 
temperate  North  America.  Rhodora  37:  184-185.  1935.)  Common  Rag- 
weed. Map  2105.  I  am  referring  all  of  our  reports  under  whatever  name 
reported  to  this  species.  As  Jones  has  pointed  out,  it  is  a  highly  variable 
plant,  producing  pistillate  plants  and  also  plants  bearing  both  stamens 
and  pistils. 

An  abundant  weed  everywhere  in  cultivated  and  fallow  fields,  waste 
places,  roadsides,  and  almost  any  place  where  the  ground  is  not  covered 
with  a  sod  of  grass.  Milch  cows  are  usually  kept  out  of  pastures  and 
stubble  fields  where  it  is  abundant  because  when  they  eat  this  plant  the 
milk  has  a  nauseating  taste. 

The  ragweeds  are  a  few  of  the  species  whose  pollen  causes  autumnal 
hay  fever.  On  account  of  the  abundance  of  these  plants  they  have  the 
credit  of  being  the  chief  cause  of  this  disease. 

N.  S.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Va.,  Colo.,  and  Wash. 

4.  Ambrosia  coronopifolia  T.  &  G.  (Ambrosia  psilostachya  of  Gray, 
Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  WESTERN  Ragweed. 
Map  2106.  This  is  a  western  species  that  has  been  reported  several  times 
in  Indiana,  probably  mostly  as  a  railroad  migrant.  It  has  been  reported 
from  the  dunes  by  Peattie  and  I  have  a  specimen  from  near  Hammond. 
It  has  also  been  reported  from  Jefferson  and  Marion  Counties,  and  from 
the  Lower  Wabash  Valley.  In  1933  1  found  it  as  a  common  weed  in  dry, 
sandy  soil  along  the  C.  E.  &  I.  Railroad  just  south  of  Emison,  Knox 
County.  It  is  common  in  sandy  soil  in  a  woods  about  1  mile  southeast 
of  Notre  Dame,  St.  Joseph  County  (Nieuwland).  Ek  has  found  it  in  two 
places  along  railroads  in  Howard  County. 

Mich,  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Idaho  and  n.  Mexico;  introduced  into  Conn. 


962  Compositae  Xanthium 

9148.  XANTHIUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Cocklebur 

[Millspaugh  &  Sherff.  Revision  of  the  North  American  species  of 
Xanthium.  Field  Museum  Botanical  Series  4:  9-51.  14  pi.  1919.  Mills- 
paugh &  Sherff.  Xanthium.  North  American  Flora  33:  37-44.  1922. 
Widder:  Die  Arten  der  Gattung  Xanthium.  Fedde  Repertorium  20:  1-221. 
Tafel  4,  Karte  4.  1923.  Wiegand  &  Eames.  Xanthium.1  Flora  of  the 
Cayuga  Lake  Basin:  414.  1926.  Symons.  Studies  in  the  genus  Xanthium. 
Bot.  Gaz.  81 :  121-147.  3  pi.  1926.] 

Leaves  attenuate  at  both  ends,  mostly  less  than  2  cm  wide,  with  a  strong,  3-pronged 

prickle  at  the  base  of  each 1.  X.  spinosum. 

Leaves  cordate  or  ovate,  more  than  3  cm  wide,  without  prickles  at  the  base. 

Body  of  fruit  and  prickles  glabrous  or  nearly  so 2.  X.  pennsylvanicum. 

Body  of  fruit  and  prickles  more  or  less  hispid 3.  X.  italicum. 

1.  Xanthium  spinosum  L.  Spiny  Cocklebur.  Map  2107.  This  species 
has  been  reported  from  Clark,  Franklin,  Jefferson,  and  Putnam  Counties. 
Young,  in  1875,  said  that  it  was  spreading  and  not  uncommon  ten  years 
before  in  Jefferson  County,  mostly  along  roadsides.  I  have  traveled  all  of 
the  principal  roads  of  Jefferson  County  and  have  done  considerable 
botanical  work  there  and  I  have  never  seen  it.  This  would  indicate  that 
for  some  reason  it  is  not  spreading.  It  may  be  that  landowners  have 
recognized  the  plant  as  a  weed  and  eradicated  it. 

I  found  it  in  a  hogyard  and  along  the  roadside  near  Mauckport  in 
Harrison  County  and  in  a  hogyard  and  an  adjacent  pasture  and  roadside 
east  of  Cannelton  in  Perry  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Maine  to  Ont.  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Xanthium  pennsylvanicum  Wallr.  Smooth-body  Cocklebur.  Map 
2108.  Frequent  to  common  throughout  the  state  in  moist  places  along 
streams,  about  lakes,  in  dried-up  ponds,  cornfields,  and  cultivated  grounds 
in  general.  This  species  and  the  next  are  very  annoying  weeds  in  the 
cornfields  of  the  Lower  Wabash  Bottoms. 

Mass.  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Calif. 

3.  Xanthium  italicum  Moretti.  Hairy-body  Cocklebur.  Map  2109. 
The  distribution,  frequency,  and  habitat  in  Indiana  are  the  same  as  those 
of  the  preceding  species. 

Que.,  Sask.,  and  Wash.,  southw.  to  W.  Va.  and  Calif.,  southw.  into  Mex. 
to  Oaxaca,  and  in  Eu. 

1  Wiegand  says:  "Several  years  ago  I  undertook  a  revision  of  the  American 
Xanthiums,  making  use  of  the  material  in  the  Gray  Herbarium.  After  a  prolonged 
but  unsuccessful  effort  to  prepare  a  satisfactory  treatment,  the  problem  was  laid  aside. 
I  am  now  greatly  in  doubt  as  to  the  existence  of  more  than  one  real  species  in  the 
group  represented  by  X.  chinense  Mill.,  X.  pennsylvanicum  Wallr.,  X.  italicum  Mor., 
and  other  related  forms."  He  discusses  all  of  the  Indiana  forms  (as  I  understand 
him)  except  Xanthium  spinosum  and  he  refers  them  all  to  one  species  which  he  calls 
Xanthium.  orientate  L.  I  have  made  a  limited  study  of  our  forms  in  the  field  and  I 
have  decided  to  treat  all  of  our  native  forms  under  two  species.  Since  Symons' 
studies  show  that  the  species  will  hybridize,  it  seems  best  to  regard  our  species  as 
complexes  until  study  defines  the  species.  The  synonymy  is  so  badly  involved  that  it 
is  useless  to  repeat  it. 


Heliopsis 


COMPOSITAE 


963 


o  50 

Map  2109 


Xanthium     italicum    Moretti 


^30 
Map  2110 

Heliopsis    helianthoides    (L )   Sweet 


9157.  HELIOPSIS  Pers. 

1.  Heliopsis  helianthoides  (L.)  Sweet.  Sunflower  Heliopsis.  Map 
2110.  Found  throughout  the  state,  preferring  open  areas  and  moist  soils. 
It  is  most  frequently  found  in  open  woodland  in  the  alluvial  bottoms 
along  streams  and  along  roadsides.  I  have  it  from  47  counties,  and  I  find 
that  my  specimens  are  highly  variable,  and  I  am  not  able  to  divide  them 
on  the  characters  given  in  the  manuals.  The  leaves  are  not  smooth  on  any 
of  my  specimens.  All  of  them  are  more  or  less  scabrous  to  the  touch 
either  above  or  beneath.  Sometimes  the  upper  surface  is  more  scabrous 
than  the  lower,  and  in  other  specimens  the  reverse  is  true.  The  width 
of  the  largest  median  leaf  varies  from  3  to  10  cm.  The  apex  of  the  leaves 
varies  from  acuminate  to  short-acute.  The  margins  are  variously  cut,  and 
the  number  of  teeth  is  exceedingly  variable.  The  petioles  of  the  median 
leaves  are  from  1  to  4  cm  long.  The  stems  of  all  of  my  specimens  are 
comparatively  smooth,  only  rarely  with  a  somewhat  scabrous  internode. 
The  heads  vary  from  less  than  1  cm  to  2  cm  wide  and  are  very  variable 
on  the  same  plant.  The  number  of  heads  varies  from  one  to  many.  The 
crown  of  the  achene  varies  in  height  and  smoothness. 

Heliopsis  scabra  Dunal  has  been  often  reported  from  the  state,  and  I 
have  two  specimens,  one  from  Hamilton  County  and  one  from  Tipton 
County,  that  some  authors  might  refer  to  this  species.  While  this  species 
in  its  extremes  seems  to  be  distinct,  I  believe  that  all  Indiana  material 
should  be  referred  to  one  highly  variable  complex.  The  descriptions  of  the 
two  species  by  different  authors  show  that  the  differences  between  them 
are  slight  and  that  there  are  exceptions  to  these  differences. 

My  plants  with  largest  leaves,  longest  petioles,  and  smoothest  leaves 
are  from  deep  woodland,  and  those  with  the  smallest  and  most  scabrous 
leaves  are  from  prairie  habitats,  although  larger  intermediates  are  also 
found  in  prairie  habitats. 

Nieuwland,  however,  on  June  24,  1909,  found  a  specimen  of  what  I  would 
call  the  typical  form  of  Heliopsis  scabra  Dunal  along  the  Grand  Trunk 


964 


COMPOSITAE 


Eclipta 


Eclipta    alba   (U   Hassk 


0  50 

Map  2112 


Rudbeckia    hirta    L. 


6  50 

Map  2113 

Rudbeckia    subtomentosa    Pursh 


Railroad,  St.  Joseph  County.  I  am  regarding  this  specimen  as  a  migrant 
and  we  have  no  record  that  other  plants  were  left  and  perpetuated  them- 
selves. 

N.  Y.,  Ont.,  and  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tenn.,  and  Mo. 

9166.  ECLfPTA  L. 

1.  Eclipta  alba  (L.)  Hassk.  ( Verbesina  alba  L.)  Yerba  de  Tajo.  Map 
2111.  Local  throughout  the  state,  but  frequent  to  common  along  the  bank 
of  the  Ohio  River  and  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Bottoms.  This  is  a  southern 
species  which  is  migrating  northward  and  it  may  be  absent  as  yet  from  the 
northern  tier  of  counties.  It  prefers  the  muddy  shores  of  streams,  ponds, 
and  sloughs  but  is  found  also  in  low  places  in  cultivated  fields. 

Mass.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Mex.,  and  southw. 


9178.  RUDBECKIA  L.  Coneflower 

Corolla   lobes   recurved  after   anthesis,   about  0.5  mm   long,  usually  0.3-0.4  mm   long. 

Chaff  of  disk  acute,  hispid-ciliate  on  the  margins  and  on  the  back  at  the  summit; 

plants  flowering  mostly  from  the  middle  of  June  to  the  middle  of  August;  style 

branches  long  and  subulate  at  anthesis ;  leaves  not  divided 1.  R.  hirta. 

Chaff  of  disk  acute,  not  strictly  ciliate  but  the  margins  at  the  summit  and  the  back  for 
half  its  length  densely  covered  with  short-stalked  glands,  and  with  a  few  color- 
less, hispid  hairs;  plants  flowering  mostly  from  the  middle  of  August  to  the  first 
of  October;  style  branches  short  and  obtuse  at  anthesis;  at  least  the  lower  leaves 

3-lobed,  rarely  none  of  the  leaves  lobed 2.  R.  subtomentosa. 

Corolla  lobes  erect  or  some  of  the  outer  ones  spreading  after  anthesis,  more  than  0.5 
mm  long  except  in  Rudbeckia  palustris. 
Heads  greenish;  chaff  truncate  and  densely  glandular-pubescent  at  the  summit;  plants 
generally  1-2  m  high;   at  least  the  lowest  leaves  3-7-parted,  the  segments  va- 
riously toothed 3.  R.  laciniata. 

Heads  purplish;  chaff  not  truncate  at  the  summit;  plants  generally  less  than   1  m 
high;  leaves  entire,  toothed,  or  3-lobed. 
Chaff  long-acuminate  or  aristate  at  the  apex,  glabrous;  some  or  all  of  the  lowest 

leaves  petiolate,  some  or  all  more  or  less  3-lobed 4.  R.  triloba. 

Chaff  merely  acute  at  the  apex;  no  3-lobed  leaves. 


Rudbeckia  Compositae  965 

Summit  of  chaff  (except  the  outer  rows)  more  or  less  ciliate  on  the  margins  or 
pubescent  within. 
Chaff  more  or  less  pubescent  within  and  usually  more  or  less  pubescent  with- 
out; involucral  bracts  hispid  above;  corollas  about  4  mm  long,  the  lobes 
about  1  mm  long;  achenes  about  2  mm  long;  plants  mostly  on  the  crests  of 
wooded  ridges;  blades  of  stolons  narrow,  lanceolate  or  elliptic-lanceolate, 
generally  less  than  3  cm  wide  or  in  a  wet  season  under  cultivation  some- 
what ovate  and  up  to  5  cm  wide 5.  R.  fulgida. 

Chaff  not  pubescent  within,  rarely  with  a  few  hairs,  and  glabrous  without;  in- 
volucral bracts  glabrous  above;  plants  of  moist  places. 
Largest  leaves   of  stolons  mostly  3-8  cm   wide,   of  an   ovate  or  oval   type, 
their   petioles   mostly   7-17   cm   long;   median   and  upper  cauline   leaves 
sessile  or  on  short,  margined  petioles;  achenes  3  mm  long. 
Ligules  of  rays  1.5-2  cm  long;  disk  usually  less  than  14  mm  wide;  chaff 

mostly  with  narrow-triangular  tips 6.  R.  umbrosa. 

Ligules  of  rays  2-4  cm  long;  disk  12-18  mm  wide;  chaff  mostly  with  wide- 
triangular  tips 1.  R.  Sullivantii. 

Largest  leaves  of  stolons  less  than  3  cm  wide,  lanceolate,  or  elliptic-lanceo- 
late, narrowed  to  a  very  long  cuneate  base,  remotely  shallow-crenate, 
their  petioles  mostly  2-12  cm  long;  median  and  upper  cauline  leaves 
usually  narrowed  to   long,  margined  petioles;    achenes  2-2.5   mm   long. 

8.  R.  palustris. 

Summit  of  chaff  with  erose  or  denticulate  margins,  sometimes  one  or  more  of 
the  outer  ones  with  a  few  ciliate  hairs. 
Stems  more  or  less  densely  retrorsely  hirsute,  appressed-pubescent  above;  in- 
volucral bracts  hispid  above;  ligules  of  rays  less  than  25  mm  long;  leaves 
of  stolons  ovate  or  oval,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base.  .  .9.  R.  Deamii. 
Stems  glabrate,  sparingly  hispid,  or  rarely  spreading  or  upwardly  pubescent; 
involucral  bracts  glabrous  above;   ligules  of  rays  20-40  mm  long,  usually 
more  than  25  mm  long;  leaves  of  stolons  large,  of  an  ovate  type,  cordate 
or  subcordate  at  the  base 7.  R.  Sullivantii. 

1.  Rudbeckia  hirta  L.  Black-eyed  Susan.  Map  2112.  This  species 
I  am  regarding  as  a  species  complex.  The  plants  in  our  area  are  variable. 
Some  are  annual  and  flower  mostly  in  June  and  July ;  these  probably  be- 
long to  the  typical  form.  They  are  found  in  all  parts  of  the  state  and  are 
more  or  less  frequent  in  both  the  glaciated  and  unglaciated  areas.  They 
are  usually  found  in  fallow  fields,  prairie  habitats,  and  open  black  oak 
woods  and  along  roadsides  and  railroads.  I  have  found  them  in  acid 
marshes  and  once  in  great  numbers  on  the  marl  border  of  a  lake.  It  is 
to  be  noted  that  the  border  of  the  lake  was  more  than  100  feet  wide  and 
the  plants  covered  about  an  acre.  Those  that  grew  in  the  moist  part  of 
the  border  were  simple,  usually  bearing  but  one  head  while  those  on  the 
beach  margin  where  it  was  dry  were  branched  and  had  many  heads. 

These  early  flowering  plants  also  vary  in  the  size  and  shape  of  the 
leaves  and  in  the  color  of  the  rays.  Miss  Edna  Banta  found  a  specimen 
in  Jefferson  County  which  I  determined  as  Rudbeckia  bicolor,  overlooking 
the  fact  that  this  species  sometimes  has  flowers  with  the  base  of  the  rays 
a  maroon  color.  I  am  now  referring  her  specimen  to  Rudbeckia  hirta. 
The  bracts  of  this  form  are  mostly  10-12  mm  long,  rarely  one  up  to  20 
mm  long.  The  rays  are  mostly  20-35  mm  long.  The  heads  are  on  long 
peduncles  and  well  developed  ones  are  15-22  mm  wide. 


966 


COMPOSITAE 


Rudbeckia 


On  September  26,  1932,  I  was  collecting  along  the  roadside  near 
Blocher  in  Jefferson  County  and  my  attention  was  directed  to  large  flower- 
ing specimens  of  this  species.  The  date  of  flowering  and  the  mammoth 
size  of  the  specimens  attracted  my  attention.  I  measured  the  longest  ray 
of  the  specimen  I  collected  and  it  was  57  mm  long.  I  dug  several  plants, 
brought  them  home,  and  planted  them  in  our  garden  where  they  have 
been  ever  since.  I  find  that  they  are  perennial  and  in  cultivation  they 
are  very  prolific.  In  1936  I  made  12  full  specimens  from  one  plant.  The 
plants  have  long  root  leaves,  the  blades  tapering  at  both  ends,  3-5  cm 
wide  and  about  15  cm  long,  on  petioles  10-20  cm  long.  The  heads  are 
mostly  15-18  mm  wide,  with  involucral  bracts  10-20  mm  long  and  are  on 
long  petioles  except  one  bushy  plant  which  has  the  many  heads  on  short 
petioles.  Here  in  our  garden  this  plant  begins  to  bloom  about  the  middle 
of  August  and  continues  until  killing  frost. 

I  have  tried  to  find  the  correct  name  for  my  plants  but  have  failed  to 
satisfy  myself.  Fernald  (Rhodora  29:  458.  1937)  published  a  key  to 
Rudbeckia  hirta  L.  which  I  am  not  able  to  fit  to  our  plants.  He  regards 
the  typical  form  of  the  species  as  having  the  "pubescence  of  the  lower 
leaf-surface  variously  spreading,  with  broad  open  glabrous  areas  between 
the  conspicuous  green  bulbous  bases  of  the  trichomes."  He  refers  to  Rud- 
beckia hirta  var.  sericea  plants  of  this  complex  that  have  the  "pubescence 
of  both  leaf-surfaces  closely  appressed  (or  chiefly  so),  the  crowded  hairs 
chiefly  parallel  with  the  midrib,  with  minute  or  obscure  bulbous  bases." 
He  does  not  give  the  range  of  this  variety  but  I  can  not  make  it  apply  to 
our  plants  because  Moore's  original  description  calls  for  plants  with 
subulate  involucral  bracts  three  fourths  of  an  inch  (20  mm)  long,  while 
the  bracts  of  our  plants  are  not  subulate  and  are  mostly  10-12  mm  long. 

I  find  no  description  to  fit  my  Jefferson  County  plants  and  I  regard 
them  unique,  requiring  further  study  to  place  them. 


Rudbeckia 


Compositae 


967 


0  50 

Map  2117 
Rudbeckia    umbrosa    Boynton    &  Beadle 


0  "To 

Map  2118 


Rudbeckia    Sullivantu    Boynton    &    Beadle 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

f 

D 

r 

i 

I- 

|V 

1 

" 

X 

r1 

r 

1 

^H 

j 

Dec  C 

>  ' — 

/    Miles 

Rudt 

eckii 

pa 

~y\  jo         so 

/             Map  2119 
lustris    Eqqert 

I  have  had  all  our  species  of  Rudbeckia  under  cultivation  for  several 
years  and  this  autumnal  form  of  this  species  baffles  me.  I  hope  to  continue 
and  to  increase  my  observation  of  it. 

N.  E.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Colo.,  and  Tex. 

2.  Rudbeckia  subtomentosa  Pursh.  Sweet  Coneflower.  Map  2113. 
Infrequent  in  rather  wet  prairie  habitats  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
state,  mostly  along  roadsides ;  and  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  in 
low,  open  woods,  where  it  is  usually  associated  with  prairie  plants. 

Ind.,  Wis.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  La.  and  Tex. 

3.  Rudbeckia  laciniata  L.  Cutleaf  Coneflower.  Map  2114.  Golden- 
glow  is  a  cultivated  form  of  this  species.  In  our  area,  this  species  varies  in 
the  pubescence  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  from  glabrous  to  densely 
short-pubescent.  The  rays  of  our  plants  are  spreading.  Infrequent,  but 
usually  in  large  colonies,  on  the  moist,  alluvial  bottoms  of  streams  in  the 
open  or  in  woods,  and  rarer  in  low  woodland  and  about  lakes. 

W.  Maine  to  Man.  and  Idaho,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Colo.,  and  Ariz. 

4.  Rudbeckia  triloba  L.  Brown-eyed  Susan.  Map  2115.  Infrequent, 
but  usually  in  large  colonies  in  the  open  or  wooded,  moist  banks  of  streams 
and  in  moist  wooded  ravines.  Throughout  the  state  although  there  are  no 
reports  or  specimens  from  the  northern  counties. 

N.  J.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  La.,  and  Kans. 

5.  Rudbeckia  fulgida  Ait.  Orange  Coneflower.  Map  2116.  This  is  a 
rare  species  found  in  dry,  open  woodland.  It  is  slender,  usually  4-8  dm 
high,  and  grows  in  colonies. 

N.  Y.,  Pa.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

6.  Rudbeckia  umbrosa  Boynton  &  Beadle.  Map  2117.  My  specimens  are 
from  the  low,  moist  border  of  a  small  creek  about  a  mile  southeast  of 
Corydon  Junction  (New  Salisbury)  in  Harrison  County.  This  species,  no 
doubt,  has  a  wider  distribution  in  Indiana. 

W.  Va.  to  Ky.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 


968  Compositae  Brauneria 

7.  Rudbeckia  Sullivantii  Boynton  &  Beadle.  (Rudbeckia  speciosa  var. 
Sidlivantii  (Boynton  &  Beadle)  Rob.)  Sullivant  Coneflower.  Map 
2118.  Local  in  moist,  wet,  or  springy  places  about  lakes  and  marshes  and 
along  streams  and  roadsides. 

Ohio  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Tenn. 

8.  Rudbeckia  palustris  Eggert.  Map  2119.  Common  in  sandy  soil  in 
the  wet,  sandy,  sedge  border  of  the  southwest  side  of  North  Twin  Lake 
about  2  miles  northwest  of  Howe,  Lagrange  County,  and  on  the  spill  bank 
of  the  inlet  of  this  lake  where  it  was  a  much  smaller  plant. 

Ind.  to  Tenn.  and  Mo. 

9.  Rudbeckia  Deamii  Blake.  (Rhodora  19:  113-115.  1917.)  Deam 
Coneflower.  Map  2120.  A  single  colony  of  this  species  was  found  in 
1914  and  in  the  same  place  in  1916  on  the  moist  slopes  of  the  north  bank 
of  Wildcat  Creek  in  section  1  in  Carroll  County,  about  150  feet  east  of  where 
the  creek  is  crossed  by  the  Delphi  and  Frankfort  pike,  about  9  miles  south- 
east of  Delphi.  The  type  locality  was  visited  in  later  years  and  the  species 
had  disappeared.  I  have  searched  up  and  down  the  creek  from  this  place 
and  I  have  never  been  able  to  find  additional  specimens.  In  September, 
1932,  I  found  a  large  colony  of  it  in  a  roadside  ditch  about  a  mile  and  a 
half  southwest  of  Williamsport  in  Warren  County. 

Known  only  from  Ind. 

9178A.  BRAUNERIA  Necker 

Leaves  of  an  ovate  type,  the  lower  ovate,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  abruptly  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  5-nerved,  the  margins,  at  least  some  of  them,  more  or  less  ser- 
rate; stems  in  our  specimens  smooth  or  nearly  so;  awn  of  chaff  about  as  long  as  its 

body 1.  B.  purpurea. 

Leaves  of  a  lanceolate  type,  attenuate  at  the  base,  entire  or  somewhat  denticulate; 
stems  scabrous  or  rough-pubescent;  awn  or  chaff  shorter  than  its  body. 
Rays  drooping,  mostly  3-6  cm  long;  tips  of  awns  of  chaff  indurated  and  some  of  them 

more  or  less  hooked IB.  pallida. 

Rays  spreading  or  slightly  reflexed,  mostly  1.5-4  cm  long;  tips  of  awns  of  chaff  in- 
durated, straight  or  nearly  so 3.  B.  angustifolia. 

1.  Brauneria  purpurea  (L.)  Britt.  (Echinacea  purpurea  (L.)  Moench 
of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Purple  Coneflower.  Map 
2121.  In  prairie  habitats  and  woodland.  Very  local.  The  prairie  seems  to 
be  its  preferred  habitat.  The  published  records  are  from  the  area  of  Dela- 
ware, Jay,  Randolph,  and  Wayne  Counties,  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley,  the 
"barrens"  of  Floyd  and  Harrison  Counties,  and  from  Carroll,  Cass, 
Franklin,  Marshall,  Tippecanoe,  and  Vigo  Counties.  In  the  woodland  I  have 
seen  only  isolated  specimens. 

Pa.,  Mich,  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Ark. 

2.  Brauneria  pallida  (Nutt.)  Britt.  (Echinacea  pallida  (Nutt.)  Britt.) 
Pale-purple  Coneflower.  Map  2122.  All  of  our  reports  say  that  this 
species  was  found  along  railroads,  and  it  is  probably  a  railroad  migrant  in 
this  state.    I  found  it  along  the  railroad  east  of  Dune  Park  in  Porter 


Ratibida 


COMPOSITAE 


969 


Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec. 


D 

F 

r 

± 

r 

r 

hr 

r 

|   ) 

•  '- 

Miles 


o  5o 

Map  2120 


Rudbeckia    Deamu   Blake 


- 

4 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec  (- 

H 
IU 

\ 

I     NO 

V 

t    r±" 

1 

D 
IU 

P 

r1 

il 

r 

i 

J 
IT 

B      D  J 

\  i_/     Miles 

/  IU 

Braunena 

pur 

purea 

1  0                 50 

Map  2121 
L.)  Britt. 

i 

i 

Jan 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

Dec  C- 

B 

uxL 

6      . 
fr  20 

f 

1       KD 

yJ-                          

"1 

V 

J 

\ 

r1 

— { 

i 

t 

1/    Miles 

J 

i 

'     ' — 

Braunena 

pa 

lida    (Nutt 

0                50 
Map  2122 

)    Britt 

County.   Peattie  reports  it  from  Lake  and  Porter  Counties  and  Nieuwland 
reports  it  from  La  Porte  and  St.  Joseph  Counties. 
Mich,  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ala.  and  Tex. 

3.  Brauneria  angustifdlia  (DC.)  Heller.  (Echinacea  angustif olia  DC.) 
Narrowleaf  Purple  Coneflower.  This  species  was  reported  by  Hill  as 
having  been  found  in  a  prairie  near  Durham,  La  Porte  County,  July  4, 
1892.  His  specimen  is  in  the  herbarium  of  DePauw  University.  In  1936 
R.  M.  Tryon,  Jr.  tried  to  rediscover  it  but  failed.  He  reports  the  area  now 
all  under  cultivation.  Peattie  reported  it  from  Lake  County  but  I  have 
not  seen  his  specimen. 

Minn,  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Tex. ;  essentially  a  prairie  plant  and  probably 
introduced  eastward. 

9178B.  RATIBIDA  Raf. 

Stigmas  lanceolate,  acute;  heads  broadly  elliptic,  about  1.5  times  as  long  as  wide  at 
maturity;  rays  light  to  bright  yellow,  generally  2.5-5  cm  long;  leaf  segments  mostly 
lanceolate;  angles  of  achene  not  ciliate 1.  R.  pinnate,. 

Stigmas  obtuse;  heads  cylindric,  generally  more  than  twice  as  long  as  wide  at  ma- 
turity; rays  yellow,  generally  1.5-2.5  cm  long,  or  partly  or  wholly  brownish  purple 
in  f.  pidcherrima;  leaf  segments  mostly  linear;  angles  of  achene  usually  more 
or  less  ciliate 2.  R.  columnifera. 

1.  Ratibida  pinnata  (Vent.)  Barnh.  (Lepachys  pinnata  (Vent.)  T.  & 
G.)  (Ann.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  22:  75.  1935.)  Gray-head  Coneflower. 
Map  2123.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in  all  parts  of  the  state,  although  it  may 
be  rare  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Bottoms.  It  is  generally  found  in  dry  or 
gravelly  soil  along  streams  and  roadsides  and  in  prairie  habitats,  where  it  is 
rarely  absent.  It  usually  forms  large  colonies  and  sometimes  becomes  a 
weed. 

N.  Y.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  adventive  eastw.  to  Mass. 

2.  Ratibida  columnifera  (Nutt.)  Woot.  &  Standi.  (Lepachys  colum- 
naris  (Sims)  T.  &  G.  and  Ratibida  columnaris  (Sims)  D.  Don.)  (Rhodora 
40:  353-356.  1938.)  Long-head  Coneflower.  Map  2124.  I  have  a  specimen 


970 


COMPOSITAE 


Helianthus 


0  ^0 

Map  2123 


Ratibida   pmnata  (Vent.)  Barnh. 


Miles 
0  50 

Map  2124 
colummfera    (Nutt 

Woot    &  Standi 


of  this  species  collected  in  1929  by  Robert  Hessler  along  the  B.  &.  0.  Rail- 
road about  a  mile  and  a  half  east  of  Irvington  in  Marion  County.  The 
rays  are  entirely  yellow.  Hessler  found  only  two  specimens.  Peattie  reports 
it  as  naturalized  in  the  Calumet  District  of  Lake  County  but  he  does  not 
tell  us  how  abundant  it  is  there.    This  species  may  be  only  a  railroad 

migrant. 

Dry  prairies,  Minn,  to  Sask.  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  Term.,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. 

9200.  HELIANTHUS  L.  Sunflower 

[Watson.  Contributions  to  a  monograph  of  the  genus  Helianthus.  Papers 
Michigan  Acad.  Sci.  9:  305-475.  1929.  Johns.  Heliantheae  of  Iowa,  III. 
University  of  Iowa  studies  in  natural  history,  New  Ser.  295:  337-416. 
1935.] 

I  have  given  this  genus  considerable  study  not  only  in  the  herbarium  and 
in  the  field  but  I  have  had  most  of  our  species  under  cultivation  for  several 
years  for  observation.  Prof.  Elba  E.  Watson  named  all  of  my  specimens  up 
to  1936  and  I  had  for  study  the  large  collection  of  Ralph  M.  Kriebel  which 
was  named  by  Watson.  I  at  first  attempted  to  construct  a  key  to  our  species 
using  Watson's  determinations.  This  I  was  not  able  to  do.  Prof.  Watson 
in  his  monograph  says :  "Related  species  have  a  most  perplexing  tendency 
to  fade  into  one  another  and  in  such  a  way  that,  while  the  typical  extremes 
are  readily  enough  recognized,  there  will  always  be  a  large  number  of 
plants  that  will  not  fully  satisfy  the  definition  of  either  of  two  species,  and 
that  can  be  as  logically  placed  with  one  as  with  the  other.  This  is  fla- 
grantly true  of  three  groups"  which  ne  discusses  in  detail.  I  agree  with 
the  preceding  statement. 

The  sunflowers  are  extremely  responsive  to  soil,  light,  moisture,  and 
crowded  conditions.  Some  authors  credit  hybridization  for  many  depar- 
tures from  the  normal  species.  I  have  not  seen  a  specimen  which  I  believe 
to  be  a  hybrid.  I  have  had  12  species  under  cultivation  for  a  number  of 
years  and  to  prevent  them  from  spreading  I  restricted  them  to  their  beds 
about  three  feet  in  diameter  by  bands  of  galvanized  iron  placed  below  the 


Helianthus  Compositae  971 

surface  of  the  ground.  In  a  few  years  the  space  in  the  bed  became  occupied 
and  the  plants  began  to  crowd.  In  a  bed  of  Helianthus  grosseserratus  I 
measured  one  plant  9  feet  high  with  an  inflorescence  2  feet  long  while  sev- 
eral other  plants  in  the  same  bed  were  but  3  feet  high  with  a  single  head. 
In  a  bed  of  Helianthus  divaricatus  which  usually  has  only  a  few  heads  I 
found  one  with  more  than  50  heads  and  some  with  a  single  head.  I  have 
observed  unusual  plants  in  the  field.  Once  I  found  a  whole  colony  of  a 
species  which  normally  has  a  simple  stem  that  had  branches  at  every  node. 
In  my  beds  I  have  cut  back  plants  at  different  dates  to  learn  what  the  re- 
sponse would  be  and  have  found  it  had  no  perceptible  effect  upon  the 
degree  of  pubescence  or  length  of  the  hairs  and  little  or  no  effect  upon  the 
size,  shape,  and  serration  of  the  leaves. 

Quantitative  characters  such  as  pubescence  may  be  quite  variable  within 
one  species  and  in  another  may  be  quite  constant.  The  shape  and  length 
of  the  involucral  bracts  vary  so  greatly  in  most  species  that  they  can  not  be 
safely  relied  upon  as  characters,  although  in  Helianthus  rigidus  the  in- 
volucre is  constant  enough  to  characterize  the  species.  Ordinarily  the  color 
of  the  plant  is  very  significant  although  we  do  have  both  bluish  green  and 
grayish  green  plants  of  the  same  species.  The  leaves  are  mostly  opposite, 
in  some  species  more  or  less  alternate,  and  rarely  a  specimen  with  ternate 
leaves.  A  study  of  herbarium  material  often  reveals  aberrant  specimens 
which  can  not  be  named  satisfactorily  because  the  growth  environment  is 
not  known.  I  have  excluded  15  species  that  have  been  reported  for  the 
state.    For  a  discussion  of  these  see  excluded  species. 

Cauline  leaves  linear,  less  than  1  cm  wide  and  more  than  10  times  as  long  as  wide; 

disk  flowers  red 1.  H.  angustifolius. 

Cauline  leaves  ovate,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  less  than  10  times  as  long  as  wide. 
Receptacle  flat;  annuals;  leaves  alternate;  disk  flowers  red. 

Heads  1-2.5  cm  wide;   chaff  toward  the  center  of  the  head  conspicuously  white- 
bearded;   achenes  appressed-pubescent  all  over  at  maturity..  .2.  H.  petiolaris. 
Heads  more  than  2.5  cm  wide;  chaff  not  white-bearded;  achenes  glabrous  or  only 

slightly  pubescent  at  maturity 3.  H.  annuus. 

Receptacle  convex;  perennials;  leaves  mostly  opposite  or  mostly  alternate. 

Plants  generally  with  fewer  than  7  internodes  below  the  inflorescence;  leaves 
usually  large,  long-tapering  at  the  base,  on  petioles  mostly  3-10  cm  long; 
inflorescence    on    vigorous    plants    paniculate    with   heads    on    long    peduncles; 

depauperate  plants  usually  with  1-3  heads  and  often  on  short  peduncles 

4.   H.   occidentalis. 

Plants  not  as  above,  internodes  more  than  7. 

Corolla  lobes  of  disk  flowers  reddish,  never  yellow. 

Bracts  of  involucre  oblong,  glabrous  on  the  back;  cauline  leaves  deep  green, 
rounded  and  blunt  at  the  apex,  rarely  acute.     (See  excluded  species  no. 

659,  p.  1100) H.  atrorubens. 

Bracts  of  involucre  of  an  ovate  type,  usually  glabrous  on  the  back,  sometimes 
scabrous,  shorter  than  the  disk  and  appressed;  cauline  leaves  gray  green, 

long  taper-pointed  at  the  apex 5.  H.  rigidus. 

Corolla  lobes  of  disk  flowers  yellow,  never  dark  colored. 

Heads  small,  the  disk  rarely  more  than  7  mm  wide;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
thin,  the  lower  surface  conspicuously  resin-dotted;  petioles  1-3  cm  long; 
rays  5-7,  1  cm  long;  usually  flowering  in  August  and  in  early  September. 
6.  H.  miorocephalus. 


972  Compositae  Helianthus 

Heads  not  conspicuously  small,  more  than  8  mm  wide. 

Leaves  sessile  or  subsessile,  rarely  a  few  on  petioles  up  to  3  mm  long. 

Lateral  nerves  converging  with  the  midrib  at  the  base  of  the  blade,  some- 
times above  the  base;  blades  broadly  rounded,  truncate  or  subcordate 
at  the  base,  long  attenuate  at  the  apex;  stems  glabrous  and  often 
glaucous,  somewhat  scabrous  above;  disk  less  than  1.5  cm  wide;  outer 
involucral  bracts  usually  attenuate;  peduncles  more  or  less  angled; 
pubescence  of  peduncles  more  or  less  spreading,  shaggy  in  appearance 
(due  to  the  various  lengths  of  the  hairs  and  the  tendency  of  some 

to  be  appressed  upward  or  downward) 7.  H.  divaricatus. 

Lateral  nerves  converging  with  the  midrib  about  a  fourth  the  length  of 
the  blade  above  the  base  (rarely  at  the  base  or  obscurely  so — Welch 
no.  881);  stems  more  or  less  villous  with  spreading  hairs. 
Leaves  rounded  at  the  base,  usually  slightly  clasping,  generally  all  op- 
posite up  to  the  inflorescence,  soft  gray-canescent  on  both  surfaces; 
stems  generally  densely  villous;  rays  usually  18-26..  .8.  H.  mollis. 
Leaves  narrowed  at  the  base  to  a  sessile  or  subsessile  base,  not  at  all 
clasping,  at  least  a  few  of  the  upper  leaves  below  the  inflorescence 

alternate 9.  H.  doronicoides. 

Leaves  all  petiolate,  the  petioles  very  short  in  some  species  and  others  with 
long,  margined  petioles. 
Internodes  of  stem  generally  more  than  20,  rarely  as  few  as  15  in  de- 
pauperate   plants ;     leaves    mostly    alternate,    lanceolate    or    oblong- 
lanceolate. 
Stems  glabrous;   leaves  not  scabrous  above  or  only   slightly   so;   lower 
and  median   cauline  leaves  with  long  tapering  bases  with  petioles 
usually  1-2  cm  long,  the  upper  leaves  with  short-petioled  to  sessile 
blades;  blades  above  the  widest  portion  gradually  tapering  to  the 
apex  in  straight  lines,  except  for  the   short  acuminate  tip;   lower 
surface  of  blades  densely  pubescent  with  soft,  short,  more  or  less 

appressed   hairs 10.   H.   grosseserratiis. 

Stems  scabrous  or  hairy  at  least  above;  leaves  scabrous  above. 

Blades,  or  at  least  some  of  them,  conduplicate  and  often  falcate,  de- 
current  on  the  petiole  to  the  base,  gray-canescent  on  both  sides; 
pubescence  dense,  scabrous-setose;  inflorescence  racemose;  flowers 
on  short  peduncles,  one  terminal  and  one  from  each  of  the  upper 

axils;  usually  flowering  late 11.  H.  Maximiliani. 

Blades  neither  conduplicate  nor  falcate;  lower  and  median  leaves  with 
short  tapering  bases  with  short  petioles,  the  longest  not  more 
than  1  cm  long,  the  upper  ones  sessile;  blades  gradually  tapering 
to  an  acuminate  point  above  the  widest  portion,  the  margin  of 
one  or  both  sides  toward  the  apex  forming  a  shallow  arc;  lower 
surface  of  the  blades  sparsely  pubescent,  usually  with  long,  nearly 
erect,  stiff  hairs,  sometimes  the  hairs  shorter  and  subappressed 
but  always  stiff;  inflorescence  not  racemose;  bracts  rather  evenly 
ciliate   with    multicellular   hairs    1    or   more   mm    long    (no    other 

Indiana  species  has  bracts  with  such  long  hairs) 

12.  H.  giganteus. 

Internodes  of  stem  fewer  than  20;  leaves  mostly  opposite;  blades  ovate, 
ovate-lanceolate,   rarely   lanceolate. 
Bracts   closely   appressed,   ovate,   merely   acute,   generally   glabrous   on 

the  back,  shorter  than  the  disk 5a.  H.  rigidus  f.  flavus. 

Bracts  not  as  above. 

Plants  with  the  blades  of  median  leaves  broadest  at  the  base  or  a 
short  distance  above  it,  subcordate,  truncate,  rounded  or  slightly 
decurrent  at  the  base,  usually  thick,  strumose-hispid  above,  hispid 
beneath    or    slightly    soft-pubescent   to   the   touch,   lateral    nerves 


Helianthus  Compositae  973 

converging  with  the  midrib  less  than  1  cm  above  the  base; 
petioles  generally  less  than  1  cm  long;  pubescence  of  peduncles 
and  midribs  generally  spreading;  peduncles  generally  short, 
robust,  conspicuously  clavate;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  lanceolate 
or  narrowly  ovate,  very  loose,  sometimes  recurving,  about  as 
long  as  the  disk  or  a  little  longer;  plants  generally  7-10  dm 
high ;  stems  scabrous-hispid,  scabrous-hirsute  or  sometimes  nearly 
smooth,  the  pubescence  on  the  stems  spreading  or  even  retrorse 

on  the  lower  internodes 13.  H.  hirsutus. 

Plants  not  as  above;  leaves  on  short  or  long  petioles,  usually  long- 
decurrent  at  the  base;  peduncles  rarely  with  a  spreading  pubes- 
cence. 
Margins  of  leaves  generally  coarsely  and  regularly  dentate-serrate; 
median  and  lower  leaves  large,  usually  ovate,  sometimes  nar- 
rower, long  taper-pointed  at  the  base,  the  lateral  nerves  con- 
verging with   the  midrib  within   the   decurrent   base;   petioles 
usually  2.5-8  cm  long,  measured  from  the  convergence  of  the 
lateral  veins  to  the  base  of  the  petiole;  upper  leaves  smaller, 
sessile  or  on  short,  decurrent  petioles. 
Stems   smooth   at   least   below,   usually   green;    leaf  blades   thin, 
generally  subglabrous  beneath,  the  hairs  restricted  mostly  to 
the    principal   veins    and    closely    appressed,    sometimes    the 
lower  surface  rather  closely  pubescent  with  short,  ascending 
hairs;  yellow  glands  on  the  lower  surface  of  blades  usually 
lacking;  heads  small,  the  disk  usually  less  than  1.5  cm  wide; 
bracts   loose   and   many   recurving,   generally  as   long  as  or 
longer  than  the  disk;  plants  usually  of  dry,  open  woodland. 

14.   H.   decapetalus. 

Stems  scabrous-hispid,  sometimes  glabrescent  except  the  in- 
florescence, usually  reddish,  especially  in  the  inflorescence 
or  greenish  yellow  throughout;  leaf  blades  firm,  the  lower 
surface  generally  densely  covered  with  short,  erect  or  semi- 
erect  hairs  and  yellow  glands;  heads  usually  rather  large, 
the  disk  1-1.5  cm  wide;  bracts  exceedingly  variable,  usually 
linear-lanceolate,  loosely  appressed  but  some  widely  spread- 
or  recurving,  as  long  as  or  much  longer  than  the  disk,  some- 
times wider  and  shorter  and  much  resembling  those  of 
Helianthus  rigidiis,  at  least  the  inner  ones  dark  colored,  some- 
times almost  black;  inflorescence  varying  greatly  in  size  but 
usually  large,  the  leaves  always  alternate,  the  internodes 
usually  more  or  less  zigzag,  and  the  branches  usually 
more  or  less  compressed;  roots  often  bearing  tubers;  plants 

usually  of  moist,  open,  sunny  places 15.  H.  tuberosus. 

Margins  of  leaves  more  or  less  irregularly  and  shallowly  serrate, 
or  nearly  entire;  median  and  lower  leaves  usually  ovate- 
lanceolate,  rarely  ovate  or  lanceolate,  usually  large,  thick,  firm, 
opposite,  with  a  short  or  long  tapering  base,  the  lateral  veins 
converging  with  the  midrib  within  the  decurrent  base;  lower 
surface  of  blades  more  or  less  densely  covered  with  short  hairs, 
these  sometimes  strumose  in  part,  rarely  sparsely  pubescent, 
upper  leaves  sessile  or  subsessile;  stems  usually  glabrous  and 
and  often  glaucous,  rarely  scabrous  at  least  above,  generally 
green;  heads  of  medium  size,  the  disk  usually  about  1  cm 
wide  or  up  to  1.5  cm  wide;  bracts  usually  broadly  lanceolate, 
acuminate  or  rarely  merely  acute,  usually  shorter  than  the 
disk  or  some  of  them  as  long  as  or  longer,  loose  and  usually 
a  few  more  or  less  spreading;  rays  9-20,  usually  conspicuous; 
roots  never  thickened  or  tuberous 16.  H.  strumosus. 


974 


COMPOSITAE 


Helianthus 


5o 
Map  2126 


Helianthus    petiolans  Nutt. 


0  50 

Map  2127 


Helianthus    annuus   L. 


0  "   '"' 

Map  2128 


Helianthus    occidental i s   Riddel 


1.  Helianthus  angustifolius  L.  Map  2125.  In  1931  in  Pike  County  I 
found  this  species  rather  common  over  an  area  of  about  three  acres  in  a 
large  creek-bottom  pasture  field.  I  noted  that  the  cattle  did  not  eat  it.  I 
found  it  also  in  a  low  pasture  field  in  Jefferson  County.  Doubtless  it  has 
been  introduced  although  the  field  in  Pike  County  is  far  removed  from  a 
railroad  and  it  is  the  second  field  back  from  a  little  used  road.  No  doubt  it 
came  in  through  grass  seed.  I  introduced  it  in  our  garden  which  has 
neutral  soil.  It  gradually  died  out  in  four  years.  Doubtless  it  requires 
a  slightly  acid  soil,  the  kind  in  which  I  found  it. 

N.  J.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Helianthus  petiolaris  Nutt.  Map  2126.  This  species  probably  has 
just  begun  to  invade  the  state.  It  was  first  reported  in  1900.  I  began  to 
botanize  the  dune  area  in  1905  but  I  did  not  find  it  until  1925.  It  grows  in 
very  sandy  soil  and  within  the  area  of  its  distribution  in  the  state  where 
the  sand  has  been  disturbed  it  has  become  an  abundant  weed  in  cities  and 
along  roads  and  railroads. 

Man.  to  Tex.,  westw.  to  Calif. ;  introduced  eastw. 

3.  Helianthus  annuus  L.  Common  Sunflower.  Map  2127.  This 
species  has  been  cultivated  more  or  less  for  many  years  in  all  parts  of  the 
state  and  there  are  reports  of  its  escape  from  all  parts  of  the  state.  I  doubt 
whether  it  is  a  native  of  the  state  although  in  1922  I  found  it  to  be  a 
common  weed  along  a  sandy  roadside  and  in  an  adjoining  sandy,  fallow 
field  about  2  miles  northeast  of  Jacksonville,  Vermillion  County.  The 
plants  were  comparatively  small,  mostly  from  four  to  six  feet  high. 
Phinney  in  1883  reported  it  as  common  in  the  prairies  in  Delaware  County 
but  most  authors  report  it  as  an  escape. 

Minn,  to  Tex.  and  westw. ;  becoming  introduced  eastw. 

4.  Helianthus  occidentalis  Riddell.  (Helianthus  illinoensis  Gleason.) 
Map  2128.  This  species  is  local  but  not  rare  in  the  lake  area.  It  is  always 
found  in  very  sandy  soil  and  usually  in  moist  places  such  as  low  depres- 


Helianthus 


Compositae 


975 


o  5o 

Map  2129 


Helianthus    rigidus    (Cass)    Desf. 


o        ^13 
Map  2130 


Helianthus    microcephalus  T.  &  G 


50 
Map  2131 


Helianthus    divancatus    L 


sions  in  black  oak  woods,  at  the  bases  of  the  slopes  of  black  cak  woods, 
and  sometimes  on  sandy  knolls  and  ridges.  In  addition  to  the  area  shown 
on  the  map  it  has  been  reported  from  Vigo  County  where  it  doubtless 
formerly  occurred. 

Ohio  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. ;  introduced  into  N.  E.  and  N.  J. 

5.  Helianthus  rigidus  (Cass.)  Desf.  (Helianthus  scaberrimus  of  In- 
diana authors.)  Prairie  Sunflower.  Map  2129.  This  is  a  typical  prairie 
species  and  is  frequent  in  the  "western  prairie"  area  of  the  state.  It  is  also 
local  in  other  parts  of  the  state  in  relict  prairie  areas. 

According  to  Watson  it  is  common  in  plains  and  moist  prairies  from 
western  Canada  to  Texas;  introduced  and  becoming  common  east  of  the 
Mississippi  River  but  rare  in  the  eastern  United  States. 

5a.  Helianthus  rigidus  (Cass.)  Desf.  forma  flavus,  f.  nov.,  disco  flavo. 
(Helianthus  laetiflorus  Pers.  of  Indiana  authors.)  Disk  flowers  yellow. 
The  type,  Deam,  no.  57312,  was  found  in  a  prairie  habitat  in  Newton 
County,  Indiana,  and  is  deposited  in  the  Deam  Herbarium.  So  far  as  I  can 
determine  the  species  and  form  are  exactly  alike  except  in  the  color  of  the 
disk  flowers.  I  suspected  this  and  in  1936  I  cruised  the  western  part  of 
the  state  for  over  a  thousand  miles  to  learn  if  both  the  red  and  yellow 
forms  could  be  found  in  the  same  colony.  At  last  I  found  a  small  red 
colony  with  a  single  yellow  flower  in  it. 

I  am  interpreting  this  form  as  an  "albino"  of  the  species.  I  believe  the 
yellow  flowered  form  is  simply  a  strain  of  the  species  that  is  no  longer 
able  to  develop  the  anthocyanin  of  the  species.  For  an  exhaustive  treat- 
ment of  the  subject  see  Onslow's  "The  Anthocyanin  Pigment  of  Plants." 

Probably  throughout  the  range  of  the  species. 

6.  Helianthus  microcephalus  T.  &  G.  Small  Wood  Sunflower.  Map 
2130.  This  is  strictly  a  woodland  sunflower  and  is  well  but  sparsely  dis- 
tributed in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  It  does  not  form  colonies  like 
most  of  our  sunflowers  and  usually  only  a  single  specimen  or  a  few  are 


976 


COMPOSITAE 


Helianthus 


0  50 

Map  2132 


Helianthus    mollis    Lam 


0  50 

Map  2133 


Helianthus    doronicoides    Lan 




'"'         )     D 

D 

— 

Jan 
Feb 

D 

y-L                           

-        D 

— 

Mar 
Apr 

D        0 

»    TV 



|-l»        1     1. 

9 

28 
8 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec  j- 

D 

Y 

-^ 

D 

1 

s 

D 

I 

r1 

0        l^DP 

D 

D         D 

r 

n  * 

-  i 

J 

D         I 

6 

r 

i 

B 

I         * 

~x^J\~^ 

D         B 

D    K 

•hi 

X                     J? 

i        D 

1/    Miles 

r    D 

0                 50 

^<Cj^J            Map  2134 

Helian 

thus     grosseserratus    Martens 

found  together.   Its  habitat  is  a  dry  or  sandy  wooded  slope,  and  it  is  usually 
associated  with  black  and  white  oak.   It  was  reported  from  Porter  County 
by  Peattie  but  I  have  not  seen  a  verifying  specimen. 
Pa.,  Ind.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Miss. 

7.  Helianthus  divaricatus  L.  Map  2131.  This  is  one  of  the  most  common 
of  our  sunflowers.  It  is  usually  rather  frequent  on  the  crests  and  slopes  of 
white  oak  and  white  and  black  oak  ridges  and  in  the  sun  along  roadsides 
and  fences.   It  is  rarely  found  in  moist  rich  soil  except  in  the  prairies. 

Maine  to  Lake  Winnipeg,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

8.  Helianthus  mollis  Lam.  Ashy  Sunflower.  Map  2132.  This  sun- 
flower is  generally  found  in  black  sandy  soil  in  prairie  habitats  but  is 
sometimes  found  in  moist,  hard,  white  clay  soil  in  the  Illinoian  drift  area. 
It  is  rather  frequent  in  the  northwestern  counties  and  along  the  western 
part  of  the  state,  becoming  very  rare  or  absent  in  the  central  counties  and 
local  in  the  southern  counties.  Doubtless  it  prefers  a  slightly  acid  soil 
because  it  soon  dies  out  when  transferred  to  a  neutral  soil. 

Mass.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

9.  Helianthus  doronicoides  Lam.  Map  2133.  Doubtless  this  is  one  of  our 
rarest  sunflowers.  In  1930  I  found  a  colony  in  an  old  woods  pasture  in 
Marshall  County  and  Miss  Madge  McKee  found  it  in  a  prairie  habitat 
along  the  railroad  near  Goodland,  Newton  County.  There  are  a  few 
reports  of  it  from  the  state  but  the  species  of  sunflowers  were  not  well 
understood  by  our  earlier  authors  so  that  it  is  best  not  to  rely  upon  them. 
I  transplanted  the  specimen  I  found  and  it  is  still  growing  vigorously. 
Watson,  who  visited  me,  said  it  was  the  first  wild  specimen  he  had  ever 
seen  and  writes  that  it  is  rare. 

N.  J.  to  Mo. 

10.  Helianthus  grosseserratus  Martens.  SAWTOOTH  SUNFLOWER.  Map 
2134.  This  sunflower  prefers  the  moist,  black,  sandy  soil  of  prairie  habitats 
and  is  frequent  in  them  in  the  western  part  of  the  state.    It  grows  also  in 


Helianthus 


COMPOSITAE 


977 


Helianthus    Maximihani   Schra 


Map  2136 
Helianthus     qiganleus    L. 


0  ~^5 

Map  2137 


Helianthus    hirsutus    Raf. 


moist,  hard,  white  clay  soil  in  the  western  part  of  the  Ulinoian  drift  with 
other  typical  prairie  plants.  It  is  now  found  mostly  along  dredged  ditches, 
roadside  ditches,  and  streams  and  in  low  woods. 

Maine  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Okla.  (Watson). 

11.  Helianthus  Maximiliani  Schrad.  Maximilian  Sunflower.  Map 
2135.  This  sunflower  has  probably  been  introduced  into  Indiana.  I  found 
a  few  plants  on  the  sandy  shore  of  the  east  side  of  Diamond  Lake  in 
Noble  County  with  no  habitation  within  half  a  mile.  A  large  colony  was 
found  by  Charles  M.  Ek  along  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  in  Cass  County 
about  7  miles  northwest  of  Kokomo.  It  has  been  reported  from  Lake 
County  by  Peattie  but  I  have  not  seen  his  specimen.  It  was  also  reported 
from  St.  Joseph  County  by  McDonald.  This  report  was  based  upon  my 
specimen  so  named  by  Watson  which  I  am  now  referring  to  Helianthus 
giganteus. 

Minn,  and  Sask.,  southw.  to  Tex. ;  adventive  eastw. 

12.  Helianthus  giganteus  L.  Giant  Sunflower.  Map  2136.  This  sun- 
flower grows  in  moist  or  wet  mucky  soils  and  is  generally  found  in  places 
such  as  decadent  tamarack  bogs,  marshes,  low  borders  of  lakes,  and  in 
wet  prairie  habitats.  It  is  frequent  in  our  northern  counties,  becoming  local 
south  of  the  lake  area.  Doubtless  it  occurs  in  southwestern  Indiana  al- 
though I  have  not  seen  a  specimen. 

Maine  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Colo. 

13.  Helianthus  hirsutus  Raf.  Map  2137.  In  the  southern  part  of  the 
state  this  sunflower  generally  grows  in  dry  clay  soil  on  the  crests  and  slopes 
of  open  black  and  white  oak  woods  and  is  found  also  in  like  soil  conditions 
along  roadsides  and  fences.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  state  it  is  gen- 
erally found  in  dry  sandy  soil  on  slopes  in  open  black  and  white  oak 
woodland  and  in  like  soil  habitats  along  roadsides. 

Pa.  to  Wis.  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 


978 


Composite 


Actinomeris 


55 

Map  2138 


Helianthus     decapetalus  L 


0  50 

Map  2139 


Helianthus    tuberosus  L 


14.  Helianthus  decapetalus  L.  Thinleap  Sunflower.  Map  2138.  This 
sunflower  is  usually  found  in  dry  woods  with  oaks  and  less  frequently  with 
sugar  maple.  It  is  rarely  found  in  the  open  or  in  moist  locations.  Fre- 
quent to  infrequent  throughout  the  state. 

Cent.  Maine,  w.  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tenn.,  and  Mo. 

15.  Helianthus  tuberosus  L.  Jerusalem  Artichoke.  Map  2139.  This 
is  one  of  our  most  common  sunflowers  and  is  frequent  throughout  the  state. 
It  grows  in  the  open  in  moist  soil  along  streams,  ditches,  and  roadsides. 

This  species  is  quite  variable  and  gives  more  trouble  in  naming  than 
any  other  species.  Some  authors  rely  upon  the  tuberous  roots  for  identifi- 
cation. In  September,  1936,  which  was  a  dry  year,  I  dug  in  our  garden  25 
specimens  and  then  went  to  an  old  fence  row  and  dug  many  more  and  I 
failed  to  find  a  single  tuber.  I  regard  the  dark  color  of  the  bracts  and  the 
pubescence  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  as  the  most  reliable  characters 
for  the  identification  of  this  species.  The  shape  and  length  of  the  bracts 
are  too  variable  to  consider  although  in  some  instances  they  are  quite 
characteristic  and  are  confirmatory  characters. 

N.  A.  east  of  the  Rocky  Mts.,  according  to  Watson. 

16.  Helianthus  strumosus  L.  Map  2140.  This  is  a  frequent  sunflower 
in  the  lake  area  in  dry  woods  and  in  dry  sandy  soil  along  roadsides  and 
elsewhere  in  a  similar  soil.  South  of  the  lake  area  it  becomes  rare,  local 
or  absent. 

Specimens  of  this  species  with  short  petioles  and  the  blades  of  the  leaves 
nearly  round  at  the  base  closely  approach  Helianthus  divaricatus.  In  sep- 
arating the  two  species  I  have  relied  upon  the  convergence  of  the  lateral 
veins  of  the  leaves.  In  this  species  they  always  converge  slightly  above  the 
base  while  in  Helianthus  divaricatus  they  converge  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Maine,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

9215.  ACTINOMERIS  Nutt. 

1.  Actinomeris  alternifolia  (L.)  DC.  (Verbesina  alternifolia  (L.) 
Britt.)    YELLOW  IRONWEED.    Map  2141.    Infrequent  to  frequent  or  locally 


Verbesina 


Compositae 


979 


Map  2141 
Adinomens     alternifolia    IL1   DC 


0"  50 

Map  2142 


Verbesina    helianthoides    Michx 


0  ~T0 

Map  2143 


Coreopsis    lanceolata    L 


common  throughout  the  state,  although  there  are  no  reports  from  the 
northwestern  counties.   It  is  a  coarse  weed  preferring  moist  situations,  and 
found  usually  in  alluvial  soil  along  streams  in  open  woodland  and  pastures. 
N.  Y.  and  Ont.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

9218.  VERBESINA  L.  Crownbeard 

1.  Verbesina  helianthoides  Michx.  (Phaethusa  helianthoides  (Michx.) 
Britt.)  Map  2142.  Infrequent  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  It  is 
generally  found  on  open  black  and  white  oak  slopes  and  less  frequently  on 
level  ground  in  sandy  soil  in  open  woodland  and  along  roadsides. 

Ohio  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 


9227.  COREOPSIS  L. 

[Sherff.    Revision  of  the  genus  Coreopsis.    Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Publ. 
Bot.  Ser.  11:  277-475.   1936.] 

Leaves  entire. 

Plants  essentially  glabrous 1.  C.  lanceolata. 

Plants  pubescent,  at  least  the  leaves  and  base  of  the  stem 

la.  C.  lanceolata  var.  villosa. 

Leaves  not  entire. 

Leaves  sessile,  deeply  3-cleft,  but  not  to  the  base 2.  C.  palmata. 

Leaves  petiolate  (at  least  the  lower  ones). 

Style  tips  truncate  or  nearly  so;  outer  involucre  shorter  than  the  inner;  rays  yellow 
with  a  more  or  less  crimson  brown  base;  achenes  linear-elliptic,  about  2  mm 
long,  wingless;   leaves   bipinnately  parted,   the   segments   linear-lanceolate  to 

linear;   annual.     (See  excluded  species  no.  672,  p.   1101) C.  tinctoria. 

Style   tips  cuspidate;    outer  and   inner  involucres  nearly   equal;   rays   yellow  the 
entire  length;  achenes  winged;  leaves  3-5-parted;  perennial. 
Rays  palmately  lobed;  achenes  orbicular,  about  2-5  mm  long;  lower  leaves  simple. 

3.   C.   grandiflora. 

Rays  entire,  blunt;   achenes  elliptic,   mostly  5-6  mm   long;   none  of  the  leaves 
simple. 


980 


COMPOSITAE 


Coreopsis 


3 

0 

L 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

""r 

0       DP 

Jv 

J  X. 

1 

f- 

' 

J- 

r 

Dec  f— 

'i — l. 

7^/    Miles 

Co 

eo 

isi 

> 

ar 

ceo 

3' 

)    var. 

JO                 50 

Map  2144 
villosa   Michx. 

Leaves  and  involucres  glabrous 4.  C.  tripteris. 

Leaves  and  involucres  not  glabrous. 

Lower  surface  of  blades  and  involucres  more  or  less  pubescent 

4a.  C.  tripteris  var.  Deamii. 

Lower  surface  of  blades  pubescent  and  involucres  glabrous 

4b.  C.  tripteris  var.  intercedens. 

1.  Coreopsis  lanceolate  L.  Lance  Coreopsis.  Map  2143.  Infrequent  in 
very  sandy,  dry  soil  on  open  dunes  and  knolls  in  the  northwestern  counties. 
The  species  and  variety  are  sometimes  closely  associated.  The  species  is 
much  cultivated  in  gardens  and  doubtless  our  Marion  County  report  should 
be  considered  a  garden  escape.  It  has  been  reported  also  from  St.  Joseph, 
Steuben,  and  Vigo  Counties,  where  no  doubt,  it  is  native.  The  Vigo  County 
specimen  was  collected  by  Blatchley  at  Five-mile  Pond.  I  have,  however, 
very  thoroughly  botanized  Steuben  County  without  finding  it ;  it  may  be  a 
garden  escape  in  this  county. 

Mich,  and  Lake  Superior,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ala.,  La.,  se.  Tex.,  and  n. 
N.  Mex. 

la.  Coreopsis  lanceolata  var.  villosa  Michx.  {Coreopsis  crassifolia  Ait.) 
Map  2144.  My  specimens  and  our  reports  of  this  variety  are  all  from  the 
few  northwestern  counties  shown  on  the  map.  The  habitat  is  the  same  as 
that  of  the  species,  but  the  variety  is  less  frequent. 

Va.,  S.  C,  111.,  Mo.,  and  w.  Ark.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ala.,  and  La. 

2.  Coreopsis  palmata  Nutt.  Finger  Coreopsis.  Map  2145.  All  of  my 
specimens  and  all  of  the  reports  are  from  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
state.  It  is  infrequent  and  is  found  in  dry,  sandy  soil  in  open  woodland 
and  in  sandy,  prairie  habitats. 

Ind.,  Minn,  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Okla. 

3.  Coreopsis  grandiflora  Hogg.  Big  Coreopsis.  According  to  Nieuw- 
land,  this  species  is  well  established  along  the  Lincoln  Highway  near  South 
Bend  and  in  a  few  other  places  in  St.  Joseph  County.  Doubtless  it  has 
been    introduced    from    the    west.     The    seed    may    have    been    scattered 


Bidens 


COMPOSITAE 


981 


0  50 

Map  2147 


Coreopsis  tnplens    van    Deamii    Standley 


0  50 

Map  2148 


dens    cernua   L. 


here  along  the  highway  by  some  sentimental,  trans-continental  tourists 
who  acted  upon  the  ill  advice  published  in  a  magazine  a  few  years  ago.  It 
was  recommended  that  tourists  should  scatter  seeds  of  conspicuous  flowers 
along  the  roadsides  from  coast  to  coast  and  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  north- 
ward. This  produced  a  storm  of  indignation  from  botanists  who  knew  that 
such  a  procedure  would  destroy  the  natural  range  of  species. 

The  species  has  also  been  found  about  3  miles  south  of  Fort  Wayne  in  an 
open  woods  which  has  been  used  for  years  as  a  dump. 

Md.  to  Mo.  and  e.  Kans.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

4.  Coreopsis  tripteris  L.  Tall  Coreopsis.  Map  2146.  Frequent  in  the 
lake  area,  where  it  is  usually  found  in  very  sandy  soil  in  open  woodland 
and  fallow  fields,  in  prairie  habitats,  and  along  roadsides.  It  is  rare  to  local 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  where  it  is  found  in  small  prairie  areas 
or  in  open  woodland  in  the  knobstone  area. 

Mass.,  s.  Ont.,  and  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Miss.,  w.  La.  and  e.  Kans. 

4a.  Coreopsis  tripteris  var.  Deamii  Standi.  (Rhodora  32:  33.  1930.) 
Map  2147.  This  variety  has  nearly  the  same  distribution  as  the  species, 
but  it  is  much  less  frequent.  I  have  had  both  it  and  the  species  under  cul- 
tivation for  more  than  ten  years.  In  addition  to  the  characters  given  in  the 
key,  the  variety  may  be  separated  at  a  distance  by  its  darker  green  color 
and  earlier  flowering  period. 

Pa.,  Mich.,  111.,  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ga.,  and  Ark. 

4b.  Coreopsis  tripteris  var.  intercedens  Standi.  (Rhodora  32:  33. 
1930.)  This  form  has  been  reported  from  the  dune  area,  and  I  have  a  speci- 
men from  Whitley  County.  Doubtless  it  is  rare.  I  believe  this  is  only  a 
glabrate  form  of  the  preceding  variety. 

111.,  Ind.,  Md.,  and  N.  C. 

9237.  BIDENS  L. 

[Sherff.    The  Genus  Bidens.    Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Publ.  Bot.  Ser.  16: 
1-709.   1937.] 


982  Compositae  Bidens 

Leaves   all    simple,   sometimes   the   median   and   basal   ones   cleft   or   3-parted   but,   if 
parted,  the  terminal  segment  not  petiolate. 
Rays  large  and  showy,  longer  than  the  disk;  heads  somewhat  nodding  at  anthesis; 
stamens  exserted. 
Stem  erect,  rarely  decumbent,  usually  somewhat  hispid  at  least  on  the  lower  inter- 
nodes;  leaves  connate  at  the  base;  outer  bracts  of  heads  unequal;  rays  wanting 
or  less  than  1.7  cm  long;  chaff  with  a  yellow  tip;  margins  of  achenes  pale. 

1.  B.  cernua. 

Stem  decumbent  at  the  base  and  often  floating,  smooth;  leaves  sessile;  outer 
bracts  subequal,  rarely  exceeding  the  disk;  rays  1.5-3  cm  long;  chaff  reddish 
brown   at  the   tip;   margins   of  achenes  not  pale.     (See  excluded   species  no. 

673,  p.  1102) B.  laevis. 

Rays    scarcely   exceeding   the   disk    or   wanting;    heads    erect;    stamens    included   or 
exserted. 
Stamens  included;    disk-flowers   pale  yellow,   4-toothed;   corollas   yellowish   green; 

inner  mature  achenes  mostly  7-8  mm  long,  usually  3-awned 2.  B.  comosa. 

Stamens   exserted;    disk-flowers   orange   yellow,   5-toothed;    inner   mature   achenes 
mostly  about  6  mm  long,  the  outer  3-awned,  the  inner  4-awned. 
Primary    cauline    leaves    3-lobed,    the   remaining    ones    usually   not   lobed,    sub- 
sessile  or  with  short,  margined  petioles 3.  B.  connata. 

Primary   cauline   leaves   simple,   as   are   all   the   other   leaves,   rarely   a  cauline 

leaf  lobed;   petioles  usually  long  and  scarcely  margined 

3a.  B.  connata  var.  petiolata. 

Leaves  pinnate. 

Inner  mature  achenes  12-18  mm  long,  4-angled,  somewhat  quadrangular,  narrowed 

at  the  top;  awns  4,  with  retrorse  barbs 4.  B.  bipinnata. 

Inner  mature  achenes  not  as  above. 

Achenes  with  upwardly  barbed  or  hispid  awns  or  bidentate  with  the  sides  of  the 
achenes  upwardly  pubescent. 
Outer  involucral  bracts  3-5,   generally  4,   glabrous   or  nearly   so;   heads   small; 
rays  wanting;  inner  mature  achenes  1-1.5  mm  wide;  awns  mostly  1-2  mm 

long 5.  B.  discoidea. 

Outer   involucral    bracts    generally    8    or   more,    ciliate    or   hispid;    rays    showy, 
usually  about  twice  as  long  as  the  head. 
Inner  mature  achenes  1-2  mm  wide,  usually  about  1.5  mm  wide;  awns  gen- 
erally 0.5-3  mm  long 6.  B.  coronata. 

Inner  mature  achenes  generally  2.5-3.5  mm  wide. 

Awns  generally  2.5-4  mm  long 1.  B.  aristosa. 

Awns  mere  teeth,  usually  about  0.5  mm  long 7b.  B.  aristosa  var.  mutica. 

Achenes  with  downwardly  barbed  awns. 

Rays  small,  inconspicuous;  outer  bracts  mostly  spatulate,  the  larger  ones  gen- 
erally 1.5-3  mm  wide,  ciliate  but  not  hispid. 
Outer  involucral  bracts  6-8;  inner  mature  achenes  6-9.5  mm  long,  2-2.75  mm 

wide;  awns  3-5.5  mm  long,  generally  3-4  mm  long 8.  B.  frondosa. 

Outer  involucral  bracts   10-16,  foliaceous,  longer  and  wider  than  in  the  pre- 
ceding;   inner    mature    achenes    mostly    8-12    mm    long;    awns    generally 

4-5.5  mm  long 9.  B.  vulgata. 

Rays  conspicuous,  generally  twice  as  long  as  the  disk;  outer  involucral  bracts 
linear,  or  very  narrow  and  widest  below  the  middle,  all  generally  less  than 
1.5  mm  wide,  densely  hispid. 

Outer  involucral  bracts  8-10,  ciliate,  shorter  than  the  inner  bracts 

7a.  B.  aristosa  var.  Fritcheyi. 

Outer  involucral  bracts  12-20,  coarsely  hispid,  mostly  longer  than  the  inner 
bracts 10.  B.  polylepis  var.  retrorsa. 

1.     Bidens  cernua  L.   Nodding  Bur-marigold.   Map  2148.   More  or  less 
frequent  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  and  becoming  infrequent  to  rare 


Bidens 


Compositae 


983 


0  50 

Map  2152 


Bidens    bipmnata  L. 


Jan 
Feb. 
Mar 
Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec 


L 

liD           D 
/                              D 

D 
0 

D 

]      J 

— k —       ■>    ■> 

ff 

-. 

■  i    —         /  ^ 

\      D   1 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  2153 
Bidens    discoidea    (T.  &  G.)   Britt 


south  of  the  lake  area.  It  is  found  in  wet  places  in  marshes,  in  bogs  and 
ditches,  and  on  the  borders  of  lakes,  rivers,  creeks,  ponds,  and  swamps.  On 
the  whole,  this  species  prefers  a  wetter  and  more  springy  habitat  than  the 
next  two  species.  The  leaves  are  variable  in  their  shape  and  in  the  number 
and  length  of  the  teeth  of  their  margins.  Some  authors  have  segregated 
these  variations  as  varieties  but  I  have  not  thought  them  worthy  of  naming. 
P.  E.  I.  to  Hudson  Bay  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Mo.,  and  Calif. 

2.  Bidens  comosa  (Gray)  Wieg.  Map  2149.  Probably  more  or  less  in- 
frequent to  frequent  throughout  the  state  in  moist  or  wet  habitats  about 
lakes,  along  streams  and  ditches,  and  on  borders  of  ponds  and  swamps. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ky.,  and  Colo. 

3.  Bidens  connata  Muhl.  Map  2150.  The  typical  form  of  this  species  is 
apparently  rare  in  Indiana.  I  have  specimens  from  only  Lagrange  and 
Starke  Counties.   My  specimens  are  from  the  moist,  sandy  shores  of  lakes. 

Que.  to  Mich.,  southw.  probably  to  Ga.,  Mo.,  and  Nebr. 

3a.  Bidens  connata  var.  petiolata  (Nutt.)  Farw.  (See  Sherff,  Mono- 
graph genus  Bidens,  p.  257.  1937.)  My  plants  are  all  from  the  lake  area, 
although  there  are  reports  for  it  throughout  the  state.  It  is  found  mostly  in 
wet  places  in  woods,  dried-up  swamps  and  ponds,  and  less  frequently  on 
the  borders  of  lakes  and  streams.  It  must  be  kept  in  mind  that  since  the 
species  of  Bidens  were  not  well  separated  by  our  older  manuals,  there  were 
many  wrong  determinations  of  the  species  as  now  understood. 

Range  the  same  as  that  of  the  species  but  more  frequent. 

4.  Bidens  bipinnata  L.  Spanish  Needles.  Map  2152.  Infrequent 
throughout  the  state,  although  there  are  no  records  from  the  dune  area  or 
the  extreme  northern  counties.  It  is  found  in  both  moist  and  very  dry, 
sandy  places.  I  have  never  seen  it  abundant,  only  once  common  over  a 
small  area,  and  only  once  in  a  cultivated  field.  All  of  my  specimens  are 
from  open  woodland  and  along  railroads  and  canals. 

