Skip to main content

Full text of "Flora of the islands of Margarita and Coche, Venezuela"

See other formats 


yK250 

.J6 

Johnston,  John  Robert 

Flora  of  the  islands  of 

Margarita  and  Coche, 

Venezuela 

Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History 
Vol.  34,  No.   7, 

p.   163-312,  pi.  23-30. 


contributions  from  the  gray  herbarium  of  harvard 
university.   new  series.— no.  xxxvii.   flora  of 
the  islands  of  margarita  and  coche, 
venezue;.a.  ~ 


By  John  Robert  Johnston,  M.S. 


BOSTON: 
PRINTED  FOR  THE  SOCIETY. 

June,    1909. 


^^^^  Yaf?;(  BOTANIC 
ISSUED  ^''"^^y^-LBHlTW 


No.  7.—  CONTRIBUTIONS  FROM  THE  GRAY  HERBARIUM 

OF  HARVARD  UNIVERSITY.    NEW  SERIES.— NO. 

XXXVII.    FLORA    OF    THE    ISLANDS    OF 

MARGARITA  AND  COCHE, 

VENEZUELA. 

BY  JOHN  ROBERT  JOHNSTON,  M.  S. 

Contents. 

Page. 
General  considerations  on  the  flora  of  Venezuela  —  Variety  of  vege- 
tative conditions  —  Desirability  of  further  collecting  —  Explo- 
ration and  botanical  work      .......  163 

Flora  of  the  Island  of  Margarita 167 

Introduction      ..........  167 

Physical   features  —  Topography  —  Rainfall     and     clouds  — 

Temperature 168 

Catalogue  of  plants  ........  175 

The  economic  plants  of  Margarita     ......  270 

Distribution  of  the  plants  —  Regional  distribution  —  Group- 
ing —  Paucity  of  specimens  —  Adaptation  and  barriers  to 
dispersal  —  Seasonal   distribution  .....  278 

Composition  of  the  flora  —  The  cultivated,  the  cosmopolitan, 
and  the  plants  of  restricted  distribution  —  The  variety  of 
plants  and  the  groups  most  largely  represented     .         .         .  283 

The  flora  of  the  Island  of  Coche 288 

Description  of  the  vegetative  conditions   .....  288 

Catalogue  of  plants 291 

Comparison  of  the  flora  of  Margarita  and  Coche  with  that  of  other 
regions  —  Methods  of  comparison  —  Other  Venezuelan 
islands  —  The    mainland  —  The    West    Indies  —  Southern 

United  States 293 

Conclusion 301 

Literature  of  geographical  and  botanical  publications      .         .         .  304 

General  Considerations  on  the  Flora  of  Venezuela. 

Cr.       Professor  Goebel's  ('91)  most  interesting  account  of  the  vegeta- 

cr  tive  conditions  to  be  found  on  the  Cordilleras  of  Merida  in  Venezuela 

oc  is  descriptive  of  an  excellent  field  for  botanical  research.     Within 

150  kilometers  (93  miles)  of  the  shores  of  Lake  Maracaibo  the  moun- 

163 


164    PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

tains  rise  to  an  altitude  of  4000  meters  (12,000  ft.)  so  that  a  traveler 
in  {)assing  from  the  Lake  up  to  the  mountains  traverses  the  lowland 
forests,  the  higher  and  barren  hills,  the  rich  valleys,  the  forested 
mountain  sides  and  gorges,  to  the  treeless  summits,  some  of  which 
are  cajiped  with  snow. 

In  this  short  range  occur  all  variations  from  the  swampy  seashore 
and  the  barren  hills  to  the  luxuriant  valleys,  and  the  alpine  regions. 
On  the  mountain  sides  occur  furthermore  at  various  altitudes  not  only 
quiet  gorges  in  which  the  woods  are  dripping  with  moisture  but  also 
knolls  exposed  to  the  fierce  winds,  often  accompanied  by  great  changes 
in  temperature.  A  greater  variety  of  vegetative  conditions  is  difficult 
to  find  within  so  small  an  area  in  any  other  country. 

Venezuela  may  well  be  considered  as  consisting  of  three  different 
regions:  the  Andean  extending  from  Lake  Maracaibo  southwest 
over  the  mountain  ranges  to  Colombia ;  the  coastal  region  from  Lake 
Maracaibo  eastward  to  the  Gulf  of  Paria  at  Trinidad,  including  all 
the  coastal  islands  and  extending  inland  to  the  llanos  by  the  Orinoco; 
and  the  third  region  consisting  of  the  Orinoco  district  and  all  of  the 
extensive  and  little  known  forests  to  the  south.  While  each  of  these 
three  divisions  shows  some  of  the  characteristics  of  the  others,  each 
has  features  of  interest  peculiar  to  itself,  the  first  region  being  alpine, 
the  second  consisting  of  the  barren  or  desert  hills  of  the  coast  and  of 
the  islands,  and  the  third  being  characterized  by  the  grassy  plains  and 
forest  areas  of  the  llanos  and  selvas. 

Such  a  variety  of  conditions  as  is  presented  in  this  country  leads 
one  to  expect  much  of  botanical  interest.  There  must  be  both  a 
remarkable  variety  of  plants  and  many  interesting  adaptations  of 
the  plants  to  their  environments.  A  number  of  collections  have  been 
made,  but  not  nearly  so  many  as  the  conditions  warrant,  and  un- 
fortunately the  reports  of  these  collections  are  scattered  and  incom- 
plete. The  need  for  more  work  on  the  flora  of  Venezuela  is  strongly 
felt.  Brazil  has  the  elaborate  work  of  Martins  ('40-'06) ;  the  Guianas 
those  of  Schomburgk  ('47-'48)  and  Pulle  ('06);  Colombia  that  of 
Karsten  ('58-'69)  and  also  the  recent  collections  of  Smith  and  Pittier. 
The  West  Indies  as  a  whole  have  Grisebach's  ('64)  well  known  Flora, 
and  the  recent  Symbolae  Antillanae  of  Professor  Urban  ('03).  But 
in  Venezuela,  IWng  between  these  lands,  no  botanical  work  at  all  com- 
plete has  been  done. 

The  first  recorded  visit  of  a  naturalist  to  Venezuela  is  that  of  Peter 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  165 

Loefling  (1776).  He  sailed  from  Cadiz,  February  15,  1754,  for  Cu- 
mana  where  he  spent  six  months.  Then  he  journeyed  to  New  Bar- 
celona, the  missions  of  Piritu,  and  the  river  Guyana,  where  he  stayed 
three  months.  Thence  he  traveled  to  the  missions  on  the  Curoni  and 
returned  to  Cumana.  In  the  description  of  his  travels  are  noted 
thirty-four  plants  occurring  about  Cumana. 

In  the  years  from  1807  to  1825  were  published  various  works  by 
Humboldt,  Bonpland  ('14-'29;  '14;  '08)  and  Kunth  ('l5-'25)  describ- 
ing the  travels  of  the  first  two  and  then  giving  notes  on  their  observa- 
tions. Their  list  of  plants,  collected  for  the  most  part  about  Cumana 
and  along  the  Rio  Negro  and  Cassiquiari  Rivers,  comprises  some  1200 
numbers.  !Most  of  these  are  now  in  the  herbarium  of  the  IMuseum 
of  natural  history  at  Paris. 

Funck  and  Linden  landed  at  La  Guaira  in  1840.  Linden  went 
to  Peru  while  Funck  went  toward  the  Orinoco,  visiting  Cumana, 
Guana-Guana,  San  Augustin  where  he  made  a  rich  collection,  the 
Grotto  de  Guacharos,  Caripe  and  its  mountains.  In  1842  and  1845 
he  visited  Santa  Marta,  San  Sebastian,  and  Galipan,  and  thence  went 
to  Cura^oa  and  to  the  region  of  the  Silla  de  Caracas.  His  plants 
are  in  the  Delessert  herbarium  at  Geneva.  There  is  no  published 
list  of  them.  Linden  arrived  at  Caracas  in  January,  1842,  and  in 
May  of  the  same  year  sent  plants  to  Delessert.  This  collection 
(235  species)  contained  plants  from  the  Silla  de  Caracas  and  the 
Cerro  de  Avila.  In  May,  1842,  he  left  Caracas  for  the  Andes  of 
Merida.  In  January,  1843,  he  sent  from  Merida  to  the  consul  of 
France  at  Maracaibo  plants  collected  in  the  high  Andes  of  Truxillo 
and  Merida.  Linden's  plants  of  Colombia,  which  may  include  his 
Venezuelan  ones,  are  at  the  following  places:  University  of  Ghent, 
herbarium  de  Candolle  (2066  species),  herbarium  of  the  University 
at  Leipzig,  and  the  herbarium  of  the  Royal  museum  at  Vienna. 

There  are  plants  of  Funck  collected  at  Caracas  at  the  herbarium 
of  the  Academy  of  sciences  at  St.  Petersburg  (819  species). 

Plants  of  Funck  and  Schlim  (Reich enbach,  '54b)  collected  in 
tropical  America  are  in  the  herbariums  of  the  universities  of  Ghent 
and  Leipzig  as  well  as  in  the  Delessert  herbarium. 

Plants  collected  by  jNIoritz  (see  Hampe  '47a,  '47b)  are  in  the  British 
museum,  at  the  Royal  botanical  gardens  in  Berlin,  in  the  herbarium 
of  the  Imperial  botanical  garden  of  St.  Petersburg,  and  in  that  of 
the  Imperial  academy  of  St.  Petersburg,  of  the  Royal  museum  at 
Vienna,  and  of  the  University  at  Leipzig. 


166     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

Plants  of  Wagner  collected  in  Panama  and  Ecuador  are  in  the 
royal  herbarium  of  Munich  and  University  of  Gottingen.  Possibly 
these  include  his  Venezuelan  plants. 

Karsten  ('58-'69)  who  published  the  extensive  flora  of  Colombia 
and  the  adjacent  regions  included  seventy-nine  plants  collected  in 
Venezuela. 

Plants  collected  by  Birschel  at  Caracas  are  in  the  Gray  herbarium. 

Fendler's  (see  Eaton  '61)  collections  of  Venezuelan  plants  are  in  the 
herbariums  of  de  Candolle,  Delessert,  Engelmann,  Franqueville,  Uni- 
versity of  Dublin,  Gray  herbarium,  and  British  museum.  August 
Fendler  was  a  German  botanist  who  lived  in  Colonia  Tovar  near 
Caracas  from  1854-59.  His  collection  comprised  nearly  3000  num- 
bers. There  is  no  published  list  excepting  that  of  the  ferns  and 
orchids,  and  a  large  part  of  the  plants  remain  in  the  herbariums 
entirely  or  partially  unidentified.  Fendler  was  at  one  time  an  assistant 
at  the  Gray  herbarium  and  his  collecting  was  carried  on  to  some 
extent  under  Dr.  Gray's  encouragement  and  patronage.  It  is  be- 
lieved that  the  set  of  his  plants  in  the  Gray  herbarium  is  as  nearly 
complete  as  any  in  existence. 

Adolphus  Ernst,  who  for  a  number  of  years  was  secretary  of  agri- 
culture in  Venezuela  and  also  a  professor  at  the  University  of  Cara- 
cas, has  contributed  more  to  our  knowledge  of  the  Venezuelan  flora 
than  any  other  man  since  Humboldt's  time.  Ernst  had  in  prepa- 
ration a  flora  of  Venezuela  but  owing  to  his  death  in  1899  it  was  never 
completed.  He  did,  however,  publish  numerous  short  articles  per- 
taining to  the  vegetation.  A  complete  list  of  these  occurs  in  the 
bibliography  of  his  works  published  at  Jena  in  1900  (Ernst,  '00b). 
The  more  important  of  these  are  the  lists  of  the  plants  of  Los  Roques 
(Ernst,  '72a),  of  La  Tortuga  (Ernst,  '76b),  of  INIargarita  (Ernst,  '86), 
and  the  list  of  ferns  and  of  the  orchids  of  Venezuela.  The  plants 
which  he  collected  appear  to  be  entirely  inaccessible  today.  They 
are  not  to  be  found  in  the  University  museum  at  Caracas  nor  in  the 
old  National  museum  of  natural  history.  It  is  possible  that  they  have 
been  sent  to  various  European  herbariums.  As  his  lists  contain 
merely  the  names  of  the  plants  with  few  or  no  notes,'  their  identifica- 
tion in  some  cases  must  remain  a  matter  of  question. 

In  1896,  Professor  H.  H.  Rusby  ('96)  and  Roy  "W.  Squires  collected 
about  the  lower  Orinoco.  Their  plants  are  in  the  New  York  college 
of  pharmacy  and  in  the  Gray  herbarium. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  ]VL\IIGARITA  ISLAND.  167 

In  1900,  Captain  Wirt  Robinson  and  Dr.  ]\I.  W.  Lyon,  Jr.,  collected 
at  La  Guaira,  Macuto,  and  San  Julian  about  sixty  plants  which  are 
now  in  the  U.  S.  national  herbarium  (see  Johnston,  '08). 

In  1901,  "uith  a  party  of  three  others  I  spent  the  months  of  July  and 
August  on  the  island  of  Margarita.  About  300  species  of  plants 
were  collected.  On  another  trip  to  the  same  island  in  1903,  we 
increased  the  known  flora  of  Margarita  to  654  species.  At  the  same 
time  a  collection  was  made  on  the  island  of  Coche  and  visits  were  made 
to  Carupano,  Cumana,  La  Guaira,  and  Caracas  to  compare  their 
floras.  Again  in  1907,  I  was  enabled  to  ^^sit  Venezuela  although  no 
collecting  was  done  on  INIargarita.  Visits  to  Pampatar  on  Margarita 
and  to  Carupano,  Cumana,  Barcelona,  Guanta,  La  Guaira,  Caracas, 
and  Valencia  on  the  mainland,  all  have  been  of  value  to  me  in  com- 
paring the  flora  of  Margarita  with  that  of  adjacent  regions. 

It  is  believed  that  the  above  collections  comprise  all  that  have  been 
made  in  Venezuela  ^ith  the  exception  of  a  few  by  Venezuelans.  In 
some  cases  the  data  are  incomplete  and  unsatisfactory  but  they  may 
nevertheless  furnish  a  basis  for  further  research  work  along  this  line. 

Floka.  of  the  Island  of  Makgarita. 

Introduction. 

The  island  of  Margarita  is  only  a  small  part  of  Venezuela,  never- 
theless its  flora  has  proved  to  be  of  considerable  interest,  particularly 
as  revealing  several  new  species  and  as  increasing  the  known  geographi- 
cal distribution  of  other  species.  The  island  was  visited  in  1873  by 
Dr.  Adolphus  Ernst  who  published  a  report  of  the  plants  discovered. 
Captain  "Wirt  Robinson  \isited  the  island  in  1898  making  a  collection 
of  the  birds  and  mammals.  In  1901  a  party  of  four  students  of  Har- 
vard university  consisting  of  Austin  H.  Clark,  O.  O.  INIiller,  Walter  P. 
Jenkins,  and  myself  spent  the  months  of  July  and  August  collecting 
specimens  of  animal  and  plant  life.  In  1903,  through  the  kindness 
of  one  of  the  friends  of  the  Gray  herbarium  of  Harvard  university, 
I  was  enabled  to  \'isit  Margarita  again.  This  time  I  was  accompanied 
by  Dr.  Albert  F.  Blakeslee,  who  devoted  himself  to  the  collection  of 
algae  and  fungi,  and  by  Clifford  Wilson,  who  assisted  us  in  our  work. 
These  ^^sits  to  Margarita,  which  are  all  that  have  been  reported 
of  scientific  workers,  taken  together  furnish  fairly  complete  data  as  to 
the  character  of  the  flora  and  its  vegetative  conditions. 


168     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 


Physical  Features. 

The  island-  of  Margarita  as  seen  from  the  mainland  thirty-two 
kilometers  distant  appears  as  two  conical  mountains  separated  by  a 
long  stretch  of  lowland.  It  may  be  seen  on  the  accompanying  map 
that  it  consists  of  two  irregular  polygonal  areas  connected  by  a  narrow 
strip  of  land,  each  of  these  areas  rising  from  the  lowlands  of  the  plain 
to  the  foothills  and  mountain  ridge  of  the  center,  thus  giving  the 
conical  appearance  in  the  distance. 

Located  about  eleven  degrees  north,  and  sixty-four  degrees  west, 
Margarita  is  sixty-seven  kilometers  long  and  thirty-two  wide.  It  is 
eleven  kilometers  from  the  desert  islands  Cubagua  and  Coche,  and 
is  the  largest  of  the  Venezuelan  islands  that  extend  along  the  coast 
from  Cura9oa  to  Trinidad.  The  highest  peaks  of  the  two  ends  are 
about  forty-two  kilometers  apart.  The  relative  extent  of  plains,  foot- 
hills, and  mountains  can  best  be  understood  by  considering  the  two 
ends  separately  and  in  detail. 

The  mountains  of  the  eastern  end  rise  to  an  altitude  of  795  meters 
and  have  many  spurs  jutting  out  in  different  directions.  Surrounding 
the  mountain  and  its  spurs  are  the  valleys  and  plains  which  in  some 
cases  extend  to  the  sea.  On  the  eastern  and  northern  sides  are  what 
may  be  termed  outlying  mountains  which  are  less  extensive  than  the 
central  mountain  mass,  San  Juan  Mountain,  and  border  directly  on 
the  sea.  The  top  of  San  Juan  Mountain,  between  the  altitudes  650 
and  795  meters,  is  destitute  of  trees.  Bare  rock  ledges  jut  out  from 
beneath  the  low  shrubbery.  Occasionally  the  summit  is  in  clear 
sunshine,  but  quite  as  often  the  heavy  clouds  laden  with  moisture  are 
rapidly  flitting  over,  now  completely  enveloping  it,  and  now  exposing 
it  to  the  warmth  of  the  sun.  Within  thirty  meters  of  the  top  is  one 
spring  on  the  El  Valle  side,  and  fifteen  meters  below  that  is  another. 
Though  these  are  entirely  exposed  they  never  seem  to  dry  up.  The 
dense  woods  which  cover  the  mountains  above  400  meters  collect  and 
retain  the  moisture  of  the  clouds,  thus  together  with  the  two  springs 
furnishing  a  source  for  small  streams  below. 

On  the  map  of  the  island  it  is  shown  that  the  mountain  ridge  as  a 
whole  not  only  extends  from  northeast  to  southwest,  but  also  rises 
gradually  from  the  west  in  a  succession  of  hills  to  the  highest  point 
which  is  iibove  El  Valle  and  San  Juan,  thence  lowering  a  little  for  a 
distance  of  one  and  one  half  kilometers,  and  then  dropping  abruptly 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  169 

down  to  the  plain  near  Asuncion.  Each  of  the  successively  higher 
hills  of  the  western  end  swerve  to  the  south  in  the  form  of  ridges  sloping 
gradually  to  the  open  plain  at  San  Antonio.  From  the  highest  point, 
however,  there  proceeds  a  very  distinctive  ridge  between  San  Antonio 
and  El  Valle.  This  South  Hill,  as  named  for  the  collector's  con- 
venience, together  with  a  similar  hill  to  the  north  of  El  Valle,  called 
North  Hill,  curves  so  as  partially  to  enclose  El  Valle,  the  most  char- 
acteristic valley  of  the  island.  Farther  around  the  mountain  to  the 
northeast  of  it,  is  the  large  valley  of  Asuncion,  and  northwest  of  this 
is  Tacarigua  and  at  the  western  end  again,  on  the  north  side,  and 
opposite  El  Valle,  is  the  valley  of  San  Juan. 

With  this  system  of  narrow  valleys  surrounding  the  mountain, 
it  may  be  expected  that  there  are  mountain  torrents  in  the  time  of 
heavy  rains,  and  such  is  the  case.  The  valleys  of  San  Antonio  and  of 
San  Juan,  however,  have  only  the  dry  river  beds  in  ordinary  weather, 
while  the  three  other  valleys  alone  have  permanent  streams. 

The  above-mentioned  springs  are  the  source  of  one  river  in  El 
Valle  which  has  been  directed  into  a  reservoir  at  the  head  of  the  valley 
at  an  altitude  of  fifty  meters,  whence  it  is  piped  to  the  villages  of  El 
Valle  and  Porlamar.  There  are  ten  public  and  a  few  private  drinking 
fountains  or  "pelas"  on  the  way,  a  distance  of  eight  kilometers.  The 
valley  forks  at  its  head  so  that  to  the  northeast  occurs  a  narrow  ravine 
in  which  flows  a  small  stream.  This  is  used  for  laundry  purposes, 
and  is  lost  in  the  soil  before  it  reaches  the  lower  valley.  There  is  also 
a  short  distance  to  the  east  of  this  another  stream  which  is  confined 
to  private  grounds  on  which  are  three  concrete  reservoirs  provided 
for  it. 

The  region  between  El  ^'alle  and  Asuncion  valley  has  no  dis- 
tinctive features,  nor  is  there  any  stream.  Although  down  in  the 
valley  of  Asuncion  proper  there  is  only  one  stream  bed  and  not  much 
water,  one  and  one  half  kilometers  or  more  above  the  village  at  an 
altitude  of  450  meters  there  are  no  less  than  eight  stream  beds  of 
which  six  always  contain  running  water.  A  trail  passing  through 
the  forest  at  the  above  altitude  from  one  side  of  the  valley  around 
the  end  to  the  other,  furnishes  an  excellent  opportunity  to  study 
these  streams.  The  valley  is  most  curved  toward  the  southeast  and 
gradually  straightens  out  to  the  northwest.  Beginning  from  the 
southeast  the  streams  or  stream  beds  were  numbered  in  collecting 
merelv  for  convenience,  but  the  numbers  may  well  serve  here. 


170     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

The  first  stream  has  a  very  shallow  and  rather  indistinct  bed. 
The  land  is  wet  and  muddy  on  both  sides  of  it.  The  second  stream 
is  a  little  larger  and  forms  distinct  pools  at  intervals.  Below  the 
trail  this  river  has  a  very  steep  bed  and  appears  on  the  surface  only 
occasionally  from  underneath  the  rocks.  Intervening  between  this 
and  the  next  river  is  a  slight  elevation  which  extends  as  a  small  ridge 
into  the  valley.  On  the  northwest  side  of  this  ridge  is  a  ravine  about 
twenty  meters  deep,  at  the  bottom  of  which  runs  the  third  river. 
The  southeast  slope  is  very  steep,  the  northwest  is  a  gradual  rise.  A 
little  farther  on  is  another  ravine  of  similar  depth  and  its  southeast 
side  is  almost  perpendicular.  The  northwest  slope  is  gradual.  A 
short  way  from  this  is  the  third  and  deepest  ravine  containing  the 
fifth  river.  Another  and  shallower  ravine  is  near  by  containing  the 
sixth  river.  These  four  ravines  are  similar  in  having  a  steep  slope 
on  the  southeast  side  and  a  gradual  rise  on  the  opposite  side.  The 
unimportant  dry  river  beds  of  the  seventh  and  eighth  streams  are 
but  a  short  way  farther,  very  near  to  the  ridge  separating  the  large 
Asuncion  valley  from  that  of  Tacarigua. 