R.  I.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Kans.,  and  Ariz. 


984 


COMPOSITAE 


Bidens 


1 

3 

I  V 

-V 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

1 

f 

~~~\ 

J 

^ 

— L_ 

- 

i 

1 

-  X 

J^ 

r, 

Dec  (— 

1 

i  ' — 

U    M<ies 

0 

I    ° 

Bidens 

anstosa 

i/    ^/   Map  2156 
var.   Fritcheyi   Fern 

5.  Bidens  discoidea  (T.  &.  G.)  Britt.  Map  2153.  Infrequent  throughout 
the  lake  area  and  probably  local  in  the  remainder  of  the  state.  Most  of  my 
specimens  grew  on  old  logs  in  dried-up  swamps.  The  species  is  generally 
found  on  the  borders  of  dried-up  swamps,  in  wet  woods,  and  on  the 
borders  of  lakes. 

N.  S.,  s.  Que.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Ohio,  La.,  and  Tex. 

6.  Bidens  coronata  (L.)  Britt.  {Bidens  trichosperma  (Michx.)  Britt.) 
Map  2154.  Fernald  (Rhodora  40:  348-351.  1938)  has  divided  this  species 
into  four  varieties.  His  publication  came  too  late  for  me  to  study  our 
Indiana  specimens,  although  I  find  we  have  both  the  typical  form  and 
var.  tenuiloba  (Gray)  Sherff.  Frequent  in  the  lake  area  and  local  south- 
ward. In  the  lake  area  before  drainage  it  sometimes  covered  acres  of  marsh 
land  and  was  the  source  of  "Spanish  Needle"  honey.  Where  it  is  found,  it 
usually  forms  dense  colonies.  Its  habitat  is  in  marsh  land,  tamarack  bogs, 
springy  places,  and  low  places  along  streams  and  ditches.  Very  narrow- 
leaved  forms  are  regarded  by  some  authors  as  belonging  to  a  variety,  but 
1  have  not  recognized  this  vegetative  fluctuation. 

Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  and  Ky. 

7.  Bidens  aristosa  (Michx.)  Britt.  Map  2155.  This  is  a  western  species 
that  has  invaded  the  western  part  of  the  state.  My  Hancock  County  speci- 
men was  found  along  a  railroad.  Our  specimens  are  from  low  roadsides 
and  are  mostly  from  low,  fallow  fields  which  have  a  hard,  white,  clay  soil. 

Maine  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Mo.,  and  s.  Tex. 

7a.     Bidens  aristosa  var.  Fritcheyi  Fern.    (Rhodora  15:  78.   1913.)    Map 
2156.   Our  specimens  of  this  species  are  all  from  moist  roadsides. 
Ind.  and  Ky.,  westw.  to  111.  and  Mo. 

7b.  Bidens  aristosa  var.  mutica  Gray  ex  Gattinger.  (Rhodora  15:  78. 
1913.)   Map  2157.  In  wet  prairie  habitats  and  along  the  Kankakee  River  in 


Megalodonta 


COMPOSITAE 


985 


0  ~~ To 

Map  2157 


Bidens    anslosa    var   mutica   (Gray)  Gatl 


Map  2158 
Bidens    frondosa   L 


0  ~~ 50 

Map  2159 


Bidens    vulgata    Greene 


Porter  County,  in  a  prairie  habitat  in  Vermillion   County,  and  in  wet, 
hard  clay  soil  in  fallow  fields  in  other  places. 
Mass.  and  Va.,  westw.  to  111.  and  Mo. 

8.  Bidens  frondosa  L.  Map  2158.  Frequent  to  common  or  abundant 
throughout  the  state  in  moist  places  in  stubble  and  fallow  fields,  woodland, 
and  ditches  and  along  roadsides. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Colo. 

9.  Bidens  vulgata  Greene.  Map  2159.  Frequent  to  common  in  all  parts 
of  the  state  although  there  are  no  records  from  the  dune  area.  It  is  found 
usually  in  a  moist  habitat  in  woodland,  stubble  and  fallow  fields,  and 
waste  places  and  along  roadsides.  This  species  varies  greatly  in  the  density 
and  harshness  of  its  pubescence.  The  var.  puberula  (Wieg.)  Greene  has 
been  reported  from  Indiana  but  I  am  now  referring  these  reports  to  the 
species. 

Que.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Colo.,  and  Calif. 

10.  Bidens  polylepis  Blake  var.  retrorsa  Sherff.  (Sherff.  The  genus 
Bidens,  p.  220.  1937.)  In  1921,  I  collected  this  form  in  Owen  County  along 
the  roadside  about  a  half  mile  north  of  Coal  City,  and  in  1932,  I  found 
large  colonies  of  it  along  the  roadside  just  south  of  Coal  City.  It  grew  in 
hard,  white,  clay  soil  and,  no  doubt,  it  has  a  wider  distribution  than  our 
collections  indicate. 

Ohio  and  Ind.  to  Mo. 

9237 A.   MEGALODONTA  Greene 

1.  Megalodonta  Beckii  (Torr.)  Greene.  (Bidens  Beckii  Torr.  of  Gray, 
Man.,  ed.  7.)  Water  Marigold.  Map  2160.  Floating  in  still,  shallow  water 
of  bayous  of  lakes  and  rivers.  This  species  has  been  reported  from  Fulton, 
Kosciusko,  Lake,  Marshall,  Starke,  Steuben,  and  Whitley  Counties.  Doubt- 
less it  was  formerly  found  throughout  the  lake  area  but  the  settlement 
of  all  lake  fronts  has  destroyed  it.   Another  reason  why  it  is  not  commonly 


986 


COMPOSITAE 


Galinsoga 


0  50 

Map  2160 

Meqalodonta   Beckn    (Forr)  Greene 


1 
1 

3 
2 

2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

^j 

S       KD 

r~.\ 

• 

\ 

rV 

D 

D 

' 

DP 

|B     D 
\j 

B 

I1 

r 

liO 

-■i 

r 

r1- 

Dec.  (- 

DP 

10   lI— 1 f 

"^i  °  /  J 

°   1    Pi] 

"[      Ba     I       j 

/    Miles 

Ga 

linso 

ja    c 

)   r 

lie 

ta   (Raf) 

i                50 

Map  2161 

Blake 

0  50 

Map  2162 


Hymenopappus  carolinensis   (Lam)    Porter 


reported  is  because  it  is  inconspicuous  except  at  its  flowering  time,  which 
is  of  short  duration. 

Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Mo. 

9246.  GALINSOGA  R.  &  P. 

1.  Galinsoga  ciliata  (Raf.)  Blake.  (Rhodora  24:  35.  1922.)  (Galin- 
soga parviflora  Cav.  var.  hispida  DC.)  QuiCKWEED.  Map  2161.  This  per- 
nicious weed  was  first  reported  in  1911  from  Putnam  and  Ripley  Counties. 
Since  that  time  it  has  been  discovered  in  several  other  counties.  It  is  prob- 
ably found  in  cultivated  fields  in  every  county  along  the  Ohio  River.  I 
found  it  to  be  a  common  weed  in  the  park  and  adjacent  lots  in  Rushville, 
Rush  County,  in  1925.  This  weed  will,  no  doubt,  eventually  become  a  pest 
in  all  parts  of  the  state. 

Nat.  of  tropical  America;  throughout  the  U.  S.  and  s.  Canada,  southw. 
to  S.  A. 

9253.  MADIA  Molina 

1.  Madia  capitata  Nutt.  This  species  was  found  July  21,  1929,  by 
Paul  C.  Standley  on  an  open  bank  in  Dune  Forest  at  Tremont,  Porter 
County.  He  says:  "About  a  dozen  plants."  It  is  undoubtedly  a  migrant, 
but  on  account  of  its  weedy  nature  it  may  become  established. 

Weed  in  waste  places  from  Oreg.  to  Calif. 


9292.  HYMENOPAPPUS  L'Hei. 

1.  Hymenopappus  carolinensis  (Lam.)  Porter.  Map  2162.  This 
species  was  found  first  by  Blatchley  in  1890  in  Vigo  County  on  a  sandy 
hillside  northeast  of  the  Seventh  Street  Bridge  across  Lost  Creek.  I  found 
it  in  1930  in  three  sandy,  fallow  fields  in  Starke  County,  three  miles  north 
and  one  and  a  half  miles  east  of  North  Judson.  I  also  found  a  colony  in 
this  vicinity  in  an  open,  sandy  woods.    It  is  probably  established  here.    It 


Helenium 


COMPOSITAE 


987 


1 

1 
1 

Jan, 

feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

f 

" 

r 

~~V 

K 

" 

-l 

( 

■I  i 

-  i 

J 

J~ 

r 

Dec.j- 

>  ' — 

"T~8a      D         - — > 

J     Miles 

B   [           1 

D     } 

H 

eleni 

jm 

en 

uifohum 

0                 50 

Map  2163 

Nutt. 

0  50 

Map  2164 


Helenium    autumnale   L 


7 
i 
Z 

Jan, 

Feb 

Mar, 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

'             LC 

D 

f^ 

f 

_j_ 

J 

r1 

I  t;u 

0 

Dec  f- 

1      n       |             J    y^ 

D 

D 

K        L 

\   uc 

DID 

~—^y~w* 

^cf_J 

pA[_|D  J 

d     L^— LA 

\, fJ    Miles 

D        0 

H 

/    \     r^V  J  °               50 
^^/^V              Map  2165 

■lenium    nudiflorum   Nutt. 

was  found  in  1925  in  Vigo  County  in  a  pasture  north  of  Terre  Haute  by 
A.  R.  Bechtel. 

S.  C,  n.  Ind.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


9305.  HELENIUM  L. 

Disk  of  heads  yellow;  rays  fertile. 

Leaves  all  linear-filiform,  entire 1.  H.  temiifolium. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  sometimes  broadest  above  the  middle 

2.  H.  autumnale. 

Disk  of  heads  brownish  purple;  rays  sterile,  yellow  or  partly  or  wholly  purple 

3.  H.  nudiflorum. 

1.  Helenium  tenuifolium  Nutt.  Bitterweed.  Map  2163.  This  species 
has  only  recently  appeared  in  this  state,  and,  no  doubt,  in  time  will  become 
an  obnoxious  weed  at  least  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  I  first  found 
it  in  1931  in  a  3-acre  hogyard  and  it  covered  at  least  a  fourth  of  the  area. 
Hogs  in  the  yard  did  not  feed  upon  it.  It  is  a  native  of  the  southern  states 
and  is  introduced  northward. 

Mass.  to  s.  Ind.  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Helenium  autumnale  L.  Common  Sneezeweed.  Map  2164.  I  have 
included  all  of  the  forms  of  this  complex  species  under  this  name.  The 
plants  show  a  wide  variation  in  the  shape  and  size  of  the  leaves  and  in  the 
number  of  heads  on  each  plant,  their  size,  and  the  length  of  the  rays.  The 
heads  of  some  plants  are  about  8  mm  wide  and  others  are  about  16  mm ; 
the  rays  of  some  plants  are  about  6  mm  long  while  others  will  have  rays 
about  20  mm  long.  The  pappus  of  the  achenes  is  extremely  variable,  as 
is  also  the  color  of  the  hairs  on  the  bodies  of  the  achenes,  these  varying  from 
white  to  reddish  brown.  This  species  is  frequent  throughout  the  state  but 
is  never  found  in  very  large  colonies  and  never  becomes  dominant  as  do  the 
other  two  species.  It  is  said  to  be  poisonous  to  stock.  It  grows  in  moist  soil, 
usually  in  the  open,  along  ditches  and  streams  and  about  lakes  and  ponds. 

W.  Mass.,  w.  Que.,  Man.  to  Oreg.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Nev. 


988  Compositae  Anthem  is 

3.  Helenium  nudifldrum  Nutt.  PURPLEHEAD  SNEEZEWEED.  Map  2165. 
Apparently  restricted  to  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  although  Peattie 
cites  specimens  found  in  Lake  County  near  Miller.  It  is  a  weed  and  is 
likely  to  appeal-  almost  anywhere.  Most  of  my  specimens  were  found  in 
moist,  hard,  white  clay  soil  in  pastures,  where  it  often  covered  acres.  It 
seems  to  prefer  a  slightly  acid  soil.  I  have  a  specimen  collected  in  Posey 
County  in  1878  by  Schneck  which,  to  my  knowledge,  is  the  oldest  record 
of  it  in  the  state.  It  is  reputed  to  be  very  poisonous  to  stock.  I  add  the 
following  note  which  I  made  August  19,  1933  :  "Today  I  traveled  over  U.  S. 
Road  50  through  Lawrence,  Martin,  and  Knox  Counties,  and  I  found  this 
species  to  be  a  common  weed  in  the  western  part  of  Lawrence  County,  in 
Martin  County,  and  in  the  eastern  part  of  Knox  County.  I  noted  it  in  many 
fields  where  it  formed  almost  complete  stands  over  3-5  acres.  I  saw  hogs 
and  cattle  in  some  of  the  fields  but  apparently  they  did  not  eat  it." 

Conn.,  Mich,  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

9312.  DYSSODIA  (  av. 

1.  Dyssodia  papposa  (Vent.)  Hitchc.  Fetid  Marigold.  Map  2166. 
This  species  has  been  reported  from  all  parts  of  the  state.  A  few  authors 
remark  about  its  relative  abundance.  J.  M.  Coulter  (Bot.  Gaz.  2:  146. 
1877)  in  a  report  covering  a  trip  through  Floyd  and  Harrison  Counties 
says :  "Hardly  absent  from  the  roadside  for  a  30-mile  trip."  Schneck,  in 
his  report  of  the  plants  of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley,  says:  "Along  the 
roadsides  in  considerable  numbers.  This  appears  to  be  a  new-comer  in  our 
locality."  Blatchley,  in  his  flora  of  Vigo  County,  published  in  1897,  says: 
"Roadsides  and  railways :  common."  I  do  not  recall  that  I  have  ever  found 
more  than  a  few  plants  at  a  place,  and  I  have  found  it  only  once  during 
the  past  20  years,  although  I  have  been  most  active  in  collecting.  I  am  of 
the  opinion  that  the  plant  is  disappearing  from  our  area,  probably  on 
account  of  the  present  method  of  taking  care  of  our  highways.  Most  of  my 
plants  are  from  highways,  two  are  from  pastures,  and  one  is  from  a 
wooded  bank.  It  is  evidently  adventive  in  the  state,  and  its  future  behavior 
with  us  is  a  subject  well  worth  recording.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  the 
achenes  of  all  of  my  specimens  are  densely  upwardly  appressed-pubescent 
except  those  of  my  Perry  County  specimen,  which  are  glabrous. 

111.  to  Minn,  and  Mont.,  southw.  to  La.  and  Ariz. 

9330.  ANTHEMIS  [Micheli]  L. 

Chaff  awl-shaped;  achenes  glandular- tuberculate;  fresh  plants  with  a  fetid  odor 

I.  A.  Cotula. 

Chaff  not  awl-shaped  or  lacking;  achenes  not  glandular- tuberculate;  fresh  plants  not 
fetid. 
Achenes  ribbed  all  around,  usually  with  10  ribs;  achenes  1.5-2  mm  long;  chaff  linear- 
lanceolate,  abruptly  cuspidate,  slightly  shorter  than  the  tubular  flowers 

2.    A .    arvensis. 

Achenes  ribbed  on  the  inner  surface  only,  the  ribs  3,  indistinct;   achenes  1-1.5  mm 

long;  chaff,  if  present,  oblong,  obtuse,  sometimes  lacerate  at  the  summit 

3.    A.    nobilis. 


Achillea 


Compositae 


989 


0  50 

Map  2166 


Dyssodia    papposa    (Vent )  Hilchc. 


0  ~"50 

Map  2167 


Anthemis    Cotula  L 


0  50 

Map  2168 


Anthemis    arvensis  L 


1.  Anthemis  Cotula  L.  Dogfennel.  Map  2167.  This  species  is 
doubtless  found  in  every  county  of  the  state.  It  is  usually  found  in  waste 
grounds  about  habitations.  It  is  also  found  along  roadsides  and  in  fallow 
fields  and  waste  places  in  general.  I  can  remember  that,  when  I  was  a  boy, 
every  barnyard  was  white  with  dogfennel  during  its  season  of  flowering,  as 
were  most  roadsides  which,  at  that  time,  were  new,  rich  earth.  In  recent 
years  one  rarely  sees  this  species.  I  have  no  scientific  data  concerning  its 
distribution,  but  I  believe  it  is  fluctuating  in  its  abundance.  It  had  almost 
disappeared  until  a  few  years  ago  when  it  began  to  reappear,  and  now  it 
seems  to  be  becoming  abundant.  I  have  discussed  this  subject  with  other 
observers  and  they  agree  in  the  preceding  observation. 

Nat.  of  Eu.,  Africa,  and  the  Orient;  throughout  the  U.  S.  and  s.  Canada. 

2.  Anthemis  arvensis  L.  Field  Camomile.  Map  2168.  This  species 
has  been  reported  from  Clark,  Monroe,  and  St.  Joseph  Counties. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  the  Orient;  Maine,  Que.,  B.  C,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Oreg. 

3.  Anthemis  nobilis  L.  Common  Camomile.  Map  2169.  I  found 
this  species  in  La  Porte  County,  where  it  covered  an  acre  in  very  sandy 
soil  in  a  yard  and  adjacent  nursery.  Peattie  reported  it  as  escaped  in  the 
Calumet  District.  The  plant  is  used  in  medicine  and  cultivated  in  gardens, 
especially  by  people  who  still  grow  their  own  medicinal  herbs. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  R.  I.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 


9332.  ACHILLEA  [Vaill]  L. 

1.  Achillea  Millefolium  L.  COMMON  YARROW.  Map  2170.  This  is  a 
polymorphic  species.  Our  species  vary  greatly  in  the  pubescence  of  the 
stem,  leaves,  and  involucre,  in  the  shape  and  size  of  the  heads,  in  the  color 
of  the  margins  of  the  bracts,  and  in  the  shape  of  the  inflorescence.  Plants 
with  pinkish  rays  are  not  infrequent.  These  variations  have  led  authors 
to  describe  several  forms  of  this  species.  It  is  an  obnoxious  weed,  especially 
in  pastures,  although  some  faddists  recommend  it  for  lawns.    It  spreads 


990 


COMPOSITAE 


Matricaria 


1 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov 

\ 

0 

r 

L 

f^ 

r1 

X 

p 

i 

fH 

J- 

Dec  f- 

i 
— — 1 

/    Miles 

An 

therr 

IS 

}i\            7 

nobilis 

50 
Map  2169 

L 

0  50 

Map  2170 


Achillea    Millefolium   L 


Map  2171 
Matricaria    matricanoides   (Less!    Porter 


by  creeping  rootstocks  and  is  difficult  to  exterminate.    It  is  found  every- 
where in  dry  soil  except  in  deep  woodland  and  cultivated  fields. 

Eurasian,  and  by  most  authors  regarded  also  as  a  native.  Now  found 
throughout  the  U.  S. 

9339.  MATRICARIA  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Matricaria  matricarioides  (Less.)  Porter.  (Matricaria  suaveolens 
(Pursh)  Buchenau.)  Rayless  Camomile.  Map  2171.  This  species  has 
been  reported  from  only  three  counties  yet  I  believe  it  may  be  found 
throughout  the  state.  The  decumbent  habit  of  the  plant  and  its  rayless 
heads  have,  I  believe,  led  collectors  to  pass  it  by,  thinking  that  such  speci- 
mens were  trampled  down  or  non-flowering  specimens  of  Anthemis  Cotula. 
I  know  that  I  so  regarded  the  species  for  many  years  until  I  discovered  my 
error.  All  of  my  specimens  are  from  barnyards  except  one  which  is  from 
a  roadside. 

Adventive  from  the  Pacific  coast. 


9341.  CHRYSANTHEMUM  [Tourn]  L. 

Heads  few  or  solitary,  mostly  3-5  cm  wide;   rays  white,  spreading;   leaves  glabrous, 

pinnately  incised. 

Basal  leaves  spatulate-obovate,  on  long  slender  petioles,  the  blades  crenate-dentate; 

middle  and   upper  stem  leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,   coarsely  and   regularly 

crenate  or  dentate  above,  with  larger,  spreading  teeth  at  base.    (See  excluded 

species  no.  675,  p.  1102) C.  Leucanthemum. 

Basal  leaves  pinnatifid,  subpinnatifid  or  coarsely  and  irregularly  toothed;  middle 
and  upper  stem  leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  conspicuously  subpin- 
natifid at  base 1.  C.  Leucanthemum  var.  pinnatifidum. 

Heads   numerous,   less   than   1.5   cm  wide;   leaves   puberulent,   crenate-serrate   or  pin- 
nately parted. 
Leaves  oblong,  crenate-serrate;  heads  rayless,  6-8  mm  wide;  inner  bracts  with  color- 
less, scarious,  erose  tips 2.  C.  Balsamita  var.  tanacetoides. 

Leaves  pinnately  parted;   heads  mostly  12-20  mm  wide,  inner  bracts  more  or  less 

scarious-tipped  and  brownish.     (See  excluded  species  no.  676,  p.  1102) 

C.  Parthenium. 


Tanacetum 


Compositae 


991 


5  "30 

Map  2172 
Chrysanthemum    Leucanthemum 
var    pinnatifidum    Lecoq  &   Lamolle 


0  ~      ^30 
Map  2173 
Chrysanthemum    Balsamita 
var.   tanacetoides   Boiss 


0  50 

Map  2174 


Tanacetum    vulqare    L 


1.  Chrysanthemum  Leucanthemum  L.  var.  pinnatifidum  Lecoq  & 
Lamotte.  (For  a  discussion  of  species  and  variety  see  Rhodora  5:  177-181. 
1903.)  Oxeye  Daisy.  Map  2172.  This  plant  is  now  found  throughout  the 
state.  I  can  remember  when  it  was  very  rare  or  absent  in  northern  In- 
diana, but  it  has  now  become  well  established  in  all  parts,  especially  on 
washed  slopes  in  pastures.  It  is  a  common  weed  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  state,  especially  in  the  worn-out  fields  and  pastures  of  the  limestone 
area.  Not  common  in  the  southwestern  counties.  Clapp,  in  1852,  writes: 
"Rare  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Albany."  J.  M.  Coulter,  in  1875,  writes :  "Is 
becoming  more  abundant  (in  Jefferson  County)  every  year  and  almost 
takes  possession  of  certain  old  pastures."  On  account  of  its  showy  flowers 
it  has  been  much  cultivated  and  I  believe  its  spread  can  be,  for  the  greater 
part,  attributed  to  this  cause.  I  have  never  seen  the  typical  form  of 
the  species. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf.  and  Que.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  and  doubtless  more 
widely  distributed. 

2.  Chrysanthemum  Balsamita  L.  var.  tanacetoides  Boiss.  Cost- 
mary.  Map  2173.  This  species  possesses  medicinal  qualities  and  for  this 
reason  was  formerly  much  cultivated  in  gardens,  from  which  it  has  oc- 
casionally escaped.  There  are  five  reports  for  the  state.  When  once  estab- 
lished, it  is  able  to  maintain  itself. 

Nat.  of  the  Old  World:    N.  S.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  N.  Y.  and  Ind. 


9341A.  TANACETUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Tansy 

Ultimate  divisions  of  the  leaves  sparingly  incised-serrate 1.  T.  vidgare. 

Ultimate  divisions  of  the  leaves  finely  and  closely  denticulate,  many  of  the  teeth  in- 
curved  la.   T.  vidgare  f .   crispum. 

1.  Tanacetum  vulgAre  L.  Common  Tansy.  Map  2174.  This  is  a 
medicinal  plant  which  has  been  cultivated  in  gardens  since  pioneer  times. 
It  has  escaped  in  all  parts  of  the  state.   Apparently  it  propagates  entirely 


992  Compositae  Artemisia 

by  underground  stems  since  it  is  found  so  sparingly  and  about  the  site  of 
a  former  habitation. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  and  Oreg.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Mo.,  and  Nev. 

la.  Tanacetum  vulgare  L.  f.  crIspum  (L.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  38:  235. 
1936.)  The  remarks  and  distribution  given  for  the  species  apply  also 
for  this  form. 

9358.  ARTEMISIA  [Tourn.]  L.  Wormwood 

[Hall  and  Clements.   The  Phylogenetic  Method  in  Taxonomy,  pp.  31-156. 
Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington  Publication  326.    1923.] 
Receptacle  villous-pubescent;  leaves  2  or  3  times  pinnately  parted;  heads  2-3  mm  high, 

usually  wider  than  high 1.  A.  Absinthium. 

Receptacle  glabrous. 

Leaves   glabrous   or  nearly   so   on  both   surfaces,   1-3   times  pinnatifid   or  dissected. 

Leaves  once  pinnatifid,  the  segments  1-4  mm  wide;  flowers  on  short,  leafy  axillary 

spikes   or  in   glomerules,   the   clusters  much   shorter  than  the   leaves;   plants 

biennial 2.   A.   biennis. 

Leaves  more  than  once  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  parted;   the  segments  mostly  less 
than  1  mm  wide. 
Heads  about  4  mm  wide;   involucre  pubescent;  plants  perennial.    (See  excluded 

species  no.  677,  p.  1102) A.  Abrotanum. 

Heads  2-3  mm  wide;  involucre  glabrous;  plants  annual  or  biennial. 

Ultimate  segments  of  leaves  mostly  about  1  mm  long  or  2-3  mm  long;  central 

flowers  perfect;  annual 3.  A.  annua. 

Ultimate  segments  of  leaves  linear,  5-20  mm  long;   central  flowers  sterile; 

biennial 4.  A.  caudata. 

Leaves  densely  woolly  on  one  or  both  surfaces. 

Blades  pinnately  parted  into  5-7  narrow,  entire  segments.     (See  excluded  species 

no.  679,  p.  1102) A.  Carruthii. 

Blades  lanceolate  or  linear,  serrate  or  entire,  not  pinnatifid  (sometimes  the  basal 
leaves  pinnatifid). 
Leaves  green  and  glabrate  above,  at  least  in  age,  lanceolate,  entire  or  the  lower 
ones  pinnatifid  with  lanceolate,  linear-lanceolate,  often  falcate  divisions;  in- 
volucre about  3  mm  high;  achenes  about  1  mm  long.  (See  excluded  species 

no.  681,  p.  1102) A.  ludoviciana. 

Leaves  white-tomentose  on  both  surfaces. 

Involucres  3-4  mm  high,  2-3.5  mm  wide;  upper  leaves  linear  and  entire,  the 
lower  ones  oblanceolate,  usually  serrate  toward  the  apex,  5-10  cm  long; 

achenes  about  1  mm  long 5.  A.  gnapJvalodes. 

Involucres  4-5  mm  high,  4-7  mm  wide;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire, 
6-15  cm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  680,  p.  1102) A.  longifolia. 

1.  Artemisia  Absinthium  L.  Common  Wormwood.  Map  2175.  There 
are  five  reports  of  this  species  having  escaped  to  roadsides,  and  I  have 
seen  it  a  few  times  and  collected  it  once.  I  believe  it  may  be  considered 
established,  especially  in  the  sandy  areas  of  northern  Indiana. 

Nat.  of  Eu.;  Newf.  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Mont.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Ohio, 
and  N.  Dak. 

2.  Artemisia  biennis  Willd.  Biennial  WORMWOOD.  Map  2176.  Re- 
ported from  14  localities  within  the  state  and  three  authors  report  it  as 


Artemisia 


COMPOSITAE 


993 


0  50 

Map  2175 


Artemisia    Absinthium    L 


2 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

r 

1     SO 

i 

Iiu 

\ 

J  X, 

D 

( 

p 

— k  D 

Y 

DF 

_ 

' 

"1 

-  i 

D 

T~ 

r 

Dec  C — 

r 

i  ■  i — 

"Ti  u    p        J 

P     Miles 

Art 

emisia 

■J             Map  2176 
biennis  Willd 

0  "TO 

Map  2177 


Artemisia    annua    L 


common  in  waste  places.   I  have  found  it  only  five  times,  and  then  only  a 
specimen  or  two  at  a  place. 

N.  S.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Calif. 

3.  Artemisia  annua  L.  Sweet  Wormwood.  Map  2177.  Local  through- 
out southern  Indiana  and  there  are  reports  of  it  from  Lake  and  Mont- 
gomery Counties.  A  very  common  weed  half  way  up  the  slope  of  the  bank 
of  the  Ohio  River  along  almost  the  entire  length  of  the  river  in  this  state. 
I  believe  that  it  will  become  an  obnoxious  weed  in  many  places  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state.  It  prefers  moist,  muddy  banks  and  dry,  sandy 
soils.    Frequent  about  habitations. 

Nat.  of  Asia;  N.  B.,  Ont.  to  Calif.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Tenn. 

4.  Artemisia  caudata  Michx.  Map  2178.  This  species  requires  a  dry, 
sandy  soil  and  is  usually  found  in  the  open  on  sandy  knolls,  on  open  sand 
dunes,  on  slopes  bordering  lakes  and  streams,  and  rarely  in  a  prairie 
habitat.  It  is  restricted  to  the  lake  area  and  is  very  local  except  in  the  dune 
area  where  it  is  frequent.  This  species  is  one  of  the  hosts  of  the  parasitic 
plant,  Orobanche  fasciculata  which  I  have  found  only  at  Pine,  Lake  County. 

Que.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5.  Artemisia  gnaphalodes  Nutt.  (Artemisia  ludoviciana  of  authors 
in  part,  not  Nutt.)  Map  2179.  Reported  by  Peattie  as  rare  in  the  Calumet 
region.  In  1923  I  found  a  colony  about  4  feet  square  along  the  railroad 
about  2  miles  north  of  Rochester,  Fulton  County.  In  1930  I  found  it  scat- 
tered over  a  large  area  in  a  fallow  field  in  Newton  County  about  6  miles 
southwest  of  Fair  Oaks.  I  have  not  been  able  to  check  its  persistence  at 
either  of  these  locations,  but  I  believe  it  is  established  at  the  Newton 
County  location.  In  1935  I  found  a  small  colony  near  the  top  of  the  160 
foot  bluff  of  the  Wabash  River  at  Merom,  Sullivan  County. 

Ont.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Tex.  and  Mex. ;  introduced  eastw.  to  N.  H. 
and  Del. 


994 


COMPOSITAE 


Erechtites 


2 
3 

4 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec  C 

D   L 

B      D          D 

ir   p     " 

OP    L 

L  > 

f 

L^B 

D 

5          D 

DP       \ 

fv* 

nSc     -r- 

r1 

X 

[- 

-"-k 

j 

/    Miles 

J        \           Ji\            7     ( 

50 

^TW             Map  2178 

Artemisia    caudata   Michx 

0  ~~50 

Map  2179 


Artemisia    gnaphalodes   Nutt. 


7 

30 
6 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 

fD 

1   : 
a  1  i 

0      5-n 

J      KD          D 

D             D 

D 

"        J             » 

r  1 

F 

~V 

[V 

D 

0       D 

"1 

0 
DP 

-I       B 

D 

LL_ 

B 

-4c 

B      D 

J 

r1- 

Oec.J- 

\ ' D               /> 

-l   1  \y  M,les 

°        E 

D 

D     | 

V    D          D 

D     D 

Erec 

ltites 

hieracifolia   'L 

)              50 
Map  2180 

..)  Raf 

9389.  ERECHTITES  Raf. 

[Fernald.  The  genus  Erechtites  in  temperate  North  America.  Rhodora 
19:  24-27.    1917.] 

1.  Erechtites  hieracifolia  (L.)  Raf.  Fireweed.  Map  2180.  Infrequent 
to  frequent  throughout  the  state.  Found  in  many  habitats  and  in  dry  and 
moist  soils.  It  is  often  found  in  burned-over  areas  in  woodland  and  in 
marsh  land,  where  it  frequently  forms  dense  stands.  It  is  in  such  an 
area  that  the  variation  of  the  species  can  be  best  studied.  Varieties  have 
been  described,  but  my  studies  convince  me  that  ours  is  a  polymorphic 
species.  I  have  seen  the  form  with  reduced  upper  leaves  growing  close 
beside  a  specimen  which  had  long  leaves  up  to  the  inflorescence.  In  the 
same  colony  leaves  may  be  found  with  bases  clasping  or  not  clasping. 
Individuals  with  the  upper  leaves  reduced  is  the  common  form,  and  those 
with  the  upper  leaves  not  reduced  is  less  frequent. 

P.  E.  I.  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


9409.  CACALIA  L.  Indian  Plantain 

Lower  leaves  hastate,   the  upper  ones  triangulai'-lanceolate;   involucral  bracts   12-15; 

heads  20-30-flowered;  receptacle  flat 1.  C.  suaveolens. 

Lower  leaves  not  hastate,  the  upper  ones  not  triangular-lanceolate;  involucral  bracts 

5;  heads  5-flowered;  receptacle  appendaged  in  the  center. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  cordate  or  reniform  at  the  base,  palmately  veined. 

Plants  more  or  less  glaucous,  of  a  dry  habitat;   stems  terete  or  inconspicuously 

furrowed;  sinuses  between  the  teeth  of  the  margins  of  the  leaves  not  ciliate. 

2.  C.  atriplicifolia. 

Plants  not  glaucous,  of  a  dry  or  wet  habitat;  stems  conspicuously  furrowed;  sinuses 

between  the  teeth  of  the  margins  of  the  leaves  ciliate 3.  C.  Muhlenbergii. 

Leaves  of  an  oval  type,  green  on  both  sides,  thick,  strongly  5-7-nerved,  the  nerves  of 
a  parallel  type,  margins  entire  or  with  short  teeth 4.  C.  tuberosa. 

1.  Cacalia  suaveolens  L.  Map  2181.  Local  near  the  dunes  about  Lake 
Michigan,  and  then  very  local  until  the  southern  part  of  the  state  is 
reached,  where  it  is  very  local  to  infrequent.    In  addition  to  my  records, 


Cacalia 


Compositae 


995 


Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov 

Dec 


[o 

P                    r 

-^  .^V- 

s^ 

1        J 

Vtt 

i 

f               ' 

•jU 

Vjt 

Kr 

11      1    y 

\   D     /       ) 

/I           0 

> <  B  L .      / — ' 

- —               1    D_Jj    f      N-/ 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  2181 


Cacalia    suaveolens    L 


0  ~~ 5o 

Map  2182 


Cacalia    atnplicifolia   L 


s 

2 

1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct 

Nov 

f 

{ 

t     ^ 

1 

D 
DP 

0 

r1. 

: 

1 

D 

^ 

r 

B 

ice 

|        I 

IS 

Dec  f 

B 
SI     ° 

1 
I'.' 

K       I 

C 

— , D     } 

D 

/■■/_     D 

Li', 

Miles 

1    P 

Cacalia 

Muh 

enb 

C 

rA       7  0                50 
Map  2183 

ii  (Sch  Bip.)  Fern 

it  has  been  reported  from  Hamilton,  Lake,  La  Porte,  and  Tippecanoe 
Counties.  It  is  always  found  in  moist  or  wet  grounds,  usually  near  a 
stream,  and  it  spreads  rapidly  by  underground  stems.  I  planted  this  and 
the  next  two  species  in  alluvial  soil  in  bottomland,  and  the  other  two  lived 
only  a  few  years,  while  Cacalia  suaveolens  has  spread  about  a  foot  each 
year  through  an  adjacent  bluegrass  sod. 
Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tenn. 

2.  Cacalia  atriplicifolia  L.  Map  2182.  Infrequent  to  frequent  through- 
out the  state.  It  prefers  dry,  open  woodland,  especially  clayey  oak  slopes. 
It  has  a  varied  habitat,  however,  ranging  from  the  woodland  to  the  moist 
prairie  habitat. 

N.  J.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Kans. 

3.  Cacalia  Muhlenbergii  (Sch.  Bip.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  40:  356-357. 
1938.)  (Cacalia  reniformis  Muhl.  and  Mesadenia  reniformis  (Muhl.) 
Raf.)  Map  2183.  Infrequent  to  local  in  the  southern  two  thirds  of  the  state. 
It  prefers  the  moist,  rich  soil  of  beech  slopes  but  it  is  found  also  in  other 
types  of  moist  soil,  even  in  springy  places.  Ordinarily  only  a  few  plants 
are  found  at  a  place,  but  in  1921  I  was  asked  by  a  land  owner,  who  lived 
about  five  miles  southeast  of  Greensburg,  Decatur  County,  to  identify  an 
obnoxious  weed  which  he  had  in  his  woods  on  an  open  beech  ridge  and 
which  proved  to  be  a  vigorous  growth  of  this  species  in  almost  a  pure 
stand  over  an  acre  or  more. 

N.  J.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

4.  Cacalia  tuberosa  Nutt.  Map  2184.  This  is  a  local  species  found 
only  in  marly  springy  places.  Where  it  is  found,  it  is  usually  a  common 
plant.  Its  absence  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  state  is  of  interest.  If 
it  occurs  there,  it  is  rare,  because  I  have  collected  intensively  in  these 
counties  without  finding  it. 

Ohio,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ala.,  La.,  and  Tex. 


996 


COMPOSITAE 


Senecio 


o         ~3o 
Map  2184 


Cacalia    tuberosa    Nutt. 


o  "To 

Map  2185 


Senecio    vulgaris   L. 


2 

12 
4 
3 

f 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

M 

Jk 

K 

" 

DP 

-I 

r 

-f-jV] 

D 

1* 

Dec.f- 

B 

i 
i  • — 

"            D 

I      _     __ 

D           D      L 
f                S 

B     D    (       tl~} 

'y    ■           i 

J    Miles 

UC 

D 

UC  j    D        B 
V   0          D 

b  id  b    u  jd  i  ;     kv         i 

UOl  HO  r',  r  J  "   /-"     V-    / 

3                50 

Map  2186 

Senecio    qlabellus  Poir 

9411.  SENECIO  [Tourn.]  L. 

[Greenman.  Monograph  of  the  North  and  Central  American  species  of 
the  genus  Senecio-Part  II.  Ann.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  2:  573-626.  1915;  3: 
85-194.    1916.] 

Plants  leafy  to  the  top,  the  leaves  gradually  diminishing  upward;  leaf  blades  mostly 
pinnately  parted;  annuals. 
Heads  discoid,  the  numerous  bracteoles  of  the  calyx  black-tipped,  the  principal  in- 

volucral  bracts  about  7  mm  long,  sometimes  black-tipped 1.  S.  vulgaris. 

Heads  radiate;  involucres  with  few  or  no  bracteoles,  not  black-tipped,  the  principal 

involucral  bracts  about  5  mm  long 2.  S.  glabellus. 

Plants   usually   with   many   large   basal   leaves,   the   cauline   few   and   much    smaller; 
perennials. 
Leaves  and  stems  more  or  less  persistently  tomentose;  basal  leaves  petiolate,  elliptic 
to    oblong-lanceolate,    mostly    15-40   mm   wide,    crenate-dentate;    cauline    leaves 

deeply  and  irregularly  pinnatifid 3.  S.  plattensis. 

Leaves  and  stems  glabrous  or  essentially  so  at  maturity. 

Basal  leaves  obovate,   sometimes   one   or  rarely  all   subrotund  to   oblong-elliptic, 
usually  glabrous,  narrowed  at  the  base,  rarely  some  subcordate;  plants  usually 

of  dry  soil  on  slopes  and  banks 4.  S.  obovatus. 

Basal  leaves  rotund-ovate,  oblong-ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  cordate  to  narrowed 
at  the  base,  glabrous  or  glabrate;  plants  of  a  wet  or  moist  habitat,  rarely  of 
a  dry,  sandy  soil. 
Lower   leaves   and  those   of   rosettes   usually   large,   round-ovate,   the   principal 

ones  deeply  cordate  at  the  base;  plants  usually  of  a  wet  habitat 

5.  iS.  aureus. 

Lower  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  shallowly  cordate,  subcordate  or  long- 
narrowed  at  the  base. 
Basal   leaves   and  those  of  rosettes  usually   subrotund   or  of  an   ovate  type, 

subcordate  or  truncate  at  the  base 5a.  S.  aureus  var.  gracilis. 

Basal  leaves  cuneate  at  the  base 6.    S.  pauperculus  var.  Balsamitae. 

1.  Senecio  vulgaris  L.  Common  Groundsel.  Map  2185.  I  first  found 
this  species  in  1919  on  private  grounds  in  the  northern  part  of  Muncie, 
Delaware  County.  In  1929  I  found  it  to  be  well  established  in  the  west 
part  of  Bluffton,  Wells  County.  I  revisited  the  area  in  1935  and  found 
that  it  is  spreading.   Madge  McKee  found  it  in  Goodland,  Newton  County. 


Senecio 


Compositae 


997 


0  50 

Map  2187 


Senecio    plaltensis   Nutl 


0  50 

Map  2188 


Senecio    obovatus  Muhl 


0  ~lo 

Map  2189 


Senecio    aureus   L 


Thus  year  after  year  we  add  European  weeds  to  our  flora  and  make  it 
necessary  to  increase  our  efforts  to  grow  wanted  vegetables  and  ornamental 
plants. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf .  to  Hudson  Bay,  Minn.,  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  C. 
and  Ind. 

2.  Senecio  glabellus  Poir.  Butterweed.  Map  2186.  This  plant  was 
not  known  to  Schneck  in  1876  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley,  and  in  1897 
Blatchley  reported  it  as  scarce  in  Vigo  County,  but  it  was  collected  by 
Clapp  in  1838  at  New  Albany.  Evidently  it  is  migrating  into  the  state 
at  a  rapid  pace.  It  is  now  a  common  to  abundant  weed  in  most  of  the 
area  shown  on  the  map.  It  prefers  cultivated  and  fallow  ground.  In  the 
springtime,  fields  not  plowed,  oatfields,  and  wheatfields  are  sometimes 
yellow  with  it. 

N.  C,  Ind.  to  Mo.  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  Senecio  plattensis  Nutt.  Map  2187.  This  species  is  infrequent  to 
rare  in  the  area  shown  on  the  map.  It  is  found  in  dry,  sandy  soil  on  open, 
black  and  white  oak  ridges,  in  moist  soil  between  ridges,  and  in  sandy 
prairie  habitats. 

Sw.  Ont.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  La.  and  Tex. 

4.  Senecio  obovatus  Muhl.  (Senecio  obovatus  var.  rotundus  Britt.  and 
Senecio  obovatus  var.  umbratilis  Greenman.)  Roundleaf  Groundsel. 
Map  2188.  Infrequent  probably  throughout  the  state,  although  there  are 
no  records  from  the  northwestern  counties.  Where  it  is  found,  it  is  usually 
common  to  abundant  over  small  areas.  Its  preferred  habitat  is  clayey  or 
rocky  slopes  and  dry  clayey  banks  along  streams.  It  is  also  found  in  moist 
soil  in  various  habitats. 

The  variety  rotundus  Britt.  is  a  form  with  subrotund  basal  leaves.  A 
study  of  large  colonies  of  this  species  convinces  one  of  the  futility  of  try- 
ing to  keep  this  variety  separate  from  the  typical  form  since  both  forms 
may  be  found  in  the  same  colony.  The  colonies,  however,  are  usually  of 
one  form  and  the  two  forms  are  about  equally  distributed  throughout  the 


998  Compositae  Echinops 

state.  Variety  umbratilis  Greenman  usually  has  basal  leaves  which  are 
"oblong-ovate  to  oblong-elliptic,  2-8  cm  long,  1.5-5.5  cm  wide,  with  petioles 
2-12  cm  long."  The  type  was  collected  near  New  Albany  and  it  has  been 
reported  from  Porter  County.  Greenman  has  referred  some  of  my  speci- 
mens from  Posey  and  Starke  Counties  to  this  variety.  Fernald  (Rhodora 
23:  299.  1921)  refers  this  variety  to  Senecio  pauperculus  var.  Balsamitae 
(Muhl.)  Fern.,  where  it  seems  to  belong. 

The  species  and  the  two  varieties  are  combined  on  one  map. 

Vt.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5.  Senecio  aureus  L.  (Senecio  aureus  var.  semieordatus  (Mack.  & 
Bush)  Greenman.)  Golden  Groundsel.  Map  2189.  Infrequent  to  fre- 
quent in  all  parts  of  the  state.  It  is  usually  found  in  wooded  ravines  on 
wet,  alluvial  plains  along  streams,  wet  borders  of  ponds,  bogs,  lakes,  and 
marshes.  This  species  is  also  variable  and  var.  semieordatus  has  been 
segregated.  This  variety  is  described  by  Greenman  as  having  the  "lower 
leaves  rotund-ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  1-8  cm  long,  1-4  cm  broad,  usually 
rounded  at  the  apex,  shallowly  cordate."  Greenman  has  referred  some  of 
my  specimens  from  Lagrange  and  Wells  Counties  to  this  variety.  Since  I 
am  not  convinced  that  this  variety  has  taxonomic  value,  I  am  including 
it  in  the  species. 

Lab.,  Ont.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

5.  Senecio  aureus  L.  (Senecio  aureus  var.  semieordatus  (Mack.  & 
is  infrequent  to  rare,  and  I  am  not  able  to  say  with  certainty  whether  it 
is  found  with  the  species  or  not.  My  recollection  is  that  it  is  not.  It  is 
always  found  in  very  wet  places  such  as  bogs  and  marshes  and  never 
common  where  it  is  found.  I  have  made  no  study  of  it  in  the  field  to 
ascertain  how  closely  it  is  related  to  the  species.  Greenman  gives  the  dis- 
tribution as :  "Occurring  with  the  species." 

6.  Senecio  pauperculus  Michx.  var.  Balsamitae  (Muhl.)  Fern.  (Rhodora 
23 :  299.  1921.)  (Senecio  Balsamitae  Muhl.  and  Senecio  yawpercidus  Michx. 
in  part.)  Map  2191.  This  plant  prefers  moist,  mucky  or  sandy  soil  and 
is  usually  found  in  fallow  fields  where  it  sometimes  covers  acres  (near 
Griffith,  Lake  County) .  Less  frequent  in  prairie  habitats  along  roadsides 
and  in  open  flats  in  woods.  Local  in  its  distribution.  Reported  also  from 
St.  Joseph  and  Wabash  Counties. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Mo. 

9442.  ECHINOPS  L. 

See  excluded  species,  no.  685,  p.  1103. 

9452.  ARCTIUM  L.  Burdock 

[Fernald  and  Wiegand.   A  synopsis  of  the  species  of  Arctium  in  North 
America.   Rhodora  12:  43-47.   1910.] 

Involucre  less  than  2  cm  wide;  outer  bracts  about  10  mm  long,  inner  bracts  not  ex- 
ceeding the  flowers;  heads  racemose;  petioles  usually  hollow 1.  A.  minus. 


Carduus 


COMPOSITAE 


999 


2 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept 

Oct 

Nov. 

<*- 

1 

D 

) 

D 

D 

A 

D 

^.y 

"% 

i  ^ 

f 

i 

-I 

\ 

T/_ 

_i 

D 

L- 

i 

~r 

V" 

r, 

Dec.  C 

r 

■ 

j- 

\a/    Miles 

Vc 

S 
r    gr 

enec 

acili' 

io    aur 

7  ■ 

V  0                 50 

^    Map  2190 

eus 

h)    Britt. 

1 

5 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Oec.j- 

a: 

p   L- 

IB     ° 

r 

i 

h  »d 

D        /-1" 

s 

L_ 

f        ^ 

1 

V^j— 

1 

"k 

i"H 

r1 

r 

' 

\fs     Miles 

vaf 

Senecic 
Balsam 

t  -3  f 

J°\       /  0                 50 

Map  2191 
sauperculus 

(Muhll   Fern 

0  50 

Map  2192 


Arclium    minus   (Hill)    Bernh. 


Involucre  about  2.5  cm  wide;  outer  bracts  3-5  mm  long,  inner  bracts  at  least  equaling 
the  flowers;  heads  corymbose;  petioles  usually  solid.  (See  excluded  species  no. 
686,  p.   1103) A.  Lappa. 

1.  Arctium  minus  (Hill)  Bernh.  Common  Burdock.  Map  2192.  In- 
frequent to  frequent  throughout  the  state.  Commonly  found  in  rich  soil 
about  habitations,  but  also  found  along  roadsides,  in  waste  grounds,  and 
open  woodland.  Since  it  is  avoided  by  stock,  it  has  little  to  prevent  its 
spreading.    The  roots  are  used  in  medicine. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  throughout  the  U.  S.  and  s.  Canada. 

9461.  CARDUUS  [Tourn.]  L. 

1.  Carduus  nutans  L.  Musk  Thistle.  Map  2193.  Hansen  (Proc. 
Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  34:  257.  1925)  reports  that  this  species  was  found 
established  in  a  few  fields  east  of  Elkhart.  Miss  Edna  Banta,  in  1934, 
found  it  in  a  pasture  field  along  Lost  Fork  Creek  near  Brooksburg,  Jeffer- 
son County.  She  writes  that  it  has  been  known  in  this  locality  for  about 
17  years  and  it  is  spreading,  since  no  determined  effort  has  been  made  to 
exterminate  it.  In  1935  Kriebel  found  it  in  Posey  County  in  a  pasture  be- 
tween Hovey  Lake  and  Half  Moon  Pond. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  B.  and  Que.  to  Pa. 


9462.  CIRSIUM  [Tourn.]  Mill.  Thistle 

Upper   surface   of   leaves   copiously   covered  with   stiff,   upwardly   appressed,   acicular 
bristles   of  unequal   lengths,   otherwise   glabrous;    involucral   bracts  all   ending  in 

prickles 1.  C.  vulgare. 

Upper  surface   of  leaves   glabrous   or  with   weak,   multicellular  hairs    (woolly   in   C. 
Pitcheri) . 
Leaves  woolly  on  both  surfaces,  pinnately  parted,  usually  into  12-20  linear  or  linear- 
oblong,  entire  segments   ending  in  a  prickle   and  usually  with  a  prickle  near 
the  base;   segments  of  leaves  revolute;  flowers  cream  color;  plants  found  only 
on  the  dunes  near  Lake  Michigan 2.  C.  Pitcheri. 


1000 


COMPOSITAE 


Cirsium 


3o 
Map  2193 


Carduus    nutans   L 


6 
6 
1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

\ 

D 

D            D 

^_y*z 

D 
II) 

"       D 

LJ 

.  y- 

fr1 

D 

D 

1 

|       D     B 

D 

W 

DP 

D 

r 

D 

Y 

j. 

Dec.  (- 

10 

I      ' 

ID 

K       J - 

J    Miles 

Cirsium     vu 

gare 

D 

Savi)    A 

50 
Map  2194 

iry  -  Shaw 

2 
3 

_ 

D 

DP 

f 

rf 

1 1 

Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar. 
Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 

D       /^ 

V 

[V 

4 

r 

-  \z 

-J- 

r 

Dec.j— 

!/    Miles 

0                50 

^<Cj^y              Map  2195 

Cirsium    Pitchen    (Torr.)  T.  &  G. 

Leaves  and  flowers  not  as  above. 

Largest  involucres  usually  not  more  than  13  mm  wide;  leaves  glabrous  above  and 
beneath  or  woolly  beneath  and  tardily  glabrous;  perennial  with  deep,  creep- 
ing rootstocks. 

Leaves  more  or  less  deeply  pinnatifid 3.  C.  arvense. 

Leaves   of   stem   sinuate-pinnatifid,   somewhat   ruffled;    leaves   of  branches   sub- 
entire  or  dentate,  minutely  spinose 3a.  C.  arvense  var.  mite. 

Leaves  all  glabrous,  linear-oblong,  lanceolate  or  obovate,  the  margins  entire  or 

setose-spinulose 3b.  C.  arvense  var.  integri folium. 

Leaves   denticulate,    lower    surface   white-tomentose;    peduncles   lanate 

3c.  C.  arvense  var.  vestitum. 

Largest  involucres  usually  more  than   13  mm  wide;   lower  surface  of  the  leaves 

tomentose;  plants  without  deep,  creeping  rootstocks. 

Plants  low  and  very  stout,  mostly  3-6  dm  high;  heads  usually  1-3,  rarely  5,  very 

large;    involucres    4-6    cm   wide    and    about    4    cm   high;    tips    of   inner   in- 

volucral   bracts   crisped,   dilated,   pubescent,   with   laciniate-ciliate   margins; 

plants  flowering  mostly  from  June   12  to  July  28,  flowers  mostly  Purplish 

Lilac    (Ridgway   Standard) 4.   C.  Hillii. 

Plants  generally  taller;  heads  smaller  and  more  numerous. 

Tips  of  outer  involucral  bracts  not  prickly,  sometimes  with  a  mucro  about  0.5 

mm  long 5.  C.  muticiim . 

Tips  of  outer  involucral  bracts  prickly,  the  tips  usually  2-8  mm  long. 

Heads  on  long,  bracted  peduncles;  peduncles  mostly  1-4  dm  long;  involucral 

bracts  more  or  less  scabrous 6.  C.  virginianvm. 

Heads  terminating  leafy  branches;  peduncles  short,  less  than  1  dm  long. 
Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid,  with  linear-lanceolate   lobes;   leaf-margins  rev- 

olute 7.  C.  discolor. 

Leaves   entire   or   sparingly   sinuate-lobed,   or   the   basal   ones   sometimes 
deeply  pinnatifid;  leaf -margins  generally  flat 8.  C.  altissimum. 

1.  Cirsium  vulgare  (Savi)  Airy-Shaw.  (Fedde  Rept.  Spec.  Nov.  43: 
302-315.  Apr.  15,  1938.)  (Cirsium  lanceoMum  (L.)  Hill  of  Indiana 
authors.)  Bull  Thistle.  Map  2194.  This  species  is  biennial.  It  no 
doubt  has  become  established  in  every  county  of  the  state.  It  formerly 
was  common  in  pastures  and  clearings,  and  frequent  along  roadsides  and 
in  fields,  open  woodland,  and  waste  places.  As  nearly  as  I  can  remember, 
about  25  years  ago  it  began  to  disappear,  and  in  a  few  years  it  had  prac- 


Cirsium  COMPOSITAE  1001 

tically  disappeared.  Its  disappearance  was  due  to  the  butterflies  Vanessa 
cardui  and  Pyrameis  cardui  whose  eggs  are  laid  in  the  flowering  heads, 
the  larvae  eating  the  seed.  This  thistle  is  now  infrequent  to  rare  in  the 
state  and  I  believe  will  be  held  in  check  by  its  natural  enemy.  In  1938 
I  have  noted  more  specimens  than  for  many  years. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  Newf.  to  Oreg.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Nebr.,  and  Calif. 

2.  Cirsium  Pitched  (Torr.)  T.  &  G.  Pitcher  THISTLE.  Map  2195. 
This  species  grows  in  almost  pure,  dry  sand  and  is  restricted  to  the  dunes 
near  Lake  Michigan  in  Lake  and  Porter  Counties.  It  probably  did  occur 
in  La  Porte  County  but  I  have  not  seen  a  specimen  from  this  county.  It 
is  commonest  in  the  blow-outs.  I  planted  seed  in  our  garden,  and  when 
the  plants  were  three  years  old  I  measured  the  largest  one.  This  plant  had 
a  spread  of  65  inches,  and  had  14  decumbent  and  radiating  branches  and 
1  upright  stem  that  was  28  inches  high.  The  lateral  branches  had  110 
heads,  each  branch  with  5-10  heads.  The  upright  stem  had  14  heads.  This 
specimen  had  about  ten  times  the  number  of  heads  that  an  average  speci- 
men has  and  was  several  times  larger. 

Shores  of  Lakes  Michigan,  Huron,  and  Superior. 

3.  Cirsium  arvense  (L.)  Scop.  Canada  Thistle.  Map  2196.  This 
species  is  infrequent  to  frequent  in  the  lake  area  and  is  more  or  less  local 
south  of  this  area.  Since  it  is  a  very  obnoxious  weed,  farmers  have  been 
made  acquainted  with  it,  and  they  usually  exterminate  it  as  soon  as 
possible.  There  is  a  state  law  against  harboring  it,  but  the  law  is  not  en- 
forced, and  only  occasional  arrests  are  made.  This  species  propagates  by 
underground  stems  and  spreads  rapidly.  It  is  variable,  and  several  varie- 
ties have  been  described.  I  have  not  collected  all  of  them,  but  three 
varieties  have  been  reported  as  established,  and  it  is  safe  to  assume  that 
they  will  persist  until  destroyed  by  force.  Several  bulletins  have  been 
published  describing  the  species  and  its  varieties  and  give  methods  for 
its  eradication.  One  to  be  recommended  is  Bulletin  414  of  the  Ohio  Agri- 
cultural Experiment  Station,  by  Freda  Detmers,  published  in  1927. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf.  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  Va.,  Nebr.,  and  Utah. 

3a.  Cirsium  arvense  var.  mIte  Wimm.  &  Grab.  This  variety  was  re- 
ported by  Hansen  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  34:  256.  1925)  as  established 
in  Blackford,  Grant,  and  Henry  Counties. 

3b.  Cirsium  arvense  var.  integrifolium  Wimm.  &  Grab.  This  variety 
was  reported  by  Hansen  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  35:  199.  1926)  as 
established  in  Grant  and  Hancock  Counties.  It  is  regarded  by  some  author- 
ities as  a  species,  and,  from  its  appearance  and  behavior,  I  believe  it  is  of 
specific  rank.  I  know  of  a  large  colony  in  Wells  County  that  was  treated 
with  chemicals  for  two  years  and  still  it  persisted.  I  have  not  visited  the 
colony  recently. 

3c.  Cirsium  arvense  var.  vestitum  Wimm.  &  Grab.  This  variety  was 
reported  from  Grant  and  Hancock  Counties  by  Hansen. 


1002 


COMPOSITAE 


Cirsium 


0  50 

Map  2196 


Cirsium    arvense  (L.)  Scop. 


Map  2198 


Cirsium     muticum    Michx. 


4.  Cirsium  Hillii  (Canby)  Fern.    (See  Hill.  Rhodora  12:  211-214.  1910.) 

Map  2197.  This  thistle  prefers  dry,  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  and  all  of  our 
records  are  from  within  the  area  shown  on  the  map.  My  specimens  from 
Benton,  Fulton,  and  White  Counties  are  from  the  right-of-way  of  rail- 
roads. The  others  are  from  open  dunes,  open  woodland,  and  the  high  bank 
of  a  stream. 

Ont.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Pa.  and  Iowa. 

5.  Cirsium  muticum  Michx.  Swamp  Thistle.  Map  2198.  This  species 
is  found  in  boggy  places,  marshes,  and  swamps,  often  in  marly  soils.  It 
is  infrequent  in  the  lake  area,  becoming  rare  or  absent  southward. 

Newf.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

6.  Cirsium  virginianum  (L.)  Michx.  Virginia  Thistle.  Map  2199. 
I  have  found  this  species  only  on  wooded  slopes.  It  is  rare,  and  Phinney's 
report  for  it  from  the  area  of  Delaware,  Jay,  Randolph,  and  Wayne  Coun- 
ties I  refer  to  some  other  species.  This  is  a  southern  plant,  and  Phinney 
did  not  report  all  of  the  species  that  are  common  in  his  area. 

Va.,  Ohio,  and  Ind.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

7.  Cirsium  discolor  (Muhl.)  Spreng.  Field  Thistle.  Map  2200.  In- 
frequent to  frequent  throughout  the  lake  area,  becoming  rare  southward 
and  very  local,  if  found  at  all,  in  the  hill  country.  It  prefers  a  moist  soil 
rich  in  humus  and  is  often  a  common  plant  in  mucky  soil  that  has  recently 
been  drained.  It  is  found  in  its  habitat  along  roadsides  and  streams 
and  in  marshes  and  swamps. 

N.  B.  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Mo.,  and  Nebr. 

8.  '  Cirsium  altissimum  (L.)  Spreng.  Tall  Thistle.  Map  2201.  This 
species  is  infrequent  to  rare  throughout  the  state.  It  is  more  frequent  in 
southern  Indiana  and  is  most  common  on  wooded  slopes  along  streams. 
This  is  really  a  woodland  and  dry  soil  species,  but  it  is  also  found  in  the 
open  and  even  in  springy  places. 

Mass.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


Onopordum 


Compositae 


1003 


3 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov, 

\ 

I 

r  i 

V 

~ 

X 

j 

i      1 

-  i 

J 

J~ 

r 

Dec.  J- 

i     ' — 
d7    nrj 

D    7 
y     Miles 

Cirs 

um 

virgi 

d  J5\       7 
iianum  (|_.) 

3                 50 

Map  2199 

Michx. 

0  50 

Map  2200 


Cirsium    discolor   (Muhl.)    Spreng. 


0  50 

Map  2201 


Cirsium    altissimum    (L.)   Spreng. 


9467.  ONOPORDUM  [Vaill]  L. 

1.  Onopordum  Acanthium  L.  Cottonthistle.  Map  2202.  In  1910 
I  found  this  species  to  be  a  common  plant  along  the  roadside  about  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  north  of  Rosedale,  Parke  County.  I  passed  along  this 
road  in  1918,  and  it  was  still  plentiful.  In  1929  I  found  a  large  colony  on 
the  bluff  of  the  Ohio  River  near  the  roadside  on  the  south  side  of  Glendale 
Cemetery,  Dearborn  County.  There  is  a  specimen  from  Jefferson  County 
collected  by  Stanley  Coulter  in  the  herbarium  of  Wabash  College.  It  has 
been  reported  also  from  Clark  and  Marion  Counties. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  Ont.  and  Mich.,  southw.  to  N.  J. 


9476.  CENTAUREA  L. 

Some  of  the  species  of  this  genus  have  long  been  cultivated  in  gardens, 
and  seeds  from  them  have  found  their  way  to  roadsides  and  dumps.  Speci- 
mens from  these  have  been  collected  and  reported,  but  unfortunately, 
little  or  no  information  accompanies  the  reports.  No  data  are  given  as  to 
how  long  the  species  has  been  found  in  the  same  place  or  as  to  the  size  of 
the  colony.  An  annual  species  has  been  reported  twice  as  found  in  alfalfa 
fields.  Since  alfalfa  is  usually  mowed  from  two  to  three  times  a  year, 
an  annual  would  have  little  chance  to  perpetuate  itself.  It  seems  best  to 
regard  all  of  our  reports  as  garden  escapes  or  chance  introductions.  I 
prefer  to  be  too  conservative  rather  than  to  be  too  hasty  in  accepting  exotic 
species  as  a  part  of  our  flora. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre   (at  least  the  lower  ones)   tipped  with  stout  prickles;  flowers 

yellow;  annual.    (See  excluded  species  no.  695,  p.  1104) C.  solstitialis. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  lacerate  or  fimbriate,  not  prickly. 

Leaves   pinnatifid  into   linear   segments;    bracts   ribbed,   pectinate   at   the   black  tip 
only;  annual  or  biennial.    (See  excluded  species  no.  693,  p.  1104)  .  .  .  .  C.  maculosa. 
Leaves  entire,  denticulate  or  some  of  the  lower  ones  lobed. 

Tips  of  the  involucral  bracts  not  dilated;  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire 

or  remotely  denticulate;  annual.    (See  excluded  species  no.  691,  p.  1104) 

C.    Cyanus. 


1004 


COMPOSITAE 


Cichorium 


0  50 

Map  2202 


Onopordum    Acanthium    L. 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June' 

July 

Aufc 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


TA 

D               D 

1  DP                                 S                             D 

—       i, » »     H 

JrZ 

1     *     1     W 

^j-,. 

1         / — 1 

1       f      r         K 

— — ~~sT^  'l       ^ 

Miles 


o  5o 

Map  2203 


Cichorium   Intybus  L. 


0 50 
Map  2204 

Serinia  oppo&itifolia  (RafJ    Ktze. 


Tips  of  the  involucral  bracts  much  dilated. 

Bracts  irregularly  denticulate  or  lacerate  for  half  their  length  or  more.    (See 

excluded  species  no.  692,  p.  1104) C.  Jacea. 

Bracts  pectinate  or  ciliate  at  the  summit  only.     (See  excluded  species  no.   696, 

p.  1105) C.  vochinensis. 

9553.  CICHORIUM[[Tourn]  L. 

1.  Cichorium  Intybus  L.  Chicory.  Map  2203.  This  species  is  now 
found  throughout  the  state  and  in  many  parts  has  become  an  obnoxious 
weed.  When  once  established,  I  have  found  from  personal  experience  that 
it  is  very  difficult  to  eradicate.  Our  first  reports  for  it  say:  "an  escape 
from  gardens."  In  recent  years  it  doubtless  has  been  introduced  in  grass 
and  other  seeds.  The  dried  roots  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  coffee,  and 
it  has  been  cultivated  for  that  purpose.  My  bitter  experience  with  it 
compels  me  to  advise  against  its  use  in  the  flower  garden  and  to  exterminate 
it  wherever  it  is  found.  All  of  my  specimens  are  from  hard,  dry  clay  or 
dry,  sandy  soils.  Plants  with  white  flowers,  forma  alba  Farwell,  are  some- 
times found.  In  a  colony  extending  for  nearly  a  half-mile  in  hard,  clay 
soil  along  an  unimproved  road  in  Allen  County  I  estimated  that  40  per 
cent  of  the  plants  were  white-flowered. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  S.  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Calif. 

9556.  SERfNIA  Raf. 

1.  Serinia  oppositifolia  (Raf.)  Ktze.  Map  2204.  This  species  was  found 
in  flower  on  May  12,  1935,  by  Scott  McCoy.  It  was  growing  in  wet  soil  on 
the  border  of  a  woods  along  State  Road  62  a  few  miles  east  of  Boonville, 
Warrick  County. 

Va.,  111.,  Mo.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

9560.  KRfGIA  Schreb. 

Plants  stemless  or  nearly  so;  flowers  on  scapes. 

Plants  bearing  tubers;  tubers  usually  one  to  a  plant,  globose,  about  1  cm  in  diameter; 
basal  leaves  mostly  4-20  cm  long;  involucres  10-14  mm  long;  pappus  of  10-15 
narrow,  oblong,  white  scales  and  15-20  longer  bristles 1.  K.  Dandelion. 


Krigia 


Compositae 


1005 


0  50 

Map  2205 


Krigia    Dandelion   (L.)    Nutt. 


0  50 

Map  2206 


Krigia    virginica    (U  Will d. 


0  30 

Map  2207 


Krigia    biflora    (Walt.)    Blake 


Plants  not  bearing  tubers;  basal  leaves  mostly  3-6  cm  long;  involucres  usually  5-7 
mm  long;  pappus  of  5-7  short,  rounded,  white  scales  and  an  equal  number  of 

longer  bristles 2.  K.  virginica. 

Plants  with  stems,  usually  1-6  dm  high,  with  1-3  conspicuous,  clasping  leaves;  flowers 
on  peduncles  arising  from  the  axils  of  cauline  leaves;  involucre  usually  less  than 
1  cm  long;  pappus  similar  to  that  of  Krigia  Dandelion 3.  K.  biflora. 

1.  Krigia  Dandelion  (L.)  Nutt.  {Cynthia  Dandelion  (L.)  DC.)  Map 
2205.  In  sandy  clay  soil,  usually  in  open  woodland  on  the  crests  of  black 
oak  and  chestnut  oak  ridges.  It  is  found  also  in  low  ground  in  the  post 
oak  flats.  It  is  restricted  to  the  southern  counties,  and  Wilson's  report  for 
it  in  Hamilton  County  I  regard  as  an  error  in  determination,  since  he  does 
not  report  Krigia  biflora  which  should  be  found  there.  It  has  been  reported 
also  from  Clark  and  Jefferson  Counties. 

N.  J.,  Md.,  111.,  Mo.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

2.  Krigia  virginica  (L.)  Willd.  Dwarf-dandelion.  Map  2206.  This 
species  grows  only  in  dry,  sandy  soil  and  is  generally  found  on  open  wooded 
dunes,  ridges,  sand  hills  and  in  sandy,  fallow  fields.  It  is  infrequent  to 
frequent  in  its  habitat. 

Maine,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

3.  Krigia  biflora  (Walt.)  Blake.  (Rhodora  17:  137.  1915.)  {Krigia 
amplexicaulis  Nutt.  and  Cynthia  virginica  (L.)  D.  Don.)  Map  2207.  Fre- 
quent to  common  throughout  the  state.  It  has  a  wide  range  of  habitats, 
growing  in  soils  ranging  from  clay  to  sand,  and  from  marshes  to  the  crests 
of  black  and  white  oak  ridges.  It  prefers  open  black  and  white  oak  wooded 
slopes,  open  wooded  dunes,  interdunal  flats,  and  moist,  sandy  prairies. 
I  have  52  specimens  from  Indiana  and  all  of  them  have  the  peduncles  and 
involucres  perfectly  glabrous  except  6  specimens  which  are  more  or  less 
densely  glandular-pubescent  on  the  peduncles  below  the  flower  and  at  the 
base  of  the  involucre.  This  glandular  form  is  one  of  the  varieties  which 
was  named  by  Farwell  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  12:  76.  1930)  and  which 
apparently  has  no  taxonomic  significance. 

Mass.,  Ont.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Kans. 


1006 


COMPOSITAE 


Hypochaeris 


0  50 

Map  2208 


Tragopogon    pornfolius    L. 


0  50 

Map  2209 


Tragopogon     pratensis   L. 


1 

8 
Z 

1 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 

:.0 

D              D 

L 

D 

-       D 
P 

OP 

Jffl  1 

¥■ 

~~v 

V 

MC 

D 

_T 

DP 

x° 

D      " 

[ 

D 
i       " 

D 

r 

B 

m 

T  c 

J    Wiles 

3 

Dec.j— 

1 

i 

ID                      r 

I        1 1 

K 

Taraxacurr 
/ar    vulgare 

palust 

3                50 
Map  2210 
•e 

Fern. 

9572.  HYPOCHAERIS  [Vaill.]  L.  Cat's-ear 

See  excluded  species  no.  697,  p.  1005. 

9579.  TRAGOPOGON  [Tourn.]  L. 

Flowers  purple;  peduncle  thickened  at  the  summit;  involucral  bracts  usually  40-60  mm 
long,  rarely  25-40  mm  long,  much  longer  than  the  rays 1.  T.  porrifolius. 

Flowers  yellow;  peduncles  usually  not  conspicuously  thickened  at  the  summit;  bracts 
usually  25-35  mm  long,  as  long  as  or  shorter  than  the  rays 2.  T.  pratensis. 

1.  Tragopogon  porrifolius  L.  Vegetable-oyster.  Map  2208.  This 
species  is  infrequent  to  rare  as  yet  in  the  state  but  is  becoming  well  estab- 
lished in  the  northeastern  part.  It  is  found  along  roadsides  and  railroads 
and  in  waste  places  and  fallow  fields.  I  found  it  in  a  waste  place  in 
Bluff  ton  in  1897,  and  it  still  persists  and  has  spread  over  a  much  larger 
area. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Ont.  to  Minn,  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Calif. 

2.  Tragopogon  pratensis  L.  Goatsbeard.  Map  2209.  Becoming  es- 
tablished in  our  northern  counties  along  roadsides  and  railroads  and  in 
waste  places  and  fallow  fields. 

Nat.  of  Eu.;  N.  B.  and  N.  S   to  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ohio,  and  Colo. 


9592.  TARAXACUM  [Haller]  Ludwig  Dandelion 
[Fernald.   Taraxacum  in  Eastern  America.  Rhodora  35:  369-386.  1933.] 

Seed  greenish  buff,  the  space  between  the  muricate  body  and  the  base  of  the  beak 
about  0.5  mm  long;  few  or  none  of  the  outer  series  of  bracts  with  a  callosity  on 
the  back  near  the  summit;  leaves  usually  shallowly  divided,  their  basal  parts 
usually  not  reddish 1.  T.  palustre  var.  vulgare. 

Seed  reddish,  the  space  between  the  muricate  body  and  the  base  of  the  beak  about 
1  mm  long;  all  or  nearly  all  of  the  outer  series  of  bracts  with  a  callosity  on  the 
back  near  the  summit;  leaves  deeply  divided  usually  to  the  midrib,  their  basal 
parts   reddish 2.    T.    laevigatum. 


Sonchus 


COMPOSITAE 


1007 


Taraxacum     laevigatum     (Willd.)    DC. 


o      50 

Map  2212 


Sonchus  arvensis  L. 


0  50 

Map  2213 

Sonchus    arvensis. 
vji   glabrescens  Guenth  Grab,  &  Wimm 


1.  Taraxacum  palustre  (Lyons)  Lam.  &  DC.  var.  vulgare  (Lam.) 
Fern.  (Taraxacum  officinale  Weber  and  Leontodon  Taraxacum  L.) 
Dandelion.  Map  2210.  A  frequent  to  common  obnoxious  weed  found 
throughout  the  state  except  in  the  southwestern  part,  where  it  is  less  fre- 
quent. It  is  a  common  weed  in  lawns,  orchards,  and  fields  and  along  road- 
sides. The  outer  series  of  involucral  bracts  of  the  variety  are  recurved 
even  in  the  bud  while  those  of  the  species  are  appressed  until  maturity. 
Although  the  species  has  not  been  reported  west  of  Pennsylvania,  it  may 
be  found  westward  and  in  Indiana. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  Asia;  throughout  s.  Canada  and  the  U.  S. 

2.  Taraxacum  laevigatum  (Willd.)  DC.  (Taraxacum  erythrospermum 
Andrz.  and  Leontodon  erythrospermum  (Andrz.)  Britt.)  Red-seed 
Dandelion.  Map  2211.  This  species  is  frequent  in  northern  Indiana 
and  is  possibly  well  distributed  in  sandy  soils  throughout  the  state. 
It  prefers  a  more  sandy  soil  than  the  preceding,  although  it  is  adaptive 
as  to  habitat.  Found  in  habitats  similar  to  those  of  Taraxacum  palustre 
var.  vulgare. 

Nat.  of  Eu.;  Maine  to  Ont.  and  Alberta,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Tenn.,  and 
Wyo. 


9595.  SONCHUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Sow  Thistle 

Flowering  heads  about  4  cm  in  diameter,  orange  to  lemon  yellow;   achenes  2-3  mm 
long;  perennials  with  creeping  rootstocks. 

Involucre  and  peduncles  more  or  less  glandular-setose 1.  S.  arvensis. 

Involucre  and  peduncles  glabrous la.  S.  arvensis  var.  glabrescens. 

Flowering  heads  1.2-2.5  cm  in  diameter,  pale  yellow;  achenes  1-1.5  mm  long;  annuals. 
Auricles   of   leaves    acute;    achenes   transversely   wrinkled    and   with   more   than    3 

longitudinal  lines  to  a  side 2.  S.  oleraceus. 

Auricles  of  leaves  rounded;  achenes  not  transversely  wrinkled  and  with  3  longitudinal 
lines  to  a  side 3.  S.  asper. 

1.     Sonchus  arvensis  L.    Field  Sow  Thistle.    Map  2212.    Frequent 
along  U.  S.  Highway  12  south  of  Buffington,  about  2  miles  southeast  of 


1008 


COMPOSITAE 


Sonchus 


Sonchus    asper   (L )  H 


0  50 

Map  2216 


Lactuca    Scariola   L. 


Indiana  Harbor,  Lake  County.  There  is  also  a  large  colony  along  the  Lake 
Erie  Railroad  just  south  of  Bluffton,  Wells  County.  If  left  undisturbed 
this  species  and  its  variety  spread  rapidly. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf.  to  Minn,  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Colo.,  and  Utah. 

la.  Sonchus  arvensis  var.  glabrescens  Guenther,  Grab.  &  Wimm. 
(Rhodora  30:  19.  1928.)  Smooth  Field  Sow  Thistle.  Map  2213.  As 
shown  by  the  map  this  form  of  the  sow  thistle  is  becoming  well  established 
in  the  state.  Most  of  my  specimens  are  from  highways  and  usually  the 
colony  is  near  a  dwelling.  This  variety  is  ornamental  when  in  flower  and 
while  I  do  not  know  that  it  has  been  used  as  a  garden  plant,  I  strongly 
suspect  it  has,  because  of  the  proximity  of  most  of  the  colonies  to  habita- 
tions. Obviously  its  principal  mode  of  propagation  is  by  the  multiplication 
of  rhizomes  since  the  colonies  noted  are  closed  and  few  separate  plants 
observed. 

Special  stress  should  be  placed  upon  the  eradication  of  the  few  colonies 
we  now  have,  or  in  due  time  this  weed  will  be  ubiquitous  in  the  state.  In 
nearly  every  instance  where  I  have  found  it  I  have  informed  the  owner  of 
the  land  of  the  dangerous  character  of  the  plant,  and  I  have  also  notified 
the  county  agricultural  agent  of  its  existence.  I  have  no  data  concerning 
the  general  distribution  of  the  variety. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

2.  Sonchus  oleraceus  L.  Common  Sow  Thistle.  Map  2214.  There 
are  reports  of  this  species  being  found  throughout  the  state.  In  my  early 
botanical  work  I  did  not  collect  what  I  considered  common  garden  weeds, 
and  in  most  instances  this  accounts  for  the  comparative  paucity  of  speci- 
mens of  these  common  plants.  This  species  is  a  weed  and  prefers  rich  soil. 
It  is  found  mostly  in  gardens,  truck  gardens,  waste  places,  and  fallow  fields 
and  along  railroads  and  roadsides. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  now  a  weed  throughout  the  world  except  in  the  extreme 
north. 


Lactuca  Compositae  1009 

3.     Sonchusasper  (L.)  Hill.  Spinyleaf  Sow  Thistle.  Map  2215.  This 
is  more  common  than  the  preceding  species  and  found  in  similar  habitats. 
Nat.  of  Eu. ;  now  a  weed  in  all  cultivated  parts  of  the  world. 

9596.  LACTUCA  [Tourn.]  L.  Lettuce 

Achenes  with  filiform  beaks,  flat,  with  thin  margins. 
Margins  of  leaves,  and  usually  their  midribs  prickly. 
Achenes  light  brown,  not  shining. 

Sides  of  achenes  with  3-6  longitudinal,  scabrous  ribs,  hispid  at  the  summit;  beak 
about  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  achene;  rays  yellow. 

Leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid,  the  segments  mostly  5  or  7 1.  L.  Scariola. 

Leaves   spinulose-denticulate,   not   pinnatifid..  .  la.   L.   Scariola   var.   integrata. 
Sides  of  achenes  with  one  rib,  otherwise  similar  to  the  preceding;  rays  pinkish 

purple 2.   L.   campestris. 

Achenes  black,  shining.     (See  excluded  species  no.  702,  p.  1105) L.   virosa. 

Margins  of  leaves  not  prickly  but  the  leaves  sometimes  with  sharp  teeth. 

Achenes  light  brown,  body  2.5-3  mm  long,  their  beaks  twice  as  long  as  their  bodies, 

usually  with  6-9   longitudinal,  scabrous  ribs,  not  hispid  at  the  apex 

3.   L.   saligna. 

Achenes  dark  brown  with  a  mottling  of  black,  minutely  and  closely  marked  with 
transverse  ridges,  with  one  prominent  longitudinal  ridge  on  each  face. 
Involucres  10-14  mm  long;  mature  achenes  5-6  mm  long;  pappus  5-7  mm  long. 
Leaves  all,  or  at  least  the  lower  ones,  more  or  less  lobed. 

Leaves   with   linear-falcate,   usually   entire   lobes;    upper   unlobed   leaves,    if 

any,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate;  base  of  leaf  sagittate  or  auriculate 

4.  L.  canadensis  var.  typica. 

Leaves  with  broadly  falcate,  or  obovate  and  obliquely  truncate,  entire  or 
toothed  lobes;  upper  leaves  similar  or  unlobed  and  lanceolate,  rarely 
oblanceolate   or   obovate,   entire   or   toothed,   sagittate,   and  clasping   at 

the  base 4a.  L.  canadensis  var.  latifolia. 

Leaves    all    unlobed,    lanceolate,    oblong,    oblanceolate    or    obovate,    entire    or 
denticulate,  the  lowest  sometimes  with  shallow  lobes. 
Cauline  leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  toothed. 

Base  of  leaf  sagittate,  clasping 4b.  L.  canadensis  var.  integrifolia. 

Base  of  leaf  tapering,  not  sagittate 

4c.    L.  canadensis  var.  integrifolia  f.  angustata. 

Cauline    leaves    oblanceolate    or    obovate,    usually    toothed,    sagittate,    and 

and  clasping  at  the  base 4d.   L.  canadensis  var.  obovata. 

Involucres  16-22  mm  long;  mature  achenes  7-9  mm,  including  the  beak;  pappus 

9-12  mm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  700,  p.  1105) L.  hirsuta. 

Achenes   without    filiform    beaks,    beakless    or   essentially    so;    rays    bluish,    sometimes 
cream  color  in  Lactuca  spicata. 
Pappus  white. 

Leaves  coarsely  and  unevenly  dentate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  long  taper-pointed 
at  the  base,  sessile,  not  sagittate,  more  or  less  sparingly  pubescent  above  and 
beneath,  the  pubescence  usually  restricted  to  the  principal  veins,   sometimes 

nearly   glabrous,    and    rarely   the   pubescence   conspicuous 5.    L.   villosa. 

Leaves  lyrately  cut  into  3-6  segments,  the  terminal  segment  usually  the  largest 
and  triangular  with  about  equal  sides,  sometimes  one  or  more  of  the  upper 

leaves  not  lobed,  glabrous  or  nearly  so 6.  L.  floridana. 

Pappus  tawny;  very  large  plants  with  bluish  or  cream  color  flowers;  latex  white  or 
tawny. 


1010 


COMPOSITAE 


Lactuca 


0  50 

Map  2217 
Lactuca   Scanola 
van   integrata    Gren    &  Godr. 


1— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

"• 



Mar. 

L 



°       r 

— 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

f 

r 

' 

X 

j" 

Oct. 
Nov. 

) 

r 

J 

t 

Dec.£— 

!/    Miles 

0                 50 

[s^Cr^           Map  2218 

Lactuca     campestris   Greene 

Leaves  irregularly  pinnatifid,  segments  3-12 7.  L.  spicata. 

Leaves  not  divided  or  the  lower  ones  sinuate 7a.  L.  spicata  var.  integrifolia. 

1.  Lactuca  Scariola  L.  Prickly  Lettuce.  Map  2216.  Frequent  to 
abundant  throughout  the  state.  It  seems  to  be  periodic  in  its  abundance. 
Some  years  it  is  rarely  seen  and  other  years  it  is  a  common  weed.  It  is 
found  along  roadsides  and  railroads,  in  waste  places  in  general,  and  in 
fallow  and  cultivated  fields.  It  is  usually  found  in  greatest  abundance  in 
wheatfields  and  oatfields.  It  seems  that  it  appeared  in  Indiana  about  1890, 
and  in  a  few  years  it  had  become  an  obnoxious  weed  throughout  the  state. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  E.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn.,  westw.  to  Calif. 

la.  Lactuca  Scariola  var.  integrata  Gren.  &  Godr.  Map  2217.  I 
can  not  separate  this  form  of  the  prickly  lettuce  from  the  preceding  one 
in  reports,  so  I  must  rely  upon  the  data  of  the  specimens  at  hand.  It  has 
the  same  habitat  as  the  species  and  I  believe  that  it  is  rather  infrequent 
in  the  state. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  probably  local  throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  U.  S. 
I  have  a  specimen  from  N.  Mex.,  and  Jepson  reports  it  from  Calif. 

2.  Lactuca  campestris  Greene.  (Pittonia  4:  37-38.  1899.)  Map  2218. 
I  found  two  plants  of  this  species  in  the  old  lake  basin  of  Beaver  Lake 
about  200  feet  west  of  the  bridge  on  U.  S.  Highway  41  over  the  Beaver 
Lake  ditch  about  3  miles  south  of  Lake  Village.  It  was  growing  in  dry, 
sandy  soil  near  the  ditch.  Evidently  it  is  scarce  in  this  area  because  a 
companion  and  I  searched  for  several  hours  for  more  of  it.  The  two 
plants  were  about  100  feet  apart  on  opposite  sides  of  the  ditch.  This 
species  is  conspicuously  different  from  all  others  of  the  genus  because  of 
its  leafy  and  short  stem,  and  its  broad  rather  naked  inflorescence,  which 
is  well  above  the  leaves. 

It  was  described  from  specimens  collected  in  southwestern  Minnesota 
and  is  a  western  plains  and  prairie  plant.  Its  distribution  is  not  known 
because  most  authors  do  not  separate  it  from  Lactuca  ludoviciana  which 
has  yellow  flowers. 


Lactuca 


Compositae 


1011 


0  TO 

Map  2221 
Lactuca    canadensis 
var    latifoha    0  KunUe 


o~        ~To 
Map  2222 
Lactuca    canadensis 
var    integrifolia    (Bigel)   Gray 


3.  Lactuca  saligna  L.  Map  2219.  Local  but  abundant  where  it  is 
found.  No  doubt  it  has  a  wider  distribution  than  our  map  indicates.  It 
prefers  a  sandy  soil  and  in  such  a  habitat  it  is  a  common  weed  in  ballast 
for  miles  along  railroads.  Found  along  railroads  and  roadsides  and  waste 
places  and  pastures. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  I  have  not  been  able  to  ascertain  its  distribution  in  the 
U.  S.  although  it  is  definitely  reported  from  Ohio,  Mich.,  Mo.,  and  Calif. 

4.  Lactuca  canadensis  L.  var.  typica  Wieg.  (Rhodora  22:  10.  1920.) 
(Lactuca  canadensis  L.  in  part.)  Map  2220.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in  dry, 
open  woodland  throughout  the  state;  also  along  railroads  and  rarely  in 
fallow  fields.  Wiegand  describes  also  f.  angustipes  of  this  variety  which  I 
have  not  seen  in  Indiana. 

N.  S.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  La.,  Ark.,  and  Colo. 

4a.  Lactuca  canadensis  var.  Iatifolia  O.  Ktze.  (Rhodora  22:  10.  1920.) 
(Lactuca  canadensis  L.  in  part.)  Map  2221.  Infrequent  to  frequent 
throughout  the  state  although  I  do  not  have  a  specimen  from  the  dune 
area.  It  is  found  chiefly  in  moist  or  dry,  open  woodland  and  occasionally 
along  roadsides  and  railroads. 

Wiegand  describes  also  f.  exaurieidata  of  this  variety  with  leaves  which 
are  not  sagittate  at  the  base.   I  have  not  seen  it  in  Indiana. 

T.  E.  I.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Okla. 

4b.  Lactuca  canadensis  var.  integrifolia  (Bigel.)  Gray.  (Rhodora  22: 
10.1920.)  (Lactuca  sagitti folia  Ell.)  Map  2222.  Infrequent  to  frequent  in 
moist  or  dry,  open  woodland  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  I  have  only 
a  few  specimens  from  the  northern  part.  It  is  also  found  along  roadsides 
and  fences. 

P.  E.  I.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  111.,  Okla.,  and  Nebr. 

4c.     Lactuca  canadensis  var.  integrifolia  f   angustata  Wieg.    (Rhodora 


1012 


COMPOSITAE 


Lactuca 


o  5o 

Map  2223 

Lactuca    canadensis    var   obovata  Wieg 


0  50 

Map  2224 


Lactuca    villosa    Jacq 


22:  10.  1920.)    My  only  specimen  was  found  along  a  trail  in  Clifty  Falls 
State  Park. 

Mass.,  Conn,  to  Del.,  N.  Y.,  and  111. 

4d.  Lactuca  canadensis  var.  obovata  Wieg.  (Rhodora  22:  10.  1920.) 
(Lactuca  integrifolia  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7,  not  Bigel.)  Map  2223.  Infre- 
quent in  open  woodland  and  along  roadsides  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
state.  Wiegand  also  describes  f.  stenopoda  of  this  species  with  the  leaves 
not  sagittate.    I  have  not  found  this  form  in  Indiana. 

Maine  to  Ind.  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Okla. 

5.  Lactuca  villosa  Jacq.  Map  2224.  This  species  is  infrequent  to  fre- 
quent in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  becoming  infrequent,  local,  or 
absent  in  the  northern  counties. 

N.  Y.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

6.  Lactuca  floridana  (L.)  Gaertn.  Map  2225.  I  have  what  I  believe  to 
be  this  species  from  the  greater  part  of  the  state.  It  is  frequent  at  least 
in  the  southern  part  and  is  usually  found  in  woodland.  It  prefers  shady 
woods  along  streams.  Our  manuals  describe  it  as  having  the  achene  with 
a  short,  narrow  beak.  All  of  my  specimens  are  beakless,  at  least  none 
with  a  beak  longer  than  0.3  mm. 

N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

7.  Lactuca  spicata  (Lam.)  Hitchc.  Map  2226.  This  is  our  largest 
species  and  normal  size  specimens  range  from  6-10  feet  high.  It  is  a  wood- 
land species,  preferring  rather  moist,  rich  soil.  It  is  rather  frequent  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  state  where  its  flowers  are  usually  cream  color. 
In  the  southern  part  of  the  state  it  becomes  infrequent.  Throughout  its 
range  it  is  also  found  along  roadsides. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  C.,  Tenn.,  Iowa,  and  Colo. 

7a.     Lactuca  spicata  var.   integrifolia    (Gray)    Britt.    Map  2227.    The 

variety  is  much  smaller  in  stature  and  very  local.   Its  habitat  is  the  same  as 
that  of  the  species. 


Pyrrhopappus 


Compositae 


1013 


7 
7 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 

f 

D 

D            D 

r* 

B 

'       D             D 

"     1       ° 

y- 

f   f^ 

f 

b 
p 

DP 

B 

D          0 

D 

"fn 

-^r 

y~ 

r 

Dec.f 

\ 

10 

I     ' — 

z 

D     7 

J    Miles 

\       D    [ 

La< 

tuca 

spic 

ata    (Lam.) 

0                50 
Map  2226. 

Hitchc. 

0  50 

Map  2227 


Lactuca    spicata 
var  integrif olia    (Gray)    Britt. 


— 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

■> 

/ 

i 



/ 

./ 

h  , 

1 

\ 

J  X 

{ 

^ — 

Y 

1 

n    l 

L^ 

T~ 

r, 

Oec.f— 

1 

i  ' — 

£/   Miles 

Pj 

D            ( 

rrhopapp 

us 

carolinianus 

0                 50 

Map  2228 

(Walt.)   DC. 

9604.  PYRRHOPAPPUS  DC. 

1.  Pyrrhopappus  carolinianus  (Walt.)  DC.  False  Dandelion.  Map 
2228.  My  only  specimens  are  from  a  low,  flat  fallow  field  along  Big  Creek 
about  one  and  three  fourths  miles  south  of  Wadesville,  Posey  County.  In 
this  field  are  small  areas  where  there  is  no  vegetation,  called  by  the  land 
owner  salt  spots.  In  this  hard,  white  clay  soil  several  specimens  were 
collected. 

This  species  was  reported  from  White  County  by  Heimlich.  Since  White 
County  has  no  habitats  similar  to  the  one  in  which  I  found  my  specimen, 
I  question  the  identification.  White  County  is  far  north  of  the  known 
range  of  the  species.  If  Heimlich  found  it,  I  believe  it  must  have  been 
introduced.  Andrews  reported  it  from  Monroe  County,  but  since  he  pre- 
served no  specimen,  and  since  the  habitat  is  lacking  and  the  place  is  north 
of  the  range  of  the  plant,  the  report  is  disregarded. 

Del.,  Ky.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

9605.  CREPIS  L.  Hawkbeard 

Involucre  pubescent;  seed  about  2.5  mm  long 1.  C.  capillaris. 

Involucre  glabrous;  seed  about  5  mm  long 2.  C.  pulchra. 

1.  CREPIS  capillaris  (L.)  Wallr.  Map  2229.  I  found  this  species  well 
established  in  Fairview  Cemetery  at  Bluffton  in  1923.  In  1935  it  had 
spread,  which  shows  that  when  it  is  established  it  will  persist  unless  dili- 
gent efforts  are  made  to  eradicate  it.  It  would  seem  that  constant  mowing 
in  a  cemetery  would  kill  it,  but  it  thrives  nevertheless.  It  is  plentiful  in 
the  lawn  of  St.  Mary's  College,  St.  Joseph  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Conn,  to  N.  Y.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Ohio. 

2.  CREPIS  PULCHRA  L.  Map  2230.  This  species  was  found  in  Jefferson 
County  in  1934  by  Miss  Edna  Banta.  She  reports  that  it  is  a  common  road- 
side weed  from  Eagle  Hollow  east  of  Madison  eastward  along  the  River 
Road  to  Morris  Chapel,  a  mile  east  of  Brooksburg,  a  distance  of  about  8 
miles. 


1014 


COMPOSITAE 


Prenanthes 


1 
1 
a 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct, 

Nov. 

Y 

1     ND 

fi 

\ 

t    ^ 

B 

f 

r1 

^ 

J 

■fpl 

j 

r 

Dec.f- 

i  ' — 

1/    Miles 

C 

repis 

cap 

illaris  (U 

0                 50 

Map  2229 

Wailr. 

i 

Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

J 

b~r 

S 

f^ 

r1 

>v| — 

\z 

r 

_j' 

Dec  j- 

i 

, //    Miles 

c 

epis 

pulchr. 

/  0                 50 

Map  2230 

L. 

0  30 

Map  2231 
Prenanthes    allissima  L. 


The  size  and  vigor  of  the  plants  sent  me,  being  much  branched  and 
over  three  feet  high,  suggest  that  it  is  well  established  and  will  be  able 
to  compete  with  any  native  vegetation  and  forever  be  a  weed  in  our  state. 
I  collected  it  in  the  same  area  in  1937. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  no  recent  distribution  given  for  the  U.  S. 


9606.  PRENANTHES  [Vaill]  L. 

Involucre  glabrous. 

Inner  bracts  5;  flowers  5  or  6;  pappus  of  mature  achenes  light  brown   (Antimony 

Yellow  to  Ochraceous-Buff  of  Ridgway,  Standard.) 1.  P.  altissima. 

Inner  bracts  6-8;  flowers  8-12. 

Involucre  greenish  white 2.  P  trifoliolata. 

Involucre  purple  tinged;  plant  glaucous 3.  P.  alba. 

Involucre  pubescent. 
Heads  8-16-flowered. 

Stems  and  lower  surface  of  leaves  glabrous;  flowers  purplish 4.  P.  racemosa. 

Stems  and  lower  surface  of  leaves  rough-pubescent;  flowers  cream  color 

5.  P.  aspera. 

Heads  25-35-flowered ;  flowers  cream  color 6.  P.  crepidinea. 

1.  Prenanthes  altissima  L.  Map  2231.  Doubtless  formerly  found  in 
every  county  of  the  state.  It  is  a  woodland  plant,  preferring  dry  soil,  and 
found  principally  in  oak  woods  and  less  frequently  in  beech  and  maple 
woods.  The  great  variation  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves  of  this  species  and 
the  two  following  has  led  to  the  naming  of  several  varieties,  none  of  which 
I  consider  worthy  of  a  name.  I  have  found  the  most  diverse  forms  in  the 
same  colony.  The  blades  may  be  undivided,  merely  dentate,  parted  with 
the  divisions  not  stalked,  divided  into  three  parts  with  the  two  lateral  ones 
stalked  and  often  deeply  parted  or  deeply  lobed,  cordate  or  cuneate  at  the 
base,  and  there  are  many  intermediate  forms. 

The  pappus  of  the  species  varies  somewhat  in  color  but  no  plants  have 
been  found  with  a  white  or  even  of  a  sordid  color.  It  is  to  be  noted  that 
the  pappus  does  not  acquire  its  characteristic  color  until  it  is  mature. 
Fernald  described  a  variety  of  this  species  with  cinnamon  brown  pappus 


Prenanthes 


COMPOSITAE 


1015 


Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 


c 

r- 

J 

**                j     NO 

\_ 

k 

^> 

1 

TL 

Miles 


0  50 

Map  2232 

Prenanthes  trifoliolata  ICassJ  Fera 


0  50 

Map  2233 


Prenanthes    alba   L. 


0  50 

Map  2234 

Prenanthes    racemosa    Michx. 


and  cited  Indiana  within  its  range.  In  none  of  our  specimens  is  the  pappus 
as  dark  as  Cinnamon-Brown  of  Ridgway's  Standard. 
Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

• 

2.  Prenanthes  trifoliolata  (Cass.)  Fern.  Map  2232.  My  only  specimen  is 
from  a  woods  in  Porter  County  about  5  miles  southwest  of  Michigan  City. 
Peattie  reported  it  from  La  Porte  County.  Clark  reported  it  from  Marshall 
County,  but,  since  he  did  not  report  Prenanthes  altissima,  this  report  should 
no  doubt  be  referred  to  the  latter.  It  has  been  reported  also  from  White 
County.   Doubtless  it  is  rare  in  Indiana. 

Newf.  and  Que.  to  N.  Y.  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  in  the  mts.  to 
Tenn. 

3.  Prenanthes  alba  L.  Map  2233.  This  species  has  its  mass  distribu- 
tion in  the  lake  area,  becoming  local  southward.  It  is  rather  infrequent 
in  the  lake  area  and  is  found  mostly  in  moist,  sandy  soil  in  woodland  and 
sometimes  in  marshes.  This  plant  has  a  common  name  assigned  to  it 
which  rightfully  belongs  to  another  plant.  Since  the  other  plant  is  a 
medicinal  plant  it  claims  the  common  name,  and,  since  it  is  confusing  to 
have  two  plants  with  the  same  common  name,  I  do  not  mention  it  here. 

S.  Maine  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tenn.,  and  111. 

4.  Prenanthes  racemosa  Michx.  Map  2234.  All  of  my  specimens  of  this 
species  are  from  the  northern  part  of  the  state  where  it  is  infrequent  and 
found  in  marshes  and  moist  prairie  habitats. 

N.  B.,  Que.  to  Man.,  southw,  to  N.  J.,  Mo.,  and  Colo. 

5.  Prenanthes  aspera  Michx.  Map  2235.  Very  local  in  the  area  shown 
on  the  map.  It  has  been  reported  from  Clark,  Jefferson,  and  Steuben 
Counties  by  early  authors.  My  specimens  were  found  along  roadsides  in 
dry,  sandy  soil  in  prairie  habitats.  Late  in  1938  Kriebel  and  I  found  it  in 
hard,  white  clay  soil  in  Spencer  County. 

Ohio  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Tenn.  and  La. 


1016 


COMPOSITAE 


Hieracium 


0  50 

Map  2235 


Prenanthes    aspera  Michx 


1 
i 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

Aug 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

f 

■ 

D 

1 — 

K 

D 

0 

B      D 

I 

r 

D 

~\ 

J 

r1 

Dec.J- 

— 

—  1      /  "/ 

T     t            i 

/    Miles 

fS     D 

Prenanth 

es 

cr 

p\       7 

epidinea 

50 

Map  2236 
Michx. 

— 

Jan. 

Feb 

Mar 

Apr 

May 

June 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

D 

\ 

t  r1- 

f 

| 

f 

~ifT\ 

J 

r1 

r 

Dec.j- 

t 

" 

JJ    Viies 

H 

leracium 

v>              Map  2237 
aurantiacum    L. 

6.  Prenanthes  crepidinea  Michx.  Map  2236.  Very  local  throughout  the 
state.  In  addition  to  the  counties  shown  on  the  map  it  has  been  reported 
from  Carroll,  Clark,  Fayette,  Franklin,  Tippecanoe  and  Wabash  Counties. 
All  of  my  specimens  with  one  exception  are  from  the  alluvial  banks  of 
streams.    I  have  never  seen  more  than  one  specimen  at  a  place. 

Western  N.  Y.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ky.  and  Kans. 


9607.  HIERACIUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Hawkweed 

Leaves  all  basal;  flowers  on  a  scape,  orange 1.  H.  aurantiacum. 

Leaves  mostly  cauline. 

Cauline  leaves  more  than  20,  usually  25-45,  all  sessile,  the  margins  coarsely  dentate, 
the  teeth  usually  1-5  mm  long;  basal  leaves  without  long,  margined  petioles; 
mature  heads   large,  usually  more  than   15  mm  wide;   plants  restricted  to  the 

northern  part  of  the  state 2.  H.  canadense. 

Cauline  leaves  fewer  than  20,  their  margins  entire  or  merely  denticulate;   mature 
heads  mostly  less  than  15  mm  wide;  plants  not  restricted  to  the  northern  part 
of  the  state. 
Mature  achenes  narrowed  at  the  summit. 

Pubescence  of  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  and  lower  leaves  spreading,  the  hairs 
generally  much  less  than  5  mm  long;  inflorescence  racemosely  paniculate; 

achenes  mostly  3-3.75  mm  long 3.  H.  Gronovii. 

Pubescence  of  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  and  lower  leaves  appressed,  the  hairs 
mostly  5-15   mm  long;   inflorescence   corymbose-paniculate;    achenes  mostly 

3.5-4  mm  long 4.    H.  longipilum. 

Mature  achenes  not  narrowed  at  the  summit. 

Inflorescence  glabrous  or  with  a  few  glandular  hairs  at  the  summit  of  the  pedicel 

and  on  the  involucre;   cauline  leaves  narrow-oblong,  acute;   flowers   12-20; 

pedicels  slender. 

Cauline  leaves  1-3  (plants  probably  scapose  with  large  cauline  bracts);  basal 

leaves  generally  purple-veined  and  purplish;  inflorescence  a  loose,  divided 

corymb 5.   H.   venos  am. 

Cauline  leaves  usually  more  than  10,  basal  leaves  not  purplish;  inflorescence 

an  elongated,  lax  panicle 6.  H.  panicirfatum. 

Inflorescence  densely  glandular-pubescent;  flowers  mostly  40-50;  pedicels  stout; 
achenes  2-2. .">  mm  long;  cauline  leaves  elliptic,  obtuse 7.  H.  scabrum. 


Hieracium 


Compositae 


1017 


0  50 

Map  ^238 


Hieracium     canadense    Michx 


1.  Hieracium  aurantiacum  L.  Orange  Hawkweed.  Devils-paint- 
brush. Map  2237.  In  1934  I  found  this  hawkweed  in  the  sandy  commons 
on  the  south  side  of  Simonton  Lake  in  Elkhart  County.  In  1935  I  found 
it  in  a  sandy,  waste  field  and  in  an  adjoining  open  woodland  on  the  north 
side  of  Weber  Lake  in  Steuben  County.  It  is  an  obnoxious  weed  in  the 
eastern  states  and,  unfortunately,  it  is  now  cultivated  as  an  ornamental 
plant  in  Indiana.  It  will  doubtless  soon  escape  in  many  parts  of  the  state 
if  it  has  not  already  done  so.   Usually  called  Devil's-paint-brush. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Pa.;  also  in  Colo,  and 
on  the  Pacific  coast. 

2.  Hieracium  canadense  Michx.  Canada  HAWKWEED.  Map  2238.  In- 
frequent in  the  lake  area  in  very  dry,  sandy  soil,  on  slopes  wooded  with 
black  and  white  oak  and  on  open  dunes  and  rarely  in  a  prairie  habitat. 
Young's  report  from  Jefferson  County  should  no  doubt  be  referred  to  some 
other  species. 

Lab.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Ind.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Oreg. 

3.  Hieracium  Gronovii  L.  Gronovius  Hawkweed.  Map  2239.  Infre- 
quent to  frequent  in  the  lake  area,  infrequent  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
state,  and  local,  rare  or  absent  in  many  of  the  counties  in  the  Tipton  Till 
Plain  where  the  soil  is  too  alkaline  for  it.  It  seems  to  prefer  a  slightly 
acid  soil  and  this  fact  accounts  for  its  being  found  on  washed  wooded 
slopes,  interdunal  flats,  and  the  hard,  white,  sandy,  clay  loam  of  the 
Illinoian  drift. 

Fernald  &  Griscom  (Rhodora  37:  185-186.  1935)  report  a  variety  of 
this  species,  var.  foliosum  Michx.,  as  being  found  in  southern  Indiana. 
The  variety  is  described  as  having  more  cauline  leaves  which  extend  nearly 
to  the  inflorescence.  We  have  a  few  plants  answering  this  description,  but 
I  do  not  regard  them  as  worthy  of  a  varietal  name.  The  cauline  leaves 
on  our  plants  vary  from  few  to  many,  the  variation  apparently  due,  for 
the  most  part,  to  nutrition.  1  have  seen  very  vigorous  and  large  plants 
that  exceeded  the  size  of  average  plants,  growing  in  moist,  clay  soil  in 


1018 


COMPOSITAE 


Hieracium 


o  '  So 

Map  2241 


Hieracium      venosum    L. 


0  ~^o 

Map  2242 


Hieracium    paniculatum   L. 


o  35 

Map  2243 


Hieracium    scabrum    Michx. 


fallow  fields.  The  plant  is  highly  variable  even  as  to  the  number  of  achenes. 
Since  I  am  not  recognizing  this  variety,  its  distribution  in  the  state  is  not 
given,  although  I  have  specimens  from  the  northern  to  the  southern  border. 
Mass.,  Ont.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

4.  Hieracium  longipilum  Torr.  Long-beard  Hawkweed.  Map  2240. 
This  species  has  been  reported  from  the  dune  area,  Lower  Wabash  Valley, 
and  from  Parke,  St.  Joseph,  Steuben,  and  Vigo  Counties.  I  have  seen  the 
Parke  County  specimen  and  it  should  be  referred  to  Hieracium  Gronovii. 
This  hawkweed  is  a  weed  in  sandy  fallow  fields  in  the  vicinity  of  Heaton 
Lake,  Elkhart  County,  and  in  several  fields  in  northeastern  St.  Joseph 
County.  It  is  probably  more  widely  distributed.  I  noted  it  as  frequent  in 
the  old  Beaver  Lake  Basin  about  3  miles  south  of  Lake  Village,  Newton 
County. 

Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ind.  and  Tex. 

5.  Hieracium  venosum  L.  Rattlesnake-weed.  Map  2241.  I  have 
found  this  species  in  three  places  in  Clark  County  and  in  no  other  place.  A 
few  plants  were  found  on  the  crests  of  ridges  with  chestnut  oak  and  Vir- 
ginia pine.  It  has  also  been  reported  from  Floyd,  Jefferson,  Monroe,  and 
White  Counties.  I  have  not  been  able  to  check  any  of  these  reports.  I  have 
searched  the  herbaria  of  the  Field  Museum  and  of  the  University  of 
Illinois  for  the  Lake  County  specimen,  but  I  did  not  find  it.  N.  C.  Fas- 
sett  says  there  is  no  specimen  in  the  Umbach  herbarium  at  the  University 
of  Wisconsin.  Specimens  of  Hieracium  Gronovii  might  be  mistaken  for 
this  species. 

5.  Maine  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ky.,  and  Nebr. 

6.  Hieracium  paniculatum  L.  Map  2242.  Infrequent  to  very  local  in 
the  counties  shown  on  the  map.  It  has  been  reported  from  Jefferson, 
Johnson,  Lake,  and  Monroe  Counties.  N.  C.  Fassett  says  that  the  Umbach 
specimen  from  Lake  County  is  H.  canadense.    It  prefers  slightly  acid  and 


Excluded  Species  1019 

sandy  soil.  Usually  found  on  black  and  white  oak  slopes,  although  I  found 
several  specimens  in  a  moist,  level,  sandy  woods  along  Pigeon  River  in 
Lagrange  County.  A  glandular  variety  of  this  species  has  been  described, 
but  all  of  our  specimens  are  glandless. 

N.  S.  and  cent.  Maine  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

7.  Hieracium  scabrum  Michx.  (For  described  varieties  of  this  species 
see  Rhodora  16:  182-183.  1914.)  Map  2243.  Infrequent  throughout  the 
area  indicated  on  the  map.  This  species  also  prefers  slightly  acid  and 
sandy  soil.  It  is  usually  found  in  dry  soil  on  slopes  with  black  and  white 
oak  and  rarely  on  sandy  flats  with  the  same  associates.  Besides  the  counties 
shown  on  the  map,  it  has  been  reported  from  Fayette,  Parke,  Tippecanoe, 
and  White  Counties. 

N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Iowa,  Nebr.,  and  Kans. 

EXCLUDED  SPECIES. 

This  list  contains  native  species  reported  from  Indiana  of  which  no 
specimen  could  be  found  to  confirm  the  report.  Reports  of  foreign  trees, 
shrubs,  and  plants  found  in  yards,  cemeteries,  parks,  and  gardens  have 
been  excluded.  This  list  contains  many  foreign  species  that  have  been 
reported  without  data  to  confirm  the  fact  that  they  have  become  estab- 
lished and  have  become  a  part  of  our  flora.  Among  these  are  many 
ornamental  plants  that  have  escaped  to  or  have  been  thrown  into  streets  and 
alleys  and  have  not  become  a  part  of  our  flora.  It  contains,  also,  many 
incorrect  determinations  which  are  explained  in  the  text. 

1.  Lygodium  palmatum  (Bernh.)  Sw.  This  fern  was  reported  by  Col- 
lett  in  Rept.  Indiana  Geol.  Surv.  5:  256.  1874.  This  report  was  changed 
by  the  same  author  to  Camptosorus  rhizophyllus  (L.)  Link  in  Rept.  Indiana 
Geol.  Surv.  7:  400.   1876. 

2.  Dryopteris  Linnaeana  C.  Chr.  (Phegopteris  Dryopteris  (L.)  Fee  and 
Dryopteris  Dryopteris  (L.)  Britt.)  Oakfern.  This  species  was  reported 
from  Allen  County  upon  the  authority  of  J.  A.  Sanford  by  the  editors  of  the 
Botanical  Gazette  in  a  supplement  to  the  Flora  of  Indiana,  published  in 
April,  1882.  Since  this  is  our  only  report  and  there  is  no  verifying  speci- 
men, the  species  is  excluded. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Va.,  Kans.,  Colo.,  and  Oreg. 

3.  Dryopteris  Phegopteris  (L.)  C.  Chr.  (Phegopteris  polypodioides 
Fee.)  Narrow  Beechfern.  This  fern  was  first  reported  from  La  Porte 
County  in  1873  by  Babcock.  It  was  next  reported  from  Putnam  County  by 
Coulter  on  the  authority  of  Underwood.  Pepoon  says  in  his  "Flora  of  the 
Chicago  Region"  that  it  is  abundant  in  Porter  County  north  of  Port  Chester. 
Behrens  reported  it  as  frequent  throughout  Turkey  Run  State  Park,  Parke 
County.  I  searched  the  Babcock  herbarium  for  it  in  1929  but  I  could 
not  find  a  specimen.  I  am  excluding  it  because  I  believe  that  depauperate 
forms  of  Dryopteris  hexagonoptera  have  been  mistaken  for  it. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  Va.,  Wis.,  Iowa,  and  Wash.;  also 
in  Eurasia. 


1020  Excluded  Species 

4.  Dryopteris  simulata  Davenport.  {Aspidium  simulation  Daven- 
port.) Reported  from  the  dune  area  by  Peattie  and  by  Pepoon.  Fassett 
(Rhodora  35 :  200.  1933)  says  that  the  specimen  upon  which  these  records 
are  based  is  Dryopteris  Thelypteris  var.  pubescens.  This  species  is  not 
found  west  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains. 

Maine,  Vt.  to  Md. 

5.  Dryopteris  Filix-mas  (L.)  Schott.  {Aspidium  Filix-mas  (L.)  Sw.) 
Male  Fern.  There  are  three  reports  of  this  fern  from  Jefferson  County, 
and  I  reported  it  from  Wells  County.  I  now  refer  the  Wells  County  speci- 
men to  Dryopteris  Goldiana  and,  no  doubt,  the  Jefferson  County  reports 
should  be  referred  to  some  other  species,  since  the  range  of  Dryopteris 
Filix-mas  does  not  extend  to  our  area. 

Newf.,  N.  S.,  n.  Vt.,  Lake  Huron,  Lake  Superior,  N.  Dak.  to  Ariz.,  and 
northw. 

6.  Dryopteris  Clintoniana  X  spinulosa  Benedict.  Reported  by  Nieuw- 
land  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  2:  277.  1912)  from  La  Porte  County,  based 
upon  Deam's  specimen  no.  8751.  I  am  now  referring  this  specimen  to 
Dryopteris  spinulosa  var.  fructuosa   (Gilbert)   Trudell. 

7.  Dryopteris  spinulosa  var.  Americana  (Fisch.)  Fern.  {Aspidium 
spinulosum  var.  dilatatum  f.  anadenium  Rob.  and  Dryopteris  dilatata 
(Hoffm.)  Gray.)  This  form  was  reported  in  1912  from  Porter  County  by 
Hill  and  from  Parke  County  in  1928  by  Behrens.  Since  the  range  is  to  the 
north  of  Indiana  and  I  have  not  seen  a  specimen,  I  am  excluding  it. 

Lab.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  the  uplands  of  N.  E.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  Idaho,  and 
Oreg.  and  in  the  mts.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 

8.  Dryopteris  Thelypteris  (L.)  Gray.  This  species  is  restricted 
to  Europe,  western  Siberia,  eastern  Asia,  southward  to  the  Himalayas  and 
southern  China.  Fernald  has  recently  shown  that  the  American  marsh 
shield  fern  is  distinct  from  the  typical  species.  The  Indiana  reports  for  the 
marsh  shield  fern  have  been  under  several  names  but  they  should  now 
all  be  referred  to  Dryopteris  Thelypteris  var.  pubescens  (Lawson)  A.  R. 
Prince. 

9.  Athyrium  Filix-femina  (L.)  Roth.  This  species  is  now  regarded 
as  belonging  to  Europe  and  probably  western  North  America.  All  of  the 
many  reports  of  it  from  Indiana  should  be  referred  to  Athyrium  asplen- 
ioides  and  Athyrium  angustum  and  its  forms.  For  a  discussion  of  the  Lady 
Ferns  see  Butters'  treatment  (Rhodora  19:  170-207.   1917). 

Specimens  have  been  reported  bearing  the  following  names :  Asplenium 
Filix-femina  var.  angustum  Moore,  Asplenium  Filix-femina  fissidens 
Doell,  Asplenium  Filix-femina  var.  Michauxii  Mett.,  and  Asplenium  Filix- 
femina  ovatum  Roth.  The  authors  have  not  cited  specimens,  and,  since 
they  cannot  be  traced  in  order  to  be  identified,  these  reports  are  valueless 
and  should  be  dropped. 

10.  Cheilanthes  tomentosa  Link.  Woolly  Lipfern.  Reported  from 
Martin  County  by  Craw  (Butler  Univ.  Bot.  Studies  2:  160.  1932).   I  have 


Excluded  Species  1021 

seen  the  specimen  and  it  should  be  referred  to  Cheilanthes  lanosa  (Michx.) 
Watt.   Cheilanthes  tomentosa  has  its  range  south  of  our  area. 
Va.  to  Ga.,  westw.  to  Tex.,  Ariz.,  and  Mex. 

11.  Adiantum  pedatum  var.  aleuticum  Rupr.  This  variety  of  the 
maidenhair  fern  was  reported  by  Behrens  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  37: 