The  valley  of  Tacarigua,  the  next  in  the  series  around  the  moun- 
tain, is  very  long  and  has  steep  sides.  The  one  river,  the  Rio  Blanco, 
flows  down  to  the  bottom  of  the  valley  where  it  is  lost  eleven  or  twelve 
kilometers  from  the  sea.  The  water  is  very  impure  though  from 
what  source  I  do  not  know.  It  is  slightly  muddy  in  color  and  tastes 
similar  to  a  sulphur  spring.  Adjoining  the  valley  of  Tacarigua  is 
that  of  San  Juan,  the  last  of  the  series  surrounding  the  mountain. 
As  this  has  nothing  but  a  dry  river  bed  it  is  of  little  importance. 

As  has  been  said,  the  mountain  as  a  whole  is  covered  by  dense 
woods.  The  summit  of  San  Juan  Mountain  is  the  only  exposed  part. 
The  highest  part  of  all  the  ridges  is  covered  with  shrubs  which  lower 
down  gradually  give  place  to  small  trees  and  still  lower  to  the  very  tall 
trees.  In  all  parts  rocks  are  projecting  in  an  irregular  fashion.  Not 
even  in  the  densest  part  of  the  woods  is  there  a  soil  of  any  consider- 
able depth,  and  of  course  the  river  beds  are  extremely  rocky.  Where 
the  mountain  slope  is  interrupted  by  some  hill,  there  the  woods  stop, 
but  where  the  slope  is  continuous  with  a  valley  the  woods  extend  to 
a  much  lower  level.  This  latter  condition  occurs  characteristically 
in  El  Valle  and  in  the  valley  of  Asuncion  which  are  the  only  two 
worthy  of  detailed  consideration. 

The  woods  of  El  Valle  are  heavy  as  low  as  fifty  meters,  the  height 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  171 

of  the  reservoir,  although  they  are  rapidly  being  cleared  off  in  all 
directions.  Immediately  below  this  is  the  extensive  coconut  grove 
reaching  down  into  Porlamar.  The  configuration  of  the  land  about 
the  village  of  El  Valle  makes  it  an  ideal  place  for  botanical  study. 
.North  and  South  Hills  as  before  mentioned  leave  the  mountain  in  a 
southerly  direction  and  both  give  off  short  ridges  running  toward 
each  other  and  also  away  from  each  other  on  the  other  side. 

About  a  kilometer  and  a  half  from  the  mountain,  South  Hill  turns 
to  the  southeast,  and  North  Hill  turns  to  the  southwest,  the  two  stop- 
})ing  but  a  short  way  from  each  other,  thus  leaving  a  narrow  entrance 
into  a  nearly  enclosed  valley.  In  this  small  area  there  are  exposures 
to  all  points  of  the  compass.  There  is  one  dry  river  bed  extending 
from  the  foot  of  the  mountain  to  the  sea,  that  is  important  in  the 
rainy  season.     It  is  here  that  the  heavy  vegetation  of  the  valley  grows. 

Asuncion  is  the  only  other  valley  of  importance.  The  head  of  it 
has  been  described  in  the  discussion  of  the  mountain  rivers.  The 
lower  part  is  quite  open  and  is  continuous  with  the  plains  to  the  sea. 
This  valley  faces  to  the  northeast  so  that  it  gets  the  wind  and  mois- 
ture. The  clouds,  however,  are  usually  at  an  altitude  of  from  400 
to  600  meters  so  that  it  is  only  the  upper  part  of  the  valley  that  is 
extremely  moist,  the  richest  part  of  the  island.  Otherwise  the  valley 
is  similar  to  any  of  the  lowlands. 

Intervening  between  the  valleys,  partially  surrounding  them,  and 
also  standing  as  outlying  features  are  the  hills  and  small  mountains 
conspicuous  by  their  red  soil  and  by  their  desolation.  In  the  case 
of  the  hills  attaining  the  height  of  300  meters  the  summit  has  a  few 
scattered  trees.  Other  vegetation  is  either  lacking  or  restricted  to 
small  patches  of  dry  bushes.  The  soil  is  very  conspicuously  red,  or 
on  a  few  hills  made  gray  by  the  preponderance  of  limestone.  It  is 
loose  and  easily  weathered  into  small  slabs  or  into  a  crumbling  mass, 
which  rapidly  washes  or  rolls  down  the  steep  hills.  At  the  time  of 
the  heavy  showers  the  hills  are  gullied  everj^'here.  As  a  consequence 
of  their  condition  the  soil  is  thin  and  can  maintain  only  shallow- 
rooted  vegetation. 

From  the  very  nature  of  the  rock  it  is  to  be  expected  that  caverns 
of  some  size  are  to  be  found.  Within  twenty  meters  of  the  summit 
of  Bat  Cave  Peak  is  a  large  cave  which  opens  above  near  the  summit, 
and  also  at  the  side.  About  one  hundred  meters  from  the  foot  of 
the  hill  there  is  a  hole  in  the  rocks  through  which  I  could  with  diffi- 


172     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

culty  lower  myself.  Below  was  a  cave  about  three  meters  deep  and 
large  enough  to  hold  several  men.  Both  of  these  caves  are  inhabited 
by  bats,  and  the  lower  one  contains  numerous  lizards. 

The  barrenness  of  the  hills  is  increased  several  fold  in  the  plains 
excepting  at  the  mouth  of  a  valley.  The  surface  of  the  plain  is  un- 
dulating only  slightly  and  in  few  places.  It  is  for  the  most  part 
sandy,  reddish  near  the  hills  and  white  toward  the  sea.  In  places, 
notably  between  San  Antonio  and  the  sea,  the  surface  is  covered  with 
irregular  broken  rock,  small  fragments,  angular,  and  very  little 
weathered.  By  the  sea  the  plains  contain  several  lagoons  as  may 
be  noted  on  the  map. 

On  the  plain  a  mile  inland  from  Juan  Griego  is  a  small  pond  of 
brackish  water  always  turbid  and  used  merely  for  laundry  purposes. 
At  Punta  Moreno  is  a  small  lagoon  connected  by  a  narrow  outlet 
to  the  bay  of  Porlamar.  At  Punta  IMosquito  is  Laguna  Chica  sur- 
rounded by  mangroves.  This  is  about  six  kilometers  long  and  navi- 
gable by  sloops.  At  Punta  Mangles  and  at  Punta  Piedras  are  also 
small  lagoons  and  mangrove  swamps.  The  lagoon  at  Punta  Piedras 
is  open  to  the  sea  by  an  inlet  about  one  meter  deep  and  six  meters 
wide.  Inside  the  mangrove  border  is  a  clear  circular  body  of  water 
about  one-half  kilometer  across. 

From  the  above  description  of  the  eastern  end,  it  is  hoped  that  a 
good  idea  of  the  physical  features  may  be  derived.  When  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  plants  is  discussed  the  picture  of  the  district  will  be 
more  complete.  Then  one  may  see  along  the  shore  at  intervals  the 
mangrove-bordered  lagoons,  then  stretching  inland  the  sandy  plain 
dotted  with  the  cactus  and  low  shrubs  exposed  to  the  burning  sun; 
the  brown  hills  with  small  dead  bushes,  the  valleys  with  the  waving 
coconut  palms  and  higher  up  the  green-clad  mountain  side  with 
the  top  reaching  into  the  clouds. 

The  land  intervening  between  the  two  ends  is  for  the  most  part  a 
large  mangrove  swamp,  open  to  the  sea  on  the  north  side  and  a  short 
distance  on  the  south  side.  Although  the  lagoon  is  about  eleven 
kilometers  long,  it  has  very  little  clear  water. 

The  western  end  of  the  island  is  of  much  less  importance  than 
the  eastern.  The  conditions  recorded  here  are  taken  from  the  meager 
encyclopedic  references  and  from  the  observations  which  I  made  from 
the  distant  San  Juan  Mountain  and  on  the  Coche-Punta  Piedras 
voyage  and  on  board  the  steamship  from  Porlamar  to  La  Guaira  and 
also  from  reports  of  the  natives. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  I\L\RGARITA  ISLAND.  173 

According  to  encyclopedias,  the  mountain  peak  of  this  end  is  60 
meters  higher  than  that  of  the  eastern  end.  Though  in  the  distance 
that  looks  very  probable,  it  makes  little  difference  in  the  character 
of  the  vegetation.  Little  of  the  mountain  range  anpvhere  approaches 
the  height  of  the  peak.  jNIost  of  the  ridges  are  very  steep  and  ap- 
parently have  no  forest  growth,  whatever.  Cliffs  are  exposed  in 
numberless  places.  Under  such  conditions,  although  the  peaks  are 
often  hidden  in  the  clouds  there  can  be  little  moisture  retained  and 
consequently  no  springs  nor  rivers,  a  condition  which  agrees  with  the 
reports  of  the  natives.  The  single  town  of  Macanao  on  the  west 
coast  is  supplied  with  "posa"  water  (rainwater  and  seepage  collected 
in  clay  pits)  and  with  imported  water.  One  large  ridge  with  short 
spurs  runs  east  and  west  along  the  south  shore,  and  to  the  northeast 
is  a  series  of  high  hills.  The  only  plain  is  on  the  northwest  side. 
The  character  of  the  western  end  as  a  whole  then  is  similar  to  that 
of  the  hills  and  plains  of  the  eastern  end. 

The  above  paragraphs  give  some  idea  of  the  topography  of  Mar- 
garita. It  seems  advisable  also  to  discuss  so  far  as  possible  the  tem- 
perature and  moisture  as  they  affect  the  conditions  of  vegetation. 

The  above  description  distinctly  suggests  that  Margarita  is  a  very 
dry  island.  During  the  time  from  July  3  to  August  22,  in  1901, 
there  were  only  two  heavy  rains  in  El  Valle  each  lasting  much  less 
than  an  hour,  and  I  did  not  observe  any  light  showers.  This  it  must 
be  remembered  was  during  the  rainy  season  on  the  mainland  only 
twenty-seven  kilometers  distant.  At  this  time  conditions  seemed  to 
be  quite  normal.  Orange  trees  and  the  coconut  palms  were  bearing 
fairly  well,  and  the  valley  bottoms  were  filled  with  thriving  weeds. 

Observations  made  from  Jmie  29  to  September  4,  in  1903,  were 
very  different.  At  this  time  the  coconut  trees  were  dying,  the  oranges 
had  turned  color  on  the  tree  when  less  than  half  grown,  and  scarcely 
a  weed  could  be  found.  The  island  and  especially  El  Valle  was  in 
a  bad  drought.  According  to  the  natives  there  had  been  no  rain  for 
two  or  three  and  some  said  even  five  years.  This  latter  time  is  shown 
to  be  incorrect  by  my  own  observations  in  1901,  but  at  any  rate  it 
is  suggestive  of  very  little  rain  for  several  years  past.  Records  for 
1903  are  as  follows: — 

July  14.     Heavy  rain  in  Porlamar;   very  light  at  El  Valle. 

July  17.     Light  showers  at  El  Valle. 

August  14.     Very  heavy  rains  on  the  mountain  and  do-wii  through 


174    PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

El  Valle.  Trails  on  the  hillside  were  in  many  places  washed  away. 
Gullies  were  deepened  considerably.  Rained  from  about  midnight 
till  10  A.  M.  of  August  15. 

August  16.     Light  showers. 

August  21.  Very  heavy  rain  in  El  Valle.  The  heavy  sheets  of 
rain  seemed  to  ascend  one  valley  to  the  mountain  top  and  retreat  to 
ascend  the  other  valley.  The  rain  was  very  light  on  the  surrounding 
hills.  During  the  storm  and  immediately  after  it  a  continuous  roar- 
ing sound  arose  from  the  valley.  On  investigation  this  proved  to 
be  the  rapid  falling  of  the  water  down  the  steep  gulches.  Farther 
down  the  small  streams  united  and  flowed  into  the  "dry  river  bed." 
The  two  trails  running  for  a  distance  of  a  mile  from  the  foot  of  the 
mountain  into  the  plaza  at  El  Valle  proved  themselves  to  be  veritable 
rivers.  They  were  loosely  paved  with  stones  and  were  walled  on 
each  side  so  that  they  held  in  the  w^ater  well.  A  half  hour  after  this 
rain  the  trails  were  still  submerged,  and  uniting  with  the  river  near 
the  plaza  they  formed  a  perfect  torrent  at  least  until  7.25  p.  m. 

A  very  different  factor  from  the  rain  is  the  heavy  mist  which  almost 
constantly  hangs  above  the  mountain.  About  one  third  of  the  time 
the  mountains  above  600  meters  are  in  the  clouds.  Very  often  from 
night  until  6  or  7  A.  M.  the  hills  over  300  meters  are  in  the  clouds  but 
they  are  never  cloudy  in  the  daytime  except  in  case  of  storms.  The 
clearing  of  the  woods  which  everywhere  seems  to  be  inevitable,  is  going 
on  here  slowly.  Where  previously  all  the  vegetation  was  dripping 
with  moisture  now  for  the  most  part  conditions  are  much  drier  be- 
cause trees  have  been  cut  down  thus  allowing  the  sunlight  to  enter. 

In  the  preceding  paragraphs  it  is  seen  that  compared  with  other 
tropical  districts,  Margarita  has  almost  no  rainfall.  The  mainland 
in  the  summer  season  has  a  shower  nearly  every  day.  So  has  Trini- 
dad off  the  northeast  coast  of  Venezuela.  While  my  records  are 
mostly  from  the  south  side  of  the  island,  yet  excursions  made  to  Juan 
Griego  and  that  vicinity  indicate  that  it  is  but  slightly  better  off. 

Although  the  island  is  desert-like  in  character  yet  from  the  fact 
that  it  gets  the  northeast  trades,  a  comfortable  temperature  may  be 
expected.  My  records  average  as  follows:  at  6  a.  m.,  29  degrees  C; 
at  1  p.  M.,  the  hottest,  32.4  degrees  C.  These  records  are  from  El 
Valle.  Porlamar  always  seemed  hotter  than  this.  The  coolest  is  of 
course  on  the  mountain  top  at  San  Juan  Mountain.  The  average 
coolest  is  25  degrees  C,  the  single  coldest  record  was  24.5  C.     This 


JOHNSTOX:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  175 

is  the  most  delightful  temperature  condition  imaginable,  often  cloudy 
and  always  breezy.  El  Valle  is  comfortable,  but  the  ^dllages  on  the 
plains  are  in  the  da}i:ime  very  warm.  At  night  it  is  comfortable 
everx-where. 

Catalogue  of  the  Plants  of  Margarita. 

Dr.  Ernst  in  his  visit  to  Margarita,  in  1873,  spent  the  month  of  May 
collecting  at  Juan  Griego,  Santa  Ana,  and  Asuncion.  His  collection 
amounting  to  242  different  species  are  the  first  plants  reported  from 
that  island  but  unfortunately  they  do  not  seem  to  be  available  for 
reference  today.  Their  location  is  unknown  to  me;  certainlv  they  are 
not  accessible  in  any  place  in  Venezuela. 

The  only  other  collections  from  Margarita  and  the  only  ones  readily 
available  for  reference  today  are  those  made  by  our  parties  in  1901 
and  1903.  In  1901,  we  collected  over  300  different  species  spending 
most  of  the  time  from  July  4  to  August  22  in  El  Valle  and  the  plains 
toward  Porlamar,  with  only  occasional  trips  to  Juan  Griego,  Asuncion, 
and  Punta  Moreno.  In  1903,  from  June  28  to  September  4,  we  found 
the  region  about  El  Valle  in  such  a  drought  that  for  our  collections  we 
had  to  resort  to  the  mountains  for  the  most  of  our  work.  One  trip  was 
made  to  Juan  Griego,  Tacarigua,  and  Asuncion,  one  to  Peilar  and 
several  to  Punta  ^Moreno  and  Punta  Mosquito.  We  also  made  one 
excursion  to  the  island  of  Coche  and  to  Punta  Piedras  on  Maro-arita. 
In  each  of  these  trips,  that  of  1901  and  that  of  1903,  between  3000  and 
4000  specimens  were  secured,  all  of  which  have  been  distributed 
among  the  leading  herbariums  in  this  country  and  abroad,  the  most 
nearly  complete  set  being  at  the  Gray  herbarium  of  Harvard  univer- 
sity. It  is  unfortunate  that  the  first  collection  was  distributed  in  an 
incomplete  and  poorly  identified  condition  but  it  is  hoped  that  the 
present  listing  of  the  species  together  with  the  citation  of  the  collection 
numbers  and  dates  may  tend  to  correct  any  previous  errors.  In  the 
main  the  identifications  have  been  carried  on  at  the  Gray  herbarium. 
Mr.  O.  O.  Miller  of  the  party  of  1901  assisted  in  the  identifications  of 
the  collection  of  that  year.  The  rest  of  the  work,  in  which  I  have 
been  generously  assisted  by  the  staff  of  the  Gray  herbarium,  has 
devolved  upon  me.  ]Mr.  Oakes  Ames  identified  part  of  the  Orchi- 
daceae;  Dr.  Carl  Mez,  part  of  the  Bromeliaceae;  Dr.  Casimir  de 
Candolle,   the  Piperaceae;    Professor  Radlkofer,   one  of  the  Sapin- 


176     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

aceae;  and  IVIr.  W.  R.  Maxon  has  revised  the  hst  of  ferns.  Professor 
I.  Urban  has  made  some  corrections  in  my  identifications  and  has 
])ubhshed  several  new  species  based  upon  my  plants.  The  collection 
of  fungi  and  of  algae  made  by  Dr.  A.  F.  Blakeslee  has  been  identified 
by  Professor  W.  G.  Farlow  and  is  deposited  in  the  Cr\^3togamic 
herbarium  of  Harvard  university.  This  collection  is  not  included  in 
the  following  list  of  Margaritan  plants. 

To  all  these  who  have  so  generously  assisted  me  and  especially  to 
Professor  B.  L.  Robinson  under  whose  supervision  this  work  has  been 
done  and  to  JNIiss  M.  A.  Day,  librarian  of  the  Gray  herbarium,  who 
has  verified  the  references  and  otherwise  assisted  in  the  bibliographical 
work,  many  thanks  are  due. 

In  working  out  the  identifications  of  the  plants  listed  in  the  following 
catalogue  many  difficulties  were  encountered,  chief  among  them  being 
the  great  lack  of  South  American  plants  for  comparison,  and  the 
uncertain  condition  of  many  South  American  genera  and  species. 
These  difficulties  have  been  overcome  to  some  extent  by  the  assistance, 
already  referred  to,  of  specialists  on  certain  groups.  The  bulk  of  the 
plants,  however,  remained  in  groups  which  have  not  been  re\ased  for 
some  time. 

The  citations  to  be  found  in  the  catalogue,  consist  of  the  original 
references  to  the  names  which  are  used,  a  reference  to  the  earliest  use 
of  the  specific  name,  and  in  addition  reference  to  either  or  both  Grise- 
bach's  Flora  of  the  British  West  Indies  and  Martins'  Flora  Brasiliensis, 
as  well  as  a  reference  to  some  published  illustration,  and  when  possible 
a  citation  of  monographs  of  the  various  groups.  These  are  the  works 
which  have  been  used  in  conjunction  with  herbarium  specimens  to 
make  the  identifications,  to  determine  the  character  of  the  species. 
From  these  my  idea  of  the  species  was  obtained  and  for  that  reason  it 
seems  desirable  to  cite  them  in  this  list.  In  addition  to  these  references 
I  have  also  given  the  occurrence  of  the  species  in  Venezuela  as  a  whole, 
this  being  ascertained  by  reference  both  to  publications  and  to  speci- 
mens. All  specimens  here  reported  and  collected  by  Fendler,  by 
Rusby  and  Squire,  by  Robinson  and  Lyon,  by  Birschel,  and  by  A.  H. 
Moore  have  been  personally  examined  by  me  and  compared  with  my 
own  material.  Other  references  than  those  of  species  to  Venezuela 
are  taken  from  publications  and  are  given  for  only  what  they  may  be 
worth  under  such  circumstances.  The  reference  to  Ernst  with  some 
page  number  is  to  Ernst's  Estudios  sobre  la  flora  y  fauna. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  177 

After  the  citation  of  Venezuelan  plants,  I  have  given  reference  to 
the  occurrence  of  the  species  in  Porto  Rico  as  found  in  Urban's  Flora 
portoricensis.  These  citations  are  based  upon  Professor  Urban's 
comparison  of  my  plants  with  his  so  that  the  distribution  of  the  plants 
in  these  two  localities  is  made  certain.  The  last  note  after  a  species 
is  in  regard  to  its  general  distribution. 

The  arrangement  of  the  families  is  as  in  Engler  and  Prantl's  Pflan- 
zenfamilien,  and  the  genera  and  species  are  alphabetically  arranged 
in  their  respective  groups. 

While  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  each  species  could  not  be  subjected 
to  the  critical  examination  of  a  specialist  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  this  list 
in  connection  with  the  distributed  plants  may  be  of  value  in  future 
work  upon  the  flora  of  Venezuela. 

PTERIDOPHYTA} 
GLEICHENIACEAE. 

DiCRANOPTERis  Bernh. 

D.  FLEXUOSA  (Schrad.)  Underw.,  Bull.  Torr.  bot.  club,  vol.  34,  p. 
254  (1907).  Mertensia  flexuosa  Schrad.,  Goett.  Anz.,  p.  863  (1824). 
M.  rigida  Kunze,  Linnaea,  vol.  9,  p.  16  (1834).  Gleichenia  flexuosa 
Mett.,  Ann.  Lug.  Bat.,  vol.  1,  p.  50  (1863).  G.  rigida  Bommer  & 
Christ,  Bull.  soc.  bot.  Belg.,  vol.  35,  p.  174  (1896).— San  Juan  Mt., 
alt.  700  m.,  July  16,  Johnston,  no.  180.     Tropical  America. 

CYATHEACEAE. 

Cyathea  Sm. 