377.  1928)  from  Turkey  Run  State  Park,  Parke  County.  He  writes: 
"Common  maidenhair  fern.  The  Maidenhair  is  distributed  throughout  the 
park  in  the  uplands.  It  is  one  of  the  most  common  of  the  ferns  found  in 
Turkey  Run."  When  the  range  of  this  fern  is  considered  this  report 
becomes  absurd. 

Alaska  southw.  in  the  high  Sierra  Mts.  to  Nev.,  Que.,  and  n.  N.  E. 

12.  Marsilea  quadrifolia  L.  Pepperwort.  Grimes,  in  1911,  reported 
this  species  from  an  old  mill  pond  on  the  south  side  of  the  Vandalia  Rail- 
road in  Greencastle,  Putnam  County.  He  remarks  that  it  was  fast  dis- 
appearing due  to  drainage  and  subsequent  encroaching  of  vegetation.  He 
adds  that  it  was  first  detected  in  1904  by  Dr.  Banker.  A  specimen  col- 
lected by  Banker,  dated  October  11,  1905,  is  in  the  herbarium  of  DePauw 
University  and  bears  the  following  information :  "Transplanted  from  Con- 
necticut to  Ithaca,  N.  Y.  by  W.  R.  Dudley ;  from  there  to  Columbus,  Ohio, 
by  W.  A.  Kellerman;  and  to  here  in  1903  by  Mel  T.  Cook."  In  1937  I 
searched  for  it  but  failed  to  find  it.  It  has  probably  disappeared. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  Asia. 

13.  Equisetum  sylvaticum  L.  Wood  Horsetail.  Reported  from  Dear- 
born County  by  Collins.  In  Coulter's  Catalogue  it  was  placed  in  a  list  for 
which  there  were  no  verifying  specimens.  Since  this  species  is  more 
northern  in  its  distribution  and  there  is  no  confirming  specimen,  it  is 
excluded. 

Schaffner  says  it  is  found  in  the  northern  part  of  the  North  Temperate 
Zone. 

14.  Equisetum  pratense  L.  Meadow  Horsetail.  This  species  was  re- 
ported from  St.  Joseph  County  by  McDonald.  I  have  seen  the  specimen 
and  I  refer  it  to  Equisetum  arvense  L. 

N.  S.,  Que.  to  Alaska.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Iowa,  and  Colo. ;  also  in  Eurasia. 

15.  Lycopodium  clavatum  L.  Reported  from  Lake  County  by  Ball,  and 
Pepoon  includes  it  in  his  "Flora  of  the  Chicago  Region"  and  says :  "Found 
near  Miller,  Ind.,  by  Higley."  It  is  not  included  in  the  Higley  &  Raddin 
Flora.  Peattie,  in  his  "Flora  of  the  Indiana  Dunes,"  says:  "Perhaps  an 
error."  Buhl  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  250.  1935)  adds:  "Northern  in 
range,  reports  in  error."  Since  confirming  specimens  are  lacking,  the 
species  is  dropped  from  our  flora. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Mich.,  and  Wash. ;  also  in  Eurasia  and 
tropical  Amer. 

16.  Lycopodium  complanatum  L.  Groundcedar.  This  species  has 
been  reported  from  the  area  about  Lake  Michigan  and  from  Monroe  and 
Putnam  Counties.  Since  the  distribution  of  this  species,  as  now  understood, 


1022  Excluded  Species 

is  north  of  Indiana,   I  am  referring  all  of  our  records  to  Lycopodium 
flab elli forme  (Fern.)  Blanchard. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  n.  Ont,  n.  Mich.,  n.  Wis.,  and  n.  Wash. 

17.  Lycopodium  lucidulum  var.  occidentale  (Clute)  Wilson.  (Rhodora 
34:  170.  1932.)  (Lycopodium  porophilum  Lloyd  &  Underwood  (Bull.  Tor- 
rey  Bot.  Club  27:  150.  1900)  in  part  but  not  as  to  type  specimen  and  Lyco- 
podium lucidulum  var.  porophilum  (Lloyd  &  Underwood)  Clute  in  part.) 
Buhl  refers  Peattie's  report  from  the  Indiana  Dunes  to  the  species.  It 
grows  in  moist  pockets  in  sandstone  cliffs  and  on  ledges. 

Mich.,  Minn,  and  Wis. 

18.  Lycopodium  tristachyum  Pursh.  This  clubmoss  was  reported 
from  the  Indiana  Dunes  by  Peattie.  Since  there  are  no  confirming  speci- 
mens, and  the  range  of  the  species  is  to  the  north  of  Indiana,  I  am  exclud- 
ing it. 

Newf.  to  Lake  Superior,  southw.  to  Del.  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ga. ;  also 
in  Eu. 

19.  Isoetes  Braunii  Durieu.  In  Crawford  County,  in  a  small  pond  in 
the  corner  of  a  field  on  the  Nathan  Bowman  farm,  about  5  miles  south  of 
Marengo,  and  a  half  mile  east  of  the  Pilot  Knob  School,  I  collected  a 
quillwort  that  was  placed  in  this  species  by  a  specialist.  Later  my  speci- 
mens were  named  Isoetes  Engelmanni  A.  Br.  by  Norma  Pfeiffer  in  her 
monograph.  I  reported  this  specimen  as  /.  Braunii  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 
Sci.  1916:  315.   1917)  but  now  refer  it  to  /.  Engelmanni. 

North  America. 

19a.  Isoetes  foveolata  A.  A.  Eaton.  A  specimen  from  an  old  stream 
bed  in  a  low  woods  in  Harrison  County,  1  mile  east  and  4  miles  south  of  Pal- 
myra, was  named  Isoetes  foveolata  by  an  authority.  Later  the  same  spec- 
imen was  referred  by  Norma  Pfeiffer  to  Isoetes  Engelmanni  A.  Br.  In  the 
meantime  I  had  reported  it  as  I.  foveolata  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1916: 
315.  1917).   I  am  now  referring  these  specimens  to  I.  Engelmanni. 

N.  H. 

20.  Pinus  echinata  Mill.  Shortleaf  Pine.  It  is  doubtful  whether  this 
species  occurs  in  Indiana  and  until  it  is  definitely  established  that  it  is 
native,  all  references  to  it  should  be  referred  to  Pinus  virginiana.  It  was 
planted  about  1917  on  the  old  Schlamm  farm  in  the  Clark  County  State 
Forest  among  Pinus  virginiana.  This  statement  is  made  to  prevent  its 
being  reported  in  the  future  as  a  native  plant.  An  old  timber  buyer  told 
me  that  in  the  vicinity  of  Borden,  Clark  County,  there  were  two  kinds 
of  "scrub"  pines  but  in  a  search  for  them  he  failed  to  find  the  two  species 
for  me. 

Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  W.  Va.,  sw.  111.,  s.  Mo.,  se.  Okla.,  southw.  to  Fla. 
and  Tex. 

21.  Pinus  resinosa  Ait.  Norway  Pine.  This  pine  has  been  reported  as 
an  escape  in  Wabash  County,  but  there  is  no  verifying  evidence. 

Mass.,  Mich,  to  Minn,  and  northw. 


Excluded  Species  1023 

22.  Pinus  rigida  Mill.  Pitch  Pine.  Reported  from  Clark  County,  but 
there  is  no  verifying  evidence  that  it  was  a  native  of  the  state. 

Maine  to  Ont,  southw.  to  Va.  and  e.  Ohio  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ga.  and 
Tenn. 

23.  Abies  BalsAmea  (L.)  Mill.  Balsam  Fir.  Reported  from  Porter 
County  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1900:  141.  1901).  The  report  was  an 
error  in  quoting  from  Cowle's  paper  on  the  dunes  of  Lake  Michigan.  Not 
found  south  of  Michigan. 

24.  Chamaecyparis  thyoides  (L.)  BSP.  Southern  White  Cedar. 
See  Deam's  "Trees  of  Indiana,"  ed.  2,  p.  306.  1932,  for  details  of  reports. 
The  range  of  the  species  is  east  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains  and  no  doubt  it 
never  was  a  native  of  Indiana. 

25.  Juniperus  communis  L.  A  small  tree  of  pyramidal  habit  up  to  35 
feet  high  occurs  in  certain  parts  of  North  America  and  Eurasia.  The  up- 
right form  of  the  juniper  does  not  occur  in  Indiana  and  all  reports  for  it 
should  be  referred  to  Juniperus  communis  var.  depressa  Pursh. 

26.  Sparganium  angustifolium  Michx.  (Sparganium  simplex  Fern.  & 
Eames  as  to  plant,  not  Huds.)  Reported  by  Buhl  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16: 
248.  1935)  as  found  in  the  Indiana  Dunes.  He  cites  a  specimen  in  the 
herbarium  of  the  University  of  Illinois  and  one  in  the  herbarium  of  the 
University  of  Notre  Dame.  I  have  seen  both  specimens  and  I  refer  them 
to  other  species.  Fassett  writes  me  that  there  are  three  of  Umbach's 
specimens  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin  labeled  Spar- 
ganium simplex  Huds.  and  they  should  be  referred  to  Sparganium  ameri- 
canum  and  Sparganium  chlorocarpum  var.  acaule. 

Newf.,  Que.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  uplands  of  n.  N.  J.  and 
Pa.,  Mich.,  n.  Wis.,  Colo.,  and  Calif. 

27.  Sparganium  minimum  Fries.  This  species  was  reported  fifty  years 
ago  from  Lake  County  by  Babcock  and  by  Hill.  The  recent  reports,  I 
believe,  are  based  upon  these  old  reports.  Nieuwland  reported  it  from  St. 
Joseph  County,  but  the  specimen  proves  to  be  Sparganium  chlorocarpum 
var.  acaule.   The  range  of  this  species  seems  to  be  north  of  Indiana. 

Newf.,  Que.,  Man.,  and  Alaska,  southw.  to  Conn.,  cent,  and  w.  N.  Y., 
uplands  of  n.  N.  J.  and  Pa.,  Mich.,  n.  Wis.,  Utah,  and  Oreg. ;  Eurasia. 

28.  Potamogeton  dimorphus  Raf.  This  species  was  reported  from  Vigo 
County  by  Blatchley.  Since  I  have  not  seen  the  Blatchley  specimen,  it 
can  not  be  properly  referred,  and  it  is  best  to  omit  this  report. 

29.  Potamogeton  filiformis  Pers.  This  species  has  been  reported 
from  Lake  and  Marshall  Counties.  Since  this  is  a  northern  species,  and 
there  are  no  specimens  from  Indiana,  it  is  excluded. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Maine,  Pa.,  and  Colo. 

30.  Potamogeton  perfoliatus  L.  There  are  early  reports  from  Kos- 
ciusko,  Lake,  and  Marshall   Counties.    As  now  understood,  this  species 


1024  Excluded  Species 

occurs  far  north  of  our  area,  and  doubtless  our  reports  should  be  referred 
to  segregates  of  this  species. 

31.  Potamogeton  pusillus  L.  There  are  old  reports  of  this  species  from 
the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  and  from  Lake,  Kosciusko,  Marshall,  and  Starke 
Counties.  The  species,  as  now  understood,  is  divided  into  several  varieties, 
one  of  which  is  reported  from  Indiana.  This  species  so  closely  resembles 
some  others  that  reports  can  not  be  accepted  without  verifying  specimens. 

32.  Potamogeton  Vaseyi  Robbins.  Reported  from  the  Lower  Wabash 
Valley  and  from  Porter  County.  This  species,  as  now  understood,  occurs 
north  of  our  area,  but  comes  so  close  to  us  that  it  should  be  sought  in 
Indiana.    Since  there  is  no  verifying  specimen,  the  reports  are  dropped. 

N.  B.  to  e.  Minn.,  southw.  to  Maine,  Conn.,  Pa.,  n.  Ohio,  s.  Mich.,  and 
n.  111. 

33.  Sagittaria  Engelmanniana  J.  G.  Smith.  This  species  has  been 
reported  from  8  counties.  These  reports  should  be  referred,  doubtless,  to  a 
narrow-leaf  form  of  Sagittaria  latifolia.  Since  Indiana  is  outside  the  range 
of  the  species,  and  there  are  no  confirming  specimens,  the  species  is  ex- 
cluded. It  is  said  to  grow  in  shallow  water,  and  its  distribution  as  now 
understood  is  restricted  to  the  Coastal  Plain  from  Massachusetts  to  Vir- 
ginia. 

34.  Sagittaria  longirostra  (M.  Micheli)  J.  G.  Smith.  I  reported  this 
species  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1916:  316.  1917)  as  found  in  Vigo  County. 
Since  I  am  not  now  able  to  locate  the  specimen,  I  cannot  tell  to  what  species 
it  should  be  referred.  At  the  Gray  Herbarium  this  species  of  Small's 
"Flora  of  the  Southeastern  United  States"  is  referred  to  Sagittaria  awstra- 
lis,  and  the  true  Sagittaria  longirostra  of  J.  G.  Smith  is  considered  a  broad- 
leaf  Sagittaria  Engelmanniana.  Hence  this  name  is  dropped  from  our  flora. 

35.  Sagittaria  pubescens  Muhl.  Reported  from  Hamilton  and  Marion 
Counties  by  Wilson  who  says:  "Common."  I  am  not  able  to  account  for 
such  a  report  since  the  range  of  this  species  is  said  to  be  south  of  Indiana. 
Since  there  is  no  verifying  specimen,  it  is  excluded. 

N.  J.,  Pa.,  Tenn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 

36.  Elodea  Nuttallii  (Planch.)  St.  John.  This  species  was  reported  by 
Peattie  from  Lake  County.  It  is  now  regarded  as  a  synonym  of  Anacharis 
occidentalis  (Pursh)  Vict,  to  which  I  am  referring  this  report. 

37.  Elodea  Planchonii  Caspary.  I  reported  this  species  from  Knox 
County.  It  is  now  regarded  as  the  pistillate  form  of  Anacharis  canadensis 
(Michx.)  Planch,  to  which  I  now  refer  it. 

38.  Limnobium  Spongia  (Bosc)  L.  C.  Richard.  Reported  from  Lake 
County  by  T.  H.  Ball  in  his  "History  of  Lake  County"  (1884,  p.  170).  This 
species  is  within  our  area,  but  since  no  specimens  were  preserved,  it  is 
necessary  to  exclude  it. 

Lake  Ontario  to  111.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


Excluded  Species  1025 

39.  Arundinaria  tecta  (Walt.)  Muhl.  Small  Cane.  There  have  been 
a  few  reports  for  this  species  for  the  state.  Since  the  species  of  cane  were 
not  understood  until  recently,  and  it  is  now  known  that  this  species  is 
restricted  to  the  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain,  it  is  excluded. 

Coastal  Plain  from  Md.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

40.  Bromus  arvensis  L.  A  specimen  from  Jefferson  County  was  so 
named  for  me  and  I  reported  it  as  such.  I  am  now  referring  this  specimen 
to  Bromus  japonicus  Thunb. 

41.  Bromus  asper  Murr.  This  species  was  reported  by  McDonald  from 
St.  Joseph  County  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  15:  208.  1934).  Hitchcock  now 
refers  this  species  to  Bromus  ciliatus  L. 

42.  Bromus  erectus  Huds.  This  species  was  reported  from  Tippe- 
canoe County  by  Wilson  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1905:  166.  1906).  Wil- 
son says  the  determination  was  made  by  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry, 
Washington,  D.  C.  They  are  not  now  able  to  find  this  specimen  at  Wash- 
ington, and,  no  doubt,  it  has  been  referred  to  some  other  species.  There 
is  no  other  record  and,  in  the  absence  of  a  verifying  specimen,  the  species 
is  dropped  from  our  flora. 

43.  Bromus  racemosus  L.  This  species  has  been  reported  from  Clark, 
Gibson,  Jasper,  Jefferson,  Noble,  and  Vigo  Counties,  from  the  area  of 
Delaware,  Jay,  Randolph,  and  Wayne  Counties,  and  from  the  Lower 
Wabash  Valley.  I  have  seen  the  Jasper  County  specimen,  which  is  now 
deposited  in  the  herbarium  of  DePauw  University,  and  I  am  referring  it  to 
Bromus  secalinus.  I  have  the  Vigo  County  specimen  and  it  is  an  immature 
specimen  of  Bromus  secalinus.  All  of  the  records  except  the  Jasper  County 
one  were  made  years  ago  when  Gray's  Manual,  ed.  5  was  used,  and  when 
the  species  were  not  divided  as  they  now  are.  This  species  is  very  rare 
in  the  United  States,  and  since  we  have  no  specimens,  I  believe  we  can 
safely  exclude  it  for  the  present. 

44.  Glyceria  melicaria  (Michx.)  Hubbard.  (Glyceria  Torreyana 
(Spreng.)  Hitchc.  in  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Panicularia  Torreyana 
(Spreng.)  Merrill  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This  species 
has  been  reported  from  Clark  and  Noble  Counties  and  from  the  area  of 
Delaware,  Jay,  Randolph,  and  Wayne  Counties.  It  has  not  been  found 
west  of  the  western  slopes  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains  and,  in  the 
absence  of  a  verifying  specimen,  it  is  excluded. 

N.  B.  to  ne.  Ohio,  southw.  to  the  mts.  of  N.  C. 

45.  Glyceria  obtusa  (Muhl.)  Trin.  Troop  reported  this  species  in  his 
"Grasses  of  Indiana"  as  "found  in  wet  places  in  the  southern  counties".  In 
a  letter  dated  January  4,  1917,  Troop  writes  that  the  record  was  based 
upon  a  Ripley  County  collection.  Since  this  is  an  Atlantic  coast  species,  the 
identification  must  have  been  wrong,  or  else  the  plant  was  a  waif.  It  is 
excluded  since  there  is  no  confirming  specimen. 

Near  the  coast  from  N.  S.  to  N.  C. 


1026  Excluded  Species 

46.  Eragrostis  hirsuta  (Michx.)  Nees.  A  robust  specimen  of  Era- 
grostis  capillaris  from  Posey  County  was  named  Eragrostis  hirsuta  for 
me  and  I  reported  it  as  such.  I  now  refer  it  to  Eragrostis  capillaris. 

Md.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  e.  Tex. 

47.  Eragrostis  mexicana  (Hornem.)  Link.  Mexican  Lovegrass.  A 
specimen  of  this  species  was  found  by  Umbach  many  years  ago  in  the 
vicinity  of  Clarke,  Lake  County.  It  is  his  no.  3837,  and  I  am  considering  it 
as  a  waif  since  we  have  had  no  additional  reports. 

Tex.  to  Ariz. ;  introduced  into  Del.  and  Iowa. 

48.  Eragrostis  pilosa  (L.)  Beauv.  India  Lovegrass.  This  is  a 
European  species  which  has  escaped  to  all  parts  of  the  eastern  United 
States  and  which  has  been  confused  with  our  native  species,  Eragrostis 
pectinacea.  I  have  not  seen  a  specimen  from  Indiana,  and  I  believe  all  of 
our  reports  should  be  referred  to  Eragrostis  pectinacea. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Mass.  to  Colo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  southw.  through 
Mex.  and  W.  I.  to  Argentina. 

49.  Eragrostis  poaeoides  Beauv.  (Eragrostis  minor  Host  of  Gray, 
Man.,  ed.  7  and  Eragrostis  Eragrostis  (L.)  Karst.  of  Britton  and  Brown, 
Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This  species  has  been  reported  several  times  by  the 
early  authors  when  it  was  not  separated  from  Eragrostis  cilianensis.  I 
have  seen  no  specimen,  and  I  believe  all  reports  should  be  referred  to 
Eragrostis  cilianensis  from  which  it  is  usually  not  distinguished. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Vt.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tex.,  Ariz.,  and  Calif. 

50.  Eragrostis  trichodes  (Nutt.)  Nash.  This  is  a  western  species  that 
has  been  reported,  but  I  have  seen  no  specimen.  It  will  doubtless  be 
found  on  the  sand  dunes  of  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state. 

111.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Tex. 

51.  Catabr6sa  aquatica  (L.)  Beauv.  J.  C.  Arthur,  in  his  "Manual  of 
Rusts  of  the  United  States,"  page  150,  reported  this  species  as  occurring 
in  Indiana.  I  have  not  investigated  this  report  but  I  assume  that  there 
has  been  an  error  in  determination  since  the  range  of  the  plant  is  far 
from  Indiana. 

Newf.,  Lab.  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  N.  Dak.,  e.  Oreg.,  and  n.  Ariz. 

52.  Cynosurus  cristatus  L.  In  1933  Madge  McKee  found  this  species 
in  a  lawn  at  656  North  Eighth  Street,  Lafayette,  Tippecanoe  County; 
it  had  no  doubt  been  introduced  in  some  lawn  seed. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Wash.,  and  Oreg. 

53.  Agropyron  caninum  (L.)  Beauv.  This  is  a  European  species 
which  I  believe  our  authors  have  confused  with  our  native  species,  Agro- 
pyron subsecundum.  The  glumes  of  the  foreign  species  have  3  nerves  in- 
stead of  4-7  nerves. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  found  in  ballast  near  Portland,  Oreg. 

54.  Aegilops  cylIndrica  Host.  Jointed  Goatgrass.  A  colony  of  this 
grass  was  found  in  June  1938  by  Chas.  M.  Ek  along  the  Nickel  Plate  Rail- 


Excluded  Species  1027 

road  in  Kokomo,  Howard  County.  The  colony  was  one  to  one  and  one  half 
feet  wide  and  about  80  feet  long,  located  between  the  main  track  and  a 
siding  about  midway  between  Lock  and  Ohio  Streets.  Undoubtedly  a  rail- 
road migrant. 

Introduced  from  Europe ;  Mo.,  Kans.,  Okla.,  Colo.,  and  N.  Mex. 

55.  Hordeum  vulgare  L.  Barley.  Barley  was  formerly  a  staple  crop 
in  Indiana,  but  it  is  now  rarely  grown.  It  is  an  annual  and  sometimes 
appears  spontaneously  in  fields  and  waste  places,  but  it  will  not  persist. 
There  are  no  reports  for  the  state,  and  it  is  given  in  the  key  in  order  to 
prevent  errors  in  determination. 

The  origin  of  our  cultivated  barleys  is  lost  in  antiquity. 

56.  Lolium  temulentum  L.  Darnel.  Wilson  reported  this  species  as 
found  on  the  streets  of  Lafayette.  There  is  no  specimen. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  common  on  the  Pacific  coast  and  occasional  throughout  the 
eastern  U.  S. 

57.  Trisetum  pennsylvanicum  (L.)  Beauv.  This  species  was  reported 
from  Clark  County  by  Baird  &  Taylor.  Since  there  is  no  specimen,  the 
report  must  be  ignored. 

Mass.  to  Ohio,  southw.  on  the  Coastal  Plain  to  Fla.  and  westw.  to  Tenn. 

58.  Deschampsia  flexuosa  (L.)  Trin.  Reported  from  Clark  County  by 
Baird  &  Taylor.  Since  there  is  no  confirming  specimen,  this  species  is 
dropped  from  our  flora. 

Greenland  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Mich.,  Wis.,  and  Okla. ;  also  in 
Eurasia. 

59.  Aira  praecox  L.  This  grass  was  reported  from  "southern  Indiana" 
by  Lapham  (Trans.  Wisconsin  Agric.  Soc.  3:  469.  1854).  There  is  no 
subsequent  record  and  I  have  not  seen  a  specimen. 

Coastal  species  from  N.  J.  to  Va.  and  Vancouver  to  Calif. 

60.  Avena  fatua  L.  Wild  Oat.  This  grass  was  reported  by  C.  P. 
Smith  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1905:  301.  1906).  He  writes:  "About  a 
half  dozen  plants  were  found  along  the  Monon  Railroad  at  the  State  Fair 
Grounds."  I  searched  this  area  for  two  different  years  and  I  could  not 
find  it.  I  am  assuming  that  it  was  a  migrant  and  that  it  has  not  established 
itself. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Maine  to  Pa.,  Mo.,  and  westw. ;  common  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

61.  Avena  sativa  L.  Oat.  This  is  our  cultivated  oat  which  is  an 
annual  and  is  often  found  as  a  volunteer  but  it  does  not  maintain  itself. 

62.  Danthonia  compressa  Austin.  This  species  was  included  in  Troop's 
"Grasses  of  Indiana."  Troop  wrote  me  that  the  specimen  came  from  La- 
grange County.  Since  there  is  no  specimen,  it  is  excluded. 

N.  S.  to  Que.,  southw.  to  mts.  of  N.  C. 

63.  Calamagrostis  cinnoides  (Muhl.)  Bart.  My  specimen  no.  9014 
was  named  this  species  for  me  by  an  authority  and  I  reported  it  as  new  to 


1028  Excluded  Species 

Indiana.  1  am  now  referring  this  specimen  to  Cctiamagrostis  inexpansa. 
McDonald  has  reported  it  from  St.  Joseph  County,  but  since  this  species, 
as  now  known,  is  an  eastern  and  southern  species  and  does  not  occur  in 
the  Great  Lakes  region,  I  believe  it  is  safe  to  refer  this  report  to  a  form 
of  Calamagrostis  inexpansa. 

Maine  to  N.  Y.  and  southw.  to  Ala. 

64.  Agrostis  canina  L.  Velvet  Bent.  Reported  from  St.  Joseph 
County.  There  are  no  data  concerning  this  species  except  that  it  was  found 
at  Notre  Dame. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Que.,  southw.  to  Del.  and  Mich. 

65.  Agrostis  perennans  var.  elata  (Pursh)  Hitchc.  Reported  from 
Tippecanoe  County,  but,  since  this  variety  belongs  to  the  Atlantic  coast 
from  New  York  to  Mississippi,  it  is  excluded. 

66.  Agrostis  Spica-venti  L.  A  specimen  of  Agrostis  Elliottiana  from 
Orange  County  was  erroneously  referred  to  this  species  and  so  reported. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Maine  to  Md.,  Ohio,  and  Oreg. 

67.  Agrostis  stolonifera  L.  I  reported  this  species  but  I  am  now  re- 
ferring my  specimens  to  other  species. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  Y.  in  the  East,  and  to  Oreg.  in  the 
West;  apparently  native  in  n.  N.  A. 

68.  Cinna  latifolia  (Trev.)  Griseb.  Drooping  Woodreed.  This  species 
was  reported  from  Steuben  County  by  Bradner  who  did  not  report  the 
common  Cinna  arundinacea.  Doubtless  he  confused  the  two  species.  Peat- 
tie  says :  "Reported  from  Clarke",  Lake  County.  Since  I  have  not  seen  a 
specimen,  I  am  excluding  it,  although  Indiana  is  within  the  possible  range 
of  the  species. 

Lab.,  Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Conn,  (in  the  mts.  to  N.  C),  Mich., 
111.,  S.  Dak.,  and  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  n.  Mex.,  Utah,  and  cent.  Calif. 

69.  SPOROBOLUS  virginicus  (L.)  Kunth.  This  species  was  reported  as 
Agrostis  virginicus  L.  by  Riddell  in  his  "Supplement  of  Ohio  Plants,"  on 
page  28,  in  1836.  He  says :  "Culms  procumbent,  1  ft.  high,  New  Albany, 
Clapp".   There  is  no  specimen. 

Along  the  coast  from  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  W.  I.  to  Brazil. 

70.  Heleochloa  schoenoides  (L.)  Host.  Umbach  found  a  colony  of 
this  species  along  the  railroad  near  Clarke,  Lake  County,  many  years  ago. 
I  have  not  been  able  to  investigate  this  colony  to  learn  whether  it  has 
persisted  or  not.  Since  there  are  no  data  concerning  its  persistence,  and 
it  is  so  sparingly  introduced,  I  believe  it  is  best  to  regard  these  specimens 
as  waifs. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Mass.  to  Del.,  Mich.,  and  111. 

71.  Dactyloctenium  aegyptium  (L.)  Richt.  There  are  a  few  reports 
of  this  species,  but  I  believe  authors  have  confused  it  with  Eleusine  indica, 
to  which  I  am  referring  our  reports.    There  are  no  verifying  specimens. 


Excluded  Species  1029 

It  is  reported  to  be  found  in  waste  places  similar  to  those  in  which  Eleusine 
indica  grows. 

Nat.  of  the  Old  World;  Maine,  N.  J.,  Coastal  Plain  from  N.  C.  to  Fla., 
111.,  and  Ariz. 

72.  Chloris  vertkjillata  Nutt.  Windmill  Grass.  A  few  clumps  of 
this  grass  were  found  by  Clark  in  Marshall  County  in  the  depot  grounds  at 
Culver.  Clark's  specimen  is  in  the  National  Herbarium.  I  have  searched 
for  this  grass  several  times  at  the  place  cited  but  I  have  never  been  able 
to  find  it.    Probably  extinct.    I  am  regarding  it  as  a  wraif. 

Mo.  to  Colo.,  southw.  to  La.  and  N.  Mex. ;  introduced  in  Md.,  111.,  Ind., 
and  Calif. 

73.  Phalaris  canariensis  L.  Canary  Grass.  There  are  a  few  re- 
ports of  this  species  having  been  found  in  the  state  but  there  are  no  data 
to  show  that  it  is  able  to  maintain  itself.  The  seed  of  this  grass  are  used 
in  commercial  birdseed.  It  is  usually  found  on  dumps  and  waste  places 
where  it  has  found  lodgement  from  bird  cages. 

Nat.  of  the  Mediterranean  region;  N.  S.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Va., 
Kans.,  Wyo.,  and  Calif. 

74.  Zizaniopsis  miliacea  (Michx.)  Doell  &  Aschers.  This  species  was 
reported  from  Steuben  County  but  the  report  should  be  referred  to 
Zizania. 

Md.  to  Ky.  and  Okla.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

75.  Paspalum  ciliatifolium  Michx.  This  species  was  reported  from 
Vigo  County  by  Blatchley  before  Paspalum  pubescens  was  recognized.  1 
have  the  Blatchley  specimen  and  it  is  Paspalum  pubescens.  There  is  a 
specimen  of  Blatchley's  labeled  Paspalum  ciliatifolium  in  the  herbarium  of 
DePauw  University  and  it  also  is  Paspalum  pubescens. 

N.  J.  to  Fla.,  Tenn.,  Ark.,  and  Tex. 

76.  Paspalum  laeve  Michx.  This  species  has  been  reported,  but  doubt- 
less all  reports  should  be  referred  to  Paspalum  circular e  which  was  not  re- 
ported and  which  occurs  in  the  area  from  which  the  reports  were  made. 
The  range  of  Paspalum  laeve  does  not  include  Indiana. 

N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  Fla.,  Ark.,  and  e.  Tex. 

77.  Paspalum  setaceum  Michx.  There  are  several  reports  for  this 
species,  but  doubtless  all  should  be  referred  to  some  other  species.  Blatch- 
ley reported  it  from  Vigo  County.   I  have  his  specimen  and  it  is  Paspalum 

pubescens. 

Coastal  Plain  from  Long  Island  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  also  in  Mex. 

78.  Paspalum  supinum  Bosc.  1  had  specimens  so  named  for  me  from 
Greene,  Monroe,  Orange,  and  Perry  Counties.  I  am  now  referring  these 
specimens  to  Paspalum  pubescens. 

N.  C.  to  Fla.  and  westw.  to  La. 

79.  Panicum  amarum  Ell.  This  species  was  reported  from  Vigo 
County  by  Coulter  upon  the  authority  of  Blatchley.  This  is  an  Atlantic 
coast  species.   There  is  no  specimen. 

Atlantic  coast  from  Conn,  to  Ga.,  s.  Miss.,  and  Tex. 


1030  Excluded  Species 

80.  Panicum  miliaceum  L.  Broomcorn  Millet.  This  species  has 
been  reported  from  Indiana  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  it  has  become 
established  anywhere. 

Nat.  of  the  Old  World ;  escaped  in  the  northeastern  states  and  occasion- 
ally in  other  parts. 

81.  Panicum  scoparium  Lam.  I  refer  our  reports  of  this  species  to 
Panicum  Scribnerianum.  For  a  discussion  of  this  subject  see  Deam's 
"Grasses  of  Indiana,"  p.  335. 

Mass.  to  Ky.,  Mo.,  and  Okla.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  Cuba. 

82.  Panicum  Tuckermani  Fern.  (Rhodora  21:  112-114.  1919.)  This 
species  is  reported  from  Indiana  in  Hitchcock's  Manual.  His  report  is 
probably  based  upon  two  of  my  specimens  which  he  has  so  named.  I  have 
studied  the  descriptions  of  this  species  as  given  by  Hitchcock,  Fernald, 
Wiegand,  and  Victorin  and,  as  I  understand  them,  they  do  not  agree.  The 
duplicate  specimens  of  the  numbers  which  I  sent  to  Hitchcock  seem  to  me 
to  be  only  forms  of  Panicum  Gattingeri,  hence  I  am  excluding  it  from  our 
flora.  This  may  be  a  valid  species  but  I  do  not  believe  the  specimens  at 
hand  belong  to  it  as  it  is  described. 

Maine  and  Que.  to  Conn,  and  N.  Y. ;  Ind.  and  Wis. 

83.  Cyperus  compressus  L.  This  species  was  reported  from  Jasper 
County  by  Welch  but  the  specimen  is  now  referred  to  Cyperus  dentatus 
Torr. 

Coastal  Plain  from  Pa.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

84.  Cyperus  ferax  Richard.  (Rhodora  37:  148-150.  1935.)  (Cyperus 
ferax  Richard,  in  part,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7.)  Fernald  &  Griscom,  in  a 
study  of  this  species,  show  that  it  is  restricted  to  the  brackish  and  saline 
shores  from  northern  Massachusetts,  southward  to  tropical  America,  and 
on  the  Pacific  coast  from  California  southward,  and  that  our  interior 
plants  which  formerly  have  been  referred  to  this  species  should  be  re- 
ferred to  Cyperus  ferruginescens  Boeckl. 

85.  Cyperus  flavicomus  Michx.  This  species  was  reported  from  Jef- 
ferson County  by  Barnes  and  by  Coulter.  The  range  of  this  species  does 
not  include  Indiana  and  the  report  should  be  referred  to  some  other  species. 
Our  early  authors  should  not  be  censured  for  making  a  few  errors  in  de- 
termination. It  is  surprising  that  they  did  not  make  more  when  it  is 
known  that  they  had  no  authentic  specimens  for  comparison  and  that  the 
manuals  of  their  time  gave  short  descriptions  and  these  often  applied 
to  aggregates. 

Va.  to  Fla. 

86.  Cyperus  hystricinus  Fern.  Reported  from  Jasper  County  by 
Welch.  No  specimen  so  labeled  can  be  found  in  the  herbarium  of  DePauw 
University,  where  a  complete  collection  of  Welch's  Jasper  County  speci- 
mens is  deposited  or  elsewhere. 

N.  J.  to  Ga. 


Excluded  Species  1031 

87.  Cyperus  microdontus  Torr.  This  species  was  reported  from  Car- 
roll County  by  Thompson.  This  report,  without  doubt,  should  be  referred 
to  some  other  species. 

Coastal  Plain  from  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

88.  SciRPUS  atrocinctus  Fern.  This  species  was  reported  from  Porter 
County  by  Pepoon  in  his  "Flora  of  the  Chicago  Region."  He  based  his  re- 
port upon  a  specimen  collected  by  Hill  at  Dune  Park.  The  report  is  excluded 
for  want  of  a  confirming  specimen. 

Newf.  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Sask.,  southw.  to  Conn.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  and  Iowa. 

89.  SciRPUS  MICROcArpus  Presl.  This  species  was  reported  by  Scott 
from  the  Leesburg  Swamp  in  Kosciusko  County.  Since  its  range  is  north 
and  west  of  our  area  and  there  is  no  confirming  specimen,  the  report 
should  be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

90.  SciRPUS  ROBUSTUS  Pursh.  This  species  was  reported  by  Sr.  Mc- 
Donald in  her  list  of  St.  Joseph  County  plants  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  15: 
209.  1934),  but  Sr.  Thornton,  who  made  an  intensive  study  of  Indiana 
Scirpus,  did  not  find  a  specimen.  Since  this  is  a  plant  of  the  salt  marshes 
of  the  Atlantic  coast,  this  report  no  doubt  should  be  referred  to  Scirpus 
fluviatilis. 

Mass.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

91.  Eleocharis  palustris  (L.)  R.  &  S.  This  species  as  known  by  the 
early  authors  is  now  interpreted  to  be  a  complex  of  which  Eleocharis 
Smallii  Britt.  and  Eleocharis  calva  Torr.  are  the  representatives  found  in 
Indiana.  All  of  the  reports  from  Indiana  for  this  species  should  be  re- 
ferred to  one  of  the  two  last  named  species.  Eleocharis  palustris  is  a 
species  found  north  of  our  area. 

Eurasia;  Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  E.,  n.  Mich.,  N.  Dak.,  and  Oreg. 

92.  Eleocharis  tenuis  (Willd.)  Schultes.  This  species  as  now  under- 
stood has  a  range  along  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Nova  Scotia  to  South 
Carolina  and  westward  into  West  Virginia.  It  was  reported  from  Dela- 
ware, Jay,  Randolph,  and  Wayne  Counties  by  Phinney,  from  Jefferson 
County  by  J.  M.  Coulter,  from  Kosciusko  County  by  Clark,  from  Lake 
County  in  Peattie's  Flora,  from  Noble  County  by  Van  Gorder,  and  from 
Vigo  County  by  Blatchley.  All  of  these  reports  should  be  referred  to  the 
varieties  of  this  species  or  to  other  species. 

93.  FIMBRISTYLIS  AUTUMNALIS  (L.)  R.  &  S.  (Fimbristylis  Frankii 
Steud.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Fimbristylis  geminata  (Nees)  Kunth  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This  species  has  been  reported 
from  7  counties  but  I  believe  all  of  these  reports  should  be  referred  to 
Fimbristylis  autumnalis  var.  mucronulata.    I  have  not  seen  a  specimen. 

Maine  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Tenn.,  and  La. 

94.  Fimbristylis  castanea  (Michx.)  Vahl.  Reported  from  Lake  and 
Porter  Counties  by  four  authors,  but  all  the  specimens  I  have  seen  are 


1032  Excluded  Species 

Fimbristylis  puberula.   1  am  excluding  it  for  want  of  a  verifying  specimen. 
According  to  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  this  is  an  Atlantic 
Coastal  Plain  species. 
N.  Y.  to  Fla. 

95.  Rhynchospora  corniculata  (Lam.)  Gray.  Reported  by  Coulter 
for  Clapp.  This  report  should  no  doubt  be  referred  to  the  var.  interior  Fern. 
The  species  was  also  reported  by  Pepoon  from  Porter  County.  Fassett 
(Rhodora  35:  202.  1933)  writes  that  he  examined  three  of  Umbach's 
specimens  so  labeled,  which  were  collected  in  the  vicinity  of  Dune  Park, 
and  found  them  to  be  Rhynchospora  macrostachija.  No  doubt,  Pepoon's 
data  are  founded  upon  these  specimens.  Buhl  (Chicago  Acad.  Sci.  Bull.  5: 
10.  1934)  refers  Pepoon's  report  to  Rhynchospora  macrostachya. 

96.  CArex  radiata  (Wahl.)  Dewey.  See  no.  1,  page  271. 

97.  Carex  austrina  (Small)  Mack.  See  no.  2,  page  272. 

98.  Carex  vulpinoidea  var.  pycnocephala  Hermann.    See  no.  3,  page 
272. 

99.  Carex  canescens  L.  See  no.  4,  page  272. 

100.  Carex  brunnescens  (Pers.)  Poir.   See  no.  5,  page  272. 

101.  Carex  exilis  Dewey.  See  no.  6,  page  272. 

102.  Carex  stellulata  Gooden.  See  no.  7,  page  272. 

103.  Carex  muricata  L.  See  no.  8,  page  272. 

104.  Carex  CEPHAlAntha  (Bailey)  Bickn.   See  no.  9,  page  273. 

105.  Carex  Merritt-Fernaldii  Mack.  See  no.  10,  page  273. 

106.  Carex  hormathodes  Fern.  See  no.  11,  page  273. 

107.  Carex  projecta  Mack.,  See  no.  12,  page  273. 

108.  Carex  foenea  Willd.  See  no.  13,  page  273. 

109.  Carex  deflexa  Hornem.  See  no.  14,  page  273. 

110.  Carex  pedunculata  Muhl.   See  no.  15,  page  274. 

111.  Carex  livida  (Wahl.)  Willd.  See  no.  16,  page  274. 

112.  Carex  saltuensis  Bailey.   See  no.  17,  page  274. 

113.  Carex  ormostachya  Wieg.   See  no.  18,  page  274. 

114.  Carex  rectior  Mack.  See  no.  19,  page  274. 

115.  Carex  Formosa  Dewey.  See  no.  20,  page  275. 

116.  Carex  arctata  Boott.  See  no.  21,  page  275. 

117.  Carex  pallescens  L.  See  no.  22,  page  275. 

118.  Carex  scabrata  Schwein.  See  no.  23,  page  275. 

119.  Carex  paupercula  Michx.   See  no.  24,  page  275. 

120.  Carex  aquatilis  Wahl.  See  no.  25,  page  275. 

121.  Carex  nebraskensis  Dewey.  See  no.  26,  page  275. 

122.  Carex  crinita  var.  gynandra  (Schwein.)  Schwein.  &  Torr.  See 
no.  27,  page  276. 

123.  Carex  pauciflora  Lightf.   See  no.  28,  page  276. 

124.  Carex  Baileyi  Britt.  See  no.  29,  page  276. 

125.  Carex  comosa  X  hystrioina  var.  Dudleyi.  See  no.  30,  page  276. 

126.  Tradescantia  BRACTEATA  Small.  There  are  two  reports  of  this 
species  for  the  state  made  by  authors  who  were  not  botanists,  and  I  be- 
lieve both  should  be  referred  to  Tradescantia  virginiana.    I  have  a  speci- 


Excluded  Species  1033 

men  which  I  found  in  my  strawberry  patch  and  it  was,  no  doubt,  in- 
troduced with  some  plants  which  1  received  from  the  west. 

Anderson  and  Woodson  (Contr.  Arnold  Arb.  9:  86.  1935)  cite  a  speci- 
men from  Indiana  collected  by  Mason,  April,  1877,  near  French  Lick 
Springs,  Orange  County,  and  now  deposited  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Field 
Museum.  I  have  seen  this  specimen  and  it  is,  beyond  a  doubt,  Trades- 
cantia  virginiana  as  originally  labeled.  The  lower  surface  of  the  bracts  is 
densely  short-pubescent  all  over,  which  is  a  character  of  Tradescantia 
virginiana.  Someone  with  the  signature  of  G.  D.  has  written  above  the 
label,  "Tradescantia  bracteata  Small."  This  specimen  does  not  bear  the 
verification  label  of  Anderson  &  Woodson  as  do  all  the  specimens  which 
passed  through  their  hands.  Nor  does  the  specimen  show  any  mark  that 
such  a  label  was  ever  attached. 

The  Indiana  record  for  this  species  based  upon  this  specimen  is  dis- 
tinctly an  error. 

Minn,  to  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Mo.,  Kans.,  and  Tex. 

127.  Tradescantia  brevicaulis  Raf.  There  are  four  reports  for  this 
species  and  doubtless  all  of  them  should  be  referred  to  Tradescantia  vir- 
giniana. The  characters  used  in  our  manuals  are  not  usually  sufficient  to 
separate  this  species  from  Tradescantia  virginiana,  hence  the  error  of 
authors.  A  specimen  collected  in  Tippecanoe  County  by  Grimes  and  labeled 
Tradescantia  brevicaulis  is  in  the  herbarium  of  DePauw  University  and 
proves  to  be  Tradescantia  virginiana. 

111.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Tenn.  and  Tex. 

128.  Juncus  coriaceus  Mack.   See  no.  1,  page  302. 

129.  Juncus  tenuis  Willd.  See  no.  2,  page  302. 

130.  Juncus  brevicaudatus  (Engelm.)  Fern.  See  no.  3,  page  302. 

131.  Juncus  debilis  Gray.  See  no.  4,  page  302. 

132.  Uvularia  perfoliata  L.  Wood  Merrybells.  This  species  has 
been  reported  by  15  authors,  most  of  whom  also  reported  Uvularia  grandi- 
flora.  It  is  now  known  that  this  species  does  not  occur  west  of  the 
Allegheny  Mountains.  Hence  all  of  our  reports  should  be  transferred  to 
Uvularia  grandiflora. 

Coastal  Plain  and  Allegheny  Mountains  from  Mass.  to  Fla. 

133.  Hemerocallis  flava  L.  (Stout.  The  Lemon  Daylily  (Hemerocal- 
lis  flava  L.)  :  its  origin  and  status.  Jour.  New  York  Bot.  Gard.  36:  61-68. 
1935.)  Lemon  Daylily.  This  plant  has  been  reported  only  from  the 
Lower  Wabash  Valley  by  Schneck.  He  writes:  "Sparingly  escaped  from 
gardens."  It  so  rarely  escapes  that  our  manuals  give  it  no  range  in  the 
United  States. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia. 

134.  Allium  Schoenoprasum  var.  sibiricum  (L.)  Hartm.  (Allium 
sibiricum  L.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This  variety  is 
native  to  the  area  north  of  Indiana  and  was  reported  from  Porter  County 


1034  Excluded  Species 

by  Lyon  who  says :  "Not  far  from  an  abandoned  house."  Peattie  reported 
this  plant  as  A.  sibiricum  saying  that  it  occurred  as  a  weed  in  Lake  County. 
I  have  seen  the  Lyon  specimen  and  it  belongs  to  A.  Schoenoprasum,  the 
common  garden  chives.  I  believe  the  Peattie  report  should  also  be  re- 
ferred to  the  species.  The  variety  has  not  been  reported  south  of  the 
Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan.  Since  the  garden  chives  multiplies  so 
rapidly  that  it  must  be  divided  and  some  of  it  discarded,  it  seems  odd 
that  it  has  not  been  reported  more  often  than  it  has  been. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  E.  and  the  Great  Lakes  region. 

135.  Allium  Scorodoprasum  L.  This  species  was  reported  by  Welch 
from  Jasper  County.  Her  specimen  was  determined  by  J.  M.  Greenman. 
I  have  seen  the  specimen  and  the  determination  seems  to  be  correct.  Since 
this  is  the  only  report,  I  am  excluding  it  until  there  is  another  which 
makes  it  definite  that  it  is  established. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

136.  Allium  stellatum  Ker.  Standley  (Rhodora34:  174.  1932)  found 
a  large  colony  of  this  species  on  a  railroad  embankment  between  McCool 
and  Porter,  Porter  County.  Since  it  is  established  in  a  place  where  it  is 
likely  to  be  destroyed,  I  believe  we  should  wait  until  there  is  a  report  of  it 
where  it  has  a  chance  to  persist  and  become  permanent.  Standley  says: 
"Doubtless  an  introduction". 

111.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Mo.  and  Kans. 

137.  Lilium  Catesbaei  Walt.  Prince  Maximilian  writes  in  the  original 
Coblentz  edition  of  his  travels,  published  in  1839-41,  on  his  trip  from 
Owensville,  Gibson  County  to  Vincennes  on  June  10,  1834,  as  follows: 
"The  region  on  the  other  side  [north  side  of  White  River,  which  he 
crossed  in  the  vicinity  of  what  is  now  known  as  Hazelton]  changes  con- 
siderable; and  here  appears  in  a  now  again  sandy  soil  nearly  the  same 
plants  as  are  found  in  the  sandy  soil  and  the  prairies  of  St.  Louis,  with  the 
addition  of  a  few  new  ones,  a  fire-colored  lily  (Lilium  catesbaei),  the  great- 
flowered  lady  slipper  (Cypripedium  spectabile),  a  species  of  Yucca,  and 
many  others". 

This  species  flowers  much  later  than  the  date  given  above  and  doubt- 
less this  report  should  be  referred  to  Lilium  philadelphicum  or  its  variety 
andinum.  Small  gives  the  distribution  of  this  species  as  follows : 

Pinelands  and  acid  swamps,  Coastal  Plain  from  N.  C.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

138.  Lilium  philadelphicum  L.  Orangecup  Lily.  This  species  has 
been  reported  from  various  parts  of  Indiana  but  all  the  specimens  I  have 
seen  belong  to  the  variety.  A  recent  study  of  its  distribution  has  not  been 
made. 

139.  Smilacina  trifolia  (L.)  Desf.  Pepoon  reported  this  species  from 
Lake  County  for  Moffatt,  who  collected  it  at  Clarke  and  Pine,  and  for 
Babcock,  who  collected  it  at  Berry  Lake,  Gibson,  and  Pine.  It  possibly 
did  occur  about  Lake  Michigan  and  may  now  be  extinct.  Butters,  how- 
ever, in  his  studies  of  Maianthemum   (Minn.  Studies  in  Plant  Science  5: 


Excluded  Species  1035 

437.   1927)    found  3-leaf  forms  of  Maianthemum  labeled  Smilacina  tri- 
folia.    This  discovery  suggests  that  plants  reported  as  Smilacina  trifolia 
may  have  been  wrongly  determined.   Buhl  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  251. 
1935)   says  Pepoon's  reports  lack  confirming  specimens. 
Lab.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  n.  N.  J.,  Pa.,  Ohio,  and  Mich. 

140.  Convallaria  majalis  L.  Lily-of-the-valley.  This  species  was 
reported  as  an  escape  in  Lake  County  by  Hill  and  as  a  doubtful  escape  in 
St.  Joseph  County  by  Nieuwland.  Andrew's  report  I  am  ignoring  because 
no  data  accompany  the  report.  Since  this  species  will  persist  for  years 
where  it  was  planted  about  habitations  although  the  buildings  are  removed, 
authors  must  be  careful  to  ascertain  that  the  site  was  not  that  of  a  former 
habitation.  There  is  no  proof  that  it  has  established  itself  anywhere  by 
propagation. 

Nat.  of  Eu.,  also  from  Va.  to  S.  C. ;  common  in  cultivation  and  prob- 
ably escaped. 

141.  Trillium  cernuum  L.  Eames  and  Wiegand  (Variations  in  Tril- 
lium cernuum.  Rhodora  25:  189-191.  1923)  have  shown  that  this  species 
belongs  to  the  area  east  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains  and  that  our  form  of 
the  species  is  represented  by  Trillium  cernuum  var.  macranthum  which  is 
a  northern  form  and  is  known  so  far  in  Indiana  only  from  La  Porte 
and  Porter  Counties. 

142.  Trillium  erectum  L.  This  species  has  been  reported  many  times. 
Specimens  of  Trillium  Gleasoni  with  erect  peduncles  have,  no  doubt,  been 
confused  with  this  species.  The  true  Trillium  erectum  has  much  longer 
filaments  and  a  small,  very  dark  purple  ovary  which  should  not  be  con- 
fused with  the  larger,  lighter  red  brown  ovary  of  Trillium  Gleasoni  f. 
Walpolei.    Trillium  erectum  occurs  south  and  east  of  our  area. 

Ne.  U.  S.,  southw.  in  the  Appalachians  to  Tenn. 

143.  Smilax  lanceolata  L.  Lanceleaf  Greenbrier.  This  species  was 
reported  to  have  been  found  along  the  railroad  in  Decatur  County.  This 
may  have  been  a  wrong  determination;  if  not,  the  plant  was  probably  a 
migrant  because  the  range  of  the  species  is  south  of  Indiana. 

Va.  to  Ark.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

144.  Smilax  pseudo-china  L.  Longstalk  Greenbrier.  Pennell  (Bull. 
Torrey  Bot.  Club  43 :  410.  1916)  has  shown  that  this  species  should  be  re- 
garded as  a  synonym  of  Smilax  herbacea  L.  The  few  reports  for  it  in 
Indiana  should  be  transferred  to  the  last  named  species. 

145.  Smilax  Walteri  Pursh.  Coral  Greenbrier.  I  reported  this  species 
for  Indiana  on  the  authority  of  Schneck.  Later  I  had  an  opportunity  to 
study  the  specimen  and  I  found  it  to  be  Smilax  rotundifolia  L.  It  was  also 
reported  from  Posey  County  by  Ridgway.  Ridgway  wrote  me  that  he  was 
certain  that  he  saw  it  on  a  sandy  ridge  near  the  Wabash  River  and  north 
of  Coffee  Bayou  in  Gibson  County.  I  have  searched  this  area  for  it  but 
most  of  the  area  has  been  cleared  and  if  it  was  present  at  one  time,  it 
has  been  exterminated. 

N.  J.  to  Fla.,  and  westw.  to  La. 


1036  Excluded  Species 

146.  Zephyranthes  Atamasco  (L.)  Herbert.  (Atamasco  Atamasco  (L.) 
Greene  of  Britton  and  Brown,  lllus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Atamasco-lily. 
M'Murtrie,  in  his  "Sketches  of  Louisville",  in  a  list  of  the  plants  of  the 
vicinity  of  Louisville,  published  in  1819,  lists  this  species  as  being  found 
in  Indiana.  Riddell,  in  his  "Flora  of  the  Western  States",  published  in 
1835,  on  page  87,  repeats  this  record.  While  the  known  range  of  this 
species  is  south  of  Indiana,  there  is  a  large  area  where  its  habitat  occurs 
north  of  Jeffersonville  in  Indiana  and  I  have  no  doubt  that  it  was  found 
there  when  primitive  conditions  existed.  No  one  has  thoroughly  botanized 
this  area  in  recent  years  and  it  is  barely  possible  that  it  may  yet  be  found. 

Va.  to  Fla.  and  westw.  to  Miss. 

147.  Narcissus  poeticus  L.  Poets  Narcissus.  Reported  from  Monroe 
County  by  Andrews  without  any  data.  This  species  has  been  freely 
planted  about  habitations  and  will  persist  for  a  long  time  but  there  is 
no  evidence  that  it  has  become  established. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

148.  Narcissus  Pseudo-Narcissus  L.  Common  Daffodil.  This  species 
was  also  reported  from  Monroe  County  by  Andrews  without  any  data. 
Like  the  preceding  species  it  has  been  freely  planted  and  may  be  seen 
persisting  about  old  habitations  that  have  been  abandoned  but  there  is  no 
evidence  that  it  has  become  established. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

149.  Iris  hexagona  Walt.  This  species  was  reported  from  the  vicinity 
of  New  Albany  by  J.  M.  Coulter  for  Clapp  (Bot.  Cxaz.  1:  9.  1876).  As 
now  known,  this  is  a  Coastal  Plain  species  and  no  doubt  this  record  should 
be  referred  to  Iris  brevicaulis. 

150.  Iris  pseudacorus  L.  This  iris  was  reported  from  Jasper  County 
by  Welch.  It  has  been  used  for  ornamental  planting  since  pioneer  times 
and  it  may  be  seen  persisting  in  gardens  and  elsewhere  about  old  habita- 
tions. Miss  Welch  reports  that  it  has  escaped  to  a  wet  place  along 
Carpenter  Creek  in  Fountain  Park  which  was  established  in  1895.  Since 
this  is  our  only  report  and  its  spread  is  not  likely,  I  believe  it  is  best  to 
await  additional  reports  before  we  give  it  a  place  in  our  flora. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

151.  Sisyrinchium  apiculatum  Bickn.  Reported  by  Nieuwland  from 
St.  Joseph  County.  This  species  is  not  regarded  as  distinct  by  most 
authors  and  I  agree  with  them  and  refer  this  report  to  Sisyrinchium 
atlanticum.  It  seems  to  be  a  smaller  plant  with  an  apiculate  capsule.  The 
species  of  this  genus  vary  greatly  in  size  and  in  various  parts,  especially 
in  the  shape  and  pubescence  of  the  capsule.  The  habitat  and  precipitation, 
no  doubt,  have  a  very  marked  influence  especially  on  the  vegetative  parts. 

Muskegon  County,  Mich. 

152.  Sisyrinchium  apiculatum  var.  mesochorum  Nieuwl.  (Amer.  Mid- 
land Nat.  3:  116.  1913.)  This  form  I  am  also  referring  to  Sisyrinchium 
atlanticum  Bicknell. 


Excluded  Species  1037 

Known  only  from  the  type  locality — Webster's  Crossing  near  Notre 
Dame,  Ind. 

153.  Sisyrinchium  campestre  Bickn.  This  species  has  been  reported 
by  Nieuwland  from  Porter  and  St.  Joseph  Counties,  but  I  refer  his  speci- 
mens to  Sisy7*inchium  albidum.  Buhl  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  251.  1935) 
says  there  are  no  confirming  specimens  from  the  dune  area. 

Prairies,  Wis.,  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Mo.  and  N.  Mex. 

154.  Sisyrinchium  mucronatum  Bickn.  This  species  was  reported  from 
Tippecanoe  County  by  Grimes.  I  have  the  specimen  or  a  duplicate  of  it 
and  it  should  be  referred  to  Sisyrinchium  albidum  Raf.  There  is  a  speci- 
men in  the  herbarium  of  DePauw  University  collected  by  Grimes  in 
Tippecanoe  County  which  proves  to  be  Sisyrinchium  albidum. 

Mass.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Pa. 

155.  Habenaria  blephariglottis  (Willd.)  Torr.  (Blephariglottis  ble- 
phariglottis  (Willd.)  Rydb.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.) 
White  Fringe-orchid.  Reported  from  Marshall  County  by  Nieuwland 
for  Clark  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3:120.  1913).  Clark  did  not  report  it 
in  his  list  of  the  plants  of  Lake  Maxinkuckee,  which  was  published  in  1920. 
It  is  evident  that  the  information  is  not  consistent  and  it  is  advisable  to 
entirely  disregard  this  report. 

Newf.  to  Ont,  Mich.,  and  Ohio,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Miss. 

156.  Habenaria  fimbriata  (Dryander)  R.  Br.  in  Aiton.  (Blephariglot- 
tis grandi 'flora  (Bigel.)  Rydb.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.) 
Large  Purple  Fringe-orchid.  Reported  from  Clark  County  by  Baird  & 
Taylor.  Since  this  species  belongs  to  the  Atlantic  coast  these  authors, 
doubtless,  mistook  a  large  specimen  of  Habenaria  peramoena  Gray,  which 
is  frequent  in  the  lowlands  of  that  county,  for  this  species. 

Newf.,  Que.,  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  W.  Va.,  N.  C,  and  Tenn. 

157.  Spiranthes  cernua  var.  ochroleuca  (Rydb.)  Ames.  This  variety 
was  reported  by  Ames  in  1905  from  Jefferson,  Lake,  and  Steuben  Coun- 
ties. In  1933  it  was  reported  by  Price  &  Welch  from  Monroe  County. 
Ames  (Rhodora  23  :78.  1921)  in  a  critical  study  of  the  species  and  variety 
says,  "There  is  only  one  sure  guide  that  I  have  found  satisfactory,  namely, 
polyembryonic  seeds  for  the  species  and  normal  seeds  for  the  variety" 
Later,  Ames,  in  his  "Orchids  of  the  United  States  and  Canada,"  published 
in  1924,  gives  the  distribution  of  the  variety  as  N.  S„  N.  H.,  and  Mass., 
southw.  to  N.  C. ;  Mo.  (Palmer) .  Since  Ames  is  now  restricting  the  variety 
to  the  Coastal  Plain,  and  none  of  my  specimens  come  within  the  variety 
according  to  Rydberg's  original  key,  I  am  excluding  it. 

158.  Spiranthes  praecox  (Walt.)  Wats.  This  species  was  reported 
by  Baird  &  Taylor  from  Clark  County.  Since  they  did  not  report  Spiranthes 
cernua  which  is  within  the  area,  and  since  the  range  of  the  species  which 
they  do  report  is  outside  our  area,  doubtless  their  report  should  be  re- 
ferred to  Spiranthes  cernua.  Bradner's  report  from  Steuben  County  should 
also  be  referred  to  the  same  species. 

N.  J.  to  Fla.,  and  westw.  to  Tex. 


1038  Excluded  Species 

159.  Goodyera  repens  R.  Br.  This  species  was  reported  from  Steuben 
County  by  Bradner.  Since  he  did  not  report  Goodyera  pubescens  which 
occurs  in  the  county  and  since  the  species  he  reported  belongs  to  Europe 
and  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  the  far  northwest,  Bradner  doubtless  erred 
in  his  determination. 

160.  Malaxis  brachypoda  (Gray)  Fern.  (Malaxis  monophyllos  (L.) 
Lindl.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.) 
Reported  from  Porter  County  by  Pepoon,  who  says:  "A  few  plants  in  a 
cold  tamarack  swamp  near  Dune  Park  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Lake  Shore 
and  Michigan  Southern  Railroad.  (Clarke) ".  It  was  reported  from  Carroll 
County  by  Thompson  but  there  is  no  specimen.  Coulter  reported  it  from 
Floyd  County  for  Clapp.  I  have  a  list  of  plants  collected  by  Clapp  but  this 
species  is  not  in  it.  In  the  absence  of  verifying  specimens  I  believe  I  am 
justified  in  excluding  this  northern  orchid,  although  our  area  is  included 
in  the  range  of  the  species  by  Ames. 

Newf.,  Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  Tex.,  and  Calif.; 
also  in  Eu.  and  Asia. 

161.  Salix  alba  var.  coerulea  (Smith)  Koch.  Cricketbat  Willow. 
This  form  of  the  white  willow  has  been  reported  from  Jefferson  and 
Putnam  Counties.  These  are  old  reports  and  specimens  may  have  been 
taken  from  cultivated  trees.  At  least  there  is  not  sufficient  evidence  to 
warrant  admission  to  our  flora. 

162.  Salix  babylonica  L.  Babylon  Weeping  Willow.  This  species 
has  been  reported  from  4  counties.  Most  of  these  reports  are  early  reports 
and  may  have  been  from  cultivated  trees.  The  evidence  is  not  sufficient 
to  admit  it  to  our  flora. 

Nat.  of  China  and  introd.  into  cultivation  about  1730. 

163.  Salix  exigua  Nutt.  This  species  was  reported  from  St.  Joseph 
County  but,  no  doubt,  this  report  should  be  referred  to  a  narrowieaf 
form  of  Salix  interior.  Salix  exigua  is  much  like  a  narrowieaf  Salix  longi- 
folia  and  replaces  it  in  the  west. 

W.  Mont,  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Colo.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Calif. 

164.  Salix  longifolia  var.  argyrophylla  Anders.  This  was  reported  from 
White  County.   The  variety  is  no  longer  recognized  and  should  be  dropped. 

165.  Salix  missouriensis  Bebb.  Reported  from  White  County  by 
Heimlich,  but  C.  R.  Ball  disposes  of  this  report  by  referring  it  to  some  other 
species.   See  Deam's  "Shrubs  of  Indiana,"  p.  357.   1932. 

Ky.  to  Mo.,  Iowa,  and  Nebr. 

166.  Salix  pentandra  L.  Laurel  Willow.  Reported  from  Porter  and 
St.  Joseph  Counties  as  a  possible  escape. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  escaped  in  e.  U.  S. 

167.  Salix  purpurea  L.  Purple  Willow.  This  species  has  been  re- 
ported from  some  counties  by  early  authors.  No  doubt  all  reports  were 
based  upon  plants  in  cultivation  because  those  authors  did  not  distinguish 
between  escaped  plants  and  plants  persisting  after  cultivation. 


Excluded  Species  1039 

168.  Salix  viminalis  L.  Common  Osier.  This  willow  has  been  re- 
ported from  4  counties.  All  are  early  reports  and  most  of  them  may  have 
been  shrubs  under  cultivation. 

Nat  of  Eurasia. 

169.  Carya  aquatica  Nutt.  Water  Hickory.  There  are  three  reports 
from  the  state,  but  those  from  Fountain  and  Parke  Counties  may  be 
safely  ignored.  Prince  Maximilian  reported  finding  it  during  his  sojourn 
in  the  vicinity  of  New  Harmony  and  I  believe  it  did  occur  in  the  cypress 
swamp  in  Point  Township  of  Posey  County.  The  habitat  is  there  and  it 
has  been  found  just  west  in  Gallatin  County,  Illinois.  I  found  an  old  nut 
which  I  believe  belongs  to  this  species,  but  I  am  not  sure  of  its  identity, 
although  it  was  found  in  the  cypress  swamp  which  is  its  likely  habitat. 
At  present,  the  swamp  has  been  heavily  cut  over,  but  in  due  time  I  believe 
this  species  will  be  found  in  Indiana. 

Va.  to  111.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

170.  Carya  Buckleyi  var.  villosa  Sarg.  Reported  by  Pepoon  under 
the  name  of  Carya  glabra  var.  villosa  (Sarg.)  Rob.  as  occurring  in  La 
Porte  County,  and  Peattie  referred  to  this  record.  I  believe  this  report 
should  be  referred  to  a  form  of  Carya  ovalis  with  pubescent  branchlets. 

S.  111.,  southw.  to  Ark.  and  Okla. 

171.  Carya  myristicaeformis  Nutt.  Nutmeg  Hickory.  This  species 
also  was  reported  by  Prince  Maximilian  from  the  same  area  as  Carya 
aquatica.  The  nut  of  this  species  is  so  easily  identified  that  it  is  unlikely 
that  an  error  would  be  made  in  its  identification.  No  specimen,  however, 
has  yet  been  found. 

Ark.  and  Mex. 

172.  Corylus  cornuta  Marsh.  {Corylus  rostrata  Ait.)  Beaked  Hazel- 
nut. This  species  was  reported  by  David  Thomas  in  a  list  of  plants  found 
in  the  vicinity  of  Vincennes  in  1818.  There  are  no  other  reports  and  I 
believe  that  a  mistake  was  made  in  the  identification. 

Que.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Mo.  and  Ga. 

173.  Betula  LENTA  L.  Sweet  BlRCH.  This  species  has  been  reported 
from  Fulton,  Gibson,  Lake,  Miami,  Noble,  Porter,  Posey,  St.  Joseph,  and 
Steuben  Counties.  All  of  these  reports  should  be  referred  to  some  other 
species.  Buhl  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  251.  1935)  refers  the  Lake  and 
Porter  County  specimens  to  B.  lutea. 

The  range  of  this  species  as  now  understood  is  s.  Maine,  nw.  Vt.,  e.  Ohio, 
e.  Ky.,  and  Tenn.,  n.  Del.,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

174.  X  Betula  Sandbergii  Britt.  of  Deam's  "Shrubs  of  Indiana,"  ed.  1.  I 
now  refer  the  report  of  this  hybrid  to  X  Betula  Purpusii  Schneider. 

175.  Alnus  glutinosa  Gaertn.  (Alnus  vulgaris  Hill  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed. 
7  and  Alnus  Alnus  (L.)  Britt.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.) 
This  was  reported  by  Nieuwland  from  St.  Joseph  County.  He  says :  "Culti- 
vated. Probably  spreading  from  the  roots  of  a  cultivated  specimen." 

Nat.  of  Eu. 


1040  Excluded  Species 

176.  Castanea  pumila  (L.)  Miller.  Chinquapin.  This  species  was 
given  a  place  in  our  flora  in  Coulter's  Catalogue  upon  the  authority  of 
Sargent,  Ridgway,  and  Schneck.  Ridgway,  in  giving  an  additional  list  of 
the  trees  of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley,  says,  "There  is  some  doubt  as  to 
No.  16,  Castanea  pumila,  which  is  given  on  Prof.  Sargent's  authority;  but 
there  is  a  possibility  of  an  error  having  been  made  from  the  circumstances 
that  the  name  "chinquapin"  is  in  that  region  almost  universally  applied  to 
the  fruit  of  Quercus  Muhlenbergii."  The  Posey  County  record  was  based 
upon  a  specimen  in  Dr.  Schneck's  herbarium,  which  proves  to  have  been 
taken  from  a  cultivated  tree  near  Poseyville. 

177.  Quercus  Catesbaei  Michx.  Turkey  Oak.  Riddell  in  his  "Supple- 
ment to  Plants  of  Ohio"  on  p.  25,  reports  this  species  on  the  authority  of 
Clapp  as  growing  on  the  "knobs"  near  New  Albany.  This  report,  no  doubt, 
should  be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

N.  C.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

178.  Quercus  ilicifolia  Wang.  Bear  Oak.  Reported  from  the  Lees- 
burg  Swamp  by  Scott.  This,  without  doubt,  should  be  referred  to  some 
other  species. 

Maine  to  Va.,  westw.  to  Ohio  and  Ky. 

179.  Quercus  nIgra  L.  Water  Oak.  This  species  has  been  reported  by 
a  few  authors  but  the  reports  should  be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

Del.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Ky.  and  Tex. 

180.  Quercus  Phellos  L.  Willow  Oak.  There  have  been  six  reports 
for  this  species  from  Indiana.  They  should,  no  doubt,  be  referred  to 
Quercus  imbricaria. 

N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 

181.  Quercus  texana  Buckley.  Texas  Red  Oak.  There  have  been  six 
reports  of  this  oak  from  Indiana  and  all  of  them  should  be  referred  to 
Quercus  Shumardii  var.  Schneckii  Sarg.  or  to  some  other  species. 

Cent,  and  w.  Tex. 

182.  Celtis  occidentalis  L.  Reported  from  all  parts  of  Indiana,  but 
the  species  as  understood  by  Sargent  is  not  our  tree.  Indiana  is  within  the 
range  of  the  species.  Sargent  has  named  all  of  my  specimens  as  belonging 
to  the  var.  canina,  and  since  he  has  been  recognized  as  our  leading  author- 
ity on  trees  I  have  followed  him  although  I  do  not  believe  the  varieties  are 
valid. 

N.  E.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Va.,  Mo.,  and  Kans. 

183.  Morus  alba  L.  (Nakai.  Morus  alba  and  its  allies  in  the  herbaria 
of  Linnaeus,  Thunberg,  and  others.  Jour.  Arnold  Arboretum  8:  234-238. 
1927.)  White  Mulberry.  There  are  several  reports  for  this  species  but  I 
believe  most  of  them  should  be  referred  to  the  Russian  mulberry  which  is  a 
rather  common  escape.  This  species  is  no  longer  planted  and  I  have  found 
it  in  only  Jasper  and  Jefferson  Counties. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 


Excluded  Species  1041 

184.  Morus  nigra  L.  Black  Mulberry.  There  are  three  reports  of 
this  species  as  a  native  tree  and  of  course  all  are  wrong  determinations. 
I  have  planted  the  species  twice  at  Bluffton  and  it  is  only  semi-hardy. 

Nat.  of  w.  Asia. 

185.  Papyrius  papyrifera  (L.)  Kuntze.  {Broussonetia  papyrifera 
(L.)  Vent,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7.)  Paper-mulberry.  Reported  as  an  escape 
in  Gibson  County.  I  had  a  specimen,  purporting  to  be  this  species  sent  to 
me  from  Vanderburgh  County  and  it  proved  to  be  the  Russian  mulberry. 
This  is  a  small  round-headed  tree  often  planted  in  lawns  and  along  streets 
in  Evansville,  Mt.  Vernon,  and  New  Harmony  where  it  has  proven  to  be 
hardy  but  we  have  no  evidence  that  it  has  escaped. 

China  and  Japan. 

186.  Ficus  Carica  L.  Common  Fig.  I  found  several  shoots,  3-6  feet 
high,  of  this  species  in  1918  along  the  Southern  Railroad  in  Gibson  County. 
The  plant  was  visited  a  few  years  later  and  it  still  persisted.  It  was  again 
visited  and  it  had  disappeared.  In  1932  Chas.  0.  McBride,  of  Bedford, 
sent  me  a  specimen  which  he  said  was  from  a  clump  growing  on  the  top 
of  a  pile  of  stones.  He  adds :  "It  does  not  seem  to  be  hardy  in  this  loca- 
tion." The  determination  of  this  specimen  was  made  by  Alfred  Render 
of  the  Arnold  Arboretum.  It  is  reported  to  be  hardy  as  far  north  as 
Tennessee. 

Nat.  of  Asia. 

187.  Humulus  Lupulus  L.  Common  Hop.  This  species  has  been  re- 
ported from  23  counties.  I  believe  all  of  these  reports  should  be  referred 
to  our  native  species  and  I  am  excluding  the  introduced  species  from  our 
flora  because  I  have  not  seen  a  specimen.  Our  native  species  is  not  recog- 
nized by  our  manuals  although  the  differences  seem  to  me  to  be  convincing. 

Eurasia. 

188.  Comandra  umbellata  (L.)  Nutt.  Bastard  Toadflax.  There 
have  been  30  reports  of  this  species  from  20  counties.  According  to  Fernald, 
its  range  is  east  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains  which  means  that  all  of  our 
reports  should  be  referred  to  Comandra  Richardsiana. 

Cent.  Maine,  southw.  to  Ga. 

189.  Geocaulon  LiviDUM  (Richardson)  Fern.  (Rhodora  30:  23-24. 
1928.)  (Comandra  livida  Richardson  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and 
Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This  plant  was  reported  from  Marshall  County 
by  Clark.  Since  the  range  of  this  species  is  north  of  Indiana  I  assume  that 
Clark  made  an  error  in  determination. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  s.  N.  B.,  e.  Maine,  mts.  of  N.  E.,  n.  Mich., 
Sask.,  Alberta,  and  B.  C. 

190.  Rumex  conglomerates  Murray.  This  species  was  reported  from 
Jefferson  County  by  Barnes.  Since  we  have  no  specimen  and  the  species 
does  not  belong  to  our  area,  I  exclude  it.  A  specimen  in  the  herbarium  of 
Wabash  College  collected  by  J.  M.  Coulter  in  Jefferson  County  is  Rumex 
obtnsifolius. 

Va.  to  S.  C. ;  also  in  Calif,  and  Wash. 


1042  Excluded  Species 

191.  Rumex  elongatus  Guss.  This  species  was  reported  by  Andrews 
for  Monroe  County.  Since  Andrews  did  not  preserve  a  specimen  it  is 
impossible  to  correctly  refer  this  report.   Doubtless  an  error. 

192.  Rumex  hastatulus  Baldwin.  This  dock  was  reported  from 
Monroe  County  by  Andrews.  He  preserved  no  specimen  and  since  the 
range  of  the  species  is  along  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Mass.  to  Fla.  and  Tex., 
and  up  the  Mississippi  Basin  to  111.,  I  exclude  it. 

193.  Rumex  occidentals  S.  Wats.  Reported  from  Clark  and  Jefferson 
Counties  under  the  name  of  Rumex  longifolius  DC.  Since  Indiana  is  not 
within  the  range  of  the  species,  these  reports  are  referred  to  other  species. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Maine  and  Ont.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
to  Tex.  and  Calif. 

194.  Rumex  persicarioides  L.  Coulter  reported  this  species  from 
Marion  County  without  any  data.  Since  Indiana  does  not  have  the  habitat 
of  the  species,  the  specimen  must  be  regarded  as  a  waif. 

Seashore,  Que.  to  S.  C. ;  and  in  brackish  and  saline  places ;  Ont.  to  111. 
and  westw. 

195.  Rumex  sanguineus  L.  Reported  from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley 
by  Schneck  and  from  Hamilton  and  Marion  Counties  by  Wilson,  who  says, 
"Common."  Both  of  these  reports  no  doubt  shoulS  be  referred  to  the 
red-veined  form  of  Rumex  obtusifolius. 

Native  of  Eu.  and  sparingly  found  in  the  U.  S.  It  has  been  reported  from 
Mass.,  N.  Y.,  and  from  Va.  to  La. 

196.  Rheum  Rhaponticum  L.  Garden  Rhubarb.  Reported  by  Peat- 
tie  as  escaped  in  the  Calumet  District.  Buhl  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  251. 
1935)  says  it  is  "only  a  nonpersistent  garden  escape".  After  cultivation, 
rhubarb  will  persist  for  years  in  a  suitable  habitat.  Since  this  is  our  only 
report  and  authors  rarely  report  it  as  an  escape,  it  is  best  to  exclude  it 
until  there  is  additional  evidence  that  it  escapes  freely  enough  to  be  con- 
sidered a  part  of  our  flora. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

197.  Polygonum  arifolium  L.  According  to  Fernald  &  Griscom  (Rho- 
dora  37:  167.  1935)  the  typical  form  is  restricted  to  the  southeastern  part 
of  the  United  States  south  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  Hence  our  plants 
should  all  be  referred  to  the  var.  lentiforme  Fern.  &  Grisc. 

198.  Polygonum  atlanticum  (Rob.)  Bickn.  This  species  was  reported 
from  White  County  by  Heimlich.  I  am  referring  this  report  to  Polygonum 
exsertum. 

199.  Polygonum  aviculare  var.  arenastrum  (Bor.)  Rouy.  Reported  by 
Peattie  from  "sandy  roadsides,  Pine  and  perhaps  elsewhere"  in  Lake 
County.  Since  I  have  seen  no  specimen,  I  am  excluding  the  variety. 

200.  Polygonum  Hydropiper  L.  (Persicaria  Hydropiper  (L.)  Opiz  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)   (Stanford.  Polygonum  Hydropiper 


Excluded  Species  1043 

in  Europe  and  North  America.  Rhodora  29:  77-87.  1927.)  In  the  absence 
of  a  verifying  specimen  the  typical  form  of  this  species  is  excluded.  All 
reports  from  Indiana  are  referred  to  Polygonum  Hydropiper  var.  projec- 
tum  Stanford. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  introduced  in  Newf.,  N.  S.,  Mass. ;  also  in  Oreg.,  Wash.,  and 
Idaho. 

201.  Polygonum  hydropiperoides  var.  persicarioides  (HBK.)  Stan- 
ford. (Persicaria  persicarioides  (HBK.)  Small  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus. 
Flora,  ed.  2.)  (Rhodora  28:  27.  1926.)  This  plant  has  been  reported  from 
Marshall  and  St.  Joseph  Counties.  I  have  seen  no  specimen.  Since  the 
range  of  the  variety  as  now  understood  is  far  to  the  west  of  our  area,  I  am 
excluding  it. 

Plains  of  Nebr.  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. ;  also  in  Mex. 

202.  Polygonum  ramosissimum  Michx.  This  species  has  been  reported 
from  Jefferson,  Lake,  Porter,  and  Vigo  Counties.  It  is  believed  that  these 
reports  were  confused  with  P.  exsertum,  so,  lacking  a  specimen,  it  is  ex- 
cluded. Rydberg,  in  his  "Flora  of  the  Prairies  and  Plains,"  gives  the  range 
as  Man.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  111.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Nev.  It  may  be  found 
occasionally,  however,  as  a  waif  eastward. 

203.  Polygonum  setaceum  Baldwin.  Reported  from  Jefferson  County 
by  Young  in  1871  before  the  present  concept  of  the  species.  This  report 
should  be  referred,  no  doubt,  to  some  other  species. 

S.  C.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  also  in  Asia. 

204.  Polygonum  tomentosum  Schrank.  This  species  was  reported  by 
Nieuwland  from  St.  Joseph  County  under  the  name  of  Persicaria  tomentosa 
(Schrank)  Bicknell.  A  small,  sterile  specimen  was  found  along  the  1. 1.  &  I. 
Railroad  near  South  Bend,  bearing  the  data  2733,  June  1.  I  believe  the 
specimen  is  correctly  identified  but  since  it  was  found  along  the  railroad 
I  am  regarding  it  as  a  waif. 

Newf.  to  N.  Y.,  Colo.,  and  B.  C. ;  also  in  Eu. 

205.  Chenopodium  Bonus-Henricus  L.  Reported  for  Monroe  County 
by  Andrews.   Since  there  is  no  confirming  specimen,  it  is  excluded. 

Nat.  of  Europe. 

206.  Amaranthus  lIvidus  L.  Reported  from  Jefferson  County  by 
Young.  This  is  the  only  non-spiny  amaranth  he  reported  and  John  M. 
Coulter  in  his  catalogue  of  the  plants  of  Jefferson  County  reports  only 
Amaranthus  retroflexus.  Since  Coulter  had  access  to  Young's  plants  and 
does  not  mention  the  species  Young  reported,  I  assume  that  Coulter  dis- 
covered the  mistake  and  made  the  correction  without  comment.  This  is  a 
tropical  species  and  has  been  found  as  an  escape  a  few  times  about  our 
eastern  seaports. 

Tropical  S.  A.,  e.  Asia,  and  n.  Africa. 

207.  Froelichia  floridana  (Nutt.)  Moq.  A  native  of  the  southern 
states.    I  reported  this  species  before  it  was  separated  from  Froelichia 


1044  Excluded  Species 

campestris,  on  the  basis  of  a  specimen  collected  by  Umbach  in  ballast  near 
Aetna,  Lake  County.  Peattie  and  Pepoon  also  reported  it  and  probably 
both  reports  are  based  upon  material  from  this  locality.  I  am  now  referring 
my  Umbach  specimen  to  Froelichia  campestris. 

Coastal  Plain,  Ga.  to  Fla.  and  westw.  to  Miss. ;  adventive  in  Del. 

208.  Gomphrena  globosa  L.  Globe-amaranth.  This  species  was  re- 
ported without  any  data  from  Monroe  County  by  Andrews.  It  is  grown 
frequently  in  gardens  as  an  "everlasting"  flower  and  this  report  is  no 
doubt  based  upon  a  chance  escape.  Reported  as  an  escape  in  the  Gulf 
States  and  southward. 

Nat.  of  s.  Asia. 

209.  Mirabilis  Jalapa  L.  Common  Four-o'Clock.  Reported  in  1914 
by  Nieuwland  as  found  near  old  dump  piles  south  of  South  Bend,  St. 
Joseph  County.  In  1922,  I  found  several  fine  plants  on  a  dump  along  Big 
Vermilion  River  about  a  half  mile  northwest  of  Eugene,  Vermillion 
County.  I  regard  these  reports  as  of  waifs  and  wait  until  it  is  reported 
to  be  self-sustaining  before  I  consider  it  part  of  our  flora. 

W.  Tex.,  Mex.,  Cent.  Amer.,  southw.  through  tropical  S.  A.  Widely 
cultivated  and  probably  naturalized  in  some  of  our  southern  states. 

210.  Oxybaphus  albidus  (Walt.)  Sweet.  (Allionia  albida  Walt,  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Ulus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Peattie  reports  this  species  as  found 
"along  railroad  tracks,  Michigan  City".  I  have  not  seen  his  specimen  and 
I  do  not  deem  it  wise  to  report  a  single  railroad  migrant  as  a  part  of  our 
flora. 

S.  C.  to  Tenn.  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

211.  Oxybaphus  hirsutus  (Pursh)  Sweet.  (Allionia  hirsuta  Pursh  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This  species  was  reported  by 
Coulter  for  Jenkins  as  found  in  Wabash  County.  This  was,  no  doubt,  a 
migrant  and  since  there  are  no  additional  reports,  we  should  regard  the 
species  as  not  yet  established  in  this  state. 

Wis.  to  Man.  and  Wyo.,  southw.  to  Mo.,  Tex.,  and  N.  Mex. 

212.  Oxybaphus  linearis  (Pursh)  Robinson.  {Allionia  linearis  Pursh 
of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Reported  in  1902  by  Dorner  as 
established  along  the  Wabash  Railroad  near  Lafayette.  I  have  not  been 
able  to  visit  this  place  to  determine  whether  it  still  persists.  I  have  one 
of  Dorner's  specimens,  which  is  correctly  named. 

S.  Dak.  to  Mont.,  southw.  to  w.  Mo.,  Tex.,  Ariz.,  and  Mex.;  rarely  ad- 
ventive eastw. 

213.  Talinum  teretifolium  Pursh.  This  species  was  reported  from 
Lake  County  by  Babcock  (Lens  1:  23.  1872)  as  found  on  sand  hills  at 
Miller  and  Tolleston  before  Talinum  rugospermum  was  described.  It  is 
now  known  that  the  Indiana  Talinum  belongs  to  the  last  named  species. 

Pa.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Tenn. 

214.  Claytonia  caroliniana  Michx.  Carolina  Spring  Beauty.  This 
species   has   been   reported   from   Clark,   Franklin,   Jefferson,   Lake,   and 


Excluded  Species  1045 

Steuben  Counties.  J.  M.  Coulter,  in  discussing  the  report  from  Jefferson 
County,  says :  "I  very  much  doubt  the  genuineness  of  the  specimens  placed 
under  this  species.  I  strongly  suspect  it  to  be  nothing  more  than  an  ex- 
treme form  of  Claytonia  virginica".  I  agree  with  him  and  believe  that  all 
of  our  Indiana  reports  should  be  transferred. 

Woods,  especially  in  the  mountains,  from  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to 
N.  C.  and  Ga. 

215.  Claytonia  robusta  (Somes)  Rydb.  Reported  from  Indiana  by 
Rydberg  (Flora  of  North  Amer.  21 :  298.  1932) .  I  have  not  seen  his  speci- 
men or  investigated  this  report  because  I  believe  this  species  is  only  a  form 
of  Claytonia  virginica. 

Ind.  to  Iowa,  southw:  to  Mo. 

216.  PORTULACA  GRANDIFLORA  Hook.    COMMON  PORTULACA.  This  species 

has  been  reported  from  Monroe  and  St.  Joseph  Counties.  Schneck  wrote 
that  it  escaped  from  gardens  to  the  streets  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley. 
The  two  reports  were,  no  doubt,  of  garden  escapes,  and  the  species  has 
not  yet  become  established. 

Nat.  of  S.  A. ;  naturalized  in  e.  and  w.  N.  A. 

217.  Stellaria  aquatica  (L.)  Scop.  This  species  was  found  on  June 
30,  1924,  by  Madeline  Gullion  in  a  roadside  ditch  north  of  Ellettsville  just 
north  of  the  crossing  of  the  Gosport  Road  and  the  Chicago,  Indianapolis, 
and  Louisville  Railway.  Since  this  is  our  only  report  and  it  is  evidently 
a  railroad  migrant,  the  species  is  excluded  until  further  reports  are 
made. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Que.  and  Ont.,  southw.  to  Pa.  and  Mich. ;  also  in  B.  C. 

218.  Stellaria  longipes  Goldie.  (Alsine  longiyes  (Goldie)  Coville  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Reported  from  Noble,  St.  Joseph, 
Tippecanoe,  and  Vigo  Counties.  Since  there  are  no  specimens  and  since  the 
range  of  the  species  is  far  to  the  north  of  Indiana,  I  am  referring  these 
reports  to  some  other  species. 

Lab.,  N.  S.  to  Que.  and  Minn,  to  Alaska,  southw.  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to 
Colo,  and  Calif. 

219.  Spergula  arvensis  L.  Spurrey.  On  July  4,  1912,  I  found  a  dense 
colony  of  this  species  about  150  feet  long  along  the  road  between  Cannelton 
and  Derby  about  6  miles  from  Derby  in  Perry  County.  In  1934  it  was 
found  in  Crawfordsville  by  A.  R.  Bechtel.  It  was  reported  from  Clark 
County  by  Baird  &  Taylor.  There  has  been  only  one  report  from  Ohio. 
Because  the  reports  of  its  distribution  do  not  show  that  it  is  of  an  aggres- 
sive, weedy  nature,  I  prefer  to  leave  it  with  the  excluded  species  until 
there  are  additional  reports. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  e.  Canada  to  Calif,  and  southw.  to  S.  C. 

220.  Spergularia  rubra  (L.)  J.  &  C.  Presl.  (Tissa  rubra  (L.)  Britt.  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Sand  Spurrey.  In  1914,  this 
species  was  reported  by  Nieuwland  as  found  on  the  road  from  Notre  Dame 
to  Lost  Lake.   This  is  a  European  plant  which  in  due  time  will  possibly  be- 


1046  Excluded  Species 

come  a  part  of  our  flora.  Following  the  rule  that  usually  a  single  report 
for  a  plant  in  the  state  does  not  make  it  a  part  of  our  flora,  I  am  excluding 
it  for  the  present. 

Newf.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Calif,  and  Va.  It  has  been  found  only  locally 
in  this  extensive  area. 

221.  Silene  Armeria  L.  Sweet  William  Catchfly.  In  1876, 
Schneck,  in  his  "Flora  of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley,"  says :  "Escaped  from 
gardens".  In  1914,  Nieuwland  reported  it  from  St.  Joseph  County.  Since 
I  have  no  evidence  that  it  is  established,  I  am  excluding  it. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  spontaneous  in  waste  places  and  gardens,  N.  B.  and  Out. 
to  Mich.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Ohio. 

222.  Silene  CAROLINIANA  Walt.  This  species  was  reported  from  Jeffer- 
son County  by  Young  in  1871.  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  this  report  is  cor- 
rect but  in  the  absence  of  a  specimen  I  must  exclude  it.  Reported  also  from 
Tippecanoe  County,  but  probably  a  garden  escape. 

Maine,  cent.  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  Ohio,  Ky.,  southw.  to  Ga. 

223.  Silene  chlorantha  (Willd.)  Ehrh.  Deam  &  Weatherwax  found 
this  species  in  ballast  along  the  Monon  Railroad  about  2  miles  north  of 
Harrodsburg  in  Monroe  County.  I  also  found  it  in  Knox  County  in  rail- 
road ballast  about  4  miles  south  of  Vincennes.  I  regard  this  species  as  a 
waif. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

224.  Lychnis  chalcedonica  L.  Maltese  Cross.  Reported  by  Peattie 
as  an  escape  in  the  Calumet  District.  A  single  report  of  an  escape  without 
any  data  should  not  admit  a  species  to  our  flora,  therefore  I  am  excluding 
it.  Buhl  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  251.  1935)  says  it  is  only  a  "non- 
persistent  garden  escape,"  and  deletes  the  report. 

Nat.  of  Japan ;  escaped  from  cultivation. 

225.  Lychnis  Coronaria  (L.)  Desr.  Rose  Campion.  Mullein  Pink. 
In  1914,  this  species  was  reported  by  Nieuwland  as  persisting  after  cultiva- 
tion in  St.  Joseph  County.  In  1921,  I  found  a  colony  about  50  feet  long  and 
10  feet  wide  on  the  slope  of  the  wooded  bank  of  the  St.  Joseph  River  one 
and  a  half  miles  northwest  of  Bristol.  The  colony  was  far  removed  from 
any  habitation. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  locally  established  from  Maine  to  Mich. ;  also  in  Oreg.  and 
Wash. 

226.  Dianthus  barbatus  L.  Sweet  William  Pink.  Reported  by 
Nieuwland  as  escaped  locally  about  Notre  Dame. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  as  yet  regarded  by  authors  as  a  garden  escape. 

227.  Dianthus  plumArius  L.  Nieuwland  reported  this  species  as  an 
escape  near  Notre  Dame. 

Nat.  of  Austria  to  Siberia;  not  mentioned  in  our  manuals. 

228.  Nymphaea  odorata  Ait.  (Castalia  odorata  (Ait.)  Woodville  & 
Wood  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Castalia  odorata  (Dryand)   Woodville  & 


Excluded  Species  1047 

Wood  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This  species  has  been 
reported  many  times  from  Indiana  but  it  is  now  believed  that  it  belongs 
to  the  Coastal  Plain  and  to  the  area  north  of  Indiana. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  and  in  the  interior  westw.  to 
Mich. 

229.  Nuphar  sagittifolia  (Walt.)  Pursh.  (Nymphaea  sagittifolia 
Walt,  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This 
species  was  reported  from  the  deeper  ponds  of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley 
upon  the  authority  of  Schneck.  Miller  &  Standley  say  it  is  probable  that  the 
range  of  the  species  is  restricted  to  North  Carolina  and  South  Carolina, 
and  that  all  reports  of  it  from  outside  this  area  should  be  referred  to  some 
other  species.  Dr.  Schneck  was  a  very  careful  botanist  and  I  believe  he 
found  it.  The  description  of  the  vegetation  of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley 
left  by  Robert  Ridgway  tells  us  that  it  contained  southern  forms  that  have 
become  extinct.  This  same  area  had  birds  and  animals  which  belong  to  a 
zone  much  farther  south  and  which  disappeared  at  an  early  date.  The 
plant  population  of  the  former  cypress  swamps  and  deeper  ponds  of  the 
Lower  Wabash  Valley  will  never  be  known. 

230.  Caltha  flabellifolia  Pursh.  This  species  was  reported  by 
Hansen  as  found  on  the  farm  of  John  E.  Steffe  near  Warsaw  in  Kosciusko 
County.  I  have  revisited  the  place  and  I  refer  the  plants  I  found  there  to 
Caltha  palustris.   They  are  only  an  extreme  form  of  that  species. 

In  mountain  springs,  s.  Pa.,  n.  N.  J.,  and  Md. 

231.  Helleborus  viridis  L.  Green  Hellebore.  This  species  was  re- 
ported from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  (we  do  not  know  whether  it  was  on 
the  Indiana  or  Illinois  side)  by  Schneck,  who  lived  at  Mt.  Carmel,  Illinois. 
He  says:  "Found  in  a  fence-row  .  .  .;  evidently  escaped  from  a  garden 
nearby".  Andrews  reported  it  without  any  data  from  Monroe  County. 
Doubtfully  established  in  Indiana. 

Adv.  from  Eu. 

232.  Nigella  DAMASCENA  L.  LOVE-IN-A-MIST.  Reported  as  a  garden 
escape  in  Jefferson  County  and  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley.  I  have  no 
evidence  that  it  is  established. 

Introd.  from  Eurasia. 

233.  Aquilegia  vulgaris  L.  European  Columbine.  There  are  four 
reports  of  this  species  as  a  garden  escape.  The  most  recent  one  was  made 
nearly  fifty  years  ago  when  it  was  a  custom  to  throw  garden  rubbish  over 
the  fence  into  an  unimproved  street  where  it  might  remain  or  at  least  be 
raked  into  a  pile  nearer  the  center  of  the  street  and  be  burned,  leaving 
the  seeds  behind  or  scattered.  I  believe  all  of  our  reports  of  garden  escapes 
should  be  so  regarded  and  not  included  in  our  flora. 

Adv.  or  naturalized  from  Eu. ;  in  the  e.  U.  S. 

234.  Delphinium  carolinianum  Walt.  (Delphinium  azureum  Michx.) 
(Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  65:  28.  1938.)  This  species  was  reported  by  Collins 
from  Dearborn  County,  by  Phinney  from  Wayne  County,  by  Young  from 
Jefferson  County,  and  by  J.  M.  Coulter  in  his  catalogue  of  plants  of  Jeffer- 


1048  Excluded  Species 

son  County  upon  the  authority  of  Young.  These  reports  were  made  before 
1890  when  Delphinium  Ajacis  was  not  in  our  manuals.  Since  Delphinium 
carotin  I'dinon  has  a  range  south  of  Indiana  while  Delphinium  Ajacis  is 
known  to  be  a  common  escape  in  southeastern  Indiana,  it  is  safe  to  refer 
these  records  to  Delphinium  Ajacis.  Benedict  &  Elrod,  geologists,  reported 
this  species  from  Cass  &  Wabash  Counties.  Since  they  did  not  report 
Delphinium  tricorne,  which  occurs  in  this  area,  it  seems  safe  to  refer  these 
reports  to  that  species. 

Va.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

235.  Delphinium  exaltatum  Ait.  Tall  Larkspur.  This  species  has 
been  reported  from  Dearborn  County  by  Collins,  from  Wayne  County  by 
Phinney,  and  from  Cass  &  Wabash  Counties  by  Benedict  &  Elrod.  All  of 
these  reports  are  over  40  years  old.  Benedict  and  Elrod  listed  only  92 
species  in  their  partial  list  of  the  plants  of  those  two  counties.  They 
were  geologists  and  nearly  all  of  their  list  consisted  of  the  commonest  trees 
and  herbs;  among  these,  there  is  known  to  have  been  at  least  one  error 
in  determination,  and  it  is  quite  probable  that  Delphinium  exaltatum  was 
also  wrongly  determined.  According  to  Wilde,  who  has  made  the  most 
recent  study  of  the  genus  covering  our  species,  it  does  not  occur  in  our 
area.    I  am  excluding  it  for  this  reason  and  because  there  is  no  specimen. 

Atlantic  coast  of  America,  Pa.,  Ohio,  and  Va. 

236.  Delphinium  Consolida  L.  (Long.  Delphinium  Consolida  in 
America,  with  a  consideration  of  the  status  of  Delphinium  Ajacis.  Rho- 
dora  18:  169-177.  1916.)  {"Delphinium  Consolida  L.,  a  European  species 
which  has  a  glabrous  style  and  capsule,  is  widely  recorded  as  naturalized 
in  the  eastern  United  States,  and  was  admitted  to  our  first  edition ;  but  all 
specimens  examined  prove  to  be  Delphinium  Ajacis".  Britton  and  Brown, 
lllus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  vol.  2:  93.  1913.)  Field  Larkspur.  Reported  from 
about  ten  counties  and  all  reports  except  one  are  about  fifty  years  old. 
They  should  all  be  referred,  no  doubt,  to  some  other  species,  and  most 
likely  to  Delphinium  Ajacis  L. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

237.  Anemone  parviflora  Michx.  This  species  was  reported  from 
Steuben  County  by  Bradner.  Since  he  did  not  report  Anemone  cylindrica 
Gray,  I  believe  that  he  mistook  a  depauperate  specimen  of  this  species  for 
Anemone  parviflora  which  has  a  range  far  to  the  north  of  Indiana. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  n.  Mich.,  Wis.,  Minn,,  and  in  the  mts.  to 
Colo. 

238.  Ranunculus  cymbalistes  Greene.  Described  by  Greene  (Amer. 
Midland  Nat.  3:  333.  1914).  This  species  is  undoubtedly  the  same  as 
Ranunculus  micranthus  Nutt.  and  I  am  referring  the  name  to  the  synonomy 
of  that  species. 

239.  Ranunculus  Flammula  L.  This  species  was  reported  from  the 
vicinity  of  New  Albany  by  Clapp  in  1852  and  from  Jefferson  County  by 
Young  in  1871.   It  is  a  European  plant  which  has  been  reported  in  North 


Excluded  Species  1049 

America  only  from  Newfoundland.  These  reports  from  Indiana  are  un- 
doubtedly due  to  an  error  but  I  am  not  able  to  determine  what  species  these 
authors  had. 

240.  Ranunculus  Macounii  Britt.  This  species  was  reported  in  Coul- 
ter's Catalogue  for  Blatchley  from  Monroe  County.  Coulter  says  the  speci- 
men is  in  the  herbarium  of  DePauw  University,  but  in  an  examination  of 
that  herbarium  in  1935  I  was  not  able  to  find  a  specimen  so  labeled. 

Ont.  to  Iowa  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  Mex.  and  Utah. 

241.  Ranunculus  Purshii  Richards.  Pursh  Buttercup.  This  species 
has  been  reported  from  five  counties  but  I  believe  all  of  the  reports  should 
be  referred  to  the  terrestrial  form  of  R.  flabellaris.  It  was  reported  from 
Marshall  County  by  Clark,  and  his  specimen  is  in  the  National  Herbarium. 
I  asked  S.  F.  Blake  to  examine  it  in  1933  and  he  reports  that  it  belongs 
to  R.  flabellaris  Raf. 

N.  S.,  Ont.  to  Colo.,  Oreg.,  and  Alaska. 

242.  Ranunculus  repens  L.  This  species  was  reported  in  1878  by 
Baird  &  Taylor  from  Clark  County,  in  1871  by  Young  from  Jefferson 
County,  in  1875  by  Coulter  from  Jefferson  County,  and  in  1878  by  Barnes 
from  Jefferson  County.  Since  the  range  of  the  species  is  from  Arctic 
America  southward  to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Michigan,  and  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado,  and  since  these  reports  were  made 
before  our  manuals  recognized  the  variety  vittosa,  they  doubtless  should  be 
referred  to  the  variety. 

243.  Thalictrum  polygamum  Muhl.  This  species  has  been  reported 
from  all  parts  of  the  state.  The  reports  should  be  referred  to  other  species 
since  this  species,  as  now  understood,  has  a  range  east  of  Indiana. 

244.  Adonis  autumnalis  L.  Pheasanteye.  This  species  was  re- 
ported in  1876  from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  by  Schneck.  He  says: 
"Escaping  from  gardens  to  fields  and  roadsides".  Since  there  are  no  addi- 
tional reports,  it  should  not  yet  be  recognized  as  a  member  of  our  flora. 

Fugitive  from  Eu. 

245.  Calycanthus  fertilis  Walt.  Smooth  Sweetshrub.  This  shrub 
was  reported  without  any  data  in  1878  by  Baird  &  Taylor  in  a  list  of 
plants  of  Clark  County.  This  may  have  been  a  garden  escape  and  since 
there  are  no  other  records  and  Indiana  is  outside  the  range  of  the  species, 
it  is  excluded. 

Pa.  to  N.  C,  e.  Tenn.,  Ga.,  and  Ala. 

246.  Calycanthus  floridus  L.  Common  Sweetshrub.  Reported  in 
1878  from  Clark  and  Jefferson  Counties  but  excluded  for  the  same  reasons 
as  is  the  preceding  species. 

Va.  and  N.  C.  to  Fla.,  Ala.,  and  Miss. 

247.  Benzoin  MELISSIFOLIUM  (Walt.)  Nees.  This  shrub  was  reported 
from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  by  Ridgway.    He  expresses  doubt  as  to 


1050  Excluded  Species 

the  correctness  of  the  determination.   Since  there  are  no  other  reports  and 
the  range  of  the  species  is  outside  the  state,  it  is  excluded. 
N.  C.  to  s.  111.  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 

248.  Macleya  cordata  (Willd.)  R.  Br.  (Bocconia  cordata  Willd.) 
Plumepoppy.  A  colony  of  this  species  was  discovered  July  14,  1933,  by 
Charles  M.  Ek  of  Kokomo  on  the  high,  dry  bank  of  Wildcat  Creek  about  4 
miles  west  of  Kokomo.  The  colony  was  far  from  a  habitation  and  grow- 
ing as  if  wild. 

China  and  Japan. 

249.  Argemone  intermedia  Sweet.  This  species  was  reported  by  Pe- 
poon  as  found  along  railroads  near  Miller.  He  says :  "Evidently  a  railroad 
'stray'  ". 

Plains  of  S.  Dak.  to  Wyo.,  southw.  to  Tex.,  and  in  n.  Mex. 

250.  Argemone  mexicana  L.  Mexican  Poppy.  Reported  by  Nieuw- 
land  in  1914  as  found  in  a  clover  field  near  Notre  Dame  in  St.  Joseph 
County.  Also  reported  by  Schneck  in  1876  as  "escaped  from  flower  garden". 
I  found  a  single  specimen  in  sandy  soil  along  a  roadside  far  removed  from 
a  residence  in  Sullivan  County.  I  do  not  believe  that  there  is  sufficient 
evidence  that  this  species  has  become  established  so  I  am  excluding  it. 

Nat.  of  tropical  Amer. ;  Mass.  to  Pa.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  also 
introduced  into  Africa,  East  Indies,  and  Australia. 

251.  Papaver  Rhoeas  L.  Corn  Poppy.  Reported  in  1914  by  Nieuw- 
land  as  escaped  from  gardens. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Maine  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  Nebr. 

252.  Papaver  somniferum  L.  Opium  Poppy.  This  species  has  been 
reported  seven  times  and  the  authors  who  comment  upon  it  say  that  it 
was  spontaneous  near  dwellings.  I  do  not  believe  it  has  become  established 
anywhere  and  while  it  may  be  found  as  a  garden  escape,  it  should  not  be 
regarded  as  a  part  of  our  flora. 

Nat.  of  Mediterranean  region. 

253.  Corydalis  aurea  Willd.  (Capnoides  aureum  (Willd.)  Kuntze  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Golden  Corydalis.  Reported  from 
Floyd,  Jefferson,  and  Cass  &  Wabash  Counties.  All  but  the  first  were 
referred  to  Corydalis  flavula  in  Coulter's  Catalogue.  I  have  the  books  in 
which  Clapp  kept  a  record  of  the  plants  that  he  found  and  since  his 
records  were  made  before  Corydalis  flavula  was  recognized,  of  course  he 
was  forced  to  name  his  plant  Corydalis  aurea.  This  is  a  northern  species 
while  Corydalis  flavula  is  more  southern  and  is  frequent  in  the  southern 
counties.  All  of  our  reports,  no  doubt,  should  be  referred  to  Corydalis 
flavula. 

E.  Que.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Vt,  Pa.,  Wis.  and  Mo.  and  in  the  Rocky 
Mts.  to  Ariz. 

254.  Fumaria  officinalis  L.  Common  Fumitory.  This  species  was 
reported  from  Franklin,   Putnam,   and  Wayne   Counties  about  40  years 


Excluded  Species  1051 

ago.    It  was  a  garden  escape,  no  doubt,  which  should  be  excluded.   It  was 
found  on  a  sand  hill  along  a  roadside  in  Porter  County  in  1934  by  W.  B. 
Welch.  The  specimen  is  in  the  herbarium  of  Wabash  College. 
Nat.  of  Eu. ;  reported  from  Newf.  to  Fla.  and  the  Gulf  States. 

255.  Lepidium  sativum  L.  Garden  Cress.  This  species  was  reported 
by  Phinney  as  an  escape  in  Wayne  County.  Since  there  are  no  additional 
reports,  it  may  not  yet  be  established  anywhere.  It  is  the  cultivated  cress 
of  gardens  and  is  likely  to  become  an  established  escape. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  local  from  Que.,  N.  Y.  to  B.  C. 

256.  Sisymbrium  Loeselii  L.  This  plant  was  found  in  flower  on  July 
6,  1930,  in  St.  Joseph  County  by  Marcus  Lyon,  Jr.,  and  J.  A.  Nieuwland. 
We  have  no  data  that  it  is  established. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

257.  Diplotaxis  tenuifolia  (L.)  DC.  This  European  weed  was  first 
reported  by  Erlanson  for  Grimes  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1923:  139. 
1924)  as  found  along  the  Monon  Railroad  2  miles  north  of  Roachdale  in 
Montgomery  County.  The  specimen  can  not  be  found  at  DePauw  Uni- 
versity, but  there  are  two  specimens  collected  by  Grimes  in  Warren  County 
along  the  roadside  2  miles  east  of  Pine  Village,  August  29,  1914.  The 
second  record  was  made  by  Nieuwland  &  Just  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  12: 
220.  1931)  who  say  that  it  was  found  July  8,  1930,  near  the  Kankakee 
River  in  sec.  19  of  Greene  Township  of  St.  Joseph  County.  The  specimen 
is  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Notre  Dame,  and  I  refer  it  to 
Erysimum  cheiranthoides  L.  These  are  the  only  records.  There  is  no 
evidence  that  it  is  established  in  the  state. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

258.  Erucastrum  gallicum  (Willd.)  0.  E.  Schulz.  (Erucastrum 
Pollichii  Schimp.  &  Spenn.  Rhodora  13:  11.  1911.)  On  September  1,  1930, 
Paul  C.  Standley  found  two  plants  on  a  railroad  embankment  near  the  west 
boundary  of  Porter  County  at  the  intersection  of  State  Road  53.  He  gave 
one  specimen  to  me  and  the  other  is  deposited  in  the  herbarium  of  the 
Field  Museum.  In  1937  Chas.  M.  Ek  found  a  few  plants  in  the  railroad 
yards  in  Tipton  and  also  a  few  plants  in  dry  soil  along  the  railroad  5 
miles  west  of  Tipton.  This  species  is  probably  already  established  as  a 
ballast  migrant. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

259.  Brassica  hirta  Moench.  (Rhodora  40:  306.  1938.)  (Brassica 
alba  (L.)  Rabenh.,  Brassica  alba  (L.)  Boiss.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7,  and 
Sinapis  alba  L.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2) .  White  Mustard. 
This  species  has  been  reported  from  various  parts  of  the  state,  mostly 
by  early  authors  whose  reports  are  now  50  years  old.  I  have  never  seen 
it  and  there  is  no  evidence  that  it  is  able  to  maintain  itself.  The  seed  are 
a  household  commodity  for  use  in  pickling  and  this  fact  accounts  for  its 
wide  distribution. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  but  not  yet  considered  established. 


1052  Excluded  Species 

260.  Brassica  Napus  L.  Rape.  This  species  has  been  reported  from 
two  counties.  I  have  found  it  a  few  times.  It  has  been  rather  extensively 
sown  for  green  feed  for  hogs  and  if  such  fields  are  permitted  to  remain 
fallow  the  year  following  the  sowing,  sometimes  in  sandy  places  many 
plants  may  appear,  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  it  has  become  established 
anywhere.    Found  also  along  roadsides. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

261.  Brassica  Rapa  L.  Turnip.  There  are  reports  of  this  species  from 
two  counties.  I  have  found  it  several  times  in  fields  where  turnips  had 
been  grown  the  previous  year  but  there  is  no  record  of  its  being  estab- 
lished. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

262.  Raphanus  sativus  L.  Garden  Radish.  This  is  an  annual  and 
may  persist  for  a  year  or  two  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  it  has  become 
established  anywhere.  In  1916  I  found  it  to  be  plentiful  in  an  oatfield  1 
mile  south  of  Alexandria  in  Madison  County. 

Nat.  of  Asia. 

263.  Rorippa  obtusa  (Nutt.)  Britt.  (Radicida  obtusa  (Nutt.)  Greene 
of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This 
species  has  been  reported  from  Clark,  Jefferson,  and  Tippecanoe  Coun- 
ties. These  reports  are  all  more  than  50  years  old  and  since  our  manuals 
of  that  period  did  not  very  distinctly  separate  this  species,  I  believe  all 
of  these  reports  should  be  referred  to  some  other  species.  There  is  no 
Indiana  specimen. 

Mich,  to  Mont.,  southw.  to  Tex.  and  Calif. 

264.  Rorippa  sinuata  (Nutt.)  Hitchc.  (Radicula  sinuata  (Nutt.)  Greene 
of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This 
species  was  reported  by  Wilson  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1905;  170.  1906) 
who  says  a  colony  had  persisted  for  fifteen  years  along  the  Big  Four  Rail- 
road west  of  Greencastle.  Doubtless  this  report  should  be  referred  to 
Rorippa  sylvestris.  In  the  absence  of  a  verifying  specimen  I  am  omitting 
this  species  from  our  flora. 

111.  and  Minn,  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. 

265.  Cardamine  hirsuta  L.  Reported  by  20  authors  and  all  of  the 
reports  except  one  are  40  or  50  years  old  and  were  made  when  our  manuals 
did  not  recognize  Cardamine  pennsylvanica  to  which  I  refer  all  of  these 
reports.  As  now  understood,  this  name  is  restricted  to  an  introduced  plant 
which  is  of  rare  occurrence. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia. 

266.  Cardamine  flexuosa  With.  Now  regarded  as  a  semi-aquatic  form 
of  Cardamine  pennsylvanica  Muhl.  to  which  I  am  referring  it.  It  was  re- 
ported by  Smith  from  Marion  County  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1905:  157. 
1906). 


Excluded  Species  1053 

267.  Cardamine  pratensis  L.  This  is  a  plant  of  Eurasia  and  all  of  our 
reports  for  it  were  made  before  our  American  plant  was  recognized  as  a 
variety  of  it.  Hence  all  of  our  reports  are  referred  to  the  variety. 

268.  Dentaria  maxima  Nutt.  This  species  was  reported  from  Jefferson 
County  by  Barnes.  J.  M.  Coulter,  who  no  doubt  saw  the  specimen  upon 
which  this  report  was  made,  includes  it  under  his  D.  laciniata. 

S.  Maine  to  Mich,  and  Pa. 

269.  Lesquerella  globosa  (Desv.)  Wats.  Reported  without  comment 
from  Monroe  County  by  Andrews.  Since  he  did  not  preserve  a  specimen  or 
publish  any  data,  the  species  is  not  included  in  our  flora. 