C.  TENERA  (J.  Sm.)  Hook,  ex  Moore,  Ind.  Fil.,  p.  274  (1861). 
Alsophila  tenera  J.  Sm.,  Lond.  Journ.  bot.,  vol.  1,  p.  666  (1842), 
nomen  nudum.  A.  tenera  J.  Sm.  ex  Hook.,  Sp.  Fil.,  vol.  1,  p.  49 
(1846). —  Rio  Asuncion,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  143,  July  29. 
Also  on  Trinidad  and  several  of  the  West  Indies. 

Hemitelia  R.  Br. 

H.  grandifolia  (AVilld.)  Spreng.  Syst.,  vol.  4,  p.  125  (1827). 
Cyathea  grandifolia  Willd.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  5,  p.  490  (1810).—  El  Valle, 

1  The  identifications  in  this  group  are  as  revised  by  Mr.  W.  R.  Maxon,  who  has  also 
added  the  synonymy  and  the  notes  in  regard  to  the  species. 


178     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  164,  in  part,  Aug.  16;  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt. 
500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  191,  July  16.  Porto  Rico:  Urban,  Symb.  Ant., 
vol.  4,  p.  10  (1903).     Tropical  America. 

POLYPODIACEAE. 

Elaphoglossum    Schott. 

E.  TOVARENSE  (Mett.)  Moore,  Ind.  Fil.,  p.  369  (1862),  name  only. 
Achrostichum  tovarense  Moritz  ex  Eaton,  Mem.  Amer.  acad.  arts 
and  sci.,  (new  series)  vol.  8,  pt.  2,  p.  194  (1860),  name  only;  Kuhn, 
Linnaea,  vol.  36,  p.  60  (1869).—  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m., 
Johnston,  no.   146.     Known  also  from  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

MoNOGRAMMA  Commerson. 

M.  LiNEARiFOLiA  Desv.  Mag.,  Gesellsch.  nat,  Fr.  Berlin,  vol.  5,  p. 
302,  pi.  7,  fig.  5  (1811).  Pleurogramme  immersa  Fee,  3me  Mem.,  p. 
37,  pi.  4,  fig.  5  (1851-52).  Monogramme  immersa  Hook.,  Sp.  Fil., 
vol.  5,  p.  125  (1864).— San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no. 
186,  July  2.     West  Indies  and  northern  South  iVmerica. 

Campyloneurum  Presl. 

C.  PHYLLiTiDis  (L.)  Presl,  Tent.  Pterid.,  p.  190,  pi.  7,  fig.  18  (1836). 
Pohjpodium  phijllitidis  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1083  (1753);  Urb.,  Symb. 
Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  57  (1903),  where  reported  as  occurring  on  IMargarita 
Island.— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  165,  July  30;  San  Juan 
Mt.,  alt.  400  m.,  Johnston,  no.  151,  July  27.  Generally  distributed 
throughout  tropical  America. 

GoNiOPHLEBiuM  Presl. 

G.  CHNOODES  (Spreng.)  Fee,  Gen.  Fil.,  p.  255  (1850-52).  Pohj- 
f odium  chnoodes  Spreng.,  Neue  Entdeck.,  vol.  2,  p.  6  (1822).— San 
Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no.  193,  July  2.  Tropical  America, 
commonest  in  the  West  Indies. 

G.  LORiCEUM  (L.)  J.  Sm.  ex  Hook.,  Gen.  Fil,  under  pi.  51  (1840). 
Pohjpodium  loriceum  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1086  (1753). —  Rio  Asuncion, 
alt.  500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  169,  Aug.  12-15.  Tropical  America  gen- 
erally.    Variable. 

G.  piLOSELLOiDES  (L.)  J.  Sm.  ex  Hook.,  Gen.  Fil.,  under  pi.  51 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  179 

(1840).  Pohjpodimn  piloseiloides  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  2,  p.  1083  (1753). 
Lopholepis  piloseiloides  J.  Sm.  in  Seem.,  Bot.  voy.  Herald,  p.  229 
(1854). —  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  150,  July  31. 
Tropical  America. 

G.  NERiiFOLiUM  (Schkulir)  Hook.,  Gen.  Fil.,  pi.  70  B  (1841).  Poly- 
podium  neriifoliuvi  Schkuhr,  Krypt.  Gewachse,  vol.  1,  p.  14,  pi.  15 
(1806).— San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  700  m.,  Johnston,  no.  176,  Aug.  28. 
Tropical  America. 

G.  VACCiNiiFOLiUM  (Langsd.  &  Fisch.)  J.  Sm.  ex  Hook.,  Gen. 
Fil.,  under  pi.  51  (1840).  Polypodium  vaccinii folium  Langsd.  & 
Fisch.,  Ic.  Fil.,  vol.  8,  pi.  7  (1810).— El  Valle,  Miller  <i-  Johnston, 
no.  159,  July  31.     Tropical  America. 

Phlebodium  J.  Sm. 

P.  AUREUM  (L.)  J.  Sm.,  Journ.  bot.,  vol.  4,  p.  59  (1841).  Poly- 
podium  aureum  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1087  (1753). —  Rio  Asuncion, 
alt.  500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  170,  Aug.  12-15.  Widely  distributed  in 
tropical  America. 

Phymatodes  Presl. 

P.  XEMATORHizox  (D.  C.  Eaton)  Underw.  ex  Maxon,  Contrib. 
U.  S.  nat.  herb.,  vol.  10,  p.  493  (1908).  Polypodium  nematorhizon 
D.  C.  Eaton,  Bot.  gaz.,  vol.  3,  p.  90  (1878). —  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt. 
500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  147,  Aug.  12-15.  Known  hitherto  only  from 
Trinidad. 

P.  PROMixuLA  Maxon,  Contrib.  U.  S.  nat.  herb.,  vol.  10,  p.  501 
(1908).  ?  Polypodium  salicifolium  Willd.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  5,  p.  149 
(1810),  not  Vahl  (1807).— San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  500  m.,  Johnston,  no. 
155  (t}"pe).     Tropical  America. 

Polypodium  L. 

P.  JUBAEFORME  Kaulf.,  Flora,  vol.  6,  pt.  1,  p.  364  (1823).  Poly- 
podiiim  saccatum  Fee,  Gen.  Fil.,  p.  239  (1850-52). —  San  Juan  Mt., 
alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no.  164,  July  2.  The  West  Indies  and  Panama 
to  Brazil. 

P.  PECTiXATUM  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1085  (1753).—  El  Valle,  Miller 
&  Johnston,  no.  163;  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no. 
167,  July  19.     Tropical  America  generally. 


180     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

P.  POLYPODioiDES  (L.)  A.  S.  Hitclicock,  Rep.  Mo.  bot.  garden, 
vol.  4,  p.  156  (1893).  Acrostichum  pohjpodioides  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  2, 
p.  1068  (1753).  Polypodium  incanum  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Oec,  p. 
131  (1788).—  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  157,  July  6. 
Southern  and  central  United  States  to  Argentina. 

XiPHOPTERIS  Kaulf. 

X.  SERRULATA  (Sw.)  Kaulf.,  Enum.  Fil.,  pp.  85,  300  (1824).  Acro- 
stichum serrulatuni  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ.,  p.  128  (1788).  Polypo- 
dium serndatum  Mett.,  Fil.  hort.  Lips.,  p.  30  (1856),  not  Sw.  (1800). 
Xiphopteris  extensa  Fee,  lime  Mem.,  p.  14,  pi.  19,  fig.  3  (1866),  not 
Polypodium  extensum  Forst.  (1786),  Presl  (1825),  nor  Fee  (1869).— 
Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  144,  Aug.  12-15.  Tropi- 
cal America  generally.     Also  occurs  in  Africa. 

Adiantopsis  Fee. 

A.  radiata  (L.)  Fee,  Gen.  Fil,  p.  145  (1850-52).  Adiantum 
radiatum  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1094  (1753). —  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  400  m., 
Johnston,  no.  184,  July  6.     Not  uncommon  in  the  American  tropics. 

Adiantum  L. 

A.  TETRAPHYLLUM  H.  &  B.  ex  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  5,  441  (1810); 
Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  45  (1903),  where  reported  as  occurring  on 
Margarita  Island. —  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  166,  July  25; 
Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  300  m.,  Johnston,  no.  162.     Tropical  America. 

Ceropteris  Link. 

C.  calomelaena  (L.)  Link,  Fil.  sp.  hort.  bot.  Berol.,  p.  141  (1841). 
Acrostichum  calomelanos  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1072  (1753).  Gymno- 
gramma  calomelanos  Kaulf.,  Enum.  Fil.,  p.  76  (1824). —  San  Juan 
Mt.,  alt.  550  m.,  Johnston,  no.  182,  July  19.  Tropical  America. 
Africa.     Escaped  from  cultivation  in  Luzon. 

C.  tartarea  (Cav.)  Link,  Fil.  sp.  hort.  bot.  Berol.,  p.  142  (1841). 
Acrostichum  tartareum  Cav.,  Descr.  pi.,  p.  242  (1802).  Gymno- 
gramma  tartarea  Desv.,  Mag.,  Gesellsch.  nat.  Fr.  Berlin,  vol.  5,  p.  305 
(1811).— San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  795  m.,  Johnston,  no.  181,  Aug.  28. 
Tropical  America;  uniformly  at  a  higher  elevation  than  the  preceding. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  181 


Pteridium  Scop. 

P.  CAUDATUM  (L.)  Maxon,  Proc.  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  vol.  23,  p.  631 
(1901).  Pteris  caudata  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  2,  p.  1075  (1753).  Pteris 
aquilina,  var.  caudata  Hook.,  Sp.  Fil.,  vol.  2,  p.  196  (1858). —  San 
Juan  Mt.,  alt.  790  m.,  Johnston,  no.  177,  Aug.  28.     Tropics. 

ASPLENIUM   L, 

A.  ABSCissuM  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  5,  p.  321  (1810).  Asplenium 
laetum  Schkuhr,  Kn'pt.  Gewachse,  vol.  1,  p.  65,  pi  70  (1809),  not  Sw. 
(1806).  A.  Schkuhrianum  Presi,  Tent.  Pterid.,  p.  107  (1836).  A. 
firmum  Kunze,  Bot.  Zeit.,  vol.  3,  p.  283  (1845). —  Juan  Griego  trail, 
alt.  450  ra.,  Johnston,  no.  154,  July  29.     Tropical  America  generally. 

A.  ciRRHATUM  Ricli.  ex  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  5,  p.  321  (1810).  .45- 
'  plenium  rhizophorum  (simple-pinnate  form)  of  most  authors. —  Juan 
Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  142,  July  31.  Tropical  Amer- 
ica; commonest  in  the  West  Indies. 

A.  CRiSTATUM  Lam.,  Encyc,  vol.  2,  p.  310  (1786).  Asplenium 
cicutariumSw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  130  (1788);  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant., 
vol.  4,  pp.  38,  39  (1903),  where  reported  as  occurring  on  Margarita 
Island. —  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  162,  Aug.  2;  Juan  Griego 
trail,  alt.  450  ra.,  Johnston,  no.  161,  July  22.  American  tropics; 
reaching  its  best  development  in  the  West  Indies. 

A.  cuNEATUM  Lam.,  Encyc,  vol.  2,  p.  309  (1786). —  Juan  Griego 
trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  172,  July  31.  Tropical  America, 
the  typical  form  being  West  Indian.  Ascribed  also  to  the  tropics  of 
the  Old  World. 

A.  SALiciFOLiuM  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1080  (1753).  Asplenium 
auricidatum  and  A.  semicordatum  of  authors,  as  to  W^est  Indian 
specimens  (see  Maxon,  Contrib.  U.  S.  nat.  herb.,  vol.  10,  p.  476 
(1908)  for  synonymy).  —  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston, 
no.  168,  July  31.     Tropical  America. 

A.  SERRATUM  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1079  (1753). —  San  Juan  Mt., 
alt.  400  m.,  Johnston,  no.  141,  July  6.     American  tropics.     Common. 

Blechnum  L. 

B.  occiDENTALE  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1077  (1753);  Urb.,  Symb. 
Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  39  (1903),  where  reported  from  Margarita  Island. — 


182     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

El  Valle,  Miller   &  Johnston,  no.  155,  Aug.  2;   San  Juan  Mt.,  alt. 
400  m.,  Johnston,  no.  160,  July  16.     American  tropics;  ubiquitous. 

DiPLAZIUM  Sw. 

D.  ARBOREUM  (Willd.)  Presl,  Tent.  Pterid.,  p.  114  (1836),  not  of 
most  authors.  Asplenium  arboreum  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  5,  p.  320 
(1810).  A.  Shepherdi  Spreng.,  Nov.  act.  acad.  Caes.  Leop.,  vol.  10, 
p.  231,  pi.  17,  figs.  5  and  6  (1821).  Diplazium  Shepherdi  Link, 
Hort.  Berol.,  vol.  2,  p.  70  (1833).— Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  ra., 
Johnston,  no.  158,  July  29.     Tropical  America. 

D.  CRENULATUM  Liebm.  Vid.  selsk.  skr.,  ser.  5,  vol.  1,  p.  254 
(1849).  Earlier  synonymy  much  confused:  the  Linnaean  name  not 
available.  Referred  under  D .  striatnm  (L.)  Presl  by  Urban  (Symb. 
Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  33  (1903)  as  occurring  on  Margarita  Island. —  El 
Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  161,  Aug.  16;  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.. 
450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  153,  July  29.     Tropical  America. 

D.  GRANDIFOLIUM  Sw.  in  Schrad.,  Journ.  bot.,  1800,  pt.  2,  p.  62 
(1801).  Asplenium  grandifolium-  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  130 
(1788). —  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  159,  July  29. 
Tropical  America. 

Dryopteris  Adans. 

D.  AMPLA  (H.  &  B.)  Ktze.,  Rev.  gen.,  vol.  2,  p.  812  (1891).  Poly- 
podium  amplum  H.  &  B.  ex  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  5,  p.  207  (1810). — 
El  Valle,  Miller  d-  Johnston,  no.  169,  Aug.  2;  Juan  Griego  trail, 
alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  187  in  part,  July  29.  Tropical  America. 
Florida. 

D.  Johnston  I  Maxon,  Contrib.  U.  S.  nat.  herb.,  vol.  10,  p.  498 
(1908). —  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  192,  July  22 
(tj^De).     Known  also  from  Trinidad,  Jenman;  Fendler,  no.  54. 

D.  MEGALODUS  (Schkuhr)  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  21  (1903). 
Polypodium  megalodus  Schkuhr,  Kr}^:)t.  Gewiichse,  vol.  1,  p.  24,  pi. 
19b  (1806). —  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  164  in  part.  Tropical 
America. 

D.  PARASITICA  (L.)  Ktze.,  Rev.  gen.,  vol.  2,  p.  811  (1891). 
Polypodium  paras Iticum  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1090  (1753).  Neph- 
rodium  parasiticum  Desv.,  INIem.  soc.  Linn.  Paris,  vol.  6,  p.  260  (1827). 
Polypodium  molle  Jacq.,  Coll.  bot.,  vol.  3,  p.  188  (1789),  not  Schreb. 
(1771),  nor  All.  (1785).     Nephrodium  molle  R.  Br.,  Prod.  fl.   Nov. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  183 

HolL,  p.  149  (1810). —  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no. 
194,  July  19.  Tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 
Rare  in  the  southern  United  States. 

D.  PUBESCENS  (L.)  Ktze.,  Rev.  gen.,  vol.  2,  p.  813  (1891). 
Polypodium  pubescens  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1327  (1759). — 
Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  195,  Aug.  12-15.  The 
specimens  are  broader  and  less  produced  than  the  t\'pical  Jamaican 
form.     West  Indies. 

D.  ]Mercurii  (A.  Br.)  Hieron.,  Hedwigia,  vol.  46,  p.  335,  pi.  5, 
fig.  9  (1907).  Aspidium  Mercurii  A.  Br.  ex  Christ.,  Bull.  herb. 
Boiss.,  ser.  2,  vol.  6,  p.  58  (1906),  name  only. —  Juan  Griego  trail, 
alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  190,  July  29.  Determined  by  Christensen, 
who  attributes  the  species  also  to  ^Mexico,  Costa  Rica,  Colombia,  and 
Ecuador. 

[D.  TETRAGOXA  (Sw.)  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  20  (1903).  Poly- 
podium tetragonum  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  132  (1788). —  Stated 
by  Urb.,  I.  c,  to  grow  on  ^Margarita  Island,  a  report  based  upon 
material  collected  by  Miller  &  Johnston  in  1901.] 

D.  viLLOSA  (L.)  Ktze.,  Rev.  gen.,  vol.  2,  p.  314  (1891).  Poly- 
podium villosum  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  2,  p.  1093  (1753).  Nephrodium 
villosum  Presl,  Rel.  Haenk.,  vol.  1,  p.  38  (1825).  Juan  Griego  trail, 
alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  187  in  part,  July  29.     Tropical  America. 

Meniscium  Schreb. 

M.  RETicuLATUM  (L.)  Sw.  in  Schrad.,  Journ.  bot.,  1801,  pt.  1,  p. 
274  (1803).  Polypodium  reticulatum  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2, 
p.  1325  (1759).  Nephrodium  reticulatum  Keyserling,  Pol.  Cyath. 
herb.  Bung.,  p.  49  (1873).  Dryopteris  reticulata  Urb.,  S\Tiib.  Ant., 
vol.  4,  p.  22  (1903).—  EI  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  156,  Aug.  16; 
Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  166,  July  22.  Tropical 
America. 

Olfersia  Raddi. 

O.  CERViNA  (L.)  Kunze,  Flora,  vol.  7,  pt.  1,  p.  312  (1824).  Os- 
munda  cervina  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1065  (1753).  Polyhotrya  cervina 
Kaulf.,  Enum.  Fil.,  p.  55  (1824). —  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m., 
Johnston,  no.  152,  July  31.     Tropical  America. 

Tectaria  Cav. 

T.  heracleifolia  CVVilld.)  Underw.,  Bull.  Torr.  bot.  club,  vol.  33, 
p.  200  (1906).     Aspidium  her aclei folium  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  5,  p.  217 


184    PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

(1810).  Aspidium  trifoliatum  of  authors,  in  part,  not  Polypodium 
trifoliatum  L.,  based  on  Plumier's  plate  148,  see  Underw.,  I.  c,  p. 
199-200.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  168,  Aug.  2.  Reported 
by  Urb.  (S^Tnb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  23),  under  the  name  of  Aspidium  tri- 
foliatum, as  occurring  ujjon  Margarita  Island,  his  determination 
being  based  upon  some  of  Miller  &  Johnston's  material  of  1901. 
Tropical  America  generally. 

T.  PLANTAGiNEA  (Jacq.)  Maxon,  Contrib.  U.  S.  nat.  herb.,  vol.  10, 
p.  494  (1908).  Polypodium  plantaginemn  Jacq.,  Coll.  bot.,  vol.  2, 
p.  104,  pi.  3,  fig.  1  (1788).  Aspidium  plantagineum  Griseb.,  Abh. 
kon.  Gesellsch.  Wiss.  Gottingen,  vol.  7,  p.  286  (1857). —  Juan  Griego 
trail,  alt.  500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  148,  July  31.  Tropical  America. 
Variable. 

T.  PuRDiAEi  (Jenman)  Maxon,  Contrib.  U.  S.  nat.  herb.,  vol.  10, 
p.  494  (1908).  Aspidium  Purdiaei  Jenman,  Gard.  chron.,  ser.  3, 
vol.  22,  p.  282  (1897).  Nephrodium  Sherringiae  Jenman,  Journ. 
bot.,  vol.  25,  p.  99  (1887),  not  A^.  Sherringii  Jenman  (1879).  ^5- 
pidium  psammisormn  C.  Chr.,  Ind.  Fil.,  p.  89  (1905). —  El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Johnston,' wo.  158,  Aug.  10;  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m., 
Johnston,  no.  173,  July  31.     Known  also  from  Trinidad. 

Oleandra  Cav. 

O.  NODOSA  (Willd.)  Presl,  Tent.  Pterid.,  p.  78  (1836).  Aspidium 
nodosum  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  5,  p.  211  (1810). —  Juan  Griego  trail, 
alt.  300  m.,  Johnston,  no.  189,  July  29.  American  tropics.  Ascribed 
also  to  Africa. 

Dennstaedtia  Bernh. 

D.  ORDiNATA  (Kaulf.)  Moore,  Ind.  Fil.,  p.  306  (1861).  Dicksonia 
ordinata  Kaulf.,  Enum.  Fil.,  p.  226  (1824).— El  Valle,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  160,  Aug.  16;  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston, 
no.  185,  July  29.     Widely  distributed  in  tropical  America. 

Nephrolepis  Schott. 

[N.  EXALTATA  (L.)  Schott,  Gen.  Fil.,  pi.  3  (1834).  Polypodium 
exaltatum  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1326  (1759). —  Referred  by 
Urban,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  27,  to  Margarita.] 

N.  PECTiNATA  (Willd.)  Schott,  Gen  Fil.,  under  pi.  3  (1854).  Aspi- 
dium pectinatum  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  5,  p.  223  (1810). —  San  Juan 
Mt.,  alt.  790  m.,  JohnMon,  no.  149,  July  16.     Tropics. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  185 

N.  RivuLARis  (Vahl)  Mett.  ex  Krug  in  Engl.,  Bot.  jahrb.,  vol.  24, 
p.  122  (1897).  Polypodimi  rividare  Vahl,  Eel.  Am.,  vol.  3,  p.  51 
(1807).  Aspidium  sesquipedale  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  5,  p.  230  (1810). 
Nephrolepis  sesquipedalis  Presl,  Tent.  Pterid.,  p.  79  (1836). —  El 
Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  167,  Aug.  2;  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt. 
450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  163,  July  22.     Tropical  America. 

HY]VIENOPHYLLACEAE. 
Hymenophyllum  J.  E.  Sm. 

H.  POLYAXTHOS  Sw.  in  Schrad.,  Journ.  1800,  pt.  2,  p.  102  (1801). 
Trichomanes  polyanthos  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  137  (1788). — 
El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  157,  July  31;  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt. 
500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  165,  July  2.  Porto  Rico:  Urban,  Symb.  Ant., 
vol.  4,  p.  8.  Widespread  in  the  tropics,  the  typical  form  being  West 
Indian. 

H.  ciLiATUM  Sw.  in  Schrad.,  Journ.  bot.,  1800,  pt.  2,  p.  100  (1801) 
et  Fl.  Ind.  Occ,  vol.  3,  p.  1753  (1806). — This  species  is  reported  by 
Urban  (S}inb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  9)  as  occurring  on  ^Margarita,  this  being 
his  determination  of  INIiller  &  Johnston's  material  of  1901.  The 
specimen  in  question  may  possibly  be  referable,  however,  to  Tricho- 
manes. 