Ky.  and  Tenn.  to  e.  Mo. 

270.  Camelina  sativa  (L.)  Crantz.  Reported  from  7  counties  but  all 
reports  but  one  were  made  when  the  manuals  did  not  separate  Camelina 
microcarpa  Andrz.  from  this  species.  I  have  seen  the  Hussey  specimen  re- 
ported from  Tippecanoe  County  and  it  is  Camelina  microcarpa.  Possibly 
all  of  the  reports  of  this  species  should  be  referred  to  Camelitui  microcarpa. 
In  the  absence  of  an  Indiana  specimen,  I  am  excluding  it  from  our  flora. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

271.  Neslia  paniculata  (L.)  Desv.  Ball  Mustard.  This  species  was 
reported  from  Lake  County  by  Pepoon  who  says  Moffatt  found  it  in  1894 
along  the  Pennsylvania  Railway  near  Clarke,  and  adds  that  it  is  not  now  at 
the  original  station  and  is  "seemingly  not  a  permanent  introduction." 
Peattie  also  reports  it  from  the  dune  area  without  data.  I  have  a  specimen 
collected  by  Moffatt  in  Lake   County  but  he  gives  no  specific  location. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Que.  to  Man.  and  B.  C,  southw.  in  the  east  to  Pa. 

272.  Draba  reptans  var.  micrantha  (Nutt.)  Fern.  (Draba  caroliniana 
var.  micrantha  (Nutt.)  Gray  of  Gray  Man.,  ed.  7.)  This  variety  has  been 
reported  from  the  dune  area  by  Peattie  but  I  have  not  seen  a  specimen. 
Buhl  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  251.  1935)  refers  this  report  to  the  typical 
form.  I  believe,  however,  that  it  may  occur  in  Indiana  and  a  verifying 
specimen  should  be  sought. 

111.  to  Minn.,  Mont,  to  Wash,  and  southw.  to  La.  and  Calif. 

273.  Arabis  divaricarpa  Nelson.  (Arabis  brachycarpa  (T.  &  G.)  Brit- 
ton.)  Purple  Rockcress.  This  species  has  been  reported  under  the  name 
of  Arabis  brachycarpa  from  five  counties  but  I  have  not  seen  a  specimen. 
This  species  and  its  allies  are  so  closely  related  that  they  are  difficult  to 
separate  unless  good  specimens  are  at  hand.  The  known  range  of  the 
species  is  to  the  north  of  Indiana. 

Que.  to  Man.  and  Assin.,  southw.  to  Vt.,  w.  N.  Y.,  111.,  Minn.,  and  in  the 
Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo. 

274.  Erysimum  parviflorum  Nutt.  (Cheirinia  inconspicua  (Wats.) 
Britt.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Reported  by  Erlanson  for 
Grimes  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1923:  139.  1924)  as  having  been  found 
on  the  track  of  the  Monon  Railroad  a  short  distance  north  of  Greencastle, 


1054  Excluded  Species 

Putnam  County,  June  4,  1911.  I  have  a  specimen  which  E.  L.  Greene  col- 
lected in  1917  in  ballast  along  the  railroad  in  Plymouth,  Marshall  County. 
These  are  the  only  records,  and  the  species  is  obviously  a  railroad  migrant 
which  does  not  maintain  itself. 

Ont.,  Man.,  B.  C,  and  Alaska,  southw.  to  Kans.,  Colo.,  and  Nev. ;  adven- 
tive  farther  east. 

275.  LobulAria  maritima  (L.)  Desv.  (Koniga  maritima  (L.)  R.  Br. 
of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Sweet  Alyssum.  Reported  as 
an  escape  in  a  few  counties  but  it  does  not  persist. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Vt.  to  Pa.  and  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

276.  Cleome  serrulata  Pursh.  Pink  Cleome.  Schneck  found  this 
species  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Bottoms  but  he  left  no  data.  I  found  a  single 
specimen  on  the  fill  of  the  bridge  across  the  wet  prairie  about  4  miles 
southwest  of  Bluffton,  Wells  County.  It  was  far  removed  from  a  habitation 
but  I  believe  it  was  introduced  in  dumpings  along  the  fill. 

111.,  Minn,  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Mo.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Ariz. 

277.  Cleome  spinosa  L.  Spiderflower.  This  species  has  been  reported 
three  times  as  a  garden  escape  but  not  since  1904.  In  1933  I  found  three 
specimens  about  a  hundred  feet  apart  in  a  wet  pasture  field  on  the  east 
side  of  the  C.  E.  &  I.  Railroad  about  4  miles  north  of  Decker,  Knox 
County.  This  area  was  formerly  a  part  of  a  great  cypress  swamp  which 
has  been  drained  and  is  now  farmed  and  is  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
from  the  nearest  habitation.  Since  there  is  no  conclusive  evidence  that  it 
has  become  established,  it  is  best  to  continue  to  regard  it  as  an  escape. 

Nat.  of  tropical  America ;  in  waste  places  from  s.  N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  westw. 
to  Ind.,  Ark.,  and  La. 

278.  Podostemum  ceratophyllum  Michx.  Riverweed.  This  plant  has 
been  reported  by  Peattie  as  rare  in  the  Grand  Calumet  and  Little  Calumet 
Rivers.  I  have  asked  two  careful  collectors  to  search  for  it  in  these  streams 
but  they  did  not  find  it.  I  have  looked  for  it  in  the  Tippecanoe  and  Eel 
Rivers  but  I  did  not  find  it.  If  Peattie  collected  specimens  I  do  not  know 
where  they  are  located.  There  is  no  specimen  in  the  Field  Museum,  and  it 
seems  best  to  exclude  the  species. 

N.  B.  to  Ont.  and  Minn.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

279.  Sedum  Nevii  Gray.  In  discussing  the  distribution  of  this  species, 
Howe  (Torreya  5:  115.  1905)  says:  "Collected  originally  in  southwest- 
ern Virginia,  but  since  found  to  extend  to  Indiana."  This  is  the  only 
reference  I  have  found  which  ascribes  it  to  Indiana.  Neither  of  our  man- 
uals include  Indiana  in  its  range,  so  it  may  be  safely  omitted  from  our 
flora. 

Va.  to  111.  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Ala. 

280.  Sedum  pulchellum  Michx.  Texas  Stonecrop.  Ball  reported  this 
species  from  Lake  County  in  1884.  Since  this  is  far  north  of  the  natural 
range  of  the  species,  it  must  have  been  a  garden  escape.  I  have  had  it  in 
cultivation  for  many  years  and  it  abundantly  reseeds  itself  each  year  and 


Excluded  Species  1055 

will  persist  in  flower  beds.    Indiana  is  given  in  the  natural  range  of  the 
species  and  although  I  have  searched  carefully  for  it  in  its  habitat  along 
the  Ohio  River,  I  have  failed  to  find  it.    I  have  not  been  able  to  find  an 
herbarium  specimen  from  Indiana,  so  I  am  excluding  it. 
Va.,  Ky.,  Mo.,  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

281.  Sedum  Telephium  var.  purpurem  L.  Liveforever.  This  species 
has  been  reported  as  an  escape  from  several  parts  of  the  state.  It  has  es- 
caped from  dwellings  and  cemeteries. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  w.  Asia ;  Que.  to  Ont.  and  Mich.,  southw.  to  Md.  and  Ind. 

282.  Astilbe  biternata  (Vent.)  Britton.  Astilbe.  This  species  was 
reported  by  Young  in  a  flora  of  Jefferson  County  but  he  did  not  report 
Aruncus  dioicus,  which  very  much  resembles  this  species.  J.  M.  Coulter 
and  C.  R.  Barnes  later  published  floras  of  the  same  county  and  reported 
Aruncus  dioicus  but  did  not  report  Astilbe  biternata.  Since  Astilbe  is 
found  in  the  area  to  the  southeast  of  Indiana  and  Aruncus  dioicus  is  fre- 
quent in  Jefferson  County,  where  Young  did  the  most  of  his  collecting,  it  is 
almost  certain  that  he  confused  the  two  plants. 

Mts.  of  Va.  to  N.  C,  Ga.,  and  Tenn. 

283.  Tiarella  cordifolia  L.  Allegheny  Foamflower.  Reported  from 
the  area  of  Delaware,  Jay,  Randolph,  and  Wayne  Counties  by  Phinney,  who 
says:  "Common  in  rich  woods."  Also  reported  from  St.  Joseph  County, 
upon  the  authority  of  Rothert,  by  Nieuwland  who  adds :  "I  have  nowhere 
found  it  within  the  region."  While  Indiana  is  within  the  possible  range  of 
the  species,  I  believe  that  it  has  been  confused  with  some  form  of 
Heuchera. 

N.  E.,  Ont.  to  Minn.,  southw.,  especially  in  the  mts.,  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 

284.  Heuchera  villosa  Michx.  This  species  was  reported  from  Clark 
County  by  Baird  &  Taylor  and  was  also  reported  in  Coulter's  Catalogue 
upon  the  authority  of  Barnes.  Since  the  typical  form  of  the  species  as  now 
understood  occurs  in  the  southern  Appalachian  Mountains,  these  records 
must  be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

285.  Mitella  NUDA  L.  Higley  &  Raddin  report  this  species  from  Lake 
County  as  growing  in  "moist  rich  woods  east  of  Berry  Lake  in  1884  and 
at  Miller  in  1886."  Pepoon  reported  it  as  common  in  Mineral  Springs  bog 
in  Porter  County.  Buhl,  in  his  Supplement  to  Pepoon's  "Flora  of  the  Chi- 
cago Region"  (Bull.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.  5:  10.  1934)  refers  this  report  to 
Mitella  diphylla. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Conn.,  Pa.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  and  Mont. 

286.  Philadelphus  coronarius  L.  Sweet  Mockorange.  Reported  by 
Nieuwland  as  an  escape  at  Notre  Dame.  Since  this  species  is  universally 
planted  throughout  the  state  and  this  is  the  only  report,  its  escape  at  Notre 
Dame  may,  for  the  present,  be  regarded  as  exceptional. 

Nat.  of  cent.  Eu. ;  escaped  from  gardens  in  Va.  and  Ohio,  and  sparingly 
in  the  Middle  and  Eastern  States. 


1056  Excluded  Species 

287.  Philadelphia  grandiflorus  Willd.  Big  Scentless  Mockorange. 
Reported  from  Clark  and  Jefferson  Counties.  The  specimens  were,  no 
doubt,  from  cultivated  plants  or  possibly  garden  escapes. 

Pa.  to  Va.,  Tenn.,  and  Fla. 

288.  Philadelphia  inodorus  L.  Scentless  Mockorange.  Reported 
from  Clark  and  Lawrence  Counties.  Both  reports,  no  doubt,  are  from 
planted  or  escaped  specimens.  In  1915  I  collected  a  specimen  in  Lawrence 
County  from  the  yard  of  the  George  Donaldson  home  near  Mitchell.  It  must 
have  been  planted  before  1883.  The  home  burned  many  years  ago  and  the 
yard  and  orchard  have  now  all  grown  up  to  large  forest  trees  but  the 
Philadelphus  still  persists. 

Va.  to  Ky.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Miss.,  principally  in  the  mts.  Escaped 
from  cultivation  in  Pa. 

289.  Ribes  glandulosum  Grauer.  (Ribes  prostratum  L'Her.  of  Gray, 
Man.,  ed.  7.)  Skunk  Currant.  This  species  was  reported  from  Jefferson 
County  by  Young  as  Ribes  prostratum.  Since  the  range  of  this  species  is 
far  to  the  north  of  this  county,  it  is  best  to  refer  this  report  to  some 
other  species. 

Lab.  and  Newf.  to  Athabasca,  southw.  to  n.  N.  E.,  Mich.,  Minn.,  and 
along  the  mts.  to  N.  C. 

290.  Ribes  odoratum  Wendl.  (Ribes  aureum  Pursh  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed. 
7.)  Golden  Currant.  This  species  has  been  reported  as  an  escape  in  two 
counties  and  I  have  seen  it  in  two  counties.  It  has  been  rather  common  in 
cultivation  for  a  long  time  and  since  it  has  not,  by  this  time,  escaped  to 
any  great  extent,  I  doubt  if  it  will  become  a  part  of  our  flora. 

Minn.,  S.  Dak.,  Mo.,  and  Tex.,  westw.  to  the  Rocky  Mts. 

291.  Ribes  sativum  (Reichenb.)  Syme.  (Ribes  vulgare  Lam.  of  Gray, 
Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Common  Red 
Currant.  This  species  has  been  reported  as  an  escape  by  six  authors.  It 
has  been  under  cultivation  since  pioneer  times  and  if  it  is  to  become  a  part 
of  our  flora  it  would  have  done  so  long  ago.  I  have  seen  it  as  an  escape 
only  once. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  escaped  from  cultivation,  Mass.  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  Va. 
and  Wis.,  and  in  Oreg.  and  B.  C. 

292.  Ribes  triste  Pallas.  Swamp  Red  Currant.  This  species  was  re- 
ported from  Clark  and  Jefferson  Counties  by  Stanley  Coulter,  who  says: 
"No  herbarium  specimens  have  been  examined."  Since  the  range  of  this 
species  is  far  north  of  these  counties,  this  report  should  be  referred  to 
some  other  species. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Mich.,  S.  Dak.,  and  Oreg.;  also  in 
n.  Asia. 

293.  Grossularia  oxyacanthoides  (L.)  Mill.  This  species  was  re- 
ported before  Grossularia  hirtella  was  recognized  by  our  manuals.    Since 


Excluded  Species  1057 

the  range  of  this  species  is  north  of  our  area,  I  am  referring  all  reports 
of  it  to  Grossularia  hirteUa. 

Newf.,  Hudson  Bay  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  n.  Mich,  and  N.  C. 

294.  Grossularia  reclinata  (L.)  Mill.  (Ribes  Grossularia  L.  of  Gray, 
Man.,  ed.  7.)  European  or  Garden  Gooseberry.  I  found  a  large  colony 
of  this  species  in  a  wooded  ravine  in  the  "knobs"  near  Brownstown,  Jack- 
son County.  This  is  the  only  record  so  it  can  not  be  regarded  as  established. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  along  roadsides  in  e.  N.  J.  and  se.  N.  Y. 

295.  Grossularia  rotundifolia  (Michx.)  Cov.  &  Britt.  (Ribes  rotund i- 
folium  Michx.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7.)  Roundleaf  Gooseberry.  Reported 
from  Clark  and  Jefferson  Counties.  Coulter,  in  his  Catalogue  of  the 
Plants  of  Indiana,  says :  "All  of  the  specimens  labeled  Ribes  rotundifolium 
that  have  come  to  my  notice  are  to  be  referred  to  Ribes  gracile"  which  is 
now  known  as  Grossularia  missouriensis.  A  specimen  labeled  Grossularia 
rotundifolia  collected  by  A.  H.  Young  in  Tippecanoe  County  is  in  the 
herbarium  of  Indiana  University  and  proves  to  be  Grossularia  missourien- 
sis. Since  the  range  of  the  species  reported  is  far  from  our  area,  it  is  best 
to  exclude  it. 

Rocky  woods,  mostly  in  the  mts.  from  Mass.  to  N.  C. 

296.  Grossularia  setosa  (Lindl.)  Cov.  &  Britt.  (Ribes  setosum  Lindl.) 
Bristly  Gooseberry.  This  species  was  reported  by  Wolcott  &  Montgomery 
as  found  in  the  Mineral  Springs  bog  in  Porter  County.  I  have  not  seen  the 
specimen  and  since  the  range  of  the  species  is  west  of  our  area,  without 
doubt  the  determination  is  incorrect,  and  it  is  excluded. 

Berger  gives  the  distribution  as  "Cent.  Western  North  America." 

297.  Spiraea  japonica  L.  f.  Japanese  Spirea.  I  found  this  species  in 
1919  as  a  frequent  shrub  on  the  wooded  bluff  of  the  Ohio  River  about  6 
miles  east  of  Cannelton,  Perry  County.  In  1923  I  found  several  colonies  in 
a  deep,  wooded  ravine  near  Dodd  Post  Office  which  is  about  a  mile  farther 
up  the  river.  It  is  well  established  in  this  vicinity  where  it  seemed  per- 
fectly hardy.  I  transplanted  some  of  it  to  our  home  in  Bluffton  where  it 
has  been  growing  vigorously  ever  since.  Since  the  species  is  not  extensively 
planted,  it  may  not  become  a  common  escape. 

Nat.  of  Japan ;  Conn,  to  Pa. 

298.  Spiraea  latifolia  (Ait.)  Borkh.  Pink  Meadow  Spirea.  This 
species  was  reported  from  White  County  by  Heimlich.  He  questioned  the 
identification  and  believed  it  belonged  to  Spiraea  alba,  to  which  it  no  doubt 
did  belong.    Other  reports  should  be  referred  to  the  same  species. 

Newf.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Va.  and  w.  Pa. ;  the  common  spirea  of  N.  E. 
and  the  Coastal  Plain. 

299.  Spiraea  tomentosa  var.  rosea  (Raf.)  Fern.  This  variety,  instead 
of  the  species,  was  reported  from  the  Dune  Region  by  Peattie.  I  have  seen 
his  specimen, which  is  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Field  Museum,  and  it  is  the 
common  form  of  the  species  in  Indiana. 


1058  Excluded  Species 

300.  Gillenia  trifoliata  (L.)  Moench.  {Porter anthus  trifoliatiis  (L.) 
Britt.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Bowmansroot.  Reported 
from  Clark  County  by  Baird  &  Taylor  and  from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley 
by  Schneck.  The  fact  that  both  authors  also  reported  Gillenia  stipulata 
supports  their  reports.  Schaffner  in  his  latest  list  of  the  plants  of  Ohio 
carries  the  species  but  says:  "No  specimens."  The  record  from  Michigan 
is  based  upon  a  report  by  N.  W.  Winchell  who  says  this  specimen  was 
deposited  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Michigan.  J.  H.  Ehlers, 
curator,  writes  me  that  Winchell's  specimen  is  not  there.  In  the  absence  of 
specimens,  the  species  is  excluded. 

N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mo. 

301.  Pyrus  communis  L.  Common  Pear.  Nieuwland  and  Wilson  re- 
ported this  species  as  escaping.  I  have  seen  a  few  small  trees  in  woodland 
and  along  fence  rows  but  I  do  not  believe  those  of  the  woodland  in  Indiana 
are  able  to  maintain  themselves.  The  pear  has  had  ample  time  to  escape 
in  the  state  and  if  it  has  done  so  and  is  maintaining  itself  someone  would 
make  mention  of  the  fact. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  w.  Asia ;  often  escaped  and  naturalized. 

302.  Malus  angustifolia  (Ait.)  Michx.  Southern  Crab.  Reported 
from  Indiana  but  since  this  is  a  southern  species  our  records  must  belong 
to  some  other  species. 

Va.  to  Fla.  and  Miss. 

303.  Malus  pumila  L.  Common  Apple.  This  species  has  been  reported 
from  several  counties  but  I  am  excluding  it  because  no  author  says  that  it 
is  maintaining  itself.  I  have  seen  fruiting  specimens  along  fences  and  in 
woodland  but  search  failed  to  show  any  offspring.  In  St.  Joseph  County 
about  6  miles  southwest  of  South  Bend  I  saw  possibly  25  trees  in  moist, 
sandy  soil  in  the  Rupel  woods  where  it  joined  a  marl,  treeless  swamp. 
Since  the  trees  were  approximately  the  same  size  the  indications  were  that 
they  had  not  reproduced  and  that  they  might  have  all  been  planted  there. 
In  Elkhart  County  on  the  north  side  of  Simonton  Lake  there  is  a  small 
colony  of  trees  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  any  of  them  were  self  sown. 
Since  during  the  past  years  millions  of  apple  cores  have  been  cast  aside 
along  roadsides  and  fences  and  in  public  grounds  and  woodland,  it  is  sur- 
prising that  we  do  not  find  many  more  "wild  apples"  than  we  do.  Sufficient 
time  has  elapsed  for  someone  to  have  found  it  where  it  is  maintaining  itself 
but  I  find  no  such  record.  I  believe  it  is  best  to  treat  as  occasional 
escapes  species  of  this  kind  where  millions  of  seed  are  scattered  through- 
out the  state  on  all  kinds  of  soils  and  no  reproduction  follows. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  w.  Asia;  cultivated  since  ancient  times. 

304.  S6RBUS  Americana  Marsh.  The  first  specimen  of  this  genus  which 
I  found  was  collected  in  La  Porte  County  and  I  named  it  this  species. 
Nieuwland,  upon  my  authority,  reported  it  in  a  list  of  "Local  plants."  1 
now  refer  the  specimen  to  Sorbus  Aucuparia  L. 

Newf.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Mich. 


Excluded  Species  1U59 

305.  Sorbus  Aucuparia  L.  My  specimens  of  this  species  were  named 
by  a  recognized  authority  and  I  reported  them  as  such.  I  found  a  small 
tree  in  La  Porte  County  in  an  open  woods  which  has  been  cleared.  I 
found  a  small  tree  in  St.  Joseph  County  and  it  was  later  killed  by  the 
San  Jose  scale.  Lyon,  Nieuwland,  and  Just  found  a  colony  in  a  woods  in 
St.  Joseph  County  that  was  apparently  established.  It  shoud  be  placed 
upon  probation  before  admitting  it  as  established. 

Eu.  to  w.  Asia  and  Siberia. 

306.  Sorbus  scopulina  Greene.  Reported  by  Nieuwland  &  Just  from 
St.  Joseph  County.  I  am  referring  reports  of  this  species  from  Indiana  to 
Sorbus  Aucuparia  L.  S.  scopulina  is  a  far  western  species  and  probably 
does  not  reach  Indiana. 

S.  D.,  N.  Mex.,  Ariz.,  and  Oreg. 

307.  SORBUS  SUBVESTITA  Greene.  I  am  referring  all  reports  of  this 
species  from  Indiana  to  Sorbus  Aucuparia  L.  and  Sorbus  decora  (Sarg.) 
Schneid. 

Type  locality  in  Minn. 

308.  Aronia  arbutifolia  (L.)  Ell.  Reported  by  some  of  the  early 
authors  but  no  doubt  all  reports  should  be  referred  to  one  of  the  species 
given  in  the  text.  This  species  has  red  fruit  and  is  very  much  like  Aronia 
floribunda  which,  when  better  known,  may  be  regarded  as  only  a  variety 
of  this  species.  I  believe,  however,  that  the  red-fruited  form  does  not  occur 
in  Indiana. 

Mass.  to  w.  Minn.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

309.  Amelanchier  intermedia  Spach.  This  shadbush  was  reported 
from  Lake  and  St.  Joseph  Counties  by  Nieuwland.  These  reports  should  no 
doubt  be  transferred  to  some  other  species. 

N.  S.,  n.  Mich.,  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  C. 

310.  Amelanchier  oblongifolia  (T.  &  G.)  Roem.  There  are  4  reports 
for  this  species  or  for  forms  whose  names  are  now  referred  to  this  species. 
Since  its  distribution,  according  to  Wiegand,  is  restricted  to  the  Atlantic 
Coastal  Plain  no  doubt  the  reports  should  be  referred  to  some  other 
species. 

Coastal  Plain  from  s.  Maine  to  S.  C.  and  possibly  to  Ga. 

311.  Amelanchier  sanguinea  (Pursh)  DC.  There  are  4  reports  for 
this  species  under  this  name  and  names  now  referred  to  this  species.  Since 
this  species  as  understood  by  Wiegand  does  not  occur  in  our  area,  these 
reports  undoubtedly  should  be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

Maine,  Que.,  Ont.,  and  Minn.,  southw.  through  N.  Y.  along  the  mts.  to 
n.  Ala. 

312-338.  Crataegus  species.  Twenty  seven  species  are  listed  on  page 
554. 


1060  Excluded  Species 

339.  RUBUS  allegheniensis  X  argutus.  This  hybrid  was  reported  by 
me  in  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1915:  136.  1916.  It  was  based  upon  my  no. 
15883  which  Bailey  refers  to  Rubus  argutus  Link. 

340.  Rubus  allegheniensis  X  recurvans.  This  hybrid  was  reported 
by  me  in  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1916:  320.  1917.  My  Allen  County  speci- 
men no.  19871,  Bailey  refers  to  Rubus  abortus  Bailey.  My  other  specimens, 
no.  20235  from  De  Kalb  County,  no.  19948  from  Elkhart  County,  no. 
21283  from  Franklin  County,  and  no.  20088  from  Lake  County,  Bailey 
refers  to  Rubus  allegheniensis  Porter. 

341.  Rubus  Alumnus  Bailey.  The  reports  of  this  species  in  Deam's 
"Shrubs  of  Indiana,"  ed.  2,  p.  117.  1924,  from  Knox  and  La  Porte  Counties 
are  now  referred  to  Rubus  impos  Bailey. 

342.  Rubus  argutus  X  invisus.  I  reported  this  hybrid  in  Proc.  In- 
diana Acad.  Sci.  1915:  136.  1916.  It  was  based  upon  my  no.  10825  which 
Bailey  refers  to  Rubus  allegheniensis. 

343.  Rubus  argutus  X  procumbens.  This  hybrid  was  reported  by  me 
in  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1915 :  136.  1916.  It  was  based  upon  my  no. 
9210  from  Decatur  County  which  Bailey  now  refers  to  Rubus  frondosus. 

344.  Rubus  argutus  X  recurvans.  This  hybrid  was  reported  by  me  in 
Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1916:  320.  1917.  The  Porter  County  record  was 
based  upon  my  no.  20032  which  is  now  referred  to  Rubus  abactus  Bailey. 
The  Wayne  County  record  was  based  upon  my  no.  20249  and  is  now  re- 
ferred to  Rubus  ostryifolius  Rydb. 

345.  Rubus  Andrewsianus  Blanchard.  Reported  from  St.  Joseph 
County  by  Nieuwland  in  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  4:70.  1915.  Bailey  is  now 
referring  this  species  to  Rubus  ostryifolius  Rydb. 

346.  Rubus  Baileyanus  Britt.  I  reported  this  species  in  Proc.  Indiana 
Acad.  Sci.  1916:  319.  1917  from  Allen,  Bartholomew,  Clark,  Crawford,  Elk- 
hart, Harrison,  Lagrange,  Marshall,  Starke,  and  Steuben  Counties.  These 
are  now  referred  to  Rubus  flagellaris.  It  was  reported  by  McDonald  from 
St.  Joseph  County  in  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  15:223.  1934.  I  think  all  of  our 
reports  for  this  species  should  now  be  referred  to  Rubus  flagellaris  because 
Bailey  says :  "The  name  has  been  applied  generally  in  the  North  to  forms 
of  R.  flagellaris."  Bailey  (Gentes  Herbarum  2:325.  1932)  now  regards 
this  species  as  belonging  to  the  area  to  the  southeast  of  us. 

347.  Rubus  Baileyanus  X  Enslenii.  This  hybrid  was  reported  by  me 
in  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1918:  147.  1919.  It  was  based  upon  my  no. 
22894  from  Vanderburgh  County  which  is  now  referred  to  Rubus 
flagellaris. 

348.  Rubus  betulifolius  Small.  I  reported  this  species  in  Proc.  In- 
diana Acad.  Sci.  1916:319.  1917.  My  Pike  County  record  was  based  upon 
my  no.  16967,  and  the  Posey  County  record  was  based  upon  my  no.  16850, 
both  of  which  are  now  referred  to  Rubus  argutus. 


Excluded  Species  1061 

349.  Rubus  canadensis  L.  This  species  was  reported  by  J.  M.  Coulter  in 
Indiana  Geol.  Rept.  6 :242.  1875.  I  have  seen  his  specimen  in  the  herbarium 
of  Wabash  College  and  it  is  Rubus  liisjridus.  The  report  from  Monroe 
County  by  Andrews  can  not  be  checked  because  he  preserved  no  specimen, 
but  doubtless  the  report  should  be  referred  to  some  other  species.  I  have  not 
been  able  to  verify  the  report  from  the  dunes  (Flora  of  the  Indiana  Dunes, 
p.  227,  1930)  by  Peattie,  who  says:  "Frequent  throughout."  If  it  is  fre- 
quent throughout  it  is  rather  surprising  that  no  one  else  has  collected  it. 
Since  the  species  is  a  northern  one,  this  report  may  be  authentic,  but  I  am 
excluding  it  for  lack  of  a  verifying  specimen. 

350.  Rubus  canadensis  var.  Randii  Bailey.  (Gentes  Herbarum  3:261. 
1934.)  Peattie  (Flora  of  the  Indiana  Dunes,  p.  227,  1930)  reported  Rubus 
Randii  (Bailey)  Rydb.  as  found  in  "shaded  and  somewhat  sandy  ground, 
Dune  Park,  and  perhaps  elsewhere."  Bailey  has  made  a  recent  study  of 
this  form  and  restricts  its  distribution  to  the  type  locality  in  Maine.  Thus 
it  is  evident  that  what  Peattie  had  at  hand  is  some  related  form  and  I 
exclude  it  for  lack  of  a  verifying  specimen. 

351.  Rubus  Enslenii  X  frondosus.  This  hybrid  was  reported  from 
Grant  County  (Fairmount)  by  Brainerd  &  Peitersen  in  Vermont  Agric. 
Exp.  Sta.  Bull.  217:82.  1920.  I  have  no  duplicate,  therefore  1  can  not 
determine  to  which  species  I  would  now  refer  it. 

352.  Rubus  FLORIDUS  Tratt.  I  reported  this  species  in  Proc.  Indiana 
Acad.  Sci.  1916:319.  1917  from  Harrison  County  under  no.  20518.  Bailey 
refers  this  number  to  Rubus  argutus  Link. 

353.  Rubus  floricomus  Blanchard.  This  species  was  reported  by 
Peattie  (Flora  of  the  Indiana  Dunes,  p.  226,  1930).  Bailey  now  refers  this 
species  to  Rubus  ostryifolius  Rydb.  which  is  recognized  in  the  text. 

354.  Rubus  idaeus  L.  Reported  by  Nieuwland  (Amer.  Midland  Nat. 
4:70.  1915)  as  an  escape  near  Hudson  Lake,  La  Porte  County.  This  is  our 
common  cultivated  red  raspberry. 

355.  Rubus  idaeus  var.  anomalus  Arrh.  This  variety  was  reported 
from  the  dune  area  by  both  Peattie  and  Pepoon.  Greene  described  Batidea 
heterodoxa  from  a  collection  made  May  29,  1897  by  Umbach  in  a  woods 
near  Clarke,  Lake  County.  Peattie  paraphrases  a  part  of  the  description 
and  cites  the  name  as  a  synonym.  Pepoon  also  cites  the  Umbach  collection. 
Fernald  (Rhodora  21:96.  1919)  refers  Greene's  species  and  this  variety  as 
used  by  Peattie  and  Pepoon  to  Rubus  idaeus  var.  strigosus  (Michx.) 
Maxim. 

356.  Rubus  invisus  Bailey.  This  species  was  reported  by  me  (Proc. 
Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1915:  137.  1916)  from  Brown  and  Clark  Counties.  Both 
specimens  are  now  referred  to  Rubus  flagellaris  Willd. 


1062  Excluded  Species 

357.  Rubus  laciniatus  Willd.  This  species  was  found  August  4,  1935 
by  Scott  McCoy  in  a  sterile,  fallow  field  near  the  Bird  Sanctuary  at  Lake 
Maxinkuckee,  Marshall  County. 

Origin  unknown  but  it  was  known  before  1770.  It  is  sometimes  culti- 
vated and  often  escapes. 

358.  Rubus  pergratus  Blanchard.  This  species  was  reported  from 
Putnam  County  for  Grimes  in  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1923:142.  1924, 
and  from  White  County  by  Heimlich  in  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1922 :286. 
1923.  I  have  not  seen  these  specimens  and  since  Bailey  in  his  discussion  of 
the  species  (Gentes  Herbarum  2:  399.  1932  and  2:  44.  1932)  is  not  con- 
vinced that  this  species  is  entirely  distinct  from  its  related  species  or  that 
it  occurs  in  our  area,  I  prefer  to  omit  it  until  its  status  is  more  definite. 

359.  Rubus  procumbens  Muhl.  This  species  has  been  reported  from 
several  counties  by  several  authors.  Bailey  refers  this  species  to  Rubus 
flagellaHs  Willd. 

360.  Rubus  RECURVANS  Blanchard.  I  reported  this  species  (Proc.  In- 
diana Acad.  Sci.  1915:  137.  1916)  from  Elkhart,  Lagrange,  and  Whitley 
Counties.   Bailey  now  refers  these  reports  to  Rubus  abactus  Bailey. 

361.  Rubus  trivialis  Michx.  Reported  from  Parke  County  by  Esten 
(Butler  Univ.  Bot.  Stud.  2:  192.  1932).  Since  the  range  of  this  species  is 
far  to  the  south  of  Indiana  I  refer  this  report  to  some  other  species. 

362.  Rubus  villosus  Ait.  Reported  by  many  of  the  early  authors  and 
some  of  the  later  authors.  This  species  has  had  several  interpretations 
placed  upon  it  in  the  history  of  the  study  of  the  genus  so  it  is  useless  to 
try  to  identify  these  reports  from  published  records. 

363.  Rubus  villosus  var.  humifusus  T.  &  G.  This  variety  has  been 
reported  mostly  by  our  very  early  authors  when  the  status  of  the  variety 
was  a  complex  and  it  is  now  impossible  to  identify  the  reports  from 
published  records  without  the  specimens. 

364.  Fragaria  vesca  f.  alba  (Ehrh.)  Rydb.  Found  by  Mrs.  H.  E. 
Bucklin  on  the  Bucklin  farm  about  6  miles  east  of  Brazil  in  Clay  County. 
This  was  an  abandoned  farm  when  purchased  and  Mrs.  Bucklin  has  no 
positive  record  of  the  plant.  She  sent  me  a  few  plants  in  1926  and  they  have 
multiplied  freely  until  the  present  time,  long  after  cultivation  was  with- 
drawn. Fruit  elongate-ovoid  with  a  neck. 

365.  Fragaria  vesca  var.  Americana  Porter.  (Fragaria  americana 
(Porter)  Britton  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  American 
Strawberry.  This  form  has  been  reported  from  Putnam  County  by  both 
Grimes  and  Wilson.  I  have  seen  the  Grimes  specimen,  which  is  in  the 
herbarium  of  DePauw  University  and  it  is  typical  Fragaria  vesca.  The 
report  from  Wells  County  is  now  referred  to  the  species. 

366.  PotentIlla  recta  var.  obscura  Koch.  Wilson  reported  a  speci- 
men of  Potentilla  sulphurea  Lam.  from  Putnam  County  which  may  be  this 


Excluded  Species  1063 

variety  but  I  have  not  seen  his  specimen.    This  is  a  European  variety 
which  is  slowly  becoming  established  in  the  United  States. 

367.  Potentilla  canadensis  L.  This  species  has  often  been  reported 
for  the  state  but  as  the  species  is  now  understood  it  does  not  occur  in  our 
area  and  undoubtedly  all  of  our  reports  should  be  referred  to  Potentilla 
simplex  var.  typica. 

Maine  to  S.  C,  east  of  the  Appalachian  Mts.  and  inland  across  N.  Y.  to 
sw.  Ont.  and  n.  Ohio. 

368.  Geum  macrophyllum  Willd.  This  is  a  northern  species  which 
Blatchley  reported  from  Vigo  County  and  Grimes  reported  from  Tipton 
County.  Blatchley  reported  Geum  canadense,  Geum  vernum,  and  Geum 
macrophyllum.  Since  he  did  not  report  all  the  species  that  might  occur 
there,  it  is  best  to  refer  his  report  to  one  of  the  species  which  he  did  not 
report.  I  have  seen  the  Grimes  specimen  from  Tipton  County  and  it  is 
Geum  laciniatum. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  Y.,  n.  Mich.,  Colo.,  Mo.,  and  Calif. 

369.  Geum  Peckii  Pursh.  Wilson  reported  this  species  from  Hamilton 
and  Marion  Counties  saying  it  was  common.  Since  Wilson  reported  only 
Geum  canadense,  Geum  vernum,  and  Geum  Peckii  and  did  not  report  Geum 
virginianum  of  our  manuals,  which  occurs  in  that  area,  it  is  safe  to  refer 
his  record  to  Geum  laciniatum  or  its  variety. 

White  Mts.  of  N.  H.  and  Mt.  Kineo,  Maine. 

370.  Filipendula  Ulmaria  (L.)  Maxim.  European  Meadowsweet. 
In  1923  I  found  a  large  clump  of  this  species  on  the  fill  to  the  approach  of  a 
small  bridge  about  one  and  three  fourths  miles  southeast  of  Mongo  in 
Lagrange  County.  The  nearest  habitation  was  about  40  rods  away  and  this 
species  was  not  growing  there.  This  is  the  only  time  I  have  found  it  as 
an  escape. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  Que.,  southw.  to  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  and  Ohio. 

371.  Agrimonia  microcarpa  Wallr.  This  species  was  reported  from 
Clark  and  Marion  Counties.  The  range  of  the  species  is  sufficient  reason 
to  regard  these  reports  as  wrong  determinations. 

Pa.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Tex. 

372.  Agrimonia  striata  Michx.  This  was  reported  by  Andrews  from 
Monroe  County  and  by  Wilson  from  Hamilton  and  Marion  Counties. 
There  is  no  specimen  and  these  reports  are  doubtless  based  on  wrong 

determinations. 

Newf.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  W.  Va.,  111.,  Nebr.,  S.  Dak.,  Wyo.,  and  N.  Mex. 

373.  SANGUISORBA  minor  Scop.  (Poterium  Sanguisorba  L.  of  Britton 
and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Small  Burnet.  This  species  was  found 
in  a  field  in  the  southeast  corner  of  Lawrence  County  in  the  summer  of 
1914  and  reported  by  M.  L.  Fisher,  who  said  it  was  introduced  in  grass 

seed. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia ;  Maine  to  w.  N.  Y.  and  Md. 


1064  Excluded  Species 

374.  Rosa  acicularis  Lindl.  Prickly  Rose.  This  species  has  been  re- 
ported from  Lake  County  by  Cowles,  Hill,  and  Pepoon  and  from  Porter 
County  by  Nieuwland  for  Cowles.  Mrs.  Erlanson  writes  me  that  this 
species  does  not  occur  in  Indiana  and  that  all  reports  should  be  referred  to 
other  species  or  more  probably  to  some  natural  hybrid. 

375.  Rosa  canina  L.  Dogbrier.  I  have  found  this  species  as  an  escape 
in  Harrison,  Lagrange,  and  St.  Joseph  Counties.  Also  reported  from  St. 
Joseph  County  by  Nieuwland. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia. 

376.  Rosa  gallica  L.  French  Rose.  I  have  found  this  rose  as  an 
escape  in  La  Porte  and  Tipton  Counties. 

Nat,  of  Eu. ;  N.  E.  to  Ind. 

377.  Rosa  multiflora  Thunb.  Japanese  Rose.  In  1933  I  found  a 
specimen  of  this  species  far  removed  from  a  dwelling  on  the  wooded  border 
of  a  small  stream  about  4  miles  southwest  of  Canaan,  Jefferson  County. 

Nat.  of  Japan  and  China;  Md.,  Ala.,  and  Costa  Rica. 

378.  Rosa  pimpinellifolia  L.  In  1932  I  found  a  colony  of  this  species 
along  the  Monon  Railroad  about  one  and  an  eighth  miles  south  of  Ladoga 
in  Montgomery  County.    It  seems  to  be  spontaneous  here. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  sparingly  naturalized,  N.  H.  to  Ont.  and  111. 

379.  Prunus  angustifolia  var.  Watsoni  (Sarg.)  Waugh.  I  now  refer 
to  the  species  the  specimens  formerly  called  this  variety.  See  Deam's 
"Shrubs  of  Indiana,"  ed.  2. 

380.  Prunus  Cerasus  L.  Sour  Cherry.  This  species  is  no  doubt 
sometimes  spontaneous  in  Indiana  but  there  are  only  two  or  three  reports 
which  I  do  not  believe  are  sufficient  to  regard  it  as  established. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

381.  Prunus  cuneata  Raf.  In  the  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1920:227. 
1921  I  referred  the  broadleaf  forms  of  my  Prunus  pumila  to  this  species. 
I  now  regard  these  specimens  as  broadleaf  forms  of  Primus  pumila. 
Fernald  regards  this  species  as  a  synonym  of  Prunus  susquehanae  Willd. 
(Rhodora  25:73.   1923). 

382.  Prunus  Persica  (L.)  Stokes.  (Amygdalus  persica  L.  of  Britton 
and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Peach.  Reported  as  spontaneous  from 
three  counties.  Since  there  are  annually  thousands  of  peach  seed  cast 
aside  along  roadsides,  fences  and  in  fields,  waste  places,  and  woodland,  the 
surprising  thing  is  that  this  species  is  not  common  or  at  least  frequent.  It 
is,  no  doubt,  more  common  than  reports  indicate  but  I  do  not  believe  it 
should  be  included  in  our  flora. 

Nat.  of  Asia. 

383.  Prunus  susquehanae  Willd.  Reported  from  the  dunes  area  by 
Peattie.  Fernald  (Rhodora  25:74.  1923)  cites  Hill's  specimen  no.  117 
from  a  dune  near  Indiana  Harbor  as  belonging  to  this  species.    I  believe 


Excluded  Species  1065 

all  of  the  sand  cherries  of  Indiana  belong  to  the  same  species  and  I  have 
placed  them  under  the  name  of  Primus  pumila.  Peattie,  in  his  key,  says 
the  fruit  of  Prunus  pumila  is  "purple  or  black"  and  that  of  Prunus  sus- 
quehanae  is  "claret  red."  I  have  noted  the  difference  in  color  in  that  the 
fruit  of  all  the  plants  are  claret  red  at  first  and  at  maturity  are  black  or 
purplish,  turning  from  a  red  to  black  just  as  do  species  of  Aronia,  Amelan- 
chier,  and  Rhamnus.  To  find  one  plant  with  black  fruit  and  one  with  claret 
red  fruit  is  not  evidence  of  two  species  unless  supported  by  other  dif- 
ferences. 

384.  Cassia  Tora  L.  This  species  has  been  reported  from  Clark,  Floyd, 
and  Jefferson  Counties.  It  does  not  appear  in  a  list  of  plants  collected  by 
Dr.  Clapp  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Albany.  Although  Indiana  is  included  in 
its  range  in  Gray's  Manual,  there  is  no  specimen  in  the  Gray  Herbarium. 
Since  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  a  specimen  it  is  excluded. 

Pa.  to  Ind.  and  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. ;  also  from  Mex.  to  Bolivia 
and  in  the  tropics  of  the  Old  World. 

385.  Baptisia  alba  (L.)  R.  Br.  Reported  from  Floyd  County  on  the 
authority  of  Clapp.  Before  the  publication  of  Gray's  Manual  in  1840  this 
species  was  not  separated  from  Baptisia  leucantha.  Clapp,  in  his  Medicinal 
Plants  of  the  U.  S.,  published  in  1852,  had  dropped  this  species  and  re- 
ported Baptisia  leucantha. 

Atlantic  Coastal  Plain  from  N.  C.  to  Fla. 

386.  Medicago  hispida  Gaertn.  This  species  was  reported  without  data 
from  Monroe  County  by  Andrews.  Since  no  specimen  was  preserved  and 
there  is  no  evidence  that  it  is  established,  it  is  excluded. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia ;  sparingly  found  in  the  Atlantic  Coast  and  Pacific  Coast 
States  and  rarely  found  in  the  interior;  more  common  in  the  Gulf  States 
and  southw. 

387.  Medicago  hybrida  (Pourr.)  Traut.  This  species  was  reported 
by  Hansen  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1923:  216.  1924)  as  found  along 
fence  rows  on  the  Purdue  University  Agricultural  Experiment  Station 
farm.  Search  for  it  in  1934  showed  that  it  had  entirely  disappeared. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

388.  Trifolium  incarnatum  L.  Crimson  Clover.  There  are  only  two 
reports  of  this  species  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  either  specimen  was  an 
escape.   At  least  there  is  no  evidence  that  it  has  become  established. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  naturalized  along  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Maine  to  Va. 

389.  Trifolium  reflexum  L.  This  species  was  reported  by  Blatchley, 
Coulter,  and  Schneck.  I  have  the  Blatchley  specimen  and  it  should  be 
referred  to  the  variety.  It  is  doubtful  whether  the  species  occurs  in 
Indiana  and  I  believe  all  of  our  reports  belong  to  the  variety.  Since  our 
manuals  do  not  separate  the  glabrous  form  from  the  pubescent  one,  the 
range  of  the  species  in  them  includes  the  range  of  the  variety.  I  have  seen 
specimens  from  North  Carolina,  Missouri,  Florida,  Georgia,  and  Texas. 


1066  Excluded  Species 

390.  Trifolium  stoloniferum  Muhl.  Higley  &  Raddin  reported  this 
species  as  found  along  the  railroad  near  Indiana  Harbor.  Coulter  reports 
it  from  Marion  County  on  the  authority  of  Copeland  but  no  data  are  given. 
In  the  absence  of  a  verifying  specimen  the  species  is  excluded  from  Indiana. 

Ohio  to  Iowa,  south w.  to  Tenn.,  Mo.,  and  Kans. 

391.  Hosackia  Americana  (Nutt.)  Piper.  This  species  was  found  by 
Fred  Donaghy  "in  an  old  fallow  field  bordering  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
a  mile  or  so  east  of  Brazil  on  August  22,  1934."  This  is  our  first  report 
and  further  observation  is  required  to  ascertain  whether  it  has  become  a 
member  of  our  flora.  In  1935  I  found  a  few  specimens  in  a  sand  pit  along 
a  railroad  in  Porter  County. 

Dry  soil,  Minn,  to  N.  Dak.,  Idaho,  Mo.,  Ark.,  Tex.,  N.  Mex.,  and 
Sonora,  Mex. 

392.  Amorpha  nana  Nutt.  Through  some  error  this  species  was  re- 
ported from  a  gravelly  slope  on  the  east  side  of  Winona  Lake  in  Kosciusko 
County.  I  have  collected  and  studied  specimens  from  this  slope  and  this 
colony  belongs  to  Amorpha  canescens  Nutt. 

Iowa  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  Kans.  and  N.  Mex. 

393.  Wisteria  frutescens  (L.)  Poir.  (Krauhnia  frutescens  (L.) 
Small  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This  species  was  reported 
from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  by  Schneck;  Jay  County  by  Phinney  who 
says:  "Scarce";  Kosciusko  County  by  Coulter;  and  White  County  by 
Heimlich.  The  reports  from  northern  Indiana  may  be  escapes  while  those 
of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  may  be  native.  Heimlich  wrote  me  that  it  was 
abundant  in  White  County  near  Norway  and  Buffalo  along  the  Tippecanoe 
River  and  also  east  of  Monon.  I  have  searched  the  Tippecanoe  River  for 
it  at  the  places  named  and  I  also  went  along  Monon  Creek  east  of  Monon 
for  more  than  a  mile  but  I  failed  to  find  it. 

Unless  a  specimen  is  found,  this  species  will  be  regarded  as  extinct,  or 
the  report  assumed  to  have  been  based  upon  an  escape  or  a  wrongly  deter- 
mined plant.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  manuals  of  the  time  when  the  reports 
were  made,  except  that  of  Heimlich,  did  not  recognize  Wisteria  macros- 
tachya,  to  which  species,  no  doubt,  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  reports  should 
be  referred. 

Coastal  Plain  from  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ala. 

394.  Robinia  hispida  L.  Rose  Acacia.  This  species  was  reported 
(Amer.  Bot.  40:  81.  1934)  as  persisting  on  the  site  of  an  abandoned  habi- 
tation east  of  Gary,  Lake  County.  I  have  been  told,  also,  that  it  was 
growing  in  Scott  County,  northeast  of  Scottsburg  in  the  yard  of  an  aban- 
doned home,  where  it  was  well  established.  There  is  a  large,  dense  colony 
near  the  base  of  a  wooded  dune  a  short  distance  north  of  t*he  Baltimore  & 
Ohio  Railroad  about  8  miles  west  of  Chesterton,  Porter  County.  Madge 
McKee  reports  a  rank  thicket  of  it  along  the  roadside  in  sec.  32  of  Mc- 
Clellan  Township,  Newton  County.    In  1937  I  noted  a  colony  a  hundred 


Excluded  Species  1067 

feet  long  on  the  border  of  an  old  orchard  near  Culver.    This  species  is 
widely  cultivated  and  may  escape. 


o< 


595.  Astragalus  glycyphyllos  L.  This  species  was  reported  in  1926 
from  Fulton  County  by  Hansen.  A  large  colony  was  found  on  the  farm  of 
Louis  Murray  in  sec.  23,  Newcastle  Twp.  I  visited  the  place  in  1934  and 
found  it  common  over  an  area  of  several  square  rods.  I  interviewed  Mr. 
Murray  who  said  it  had  persisted  for  more  than  75  years  and  had  always 
been  known  there  as  "Fits  Root." 

Cent.  Eu.  and  w.  Asia. 

396.  Astragalus  plattensis  Nutt.  Reported  in  Coulter's  Catalogue 
as  a  migrant  found  near  Lafayette  Junction,  Tippecanoe  County. 

Minn,  to  Colo,  and  Tex. 

397.  Astragalus  tennesseensis  Gray.  {Geoprumnon  tennesseense 
(Gray)  Rydb.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This  species  was 
reported  from  Tippecanoe  County  by  Stuart  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 
1901:  283.  1902.)  He  writes:  "This  plant  was  collected  in  sandy  bottom 
land  along  Wea  Creek,  about  four  miles  south  of  Lafayette,  and  some  two 
hundred  yards  down  stream  from  the  Wabash  Railroad  bridge.  Not  very 
abundant  ...  in  fruit  the  latter  part  of  May."  I  have  not  been  able  to 
find  it  here. 

111.,  Tenn.,  and  Ala. 

398.  Glycyrrhiza  lepidota  (Nutt.)  Pursh.  Wild  Licorice.  A  specimen 
of  this  species  was  collected  by  Edwin  D.  Hull  on  July  17,  1934  along  the 
Wabash  Railroad  near  the  eastern  limit  of  Lake  County. 

Hudson  Bay  and  Minn,  to  Mo.,  N.  Mex.,  and  westw. ;  also  as  a  migrant 

eastw. 

399.  Aeschynomene  viRginica  (L.)  BSP.  Reported  from  Lake  County 
without  comment  by  T.  H.  Ball  in  a  "History  of  Lake  County,"  p.  167,  1884. 
Since  the  range  of  the  species  is  outside  Indiana,  I  regard  this  report  as  an 
error  in  determination. 

Coastal  Plain  from  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

400.  Desmodium  glabellum  (Michx.)  DC.  (Meibomia  glabella 
(Michx.)  Ktze.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Reported  from 
Vigo  County  by  Blatchley  as  frequent  along  the  canal  near  Five-mile  Pond 
and  along  the  roadside  near  Heckland.  I  have  seen  no  specimens  and  I  have 
not  been  able  to  revisit  the  stations  mentioned. 

Coastal  Plain  from  Mass.  to  Ala. 

401.  Lespedeza  angustifolia  (Pursh)  Ell.  This  species  was  first  re- 
ported from  Lake  County  by  Hill  who  discusses  it  at  length  (Bot.  Gaz.  9: 
47.  1884).  It  was  also  reported  from  Vigo  County  by  Blatchley.  I  have 
the  Blatchley  specimen  and  it  is  not  this  species.  The  Tippecanoe  County 
record  is  based  on  a  specimen  too  immature  for  correct  determination.  I 
have  not  seen  the  Cass  County  specimen.  The  species,  as  now  understood, 
is  an  Atlantic  coast  species  and  does  not  occur  in  our  area;  so,  no  doubt, 
all  of  our  reports  should  be  referred  to  some  other  species,  probably  to 
some  narrow  leaflet  form  of  Lespedeza  capitata. 


1068  Excluded  Species 

402.  Lespedeza  capitata  var.  stenophylla  Bissel  &  Fern.  Reported  from 
White  County  by  Heimlich.  He  says  the  determination  was  made  at  the 
Gray  Herbarium.  I  have  tried  to  rediscover  this  form  where  Heimlich 
said  he  found  it  but  all  I  could  find  are  narrowleaf  forms  of  the  species. 
Lespedeza  capitata  is  so  variable  in  the  form  of  its  leaflets  and  the  amount 
and  length  of  its  pubescence  that  it  is  a  question  whether  it  is  advisable 
to  assign  names  to  extreme  forms. 

403.  Lespedeza  leptostachya  Engelm.  This  species  was  reported  by 
Peattie  as  found  "in  dry  open  soil,  prairies  of  the  Calumet  District."  I  have 
seen  no  specimen  from  Indiana,  and  Buhl  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  251. 
1935)  says  the  Peattie  report  lacks  confirming  specimens.  I  have  searched 
for  it  several  times  in  the  remnant  prairie  north  of  Hammond  but  failed 
to  find  it. 

Prairies  of  111.  to  Minn,  and  Iowa. 

404.  Vicia  angustifolia  Reichard.  Reported  from  Cass  and  Marion 
Counties  but  there  are  no  specimens  to  support  these  reports.  It  has,  how- 
ever, been  found  by  Chas.  M.  Ek  in  both  Cass  and  Howard  Counties  and  I 
have  specimens. 

Nat.  of  Eu.,  w.  Asia,  and  n.  Africa;  naturalized  throughout  the  eastern 
states. 

405.  Vicia  Cracca  L.  This  species  has  been  reported  from  Monroe, 
Steuben,  and  Tippecanoe  Counties.  No  doubt  all  of  these  reports  should 
be  referred  to  some  other  species.  There  is  a  specimen  in  the  herbarium 
of  DePauw  University  which  was  collected  by  Grimes  along  the  New  York, 
Chicago  &  St.  Louis  Railroad  (Nickel  Plate  Road) ,  2  miles  north  of  Tipton, 
Tipton  County.  Since  this  is  the  only  specimen,  I  am  regarding  this 
species  as  a  railroad  migrant  and  not  as  an  established  plant  of  our  flora. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia ;  probably  native  in  the  north,  Newf.  to  Minn,  and  B.  C, 
southw.  to  N.  J.,  Ky.,  and  Iowa. 

406.  Vicia  sativa  L.  Reported  by  Grimes  as  a  weed  in  Russellville, 
Putnam  County.  I  have  not  been  able  to  learn  whether  the  species  has 
persisted  or  not.  Charles  M.  Ek  collected  it  along  a  railroad  in  Howard 
County.  This  species  is  very  variable  and  19  varieties  are  recognized  in 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  Bull.  1289:  1-20.  1925.  Anyone  interested  in  these 
varieties  or  in  its  cultivation  should  consult  this  bulletin. 

Nat.  of  Eu.,  w.  Asia,  and  n.  Africa ;  becoming  naturalized  especially  in 
the  southern  states  and  the  Pacific  coast. 

407.  Lathyrus  latifolius  L.  Perennial  Pea.  In  1918  I  found  a 
colony  of  this  species  in  the  dense  woods  east  of  the  old  Donaldson  home 
which  is  now  included  in  Spring  Mill  State  Park,  Lawrence  County.  This 
species  had  escaped  from  the  Donaldson  garden  into  the  woods  and  had 
persisted  there  for  more  than  30  years.  In  1937  I  found  a  colony  along 
state  road  152  in  Tippecanoe  County,  doubtless  started  from  a  root  dragged 
from  a  colony  near  a  house  nearby. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  escaped  in  Conn.,  D.  C,  and  Wis. 


Excluded  Species  1069 

408.  Glycine  Soja  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Soy  Bean.  This  plant  has  been  re- 
ported from  Jasper  County.  It  has  been  extensively  sown  throughout  the 
state  and  is  found  spontaneous  here  and  there  but  there  is  no  evidence  that 
it  is  established  anywhere. 

Nat.  of  China  and  Japan. 

409.  Galactia  regularis  (L.)  BSP.  Reported  by  Phinney  from  the  area 
of  Delaware,  Jay,  Randolph,  and  Wayne  Counties.  This  report  should 
no  doubt  be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

N.  Y.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Miss.,  and  Okla. 

410.  Vigna  sinensis  (L.)  Endl.  Common  Cowpea.  This  species  was 
reported  by  Schneck  to  have  escaped  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley.  It  has 
been  commonly  sown  throughout  the  state  and  since  there  have  been  no 
additional  reports  I  am  concluding  that  Schneck's  report  was  of  a  casual 
escape. 

Nat.  of  Asia. 

411.  Geranium  molle  L.  This  species  was  reported  by  Hansen  (Proc. 
Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  36:  251.  1927),  who  says  it  was  established  along  the 
roadside  near  Battle  Ground  in  Tippecanoe  County.  There  is  no  specimen. 
It  was,  however,  collected  on  the  campus  of  Indiana  University  and  a  speci- 
men is  in  the  herbarium  of  that  University. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

412.  Erodium  cicutarium  (L.)  L'Her.  Storksbill.  This  species  was 
reported  by  Schneck  from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley.  He  says :  "Escaped 
from  gardens,  very  rare."  There  is  a  specimen  collected  in  St.  Joseph 
County  in  1917  by  Nieuwland  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Notre 
Dame.   Probably  a  chance  escape. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

413.  Oxalis  MONTANA  Raf.  (Rhodora  22:  143-144.  1920.)  (Oxalis  Ace- 
tosella  L.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.) 
This  species  was  reported  from  La  Porte  County  by  the  Editors  of  the 
Botanical  Gazette  in  1881  in  a  catalogue  of  the  plants  of  Indiana.  It  was 
also  reported  by  Collins  from  Dearborn  County.   There  are  no  specimens. 

Deep  woods  in  N.  S.  and  e.  Que.  to  Sask.,  southw.  to  N.  E.,  N.  Y.,  and 
in  the  mts.  to  N.  C. 

414.  LiNUM  usitatissimum  L.  Flax.  Before  the  advent  of  ready  made 
clothing,  flax  was  universally  grown  by  the  pioneers  for  its  tough  fiber 
which  was  woven  into  cloth.  It  is  now  grown  mostly  for  its  seed  from 
which  an  oil  is  obtained  which  is  used  most  largely  in  the  manufacture  of 
paints.  The  crop  is  reported  to  quickly  exhaust  the  soil,  and  is  no  longer 
grown  in  the  state.  When  it  was  widely  cultivated  it  was  a  common  escape 
principally  along  roadsides  and  railroads,  but  persisted  only  for  the  year. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

415.  Tribulus  terrestris  L.  A  colony  of  this  plant  was  found  along 
the  Nickel  Plate  Railroad  just  south  of  Bluffton,  Wells  County,  in  1927. 
The  place  was  revisited  in  1930  and  the  colony  had  disappeared.  A  colony 


1070  Excluded  Species 

was  discovered  in  1929  by  E.  D.  Hull,  along  the  south  end  of  Henry  Street, 
Gary,  in  Lake  County.  I  visited  this  place  in  1934  and  the  plant  was  found 
not  only  persisting  but  spreading.  Since  this  is  the  only  colony  now 
known,  however,  it  seems  best  to  exclude  the  species  until  other  colonies 
are  found. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  occasional  in  Atlantic  Coast  States,  also  111.  to  Kans. 
and  Nebr. 

416.  Zanthoxylum  Clava-Herculis  L.  Hercules-club.  Reported  from 
Fountain  County  by  Brown,  a  geologist,  under  the  name  of  Zanthoxylum 
carolinianum.  There  is  no  doubt  that  this  record  should  be  transferred 
to  Zanthoxylum  americanum. 

Va.  to  Fla.,  westw.  to  Tex.  and  Ark. 

416a.  Ptelea  trioliata  var.  mollis  T.  &  G.  of  authors  is  referred  to 
Ptelea  trifoliata  var.  Deamiana  Nieuwl.  See  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  2 :  178- 
180.   1912. 

417.  Polygala  incarnata  L.  Reported  from  Eggleston,  Indiana  by 
Higley  and  Raddin.  Since  Eggleston  is  in  Illinois,  the  authors  evidently 
made  a  mistake.  Since,  however,  this  species  has  been  reported  three  times 
as  coming  from  the  area  about  Chicago,  and  since  it  was  a  native  of  the 
original  prairie,  it  should  be  sought  in  Indiana.  There  is  no  specimen  in 
the  Gray  Herbarium. 

N.  J.,  s.  Ont.,  Wis.,  and  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ark,  and  Mex. 

418.  Polygala  Nuttallii  T.  &  G.  Reported  from  Jefferson  County  by 
J.  M.  Coulter  and  C.  R.  Barnes.  Probably  a  wrong  determination  was  made 
since  the  known  range  of  this  species  is  south  of  our  area.  There  is  no 
specimen. 

S.  Mass.  to  Ga.,  westw.  to  Ala.  and  Ark. 

419.  Crotonopsis  linearis  Michx.  Reported  by  Meyncke  as  "common" 
in  Franklin  County.  The  two  species  of  Crotonopsis  were  not  separated 
in  the  manuals  of  Meyncke's  time,  and  since  we  have  no  specimen,  we  have 
no  way  of  knowing  what  he  had  at  hand. 

Coastal  Plain,  S.  C.  to  Fla.  and  e.  Tex. ;  inland  near  the  Mississippi  River 
to  southeastern  Mo.  and  111. 

420.  Ricinus  communis  L.  Common  Castor-bean.  Our  only  report  is 
that  of  Young  from  Jefferson  County  who  says:  "Commencing  to  escape 
into  roads  and  streets."  I  have  never  seen  it  as  an  escape  and  since  we  have 
no  additional  records  it  seems  best  to  regard  it,  for  the  present,  as  a 
chance  escape. 

Introd.  from  the  Tropics. 

421.  Euphorbia  Ipecacuanhae  L.  (Tithymalopsis  Ipecacuanhae  (L.) 
Small  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This  species  is  listed  in 
both  Gray's  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown's  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2  as  occur- 
ring in  southern  Indiana.  In  a  catalogue  of  the  plants  of  Indiana  published 
in  1881,  it  was  given  as  found  on  "the  knobs,"  and  in  Marion  County, 
without  the  names  of  the  collectors.    It  was  reported  in  1819  by  Dr.  Mc- 


Excluded  Species  1071 

Murtrie  in  a  flora  of  Louisville  but  Dr.  Clapp,  who  knew  more  than  anyone 
else  about  the  flora  of  the  "barrens"  of  Indiana,  does  not  report  it.  There 
are  no  specimens  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  nor  in  the  herbarium  of  the 
New  York  Botanical  Garden  to  validate  its  inclusion  in  the  manuals.  Not 
being  able  to  find  a  specimen  anywhere  I  am  excluding  it. 

Conn,  to  Fla. ;  also  barrens  of  s.  Ind.  (Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7).  Gattinger 
reported  it  for  Tenn. 

422.  Euphorbia  serpyllifolia  Pers.  (Chamaesyce  serpyllifolia  (Pers.) 
Small  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Reported  from  Clark 
County  by  Baird  &  Taylor  and  from  Monroe  County  by  Andrews.  Indiana 
is  outside  the  range  of  the  species  and  it  is  probable  that  the  reports  are 
based  upon  wrong  determinations. 

N.  Mich.,  Wis.,  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Mo.,  Tex.,  and  Mex. 

423.  Callitriche  hermaphroditica  L.  (Callitriche  autumnalis  L.  of 
Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Reported 
by  Deam  in  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1920:  227.  1921.  The  plant  was 
wrongly  named  and  the  correction  was  made  in  the  Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 
Sci.  1923:  221.   1924. 

424.  Callitriche  palustris  L.  Reported  from  Lake  County  by  Peattie 
and  by  Pepoon,  but  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  their  specimens. 

Practically  throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can. ;  almost  cosmopolitan. 

425.  Rhus  arbuscula  Greene.  This  species  was  described  by  E.  L. 
Greene  (Washington  Acad.  Sci.  8:  184.  1906)  from  specimens  collected 
on  the  east  shore  of  Lost  Lake,  south  of  Culver,  Marshall  County.  I  have 
inspected  this  colony  and  I  refer  it  to  Rhus  glabra  L. 

426.  Rhus  Ashei  (Small)  Greene.  Nieuwland  collected  some  speci- 
mens from  the  wooded  bank  of  the  St.  Joseph  River,  St.  Joseph  County, 
which  Barkley  refers  to  this  species.  I  have  seen  these  specimens  and  I 
think  they  belong  to  Rhus  glabra.  This  species  is  known  only  from  speci- 
mens collected  in  North  Carolina  by  Ashe. 

427.  Rhus  gymnoclada  Greene.  This  was  published  by  Greene  (Fedde, 
Rep.  Spec.  Nov.  5 :  45.  1908) .  He  cites  a  specimen  collected  by  Clark  by 
the  shore  of  Lake  Maxinkuckee,  Marshall  County.  Barkley  (Ann.  Missouri 
Bot.  Gard.  24:  330.   1937)  refers  this  species  to  X  Rhus  pulvinata. 

428.  Ilex  glabra  (L.)  Gray.  Inkberry.  Reported  by  Babcock  (Lens 
1 :  144.  1872)  as  common  near  Miller  in  Lake  County.  Higley  and  Raddin 
in  their  flora  say  there  is  no  specimen  from  Indiana  in  the  Babcock  her- 
barium.   I  also  examined  the  Babcock  herbarium  and  found  no  specimen. 

Near  the  coast  from  N.  S.  to  Fla. 

429.  Ilex  Montana  (T.  &  G.)  Gray.  (Ilex  monticola  Gray  and  Ilex 
mollis  Gray.)  Reported  by  Young  as  "rather  rare  in  Jefferson  County." 
He  also  reports  Ilex  verticillata.  J.  M.  Coulter  published  a  list  of  the  plants 
of  the  same  county  a  few  years  later,  and  says  he  had  access  to  Young's 
collection,  but  he  does  not  list  this  species.   Barnes  published  a  list  of  the 


1072  Excluded  Species 

plants  of  the  same  county  subsequent  to  that  of  Coulter.  He  was  in  close 
communication  with  the  preceding  authors,  but  he  does  not  list  this  species. 
It  thus  appears  that  Coulter  and  Barnes  did  not  agree  with  Young  in  his 
determination  of  this  form  of  Ilex.  Also  reported  by  Scott  from  a  tamarack 
bog  near  Leesburg  in  Kosciusko  County.  This  is  an  Appalachian  Mountain 
species  and  since  Scott  did  not  report  Ilex  verticilkitci  which  I  have  collected 
in  this  bog,  it  is  fairly  safe  to  presume  that  this  report  should  be  trans- 
ferred to  Ilex  verticillata. 

Mountain  woods  from  N.  Y.  and  Pa.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

430.  Ilex  opaca  Ait.  Reported  in  Coulter's  Catalogue  for  the  Lower 
Wabash  Valley  on  the  authority  of  Robert  Ridgway.  Ridgway  told  me 
that  he  had  never  seen  it  in  Indiana  as  a  wild  plant,  so  there  must  have 
been  some  confusion  in  the  records. 

Atlantic  coast  from  Mass.  to  Fla.  and  the  Mississippi  Valley  from  111. 
to  the  Gulf  and  west  to  Tex. 

431.  Acer  pennsylvanicum  L.  This  tree  was  reported  from  the  en- 
virons of  New  Harmony  by  Prince  Maximilian  under  the  name  of  Acer 
striatum.  Since  there  is  no  preserved  specimen,  it  is  excluded.  Robert 
Ridgway  told  me  that  it  occurred  just  across  the  Wabash  River  in  Illinois. 

N.  S.  to  Lake  Superior,  southw.  in  the  Great  Lakes  region  and  in  the 
mts.  to  Ga. 

432.  Cardiospermum  Halicacabum  L.  Balloonvine.  Reported  from 
Clark  County  (Baird  &  Taylor)  ;  Jefferson  County  (Barnes,  J.  M.  Coulter, 
and  Young)  ;  and  from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  (Schneck).  I  have  it 
from  Wells  County.  This  is  an  occasional  garden  escape  and  probably  not 
yet  established.   All  reports  and  specimens  date  back  more  than  30  years. 

Introd.  from  the  Tropics  and  escaped  from  gardens. 

433.  Rhamnus  cathartica  L.  Common  Buckthorn.  Reported  from 
Wayne  County  by  Phinney  and  from  Monroe  County  by  Andrews.  Neither 
author  makes  any  comment  so  we  are  at  a  loss  to  know  whether  it  is  an 
escape  and,  if  so,  how  successfully  it  has  maintained  itself.  A.  R.  Bechtel 
found  it  as  an  escape  in  Montgomery  County.  We  planted  it  in  our  abore- 
tum  and  before  we  observed  it  hundreds  of  seedlings  came  up.  We  at  once 
destroyed  these  and  the  parent  pistillate  trees. 

Introd.  from  Europe  and  will  escape  in  Indiana  if  cultivated. 

434.  Vitis  rotundifolia.  Michx.  Muscadine  Grape.  A  specimen  of 
Cissus  Ampelopsis  was  referred  to  this  species  by  Deam  in  Proc.  Indiana 
Acad.  Sci.  1911:  372.  1912.  This  was  an  error  and  was  corrected  in  Proc. 
Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1912:  83.  1913. 

435.  Vitis  rupestris  Scheele.  Sand  Grape.  A  form  of  Vitis  vulpina 
found  in  the  dunes  bordering  Lake  Michigan  was  referred  to  this  species 
in  Coulter's  Catalogue  upon  the  authority  of  L.  H.  Bailey.  This  was  a 
wrong  determination  of  Vitis  riparia  var.  syrticola  (Fern.  &  Wieg.)  Fern. 

S.  Pa.  to  Mo.  and  southw. 


Excluded  Species  1073 

436.  Tilia  europea  L.  Reported  by  Phinney  (Indiana  Geol.  Kept.  11: 
148.  1882)  as  one  of  the  "more  common  and  important  trees  observed"  in 
Delaware  County.  He  also  lists  Tilia  americana.  The  report  of  the  Euro- 
pean Linden  as  a  common  tree  in  Delaware  County  serves  as  an  example 
to  warn  against  the  acceptance  of  any  report  until  it  is  carefully  con- 
sidered. 

437.  Althaea  rosea  (L.)  Cav.  Hollyhock.  Reported  by  Wilson  as 
escaped  from  gardens  in  Hamilton  and  Marion  Counties.  It  was  collected 
in  Benton  County  by  W.  S.  Rhoades.  We  have  no  evidence  that  the  species 
is  able  to  maintain  itself,  so  it  is  excluded. 

Introd.  from  China. 

438.  Malva  Alcea  L.  Hollyhock  Mallow.  Reported  by  Clark  as 
found  in  Marshall  County.  He  says :  "A  few  plants  which  have  escaped 
from  seed  of  some  old  garden  near  Culver." 

Introd.  from  Eu. 

439.  Malva  crispa  L.  Curly  Mallow.  Reported  in  Coulter's  Cataloge 
from  Putnam  County  by  Underwood.  Probably  a  garden  escape. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

440.  Malva  sylvestris  L.  This  species  has  been  reported  from  Indiana 
several  times  but  recent  studies  show  that  probably  all  of  the  reports  for 
this  species  should  be  transferred  to  var.  ma/uretiana  in  the  text. 

441.  Malvastrum  angustum  Gray.  Reported  from  the  area  of  Dela- 
ware, Jay,  Randolph,  and  Wayne  Counties  by  Phinney.  He  says :  "Rare. 
August.  Dry  grounds.  Distinguished  from  Sida  by  its  notched  petals." 
Since  the  range  of  this  species  is  to  the  south  of  Indiana  and  this  is  our 
only  record,  we  are  regarding  this  report  as  of  a  waif.  There  is  no 
specimen. 

Tenn.  to  Iowa  and  Kans. 

442.  Sida  hermaphrodita  (L.)  Rusby.  Reported  by  Bradner  from 
Steuben  County  without  any  comments.  This  species  was  at  one  time  culti- 
vated and  he  may  have  found  an  escape.   There  is  no  specimen. 

Glades  and  river  banks,  Pa.  to  Tenn. ;  rare. 

443.  Hibiscus  syriacus  L.  Shrub-althaea.  In  1911  I  found  a  speci- 
men 2  inches  in  diameter  and  10  feet  high  in  a  wooded  ravine  southwest  of 
Hanover  in  Jefferson  County.  This  plant  was  certainly  an  escape  and 
there  is  no  other  record. 

Nat.  of  Asia. 

444.  Hypericum  densiflorum  Pursh.  Reported  in  1898  by  Blatchley  as 
occurring  on  the  banks  of  the  Wabash  River  below  Fort  Harrison,  Vigo 
County.  I  have  Blatchley's  specimen  which  was  collected  Oct.  12,  1896 ;  it 
has  neither  flower  nor  fruit  and  is  badly  broken.  It  is  a  small  specimen 
and  apparently  of  this  species  but  it  may  be  a  narrowleaf  form  of  Hy- 
pericum cistifolium.  It  was  also  reported  in  Coulter's  Catalogue  for  Cun- 
ningham from   Tippecanoe   County.    In  the  absence  of  specimens  from 


1074  Excluded  Species 

which  a  positive  determination  may  be  made,  it  is  best  to  exclude  it  for 
the  present. 

Pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to  glades  of  Ky.,  Ark.,  and  southw. 

445.  Hypericum  ellIpticum  Hook.  Reported  by  Wilson  from  Hamilton 
and  Marion  Counties.  He  says:  "Common."  He  also  reports  Hypericum 
mutilum  and  says:  "Common."  Hypericum  mutilum  and  Hypericum  punc- 
tatum,  which  he  does  not  report,  are  the  only  two  natives  species  that  would 
be  common  in  those  counties.  The  range  of  Hypericum,  ellipticum  is  to  the 
north  of  Indiana  and  all  evidence  suggests  a  wrong  determination. 

N.  B.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Mich.,  Wis.,  and  Minn. 

446.  Hypericum  graveolens  Buckl.  Reported  for  Monroe  County  by 
Andrews.  The  range  of  this  species  is  the  mountains  of  southwestern 
Virginia,  Tennessee,  and  North  Carolina.  Andrews  preserved  no  speci- 
men, so  the  species  is  excluded  from  our  list. 

447.  Hypericum  gymnanthemum  Engelm.  &  Gray.  Reported  from 
Lake  County  by  Higley  &  Raddin  and  also  by  Pepoon.  Probably  confused 
with  Hypericum  majus.   I  have  not  seen  a  specimen. 

N.  J.  and  e.  Pa.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.;  northw.  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  to 
Ohio. 

448.  Elatine  americana  (Pursh)  Arn.  (Fernald.  The  genus  Elatine  in 
eastern  North  America.  Rhodora  19:  10-15.  1917.)  This  plant  was  re- 
ported by  Peattie  as  rare  about  ponds  in  the  Calumet  district,  and  also 
reported  by  Pepoon  in  his  flora  of  the  Chicago  region.  Bradner  reported  it 
from  Steuben  County  and  Schneck  reported  it  from  the  Lower  Wabash 
Valley.  I  am  excluding  it  from  our  flora  for  lack  of  a  confirming  specimen. 
I  have  searched  diligently  for  it  for  several  years  without  success. 

449.  Lechea  intermedia  Leggett.  Reported  from  Cass  (Hessler),  Lake 
(Blatchley  and  Coulter's  Catalogue  for  Hill),  Marshall  (Clark),  Steuben 
(Bradner),  and  Vigo  Counties  (Blatchley).  These  are  all  old  reports  and  I 
have  not  seen  a  specimen.  A.  R.  Hodgdon,  who  recently  monographed  the 
genus,  wrote  me  that  it  occurred  near  Chicago  in  Illinois  and  in  Lucas 
County,  Ohio.  It  doubtless  occurs  in  northern  Indiana  but  I  have  not 
seen  a  specimen. 

N.  B.  and  N.  S.  to  Wis.,  southw.  to  Pa. 

450.  Lechea  maritima  Leggett.  Reported  by  Higley  and  Raddin  from 
Lake  County.  Hodgdon,  who  recently  monographed  the  genus,  wrote  me 
that  the  species  is  restricted  to  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  which  excludes  it 
from  Indiana. 

451.  Viola  crassula  Greene.  I  reported  this  species  from  Steuben 
County  in  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1905:  186.  1906.  I  am  now  referring 
this  specimen  to  Viola  cucullata. 

452.  Viola  emarginata  LeConte.  I  have  a  small  specimen  collected 
May  22,  1910,  along  a  ditch  just  west  of  the  State  Prison  in  La  Porte 
County,  and  which  was  named  for  me  by  Ezra  Brainerd.  I  feel  doubtful  as 


Excluded  Species  1075 

to  the  determination  of  this  small,  young  specimen  and  I  prefer  to  exclude 
the  species  until  a  more  authentic  specimen  is  available. 
Southern  N.  Y.,  southw.  to  n.  Ga.  and  westw.  to  Okla. 

453.  Viola  hastata  Michx.  This  species  was  reported  from  Clark 
County  by  Baird  &  Taylor.  Stanley  Coulter  discussed  this  report  in  Proc. 
Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1899 :  107.  1900  and  said  that  the  report  doubtless  was 
based  on  a  wrong  determination.   There  is  no  specimen. 

Mts.  of  Pa.  to  Ohio,  southw.  to  Fla. 

454.  Viola  incognita  Brainerd.  This  species  was  reported  from  Porter 
and  St.  Joseph  Counties  by  Nieuwland  &  Kaczmarek  and  from  Porter 
County  by  Pepoon.  I  have  not  seen  the  species  in  the  state  and  I  am  re- 
ferring these  reports  to  the  variety. 

Lab.  to  N.  Dak.,  southw.  along  the  mts.  to  Tenn. 

455.  Viola  nephrophylla  Greene.  I  reported  this  species  from  Grant 
and  Noble  Counties  in  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1915 :  139.  1916.  I  do  not 
have  these  specimens  and  none  are  to  be  found  in  the  Brainerd  herbarium. 
Doubtless  Brainerd  changed  the  names  and  failed  to  report  the  change.  In 
the  absence  of  positive  evidence  I  am  excluding  it  from  our  flora. 

Newf.  and  the  Great  Lakes  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  Conn,  and  in  the  mts. 
to  Colo,  and  Calif.;  also  in  Ariz,  and  N.  Mex. 

456.  Viola  palmata  L.  Palmate  Violet.  Viola  pedatiflda  and  Viola 
triloba  and  their  hybrids  may  be  easily  mistaken  by  amateurs  for  this 
species.  I  have  several  specimens  named  Viola  palmata  but  Prof.  A. 
Gershoy  says  they  are  hybrids  of  other  species.  This  species  has  been 
variously  reported  for  the  state  but  as  I  understand  the  species,  all  or 
most  of  our  reports  should  doubtless  be  referred  to  other  species  or 
their  hybrids. 

457.  Viola  pedatiflda  X  sororia  Brainerd.  I  reported  this  hybrid  from 
Wells  County  in  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1915:  139.  1916.  I  do  not 
have  this  specimen  and  it  cannot  be  found  in  the  Brainerd  herbarium. 
Doubtless  Brainerd  changed  the  name  and  did  not  report  the  change.  In 
the  absence  of  positive  evidence,  I  am  excluding  it. 

458.  Viola  pratincola  Greene.  I  reported  this  species  from  Lake  and 
Porter  Counties  in  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1916:  320.  1917.  Ezra  Brain- 
erd says :  "Appears  not  to  be  specifically  distinct  from  Viola  papilionacea 
to  which  I  am  referring  my  specimens." 

459.  Viola  rotundifolia  Michx.  Reported  from  Dearborn  (Collins) 
and  Jefferson  (Young)  Counties.  Coulter  discusses  these  reports  (Proc. 
Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1899:  108.  1900)  and  says  the  reports  are  based  upon 
wrong  determinations.   There  are  no  specimens. 

Maine  to  Lake  Huron,  southw.  along  the  Alleghenies  to  Ga. 

460.  Viola  viarum  Poll.  Our  only  specimen  was  collected  in  very  sandy 
soil  along  the  railroad  about  4  miles  south  of  Vincennes.  Dr.  Brainerd 
named  my  specimen  and  says:    "Much  like  the  type  collection,  St.  Louis 


1076  Excluded  Species 

along  the  R.  R.,  July  15,  1899."  I  found  it  closely  associated  with  Viola 
affinis  X  sororia.  I  sent  the  specimen  to  A.  Gershoy  who  says  that  he 
does  not  know  the  species.  I  think  it  best  to  relegate  this  report  to  the 
excluded  species  until  the  identity  of  the  species  is  established  beyond 
a  doubt. 

461.  Rhexia  MARIANA  L.  According  to  Fernald  &  Griscom  (Rhodora 
37:  169-173.  1935),  the  typical  form  of  the  species  is  a  Coastal  Plain  plant 
with  a  range  from  Massachusetts  to  Florida. 

462.  Ludwigia  hirtella  Raf.  This  species  was  reported  from  Jefferson 
County  by  Young  and  from  White  County  by  Heimlich.  It  belongs  to  the 
pine  barrens  of  the  Atlantic  coast.  No  doubt  these  authors  confused  some 
hairy  form  of  our  native  species  with  this  species  which  is  far  from  our 
area.  There  is  a  specimen  from  Young's  herbarium  which  is  now  at  Indiana 
University;  it  was  collected  by  a  Dr.  Fretz  in  New  Jersey,  and  evidently 
was  received  in  exchange.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  in  Indiana  Ludwigia 
alternifolia  is  always  more  or  less  pubescent  and  sometimes  rather  densely 
so,  although  our  manuals  call  it  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Prof.  Heimlich  may 
have  had  at  hand  Ludwigia  sphaerocarpa  var.  Deamii  which  is  densely 
pubescent  and  which  at  that  time  had  not  been  reported  for  the  state. 

Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

463.  Ludwigia  palustris  (L.)  Ell.  According  to  Fernald  &  Griscom 
(Rhodora  37:  176.  1935),  the  typical  form  of  this  species  is  found  in 
Europe  and  adjacent  Asia  and  Africa  and  our  form  belongs  to  var.  amcri- 
cana  (DC.)  Fern.  &  Grisc. 

464.  Ludwigia  sphaerocarpa  Ell.  According  to  Fernald  &  Griscom 
(Rhodora  37:  173-174.  1935)  the  typical  form  of  this  species  is  found  on 
the  Coastal  Plain  from  Rhode  Island  to  Florida  and  Louisiana,  and  the 
Indiana  plant  belongs  to  var.  Deamii  Fern.  &  Grisc. 

465.  Ludwigia  virgata  Michx.  Reported  from  Jefferson  County  by 
Young.    There  is  no  specimen. 

Dry  pine  lands,  N.  C.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

466.  Epilobium  palustre  L.  I  reported  this  species  from  Steuben  and 
Wells  Counties  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1904:  220.  1905).  I  now  refer 
the  specimens  on  which  this  report  was  made  to  Epilobium  molle  Torr. 
This  species  was  also  reported  from  Hamilton  County  by  Wilson,  who  says : 
"Common."  He  does  not  report  Epilobium  coloratum  which  is  our  common 
species  and  to  which  no  doubt  this  report  should  be  referred.  It  was  re- 
ported also  from  Steuben  County  by  Bradner  before  our  manuals  made 
the  separation  of  our  species  definite. 

Newf.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Mass.,  Ont.,  Lake  Superior,  Colo.,  and  Wash. 

467.  Oenothera  grandiflora  Ait.  Reported  from  Putnam  County  by 
Wilson,  who  found  it  along  the  Big  Four  Railroad ;  from  Kosciusko  County 
by  Clark,  who  says:  "A  patch,  probably  of  recent  introduction,  was  found 
in  moist  soil  near  Warsaw."    I  have  seen  no  specimen  but  no  doubt  this 


Excluded  Species  1077 

species  will  sooner  or  later  become  established  in  the  state  if  it  has  not 
already  done  so.  Britton  and  Brown  in  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  say:  "Large- 
flowered  races  of  the  preceding  species  (Oenothera  biennis)  have  been  mis- 
taken for  it."   Therefore  our  reports  may  not  be  authentic. 

468.  Oenothera  fruticosa  L.  {Oenothera  linearis  Michx.  of  Gray, 
Man.,  ed.  7  and  Kneiffia  linearis  (Michx.)  Spach  of  Britton  and  Brown, 
Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Reports  of  this  species  for  Indiana  no  doubt  should  be 
referred  to  some  other  species  and  I  am  referring  the  reports  from  Jasper 
County  by  Welch  and  from  Lake  County  by  Pepoon  and  by  Peattie  to 
Oenothera  tetragona  var.  longistipata. 

469.  Oenothera  OakesiAna  Robbins.  Reported  from  Putnam  County 
by  Cook,  who  found  it  in  a  quarry  in  Greencastle.  In  this  habitat  it  should 
be  regarded  as  a  waif. 

Sandy  fields,  e.  Mass.  to  Long  Island. 

470.  Oenothera  albicaulis  Pursh.  Reported  from  Hamilton  County 
by  Wilson,  who  found  it  along  a  railroad.  He  reported  it  also  from  Tippe- 
canoe County  where  he  collected  it  in  a  meadow  (probably  a  hayfield) 
east  of  Lafayette.  There  are  no  specimens  nor  any  evidence  that  it  has 
become  established. 

Dry  plains  and  prairies,  Sask.  to  w.  Minn.,  westw.  and  southw. 

471.  Oenothera  triloba  var.  parviflora  Wats.  This  variety  was  reported 
in  Coulter's  Catalogue  for  Blatchley  as  found  in  Monroe  County. 

Munz  (American  Jour.  Bot.  17:  360.  1930)  now  refers  this  variety  to 
the  species  which  see  on  page  707. 

472.  Circaea  canadensis  Hill.  (Rhodora  19:  87.  1917.)  (Circaea 
intermedia  Ehrh.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora, 
ed.  2.)  Reported  from  Lake  and  Porter  Counties  by  Pepoon.  Since  he  does 
not  report  Circaea  alpina  L.  which  is  known  to  occur  there,  and  since  the 
range  of  this  species  is  far  to  the  east  of  Indiana,  I  believe  that  Pepoon 
confused  the  species.  Buhl  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  252.  1935)  says 
there  are  no  confirming  specimens. 

E.  Que.  and  N.  S.  to  w.  Mass  and  N.  Y. ;  found  also  in  Eu. 

473.  Myriophyllum  humile  (Raf.)  Morong.  This  species  was  reported 
from  the  area  of  Delaware,  Jay,  Randolph,  and  Wayne  Counties  by 
Phinney.    There  is  no  specimen. 

Coastal  Plain  from  Maine  to  Md. ;  also  reported  in  the  interior  from  Ind., 
111.  to  Tenn. 

474.  Myriophyllum  humile  var.  capillaceum  (Torr.)  Fern.  Reported 
from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  by  Schneck  who  says  "in  ponds,  not  rare." 
There  are  no  specimens. 

475.  Myriophyllum  verticillatum  L.  All  of  our  reports  for  this 
species  were  made  before  the  last  editions  of  our  manuals  were  published. 
Our  latest  manuals  regard  this  species  as  Eurasian  and  refer  the  American 
plants  to  var.  pectinatum  Wallr. 


1078  Excluded  Species 

476.  ProserpinAca  palustris  L.  According  to  Fernald  and  Griscom 
(Rhodora  37:  177.  1935)  all  reports  for  this  species  in  Indiana  should  be 
referred  to  the  varieties  which  will  be  found  in  the  regular  text.  The  species 
belongs  to  the  Coastal  Plain  of  the  southeastern  United  States. 

477.  Hydrocotyle  rotundifolia  Roxb.  In  the  herbarium  accessions 
of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  published  in  the  Journal  of  the  New 
York  Botanical  Garden  23:  184.  1922,  there  is  the  following:  "1  specimen  of 
Hydrocotyle  rotundifolia  from  Indiana  (Given  by  A.  A.  Hansen)."  There 
are  no  other  data.  This  is  an  Asiatic  species  and  has  been  reported  as  es- 
tablished in  lawns  in  Evansville. 

478.  Spermolepis  patens  (Nutt.)  Robinson.  This  species  was  found 
June  24,  1898,  by  L.  M.  Umbach  along  the  railroad  near  Miller  and 
first  reported  for  him  by  Coulter  &  Rose  in  Contr.  U.  S.  Nation.  Herb.  7 : 
72.  1900.  It  was  later  reported  by  Pepoon  who  says :  "B.  &  0.  Ry.  at  cross- 
ing of  the  Little  Calumet  River,  northeast  of  Miller;  common  locally. 
(Umbach,  Pepoon.)"  I  visited  this  place  about  July  1,  1930,  and  I  was 
not  able  to  find  it.  This  species  should  no  doubt  be  regarded  as  a  migrant 
since  it  is  found  along  a  railroad  out  of  its  range  and  has  not  been  able  to 
spread  or  probably  to  maintain  itself. 

479.  Aethusa  Cynapium  L.  Fool's  Parsley.  This  species  was  re- 
ported by  Erlanson  for  Grimes  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1923:  149.  1924) 
as  having  been  found  in  a  ravine  in  Putnam  County.  The  specimen  which 
was  reported  has  been  located  in  the  herbarium  of  DePauw  University  and 
it  is  Osmorhiza  Claytoni,  so  the  species  must  be  excluded.  Aethusa  Cyna- 
pium is  a  poisonous  plant  naturalized  from  Europe. 

N.  S.  to  Pa.,  Minn.,  and  Ont. 

480.  Thaspium  pinnatIfidum  (Buckley)  Gray.  This  species  was  re- 
ported from  Marshall  County  by  Clark.  This  determination,  no  doubt, 
should  be  referred  to  the  narrow  leaflet  form  of  Thaspium  barbinode. 

Ky.  to  N.  C.  and  Ala. 

481.  Nyssa  aquatica  Marsh.  This  species  has  been  reported  by  several 
authors  and  all  of  the  reports  should  be  referred  to  Nyssa  sylvatica  except 
those  of  Ridgway  and  Schneck  which  may  be  correct,  but  there  is  no  speci- 
men. The  cypress  swamps  in  Knox  County  furnish  the  proper  habitat  for 
the  species  and  it  may  have  occurred  there. 

Many  years  ago  I  questioned  Michael  Catt,  83  years  old  at  that  time, 
who  had  lived  for  about  75  years  on  the  border  of  the  cypress  swamp  in 
Knox  County  and  he  told  me  that  he  was  positive  that  the  tupelo  gum  was 
an  occasional  tree  in  the  cypress  swamp  west  of  Decker.  In  my  botanical 
experience  I  have  met  several  people  who  were  positive  that  this  species 
existed,  but  upon  investigation,  I  found  all  reports  to  be  erroneous.  In  1931 
I  found  an  old  timber  buyer  who  was  positive  that  it  occurred  in  Goose 
Pond  in  Gibson  County  and  when  he  showed  me  the  tree,  it  proved  to  be 
Populus  heterophylla.    With  conflicting  reports,  it  is  best  to  exclude  it. 

Along  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Va.  to  Fla.,  west  through  the  Gulf  States 
to  Tex.,  and  northw.  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  111. 


Excluded  Species  1079 

482.  Nyssa  biflora  Walt.  This  was  reported  by  Pepoon  for  Umbach 
from  Dune  Park  in  Porter  County.  N.  C.  Fassett  has  examined  the  speci- 
men, which  is  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  and  he 
refers  it  to  Nyssa  sylvatica.    (Rhodora  35:  200.   1933.) 

Pine  barrens  of  the  Coastal  Plain  from  N.  C.  to  Fla.  and  westw. 

483.  Pyrola  asarifolia  Michx.  Reported  from  Lake  and  Porter 
Counties.  These  reports  may  be  correct  but  probably  they  should  be  re- 
ferred to  the  variety.  I  have  not  seen  a  specimen. 

E.  Que.  to  Yukon,  southw.  to  N.  S.,  n.  N.  E.,  n.  N.  Y.,  n.  Mich.,  and  Colo. 

484.  Rhododendron  nudiflorum  (L.)  Torr.  Reported  for  W.  R. 
Dudley  from  Monroe  County  by  the  Editors  of  the  Botanical  Gazette  in  a 
Flora  of  Indiana  on  page  17,  1881.  Evidently  Dudley,  who  collected  also  in 
the  vicinity  of  Ithaca,  New  York,  confused  his  records,  because  the  species 
does  not  occur  in  Indiana. 

N.  H.  to  N.  Y.,  southw.  along  the  mts.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

485.  Kalmia  angustifolia  L.  This  species  was  reported  on  the  same 
authority  as  the  preceding  and  is  excluded  for  the  same  reason. 

Lab.  to  Hudson  Bay,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Mich. 

486.  Gaylussacia  frondosa  (L.)  T.  &  G.  Dangleberry.  Reported 
from  Clark  County  by  Baird  &  Taylor  and  by  C.  P.  Smith,  and  from  Monroe 
County  by  F.  M.  Andrews.  The  range  of  the  species  does  not  extend  west 
of  the  Allegheny  Mountains  and  all  reports  of  it  should  be  referred  to  some 
other  species. 

487.  Samolus  Valeriandi  L.  This  species  has  been  found  in  the 
United  States  only  in  ballast  at  Philadelphia.  It  has  been  reported  from 
Clark  County  by  Baird  &  Taylor ;  from  Fayette  County  in  Coulter's  Cata- 
logue for  Hessler ;  and  from  Monroe  County  by  Andrews.  No  doubt  all  of 
these  reports  should  be  referred  to  our  native  species,  especially  in  such 
cases  where  the  author  did  not  report  our  native  species. 

Europe  and  Asia. 

488.  Halesia  Carolina  L.  Great  Silverbell.  Reported  in  Coulter's 
Catalogue  from  Vanderburgh  County  without  quoting  authority.  The 
only  other  reference  I  can  find  to  this  species  is  that  of  Brendel  who  says : 
"Halesia  tetraptera  (Halesia  Carolina)  has  been  found  near  Evansville  on 
the  Ohio,  and  might  be  sought  in  the  south  part  of  the  state  of  Illinois." 
(Trans.  Illinois  Agric.  Soc.  3:  600. 1859.) 

489.  Fraxinus  caroliniana  Mill.  Water  Ash.  This  ash  was  included 
in  Coulter's  Catalogue  upon  the  authority  of  Dr.  Schneck.  I  have  seen  no 
specimen  and  since  its  range  is  south  of  Indiana,  the  species  is  omitted. 

490.  SyrInga  vulgaris  L.  Common  Lilac.  The  lilac  has  been  reported 
from  Jasper  County  by  Welch  and  from  White  County  by  Heimlich.  I 
have  never  seen  it  escape  from  cultivation.  I  have  seen  it,  however,  persist 
on  the  site  of  deserted  habitations  until  the  area  was  reforested.  I  believe 


1080  Excluded  Species 

that  the  presence  of  this  species,  when  investigated,  will  show  that  it  was 
planted. 

Introd.  from  Europe. 

491.  Chionanthus  virginica  L.  White  Fringetree.  This  species  was 
reported  from  Clark  County  by  Smith.  Investigation  convinces  me  that 
the  plant  reported  had  persisted  about  an  old  squatter  habitation. 

492.  Ligustrum  vulgare  L.  European  Privet.  This  species  was  re- 
ported from  Monroe  County  by  Andrews  without  any  data;  from  Mont- 
gomery County  by  Grimes,  who  says :  "Roadsides  and  waste  places" ;  and 
from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  by  Schneck,  who  says  "found  occasionally 
in  woods  and  fields."  Specimens  have  been  found  in  St.  Joseph  County. 
I  have  never  seen  this  species  as  an  escape  and  I  believe  when  a  rigid  in- 
vestigation is  made  it  will  be  found  as  a  relict  from  some  habitation,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  two  preceding  species. 

Introd.  from  Europe. 

493.  Polypremum  procumbens  L.  This  species  was  reported  for  the 
vicinity  of  Lawrenceburg  by  Collins  (Indiana  Geol.  Rept.  16:  382.  1889). 
No  data  were  given.  Since  the  range  is  south  of  our  area  and  there  is  no 
specimen  the  species  is  excluded. 

Md.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Mo. ;  also  adv.  in  N.  J.  and  Pa. 

494.  Sabatia  brachiata  Ell.  (Sabbatia  concinna  Wood  of  Wood, 
Class-book  of  Botany,  ed.  2:  451.  1847.)  This  species  was  described  by 
Wood  in  his  second  edition  of  his  Class-book  of  Botany  as  occurring  in 
"dry,  grassy  prairies,  la.,  abundant."  The  Editors  of  the  Botanical  Gazette 
in  a  catalogue  of  the  Plants  of  Indiana  repeat  this  report.  Coulter,  in  his 
Catalogue,  reports  it  from  Jefferson  County  for  J.  M.  Coulter  but  J.  M. 
Coulter  does  not  give  it  in  his  list  of  the  plants  of  Jefferson  County.  Both 
of  our  late  Manuals  cite  it  as  found  in  Indiana.  I  have  written  to  the 
curators  of  both  the  Gray  Herbarium  and  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden 
and  they  have  no  specimen  from  Indiana.  Since  there  is  no  existing  speci- 
men, the  species  is  excluded. 

N.  C.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

495.  Centaurium  pulchellum  (Sw.)  Druce.  Reported  from  the  Cal- 
umet District  of  the  dunes,  without  any  definite  locality,  by  Peattie  (Flora 
of  the  Indiana  Dunes,  p.  303,  1930.)  I  have  not  seen  his  specimen.  I  have 
a  specimen  of  this  species  collected  by  Agnes  Chase  in  1901  in  a  pastured 
prairie  in  South  Chicago,  Illinois.  Since  this  is  an  introduced  species  it  is 
best  to  wait  to  see  whether  it  establishes  itself. 

496.  Centaurium  umbellatum  Gilib.  This  species  was  reported  by 
Babcock  as  local  along  a  roadside  south  of  Michigan  City  (Lens  1:  148. 
1872).  There  are  three  small  specimens  of  this  collection  in  the  Gray 
Herbarium.  Since  it  has  not  been  seen  since  that  time  it  is  best  to  exclude 
it.  I  have  watched  the  roadsides  about  Michigan  City  for  years  with  the 
hope  that  I  might  find  it  but  I  have  failed. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 


Excluded  Species  1081 

497.  Bartonia  iodandra  Rob.  This  species  is  endemic  in  Newfound- 
land. I  reported  it  from  Steuben  County  but  1  am  now  referring  the 
specimen  to  Bartonia  virginica. 

498.  Gentiana  linearis  Froel.  (D '« sy Stephana  linearis  (Froel.)  Britt. 
of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This  species  was  reported  by 
Clapp  in  his  Catalogue  of  Medicinal  Plants  of  the  United  States,  p.  160. 
1852.  He  refers  to  finding  his  specimen  on  the  barrens.  At  that  time  the 
distinction  between  this  species  and  Gentiana  pubervla  was  not  clear,  and  I 
believe  he  had  the  latter  because  I  collected  it  there  and  because  Clapp 
did  not  report  Gentiana  puberula.  It  was  also  reported  by  Ball  for  Lake 
County  in  1884.  Since  Ball  did  not  report  Gentiana  puberula,  which  occurs 
there,  I  refer  this  report  also  to  that  species. 

499.  Gentiana  quinquefolia  L.  I  am  referring  all  reports  of  this 
species  to  its  variety  occidentalis  (Gray.)  Hitchc.  I  have  not  seen  the 
typical  form  in  the  state. 

S.  Maine  to  Ont. ;  southw.  to  Fla. 

500.  Apocynum  androsaemifolium  var.  incanum  A.  DC.  All  reports 
of  this  variety  should  be  referred  to  the  species. 

501.  Apocynum  cinereum  Nieuwland.  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3:  56-57. 
1913.)  This  species  was  reported  for  Lake  County.  Woodson  (North 
Amer.  Flora  29 :  191.  1938)  refers  this  species  to  Apocynum  cannabinum 
var.  pubescens  (R.  Br.  )A.  DC. 

502.  Apocynum  isophyllum  Greene.  (Greene.  Leaflets  of  Bot.  2:  166. 
1912.)  Reported  for  St.  Joseph  County.  Woodson  (North  Amer.  Flora  29: 
192.    1938)   refers  it  to  Apocynum  cannabinum  var.  glaberrimum  A.  DC. 

503.  Apocynum  platyphyllum  Greene.  (Greene.  Leaflets  of  Bot.  2:  167. 
1912.)  Reported  for  Wells  County.  Woodson  now  refers  this  to  Apocynum 
cannabinum  L.  (North  Amer.  Flora  29:  191.    1938.) 

504.  Apocynum  tomentellum  Nieuwl.  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3:  55-56. 
1913.  On  page  166  of  same  publication  he  changes  name  to  Apocynum 
tomentulosum.)  Woodson  (North  Amer.  Flora  29:  191.  1938)  refers  this 
species  to  Apocynum  cannabinum  var.  pubescens  (R.  Br.)  A.  DC. 

505.  Asclepias  decumbens  L.  This  species  was  reported  from  Knox 
County  by  Thomas  and  from  Marshall  County  by  Clark.  It  is  doubtfully 
distinct  from  Asclepias  tuberosa  and  I  have  not  seen  any  specimens  an- 
swering the  description  of  Asclepias  decumbens. 

506.  Asclepias  incarnata  var.  pulchra  (Ehrh.)  Pers.  There  are  a 
few  reports  of  this  variety  for  Indiana  but  I  am  referring  all  of  them  to 
pubescent  forms  of  Asclepias  incarnata  L.  The  variety  pulchra  as  now 
known  is  confined  to  the  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain. 

507.  Asclepias  speciosa  Torr.  Reported  by  Andrews  from  Monroe 
County.  This  is  a  western  milkweed  and  since  Andrews  did  not  report 
Asclepias  purpurascens,  which  is  known  to  occur  in  Monroe  County,  I  am 
referring  this  report  to  that  species. 


1082  Excluded  Species 

508.  Gonolobus  carolinensis  (Jacq.)  Schultes.  This  species  was  re- 
ported from  the  environs  of  New  Harmony  by  Prince  Maximilian  under 
the  name  of  Gonolobium  hirsutum.  Doubtless  this  report  should  be  referred 
to  some  other  species. 

Md.  and  Va.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tenn. 

509.  Gonolobus  Shortii  Gray.  I  reported  this  species  but  Miss 
Perry  refers  my  specimens  to  Gonolobus  obliquus  (Jacq.)  Schultes. 

Pa.  to  Ky.,  southw.  to  Ga. 

510.  Cuscuta  Epithymum  Murr.  Flax  Dodder.  Reported  by  me  from 
the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  upon  the  authority  of  Schneck.  There  are  no 
specimens.  Reported  from  Putnam  and  Ripley  Counties  by  Blatchley  in  his 
weed  book.  The  Ripley  County  report  was  made  upon  my  authority  and  I 
find  that  the  determination  was  wrong.  No  doubt  the  Putnam  County 
report  should  also  be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

511.  Phlox  amoena  Sims.  This  species  has  been  reported  from  Jef- 
ferson County  and  from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley.  Since  the  distribution 
of  the  species  is  south  of  our  area,  it  is  excluded  from  our  flora. 

Va.  to  e.  Ky.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Miss. 

512.  Phlox  stolonifera  Sims.  Reported  from  Indiana  in  Wood's  Class- 
book  of  Botany,  ed.  2,  and  carried  in  all  succeeding  editions.  It  was 
reported  on  the  authority  of  Plummer.  Since  the  distribution  of  this  species 
is  to  the  southeast  of  Indiana,  it  is  dropped  from  our  flora. 

Pa.,  southw.  to  the  mts.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

513.  Collomia  linearis  Nutt.  In  1935  Charles  M.  Ek  found  a  colony 
approximately  a  hundred  feet  long  on  both  sides  of  the  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road about  2  miles  northwest  of  Kokomo,  Howard  County.  Doubtless 
introduced  here. 

N.  B.,  Wis.  to  B.  C,  southw.  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Calif.,  but  introduced 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mts. 

514.  Phacelia  dubia  (L.)  Small.  Our  only  report  is  one  from  Monroe 
County  made  by  Andrews.  It  is  excluded  for  lack  of  a  confirming  specimen. 

N.  Y.  and  Pa.  to  Mo.  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tex. 

515.  Lappula  Redowskii  (Hornem.)  Greene  var.  occidentals 
(Wats.)  Rydb.  I  reported  this  variety  from  Porter  County  but  I  am  now 
referring  the  specimen  to  Lappula  echinata  Gilib. 

Nat.  of  Asia  and  Amer. ;  nat.  of  the  U.  S.  west  of  our  area,  from  Sask., 
N.  Dak.  to  Okla.  and  N.  Mex.,  but  introd.  into  several  states  east  of  its 
range. 

516.  Symphytum  officinale  L.  Common  Comfrey.  This  is  a  medi- 
cinal herb  which  was  cultivated  in  gardens  by  the  pioneers,  but  it  is  now 
very  rarely  or  never  cultivated.  It  was  reported  as  an  escape  by  some  of 
the  early  botanists  but  I  have  seen  it  only  once  and  that  was  along  the 
roadside  near  a  house.  The  colony  may  have  persisted  from  an  old  garden. 
It  was  reported  as  being  common  in  woods  in  Jefferson  County.   I  doubt 


Excluded  Species  1083 

that  it  has  been  able  to  establish  itself.    In  1932  Scott  McCoy  found  a 
specimen  in  a  wooded  ravine  near  Indianapolis. 

Nat.  of  temperate  Eu. ;  naturalized  from  Newf.  to  Que.  and  Mont., 
southw.  to  N.  C.  and  La. 

517.  LYCOPSIS  arvensis  L.  Andrews  reported  this  species  from  Monroe 
County  without  any  data  and  Young  did  likewise  for  Jefferson  County  in 
1871.  Since  there  is  only  one  record  from  Ohio,  it  is  certain  that  this 
species  rarely  escapes,  and  since  it  is  not  planted,  there  is  reason  to  believe 
that  it  will  never  become  so  well  established  in  Indiana  that  it  can  be  called 
a  member  of  our  flora. 

Nat.  of  temperate  Eu. ;  naturalized  from  N.  B.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  Va. 
and  Colo. ;  also  in  Calif. 

518.  Myosotis  arvensis  (L.)  Hill.  This  plant  was  reported  in  1892  by 
Benedict  &  Elrod  as  "found  growing  sparsely  in  Cass  County,  near  Lake 
Cicott,  and  in  Bethlehem  Township.  It  seems  to  prefer  the  sandy  ridges 
and  sandy  fields,  and  was  not  seen  elsewhere."  As  it  has  not  been  reported 
since  or  elsewhere  it  is  best  to  place  it  with  the  excluded  species. 

Newf.  to  Minn.,  south  to  W.  Va. ;  and  in  Eu. 

519.  Lithospermum  officinale  L.  This  species  has  been  reported  by 
several  authors  but  I  believe  that  they  have  confused  it  with  Lithospermum 
arvense.  Meyncke  reported  it  from  Franklin  County  but  did  not  report 
Lithospermum  arvense.  Riddell  reported  it  from  the  vicinity  of  New 
Albany  on  the  authority  of  Clapp  in  his  "Supplement  of  Ohio  Plants,"  on 
page  27,  1836.  Since  there  are  no  specimens,  and  since  there  are  no  speci- 
mens from  Ohio,  although  reported  there,  I  believe  it  best  to  exclude  this 
species. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  e.  Que.  to  Minn.,  south  to  N.  J. 

520.  Onosmodium  molle  Michx.  Reported  from  Clark  County  by  Baird 
&  Taylor  in  1878.  Since  this  species  is  known  only  from  the  cedar  barrens 
of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  the  report  should  doubtless  be  referred  to 
Onosmodium  hispidissimum. 

521.  Onosmodium  occidentale  Mack.  This  species  was  reported  from 
Hamilton  County  by  Grimes.  His  specimen  is  in  the  herbarium  of  DePauw 
University  and  it  should  be  referred  to  Onosmodium  hispidissimum  Mack. 

111.  to  N.  Dak.,  Alberta,  southw.  to  Kans.,  Tex.,  and  N.  Mex. 

522.  Onosmodium  virginianum  (L.)  A.  DC.  Reported  by  Phinney 
from  the  area  of  Delaware,  Jay,  Randolph,  and  Wayne  Counties  in  1883. 
This  species  is  entirely  out  of  our  range,  and  I  refer  this  report  to 
Ono smo dium  hispidissimum . 

Conn,  to  Fla.,  westw.  along  the  Gulf  to  La. 

523.  Verbena  bipinnatifida  Nutt.  Dakota  Verbena.  This  species  was 
reported  from  the  Calumet  District,  on  railroad  embankments.  Since  the 
range  of  the  species  is  far  to  the  west  of  Indiana,  and  since  it  has  been 
found  only  along  railroads,  I  regard  it  as  a  migrant. 

S.  Dak.  to  Mo.  and  Mex. 


1084  Excluded  Species 

524.  Verbena  officinalis  L.  European  Vervain.  This  species  was 
reported  from  Fayette  and  Jefferson  Counties  about  40  years  ago.  There 
are  no  later  reports  and  in  the  absence  of  verifying  specimens,  and  since 
it  has  not  been  reported  from  Ohio,  it  is  best  to  regard  it  as  a  waif. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  naturalized  from  Maine  to  Fla.,  Tenn.,  and  Tex.  Also  on 
the  Pacific  coast. 

525.  Scutellaria  serrate.  Andr.  Reported  from  Fayette  County  by 
Hessler  and  from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  by  Schneck.  This  species  much 
resembles  Scutellaria  incana  and  these  authors  may  have  confused  these 
two.   There  are  no  specimens. 

Southern  N.  Y.  and  Pa.  to  111.,  southw.  to  S.  C.  and  Tenn. 

526.  Agastache  FOENICULUM  (Pursh)  Ktze.  This  species  was  reported 
from  Clark  County  by  Baird  &  Taylor  and  reported  without  comment  from 
Jay  County  by  Phinney.  It  is  a  native  far  to  the  west  of  our  area  and 
these  references  should  be  regarded  as  of  escapes  from  cultivation  or  as  of 
migrants.  It  has  been  reported  as  an  escape  in  Essex  County,  N.  Y. 

111.  to  Man.,  Alberta,  southw.  to  Colo. 

527.  Meehania  cordata  (Nutt.)  Britt.  This  species  was  reported  by 
Blatchley  from  Monroe  County  in  a  manuscript  which  is  on  deposit  at  Indi- 
ana University.  He  says:  "June,  shaded  banks  of  streams."  I  have  the 
specimen  upon  which  this  record  was  made  and  it  is  a  creeping  form  of 
Blephilia  ciliata  which  is  not  yet  in  flower.  Andrews  also  reported  this 
species  from  Monroe  County  but  since  Andrews  only  listed  the  species 
without  any  data  the  report  is  valueless. 

Pa.  to  111.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 

528.  Physostegia  parviflora  Nutt.  This  species  was  reported  from 
Marion  County  by  Douglass  and  from  Putnam  County  by  Grimes.  I  have 
seen  the  specimens  upon  which  this  report  was  made  and  the  Douglass 
specimen  is  Physostegia  speciosa  and  the  Grimes  specimen  is  Physostegia 
virginiana. 

529.  Leucas  martinicensis  R.  Br.  This  introduced  species  was  re- 
ported by  Collins  (Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  Dept.  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  16:  379. 
1889)  from  Dearborn  County.  Our  present  manuals  do  not  list  this  species, 
so  it  must  be  a  rare  escape. 

530.  Galeopsis  Tetrahit  L.  There  are  reports  of  this  species  from 
Franklin  and  Jefferson  Counties,  but  they  were  made  more  than  50  years 
ago.  Evidently  the  plant  was  a  waif  and  has  not  become  established.  There 
is  no  specimen.   There  is  only  one  record  from  Ohio. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  in  waste  places  and  on  ballast  from  Newf.  to  B.  C.  and 
Alaska,  southw.  to  N.  C,  W.  Va.,  and  Mich. 

531.  Lamium  album  L.  White  Deadnettle.  This  species  was  re- 
ported by  Andrews  from  Monroe  County  but  since  there  are  neither 
specimens  nor  data  the  species  is  excluded. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  waste  places  in  Ont.  to  Mass.  and  Va. 


Excluded  Species  1085 

532.  Stachys  palustris  L.  There  are  many  reports  for  this  species 
but  according  to  Fernald  (Rhodora  23:  289.  1921)  this  is  a  European  plant 
which  has  been  introduced  from  Newfoundland  to  Quebec  and  Ottawa, 
southward,  chiefly  near  the  coast,  to  New  Jersey.  Probably  most  of  the 
reports  from  Indiana  should  be  referred  to  Stachys  palustris  var.  homo- 
tricha  Fern. 

533.  Salvia  Pitcheri  Torr.  I  have  the  private  copy  of  Dr.  J.  Schneck's 
list  of  the  plants  of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  in  which  he  recorded  addi- 
tions to  his  list.  In  1912,  I  published  the  additions  and  this  species  was 
among  them.  He  says  he  found  it  in  Gibson  County  on  the  Martin  Meyer 
farm  which  is  located  two  and  a  half  miles  south  of  the  bridge  of  the 
Southern  Railroad  over  the  Wabash  River.  This  is  a  plant  of  the  dry 
plains,  and  in  the  absence  of  more  data  or  of  a  specimen,  we  exclude  it  from 
our  flora.  The  area  where  the  plant  was  found  was  originally  heavily 
wooded  but  the  plant  might  have  been  introduced. 

Mo.,  Kans.,  Colo.,  southw.  to  Tex. 

534.  Salvia  pratensis  L.  Clute  reported  this  species  as  found  in  a 
pasture  about  12  miles  south  of  Indianapolis.  This  is  our  only  report  and 
we  have  no  evidence  that  it  has  become  established.  It  is  a  cultivated 
species  and  its  escape  may  be  expected. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

535.  Salvia  urticaefolia  L.  This  species  was  reported  by  Riddell  for 
Clapp  in  the  "Supplement  to  Ohio  Plants"  on  page  27,  1836.  "Found  among 
the  knobs,  New  Albany,  rare."  I  have  Clapp's  catalogue  of  the  plants  that 
he  found  and  in  it  he  records  "found  on  the  knobs  near  Mr.  Jones."  I  do  not 
question  this  record  but,  following  the  rule  that  I  include  only  reports 
supported  by  a  specimen,  I  am  compelled  to  exclude  it. 

Pa.  to  Ky.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  La. 

536.  Salvia  verticillata  L.  In  1935  Charles  M.  Ek  found  a  large 
colony  of  this  species  along  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  about  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  northwest  of  Galveston,  Cass  County.   Doubtless  introduced. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

537.  MonArda  didyma  L.  Oswego  Beebalm.  This  species  has  long 
been  under  cultivation  as  an  ornamental  plant  and  kitchen  herb  and  easily 
escapes.  Schneck  reported  it  as  a  garden  escape  for  the  Lower  Wabash 
Valley  in  1874.  Higley  and  Raddin  reported  it  on  the  authority  of  Brennan 
for  Lake  County.  Peattie  also  reported  it  for  the  Calumet  District  but  this 
report  may  be  based  upon  the  Higley  and  Raddin  report.  There  is  no 
Indiana  specimen  in  the  Field  Museum.  Phinney  reported  it  in  1883  for 
the  area  of  Delaware,  Jay,  Randolph,  and  Wayne  Counties.  He  says: 
"July.  Moist  places,  rare."  This  is  the  only  reference  in  which  it  might 
be  considered  a  native  plant,  but  because  it  is  known  that  Phinney  often 
did  not  distinguish  between  native  and  cultivated  plants,  this  reference  is 
doubtful.  From  the  ease  with  which  this  plant  might  escape,  and  because 
it  is  so  conspicuous  that  it  certainly  would  be  noticed  by  any  amateur 


1086  Excluded  Species 

botanist,  I  believe  we  can  dispose  of  this  species  as  a  rare  escape  in  the 
state  and  not  as  a  native. 

Western  Que.,  Out.,  and  Mich.,  southw.  to  Ga.,  Ala.,  and  Tenn. 

538.  Satureja  glabella  (Michx.)  Briquet.  This  species  was  reported  for 
Clark  County  and  for  the  area  of  Delaware,  Jay,  Randolph,  and  Wayne 
Counties.  It  was  also  included  in  the  manuals  but  there  are  no  Indiana 
specimens  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  nor  in  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden. 
The  range  is  given  in  our  manuals  as  Ind.,  Ky.,  and  Ark.  No  doubt  it  will 
be  found  in  southern  Indiana  but  in  the  absence  of  a  specimen  I  exclude  it. 

539.  Satureja  Nepeta  (L.)  Scheele.  This  species  was  reported  for 
Franklin  County  by  Meyncke  in  1885.  Since  we  have  no  subsequent  reports 
and  no  specimen,  it  is  excluded. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  locally  naturalized  from  Md.  to  Ark. 

540.  Hyssopus  officinalis  L.  Hyssop.  Reported  in  1878  for  Clark 
County  by  Baird  &  Taylor.  We  have  no  subsequent  report.  This  plant  was 
cultivated  by  pioneers  for  its  medicinal  qualities  and  may  have  at  that 
time  sometimes  escaped,  but  since  it  is  no  longer  cultivated,  there  is  little 
probability  of  it  becoming  established. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  locally  established  from  Ont.  and  Maine,  to  N.  C.  and  on 
the  Pacific  coast. 

541.  Pycnanthemum  clinopodioides  T.  &  G.  (Koellia  clinopodioides 
(T.  &  G.)  Ktze.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Reported 
for  Clark  County  by  Baird  &  Taylor  but,  since  the  range  of  the  species 
is  outside  of  Indiana,  and  they  did  not  report  Pycnanthemum  pilosum 
which  occurs  here,  I  refer  this  report  to  the  latter  species. 

Conn,  to  Pa.,  Va.,  and  Tenn. 

542.  Pycnanthemum  incanum  (L.)  Michx.  (Koellia  incana  (L.) 
Ktze.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This  species  was  reported 
for  six  southern  counties,  but  the  authors  did  not  report  Pycnanthemum 
pycnanthemoides.  I  believe  that  these  authors  confused  the  two,  and  for 
the  lack  of  a  specimen,  I  exclude  the  species. 

Maine  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Ala.,  and  Mo. 

543.  Pycnanthemum  muticum  (Michx.)  Pers.  (Koellia  mutica 
(Michx.)  Britt.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Andrews  re- 
ported this  species  for  Monroe  County  without  any  data.  Schneck  reported 
it  also  for  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley.  Since  its  range  is  outside  our  area, 
and  we  have  no  specimen,  I  exclude  it. 

Maine  to  Pa.,  Va.,  and  Fla.  and  Mo. 

544.  Thymus  Serpyllum  L.  Thyme.  This  species  has  not  yet  been 
reported  for  Indiana  but  I  have  had  a  large  colony  in  Fairview  Cemetery 
at  Bluffton  under  observation  for  ten  years.  It  was  a  large  colony  when 
I  first  found  it  and  it  has  been  gradually  spreading  since  that  time.  My 
advice  is  never  to  let  it  escape  because  it  will  be  almost  as  difficult  to 


Excluded  Species  1087 

exterminate   as   ground-ivy.      It    is   established   in   the   grounds   of   the 
University  of  Notre  Dame,  St.  Joseph  County. 

545.  Lycopus  asper  Greene.  This  species  was  reported  from  St.  Joseph 
County  by  McDonald  for  Nieuwland.  I  have  seen  this  specimen  and  it 
should  be  referred  to  Lycopus  americanus  Muhl. 

Mich.,  Man.,  and  B.  C,  southw.  to  Kans.,  Ariz.,  and  Calif. 

546.  Mentha  aquatica  L.  There  are  two  specimens  of  this  European 
species  in  the  herbarium  of  Indiana  University.  They  were  collected  by 
A.  H.  Young  in  July,  1881,  but  they  were  never  reported.  Since  these  are 
our  only  specimens  and  no  data  were  given,  it  seems  best  to  exclude 
the  species. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  S.  to  Pa.  and  Ga. 

547.  Mentha  CardIaca  Gerarde.  I  found  this  species  in  1922  in  a 
pasture  field  in  Spencer  County.  It  was  reported  from  Porter  County  by 
Peattie  on  the  authority  of  Churchill.  Since  there  are  no  data  concerning 
the  ability  of  this  species  to  maintain  itself  it  is  best  to  regard  it  as  a 
migrant. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

548.  Mentha  longifolia  var.  undulata  (Willd.)  Fiori  &  Paoletti.  In 
1923  I  found  this  mint  as  a  common  plant  in  sandy  soil  along  the  roadside 
on  the  site  of  a  former  habitation  about  2  miles  northwest  of  Monticello, 
White  County.  A  few  years  later  I  again  noted  it  at  the  same  place.  Since 
there  are  no  other  records,  I  regard  this  as  only  a  chance  introduction. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

549.  Hyptis  radiata  Willd.  This  species  was  reported  from  Jefferson 
County  by  Young  (Rept.  Indiana  Geol.  Surv.  2:  273.  1871).  If  the  identi- 
fication was  correct,  no  doubt  it  was  a  migrant. 

N.  C.  toward  the  coast  to  Tex. 

550.  Hyoscyamus  niger  L.  Black  Henbane.  This  medicinal  plant 
was  found  by  F.  J.  Hermann,  June  20,  1935.  It  was  an  escape  along  the 
road  about  2  miles  west  of  Angola,  Steuben  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu.;  N.  S.  to  Ont,  southw  to  N.  Y.  and  Mich. 

551.  Physalis  ANGULATA  L.  This  species  has  been  reported  from  the 
dune  area  by  Peattie  and  by  Pepoon.  Since  it  is  a  western  species  and  it 
was  found  in  ballast,  I  regard  these  plants  as  migrants. 

Va.  to  Iowa,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

552.  Physalis  ixocarpa  Brotero.  Tomatillo.  E.  D.  Hull  reported 
this  species  in  American  Botanist  41 :  27.  1935.  A  few  plants  were  adven- 
tive  in  Gary,  Lake  County  where  they  had  escaped  from  cultivation. 

Introd.  from  the  southwest. 

553.  Physalis  lanceolata  Michx.  There  are  several  reports  for  this 
species.   The  plant  very  much  resembles  Physalis  virginiana  and  may  have 


1088  Excluded  Species 

been  confused  with  it.    Since  it  is  a  western  species,  it  is  best  to  wait 
until  we  secure  authentic  specimens  before  it  is  admitted  to  our  flora. 
S.  C.  to  111.,  S.  Dak.,  southw.  to  Kans.  and  N.  Mex. 

554.  Physalis  peruviana  L.  Peruvian  Groundcherry.  I  found  this 
species  in  Crawford  County  near  a  barn  and  was  told  by  the  owner  that 
they  had  cultivated  it  for  its  fruit.  It  could  easily  escape  but  it  should 
not  be  considered  a  part  of  our  flora  until  it  has  established  itself. 

Nat.  of  S.  A. 

Several  other  species  of  Physalis  have  been  reported  from  Indiana  but 
they  may  all  be  referred  to  the  synonomy  of  some  one  of  the  species 
treated  in  the  text. 

555.  Solanum  heterodoxum  Dunal.  Reported  from  Monroe  County 
for  Hessler  in  Coulter's  Catalogue.  This  species  is  not  a  native  of  the 
United  States  and  if  the  plant  was  not  wrongly  identified,  it  must  have 
been  a  migrant. 

556.  Solanum  Torreyi  Gray.  Reported  from  Hancock  County  by 
Douglass.  It  is  a  western  species  and  since  it  closely  resembles  Solanum 
carolinense,  I  omit  it  from  our  flora  until  a  check  upon  the  identification 
can  be  made. 

Ark.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Tex. 

557.  Solanum  virginiAnum  L.  Riddell  reported  this  species  for  Clapp 
in  1836  in  his  "Supplement  to  Ohio  Plants"  on  page  27.  I  have  the  book  in 
which  Dr.  Clapp  kept  his  records  and  he  records  this  species  for  1834,  but 
later  he  scratched  it  out.  This  is  a  dubious  species  and  authors  agree  that 
Linnaeus  described  a  plant  foreign  to  Virginia,  and  its  identity  has  not 
been  satisfactorily  established. 

558.  Datura  Metel  L.  I  reported  this  species  from  the  Lower  Wabash 
Valley  for  Schneck  who  says :  "Occasionally  spontaneous."  This  is  a  native 
of  the  tropics  and  there  is  no  evidence  that  it  is  a  part  of  our  flora. 

559.  Petunia  axillaris  (Lam.)  BSP.  Petunia.  This  species  was 
reported  by  Schneck  as  an  escape  from  gardens  but  he  does  not  say 
whether  it  maintained  itself.    It  is  an  annual  and  only  a  chance  escape. 

Nat.  of  Brazil. 

560.  Petunia  violacea  L.  Petunia.  Reported  both  by  Peattie  and 
by  Pepoon  on  the  authority  of  Hill  as  persisting  on  the  site  of  an  old  camp 
in  the  dunes.  I  noted  it  once  persisting  about  an  abandoned  dwelling  in  the 
dunes  in  Porter  County,  but  in  this  instance  it  had  no  competition  in  its 
sandy  habitat  and  I  doubt  that  it  would  persist  long.  This  is  an  annual 
and  without  doubt  would  fail   to  maintain   itself;  hence   it  is  excluded. 

561.  Antirrhinum  ma  jus  L.  Snapdragon.  This  species  has  been  re- 
ported as  a  garden  escape,  but  there  are  no  data  concerning  its  persistence. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 


Excluded  Species  1089 

562.  Chelone  Lyoni  Pursh.  This  species  was  reported  from  the  Lower 
Wabash  Bottoms  by  Schneck.  The  report  was  made  when  the  species  was 
not  understood,  and  it  should,  no  doubt,  be  referred  to  Chelone  obliqua  var. 
speciosa. 

Eastern  Appalachian  Mts.,  w.  N.  C,  and  adjacent  S.  C.  to  Tenn. 

563.  Chelone  oblIqua  L.  Reported  by  several  authors  before  the 
status  of  the  species  was  understood.  All  reports  should  be  referred  to 
Chelone  obliqua  var.  speciosa. 

Coastal  Plain  from  Md.  to  Ala. 

564.  Penstemon  laevigatus  Soland.  Reported  from  all  parts  of  the 
state  before  the  present  division  of  the  genus.  This  species,  as  now  under- 
stood, is  restricted  to  the  Blue  Ridge  province  of  the  eastern  Appalachians. 

Pa.  to  Fla.  and  e.  Miss. 

565.  Mimulus  glabratus  var.  Fremontii  (Benth.)  Grant.  This  variety 
was  reported  by  Higley  &  Raddin  as  being  found  in  July,  1885,  near  Miller, 
Lake  County.  Since  Grant  and  Pennell,  who  searched  every  herbarium  in 
which  a  specimen  might  be  deposited,  did  not  find  one,  and  R.  M.  Tryon, 
Jr.,  searched  the  herbarium  of  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Science,  it  is  ex- 
cluded for  lack  of  verifying  evidence.  I  have  no  doubt  that  the  species 
did  formerly  occur  in  Indiana. 

Ont.  to  Man.,  southw.  into  Mex. 

566.  Mimulus  viscidula  var.  typica  Pennell.  (Gratiola  viscosa 
Schwein.)  This  species  was  reported  from  Jefferson  County  by  Young,  who 
says :  "Rather  plentiful.  All  the  specimens  I  have  found  have  the  peduncle  a 
little  longer  than  the  leaves."  Young's  specimens  so  named  are  in  the  her- 
barium of  Indiana  University,  and  they  should  be  referred  to  Gratiola 
neglecta  Torr. 

Del.  to  n.  Ga.  and  e.  Tenn. 

567.  Veronica  agrestis  L.  This  species  was  reported  from  Putnam 
County  in  Coulter's  Catalogue,  upon  the  authority  of  MacDougal.  There  is 
no  specimen  of  MacDougal's  in  the  herbarium  of  DePauw  University. 
There  is,  however,  a  specimen  so  labeled  collected  by  Lewis  &  Bridges 
May  2,  1888,  and  it  proves  to  be  Veronica  arvensis.  Since  I  have  not  seen 
an  Indiana  specimen,  the  species  is  excluded.  It  has  been  reported  from 
Lake  County  by  Standley,  but  I  have  seen  his  specimens  and  I  am  referring 
them  to  Veronica  persica. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  Newf.  to  Mich,  and  Pa. 

568.  Veronica  Anagallis-aquatica  L.  Reported  several  times,  but 
all  of  the  specimens  so  named  which  I  have  seen  I  am  referring  to  one  or 
the  other  of  our  aquatic  species.  The  specimen  collected  by  Grimes  in 
Putnam  County  is  in  the  herbarium  of  DePauw  University  and  is  Veronica 

connata. 

Nat.  of  Eurasia;  Maine  to  Wash.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Tex.,  and  Ariz. 


1090  Excluded  Species 

569.  Gerardia  aspera  Dougl.  (Agalinis  aspera  (Douglass)  Britt.  of 
Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This  species  was  reported  by 
Schneck  as  found  in  wet  prairies  in  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley,  and  by 
Peattie  as  found  in  the  Indiana  dunes  "in  sandy  soil  of  the  Post-Tolleston 
beaches."  Pennell,  in  his  studies  of  this  species,  has  examined  all  the 
specimens  in  all  of  the  leading  herbaria  of  the  United  States  and  has  not 
found  a  specimen  from  Indiana.  Hence  our  reports  are  referred  to  other 
species. 

Man.  to  111.  and  Okla. 

570.  Aureolaria  laevigata  (Raf.)  Raf.  (Probably  Gerardia  laevigata 
Raf.  of  Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7  and  Dasystoma  laevigata  Raf.  of  Britton  and 
Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed,  2.)  This  species  was  reported  from  Porter  County 
by  Pepoon,  and  the  specimen  has  been  examined  by  Fassett,  who  refers  it 
to  Aureolaria  flava.  It  was  reported  from  Marshall  County  by  Clark,  and 
doubtless  this  report  also  should  be  referred  to  Aureolaria  flava. 

Pa.  and  Ohio  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

571.  Melampyrum  lineare  Desr.  var.  typicum  Pennell.  All  reports  of 
Melampyrum  made  before  the  publication  of  Peattie's  "Flora  of  the  Indiana 
Dunes"  were  made  before  authors  recognized  the  variety.  Since  Pennell 
gives  the  range  of  the  typical  form  of  the  species  as  being  outside  our  area, 
doubtless  all  reports  should  be  transferred  to  one  of  the  varieties. 

Newf.  to  N.  Y.,  Minn.,  and  B.  C. 

572.  Utricularia  biflora  Lam.  This  species  was  reported  by  Scovell 
(Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1899 :  130.  1900)  as  occurring  in  Little  Lake  near 
Lake  Maxinkuckee.  As  now  understood,  this  species  occurs  along  the  coast 
from  Massachusetts  to  Florida  and  Louisiana,  and,  no  doubt,  this  report 
should  be  referred  to  some  other  species.  Our  manuals  of  that  date  did 
not  make  very  clear  the  distinction  between  the  species. 

573.  Utricularia  cleistogam a  (Gray)  Britt.  This  species  was  reported 
by  me  for  Dr.  J.  Schneck.  Dr.  Barnhart  has  examined  the  specimen  and 
writes  that  it  is  a  depauperate  specimen  of  Utricularia  gibba. 

574.  Utricularia  inflata  Walt.  This  species  was  reported  from  Jasper 
County  by  Welch  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  36:  219.  1927).  I  have  seen  the 
specimens  reported  and  they  should  be  referred  to  Utricularia  radiata 
Small. 

575.  Ruellia  pedunculata  Toit.  Clute  (Amer.  Bot.  36:  169.  1930)  re- 
ported this  species  from  Marion  County  under  the  name  of  Ruellia  longi- 
pedunculata.  The  specimen  is  in  the  herbarium  of  Butler  University,  and 
seems  to  be  a  variation  of  Ruellia  strepens  mentioned  in  Gray,  Synoptical 
Flora,  1886,  which  has  short  peduncles  or  peduncles  of  varying  lengths,  but 
they  are  not  as  long  as  those  of  R.  pedunculata  which  equal  the  leaves.  I 
have  one  specimen  which  has  peduncles  of  three  lengths. 

111.  and  Mo.  to  Ark.  and  La. 


Excluded  Species  1091 

576.  Plantago  indica  L.  Charles  M.  Ek  found  this  species  in  1935  in 
dry,  cindery  ballast  in  the  yards  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  at  Kokomo, 
Howard  County,  and  also  in  Cass  County,  4  miles  northwest  of  Galveston 
in  ballast  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad.  I  am  regarding  this  species  as  a 
railroad  migrant. 

Nat.  of  cent,  and  s.  Eu. ;  Pa.,  Ohio,  Ind.,  Mich.,  and  Iowa. 

577.  Plantago  elongata  Pursh.  Reported  four  times  for  Indiana  but 
doubtless  all  reports  should  be  referred  to  Plantago  pusilla. 

N.  Dak.  to  Utah,  southw.  to  Nebr.  and  Okla. 

578.  Plantago  sparsiflora  Michx.  This  species  was  reported  from 
Clark  and  Jefferson  Counties  by  the  earlier  authors  before  our  manuals 
made  clear  the  distinction  between  the  species,  Plantago  elongata  and 
Plantago  pusilla.  These  reports  should  be  referred,  no  doubt,  to  some  other 
species.  A  specimen  collected  by  J.  M.  Coulter  in  Jefferson  County  is  in  the 
herbarium  of  Wabash  College  and  proves  to  be  Plantago  Rugelii. 

Coastal  Plain,  N.  C.  to  Fla. 

579.  Houstdnia  canadensis  Willd.    (Houstonia  clliolata  Torr.  of  Gray, 

Man.,  ed.  7  and  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This  species  has 
been  reported  from  Indiana  thirteen  times,  but  I  believe  all  of  these  reports 
should  be  referred  to  Houstonia  longifolia.  I  have  not  seen  a  typical  speci- 
men of  this  species  but  our  manuals  say  that  at  least  the  basal  leaves  of  this 
species  are  ciliate  and  Gray,  Manual,  ed.  7  says:  "hirsute-ciliate."  I  have 
seen  no  specimens  which  have  this  character  or  which  look  like  the  plant 
shown  in  the  colored  plate  in  Torrey's  Flora  of  New  York. 
Maine  to  N.  D.,  southw.  to  W.  Va.  and  Ark. 

580.  Houstonia  lanceolata  (Poir.)  Britton.  This  species  was  reported 
by  Daubenmire  from  Parke  County,  but  he  later  referred  the  specimen  to 
Houstonia  purpurea. 

Maine  to  111.,  southw.  to  Okla.  and  Ala. 

581.  Houstonia  tenuifolia  Nutt.  Reported  from  Marion  County  by 
Douglass.  I  have  seen  the  specimen  upon  which  this  record  was  made  and 
it  is  a  glabrate  form  of  Houstonia  longifolia  Gaertn. 

E.  Ohio  to  Va.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 

582.  GALIUM  Aparine  var.  Vaillantii  (DC.)  Koch.  This  variety  was 
reported  from  Marshall  County  by  Clark,  who  says  that  he  found  it  in  a 
marsh.  Since  this  species  rarely  grows  in  marshes,  and  since  the  habitat 
is  that  of  Galium  labradoricum,  I  believe  that  he  has  confused  the  two. 

Ont.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  Mo.,  Ariz.,  and  Calif. 

583.  Galium  latifolium  Michx.  Andrews  reported  this  species  from 
Monroe  County  but  he  did  not  report  Galium  lanceolatum,  which  should  be 
found  in  that  county.  Since  the  range  of  this  species  is  in  the  Appalachian 
Mountains,  I  believe  that  Andrews  confused  it  with  Galium  lanceolatum. 

Mts.  of  Pa.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

584.  Galium  Mollugo  L.  I  reported  this  species  from  Marshall  County 
where  I  found  several  large  colonies  in  a  pasture  field  about  a  half  mile 


1092  Excluded  Species 

north  of  Culver.  Since  this  report  I  found  a  large  colony  in  Jefferson 
County  along  a  creek  near  where  it  parallels  a  road  about  3  miles  east  of 
Canaan.  Data  concerning  the  time  when  these  colonies  were  introduced 
and  how  long  they  will  persist  will  determine  whether  the  species  is  estab- 
lished in  the  state. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  naturalized  from  Newf.  to  Vt,  Pa.,  Ohio,  N.  J.,  and  Va. 

585.  Galium  uniflOrum  Michx.  Reported  from  Jefferson  County  by 
Young  in  1871.  This  report  doubtless  should  be  referred  to  some  other 
species. 

S.  C.  to  Fla.,  and  Tex. 

586.  Galium  verum  L.  I  reported  this  species  from  Noble  County.  A 
large  colony  was  found  along  a  roadside  a  mile  west  of  Kendallville.  Since 
this  is  our  only  record,  it  is  not  included  in  our  flora. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  naturalized  from  Maine  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  N.  J. 

587.  Sambucus  nigra  L.  European  Elderberry.  A  colony  of  this 
elderberry  was  found  October  2,  1937  by  Ray  C.  Friesner  along  the  Nickel 
Plate  Railroad  0.8  mile  west  of  Goldsmith,  Tipton  County.  Prof.  Friesner 
has  kindly  permitted  me  to  make  this  first  report  of  this  species  for  the 
state.  This  is  our  first  record  for  the  state  and  will  be  regarded  as  a 
garden  escape. 

Eu.,  northern  Africa  and  western  Asia. 

588.  Viburnum  Canbyi  Rehd.  I  reported  this  shrub  from  Brown, 
Clark,  Jennings,  and  Ripley  Counties  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1912:  84. 
1913) .  The  specimens  were  named  for  me  by  Render,  who  now  refers  them 
to  Viburnum  pubescens  var.  indianense. 

589.  Viburnum  dentatum  L.  Arrowwood.  Reported  from  Indiana 
several  times  by  our  early  authors  but  the  range  of  this  species  as  now 
understood  is  east  of  Indiana  and  doubtless  all  of  our  reports  should  be 
referred  to  some  other  species.  Buhl  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16;  252.  1935) 
refers  Peattie's  and  Pepoon's  reports  from  the  dune  area  to  Viburnum 
affine  or  its  variety. 

590.  Viburnum  nudum  L.  Smooth  Withe-rod.  Reported  from  Steuben 
County  by  Bradner  in  1892.  Since  its  range  is  southeast  of  Indiana,  this 
report  should  no  doubt  be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

591.  Viburnum  pubescens  (Ait.)  Pursh.  Downy  Viburnum.  The 
range  of  this  species  as  understood  by  recent  authors  is  east  of  Indiana, 
and  all  of  our  reports  should  be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

592.  Symphoricarpos  occidentals  Hook.  Western  Snowberry.  This 
species  was  reported  from  Jefferson  County  by  Coulter  and  by  Young. 
Since  its  range  is  to  the  west  and  north  of  Indiana,  these  plants  must  have 
been  escapes  from  gardens. 

Mich,  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  111.,  Colo.,  and  Kans. 


Excluded  Species  1093 

593.  Lonicera  hirsuta  Eat.  Hairy  Honeysuckle.  Reported  from 
Steuben  County  by  Bradner.  Since  he  did  not  report  the  other  two  species 
which  I  have  seen  in  this  county,  and  since  there  is  no  verifying  specimen, 
I  believe  it  best  to  refer  this  record  to  some  other  species.  It  was  also 
reported  from  Kosciusko  County  by  Clark.  He  says:  "Found,  but  not  in 
flower,  in  the  tamarack  northeast  of  the  lake."  Clark's  specimens  are  sup- 
posed to  have  been  preserved  in  the  National  Herbarium,  but  a  letter  from 
the  Curator,  dated  March  21,  1924,  says  that  his  specimen  cannot  be  found 
there. 

Vt.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Pa.,  Ohio,  and  Minn. 

594.  Lonicera  oblongifolia  (Goldie)  Hook.  Swamp  Fly  Honey- 
suckle. This  species  was  reported  from  Marshall  County  by  Clark.  He 
says :  "Rather  rare ;  one  plant  found  on  the  south  shore  of  the  lake. 
Throughout  the  tamarack  swamps  of  northern  Indiana  one  comes  fre- 
quently across  a  honeysuckle  which  is  probably  this  species."  Clark's  speci- 
mens are  supposed  to  have  been  preserved  in  the  National  Herbarium,  but 
a  letter  from  the  Curator,  dated  March  21,  1924,  says  that  the  Clark 
specimen  cannot  be  found  there. 

595.  Lonicera  sempervirens  L.  Trumpet  Honeysuckle.  This  species 
has  been  reported  from  Clark,  Franklin,  Jefferson,  St.  Joseph,  Tippecanoe, 
and  Wayne  Counties.  J.  M.  Coulter,  in  his  Flora  of  Jefferson  County,  says : 
"Sparingly  spontaneous."  I  feel  certain  that  it  is  not  a  native  of  Indiana, 
and  do  not  believe  it  has  escaped  to  the  extent  that  it  will  become  a  perma- 
nent part  of  our  flora.  Some  of  the  above  reports  were  made  by  authors  who 
did  not  distinguish  between  cultivated  and  native  plants,  so  we  have  no  way 
of  knowing  to  just  what  extent  it  has  escaped.  I  have  never  seen  it  as  an 
escape,  but  noted  it  in  Jefferson  County  along  a  fence  where  there  was 
formerly  a  dwelling. 

596.  Lonicera  tatArica  L.  Tartarian  Honeysuckle.  R.  M.  Kriebel 
informed  me  that  he  found  a  bush  of  this  species  at  the  edge  of  a  marsh 
three  fourths  of  a  mile  east  of  Mt.  Summit,  Henry  County.  It  was  in  flower 
on  May  15,  1937  and  in  fruit  on  June  20,  1937.  I  am  surprised  to  learn  that 
this  is  our  only  record  of  this  plant  escaping. 

S.  Russia  to  Altai  and  Turkestan. 

597.  Lonicera  Xylosteum  L.  Found  as  an  escape  in  1937  by  R.  C. 
Friesner  in  a  decadent  tamarack  bog  about  a  mile  south  of  Garrett,  De  Kalb 
County.  It  has  been  reported  by  McDonald  as  found  by  J.  A.  Nieuwland 
and  by  P.  E.  Hebert  on  the  bank  of  the  St.  Joseph  River  in  St.  Joseph 
County. 

Eu.  to  Altai. 

598.  Valerianella  radiata  (L.)  Dufr.  This  species  has  been  reported 
for  all  parts  of  the  state.  A  recent  revision  of  the  genus  shows  that  our 
plant  is  Valerianella  intermedia  Dyal  and  that  our  reports  should  be  re- 
ferred to  this  species. 

Pa.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 


1094  Excluded  Species 

599.  Valeriana  officinalis  L.  Common  Valerian.  Garden  Helio- 
trope. Cultivated  in  gardens  for  ornament.  This  species  was  reported 
without  any  comment,  from  Monroe  County  by  Andrews.  Since  there  are 
no  other  reports,  it  is  excluded  from  our  flora. 

Nat.  of  Eu.;  escaped  to  roadsides  in  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  Ohio. 

600.  Valeriana  septentrionalis  Rydb.  This  species  was  reported 
under  the  name  of  Valeriana  sylvatica  Banks  by  four  authors  about  60 
years  ago.  Since  these  authors  did  not  report  Valeriana  intermedia  which 
is  a  native  of  the  state,  they  no  doubt  confused  the  names  of  the  plant,  and  I 
accordingly  exclude  Valeriana  septentrionalis  from  the  Indiana  flora. 

B.  C,  southw.  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  N.  Mex. 

601.  Cucurbita  foetidissima  HBK.  Missouri  Gourd.  Pepoon  reports 
that  this  plant  was  found  along  the  Wabash  Railroad  near  Miller,  Lake 
County,  and  persisted  for  eight  years,  when  cold  destroyed  it.  Peattie 
reported  it  for  the  Calumet  District,  but  doubtless  he  had  reference  to  this 
report  without  giving  credit.   I  regard  this  species  as  a  railroad  migrant. 

S.  Dak.  to  Tex.;  westw.  to  Calif. 

602.  Cucurbita  Pepo  var.  ovifera  Alefeld.  Pear  Gourd.  Peattie  re- 
ported this  variety  as  "nat.  on  pure  sand  around  Tremont"  (Porter 
County).  I  regard  this  as  a  migrant  or  as  an  escape  from  some  garden. 
Buhl  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  252.  1935)  says  this  report  is  of  a  non- 
persistent  garden  escape. 

603.  Campanula  divaricata  Michx.  This  species  was  reported  from 
the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  as  occurring  "in  hilly  woods ;  rare"  by  Schneck. 
It  was  also  reported  from  Monroe  County  by  Andrews.  I  bought  the  Indiana 
specimens  of  the  Schneck  herbarium  and  the  collection  did  not  contain  a 
specimen  of  this  species.  Andrews  preserved  no  specimen.  Since  there  is 
no  verifying  specimen,  the  species  is  excluded. 

Va.  to  Ky.  and  southw. 

604.  Specularia  leptocarpa  (Nutt.)  Gray.  This  species  was  found  by 
Charles  M.  Ek,  July  10,  1935,  on  an  embankment  of  the  New  York,  Chi- 
cago &  St.  Louis  Railroad  (Nickel  Plate  Road),  about  2  miles  southeast  of 
Sharpsville,  Tipton  County.   Without  doubt  it  was  a  railroad  migrant. 

Mont.,  Colo.,  Mo.,  and  Kans.  to  Tex. 

605.  Vernonia  noveboracensis  Willd.  Reported  mostly  by  our  early 
authors  who  did  not  understand  the  species.  Its  range  is  restricted,  in 
general,  to  the  Atlantic  coast.  Pepoon's  report  of  Umbach's  specimen  from 
Lake  County  should  be  referred  to  V.  missurica  Raf.  (Rhodora  35:  210. 
1933.) 

Mass.  to  Ohio,  southw.  along  the  Atlantic  coast  to  Miss,  and  the  Gulf. 

606.  Eupatorium  hyssopifolium  L.  Reported  in  a  "Catalogue  of  the 
Plants  of  Indiana,"  published  by  the  editors  of  the  Botanical  Gazette  and 
C.  R.  Barnes  in  1881.  They  say:  "From  specimens  in  the  herbarium  of 
Lafayette  High  School.   Locality  not  certain  but  probably  Tippecanoe  Co." 


Excluded  Species  1095 

This  report  was  repeated  in  Coulter's  Catalogue.  It  seems  that  the  informa- 
tion is  very  uncertain  and,  if  found  in  Tippecanoe  County,  it  must  have 
been  a  waif. 

Mass.  to  Va.,  e.  Ky.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

607.  Brickellia  GRANDIFl6ra  (Hook.)  Nutt.  This  western  composite 
was  reported  from  Hamilton  County  by  Wilson.  He  later  said  that  this 
record  should  be  referred  to  Cacalia  suaveolens  L. 

608.  Liatris  PYCNOSTACHYA  (Michx.)  Ktze.  This  species  as  now  un- 
derstood does  not  occur  in  Indiana  and  reports  for  it  are  referred  to  Liatris 
Bebbiana  Rydb. 

609.  Amphiachyris  dracunculoides  (DC.)  Nutt.  On  Sept.  21,  1930 
H.  C.  Benke  found  a  few  plants  of  this  species  on  the  outskirts  of  La  Porte, 
La  Porte  County.  Since  this  is  a  western  species,  I  am  regarding-  it  as  a 
waif  until  there  are  additional  reports. 

Mo.  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex.    Adventive  at  Easton,  Pa. 

610.  SolidAgo  ARGUTA  Ait.  Reported  by  several  of  our  early  Indiana 
authors  instead  of  Solidago  juncea  Ait.  which  was  not  recognized  at  that 
time.  In  1927  it  was  reported  by  Pepoon  from  Lake  and  Porter  Counties. 
Buhl  and  Fassett  write  that  the  Pepoon  report  should  be  transferred  to 
Solidago  patula.  Doubtless  all  reports  should  be  transferred  to  some  other 
species.    General  distribution  not  definitely  known. 

Maine  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  Ohio,  N.  C,  Tenn.,  and  Ala. 

611.  Solidago  fistulosa  Ait.  This  species  was  reported  by  Young  from 
Jefferson  County  as  Solidago  pilosa  Walt.  Since  there  is  no  confirming 
specimen  I  refer  this  report  to  some  other  species. 

N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

612.  Solidago  glomerata  Michx.  Reported  from  the  "knobs  near  New 
Albany"  by  Riddell  for  Clapp  in  "Supplement  to  Ohio  Plants,"  page  28, 
1836.  I  have  Dr.  Clapp's  copy  of  Riddell's  "Flora  of  the  Western  States" 
in  which  he  records  that  he  found  it  September  17,  1834.  His  specimen  is  in 
the  herbarium  of  Wabash  College  and  I  refer  it  to  Solidago  erecta  Pursh. 

Cliffs  and  rocky  woods,  Blue  Ridge,  N.  C.  and  Tenn. 

613.  Solidago  graminifolia  (L.)  Salisb.  This  species  was  reported  fre- 
quently by  the  earlier  authors  but  as  now  understood  it  belongs  to  the  area 
east  and  north  of  Indiana.  Some  Indiana  specimens,  however,  may  belong 
to  this  species. 

N.  S.  to  N.  Y.,  and  westw.  to  Mich. 

614.  Solidago  missouriensis  Nutt.  Reported  from  Indiana  but  I  am 
referring  all  reports  to  Solidago  glaberrima  Martens. 

S.  Dak.,  Colo.,  Oreg.,  and  Wash.  (Rydberg),  although  Nuttall  gives  Ark. 

615.  Solidago  odora  Ait.  (Solidago  suaveolens  Schoepf.)  Reported 
from  Indiana  by  Blatchley,  Editors  of  the  Botanical  Gazette,  and  Schneck. 
Since  this  species,  as  now  understood,  does  not  occur  in  Indiana,  reports 
for  it  should  be  referred  to  other  species. 

N.  S.,  N.  Y.  to  Mo.,  southw.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  and  Okla. 


1096  Excluded  Species 

616.  Solidago  perglabra  Friesner.  This  is  a  species  that  Friesner 
segregated  from  the  section  Euthamia.  I  believe  this  section  has  been  di- 
vided too  much.  I  think  the  specimens  I  have  seen  can  safely  be  referred  to 
Solidago  media  or  some  may  be  the  true  Solidago  graminifolia.  More  defi- 
nite data  must  be  at  hand  before  the  Euthamia  species  can  be  separated 
with  certainty. 

W.  Va.,  Mich.,  Ind.  and  111. 

617.  Solidago  petiolaris  Ait.  Reported  from  Clark  County  by  Baird  & 
Taylor  and  from  Jefferson  County  by  Barnes,  J.  M.  Coulter,  and  Young. 
There  are  no  verifying  specimens.  Since  this  species  has  a  range  to  the 
south  and  southwest  of  Indiana,  it  is  probable  it  was  confused  with  one  of 
the  squarrose-bracted  species. 

N.  C,  s.  111.,  Mo.,  and  Kans.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

618.  Solidago  puberula  Nutt.  Reported  by  Young  from  Jefferson 
County.   The  report  should  be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

Que.,  southw.  to  Pa.  and  Fla.,  chiefly  near  the  coast. 

619.  Solidago  radula  Nutt.  This  species  was  reported  from  Jefferson 
County  by  Barnes  and  by  Coulter  for  Young.  It  was  reported  from  Mar- 
shall County  by  Hessler  in  1896  and  by  Clark  in  1920,  who  writes :  "A  few 
plants  on  the  east  side  of  Lake  Maxinkuckee."  I  found  specimens  so 
labeled  from  Jasper  County  but  all  the  specimens  I  saw  in  herbaria  are 
Solidago  7igida.  Since  this  species  has  a  range  far  to  the  west  of  Indiana 
I  think  it  can  be  safely  excluded. 

Sw.  111.,  Kans.,  southw.  to  La.  and  Tex. 

620.  Solidago  Randii  (Porter)  Britt.  This  species  was  reported  by  Mc- 
Donald from  St.  Joseph  County.  If  this  report  is  based  upon  Nieuwland's 
no.  2260,  labeled  Solidago  Randii,  it  should  be  referred  to  Solidago  rugosa 
var.  aspera  (Ait.)   Fern. 

Maine,  and  in  the  mts.  to  Va.,  and  westw.  to  Mich. 

621.  Solidago  rupestris  Raf.  Reported  from  Clark  and  Floyd  Counties. 
Riddell  in  his  "Supplement  to  Ohio  Plants"  published  in  1836,  on  page  36 
says :  "A  plant  16-18  inches  high,  flowering  in  September,  found  in  rocky 
situations  on  the  north  bank  of  the  falls  of  the  Ohio."  I  have  a  book  in 
which  Dr.  Clapp  recorded  that  he  also  found  it  on  the  north  shore  of  the 
falls. 

Britton  and  Brown   (Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2)   refer  this  species  to  Solid-ago 
canadensis  L.   I  have  not  seen  a  specimen. 
W.  Va.,  Ky.,  and  Ind. 

622.  Solidago  Shortii  T.  &  G.  This  species  was  described  from  speci- 
mens collected  by  C.  W.  Short  in  1840  on  Rock  Island,  one  of  the  islands 
of  the  falls  of  the  Ohio,  which  is  located  in  about  the  middle  of  the  Ohio 
River  south  of  Clarksville,  Clark  County,  Indiana.  Since  the  southern 
boundary  of  Indiana  is  low  water  mark  of  the  north  side  of  the  Ohio  River, 
Rock  Island  is  technically  in  Kentucky  and  this  species  must  be  excluded 
because  it  has  never  been  found  in  Indiana.   There  are  three  specimens  in 


Excluded  Species  1097 

the  Gray  Herbarium  and  two  specimens  in  the  herbarium  of  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden  and  possibly  others  elsewhere.  So  far  as  I  can  learn  this 
species  is  known  only  from  Rock  Island. 

623.  Solidago  tenuifolia  Pursh.  Since  this  species,  as  now  understood, 
has  a  range  to  the  east  of  Indiana,  reports  of  it  should  be  referred  either 
to  Solidago  media  or  to  Solidago  remota. 

N.  S.  to  Fla. 

624.  Solidago  uliginosa  Nutt.  Reported  mostly  by  our  early  authors 
but  I  am  referring  all  reports  to  Solidago  uniligulata.  As  I  understand  this 
species  it  does  not  come  as  far  south  as  Indiana  in  our  longitude. 

Newf.  to  the  mts.  of  N.  C.,  westw.  to  Mich,  and  Minn. 

625.  Aster  amethystinus  Nutt.  Amethyst  Aster.  This  is  an  ambig- 
uous aster  with  a  wide  range  but  of  only  local  occurrence.  It  has  been 
found  to  be  a  hybrid  of  Aster  novae-angliae  and  Aster  multiflorus  (of  our 
manuals) .  See  Rhodora  41 :  190-192.  1939.  I  have  a  specimen  from  Massa- 
chusetts which  is  undoubtedly  this  species.  I  also  have  in  my  exchange 
from  other  states,  specimens  so  labeled  which  evidently  belong  to  this 
species.  It  was  reported  many  years  ago  from  Steuben  County,  by  Brad- 
ner,  but  I  believe  this  record  can  safely  be  ignored.  It  was  reported  from 
Lake  County  in  1930  by  Peattie,  who  says  "It  has  been  collected  rarely 
near  Clarke."  I  have  not  been  able  to  see  a  specimen,  and  following  the 
rule  of  excluding  all  species  unless  I  know  of  an  authentic  specimen,  I 
exclude  it. 

Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  111.,  Iowa,  and  Nebr. 

626.  Aster  angustus  (Lindl.)  T.  &  G.  This  is  a  western  and  northern 
aster  which  is  spreading  eastward.  According  to  Gray's  Manual,  ed.  7,  it 
has  reached  Chicago.  Peattie  reports  it  from  the  dune  area  but  cites  no 
specimen.  It  seems  that  Peattie  reported  species  for  which  he  had  no 
verifying  specimen  and  for  that  reason,  I  exclude  it  until  I  see  or  learn 
of  an  authentic  specimen  that  was  found  in  Indiana. 

627.  Aster  divaricatus  L.  This  species  has  been  reported  from  Clark, 
Monroe,  Noble,  and  Porter  Counties.  It  may  occur  in  Indiana,  but  I 
have  not  seen  a  specimen.  Buhl  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  252.  1935)  re- 
fers Peattie's  report  from  Porter  County  to  A.  furcatus. 

Que.  to  Man.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn. 

628.  Aster  imperialis  M'Murtrie.  (M'Murtrie.  Sketches  of  Louisville 
including  a  Florula  Louisvillensis,  p.  213.  1819.)  This  species  wras  de- 
scribed from  a  single  specimen  found  by  its  author  on  the  bank  of  Blue 
River  (probably  on  the  boundary  between  Harrison  and  Crawford  Coun- 
ties). Apparently  the  description  applies  to  some  species  of  Erigeron. 
Since  the  species  is  in  doubt,  and  in  the  absence  of  a  specimen,  it  is  dropped. 

629.  Aster  lateriflorus  var.  glomerulus  (T.  &  G.)  Burgess.  This  I  re- 
gard as  an  ecological  form  of  the  species  and  place  it  in  the  synonomy  of 
the  species.   Reported  from  Porter  County  by  Peattie. 


1098  Excluded  Species 

630.  Aster  Lowrieanus  Porter.  This  species  was  reported  from  Mon- 
roe County  by  Andrews  but  he  preserved  no  specimen.  It  occurs  in  Ohio  and 
probably  in  Indiana. 

Conn,  to  Ont.,  southw.  to  N.  C.  and  Ky. 

631.  Aster  novi-bedgii  L.  New  York  Aster.  This  aster  has  been  re- 
ported from  three  counties.  Since  this  species  belongs  to  the  Atlantic 
Coastal  Plain,  it  is  evident  that  these  reports  should  be  transferred  to 
some  other  species. 

Newf.,  Maine  to  Ga.,  mainly  near  the  coast. 

632.  Aster  pilosus  var.  Pringlei  (Gray)  Blake.  This  variety  was  re- 
ported from  Lake  County,  but  I  have  not  seen  a  specimen.  I  believe  a 
depauperate  specimen  of  the  species  has  been  mistaken  for  the  variety. 

633.  Aster  polyphyllus  Willd.  This  species  was  reported  to  have  been 
found  by  Hill  near  Whiting.  I  have  seen  his  specimen,  which  is  in  the 
herbarium  of  DePauw  University,  and  it  is  not  this  species. 

Maine,  Ont.,  and  Wis.,  southw.  to  Pa.  and  N.  C. 

634.  Aster  tenuifolius  L.  Reported  from  a  few  counties  by  our  early 
botanists.  Since  the  species  is  restricted  in  its  distribution  to  the  Atlantic 
coast  doubtless  all  reports  should  be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

Salt  marshes  from  Mass.  to  Fla. 

635.  Aster  Tradescanti  L.  K.  M.  Wiegand,  who  has  made  an  intensive 
study  of  the  group  of  asters  of  which  this  species  was  considered  a  part, 
writes  that  this  species  was  so  indefinitely  defined  that  its  description 
can  not  be  applied  without  doubt.  Consequently,  he  proposes  to  drop  the 
name  and  refer  the  plate  at  least  in  part  to  Aster  lateriflorus.  It  has  been 
reported  from  all  parts  of  the  state. 

636.  Aster  Tradescanti  var.  foliosus  (Ait.)  Gray.  This  variety  was 
reported  from  Porter  County  by  Peattie.  Since  the  application  of  the  name 
is  in  doubt,  and  I  have  not  seen  a  specimen,  the  report  is  ignored.  Buhl 
(Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  252.  1935)  refers  this  report  to  A.  Tradescanti, 
which  name  is  dropped  in  this  treatment. 

637.  Aster  turbinellus  Lindl.  Reported  from  Monroe  County  by  An- 
drews, but  there  is  no  specimen.  The  species,  as  understood  by  Burgess 
and  Gray,  has  a  range  west  of  Indiana. 

Prairies  of  111.  to  Kans.,  southw.  to  La. 

638.  Aster  vimineus  var.  foliosus  (Ait.)  Gray.  This  variety  was  re- 
ported from  Franklin  County  by  Meyncke,  and  from  Porter  County  by 
Pepoon.  The  status  of  the  variety  is  questioned  and  Wiegand  says  "the 
standing  of  the  variety  is  not  entirely  clear."  I  think  it  best  to  drop  it  for 
the  present. 

639.  ErIgeron  acris  L.  Reported  from  Monroe  County  by  Andrews. 
No  doubt  this  should  be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  Maine,  Ont.,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mts.  to  Colo, 
and  Utah. 


Excluded  Species  1099 

640.  Erigeron  vernus  (L.)  T.  &  G.  Reported  from  Monroe  County  by 
Andrews.  This  is  a  marsh  plant  of  the  southeastern  part  of  the  United 
States,  and  no  doubt  the  report  should  be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

Va.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

641.  Pluchea  camphorata  (L.)  DC.  Reports  for  this  species  should 
be  referred  to  Pluchea  petiolata  Cass. 

Salt  marshes  along  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Mass.  to  Fla.  and  along  the 
Gulf  to  Tex.  and  Mex. 

642.  Pluchea  foetida  (L.)  DC.  Reports  for  this  species  also  should  be 
referred  to  Pluchea  petiolata  Cass. 

Swamps  along  the  Atlantic  coast  from  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  and  along  the 
Gulf  to  Tex.    Mainly  near  the  coast. 

643.  Antennaria  occidentals  Greene.  I  reported  this  species  from 
Cass  County  but  I  am  now  referring  my  specimen  to  another  species. 
Greene  referred  to  this  species  a  specimen  collected  in  Lake  County  by 
Moffatt  which  is  now  in  the  National  Herbarium.  I  have  not  seen  it.  Lyon 
and  Peattie  both  report  it  but  I  have  not  seen  their  specimens.  Fernald 
(Rhodora  38:  229.  1936)  gives  the  range  of  this  species  to  the  west  of 
Indiana. 

644.  Antennaria  Wilsonii  Greene.  This  species  was  described  by 
Greene  from  a  specimen  collected  by  Wilson  near  Cold  Creek  in  Hamilton 
County  in  June,  1911.  I  have  not  seen  the  specimen.  From  the  descrip- 
tion, I  believe  it  to  be  a  form  of  Antennaria  neglecta  Greene. 

645.  Silphium  Asteriscus  var.  laevicaule  DC.  This  form  was  re- 
ported from  Montgomery  County  by  Grimes.  I  have  seen  the  specimen  and 
I  am  referring  it  to  the  alternate-leaf  form  of  Silphium  integri folium.  The 
range  of  this  species  as  now  known  is  to  the  south  of  our  area. 

646.  Silphium  terebinthinaceum  var.  pinnatifidum  (Ell.)  Gray.  This 
variety  has  been  reported  from  Hamilton  County  and  by  Peattie  from 
the  dune  area.  Doubtless  these  reports  should  be  referred  to  Silphium 
laciniatum.  This  seems  to  be  a  drastic  disposal  of  these  reports  but  once  I 
investigated  the  report  of  a  botanist  of  this  variety  and  found  it  was  the 
last  named  species. 

Ohio,  Tenn.,  and  Ala. 

647.  Xanthium  americanum  Walt.  The  synonomy  of  the  species  of 
Xanthium  is  so  involved  that  the  application  of  names  to  forms  is  extremely 
uncertain.  In  the  absence  of  specimens  of  this  species  and  the  following 
excluded  ones,  it  is  impossible  to  say  to  which  of  our  two  native  species 
they  belong. 

648.  Xanthium  canadense  Mill.  This  species  has  been  reported  from  10 
counties  and  is  referred  to  one  of  our  native  species. 

649.  Xanthium  commune  Britt.  This  species  is  referred  as  in  the 
preceding. 


1100  Excluded  Species 

650.  Xanthium  echinatum  Murr.  This  species  has  been  reported  from 
4  counties  and  is  referred  to  one  of  our  native  species. 

651.  Xanthium  pungens  Wallr.  This  species  I  refer  to  Xanthium  penn- 
sylvanicum  Wallr. 

652.  Xanthium  strumarium  L.  This  species  has  been  reported  from  15 
counties  and  I  refer  it,  also,  to  one  of  our  native  species. 

653.  Heliopsis  scabra  Dunal.  Reported  from  all  parts  of  the  state.  I 
believe  these  specimens  have  been  so  named  on  account  of  the  roughness 
of  the  leaves.  This  character  alone,  however,  is  not  sufficient  to  separate 
them  from  Heliopsis  helianthoides  to  which  I  think  all  of  our  Indiana  re- 
ports should  be  referred.  This  species  is  western  and  our  native  species 
insensibly  grades  into  it.  The  range  of  Heliopsis  scabra  is  given  as  follows. 

Maine,  Man.  to  B.  C,  southw.  to  N.  J.,  Tenn.,  and  Ark. 

654.  Rudbeckia  speciosa  Wenderoth.  Showy  Coneflower.  This 
species  is  interpreted  differently  by  authors,  and  in  consequence,  the  range 
of  the  species  differs.  Boynton  &  Beadle  (Small's  "Flora  of  the  South- 
eastern States,"  1903)  give  the  range  as  "Pa.  to  Va.  and  N.  C."  In  Gray's 
Manual,  ed.  7,  it  is  given  as  "N.  J.  and  Pa.  to  Ga.  and  Mo."  In 
Britton  and  Brown's  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  it  is  given  as  "N.  J.  to  Mich.,  south 
to  Ala.  and  Ark."  All  of  the  reports  for  this  species,  no  doubt,  should 
be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

655.  Helianthus  altissimus  L.  E.  E.  Watson  so  named  specimens  I 
collected  in  Lagrange  County  which  I  am  now  referring  to  Helianthus  gi- 
ganteus  L. 

656.  Helianthus  ambiguus  (T.  &  G.)  Britt.  I  reported  this  species  upon 
the  basis  of  specimens  so  named  for  me  by  E.  E.  Watson.  I  now  refer 
three  of  them  to  Helianthus  hirsutus  Raf.  and  two  of  them  to  Helianthus 
strumosus  L. 

657.  Helianthus  ambulans  Watson.  I  am  referring  my  specimens  so 
named  by  Watson  to  Helianthus  strumosus  L. 

658.  Helianthus  arenicola  Watson.  Several  of  my  specimens,  so  named 
by  Watson,  I  am  now  referring  to  other  species. 

659.  Helianthus  atrorubens  L.  This  species  was  reported  from  Lake 
County  by  Peattie.  Buhl  writes  that  a  confirming  specimen  is  lacking. 
Since  the  range  of  this  species  is  far  to  the  southeast  of  our  area,  I  believe 
this  report  can  safely  be  ignored. 

660.  Helianthus  borealis  Watson.  I  reported  this  species  from  La- 
grange and  Steuben  Counties  upon  the  authority  of  Watson.  I  now  refer 
these  specimens  to  other  species. 

661.  Helianthus  exasperatus  Watson.  I  reported  this  species  from 
La  Porte  and  Warren  Counties.  I  now  refer  these  specimens  to  other 
species. 


Excluded  Species  1101 

662.  Helianthus  giganteus  var.  microcephalus  Peattie.  Peattie  reported 
this  variety  from  Lake  County.  I  have  not  seen  his  specimen  but  doubtless 
it  is  only  a  depauperate  specimen  of  this  variable  species. 

663.  Helianthus  glaucus  Small.  Watson  referred  all  of  my  specimens 
which  I  had  named  Helianthus  microcephalus  T.  &  G.  to  this  species.  He 
writes  that  the  small-flowered  sunflower  of  the  interior  should  be  known 
as  Helianthus  glaucus  and  that  the  Coastal  Plain  form  is  the  real  Helian- 
thus microcephalus.  I  believe  that  until  the  genus  is  better  understood  it 
is  best  not  to  recognize  this  species,  at  least  as  a  species. 

664.  Helianthus  instabilis  Watson.  Watson  named  many  of  my  speci- 
mens this  species.  I  now  refer  them  all  to  Helianthus  grosseserratus 
Martens. 

665.  Helianthus  laetiflorus  Pers.  Watson  referred  several  of  my 
specimens  to  this  species.  I  am  excluding  the  species  from  our  flora  and  re- 
ferring specimens  so  named  to  the  yellow  flowered  form  of  Helianthus 
rigidus  (Cass.)  Desf. 

666.  Helianthus  leptocaulis  (Wats.)  Blake.  I  reported  this  species 
from  two  counties  upon  the  authority  of  E.  E.  Watson.  I  now  refer  these 
specimens  to  other  species. 

667.  Helianthus  tomentosus  Michx.  This  species  has  been  reported 
by  five  of  our  early  authors.  Its  range  as  now  understood  is  to  the  southeast 
of  Indiana. 

668.  Helianthus  tracheliifdlius  Mill.  This  species  has  been  reported  by 
six  of  our  early  authors.  Since  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  a  confirming 
specimen,  it  is  excluded. 

669.  Helianthus  virilis  Watson.  The  specimens  so  named  for  me  by 
Watson  I  am  now  referring  to  Helianthus  hirsutus  Raf . 

670.  Coreopsis  auriculata  L.  This  species  has  been  reported  from 
Clark  and  Steuben  Counties.  The  known  distribution  of  this  species  is 
south  of  Indiana,  but  it  may  be  found  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state. 
Since  there  is  no  verifying  specimen,  it  is  excluded. 

Va.,  Ky.  to  111.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

671.  Coreopsis  major  Walt.  Reported  from  Lake  County  without  any 
data  concerning  its  distribution.  If  the  determination  was  correct,  the 
plants  were  doubtless  migrants,  since  the  range  is  south  of  our  area. 

Va.  to  Ky.,  southw.  to  Fla.  and  Miss. 

672.  Coreopsis  tinctOria  Nutt.  Reported  from  St.  Joseph  County  by 
McDonald  as  an  escape  along  roadsides.  Since  it  is  not  stated  that  it  has 
become  established,  I  believe  it  best  to  consider  it  as  a  temporary  escape. 
Nieuwland  says  that  it  probably  will  not  maintain  itself.  There  is  a  speci- 
men in  the  herbarium  of  Purdue  University  collected  by  Dorner  in 
Tippecanoe  County,  which  is  labeled,  "Escape." 

Minn,  to  Alberta,  southw.  to  Nebr.,  Ariz.,  La.,  and  Tex. 


1102  Excluded  Species 

673.  BiDENS  laevis  (L.)  BSP.  This  is  an  Atlantic  coast  species  but 
there  are  reports  for  it  from  some  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  States.  It  has 
been  reported  from  Indiana  several  times  but  I  have  seen  no  specimens. 
I  have  examined  the  Barnes  specimen  from  Jefferson  County,  which  is  in 
the  herbarium  of  Purdue  University,  and  it  is  Bidens  cernua. 

Mass.  to  Ga.,  cent.  N.  Y.  and  Calif. 

674.  Bidens  mitis  (Michx.)  Sherff.  This  species  was  reported  from 
Jefferson  County  by  Young  under  the  name  of  Coreopsis  arguta  Pursh.  It 
is  restricted  in  its  distribution  to  the  southeastern  part  of  the  United 
States,  and  since  there  is  no  specimen,  it  is  excluded. 

675.  Chrysanthemum  Leucanthemum  L.  Reported  from  all  parts 
of  the  state.  Doubtless  all  these  reports  should  be  referred  to  the  variety 
which  is  found  throughout  the  state. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf .  and  e.  Que.  to  N.  J. ;  rare  southw. 

676.  Chrysanthemum  Parthenium  (L.)  Bernh.  Feverfew.  This 
plant  was  formerly  cultivated  in  gardens  on  account  of  its  medicinal  quali- 
ties. It  sparingly  escaped,  but,  since  there  are  no  data  to  prove  that  it 
has  maintained  itself,  it  is  excluded. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  N.  B.  and  Ont.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Ohio ;  also  in  Calif. 

677.  Artemisia  Abrotanum  L.  Southernwood.  This  species  has  been 
reported  from  Hamilton,  Jefferson,  and  Monroe  Counties.  Since  there  is 
no  evidence  that  this  species  has  escaped  and  has  established  itself,  it  is 
excluded  and  regarded  only  as  a  garden  escape.  I  have  seen  the  Hamilton 
County  specimen  and  it  is  Artemisia  biennis. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Mass.  to  s.  Ont.,  N.  Y.,  and  Nebr. 

678.  Artemisia  canadensis  Michx.  Reported  from  the  dune  area  of 
Lake  and  Porter  Counties.  As  now  understood,  it  is  a  form  of  Artemisia 
boreaUs  and  belongs  to  the  Hudson  Bay  Region.  Reports  for  it  from  In- 
diana should  be  referred  to  Artemisia  caudata. 

679.  Artemisia  Carruthii  Wood.  (Artemisia  kansana  Britt.)  Pepoon 
reports  that  in  1899  Umbach  found  a  colony  of  this  plant  along  the  B.  &  0. 
Railroad  near  Miller,  Lake  County.  Peattie  reports  it,  doubtless  referring 
to  the  same  report.  Since  there  are  no  additional  data  I  regard  it  as  a 
railroad  migrant.  In  1935  N.  C.  Fassett  reported  that,  there  was  no  speci- 
men in  the  Umbach  herbarium  at  the  University  of  Wisconsin. 

Mo.,  Colo.,  Utah,  and  Tex. 

680.  Artemisia  longifolia  Nutt.  Pepoon  reports  that  Umbach  collected 
this  species  along  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  at  "Clarke  Junction,"  Lake 
County  (now  near  the  intersection  of  Clark  and  Fourth  Streets,  Gary). 
Since  there  is  no  evidence  of  its  persistence,  it  is  excluded.  In  1935  N.  C. 
Fassett  reported  that  there  was  no  specimen  in  the  Umbach  herbarium. 

Man.,  Idaho,  Colo.,  and  Wash. 

681.  Artemisia  ludoviciana  Nutt.  Reported  from  Lake  County,  and  in 
1921  I  found  a  few  colonies  along  the  railroad  about  a  mile  and  a  half 


Excluded  Species  1103 

southwest  of  Plymouth,   Marshall   County.    I  visited  this  colony  a  few 
years  later,  and  it  was  spreading  but  still  on  the  right  of  way.    It  is  well 
established  here  and  will  persist  unless  it  is  destroyed.    I  exclude  it  until 
there  are  more  records  of  its  occurrence. 
Minn.,  Utah,  southw.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. 

682.  Senecio  aureus  var.  semicordatus  (Mack.  &  Bush)  Greenman. 
This  variety  was  reported  by  Buhl  (Bull.  Chicago  Acad.  Science  5:  9.  1934) 
from  Lake  County,  Indiana,  upon  the  authority  of  Greenman.  Buhl  was  in 
error,  since  Greenman  cited  a  Lake  County,  Illinois,  specimen  (Ann. 
Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  3:  130.  1916). 

683.  Senecio  obovatus  var.  umbratilis  Greenman.  The  type  specimen 
of  this  variety  was  collected  by  Clapp  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Albany  and 
is  deposited  in  the  Gray  Herbarium.  Fernald  (Rhodora  23:  29.  1921) 
refers  this  variety  to  Senecio  pauperculus  var.  Balsa mitae  (Muhl.)   Fern. 

684.  Senecio  palustris  (L.)  Hook.  This  species  was  reported  from 
Clay  County  by  Coulter  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1896 :  166.  1897).  As  now 
understood,  it  is  northern  in  its  distribution  and  reaches  the  United  States 
only  in  the  northwest. 

Lab.  to  Alaska,  southw.  to  n.  Wis.,  N.  Dak.,  and  Iowa. 

685.  Echinops  sphaerocephalus  L.  Common  Globethistle.  This 
plant  was  reported  by  McDonald  as  being  found  at  Chain  Lakes,  St.  Joseph 
County.  Since  this  is  our  first  report,  and  no  data  are  given  concerning 
its  establishment,  I  am  regarding  it  as  a  casual  garden  escape.  Like  many 
other  garden  plants,  however,  it  may  escape  and  become  a  permanent  part 
of  our  flora.  Paul  C.  Standley  informs  me  that  it  is  well  established  in 
Kankakee  County,  Illinois. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  our  manuals  give  no  data  concerning  its  distribution  in 
the  U.  S. 

686.  Arctium  Lappa  L.  Great  Burdock.  This  species  has  been  re- 
ported from  many  counties,  but  I  believe  all  reports  should  be  referred  to 
Arctium  minus.  In  the  absence  of  confirming  specimens,  it  is  excluded 
from  our  flora. 

Nat.  of  Eu.;  N.  E.  and  east  central  states,  possibly  farther  westward. 

687.  CiRSiUM  pumilum  (Nutt.)  Spreng.  (Cirsium  odoratum  (Muhl.) 
Britt.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  This  thistle  has  been  re- 
ported from  the  dune  area,  but  I  refer  these  reports  to  Cirsium  Hillii. 
Collins  reported  it  from  Dearborn  County  and  Coulter  reported  it  from 
Marion  County  on  the  authority  of  Wilson.  Both  of  these  reports  should 
go  to  some  other  species.  This  is  regarded  as  a  trans-Alleghenian  species. 

N.  E.  to  Pa.,  Del.,  and  N.  C. 

688.  Cirsium  spinosIssimum  (Walt.)  Scop.  (Cirsium  horridulum 
Michx.  of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Yellow  Thistle.  Re- 
ported from  Putnam  County  on  the  authority  of  MacDougal  by  Coulter, 
who  later  said  the  specimen  should  be  referred  to  Cirsium  vulgare.    I  re- 


1104  Excluded  Species 

ported  it  from  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley  for  Schneck.  This  report  was 
taken  from  Dr.  Schneck's  notes  and  a  specimen  was  not  seen,  hence  this 
report  should  be  dropped. 

Coastal  Plain  from  Maine  to  Fla.,  and  along  the  Gulf  to  Tex. 

689.  Cirsium  undulatum  (Nutt.)  Spreng.  This  species  was  reported 
from  Lake  County  by  Hill  and  by  Higley  &  Raddin  before  Cirsium  Hillii 
was  known  to  these  authors.  The  reports  should  be  transferred  to  Cirsium 

Hillii. 

Lake  Huron  to  Assina.  and  Alberta,  southw.  to  Kans.,  N.  Mex.,  and  Ariz. 

690.  Silybum  marianum  (L.)  Gaertn.  (MariciTia  mariana  (L.)  Hill 
of  Britton  and  Brown,  Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2.)  Milk  THISTLE.  In  1905  I 
found  a  single  plant  of  this  species  in  a  truck  garden  on  a  farm  2  miles 
east  of  Bluffton,  Wells  County.  It  has  been  reported  also  from  Jasper 
County  by  Welch,  who  says  it  was  introduced  in  radish  seed.  Since  this 
species  is  regarded  as  an  occasional  escape,  it  seems  best  so  to  regard  our 
two  reports. 

Nat.  of  s.  Eu. ;  an  occasional  escape  from  Ont.  to  Ala.  and  on  the  Pacific 
coast  where  it  is  naturalized  in  Calif. 

691.  Centaurea  Cyanus  L.  Cornflower.  We  have  this  species  re- 
ported from  seven  counties  as  a  garden  escape  or  without  data.  In  1937  I 
found  it  to  be  frequent  in  the  railroad  yards  in  east  Goshen,  Elkhart 
County. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  the  Orient. ;  Que.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  Va.,  and  Calif. 

692.  Centaurea  Jacea  L.  Brown  Knapweed.  Reported  as  a  garden 
escape  in  the  Calumet  District  of  Lake  County.  There  is  no  definite  infor- 
mation concerning  it.  In  1921  I  collected  a  specimen  in  a  pasture  just  east 
of  Bluffton  and  in  1935,  and  after  the  area  had  been  severely  grazed  for 
14  years,  I  found  it  still  plentiful. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  Siberia ;  naturalized  in  various  parts  of  N.  A. 

693.  Centaurea  maculosa  Lam.  Spotted  Knapweed.  Hansen  (Proc. 
Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  36:  251.  1927)  reported  this  species  as  a  weed  near  At- 
lanta, Hamilton  County.  There  is  no  information  concerning  how  long  it 
has  been  known  in  this  area.  It  is  a  species  we  can  expect  to  become  estab- 
lished soon  if  it  has  not  already  done  so. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Mass.,  Vt.,  Mich.,  Wis.  to  Minn.,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Pa. 

694.  Centaurea  moschAta  L.  Sweet-sultan.  This  species  was  re- 
ported as  occurring  about  Mineral  Springs  but  the  report  lacked  specific 
data. 

Nat.  of  Asia ;  not  yet  reported  in  our  manuals  of  botany. 

695.  Centaurea  solstitialis  L.  Yellow  Star  Thistle.  Reported 
as  found  in  alfalfa  fields  in  Dearborn  County  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 
Sci.  1905:  175.  1906)  and  Gibson  County  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  33:  215. 
1924) .   No  data  are  given  as  to  how  long  it  was  found  in  the  locality. 

Nat.  of  Eu.  and  Algeria ;  Mass.,  Ont.,  Iowa,  to  Calif. ;  southw.  to  Fla. 


Excluded  Species  1105 

696.  Centaurea  vochinensis  Bernh.  Tyrol  Knapweed.  This  species 
was  found  by  Kriebel  in  Lawrence  County  in  1936.  It  was  common  for  a 
distance  of  about  a  hundred  yards  along  U.  S.  Highway  50,  and  an  adjacent 
worn  out  field  about  4  miles  southwest  of  Bedford.  Also  reported  from 
Notre  Dame,  St.  Joseph  County. 

Nat.  of  Eu.;  Mass.  to  Ont.  and  s.  N.  Y. 

697.  Hypochaeris  radicata  L.  Reported  from  St.  Joseph  County  by 
McDonald  as  found  at  Notre  Dame,  where  Nieuwland  says  that  it  is  well 
established.  In  1897  I  found  a  specimen  in  a  yard  in  Bluffton,  but  I  have 
not  seen  a  specimen  since  that  time.  Blatchley  reported  it  from  Monroe 
County  where  he  found  it  on  the  campus  of  Indiana  University  in  1887. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf.  to  Ohio,  southw.  to  N.  J.  and  Pa.,  also  in  Colo,  and 
on  the  Pacific  coast. 

698.  Apargia  autumnale  (L.)  Hoffm.  (Leontodon  autumnale  L.  of 
Gray,  Man.,  ed.  7.)  Coulter  reported  this  species  for  me  from  Wells  County, 
but  a  reexamination  of  the  specimen  shows  it  to  be  Hypochaeris  radicata  L. 

Nat.  of  Eu. ;  Newf.  to  Mich.,  southw.  to  Pa.  and  Ohio. 

699.  Sonchus  uliginosus  Bieb.  I  reported  this  species  from  Noble 
County  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1922:  264.  1923).  I  am  now  referring 
the  specimen  to  Sonchus  arvensis  var.  glabrescens  Guenth.,  Grab.  &  Wimm. 
(Rhodora  30:  19.  1928.) 

700.  Lactuca  hirsuta  Muhl.  This  species  has  not  been  correctly 
treated  in  our  manuals.  It  has  been  confused  with  Lactuca  canadensis  from 
which  it  has  been  separated  principally  on  the  pubescence  of  stem  and 
leaves.  Fernald  and  Wiegand  made  a  study  of  the  two  species  (Rhodora 
12:  145-146.  1910)  and  found  the  length  of  the  involucre,  achenes,  and 
pappus  were  the  true  characters  to  separate  them.  Too,  the  range  of  this 
species  does  not  include  Indiana. 

Que.  to  Ala.  and  Tex.,  chiefly  east  of  the  Allegheny  Mts.,  especially 
along  the  Coastal  Plain. 

701.  Lactuca  sativa  L.  Hansen  (Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  36:  251. 
1927)  writes:  "Near  Anderson  there  is  an  infestation  of  a  plant  that 
appears  to  be  a  wild  form  of  the  common  garden  lettuce,  Lactuca  sativa 
L.  On  one  farm  where  the  plant  infests  about  five  acres  of  land  and  is  very 
thick  in  places,  the  farmer  considers  it  a  bad  weed."  There  is  no  other 
record  of  our  garden  lettuce  becoming  a  weed  and  I  believe  this  report 
should  be  referred  to  some  other  species. 

702.  Lactuca  virosa  L.  This  species  has  been  reported  several  times, 
and  I  believe  authors  who  reported  it  have  followed  Britton  and  Brown's 
Illus.  Flora,  ed.  2,  whose  Lactuca  virosa  is  our  Lactuca  Scariola.  As  I  un- 
derstand this  species  it  has  black,  shining  achenes  and  has  not  been  found 
in  Indiana  but  has  been  found  in  several  places  in  the  United  States.  See 
Dewey's  discussion  of  this  species  and  Lactuca  Scariola  and  its  variety  in 
Rhodora  7:  12.  1905. 


1106  Excluded  Species 

703.  Prenanthes  serpentaria  Pursh.  Reported  from  Clark,  Jeffer- 
son, and  Steuben  Counties  by  early  authors.  It  probably  does  not  come 
into  our  area.  In  the  absence  of  verifying  specimens  our  records  are  re- 
ferred to  other  species. 

Mass.  to  Fla.  and  west,  to  Ky.  and  Miss. 

704.  Hieracium  marianum  Willd.  Reported  from  the  dunes  of  Lake 
and  Porter  Counties  by  Pepoon,  upon  the  basis  of  Umbach's  specimens. 
Fassett  (Rhodora  35:  201.  1933)  says  the  Umbach  specimens  should  be 
referred  to  Hieracium  Gronovii  L.  and  Hieracium  scab-rum  Michx. 

N.  H.  to  Ohio,  southw.  to  Miss. 

705.  Hieracium  Scrirneri  Small.  Small,  in  his  "Flora  of  the  South- 
eastern United  States,"  includes  Indiana  in  the  range  of  this  species,  but  I 
have  no  other  data  concerning  its  occurrence  in  Indiana. 

Blue  Ridge  Mts.  to  Ind.,  southw.  to  Ga.  and  Ala. 

225a.  Gypsophila  muralis  L.  A  single  large  specimen  of  this  garden 
species  was  reported  by  Hull  (Amer.  Botanist  44:  162.  1938)  as  found 
along  the  Hobart  Road  north  of  East  Gary,  Lake  County.  This  is  a 
garden  escape. 

Nat.  of  Eu. 

581a.  Richardia  scabra  L.  Mexican-clover.  I  am  indebted  to  H.  A. 
Gleason  for  calling  my  attention  to  this  species.  He  found  that  it  was  in- 
cluded in  Small's  "Flora  of  the  Southeastern  States"  as  found  in  Indiana. 
Upon  investigation  I  found  that  A.  A.  Hansen  received  a  fragmentary 
specimen  from  Henry  County  and  that  he  wrote  N.  L.  Britton  about  it  on 
Sept.  12,  1922.  A  fragmentary  specimen  is  now  deposited  in  the  Gray 
Herbarium,  bearing  the  data,  "Henry  County,  Sept.  15,  1922." 

Adv.  from  the  tropics;  N.  C.  to  Ark.,  southw.  to  W.  I.,  Mex.,  and  Ar- 
gentina. 


1107 

SUMMARY  OF  SPECIES,  VARIETIES,  FORMS,  AND  HYBRIDS 

In  this  tabulation,  plants  represented  in  Indiana  by  only  a  variety  are 
listed  as  species. 


Families. 


Genera 


Species 


Varieties 


Forms 


'•+3 


T3 

o    2 
^  3 

a 


> 


T3 

6  § 


0) 


T3 

u  3 
c 


a) 
> 

c3 


2   a 

e 


03 

-G 
u 

Q 

>> 


PTERIDOPHYTA 

Ophioglossaceae. . 

Osmundaceae 

Polypodiaceae. . . . 

Salviniaceae 

Equisetaceae 

Lycopodiaceae. . . 
Selaginellaceae.  .  . 
Isoetaceae 


SPERMATOPHYTA 

GYMNOSPERMAE 

5.  Taxaceae... 

6.  Pinaceae... 


ANGIOSPERMAE 

Monocotyledoneae 

8.  Typhaceae 

10.  Sparganiaceae 

11.  Potamogetonaceae. 

12.  Najadaceae 

14.  Jiincaginaceae 

15.  Alismaceae 

17.  Hydrocharitaceae. 

19.  Gramineae 

20.  Cyperaceae 

23.  Araceae 

24.  Lemnaceae 

29.  Xyridaceae 

30.  Eriocaulaceae 

33.  Commelinaceae. .  .  . 

34.  Pontederiace  ae 

36.  Juncaceae 

38.  Liliaceae 

40.  Amaryllidaceae. . . 

43.  Dioscoreaceae 

44.  Iridaceae 

50.  Orchidaceae 


Dicotyledoneae 

52.  Saururaceae. . 

56.  Salicaceae. . .  . 

57.  Myricaceae. . . 

60.  Juglandaceae. 

61.  Betulaceae . . . . 

62.  Fagaceae 


2 
1 

16 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


1 
6 


1 
1 
2 
1 
2 
4 
2 

52 

15 
5 
4 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 

20 
3 
1 
2 

16 


1 
2 
1 
2 
5 
3 


10 


6 
3 

31 

1 
8 
5 

9 

1 


1 

9 


2 

4 

22 

3 

3 

11 

3 

171 

215 

7 

10 

2 

1 

8 

3 

26 

42 

3 

4 

7 

39 


1 
23 

1 

11 
10 
20 


40 


1 
3 


1 


16 
23 


3 
6 


4 
3 


7 
2 
5 


3 
2 
5 
3 


2 
2 
3 


1 
9 


1108 


Families 

Genera 

'  Species 

Varieties 

Forms 

> 

Intro- 
duced 

> 

C3 

Intro- 
duced 

9 

> 
03 

Intro- 
duced 

> 

■P 

si 

Intro- 
duced 

63       Ulmaceae. . 

2 
2 
5 
1 
1 
2 
3 
4 
3 
1 
1 

2 

1 
2 

2 

1 
1 
5 

1 

1 
12 

1 
6 

1 

1 

7 
2 
6 
1 
1 
4 
24 
12 
6 
1 
1 

2 

14 

6 

1 

40 

4 

3 

2 

1 

2 

2 

5 

31 

2 

1 

2 

3 

11 

4 

1 

1 

1 

90 

68 

4 

5 

5 

2 

8 
18 
2 
1 
6 
3 
4 
1 
5 

4 
1 

1 

64        Moraceae. . 

65       Urticaceae. . . . 

1 

67        Loranthaceae. . 

69       Santalaceae .... 

74        Aristolochiaceae 

77.  Polygonaceae 

78.  Chenopodiaceae 

79        Amaranthaceae. . 

9 
9 

7 

2 
3 

2 

2 
2 

80.      Nyctaginaceae 

83.       Phytolaccaceae 

84       Aizoaceae. . 

1 

1 

16 

85        Portulacaceae. . 

2 
6 
5 
1 
16 
4 
3 
2 
1 
2 

2 

3 

11 

1 
1 
1 
2 
7 
2 
1 
1 
1 
19 
26 
1 
1 
1 
2 

87.       Caryophyllaceae 

89.       Ceratophyllaceae 

91        Ranunculaceae . . 

4 

1 

1 

6 
2 

1 

93        Berberidaceae 

1 

94.  Menispermaceae 

95.  Magnoliaceae 

98        Annonaceae 

102        Lauraceae . . 

1 

1 

104       Papaveraceae . . . 

104A     Fumariaceae 

105       Cruciferae.. 

25 

2 

1 

107.      Capparidaceae 

110       Sarraceniaceae. . 

112       Droseraceae. . 

115       Crassulaceae 

1 

117        Saxifragaceae. . 

6 

117 A     Grossulariaceae. . 

123        Altingiaceae. . 

123 A     Hamamelidaceae. . 

124        Platanaceae 

126.      Rosaceae 

128        Leguminosae  . 

7 
20 

2 

1 

23 

16 

1 
3 

5 

4 

3 

129        Geraniaceae. . 

130       Oxalidaceae 

4 

132        Linaceae 

137        Rutaceae 

1 

1 

138        Simarubiaceae 

145        Polygalaceae  . 

1 
5 

1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
1 
1 

147.       Euphorbiaceae 

148        Callitrichaceae 

8 

1 

152        Limnanthaceae 

153        Anacardiaceae. . 

2 
1 

1 

157.       Aquifoliaceae 

158        Celastraceae. . 

161.       Staphylcaceae 

163.      Aceraceae 

4 

3 

1109 


Families 

Genera 

Species 

Varieties 

Forms 

o   2 
u  B. 

M 

> 

13 

M 

■♦a  T3 
C 

> 

c 

►— 1 

> 

i    « 

c 

w 

h 

>> 

164. 

Hippocastanaceae 
Sapindaceae 

1 

1 

2 

6 
1 

1 

1 
1 

3 

7 
3 
4 

1 

2 

2 
5 
9 
2 
7 

18 

9 

21 

2 

1 

1 

1 

6 

2 

26 

6 

6 

29 

11 

25 

13 

1 

1 

1 

8 

1 

14 

6 

17 

14 

10 

8 

11 

6 

49 

10 

45 

3 

1 

5 

8 

4 

1 

7 

19 

19 

4 

1 
1 

1 

165. 

168. 

Balsaminaceae 

Rhamnaceae 

1 

2 
3 

1 
4 
2 
3 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
6 
1 
6 
3 
2 

19 
2 

12 
7 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
6 
3 
4 
3 
2 
3 
6 
2 

19 
2 

21 
3 
1 
3 
1 
3 
1 
1 
6 
7 
2 

169. 

1 

1 

2 

170. 

Vitaceae 

1 

174. 

Tiliaceae 

175. 

Malvaceae 

6 

1 

187. 

Hypericaceae 

2 

193. 

Cistaceae 

198. 

Violaceae 

3 

4 

1 

12 

203. 

Passifloraceae 

210. 

Cactaceae 

214. 

Thymelaeaceae 

Elaeagnaceae 

215. 

216. 

Lythraceae 

Melastomaceae 

Onagraceae 

1 

2 

223. 

224. 

3 

225. 

Haloragidaceae 

Araliaceae 

1 

227. 

228. 

Umbelliferae 

Cornaceae 

Ericaceae 

Primulaceae 

Sapotaceae 

6 
2 

3 

2 
6 

229. 

233. 

1 

237. 

239. 

240 

Ebenaceae. . 

241 

Styracaceae. . 

243 

Oleaceae. . . 

245 

Loganiaceae 

Gentianaceae 

Apocynaceae 

Asclepiadaceae 

Convolvulaceae 

Polemoniaceae 

Hydrophyllaceae 

Boraginaceae 

Verbenaceae 

Labiatae 

Solanaceae 

Scrophulariaceae 

Bignoniaceae 

Martyniaceae 

Orobanchaceae 

Lentibulariaceae 

Acanthaceae 

Phrymaceae 

Plantaginaceae 

246 

1 

247 

1 

5 

248 

1 

1 

249 

5 
1 

3 

8 

250 

251 

252 

7 

1 
18 

4 
12 

1 

253. 
254. 
256. 
257. 
258. 
260. 
261. 
264. 
266. 
268. 
269. 
270. 
271. 
273. 
274. 

1 

7 

3 

1 

12 

2 

1 

1 

1 
1 
2 
1 
1 

1 
4 
5 

1 

1 

6 

1110 


Families 

Genera 

Species 

Varieties 

Forms 

Intro- 
duced 

> 

83 

Intro- 
duced 

oj 

03 

Intro- 
duced 

> 

03 

Intro- 
duced 

275. 

Cucurbitaceae 

3 
2 

1 
46 

18 

3 

5 

6 

202 

276. 

Campanulaceae 

Lobeliaceae 

1 
44 

1 

4 
52 

1 
6 

276A. 

2 
10 

280. 

Compositae 

1 

1 

587 

103 

1,838 

302 

279 

13 

95 

3 

38 

The  result  of  the  study  of  the  Indiana  flora  is  shown  in  the  following 
table. 

Flora  of  1881  lists  1,194  native  species;  140  introduced. 
Flora  of  1900  lists  1,400  native  species;  177  introduced;  188  excluded. 
Flora  of  1940  lists  1,838  native  species;  302  introduced;  707  excluded. 

To  the  last  flora  should  be  added  292  varieties  and  98  forms. 

What  a  census  of  our  flora  will  show  25  years  hence  is  mere  conjecture. 
I  believe  our  native  flora  will  never  exceed  1,900  native  species.  Some  of  the 
present  species  may  be  reduced  in  rank  to  varieties  while  some  varieties 
may  be  elevated  to  species  but  the  number  of  new  native  species  discovered 
will  be  few.  There  are  a  number  of  species  found  in  Michigan  just 
north  of  our  border  which  may  be  found  in  Indiana.  Doubtless  there 
are  some  southern  species  as  yet  undiscovered  in  the  unglaciated  region. 
The  introduction  of  foreign  plants  will  steadily  increase,  and  western 
species  will  become  established  because  of  the  interstate  highway  traffic. 
Our  pure  seed  law  will  lessen  introduction  in  grass  and  grain  seed  but 
I  believe  we  already  have  many  species  established  that  came  to  us  in 
cheap  imported  seed  during  the  World  War  that  have  not  been  discovered. 
A  rich  field  to  botanize  for  foreign  and  western  plants  will  be  railroads, 
highways,  land  about  factories,  cemeteries,  and  tourist  camps. 

The  study  for  this  flora  is  based  upon  Indiana  specimens  or  duplicates 
seen  in  the  following  private  and  public  herbaria. 

Banta,  Edna 1,018 

Butler  University 9,347 

DePauw  University 3,736 

Field  Museum  of  Natural  History 704 

Franklin  College 326 

Hermann,  Frederick  J 804 

Illinois  (University  of) 231 

Indiana  University 3,710 

Kriebel,  Ralph  M 1,719 

Lyon,  Marcus  W.,  Jr 972 

McCoy,  Scott 1,986 


1111 

McKee,  Madge 840 

National  Museum 1,534 

New  York  Botanical  Garden 86 

Northwestern  University 25 

Notre  Dame  (University  of) 2,231 

Oberlin  College  27 

Purdue  University 3,961 

Tryon,  Rolla  M.,  Jr 27 

Wabash  College 2,677 

Weatherwax,  Paul 332 

Wisconsin  (University  of)  643 

This  list  may  be  divided  into  two  groups,  private  herbaria  and  public 
herbaria,  to  which  must  be  added  the  number  of  Indiana  specimens  now 
in  the  Deam  herbarium  in  order  to  complete  the  total  of  specimens  ex- 
amined in  the  preparation  of  this  flora.  These  totals  are  as  follows : 

Private  herbaria  7,698 

Public  herbaria 29,238 

Deam  herbarium 47,648 

Total  number  of  specimens  examined 84,584 


1112 


NEW  VARIETIES,  FORMS,  AND  COMBINATIONS  MADE  IN 

THIS  WORK 

Carex  viridula  f.  intermedia  (Dudley)  Hermann. 

Tradescantia  canaliculata  f.  albiflora  (Slavin  &  Nieuwl.)  Deam. 

Tradescantia  canaliculata  f.  Lesteri  (Standley)  Deam. 

Tradescantia  canaliculata  f.  Mariae  (Standley)  Deam. 

Trillium  Gleasoni  Fern.  f.  Walpolei  (Farw.)  Deam. 

Ribes  americanum  f.  mesochorum  (Nieuwl.)  Deam. 

Crataegus  Gattingeri  var.  rigida  Palmer. 

Crataegus  Margaretta  var.  angustifolia  Palmer. 

Rosa  Carolina  var.  Deamii  (Erlanson)  Deam. 

Rosa  Carolina  var.  obovata  (Raf.)  Deam. 

Rosa  suffulta  var.  relicta  (Erlanson)  Deam. 

Rhus  radicans  var.  littoralis  (Mearns)  Deam. 

Acer  nigrum  f.  pubescens  Deam. 

Acer  nigrum  var.  Palmeri  f.  villosum  Deam. 

Acer  saccharum  f.  Schneckii  (Rehder)  Deam. 

Viola  eriocarpa  f.  leiocarpa  (Fern.  &  Wieg.)  Deam. 

Aster  lucidulus  f.  firmus  (Nees)  Deam. 


Names  of  Collecting  Places  Not  in  Current  Use        1113 

names  of  collecting  places  that  are  no  longer  in  current  use 

Some  of  our  early  authors  located  specimens  from  places  whose  names 
are  no  longer  used  and  from  places  that  have  been  destroyed.  Difficulty  in 
locating  some  of  these  places  makes  it  desirable  that  they  be  published 
while  the  data  still  can  be  secured. 

Clark  County 

A.  Clapp  referred  to  New  Providence  which  is  now  Borden. 

Gibson  County 

Dr.  Schneck,  in  his  flora  of  the  Wabash  Valley,  cited  the  following 
places : 

Burnett's  Pond  is  in  section  4  about  3  miles  south  of  Mt.  Carmel,  Illinois. 
Gordon  Hills  are  about  4  miles  east  of  Mt.  Carmel. 
Hoffman  farm  is  in  Gibson  County,  but  could  not  be  definitely  located. 
Lyle's  Station  is  in  section  5  about  6i/2  miles  southeast  of  Mt.  Carmel. 
Martin  Myer  farm  is  3  miles  south  of  Mt.  Carmel. 
Mauck's  Pond  is  in  section  4  and  33,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  south  of 

Mt.  Carmel. 

Knox  County 

Dr.  Schneck  also  cited  the  following  places  in  Knox  County : 
Claypole  Hill  is  about  5  miles  northeast  of  Mt.  Carmel. 
Dan's  Pond  lies  about  half  a  mile  northwest  of  Claypole  Hill. 
Hurd's  Ferry  is  the  one  that  operates  over  the  Wabash  River  a  mile  north 

of  the  mouth  of  White  River. 
Little  Cypress  swamp  is  about  2i/2  miles  northeast  of  Mt.  Carmel. 
Little  Rock  is  on  the  bank  of  the  Wabash  River  at  the  Government  Dam. 
Orr  farm  was  partly  on  the  Claypole  Hill  and  to  the  east  of  it. 

Lake  County 

The   following   places   were   mentioned   by   Babcock,    Chase,   Hill,   or 

Umbach : 

Berry  Lake  is  now  within  the  city  limits  of  Whiting.    It  is  extinct  by 

drainage. 
Clarke  was  in  sections  1,  6,  36,  and  31,  about  7  miles  east  of  Hammond.   It 

is  now  Clark  Street  of  west  Gary. 
Colehour  is  on  the  state  line  at  the  intersection  of  the  Pennsylvania  and 

New  York  Central  Railroads. 
Edgemoor  was  in  section  26,  Calumet  Township.  It  became  Buffington  and 

later  was  taken  into  Gary. 
Hegewisch  is  on  the  state  line  in  North  Township.  The  east  part  is  now  m 

west  Hammond. 
Indiana  City  was  along  Lake  Michigan  just  north  of  sections  31  and  32  and 

was  later  known  as  Miller  Beach.   It  is  now  in  the  city  of  Gary. 
Lake  Station  is  in  section  17  of  Hobart  Township  and  is  now  East  Gary. 
Maynard  is  5  miles  south  of  Hammond. 
Middleton  is  in  section  4,  and  is  2  miles  east  of  Gibson. 


1114         Names  of  Collecting  Places  Not  in  Current  Use 

Miller  was  in  section  6  of  Hobart  Township  and  is  now  within  the  city 

of  Gary. 
New  Chicago  is  in  section  19  and  is  2  miles  northwest  of  Hobart. 
Pine  was  along  Lake  Michigan  and  is  now  the  north  end  of  Clark  Street 

of  Gary. 
Sheffield  was  along  Lake  Michigan  and  is  now  within  the  city  of  Whiting. 

La  Porte  County 

Holmesville  was  on  the  New  York  Central  Railroad  on  the  section  line 
between  sections  3  and  4  in  New  Durham  Township. 

Porter  County 

Baileytown  is  located  on  the  traction  line  in  section  28  of  Westchester 
Township. 

Calumet  is  now  Chesterton. 

Hageman  is  now  Porter. 

Port  Chester  is  a  station  stop  on  the  South  Shore  Traction  Line  1  mile 
west  of  Tremont  or  a  mile  and  a  half  north  of  Porter. 

Wicliffe  is  a  station  stop  on  the  South  Shore  Traction  Line  in  section  35 
about  2  miles  east  of  the  Lake  County  line. 

Wilson  was  in  the  northwestern  part  of  section  31  about  6  miles  north- 
west of  Chesterton. 

St.  Joseph  County 

I.I.I.  Railroad,  often  called  the  3  I  road,  was  the  Indiana,  Illinois,  and 
Iowa  Railroad  now  taken  over  by  the  New  York  Central  Railroad. 
Nieuwland  cited  this  railroad  and  especially  Webster's  Crossing  which 
was  a  mile  northwest  of  Notre  Dame. 

Illinois 

Dr.  Schneck,  in  his  flora  of  the  Wabash  Valley,  also  mentioned  the  fol- 
lowing places  in  Illinois : 

Greathouse  Creek  is  a  mile  south  of  Mt.  Carmel,  Illinois. 
Hanging  Rock  is  north  of  Mt.  Carmel. 
Harmon  farm  is  near  Mt.  Carmel. 
Kneipp  Bottoms  are  3  miles  north  of  Mt.  Carmel. 
Stroh's  field  is  a  mile  north  of  Mt.  Carmel. 


List  of  Indiana  Collectors 


1115 


REFERENCE  LIST  OF  INDIANA  COLLECTORS 

This  list  is  composed  of  names  of  collectors  whose  specimens  have  been 
examined  in  connection  with  the  preparation  of  this  flora.  Each  name 
is  followed  by  information  consisting  of  the  dates  of  birth  (and  death) 
when  available,  the  name  of  the  county  or  locality  in  which  each  person  col- 
lected, the  symbols  for  the  herbaria  in  which  his  specimens  which  were 
seen  are  deposited,  and  the  number  of  his  specimens  examined  in  con- 
nection with  this  work. 

The  activities  of  some  collectors  were  restricted  to  one  or  more  counties 
while  some  collected  throughout  the  state  but  did  more  intensive  work  in 
certain  localities.  The  number  of  specimens  seen  is  no  definite  indication 
of  the  collector's  activities  because  some  or  most  of  his  specimens  may  be 
deposited  in  herbaria  outside  of  Indiana  or  in  those  not  touched  during 
study  for  this  book.  It  is  believed  that  this  information  will  be  of  value 
in  aiding  the  reader  to  place  these  collectors  chronologically  and  to  under- 
stand their  work  more  fully. 

The  names  of  a  few  collectors  are  included  whose  specimens  I  have 
not  seen  because  they  could  not  be  found  and  are  probably  destroyed. 


Name 


Amidei,  Terzo  Paul 

Anderson,  Flora  (See  Haas.) 

Andrews,  Frank  Marion 

Arthur,  Joseph  Charles 

Atkins,  Dora  Oma 

Babcock,  Henry  Homes 

Bailey,     Maurie     (Mrs.     Howard 

Wright) 

Baird,  John  Faris 

Banker,  Howard  James 

Banta,  Edna 

Barnes,  Charles  Reid 


Bartlett,  Harley  Harris. . 

Bayer,  Albert  William 

Bebb,  Robert 

Bechtel,  Albert  Reiff 

Benedict,  A.  Clay 

Benke,  Hermann  Conrad. 

Betzner,  Ruth  Alice 

Blatchley,  Willis  Stanley. 
Blaydes,  Glenn  William.. 

Bolinbaugh,  Alta 

Bradner,  Elbert 

Brannon,  Melvin  Amos. . . 

Bross,  Mason 

Buhl,  Carl  Arthur 

Burkett,  George  W 


E 


Birth- 
Death 


1907- 

1870- 
1850- 
1903- 
1832-1881 

1899- 

1854-1905 

1866- 

1895- 

1858-1910 

1886- 

1906- 

1863- 

1882- 

1854-1914 

1869- 

1901- 

1859- 

1900- 

1892- 

1847-1913 

1865- 

1861- 

1913-1935 


Collection 


Monroe. 


Monroe . 


Marion 

Dune  area . 


Putnam 

Clark 

Putnam 

Jefferson 

La  Porte, 
Jefferson. . . . 

General 

Montgomery. . 
Dime  area .... 
Montgomery.. 

Wabash 

Dune  area .... 

Miami 

Vigo,  Monroe. 

Monroe 

Sullivan 

Steuben 

Lake 

Dune  area .... 
Dune  area .... 
Putnam 


Location 


IU 

IU 

F 

B,  ND 

F,  NW 

DP 

P,  Pa,  W 

DP 

Ba,  DP,  ND 

F,  P,  ND,  \Y,  Wi 

F,  Mi 

W 

F,  I,  N,  NY,  Wi 

W 


F 

IU 

B,  D,  DP,  F,  P 

IU,  We 

IU,  We 


D,  F 

F 

DP,  F 

DP 


Number 


6 

1 

8 

13 

33 

64 

12 

22 

1,020 

455 

9 

13 

364 

1,036 


169 
12 

602 

21 

9 


4 

129 
85 
10 


1116 


List  of  Indiana  Collectors 


Name 


Cain,  Stanley  Adair 

Chase,  (Mary)  Agnes 

Churchill,  Joseph  Richmond. 


Clapp,  Asahel,  M.  D 

Clark,  Howard  Walton. 

Clark  &  Scovell 


Clarke,  Herbert  M. . . . 
Clements,  Harvey  J. . . 
Clute,  Willard  Nelson. 
Cook,  Mel  T 


Cornell,  Arthur  C 

Coulter,  John  Merle 

Coulter,  (Moses)  Stanley. 


Craw,  Joe  R 

Cummins,  Margaret  Percival. 


Cunningham,  Alida  M Circa 

Daubenmire,  Rexford  F 

Davis,  Vesta  Florence  (Mrs.  David  Earl 

Davis) 

Dawson,  Ray 

Deam,  Charles  Clemon 


Deam,    Stella    Mullin 
Clemon  Deam) 


(Mrs.    Charles 


Doddridge,  Benjamin  H 

Donaghy,  Fred 

Dorner,  Herman  Bernard 

Deusner,  Charles  W 

Douglass,  Benj.  W 

Dugan,  Mary  Elizabeth 

Ek,  Charles  Marion 

Enochs,  Rex  Paul 

Esten,  Mabel  Henninger 

Evans,  Walter  Harrison 

Evermann,  Barton  Warren . , 

Fassett,  Norman  Carter 

Fisher,  Elmon  McLean 

Friesner,  Ray  Clarence 

Fulton,  Robert  Watt 

Gates,  Florence  Anna Circa 

Crassly,  Charles  William 

Greene,  Edward  Lee 


Greenman,  Jesse  More. 
Grimes,  Earl  Jerome. . 


Birth- 
Death 


1902- 
1869- 
1845-1933 

1792-1862 
1870- 

Specimens 

1909- 
1868- 
1869- 
1869- 


1851-1928 
1853- 

1905- 
1903- 

1868- 
1909- 

1892- 
1911- 

1865- 


1870- 

1889- 
1879-1938 

1878- 


1882-1939 

1901- 

1873- 

1892- 

1898- 

1863- 

1853-1932 

1900- 

1861- 

1894- 

1914- 

1881- 


1843-1915 

1867- 
1893-1921 


Collection 


General 

Dune  area 

Marshall, 
Porter 

Floyd 

Marshall- 
Kosciusko  .  . . 

collected  jointly 


Johnson 

Daviess 

Marion 

Jefferson, 

Putnam 

Putnam 

General 

Jefferson, 

Tippecanoe . . 

General 

Gibson,  Knox, 
Monroe,  Posey 
Tippecanoe 
Parke 


Monroe 

Posey,  Putnam 
General 


General. 


Kosciusko 
Monroe,  Vigo. 
Tippecanoe . . . 


Marion 

Marion 

Howard 

Kosciusko .... 
Marion,  Parke 
Montgomery. . 

Marshall 

Lake 


General 

Montgomery. 
Tippecanoe.  . 


Marshall, 
St.  Joseph . 

Dune  area.  . . 

Montgomery, 
Putnam, 
Tippecanoe . 


Location 


B,  IU,  ND 

F,  I,  N,  NY,  Wi 

F,  N 
F,  P,  W 

F,  IU,  N 

See  Scovell  & 

Clark 

Fr,  Wi 

P 

B 

DP 
DP 

F,  G,  P,  W,  Wi 

F,  P,  W 
B,  ND 

IU,  We 

P 
B,  ND 

IU 

DP 

B,  D,  DP,  F,  G, 

Mo,  N,  ND,  NY; 
P,  W,  We,  Wi 

D 

P 

IU 

D,  N,  P 

F 

IU 

B 

B,  D,  IU 

IU 

B 

B,  F,  P,  W 

F,  N,  NY 

Wi 

F 

B,  F,  IU,  ND,  O 

W 

P 

F 

ND 

F,  Mo,  N 


DP,  N 


Number 


314 
321 

4 
214 

59 


124 

144 

9 

28 

6 

987 

89 
333 

19 
120 
194 

10 
154 


52,252 

Included 

in  above 

127 

17 

631 

320 

76 

8 

1,079 

85 

7 

13 

15 

1 

6 

7,397 

9 

13 

134 

17 
9 


943 


List  of  Indiana  Collectors 


1117 


Name 


Gullion,  Madeline  Atha 

Haas,  Flora  Anderson  (Mrs.  George  C. 

Haas) 

Haas  &  Welch  (Winona) .  .  Specimens  col 

Hall,  Fred 

Hansen,  Albert  August 

Harper,  Edward  Thomson 

Harper,  E.  T.,  and  Harper,  S.  A 

Hebert,  Peter  Edward 


Heimlich,  Louis  Frederick. . 
Hermann,  Frederick  Joseph. 

Hessler,  Robert,  M.  D 

Hicks,  Lawrence  Emerson.  . 
Hill,  Ellsworth  Jerome 


1896- 

1885- 
lected  join 

1915- 

1891-1940 

1857-1921 
Specimens 

1886- 


1890-1928 

1906- 

1861- 

1905- 

1833-1917 


Hubbard,  George  C 

Hull,  Edwin  D 

Hussey,  John 

Hutchinson,  Florence  Celeste. 

Inskeep,  Anna 

Johnson,  Frank  William 

Just,  Theodor 


Kiester,  Jackson  Ambrose. 


Klinger,  Carol 

Knipe,   Florence    (Mrs.  Oliver  Edmund 

Stewart) 

Kriebel,  Ralph  Meschter 


Lansing,  Odell  Edward 

Loughridge,  Gasper  Arthur. 

Ludwig,  Clinton  Albert 

Lyon,  Marcus  Ward,  Jr 


Macbride,  J.  Francis 

MacDougal,  Daniel  Trembly. 
Martens,  Jacob  Louis 


Maurus,  Edward  Joseph 

McCoy,  Scott 

McKee,  Madge 

Mell,  Clayton  Dissinger 

Meyers,  Ira  Benton 

Meyncke,  Oscar  Marion 

Millspaugh,  Charles  Frederick. 

Millspaugh  &  Lansing 

Moffatt,  WillSayer 

Molony,  William  Hayes 

Mottier,  David  Myers 


Birth- 
Death 


1888- 
1831-1888 


1889- 

18647-1934 

1904- 


1901- 

1908- 

1877- 
1897- 

1867-1918 
1900- 
1886- 
1875- 

1893- 
1865- 
1909- 

1874- 
1897- 
1877- 
1875- 


Collection 


Monroe . 


Monroe 

tly.  .Monroe. .  .  . 

Posey 

Tippecanoe .... 

La  Porte 

collected  jointly 
La  Porte, 

Porter, 

St.  Joseph. . . 

White 

General 

Cass 

General 

Dune  area 

Putnam 

Lake 

Tippecanoe .... 


Putnam 

Dune  area.  . . . 
La  Porte, 

Porter, 

St.  Joseph . . 
Montgomery, 

Whitley.... 
Montgomery. 

Fayette,  Wayne 
Henry, 

Lawrence . . 
Dune  area.  .  . 
Jasper,  Newton 


Porter, 
St.  Joseph. 


1849- 
1954-1923 
Specimens 
1847- 
1884- 
1864-1940 


Location 


IU 

DP,  IU 

IU 

W 
D,  DP 
F,  Wi 

F 


ND 


Putnam 

Monroe, 

Sullivan .  . . 
St.  Joseph  .  . . 

General 

Newton 

La  Porte 

Lake 

Franklin 

Dune  area 

collected  jointly 

Dune  area 

Parke 

Monroe 


F,  H,  ND,  O 

B,  F,  IU,  P 

Hi 

B,  D,  DP,  I,  N, 

Wi 

DP 

D 

F,  P, 

F 

DP 
F,  ND,  NY 


F,  ND 

W 
W 

IU 

B,  DP,  F,  K,  ND 

F,  I,N,  NY,  Wi 

B 

F 

DP,  L,  N,  ND 

F 

DP,  F,  P, 

IU 

ND 

B,  F,  MC 

DP,  F,  MK,  ND 

F,  Mo,  N,  NY 

F 


Number 


F 
F 

D,  F,  I,  N,  Wi 
ND 
IU 


260 

112 

36 

8 

2 

15 

305 


107 


861 

11 

103 

997 
7 
4 
53 
22 
21 
55 


292 

10 
22 

88 

1,863 

1,644 

102 

45 

1,057 

25 

391 

8 

16 

2,491 

852 

18 

7 


42 

7 

199 

12 

44 


1118 


List  of  Indiana  Collectors 


Name 


Birth- 
Death 


Collection 


Location 


Number 


Mullendore,  Naomi 

Munroe,  Henry  F 

Nieuwland,  Julius  Arthur. 


Nieuwland  &  Just. .  .Specimens  collect- 
ed jointly 


Palmer,  Charles  Mervin. . 

Palmer,  Ernest  Jesse 

Peattie,  Donald  Culross. . 
Pennell,  Francis  Whittier. 
Pepoon,  Herman  Silas. .  . . 
Phinney,  Arthur  J 


Pickett,  Fermen  Layton. 


Plummer,  John  Thomas,  M.  D. 

Plunkett,  Orda  Allan 

Potzger,  Jolin  Ernest 

Price,  Gladys 

Rechenberg,  Elizabeth  Anna. . . 

Reed,  Alberts.,  M.  D 

Rhoades,  William 

Riecken,  William  Emil 

Rose,  Joseph  Nelson 

Schneck,  Jacob 


Schuermeier,  C.  F 

Scovell,  Josiah  Thomas 

Scovell,  J.  T.  &  Clark,  H.  W. 

Seaton,  Henry  Eliason 

Sherff,  Earl  Edward 

Shipman,  Elias  Francis 


Slavin,  Arthur  Daniel. 


Smith,  Charles  Piper. 

Snyder,  Lillian 

Sperry,  Theodore 


1897- 


1878-1936 


1900- 
1875- 
1898- 
1886- 
1860- 
1850- 


1881- 


1807-1865 


1886- 
1903- 
1882- 


1862- 
1892- 
1862-1928 
1843-1906 


1841-1915 
Specimens 
1869-1893 
1886- 
1861-be- 
fore  1902 
1903- 


1877- 


Spillman,  William  Jasper 

Standley,  Paul  Carpenter 

Stanton,  May  Anna  (See  Weatherwax, 

Mrs.) 

Stark,  Orton  K 

Steiner,  Edna  June 

Stuart,  William 

Taylor,  Verna 


1907- 

1863-1931 

1884- 


Johnson 

Lake 

La  Porte, 

Porter, 

St.  Joseph.  .  . 
Brown,  Lake, 

La  Porte, 

Porter, 

St.  Joseph.  . . 

General 

General 

Dune  area 

Wayne 

Dime  area 

Delaware,  Jay, 

Randolph 

Wayne 

Lake, 

Lawrence, 

St.  Joseph.  . . 

Wayne 

Montgomery. . , 

General 

Monroe 

Porter 

Wayne 

General 

Posey 

Union 

Lower  Wabash 

Valley 

Gibson 

Marshall 

collected  jointly 
Montgomery. . 
Dune  area .... 


Fr 

F 


Mo,  ND 


ND 

B 

D,  Mo,  A  A 

F,  G 

F,  NY,  Ph 
F.  N, 


Cass,  La  Porte, 
Marshall, 
St.  Joseph . 

Tippecanoe . . 

Tippecanoe .  . 

Southern 
comities .  .  . 

Knox 

Dune  area  .  .  . 


IU 
P 

w 

B,  F,  IU,  ND 
IU 

IU 

w 

B,  F,  ND,  W 

IU,  N,  We 
F,  W, 

D,  N,  P, 

F,  Wi 

F,  N 

F,  IU,  N 

F 

F,  N 

F 


ND,  S 

P 
F,  P 

B 

F,  N,  Sew 
F 


269 
36 


1,281 


283 
9 

384 

58 

4 


6 

1 

29 

1,370 

336 

115 

77 

138 

10 

276 

21 

6 

4 

215 

106 

115 

22 


48 
14 

17 

51 
3 
3 


1898- 
1902- 
1865- 
1877- 


Noble... 
Sullivan. 


Putnam . 


DP 

IU 

F,  N 

DP 


102 

11 

6 

14 


List  of  Indiana  Collectors 


1119 


Name 


Templeton,  Harry  Glenn 

Thomas,  Mason  Blanchard. . 
Thompson,  Victor  Mattison. 

Thompson,  Harvey 

Tracy,  Samuel  Mills 

Tryon,  Rolla  Milton,  Jr 

Uline,  Edwin  Burton 


Umbach,  Levi  M. 


Underwood,  Lucien  Marcus 

Van  Gorder,  William  Bramwell 

Van  Hook,  James  M 

Van  Kooten,  Edward  Herbert 

Watson,  Norman  Aiken 

Weatherwax,  May  Anna  Stanton  (Mrs 
Paul  Weatherwax) 


Weatherwax,  Paul. 


Weir,  Arda 

Welch,  Walter  Burchard. 


Welch,  Winona  Hazel 

Welch  &  Haas  (See  Haas  &  Welch) . 

Wherry,  Edgar  Theodore 

Whetzel,  Herbert  Hice 

Wible,  Paul  Gerald 

Williamson,  Charles  Edward 

Williamson,  Edward  Bruce 

Wilson,  Betty  Lou 

Wilson,  Guy  West 


Wolcott,  Albert  Burk. . . 
Woodburn,  W.  Lewis. .  . 
Wright,  Stephen  Grant . 
Wright,  Wilbur  Hoyt. . . 
Young,  Andrew  Harvey 


Birth- 
Death 


Collection 


1889- 

1866-1912 

1876-1936 

1868-1923 

1847-1920 

1916- 

1867-1933 

1853-1918 

1853-1907 

1855-1927 

1870-1935 

1893- 

1899- 

1895- 

1888- 

1899- 
1902- 

1896- 


Kosciusko 
Montgomery. . 
Tippecanoe . . . 
Montgomery. . 

Marion 

Dune  area 
Noble 

St.  Joseph. 
Dune  area 


Young,  Paul  Allen — 

Yuncker,  Truman  George. 


1885- 

1877- 

1902- 

1915- 

1877-1933 

1910- 

1877- 

1869- 


Putnam 

Noble 

Monroe 

Parke 

Montgomery. 


Greene, 

Steuben. 
General  . . 


Location 


Monroe 

La  Porte, 

Porter 

Jasper,  Monroe 


P 
W 

P 
F,  W 

F,  Ny 
F,  T 


D,  F,  Mo,  N, 

NY,  Wi 

D,  P,  F,  NY 

D,  P 

IU 

ir 
w 


Number 


IU 

d,  dp,  n 

We 

IV 


NV 


Circa  1867- 
1874- 
1852-1926 


L898- 

1891- 


General 

Montgomery. . 

Lawrence 

Vermillion. . . . 
Wells,  Whit  ley 

Floyd 

Hamilton, 

Marion 

Porter 

Monroe 

Vermillion. .  . . 

Lake 

Jefferson, 

Tippecanoe. 

Montgomery. . 

Putnam 


DP 


W 

f,  i,  ir,\\( 


117 

5 

20 

136 
2 

438 

584 

1,788 

32 

254 

6 

13 

9 


659 

6 

70 
1,875 


I'h  

W  7 

IT  231 

W  8 

D,  Mo,  N  19 

B  20 

DP,  F,  X  146 

F  53 

IU  13 

P  35 

F 

C,  F,  IU,  NY, 

P,  W  .mi:, 

W  67 

DP,  F,  V  309 


1120 


Glossary 


GLOSSARY' 

Glossary  of  words  used  in  the  botanical  keys  with  a  definition  of  the  meaning 
assigned  to  them  in  the  Flora. 


Acaulescenl.     Stemless  or  apparently  so,  or 

having  the  stem  below  the  surface  of  the 

ground. 
Accumbent  (cotyledon).     Having  the  edges 

against  the  radicle. 
Achene.     A     small,     dry,     hard,     1-celled, 

1-seeded,  indehiscent  fruit. 
Aricular.     Slenderly  needle-shaped. 
Acuminate.     Gradually  tapering  to  a  point. 
Acute.     Ending  in  a  point. 
Adnate.     Having  one  organ  attached  wholly 

or  in  part  to  another. 
Adventive.     Imperfectly  naturalized. 
Alternate.     Not  opposite. 
Alveolate.     Closely  pitted. 
Ament.     A  catkin  or  scaly  spike;  refers  to 

inflorescences. 
Amplexicaul.     Clasping  the  stem. 
Anastomosing.     Veins  crossirig  so  as  to  form 

a  network. 
Androgynous   (inflorescence).     Composed  of 

both    staminate    and    pistillate    flowers, 

with    the    staminate    flowers    above    the 

pistillate. 
Annual.     Of  only  one  year's  duration. 
Annual  (winter).   A  plant  from  autumn-sown 

seed  which  blooms   and  fruits   the  next 

year. 
Aphyllopodic  (Car ex). 

less  or  rudimentary. 
Anther.     The  part  of  a  stamen  containing 

the  pollen. 
Anthesis.    The   time  at  which   the  flower 

expands  and  frees  the  pollen. 
Apetalous.     Without  petals. 
Apiculate.     Ending  in  a  short,  pointed  tip. 
Appressed.     Lying     flat     against     another 

organ. 
Arachnoid.     Like  a  cobweb. 
Arcuate.     Moderately  curved. 
Areolate.     Having  a  network  of  small  spaces, 

usually  marked  out  by  veinlets. 
Areola.     One    of    the    small    spaces    in    an 

areolate  surface 
Arislate.     Tipped  with  an  awn. 
Articulated.     Jointed. 
Ascending.     Crowing  obliquely   upward,   or 

upcurved. 
Attenuate.     Slenderly  tapering. 
Auricle.     An  ear-shaped  appendage. 
Auriculate.     With  a  basal  lobe. 


Awn.     A  bristle-shaped  appendage. 

Axil.     The  angle  formed  by  a  leaf  or  branch 

with  the  stem. 
Beaked.     Ending  in  a  prolonged  tip. 
Berry.     A    fruit    with    the    entire 


fleshy. 
Bidentate. 
Biennial. 
Bipinnate. 
Blade 
Bract 


Lower  leaves  blade- 


pericarp 

Two-toothed. 
Of  two  years'  duration. 
Twice  pinnate. 
The  flat,  expanded  part  of  a  leaf. 
A  diminutive  leaflike  structure  sub- 
tending   a    flower    or    flower    cluster    or 
attached  to  divisions  of  an  inflorescence. 

Bracteole.  A  diminutive  bract  or  a  secon- 
dary bract. 

Branch.  As  applied  to  woody  plants,  any 
division  or  subdivision  from  the  stem 
except  the  growth  of  the  season. 

Branchlet.  As  applied  to  woody  plants,  the 
growth  of  the  season. 

Calciphile.  A  plant  reaching  its  optimum  in 
a  soil  more  alkaline  than  neutral. 

Callosity.     A  small,  hard  protuberance. 

Calyx.  The  outer  of  two  series  of  floral 
leaves,  sometimes  the  inner  series  lacking. 

Canaliculate.     Longitudinally  channeled. 

Canescent.     Hoary  with  a  gray  pubescence. 

Capillary.     Hairlike. 

Capsule.  A  dry,  dehiscent  fruit  of  more 
than  one  carpel. 

Carpel.  A  simple  pistil  or  one  member  of  a 
compound  pistil. 

Castaneous.     Chestnut  color. 

Caudate.     With  a  slender  tail-like  appendage. 

Cauline.     Belonging  to  the  stem. 

Cell.  Any  structure  containing  a  cavity,  as 
an  anther,  ovary,  etc. 

Cespitose.     Growing  in  tufts. 

Chaff.     A  thin,  dry  scale. 

Chartaceous.     Papery  in  texture. 

Ciliate.     With  marginal  hairs. 

Ciliolate.     Minutely  ciliate. 

Circumscissile.  Dehiscing  by  a  regular 
transverse  circular  line  of  division. 

Clavale.  Having  a  terete,  longitudinal  body 
larger  at  one  end  than  at  the  other; 
club-shaped. 

Cleistdgamous.  Fertilized  in  the  bud  by  its 
own  anthers. 

Cleft.     Cut  about  halfway  to  the  midvein. 

'For  those  who  wish  a  more  complete  and  illustrated  glossary,  I  recommend  Lindley's 
"Illustrated  Dictionary  of  Botanical  Terms",  1848.  Republished  by  Alice  Eastwood,  price 
50  cents.     Address  California  Academy  of  Science,  San  Francisco,  Calif. 


Glossary 


1121 


Clbne.  A  plant  propagated  vegetatively  by 
cutting,  budding,  layering,  or  grafting. 

Colorless.  Without  distinct  color,  opaque 
or  translucent. 

Condiiplicate.     Folded  together  lengthwise. 

Connate.  Similar  organs  more  or  less 
united. 

Convolute.     Rolled  up  longitudinally. 

Cordate.     Heart-shaped. 

Coriaceous.     Leathery  in  texture. 

Corolla.  The  inner  of  the  two  series  of 
floral  leaves. 

Cdrymb.  A  convex  or  flat-topped  flower 
cluster  with  the  pedicels  or  rays  arising 
from  different  points  on  the  axis,  with  the 
marginal  flowers  blooming  first. 

Cotyledon.  A  rudimentary  leaf  of  the 
embryo. 

Crenate.     Scalloped  with  rounded  teeth. 

Cucullate.     Hooded,  or  resembling  a  hood. 

Culm.     The  stem  of  grasses  and  sedges. 

Cuneale.     Wedge-shaped. 

Cuspidate.     Tipped  with  a  sharp,  rigid  point. 

Cyme.  A  convex  or  flat-topped  flower  cluster 
with  the  central  flowers  unfolding  first. 

Deciduous.  Falling  away  at  the  close  of  the 
growing  season. 

Decumbent.  Having  the  stem  or  branches 
on  an  incline  with  their  growing  ends 
erect. 

Dehiscence.  The  opening  of  an  ovary  or 
anther  sac  to  discharge  its  contents. 

Deltoid.     Broadly  triangular. 

Dentate.  Toothed,  with  the  teeth  pro- 
jecting outward. 

Denticulate.  Dentate  but  the  teeth  very 
small. 

Depauperate.  Starved  or  smaller  than  nor- 
mal size. 

Dichotomous.  Forking  regularly  into  two 
nearly  equal  branches. 

Diffuse.     Loosely  spreading. 

Dioecious.  Unisexual,  with  the  two  kinds 
of  flowers  on  separate  plants. 

Disk.     The  enlargement  of  the  receptacle  at 

or  around  the  base  of  the  pistil;  in  Com- 

positae  the  tubular  flowers  of  the  head  as 

distinct  from  the  ray  flowers. 

Dissected.     Cut   or   divided   into   numerous 

segments. 
Distinct.     Not  united;  separate;  evident. 
Divaricate.     Separated  by  a  wide  angle. 
Dorsal.     Upon   or  relating  to  the  back   or 

outer  surface  of  an  organ. 
Drupe.     A  simple  fruit,  usually  indehiscenl , 
with  fleshy  pericarp  and  the  seed  portion 
hard  or  bony. 
Drupelet.     A  diminutive  drupe. 


Ecoldgical.     Concerning     the      relation     of 

plants  to  their  environment. 
Elliptic.     Oval;  in  the  form  of  an  ellipse. 
Ellipsoid.     A  solid  body,  elliptic   in  longi- 
tudinal section. 
Emarginate.     Notched  at  the  apex. 
End.6gen.ous.     Forming  new  tissue  within. 
Epigynous.     Adnatc    to    or    borne    on    the 

summit  of  the  ovary. 
Epiphytic.     Growing  on   other  plants,   but 

not  parasitic. 
Erbse.     As  if  gnawed. 
Exbgenous.     Forming  new   tissue   in   layers 

outside  the  older  tissue. 
E.rxerted.     Prolonged    beyond    surrounding 

organs. 
Falcate.     Scythe-shaped. 
Farinose.     Covered  with  meal-like  powder. 
Fascicle.     A  dense  cluster. 
Fasligiate.     Erect  and  close  together. 
Fibrillose.     Abounding  with  fine  fibers. 
Filament.     The    stalk    of    a    stamen    which 

supports  the  anther. 
Filiform.     Threadlike. 
Filamentose.     Composed  of  threads. 
Fimbriate.     Fringed. 
Flaccid.     Lax;  weak. 
Flexuous.     Zigzag;    bending    alternately    in 

opposite  directions. 
Foliaceous.     Similar  to  leaves. 
Follicle.     A  fruit  with  a  single  carpel  de- 
hiscing along  one  suture. 
Fldret.     A  small  flower  such  as  one  of  a  grass 

or  sedge;  one  of  a  dense  cluster. 
Frond.     The  leaf  of  a  fern. 
Fruit.     The  seed-bearing  product  of  a  plant. 
Gamopetalous.     With  the  petals  more  or  less 

united. 
(ribbons.     Enlarged  or  swollen  on  one  side. 
Glabrate.     Almost  without  hairs. 
Glabrous.     Devoid  of  hairs. 
Gland.     A  secreting  cell,  or  group  of  cells; 

any  protuberance  having  the  appearance 

of  such  an  organ. 
Glandular.     With  glands  or  gland-like. 
Glaucous.     Covered   with   a   fine   bluish   or 

white  bloom. 
Glomerule.     A  dense  capitate  cyme. 
Glume.     Bract   at   the  base   of  the  spikclct 

in  grasses  and  sedges. 
Gynaecandrous.     In   Carex,   having    a    spike 