H.  KoHAUTiANUM  Presl,  Hjiiienoph.,  p.  32  and  p.  56  (1843). 
Referred  by  Urban  to  Margarita.     See  note  on  preceding  species. 

Trichomanes  L. 

T.  ALATUM  Sw.  in  Schrad.,  Journ.  bot.,  1800,  i)t.  2,  p.  97  (1801).— 
Ric  Asuncion,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  145,  July  29.  Tropical 
America:  the  type  from  Jamaica.     Variable. 

T.  CRiSPUM  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1097  (1753).—  San  Juan  Mt., 
alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,    no.  171,  July  2.     Tropical  America. 

T.  MEMBRANACEUM  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1097  (1753). —  Juan  Griego 
trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  15,  Aug.  12-15.     Tropical  America. 

T.  POLYPODioiDES  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1098  (1753).  T.  sinuosum 
Rich,  ex  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  5,  p.  502  (1810);  Hook.  &  Grev.,  Ic. 
Fil.,  vol.  1,  pi.  13  (1831). —  Rio  Asuncion,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no. 
175,  Aug.  12-15.     Tropical  America. 


186     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

LYCOPODIACEAE. 

Lycopodium  L. 

L.  FUNiFORME  Bory  in  Brongn.,  Veg.  foss.,  vol.  2,  p.  10  (1837); 
Spring,  Mem.  acad.  Brux.,  vol.  15,  pt.  6,  p.  50  (1842),  vol.  24,  p.  22 
(1849). —  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  July  2,  Johnston,  no.  179.  Tropi- 
cal America;  commonest  in  the  West  Indies. 

L.  TAXiFOLiUM  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  138  (1788). —  San 
Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no.  156,  July  2.     Tropical  America. 

SPERMATOPHYTA. 

HYDROCHARITACEAE. 

Thalassia  Banks. 

T.  TESTUDiNUM  Kou.  in  Kon.  &  Sims,  Ann.  hot.,  vol.  2,  p.  96 
(1806);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  507.— Juan  Griego,  Ernst. 
Jamaica  and  Caribbean  Is. 

GRAMINEAE. 

Anthephora  Schreb. 

A.  HERMAPHRODiTA  (L.)  Ktze.,  Rev.  gen.,  vol.  2,  p.  759  (1891); 
Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  80.  Tripsacum  hermaphroditum  L., 
Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1261  (1759).  A.  elegans  Schreb.,  Beschr. 
Gras.,  vol.  2,  p.  105,  pi.  44  (1810).— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  173,  July  18.  Venezuela:  near  Villa  del  Pao,  HBK.  Nov.  gen. 
et  sp.  vol.  1,  p.  116;  Porto  Rico:  Urban, /.  c.  Widely  distributed  in 
tropical  America. 

Cenchrus  L. 

C.  ECHINATUS  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1050  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  556;  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  2,  pt.  2,  pi.  43;  Cav.,  Ic.  pi., 
p.  462. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  near  Cumana,  HBK.  Nov. 
gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  1,  p.  114;  Loefling,  Reise  nach  den  spanischen  Landern, 
152-153.     Widely  distributed  in  tropical  countries. 

C.  viRiDis  Spreng.,  Syst.,  vol.  1,  p.  301  (1825);  Doell  in  Mart. 
Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  2,  pt.  2,  p.  309;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  97.— El 
Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  186  and  179.     Tropical  America. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  187 


Dactyloctexium  "Willd. 

D.  AEGYPTiUM  (L.)  Richter,  PL  Eu.,  vol.  1,  p.  68  (1890);  Urb., 
S}Tiib.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  104.  Cynosurus  aegyptius  L.,  Sp.  pL,  p.  72 
(1753).  Eleusine  aegyptia  Desf.,  Fl.  Atl.,  vol.  1,  p.  85  (1798).  D. 
aegyptiacum  Willd.,  Enum  hort.  Berol.,  p.  1029  (1809).— El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  174,  July  8.  Widely  distributed  in  tropical 
countries. 

Eragrostis  Host. 

E.  ciLiARis  (L.)  Link,  Hort.  Berol.,  vol.  1,  p.  192  (1827);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  532;  Doell  in  ISIart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  2,  pt.  3,  p. 
155;  Urb.,  S}Tnb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  108.  Poa  ciliaris  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed. 
10,  vol.  2,  p.  875  (1759). —  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  175,  Aug. 

15.  Venezuela:    Ernst  in  Seem.,  Journ.  bot.,  vol.  5,  p.  295  (1867). 
Widely  distributed  in  tropical  countries. 

Gynerium  H.  &  B. 

G.  SAGiTTATUM  (Aubl.)  Bcauv.,  Agrost.,  p.  138  (1812);  Urb., 
Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  105.  Saccharutn  sagittatum  Aubl.,  PI.  Guian., 
vol.  1,  p.  50  (1775).  G.  saccharoides  H.  &  B.,  PI.  Aequin.,  vol.  2, 
p.  112,  pi.  115  (1809).—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  193,  July  30. 
Venezuela:  near  Cumana,  HBK.  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  1,  p.  149. 
Widely  distributed  from  ^Mexico  and  Cuba  to  Brazil. 

ICHNANTHUS   BcaUV, 

I.  FALLENS  (Sw.)  Munro  ex  Benth.,  Fl.  Hongk.,  p.  414  (1861); 
Doell  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  2,  pt.  2,  p.  290;  Urb.,  S\Tnb.  Ant., 
vol.  4,  p.  94.  Panicum  pallens  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  23 
(1788);  Steud.,  Gram.,  p.  93. —  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Johnston, 
no.  208,  July  16.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  223. 
American  tropics  and  East  Indies. 

Leptochloa'  Beauv. 

L.  FiLiFORMis  (Lam.)  Beauv.,  Agrost.,  p.  71  (1812);  Doell  in  Mart., 
Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  2,  pt.  3,  p.  93;  Urb.,  S\Tnb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  104.  Fes- 
tuca  filiformis  Lam.,  111.,  vol.  1,  p.  191  (1791).  L.  mucronaia  Kth., 
Rev.  Gram.,  vol.  1,  p.  91  (1829).— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no. 

16,  July  30.     Venezuela:    Ernst  in  Seem.,  Journ.  bot.,  vol.  5,  p.  295 
(1867)  as  L.  mucronata.     Distributed  generally  in  tropical  countries. 


188     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

L.  viRGATA  (L.)  Beauv.,  Agrost.,  p.  71  (1812);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  538;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  105.  Cynosurus  virgatus 
L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  876  (1759).— El  Valle,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  197,  July  26.     Widely  distributed  in  tropical  x\nierica. 

Olyra  L. 

O.  latifolia  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1261  (1759);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  535. —  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston, 
no.  314,  July  29.     Distributed  generally  in  tropical  America. 

Panicum  L. 

P.  DiVARiCATUM  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  871  (1759);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  551.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  184, 
July  30.  Venezuela:  near  Maypurea,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  1, 
p.  101.  Porto  Rico:  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  91.  American 
tropics. 

P.  iNSULARE  (L.)  G.  F.  W.  Mey.,  Prim.  Esseq.,  p.  60  (1818) ;  Urb., 
Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  86.  Andropogon  insulare  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10, 
vol.  2,  p.  1304  (1759).—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  183,  July  20. 
American  tropics  and  subtropics. 

P.  LATIFOLIUM  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  58  (1753). —  Juan  Griego  trail, 
alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  196,  Aug.  12-15.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre 
la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  223.  Distribution  general  in  North  America  and 
West  Indies. 

P.  MAXIMUM  Jacq.,  Ic.  pi.  rar.,  vol.  1,  pi.  13  (1781);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  549;  Doell  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  2,  pt.  3,  p.  202.— 
El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  177,  July  7.  Venezuela:  Ernst, 
Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  223.  Porto  Rico:  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4, 
p.  89.     Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 

P.  PANicuLATUM  (L.)  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  bot.  club,  vol.  30,  p.  381 
(1903);  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  90.  Paspalum  paniculatum  L., 
Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  855  (1759).—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  180,  July  26.     Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 

P.  PROSTRATUM  Lam.,  Illustr.,  vol.  1,  p.  171  (1791);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  546.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  171,  Aug.  6. 
Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  223.  Porto  Rico:  Urb., 
Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  88.     Widely  distributed  in  tropical  countries. 

P.    SANGUINALE   L.,   var.   HORizoNTALE  (Willd.)   Scliweinf.,   Bull. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  189 

herb.  Boiss.,  vol.  2,  app.  2,  p.  18  (1894:);  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4, 
p.  86.  Digitaria  horizontalis  Willd.,  Enum.,  vol.  1,  p.  92  (1809). — 
El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  185,  July  10.  Distribution  general 
in  tropics. 

Paspalum  L. 

P.  CONJUGATUM  Berg.,  Act.  Helv.,  vol.  8,  p.  129,  pi.  8  (1772) ;  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  541.— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  178, 
July  26;  Juan  Griego  trail,  Johnston,  no.  198,  Aug.  12-15.  Vene- 
zuela: near  San  Fernando  de  Atabapo  and  near  Bordones,  Cumana, 
etc.,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  1,  p.  91.  Porto  Rico:  Urb.,  Symb. 
Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  81.     Common  in  tropical  countries. 

P.  COMPRESSUM  (Sw.)  Rasp.,  Ann.  sci.  nat.,  ser.  1,  vol.  5,  p.  301 
(1825);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  541;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4, 
p.  84.  Milium  covipressum  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  24  (1788). 
Paspalum  platicaulon  Poir.,  Encyc,  vol.  5,  p.  34  (1804). —  Juan 
Griego  trail,  Johnston,  no.  197,  Aug.  12-15.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre 
la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  223.     Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 

Pharus  p.  Br. 

P.  LATiFOLius  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1269  (1759);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  536;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  99.—  El  Valle, 
Miller  d-  Johnston,  no.  170,  Aug.  2;  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  400  m., 
Johnston,  no.  200,  Aug.  12-15.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y 
fauna,  p.  223.     Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 

Saccharum  L. 

S.  OFFiciNARUM  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  54  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  561. —  Cultivated  in  El  Valle  and  in  Asuncion. 

Setaria  Beauv. 

S.  GLAUCA  (L.)  Beauv.,  Agrost.,  p.  51  (1812);  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant., 
vol.  4,  p.  95.  Panicum  glaucum  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  56  (1753). 
Chaetochloa  glauca  Scribn.,  U.  S.  dept.  agr.,  div.  agrost.,  bull.  no.  4, 
p.  39  (1897).—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  181,  July  26.  Vene- 
zuela: Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  223.     Tropical  countries. 

Sporobolus  R.  Br. 

S.  DOMiNGENSis  (Trin.)  Kunth,  Enum.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  214  (1833); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  533.     Vilfa  domingensis  Trin.  in  Spreng., 


190     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

Neue  Entdeck.,  vol.  2,  p.  59  (1821). —  Pt.  Piedras,  Johnston,  no.  325, 
Aug.  6,  and  at  Laguna  Chica,  Johnston,  no.  327,  Aug.  10,  a  much 
reduced  form.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobra  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  223. 
Jamaica  and  Haiti. 

S.  viRGiNicus  (L.)  Kunth,  Rev.  Gram.,  vol.  1,  p.  67  (1829);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  533.  Agrostis  virginica  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  63 
(1753). —  Pt.  Mosquito,  Johnston,  no.  326,  Aug.  10.  Venezuela: 
Tortuga,  Ernst;  Los  Roques,  Ernst.  Widely  distributed  in  tropical 
countries. 

Teagus  Haller. 