with  the  upper  flowers  pistillate  and  the 
lower  ones  staminate. 
Habit.     General  appearance  of  a  plant. 
Habitat.     A  plant's  natural  place  of  growth. 
Hastate.     Like  an  arrowhead   but   with  the 
basal  lobes  diverging. 


1122 


Glossary 


Hauslbria.     The  specialized  roots  of  para- 
sites. 
Head.     A  dense  cluster  of  sessile  or  nearly 

sessile  flowers. 
Herb.     A  plant  with  no  persistent  woody 

stem  above  the  ground. 
Hirsute.     Pubescent  with  rather  coarse  or 

stiff  hairs. 
Hispid.     Beset  with  rigid  or  bristly  hairs. 
Hyaline.     Thin     and     translucent,     rarely 

transparent. 
Hypanthium.     An  enlargement  of  the  torus 

under  the  calyx. 
Hypogynous.     Borne    at    the    base    of    the 

ovary. 
Imbricate.     Overlapping. 
Imperfect.     Flowers  with  either  stamens  or 

pistils,  but  not  with  both. 
Incised.     Cut  sharply  and  irregularly,  more 

or  less  deeply. 
Included.     Not  projecting  beyond  the  sur- 
rounding parts. 
Incumbent  (cotyledon).  Lying  with  the  back 

of  one  against  the  radicle. 
Indehiscent.     Not  opening. 
Indurated.     Hardened. 
Indiisium.     The  membrane  covering  a  sorus 

in  ferns. 
Inflorescence.     The  flowering  part  of  a  plant. 
Innovation.     An     offshoot     from      a     stem 

(grasses). 
Internodc.     The  portion  of  a  plant  between 

two  nodes. 
Introrse.     Facing  inward. 
Introduced.     Brought  intentionally  from  an- 
other region,  as  for  cultivation. 
Involucre.     A  circle  or  collection  of  bracts 

surrounding  a  flower  cluster  or  head,  or  a 

single  flower. 
Involute.     Rolled  inward. 
Irregular  (flower).     Having  one  or  more  of 

the  organs  of  the  same  series  unlike  or 

unequal. 
Krcl.     A    central    dorsal    ridge;    the    two 

anterior  united  petals  of  a  papilionaceous 

flower. 
Labiate.     Provided  with  a  liplike  organ. 
Laciniate.     Cut   into  narrow   lobes   or  seg- 
ments. 
Lacuna.     Small    depression    or    pit    on    a 

surface. 
Lanceolate.     Several  times  longer  than  wide, 

tapering   at   both   ends,   widest   about   a 

third  above  the  base. 
Latex.     The  milky  sap  of  certain  plants. 
Leaflet.     One  of  the  divisions  of  a  compound 

leaf. 


Legume.     The    fruit    of    the     Leguminosae, 

formed  of  a  simple  pistil. 
Lemma.     The    lower    of    the    two    bracts 

inclosing  the  flower  in  grasses. 
Ligule.     A  thin  appendage  between  the  base 

of  a  leaf  blade  and  its  sheath   (grasses); 

the  oblong  appendage  of  the  ray  flowers 

in  Compositae. 
Linear.     Elongated   like   a  blade   of  grass, 

with  nearly  parallel  sides  and  at  least  six 

times  as  long  as  wide. 
Lbbed.     Divided  to  about  the  middle. 
Lbment.     A   jointed    legume,    the    constric- 
tions usually  between  the  seed. 
Membranaceous.  Thin  and  semi-transparent. 
Midrib    (midvein).     The  central  rib  or  vein 

of  a  leaf  or  other  organ. 
Moniliform.     Like  a  string  of  beads. 
Monoecious.     With  stamens   and  pistils   in 

separate  flowers  on  the  same  plant. 
Mucronate.     With  a  short,  sharp,  abrupt  tip. 
Native.     Indigenous  to  the  area  where  it  is 

found. 
Naturalized.     Not  indigenous  to  the  region 

where  found,  but  so  well  established  as  to 

have  become  a  part  of  the  flora. 
Node.     The  juncture  of  two  internodes. 
Nodulose.     Knotty. 
Nut.     An  indehiscent  1-seeded  fruit  with  a 

hard  or  bony  pericarp. 
Nutlet.     A  diminutive  nut. 
Obcordale.     Inversely  heart-shaped. 
Oblanceolate.     Inverse  of  lanceolate. 
Oblong.     Longer     than     broad     and     with 

nearly  parallel  sides. 
Obbvoid.     Inversely  ovoid. 
Obtuse.     Blunt  or  rounded  at  the  end. 
Ocrea   (Polygonum) .     The  sheathing,  united 

stipules. 
Ochreola    (Polygonum).       The    ocrcae    sub- 
tending flowers. 
Ovary.     The  part  of  a  pistil  containing  the 

ovules . 
Ovoid.     Shaped  like  a  hen's  egg. 
Ovule.     The  body  which  after  fertilization 

becomes  the  seed. 
Palea.     The   upper   bract   which,   with   the 

lemma,  incloses  the  flower  in  grasses. 
Palmate.     Diverging     radiately     like     the 

fingers. 
Paniculate.     A   loose,    irregular,    compound 

inflorescence  with  pedicellate  flowers. 
Papilionaceous    (corolla).     Having  a  stand- 
ard, wings,  and  keel,  as  in  the  peculiar 

corolla  of  many  Leguminosae. 
Papillose.     With  minute,  blunt  projections. 
Piippus.     The    bristles,    awns,    teeth,    etc. 

surmounting  the  achene  in  Compositae. 


Glossary 


1123 


Parasitic.     Growing     upon     and     deriving 

nourishment  from  another  plant. 
Pectinate.     Pinnatifid   with   narrow   closely 

set  segments;  comblike. 
Pedicel.     The  support  of  a  single  flower. 
Peduncle.     A  primary  flower  stalk,  support- 
ing either  a  cluster  or  a  single  flower. 
Peltate.     Shield-shaped;  a  flat  organ  with  :i 

stalk  on  its  lower  surface. 
Perennial.     Lasting  year  after  year. 
Perfect  (flower).     Having  both  stamens  and 

pistil. 
Perianth.     The  sepals  and  petals  considered 

collectively. 
Pericarp.     The  ripened  wall  of  an  ovary. 
Perigynium.     The    structure    inclosing    the 

achene  in  the  genus  Carex. 
Petal.     One  of  the  divisions  of  the  corolla. 
Petiole.     The  support  of  a  leaf. 
Phaenogamous.     Having  flowers  with  stam- 
ens and  pistils  and  producing  seed. 
P hyllopodic .     With   lower  leaves   of  fertile 

culms    normally    blade-bearing,    in    the 

genus  Carex. 
Pilose.     With  long,  soft  hairs. 
Pinna.     A  primary  division  of  a  pinnately 

compound  leaf. 
Pinnate.     Having  leaves  divided  into  leaf- 
lets or  segments  along  a  common  axis. 
Pinnatifid.     Pinnately  cleft  to  the  middle  or 

beyond. 
Pistil.     The  seed-bearing  organ  of  a  flower, 

consisting  of  the  ovary,  stigma,  and  style 

when  present. 
Pistillate.     With    pistils,    usually    used    to 

mean  without  stamens. 
Plano-convex.     Flat  on  one  side  and  curved 

on  the  other. 
Plumose.     Resembling  a  plume  or  feather. 
Pollen.     The   fecundating  grains   contained 

in  the  anther. 
Polypetalous.     Having  separate  petals. 
Pome.     A  fleshy  fruit  of  the  apple  type. 
Procumbent.     Trailing     or     lying     on     the 

ground,  but  without  rooting  at  the  nodes. 
Prickle.     A  spiny  outgrowth  from  the  bark 

or  rind  of  a  plant. 
Prostrate.     Lying  flat  on  the  ground. 
Puberulent.     Minutely  pubescent. 
Pubescent.     Provided  with  hairs. 
Pulverulent.     Powdered;     appearing     as     if 

covered  with  minute  grains  of  dust. 
Punctate.     Dotted  with  depressions  or  with 

translucent  glands  or  colored  dots. 
Raceme.     A  simple  inflorescence  of  pediceled 

flowers    upon    a    common    more    or    less 

elongated  axis. 


Racemose.     In     racemes   or     resembling     a 

raceme. 
Rachilla.     The  axis  of  the  spikelet  in  grasses. 
Rachis.     The  axis  of  a  compound  leaf,  spike, 

or  raceme. 
Ray.     One  of  the  branches  of  an  umbel;  the 

tlat  marginal  flowers  in  Composilae. 
Receptacle.    The  termination  of  the  flower 

stalk,  bearing  the  floral  organs. 
Recurved,.     Curved  downward  or  backward. 
Reflhxei.     Pent  backward  abruptly. 
Regular.     Having  the  members  of  each  part 

alike  in  size  and  shape. 
Renifortn.     Kidney-shaped. 
Reticulate.     In  the  form  of  a  network. 
Retrorse.     Turned  backward  or  downward. 
Retiise.     With  a  shallow  notch  at  a  rounded 

end. 
Revolute.     Rolled  backward. 
Rhizome.     A  prostrate  or  subterranean  stem, 

usually  rooting  at  the  nodes  and  becoming 

erect  at  the  apex. 
Root.     The    underground    part    of    a    plant 

which  supplies  it  with  nourishment. 
Rootstock.     Same  as  rhizome. 
Rugose.     Wrinkled. 
Rugulose.     Somewhat  wrinkled. 
Sagittate.     Shaped  like  an  arrowhead  with 

the  basal  lobes  directed  downward. 
Samara.     A     simple,     indehiscent,     winged 

fruit. 
Saprophyte.     A   plant    that   grows   on   dead 

organic  matter. 
Scabrous.     Rough  to  the  touch. 
Scale.     A  minute,  rudimentary  or  vestigial 

leaf. 
Scape.     A  peduncle  arising  from  the  ground, 

naked  or  without  proper  foliage. 
Scarious.     Thin,   dry,   and   translucent,  not 

green. 
Scorpioid  {inflorescence).     Coiled  up  in   t la- 
bud,  unrolling  in  growth. 
Secund.     Borne  along  one  side  of  an  axis. 
Seed.     The     ripened     ovule     (non-technical 

definition).     Used  in  the  plural  sense  for 

any  number  of  ripened  ovules  of  the  same 

species. 
Seeds.     The  plural  form  refers  to  a  collect  ion 

of  seed  of  more  than  one  species. 
Sepal.     One  of  the  divisions  of  a  calyx. 
Septate.     Provided  with  partitions. 
Serrate.     Having  sharp  teeth  pointing  for- 
ward. 
Serrulate.     Finely  serrate. 
Sessile.     Without  a  stalk. 
Setaceous.     Bristlelike. 
Setose.     Bristly. 


1124 


Glossary 


Sheath.     A  tubular  envelope,  as  the  lower 

part  of  a  leaf  in  grasses. 
Shrub.     A    woody   perennial,    usually    with 

several  stems. 
Silique.     The  name  of  certain  fruits  of  the 

Cruciferae. 
Sinuate.     With  strongly  wavy  margins. 
.Sinus,     The  space  between  two  lobes. 
Sdrus  (pi.  sori).     A  heap  or  cluster,  applied 

to  the  fruit  dots  of  ferns. 
Spadix.     A  spike  with  a  fleshy  axis. 
Spathe.     A    bract,    usually    more    or    less 

concave,  subtending  a  spadix. 
Spicate.     Arranged  in  a  spike  or  resembling 

a  spike. 
Spike.     A    simple    inflorescence    with    the 

flowers    sessile    or    nearly    so    upon    an 

elongated  common  axis. 
Spikelet.     A  small  or  secondary  spike;  the 

characteristic  unit  of  the  inflorescence  of 

a  grass. 
Spine.     A  sharp,  woody  or  rigid  outgrowth 

from  the  stem. 
Sporangium.     A  spore  case. 
Spreading.       Diverging     nearly     at     right 

angles. 
Spur.     A  hollow  projection  of  a  floral  organ. 
Squarrose.     With    the    parts    spreading    or 

their  tips  recurved. 
Stamen.     The  organ  of  a  flower  which  bears 

the  pollen. 
Standard.     The  upper,  usually  broad,  petal 

of  a  papilionaceous  corolla. 
Stellate.     Starlike. 

Stem.     The  main  ascending  axis  of  a  plant. 
Sterile.     Without  spores  or  without  seed. 
Stigma.     The  summit  of  a  pistil  to  which 

pollen  grains  become  attached. 
Stipe.     The    stalklike    support   of  a  pistil; 

the  leaf  stalk  of  a  fern. 
Stipitate.     Provided  with  a  stipe. 
Stipule.     An   appendage   at   the   base   of   a 

petiole,  often  adnate  to  it. 
Stblon.     A    basal    branch    rooting    at    the 

nodes. 
Stoloniferous .     Producing  or  bearing  stolons. 
Stramineous.     Straw  colored. 
Strigose.     With     appressed     or     ascending, 

sharp,  stiff  hairs. 
Style.     The  narrowed  top  of  the  pistil  which 

connects  the  ovary  to  the  stigma. 
Stylopbdium.     A  disklike  expansion  at    the 

base  of  the  style,  as  in  Umbelliferae. 
Subulate.     Awl-shaped. 
Succulent.     Soft  and  juicy. 


Silicate.     Grooved  longitudinally. 
Superior  (ovary).     Free  from  the  calyx. 
Suture.     A  line  of  dehiscence. 
Tendril.     A  slender  coiling  organ  by  which 

climbing  plants  are  attached  to  a  support- 
ing body. 
Terete.     Circular  in  cross  section. 
Ternate.     Divided  into  three  segments,  or 

arranged  in  threes. 
Throat.     The    orifice    of    a    gamopetalous 

corolla  or  calyx. 
Thyrsus.     A  compact  panicle. 
Tomentose.     Densely    pubescent    with    the 

hairs  matted. 
Tdrus.     The  receptacle  of  a  flower. 
Trigonous.     Three-angled. 
Truncate.     Ending    abruptly    as    if   cut    off 

transversely. 
Tuber.     A  thick,  short,  underground  branch 

or  part  of  a  branch,  having  eyes  or  buds. 
Tubercle.     The  persistent  base  of  a  style  in 

some  Cyperaceae. 
Tuberous.     Having  the  character  of  a  tuber; 

tuberlike  in  appearance. 
Turgid.     Swollen  or  tightly  drawn. 
Umbel.     An     inflorescence     in    which     the 

peduncles  or  pedicels  of  the  cluster  arise 

from  the  same  point. 
Umbellate.     In  or  like  an  umbel. 
Umbellule.     A  secondary  umbel. 
llmbonate.     Bearing   a  stout  projection   in 

the  center;  bossed. 
Uncinate.     Hooked  or  in  the  form  of  a  hook. 
Undulate.     With  wavy  margins. 
Urceolate.     Urn-shaped. 
Utricle.     A  bladderlike   organ;   a   1-seeded 

fruit  with  a  loose  pericarp. 
Vdlvate.     Meeting  by  the   margins   in   the 

bud,  not  overlapping;  dehiscent  by  valves. 
Vein.     A  thread  of  fibro-vascular  tissue  in  a 

leaf  or  other  organ. 
Velutinous.     Velvety;    with    a    dense,    fine 

pubescence. 
Ventral.     Belonging  to  the  anterior  or  inner 

face  of  an  organ;  the  opposite  of  dorsal. 
V'entricose.     Swelling  unequally,  or  inflated 

on  one  side. 
Verrucose.     Covered   with   wartlike   eleva- 
tions. 
Verticillate.     With  three  or  more  leaves  or 

branches  at  a  node;  whorled. 
Villous.     Bearing  long,  soft  hairs. 
Virgate.     Wand-shaped;    slender,    straight, 

and  erect. 
Viscid.     Glutinous;  sticky. 
Woolly.     With  long  and  tortuous  or  matted 

hairs. 


Some  Habitat  and  Distribution  Terms  Used  1125 

some  habitat  and  distribution  terms  used 

These  terms  are  defined  and  discussed  in  the  sense  they  are  used  in  the  flora.    Many 

terms  have  been  omitted  from  this  list  because  their  meaning  seems  obvious. 

Abandoned  fields.    See  fields. 

Alluvial  banks.   See  streams. 

Ballast.    See  railroads. 

Banks  of  streams.    See  streams. 

Barrens.  It  is  my  opinion  that  this  term  was  used  by  early  authors  and  pioneers  to 
designate  remnant  prairies.  I  have  heard  it  applied  to  a  relict  prairie  in  Noble 
County,  and  to  the  black  and  scarlet  oak  areas  of  Floyd  and  Harrison  Counties. 

The  subject  seems  to  be  of  sufficient  importance  to  warrant  a  few  notations.  The 
old  buffalo  trail  passed  through  the  last  named  barrens,  crossed  the  Ohio  River  at 
the  Ohio  Falls  and  continued  southward  into  Kentucky  to  the  salt  springs  and  big 
barrens  near  Bowling  Green. 

The  Kentucky  barrens  were  described  in  1802  by  Michaux.  J.  M.  Coulter  (Bot. 
Gaz.  2:  145-146.  1877)  wrote  of  the  "barrens"  of  southern  Indiana  and  located  them 
in  the  corners  of  Clark,  Floyd,  Harrison,  and  Washington  Counties.  In  the  same 
article  he  lists  22  species  of  plants  which  he  collected  in  this  area,  and  these  are  all 
essentially  prairie  plants.  About  1920  I  studied  the  region  more  critically.  Three 
very  old  men  who  were  born  and  had  spent  all  of  their  lives  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  barrens  said  that  when  they  were  boys  the  barrens  were  covered  with  "scrub 
oak"  and  a  few  hickory  trees  and  that  thickets  of  hazel  and  wild  plum  fringed  the 
sinkholes.  They  said  the  "scrub  oak"  were  not  tall  enough  to  hide  a  man  on  horse- 
back. They  also  directed  me  to  a  small  area  along  the  roadside  about  five  miles 
southeast  of  Corydon  which,  in  their  unanimous  opinion,  had  never  been  plowed. 
Here  I  found  Andropogon  furcatus  and  Sorghastrum  nutans,  typical  prairie  grasses. 
Prof.  Fred  Breeze  accompanied  me  on  a  trip  over  this  area  and  the  big  barrens  near 
Bowling  Green,  Kentucky.  He  was  of  the  opinion  that  the  geological  formations  in 
both  areas  were  similar. 

Bayou  lake.    See  slough. 

Bluffs.    See  streams. 

Bog.  The  terms  bog  and  boggy  places  have  been  so  widely  and  loosely  applied  that  their 
meaning  is  not  specific.  I  am  restricting  the  term  bog  to  areas  where  the  surface 
soil  is  organic  (peat)  and  the  soil  water  is  acid  in  contrast  to  habitats  that  have  a 
mineral  soil.  Its  application  in  the  flora  can  be  best  understood  when  its  formation 
and  growth  are  given.  A  bog  has  its  beginning  when  such  vegetation  as  sedges  and 
riparian  aquatics  begin  to  invade  any  body  of  water  and  form  a  mat  over  it.  This 
is  the  first  stage  of  the  quaking  bog.  The  mat  stage  of  a  bog  is  soon  followed  by 
the  establishment  of  sphagnum,  perennials,  shrubs  such  as  cranberries,  swamp 
loosestrife,  willows,  dogwoods,  highbush  blueberry,  alders,  poison  sumac,  and  lastly 
of  tree  species  such  as  tamarack  which  is  the  principal  tree  in  Indiana  bogs.  In 
Indiana,  arborvitae,  white  pine,  and  Chamaedaphne  are  rarely  the  dominant  woody 
species.  In  due  time  the  surface  of  a  bog  builds  up  and  becomes  dry  when  the  tama- 
rack species  begins  to  wane- and  low  ground  broadleaf  species  such  as  soft  maples, 
yellow  birch,  white  elm,  and  others  take  possession.  These  soon  build  up  on  top  of 
the  peat  soil  a  muck  soil  which  displaces  the  bog  botanical  area.  Bogs  are  usually 
designated  by  the  dominant  species  growing  in  them,  such  as  sphagnum,  tamarack, 
arborvitae,  white  pine,  and  Chamaedaphne  bogs.  Indiana  bogs  are  mostly  about 
lakes  and  along  streams  and  have  their  water  table  at  or  near  the  surface.  This  is 
usually  the  level  of  the  water  in  the  adjacent  lake  or  stream. 

Branch.    See  streams. 

Clearings.    See  woods. 

Cliffs.    See  streams. 

Common.    See  distribution. 

Creeks.    See  streams. 

Cultivated  fields.    See  fields. 
Dense  woods.    See  woods. 


1126  Some  Habitat  and  Distribution  Terms  Used 

Distribution  of  plants.  Volumes  have  been  written  on  this  subject.  Plants  within  their 
area  of  distribution  are  distributed  as  their  habitat  is  distributed.  The  number  of 
individuals  at  a  station  depends  much  upon  a  season  maturing  a  great  amount  of 
viable  seed,  which  is  followed  by  a  season  with  the  optimum  conditions  for  germina- 
tion and  development.  Poorly  developed  seed  and  adverse  conditions  for  germination 
and  growth  result  in  a  paucity  of  individuals.  Probably  only  once  in  a  life  time  will 
one  find  some  species  abundant.  To  confirm  this  statement  I  will  cite  two  personal 
experiences.  In  1937  I  saw  Poly  gala  verticillata  so  thick  in  an  open  blue  grass  sod 
in  an  open  wooded  pasture  that  the  whole  surface  was  white  over  an  area  of  at 
least  two  acres.  In  Indiana  this  plant  is  rarely  found  in  numbers  exceeding  25 
specimens  at  a  place.  On  another  occasion  I  saw  Monotropa  unifiora  so  abundant 
that  the  ground  was  white  with  it  over  several  acres.  I  revisited  the  same  place  at 
the  same  date  on  two  successive  years  and  one  year  found  no  plants  and  one  year 
found  a  few  plants.  The  seasonal  variation  should  be  kept  in  mind.  Some  plants 
seem  to  have  cycles  of  abundance,  probably  the  result  of  fortuitous  and  co-ordinating 
optimum  conditions  for  growth.  Annuals  fluctuate  most  of  all  the  types  of  vegetation. 
The  following  terms,  which  are  also  used  by  other  authors,  are  here  defined  in 
the  sense  I  use  them: 

Abundant.    Occurring  in  large  numbers  in  various  places  throughout  the  range 

of  the  species. 
Common.    Plentiful  in  all  parts  of  its  range. 

Frequent.    Evenly  distributed  throughout  its  range,  but  not  plentiful. 
Infrequent.    Only  occasional  throughout  its  range. 

Local.    Species  whose  habitat  is  restricted  or  infrequent  in  the  state,  but  the  num- 
ber of  individuals  at  a  station  may  vary  from  a  few  to  many. 
Rare.    Plants  apparently  not  restricted  to  a  particular  habitat  yet  extremely  rare 
in  Indiana,  such  as  Anemone  caroliniana,  Chamaelirium  luteum,  and  Trautvet- 
teria  carolinensis. 
Dunes.   Ridges  or  hills  of  wind-blown  sand.    They  vary  greatly  in  extent  and  in  height, 
from  a  few  feet  high  to  192  feet  (Mt.  Tom  in  Dunes  State  Park).   Dunes  are  located 
mostly  along  Lake  Michigan  and  in  the  Kankakee  River  Valley,  and  when  mentioned 
elsewhere  the  locality  is  given.    In  the  dunes  and  the  areas  between  them  grow  some 
species  not  found  elsewhere.    The  dunes  in  Lake  County  are,  for  the  most  part,  low 
and  those  near  the  lake  were  wooded  mostly  with  jack  pine,  birch,  and  oak.    The 
high  dunes  in  Porter  County  near  Lake  Michigan  were  wooded  mostly  with  white 
and  black  oaks,  jack  and  white  pines,  and  basswood.    The  dunes  in  the  Kankakee 
River  Basin  are  wooded  mostly  with  oaks. 
Fallow  fields.    See  fields. 
Farm  pasture.   See  pastures. 

Fields.   This  term  is  applied  to  areas  larger  than  truck  gardens  that  have  been  or  are 
cultivated   (exclusive  of  pasture  fields).    An  abandoned  field  is  one  that  is  no  longer 
being  cultivated  because  it  has  become  too  rough  by  erosion  or  too  sterile  by  sheet 
washing.    A  fallow  field  is  one  that  lies  idle  because  of  non-cultivation  or  has  lost 
part  of  its  fertility  which  will  be  restored  if  left  idle  for  a  few  years.    A  cultivated 
field  is  one  that  is  being  cultivated  during  the  current  season. 
Flats.   The  flats  are  level,  poorly  drained  areas  in  the  undissected  part  of  the  Illinoian 
drift  section  of  southeastern  Indiana  and  along  Little  and  Big  Pigeon  Creeks  and 
the  Patoka  River  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state.    The  soil  is  a  very  finely 
divided  white  clay  with  high  water-holding  capacity. 
Fork.   See  streams. 
Frequent.    See  distribution  of  plants. 

Gardens.    Gardens  are  small  areas  about  habitations  where  vegetables  and  sometimes 
some   flowers   are  grown.     Truck   gardens   are   larger   tracts   where   vegetables   are 
grown  both  for  home  consumption  and  for  the  market. 
Gravel  pits.    See  ponds. 

Hayfields.  Hayfields  are  fields  devoted  to  growing  of  forage.  In  Indiana  they  are 
called  meadows.  Since  the  latter  term  is  popularly  not  used  in  a  botanical  sense,  to 
avoid  confusion  it  has  not  been  used  in  the  flora. 


Some  Habitat  and  Distribution  Terms  Used  1127 

Infrequent.    See  distribution  of  plants. 

Interdunal  flats.    The  fiat  area  connecting  the  bases  of  two  dunes  is  known  as  an 

interdunal  fiat,  which  is  wet  during  the  rainy  season,  becoming  dry  in  summer. 
Knobs.   This  is  a  local  name  for  the  dissected  topography  of  the  unglaciated  region. 
Lake.    A  natural  lake  is  a  depression  on  the  surface  of  the  earth  partially  filled  with 
water  and  which  never  becomes  dry  (at  least  in  Indiana.)    It  usually  has  both  an 
inlet  and  an  outlet  stream.    The  shore  is  usually  sandy  or  gravelly  in  places  and 
mucky  with  spatterdock  or  waterlilies  on  the  border  in  other  places.    In  some  part 
it  must  have  water  too  deep  for  the  white  waterlily  to  grow,  which  is  usually  6  to 
8  feet.    According  to  origin,  lakes  may  be  divided  into  two  types,  natural  and  arti- 
ficial.   Our  natural  lakes  are  all  located  in  the  lake  area.    In  the  lake  area  are 
several   lakes   made   for   water   power   purposes,    such    as    Koontz    Lake   in    Starke 
County,    Sylvan   Lake   in   Noble    County,   and    Shafer   Lake    in    White    County.     In 
recent  years  several  large  artificial  lakes  have  been  made  in  southern  Indiana  for 
recreational  purposes.    See  definition  of  ponds  and  sloughs. 
Local.    See  distribution  of  plants. 

Marsh.   A  marsh  is  a  wet,  level,  treeless  area  covered  mostly  with  sedges  and  grasses 
and  generally  fringed  more  or  less  with  willows,  pale  dogwood,  or  other  shrubs  of 
a  like  habitat.    This  habitat  is  what  some  authors  call  a  meadow.    Marshes  have  a 
mineral  or  mucky  soil. 
Meadoivs.    See  hayfields. 
Oak  openings.    See  prairies. 
Old  river  channels.    See  slough. 
Pastures.    A  farm  pasture  is  a  field  of  any  kind  devoted  to  grazing,  permanent  or 

temporary.  A  woodland  pasture  is  a  woods  of  any  kind  that  is  being  grazed. 
Pond.  A  pond  is  a  body  of  water  in  a  natural  or  artificial  depression  of  the  earth, 
except  a  lake  or  slough,  that  is  not  as  deep  as  a  lake,  but  which  rarely,  if  ever, 
becomes  dry.  There  are  several  kinds  of  ponds  and  each  usually  has  a  specific  name. 
A  typical  pond  is  the  nucleus  part  of  a  swamp  that  rarely  or  never  goes  dry.  I  do 
not  recall  ever  seeing  any  vegetation  in  them  other  than  spatterdock,  but  they 
usually  have  some  buttonbush  on  their  borders.  There  are  many  artificial  ponds  in 
the  Illinoian  drift  area.  These  are  made  to  retain  water  for  stock  and  are  commonly 
called  water  holes,  although  some  are  made  to  supply  water  for  boilers.  The  vege- 
tation in  these  is  usually  abundant,  if  not  disturbed,  usually  consisting  of  Eleocharis, 
Lophotocarpus  calycinus,  and  Sagittaria.  Gravel  pits  are  cavities  left  on  the  surface 
after  some  of  the  gravel  of  the  substratum  has  been  removed.  They  vary  greatly 
in  size  and  depth.  One  in  Wells  County  of  about  five  acres  is  a  true  lake.  I  have 
not  been  able  to  study  their  vegetation.  Most  of  them  are  used  as  swimming  holes 
and  are  kept  free  of  vegetation  for  that  purpose.  I  know  of  one  small  pit  about 
30  years  old  that  is  full  of  cattails.  The  water  in  them  seems  to  be  fresh  and  I  see 
no  reason  why  lake  species  would  not  come  into  them.  Millponds  are  made  by 
damming  a  stream  for  power  purposes.  They  are  usually  full  of  lake  species  of 
vegetation,  including  spatterdock,  waterlilies,  pickerel  weed,  Potamogeton,  Cerato- 
phyllum,  and  Myriophyllum. 
Prairies.  Prairies  are  naturally  treeless  areas,  either  wet  or  dry.  Dry  prairies  are 
always  dry  and  covered  mostly  with  big  bluestem  grass.  Ours  are  mostly  eastern 
extensions  into  Indiana  of  the  Great  Western  Prairie.  Wet  prairies  have  a  black, 
sandy,  muck  soil  and,  during  the  winter  months,  are  usually  covered  with  water  which 
disappears  by  late  spring.  They  are  covered  mostly  with  little  bluestem  grass  and 
prairie  cordgrass  which  are  the  source  of  marsh  hay.  This  type  of  prairie  covers 
much  of  the  Kankakee  region,  and  parts  of  Jasper,  Newton,  Benton,  Tippecanoe,  and 
Warren  Counties.  Oak  openings  are  remnants  of  dry  prairies  in  northern  Indiana 
where  bur  oak  was  the  invading  tree  species. 
Railroads.    Term  applied  to  the  right-of-way  of  all  kinds  of  railroads.    Ballast  refers 

to  the  filled-in  or  built-up  part  upon  which  the  rails  are  laid. 
Rare.    See  distribution  of  plants. 

Reservoirs.    Storage  basins  of  water  used  mostly  for  city  water  supply.    These  I  have 
not  studied. 


1128  Some  Habitat  and  Distribution  Terms  Used 

Rivers.   See  streams. 

Rivulet.   See  streams. 

Roadsides.  This  term  refers  to  the  right-of-way  of  all  kinds  of  public  thoroughfares 
used  by  vehicles. 

Shore.    The  margin  adjacent  to  lakes,  ponds,  sloughs,  and  streams. 

Sinkhole.  A  funnel-shaped  cavity  in  the  earth's  surface  made  by  the  dissolving  of 
the  underlying  limestone.  The  cavity  varies  in  size  from  less  than  an  eighth  to  five 
acres.  Sinkholes  are  frequent  to  common  in  most  of  the  limestone  area  of  the  un- 
glaciated  region.  The  water  in  them  varies  in  depth  up  to  several  feet,  depending 
upon  the  amount  of  rainfall  and  the  seepage.  I  have  never  seen  any  vegetation  in 
them  when  they  are  located  in  deep  woodland,  doubtless  because  the  decay  of  many 
leaves  prevent  it.  Those  in  fields  are  disturbed  more  or  less  by  stock  which  destroys 
much  of  their  vegetation.  Over  a  period  of  many  years  I  have  made  a  list  of  plants 
I  have  seen  or  collected  in  them  and  it  is  a  large  and  variable  one.  All  are  usually 
surrounded  more  or  less  with  Eleocharis  and  often  Sagittarius,  Junci,  and  Lophoto- 
carpits  calycinus.  In  the  deep  parts  Potamogeton  is  often  found.  Constant  filling  in 
from  the  washing  of  the  surrounding  slopes  frequently  contaminates  the  water  so 
that  vegetation  will  not  thrive. 

Slough.  A  slough  is  an  elongated  basin  filled  with  water,  rarely  exceeding  a  depth  of 
six  feet.  Sloughs  are  remnants  of  old  river  channels  that  have  not  been  filled  by 
sedimentation  and  are  usually  short,  although  a  few  are  about  a  mile  long.  They 
may  be  divided  into  high  and  low  sloughs.  Those  that  frequently  overflow  are 
usually  devoid  of  vegetation  other  than  spatterdock  and  have  little  or  no  vegetation 
on  their  banks.  High  sloughs  are  those  that  do  not  annually  overflow  such  as  Half 
Moon  Pond  which  has  both  spatterdock  and  waterlilies  and  vegetation  on  its  banks. 
Bayou  lakes  have  the  same  origin,  but  are  more  circular  in  shape.  Our  most  notable 
example  is  Hovey  Lake  in  Posey  County.  For  want  of  a  better  name  I  am  calling 
also  the  water  channels  between  the  dunes  near  Lake  Michigan  sloughs. 

Soil.  The  soft  outer  surface  of  the  earth  composed  of  minute  particles  of  various 
rocks,  organic  matter,  and  solutes.  This  soft  envelope  or  any  part  of  it  is  called  soil 
(not  ground)  when  a  relation  between  it  and  plants  is  expressed. 

Spring.  The  discharge  of  water  from  a  subterranean  stream  forms  a  spring.  The 
volume  discharged  may  be  of  sufficient  size  to  form  a  small  stream  like  Donaldson 
Cave  or  the  volume  may  be  reduced  to  form  a  pool  and  a  small  rivulet.  Some 
springs  never  reach  the  surface,  but  discharge  below  the  surface,  their  water 
escaping  as  seepage.  These  hidden  springs  are  most  frequent  about  lakes  and  along 
rivers,  forming  springy  areas  which  are  erroneously  called  boggy  places  if  they 
discharge  in  mineral  soil.  The  water  of  a  springy  place  differs  from  the  stagnant 
water  of  a  swamp. 

Springy  areas.    See  spring. 

Stone  quarry.  A  cavity  made  in  the  surface  of  the  earth  for  the  purpose  of  getting 
stone  for  highways  and  building  purposes.  If  they  fill  with  water  they  usually  have 
no  soil  on  their  borders  except  at  their  outlet  so  they  can  not  support  vegetation.  I 
have  seen  Potamogeton  in  several,  but  do  not  recall  any  other  species  except  cat- 
tails. 

Streams.  A  stream  is  the  generic  term  used  to  denote  a  volume  of  water  moving  from 
one  point  to  another,  usually  by  the  force  of  gravity.  The  volume  of  moving  water 
may  vary  greatly.  The  largest  surface  volumes  are  known  as  rivers,  and  these  may 
have  many  tributaries  which  in  turn  are  usually  known  as  rivers.  Streams  of  a 
size  less  than  that  of  a  river  are  known  as  creeks,  branches,  forks,  and  rivulets. 
The  volume  of  water  a  stream  carries  varies  from  flood  to  low  water  stages.  The 
channels  of  most  streams  in  an  early  geologic  time  were  much  wider  than  now  as 
shown  by  wide  intervening  valleys  between  the  old  terrace  banks.  Banks  of  streams 
include  the  area  at  the  top  of  the  channel  as  far  back  as  quantity  of  light  and 
moisture  differentiates  the  vegetation,  and  all  the  slope  of  the  channel  from  the 
top  to  the  bed  of  the  stream.  The  common  meaning  of  a  bank  is  the  top  and 
slope  of  the  channel  from  high  water  mark  to  the  bed  of  the  stream.  The  term  is 
often  subdivided  as  top  of  the  bank,  upper  or  lower  slope,  and  muddy  base  above  or 


Some  Habitat  and  Distribution  Terms  Used  1129 

below  water.  The  slope  may  be  interrupted  by  narrow  level  areas  (benches)  or  by 
wide  level  areas  (alluvial  flood  plains  or  overflow  banks).  The  top  and  slope  of  the 
i  Id  channel  above  flood  stage  of  the  present  channel  I  call  terrace  hank. 

Bluff.    Sometimes  the  meander  of  a  stream  encountered  high  land  and  by  under- 
cutting the   slope  becomes  very  steep.    If  the  slope   is  clay   it  will   usually  be 
devoid  of  vegetation.    If  it  is  mostly  rock,  the  slope  will  usually  consist  of  one 
or  a  series  of  cliffs  of  varying  height.    I  have  arbitrarily  called  the  steep  bank 
of  a  stream  a  bluff  when  the  top  of  the  bank  is  moi-e  than  15  feet  above  high 
water  mark.    Rocky  bluffs  often  have  a  peculiar  flora. 
Cliff.    A  cliff  is  a  perpendicular  exposure  of  rock.    I  have  arbitrarily  placed  the 
minimum  height  at  10  feet  and  the  maximum  height  in  Indiana  may  not  exceed 
150  feet.    The  banks  of  the  Ohio  River  are  up  to  250  feet  high  or  higher  and 
may  consist  of  one  slope  or  of  a  series  of  cliffs  and  slopes.    In  the  crevices  and 
solution  holes  on  the  face  of  the  cliffs  are  found  plants  peculiar  to  them,  such 
as    Asplenium    pinnatifidum,     Lycopodium    Selago     var.     patens,     and     Sedum 
telephioides. 
Strip  mine  pit.   Depression  made  in  the  process  of  surface  mining  of  coal  and  a  failure 
to  leave  the  surface  in  a  level  condition.    These  depressions  are  usually  a  series  of 
longitudinal  v-shaped  channels.    The  area  at  any  one  place  will  vary  from  a  few 
acres  to  40  or  more.    These  I  have  not  studied,  but  I  recall  that  many  of  the  older 
ones  were  full  of  cattails. 
Swale.    I  am  not  able  to  distinguish  between  swale  and  marsh.    L.  M.  Umbach,  who 
did  much  collecting  among  the  dunes,  refers  to  the  troughs  between  the  dunes  that 
were  wet  and  filled  mostly  with  sedges  and  grasses  as  swales.    I  have  accepted  his 
name  for  this  type  of  habitat  and  restricted  its  use  to  the  dune  area. 
Swamp.    A  depression  in  the  surface  of  the  earth  where  water  accumulates  and  is 
retained  for  weeks  or  months  is  a  swamp.    These  are  usually  in  woodland  because 
those  occurring  in  cultivated  lands  generally  have  been  drained,  but  if  not  extinct 
they  will  have  a  different  flora  in  and  about  them.    The  character  of  the  soil  and 
subsoil  determines  in  part  the  length  of  time  the  water  will  be  retained.    Swamps 
usually  become  dry  in  late  spring  or  early  summer  because  of  evaporation.    The 
part  of  a  swamp  that  does  not  become  diy  is  a  pond.    A  pond  and  the  deeper  parts 
of  a  swamp  are  devoid  of  tree  growth,  but  are  fringed  by  buttonbush  or  willows. 
The  vegetation  on  the  wet  border  of  a  swamp  is  usually  distinctive,  and  that  oc- 
curring in   the   zone   formerly  covered   by  water   differs   from   that   on   the   border. 
Swamps  in  cultivated  land  are  little  more  than  mud  basins  and  when  they  become 
dry  the  weed  seeds  blown  and  washed  into  the  basin  germinate  and  in  due  time 
weeds  form  a  cover. 
Terrace  bank.    See  streams. 
Thick  ivoods.    See  woods. 
Truck  garden.   See  gardens. 
Waste    place.     Term    applied    to    non-cultivated    areas,    usually    about    habitations    or 

within  a  city  or  town  limit,  such  as  town  lots  and  unimproved  streets. 
Woods.  A  woods  is  a  term  used  to  designate  all  areas  covered  with  tree  growth.  The 
species  and  growth  vary  greatly  according  to  the  soils,  topography,  and  cutting  of 
the  trees.  A  dense  ivoods  is  one  with  a  dense  and  high  canopy,  usually  made  by 
large  trees.  A  thick  woods  is  one  thickly  set  with  medium  to  small  size  trees. 
A  thicket  is  an  area  devoid  of  large  trees  and  densely  set  with  very  small 
trees  or  shrubs.  It  is  also  applied  to  clearings  that  have  grown  up  with  a 
thick  stand  of  Crataegus  and  dense  stands  of  blackberries  or  roses.  A  clearing  is  a 
woods  that  has  had  all  or  nearly  all  the  trees  removed,  making  the  area  ready  for 
farming  or  grazing.  If  the  final  steps  are  delayed,  as  they  often  are,  the  area  will 
grow  up  and  become  a  thicket.  Woods  are  often  designated  by  the  dominant  species, 
as  sugar  maple  woods,  beech  woods,  and  oak-hickory  woods. 
Woodland  pasture.   See  pastures. 


1130  Bibliography 

bibliography 

This  publication  treats  only  of  the  ferns,  fern  allies,  and  flowering 
plants  that  have  been  found  in  Indiana.  The  bibliography  refers  only  to 
classes  of  plants  included  in  the  flora.  Literature  on  the  cytology,  morphol- 
ogy, physiology,  and  cecidiology  of  plants,  even  by  Indiana  authors,  are 
omitted.  Casual  references  to  plants  in  histories,  periodical  literature, 
newspapers,  horticultural  publications,  and  nature  study  books  are  also 
omitted.  All  publications  of  a  taxonomic  nature  that  cite  one  or  more 
Indiana  plants  with  their  locations  are  given.  Since  the  subjects  of  for- 
estry and  ecology  have  in  recent  years  become  of  so  great  economic  im- 
portance and  are  so  closely  interrelated  to  taxonomic  botany,  the  more 
important  publications  on  these  subjects  are  given. 

All  of  the  publications  cited  in  this  bibliography  except  four  are  in  the 
author's  library. 

Achey,  Daisy  M.  A  revision  of  the  section  Gymnocaulis  of  the  genus  Oro- 

banche.   Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  60:  441.  1933. 
Aellen,  Paul.   Beitrag  zur  systematik  der  Chenopodium — Arten  Amerikas. 

1.  Rep.  Spec.  Nov.  Reg.  Veg.  26:  31-64.  1929. 

Aellen,  Paul.   Beitrag  zur  systematik  der  Chenopodium — Arten  Amerikas. 

2.  Rep.  Spec.  Nov.  Reg.  Veg.  26:  119-160.  1929. 

Anonymous.    A  large  white  oak  in  Scott  County.    Garden  and  Forest  2: 

408.  1889. 
Anonymous.  Huge  lone  sycamore  discovered.   American  Forestry  27 :  698. 

1921. 
Ames,  Oakes.  Studies  in  the  family  Orchidaceae.  Orchidaceae  1 :  vi  +  156p. 

1905. 
Ames,  Oakes.    Studies  in  the  family  Orchidaceae.    Orchidaceae  4:  xiv  + 

288p.  1910. 

Anderson,  Edgar.  The  problem  of  species  in  the  northern  blue  flags,  Iris 
versicolor  L.  and  Iris  virginica  L.  Ann.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  15  (3) : 
241-332.   44  pi.  21  fig.  1928. 

Anderson,  Edgar,  and  R.  E.  Woodson,  Jr.  The  species  of  Tradescantia  in- 
digenous to  the  United  States.  Contr.  Arnold  Arboretum  Harvard  Univ. 
9:  1-132.    1935. 

Andrews,  F.  M.   Some  monstrosities  in  Trillium.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

1905:  187.  1905. 
Andrews,  F.  M.    Some  trees  of  Indiana.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1918: 

261-263.    1919. 
Andrews,  F.  M.  Trillium  nivale.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1921 :  81-86.  1  pi. 

1  fig.  1922. 
Andrews,  F.  M.    An  unusual  Impatiens  biflora.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

34:  271-272.  1925. 
Andrews,  F.  M.   Reversion  in  Trillium.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  36:  225- 

226.  1927. 
Andrews,  F.  M.    Lycopodium  complanatum.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  26: 

227-228.  1927. 
Andrews,  F.  M.    Monstrosities  in  Trillium.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  37: 
325-326.  1928. 


Bibliography  1131 

Andrews,  F.  M.   Some  flowering  plants  of  Monroe  County,  Indiana.    Proc. 

Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  37:  330-334.    1928. 
Andrews,  F.  M.   Variations  in  Erigeron  annuus.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

38:  86-87.  1929. 
Arthur,  J.  C.   Wild  or  Prickly  Lettuce.    Purdue  Univ.  Agric.  Exper.  Sta. 

Bull.  52:  83-112.  1894. 
Arthur,  J.  C.    Forms  of  Xanthium  canadense  and  X.  strumarium.    Proc. 

Indiana  Acad.  Sci.   1895:   100.  1896. 
Arthur,  J.  C.  A  native  white  bedding  plant — the  starry  grasswort.  Purdue 

Univ.  Agric.  Exper.  Sta.  Bull.  74:  1892.    Reprinted  in  Indiana  Agric. 

Rept.  1898:  575-584.  1898. 
Babcock,  H.  H.   The  flora  of  Chicago  and  vicinity.    Lens  1 :  20-26 ;  65-71 ; 

144-150 ;  218-222.  1872.   Lens  2 :  33-34 ;  96-98.  1873. 
Babcock,  H.  H.   Hepatica.    Lens  1:  169-170.  1872. 
Bailey,  L.  H.  Limits  of  Michigan  Plants.  Bot.  Gaz.  7 :  105-108.  1882. 
Bailey,  L.  H.   North  American  blackberries.   Gentes  Herbarum  2 :  268-423. 

1932. 
Bailey,  L.  H.  Addenda  in  Eubatus.  Gentes  Herbarum  2:  442-471.  1932. 
Baird,  John  F.,  and  John  L.  Taylor.   The  flora  of  Clark  County,  Indiana. 

Manual  of  the  Public  Schools  of  Clark  County,  Indiana  for  1878-79 :  45-65. 

1878. 
Ball,  Carleton  R.    Notes  on  willows  of  sections  Pentandrae  and  Nigrae. 

Bot.  Gaz.  72:  220-236.  1921. 
Ball,  T.  H.   Flora  of  Lake  County,  Indiana.   History  of  Lake  County:  166- 

171.  1884. 
Banta,  Edna.   Notes  on  plants  of  Jefferson  County  new  or  rare  in  Indiana. 

Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  45 :  89-93.  1936. 
Barkley,  Fred  A.    A  monographic  study  of  Rhus  and  its  immediate  allies 

in  North  and  Central  America,  including  the  West  Indies.  Ann.  Missouri 

Bot.  Gard.  24:  265-500.  1937. 
Barkley,  Fred  A.    Studies  in  Anacardiaceae.    III.  A  note  concerning  the 

status  of  Rhus  pulvinata  Greene  (R.  glabra  X  typhina  Koehne).   Amer. 

Midland  Nat.  19 :  598-599.  1938. 
Barnes,  Charles  R.   Notes  (on  various  plants).   Bot.  Gaz.  2:  120-121.  1877. 
Barnes,  Charles  R.  Catalogue  of  phaenogamous  and  vascular  cryptogamous 

plants  found  growing  wild  in  Jefferson  County,  Indiana,  to  which  is  added 

a  list  of  plants  growing  in  Clark  County,  but  not  found  in  Jefferson,  by 

John  F.  Baird.    9p.    Privately  published  in  1878. 
Barnes,  Charles  R.   Addenda  (to  flora  of  Jefferson  County) .   Bot.  Gaz.  3 : 

13.    1878. 
Barney,  E.  E.  The  Catalpa  Tree,  26p.   Published  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  in  1878. 
Bartlett,  H.  H.   A  new  Juncus  of  the  group  Poiophylli.   Rhodora  7 :  50-51. 

1905. 
Bartlett,  H.  H.   The  source  of  the  drug  Dioscorea,  with  a  consideration  of 
the  Dioscoreae  found  in  the  United  States.  Bull.  Bur.  Plant  Industry  189: 

1-29.   8  fig.  1910. 
Bartlett,  H.  H.   Ptelea  mollis  var.  cryptoneura,  a  wafer-ash  of  the  Georgia 
sandhills.  Rhodora  13 :  80-82.   1911. 


1132  Bibliography 

Bechtel,  A.  R.   Keys  to  the  spring  flowering  plants  of  central  Indiana,  31p. 

1939. 
Behrens,  Otto,  Jr.  Ferns  of  Turkey  Run.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  37 :  277- 
379.    1928. 
Benedict,  A.  C,  and  M.  N.  Elrod.    A  partial  list  of  the  flora  of  Wabash  and 

Cass  Counties,  with  notes.   Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  Geol.  Survey  17 :  260-272. 

1892. 
Benner,  Walter  M.   A  new  variety  of  Lycopus  americanus  Muhl.   Bartonia 

16:  46-47.  1935. 
Bicknell,  Eugene  P.    Studies  in  Sisyrinchium  III.    Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club 

26:  347.  1899. 
Blake,  S.  F.   Polymnia  Uvedalia  and  its  varieties.  Rhodora  19:  46-48.  1917. 
Blake,  S.  F.   A  new  Rudbeckia  from  Indiana.   Rhodora  19:  113-115.  1917. 
Blake,  S.  F.  Vernonia  altissima  Nutt.  var.  taeniotricha  var.  nov.   Rhodora 

19:  167-168.  1917. 
Blake,  S.  F.  Notes  on  the  Clayton  Herbarium.  Rhodora  20 :  21-28.  1918. 
Blatchley,  W.  S.   On  weeds  in  general  and  our  worst  weeds  in  particular. 

Indiana  Farmer:  March  8,  1890. 
Blatchley,  W.  S.   The  ironweed.   Indiana  Farmer :  October  4,  1890. 
Blatchley,  W.  S.  A  catalogue  of  the  uncultivated  ferns  and  fern  allies  and 

the  flowering  plants  of  Vigo  County,  Indiana.   Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  Geol. 

Survey  21 :  577-708.  1896. 
Blatchley,  W.  S.    Notes  on  some  phanerogams  new  or  rare  to  the  state. 

Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1896 :  130-143.  1897. 
Blatchley,  W.  S.   Notes  on  the  flora  of  Lake  and  Porter  Counties,  Indiana. 

Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  Geol.  Survey  22 :  92-1C2.  1898. 
Blatchley,  W.  S.   Lakes  and  marl  deposits  of  Kosciusko  County,  Indiana. 

Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  Geol.  Survey  25 :  189.  1901. 
Blatchley,  W.  S.   Indiana  weed  book.   191p.   139  fig.   Published  by  Nature 

Publishing  Co.   1912.    (Reprinted  twice.) 
Blatchley,  W.  S.,  and  Geo.  H.  Ashley.    A  partial  list  of  the  plants  known  to 

occur  in  Bass  Lake  or  on  its  mucky  margins.   Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  Geol. 

Survey  25 :  299-303.  1901. 
Bolle,  Friedrich.    Eine  Ubersicht  uber  die  gattung  Geum  L.  und  die  ihr 

nahestehenden  gattungen.  Fedde  Repert.  Beih.  LXXII,  1933. 
Borden,  Wm.  M.   Geological  survey  of  Clark  and  Floyd  Counties,  Indiana. 

Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  Geol.  Survey  5 :  134-139.  1874. 
Botanical  Gazette  (editors).  Some  big  trees  of  Indiana.  Bot.  Gaz.  5:  69-70. 

1880. 
Botanical  Gazette  (editors).  Notice  of  the  catalogue  of  the  flora  of  Indiana. 

Bot.  Gaz.  6:  179.  1881. 
Botanical  Gazette  (editors).    Flora  of  Indiana.    Supplement  1.    Bot.  Gaz. 

April,  1882. 
Botanical  Gazette  (editors).    New  Indiana  plants.    Bot.  Gaz.  8:  285.  1883. 
Bowers,  Homer.  A  contribution  to  the  life  history  of  Hydrastis  canadensis. 

Bot.  Gaz.  16 :  73-82.  1  pi.   1891. 
Bradner,  E.  A  partial  catalogue  of  the  flora  of  Steuben  County.  Ann.  Rept. 

Indiana  Geol.  Survey  17:  135-159.  1892. 


Bibliography  1133 

Brainerd,  Ezra,  and  A.  K.  Peitersen.   Blackberries  of  New  England — their 

classification.   Univ.  of  Vermont  and  State  Agric.  College  Bull.  217.   84p. 

1920. 
Branson,  George.    Archeological  and  historical  survey  of  Parke  County. 

Indiana  Hist.  Bull.   4.   Extra  Number  4 :   170p.   1927. 
Braun,  Lucy.  Affinities  of  flora  of  Illinoian  till  plain.   Rhodora  37:  349-361. 

1935. 
Britton,  N.  L.  North  American  species  of  Cyperus,  with  descriptions  of  new 

forms.   Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  13:  205-216.  1886. 
Brown,  John  P.  Forests  of  Indiana:  reliance  of  her  manufactures.  Forester 

6:  110-113.  1900. 
Brown,  Ryland  T.    Trees  and  shrubs  of  Fountain   County.    Ann.   Rept. 

Indiana  Geol.  Survey  11 :  122-124.   1882. 
Buchenau,  Franz.  Juncaceae.  Engler's  Das  Pflanzenreich  4 :  1-284.  1906. 
Buhl,  Carl  A.  Supplement  to  an  annotated  flora  of  the  Chicago  area  by  H.  S. 

Pepoon.  Bull.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.  5 :  5-12.  1934. 
Buhl,  Carl  A.  Notes  on  the  flora  of  the  Indiana  Dunes.  Amer.  Midland  Nat. 

16:  248-253.  1935. 
Bush,  B.  F.  The  genus  Euthamia  in  Missouri.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  5 :  157- 

177.  1918. 
Bush,  B.  F.    The  Missouri  Muhlenbergias.    Amer.  Midland  Nat.  6:  33-49; 

57-77;  81-97.  1919. 
Bush,  B.  F.  The  Missouri  species  of  Elymus.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  10 :  49-88. 

1926. 
Bush,  B.  F.  The  species  of  Polygonatum.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  10:  385-400. 

1927. 
Bush,  B.  F.  The  Missouri  Artemisias.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  11 :  25-40.  1928. 
Bush,  B.  F.   Some  species  of  Saxifraga.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  11:  213-235. 

1928. 

Cain,  Stanley  A.  Plant  succession  and  ecological  history  of  a  central  Indiana 
swamp.   Bot.  Gaz.  86:  384-401.   7  fig.    1928. 

Cain,  Stanley  A.  Plants  of  Spring  Mill  State  Park,  Lawrence  County,  In- 
diana: I— Ferns.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  41:  97-98.  1932. 

Cain,  Stanley  A.  Plants  of  Spring  Mill  State  Park,  Lawrence  County, 
Indiana:  II— Trees,  Shrubs,  and  Woody  Vines.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

41 :  99-104.  1932. 
Cain,  Stanley  A.    Studies  on  virgin  hardwood  forest:  II.    (Nash's  woods, 

Posey  County,  Indiana).  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  15:  529-566.  1934. 
Cain,  Stanley  A.   Bald  Cypress,  Taxodium  distichum  (L.)  Rich.,  at  Hovey 

Lake,  Posey  County,  Indiana.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16:  72-82.  1935. 
Cain,  Stanley  A.,  and  Ray  C.  Friesner.  Some  ecological  factors  in  secondary 

succession :  upland  hardwoods.   I.   Evaporation  studies  in  the  Sycamore 

Creek  region  (Morgan  County,  Indiana).    Butler  Univ.  Bot.  Studies  1: 

1-15.  1929. 
Cain,  Stanley  A.,  and  Ray  C.  Friesner.  Some  ecological  factors  in  secondary 
succession  :  upland  hardwoods.  II.  Soil  reaction  and  plant  distribution  m 
the  Sycamore  Creek  region   (Morgan  County,  Indiana).    Butler  Univ. 
Bot.  Studies  1 :  17-28.  1929. 


1134  Bibliography 

Cain,  Stanley  A.,  Ray  C.  Friesner,  and  J.  E.  Potzger.    A  comparison  of 

strip  and  quadrat  analyses  of  the  woody  plants  on  a  central  Indiana 

river  bluff.    Butler  Univ.  Bot.  Studies  1:  157-171.  1930. 
Chase,  Agnes.    The  North  American  allies  of  Scirpus  lacustris.    Rhodora 

6:  65-71.   2  pi.    1904. 
Chase,  Agnes.    The  North  American  species  of  Cenchrus.    Contr.  U.  S. 

Nation.   Herb.  22 :  45-77.   14  fig.   1920. 
Chase,  Agnes.    The  North  American  species  of  Paspalum.    Contr.  U.  S. 

Nation.    Herb.  28:  1-310.    142  fig.    1929. 
Chipman,  W.  W.   Notes  on  the  flora  of  the  lake  region  of  northeastern  In- 
diana. Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1896 :  147-158.  1896. 
Church,  V.  H.   Phenological  records  for  Indiana.   Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  State 

Board  Forestry  1910:  136-139.    1911. 
Clapp,  Dr.  A.    Catalogue  of  the  medicinal  plants  of  the  United  States. 

Trans.  Amer.  Med.  Assoc.    5:  223p.    1852. 
Clark,  H.  Walton.    Flora  of  Eagle  Lake  and  vicinity.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  1901:  128-1902.    1902. 
Clark,  H.  Walton.   The  flora  of  Lake  Maxinkuckee  and  vicinity.   Biological 

survey  of  Lake  Maxinkuckee.   2:  117-447.  1920. 
Clausen,  Robert  T.    Najas  gracillima  in  Indiana  and  Michigan.    Rhodora 

39:  432.    1937. 
Clausen,  Robert  T.    A  monograph  of  the  Ophioglossaceae.    Mem.  Torrey 

Bot.  Club  19(2):  1-177.  1938. 
Clokey,  Ira  W.  A  new  hybrid  Carex  from  the  Middle  Western  States.   Tor- 

reya  16 :  201.  1916. 
Clute,  Willard  N.   Rare  forms  of  walking  fern.   Amer.  Botanist  35 :  99-102. 

1929. 
Clute,  Willard  N.  Meadow  sage  in  America.   Amer.  Botanist  36:  155.  1930. 
Clute,  Willard  N.    Extension  of  the  range  of  Ruellia  pedunculata.    Amer. 

Botanist  36:  168-169.  1930. 
Clute,  Willard  N.  New  form  of  ironweed.  Amer.  Botanist  36:  224.  1930. 
Clute,  Willard  N.  New  form  of  Solidago.  Amer.  Botanist  39  :  185-186.  1933. 
(lute,  Willard  N.    Remarks  on  Arethusa  bulbosa.    Amer.  Botanist  41:  30. 

1935. 
Clute,  Willard  N.  Range  of  Persian  clover.  Amer.  Botanist  45 :  32.  1939. 
Collins,  S.  H.  A  partial  flora  of  Dearborn  County,  Indiana  and  vicinity.  Ann. 

Rept.  Indiana  Geol.  Survey  16:  376-382.  1889. 
Constance,  Lincoln.   The  genus  Ellisia.   Rhodora  42:  33-39.    1940. 
Copeland,  Herbert  E.    Cycloloma  platyphyllum  Moquin.    Bot.  Bull,    (now 

Bot.  Gaz.)  1:  6.  1875. 
Core,  Earl  L.    The  American  species  of  Scleria.    Brittonia  2:  1-105.    3  pi. 

1936. 
Coulter,  John  M.  Sullivantia  Ohionis.   Amer.  Nat.  9 :  572.  1874. 
Coulter,  John  M.    Aster  novae-angliae.    Bot.  Bull,   (now  Bot.  Gaz.)   1:  2. 

1875. 
Coulter,  John  M.  Querci  near  Hanover,  Indiana.  Bot.  Bull,  (now  Bot.  Gaz.) 

1 :  2.  1875. 
Coulter,  John  M.   Diarrhena  americana  Beau  v.   Bot.  Bull,  (now  Bot.  Gaz.) 

1 :  6.  1875. 


Bibliography  1135 

Coulter,  John  M.  Dentaria  laciniata  Muhl.   Bot.  Bull,  (now  Bot.  Gaz.)  1 :  8. 

1875. 
Coulter,  John  M.  An  interesting  herbarium.   Bot.  Bull,  (now  Bot.  Gaz.)  1: 

9-10.  1876. 
Coulter,  John  M.   Partial  list  of  the  flora  of  Jefferson  County.   Ann.  Rept. 

Indiana  Geol.  Survey  6 :  229-277.  1875. 
Coulter,  John  M.  Some  early  plants.  Bot.  Bull,  (now  Bot.  Gaz.)  1 :  15.  1876. 
Coulter,  John  M.   Some  effects  of  the  unusual  season.   Bot.  Bull,  (now  Bot. 

Gaz.)  1:  11-12.1876. 
Coulter,  John  M.   Some  plants  new  to  the  flora  of  Jefferson  County.    Bot. 

Bull,  (now  Bot.  Gaz.)  1:  34-35.  1876. 
Coulter,  John  M.   Some  Carices  near  Hanover,  Indiana  (Jefferson  County.) 

Bot.  Bull,  (now  Bot.  Gaz.)  1:  38-40.  1876. 
Coulter,  John  M.   Some  plants  noted  in  Carroll  County,  Indiana.   Bot.  Bull. 

(now  Bot.  Gaz.)  1:  12.  1876. 
Coulter,  John  M.   The  "knobs"  of  southern  Indiana.   Bot.  Bull,  (now  Bot. 

Gaz.)  1:  41-42.  1876. 
Coulter,  John  M.  Magnolia  acuminata  L.   Bot.  Bull,  (now  Bot.  Gaz.)  1 :  44. 

1876. 

Coulter,  John  M.  Notes  on  Acnida.   Bot.  Bull,  (now  Bot.  Gaz.)  1:  47.  1876. 

Coulter,  John  M.  Conobea  multifida  Benth.    Bot.  Bull,  (now  Bot.  Gaz.)   1: 

47.  1876. 

Coulter,  John  M.  Aster  oblongifolius  Nutt.  Bot.  Gaz.  2:  65-66.  1876. 

Coulter,  John  M.  Natural  grafting.  Bot.  Gaz.  2 :  137.  1877. 

Coulter,  John  M.  Spermacoce  glabra  Michx.  Bot.  Gaz.  2:  137-138.  1877. 

Coulter,  John  M.  The  "barrens"  of  southern  Indiana.  Bot.  Gaz.  2:  145-146. 

1877. 
Coulter,  John  M.  Some  new  stations.  Bot.  Gaz.  3 :  24.  1878. 
Coulter,  John  M.  The  flora  of  northern  Indiana.  Bot.  Gaz.  4:  109-113.  1879. 
Coulter,  John  M.  A  natural  botanic  garden.  Bot.  Gaz.  5 :  70.  1880. 
Coulter,  John  M.   A  comparative  view  of  the  flora  of  Indiana.   Bot.  Gaz.  6 : 

301-302.  1881. 
Coulter,  John  M.  Relations  of  the  scientific  to  the  practical  in  botany.  Trans. 

Indiana  Hort.  Soc.  1880:  29-37.  1881. 
Coulter,  John  M.  Some  notes  on  Physostegia  virginiana.   Bot.  Gaz.  7:  111- 

112.  1882. 
Coulter,  John  M.   The  native  flora  of  Indiana.    Trans.  Indiana  Hort.  Soc. 

1881 :  70-77.  1882. 

Coulter,  John  M.  New  Indiana  plants.  Bot.  Gaz.  8:  285.  1883. 

Coulter,  John  M.  A  century  of  botany  in  Indiana;  with  complete  bibliog- 
raphy. Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1916:  236-260.  1917. 

Coulter,  John  M.,  Stanley  Coulter,  and  Charles  R.  Barnes.  Catalogue  of  the 
phaenogamous  and  vascular  cryptogamous  plants  of  Indiana.   38p.   1881. 

Coulter,  John  M.,  Stanley  Coulter,  and  Charles  R.  Barnes.  Flora  of  Indiana, 
supplement  1,  3p.  April  1882. 

Coulter,  John  M.,  and  Walter  H.  Evans.  A  revision  of  North  American 
Cornaceae.  I.  Bot.  Gaz.  15 :  36.   1890. 


1136  Bibliography 

Coulter,  John  M.,  and  Harvey  Thompson.  Origin  of  the  Indiana  flora.  Ann. 
Rept.  Indiana  Geol.  Survey  15:  253-282.  1886. 

Coulter,  John  M.,  and  J.  N.  Rose.  Revision  of  the  North  American  Umbelli- 
ferae.   144p.  9  pi.   Crawfordsville,  Indiana.  1888. 

Coulter,  John  M.,  and  J.  N.  Rose.  Monograph  of  the  North  American 
Umbelliferae.   Contr.  U.  S.  Nation.   Herb.  7:  256p.  i-vii.  9  pi.  65  fig.  1900. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  On  the  size  of  forest  trees  in  Jefferson  County,  Indiana. 
Bot.  Bull,  (now  Bot.  Gaz.)  1:  10.  1876. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  The  numerical  relations  existing  among  the  forest  trees 
of  Jefferson  County,  Indiana.  Bot.  Bull,  (now  Bot.  Gaz.)  1 :  15.  1876. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  The  forest  trees  of  Cass  County,  Indiana.  Bot.  Bull,  (now 
Bot.  Gaz.)  1:  42-43.  1876. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  Note  on  Euphorbia  marginata.   Bot.  Gaz.  2 :  63.  1876. 

Coulter,  Stanley.   Notes  on  Rudbeckia  hirta  L.   Bot.  Gaz.  2 :  68.  1877. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  Variation  in  the  size  of  Asters.  Bot.  Gaz.  2 :  72.  1877. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  Some  large  specimens  of  Arisaema  triphyllum.  Bot.  Gaz. 
2:  139-140.  1877. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  New  locality  of  Sullivantia  ohioensis.  Bot.  Gaz.  5:  94. 
1880. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  Zannichellia  palustris.  Bot.  Gaz.  12 :  109.  1887. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  The  forest  trees  of  Indiana,  their  distribution  and  eco- 
nomic value.  Trans.  Indiana  Hort.  Soc.  1891 :  157-192.  1892.  Also  sep- 
arate, 36p. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  The  phanerogamic  flora  of  Indiana.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 
Sci.  1893:  183-199.  1894. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  Saxifragaceae  in  Indiana.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1894: 
103-107.  1895. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  A  report  upon  certain  collections  of  phanerogams  pre- 
sented to  the  state  Biological  Survey.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1895: 
169-182.  1896. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  Noteworthy  Indiana  phanerogams.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 
Sci.  1895:  183-198.  1896. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  Contributions  to  the  flora  of  Indiana,  no.  IV.  Proc.  In- 
diana Acad.  Sci.  1896:  159-171.  1897. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  Exceptional  growth  of  a  wild  rose.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 
Sci.  1896:  189-190.  1897. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  Contributions  to  the  flora  of  Indiana,  no.  V.  Proc.  Indiana 
Acad.  Sci.  1897:  158-165.  1898. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  Notes  on  the  germination  and  seedlings  of  certain  native 
plants.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1898:  215-222.  1899. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  Contributions  to  the  flora  of  Indiana,  no.  VI.  Proc.  Indi- 
ana Acad.  Sci.  1899:  104-112.   1900. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  Some  unrecognized  forms  of  native  trees.  Proc.  Indiana 
Acad.  Sci.  1899:  112-116.  1900. 

Coulter,  Stanley.  A  catalogue  of  the  flowering  plants  and  of  the  ferns  and 
their  allies  indigenous  to  Indiana.  Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  Geol.  Survey  1899 : 
553-1074.  1900. 


Bibliography  1137 

Coulter,  Stanley.  Additions  to  the  flora  of  Indiana.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

1900:  136-143.  1901. 
Coulter,  Stanley.  Contributions  to  the  flora  of  Indiana.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  1901 :  297-303.  1902. 
Coulter,  Stanley.  The  poisonous  plants  of  Indiana.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

1904:  51-63.  1905. 
Coulter,  Stanley.  Cuscuta  americana  L.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1904:  207- 

211.  1905. 
Coulter,  Stanley.   The  Michillinda  (Michigan)  sand  dunes  and  their  flora. 

Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1906:  122-128.  1907. 
Coulter,  Stanley.    Notes  upon  the  rate  of  tree  growth  in  glacial  soils  in 

northern  Indiana.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1906:  114-121.  1907. 
Coulter,  Stanley.  Woodlot  conditions  and  possibilities.   Ann.  Rept.  Indiana 

State  Board  of  Forestry  1909 :  36-47.  1910. 
Coulter,  Stanley.    Forest  conditions  in  Indiana.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

1909:  447-462.  1910. 
Coulter,  Stanley.   Woodlot  conditions  and  possibilities.   II.   Ann.  Rept.  In- 
diana State  Board  Forestry  10:  126-135.  1911. 
Coulter,  Stanley.   The  rate  of  growth  of  certain  species  of  native  trees  of 

the  State  Reservation.  Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  State  Board  Forestry.  11:  67- 

85.  1912. 
Coulter,  Stanley.    Notes  upon  the  distribution  of  forest  trees  in  Indiana. 

Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1914:  167-177.  1915. 
Coulter,  Stanley,  and  Herman  B.  Dorner.    A  key  to  the  genera  of  forest 

trees  of  Indiana.   24p.    1904. 
Coulter,  Stanley,  and  Herman  B.  Dorner.  A  key  to  the  genera  of  the  native 

forest  trees  and  shrubs  of  Indiana.  24p.   1907. 
Cowles,  Henry  C.    The  ecological  relations  of  the  vegetation  on  the  sand 

dunes  of  Lake  Michigan.    Bot.  Gaz.  27:  95-117;  167-202;  281-308;  361- 

391.  1899. 
Cowles,  Henry  C.   The  plant  societies  of  Chicago  and  vicinity.   Bull.  Geog. 

Soc.  of  Chicago  2 :  76p.    40  pi.  1901. 
Cox,  E.  T.   Geology  of  Wayne  County  (Indiana) .   Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  Geol. 

Survey  1878:  226-227.  1879. 
Crabb,  M.    A  giant  Platanus  occidentalis   (in  Jackson  County,  Indiana). 

The  Museum  3:  24.   Dec.  1896.   Published  at  Albion,  N.  Y.  by  Walter  F. 

Webb. 
Craw,  Joe  R.    Hydrogen-ion  reaction  of  native  Indiana  fern  soils.    Butler 

Univ.  Bot.  Studies  2:  151-162.  1932. 
Culbertson,  Glenn.  Deforestation  and  its  effects  among  the  hills  of  southern 

Indiana.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1908:  27-37.  1909. 
Cullinan,  F.  P.  The  paw-paw  or  Indiana  banana.  Trans.  Indiana  Hort.  Soc. 

1926:  105-106.  1927. 
Cunningham,  Alida  M.    Value  of  seed  characters  in  determining  specific 

rank.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1894:  67-68.   1895. 
Cunningham,  Alida  M.   Certain  chemical  features  in  the  seeds  of  Plantago 

virginica  and  P.  patagonica.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1894:  121-123. 

1895. 


1138  Bibliography 

Cunningham,  Alida  M.   Distribution  of  the  Orchidaceae  in  Indiana.    Proc. 

Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1895:  198-202.    1896. 
Cunningham,  Alida  M.    A  revision  of  the  species  of  the  genus  Plantago 

occurring  within  the  United  States.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.   1896: 

190-206.   1897. 
Cunningham,  Alida  M.   Indiana's  Gentianaceae.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

1897:  168-170.    1898. 
Cunningham,  Alida  M.   The  Ericaceae  of  Indiana.  Proc.   Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

1897:  166-168.   1898. 
Cunningham,  Alida  M.   Morphological  characters  of  the  scales  of  Cuscuta. 

Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1898 :  212-213.  1899. 
Cunningham,  Alida  M.   Geographical  distribution  of  the  species  of  Cuscuta 

in  North  America.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1898:  214-215.   1899. 
Daubenmire,  Rexford  F.   Some  flowering  plants  collected  in  Parke  County, 

Indiana.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  39 :  133-134.  1930. 
Daubenmire,  Rexford  F.   Additions  to  the  vascular  flora  of  Parke  County, 

Indiana.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  40:  75-76.    1931. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Additions  to  the  Indiana  flora.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

1904:  219-221.  1905. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Additions  to  Indiana  flora,  no.  2.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

1905:  185-186.  1906. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.  Additions  to  Indiana  flora,  no.  3.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

1906:  137-138.  1907. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.  Additions  to  Indiana  state  flora,  no.  4.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  1909:  381-382.  1910. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.  Additions  to  the  flora  of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley,  by  Dr. 

J.  Schneck.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1911 :  365-369.  1912. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Plants  new  or  rare  to  Indiana.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

1911 :  371-374.  1912. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.  Trees  of  Indiana.  Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  State  Board  of  For- 
estry 1911:  86-372.    131  pi.    1912. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Plants  not  hitherto  reported  from  Indiana.   Proc.  Indiana 

Acad.  Sci.  1912:  81-84.  1913. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Plants  new  or  rare  to  Indiana,  no.  5.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  1914:  197-201.  1915. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Plants  not  hitherto  reported  from  Indiana.   VI.   Proc.  In- 
diana Acad.  Sci.  1915:  135-140.  1916. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.    Cheilanthes  lanosa  and  Isoetes  in  Indiana.    Amer.  Fern 

Jour.    7:  112-114.  1917. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Plants  new  or  rare  to  Indiana.    VII.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  1916:  315-322.  1917. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Trees  of  Indiana.    Bull.  Indiana  State  Board  Forestry  3: 

299p.    131  pi.  1919. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Plants  new  or  rare  to  Indiana.   VIII.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  1918:  144-150.  1919. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.    Forest  conditions  in  Indiana.   Tri-State  Forestry  Confer- 
ence: 16-19.  1919. 


Bibliography  1139 

Deam,  Chas.  C.  The  forests  of  Indiana,  past,  present,  and  future.  One  Hun- 
dred Years  of  Indiana.    Dept.  of  Conservation,  State  of  Indiana.   25-28. 

1920. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.  Plants  new  to  Indiana.   IX.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1920: 

225-228.  1921. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.  Trees  of  Indiana.   317p.  137  pi.   April,  1921.   Published  by 

Dept.  Conservation,  State  of  Indiana,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Plants  new  to  Indiana.   X.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1921 : 

101-103.  1922. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Plants  new  to  Indiana.  XL  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1922: 

263-264.  1923. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Plants  new  or  rare  in  Indiana.   XII.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  1923:  221-222.  1924. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Shrubs  of  Indiana.   351p.    148  pi.    December  1924.    Pub- 
lished by  Dept.  of  Conservation,  State  of  Indiana,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.    Flora  of  Indiana:  on  the  distribution  of  the  ferns,  fern 

allies,  and  flowering-  plants.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  34:  39-53.  1925. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.  Plants  new  or  rare  in  Indiana.   XIII.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  35:  197-198.  1926. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.  Plants  new  or  rare  in  Indiana.   XIV.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  37:  321-323.  1928. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Grasses  of  Indiana.   356p.   86  pi.   23  fig.   216  maps.  1929. 

Published  by  Dept.  Conservation,  State  of  Indiana,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Plants  new  or  rare  in  Indiana.    XV.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  39:  123-125.  1930. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Plants  new  or  rare  in  Indiana.   XVI.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  40:  77-79.  1931. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Trees  of  Indiana.   326p.    140  pi.    118  maps.    March  1932. 

Published  by  Dept.  Conservation,  State  of  Indiana,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.    Shrubs  of  Indiana.  380p.  153  pi.  155  maps.    September, 

1932.    Published  by  Dept.  Conservation,  State  of  Indiana,  Indianapolis, 

Indiana. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Plants  new  or  rare  to  Indiana.   XVII.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  41 :  123.  1932. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.  Plants  new  or  rare  to  Indiana.  XVIII.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  42 :  47-49.  1933. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Plants  new  or  rare  to  Indiana.   XIX.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  43 :  48-49.  1934. 
Deam,  Chas.  C.   Plants  new  or  rare  to  Indiana.   XX.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  44 :  53-54.  1935. 
Detling,  LeRoy  E.  Revision  of  the  North  American  species  of  Descurainia. 

Amer.  Midland  Nat.  22 :  481-520.   1939. 
Dorner,  Herman  B.   Additions  to  the  flora  of  Indiana.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  1903:  117-118.  1904. 
Douglass,  Benjamin  W.    Additions  to  the  flora  of  Marion  County,  with 

notes  on  plants  heretofore  unreported  from  the  State  of  Indiana.   Proc. 

Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1904:  223-224.  1905. 
Douglass,  Benjamin  W.  The  Indiana  forest  problem.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  1919:  63-66.  1921. 


1140  Bibliography 

Drew,  W.  B.  North  American  representatives  of  Ranunculus  §  Batrachium. 

Rhodora  38 :  1-47.  1936. 
Dyal,  Sarah  C.  Valerianella  in  North  America.   Rhodora  40:  185-212.  1938. 
Dykes,  William  Rickatson.  The  genus  Iris.  245p.  48  pi.   1913.   Cambridge 

University  Press,  England. 
Ek,  Charles  M.  The  jointed  goat-grass.  American  Bot.  44:  141-142.  1938. 
Elliott,  Thomas  B.   The  trees  of  Indiana.    Trans.  Indianapolis  Acad.  Sci. 

72-86.  1872. 

Elrod,  Moses  N.    Geology  and  topographical  survey  of  Union  County,  In- 
diana. Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  Geol.  Survey  14:  71.  1884. 

Elrod,  Moses  N.   Botanical  notes.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1903:  119-128. 

1904. 
Elrod,  Moses  N.    Pollination  of  Campanula  americana  and  other  plants. 

Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1904:  213-217.  1905. 
Epling,  Carl.   Notes  on  Monarda ;  the  subgenus  Cheilyctis.   Madrono  3 :  20- 

31.  1936. 
Epling,  Carl.  Notes  on  the  Scutellariae  of  Eastern  North  America.  I.  Amer. 

Jour.  Bot.  26 :  17-24.  1939. 
Erlanson,  Eileen  Whitehead.   List  of  Indiana  plants,  chiefly  from  Putnam 

County,  collected  1910-1915  by  Earl  J.  Grimes.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

1923:  123-162.  1924. 
Erlanson,  Eileen  Whitehead.  Ten  new  species  and  varieties  of  Rosa.  Rho- 
dora 30:  109-121.  1928. 
Esten,  Mabel  M.  A  statistical  study  of  a  beech-maple  association  at  Turkey 

Run  State  Park,  Parke  County,  Indiana.    Butler  Univ.  Bot.  Studies  2: 

183-200.  1932. 
Evermann,  Barton  W.,  and  H.  Walton  Clark.    Lake  Cicott,  Indiana,  and 

notes  on  its  flora  and  fauna.   Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  21 :  213-218.  1908. 
Evermann,  Barton  W.,  and  H.  Walton  Clark.    Fletcher  Lake,  Indiana,  and 

its  flora  and  fauna.  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  32 :  81-88.  1910. 
Evermann,  Barton  W.,  and  H.  Walton  Clark.   Lake  Maxinkuckee  1 :  1-660. 

1920  and  2 :  1-512.    1920.    Published  by  Dept.  of  Conservation,  State  of 

Indiana,  Indianapolis,  Indiana. 
Farwell,  Oliver  Atkins.  Polygonatum.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  11:  74-78.  1928. 
Farwell,  Oliver  Atkins.  Ferns  in  the  herbarium  of  Parke,  Davis  &  Co.  Amer. 

Midland  Nat.  12:  233-311.  1931. 
Fassett,  Norman  C.   A  study  of  the  genus  Zizania.   Rhodora  26:  153-160. 

1924. 

Fassett,  Norman  C.  Preliminary  notes  on  the  flora  of  Wisconsin,  II.  Eri- 
caceae. Trans.  Wisconsin  Acad.  Sciences,  Arts,  and  Letters  24 :  249-268. 
1929. 

Fassett,  Norman  C.  Notes  from  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin. IX.  Rhodora  35 :  199-203.  1933. 

Fassett,  Norman  C.  Notes  from  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin.  XI.   Rhodora  36:  349-352.  1934. 

Fassett,  Norman  C.  Notes  from  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin. XIII.  Rhodora  38 :  94-97.  1936. 

Fernald,  M.  L.  An  inland  variety  of  Proserpinaca  palustris.  Rhodora  11: 
120.  1909. 


Bibliography  1141 

Fernald,  M.  L.  The  variations  of  Lathyrus  palustris  in  Eastern  America. 
Rhodora  13:  47-52.  1911. 

Fernald,  M.  L.  Some  allies  of  Rynchospora  macrostachya.  Rhodora  20: 
138-140.  1918. 

Fernald,  M.  L.  The  northern  variety  of  Ranunculus  hispidus.  Rhodora  22 : 
30-31.  1920. 

Fernald,  M.  L.  The  Gray  Herbarium  expedition  to  Nova  Scotia.  Rhodora 
23:  223-245.  1921. 

Fernald,  M.  L.  A  new  variety  of  Betula  lutea.  Rhodora  24 :  171.  1922. 
Fernald,  M.  L.  The  identity  of  the  sand  cherries  of  eastern  America.   Rho- 
dora 25 :  69-74.  1923. 

Fernald,  M.  L.  The  identity  of  Eriophorum  callitrix.  Rhodora  27:  203-210. 
1925. 

Fernald,  M.  L.  American  representatives  of  Asplenium  Ruta-muraria.  Rho- 
dora 30:  37-43.  1928. 

Fernald,  M.  L.   Gentiana  procera  forma  laevicalyx.   Rhodora  32:  221.  1930. 

Fernald,  M.  L.  Carex  Richardsonii  in  New  England.  Rhodora  34:  229-232. 
1932. 

Fernald,  M.  L.  The  linear-leaved  North  American  species  of  Potamogeton, 
section  Axillares.  Mem.  Gray  Herb.  Harvard  Univ.  3:  1-183.  40  pi. 
1932. 

Fernald,  M.  L.  Critical  plants  of  Ontario  and  Michigan.  Rhodora  37 :  229- 
262.  1935. 

Fernald,  M.  L.  Midsummer  vascular  plants  of  Virginia.  Rhodora  37:  451. 
19"35. 

Fernald,  M.  L.  Plants  from  the  coastal  plain  of  Virginia.  Rhodora  38:  414- 
456.   1936. 

Fernald,  M.  L.  Noteworthy  plants  of  southeastern  Virginia.  Rhodora  40: 
364-424.  1938. 

Fernald,  M.  L.  New  species,  varieties,  and  transfers.  IV.  Rhodora  41 :  423- 
459.   1939. 

Fernald,  M.  L.  Last  survivors  in  the  flora  of  tidewater  Virginia.  Rhodora 
41:  465-504.    1939. 

Fernald,  M.  L.,  and  A.  E.  Brackett.  Eleocharis  palustris  in  North  America. 
Rhodora  31 :  57-77.  4  pi.   1929. 

Fernald,  M.  L.,  and  Ludlow  Griscom.  Three  days  of  botanizing  in  south- 
eastern Virginia.  Rhodora  37 :  129-157 ;  167-189.  1935. 

Fernald,  M.  L.,  and  J.  Francis  Macbride.  The  North  American  variations  of 
Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi.   Rhodora  16:  211-213.  1914. 

Fernald,  M.  L.,  and  C.  A.  Weatherby.  Varieties  of  Geum  canadense.  Rho- 
dora 24:  47-50.  1922. 

Fernald,  M.  L.,  and  K.  M.  Wiegand.  North  American  variations  of  Juncus 
eff usus.  Rhodora  12 :  81-93.  1910. 

Fernald,  M.  L.,  and  K.  M.  Wiegand.  Notes  on  the  plants  of  the  Ontario  and 
St.  Lawrence  Basins,  New  York.   Rhodora  25 ;  205-214.   1923. 

Finley,  George  W.  Some  poisonous  plants  indigenous  to  Indiana.  Ohio  Jour. 
Sci.  31:  270-271.  1931. 

Fisher,  R.  H.  In  Fours.  (On  monstrosities  of  Trillium.)  Amer.  Nat.  4:  46. 
1870. 


1142  Bibliography 

Forester  (editor).  White  oak  tree.  Forester  5:  50.  1899. 

Foster,  Robert  C.   A  cyto-taxonomic  survey  of  the  North  American  species 

of  Iris.  Contr.  Gray  Herb.  Harvard  Univ.  119:  1-82.  1937. 
Freeman,  Florence  L.  The  variations  of  Psoralea  psoralioides.  Rhodora  39 : 

425-428.  1937. 
Friesner,  Ray  C.  A  variation  of  Trillium  declinatum  (Gray)  Gleason.  Proc. 

Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  34:  315.  1925. 
Friesner,  Ray  C.  The  genus  Trillium  in  Indiana.   Butler  Univ.  Bot.  Studies 

1 :  29-40.  1929. 
Friesner,  Ray  C.  Key  to  genera  of  Indiana  ferns  and  fern  allies.  Butler  Univ. 

Bot.  Studies  1 :  55-60.  1929. 
Friesner,  Ray  C.  The  genus  Solidago  in  northeastern  North  America.  Butler 

Univ.  Bot.  Studies  3 :  1-64.  1933. 
Friesner,  Ray  C.   Indiana  as  a  critical  botanical  area.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  46:  28-45.  1937. 
Friesner,  Ray  C,  and  J.  E.  Potzger.  Studies  in  forest  ecology  I.  Factors  con- 
cerned in  Hemlock  reproduction  in  Indiana.   Butler  Univ.  Bot.  Studies  2 : 

133-144.  4  pi.   1932. 
Friesner,  Ray  C,  and  J.  E.  Potzger.  Studies  in  forest  ecology  II.  The  eco- 
logical significance  of  Tsuga  canadensis  in  Indiana.    Butler  Univ.  Bot. 

Studies  2 :  145-149.  1932. 
Friesner,  Ray  C,  and  J.  E.  Potzger.    Climax  conditions  and  the  ecological 

status  of  Pinus  Strobus,  Taxus  canadensis,  and  Tsuga  canadensis  in  the 

Pine  Hills  region  of  Indiana.  Butler  Univ.  Bot.  Studies  3 :  65-84.  1934. 
Friesner,  Ray  C,  and  J.  E.  Potzger.  Some  comparisons  between  virgin  forest 

and  adjacent  areas  of  secondary  succession.  Butler  Univ.  Bot.  Studies  3: 

85-98.  1934. 
Friesner,  Ray  C,  and  J.  E.  Potzger.  Contrasts  in  certain  physical  factors  in 

Fagus-Acer  and  Quercus-Carya  communities  in  Brown  and  Bartholomew 

Counties,  Indiana.   Butler  Univ.  Bot.  Studies  4 :  1-12.  1937. 
Friesner,  Ray  C,  and  J.  E.  Potzger.   Soil  acidity  and  hemlock  reproduction 

in  relic  colonies  in  Indiana.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  46 :  93-99.  1937. 
Gates,  R.  R.  A  revision  of  the  genus  Polygonatum  in  North  America.  Bull. 

Torrey  Bot.  Club  44:  117-126.  1917. 
Geddes,  W.  N.  Some  great  rag  weeds.  Bot.  Bull,  (now  Bot.  Gaz.)  1:  14-15. 

1876. 
Geise,  Sister  M.  Joseph.   The  Indiana  species  of  Cyperus.    Amer.  Midland 

Nat.  15:  241-291.  23  fig.   23  maps.  1934. 
Gorby,  S.  S.   Geology  of  Miami  County.   Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  Geol.  Survey 

16:  165-188.  1889. 
Gordon,  Robert  B.   A  preliminary  vegetation  map  of  Indiana.   Amer.  Mid- 
land Nat.  17:  866-877.  1936. 
Grant,  Adele  Lewis.  Monograph  of  the  genus  Mimulus.  Ann.  Missouri  Bot. 

Gard.  11:  99-388.  1924. 
Graves,  E.  W.   Botrychiums  of  the  Central  States.    Amer.  Fern  Jour.  21 : 

125-132.  1931. 

Graves,  E.  W.  Botrychiums  of  Indiana.   Amer.  Fern  Jour.  22 :  48-52.   1  pi. 
1932. 


Bibliography  1143 

Greene,  E.  L.   Certain  Polygonaceous  genera.   Leaflets  of  Botany  1 :  17-50. 

1904. 
Greene,  E.  L.  Some  Ptelea  segregates.  Torreya  5  :  99-100.  1905. 
Greene,  E.  L.  Various  new  species.  Leaflets  of  Botany  1 :  180-182.  1906. 
Greene,  E.  L.    Certain  Rosaceous  genera.    Leaflets  of  Botany  1 :  237-243. 

1906. 
Greene,  E.  L.  A  study  of  Rhus  glabra.  Proc.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.  8:  167- 

196.  1906. 
Greene,  E.  L.  Novitates  Boreali-Americanae.   I.   Fedde  Repertorium  5:  45- 

46.  1908. 
Greene,  E.  L.  Notes  on  the  stemless  lady's  slipper.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  1 : 

125-127.  1909. 
Greene,  E.  L.  Miscellaneous  specific  types.   I.   Leaflets  of  Botany  2:  45-48. 

1910. 
Greene,  E.  L.  Antennaria  in  the  middle  west.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  2:  73-90. 

1911. 
Greene,  E.  L.  Accessions  to  Apocynum.  Leaflets  of  Botany  2:  164-189.  1912. 
Greene,  E.  L.  New  species  of  Ranunculus.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3 :  333-335. 

1914. 
Greene,  F.  C.  Ferns  of  Bloomington,  Indiana.  Fern  Bull.  16:  68-69.  1908. 
Greene,  F.  C.  Notes  on  Indiana  ferns.  Fern  Bull.  17 :  12-15.  1909. 
Greene,  F.  C.  The  fern  flora  of  Indiana.  Fern  Bull.  19:  102-115.  1911. 
Greene,  F.  C.  The  fern  flora  of  Indiana.  Fern  Bull.  20:  81-82.  1912. 
Greenman,  J.  M.  Monograph  of  the  North  and  Central  American  species  of 

the  genus  Senecio.  Ann.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  3:  85-194.  1916. 
Grimes,  E.  J.  New  and  notable  members  of  the  Indiana  flora.  Proc.  Indiana 

Acad.  Sci.  1911:  285-289.  1912. 
Grimes,  E.  J. .Ravine  park  flowers.  Attica  Daily  Tribune,  May  13,  1914. 
Hagstrom,  J.  O.  Critical  researches  on  the  Potamogetons.  Kungl.  Svenska 
Vetenskapsakademiens  Handlingar  55:  no.  5.  281p.  119  fig.  1916.  (Stock- 
holm.) 
Haines,  Mary  P.   List  of  ferns,  mosses,  hepaticae,  and  lichens  collected  in 
Wayne  County.  Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  Geol.  Survey  8,  9,  10 :  235-239.  1879. 
Haines,  Mary  P.  Ferns.  Trans.  Indiana  Hort.  Soc.  1882:  69-73.  1883. 
Hall,  Harvey  M.,  and  Frederic  E.  Clements.    The  Phylogenetic  method  in 
taxonomy.  355p.   58  pi.  47  fig.   1923.  Published  by  Carnegie  Institution 
of  Washington  (D.  C.) 
Hamilton,  Mrs.  Lucas  O.  Remarks  on  large  trees  in  Rush  County.   Indiana 

Mag.  Hist.  24:  327.  1928. 
Hansen,  A.  A.  The  toll  of  weeds  of  Indiana.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1921: 

105-109.  1922. 

Hansen,  A.  A.   A  woodland  plant  that  is  becoming  a  grainfield  weed.  Tor- 
reya 23 :  85-86.  1923. 

Hansen,  A.  A.   Recent  Indiana  weeds.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1923:  214- 

216.  1924. 
Hansen,  A.  A.   A  weed  survey  of  Indiana.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1923: 

216-219.  1924. 


1144  Bibliography 

Hansen,  A.  A.   Water  hemlock,  Cicuta  maculata  L.,  a  biennial  in  Indiana. 

Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  34:  255-256.  1925. 
Hansen,  A.  A.   Recent  Indiana  weeds,  1924.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  34: 

256-258.  1925. 
Hansen,  A.  A.   Recent  Indiana  weeds,  1925.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  35: 

199-200.  1926. 
Hansen,  A.  A.  Seeding  habits  of  white  snake  root.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

36 :  249-250.  1927. 
Hansen,  A.  A.   Recent  Indiana  weeds,  1926.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  36: 

250-251.  1927. 
Hansen,  A.  A.   Recent  Indiana  weeds,  1927.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  37: 

319-320.  1928. 
Hansen,  A.  A.   Indiana  plants  injurious  to  livestock.   Purdue  Univ.  Agric. 

Exper.  Sta.  Circ.  175 :  38p.   28  fig.   1930. 
Harvey,  F.  L.,  and  F.  P.  Briggs.  Catalogue  of  the  North  American  phanero- 
gams and  vascular  cryptograms  in  the  Blake  Herbarium.    Maine  State 

College  Lab.  Bull.  1 :  no.  2,  part  1 :  37p.  1893. 
Haymond,  Rufus.   Timber  of  Franklin  County.    Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  Geol. 

Survey  1 :  195-197.  1869. 
Haynie,  Nellie  V.  Two  new  plant  records  for  the  Chicago  region.   Rhodora 

31:  99.  1929. 
Heimlich,  L.  F.  The  primrose-leaved  violet  in  White  County.   Proc.  Indiana 

Acad.  Sci.  1914:  213-217.  2  pi.   1  fig.   1915. 
Heimlich,  L.  F.   The  trees  of  White  County,  Indiana.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  1917:  387-471.  32  pi.   1918. 
Heimlich,  L.  F.    Native  plants  of  White  County.   III.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.   1920:  219-224.  1921. 
Heimlich,  L.  F.  Plants  of  White  County.  IV.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1921 : 

117-119.  1922. 
Heimlich,  L.  F.   Peloria  in  Linaria  and  other  plants.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  1921:  111-116.  12  fig.  1922. 
Heimlich,  L.  F.  Plants  of  White  County.  V.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1922 : 

281-289.  1923. 
Heimlich,  L.  F.  Plants  of  White  County.  VI.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1923: 

225-231.  1924. 
Hermann,  Frederick  J.   Eleocharis  caribaea  var.  dispar  in  Michigan.   Rho- 
dora 37 :  366-367.  1935. 
Hermann,  Frederick  J.   New  or  otherwise  interesting  plants  from  Indiana. 

Rhodora  40 :  77-86.  1938. 
Hessler,  Robert.   Flora  of  Fayette  County,  Indiana  (exclusive  of  trees  and 

shrubs  and  up  to  grasses) .    Published  in  Connersville  Times,  March  7, 

1883. 
Hessler,  Robert.  The  adventitious  plants  of  Fayette  County,  Indiana.  Proc. 

Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1893:  258-262.  1894. 
Hessler,  Robert.   Notes  on  the  flora  of  Lake  Cicott  and  Lake  Maxinkuckee. 

Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1896:  116-129.  1897. 
Hessler,  Robert.   A  note  on  Passiflora  lutea  L.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  41 : 

133.  1932. 


Bibliography  1145 

Hicks,  Lawrence  E.   The  Lemnaceae  of  Indiana.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  18: 

774-789.  1937. 
Higley,  Wm.  K.,  and  Charles  S.  Raddin.   The  flora  of  Cook  County,  and  a 

part  of  Lake  County,  Indiana.   Bull.  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.  2:  i-xxiii.    168p. 

with  map.  1891. 
Hill,  E.  J.  Plants  and  plant  stations.  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  8:  45-47.  1881. 
Hill,  E.  J.    Botanical  notes.   Bot.  Gaz.  6 :  259-263.   1881. 
Hill,  E.  J.  Eleocharis  dispar  n.  sp.  Bot.  Gaz.  7 :  3.  1882. 
Hill,  E.  J.  Notes  on  Indiana  plants.  Bot.  Gaz.  8 :  187-188.  1883. 
Hill,  E.  J.  Notes  on  Indiana  plants,  1883.  Bot.  Gaz.  9:  45-48.  1884. 
Hill,  E.  J.  Some  Indiana  plants.  Bot.  Gaz.  10:  262-263.  1885. 
Hill,  E.  J.  Some  Indiana  plants.  Bot.  Gaz.  13 :  323.  1888. 
Hill,  E.  J.  Pinus  Banksiana  at  the  west.    Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  17 :   64-67. 

1890. 
Hill,  E.  J.   The  revised  manual  and  some  western  plants.   Bull.  Torrey  Bot. 

Club  17:  169-174.1890. 
Hill,  E.  J.  Plant  notes.  Garden  and  Forest  3 :  370.  1890. 
Hill,  E.  J.   The  autumn  flora  of  Lake  Michigan.    Pine  barrens  II.    Garden 

Forest  3 :  594-595.  1890. 
Hill,  E.  J.    The  autumn  flora  of  Lake  Michigan.    Pine  barrens  II.    Garden 

and  Forest  3 :  606-607.  1890. 
Hill,  E.  J.   The  fertilization  of  three  native  plants.    Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club 

18:  111-118.1891. 
Hill,  E.  J.  Notes  on  the  flora  of  Chicago  and  vicinity.  Bot.  Gaz.  17 :  246-252. 

1892. 
Hill,  E.  J.  The  host-plants  of  Aphyllon  fasciculatum.  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club 

19:  17-21.  1892. 
Hill,  E.J.   Salsola  Kali  Tragus.  Bot.  Gaz.  19:  506-507.   1894. 
Hill,  E.  J.  A  season  with  the  native  orchids.  I.   Garden  and  Forest  8:  412- 

413.  1895. 
Hill,  E.  J.  A  season  with  the  native  orchids.  II.  Garden  and  Forest  8:  422- 

423.  1895. 
Hill,  E.  J.  Vaccinium  vacillans  with  white  fruit.  Garden  and  Forest  8 :  o03. 

Hill,  E.  J.  Notes  on  the  flora  of  Chicago  and  vicinity.  Bot.  Gaz.  21 :  118-123. 

1896. 
Hill,  E.  J.  The  sand  dunes  of  northern  Indiana  and  their  flora.   Garden  and 

Forest  9 :  353-354.  1896. 
Hill,  E.  J.  The  sand  dunes  of  northern  Indiana  and  their  flora.  II.   Garden 

and  Forest  9 :  372-374.  1896. 
Hill,  E.  J.  The  sand  dunes  of  northern  Indiana  and  their  flora.  III.  Garden 

and  Forest  9 :  382-383.  1896. 
Hill,  E.  J.  The  sand  dunes  of  northern  Indiana  and  their  flora.  IV.  Garden 

and  Forest  9 :  393-394.  1896. 
Hill,  E.  J.  Zizia  aurea  and  Thaspium  aureum.  Bot.  Gaz.  23:  121-124.  1897. 
Hill,  E.  J.   Ecological  notes  on  the  white  pine.   Garden  and  Forest  10:  331- 

332.  1897. 
Hill,  E.  J.  Two  noteworthy  oaks.  Bot.  Gaz.  26:  53-57.  2  pi.  1898. 


1146  Bibliography 

Hill,  E.  J.   Vitis  labrusca  and  its  westward  distribution.   Bull.  Torrey  Bot. 

Club  25 :  342-343.  1898. 
Hill,  E.  J.   Eleocharis  melanocarpa  a  proliferous  plant.    Bull.  Torrey  Bot. 

Club  25 :  392-394.  1  pi.  1898. 
Hill,  E.  J.  Notes  on  plants  of  the  Chicago  district.   Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club 

26:  303-311.  1899. 
Hill,  E.  J.  The  southern  limit  of  Juniperus  sabina.  Plant  World  3 :  140.  1900. 
Hill,  E.  J.   Celtis  pumila  Pursh,  with  notes  on  allied  species.    Bull.  Torrey 

Bot.  Club  27 :  496-505.   1  pi.  4  fig.   1900. 
Hill,  E.  J.   Notes  on  migratory  plants.   Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  29 :  564-570. 

1902. 
Hill,  E.  J.  Equisetum  scirpoides  in  Illinois.  Fern  Bull.  13:  21.  1905. 
Hill,  E.  J.  The  perianth  of  Rynchospora  capillacea  var.  leviseta.  Rhodora  8 : 

186-187.  1906. 
Hill,  E.  J.  The  distribution  and  habits  of  some  common  oaks.  Bot.  Gaz.  41 : 

445-447.  1906. 
Hill,  E.  J.  The  distribution  of  three  naturalized  crucifers.  Torreya  9 :  65-70. 

1909. 
Hill,  E.  J.  Additions  to  the  fern  flora  of  Indiana.  Fern  Bull.  20 :  25-26.  1912. 
Hill,  E.  J.  The  sand  plum  in  Indiana.  Rhodora  14 :  196-198.  1912. 
Hill,  E.  J.  Notes  on  plants  of  the  Chicago  region.  Torreya  15:  21-28.  1915. 
Hitchcock,  A.  S.  The  North  American  species  of  Echinochloa.  Contr.  U.  S. 

Nation.  Herb.  22:  133-153.  1920. 
Hitchcock,  A.  S.  The  North  American  species  of  Chaetochloa.  Contr.  U.  S. 

Nation.  Herb.  22:  155-208.  1920. 
Hitchcock,  A.  S.    The  North  American  species  of  Aristida.     Contr.  U.  S. 

Nation.  Herb.  22:  517-586.  1920. 
Hitchcock,  A.  S.  The  North  American  species  of  Stipa.  Contr.  U.  S.  Nation. 

Herb.  24:  215-262.   3  pi.   29  fig.   1925. 
Hitchcock,  A.  S.,  and  Agnes  Chase.  The  North  American  species  of  Pani- 

cum.  Contr.  U.  S.  Nation.  Herb.  15:  396p.  370  fig.   1910. 
Hobbs,  B.  C.    Trees  common  to  Parke  County.    Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  Geol. 

Survey  1872:  381.  1872. 
Hodgdon,  Albion  R.   A  taxonomic  study  of  Lechea.    Rhodora  40:  29-69.  1 

pi. ;  87-131.  3  pi.,  2  maps.  1938. 
Holzinger,  John  M.  The  geographical  distribution  of  the  Teretifolium  group 

of  Talinum.   Asa  Gray  Bull.  8 :  36-39.  1900. 
Hopkins,  Milton.  Notes  on  Lespedeza.  Rhodora  37 :  264-266.  1935. 
Hopkins,  Milton.   Arabis  in  eastern  and  central  North  America.    Rhodora 

39:  63-98;  106-148;  155-186.  1937. 
Hubbard,  F.  Tracy.  Andropogon  scoparius  in  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

Rhodora  19 :  100-105.  1917. 
Hull,  Edwin  D.  Extended  range  of  Viola  pedata  L.  Rhodora  15:  18-19.  1913. 
Hull,  Edwin  D.  Advance  of  Potamogeton  crispus  L.  Rhodora  15 :  171.  1913. 
Hull,  Edwin  D.    An  abnormal  flower  of  Calopogon.    Amer.  Botanist  20: 

90.  1914. 
Hull,  Edwin  D.  Rose  Acacia  in  Indiana.  Amer.  Botanist  40:  81.  1934. 
Hull,  Edwin  D.  Adder's  tongue  fern.  Amer.  Botanist  40 :  125.  1934. 


r.IBLIOGRAPHV  1147 

Hull,  Edwin  D.  Two  new  plants  to  Indiana.  Amer.  Botanist  40 :  177.  1934. 

Hull,  Edwin  D.  The  tomatillo.  Amer.  Botanist  41:  27.  193.".. 

Hull,  Edwin  D.  Arethusa  bulbosa.  Amer.  Botanist  41:  29-30.  L935. 

Hull,  Edwin  D.  Notes  on  three  Indiana  plants.    Amer.  Botanist  41 :  172- 

173.  1935. 
Hull,  Edwin  D.  Some  Indiana  bogs.  Amer.  Botanist  43 :  5-10.  1937. 
Hull,  Edwin  D.   Bur  cucumber  in  the  Indiana  dunes.   Amer.  Botanist  43: 

168-169.  1937. 
Hull,  Edwin  D.  Our  latest  flowering  plant.  Amer.  Botanist  44 :  68-69.  1938. 
Hull,  Edwin  D.  New  finds  in  the  Dunes.  Amer.  Botanist  44:  161-162.  1938. 
Hull,  Edwin  D.  Five  leaflets  in  poison  ivy.  Amer.  Botanist  45:  71-72.  1939. 
Hull,  Edwin  D.   Fruiting  of  sassafras.   Amer.  Bot.  46 :  20.   1940. 
Mick,  Joseph  S.,  and  Chas.  C.  Deam.  Common  trees  of  Indiana.  Amer.  Tree 

Assoc.  Wash.  D.  C.  1-111.  1927. 
Jackson,  H.  S.   The  Uredinales  of  Indiana.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1915: 

429-475.  1916. 
James,  Joseph  F.  Contributions  to  the  flora  of  Cincinnati.  Jour.  Cincinnati 

Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  1884:  1-14.  1884. 
Jones,  George  Neville.  A  synopsis  of  the  North  American  species  of  Sorbus. 

Jour.  Arnold  Arboretum  Harvard  Univ.  20 :  1-43.  1939. 
Killip,  Ellsworth  P.    The  American  species  of  Passifloraceae.    Field  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.  Publ.  Bot.  Ser.  19:  1-613.  1938. 
Kinsey,  Alfred  C.   The  gall  wasp  genus  Cynips.   Indiana  Univ.  Studies  16: 

577p.  1930. 
Kirsch,  A.  M.  Teratological  notes  I.  An  abnormal  specimen  of  Taraxacum. 

Amer.  Midland  Nat.  1 :  24-26.  1  pi.  1909. 
Kriebel,  Ralph  M.   Asplenium  ebenoides  R.  R.  Scott  in  Lawrence  County, 

Indiana.  Amer.  Fern  Jour.  23 :  52-59.  1933. 
Kriebel,  Ralph  M.  Pteridophytes  of  Lawrence  County.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  44:  47-52.1935. 
Kriebel,  Ralph  M.   Notes  on  the  distribution  in  Indiana  of  Quercus  Shu- 

mardii  Buckley  and  its  so-called  variety  Schneckii  (Britt.)  Sarg.    (Ab- 
stract) Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  47 :  71-72.  1938. 
Lapham,  Increase  A.   The  grasses  of  Wisconsin  and  the  adjacent  states  of 

Iowa,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Ohio  and  Michigan,  and  the  Territory  of  Minne- 
sota and  the  region  about  Lake  Superior.   Trans.  Wisconsin  State  Agric. 

Soc.  3:  397-488.   12  pi.   1854. 
Lindsey,  Alva  J.  The  trees  of  Indiana  in  their  local  and  general  distribution 

according  to  physiographic  divisions.    Butler  Univ.  Bot.  Studies  2 :  93- 

124.   20  maps.   1932. 

Lindsey,  Alva  J.  The  Merrillville  white  pine  (Pinus  Strobus)  bog,  Lake 
County,  Indiana.  Butler  Univ.  Bot.  Studies  2:  167-177.  1932. 

Lindsey,  Alva  J.  Preliminary  fossil  pollen  analysis  of  the  Merrillville,  In- 
diana, white  pine  bog.  Butler  Univ.  Bot.  Studies  2:  179-182.  1932. 

Little,  James  A.  The  pawpaw  (Asimina  triloba) .  21p.  1  pi.  1905.  Carters- 
burg,  Indiana.  . 

Little,  James  A.   A  tribute  to  the  pawpaw.   Rept.  Indiana  Hort.  Soc.  1918: 

312-319.  1919. 


1148  Bibliography 

Littlepage,  Thomas  P.   The  Indiana  pecan.   Trans.  Northern  Nut  Growers 

Assoc.  1911:   15p.  1911. 
Lloyd,  Francis  E.,  and  Lucien  M.  Underwood.    A  review  of  the  species  of 

Lycopodium  in  North  America.  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  27:  147-168.  1900. 
Lunell,  J.  New  Plants  from  Minnesota.   I.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  2 :  127-128. 

1911. 
Lunell,  J.  Some  new  Lacinariae.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  2 :  169-177.  1912. 

Lunell,  J.  Adicea.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3 :  6-12.  1913. 

Lyon,  Marcus  W.,  Jr.  List  of  flowering  plants  and  ferns  in  the  Dunes  State 

Park  and  vicinity,  Porter  County,  Indiana.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  10 :  245- 

295.  1927. 
Lyon,  Marcus  W.,  Jr.  The  bog  clearweed,  Adicea  fontana  Lunell,  in  Indiana. 

Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  37:  403-404.   1  fig.  1928. 
Lyon,  Marcus  W.,  Jr.  List  of  flowering  plants  and  ferns  in  the  Dunes  State 

Park  and  vicinity,  Porter  County,  Indiana.   Supplement.   Amer.  Midland 

Nat.  12 :  33-43.  1930. 
McBride,  Robert  W.  Some  queries  relative  to  a  supposed  variety  of  Solanum 

Dulcamara.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1893:  232-233.   1894. 
McCaslin,  David  S.   Timber  and  flora  of  Jay  County.    Ann.  Rept.  Indiana 

Geol.  Survey  1882:  173-175.  1883. 
McCoy,  Scott.   A  rare  Indiana  plant  (Callirhoe  triangulare) .   The  Hoosier 

Outdoors  13:  no.  7:   1.   1933. 
McCoy,  Scott.  A  cleistogamous  Ruellia.  Amer.  Botanist  43 :  22-24.  1937. 
McDonald,  Sister  Elisabeth  Seton.  The  ferns  and  the  flowering  plants  of  St. 

Joseph  County,  Indiana.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  15:  203-240.  1934. 
McDonald,  Sister  Elisabeth  Seton.   The  life  forms  of  the  flowering  plants 

of  Indiana.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  18:  687-773.  1937. 
McGivney,  Sister  M.  Vincent  de  Paul.  An  unusual  Polygonatum.  Amer.  Mid- 
land Nat.  9 :  662-664.  1925. 
McGivney,  Sister  M.  Vincent  de  Paul.    A  Revision  of  the  Subgenus  Eucy- 

perus  found  in  the  United  States.  Contr.  Biol.  Lab.  Catholic  Univ.  Amer- 
ica, no.  26 :  i-xvii.  74p.   1938. 
McNair,  James  B.  The  geographic  distribution  in  North  America  of  poison 

ivy    (Rhus  Toxicodendron)    and  allies.    Amer.  Jour.  Bot.  12:  338-350. 

1925. 
McNair,  James  B.  The  geographic  distribution  of  poison  sumac  (Rhus  Ver- 

nixL.)  in  North  America.  Amer.  Jour.  Bot.  12 :  393-397.   1  pi.  1925. 
McVaugh,  Rogers.  Studies  in  the  taxonomy  and  distribution  of  the  Eastern 

North  American  species  of  Lobelia.   Rhodora  38:  214-263;  276-298;  305- 

329;  346-362.  1936. 
M'Murtrie,  Henrico.  Sketches  of  Louisville,  including  Florula  Louisvillensis. 

255p.   Printed  in  Louisville,  1819. 
Macbride,  J.  Francis.   Range  extensions  of  two  grasses.   Rhodora  17 :  160. 

1915. 
MacDougal,  D.  T.    Poisonous  influence  of  various  species  of  Cypripedium. 

Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1S94 :  136-137.  1935. 
Mackenzie,  Kenneth  K.  Notes  on  Carex-VI.  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  37 :  231- 

250.  1910. 


Bibliography  1149 

Mackenzie,  Kenneth  K.  Notes  on  Carex-VII.  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  40 :  529- 

554.  1913. 
Mackenzie,  Kenneth  K.   A  new  northeastern  sedge.   Torreya  14:   L55-159. 

1914. 
Mackenzie,  Kenneth  K.   Notes  on  Carex-VIII.   Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club.  42 : 

405-422.  1915 
Mackenzie,  Kenneth  K.  Notes  on  Carex-IX.  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  42 :  603- 

621.  1915. 
Mackenzie,  Kenneth  K.  Notes  on  Carex-X.  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  43 :  423- 

434.  1916. 
Mackenzie,  Kenneth  K.  Notes  on  Carex-XII.  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  49 :  361- 

373.  1922. 
Mackenzie,  Kenneth  K.   Notes  on  Carex-XIII.    Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  50: 

343-358.  1923. 
Markle,  M.  S.  The  occurrence  of  more  than  one  leaf  in  Ophioglossum.  Proc. 

Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1915:  357.  1916. 
Markle,  M.  S.  The  phytecology  of  peat  bogs  near  Richmond,  Indiana.  Proc. 

Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1915 :  359-375.  1916. 
Martens,  Louis.  Dioecism  in  Carex  picta.    (Abstract.)    Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 

Sci.  47:  72.  1938. 
Martin,  Robert  F.   Miscellaneous  notes  on  United  States  plants.    Rhodora 

40:  459-461.  1938. 
Maximilian,  Alexander  Philip  (Prince  of  Neuwied.)    Reise  in  des  innere 

Nord-Amerika  1 :  209.  Coblenz,  1839. 
Meehan,  Thomas.  The  white  oak,  Quercus  alba.  Meehan's  Monthly  10:  19. 

1900. 
Meyncke,  O.  M.  A  large  redbud.   Bot.  Gaz.  7 :  36.  1882. 
Meyncke,  O.  M.   The  flora  of  Franklin  County.   Bull.  Brookville  Soc.  Nat. 

Hist.  1:  13-38.   1885;  2:  45-49.   1886. 
Meyer,  Alfred  H.  The  Kankakee  "marsh"  of  northern  Indiana  and  Illinois. 

Papers  Michigan  Acad.  Sci.  21 :  359-395.  1936. 
Michaux,   Andre.    Jour,  of  Andre  Michaux.    Thwaite's  Western  Travels 

66-68.  1904.  Copy  of  journal  published  in  1795. 

Miller,  Gerrit  S.,  Jr.,  and  Paul  Standley.    The  North  American  species  of 

Nymphaea.    Contr.  U.  S.  Nation.  Herb.  16:  53-108.   13  pi.   39  fig.   1912. 

Mills,  W.  Magoon.  A  physiographic  and  ecological  study  of  the  Lake  Eagle 

(Winona  Lake)   region,  Indiana.    Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  Geol.  Survey  28: 

377-396.  6  fig.  4  maps.  1904. 

Millspaugh,  Charles  F.,  and  E.  E.  Sherff.   Revision  of  the  North  American 

species  of  Xanthium.   Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Publ.  Bot.  Ser.  4 :  9-51  1919. 

Moffatt,  W.  F.   The  Russian  thistle  in  Chicago.    Asa  Gray  Bull.  3:  12-13. 

Morris,"  Frank,  and  Edward  A.  Eames.  Our  wild  orchids.  464p.  130  pi. 
1929.   Published  by  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons. 

Mottier,  D.  M.  The  blooming  of  Cercis  canadensis  in  September.  Proc.  In- 
diana Acad.  Sci.  1905:  207.  1906. 

Mottier,  D.  M.  Hydrangea  arborescens  var.  sterilis  Torr.  &  Gray  as  an  orna- 
mental plant.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1919:  59-62.   2  fig.   1921. 


1150  Bibliography 

Munz,  P.  A.  Studies  in  Onagraceae.  IX.  The  subgenus  Raimannia.  Amer. 
Jour.  Bot.  22 :  645-663.  1935. 

Munz,  P.  A.  Studies  in  Onagraceae.  X.  The  subgenus  Kneiffia  (genus  Oeno- 
thera) and  miscellaneous  new  species  of  Oenothera.  Bull.  Torrey  Bot. 
Club  64:  287-306.  1937. 

Munz,  P.  A.  Studies  in  Onagraceae.  XL  A  revision  of  the  genus  Gaura. 
Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  65:  105-122;  211-228.  1938. 

Neff,  Ivy  J.  A  new  mullein  in  Indiana.  Amer.  Botanist  36:  85-87.  1930. 

Nelson,  J.  C.  Plants  in  the  vicinity  of  Hanover,  Indiana.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad. 
Sci.  1918:  142-143.  1919. 

Newsom,  Vesta  Marie.    A  revision  of  the  genus  Collinsia.    Bot.  Gaz.  87: 

260-301.  1929. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.  Teratological  notes.  II.  An  abnormal  flower  of  Campanula 

rotundif olia.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  1 :  74-76.  1909. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.   Our  amphibious  Persicarias.   I.    Amer.  Midland  Nat.  2: 

1-24.  1911. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.  Box-elders,  real  and  so-called.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  2 :  129- 

142.  1911. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.    Notes  on  local  plants.    Amer.  Midland  Nat.  2:  164-165. 

1912. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.   New  plants  from  various  places.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  2 : 

178-185.  1912. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.   Our  amphibious  Persicarias.   II.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  2 : 

201-247.  1912. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.  Some  local  albino  plants.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  2 :  265-266. 

1912. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.  Notes  on  our  local  plants.  I.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  2 :  267- 

286.  1912. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.  Notes  on  our  local  plants.  II.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3 :  14- 

22.  1913. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.  Notes  on  our  local  plants.   III.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3:  41- 

47.  1913. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.   Some  midland  dogbanes.    Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3:  53-57. 

1913. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.  Evactoma.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3 :  57-59.  1913. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.  Midland  witch  hazels.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3 :  61-64.  1913. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.  The  generic  name  of  the  white  pine.   Amer.  Midland  Nat. 

3 :  68-70.  1913. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.  Notes  on  our  local  plants.  IV.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3 :  98- 

125.  1913. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.   New  plants  from  various  places.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3: 

129-133.  1913. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.  Viola  arvensis  Murr.  in  northern  Indiana.   Amer.  Midland 

Nat.  3:  1934.  1913. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.  Linnaea  americana  in  Indiana.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3 :  166. 

1913. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.  Notes  on  our  local  plants.  V.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3 :  217- 

243.  1914. 


Bibliography  1151 

Nieuwland,  J.  A.  Notes  on  our  local  plants.  VI.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3:  274- 

283.  1914. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.   Notes  on  our  local  plants.    VII.     Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3: 

289-297.  1914. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.  A  new  variety  of  Sambucus.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3:  310. 

1914. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.   Notes  on  our  local  plants.   VIII.    Amer.  Midland  Nat.  :; : 

318-327.  1914. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.    Notes  on  our  local  plants.    IX.    Amer.  Midland  Nat.  3: 

346-351.  1914. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.   Notes  on  our  local  plants.   X.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  4 :  32- 

40.  1915. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.   Notes  on  our  local  plants.  XI.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  4 :  53- 

71.  1915. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.    Notes  on  our  local  plants.   XII.    Amer.  Midland  Nat.  1 : 

174-176.  1915. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.   Notes  on  our  local  plants.   XIII.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  4 : 

276-280.  1915. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.   Records  of  adventive  plants.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  4 :  290. 

1915. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.  Teratological  notes.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  5:  156.  1917. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.  Teratological  notes.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  5 :  231.  1918. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.,  and  Theodor  Just.  New  and  interesting  plant  records  from 

northern  Indiana.  Amer.  Midland  Nat.  12:  217-223.  1931. 
Nieuwland,  J.  A.,  and  R.  M.  Kaczmarek.  Studies  in  Viola-1.  Amer.  Midland 

Nat.  3 :  207-217.  1914. 
Palmer,  E.  J.  A  conspectus  of  the  genus  Amorpha.  Jour.  Arnold  Arboretum 

Harvard  Univ.  12 :  157-197.   1  pi.,  text  fig.  1931. 
Palmer,  E.  J.   Leaves  from  a  collector's  notebook.  Jour.  Arnold  Arboretum 

Harvard  Univ.   13:417-437.  1  fig.  1932. 
Parker,  Dorothy.   General  distribution  of  the  species  of  Aster  found  in  In- 
diana. Butler  Univ.  Bot.  Studies  2 :  65-79.  1932. 
Parker,  Dorothy.  Affinities  of  the  flora  of  Indiana:   Part  1.  Amer.  Midland 

Nat.  17:  700-724.1936. 
Payson,  E.  B.    The  North  American  species  of  Aquilegia.    Contr.  U.  S. 

Nation.  Herb.  20:  133-157.  7  pi.  1918. 
Peattie,  Donald  C.   The  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain  element  in  the  flora  of  the 

Great  Lakes.  Rhodora  24:  57-70.  5  fig.  1922  and  24:  80-88.  1922. 
Peattie,  Donald  C.   Plants  of  Wolf  Lake.   Indiana-Illinois.   Amer.  Botanist 

31:   94-99.   1925. 
Peattie,  Donald  C.    Indiana  dune  plant  notes.    Amer.  Midland  Nat.  10: 

129-132.   1926. 

Peattie,  Donald  C.    Flora  of  the  Indiana  dunes.    432p.  38  fig.  1930.    Pub- 
lished by  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Chicago,  Illinois. 

Penland,  C.  W.  Notes  on  North  American  Scutellarias.  Rhodora  26 :  61-79. 

1924. 
Pennell,  Francis  W.    Notes  on  the  plants  of  the  southern  United  States. 

Bull.'Torrey  Bot.  Club  43:  407-421.  1916. 


1152  Bibliography 

Pennell,  Francis  W.    Notes  on  the  plants  of  the  southern  United  States. 

Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club.  44:  337-362.   1917. 
Pennell,  Francis  W.  Plants  of  the  southern  United  States — V.  Bull.  Torrey 

Bot.  Club  46:  183-187.   1919. 
Pennell,  Francis  W.  Penstemon  calycosus  Small.  Addisonia  4 :  31-32.   1  col. 

pi.   1919. 
Pennell,  Francis  W.   Agalinis  and  allies  in  North  America — I.  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  80:  339-449.   1928. 
Pennell,  Francis  W.  Agalinis  and  allies  in  North  America — II.  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  81:  111-249.   1929. 
Pennell,  Francis  W.    "Polygala  verticillata"  in  eastern  North  America. 

Bartonia  13:  7-17.  2  pi.  3  fig-.  1932. 
Pennell,  Francis  W.  Scrophulariaceae  of  eastern  temperate  North  America. 

Acad.   Nat.   Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  Monograph,   1 :   i-xvi+650p.   155 

maps.  1935. 
Pennell,  F.  W.,  and  E.  T.  Wherry.    The  genus  Chelone  of  eastern  North 

America.  Bartonia  10  :  12-23.  1928. 
Pepoon,  Herman  S.   Peculiar  plant  distributions.   Trans.  Illinois  Acad.  Sci. 

9:  128-137.  1917. 
Pepoon,  Herman  S.    An  annotated  flora  of  the  Chicago  area.    xxii-f-554p. 

Published  by  the  Chicago  Acad.  Sci.  1927. 
Perry,  Lily  M.    North  American  species  of  Verbena.    Ann.  Missouri  Bot. 

Gard.   20 :  239-362.  1933. 
Perry,  Lily  M.   Notes  on  Silphium.   Rhodora  39:  281-298.  1937. 
Perry,  Lily  M.    Gonolobus  within  the  Gray's  Manual  range.    Rhodora  40: 

281-287.  1938. 
Petrak,  F.    Die  nordamerikanischen  arten  der  gattung  Cirsium.    Beihefte 

zum  Botanischen  Centralblatt,  Bd.  XXXV.  Abt.  II.  Heft  2/3  (1917). 
Petry,  L.  C,  and  M.  S.  Markle.   An  ecological  survey  of  Whitewater  Gorge 

(Wayne  County).   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1910:  223-243.  1911. 
Pfeiffer,  Norma  E.    The  prothallia  of  Ophioglossum  vulgatum.    Bot.  Gaz. 

61 :  518-522.  4  fig.  1916. 
Pfeiffer,  Norma  E.  Monograph  of  the  Isoetaceae.  Ann.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard. 

9:  79-218.  1922. 
Phillips,  Alice.    Life-forms  and  biological  spectra  of  the  flora  of  Bacon's 

Swamp,  Indiana.  (Marion  County).  Butler  Univ.  Bot.  Studies.   1:  41-53. 

1929. 
Phinney,  A.  J.   Geology  of  Delaware  County,  Indiana.   Ann.  Rept.  Indiana 

Geol.  Survey  11:  147-148.  1882. 
Phinney,  A.  J.    Catalogue  of  the  flora  of  central-eastern  Indiana.    Ann. 

Rept.  Indiana  Geol.  Survey  12 :  196-236.   1883. 
Pickett,  F.  L.    Is  Pellaea  glabella  Mett.  a  distinct  species?    Amer.  Fern 

Jour.  7:  3-5.  1917. 
Pilger,  Robert.   Plantaginaceae.   Das  Pflanzenreich,  IV:  269.   1937. 
Pipal,  F.  J.    Wild  garlic  and  its  eradication.    Purdue  Univ.  Agric.  Exper. 

Sta.  Bull.  176.   43p.    15  fig.   3  tables.  1914. 
Pipal,  F.  J.    A  list  of  plant  diseases  of  economic  importance  in  Indiana 

with  bibliography.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1915:  379-413.  1916. 


Bibliography  1153 

Pipal,  F.  J.    Red  sorrel  and  its  control.    Purdue  University  Agric.  Exp. 

Sta.  Bull.  197:  1-28.  1916. 
Piper,  Charles  V.    North  American  species  of  Festuca.    Contr.  U.  S.  Na- 
tion.  Herb.  10 :  1-48.    15  pi.    1906. 
Poe,  lone.    A  revision  of  the  Plantago  patagonica  group  of  the  United 

States  and  Canada.  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  55:  406-420.   1928. 
Potzger,  J.  E.    Some  observations  on  Pinus  virginiana  Mill,  in  Monroe 

County,   Indiana:   an  ecological  study.    Proc.   Indiana  Acad.   Sci.   41: 

153-174.  1932. 
Potzger,  J.  E.   Plants  previously  unreported  for  Monroe  County,  Indiana. 

Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  41:  175-176.  1932. 
Potzger,  J.  E.   Notes  on  Indiana  grasses,  1932.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

42:  93-95.   1933. 
Potzger,  J.  E.    Notes  on  Indiana  grasses,  1933.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

43:  50-55.    1934. 
Potzger,  J.  E.   A  notable  case  of  bog  formation.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  15: 

567-580.  1934. 
Potzger,  J.  E.    Topography  and  forest  types  in  a  central  Indiana  region. 

Amer.  Midland  Nat.  16 :  212-229.  1935. 
Potzger,  J.  E.    Notes  on  Indiana  grasses,  1934.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

44:  82-86.    1935. 
Potzger,  J  E.    Post  pleistocene  fossil  records  in  peat  of  the  upper  Blue 

River  Valley,   Henry  County,   Indiana.    Proc.   Indiana  Acad.   Sci.  45: 

64-68.  1936. 
Potzger,  J.  E.    Notes  on  Indiana  grasses,  1935.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

45:  103-107.  1936. 
Potzger,  J.  E.    Notes  on  Indiana  grasses,  1936.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

46:  79-80.  1937. 
Potzger,  J.  E.    Notes  on  Indiana  grasses,  1937.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

47:  75.  1938. 

Prentice,  Burr  N.  Some  elementary  notes  on  stem  analysis  of  white  oak. 
Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1915:  153-162.  1916. 

Price,  Gladys,  and  Winona  H.  Welch.  Enumeration  of  the  vascular  flora  of 
a  limestone  area  of  the  Bloomington  quadrangle,  Monroe  County,  Indi- 
ana. Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  39:  127-131.   1930. 

Rafinesque,  Constantine  S.  (Describes  Oenothera  pilosella  from  Indiana, 
near  Evansville,  Vanderburgh  County.  Annals  of  Nature  15.  1820.) 

Ragan,  W.  H.  Cultivating  the  black  walnut.  Trans.  Indiana  Hort.  Soc. 
1881:  171-173.  1882;  also  in  Indiana  State  Board  Agric.  23:  239-211. 

1882 

Ragan,  W.  H.  The  hemlock  (Abies  canadensis)  in  Indiana.  Trans.  Indi- 
ana Hort.  Soc.  1892:  51-53.  1893. 

Rawls,  Elizabeth  S.  Common  trees  of  the  vicinity  of  Indianapolis;  key, 
identification,  and  planting  notes.  Published  by  Shortridge  High  School 
Biologv  Dept.  (Indianapolis,  Indiana)   1930. 

Rechinger,  K.  H.,  Jr.  The  North  American  species  of  Rumex.  Field  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.  Publ.  Bot.  Ser.  17:  1-151.  1937. 


1154  Bibliography 

Record,  Samuel  J.    Forestry  conditions  in  Montgomery  County,  Indiana. 

Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1902:  84-93.  1903. 
Record,  Samuel  J.    The  hardy  catalpa.    Wabash  College  Dept.  of  Botany 

Pub.  no.  22.  15p.  5  fig.  Crawfordsville,  Indiana.  1906. 
Rehder,    Alfred.     Amelanchier    grandifiora     (Amelanchier    canadensis    X 

laevis).   Jour.  Arnold  Arboretum  Harvard  Univ.  2:  45-46.  1920. 
Rehder,  Alfred.  A  variety  of  Malus  coronaria,  var.  dasycalyx.  Jour.  Arnold 

Arboretum  Harvard  Univ.  2:  52-53.  1920. 
Rehder,  Alfred.    Viburnum  pubescens  var.  Deamii.    Jour.  Arnold  Arbore- 
tum Harvard  Univ.  5 :  58-59.  1924. 
Rehder,    Alfred.     Viburnum    pubescens    var.    indianense.     Jour.    Arnold 

Arboretum  Harvard  Univ.  5:  59.   1924. 
Rehder,  Alfred.  Viburnum  acerifolium  f.  ovatum.  Jour.  Arnold  Arboretum 

Harvard  Univ.  5 :  241.  1924. 
Riddell,  John  L.    A  synopsis  of  the  flora  of  the  Western  States.    116p. 

Cincinnati.  1835. 
Riddell,  John  L.   Supplementary  catalogue  of  Ohio  plants.   28p.   Cincinnati. 

1836. 
Ridgway,  Robert.    Notes  on  the  vegetation  of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley. 

Amer.  Nat.  6:  658-665.  1872. 
Ridgway,  Robert.    Notes  on  the  vegetation  of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley. 

II.  Peculiar  features  of  the  bottom  lands.  Amer.  Nat.  6 :  724-732.  1872. 
Ridgway,  Robert.    Notes  on  the  vegetation  of  the  Lower  Wabash  Valley. 

III.  The  woods  and  prairies  of  the  upland  portions.    Amer.   Nat.  7: 
154-157.  1873. 

Ridgway,  Robert.   The  Lower  Wabash  Valley,  considered  in  its  relation  to 

the  faunal  districts   of  the  eastern   region  of  North  America.    Proc. 

Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  16:  304-332.  1874. 
Ridgway,  Robert.   Our  native  trees.  The  tulip  tree-Liriodendron  tulipifera. 

Field  and  Forest  1 :  49-53.  1876. 
Ridgway,  Robert.  The  Little  Cypress  Swamp  of  Indiana.   Field  and  Forest 

2 :  93-96.  1876. 
Ridgway,  Robert.    Notes  on  the  native  trees  of  the  Lower  Wabash  and 

White  River  Valleys  in  Illinois  and  Indiana.    Proc.  U.  S.  Nation.  Mus. 

1882:  49-88.  1882. 
Ridgway,  Robert.   Additions  and  corrections  to  the  list  of  native  trees  of 

the  Lower  Wrabash  Valley.   Bot.  Gaz.  8 :  345-352.    1883. 
Ridgway,   Robert.    Additional   notes   on   the   native   trees   of   the   Lower 

Wabash  Valley.   Proc.  U.  S.  Nation.  Mus.  17:  409-421.  6  pi.   1894. 
Ropp,  Benjamin   F.    How  to  know  the  native  forest  trees,  shrubs,  and 

perennial  vines  of  Indiana.  2Cp.  1926.  Published  at  Columbus,  Indiana. 
Rose,  Joseph  N.  Selinum  canadense  in  Indiana.  Bot.  Gaz.  11:  338.  1886. 
Rcsendahl,  C.  O.    A  revision  of  the  genus  Sullivantia.    Minnesota  Studies 

in  Plant  Sci.  6:  401-427.  6  pi.  2  fig.  1927. 
Rosendahl,  C.  O.,  F.  K.  Butters,  and  Olga  Lakela.    A  monograph  on  the 

genus  Heuchera.   Minnesota  Studies  in  Plant  Sci.  2:  1-180.  1936. 
Rydberg,   P.   A.    The   North   American   species   of   Physalis   and   related 

genera.   Mem.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  4 :  297-374.  1896. 


Bibliography  1155 

Rydberg,  P.  A.  Rosaceae.    (Description  of  Rosa  acicularis  X  blanda  Rydb.) 

North  Amer.  Flora  22.  Part  6 :  509.  1918. 
Rydberg,  P.  A.   Notes  on  Rosaceae.  XII.  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  47:  45-66. 

1920. 
Rydberg,  P.  A.  Notes  on  Rosaceae.  XIV.  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  50:  61-71. 

1923. 
St.  John,  Harold.  A  revision  of  the  North  American  species  of  Potamogeton 

of  the  section  Coleophylli.  Rhodora  18 :  121-138.  1916. 
St.  John,  Harold.   The  genus  Elodea  in  New  England.   Rhodora  22 :  17-29. 

1920. 
St.  John,  Harold.    A  critical  revision  of  Hydrangea  arborescens.  Rhodora 

23:  203-208.  1921. 
Sargent,  C.  S.  The  deciduous  Cypress.  Garden  and  Forest  3 :  2.  1  fig.  1890. 
Sargent,  C.  S.   The  forests  of  the  Wabash  Valley.    Garden  and  Forest  8 : 

101-102.  1895. 
Sargent,   C.   S.    Trees  and  shrubs  2:   278p.    100   pi.    1913.    Published   at 

Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 
Sargent,  C.  S.   Notes  on  North  American  trees.  I.  Quercus.    Bot.  Gaz.  65: 

423-459.  1918. 
Sargent,  C.  S.    Notes  on  North  American  trees  II.    Carya.  Bot.  Gaz.  66: 

229-258.  1918. 
Sargent,  C.  S.   Notes  on  North  American  trees.  IV.  Bot.  Gaz.  67 :  208-242. 

1919. 
Sargent,  C.  S.   Notes  on  North  American  trees.  VII.  Jour.  Arnold  Arbore- 
tum Harvard  Univ.  2:  112-121.  1920. 
Sargent,  C.  S.  Notes  on  North  American  trees.  X.  Jour.  Arnold  Arboretum 

Harvard  Univ.  3:  182-207.    1922. 
Say,  Thomas.    List  of  plants  as  an  appendix  to  Keating's  Rept.  of  the 

Second  James  Expedition  to  St.  Peter's  River,  in  1823.  2:  1824. 
Schaffner,  John  H.   Collecting  horsetails  along  the  way.   Amer.  Fern.  Jour. 

18:  14-21.  1928. 
Schneck,  J.   Catalogue  of  the  flora  of  the  Wabash  Valley  below  the  mouth 

of  White  River,  and  observations  thereon.    Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  Geol. 

Survey  7:  504-579.    1876. 
Schneck,  J.   Some  plants  of  the  Lower  Wabash.   Bot.  Gaz.  2 :  83.  1877. 
Schneck,  J.    The  hackberries  as  ornamental  and  shade  trees.    Meehan's 

Monthly  7:  231-232.    4  pi.    1897. 
Schneck,  J.    Phacelia  Covillei  at  Mt.  Carmel,  Illinois.    Bot.  Gaz.  27:  395- 

396.  1899. 
Schneck,  J.    The  cross-bearing  Bignonia,  or  cross  vine.    Plant  World  6: 

157-159.    1903. 
Schneider,  Camillo.    Notes  on  American  willows.  IV.  Bot.  Gaz.  67:  309- 

346.  1919. 
Schneider,  Camillo.  Notes  on  American  willows.  V.  Jour.  Arnold  Arboretum 

Harvard  Univ.  1 :  1-32.  1919. 

Schneider,  Camillo.  Notes  on  American  willows.  VIII.  Jour.  Arnold  Arbo- 
retum Harvard  Univ.  1:  211-232.  1920. 

Schneider,  Camillo.  Notes  on  American  willows.  IX.  Jour.  Arnold  Arbo- 
retum Harvard  Univ.  2 :  1-25.  1920. 


1156  Bibliography 

Schneider,  Camillo.    Notes  on  American  willows.  XI.  Jour.  Arnold  Arbo- 
retum Harvard  Univ.  2 :  185-204.  1921. 
Scott,  Will.  The  Leesburg  swamp.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1905:  209-226. 

1906. 
Scovell,  J.  T.    The  flora  of  Lake  Maxinkuckee.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

1900:  124-131.  1901. 

Scribner,  F.  Lamson.   Notes  on  Muhlenbergia.  Rhodora  9 :  17-23.  1907. 

Senn,  Harold  A.  The  North  American  species  of  Crotalaria.  Rhodora  41 : 
317-367.   1939. 

Shannon,  W.  P.  The  range  of  the  blue  ash,  Fraxinus  quadrangulata.  Proc. 
Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1894:  107-108.  1895. 

Sharp,  Ward  McClintic.  A  critical  study  of  certain  epappose  genera  of  the 
Heliantheae-Verbesininae  of  the  natural  family  Compositae.  Ann.  Mis- 
souri Bot.  Gard.  22 :  51-152.   1935. 

Shear,  Cornelius  L.  A  revision  of  the  North  American  species  of  Bromus 
occurring  north  of  Mexico.    U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  Div.  Agrost.  Bull.  23: 

66p.  1900. 
Sherff,  E.  E.  Studies  in  the  genus  Bidens.  IV.  Bot.  Gaz.  64:  21-40.  1917. 
Sherff,  E.  E.    North  American  species  of  Taraxacum.    Bot.  Gaz.  70:  329- 

359.  3  pi.  1920. 
Sherff,  E.  E.  Revision  of  the  genus  Coreopsis.   Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Publ. 

Bot.  Ser.  11:  277-475.    1936. 
Sherff,  E.  E.  The  genus  Bidens.   Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Publ.  Bot.  Serv.  16: 

1-709.    1937. 
Sherff,  E.  E.   Some  noteworthy  Labiatae  and  Compositae.   Field  Mus.  Nat, 

Hist.  Bot.  Ser.  17:  610.  1939. 
Short,  C.  W.    Notes  to  the  second  catalogue  of  plants  of  Kentucky.  6p. 

1835. 
Short,  C.  W.  A  fourth  supplementary  catalogue  of  the  plants  of  Kentucky. 

Published  at  Louisville,  1840. 

Slavin,  Arthur  D.,  and  J.  A.  Nieuwland.  A  new  form  of  Tradescantia  reflexa. 
Amer.  Midland  Nat.  11:  600.   1929. 

Small,  J.  K.  A  preliminary  list  of  American  species  of  Polygonum.  Bull. 
Torrey  Bot.  Club  19:  351-370.   1892. 

Small,  J.  K.  Monograph  of  the  North  American  species  of  the  genus  Poly- 
gonum.   Mem.  Dept.  Bot.  Columbia  College  1:  183p.  84  pi.  1895. 

Smith,  Charles  Piper.  Annotated  list  of  plants  and  trees  known  to  occur 
upon  the  Reservation.  (Clark  County.)  Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  State  Board 
Forestry  3 :  81-159.   1904. 

Smith,  Charles  Piper.  Notes  upon  some  little  known  members  of  the  Indi- 
ana flora.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1903:  133-135.  1904. 

Smith,  Charles  Piper.  Notes  upon  some  little  known  members  of  the  Indi- 
ana flora.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1904:  301-303.   1905. 

Smith,  Charles  Piper.  Notes  upon  some  little  known  members  of  the  Indi- 
ana flora.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1905:  155-158.  1906. 

Smith,  Jared  G.  Sagittaria  and  Lophotocarpus.  Ann.  Rept.  Missouri  Bot. 
Card.  6:  27-64.  1895. 

Smith,  Wilson.  The  big  trees  of  Indiana.  Case's  Botanical  Index.  3:  44. 
1880. 


Bibliography  1157 

Standley,  Paul  C.  New  forms  and  varieties  of  Indiana  plants.  Rhodora  32 : 

32-34.  1930. 
Standley,  Paul  C,  and  J.  Francis  Macbride.   A  new  form  of  red  cedar  from 

Indiana.   Rhodora  31 :  193-194.  1929. 
Stanford,  E.  E.  The  amphibious  group  of  Polygonum  subgenus  Persicaria. 

Rhodora  27 :  156-166.  1925. 
Stanford,  E.  E.   Polygonum  hydropiperoides  and  P.  opelousanum.  Rhodora 

28:  11-17;  22-29.   1926. 
Stebbins,  G.  L.    A  revision  of  some  North  American  species  of  Calama- 

grostis.  Rhodora  32 :  35-57. 1930. 
Steele,  E.  S.    New  or  noteworthy  plants  from  the  eastern  United  States. 

Contr.  U.  S.  Nation.  Herb.  13:  359-374.  1911. 
Steele,  E.  S.  Four  new  species  of  goldenrod  from  the  eastern  United  States. 

Contr.  U.  S.  Nation.  Herb.  16:  221-224.  1913. 
Steele,  W.  C.  The  Orchidaceae  of  northern  Indiana.  Case's  Botanical  Index 

4:  4-5.   1881. 
Steele,  W.  C.    Ferns  near  La  Porte   (Ind.).    Case's  Botanical  Index  4:  8. 

1881. 
Steyermark,  Julian  A.    Studies  in  Grindelia  II.    Ann.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard. 

21 :  433-608.  38  fig.  1934. 
Stuart,  William.    Some  additions  to  the  flora  of  Indiana.    Proc.  Indiana 

Acad.  Sci.  1901 :  282-284.  1902. 
Sudworth,  George  B.   Forest  planting  in  Indiana.   Forester  6 :  34-35.  1900. 
Svenson,  H.  K.  Monographic  studies  in  the  genus  Eleocharis.   Rhodora  31 : 

121-135;  152-163;  167-191;  199-219;  224-242.  1929. 
Svenson,  H.  K.  Studies  in  Eleocharis.  II.  Rhodora  34 :  193-203.  1932. 
Svenson,  H.  K.  Monographic  studies  in  the  genus  Eleocharis.  II.  Rhodora 

34:  215-227.  1932. 
Svenson,  H.  K.    Monographic  studies  in  Eleocharis.  III.  1.    The  eastern 

American  segregate  of  Eleocharis  pauciflora.  Rhodora  36:  376-389.  1934. 
Svenson,  H.  K.  Monographic  studies  in  the  genus  Eleocharis.  IV.  1.  Series: 

Tenuissimae.   Rhodora  39:  210-231.   1937. 
Svenson,  H.  K.   Monographic  studies  in  the  genus  Eleocharis.   V.  Rhodora 

41:  1-19.  1939. 
Swallen,  Jason  R.   The  grass  genus  Schizachne.    Jour.  Washington  Acad. 

Sci.  18:  203-206.  1928. 

Swanson,  Caroline  H.  The  ecology  of  Turkey  Run  State  Park.  Part  1.  The 
flood  plain.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  38:  165-170.  1929. 

Test,  Frederick  H.  Pteridophytes  of  Turkey  Run  State  Park.  Proc.  Indi- 
ana Acad.  Sci.  39 :  115-118.  1930. 

Thomas,  David.  List  of  the  vegetables  between  Vincennes  and  Fort  Harri- 
son (now  Terre  Haute).  Travels  through  the  western  country  in  the 
summer  of  1816.    320p.    Published  by  David  Rumsey,  Auburn,  N.  Y. 

1819. 
Thomas,  M.  B.    Collections  of  plants  made  during  1894.    Proc.  Indiana 

Acad.  Sci.  1894:  65-66.   1895. 
Thomas,  M.  B.   Forestry  in  Indiana.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1901:  33-54. 

1902. 


1158  Bibliography 

Thompson,  Harvey.    Origin  of  the  flora  of  Indiana.    Bot.  Gaz.  11:  88-90. 

1886. 
Thompson,  Harvey.  Tamarack  in  Indiana.  Bot.  Gaz.  11:  99.   1886. 
Thompson,  Maurice.  Geographical  botany.  Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  Geol.  Survey 

15:  242-252.  1886. 
Thompson,  Maurice.   Preliminary  sketch  of  the  characteristic  plants  of  the 

Kankakee  region.   Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  Geol.  Survey  16:  155-161.  1889. 
Thompson,  Maurice.  Geological  and  natural  history  report  of  Carroll  County. 

Ann.  Rept.  Indiana  Geol.  Survey  17:  171-191.  1892. 
Thornton,  Sister  M.  St.  Leona.    The  Indiana  species  of  Scirpus.    Amer. 

Midland  Nat.  15:  292-322.  15  fig.  19  maps.  1934. 
Tidestrom,  Ivar.   Notes  on  Populus  Plinius.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  2:  29-35. 

1911. 
Transeau,  E.  N.,  and  P.  E.  Williams.    Distribution  maps  of  certain  plants 

in  Ohio.   Ohio  Biol.  Survey  4:  181-217.  1929. 
Trefz,  Lettie  Page.    The  Shrubs  of  Indiana  in  their  local  and  general  dis- 
tribution according  to  physiographic  divisions.  Butler  Univ.  Bot.  Studies 

3:  105-128.  1935. 
Trelease,  William.    The  genus  Phoradendron.    224p.  245  pi.  Published  at 

Urbana,  Illinois.  1916. 
Trelease,  William.    The  jack  oak.   (Quercus  ellipsoidalis.)    Trans.  Illinois 

Acad.  Sci.  12:  108-118.  6  pi.  1919. 
Troop,  James.    Grasses  of  Indiana.    Purdue  Univ.  Agric.  Exper.  Sta.  Bull. 

29:  44p.  19  pi.  1889. 
Troop,  James.    Grasses  of  Indiana.    Indiana  Agric.   Rept.   31:   213-244. 

19  pi.  1890. 
Troop,  J.,  and  O.  M.  Hadley.    The  American  persimmon.    Purdue  Univ. 

Agric.  Exper.  Sta.  Bull.  60 :  43-54.   1896. 
Tryon,  R.  M.,  Jr.    Ferns  of  the  dune  region  of  Indiana.    Amer.  Midland 

Nat.  17:  425-429.   1936. 
Tryon,  R.  M.,  Jr.  Botrychium  dissectum  and  forma  obliquum.   Amer.  Fern 

Jour.  26 :  26-30.  1  pi.  1936. 
Tryon,  R.  M.,  Jr.    Dryopteris  Goldiana  X  marginalis.    Amer.  Fern  Jour. 

28:74.  1938. 
Tryon,  R.  M.,  Jr.    Recent  additions  to  the  flora  of  Indiana.    Proc.  Indiana 

Acad.  Sci.  47:  76-77.   1938. 
Tryon,  R.  M.,  Jr.  The  varieties  of  Convolvulus  spithameus  and  of  C.  sepium. 

Rhodora  41:  415-423.   1939. 
Ulrey,  Albert  B.    On  the  occurrence  of  the  Russian  thistle   (Salsola  Kali 

Tragus)  in  Wabash  County.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1896:  224.  1897. 
Underwood,  Lucien  M.    Bibliography  of  Indiana  botany.    Proc.   Indiana 

Acad.  Sci.  1893:  20-30.  1894. 
Underwood,    Lucien   M.     Our   present   knowledge   of  the   distribution   of 

Pteridophytes  in  Indiana.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1893 :  254-258.   1894. 
Vail,  Anna  Murray.  A  study  of  the  genus  Psoralea  in  America.   Bull.  Tor- 

rey  Bot.  Club.  21 :  91-119.  1894. 
Van  Gorder,  W.  B.    Catalogue  of  the  flora  of  Noble  County,  Indiana.  52p. 

Published  at  Kendallville,  Indiana,  1885. 


Bibliography  1159 

Van  Gorder,  W.  B.  Flora  of  Noble  County,  Indiana.  Ann.  Rept.  Indiana 
Geol.  Survey  18:  33-71.  1894. 

Walker,  Ernest.  Some  factors  in  the  distribution  of  Gleditsia  triacanthos 
and  other  trees.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1894:  27-33.  1895. 

Waller,  A.  E.  The  native  Iris  of  Ohio  and  bordering  territory.  Ohio  Jour. 
Sci.  31 :  29-43.  1931. 

Watson,  E.  E.  The  genus  Helianthus.  Papers  Michigan  Acad.  Sci.  9:  305- 
477.   39  pi.   1929. 

Weatherby,  C.  A.  A  note  on  Stellaria  pubera  Michx.  Rhodora  26:  169-171. 
1924. 

Weatherby,  C.  A.  The  group  of  Acalypha  virginica  in  eastern  North 
America.  Rhodora  29:  193-204.  1927. 

Weatherby,  C.  A.  A  new  variety  of  Cystopteris  f  ragilis  and  some  old  ones. 
Rhodora  37 :  373-378.  1935. 

Weatherwax,  Paul.  A  variation  in  Plantago  lanceolata.  Proc.  Indiana 
Acad.  Sci.  1916:  365-367.  2  fig.  1917. 

Weatherwax,  Paul.  Notes  on  grasses.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  192.'! : 
223-224.  1924. 

Welch,  Winona  H.  An  ecological  study  of  the  flora  of  Fountain  Park  and 
portions  of  the  adjacent  territory,  Jasper  County,  Indiana.  Proc.  Indi- 
ana Acad.  Sci.  35:  201-212.  1926. 

Welch,  Winona  H.  Enumeration  of  the  vascular  flora  of  Jasper  County, 
Indiana.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  36:  213-220.  1927. 

Welch,  Winona  H.  A  contribution  to  the  phytoecology  of  southern  Indi- 
ana with  special  reference  to  certain  Ericaceae  in  a  limestone  area  of 
the  Bloomington  quadrangle.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  38:  65-83.  1929. 

Welch,  Winona  H.  Forest  and  prairie,  Benton  County,  Indiana.  Proc. 
Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  39 :  67-72.  1930. 

Welch,  Winona  H.  Additions  to  the  vascular  flora  of  Jasper  County,  In- 
diana. I.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  40:  119-121.  1931. 

Welch,  Winona  H.  An  ecological  study  of  the  bald  cypress  in  Indiana.  Proc. 
Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  41 :  207-213.  1932. 

Welch,  Winona  H.  Additions  to  the  vascular  flora  of  Jasper  County,  Indiana. 
II.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  45 :  77.  1936. 

Welch,  Winona  H.   Boreal  plant  relics  in  Indiana.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

45:  78-88.  1936. 
Wherry,  Edgar  T.  Chasing  Chelones.  Bartonia  10:  1-11.  1929. 
Wherry,  Edgar  T.  The  eastern  subulate-leaved  Phloxes.  Bartonia  11:  5-35. 

3  pi.  4  fig.   1929. 
Wherry,  Edgar  T.   Acidity  relations  of  the  Sarracenias.  Jour.  Washington 

Acad.' Sci.  19:  379-390.  1929. 
Wherry,  Edgar  T.   The  eastern  long-styled  Phloxes,  Part  I.    Bartonia  1 3 : 

18-37.  1932. 
Wherry,  Edgar  T.   The  eastern  long-styled  Phloxes,  Part  2.   Bartonia  14 : 

14-26.'  2  pi.   2  fig.   1932. 
Wherry,  Edgar  T.   The  eastern  veiny-leaved  Phloxes.   Bartonia  15:  14-26. 

1933. 
Wherry,  Edgar  T.   Polemonium  and  Polemoniella  in  eastern  United  States. 

Bartonia  17 :  5-12.  1936. 


1160  Bibliography 

Widder,  Felix  J.    Die  arten  der  gattung  Xanthium.    Fedde's  Reper.  spe- 

cierum  novarum  regni  vegetabilis  20:  1-221.   1923. 
Wiegand,  K.  M.   The  genus  Amelanchier  in  eastern  North  America.   Rho- 

doral4:  117-161  2  pi.   1912. 
Wiegand,  K.  M.   Eupatorium  purpureum  and  its  allies.   Rhodora  22 :  57-70. 

1920. 
Wiegand,  K.  M.  The  genus  Echinochloa  in  North  America.  Rhodora  23 :  49- 

65.  1921. 
Wiegand,  K.  M.   Aster  lateriflorus  and  some  of  its  relatives.   Rhodora  30 : 

161-179.  1928. 
Williamson,  E.  B.  Biological  conditions  of  Round  and  Shriner  Lakes,  Whit- 
ley County,  Indiana.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1899.   151-155.   1900. 
Williamson.  John.  Ferns  of  Kentucky.  154p.  60  pi.  Published  at  Louisville. 

1878. 
Wilson,  Guy.   Flora  of  Hamilton  and  Marion  Counties,  Indiana.    Proc.  In- 
diana Acad.  Sci.  1894:  156-176.  1895. 
Wilson,  Guy.   Notes  on  some  new  or  little  known  members  of  the  Indiana 

flora.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1905 :  165-175.  1906. 
Wolcott,  A.  B.,  and  B.  Elwood  Montgomery.  An  ecological  study  of  the  cole- 
opterous fauna  of  a  tamarack  swamp.   Amer.  Midland  Nat.  14:  113-167. 

1933. 
Wolf,  Carl  B.  The  North  American  species  of  Rhamnus.  Botanical  Ser.  no. 

1,  136p.    Sept.  1938.    Rancho  Santa  Ana  Botanical  Garden,  Anaheim, 

Calif. 
Wood,  Alphonso.    (Describes  Sabbatia  concinna  Wood   (now  S.  brachiata 

Elliott)  as  new  species.)    Class-Book  of  Botany,  A  Flora  of  the  Northern, 

Middle,  and  Western  States,  ed.  2:  451.   1847. 
Wood,  Alphonso.    Gerardia  Skinneriana  Wood.     Class-Book  of  Botany,  A 

Flora  of  the  Northern,  Middle,  and  Western  States,  ed.  23:  408.    1851. 
Wood,  Alphonso.  Veratrum  Woodii  Robbins.   Proc.  Amer.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci. 

7:  179.  1856. 
Woodson,  Robert  E.  A  monograph  of  the  genus  Amsonia  (no.  Ill  of  a  group 

"Studies  in  the  Apocynaceae").    Ann.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard.  15:  379-434. 

1928. 
Woodson,  Robert  E.   Studies  in  Apocynaceae.   I.   Ann.  Missouri  Bot.  Gard. 

17:  1-212.   20  pi.   11  fig.   1930. 
Wright,  John  S.   Notes  on  certain  plants  of  southwestern  Indiana.     Proc. 

Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1892:  41-42.  1893. 
Wright,  John  S.   Botanical  products  of  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia, 

1890.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1894:  108-119.  1895. 
Wright,  John  S.  Inarching  of  oak  trees.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1897:  171- 

172.  1898. 
Wright,  John  S.   Notes  on  the  cypress  swamps  of  Knox  County  (Indiana). 

Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1897:  172-175.  1898. 
Wright,  John  S.   An  abnormality  in  the  nut  of  Hicoria  ovata  (Mill.)  Britt. 

Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1903:  165.  1904. 
Young,  A.  Harvey.  Manual  of  the  botany  of  Jefferson  County.   Ann.  Rept. 

Indiana  Geol.  Survey  2:  253-292.  1871. 


Bibliography  1161 

Young,  A.  Harvey.  Notes  on  certain  species  of  the  genus  Asplenium.   Bot. 
Bull,    (now  Bot.  Gaz.)  1:  2-3.    1875. 

Young,  A.  Harvey.    Notes  on  some  interesting  plants  found  in  Jefferson 
County.  Bot.  Bull,    (now  Bot.  Gaz.)  1:6-8.  1875. 

Young,  A.  Harvey.   Notes  on  some  Gramineae.  Bot.  Bull,  (now  Bot.  Gaz.) 
1:  18-20.  1876. 

Young,  A.  Harvey.    Ferns  near  Hanover,  Indiana.    Bot.  Bull,    (now  Bot. 
Gaz.)    1:  22-23,  27.  1876. 

Young,  A.  Harvey.  Jeff ersonia  diphylla  Pers.  Bot.  Gaz.  2 :  136-137.  1877. 

Young,  A.  Harvey.    Habenaria  peramoena  Gray.    Bot.  Gaz.  2:  137.    1877. 

Young,  A.  Harvey.  Monotropa  uniflora.  Bot.  Gaz.  3:  37-38.  1878. 

Youse,  Lucy.   The  plant  ecology  of  Winona  Lake.   Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 
1901:  192-204.    1902. 

Yuncker,  T.  G.    Notes  on  our  Indiana  dodders.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 
1919:  157-163.  6  fig.   1921. 

Yuncker,  T.  G.   A  species  of  Cuscuta  not  hitherto  reported  from  Indiana. 
Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci.  1920:  229.  1921. 

Yuncker,  T.  G.    A  curious  abnormality  in  Cuscuta  cuspidata.    Amer.  Bot- 
anist 27:  48-49.   1  fig.   1921. 

Yuncker,  T.  G.  Revision  of  the  North  American  and  West  Indian  species  of 
Cuscuta.   Univ.  Illinois  Biol.  Monographs  6:  no.  2-3:  1-142.   1921. 

Yuncker,  T.  G.    The  Convolvulaceae  of  Indiana.    Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 
1922 :  273-280.  2  pi.   1923. 

Yuncker,  T.  G.  Additions  to  a  bibliography  of  the  genus  Cuscuta.  Proc.  In- 
diana Acad.  Sci.  36:  259-262.  1927. 

Yuncker,  T.  G.   The  genus  Cuscuta.   Mem.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  18:  113-331. 
1932. 

Yuncker,  T.  G.  Insect  galls  on  species  of  Cuscuta.  Proc.  Indiana  Acad.  Sci. 

43:  70-71.  1934. 

Total  number  of  titles,  762. 
Total  number  of  authors,  283. 


1162 


Oct  15         Oct  10 


Oct  10 


Oct  15 


Oct  10 


Oct  10 


Oct  15 


Oct  20 


•  Oct  5 


Oct  10 


Oct  15 


Oct  20 


A\erage  date  of  first  killing  frost  in  autumn  based  on  data  from 
cooperative  and  other  stations  to  1930. 


(Courtesy  U.  S.  Weather  Bureau  Office,  Indianapolis,  Indiana.) 


1163 


Apr  25    Moij  I  M«ij  5  M<"J   '0 


Mo,  10 


LAGMAJTfiK^r       STKV  R  h.\' 


M«j  3 


Apr.  25 


Average  date  of  last  killing  frost  in  spring  based  on  data  from 
cooperative  and  other  stations  to  1930. 

(Courtesy  U.  S.  Weather  Bureau  Office,  Indianapolis,  Indiana.) 


1164 


Floral  Areas  of  Indiana 


1165 


/        2  3         <*  5  6  7  8  9/0/1/2 


1166 


Counties  of  Indiana 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  COUNTIES  OF  INDIANA 

Each  county  is  followed  by  a  figure  and  a  letter  which  represent  horizontal  and  vertical  lines 
whose  intersection  falls  within  the  county. 


Adams D  12 

Allen C  11 

Bartholomew L  8 

Benton E  4 

Blackford F  10 

Boone H  6 

Brown L  7 

Carroll E  6 

Cass D  6 

Clark O  9 

Clay K  4 

Clinton G  6 

Crawford P  6 

Daviess N  4 

Dearborn L  12 

Decatur K  10 

DeKalb B  11 

Delaware G  10 

Dubois P  5 

Elkhart A  8 

Fayette J  11 

Floyd P8 

Fountain H  4 

Franklin K  11 

Fulton C  7 

Gibson P2 

Grant F9 

Greene M  4 

Hamilton H  8 

Hancock 19 

Harrison Q  8 

Hendricks 16 

Henry H  10 

Howard F  7 

Huntington D  10 

Jackson M  8 

Jasper C  4 

Jay F  11 

Jefferson N  10 

Jennings M  9 

Johnson J  8 

Knox N  3 

Kosciusko B  8 

La  Grange A  10 

Lake A3 

La  Porte A  5 


Lawrence M6 

Madison G  9 

Marion 17 

Marshall B  7 

Martin N  5 

Miami D  8 

Monroe L  6 

Montgomery H  5 

Morgan K  6 

Newton C  3 

Noble B  10 

Ohio M  12 

Orange O  6 

Owen K  5 

Parke 14 

Perry Q  6 

Pike P4 

Porter A  4 

Posey Q  1 

Pulaski C  5 

Putnam 15 

Randolph G  11 

Ripley L  11 

Rush J  10 

St.  Joseph A  7 

Scott N9 

Shelby J  9 

Spencer R  4 

Starke B6 

Steuben A  11 

Sullivan L  3 

Switzerland Nil 

Tippecanoe F  5 

Tipton G  8 

Union J  12 

Vanderburgh Q  2 

Vermillion 13 

Vigo K3 

Wabash D  9 

Warren F  3 

Warrick 0  3 

Washington O  7 

Wayne I  11 

Wells D  11 

White D  5 

Whitley C  10 


Index 

The  scientific  names  of  the  species,  genera,  families,  tribes  of  grasses,  sections  of 
Carex,  Juncus,  and  Crataegus  admitted  to  the  Indiana  flora  are  printed  in  bold  face. 
The  page  on  which  the  botanical  description  of  a  species,  genus  or  tribe  is  given  is 
numbered  in  bold  face.  Synonyms  are  printed  in  italics.  Latin  binomials  in  the  text 
are  also  in  italics.  Common  names  and  names  of  excluded  species  are  in  roman. 
Varieties  are  abbreviated  to  var.  and  forms  to  f. 


A 

A  PAGE 

Abbreviations  of  authors'  names ....     21 

Abies  balsamea 1023 

Abutilon 666 

Abutilon    666 

Theophrasti 666 

Acalypha    639 

digyneia 640 

gracilens    640 

gracilens    640 

ostryaefolia   639 

rhomboidea    640 

rhomboidea  var.  Deamii 640 

virginica   640 

virginica    640 

Acanthaceae    864 

Acer    654 

Negundo   655 

Negundo  var.  violaceum 655 

nigrum    656 

nigrum   var.   Palmeri 656 

nigrum  var.  Palmeri  f.  villosum..    657 

nigrum  f.  pubescens 656 

pennsylvanicum    1072 

rubrum    655 

rubrum  var.   Drummondii 656 

saccharinum 655 

saccharum    657 

saccharum  var.  glaucum 657 

saccharum  var.   Kugelii 657 

saccharum   f.   Schneckii 657 

saccharum  var.  Schneckii 657 

Aceraceae     654 

Acerates 764 

floridana    765 

hirtella    765 

viridiflora    7ba 

viridiflora  var.  lanceolata 765 

Achillea    989 

Millefolium    989 

Acknowledgments    19 

Acnida    430 

altissima    430 

subnuda    431 

tamariscina    430 

tuberculata   430 

tuberculata  var.  subnuda 431 


PAGE 

Aconitum    459 

uncinatum    459 

Vcorus    277 

Calamus   277 

Actaea    457 

alba  457 

rubra   457 

Actinomeris   978 

alternifolia     978 

Adder's-mouth,  green   350 

Adder's  tongue 37 

common    37 

Adiantum   57 

pedatum   57 

pedatum  var.  aleuticum 1021 

Adelia  acuminata   754 

Texas   754 

Adicea  fontana   400 

Adlumia    483 

f ungosa 483 

Adonis  autumnalis 1049 

Aegilops  cylindrica    1026 

Aeschynomene  virginica    1067 

Aesculus 658 

glabra 658 

octandra 658 

octandra  f .  virginica 658 

Aethusa    724 

Cynapium 1078 

.  1  fzelia  macruph  ylla   850 

Agalinis  aspera 1090 

Besseyana   852 

Gattingeri 853 

paupercula    852 

purpurea   851 

Skinneriana    853 

tenuifolia 852 

Agastache    806 

Foeniculum    1084 

nepetoides    806 

scrophulariaefolia 806 

Agave   329 

virginica   329 

Agrimonia 571,  572 

gryposepala 572 

microcarpa  1063 

mollis   573 


(1167) 


1168 


Index 


PAGE 

parviflora 573 

pubescens 573 

rostellata    572 

striata    1063 

Agrimony 571 

smallflower 573 

Agropyron   113 

caninum    1026 

caninum  f.  pubescens 114 

caninum  var.  tenerum 114 

pauciflorum    114 

repens 114 

subsecundum   114 

tenerum 114 

trachycaulum    114 

Agrostemma    444 

Githago    444 

Agrostideae 125 

Agrostis 126 

alba   127 

aittecendens 129 

canina 1028 

Elliottiana    128 

hyemalis 129 

hy emalis    128 

palustris 128 

palustris    127 

perennans    129 

perennans  var.  elata 1028 

scabra 128 

Spica-venti    1028 

Ailanthus 632 

altissima     632 

glandulosa 632 

Aira  praecox 1027 

Aizoaceae  434 

Alder 377 

hazel   377 

speckled    377 

Alexanders,  golden   721 

heartleaf    722 

Alfalfa    594 

Alisma    86 

Plantago-aquatica 86 

Plantago-aquatica  var.  brevipes.  .      87 

subcordatum    86 

Alismaceae    86 

A  llionia  albida 1044 

hirsuta 1044 

linearis 1044 

nyctaginea 433 

Allium 309 

canadense  310 

cernuum    310 

sativum 310 

Schoenoprasum  var.  sibericum.  .  .  .  1033 


PAGE 

Scorodoprasum   1034 

stellatum    1034 

vineale    309 

Alnus    377 

Alnus  1039 

glutinosa   1039 

incana    377 

incana  var.  americana 377 

rugosa 377 

rugosa    377 

vulgaris 1039 

Aloitis  mesochora   758 

occidentalis 758 

Alopecurus 129 

aequalis 129 

carolinianus 130 

genirulatus    129 

geniculatus  var.  aristulatus 129 

pratensis    129 

ramosus 130 

Alsine  graminea    437 

longifolia 437 

longipes   1045 

media  438 

pubera   438 

tennesseensis    438 

Althaea     667 

rosea 1073 

Altingiaceae    523 

Alumroot   516 

Alyssum 509 

alyssoides 509 

hoary    509 

small 509 

sweet    1054 

Amaranth    428 

prostrate    430 

rough  green    429 

slender  green    429 

tassel    428 

thorny     429 

Amaranthaceae     427 

Amaranthus     428 

blitoides    430 

cruentus   428 

graecizans    430 

hybridus 429 

lividus 1043 

paniculatus  428 

retroflexus   429 

spinosus    429 

Amaryllidaceae     328 

Ambrosia   960 

artemisii folia    961 

bidentata    960 

coronopifolia   961 


Index 


1169 


PAGE 

elatior 961 

elatior  var.  artemisii folia 961 

psilostachya    961 

trifida    960 

Amelanchier    531 

canadensis    532 

canadensis  X  humilis 532 

canadensis  X  laevis 582 

humilis    532 

humilis  X   laevis 532 

intermedia   1059 

laevis    532 

oblongifolia   1059 

sanguinea  1059 

Ammannia 697 

coccinea    697 

Ammophila    126 

arenaria    126 

breviligulata    126 

Amorpha    599 

canescens   599 

f ruticosa  599 

fruticosa  var.  angustifolia 599 

fruticosa  var.  emarginata 599 

nana    1066 

Ampelamus    769 

albidus    769 

Ampelopsis    665 

cordata   665 

heartleaf    665 

Amphiachyris  dracunculoides  1095 

Amphicarpa 620 

bracteata    620 

bracteata  var.  comosa 621 

monoica   620 

Pitcheri   621 

Amsonia 760 

Tabernaemontana  var.  salicifolia.    761 

Amygdalus  persica 1064 

Anacardiaceae 648 

Anacharis     91 

canadensis    92 

occidentalis    92 

Planchonii 92 

Anagallis    750 

arvensis    750 

Anaphalis     953 

margaritacea  var.  intercedens.  .  .  .   953 
margaritacea  var.  revoluta  f.  ar- 

achnoidea 953 

Anchistea  virginica    55 

Andromeda    738 

glaucophylla    738 

Polifolia 738 

Andropogon 178 

Elliottii     179 


PAGE 

Elliottii  var.  projectus 179 

furcatus   L79 

provincialis 179 

scoparius    178 

scoparius  var.  frequens IT'.1 

scoparius  var.  polycladus 179 

scoparius  var.  villosissimus IT'.' 

virginicus     L80 

Andropogoneae    177 

Androsace    745 

occidentalis    745 

Anemone    460 

American  wood    460 

canadensis    46U 

candle    460 

Carolina   4(10 

caroliniana     460 

cylindrica 460 

false  rue 456 

meadow    460 

parvittora   1048 

quinquefolia  var.  interior 460 

tall     461 

virginiana    461 

Anemonella   461 

thalictroides    461 

Angelica 726 

atropurpurea  726 

hairy  726 

purplestem 726 

villosa 726 

Angiospermae 26 

Anise,  sweet  719 

Anisostichus  capreolata 858 

Anonaceae   479 

Antennaria    950 

calophylla    953 

fallax    953 

fallax  var.  calophylla 953 

munda 953 

neglecta    951 

neodioica    952 

occidentalis    1099 

occidentalis   953 

Parlinii 952 

plantaginifolia    952 

solitaria    952 

Wilsonii   H)99 

Anthemis    988 

arvensis    989 

Cotula 989 

nobilis 989 

Anthoxanthum    144 

odoratum    1^4 

Aytticlea  elegans   306 

Antirrhinum  majus    1()88 


1170 


Index 


PAGE 

A  iii/cli id    canadensis    443 

polygonoides  443 

Apargia  autumnale 1105 

Apios    621 

americana    621 

tnherosa     621 

Aplectrum    351 

hyemale    351 

Apocynaceae  760 

Apocynum    762 

androsaemifolium     762 

androsaemifolium  var.  incanum.  .  .1081 
androsaemifolium  X  cannabinum.    763 

cannabinum   763 

cannabinum  var.  glaberrimum.  .  .  .    764 

cannabinum   var.    pubescens 763 

cinereum    1081 

isophyllum 1081 

medium     763 

medium  var.  leuconeuron 763 

medium  var.  sarniense 763 

platyphyllum     1081 

sibiricum    764 

sibiricum  var.  Farwellii 764 

tomentellum    1081 

Apple    528 

common    1058 

Apple-of-Peru 827 

Aquifoliaceae    651 

Aquilegia   458 

canadensis    458 

vulgaris    1047 

Arabidopsis  Thaliana 490 

Arabis    504 

brachycarpa   1053 

canadensis    507 

dentata    506 

divaricarpa    1053 

Drummondii    507 

glabra 507 

hirsuta 505 

laevigata    507 

lyrata    507 

patens     506 

pycnocarpa     505 

pycnocarpa  var.  adpressipilis 506 

virginica 505 

virginica    505 

viridis  var.   Deamii 506 

Araceae    277 

Aralia   713 

bristly   713 

hispida    713 

nudicaulis     713 

racemosa    713 

spinosa    713 


PAGE 

Araliaceae    712 

Arctium    998 

Lappa   1103 

minus    999 

Arctostaphylos   739 

Uva-ursi  var.  coactilis 739 

Arenaria     441 

lateriflora     442 

patula   442 

serpyllifolia 441 

stricta 442 

Arethusa    344 

bulbosa    344 

Argemone    482 

intermedia   1050 

mexicana    1050 

Argentina  Anserina   566 

Arisaema   278 

deflexum    279 

Dracontium    278 

pusillum   279 

triphyllum    279 

Aristida    138 

dichotoma     139 

gracilis 140 

intermedia   140 

longespica    140 

oligantha    140 

ramosissima 140 

tuberculosa    139 

Aristolochia 404 

Serpentaria    404 

tomentosa    404 

Aristolochiaceae 403 

Armoracia    496 

aquatica    496 

Armoracia 496 

rusticana    496 

Aronia     530 

arbutif olia   1059 

atropurpurea    530 

fioribunda    530 

melanocarpa    530 

melanocarpa    530 

prunifolia 530 

Arrhenatherum 123 

elatius 123 

Arrow-grass    85 

Arrowhead   88 

common    89 

shortbeak 90 

stiff    91 

Arrowwood    1092 

Artemisia     992 

Abrotanum     1102 

Absinthium    992 


Index 


1171 


PAGE 

annua    993 

biennis    992 

borealis    1102 

canadensis  1102 

Carruthii  1102 

caudata     993 

caudata    861 

gnaphalodes     993 

kansana 1 102 

longifolia   1102 

ludoviciana    1102 

ludoviciana    993 

Aruncus    527 

Aruncus   527 

dioicus     527 

Sylvester 527 

Arundinaria  94 

gigantea     94 

macrosperma    94 

tecta 1025 

Asarum     403 

canadense     404 

canadense  var.  acuminatum 404 

canadense  var.  reflexum 403 

reflexum 403 

Asclepiadaceae    764 

Asclepias    765 

amplexicaulis    767 

decumbens   1081 

exaltata 769 

incarnata    768 

incarnata  var.  pulchra 1081 

Meadii     767 

perennis    768 

phytolaccoides  769 

purpurascens  769 

quadrifolia 768 

speciosa    1081 

Sullivantii    768 

syriaca    769 

tuberosa   767 

tuberosa  f.  bicolor 767 

variegata    768 

verticillata 766 

Ascyrum  671 

hypericoides  var.  multicaule 671 

Ash    752 

Biltmore 753 

black  754 

blue  754 

green     '53 

northern  prickly ^32 

pumpkin '^3 

red 753 

water    1079 

white 753 


PAGE 

Asimina    479 

triloba 479 

Asparagus   316 

garden    316 

officinalis    316 

Aspidium  Boottii 49 

cristatum 48 

cristatum  var.  Clintonianum 48 

Filix-mas 1020 

(loldianum    48 

marginale    47 

noveboracense  47 

simulatum 1020 

spinulosum    49 

spinulosum  var.  ddatatum  f.  ana- 

denium 1020 

spinulosum   var.   intermedium ....      49 

Thelypteris   47 

Asplenium    53 

acrostichoides 52 

angusti folium 51 

cryptolepis   54 

ebenoides 54 

Filix-femina   53 

Filix-femina  var.  angustum 1020 

Filix-femina  var.  fissidens 1020 

Filix-femina  var.  Michauxii 1020 

FUix-femina  var.  ovatum 1020 

pinnal  ilidnm     53 

platyneuron   53 

platyneuron  f.  serratum 54 

platyneuroyi  X  Camptosorus  rhiz- 

ophyllus 54 

pycnocarpon   51 

Ruta-muraria 54 

Trichomanes    54 

Asplenosurus  ebenoides   54 

Aster 928 

amethyst    1097 

amethystinus   1097 

angustus     1097 

arrow    937 

azure   936 

azureus 936 

bigleaf    935 

blue  wood    937 

cordifolius    937 

crooked-stem 939 

divaricatus 1097 

Drummond     938 

Drummondii    938 

dumosus   946 

dumosus  var.  strictior 946 

ericoides 943 

ericoides 944 

ericoides  var.  platyphyllus 944 


1172 


Index 


PAGE 

ericoides  var.  villosus 944 

exiguus 943 

firmus    941 

flat-top 945 

forking 936 

furcatus    936 

glossyleaf    940 

heath 944 

imperialis 1097 

interior    942 

junceus    941 

laevis    939 

laevis  var.  falcatus 940 

lateriflorus 946 

lateriflorus  var.   angustifolius.  . .  .   946 

lateriflorus  var.  glomerellus 1097 

linariifolius    942 

longifolius    940 

longleaf    940 

Lowrieanus    1098 

lucidulus 940 

lucidulus  f.  firmus 941 

macrophyllus     935 

macrophyllus  var.  ianthinus 936 

macrophyllus  var.   pinguifolius.  .    .936 

macrophyllus  var.  velutinus 936 

missouriensis    945 

missouriensis  var.  thyrsoides 945 

multiflorus    943 

multiflonis  var.  exiguus 943 

narrowleaf  white-top   949 

New  England   938 

New  York   1098 

novae-angliae    938 

novae-angliae  f.  roseus 938 

novi-belgii    1098 

oblongifolius   939 

oblongifolius   var.   rigidulus 939 

oblong-leaf 939 

panicled    941 

paniculatus    941 

paniculatus  var.  simplex 942 

patens 938 

pilosus    944 

pilosus  var.  demotus 944 

pilosus  var.  platyphyllus 944 

pilosus  var.  Pringlei 1098 

pilosus  f.  pulchellus 945 

polyphyllus    1098 

praealtus    941 

praealtus  var.  angustior 941 

praealtus  var.  subasper 941 

prenanthoides    939 

ptarmicoides    945 

puniceus  942 

puniceus  var.  compactus 943 


PAGE 

puniceus  var.  demissus 943 

puniceus  var.  lucidulus 940 

purple-stem 942 

rush     941 

sagittifolius   937 

sagittifolius  var.  urophyllus 938 

salicifolius    941 

sericeus 943 

Shortii 937 

Shortii    937 

Short's    937 

silky 943 

small  white 946 

smooth    939 

spreading 938 

stiff-leaf 942 

tenuif olius   1098 

Tradescanti    1098 

Tradescanti  var.  f oliosus 1098 

Tradescanti    942 

turbinellus 1098 

umbellatus 945 

undulatus 938 

vimineus 946 

vimineus  var.  f oliosus 1098 

vimineus  var.  subdumosus 947 

wavyleaf 938 

white  arrow    938 

white  upland 945 

white  woodland 945 

wreath    943 

Astilbe    1055 

biternata 1055 

Astragalus   602 

canadensis   602 

canadensis  var.   longilobus 602 

carolinianus 602 

glycyphyllos 1067 

plattensis 1067 

tennesseensis 1067 

Atamasco  Atamasco 1036 

Atamasco-lily    1036 

Atheropogon  curtipendulus 144 

Athyrium 51 

acrostichoides 52 

angustum 53 

angustum  var.  elatius 53 

angustum  var.   rubellum 53 

aspleniodes     52 

Filix-femina    1020 

pycnocarpon    51 

thelypteroides   52 

Atriplex    425 

hastata    426 

littoralis 426 


Index 


117:. 


PAGE 

patula   425 

patula  var.  hastata 426 

patula  var.  littoralis 426 

rosea 426 

Aureolaria   854 

flava    854 

flava  var.  macrantha 854 

grandiflora  var.  pulchra 855 

laevigata    1090 

pedicularia  var.  ambigens 856 

pedicularia  var.  intercedens 855 

pedicularia  var.  typica 855 

virginica 855 

Avena  123 

f atua   1027 

sativa    1027 

Torreyi 112 

Aveneae   121 

Avens   568 

purple    569 

rough    571 

spring 569 

white     569 

yellow 570 

Azolla  59 

caroliniana   59 

B 

Bacopa   rotundifolia 844 

Bailey,  L.  H 10 

Ball,  C.  R 10 

Balloonvine    W12 

Balm,  common   818 

Balsam,  old-field 954 

Balsam-apple,  wild   893 

Balsaminaceae    659 

Bambuseae     94 

Baneberry    45 1 

red 457 

white  457 

Banta,  Edna   

Baptisia    591 

alba  1065 

australis    d94 

bracteata    °91 

leucantha    592 

leucophaea  °91 

tinctoria  var.  crebra 592 

Barbarea    493 

strtcta ' 

verna 493 

i  493 

vulgaris    *u ' 

vulgaris  var.  longisiliquosa 493 

Barberry    476 

4.77 
Allegheny *' ' 


PACK 

European   476 

Japanese    476 

Bark,  cramp    881 

Barley   L19,  1027 

foxtail     120 

little    H9 

meadow    119 

Barnes,  Charles  R 9 

Barnhart,  J.  H 10 

Barnyard    grass    174 

Bartonia   756 

iodandra    1081 

virginica 756 

Basil    818 

Basswood  665 

white   666 

Batidea  heterodoxa 1061 

Batodendron   arboreum 742 

Batrachium  circinatum 468 

trichophyllum 467 

Beak  rush 207 

Bean,  soy 1069 

trailing  wild   622 

wild 622 

Bearberry    739 

Beauty,  Carolina  spring 1044 

Bechtel,  A.  R 9 

Bedstraw   874 

hairy 876 

northern 876 

pretty   878 

rough    878 

sweet-scented    877 

Beebalm  814 

Oswego 108,1 

Beech    378 

American  378 

blue  373 

Beechdrops  862 

Beechfern,  broad 47 

narrow  1019 

Belamcanda 333 

chinensis 333 

Bellflower     g93 

blue  marsh    894 

tall     894 

white  marsh    894 

Bentgrass    l26 

129 

autumn ±idU 

1 28 
creeping  

Elliott   128 

Benzoin    480 

aestivale   480 

aestivale  var.   pube scens 480 

melissaefolium    1049 

Berberidaceae   47:> 


1174 


Index 


PAGE 

Berberis    476 

canadensis    477 

Thunbergii     476 

vulgaris    476 

Bergamot,    hairy    wild 815 

wild 815 

Bermuda   grass    143 

Berteroa     509 

incana    509 

Besseya    850 

Bullii   850 

Betula 374 

alba  var.  papyrifera 376 

alleghaniensis  375 

lenta    1039 

lutea    375 

lutea  f.  fallax 375 

lutea  var.  macrolepis 375 

nigra 376 

papyrifera    376 

populifolia   375 

pumila    376 

pumila  var.  glandifera 376 

Purpusii     376,  1039 

Sandbergii   1039 

Betulaceae   373 

Bibliography   1130 

Bicuculla   canadensis 483 

Cacullaria 483 

Bidens     981 

aristosa     984 

aristosa  var.  Fritcheyi 984 

aristosa  var.  mutica 984 

Beckii  985 

bipinnata    983 

cernua     982 

comosa    983 

connata   983 

connata  var.   petiolata 983 

coronata   984 

coronata  var.  tenuiloba 984 

discoidea     984 

frondosa 985 

laevis    1102 

mitis    1102 

polylepis  var.  retrorsa 985 

trichosperma 984 

vulgata 985 

ciiUjuta  var.  puberula 985 

Big  bluestem 179 

Bignonia   858 

capreolata    858 

radicans   858 

Bignoniaceae    858 

Bindweed    774 

black   417 


PAGE 

field 775 

hedge    775 

Birch   374 

dwarf    376 

gray    375 

paper    376 

river    376 

yellow     375 

Bishopscap   519 

Bittercress 497 

bulb     497 

northern 498 

Pennsylvania   498 

smallflower    499 

Bittersweet    831 

American   653 

Bitterweed 987 

Blackberry,  Allegheny   561 

highbush     562 

Blackberry-lily    333 

Blackhaw   883 

southern  883 

Bladdernut,    American 654 

Bladderwort,  greater    864 

horned     863 

humped     863 

lesser    864 

purple 863 

Blephariglottis  blephariglottis 1037 

ciliaris   342 

grandiflora    1037 

lacera 343 

leucophaea 343 

peramoena 343 

psycodes    343 

Blephilia     816 

ciliata    816 

hirsuta    817 

Blitum  capitatum 422 

Bloodroot   481 

Bluebead    317 

Bluebell    792 

Virginia 792 

Blueberry,   Canada    744 

dryland 743 

highbush    742 

lowbush    743 

Bluecurls    801 

Blue-eyed  grass   334 

Blue-eyed  Mary    836 

Bluegrass 104 

annual     105 

Canada 106 

Chapman    105 

English     101 

fowl 107 


Index 


1175 


PAGE 

Kentucky    107 

rough    106 

Wolf's     107 

Bluejoint    126 

Bluestem   grass    179 

Bluets   871 

longleaf    872 

Bluevine   769 

Blueweed    794 

Bocconia  cordata 1050 

Boehmeria    400 

cylindrica 400 

cylindrica  var.  Drummondiana .  .  .  .   400 

cylindrica  var.  scabra 400 

Bog-rosemary,  downy 738 

Boltonia    928 

asteroides     928 

white 928 

Boneset    908 

false    910 

upland 908 

Boraginaceae     787 

Botanical  descriptions 12 

Botrychium    38 

dissectum  39 

dissectum  f .  elongatum 39 

dissectum  var.  obliquum 39 

dissectum  var.  oneidense 40 

dissectum  var.  tenuifolium 40 

multifidum  var.  silaifolium 39 

obliquum    39 

obliquum  var.  dissectum 39 

obliquum  var.  oblongifolium 39 

simplex   38 

ternatum  var.  intermedium 39 

virginianum   40 

Bottlebrush    118 

Bouncing-bet   449 

Bouteloua     144 

curtipendula    144 

Bowmansroot 1058 

Boxelder     655 

Brachychaeta    sphacelata 926 

Brachyelytrum    136 

erectum     136 

Brainerd,  Ezra   10 

Bramia  rotundifolia 844 

Brasenia     4^2 

Schreberi    452 

Brassica    491 

alba 1051 

arvensis 492 

campestris   492 

hirta    1051 

juncea *v^ 

kaber   var.   pinnatifida 492 


PAGE 

Napus    1052 

nigra   492 

Rapa   1052 

Brauneria   968 

angustifolia  969 

pallida     968 

purpurea     968 

Brickellia  grandiflora   1095 

Bromegrass 95 

Canada   98 

fringed   97 

smooth    97 

Bromus   95 

altissimus    97 

arvensis    1025 

asper 1025 

brizaeformis    98 

ciliatus    97 

cilintus   f.   denudatus 97 

commutatus 99 

erectus    1025 

hordaceus 99 

incanus 97 

inermis    97 

japonicus    99 

Kalmii     99 

latiglumis 97 

mollis    99 

patidus  99 

purgans    98 

purgans  f.  laevivaginatus 98 

racemosus    1025 

secalinus 98 

sterilis    96 

tectorum 97 

Broomrape     860 

clustered 861 

one-flowered 861 

Broomsedge    178,  180 

Broussonetia  papyrifera    1041 

Buchnera    856 

americana 856 

Buckbean   760 

Buckeye,  Ohio 658 

yellow  658 

Buckthorn    659 

alder 660 

Carolina   660 

common    1072 

glossy   660 

lance-leaf     660 

Buckwheat 418 

climbing  false 418 

Buffaloberry,   russet 695 

Bugbane,  false 465 

Bug-seed    426 


1176 


Index 


PAGE 

Bugleweed 821 

American   822 

Bulbostylis     206 

capillaris 206 

capillaris  var.  crebra 206 

Bulrush 192 

Bumelia    751 

buckthorn  751 

lycioides   751 

Bunchberry    730 

Bunchflower    307 

Bupleurum    721 

rotundifolium    721 

Bur,    buffalo 830 

Burdock    998 

common    999 

great 1103 

Bur-marigold,  nodding 982 

Burnet,  American 573 

small 1063 

Bur-reed     72 

giant   73 

Bushclover   614 

creeping   614 

hairy    613 

Japan    612 

Nuttall    613 

roundhead 612 

slender    613 

Stueve 615 

trailing 615 

wandlike  614 

Bush-honeysuckle  890 

Buttercup  465 

bristly 471 

bulb 470 

cursed 469 

hooked 470 

Pennsylvania   471 

Pursh 1049 

smallflower    469 

tall 470 

tufted    471 

Butterflyweed 767 

Butternut 366 

Butterweed    997 

Buttonbush    872 

common    872 

hairy   873 

Buttonweed    873 

rough    873 

smooth   874 

c 

Cabomba    452 

caroliniana    452 

Cacalia   994 


PAGE 

atriplicifolia    995 

Muhlenbergia    995 

rvniformis   995 

suaveolens    994 

tuberosa   995 

Cactaceae     694 

Cakile   490 

edentula  var.  lacustris 490 

Calamagrostis   125 

canadensis     126,  143 

cinnoides    1027 

inexpansa   126 

Calamovilfa 126 

longifolia    126 

Calopogon 347 

pulchellus   347 

Calla   277 

palustris 277 

Callirhoe 668 

triangulata    668 

Callitrichaceae    646 

Callitriche    646 

Austini   647 

autumnalis    1071 

deflexa  var.  Austini 647 

hermaphroditica 1071 

heterophylla 647 

palustris 1071 

Caltha 455 

flabellifolia     1047 

palustris   455 

Calycanthus  fertilis 1049 

floridus    1049 

Calycocarpum   478 

Lyoni 478 

Camas,  common 315 

Camassia    315 

esculenta   315 

scillioides   315 

Camelina    502 

microcarpa 502 

sativa    1053 

Camomile,   common 989 

field 989 

rayless    990 

Campanula  893 

americana 894 

aparinoides    894 

divaricata   1094 

rapunculoides    894 

rapunculoides  var.  ucranica 894 

rotundifolia    895 

rotundifolia  var.   intercedens 895 

uliginosa    894 

Campanulaceae 893 


Index 


1177 


PAGE 

Campion 449 

evening   449 

rose   1046 

Campsis    858 

radicans    858 

Camptosorus   53 

rhizophyllus 53 

rhizophyllus  f.  auriculatus 53 

Canada  yew 66 

Canary  grass  144,  145 

tribe 144 

Cancer-root    860 

Cane    94 

small  1025 

southern 94 

Cannabis    397 

sativa    397 

Capnoides    aureum 1050 

flavulum    484 

sempervirens 483 

Capparidaceae 510 

Caprifoliaceae   879 

Capriola  Dactylon 143 

Capsella   502 

Bursa-pastoris 502 

Caraway     ^23 

Cardamine   497 

arenicola    4JJ 

bulbosa 497 

bulbosa  var.  purpurea 498 

Douglassii    498 

flexuosa    !052 

hirsuta    lo52 

parviflora    499 

parviflora  var.  arenicola 499 

pennsylvanica    498 

pratensis    1053 

pratensis    498 

pratensis  var.  palustris 498 

Cardinal  flower 896 

Cardiospermum ,,->° 

Halicacabum   107*J 

Carduus    "9 

nutans  "9 

Carex    212 

abdita 

917 

abscondita    **' 

Acutae,  section 260 

aggregata 22 

alata    2:5,i 

Albae,   section 24- 

albicans    

albolutescens    

albolutescens  -" 

albolutescens  var.  cumulata 23o 


PAGE 

albursina    249 

alopecoidea    228 

amphibola    252 

anceps 249 

annectens 225 

annectens  var.  xanthocarpa 225 

Anomalae,  section 259 

aquatilis   27.) 

aquatilis    261,   1032 

aquatilis  var.  substricta 2<>1 

arctata  275,  1032 

Arenariae,  section 218 

argyrantha     273 

artitecta   239 

artitecta  var.  subtilirostris 240 

Asa-Grayi    270 

atherodes    265 

Atratae,  section 260 

aurea 244 

austrina   272,  1032 

Baileyi  276,  1032 

Bebbii   233 

Bicknellii    235 

bicolor 244 

Bicolores,    section 244 

blanda 249 

brachyglossa 225 

Bracteosae,  section 219 

brevoir    23. > 

bromoides     232 

brunnescens    272,   1032 

Bushii   258 

Buxbaumii   260 

canescens    272,  103'- 

canescens  var.  disjuncta 229 

canescens  var.  subloliacea   229 

Careyana    247 

caroliniana   258 

cephalantha    273,  1032 

cephaloidea    223 

cephalophora 221 

chlorophila '-''' 

chordorrhiza    *19 

Chordorrizae,  section 219 

colorata   245 

communis -40 

comosa    2»>3 

comosa    X    hystricina    var.    Dud- 
ley!   276,    1032 

complanata   is°° 

conjuncta    ^-0 

conoidea   i"ti" 

convoluta    

copulata 248 

Crawei    251 

crinita 262 


1178 


Index 


PAGE 

crinita  var.   gynandra 276,  1032 

cristata    236 

cristatella    233,  236 

Crus-corvi    228 

Cryptocarpae,  section   262 

cryptolepis 257 

ciimulata    235 

Davisii    254 

Deamii    259 

debilis 254 

debilis  var.  Rudgei 255 

debilis  var.  strictior 255 

decomposita 226 

deflexa 273,  1032 

Deweyanae,  section 232 

diandra 226 

diandra  var.  ramosa 226 

digitalis    248 

digitalis  var.  macropoda 248 

Digitatae,  section 242 

disperma    229 

eburnea     243 

Emmonsii 240 

Emoryi   261 

Eu-Carex,   subgenus    213 

excluded   species    271 

exilis 272,  1032 

Extensae,  section 256 

festucacea    234 

festucacea  var.  brevior 235 

filiformis   259 

flava    257 

flava  var.  rectirostra 257 

flexuosa   255 

foenea  273,  1032 

foenea 218 

folliculata    263 

Folliculatae,  section 263 

f  ormosa 275,  1032 

Frankii 266 

Garberi 244 

gigantea 271 

glaucodea 252 

gracilescens 250 

gracillima     253 

Gracillimae,  section 253 

Granulares,  section   250 

granularis    251 

granulans  var.  Haleana 251 

granularis  var.  recta 274 

gravida 222 

gravida  var.  laxi folia 222 

gravida  var.  Lunelliana 223 

Grayii  269 

(irayii  var.  fiispidula 269 

grisea    253 


PAGE 

grisea  var.  angustifolia 252 

Griseae,  section    252 

gynandra   276 

Haleana    251 

Halei 270 

Harperi   237 

Hassei    244 

Haydenii     261 

Heleonastes,  section    229 

heliophila   241 

heterosperma    249 

hirsutella    258 

Hirtae,  section   258 

hirtifolia 243 

Hitchcockiana   252 

hormathodes   273,  1032 

hormathodes  var.   Richii 235 

Howei   231 

hyalinolepis   265 

hystricina    263,  268 

hystricina  var.   Cooleyi 263 

hystricina  var.  Dudleyi 263 

impressa    265 

incomperta     231 

interior 231 

interior  var.  capillacea 231 

Intermediae,  section   218 

intumescens 270 

intumescens  var.  Fernaldii 270 

irregularis     256 

Jamesii 238 

Jamesii    275 

lacustris 265 

laevivaginata     228 

lanuginosa   258 

lanuginosa  X  impressa 265 

laricina 231 

lasiocarpa     259 

laxiculmis 248 

laxiculmis  var.  copulata 248 

laxiflora    249 

laxiflora  var.  serrulata 249 

laxiflora    249,  250 

laxiflora  var.  gracillima 250 

laxiflora  var.  lati folia 249 

laxiflora  var.  patuli folia 249 

laxiflora  var.  striatula 249 

laxiflora  var.  styloflexa 248 

laxiflora  var.  varians 249 

Laxiflorae,  section 246 

Leavenworthii 221 

Leersii   272 

leptalea 237 

leptalea  var.  Harperi 237 

limosa 260 

Limosae,  section 260 


Index 


1179 


PAGE 

livida    274,  1032 

Longii  236 

Longirostres,  section 255 

longirostris   255 

louisianica    270 

Lunelliana 223 

lupuliformis 271 

lupulina 270 

lupidina  var.  pedunculata 270 

Lupulinae,  section   209 

lurida    268 

lurida  var.  gracilis 276 

Meadii  245 

mediterranea    222 

Merritt-Fernaldii    273,  1032 

mesochorea    222 

mirabilis    234 

molesta 235 

Montanae,  section   238 

Muhlenbergii 222 

Muhlenbergii  var.  enervis 222 

Multiflorae,  section   224 

muricata    272,  1032 

muskingumensis 236 

nebraskensis  275,  1032 

nigromarginata    240 

mormalis    234 

Oederi  f.  intermedia 256 

Oederi  var.  prolifera 256 

Oederi  var.  pumila 256 

Oederi  var.  viridula 256 

oligocarpa    251 

Oligocarpae,  section    251 

oligosperma 268 

ormostachya 274,  1032 

Orthocerates,  section 263 

Ovales,  section   232 

pallescens 275,  1032 

Paludosae,  section   264 

Paniceae,  section   244 

Paniculatae,  section 225 

pauciflora   263,  276,  1032 

paupercula 275,  1032 

paupercula  var.  irrigua 275 

pedunculata    274,  1032 

pennsylvanica    241 

pennsylvanica  var.  digyna 241 

Phyllostachyae,  section 238 

picta    243 

Pictae,  section 243 

plana    2-2 

plantaginea    247 

platyphylla    247 

polygama ^" 

Polytrichoideae,  section   237 

prairea    22b 


PAGE 

prasina   254 

projecta  273,  L032 

Pseudo-Cyperi,  section 263 

Pseudo-Cyperua    261 

Pseudo-Cyperus  var.  arm  ..   26:; 

pubescens    243 

ptychocarpa    247 

radiata    271,  1032 

rectior 274,   L032 

retroflexa  221 

retrorsa    268 

Richardsonii    212 

Richii    235 

riparia  var.  impressa 267. 

riparia  var.  Iacustris 265 

rosaeoides    230 

rosea   221 

rosea     221 

rosea  var.   radiata 271 

rostrata    267 

rostrata  var.  utriculata 267 

rugosperma   242 

saltuensis 274,  1032 

Sartwellii 218 

Sartwellii  var.  stenorrhyncha 218 

scabrata  259,  275,  1032 

scirpoides    231 

scirpoides  var.  eapillacea 231 

scoparia    233 

scoparia  var.  condevsa 233 

seorsa    230 

setacea  var.  ambigua 22.", 

Shortiana   259 

Shortiana  X  typhina 259 

Shortianae,  section 259 

Shriveri 251 

siccata 218 

sparganioides    -- 1 

Sprengelii    255 

squarrosa 266 

Squarrosae,  section   266 

stellulata 272,  1032 

stellulata  var.  cephalantha 273 

stellulata  var.  excelsior 2: 11 

Stellulatae,  section   230 

stenolepis    266 

sterilis    231 

stipata    227 

stipata  var.  maxima 227 

stipata  var.  uberior 227 

straminea 234,  235,  2:'.*> 

striatula    249 

stricta 261 

stricta  var.  angustata 261 

stricta  var.  decora 261 


1180 


Index 


PAGE 

stricta  var.  strictior 262 

strictior 262 

styloflexa   248 

suberecta   235 

subimpressa     265 

substricta 261 

Swanii    257 

Sylvaticae,  section 254 

tenella    229 

tenera   234 

tenera  var.  echinodes 234 

tenuis 255 

teretiuscula 226 

teretiuscula  var.  ramosa 226 

tetanica    245 

tetanica  var.  Meadii 245 

tetanica  var.  Woodii 245 

tonsa 242 

torta    262 

tribuloides    236 

tribuloides  var.  reducta 273 

tribuloides  var.  sangamonensis .  . .  236 

triceps  var.  hirsuta 258 

triceps  var.  Smithii 258 

trichocarpa    265 

tricliocarpa  var.  aristata 265 

trichocarpa  var.  imberbis 265 

Triquetrae,   section    243 

trisperma 229 

Tuckermani   268 

typhina     266 

typhinoides    266 

uberior 227 

umbellata 241 

umbellata 242 

umbellata  var.  brevirostris 241 

umbellata  var.  tonsa 242 

umbellata  f.  vicina 242 

vaginata    274 

varia 239 

vesicaria 267 

vesicaria  var.  monile 267 

Vesicariae,  section 267 

Vignea,  subgenus 212 

virescens    257 

virescens  var.  Swanii 257 

Virescentes,  section 257 

viridula 256 

viridula  f.  intermedia 256 

Vulpinae,  section   226 

vulpinoidea    225 

vulpinoidea       var.       pycnocephala 

272,    1032 

\\  ildenowii     238 

Woodii    24.1 

xanthocarpu    225 

Carpet-weed    434 


PAGE 

Carpinus 373 

caroliniana    373 

caroliniana  var.  virginiana 373 

Carrion-flower 326 

Carrot,  common 728 

Carum 723 

Carvi 723 

Carya    367 

alba    370 

aquatica     1039 

Buckleyi  var.  arkansana 372 

Buckleyi  var.  villosa 1039 

cordiformis    368 

cordiformis  var.   latifolia. 369 

glabra 370 

glabra  var.  megacarpa 371 

illinoensis    368 

laciniosa 369 

microcarpa   371 

myristicaeformis    1039 

ovalis 371 

ovalis  var.  obcordata 372 

ovalis  var.  obcordata  f.  vestita .  .  .    372 

ovalis  var.  obovalis 372 

ovalis  var.  obovalis  f.  acuta 372 

ovalis  var.  odorata 371 

ovata     369 

ovata  var.  fraxinifolia 369 

ovata  var.  Nuttallii 369 

pallida 372 

Pecan    368 

tomentosa 370 

tomentosa  var.  subcoriacea 370 

Caryophyllaceae 436 

Cassia , 586 

Chamaecrista   587 

fasciculata 587 

fascicnlata  var.  robusta 588 

hebecarpa 588 

marilandica    589 

marilandica 588 

Medsgeri   589 

nictitans 587 

nictitans  var.  leiocarpa 587 

occidentalis    588 

Tora    1065 

Castalia  odorata   1046 

tuberosa 452 

Castanea    378 

dentata 378 

pumila    1040 

Castilleja    856 

coccinea    856 

Castor-bean,  common    1070 

Catabrosa  aquatica   1026 

Catalpa     859 

bignonioides 859 


Index 


11M 


PAGE 

Catalpa    859 

common    859 

hardy    859 

speciosa    859 

Catchfly    444 

bladder  445 

forked 447 

grass     146 

night-flowering 448 

royal   448 

scabrous  starry    446 

sleepy   447 

snowy   446 

starry   445 

Sweet  William 1046 

Cathartolinum  medium   631 

Catnip 807 

Cattail 71 

common    72 

narrowleaf 72 

Caulophyllum    476 

thalictroides 476 

Ceanothus    661 

americanus    661 

ovatus 661 

Cedar,  eastern  red 71 

northern  white  69 

southern  white   1023 

Celandine 481 

Celandine-poppy 481 

Celastraceae    653 

Celastrus    653 

scandens 653 

scandens    831 

Celosia    428 

argentea     428 

Celtis    392 

crassifolia   393 

laevigata    393 

mississippiensis    393 

occidentalis 1040 

occidentalis  392 

occidentalis  var.  canina 392 

occidentalis  var.  crassifolia 393 

occidentalis  var.  pumila 39 4 

pumila    394 

pumila  var.  Deamii 394 

Cenchrus    177 

carolinianus    177 

pauciflorus 177 

tribuloides 177 

Centaurea    1003 

Cyanus   1104 

Jacea     1104 

maculosa    1 104 

moschata    1 104 


PAGE 

solstitialis    H04 

vochinensis    1  io.~> 

Centaurium    756 

pulchellum 1080 

umbellatum   1080 

Centunculus 7;,o 

minimus   7,11 

Cephalanthus    872 

occidentalis    872 

occidentalis  var.  pubescens 873 

Cerastium    138 

arvense 439 

arvense  var.  oblongifoJium 440 

longipedunculatum    440 

nutans 440 

viscosum    440 

vulgatum 

vulgatum  var.  hirsutum J.'W 

vulgatum   var.   hirsutum   f.   gland- 

ulosum    439 

Ceratophyllaceae    454 

Ceratophyllum    454 

demersum    154 

Cercis    585 

canadensis    585 

canadensis  f.   glabrifolia 586 

Chaenorrhinum   836 

minus    836 

Chaerophyllum    718 

procumbens   718 

procumbens  var.  Shortii 718 

Tainturieri 719 

Chaetochloa  glauca 17fi 

italica 176 

verticillata    177 

viridis 17''. 

Chaffweed    750 

Chamaecrista  fasciculata 587,  588 

nictitans    587 

Chamaecyparis  thyoides 1023 

Chamaedaphne    738 

calyculata    738 

Chamaelirium    -?04 

luteum    304 

Chamaenerion  angusti folium 702 

Chamaepericlymenum  canadei/st..  . .  730 

<  'hiimaesyce  glyptosperma    ,;  l" 

humistrata    643 

Lansingii ■ 

maculata    644 

polygonifolia 

h'ufinesquii    644 

serpens    643 

'pyllifolia 1071 

Charlock    492 

Chase,  Mrs.  Agnes 1" 


1182 


Index 


PAGE 

Cheat   98 

(heilanthes    56 

lanosa   56 

tomentosa 1020 

Cheirinia  aspera   508 

cheiranthoid.es    508 

inconspicua 1053 

repanda   508 

Chelidonium     481 

majus    481 

Chelone  838 

glabra  var.  elatior 838 

glabra  var.  elongata 838 

glabra  var.   1  in i folia 838 

glabra  var.  linifolia  f.  velutina. .  .  .  838 

glabra  f.  tomentosa 838 

glabra  var.  typica 838 

Lyoni     1089 

obliqua    1089 

obliqua  var.  speciosa 838 

Chenopodiaceae    418 

Chenopodium 419 

album    423 

album 422 

ambrosioides  var.   anthelminticum  422 

ambrosioides  ssp.  eu-ambrosioides  421 
ambrosioides  ssp.  eu-ambrosioides 

var.  anthelminticum    421 

Berlandieri  ssp.  Zshackei 422,  423 

Bonus-Henricus    1043 

Boscianum 424 

Botrys 422 

Bushianum   423 

Bushianum  f.   acutidentatum 423 

capitatum   422 

gigantospermum     423 

gigantospermum  f.  Griffithsii 424 

glaucum  ssp.  eu-glaucum 422 

hybridum 423 

leptophyllum 423 

missouriense    424 

missouriense  var.  Bushianum 424 

murale 424 

paganum 423,  424 

pratericola 423 

Standleyanum  424 

urbicum    424 

urbicum    var.   intermedium 424 

Vulvaria 423 

Cherry,  black    582 

Mahaleb    582 

pin    581 

sand    579 

sour 1064 

Chervil    718 


PAGE 

Chess    98 

downy 97 

hairy 99 

Japanese    99 

Kalm 99 

rattlesnake     98 

soft    99 

Chestnut 378 

Chicken  corn 180 

Chickweed,  common    438 

common  mouse-ear   439 

field 439 

forked 442 

great    438 

hairy  forked 443 

mouse-ear 438,  440 

nodding    440 

smooth  forked    443 

Chickweeds    436 

Chicory    1004 

Chimaphila    734 

maculata 734 

umbellata    734 

umbellata  var.  cisatlantica 734 

Chinquapin 1040 

Chionanthus  virginica 1080 

Chokeberry,  black    530 

purple   530 

Chokecherry,  common 581 

Chlorideae    141 

Chloris    144 

verticillata 1029 

Christmas  fern 50 

Chrysanthemum 990 

Balsamita  var.  tanacetoides 991 

Leucanthemum   1102 

Leucanthemum  var.  pinnatifidum.    991 

Parthenium    1102 

Chrysopsis 914 

villosa 914 

Chrysosplenium    519 

americanum 519 

Chufa    189 

Cicely,  sweet 719 

Cichorium    1004 

Intybus 1004 

Cicuta   722 

bulbifera     722 

maculata     722 

Cimicifuga 457 

racemosa    457 

Cinna    129 

arundinacea 129 

latifolia    1028 

Cinnamon  fern   41 

Cinquefoil    565 


Index 


1183 


PAGE 

common    567 

marsh 566 

rough    567 

shrubby    566 

silver     567 

Circaea   709 

canadensis    1077 

intermedia 1077 

latifolia    709 

lutetiana 709 

quadrisulcata  var.  canadensis 709 

Cirsium 999 

altissimum 1002 

arvense 1 001 

arvense  var.  integrifolium 1001 

arvense  var.  mite 1001 

arvense  var.  vestitum 1001 

discolor 1002 

Hillii    1002 

horridulum    1103 

lanceolatum 1000 

muticum 1002 

odoratum   1103 

Pitched    1001 

pumilum 1103 

spinosissimum 1103 

undulatum    1104 

virginianum 1002 

vulgare 1000 

Cissus  Ampelopsis    665 

Cistaceae    678 

Cladium    207 

mariscoides    207 

Cladrastis    591 

lutea    591 

Clammyweed 511 

Claytonia   435 

caroliniana 1044 

robusta 1045 

virginica 435 

virginica    435 

Clearweed    39_9 

Cleavers  877 

Clematis 463 

Pitcheri 463 

Ridgwayi 463 

Viorna    463 

•   •  464 

virginiana    

Cleome    51° 

pink 10*4 

serrulata    1054 

spinosa   1U 

Cliffbrake,  purple 0D 

smooth  purple 56 

Clintonia    317 

boreahs     


PAGE 

Clitoria 620 

mariana    ^20 

Clover,  alsike   596 

crimson    1065 

little  hop   597 

low  hop    596 

rabbit-foot  595 

red    595 

strawberry    595 

white     596 

yellow  hop 597 

Clubmoss    63 

shining   64 

Cocculus 478 

carolinus 478 

Cockle,  corn    444 

Cocklebur 962 

hairy-body   962 

smooth-body   962 

spiny 962 

Cockscomb 428 

Coffeetree,  Kentucky 590 

Cohosh,  black  457 

blue  476 

Coleoglossum  bracteatum 340 

Collectors  of  Indiana  plants 1115 

Collinsia 836 

verna     836 

Collinsonia 826 

canadensis    826 

Collomia 783 

linearis   1082 

Columbine,  American    458 

European   1047 

Columbo,  American 760 

Comandra 402 

livida    1041 

Richardsiana 402 

umbellata 1041 

umbellata   402,  403 

Comarum  palustre    566 

Comfrey,  common   1082 

wild   ?89 

Commelina 283 

angustifolia 285 

communis 284 

crispa    285 

diffusa     284 

erecta    285 

hirtella     285 

longicaulix 284 

nudiflora    284 

virginica     285 

Compositae    899 

Comptonia  peregrina 365 

Conard,  H.  S 10 


1184 


Index 


PAGE 

Coneflower 964 

cutleaf    967 

Deam    968 

gray-head    969 

long-head 969 

narrowleaf  purple   969 

orange    967 

pale-purple 968 

purple   968 

showy   1100 

Sullivant    968 

sweet    967 

Conioselinum 726 

chinense    726 

Conium 720 

maculatum 720 

Conobea  multifida   844 

Conopholis 860 

americana    860 

Conringia 510 

orientalis    510 

Convallaria    320 

majalis    1035 

Convolvulaceae 770 

Convolvulus 774 

arvensis    775 

fraterniflorus   775 

japonicus    775 

repens 775 

rose   775 

sepium    775 

sepium  var.  fraterniflorus 775 

sepium  var.  pubescens 775 

spithamaeus 775 

Coptis 456 

groenlandica    456 

trifolia    456 

Coralberry  887 

C'orallorrhiza 348 

maculata    348 

odontorhiza    349 

trifida    348 

VVisteriana 348 

Coralroot,  crested    351 

early   348 

late 349 

spotted 349 

Wister 349 

Cordgrass 143 

Coreopsis   979 

auriculata    1101 

big 980 

crassifolia 980 

finger   980 

grandiflora 980 


PAGE 

lance   980 

lanceolata 980 

lanceolata  var.  villosa 980 

major    1101 

palmata    980 

tall     981 

tinctoria   1101 

tripteris    981 

tripteris  var.  Deamii 981 

tripteris  var.  intercedens 981 

Coreosma  americana  var.  mesochora  521 

Corispermum     426 

hyssopifolium    427 

nitidum 427 

Corn    181 

tribe 181 

Cornaceae    728 

Cornflower 1104 

Cornsalad 890 

Cornus    729 

alternifolia    731 

Amomum   733 

Amomum 732 

asperifolia    732 

Baileyi 732 

canadensis   730 

circinata    731 

femina   732 

florida 731 

obliqua    732 

paniculata 732 

racemosa    732 

rugosa     731 

stolonifera   731 

stolonifera  var.  Baileyi 732 

stricta 732 

Coronilla 602 

varia   602 

Corydalis    483 

aurea    1050 

flavula 484 

golden 1050 

pale  yellow   484 

pink 483 

sempervirens 483 

Corylus 374 

americanus    374 

cornuta 1039 

rostrata   1039 

Costmary 991 

Cotton  grass 190 

Cottonthistle 1003 

Cottonwood 353 

swamp   353 

Coulter,  Stanley   5,  9 


Index 


1185 


PAGE 

Cowbane  727 

Cowpea,  common   1069 

Crabgrass    148 

smooth    148 

Crab,  prairie 529 

southern 1058 

wild  sweet 528 

Cracca  virginiana 601 

Cranberry 740 

Cranberrybush,  American   881 

Crassulaceae   513 

Crataegus    533 

acclivis  548 

acutifolia    538 

albicans   549 

allecta    548 

arborea 537 

arcuata    548 

arduennae   537 

attenuata 537 

Barrettiana    554 

basilica  554 

beata 554 

bella   545 

berberifolia 554 

biltmoreana  544 

Boyntoni 554 

Brainerdi    554 

Brownei 541 

Calpodendron    552 

chrysocarpa    541 

coccinea   548 

coccinea  var.   Ellwangeriana 554 

Coccineae,  section 534,  536 

coccinoides 549 

collina 539 

colorata   545 

conjuncta    54o 

cordata    551 

Cordatae,  section 534,  536 

cristata 54 J 

crus-galli    537 

crus-galli  var.  pyracanthifolia 537 

crus-galli 538 

Crus-galli,  section 533,  534 

cuneiformis 540,  o41 

denaria   55-! 

Dewingii 554 

disperma    °41 

Dodgei    554 

dumetosa  ; 

Egani 545 

Engelmanni 554 

ensifera ° 0id 

erecta  ' 

fecunda    °54 


PAGE 

filipes   546 

flava  554 

Gattingeri    546 

Gattingeri 546 

Gattingeri  var.  rigida 546 

gracilis 

gracilipes  554 

grandis 540 

gravis 548 

Hillii 554 

ignea 545,  554 

incaedua 55:5 

intricata  543 

intricata    544 

Intricatae,  section 534,  535 

Jesupi    554 

Kelloggii    551 

lanigera 550 

lasiantha  550 

ludoviciensis   538 

macracantha 554 

Macracanthae,  section 534,  536 

macropoda 539 

macrosperma     545 

Margaretta    541 

Margaretta 551 

Margaretta  var.  angustifolia 543 

Margaretta  f.  xanthocarpa 543 

meticulosa 543 

modesta   544 

Molles,  section 534,  536 

mollis    550 

mollis   f.   dumetosa 550 

neofluvialis    552 

nitida   541 

onusta    547 

otiosa   545 

ovata    554 

palustris    54o 

parviflora    554 

patrum «*45 

pausiaca    541 

pedicellata   548 

pedicellata  var.  albicans 549 

peoriensis    541 

Phaenopyrum    551 

platycarpa   :^7 

praestans  54] 

Pringlei    554 

priva °4" 

prona    °^ 

pruinosa  -)^° 

Pruinosae,  section 534,  535 

pudens   553 

punctata 539 

punctata  var.  aurea 539 


1186 


Index 


PAGE 

punctata  var.  canescens 539 

Punctatae,  section 533,  535 

para  548 

Putnamiana 549 

pygmaea    543 

pyracanthoides  var.  arborea 537 

regalis 538 

roanensis    554 

Rotundifoliae,  section   534,  535 

rubella    543 

rugosa 547 

sejuncta    554 

sertata 548 

sextilis  545 

spathulata 554 

species   10o9 

strammea    °°* 

structilis    552 

succulenta    552 

sucida 539 

superata 547 

tenera °^u 

Tenuif oliae,  section    534,  535 

tenuispina   537 

tomentosa   552 

trahax 537,  554 

uber 545 

umbrosa 550 

valens 550 

vegeta    552 

vicinalis 54b 

villicarpa 544 

villipes 554 

Virides,  section   534,  53o 

viridis 541 

Creeper,  Virginia 664 

Crepis 1013 

capillaris    1013 

pulchra 1013 

Cress,  garden   1051 

hoary 488 

sessile-flowered 495 

Crinkleroot    501 

Crocanthemam  canadense 678 

majus 678 

Cross,  Maltese  1046 

Crossvine   858 

Crotalaria    592 

sagittalis    592 

Croton 637 

capitatus 637 

glandulosus  var.  septentrionalis.  . .   637 

monanthogynus 638 

Crotonopsis   638 

elliptica    638 

linearis   1070 


PAGE 

Crownbeard 979 

Crownvetch 602 

Cruciferae    484 

Cryptotaenia  723 

canadensis   723 

Cubeliam  concolor 681 

Cucumber,  one-seeded  bur 893 

tree 479 

Cucumber-root,  Indian 321 

Cucurbita 892 

foetidissima 1094 

Pepo  var.  ovif era 1094 

Cucurbitaceae   892 

Cudweed  954 

low    955 

purplish 955 

winged 955 

Culver's-physic 849 

Cunila 821 

origanoides    821 

Cuphea   698 

petiolata 698 

Cupseed    478 

Currant    521 

American  black    521 

common  red 1056 

golden 1056 

skunk 1056 

swamp  red 1056 

Cuscuta 771 

arvensis 772 

campestris  773 

Cephalanthi 774 

compact  a    772 

Coryli   774 

cuspidata    772 

Epithymum    1082 

glomerata    772 

Gronovii  773 

Gronovii  var.  calyptrata 773 

Gronovii  var.  vulvivaga 773 

obtusiflora  774 

pentagona    772 

pentagona  var.  calycina 773 

Polygonorum     774 

Cycloloma    424 

atriplicifolium     424 

Cynodon     143 

Dactylon 143 

Cynoglossum     788 

boreale   789 

officinale     789 

virgini amim    789 

Cynosurus  cristatus 1026 

Cynoxylon  floridum   731 

Cynthia  Dandelion   1005 

virginica    1005 


Index 


1 1ST 


PAGE 

Cyperaceae    181 

Cyperus    183 

acuminatus    186 

aristatus    186 

compressus    1030 

densicaespitosus    190 

dentatus   187 

dentatus  var.  ctenostachys 187 

diandrus   185 

Engelmanni 188 

erythrorhizos    1 89 

esculentus    189 

esculentus  var.   leptostachys 189 

ferax     1030 

ferruginescens    189 

filiculmis    186 

filiculmis  var.   macilentus 187 

flavescens 185 

flavescens  X  rivularis 185 

flavicomus    1030 

Houghtonii     187 

Houghtonii  X  Schweinitzii 187 

hystricinus     1030 

inflexus     186 

mesochorus    187 

microdontus     1031 

Nicuwlandii     185 

ovularis    186 

pseudovegetus     186 

rivularis   185 

.Schweinitzii     187 

speciosus    189 

strigosus    188 

strigosus  var.   capitatus 188 

strigosus  var.  compositus 188 

strigosus  var.  multiflorus 189 

strigosus   var.   robustior 188 

Cypress,  southern    69 

standing 783 

Cypripedium    336 

acaule   338 

Calceolus  var.  pubescens 338 

candidum    337 

hirsutum   337 

parviflorum    337 

parviflorum  var.  pubescens 337 

reginae  337 

Cystopteris    

bulbifera    43 

fragilis   44 

fragilis  f.  magnasora 44 

fragilis  var.  protrusa 44 

D 

Dactylis    

glomerata    ' ' ' 

Dactyloctenium     142 

aegyptium    1028 


PAGE 

Daffodil,  common 1036 

Daisy,  oxeye 991 

Dalea 600 

alopecuroides 600 

Dandelion    1006,  1007 

dwarf    1005 

false    1013 

red-seeded    1007 

Dangleberry    107'.» 

Danthonia    121 

compressa    1027 

spicata    125 

Darnel    1027 

Dasiphora  fruticosa 566 

Dasistoma    850 

macrophylla     850 

Dasystephana  Andrewsii 758 

flavida    759 

linearis 1081 

puberula    759 

Saponaria   758 

villosa    759 

Dasy stoma  flava 855 

grandiflora    855 

laevigata  1090 

pedicularia 855,  856 

virginica    854 

Datura    831 

Metel    1088 

Stramonium 831 

Tatula   831 

Daucus    728 

Carota    728 

Carota  f.  epurpurata 728 

Carota  f .  rosea 728 

Dayftower 283 

common    284 

narrowleaf ~8:) 

Virginia    28o 

Daylily   308 

lemon    1033 

tawny    30s 

Deadnettle   810 

purple  kiG" 

white   10S4 

Deam,    Chas.    C 20 

oak    

Decodon    698 

verticillatus 698 

verticillatus 698 

verticillatus  var.  laevigatus 698 

Deerberry    741 

Delphinium    458 

Ajacis  458 

azureum 1047 

carolinianum   164  r 

Consolida    1048 


1188 


Index 


PAGE 

exaltatum    1048 

tricorne    459 

Dennstaedtia 50 

punctilobula 50 

Dentaria 500 

diphylla    501 

heterophylla    501 

laciniata 500 

maxima 1053 

multifida   501 

Deringa    canadensis 723 

Deschampsia   123 

caespitosa 123 

flexuosa    1027 

Descurainia   504 

brachycarpa    504 

intermedia 504 

pinnata  subsp.  brachycarpa 504 

Desmanthus     585 

illinoensis   585 

Desmodium    603 

acuminatum 006 

acuminatum   f.   Chandonnetii 607 

bracteosum 607 

bracteosum   var.    longifolium 608 

canadense     608 

canescens   607 

ciliare   609 

Dillenii   608 

glabellum 1067 

illinoense    607 

laevigatum 608 

marilandicum    609 

nudiflorum   606 

nudiflorum  f.  foliolatum 606 

nudiflorum  f.  personatum 606 

obtusiim    609 

paniculatum     608 

paniculatum  var.  angustifolium .  .    608 

paniculatum  var.  pubens 608 

pauciflorum    606 

rigidum     609 

rotundifolium    605 

sessilifolium    605 

viridiflorum    609 

Devil's-paint-brush 1017 

Devil's-walkingstick 713 

Dewberry,    northern 560 

swamp    560 

Dianthera     866 

americana    866 

Dianthus    449 

Armeria    449 

barbatus  1046 

plumarius  1046 


PAGE 

Diapedium   866 

brachiatum   866 

Diarrhena    110 

americana    110 

diandra    110 

Dicentra   483 

canadensis    483 

Cucullaria    483 

Dichrophyllum  marginatum 642 

Dicksonia  punctilobula 50 

Dicliptera   brachiata 866 

Dicotyledoneae    28 

Didiplis 697 

diandra 697 

Diervilla 890 

Diervilla    890 

Lonicera    890 

Digitaria    148 

filiformis    148 

humifusa   148 

Ischaemum 148 

sanguinalis 148 

Diodia 873 

teres   873 

teres  var.   setifolia 873 

Dioscorea 330 

glauca 331 

hirticaulis 331 

quaternata   331 

quaternata  var.  glauca 331 

villosa   331 

Dioscoreaceae    330 

Diospyros     751 

virginiana    751 

Diplotaxis    490 

tenuifolia   1051 

Dipsacaceae     892 

Dipsacus     892 

sylvestris   892 

Dirca 694 

palustris   694 

Distribution    terms   used 1125 

Dock   405 

bluntleaf    407 

curly    406 

great    water 406 

pale  405 

swamp    406 

Dodder   771 

buttonbush   774 

compact    772 

cuspidate    772 

field 772 

flax    1082 

glomerate    772 

Gronovius 773 


Index 


1189 


PAGE 

hazel   774 

smartweed 774 

Dodecatheon    751 

Meadia    751 

Meadia  f.  alba 751 

Doellingera   umbellata 945 

Dogbane 762 

hemp 763 

spreading 762 

Dogbrier 1064 

Dogfennel    989 

Dogwood,   Bailey 732 

flowering    731 

gray    732 

pagoda    731 

pale 732 

red-osier   731 

roughleaf  732 

roundleaf   731 

silky    733 

stiff   732 

Draba    502 

brachycarpa 503 

caroliniana 503 

caroliniana  vai\  micrantlia 1053 

reptans 503 

reptans  var.  micrantha 1053 

verna 503 

Dracocephalum  virginianum  .  .  .  .808,  809 

Dragonroot    278 

Dropseed    135 

prairie     136 

sand     136 

Drosera    512 

intermedia   512 

longifolia   512 

rotundifolia    512 

Droseraceae   512 

Drymocallis   agrimonioides 566 

Dryopteris  45 

Boottii 49 

Clintoniana 48 

Clintoniana  X  spinulosa 1020 

cristata 48 

cristata  var.  Clintoniana 48 

cristata  X  spinulosa 49 

cristata    X    spinulosa   var.    inter- 
media       50 

Dryopteris 1019 

Filix-mas    102° 

Goldiana   48 

Goldiana   X   marginalis 48 

hexagonoptera 47 

intermedia 4.) 

Linnaeana    1019 

marginalis   47 


PAGE 

noveboracensis    47 

Phegopteris    1019 

simulata 1020 

spinulosa    49 

spinulosa   var.   americana 1020 

spinulosa   var.   fructuosa 49 

spinulosa   var.  intermedia 49 

Thelypteris 1020 

Thelypteris  var.  pubescens 47 

Thelypteris   47 

Duchesnea    564 

indica    564 

Duckweed,  least 281 

lesser 280 

minute    281 

pale  281 

submerged   280 

Dune  area  of  Indiana 15 

Dyssodia 988 

papposa    988 

E 

Ear,    hare's 723 

Ebenaceae 751 

Ebony   spleen  wort 53 

Echinacea  angusti folia 969 

pallida    968 

purpurea  968 

Echinochloa   174 

crusgalli 174 

Walteri 176 

Walteri  f.  laevigata 176 

Echinocystis    893 

lobata    893 

Echinodorus 87 

cordifolius    87 

radicans    87 

Echinops 998 

sphaerocephalus   1 103 

Echium 794 

vulgare 794 

Eclipta    964 

alba 964 

Ek,  Chas.  M 9 

Elatinaceae    677 

Elatine    677 

americana    1074 

Elder 879 

American   880 

poison   649 

Elderberry 880 

European   1092 

Elaeagnaceae     695 

Elecampane 955 


1190 


Index 


PAGE 

Eleocharis    198 

acicularis    203 

acuminata  203 

calva   202 

capitata   200 

capitata  var.  borealis 203 

capitata  var.  verrucosa 203 

caribaea 200 

compressa 203 

compressa  var.   atrata 204 

elliptica    203 

Engelmanni   201 

Engelmanni  f.  detonsa 202 

Engelmanni  var.  detonsa 202 

equisetoides   200 

flaccida  var.  olivacea 200 

geniculata    200 

intermedia   201 

interstincta    200 

melanocarpa    203 

microcarpa  var.  filiculmis 203 

mutata    200 

obtusa    201 

obtusa  var.  ellipsoidalis 201 

olivacea    200 

ovata     201 

palustris   1031 

palustris   202 

palustris  var.  calva 202 

palustris  var.   glaucescens 202 

pauciflora  var.  Fernaldii 204 

quadrangulata    200 

quadrangulata  var.  crassior 200 

Robbinsii    200 

rostellata    204 

Smallii    202 

tenuis    1031 

tenuis    203 

tenuis  var.  verrucosa 203 

Torreyana    203 

Wolfii    203 

Elephantopus    905 

carolinianus 905 

carolinianus    905 

Elephant's-foot 905 

Eleusine    142 

indica    142 

Ellisia 785 

Nyctelea    785 

Elm  390 

American    391 

rock 391 

slippery    390 

white 392 

winged    391 

Elodea 92 

Nuttallii    1024 


PAGE 

Nuttallii 92 

Planchonii  1024 

Elymus 115 

arkansanus    117 

australis 118 

canadensis    116 

curvatus 118 

glabrifloi-us 118 

hirsutiglumis    117 

riparius 116 

striatus    117 

striatus  var.   arkansanus 117 

villosus 117 

villosus  f.  arkansanus 117 

virginicus 117 

virginicus  var.  australis 118 

virginicus  var.  glabriflorus 118 

virginicus  var.  hirsutiglumis 117 

virginicus  var.  intermedius 117 

virginicus  var.  jejunus 118 

virginicus  var.  submuticus 118 

English  bluegrass   101 

Epibaterium  carolinum   478 

Epifagus    862 

virginiana    862 

Epigaea    739 

repens 739 

Epilobium    702 

adenocaulon    703 

angustifolium    702 

coloratum 702 

densum   702 

glandulosum  var.  adenocaulon....    703 

lineare   702 

molle 702 

palustre 1076 

strictum    702 

Epipactis    345 

broadleaf    345 

latifolia    345 

pubescens    347 

Epling,  Carl    10 

Equisetaceae  59 

Equisetum    59 

arvense 60 

fluviatile 62 

hyemale  var.  affine 62 

kansa ii ii m    62 

laevigatum 62 

laevigatum    62 

Nelsoni 62 

pratense   1021 

prealtum    62 

sylvaticum   1021 

trachyodon 61 

variegatum    61 


Index 


1191 


PAGE 

variegatum  var.  Jesupi 61 

variegatum  var.  Nelsoni 62 

Eragrostis    108 

capillaris    110 

caroliniana    110 

cilianensis    110 

creeping   109 

Frankii  110 

hirsuta    1026 

hypnoides 109 

major 110 

megastachya 110 

mexicana 1026 

pectinacea    110 

pectinacea   109 

pilosa    1026 

poaeoides    1026 

Purshii 110 

spectabilis    109 

spectabilis  var.  sparsihirsnta 109 

trichodes    1026 

Erechtites    994 

hieracifolia    994 

Erianthus 178 

alopecuroides 178 

divaricatus    178 

Ravennae 178 

Ericaceae   733 

Ericoideae    734 

Erigenia 720 

bulbosa  720 

Erigeron 947 

acris    1098 

annuus    949 

canadensis    948 

divaricatus 948 

philadelphicus 949 

pulckellus 948 

pusillus 948 

ramosus    949 

vermis   1099 

Eriocaulaceae    283 

Eriocaulon   283 

articulatum 283 

septangulare   283 

Eriophorum 190 

angustifolium    191 

callitrix   190 

gracile    190 

spissum    190 

virginicum   191 

virginicum  f.  album 191 

viridi-carinatum   191 

Erodium 626 

cicutarium    1069 


PAGE 

Erucastrum   490 

gallicum   1051 

Pollichii 1053 

Eryngium 718 

yuccaefolium 718 

Erysimum    507 

asperum    508 

cheiranthoides 508 

officinale    489 

parviflorum    1053 

repandum 508 

Erythronium    314 

albidum     314 

americanum 314 

Eulophus  americanus 723 

Eupatorium  905 

altissimum 907 

coelestinum    909 

falcatum    907 

fistulosum    906 

hyssopifolium    1094 

incarnatum    909 

late    907 

maculatum 906 

perfoliatum    908 

perfoliatum  var.  cuneatum 908 

perfoliatum  f.  purpureum 908 

perfoliatum  f.  truncatum 908 

purpureum 907 

purpureum  var.  amoenum 907 

rugosum 908 

serotinum 907 

serotinum  var.  polyneuron 907 

sessilifolium    908 

urticaefolium    908 

Euphorbia    641 

commutata 646» 

corollata 644 

Cyparissias    64ft 

dent  a  I  a    644 

Esula 645 

glyptosperma    643 

heterophylla    645 

hirsuta 644 

humistrata 643 

Ipecacuanhae    1070 

maculata 643 

macrdata   644 

marginata    642 

nutans    643 

obtusata  645 

Peplus 646 

polygonifolia 643 

Preslii    643 

Rafincsquii    644 

serpens 643 


1192 


Index 


PAGE 

serpyllifolia   1071 

supina 644 

vermiculata   644 

virgata 645 

Euphorbiaceae    636 

Euthamia  hirtella 927 

Evening-primrose    704 

Everlasting,  pearly 953 

Evonymus    653 

americanus    653 

atropurpureus 653 

brook 653 

obovatus 653 

running 653 

Excluded  species   1019 

F 

Fagaceae    378 

Fagopyrum    418 

esculentum 418 

Fagopyrum 418 

Fagus   378 

grandifolia 378 

grandifolia  f.  pubescens 378 

Falcata  comosa   620 

Pitcheri   621 

False-dragonhead    808 

Virginia 809 

Families  and  genera,  sequence  of .  .     14 

Families  of  plants 14 

Family,  Acanthus 864 

Adder's  tongue 37 

Altingia    523 

Amaranth    427 

Amaryllis 328 

Arrow-grass 85 

Arum   277 

Barberry  475 

Bayberry  365 

Beech  378 

Bellflower    893 

Birch 373 

Birthwort    403 

Bladdernut    654 

Bladderwort   862 

Borage 787 

Broomrape    860 

Buckthorn    659 

Buckwheat 405 

Bur-reed     72 

Cactus    694 

Caltrop    631 

Caper    510 

Carpet-weed   434 

Cashew    648 

Cattail   71 


PAGE 

Clubmoss   63 

Composite    899 

Crowfoot    454 

Custard  apple 479 

Dogbane 760 

Dogwood    728 

Duckweed    279 

Ebony    751 

Elm 390 

Evening-primrose 699 

Fern    42 

Figwort    832 

Flax    629 

Four-o'clock     432 

Frogbit 91 

Fumitory    482 

Gentian 755 

Geranium    623 

Ginseng  712 

Gooseberry    520 

Goosefoot    418 

Gourd 892 

Grape   661 

Grass    93 

Heath 733 

Holly    651 

Honeysuckle    879 

Horse-chestnut   658 

Horsetail    59 

Iris    332 

Laurel 480 

Lily   303 

Linden    665 

Lizardtail     352 

Lobelia   896 

Logania    754 

Loosestrife 695 

Lopseed    866 

Madder 870 

Magnolia    478 

Mallow    666 

Maple    654 

Melastoma 698 

Mermaid,  false 647 

Mezerum    694 

Milkweed   764 

Milkwort    633 

Mint 798 

Mistletoe    401 

Moonseed 477 

Morning-glory    770 

Mulberry 394 

Mustard    484 

Nettle   397 

Nightshade    826 

Oleaster   695 


Index 


1193 


PAGE 

Olive   752 

Orchid    335 

Orpine    513 

Parsley    714 

Passionflower    693 

Pea    582 

Phlox    778 

Pickerelweed     287 

Pine    66 

Pink    436 

Pipewort    283 

Pitcherplant    511 

Planetree    523 

Plantain    867 

Pokeweed    433 

Pondweed 75 

Poppy   481 

Primrose    744 

Purslane    434 

Quassia    632 

Quillwort    66 

Riverweed    512 

Rockrose     678 

Rose    524 

Royal  fern 40 

Rue    632 

Rush   290 

St.  Johnswort   671 

Salvinia    59 

Sandalwood   402 

Sapodilla    751 

Saxifrage     514 

Sedge    181 

Soapberry    658 

Spiderwort    283 

Spurge 636 

Staff -tree 653 

Storax     752 

Sundew 512 

Teasel  892 

Touch-me-not    659 

Trumpet-creeper    858 

Unicorn  plant 860 

Valerian   890 

Vervain    795 

Violet    681 

Walnut   365 

Waterleaf 784 

Waterlily   450 

Water-milfoil    710 

Water-plantain 86 

Water  starwort 646 

Waterwort  6?7 

Willow    352 

Witch-hazel   523 

Wood  sorrel G26 


PAGE 

Yam    330 

Yellow-eyed  grass   282 

Yew 66 

Fanwort   452 

Farkleberry 742 

Fern,  berry  bladder    43 

Boott  woodfern 49 

bracken    57 

brittle   44 

broad  beechfern  47 

chainfern,  Virginia 

Christmas    50 

cinnamon    41 

cliffbrake,  purple   55 

eliffbrake,  smooth  purple 56 

Clinton  woodfern 48 

common  polypody   ' 

common  woodfern 49 

crested  woodfern 48 

ebony  spleenwort 53 

Goldie 48 

grape    ;!8 

hay-scented 51 1 

interrupted   41 

lady 52 

leather  woodfern   47 

lipfern,  hairy    56 

maidenhair 51 

maidenhair  spleenwort  54 

marsh    47 

narrowleaf  spleenwort   51 

New  York    47 

ostrich    44 

pinnatifid  spleenwort    53 

rattlesnake    40 

resurrection 58 

royal    41 

Scott  spleenwort    54 

sensitive 45 

silvery  spleenwort  52 

toothed  woodfern 49 

walking    53 

wall-rue  spleenwort,  American...  55 

water   ''' 

winged  woodfern  47 

Fernald,  M.  L 1" 

Ferns  and  fern  allies 37 

Fescue  grass 99 

hair    100 

meadow    ' ' ' ' 

nodding    I01 

sheep    1()1 

Short's   101 

tribe    95 

Festuca     

capillata   10° 


1194 


Index 


PAGE 

elatior 101 

nutans   101 

obtusa 101 

octoflora 100 

octoflora  var.  tenella 100 

ovina 101 

ovina  var.  capillata 100 

paradoxa    101 

rubra 100 

Shortii   101 

Festuceae 95 

Feverfew 1102 

American   959 

Ficus  Carica   1041 

Fig,  common 1041 

Filipendula    571 

rubra     571 

Ulmaria    1063 

Filix  bulbifera 43 

fragilis 44 

Fimbristylis 205 

autumnalis 1031 

autumnalis    205 

autumnalis  var.  mucronulata 205 

castanea 1031 

Frankii    1031 

geminata    1031 

puberula 205 

Fir,  balsam   1023 

Firepink 448 

Fireweed    994 

Fissipes  acaulis 338 

Fits  root  1067 

Flax  629,  1069 

Fleabane    947 

Canada   948 

inland  marsh 949 

Philadelphia    949 

spreading 948 

Floerkea 647 

proserpinacoides 647 

Flora  of  Indiana,  introduction 9 

price  of 2 

table  of  contents 7 

Floral  areas  of  Indiana 15 

Flowering  spurge    644 

Flower-of-an-hour   671 

Flower,  star    750 

State 19 

Foamflower,  Allegheny 1055 

Forest iera    754 

acuminata    754 

Forget-me-not    790 

true   790 

Four-o'clock,   common    1044 


PAGE 

Foxglove,  downy  false 855 

smooth  false  854 

Foxtail    129 

green    176 

meadow    129 

millet   176 

short-awn    129 

yellow 176 

Fragaria    563 

americana  1062 

Grayana    564 

vesca 564 

vesca  f .  alba 1062 

vesca  var.  americana 1062 

virginiana    563 

virginiana  var.  illinoensis 564 

Frasera     760 

carolinensis    760 

Fraxinus    752 

americana    753 

americana   f.   iodocarpa 753 

biltmoreana 753 

caroliniana     1079 

lanceolata 753 

nigra 754 

pennsylvanica   753 

profunda  753 

profunda  var.  Ashei 753 

quadrangulata 754 

tomentosa    753 

Friesner,  Ray  C 9,     10 

Fringe-orchid,  large  purple 1037 

white  1037 

Fringetree,  white 1080 

Froelichia     431 

campestris   431 

floridana 1043 

gracilis   431 

Frosts,  first  and  last  killing  in  In- 
diana     1162,  1163 

Fuirena     191 

pumila 191 

squarrosa    191 

Fumaria 484 

officinalis    1050 

Fumariaceae    482 

Fumitory,  climbing 483 

common    1050 

G 

Galactia    621 

regularis     1069 

volubilis  var.   mississippiensis.  .  .  .    621 

Galeopsis    809 

Tetrahit    1084 

Galeorchis  spectabilis 339 


Index 


1195 


PAGE 

Galinsoga     986 

ciliata   986 

parviflora  var.   hispida 986 

Galium    874 

Aparine    877 

Aparine  var.  Vaillantii 1091 

asprellum 878 

boreale  var.  hyssopifolium 876 

boreale  var.  intermedium 876 

boreale  var.  typicum 876 

circaezans  var.  hypomalacum 876 

circaezans  var.  typicum 875 

Claytoni     878 

concinnum    878 

labradoricum 878 

lanceolatum 876 

latif  olium 1091 

Mollugo    1091 

obtusum    877 

parisiense 878 

pilosum     876 

tinctorium    878 

tinctorium 877 

trifidum    878 

triflorum     877 

uniflorum   1092 

verum   1092 

Gamagrass,  eastern 181 

Garlic    310 

crow    309 

false 311 

meadow   310 

Gaultheria    739 

procumbens   739 

Gaura    707 

biennis    708 

coccinea    708 

filipes    708 

filipes  var.  major 709 

parviflora 707 

Gayfeather    911 

cattail  911 

spike 912 

Gaylussacia   740 

baccata 740 

baccata  f.  leucocarpa 740 

frondosa 1979 

Gemmingia  chinensis   333 

Gentian    757 

closed  758 

downy 759 

fringed    757 

lesser  fringed  758 

rose 755 

soapwort    758 

yellowish   759 


PAGE 

Gentiana 757 

Andrewsii     758 

crinita 757 

flavida 759 

linearis   1081 

procera 758 

procera  f.  laevicalyx 758 

puberula 759 

quinquefolia 1081 

quinquefolia    758 

quinquefolia  var.  occidentals 758 

Saponaria 758 

villosa 759 

Gentianaceae 755 

Geocaulon     403 

lividum   1041 

Geopru/mnon  tennt  xseense 1067 

Geraniaceae 623 

Geranium 624 

Bicknellii    625 

carolinianum    625 

carolinianum  var.  confertiflorum .  .    625 

columbinum 625 

feather   422 

maculatum 624 

molle 1069 

pusillum  625 

Robertianum   624 

wild G24 

Gerardia 850 

aspera  1090 

auriculata   

flava 855 

Gattinger 853 

Gattingeri    853 

grandiflora    855 

laevigata    1090 

paupercula  var.  borealis 852 

paupercula  var.  typica 852 

pedicularia    855 

pedicularia  var.  ambigens 856 

purple 851 

purpurea  851 

Skinner  853 

Skinneriana 853 

tenuifolia  var.  macrophylla 852 

tenuifolia  var.  parviflora 85 3 

tenuifolia  var.  typica 852 

virginica    8>4 

Germander    800 

American 800 

Geum     568 

aleppicum  var.  strictum 570 

canadense     569 

canadense  var.  Grimesii 570 

ihi  v u  id    570 


1196 


Index 


PAGE 

laciniatum    571 

Ultimatum  var.  trichocarpum 571 

macrophvllum 1063 

Peckii 1063 

rivale    569 

strictum 570 

vernum 569 

virginianum 570 

virginianum    571 

Gilia  rubra 783 

Gillenia 527 

stipulata 528 

trifoliata    1058 

Ginnania  lunata 124 

Ginseng,  American    714 

dwarf    714 

Glecoma   807 

hederacea 807 

hederacea  var.  parviflora 807 

Gleditsia 589 

aquatica    589 

texana    590 

triacanthos    590 

triacanthos  f.  inermis 590 

triacanthos  var.  inermis 590 

Globe-amaranth 1044 

Globethistle,  common   1103 

Glossary    1120 

Glyceria   102 

acutiflora    104 

borealis 103 

canadensis    103 

grandis 102 

melicaria    1025 

nervata    102 

obtusa    1025 

pallida 103 

plicata    104 

septentrionalis    104 

striata 102 

Torreyana 1025 

Glycine   621 

Apios    621 

Soja   1069 

Glycyrrhiza    602 

lepidota    1067 

Gnaphalium 954 

decurrens     955 

Macounii 955 

obtusifolium    954 

polycephalum    954 

purpureum 955 

uliginosum 955 

Goatgrass,  jointed  1026 

Goatrue,  hairy-leaflet  Virginia 601 

smooth-leaflet  Virginia 601 


PAGE 

Goatsbeard,  common 527 

Golden-aster,  hairy  914 

Goldenrain-tree    658 

Goldenrod 914 

broadleaf    920 

Canada   921 

Deam    920 

early     922 

elmleaf     923 

Gillman 921 

oldfield    923 

Riddell    927 

roughleaf 923 

stiff 926 

tall    923 

white     919 

wreath    920 

Goldenseal 455 

Goldeye-grass 329 

Goldmoss 513 

Goldthread    456 

Gomphrena    432 

globosa 1044 

Gonolobium  hirsutum 1082 

Gonolobus    770 

carolinensis   1082 

gonocarpos 770 

laevis    .' 769 

obliquus    770 

Shortii    1082 

Goodyera    347 

pubescens 347 

repens 1038 

Gooseberry    521 

bristly 1057 

European  or  garden 1057 

low  wild 522 

Missouri 522 

pasture 522 

roundleaf    1057 

Goosefoot 419 

city  or  upright 424 

glaucousleaved    422 

mapleleaved 423 

narrowleaf 423 

nettleleaved 424 

oakleaved 422 

stinking 423 

town   424 

woodland    422 

Gourd,  Missouri   1094 

pear 1094 

Grama  grass  tribe 141 

Gramineae   93 

Grape    661 

catbird    663 


Index 


1197 


PAGE 

fox    662 

frost 663 

muscadine    1072 

riverbank    663 

sand   1072 

summer    662 

sweet  winter 663 

Grapefern    38 

cutleaf    39 

Hitchcock    38 

oblique   39 

Grape-hyacinth,  common 316 

starch     316 

Grass,  autumn  bent 129 

barnyard   174 

beach    126 

beardgrass,  Elliott   179 

beardgrass,  prairie 178 

bent    126 

bent,  Elliott   128 

Bermuda    143 

blue     104 

bluestem,  big    179 

bottlebrush    118 

bristlegrass,  bur 177 

bristlegrass,  green 176 

bristlegrass,  yellow 176 

broomsedge    178 

canary   144,  1029 

canary,  reed    145 

catchfly     146 

cotton   190 

crab    148 

creeping  bent 128 

Eulalia    178 

foxtail     129 

gamagrass,  eastern 181 

goose 142 

Indian 181 

Johnson    180 

June 121 

lace    HO 

love 108 

manna    102 

needle 138 

needle-and-thread 138 

orchard HI 

plume   1^8 

porcupine  138 

prairie  cord 143 

quack    114 

Ravenna  178 

redtop  127 

reed    HI.  125 

rice    137 

rice  cut 146 


PAGE 

rye    120 

sandbur   177 

side-oats  grama   144 

sprangletop     141 

Sudan     181 

sweet    144 

sweet  vernal 144 

switch 158 

three-awn    138 

tickle 128,  129 

timothy    130 

tufted  hair 123 

umbrella     191 

velvet    124 

wedge    121 

wheat    H3 

white 145 

windmill    1029 

witch 157 

woodreed    129 

Gratiola    843 

mesochora   844 

neglecta    843 

sphaerocarpa    844 

virginiana    844 

virginiana 843 

viscosa   1089 

Greenbrier,  coral 1035 

fringed 327 

hispid 327 

lanceleaf    1035 

longstalk    1035 

roundleaf   327 

Grindelia    913 

squarrosa  913 

squarrosa  var.  serrulata 914 

Gromwell    792 

corn   793 

false    794 

Grossularia    521 

Cynosbati 522 

hirtella    522 

missouriensis 522 

oxyacanthoides   1056 

oxyacanthoides 522 

reclinata    1057 

rotundifolia     1057 

setosa 1057 

Grossulariaceae    520 

Groundcedar    1021 

Groundcherry    828 

common    829 

Peruvian    1088 

smooth   828 

Virginia 828 


1198 


Index 


PAGE 

Ground-ivy,  large-flower   807 

small-flower    807 

Groundpine    64 

Groundsel,  common 996 

golden 998 

roundleaf   997 

Gum,  black    728 

red 523 

sweet    523 

yellow 729 

Gumplant,  broadleaf 913 

Gymnadeniopsis  clavellata   341 

Gymnocladus 590 

dioica    590 

Gymnopogon   143 

ambiguus    143 

Gymnospermae 26 

H 

Habenaria    339 

blephariglottis 1037 

bracteata 340 

ciliaris    342 

clavellata   341 

dilatata 341 

fimbriata    1037 

flava    340 

Hookeri    342 

hyperborea     341 

lacera    343 

leucophaea 343 

orbiculata   342 

peramoena 343 

psycodes 343 

scutellata   340 

viridis  var.  bracteata 340 

Habitat  terms  used 1125 

Hackberry 392,  393 

bigleaf    393 

dwarf    394 

Hackelia 790 

virginiana    790 

Halesia  Carolina 1079 

Haloragidaceae 710 

Hamamelidaceae 523 

Hamamelis 523 

virginiana    523 

virginiana  var.  angustifolia 523 

virginiana  var.  orbiculata 523 

Harbinger-of -spring    720 

Hardhack 527 

Harebell 895 

Hartmannia  speciosa   70G 

Haw,  dotted   539 

red    533 

Hawkbeard    1013 


PAGE 

Hawkweed  1016 

Canada    1017 

Gronovius    1017 

long-beard   1018 

orange 1017 

Hawthorn 533 

Hazelnut,  American    374 

Hedeoma    817 

hispida    817 

pulegioides     817 

Helenium    987 

autumnale    987 

nudiflorum   988 

tenuifolium 987 

Heleochloa   schoenoides    1028 

Helianthemum    678 

Bicknellii    678 

canadense 678 

majus 678 

Walkerae   678 

Helianthus 970 

altissimus 1100 

ambiguus   1 100 

ambulans    1100 

angustifolius 974 

annuus    974 

arenicola     1100 

atrorubens   1100 

borealis     1100 

decapetalus    978 

divaricatus 976 

doronicoides     976 

exasperatus  1100 

giganteus 977 

giganteus  var.  microcephalus 1101 

glaucus  1101 

grosseserratus    976 

hirsutus    977 

instabilis    1101 

laetiflorus 1101 

laetiflorus    975 

leptocaulis 1101 

Maximiliani 977 

microcephalus   975 

mollis    976 

occidentalis    974 

petiolaris    974 

rigidus    975 

rigidus  f.  flavus 975 

scaberrimus    975 

strumosus    978 

tomentosus    1101 

tracheliifolius    1101 

tuberosus   978 

virilis    1101 


Index 


1199 


PAGE 

Heliopsis    963 

helianthoides 953 

scabra 1100 

scabra    9g3 

Heliotrope 788 

garden   1094 

India 788 

Heliotropium     788 

indicum 788 

Hellebore,   green    1047 

Helleborus   456 

viridis   1047 

Hemerocallis   308 

flava    1033 

fulva    308 

Hemicarpha     182 

Drummondii    182 

micrantha 182 

Hemlock 68 

eastern   68 

poison 720 

water   722 

Hemp,  Indian 762 

Henbane,  black    1087 

Henbit    810 

Hepatica   462 

acutiloba    462 

americana    462 

Hepatica    462 

roundlobe     462 

sharplobe 462 

triloba    462 

Heracleum   728 

lanatum    728 

Herbaria  visited    11,  12 

Herb  Robert   624 

Herculesclub    1070 

Hermann,  Frederick  J 10,  20,  212 

Hesperis     510 

matronalis   510 

Heteranthera     288 

dubia 289 

reniformis    288 

Heuchera    516 

americana   517 

americana  var.  brevipetala 517 

americana  var.  hirsuticaulis 517 

americana  var.  interior 517 

hirsuticaulis    517 

hispida 518 

macrorhiza    518 

parviflora  var.  Rugelii 518 

Richardsonii  var.  affinis 517 

Richardsonii  var.  Grayana 518 

villosa 1055 

villosa  var.  macrorhiza 518 


PAGE 

Hexalectris    ;{.->i 

aphylla   ::;,  1 

spicata    ;\:t\ 

Hibiscus   669 

lasiocarpos 11711 

milit aris    i;i;<i 

Moscheutos 670 

oculiroseus    670 

palustris 670 

palustris  f.  oculiroseus 670 

syriacus    1073 

Trionum   ti  7 1 

Hickory    367 

bitternut  368 

mockernut    370 

pecan 368 

pignut 370 

shagbark    369 

shagbark,  bigleaf 369 

small-fruited 37 1 

Hicks,  Lawrence  E 10,  280 

Hicoria  alba 370 

cordiformis   368 

glabra    370 

laciniosa    369 

microcarpa    371 

ovata    369 

Pecan 368 

Hieraciuin    1016 

aurantiacum 1017 

canadense 1017 

Gronovii   1017 

Gro-novii  var.  foliosum 1017 

longipilum    1018 

marianum    1106 

paniculatum   1018 

scabrum    1019 

Scribneri     1 10<! 

venosum  1018 

Hierochloe  144 

odorata  144 

Hippocastanaceae   658 

Hippuris 712 

vulgaris    712 

Hitchcock,   A.   S 10 

Hog  peanut 620 

Holcus 124 

lanatus    1-1 

Holly,  mountain 653 

Hollyhock  107M 

Homalocenchrus  lenticular')* L46 

oryzoides    146 

,  irginicus    11-"' 

Honeylocust     590 

Texas    590 

thornless    590 


1200 


Index 


PAGE 

Honeysuckle 888 

American  fly 889 

grape    890 

hairy    1093 

Japanese 889 

limber   889 

swamp   fly 1093 

Tartarian   1093 

trumpet 1093 

Honewort 723 

Hop   396 

American   396 

common    1041 

Japanese 396 

Hop-hornbeam    373 

Hopkins,  Milton  S 10 

Hoptree,  common 632 

Hordeae    113 

Hordeum 119 

jubatum    120 

nodosum 119 

pusillum   119 

vulgare 1027 

Horehound,  common 806 

Horned  Pondweed 84 

Hornwort  454 

Horsebalm,  citronella 826 

Horsegentian     884 

common    885 

yellow-flower 886 

Horsemint    816 

Horseradish 496 

Horsetail,  field 60 

meadow 1021 

water 62 

wood    1021 

Hosackia 597 

americana    1066 

Hottonia 745 

inflata 745 

Houndstongue 788 

common 789 

Houstonia  871 

angustifolia 871 

caerulea    871 

canadensis    1091 

canadensis 872 

ciliolata 1091 

ciliolata    872 

lanceolata 1091 

longifolia   872 

mountain    871 

narrow  leaf 871 

purpurea 871 

purpurea  f.   pubescens 871 

tenuifolia   1091 


PAGE 

Hudsonia    679 

tomentosa  var.  intermedia 679 

woolly   679 

Humulus 396 

ainericanus 396 

japonicus    396 

Lupulus    1041 

Lupulus   396 

Hybanthus 681 

concolor    681 

concolor  f.  subglabratus 681 

Hydrangea   519 

arborescens    520 

arborescens  var.  Deamii 520 

arborescens  var.  oblonga 520 

arborescens  var.   sterilis 520 

smooth    520 

Hydranthelium    844 

rotundifolium    844 

Hydrastis 455 

canadensis    455 

Hydrocharitaceae 91 

Hydrocotyle 716 

americana    716 

rotundifolia   1078 

umbellata 716 

Hydrophyllaceae 784 

Hydrophyllum 784 

appendiculatum 785 

canadense 785 

macrophyllum 785 

virginianum   785 

Hymenocallis 328 

occidentalis    328 

Hymenopappus 986 

carolinensis    986 

Hyoscyamus  niger 1087 

Hypericaceae   671 

Hypericum    671 

adpressum    674 

adpressum  var.  spongiosum 675 

Ascyron 673 

aureum    673 

boreale    676 

canadense  676 

cistifolium 675 

densiflorum    1073 

denticulatum    675 

dolabriforme    674 

Drummondii     676 

ellipticum 1074 

frondosum    673 

gentianoides 676 

graveolens   1074 

gymnanthemum    1074 

Kalm 673 


Index 


1201 


PAGE 

Kalmianum 673 

majus    676 

mutilum    676 

perforatum 674 

prolificum  674 

punctatum    674 

sphaerocarpum   675 

tubulosum 677 

tubulosum  var.  Walteri 677 

virgatum    675 

virginicum    677 

virginicum  var.  Fraseri 677 

Hypochaeris 1006 

radicata    1105 

Hypopitys  lanuginosa 737 

Hypoxis    329 

hirsuta 329 

Hyptis  radiata 1087 

Hyssop 819,  1086 

figwort  giant 806 

giant   806 

Hyssopus    819 

officinalis    1086 

Hystrix 118 

Hystrix    118 

patula   118 

patula  var.  Bigeloviana 119 

I 

Ibidiuni  Beckii 346 

cernuum    347 

gracile    346 

ovale 346 

plantagineum   346 

Ilex    652 

bronxensis 652 

decidua   652 

glabra 1071 

mollis   1071 

montana 1071 

monticola 1071 

opaca    1072 

verticillata 652 

verticillata  var.  padifolia 652 

verticillata  var.   tenuifolia 652 

Illinoian  drift  area   17 

Ilysanthes  anagallidea 845 

dubia 845 

Impatiens     659 

biflora   659 

pallida 659 

Indian  cucumber-root 321 

grass 181 

rice  tribe    146 

Indian-physic    528 

Indiana,  area    14 

climate    14 


PAGE 

drainage 14 

dune  area 15 

first  and  last  killing  frosts.  .1162,  1163 

floral  areas 15,  1164 

geographical  location   14 

Illinoian  drift  area 17 

lake  area 15 

Lower  Wabash  Valley 18 

map  1165 

prairie  area   17 

rainfall   14 

Tipton  Till  Plain  area 16 

unglaciated  area   18 

Indigobush  599 

Inkberry 1071 

Interrupted  fern    41 

Inula   955 

Helenium    955 

Iodanthus 494 

pinnatifidus    494 

Ionactis  linariifolius 942 

Ipomoea    776 

coccinea 777 

hederacea 777 

lacunosa   776 

pandurata    776 

pandurata  var.  rubescens 777 

purpurea    777 

Ipomopsis 783 

rubra     783 

Iresine    432 

paniculata 432 

rhizomatosa 432 

Iridaceae    332 

Iris    332 

brevicaulis   333 

crested    .  332 

cristata     332 

foliosa    333 

hexagona    1036 

hexagona 333 

Lamance     333 

pseudacorus 1036 

versicolor    333 

versicolor  var.  blandescens 333 

Virginia 333 

virginica  var.  Shrevei 333 

Ironweed    904 

tall 904 

yellow    978 

Isanthus  801 

brachiatus 801 

Isnardia  palustris 701 

Isoetaceae    66 

Isoetes    66 

Braunii   1022 


1202 


Index 


PAGE 

Engelmanni 66 

f oveolata    1022 

Isopyrum    456 

biternatum     456 

Isotria 344 

verticillata     344 . 

Iva 959 

ciliata   959 

xanthifolia  959 

Ivy,  five-leaf 664 

poison   650 

J 

Jack-in-the-pulpit    279 

Jack  pine 67 

Jeffersonia 476 

diphylla    476 

Jerusalem  artichoke   978 

Jimsonweed 831 

Joe-pye-weed,  green-stem 907 

purple-stem 906 

spotted-stem    906 

Johnson  grass 180 

Juglandaceae 365 

Juglans 366 

cinerea    366 

nigra 366 

Juncaceae 290 

Juncaginaceae 85 

Juncoides   bulbosum    301 

campestre 301 

carolinae    300 

echinatum   301 

intermedium   301 

pilosum    300 

Juncus    290 

acuminatus    298 

acuminatus  var.  debilis 302 

alpimis  var.   fuscescens 299 

alpinus  var.  insignis 299 

alpinus  var.  rariflorus 299 

aristulatus    296 

articulatus   299 

balticus  var.   littoralis 292 

balticus    var.    littoralis    f.    dissiti- 

florus 293 

biflorus   296 

biflorus  f.  adinus 296 

brachycarpus  298 

brachycephalus 297 

brachycephalus  var.  hexandrus .  . .  297 

brevicaudatus 302,  1033 

bufonius   293 

canadensis    296 

canadensis  var.  brachycephalus.  .  .  297 

canadensis  var.  brevicaudatus.  .  .  .  302 


PAGE 

canadensis  var.  coarctatus 302 

canadensis  var.  longicaudatus .  . .  .   296 

coriaceus   302,  1033 

debilis    302,  1033 

dichotomies    302 

diffusissimus   297 

Dudleyi     296 

effusus  var.   Pylaei 292 

effusus  var.  solutus 292 

Gerardi 293 

Greenei 294 

interior 296 

macer    294 

macer  f.  anthelatus 295 

macer  var.  anthelatus 295 

macer  f.  discretiflorus 295 

macer  f.  Williamsii 294 

macer  var.  Williamsii 294,  295 

marginatus    296 

marginatus  var.  biflorus 296 

monostichus    294 

nodatus 298 

nodosus 298 

nodosus  var.  megacephalus 299 

pelocarpus    298 

Richardsonianus    299 

robustus 298 

scirpoides 297 

secundus 294 

setaceus 302 

tenuis    302,  1033 

tenuis 294 

tenuis  var.  anthelatus 295 

tenuis  var.  Williamsii 294 

Torreyi   299 

Juneberry 532 

Junegrass    121 

Juniper 70 

prostrate    70 

Juniperus 70 

communis    1023 

communis  var.  depressa 70 

siberica    70 

virginiana  f.  Bremer ae 71 

virginiana  var.  crebra 71 

Jussiaea    700 

decurrens   700 

diffusa 700 

Just,   Theodor    10,  418 

K 

Kalmia    737 

angustifolia 1079 

latifolia     737 

Key  to  the  families  of  plants 25 

Keys  and  how  to  use  them 13 


Index 


1203 


PAGE 

Kickxia     835 

Elatine   835 

Knapweed,  brown   1104 

spotted   1104 

Tyrol 1105 

Knawel 444 

Kneiffia  fruticosa   706 

linearis    1077 

pumila   706 

Knotweed 407,  411 

Virginia    416 

Kochia    426 

Scoparia 426 

Scoparia  var.   trichophila 426 

Koeleria   121 

cristata 121 

Koellia  clinopodioides 1086 

flexuosa   820 

incana    1086 

mutica   1086 

pilosa  820 

pycnanthemoides   819 

virginiana 820 

Koelreuteria    658 

paniculata    658 

Koniga  maritima 1054 

Korycarpus  arundinaceus  110 

Kraunhia  macrostachys 602 

Kriebel,  Ralph  M 9 

Krigia 1004 

amplexicaulis   1005 

biflora  1005 

Dandelion 1005 

virginica 1005 

Kuhnia    910 

eupatorioides 910 

eupatorioides  var.  corymbulosa.  .  .   911 

Kyllinga 190 

pumila    190 

L 

Labiatae     798 

Lacegrass 110 

Lacinaria  cylindracea   911 

Deamii 912 

pycnostachya    911 

scariosa   912 

scariosa  intermedia 912 

scariosa  var.  Nieuwlandii 912 

scariosa  var.  petiolata 912 

scariosa  var.  praesignis 912 

scariosa  var.  strictissima 912 

spicata 012 

squarrosa    011 

Lactuca    1009 

campestris   1010 


PAGE 
canadensis kju 

canadensis  f.  angustipes 1011 

canadensis  var.  integrifolia loll 

canadensis  var.  integrifolia  f.  an- 

guslata ion 

canadensis  var.  Iatitolia In  I  1 

canadensis  var.  lati folia  f.  exauri- 

culata [oil 

canadensis  var.  obovata 1012 

canadensis  var.   obovata   f.  steno- 

poda   1012 

canadensis  var.  typica 1011 

floridana 1012 

hirsuta   n,,., 

integrifolia  1012 

ludoviciana   1010 

sagittifolia ion 

saligna    ion 

sativa    1105 

Scariola    1 0 1 0 

Scariola   var.   integrata 1010 

spicata    1 0 1 2 

spicata  var.  integrifolia 1012 

villosa 1012 

virosa 1105 

Lady  ferns 52 

Ladyslipper 336 

large  yellow   337 

pink    338 

showy   337 

small  yellow  

white 337 

Lake  area  of  Indiana 15 

Lamium    810 

album    1084 

amplexicaule   810 

purpureum 810 

Laportea    398 

canadensis   398 

Lappula    789 

echinata   789 

Lappula   789 

Redowskii  var.  occidentalis 1082 

virginiana 790 

Larch   68 

Larix 68 

laricina 68 

Larkspur    458 

field 1048 

rock     459 

rocket 458 

tall    1048 

Lathyrus    617 

japonicus  var.  glaber 618 

latifolius     1068 

ochroleucus    618 


1204 


Index 


PAGE 

palustris 619 

palustris  var.  linearifolius 619 

palustris  var.   myrtifolius 619 

venosus 618 

venosus    618 

venosus  var.  intonsus 618 

Lauraceae    480 

Lavauxia  triloba  707 

Leadplant    599 

Leafcup   955 

white-flower    956 

yellow-flower    956 

Leatherflower 463 

Pitcher 463 

Leatherleaf    738 

Leatherwood   694 

Leavenworthia    501 

Michaux   501 

uniflora 501 

Lechea    679 

intermedia   1074 

Leggettii   680 

Leggettii  var.  moniliformis 680 

maritima    1074 

minor    680 

recemulosa 680 

stricta 680 

tenuifolia   680 

villosa 680 

Lecticula  resupinata 863 

Leek,  wood    309 

Leersia   145 

lenticularis 146 

oryzoides    146 

virginica 145 

Leguminosae 582 

Lemna     280 

cyclostasa     281 

minima   281 

minor    280 

perpusilla 281 

trisulca 280 

Lemnaceae 279 

Lentibulariaceae     862 

Leontodon  autumnale 1105 

erythrospermum    1007 

Taraxacum   1007 

Leonurus    810 

Cardiaca 810 

Lepachys  columnaris    969 

pinnata    969 

Lepargyrea  canadensis    695 

Lepidium    487 

apetalum   488 

campestre    487 

densiflorum  var.  typicum 488 


PAGE 

Draba    488 

sativum    1051 

virginicum  var.  typicum 488 

Leptandra  virginica   849 

Leptilon  canadense   948 

divaricatum    948 

Leptochloa 141 

filiformis    141 

floribunda    142 

panicoides    142 

Leptoloma    148 

cognatum   148 

Lespedeza    610 

angustifolia 1067 

capitata    612 

capitata  var.  Ion gi folia 613 

capitata  var.  stenophylla 1068 

capitata  var.  velutina 613 

frutescens    614 

hirta    613 

intermedia    614 

intermedia  f.  Hahnii 614 

Korean    612 

leptostachya    1068 

Nuttallii   613 

procumbens   615 

procumbens  var.  elliptica 615 

repens 614 

stipulacea 612 

striata 612 

Stuevei    615 

Stuevei  f.  angustifolia 615 

violacea    614 

virginica     613 

virginica  f.  Deamii 614 

Lesquerella    502 

globosa  1053 

Lettuce   1009 

prickly    1010 

Leucas  martinicensis   1084 

Leucospora    844 

multifida     844 

Liatris     911 

Bebbiana    911 

Bebbiana   1095 

cylindracea    911 

pycnostachya 1095 

pycnostachya 911 

scariosa    912 

scariosa  f.  Benkei 913 

spicata    912 

squarrosa   911 

Licorice,  wild 876,  1067 

Ligusticum  724 

canadense 724 

Ligustrum   vulgare    1080 


Index 


L205 


PAGE 

Lilac,  common 1079 

Liliaceae 303 

Lilium 311 

canadense  f.  rubrum 313 

Catesbaei    1034 

michiganense    313 

philadelphicum    1034 

pbiladelphicum  var.  andinum 312 

superbum  312 

tigrinum 314 

umbellatum 312 

Lily .'ill 

blackberry 333 

Canada 313 

orangecup    1034 

tiger    314 

trout,  common    314 

trout,  white 314 

Turk's-cap 312 

western    312 

Lily-of-the-valley    320,  1035 

Limnanthaceae   647 

Limnobium 92 

Spongia    1024 

Limnorchis  dilatata   341 

hyperborea    341 

Limodorum  tuberosum 347 

Linaceae 629 

Linaria   835 

canadensis    836 

Elatine 835 

minor   836 

vulgaris    835 

Linden,  American    665 

Lindernia   844 

anagallidea    845 

dubia  var.  major 845 

dubia  var.  typica 845 

Linnaea    887 

americana   887 

borealis  var.  americana 887 

Linum  629 

intercursum 630 

medium    631 

medium  var.   texanum 631 

striatum   631 

sulcatum     630 

usitatissimum    1069 

virginianum 631 

Liparis    349 

liliifolia    349 

Loeselii »*>0 

Lipfern,  woolly 1020 

Lippia  lanceolata 798 

lanceolata  var.  recognita 798 


PAGE 

Liquidambar   523 

Styraciflua •">-•'* 

Liriodendron   179 

Tulipifera    179 

Lithospermum    792 

angusti folium 

arvense     793 

canescens   793 

carolinense    794 

croceum    7^4 

Gnu  lint    794 

incisum  793 

latifolium 793 

lineari folium    ' 

officinale •' 

Liveforever    1055 

wild 513 

Lizardtail,  common :;-'- 

Lobelia    896 

Cardinalis    896 

Cardinalis  f.   alba v<"' 

inflata 897 

Kalm 8i)7 

Kalmii     897 

large  blue    

puberula x-' ' 

siphilitica 896 

siphilitica  f.  albiflora 897 

spicata    °98 

spicata  var.  campanulata 899 

spicata  var.  hirtella 898 

spicata  var.  leptostachys 898 

spicata  var.  originalis 898 

Lobeliaceae    89<i 

Lobularia   509 

maritima    ' '  ' ' 

Locust,   black    602 

Loganiaceae    '  •' 

Lolium    l2° 

multiflorum    '-' 

I'll 
perenne _ 

temulentum    '  °-  • 

Lonicera   888 

canadensis    889 

dioica    s"'' 

dioica  var.  glaucescens B89 

dioica  var.  glaucescens  f.  dasj  g3  ";i   890 

glaucescens  

hirsuta  

japonica   

oblongifolia    '"' 

prolifera 890 

sempervirens 1093 

Sullivantii 890 

tatarica    ll,!,: 

Xylosteum 1693 


1206 


Index 


PAGE 

Looking-glass,  Venus 896 

Loosestrife,  fringed   748 

hairy  swamp    698 

purple 697 

smooth  swamp   698 

water    747 

whorled 748 

Lophotocarpus    88 

calycinus    88 

calycinus  var.  depauperatus 88 

calycinus  var.  maximum 88 

Lopseed    866 

Loranthaceae    401 

Lotus,  American    450 

Lovegrass    108 

Frank's    110 

India    1026 

Mexican 1026 

purple   109 

Love-in-a-mist    1047 

Lower  Wabash  Valley 18 

Ludwigia    700 

alternifolia    701 

glandulosa   701 

hirtella   1076 

palustris 1076 

palustris 701 

palustris  var.  americana 701 

polycarpa 701 

sphaerocarpa 1076 

sphaerocarpa    701 

sphaerocarpa  var.  Deamii 701 

virgata   1076 

Lupine,  sun-dial   593 

Lupinus    593 

perennis   593 

Luzula    300 

campestris  var.  bulbosa 301 

campestris  var.  echinata 301 

campestris  var.  multiflora 301 

carolinae  var.  saltuensis 300 

echinata    301 

echinata  var.   mesochorea 301 

intermedia 301 

multiflora 301 

multiflora  var.  hulbosa 301 

saltuensis    300 

Lychnis 449 

alba    448,  449 

chalcedonica    1046 

Coronaria 1046 

Lycium   827 

halimifolium    827 

Lycopodiaceae 63 

Lycopodium 63 


PAGE 

clavatum 1021 

complanatum     1021 

complanatum    64 

complanatum  var.   flab elli forme.  .     64 

flabelliforme    64 

flabelliforme  65 

inundatum    64 

lucidulum 64 

lucidulum  var.  occidentale 1022 

lucidulum  var.  porophilum 1022 

obscurum    64 

obscurum  var.  dendroideum 64 

porophilum 1022 

porophilum   64 

Selago  var.  patens 64 

tristachyum    1022 

Lycopsis 790 

arvensis    1083 

Lycopus    821 

americanus    822 

americanus  var.  Longii 823 

asper 1087 

europaeus    823 

rubellus    822 

rubellus  var.  arkansanus 822 

sessilifolius    822 

uniflorus 821 

virginicus 822 

Lygodium  palmatum 1019 

Lyon,  Marcus  W.,  Jr 9 

Lysias  Hookeriana   342 

orbiculata    342 

Lysimachia    746 

ciliata    748 

hybrida 749 

lanceolata 749 

longifolia    750 

Nummularia    747 

quadrifolia     748 

terrestris    748 

thyrsiflora    747 

Lythraceae     695 

Lythrum 697 

alatum    697 

Salicaria 697 

winged    697 

M 

Macleya  cordata 1050 

Madura    395 

pomifera     395 

Madia    986 

capitata    986 

Magnolia    479 

acuminata    479 

Magnoliaceae    478 


Index 


1207 


PAGE 

Maianthemum 318 

canadense     318 

canadense  var.  interius 319 

canadense  f .  trifolium 319 

Maidenhair  fern    57 

Malaxis    349 

brachypoda    1038 

monophyllos    1038 

unifolia 349 

Mallow    667 

clustered  poppy    668 

curly    1073 

glade 668 

high     667 

hollyhock 1073 

Indian   666 

musk 668 

roundleaf 668 

Malus    528 

angustifolia 1058 

coronaria 528 

coronaria  var.  dasycalyx 529 

glaucescens   528 

ioensis 529 

lancifolia    528 

pumila    1058 

Malva    667 

alcea    1073 

crispa    1073 

moschata    668 

neglecta    668 

pusilla    667 

rotundifolia   667 

rotundifolia    668 

sylvestris   1073 

sylvestris  var.   mauretiana 667 

Malvaceae    666 

Malvastrum 668 

angustum    1073 

Manfreda  virginica :<29 

Mannagrass    102 

American 102 

Canada    1,):; 

eastern   '04 

fowl 102 

northern 103 

pale 103 

Map  of  the  state  of  Indiana 1165 

Maple,  black 656 

red 655 

silver 655 

sugar    65  i 

Marigold,  fetid  988 

marsh    455 

water   ' 

Marrubium    806 

vulgare °"b 


PAGE 

Marshfern    47 

Marsilia  quadrifolia 1021 

Martynia    860 

louisianica   860 

Martyniaceae     860 

Matricaria    990 

matricarioides 990 

suaveolens 090 

Matrimony-vine,  common    

Matteuccia  Strutkiopteris M 

Mayapple    '"  ' 

common    475 

red-fruited    

Maypop    693 

McCoy,  Scott 9 

McKee,  Madge   

McVaugh,  Rogers    10 

Meadowbeauty,  common 699 

Maryland   699 

Meadowrue    473 

early     4^:; 

purple    474 

waxy    

Meadowsweet,  European   1"'; 

Medeola    :i21 

virginiana    'i£-1 

Medic,  black    594 

Medicago    593 

hispida    1065 

hybrida ln' 

lupulina    •'•)  l 

sativa    ™* 

Meehania    807 

cordata   1084 

cordata    8lfi 

Megalodonta    ^8.> 

Beckii    985 

Meibomia  bracteosa    60 1 

canadensis 608 

canescens ' '" ' 

glabella    lm;T 

grandiflora    

illinoensis    '" ' 

laevigata 608 

marilandica 

Michauxii    r'"" 

nudiflora    ,;'"; 

obtusa ,;"'-' 

ijdticitlortt 

rigida ,;"'' 

*  I  I  ~ 

sessilifolia     

viridiflora    

Melampyrum 857 

lineare  var.   latifolium 857 

lineare  var.  pectinatum 8>7 

lineare  var.  typicum 1090 


1208 


Index 


PAGE 

Melanthium   307 

virginicum 307 

Melastomaceae   698 

Melic,  two-flower Ill 

three-flower Ill 

Melica Ill 

mutica     Ill 

nitens    Ill 

striata    112 

Melilotus    594 

alba 594 

officinalis    595 

Melissa  818 

officinalis    818 

Melothria 892 

pendula 892 

Menispermaceae 477 

Menispermum   478 

canadense 478 

Mentha 823 

aquatica    1087 

arvensis    825 

arvensis  var.  canadensis 825 

arvensis  var.  glabrata 825 

arvensis  var.  sativa 825 

canadensis 825 

Cardiaca    1087 

gentilis  826 

longifolia  var.  mollissima 824 

longifolia  var.  undulata 1087 

piperita 824 

rotundifolia    824 

spicata    824 

Menyanthes 760 

trifnliata   760 

trifoliata  var.  minor 760 

Mercury,  three-seeded 639 

Merrybells,  big 308 

little    308 

wood    1033 

Mertensia 792 

virginica     792 

virginica    792 

Mesadenia  reniformis   995 

Mespilus  cuneiformis  540 

Mexican-clover   1106 

Mexican  tea    422 

Miami  mist   787 

Micrampelis  lobata 893 

Microstylis  unifolia 349 

Mikania    910 

scandens 910 

Milium    137 

effusum 137 

Milkweed    765 

common    769 


PAGE 

green 764 

horsetail   766 

Mead 767 

poke    769 

purple    769 

smooth    768 

swamp 768 

Millet,  broomcorn    1030 

foxtail 176 

tribe   147 

Mimosa,  Illinois   585 

Mimulus 842 

alatus    842 

glabratus  var.  Fremontii 1089 

ringens 842 

viscidula  var.  typica 1089 

Mint    823 

apple 824 

field    825 

Mirabilis     433 

Jalapa 1044 

Miscanthus  sinensis 178 

Mistflower    909 

Mistletoe,  American   401 

Mitchella    873 

repens 873 

Mitella    518 

diphylla    519 

nuda    1055 

Mockorange 519 

big  scentless   1056 

scentless 1056 

sweet 1055 

Moehringia  lateriflora   442 

Mollugo 434 

verticillata 434 

Monarda 814 

Bradburiana    814 

clinopodia     815 

didyma    1085 

fistulosa    815 

fistulosa  var.  mollis 815 

mollis   815 

punctata    815 

punctata  var.  villicaulis 815 

Moneywort     747 

Monkeyflower    842 

Monkshood,  clambering    459 

Monocoty  Iedoneae    26 

Monotropa   737 

Hypopitys   737 

Hypopitys  var.  rubra 737 

lanuginosa   737 

uniflora 737 

Monotropoideae    733 

Moonseed,  common    478 


Index 


1209 


PAGE 

Moraceae    394 

Morning-glory 77G 

common    777 

ivyleaf    777 

Morus   395 

alba 1040 

alba  var.  tatarica 395 

nigra 1041 

rubra 395 

Motherwort,  common    810 

Mountain-ash    529 

showy    529 

Mountain-laurel    737 

Mountain-mint    819 

hairy 820 

slender    820 

Virginia    820 

Mousetail  464 

Mud  plantain 288 

Muhlenbergia    131 

ambigua 134 

brachyphylla   133 

capillaris    131 

cuspidata    132 

foliosa 134 

foliosa  f.  ambigua 134 

glabriflora    132 

mexicana    133 

mexicana  f.  commutata 133 

racemosa    134 

Schreberi    132 

sobolifera 132 

sobolifera  f.  setigera 132 

sylvatica 134 

sylvatica  f.  attenuata 134 

tenuiflora   134 

umbrosa 134 

Muhly   131 

marsh    134 

plains   132 

wirestem    133 

Mulberry    395 

black   1041 

paper    1041 

red 395 

Russian     395 

white    1040 

Mullein 834,  835 

moth    834 

Munz,  P.  A 10 

Muscari    315 

botryoides    316 

racemosum 316 

Mustard,  ball 1053 

black  492 

field 492 


PAGE 

hairy-pod  hedge  489 

hares-ear    510 

Indian 492 

smooth-pod  hedge   489 

tower 507 

treacle    508 

tumble    490 

white    1051 

wormseed 508 

Myosotis     790 

arvensis    LI 

Iaxa 791 

macrosperma     791 

micrantha    792 

scorpioides 790 

virginica 791 

virginica  var.   macrosperma 791 

Myosurus 464 

minimus   464 

Myrica  asplenifolia ::i\r, 

Myricaceae    365 

Myriophyllum   710 

exalbescens    710 

heterophyllum 711 

humile     1077 

humile   var.   capillaceum 1077 

pectinatum    711 

pinnatum 711 

scabratum    711 

spicatum    710 

verticillatum     1077 

verticillatum  var.  pectinatum 711 

N 

Naiad    84 

Najadaceae    84 

Najas    84 

flexilis 84 

flexilis  var.  robusta 84 

gracillima     85 

gracillima   85 

guadalupensis   85 

Names    of   collecting   places    not    in 

current  use    1113 

Nannyberry 882 

Napaea 668 

dioica    668 

Narcissus 329 

poeticus    1036 

poets   1036 

Pseudo-Narcissus 1036 

Nasturtium    496 

officinale 496 

officinale 499 

Nmi.mbergia  thyrsiflora 747 

Needle-and-thread    138 


1210 


Index 


PAGE 

Needlegrass 138 

blackseed   138 

Needles,  Spanish 983 

Nelumbo 450 

lutea 450 

pentapetala    450 

Nemopanthus 653 

mucronata    653 

Neobeckia  aquatica 496 

Nepeta 807 

Cataria  807 

hederacea 807 

Neslia   502 

paniculata    1053 

Nettle  398 

Canada 398 

false    400 

false,  droopingleaf 400 

hedge 810 

horse 830 

tall    398 

New  York  fern 47 

Nicandra    827 

physalodes 827 

Nieuwland,   J.   A 9 

Nigella  damascena 1047 

Nightshade    829 

bitter    831 

common    830 

enchanter's    709 

Nimblewill 132 

Ninebark,  common    526 

Illinois    526 

Norta  altissima 490 

Nothoscordum 311 

bivalve    311 

Nuphar 453 

advena 453 

sagittifolia 1047 

variegata   453 

Nutrush    209 

Nyctaginaceae    432 

Nyctelea 785 

Nyctelea  Nyctelea 785 

Nymphaea   452 

advena 453 

advena  var.  variegata 453 

odorata  1046 

odorata 452 

sagittifolia 1047 

tuberosa   452 

Nymphaeaceae    450 

Nyssa    729 

aquatica    1078 

biflora 1079 

sylvatica     729 

sylvatica  var.  caroliniana 729 


O  PAGE 

Oak   379 

bear 1040 

black 386 

blackjack    389 

bur     384 

chestnut    383 

chinquapin   382 

chinquapin,  dwarf   382 

Deam    4 

jack 387 

Jerusalem 422 

mossycup 384 

overcup     384 

pin 386 

post  383 

red 385 

scarlet    388 

Schneck  red   387 

shingle  385 

Shumard  red 386 

southern  red   389 

swamp  chestnut  383 

swamp  white 382 

Texas  red 1040 

turkey    1040 

water   1040 

white    381 

willow 1040 

Oakesia  sessilifolia 308 

Oakfern    1019 

Oat   123,  1027 

tribe    121 

wild  1027 

Oatgrass,  poverty  125 

tall    123 

Obolaria   756 

virginica 756 

Oenothera    703 

albicaulis    1077 

biennis    703,  704 

canovirens    705 

cymatilis    705 

f  ruticosa 1077 

fruticosa    706 

grandiflora    1076 

laciniata   706 

linearis 1077 

muricata    704 

nutans 705 

Oakesiana    1077 

perennis  var.  typica 706 

pilosella    706 

pratensis   706 

pumila   706 

pycnocarpa    704 

rhombipetala 705 


Index 


1211 


PAGE 

speciosa    706 

strigosa   705 

tetragona  var.  longistipata 706 

triloba 707 

triloba  var.  parviflora 1077 

Oleaceae 752 

Onion,  nodding 310 

Onoclea   45 

sensibilis    45 

sensibilis  f.  hemiphyllodes 45 

sensibilis  f.  obtusilobata 45 

Struthiopteris     44 

Onagraceae    699 

Onopordum    1003 

Acanthium 1003 

Onosmodium    794 

hispidissimum  794 

molle 1083 

occidentale 1083 

virginianum 1083 

Ophioglossaceae  37 

Ophioglossum    37 

Engelmanni 38 

vulgatum    37 

vulgatum  f.  pseudopodum 37 

Opulaster  intermedins   526 

opulifolius 526 

Opuntia    694 

humifusa    694 

Opuntia   694 

vulgaris   694 

Orach 425 

halberdleaved 426 

narrowleaf    425 

spear    426 

Orchard  grass    HI 

Orchid,  cranefly 350 

fringeless  purple   343 

grass-pink    347 

green  fringe    343 

Hooker    342 

large  roundleaf    342 

northern   green    341 

prairie  white  fringe 343 

satyr 340 

small  green  wood 341 

small  purple  fringe 343 

tubercled    340 

white  bog 341 

yellow  fringe 34; 

Orchidaceae 33d 

Orchis 339 

showy   

spectabilis    *39 

Omithogalum    31  a 

umbellatum    315 


PAGE 

Orobanchaceae    860 

( )robanche    860 

fasciculata  var.  typica 861 

ludoviciana  var.  genuina 861 

u ni  Mm  a  var.  typica 861 

Oryzeae    145 

Oryzopsis 137 

asperifolia    137 

pungens    137 

racemosa    137 

Osage-orange    395 

Osier,  common    1039 

Osmorhiza    719 

Claytoni    719 

longistylis    719 

longistylis  var.  brachycoma 720 

longistylis  var.  villicaulis 720 

Osmunda    40 

cinnamomea     41 

cinnamomea  f.  auriculata 11 

cinnamomea  f.  incisa 42 

cinnamomea  f.  frondosa 42 

Claytoniana 41 

regalis    41 

regalis  var.  spectabilis 41 

Osmundaceae    40 

Ostrya    373 

virginiana    373 

virginiana  f.  glandulosa 374 

Otophylla  auriculata    853 

Oxalidaceae 626 

Oxalis   626 

Acetosella    1069 

Brittoniae    628 

corniculata    629 

europaea 629 

europaea  var.  Bushii  f.  subglabrata  629 
europaea  var.  Bushii  f.  vestita.  . .  .   629 

europaea  f.  cymosa 629 

europaea  f.  villicaulis 629 

filipes   ,;-s 

florida   628 

grandis 627 

montana 1069 

repens u-~ 

stricta 628 

stricta  var.   piletocarpa 628 

stricta  f.  viridiflora 628 

violacea    627 

violacea  var.  trichophora 627 

Oxybaphus     433 

albidus    IO44 

hirsutus    1044 

linearis  1044 

nyctagineus  433 

Oxy  coccus  macrocarpos 744 

Oxycoccus    744 


1212 


Index 


PAGE 

Oxydendrum    738 

arboreum    738 

Oxypolis 727 

rigidior 727 

Oyster,  vegetable 1006 

P 

Padus  nana 581 

virginiana 582 

Paintbrush,  Indian   856 

Palmer,  E.  J 10,  533 

Panax   714 

quinquefolium 714 

trifolium    714 

Paniceae   147 

Panicularia  acutiflora   104 

borealis    103 

canadensis 103 

grandis    102 

nervata    102 

pallida   103 

septentrionalis   104 

Torreyana 1025 

Panicum   150 

Addisonii    169 

agrostoidea,  section 158 

agrostoides    159 

albemarlense 166 

amarura    1029 

anceps 159 

Ashei     172 

auburne    166 

barbulatum 163 

Bicknelliana,  section  162 

Bicknellii    162 

boreale    163 

Boscii    174 

Boscii  var.  molle 174 

capillare  157 

capillaria,  section 156 

clandestinum 173 

columbiana,  section 169 

columbianum 169 

commutata,  section   172 

commutatum   173 

Deamii    169 

depauperata,  section 160 

depauperatum 160 

depauperatum  var.  psilophyllum.  .  160 

dichotomiflora,  section    156 

dichotomiflorum    156 

dichotomiflorum  var.  puritanorum.  156 

dichotoma,  section 162 

dichotomum 163 

flexile    157 

Gattingeri    157 


PAGE 

huachucae    167 

huachucae   var.   fasciculatum 168 

huachucae  var.  silvicola 168 

implicatum     166 

key  to  sections 151 

key  to  species 152 

lanuginosa,  section    164 

lanuginosum  var.  fasciculatum.  . .  168 

lanuginosum  var.  implicatum....  166 

lanuginosum  var.  Lindheimeri. .  . .  164 

lanuginosum  var.  septentrionale .  .  166 

latifolia,  section 173 

latifolium 174 

laxiflora,   section    161 

laxiflorum   161 

Leibergii    171 

Lindheimeri 164 

linearifolium   161 

linearifolium  var.  Werneri 161 

lucidum     163 

mattamuskeetense   163 

meridionale    167 

meridionale  var.  albemarlense . . .  .  166 

microcarpon 163 

miliaceum    1030 

oligosanthes    171 

oligosanthes  var.  Scribnerianum .  .  171 

oligosanthia,  section 171 

perlongum    161 

philadelphicum   157 

polyanthes  170 

praecocius    166 

pseudopubescens     168 

scoparioides 168 

scoparium    1030 

Scribnerianum    171 

sphaerocarpa,  section   170 

sphaerocarpon 170 

spreta,  section 164 

spretum    164 

stipitatum    159 

subvillosum    168 

tennesseense    166 

tsugetorum    169 

Tuckermani    157 

Tuckermani    1030 

verrucosa,   section    159 

verrucosum    159 

villosissimum    168 

villosissimum     var.     pseudopubes- 
cens      168 

villosissimum  var.  scoparioides.  . .  168 

virgata,  section   158 

virgatum    158 

Werneri 161 

xalapense 161 

yadkinense 164 


Index 


121:; 


PAGE 

Pansy,  field   692 

garden    602 

Papaver  Rhoeas 1050 

somniferum     1050 

Papaveraceae    481 

Papaw     479 

Papyrius  papyrifera   1041 

Parietaria    401 

pennsyh  anica    401 

Parnassia 519 

carolinianu    519 

glauca 519 

glauca 897 

Paronychia     442 

canadensis    443 

{'astigiata  var.  paleacea 443 

fastigiata  var.  typica 443 

Parsley,  erect  hedge 720 

fool's 1078 

Parsnip 727 

cow    728 

water 724 

Parsonia  petiolata 698 

Parthenium    959 

integrifolium 959 

Parthenocissus    664 

inserta 665 

quinquefolia     664 

quinquefolia  f.  hirsuta 664 

vitacea 6(55 

Partridgeberry    873 

Paspalum  149 

ciliatif  olium 1029 

circulare 149 

fluitans   149 

laeve   1029 

mucronatum    149 

Muhlenberg 'ii    150 

pubescens 150 

pubiflorum  var.  glabrum 149 

repens    149 

setaceum    1029 

stramineum   150 

supinum    1029 

Passiflora 693 

incarnata    693 

lutea  var.   glabriflora 693 

Passifloraceae   693 

Passionflower,  yellow   693 

Pastinaca   "27 

sativa    727 

Paulownia    842 

royal    842 

tomentosa    842 

Pea    617 

beach 618 


PAGE 

butterfly 620 

creamcolor 618 

downy  milk   621 

hairy  veiny    619 

marsh    619 

myrtle-leaf  marsh 619 

perennial L068 

smooth  veiny    618 

Pear,  common I 

prickly    694 

Pearlwort 441 

Pecan    368 

Pedicularis 857 

canadensis    - 

lanceolata  

Pellaea    55 

atropurpurea 55 

glabella     56 

Pellitory,  Pennsylvania    401 

Peltandra 278 

virginica 278 

virginica  f.  hasti folia 278 

Pencil-flower 603 

Pennell,  Francis  W 10,  832 

Pennycress    489 

perfoliate    489 

Pennyroyal,  American 817 

false   801 

rough    817 

Pennywort,  American 716 

umbellate     716 

water    716 

Penstemon   839 

alluviorum    841 

calycosus    840 

canescens  var.  typicus 841 

Deamii 841 

Digitalis 840 

Digitalis    840 

eastern     <s  4 1 

foxglove     840 

hirsutus    841 

laevigatus    1089 

lin  vigatus  var.  Digitalis <v  10 

pallidas     841 

I  ubacflorus    840 

tube 840 

[Vnstemon  839 

IVnthorum 514 

sedoides    514 

Pepper,  mild  water 415 

water 415 

Peppergrass    488 

field 487 

Peppermint    824 

Pepperwort    1021 


1214 


Index 


PAGE 

Peramium  pubescens 347 

Perideridia 723 

americana    723 

Perilla 826 

frutescens  var.  crispa 826 

purple 826 

Periwinkle,  common   761 

Persicaria  ammophila    412 

amphibia  411 

Careyi    414 

carictorum    412 

coccinea 412 

coccinea  var.  asprella 412 

coccinea  var.  tanaophylla 412 

emersa  - 412 

fluitans    412 

grandifolia    412 

Hartwrightii    412 

Hydropiper    414,  1042 

hydropiperoides   415 

lapathifolia 414 

lonchophylla   412 

mesochora 412 

mesochora  var.  arenicola 412 

Muhlenbergii    412 

pennsylvanica 413 

Persicaria   415 

persicarioides  1043 

pratincola   412 

punctata    415 

tanaophylla 412 

tomentosa    1043 

Persimmon,  common 751 

Perularia  flava   340 

scutellata    340 

Petalostemum  600 

candidum    600 

purpureum 600 

Petunia 832 

axillaris    1088 

violacea    1088 

Petunia     1088 

Phacelia    786 

bipinnatifida    786 

Coville 786 

Covillei   786 

dubia 1082 

Pursh    787 

Purshii    787 

ranunculacea 786 

Phaethusa  helianthoides   979 

Phalarideae   144 

Phalaris    144 

arundinacea 145 

arundinacea  var.  picta 145 

canariensis 1029 


PAGE 

Phaseolus 622 

polystachyus   622 

Pheasanteye    1049 

Phegopteris  Dryopteris   1019 

hexagonoptera    47 

polypodioides    1019 

Philadelphus    519 

coronarius    1055 

grandiflorus 1056 

inodorus    1056 

Philotria    92 

angustifolia    92 

Phleum  130 

pratense   130 

Phlox    778 

Phlox    778 

amoena 1082 

amplifolia    779 

argillacea 782 

bifida     782 

bifida  var.  glandifera 782 

bifida  var.  stellaria 783 

blue    782 

Carolina  var.  triflora 780 

cleft 782 

divaricata 782 

divaricata  var.  Laphami 782 

downy 781 

garden    779 

glaberrima 780 

maculata    780 

mountain    779 

ovata 779 

paniculata    779 

pilosa    781 

pilosa  var.  amplexicaulis 782 

pilosa  var.  fulgida 781 

pilosa  var.  virens 781 

smooth    780 

stolonifera   1082 

subulata    783 

subulata  var.  ciliata 783 

sweet  William 780 

Phoradendron    401 

flavescens 401 

Phragmites    HI 

communis HI 

Phryma    866 

Leptostachya 866 

Phrymaceae 866 

Phyla    798 

lanceolata     798 

Phyllanthus 637 

caroliniensis    637 

Physalis    828 

ambigua   829 


Index 


1215 


PAGE 

angulata 1087 

heterophylla    829 

ixocarpa   1087 

lanceolata    1087 

nyctaginea 829 

peruviana 1088 

pruinosa 829 

pubescens 829 

subglabrata   828 

virginiana    828 

Physalodes  physalodes 827 

Physocarpus    525 

opulifolius    526 

opulifolius  var.  intermedius 526 

Physostegia     808 

parviflora 1084 

speciosa    808 

virginiana    809 

virginiana    808,  809 

Phytolacca 433 

americana    433 

decandra    433 

Phytolaccaceae    433 

Pickerelweed  288 

Pigweed    419 

rough  green 429 

slender    429 

southern  white  422 

winged   424 

wood 422 

Pilea    399 

fontana 400 

pumila 399 

pumila  var.  Deamii 399 

Pimpernel,  scarlet 750 

Pinaceae 66 

Pine 67 

jack  67 

northern  white  67 

Norway 1022 

pitch    1023 

shortleaf    1022 

Virginia  67 

Pine-sap    737 

Pink,  deptford   449 

moss 783 

mullein     1046 

sweet  William   1046 

Pinkroot 754 

Pinnatifid  spleenwort   53 

Pinus 67 

Banksiana "' 

echinata    1022 

1092 
resinosa    1V^" 

rigida    1023 

Strobus 67 

virginiana    


PA 

Pinweed    679 

large   680 

Pipe,  Indian 737 

Pipe-vine,  woolly   404 

Pipsissewa,  common   734 

striped    734 

Pitcherplant,  common 511 

Planetree,  American   523 

Plantaginaceae   867 

Plantago    867 

aristata     869 

cordata   868 

elongata  L091 

indica    L091 

lanceolata     869 

lanceolata   var.   sphaerostachya    f. 

eriophora   869 

major    868 

Purshii    870 

pusilla 870 

Rugelii    868 

Kugelii  var.  asperula 869 

sparsiflora    1091 

virginica 870 

Plantain    867 

bracted   869 

Buckhorn    869 

common    868 

English 869 

heartleaf    868 

Indian 994 

Pursh    870 

Robin's   948 

Rugel M$ 

Plants  of  Indiana,  common  names  of     L2 

date  of  flowering 1 1 

distribution    10 

key  to  families 25 

list  of  collectors 1 1 1  :> 

standardized  names 12 

Platanaceae 523 

Platanus :'-:i 

occidentalis    523 

occidentalis  f.  attenunta 523 

Pleiotaenia  Nuttallii 727 

Pluchea    949 

camphorata    949 

camphorata 049* 

foetida   1099 

marilandica    •'  '-1 

petiolata    949 

viscida  '•'''' 

Plum,  American 

Canada    580 

Chickasaw 580 

hortulan    581 

woollyleaf    579 


1216 


Index 


PAGE 

Plume  grass   178 

silver 178 

Poa    104 

alsodes    106 

annua    105 

autumnalis 105 

brachyphylla 108 

Chapmaniana    105 

compressa    106 

cuspidata    108 

debilis     106 

languida 106 

leptocoma    107 

paludigena 107 

palustris 107 

pratensis    107 

sylvestris   107 

triflora 107 

trivialis 106 

Wolfii    107 

Podophyllum   475 

peltatum 475 

peltatum  f.  aphyllum 476 

Podostemaceae    512 

Podostemum    512 

ceratophyllum 1054 

Pogonia    344 

nodding    344 

ophioglossoides 344 

rose  344 

trianthophora 344 

verticillata    344 

whorled    344 

Poinsettia  dentata 644 

heterophylla   645 

Pokeberry,  common 433 

Polanisia    511 

graveolens   511 

trachysperma    511 

Polemoniaceae    778 

Polemonium     784 

creeping   784 

reptans   784 

Polycodium  stamineum 741 

Polygala 633 

ambigua   635 

cruciata    636 

fringed    634 

incarnata    1070 

Nuttallii   1070 

paucifolia 634 

polygama 634 

polygama  var.  ramulosa 634 

Pretzii   635 

sanguinea 636 

Senega    634 


PAGE 

Senega  var.  latifolia 634 

verticillata 635 

verticillata  var.  isocycla 635 

verticillata  var.  sphenostachya.  .  . .    635 

viridescens 636 

Polygalaceae 633 

Polygonaceae    404 

Polygonatum 319 

biflorum    320 

biflorum 320 

canaliculatum 320 

commutatum 320 

commutatum  f.  ramosum 320 

pubescens 320 

Polygonella    418 

articulata 418 

Polygonum 407 

acre    415 

acre  var.  leptostachyum 415 

amphibium    412 

amphibium  var.  aquaticum 412 

amphibium  var.  Hartivrightii . ...   412 

arif  olium 1042 

arifolium 417 

arifolium  var.  lentiforme 417 

atlanticum   1042 

aviculare    411 

aviculare  var.  angustissimum . . .  .   411 

aviculare  var.  arenastrum 1042 

aviculare  var.  vegetum 410 

buxiforme    411 

Careyi 414 

coccineum 412 

coccineum  var.  pratincola 412 

Convolvulus 417 

dumetorum 417 

emersum    412 

erectum    410 

exsertum    410 

Hydropiper    1042 

Hydropiper 414 

Hydropiper  var.  projectum 414 

hydropiperoides 415 

hydropiperoides      var.      persicari- 

oides   1043 

hydropiperoides  var.  strigosum...   415 

lapathifolium    414 

monspeliense 410 

Muhlenbergii    412 

natans  f.  genuinum 411 

natans  f.  Hartwrightii 412 

neglectum    411 

orientale 416 

pennsylvanicum  var.  genuinum...    413 
pennsylvanicum  var.  laevigatum.  .    414 


Index 


1217 


PAGE 

pennsylvanicum     var.     laevigatum 

f.  pallescens 414 

Persicaria    415 

punctatum   415 

ramosissimum 1043 

sagittatum 417 

scandens 418 

setaceum 1043 

setaceum  var.  interjectum 416 

tenue 411 

tomentosum 1043 

virginianum 416 

Polymnia    955 

canadensis   956 

canadensis  f.  radiata 956 

Uvedalia 956 

Polypodiaceae  42 

Polypodium   57 

polypodioides 58 

polypodioides  var.  Michauxianum .      58 

virginianum 57 

vulgare 57 

Polypody,  common 57 

Polypremum   procumbens    1080 

Polystichum 50 

acrostichoides    50 

acrostichoides  f.  crispum 50 

acrostichoides  f.  incisum 50 

acrostichoides  var.  Schweinitzii . .  .     50 

Polytaenia    727 

Nuttallii   727 

Pondweed 75 

horned 84 

Pontederia    287 

cordata    288 

cordata  f.  angustifolia 288 

cordata  f.  latifolia 288 

Pontederiaceae    287 

Poplar  352 

balsam    353 

white 353 

Poppy   482 

corn 1050 

Mexican    1050 

opium    1050 

prickly 482 

Populus *■'- 

alba   353 

balsamifera  353 

candicans  353 

deltoides *-,:5 

grandidentata    354 

heterophylla *53 

Tacamahacca 353 

Tacamahacca   var.   candicans 353 

tremuloides    354 


PAGE 

Porteranthus  stipulatus 528 

t  rifoliatus    1058 

Portulaca    435 

common    1045 

grandiflora   1045 

oleracea    435 

Portulacaceae    4:H 

Possumhaw    052 

Potatobean <12 1 

Potent  ilia   565 

Anserina 566 

argentea   51)7 

arguta 566 

canadensis    LI 

fruticosa   566 

monspeliensis    567 

palustris 566 

recta    567 

recta  var.  obscura 1062 

simplex  var.  argyrisma 568 

simplex   var.    typica 567 

Poterium  Sanguisorba 1063 

Potzger,  J.   E 9 

Potamogeton 75 

americanus    78 

amplifolius    78 

angustifolius  79 

capillaceus   79 

crispus    80 

dimorphus    1023 

diversifolius 79 

epihydrus 81 

filiformis    1023 

foliosus 81 

foliosus   var.    macellus 81 

Friesii   81 

gramineus    var.    graminifolius.  .  .  .      79 

heterophil!!"*    79 

hybridus 79 

illinoensis   79 

lucens    80 

natans   78 

panormitanus  var.  major 82 

panormitanus  var.  minor 83 

pectinatus 83 

perfoliatus  1 023 

praelongus     80 

pulcher    79 

pusillus 1024 

pusillus  var.  mucronatus 82 

Richardsonii    81 

Kobbinsii    83 

Kobinsii  f.  cultellatus 83 

strictifolius    82 

strictifolius  var.   rutiloides 82 

Vasevi   1024 


1218 


Index 


PAGE 

zosterfolius  80 

zosteriformis 81 

Potamogetonaceae  75 

Prairieclover,  purple 600 

white 600 

Prenanthes    1014 

alba 1015 

altissima    1014 

aspera   1015 

crepidinea    1016 

racemosa    1015 

serpentaria    1106 

trifoliolata 1015 

Primrose-willow 700 

floating 700 

Primulaceae 744 

Princes-plume   416 

Privet,   European 1080 

Proserpinaca   711 

palustris 1078 

palustris    712 

palustris   var.   crebra 712 

palustris  var.  amblyogona 712 

Prunella   808 

vulgaris    808 

vulgaris  var.  lanceolata 808 

vulgaris  var.  minor 808 

vulgaris  var.  nana 808 

Prunus    578 

americana    579 

angustifolia   580 

angustifolia  var.  Watsoni 1064 

Cerasus  1064 

cuneata   580,  1064 

hortulana   581 

lanata    579 

Mahaleb   582 

nigra   580 

pennsylvanica    581 

Persica   1064 

pumila 579 

sorotina    582 

susquefianac 580,  1064 

virginiana 581 

virginiana  var.  demissa 581 

Psedera   quinque folia 664 

vitacea   665 

Psilocarya    207 

nitens    207 

scirpoides 207 

Psoralea   597 

few-flower    597 

Onobrychis 598 

pedunculata 598 

psoralioides  var.  eglandulosa 598 

sainfoin 598 


PAGE 

stipulata   598 

tenuiflora    597 

Ptelea   632 

mesochora    632 

trifoliata    632 

trifoliata  var.  Deamiana 632 

trifoliata  var.  mollis 1070 

trifoliata  f.  pubescens 632 

Pteretis    44 

nodulosa 44 

nodulosa  f.  pubescens 45 

Pteridium 57 

aquilinum    57 

latiusculum    57 

Pteridophyta    25,     37 

Pteris  aquilina 57 

Puccoon    793 

Pumpkins 892 

Purslane,  common  435 

marsh   701 

water 697 

Pussytoes 951,  952,  953 

Parlin   952 

plantain-leaf   952 

single-head 952 

Puttyroot 351 

Pycnanthemum 819 

clinopodioides    1086 

flexuosum 820 

incanum    1086 

muticum 1086 

pilosum   820 

pycnanthemoides 819 

virginianum   820 

Pyrola  735 

americana    736 

asarifolia   1079 

asarifolia  var.  incarnata 736 

chlorantha    736 

elliptica 736 

rotundifolia  var.  americana 736 

roundleaf   736 

secunda  735 

Pyroloideae    733 

Pyrrhopappus   1013 

carolinianus 1013 

Pyrus 528 

arbutifolia  var.  atropurpurea ....    530 

communis   1058 

melanocarpa  530 

Q 

Quackgrass    114 

Quamasia  hyacinthina 315 

Quamoclit     777 

coccinea    777 


Index 


1219 


PAGE 

Queen  Anne's-lace 728 

Quercus 379 

alba 381 

alba  f .  latiloba 381 

alba  X  bicolor 382 

alba  X  Muhlenbergii 382 

alba  X  Prinus 381 

alba  X  stellata 382 

Beadlei    381 

bicolor     382 

bicolor  X  macrocarpa 382 

borealis  var.  maxima 385 

Bushii   390 

Catesbaei   1040 

coccinea    388 

coccinea   var.    tuberculata 388 

Deamii    382 

ellipsoidalis    387 

exacta 385 

falcata   388,  389 

falcata  var.  leucophylla 389 

falcata  var.  pagodaefolia 389 

falcata  f.  triloba 389 

Fernowii   382 

Hillii   384 

ilicifolia    1040 

imbricaria    385 

imbricaria  X  palustris 385 

imbricaria  X  velutina 385 

Jackiana     382 

Leana    385 

lyrata    384 

macrocarpa    384 

macrocarpa   var.   olivaeformis.  .  .  .   384 

macrocarpa  X  Muhlenbergii 384 

marilandica    389 

marilandica  X  velutina 390 

Michauxii    383 

montana  383 

Muhlenbergii 382 

nigra 1040 

palustris 386 

Phellos    1040 

prinoides    382 

Prinus 383 

Prinus    383 

rubra 385,  388 

Schneckii 387 

Schuettei    382 

Shumardii    386 

Shumardii  var.  Schneckii 387 

stellata   383 

texana  1°40 

texana    387 

velutina    386 

Quickweed    086 

Quillwort    66 

Engelmann    66 


K  pa<;i: 

Radicula  aquatica   496 

Armoracia 496 

Nasturtium-aquaticum  496 

obtusa    1052 

sinuata 1052 

Radish,  garden 1052 

wild    493 

Ragweed    960 

common    963 

great 960 

lanceleaf    960 

western    961 

Raimannia  laciniata 706 

rhombipetala  705 

Rainfall  in  Indiana 14 

Rampion,  false 894 

Ranunculaceae    454 

Ranunculus    465 

abortivus    469 

acris    470 

ambigens    469 

aquatilis  var.  capillaceus 467 

bulbosus   470 

caricetorum    472 

circinatus    468 

cymbalistes   470 

cymbalistes  1048 

delphinifolius   467 

delphinifolius  var.  terrestris 467 

fascicularis    471 

flabellaris 467 

flabellaris  f.  riparius 467 

Flammula   1048 

hispidus    471 

hispidus  var.  falsus 472 

laxicaulis 469 

longirostris    468 

Macounii 1049 

micranthus 470 

micranthus  var.  cymbalistes 470 

oblongifolius    469 

obtusiusculus    469 

pennsylvanicus    471 

Purshii    1049 

pusillus 468 

recurvatus    470 

repens 1049 

repens  var.  villosus 471 

sceleratus 169 

septentrionalis    471,    172 

septentrionalis  var.   caricetorum..    172 

trichophyllus  var.  typicus 467 

Rape    1052 

Raphanus 192 

Rhaphanistrum   498 

sativus    1052 

Raspberry,  common  blackcap 

common  red 560 


1220 


Index 


PAGE 

flowering    558 

yellow-fruited   558 

Ratibida   969 

columnaris    969 

columnifera   969 

pinnata 969 

Rattle-box    592 

Rattlesnake  fern    40 

Rattlesnake-weed 1018 

Redbud   585 

Redtop   127 

Reed Ill 

Reed  canary  grass 145 

Reedgrass    125 

longleaf    126 

northern    216 

Resurrection  fern   58 

Rhamnaceae    659 

Rhamnus    659 

alnifolia    660 

caroliniana 660 

caroliniana  var.  mollis 660 

cathartica 1072 

Frangula    660 

lanceolata 660 

Rheum  Rhaponticum 1042 

Rhexia    698 

mariana    1076 

mariana  var.  leiosperma 699 

virginica 699 

Rhododendron  nudiflorum    1079 

Rhubarb,  garden    1042 

Rhus    648 

arbuscula   1071 

arbuscula 650 

aromatica 651 

Ashei  1071 

canadensis 651 

copallina 649 

copallina  var.    latifolia 649 

glabra 650 

glabra  var.  borealis 650 

glabra  X  typhina 650 

gymnoclada   1071 

hirta 650 

littoralis 651 

media   650 

pulvinata    650 

radicans    650 

radicans  var.  littoralis 651 

rufescens 650 

Toxicodendron    650 

trilobata  var.  arenaria 651 

typhina 650 

Vernix    649 

Rhynchospora   207 

alba 208 


PAGE 

capillacea 208 

capillacea  f.  leviseta 208 

corniculata 1032 

corniculata  var.   interior 208 

corniculata    208 

cymosa    208 

glomerata    208 

glomerata  var.  minor 208 

glomerata  var.  minor  f.  discutiens  209 

macrostachya    208 

Ribes 521 

americanum 521 

americanam  f.  mesochorum 521 

aureum    1056 

Cynosbati 522 

floridum 521 

glandulosum   1056 

gracile    522 

Grossularia 1057 

odoratum 1056 

oxyacanthoides 522 

prostratum    1056 

rotundi  folium 1057 

sativum    1056 

setosum 1057 

triste    1056 

vulgare 1056 

Rice  cutgrass  146 

Ricegrass  137 

Rice,  Indian  146 

tribe  145 

Richardia  scabra    1106 

Ricinus   641 

communis 1070 

Riverweed    1054 

Robertiella  Robertiana 624 

Robinia 602 

hispida    1066 

Pseudo-Acacia     602 

Rockcress,  Drummond    507 

hairy 505 

lyreleaf     507 

purple 1053 

smooth    507 

spreading 506 

toothed   506 

Virginia 505 

Rocket,  dames    510 

purple 494 

Rockrose    678 

Rorippa    494 

islandica  var.   Fernaldiana 495 

islandica  var.  hispida 495 

obtusa 1052 

palustris  var.  glabrata 495 

palustris  var.   hispida 495 

sessiliflora    495 


Index 


1221 


PAGE 

sinuata    1052 

sylvestris   495 

Root,  pleurisy 767 

Rosa    573 

acicularis    1064 

blanda 576 

blanda  var.  carpohispida 577 

blanda  var.  glandulosa 577 

blanda  var.  hispida 577 

canina 1064 

Carolina    576 

Carolina   575 

Carolina  var.  Deamii 576 

Carolina  var.   glandulosa 576 

Carolina  var.  obovata 576 

Carolina  var.   sabulosa 576 

Carolina  var.  villosa 576 

Deamii 576 

gallica    1064 

heliophila 577 

humilis 576 

Lyoni    576 

micrantha     575 

multiflora 1064 

obovata    576 

palustris 575 

pimpinellifolia 1064 

pratincola.    577 

relicta    577 

rubifolia    575 

rubiginosa    575 

rudiuscula    578 

serrulata   576 

setigera    574 

setigera  var.  tomentosa 575 

suffulta 577 

suffulta  var.  relicta 577 

virginiana   576 

Rosaceae 524 

Rose    573 

French    1064 

Japanese    1064 

meadow    :,76 

pasture     576 

prairie    574 

prickly    10('4 

smallflower  sweetbrier 575 

swamp    ' ' '  • ' 

sweetbrier    575 

Rosemallow,  common    67° 

hairy-fruited ^70 

soldier    669 

Rosendahl,  Butters,  &  Lakela 10 

Rosinweed   ' 

cup    957 

dock    957 


PAGE 

entire-leaf    958 

whorled     958 

Rotala 696 

ramosior   696 

ramosior   var.   interior 696 

Royal  fern 41 

Rubiaceae 870 

Rubus    555 

abactus ■">«»- 

allegheniensis   561 

allegheniensis   X   argutus 10C>0 

allegheniensis   X   recurvans 1060 

alumnus    1060 

Andrewsianus   1060 

Andrewsianus 562 

argutus 562 

argutus  X  invisus 1060 

argutus  X  procumbens 1060 

argutus  X  recurvans 1060 

Baileyanus 1060 

Baileyanus    X    Enslenii 1060 

betulifolius 1060 

canadensis    1061 

canadensis  var.  Randii 1061 

centralis  561 

Deamii    561 

Enslenii    561 

Enslenii  X  frondosus 10(il 

flagellaris 560 

floricomus 10*11 

fioridus   L061 

frondosus 562 

hispidus    560 

hispidus  f.  pleniflorus 560 

idaeus   1(),;1 

idaeus  var.  anomalus 1061 

idaeus  var.  canadensis »60 

idaeus   var.   strigosus 560 

impar    '''- 

impos    •,hl 

invisus    ' ' 

laciniatus   10*>- 

laudatus  :,(i- 

occidentalis   •'  "s 

occidentalis  f.  pallidus 558 

odoratus   558 

ostryifolius    562 

pergratus  1()('- 

phoenicolasius •'  '•' 

procumbens   lni- 

procumbens 560 

pubescens 558 

recurvans   '■062 

recurvans    ,JDA 

strigosus    560 

triflorutt  


1222 


Index 


PAGE 

trivialis    1062 

villosus 1062 

villosus 560 

villosus   var.   humifusus 1062 

Rudbeckia    964 

bicolor 965 

Deamii    968 

fulgida    967 

hirta    965 

hirta  var.  sericea 966 

laciniata 967 

palustris 968 

speciosa    1100 

speciosa  var.  Sullivantii 968 

subtomentosa    967 

Sullivantii    968 

triloba 967 

umbrosa    967 

Ruellia    865 

caroliniensis 865 

caroliniensis  var.  parviflora 865 

ciliosa 865 

hairy    865 

longipedunculata   1090 

pedunculata    1090 

smooth   865 

strepens    865 

strepens  f.  cleistantha 866 

Rumex    405 

Acetosella    405 

altissimus     405 

Brittanica    406 

conglomeratus     1041 

crispus    406 

elongatus    1042 

elongatus 407 

hastatulus 1042 

longifolius 1042 

mexicanus  406 

obtusifolius    407 

occidentalis    1042 

persicarioides    1042 

sanguineus 1042 

sanguineus    407 

triangulivalvis 406 

verticillatus 406 

Rush,  beak 207 

nut 209 

wood 300 

Rutaceae    632 

Rye 115 

Canada  wild   116 

Virginia   wild    117 

wild 115 

Ryegrass    120 

Italian 121 

perennial 120 


S  PAGE 

Sabatia 755 

angularis    755 

brachiata    1080 

campanulata  var.  gracilis 755 

gracilis    755 

Sabbatia  concinna 1080 

Sage 813 

lyreleaf    813 

Sagina    441 

apetala 441 

decumbens   441 

Sagittaria    88 

arifolia 90 

australis 91 

brevirostra 90 

cuneata 90 

Engelmanniana 1024 

graminea    91 

heterophylla    91 

latifolia    89 

latifolia  f.  gracilis 90 

latifolia  var.  obtusa 90 

latifolia  f.  obtusa 90 

longirostra    1024 

pubescens    1024 

rigida    91 

St.  Johnswort  671 

common    674 

giant   673 

golden 673 

shrubby    674 

Salicaceae    352 

Salix   354 

adenophylla 364 

alba 361 

alba  var.  coerulea 1038 

alba  var.  vitellina 361 

amygdaloides 359 

babylonica    1038 

Bebbiana    364 

Candida 364 

Candida  var.  denudata 364 

cordata  365 

cordata  var.  angustata 365 

cordata  X  nigra 365 

cordata  X  sericea 365 

discolor 362 

discolor  var.  eriocephala 362 

discolor  var.  latifolia 362 

exigua 1038 

fragilis   361 

glaucophylla    365 

glaucophylla  var.  brevifolia 365 

humilis    363 

interior 361 

interior  var.  Wheeleri 362 

longifolia 361 


Index 


1223 


PAGE 

longifolia   var.    argyrophylla 1038 

longifolia  var.   Wheeleri 362 

longipes  var.  Wardi 360 

lucida    360 

lucida  var.  intonsa 360 

missouriensis 1038 

nigra 359 

nigra  var.  falcata 359 

pedicellaris    364 

pedicellaris  var.  hypoglauca 364 

pentandra     1038 

petiolaris    363 

purpurea 1038 

rostrata 364 

sericea    363 

serissima    360 

subsericea    363 

syrticola    364 

tristis    363 

viminalis    1039 

Wardi 360 

Salsola    427 

Kali  var.  tenuifolia 427 

pestifer 427 

Saltbush  425 

Salvia    813 

lanceaefolia 813 

lyrata    813 

Pitcheri     1085 

pratensis    1085 

reflexa 813 

sylvestris   813 

urticaefolia    108o 

verticillata 1085 

Salviniaceae    ,r>" 

Sambucus 879 

canadensis    880 

canadensis  f.  chlorocarpa 880 

canadensis  var.  submollis 880 

nigra    1092 

pubens    880 

pubens  f.  calva 880 

pubens  f.  xanthocarpa 880 

pubens  var.  xanthocarpa 880 

racemosa   °° 

Samolus    746 

floribundus    ' 4' 

pauciflorus '  * 

Valeriandi    107_^ 

Sandbur,  field  177 

Sandwort   

bluntleaf 442 

**« :::Z 

rock 

thymeleaf **J 

Sanguinaria     

canadensis    


PAGE 

Sanguisorba 573 

canadensis    573 

minor    1063 

Sanicle    TIT 

Sanicula   717 

canadensis    TIT 

gregaria  717 

marilandica    717 

trifoliata    717 

Santalaceae   402 

Sapindaceae 658 

Saponaria 449 

officinalis    449 

Vaccaria 449 

Sapotaceae 751 

Sarracenia   »'  I 

purpurea 511 

purpurea  gibbosa    511 

Sarraceniaceae    511 

Sassafras 480 

albidum 480 

albidum  var.   molle 480 

Sassafras    480 

variifolium    480 

Satureja  818 

glabella     1086 

glabella  var.  angustifolia 818 

glabra 818 

hortensis    818 

Nepeta   1°8<> 

vulgaris    818 

Saururaceae »" 

.Saururus    {-'- 

cernuus *■'- 

Savory,  summer 818 

Sawbrier    *27 

Saxif raga     515 

pennsylvanica    515 

pilosa    ' 

virginiensis    515 

Saxif ragaceae 514 

Saxifrage 

golden 519 

Pennsylvania •" '' 

Virginia    515 

Scale,  red 426 

125 

spear  

Schaffner,  J.  H 59 

Scheuchzeria   86 

palustris  var.  americana 86 

Schizachne 112 

purpurascens "* 

Schizachyrium  scoparium   178 

Scirpus  19: 

acutus l95 

195 
americanus    

atrocinctus 1031 


1224 


Index 


PAGE 

atrovirens    196 

atrovirens  var.  georgianus 196 

atrovirens  f.  proliferus 196 

cyperinus   196 

cyperinus  f.  Andrewsii 197 

cyperinus  var.   pelius 197 

cyperinus    var.    pelius    f.    conden- 

satus  197 

debilis 194 

Eriophorum 197 

fluviatilis    195 

georgianus    196 

lineatus     196 

microcarpus 1031 

mutatus 200 

occidentalis  195 

pauciflorus 204 

pedicillatus    197 

polyphyllus    196 

quadrangulatus    200 

robustus 1031 

Smithii    194 

Smithii  var.  setosus 194 

subterminalis 194 

Torreyi 195 

validus    195 

Scleranthus    444 

annuus    444 

Scleria    209 

oligantha    210 

pauciflora  var.  caroliniana 210 

reticularis    210 

reticularis  var.  pubescens 211 

setacea    211 

triglomerata    210 

verticillata 210 

Scouring-rush,  Kansas   62 

Nelson    62 

rough-toothed    61 

smooth    62 

tall     62 

variegated 61 

Scrophularia    837 

lanceolata 837 

leporella 837 

marilandica    837 

viarilandica  f.  neglecta 837 

Scrophulariaceae    832 

Scutellaria 802 

australis 804 

canescens 805 

cordifolia 805 

epilobifolia 803 

galericulata    803 

incana 805 

incanu    805 


PAGE 

lateriflora 804 

Leonardi 804 

nervosa 803 

ovalifolia    805 

ovata 805 

parvula 803 

parvula  var.  ambigua 804 

piloso.   805 

pilosa  var.  hirsuta 805 

saxatilis    804 

serrata    1084 

versicolor 805 

Secale   115 

Sedum 513 

acre 513 

Nevii   1054 

pulchellum   1054 

telephioides   513 

Telephium  var.  purpureum 1055 

ternatum    514 

Selaginella 65 

apoda    65 

apus   65 

basket    65 

rock    65 

rupestris 65 

Selaginellaceae 65 

Selfheal    808 

American  808 

Senecio  996 

aureus 998 

aureus  var.  gracilis 998 

aureus  var.  semicordatus 1103 

aureus  var.  semicordatus 998 

Balsamitae    998 

glabellus 997 

obovatus 997 

obovatus  var.  rotundus 997 

obovatus  var.  umbratilis 1103 

obovatus  var.  umbratilis 997 

palustris    1103 

pauperculus    998 

pauperculus  var.  Balsamitae 998 

plattensis 997 

vulgaris    996 

Senna,  coffee 588 

wild 588 

Sensitive  fern 45 

Sensitive-plant,  large-flower 587 

small-flower 587 

stout  large-flower 588 

Serapias  Helleborine    345 

Sericocarpus    949 

linifolius     949 

Serinia    1004 

oppositifolia    1004 


Index 


1225 


PAGE 

Serviceberry    532 

Setaria    176 

glauca 17(5 

italica    176 

lutescens    176 

verticillata 177 

viridis  1 76 

Seymeria  macrophylla 850 

Shadblow 531 

Allegheny    532 

downy    532 

low    532 

Shad-scales   425 

Shepherd  purse    502 

Shepherdia 695 

canadensis    695 

Shinleaf    736 

Shootingstar,  common    751 

Shrub-althaea   1073 

Sickle-pod    507 

Sicyos   893 

angulatus 893 

Sida 668 

hermaphrodita    1073 

prickly    668 

spinosa   668 

Silene    444 

alba     446 

antirrhina    447 

antirrhina  f .  Deaneana 448 

antirrhina  var.  divaricata 448 

Armeria    1046 

caroliniana     1046 

chlorantha    1046 

Cserei    446 

Cucubalus    446 

dichotoma    447 

latifolia    446 

nivea 446 

noctiflora    448 

regia   448 

stellata   445 

stellata  var.  scabrella 446 

stellata    445,  446 

virginica 448 

Silphium     956 

asteriscus  var.  laevicaule 1099 

integrifolium 958 

integrifolium  var.  Deamii 959 

laciniatum    957 

laciniatum  var.  Robinsonii 958 

perfoliatum    957 

terebinthinaceum    9;>7 

terebinthinaceum     var.     pinnatifi- 

dum 10?9 

trifoliatum 9-~>8 

trifoliatum  var.  latifolium 958 


PAGE 

Silverweed   566 

Silybum  marianum    1 104 

Simarubiaceae 632 

Si  mi  pi*  alba 105] 

a rrr/isis 492 

Sisymbrium   189 

altissimum 490 

canescens  var.  brachycarpon 504 

Loeselii    105] 

Nasturtium-aquaticum   496 

officinale I  Mi 

officinale  var.  leiocarpum 189 

Thalianum    190 

Sisyrinchium  334 

albidum     334 

angustifolium    334 

apiculatum LI 

apiculatum  var.  mesochorum LI 

atlanticum    :{.T> 

campestre    1037 

gramim  wm   335 

graminoides 335 

mucronatum   1037 

Sium    72  1 

cicutae folium    72  1 

suave 72  1 

Skullcap   802,  804 

Skunkcabbage  277 

Smartweed 407 

water    415 

Smilacina  .SI 7 

racemosa  var.  cylindrata 318 

racemosa  var.  typica 317 

stellata   318 

trifolia    L034 

Smilax    324 

Bona-nox    '-}>'-~ 

ecirrhata     •<-'> 

glauca  var.   genuina 327 

herbacea 32ti 

herbacea  var.  lasioneura 326 

hispida    327 

lanceolata     103.". 

pseudo-china    1035 

pulverulenta    326 

rotundifolia    '•- ' 

Walteri '' 

Snailseed,  Carolina   

Snakeroot,  button '  s 

Seneca    

Virginia  404 

white 908 

Snapdragon    1088 

Sneezeweed,  common    987 

purplehead    

Snowbell,  American 


1226 


Index 


PAGE 

Snowberry,  garden    887 

western 1092 

Snow-on-the-mountain    642 

Soapwort,  cow   449 

Solanaceae     826 

Solanum  829 

carolinense 830 

Dulcamara 831 

heterodoxum   1088 

nigrum    830 

rostratum 830 

Torreyi 1088 

virginianum     1088 

Solidago 914 

altissima 923 

arguta 1095 

bicolor 919 

Buckleyi   919 

caesia    920 

canadensis    921 

canadensis  var.  gilvocanescens.  .  .  .   921 

Deamii    920 

erecta    920 

Fisheri 920 

fistulosa 1095 

flexicaulis    920 

gigantea 922 

gigantea  var.  leiophylla 922 

Gillmani   921 

glaberrima 922 

glomerata    1095 

graminifolia    1095 

graminifolia  var.  Nuttallii 927 

graminifolia   927 

hirtella 927 

hispida    920 

hispida 919 

juncea 922 

latifolia     920 

longipetiolata  923 

media    928 

missouriensis 1095 

missouriensis    922 

moritura    922 

nemoralis 923 

nemoralis  var.  decemflora 923 

odora 1095 

ohioensis    927 

ovata 926 

patula   923 

perglabra  1096 

petiolaris    1096 

puberula 1096 

racemosa   920 

racemosa  var.  Gillmani 920 

radula 1096 


PAGE 

Randii 1096 

remota    928 

Riddellii    927 

rigida    926 

rigida  f.  magna 926 

rigidiuscula 926 

rugosa  924 

rugosa  var.  aspera 924 

rugosa  var.  celtidifolia 925 

rupestris 1096 

serotina   922 

serotina  var.  gigantea 922 

Shortii    ft)96 

speciosa    926 

speciosa  var.  rigidiuscula 926 

sphacelata    926 

squarrosa 919 

suaveolens 1095 

tenuif  olia 1097 

uliginosa    1097 

uliginosa   925 

ulmifolia    923 

uniligulata 925 

uniligulata  var.  levipes 925 

uniligulata  var.  neglecta 925 

Solomon's-seal,  false 317 

hairy    320 

smooth   320 

starry  false    318 

two-leaf 318 

Sonchus  1007 

arvensis  1007 

arvensis  var.  glabrescens 1008 

asper 1009 

oleraceus    1008 

uliginosus     1105 

Sophia  pinnata    504 

Sorbus    529 

americana  1058 

Aucuparia  1059 

Aucuparia 529 

decora 529 

scopulina    1059 

subvestita    1059 

Sorghastrum   181 

nutans     181 

Sorghum    180 

halepense   180 

tribe 177 

vulgare 181 

vulgare  var.   Drummondii 180 

vulgare  var.  sudanense 181 

Sorrel   405 

field 406 

great  yellow  wood 627 

lady's 629 


Index 


1227 


PAGE 

upright  yellow  wood 628 

violet  wood   627 

Sourwood 738 

Southernwood   1102 

Sowbane 424 

Sparganiaceae    72 

Sparganium 72 

acaule    74 

americanum   74 

americanum  var.  androcladum ...      74 

androcladum    74 

angustifolium    1023 

chlorocarpum 74 

chlorocarpum  var.  acaule 74 

diversifolium 74 

diversif olium  var.  acaule 74 

eurycarpum   73 

lucidum 73 

minimum    1023 

simplex    1023 

Spartina 143 

Michauxiana 143 

pectinata    143 

Spathyema  foetida   277 

Spatterdock,   variegated    453 

yellow 453 

Spearmint 824 

Specularia    8% 

leptocarpa  1094 

perfoliata 895 

Speedwell 845 

common   848 

corn    847 

germander 848 

purslane   847 

skullcap    848 

thymeleaf 847 

Spergula 442 

arvensis    1045 

Spergularia   442 

rubra 1045 

Spermacoce    874 

glabra 874 

Spermatophy ta 25,  66 

Spermolepis 721 

patens 1078 

Sphenopholis 121 

intermedia   122 

nitida 122 

obtusata   122 

obtusata  var.  pubescens 122 

pollens   122 

Spicebush    480 

Spiderflower   1054 

Spiderlily 328 


Spiderwort 

glaucous  

Virginia    

zigzag 

Spigelia 7">1 

marilandica    754 

Spikenard,  American 713 

Spikerush   198 

angled 200 

beaked    204 

black-fruited  203 

blunt     201 

bright  green 200 

Engelmann   201 

few-flowered    204 

knotted 200 

matted    201 

needle     203 

ovoid     201 

Robbins    200 

Small's 202 

Wolf's    - 203 

Spinach    422 

Spiraea 526 

alba  526 

japonica    1057 

latifolia 1057 

salicifolia    526 

tomentosa    527 

tomentosa  var.  rosea 1057 

tomentosa  var.  rosea 527 

Spiranthes   345 

Beckii    346 

cernua 347 

cernua  var.   ochroleuca 1037 

gracilis   346 

lucida    346 

ovalis    346 

praecox 1 037 

Spirea 526 

Japanese 1 057 

meadow    526 

pink    meadow in  ., 

Spirodela    280 

polyrhiza    280 

Spleenwort     

ebony  

maidenhair    .1 

narrowleaf 1 

pinnatifid    

Scott   1 

wall-rue,  American 

Sporobolus 11. 

asper I  it. 

canovirens 1MB 

clandestine   I  1  . 


1228 


Index 


PAGE 

cryptandrus 136 

heterolepis 136 

neglectus    136 

vaginiflorus    135 

virginicus 1028 

Sprangletop  grass   141 

red 141 

Spring  beauty 435 

Carolina   1044 

Virginia    435 

Spurge    641 

cypress   646 

flowering    644 

leafy   645 

nodding 643 

painted   645 

Spurrey 1045 

Sand    1045 

Squashes 892 

Stachys  810 

ambigua 811 

aspera   811 

aspera    812 

Clingmanii 812 

cordata 812 

hispida    812 

hyssopifolia   811 

hyssopifolia  var.  ambigua 811 

palustris 1085 

palustris  var.  homotricha 812 

Riddellii   812 

tenuifolia    812 

tenui folia  var.  aspera 812 

Standley,  Paul 10 

Staphylea 654 

trifolia    654 

Staphyleaceae 654 

Starglory,    scarlet 777 

Stargrass 324 

Star-of-Bethlehem,  common 315 

State  Flower 19 

Steironerna  ciliatum 748 

heterophyllum 749 

lanceolatum 749 

quadriflorum 750 

Stellaria   436 

aquatica    1045 

graminea 437 

longifolia    437 

longipes    1045 

media 438 

pubera 438 

pubera  var.  silvatica 438 

Stomoisia  cornuta 863 

Stenanthium    305 

gramineum 305 


PAGE 

robustum    305 

Stenophyllus  capillaris 206 

Stinkgrass   110 

Stinkweed    422 

Stipa  138 

avenacea 138 

comata    138 

spartea   138 

Stichwort,  longleaf 437 

Stichworts   436 

Stonecrop 513 

ditch 514 

mountain    514 

Texas 1054 

Stonemint    821 

Stoneroot  826 

Storksbill    626,  1069 

Strawberry    563 

alpine    564 

barren 568 

large    Virginia 564 

mock   564 

Virginia    563 

Strawberry  blite    422 

Strophostyles    622 

helvola    622 

leiosperma   623 

pauciflora 623 

umbellata 623 

Stylophorum    481 

diphyllum 481 

Stylosanthes    603 

biflora   603 

biflora  var.   hispidissima 603 

Styracaceae 752 

Styrax    752 

americana 752 

Sugarberry 393 

Sullivantia 515 

Ohio 515 

ohionis    515 

Sullivantia 515 

Sumac 648 

fragrant   651 

poison   649 

shining    649 

smooth    650 

staghorn 650 

Sundew 512 

roundleaf    512 

spatulate-leaf    512 

Sunflower 970 

ashy 976 

common 974 

giant   977 


Index 


1229 


PAGE 

Maximilian    977 

prairie 975 

sawtooth 976 

small  wood 975 

thinleaf 978 

Susan,   black-eyed 965 

brown-eyed    967 

Swampcandle    748 

Sweetclover,    white 594 

yellow  595 

Sweetfern    365 

Sweetflag 277 

Sweetgrass 144 

Sweetshrub,    common 1049 

smooth    1049 

Sweet-sultan   1104 

Switchgrass 158 

Sycamore  524 

Symphoricarpos 887 

occidentalis 1092 

orbiculatus   887 

orbiculatus  f.  leucocarpus 887 

racemosus  var.  laevigatus 887 

rivularis   887 

Symphoricarpos 887 

Symphytum    790 

officinale 1082 

Symplocarpus   277 

foetidus    277 

Synandra    809 

hispidula 809 

Syndesmon  thalictroides   461 

Syntherisma  filiforme 148 

Ischaemum 148 

sanguinalis   148 

Synthyris  Bullii 850 

Syringa  vulgaris 1079 

T 

Taenidia    723 

integerrima    '23 

Tail,  mare's ' 12 

Talinum    4:i4 

•  •  434 

prairie *° 

434 
rugospermum    *°* 

teretifolium  1044 

Tamarack ()8 

Tanacetum   ' 

vulgare 991 

vulgare  f .   crispum JV£- 

Tansy    JJ' 

991 
common 

Taraxacum 100B 

erythrospermum 10° ' 

.  1  n07 

laevigatum ,uu' 


PAGE 

officinale 1007 

palustre  var.  vulgare 1007 

Taxaceae    66 

Taxodium 69 

distichum    69 

Taxus    66 

canadensis    66 

Tea,  inland  New  Jersey 661 

New  Jersey 661 

Tearthumb,  arrowleaf 417 

halberdleaf 417 

Teasel,  common   892 

Tecorna  radicans  858 

Tephrosia 601 

virginiana 601 

virginiana  var.  holosericea 601 

Tenor i n m    800 

canadense  800 

en  hllih ->isr     800 

canadense  var.  virginicum 800 

canadense  var.  littoral e 800 

littorale  800 

occidentale 801 

occidentale  var.  boreale 801 

Thale-cress 490 

Thalesia  fascicula  ta 861 

ii  ni flora    861 

Thalictrum   473 

amabilis 474 

dasycarpum  174 

dioicum W 3 

perelegans    474 

polygamum    1 0  19 

polygamum  474 

revolutum   '•' 

Thaspium 725 

aureum  725 

barbinode '  -■' 

barbinode  var.  angustifolium 725 

pinnatifidum    ' ' 

trifoliatum 725 

trifoliatum  var.   flavum 725 

Thelypteris  palustris l  ■ 

Thistle    999 

blue   ™ 

bull 100° 

Canada   1001 

common  sow   ' ' " ' " 

field 10°2 

field  sow 100< 

musk   

Pitcher    1001 

smooth  field  sow 10°S 

sow  "I,l;) 

spinvleaf  sow   ]iUV' 

swamp    l°02 


1230 


Index 


PAGE 

tall 1002 

Virginia    1002 

yellow 1103 

yellow  star 1104 

Thlaspi   488 

arvense 489 

perfoliatum    489 

Thorn    533 

cockspur 537 

Washington 551 

Three-awn  grass   138 

prairie 140 

Thuja 69 

occidentalis    69 

Thyme   820,  1086 

Thymelaeaceae    694 

Thymus 820 

Serpyllum 1086 

Tiarella   516 

cordifolia    1055 

Tickclover    603 

Canada   608 

Dillenius 608 

few-flower    606 

hairy  small-leaf 609 

hoary 607 

Illinois 607 

large-bract 607 

naked-flower    606 

panicled    608 

pointed-leaf 606 

prostrate    605 

rigid 609 

sessile-leaf 605 

smooth    608 

smooth  small-leaf 609 

velvet-leaf   609 

Tickle  grass 129 

northern 128 

Tilia 665 

americana    665 

europea  1073 

glabra 665 

heterophylla 666 

Tiliaceae 665 

Timothy   130 

Tiniaria  Convolvulus   417 

dumetorum    417 

scandens 418 

Tipton  Till  Plain 16 

Tipularia    350 

discolor 350 

unifolia    350 

Tissa  rubra 1045 

Tithymalopsis  corollata 644 

Ipecacuanhae 1070 


PAGE 

Tithymalus  commutatus   646 

Cyparissias 636 

Esula   645 

obtusatus 645 

Peplus    646 

Toadflax 835 

bastard 1041 

common 835 

Richards  bastard   402 

Tofieldia  304 

glutinosa 304 

Tomanthera   853 

auriculata 853 

Tomatillo   1087 

Toothwort    500 

cut 500 

slender    501 

Torilis 720 

Anthriscus .   720 

japonicus    720 

Torre  and  Harms 14,     93 

Touch-me-not,  pale   659 

spotted   659 

Tovara  virginiana 416 

Toxicodendron  radicans 650 

Vernix   649 

Toxylon  pomiferum 395 

Tracaulon  ari folium 417 

sagittatum 417 

Trachelospermum     761 

difforme    761 

Tradescantia    285 

bracteata    1032 

brevicaulis     1033 

canaliculata 286 

canal  icu  I  ;il  a   f.   a  I  hi  flora 286 

canaliculata  f.  Lesteri 286 

canaliculata  f.  Mariae 286 

pilosa   286 

reflexa    286 

reflexa  f .  albiflora 286 

reflexa  f.  Lesteri 286 

reflexa  f .  Mariae 286 

subaspera 286 

virginiana 287 

Tragia     641 

cordata   641 

macrocarpa 641 

Trailing-arbutus 739 

Tragopogon   1006 

porrifolius    1006 

pratensis 1006 

Trautvetteria 465 

carolinensis    465 

Tribulus    631 

terrestris    1069 


Index 


1231 


PAGE 

Trichostema 801 

dichotomum 801 

Tridens  flava   113 

flavus 113 

Trientalis 750 

americana   750 

borealis 750 

Trifolium   595 

agrarium    597 

arvense 595 

dubium    597 

hybridum    596 

incarnatum 1065 

pratense   595 

procumbens   596 

reflexum 1065 

reflexum  var.  glabrum 596 

repens 596 

resupinatum    595 

stoloniferum 1066 

Triglochin    85 

maritima 86 

palustris 86 

Trillium    321 

cernuum   1035 

cernuum 323 

cernuum  var.  atrorubens 324 

cernuum  var.  declinatum  f. 

Walpolei 323 

cernuum  var.   macranthum 323 

declinatum 323 

erectum 1035 

erectum 323 

Gleasoni    323 

Gleasoni  f .  Walpolei 323 

grandiflorum    323 

large-flower 323 

nivale 322 

purple-anther    323 

recurvatum    322 

recurvatum  f.  luteum 322 

reflexed-sepal    322 

sessile   322 

sessile  f.  luteum 322 

sessile  f .  viridiflorum 322 

sessile-flower 322 

snow    322 

Triodia    l13 

flava 113 

Triosteum 884 

angustifolium    886 

aurantiacum 88o 

aurantiacum  var.  glaucescens 886 

aurantiacum  var.  illinoense 886 

perfoliatum    88r> 

Triphora 344 

trianthophora    344 


PAGE 

Triplasis 113 

purpurea *-*■* 

Tripsaceae   181 

Tripsacum    181 

dactyloides 181 

Trisetum  pennsylvanicum    1027 

Triticum  115 

aestivum H'-> 

sativum    115 

Trumpet-creeper 858 

Tsuga    68 

canadensis    68 

Tufted  hairgrass   123 

Tulip  tree    479 

Tumbleweed    430 

Turnip 1052 

Turtlehead 838 

rose  838 

white   838 

Twayblade,  lily 349 

Loesel   350 

Twinflower 887 

Twinleaf 476 

Typha  71 

angustifolia 72 

angustifolia  var.  calumetensis .  ...     72 

latifolia 72 

Typhaceae    71 

u 

Ulmaceae   390 

Ulmus    390 

alata    391 

americana 391 

fulva    390 

racemosa    391 

T/iomasi 391 

Umbelliferae   714 

Umbrella  grass 191 

Umbrella-wort  433 

heartleaf    433 

Unglaciated  area  of  Indiana 18 

Unicorn  plant  860 

Unifolium  canadense   318 

Uniola     HO 

broadleaf    HO 

latifolia     HO 

Urtica 398 

dioica    398 

gracilis    398 

procera   398 

Urticaceae    397 

Urticastrum  divarication 398 

Utricularia  862 

biflora  1090 

cleistogama    1090 

cornuta   863 


1232 


Index 


PAGE 

gibba 863 

inflata   1090 

intermedia    863 

macrorhiza 864 

minor 864 

purpurea 863 

radiata  864 

resupinata    863 

vulgaris  var.  americana 864 

Uvularia   308 

grandiflora   308 

perfoliata   1033 

perfoliatn 308 

sessilifolia    308 

V 

Vaccinium 740 

angustifolium    743 

angustifolium  var.  nigrum 743 

arboreum    742 

canadense 744 

corymbosum    742 

corymbosum  var.   amoenum 742 

corymbosum  var.  atrococcum 743 

corymbosum  var.  pallidum 742 

macrocarpon    744 

Oxycoccos 744 

pallidum 743 

pennsylvanicum   743 

stamineum 741 

stamineum  var.  neglectum 742 

vacillans 743 

vacillans  var.  crinitum 743 

Vaccinoideae    734 

Valerian   891 

common 1094 

edible    891 

large-flower 891 

Valeriana   891 

edulis    891 

intermedia 1094 

officinalis   1094 

pauciflora 891 

septentrionalis 1094 

sylvatica 1094 

Valerianaceae    890 

Valerianella     890 

chenopodifolia 890 

intermedia    891 

olitoria    890 

radiata    1093 

radiata 891 

Vallisneria 92 

americana    92 

spiralis 92 

Velvet  grass 124 


PAGE 

Velvet-leaf 666 

Veratrum 307 

Woodii 307 

Verbascum 834 

Blattaria    834 

Blattaria  f.  albiflora 834 

phlomoides 834 

Thapsus    835 

Verbena    795 

angustifolia 797 

bipinnatifida 1083 

bracteata    798 

bracteata  X  urticae folia 798 

bracteosa 798 

canadensis    796 

Dakota    1083 

Engelmannii    797 

hastata    796 

hastata   X   urticae  folia 797 

moechina 797 

officinalis    1084 

Perriana    798 

rose  796 

simplex   797 

simplex  X  stricta 797 

stricta    797 

urticaefolia    796 

urticaefolia  var.  leiocarpa 796 

Verbenaceae 795 

Verbesina 979 

alba 964 

alternifolia    978 

helianthoides 979 

Vernonia     904 

altissima 904 

altissima  f.  lilacina 904 

altissima  var.  taeniotricha 905 

fasciculata   905 

illinoensis 905 

missurica    905 

missurica  f.  carnea 905 

noveboracensis    1094 

Veronica 845 

agrestis    1089 

americana    848 

Anagallis-aquatica 1089 

arvensis    847 

Chamaedrys 848 

connata  var.  typica 849 

glandifera    848 

officinalis    848 

peregrina  var.  typica 847 

peregrina  var.  xalapensis 847 

persica 847 

salina    849 

scutellata    848 


Index 


1  IT- 


PAGE 

serpyllifolia 847 

virginica 849 

Veronicastrum 849 

virginicum   849 

Vervain 795 

blue  796 

European    1084 

hoary 797 

long-bract    798 

narrowleaf 797 

white 796 

Vesiculina  purpurea 863 

Vetch,  American 617 

Carolina 616 

hairy    616 

Vetches 616 

Viburnum 880 

acerifolium    882 

acerifolium  f.  ovatum 882 

affine   883 

affine  var.  hypomalacum 883 

Canbyi 1092 

cassinoides 882 

dentatum    1092 

downy 1092 

Kentucky    883 

Lentago    882 

mapleleaf 882 

molle 883 

nudum     1092 

Opulus  881 

Opulus  var.  americanum 881 

prunifolium    883 

pubescens   1092 

pubescens 88<> 

pubescens  var.  Deamii 884 

pubescens  var.  indianense 884 

rufidulum   883 

trilobum   881 

Vicia    616 

americana 617 

americana   619 

angustifolia    1068 

caroliniana "lb 

Cracca  1068 

sativa    1068 

villosa  616 

Vigna    6?3 

sinensis 10 ' ' 

Vinca  761 

minor ?61 

Vincetoxicum  gonocarpos 77() 

770 
ohliquum    

776 

Vine,  wild  potato "° 

Viola   681 

affinis    b88 


PAGE 

affinis         triloba 688 

arvensis    692 

blanda    690 

canadensis   691 

conspersa  693 

cordifolia 689 

crassula    1074 

cucullata  687 

cucullata         sagittata I 

dissita G 

emarginata 1074 

eriocarpa    690 

eriocarpa  f.  leiocarpa 691 

eriocarpa  var.  h  iocarpa 691 

festata ,|V" 

fimbriatula    689 

hastata   1075 

hirsutula     6H9 

hirsutula  X  missouriensis 689 

hirsutula        papilionacea 689 

hirsutula         triloba 689 

incognita    1" 

incognita    690 

incognita   var.    Forhesii 690 

Kitaibeliana  var.   Rafinesquii 692 

lanceolata 689 

missouriensis 687 

missouriensis     ■     sororia 688 

missouriensis  X  triloba 688 

napae    688 

nephrophylla    1075 

pallens    690 

palmata    1(l  ■  ' 

pahnata   687 

papilionacea    688 

papilionacea  X  pedatifida 688 

papilionacea    <  sororia • 

papilionacea  X  triloba 688 

pedata   686 

ji,  da  tii  var.  concolor ' 

pedata  var.  lineariloba 686 

pedatifida    687 

pedatifida        sororia 

pedatifida  X  sororia 1075 

pratincola "' '  ' 

primulifolia   ,it,,l 

pubescens ,,>l 

pubescens  var.  1'eckii 691 

Rafinesquii 

rostrata    

rotundifolia  

sagittata  689 

sagittata  var.  ovata 

sagittata        sororia 

scabriu8cula '''•' 

sororia 688 


1234 


Index 


PAGE 

striata 693 

tricolor    692 

triloba 687 

triloba  var.  dilatata 687 

variabilis 688 

viarum    1075 

Violaceae    681 

Violet 681 

arrowleaf   689 

birdfoot 686 

butterfly 688 

Canada   691 

cream    693 

dog    693 

downy  blue    688 

hairy  white   690 

lanceleaf 689 

longspur   693 

marsh  blue 687 

palmate 1075 

prairie 687 

primroseleaf    690 

redstem  white 690 

smooth  white    690 

stemmed  downy  yellow 691 

stemmed  yellow  690 

three-lobed 687 

water 745 

Viorna  Pitcheri 463 

Viorna 463 

Virginia  arrow-arum    278 

chainfern    55 

pine 67 

Virgins-bower 464 

Vitaceae   661 

Vitis 661 

aestivalis    662 

aestivalis  var.  argentifolia 662 

bicolor 662 

cinerea    663 

cordifolia 663 

Labrusca 662 

Labrusca  f .  alba 662 

palmata    663 

riparia 663 

riparia  var.  syrticola 664 

rotundifolia   1072 

rupestris 1072 

vulpina    663 

vulpina 663 

w 

Wahoo 653 

Waldsteinia   568 

fragarioides 568 

Walking  fern 53 


PAGE 

Wallflower,  western 508 

Walnut    366 

black    366 

Washingtonia  Claytoni 719 

longistylis   719 

Water  fern 59 

hemp 430 

horsetail 62 

stargrass 289 

Watercress 496 

creeping  yellow 495 

yellow 495 

Waterleaf 784 

appendaged    784 

broadleaf    785 

largeleaf 785 

Virginia    785 

Waterlily   452 

magnolia 452 

Waterlocust 589 

Water-milfoil    710 

Water-plantain 86 

Watershield 452 

Waterweed,  Canada 92 

western 92 

Watson,  E.  E 10 

Weatherby,  C.  A 10,  20 

Weatherwax,  Paul 9,  20 

Wedgegrass 121 

prairie    122 

slender 122 

Welch,  Winona 9 

Wheat 115 

Wheatgrass   113 

bearded   114 

bluestem   114 

slender    114 

Wheeler,  Louis  C 10 

Wherry,  Edgar  T 10 

White  pine,  northern 67 

Whitegrass 145 

Whitetop    949 

narrowleaf 948 

Whitlov/grass,  Carolina   503 

short-fruited    503 

vernal   503 

Wiegand,  K.  M 10 

Wild  calla   277 

Wildginger,  Canada 404 

curley    403 

Wild-indigo,  blue   591 

cream    591 

white  592 

yellow 592 

Wildrice    146 


Index 


1235 


PAGE 

annual   147 

northern 147 

Wild-sarsaparilla   713 

Willow 354 

autumn  360 

Babylon  weeping   1038 

Bebb    364 

black  359 

blueleaf    365 

bog 364 

brittle   361 

cricketbat 1038 

dense-flowered  water 866 

European  white 364 

glandleaf    364 

golden 361 

heartleaf 365 

laurel 1038 

longleaf    361 

peachleaf   359 

prairie 363 

purple  1038 

pussy 362 

pussy,  dwarf 363 

sage 364 

sandbar 361 

shining    360 

silky    363 

Ward 360 

water    866 

Wheeler    362 

Willowherb 702 

great 702 

Winch,  Mrs.  Leland 20 

Wineberry    559 

Winterberry,  common 652 

Wintercress,  bitter    493 

early   493 

Wintergreen    739 

Wisteria  601 

frutescens    1066 

Kentucky    602 

macrostachya 602 

Witch-hazel,  common  American 523 

Withe-rod 882 

smooth    1092 

Wolffia    281 

columbiana 282 

common    282 

dotted    282 

papulif era 282 

pointed    282 

punctata 282 

Wolffiella    282 

floridana 282 

star 282 


PAGE 

Wood  sorrel 626 

Woodbetony,  early 8^8 

swamp    8">8 

Woodfern  47,  48,  49 

Boott 49 

Clinton    48 

common    49 

crested    48 

leather 47 

toothed   49 

winged 47 

Woodreed 129 

drooping   1028 

Woodsia    43 

common    43 

obtusa 43 

Woodwardia 55 

virginica 55 

Wormwood 992 

biennial  992 

common    992 

sweet 993 

X 

Xanthium 962 

americanum 1099 

canadense 1099 

chinense 962 

commune    1099 

echinatum    1100 

italicum    962 

orientate 962 

pennsylvanicum 962 

pungens 1100 

spinosum 962 

strumarium   1100 

Xanthoxalis  corniculata 627 

cymosa 629 

filipes    628 

grandis 627 

stricta 628 

Xyridaceae 282 

Xyris 282 

caroliniana 282 

flexuosa   282 

torta    282 

Y 

Yam-root,  wild 331 

Yarrow,  common   989 

Yellow-eyed  grass 282 

Yellow-wood    591 

Yerba  de  Tajo 964 

Yew 66 

Canada   66 

Yucca 316 


1236 


Index 


PAGE 

common    316 

filamentosa    316 

Yuncker,  T.   G 9,  10 

z 

Zannichellia 84 

palustris  var.  major 84 

Zanthoxylum 632 

americanum 632 

carolinianum 1070 

Clava-Herculis    1070 

Zea 181 

Mays    181 

Zephyranthes 328 

Atamasco 1036 


PAGE 

Zigadenus     306 

chloranthus 306 

glaucus 306 

Zizania    146 

aquatica    147 

aquatica  var.  angustifolia 147 

aquatica  var.  interior 147 

palustris    147 

Zizanieae    146 

Zizaniopsis  miliacea    1029 

Zizia 721 

aptera 721 

aurea   721 

cordata 721 

Zygophyllaceae 631 


Emendations  and  changes  in  nomenclature  in  Deam's  Flora  of 
Indiana,  published  in  June,  1940.  Changes  in  names  in  the  text  carry 
the  same  change  on  the  maps. 

Page  4,  line  2,  delete  the  X  before  Quercus. 

Page  10,  line  14  from  the  bottom,  for  Onograceae  read  Onagraceae. 

Page  14,  line  10,  for  dalla  read  Dalla. 

Page  14,  line  14,  for  Graminae  read  Gramineae. 

Page  15,  line  14,  for  were  read  was. 

Page  15,  line  15,  for  rapidly  increase  read  increase  rapidly. 

Page  48,  line  14  from  the  bottom,  delete  the  X  before  Dryopteris. 

Page  48,  line  12  from  the  bottom,  for  5.  Dryopteris  Goldiana  (Hook.) 
A  Gray.  (Aspidium  Goldianum  read  6.  Dryopteris  cristata  (L.)  A. 
Gray.   (Aspidium  cristatiim   (L.)   Sw.) 

Page  49,  line  1,  delete  the  X  before  Dryopteris. 

Page  51,  line  7,  for  acrostichoides  read  thelypteroides. 

Page  57,  line  14,  for  1.  Pteridium  latiusculum  (Desv.)  Hieronymus 
read  1.  Pteridium  aquilinum  (L.)  Kuhn  var.  latiusculum*  (Desv.) 
Underw.  (Rhodora  43:  41.  1941.) 

Page  57,  line  5  from  the  bottom,  for  Polypoium  read  Polypodium. 

Page  57,  line  2  from  the  bottom,  for  Variety  pseudocaudatum  (Clute) 
Maxon  read  *  Pteridium  aquilinum  var.  pseudocaudatum  (Clute) 
Heller. 

Page  82,  line  5,  for  Potamogeton  pusillus  L.  var.  mucronatus  (Fieber) 
Graebn.,  read  Potamogeton  Berchtoldi  Fieber  var.  mucronatus 
Fieber.    (Rhodora  42:  246.  1890.) 

Page  93,  line  13,  for  General  read  Genera. 

Page  129,  line  3  from  the  bottom,  for  (jeniculatus  read  aristvlatus. 

Page  146,  line  18,  for  ZIZANIEAE  read  ZIZANIEAE. 

Page  181,  lines  11  and  12  from  the  bottom,  for  Central  America  or 
southeastern  Mexico  read  South  America  in  Paraguay  or  adjacent 
territory. 

Page  199,  delete  lines  27,  28,  and  29  and  close  up. 


Page  199,  after  line  32,  insert  the  following  lead : 

Mature  achenes  greenish  white,  the  body  about  0.8  mm  long,  tapering 
to  the  tubercle  which  does  not  cover  the  entire  apex;  bristles  3-6,  not 
exceeding  the  achene 15.  E.  microcarpa  var.  filiculmis. 

Page  205,  line  14  from  the  bottom,  for  Fimbristylis  puberula  (Michx.) 
Vahl  read  Fimbristylis  caroliniana  (Lam.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  42:  246. 
1940.) 

Page  236,  line  14,  for  Torr.  read  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Page  252,  for  the  title  of  map  515,  for  Carex  amphiloba  read  Carex 
amphibola. 

Page  279,  line  1,  for  Arisaema  pusillum  (Peck)  Nash  read  Arisaema 
triphyllum  f.  pusillum  (Peck)  Fern.  (Rhodora  42:  252. 1940.) 

Page  279,  line  16,  for  Arisaema  triphyllum  (L.)  Schott  read 
Arisaema  atrorubens  (Ait.)  Blume.  (Rhodora  42:  252.  140.) 
Plants   of   our   area   with    "hoods   purple,   without   pale   stripes" 

Fernald  refers  to  this  species.   Plants  with  "spathe  green,  without  or 

with  only  faint  stripes"  Fernald  refers  to 

Arisaema  atrorubens  f.  viride  (Engler)  Fern.  (Rhodora  42:  252.  1940.) 
Both  this  species  and  form  have  the  under  surface  of  the  leaflets 
glaucous.    I  have  not  seen  any  plant  in  Indiana  referable  to  this  species 
with  the  under  surface  of  the  leaflets  green. 

Page  280,  line  6  from  the  bottom,  for  map  578  read  map  582. 

Page  280,  line  1  from  the  bottom,  for  map  579  read  map  580. 

Page  281,  line  5,  for  map  580  read  map  579. 

Page  281,  line  17,  for  map  582  read  map  578. 

Page  285,  line  12,  for  Commelina  angustifolia  Michx.  read  Coihmelina 
erecta  var.  Deamiana  Fern.  (Rhodora  42:  440.  1940.) 

Page  288,  line  1,  for  956  read  596. 

Page  301,  line  6,  for  Juncoides  intermedia  read  Juncoides  intermedium. 

Page  323,  ljne  3  from  the  bottom,  for  Fernald  forma  read  Fern.  f. 

Page  325,  line  9  from  the  bottom,  for  Bona-nox  read  bona-nox. 

Page  327,  line  13,  for  Bona-nox  read  bona-nox. 


Page  347,  line  22,  for  Goodyera  pubescens  R.  Br.  read  Goodyera  pubes- 
cens  (Willd.)  R.  Br. 

Page  349,  line  5,  for  Corallorhi/a  odontorhiza  Nutt.  read 
Corallorrhiza  odontorhiza  (Willd.)  Nutt. 

Page  396,  line  18  from  the  bottom,  for  Humulus  japonicus  Sieb.  & 
Zucc.  read  Humulus  scandens  (Lour.)  Merrill.  (Trans.  American 
Phil.  Soc.  n.  s.  24:  138.1935.) 

Page  431,  line  1,  for  subniida  (Wats.)  Standley  read  altissima  var. 
subniida  (Wats.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  43:  288.  1941.) 

Page  436,  line  6  from  the  bottom,  for  Stichworts  read  STITCHWORTS. 

Page  457,  line  14,  for  Actaea  alba  (L.)  Mill,  read  Actaea  pachypoda 
Ell. 

Page  466,  line  1  from  the  bottom,  for  12  read  14. 

Page  467,  line  4,  for  13  read  12. 

Page  467,  line  13,  for  14  read  13. 

Page  480,  line  15  from  the  bottom,  for  BENZOIN  Fabricius  read 
LINDERA  Thunb. 

Page  480,  line  14  from  the  bottom,  for  Benzoin  aestivale  (L.)  Nees 
read  Lindera  Benzoin  (L.)  Blume.  (See  Rehder's  Trees  &  Shrubs, 
ed.  2:259.  1940.) 

Page  488,  line  3,  for  Lepidium  Draba  L.  read 

Cardaria  Draba  (L.)  Desv.  (Rhodora  42:  304.  1940.) 

Page  494,  line  8  from  the  bottom,  for  R.  palustris  var.  glabrata  read 
R.  islandica  var.  microcarpa. 

Page  494,  line  6  from  the  bottom,  for  R.  palustris  var.  hispida  read 
R.  islandica  var.  microcarpa. 

Page  495,  line  10,  for  Rorippa  palustris  (L.)  Bess.  var.  glabrata 
(Lunell)  Vict.*  read  Rorippa  islandica  Borbas  var.  microcarpa 
(Regel)  Fern.  (Rhodora  42:  271.  1940.) 

Page  495,  line  16,  for  Rorippa  palustris  var.  hispida  (Desv.)  Rydb.  read 
Rorippa  islandica  Borbas  var.  microcarpa  (Regel)  Fern.  Fernald 
writes  that  a  well  defined  interior  variety  of  this  plant  can  not  be 
maintained  (Rhodora  42:  273.  1940). 

Page  495,  delete  the  last  four  lines. 


Page  504,  line  4,  for  Descurainia  brachycarpa  (Richardson)  O.  E. 
Schulz*  read  Descurainia  pinnata  (Walt.)  Britt.  var.  brachy- 
carpa (Richardson)  Fern.  (Rhodora  42:  266.  1940.) 

Page  560,  after  line  9  at  the  bottom,  interpolate:  6a.  Rubus  hispidus 
var.  obovalis  (Michx.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  42:  281.  1940.)  Two  speci- 
mens are  cited  from  Indiana. 

Page  560,  line  9  from  the  bottom,  for  6a.  Rubus  hispidus  f.  pleniflorus 
Nieuwland.  (Amer.  Midland  Nat.  4:  69.  1915.)  read  6b.  Rubus 
signatus  Bailey.  (Gentes  Herbarum  5:  92-96.  1941.)  Rubus  hispidus 
f .  pleniflorus  Nieuwland  now  becomes  a  synonym. 

Page  571,  line  3  from  the  bottom,  for  petals  read  sepals. 

Page  572,  line  2,  for  petals  read  sepals. 

Page  592,  after  line  18,  interpolate :  This  hybrid  has  been  studied  by 
Larissey  and  named  X  Baptisia  Deamii  Larissey.  (Ann.  Missouri 
Bot.  Gard.  27:  188.  1940.) 

Page  605,  line  15  from  the  bottom,  for  segments  fewer  than  3  read 
segments  1-3. 

Page  624,  line  13,  for  4.  G.  Bicknellii  read  4.  G.  nemorale  var.  Bicknellii. 

Page  625,  line  6,  for  Geranium  Bicknellii  Britt.  read  Geranium 
nemorale  Suksd.  var.  Bicknellii  (Britt.)  Fern.  (Rhodora  43:35. 
1941.) 

Page  632,  line  4  from  the  bottom,  for  SIMARUBIACEAE  read  SIMA- 
RUBACEAE. 

Page  634,  line  15  from  the  bottom,  for  Polygala  polygama  Walt,  read 
Polygala  polygama  var.  obtusata  Chodat.  (Rhodora  42:  458-459. 
1940.) 

Page  647,  line  3  from  the  bottom,  for  prosperpinacoides  read  proser- 
pinacoides. 

Page  660,  in  title  to  map  1375,  for  L'Heer  read  L'Her. 

Page  663,  in  last  line,  delete  period  and  continue  on  the  next  page. 

Page  664,  line  3  from  the  bottom,  for  664  read  429. 

Page  704,  line  4,  for  mm  read  cm. 


Page  717,  line  8  from  the  bottom,  for  Sanicula  canadensis  L.  read 

Sanicula  canadensis  (L.)  var.  typica  Wolff. 

A  variety  of  this  species  has  been  described  and  for  a  discussion  of 
the  name  see  Rhodora  42:  467.  1940  and  Jour.  Arnold  Arb.  22:  134-135. 
1941. 

The  distribution  of  the  species  in  Indiana  as  shown  by  my  speci- 
mens is  as  follows:  Brown,  Dearborn,  Decatur,  Floyd,  Franklin,  Gib- 
son, Harrison,  Hendricks,  Jackson,  Jefferson,  Jennings,  Johnson,  Knox, 
Kosciusko,  Lagrange,  Lawrence,  Marion,  Miami,  Monroe,  Morgan, 
Ohio,  Orange,  Owen,  Parke,  Perry,  Posey,  Putnam,  Ripley,  Union, 
Vanderburgh,  Wabash,  Warren,  White,  and  Whitley  Counties. 

Page  717,  before  line  3  from  the  bottom,  interpolate  as  follows: 

3a.  Sanicula  canadensis  var.  grandis  Fern.  (Rhodora  42:  467. 
1940.)  The  distribution  of  the  variety  in  Indiana  as  shown  by  my 
specimens  is  as  follows :  Daviess,  De  Kalb,  Dubois,  Fayette,  Grant, 
Greene,  Hamilton,  Huntington,  Knox,  Lake,  La  Porte,  Madison,  Mar- 
shall, Martin,  Monroe,  Montgomery,  Noble,  Owen,  Randolph,  Ripley, 
Rush,  St.  Joseph,  Spencer,  Sullivan,  Switzerland,  Tippecanoe,  Ver- 
million, Vigo,  Warren,  Warrick,  Washington,  Wayne,  and  Wells 
Counties.  Fernald  gives  the  general  distribution  of  the  variety  as 
follows:  Western  Vt.  to  Nebr.,  southw.  to  N.  C,  Tenn.,  Mo.,  Okla., 
and  Tex. 

Page  736,  line  11,  for  Pyrola  chlorantha  Swartz  read  Pyrola  virens 
Schweigg.  (Rhodora  43:  167.  1941.) 

Page  746,  line  7,  for  Samolus  pauciftorus  Raf.  read  Samolus  parviflorus 
Raf. 

Page  751,  line  11,  for  (L.)  Pers.  read  (L.)  Gaertn.  f. 

Page  771,  line  2  from  the  bottom,  for  acute  read  obtuse. 


6 
Page  813,  for  lines  11-17,  substitute  the  following: 

Pedicels  about  equaling  the  fruiting  calyx.    (See  excluded  species  no.  535, 

p.  1085   .  .  .S.  nrticae folia. 

Pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  fruiting  ca'.yx. 
Corolla  without  a  hairy  ring  inside. 

Corolla  about  2  cm  long.    (See  excluded  species  no.  534,  p.  1085.) 

S.  pratensis. 

Corolla  about  1  cm  long 3.  S.  sylvestris. 

Corolla  with  a  hairy  ring  inside.     (See  excluded  species  no.  536,  p.  1085.) 
S.  verticilhtta. 

Page  820,  line  10,  for  Pycanthemum  read  Pycnanthemum. 

Page  822,  line  1  from  the  bottom,  for  15  read  16. 

Page  840,  line  8,  for  long  read  short  and  after  only  interpolate  with 
long  hairs. 

Page  854,  line  10,  for  45-55  read  45-55  mm. 

Page  855,  line  4,  for  Farw.  read  Pennell. 

Page  860,  line  13  from  the  bottom,  for  (L.f.)  read  (L.). 

Page  866,  last  line,  add  var.  glandulosa  (Scheele)  Fern.  (Rhodora 
43:  287.  1941.) 

Page  871,  line  2  from  the  bottom,  for  Houstcnia  angustifolia  Michx. 
read  Houstonia  nigricans  (Lam.)  Fern.   (Rhodora  42:  299.  1941.) 

Page  895,  line  1  at  top  of  page,  for  Lobeliaceae  read  Campanulaceae. 

Page  909,  line  4,  delete  (a  barium  salt). 

Page  923,  line  17  from  the  bottom,  for  Solidago  nemoralis  Ait.  var. 
decemflora  (DC.)  Fern,  read  Solidago  nemoralis  Ait.  var.  longi- 
petiolata  (Mack.  &  Bush)  Palmer  &  Steyermark.  (Ann.  Missouri 
Bot.  Gard.  22:  660.  1935  and  Rhodora  40:  133.  1938.) 

Page  928,  line  13  from  the  bottom,  for  Boltonia  asteroides  (L.)  L'Her. 
read  Boltonia  latisquama  Gray  var.  recognita  Fern.  &  Grisc.  (Rho- 
dora 42:  491.  1940.) 

Page  945,  line  7,  for  Aster  missouriensis  Britton  (Rhodora  30:  177. 
1928.)  read  Aster  pantotrichus  Blake.  (Jour.  Washington  Acad. 
Sci.  31:  327. 1931.) 


Page  945,  line  11,  for  Aster  missouriensis  var.  thyrsoides  (Gray) 
Wieg.  (Rhodora  30:  177.  1928.)  read  Aster  pantotrichus  var. 
thyrsoides  (Gray)  Blake.  (Jour.  Washington  Acad.  Sci.  21:  327. 
1931.) 

Page  998,  line  22,  for  this  line  read  5a.  Senecio  aureus  var.  gracilis 
(Pursh)  Britt.  Map  2190.  This  variety 

Page  1007,  delete  lines  8  and  9. 

Page  1012,  line  10  from  the  bottom,  for  Lactuca  spicata  (Lam.)  Hitchc. 
read  Lactuca  biennis  (Moench)  Fern.  (Rhodora  42:  300.  1940.) 

Page  1012,  line  3  from  the  bottom,  for  Lactuca  spicata  var.  integrifolia 
(T.  &  G.)  Britt.  read  Lactuca  biennis  f.  integrifolia  (T.  &  G.)  Fern. 
(Rhodora  42:  302.  1940.) 

Page  1019,  line  28,  for  Linnaeana  C.  Chr.  read  disjiincta  (Rupr.) 
Morton.  (Rhodora  43:  217.  1941.) 

Page  1059,  line  6,  for  shoud  read  should. 

Page  1067,  after  line  2,  interpolate  as  follows : 

394a.     Robinia  viscosa  L.     This  species  was  reported  for  Lake 
County  by  Edwin  D.  Hull  in  Amer.  Botanist  41:  172.  1935. 

Page  1078,  line  11,  for  Spermolepis  pAtens  (Nutt.)  Robinson  read 
Spermolepis  inermis  (Nutt.)  Mathias  &  Constance.  (Bull.  Torrey 
Bot.  Club  68:  124.1941.) 

Page  1086,  line  31,  at  the  end  of  this  line  add:  but  according  to  Epling 
this  species  occurs  in  Brown,  Crawford,  and  Martin  Counties. 

Page  1087,  line  9,  from  the  bottom  for  western  read  southern. 

Page  1097,  line  12,  for  amethystinus  read  amethystinus. 

Page  1097,  line  23,  add  as  follows:  In  1940  a  large  colony  was  found  by 
Chas.  M.  Ek  along  the  railroad  a  mile  west  of  Goldsmith,  Tipton 
County. 

Page  1148,  after  line  32,  interpolate  as  follows: 

McNair,  James  B.  The  taxonomy  of  poison  ivy  with  a  note  on  the 
origin  of  the  generic  name.  Field  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Publ.  Bot.  Ser.  4: 
55-70.  1925. 

Page  1152,  in  line  2,  delete  the  period  after  Club. 


8 
Page   1167,   line  4  from  the  bottom,  for   subnuda   read  altissima    var. 

subnuda. 

Page  1168,  after  line  39  in  the  first  column,  interpolate  as  follows: 

Aletris 324 

Aletris  farinosa 324 

Page  1170,  in  column  2,  in  Aristida  interpolate  purpurascens 140. 

Page  1177,  line  4  from  the  bottom  in  column  2,  for  222  read  221 

Page  1177,  line  13,  for  argyrantha  read  argyrantha. 

Page  1178,  in  column  1  line  14  from  the  bottom,  for  glaucodea 252 

read  glaucodea   253. 

Page  1179,  line  27,  for  mormalis  read   normalis. 

Page  1180,  line  3  and  4  from  the  bottom  in  column  1,  for  vulpinoidea 

var.    pycnocephala  272  read  vulpinoidea    var.     pycnoeephala  272. 

Page  1190,  in  column  1  line  2  from  the  bottom,  for  Elodea. . .  92  read 
Elodea  .  .  92. 

Page  1198,  in  column  1  after  line  17,  interpolate  Gypsophila  muralis 
...  1106. 

Page  1223,  in  column  1  line  10  from  the  bottom,  for  pauciflorus  read 

parviflorus. 
Page  1225,  in  column  2  line  3,  forSimarubiaceae  read  Simarubaceae. 


Page  1227,  in  column  1  line  30,  for  895  read  896. 

Page  1227,  in  column  1  line  10  from  the  bottom,  for  patens  read  inermis. 

Page  1228,  in  column  2  line  9,  for  Stichwort  read  Stitchwort. 

Page  1228,  in  column  2  line  10,  for  stichworts  read  Stitchworts. 

The  Emendations  contain  120  changes  due  to  errors,  additions  to 
the  flora,  and  changes  in  nomenclature.  Of  this  number  30  have 
been  changes  in  nomenclature.  About  one  name  out  of  a  hundred  has 
changed  in  one  year. 

An  endeavor  has  been  made  to  have  the  emendations  so  printed 
that  they  can  be  cut  out  and  pasted  in  the  Flora.  It  is  hoped  that 
librarians  and  owners  of  a  copy  of  the  Flora  will  see  to  it  that  correc- 
tions are  added. 

Each  purchaser  of  the  Flora  will  receive  gratis  a  copy  of  the 
Emendations  and  additional  copies  can  be  obtained  at  ten  cents  a  copy 
postpaid.  Postage  stamps  will  be  accepted  in  payment. 

Bluffton  Indiana  Chas.  C.  Deam. 

July  1,  1941. 


Copies  are  to  be  obtained  from 

STATE  FORESTER,  Dept.  of  Conservation 
Indianapolis,  Ind. 


'    Mil' 


H 


H 


»l  I    H