T.  RACEMOSUS  (L.)  Scop.,  Introd.,  p.  73  (1777);  Doell  in  Mart., 
Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  2,  pt.  2,  p.  122.  Cenchrus  racemosus  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2, 
p.  1049  (1753).— Reported  by  Urban  (Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  80)  as 
occurring  on  Margarita,  a  determination  based  on  Miller  &  John- 
ston's material  of  1901. 

Zea  L. 

Z.  Mays  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  2,  p.  971  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  561 ;  Doell  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  2,  pt.  2,  p.  31.—  Cultivated 
in  El  Valle  and  Asuncion. 

CYPERACEAE. 
Cyperus  L. 

C.  DiSTANS  L.  f.,  SuppL,  p.  103  (1781);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind., 
p.  565;  Jacq.,  Ic.  rar.,  vol.  2,  pi.  299;  Nees  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  2, 
pt.  1,  p.  40;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  112.— El  Valle,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  182,  Aug.  15.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y 
fauna,  p.  223.     Widely  distributed  in  tropical  countries. 

DiCHROMENA   Michx. 

D.  CILIATA  Vahl,  Enum.,  vol.  2,  p.  240  (1806);  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant., 
vol.  4,  p.  121.  Rhynchospora  Vahliana  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p. 
577  (1864).— El  Vafle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  189,  July  16;  San 
Juan  Mt.,  alt.  500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  201,  July  2.  Venezuela:  Ernst, 
Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  223.  Distribution  general  from  the  Southern 
United  States  to  Brazil. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  191 

Eleocharis  R.  Br, 

E.  CAPiTATA  (L.)  R.  Br.,  Prod.,  p.  225  (1810);  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant., 
vol.  4,  p.  117  (Heleocharis).  Scirpus  capitatus  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1, 
p.  48  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  570.— El  Valle,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  191,  July  28,  and  Johnston,  no  204,  July  21,  alt.  300  m., 
near  small  stream  on  the  North  Hill.  Venezuela:  Ernst  in  Seem., 
Journ.  bot.,  1867,  p.  290-296.  Widely  distributed  in  tropical  coun- 
tries. 

FlMBRISTYLIS  Vahl. 

F.  AUTUMNALis  (L.)  Roem.  &  Schult.,  Syst.,  vol.  2,  p.  97  (1817). 
Scirpus  autumnalis  L.,  ]Mant.,  vol.  2,  p.  180  (1771);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  571. —  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  650  m.,  Johnston,  no.  311, 
Aug.  28.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobra  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.  Widely 
distributed  from  the  United  States  to  Brazil. 

F.  FERRUGiNEA  (L.)  Vahl,  Enum.,  vol.  2,  p.  291  (1806);  Urb.,  Symb. 
Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  118.  Scirpus  ferrugineus  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed.  2,  vol.  1, 
p.  74  (1762).— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no  188,  July  28,  and 
Johnston,  no.  205,  July  21.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna, 
p.  226.     Further  distribution,  tropical  and  subtropical  countries. 

FuiREXA  Rottb. 

F.  UMBELLATA  Rottb.,  Dcsc.  ct  ic.  pi.,  p.  70,  pi.  19,  fig.  3  (1773); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  573;  Nees  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  2, 
pt.  1,  p.  107;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  120.— El  Valle,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  172,  July  24.  Venezuela:  Ernst  in  Vargasia,  1868-69, 
p.  182.     Common  in  all  tropical  countries. 

Mariscus  Gaertn. 

M.  LiGULARis  (L.)  Urb.,  S\Tnb.  Ant.,  vol.  2,  p.  165  (1900).  Cyperus 
ligularis  L.,  Amoen.  acad.,  vol.  5,  p.  391  (1759)  et  Sp.  pi.,  ed.  2, 
vdl.  1,  p.  70.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  194,  July  27.  Vene- 
zuela: Ernst  in  Seem.,  Journ.  bot.,  1867,  p.  290-296.  Tropical 
America  and  Africa. 

Pycreus  Beauv. 

P.  ODORATus  (L.)  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  2,  p.  164  (1900)  et  vol.  4, 
p.  110.  Cyperus  odoratus  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  46  (1753),  in  part. — 
El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  195,  Aug.  15.  Distribution  general 
in  tropical  countries. 


192     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

Rynchospora  Vahl. 

R.  BARBATA  (Vahl)  Kunth,  Enum.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  290  (1837) ;  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  574.  Schoenus  barbatus  Vahl,  Eel.,  vol.  2,  p.  4 
(1798).— San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no.  207,  Aug.  28. 
Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.  Distribution  general 
in  tropical  America. 

R.  GRACILIS  Vahl,  Enum.,  vol.  2,  p.  234  (1806);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  574.— San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no.  310, 
July  11.     Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226. 

Hemicarpha  Nees    &  x\rn. 

H.  MICRANTHA  (Vahl)  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  bot.  club,  vol.  15,  p.  104 
(1888).  Scirpus  micranthus  Vahl,  Enum.,  vol.  2,  p.  254  (1806).— 
El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  196,  Aug.  10.  Venezuela:  Ernst, 
Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.    Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 

ScLERiA  Berg. 

S.  BRACTEATA  Cav.,  Ic,  vol.  5,  p.  34,  pi.  457  (1799);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  579.  Macrolomia  bracteata  Schrad.  ex  Nees  in  Mart., 
Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  2,  pt.  1,  p.  182  (1842).—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  187,  July  28;  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  700  m.,  Johnston,  no.  203,  July  16. 
Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.  Distribution 
general  in  tropical  America. 

S.  HiRTELLA  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  19  (1788);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  579.—  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no. 
312,  Aug.  28.  Venezuela:  in  woods  of  Javite,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et 
sp.,  vol.  1,  p.  232.     Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 

S.  LITHOSPERMA  (L.)  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  18  (1788). 
Scirpus  lithospermus  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  51  (1753). —  San  Juan  Mt., 
alt.,  600  m.,  Johnston,  no.  328,  Aug.  28.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre 
la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.     Distribution  general  in  tropical  countries- 

PALMAE. 

AcROCOMiA  Mart. 

A.  SCLEROCARPA  Mart.,  Hist.  nat.  Palm.,  vol.  2,  p.  66,  pis.  56,  57, 
100,  fig.  5  (1823-50);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  521.— En  route 
El  Valle  to  Juan  Griego,  alt.  400  m.,  Johnston,  no.  221,  July  29. 
Jamaica,  Grenada,  Trinidad,  Guiana,  and  Brazil. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  193 


Bactris  Jacq. 

B.  FALCATA  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40,  p. 
683  (1905). —  Rio  Asuncion,  in  heavy  woods  near  Juan  Griego  trail, 
Johnston,  no.  220,  July  16. 

Cocos  L. 

C.  NUCiFERA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1188  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  522;  Desc,  Ant.,  vol.  1,  pi.  21.— Observed  by  Loefling, 
1754,  at  Cumana.  Widely  distributed  in  tropical  countries.  There 
is  a  coconut  grove  extending  from  El  Valle  to  Porlaraar,  and  another 
large  one  in  the  valley  of  Asuncion. 

Phoenix  L. 

P.  DACTYLiFERA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1188  (1753);  Mart.,  Hist, 
nat.  Palm.  vol.  3,  p.  257,  pi.  120;  Cook,  Bull.  Torr.  bot.  club,  vol.  28, 
p.  528. —  Cultivated  in  El  Valle.     Widely  grown  in  tropical  countries. 

Oreodoxa  Willd. 

O.  OLERACEA  Mart.,  Hist.  nat.  Palm.,  vol.  3^  p.  166,  pi.  156,  figs.  1, 
2  (1836-1850);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  517.— San  Juan  Mt., 
alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no.  222,  July  11.  Widely  distributed  in  West 
Indies. 

Palma  Carana:  "eine  kleine  Palme  mit  facherformigen  Blattern, 
zur  Zeit  meines  Besuches  der  Insel,  ohne  Bliithen  und  Friichte.  Trotz 
der  Aenlichkeit  des  Namens  glaube  ich  niclit,  dass  es  Mauritia 
Carana  Wall,  sein  konne"  (Ernst).  This  may  well  be  Acrocomia 
sclerocarpa  above  mentioned.  An  unidentified  specimen,  no.  347  of 
Johnston,  July  29,  alt.  500  m.,  on  the  Juan  Griego  trail  is  different 
from  any  of  the  above. 

ARACEAE. 
Anthurium  Schott. 

A.  HooKERi  Kunth,  Enum.  pi.,  vol.  3,  p.  74  (1841);  Schott,  Ic. 
Aroid.,  p.  15-17. —  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  400  m.,  Johnston,  no.  297, 
July  11.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.  Distribu- 
tion general  in  the  West  Indies. 


194    PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

A.  SCANDENS  (Aubl.)  Eiigl.,  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  3,  pt.  2,  p.  78 
(1878).  Dracontium  scandens  Aubl.,  Guian.,  vol.  2,  p.  836  (1775). — 
South  Hill,  El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  14,  July  18.  Found  on  the  branches 
of  trees.     Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.     Brazil. 

DiEFFENBACHIA   Schott. 

D.  SEGUiNE  (Jacq.)  Schott,  Melet.,  vol.  1,  p.  20  (1832);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  509.  Arum  seguine  Jacq.,  Enum.,  p.  31  (1760). — 
Rio  Asuncion,  alt.  400  m.,  Johnston,  no.  214,  Aug.  12-15.  Venezuela: 
Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.     Jamaica,  French  Ids.,  Guiana. 

Philodendron  Schott. 

P.  EXiMiUM  Schott,  Oestr.  bot.  Wochenbl,  vol.  3,  p.  378  (1853).— 
Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  305,  Aug.  12-15.  De- 
scribed from  Brazil.  Ernst  reported  an  undetermined  species  of 
Philodendron  from  Margarita. 

BROMELIACEAE. 
Aechmea  R.  &  P. 

A.  Fendleri  Andre,  Bromel.  x\ndreanae,  p.  13  (1890);  ISIez  in 
DC.,  Monog.  Phanerog.,  vol.  9,  p.  223  (1896).— South  Hill,  El  Valle, 
alt.  335  m.,  Johnston,  no.  335;  also  on  the  mountain  ridge  from  San 
Juan  Mt.  to  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  500-700  m.,  Johnston,  no.  209, 
July  2.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226;  between 
Petaquira  and  Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  2454,  according  to  ]\Iez, 
I.  c. 

Ananas  Adans. 

A.  SATivus  (Lindl.)  Schult.  f.,  Syst.,  vol.  8,  p.  1283  (1830);  Rheede, 
Hort.  Mai.,  vol.  11,  pis.  1,  2.  Ananassa  sativa  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  vol. 
13,  under  pi.  1068  (1827);  Griseb.  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  591.—  Cul- 
tivated at  El  Valle,  Tacarigua.  Distribution  general  in  the  West 
Indies  and  South  America. 

Bromelia  L. 

B.  PiNGUiN  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  1,  p.  285  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  591 ;  Red.,  Lib,  vol.  7,  p.  396.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  247,  July  26,  and  Johnston,  no.  211,  July  6.  Venezuela:  Ernst, 
Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.  Distribution  general  from  Cuba  to 
Guiana  and  Colombia. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  195 

Chevalieria  Gaudich. 
C.  SP. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst. 

Glomeropitcairnia  Mez. 

G.  erectiflora  Mez,  Bull.  herb.  Boiss.,  ser.  2,  vol.  5,  p.  233  (1905). 

—  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  750  m.,  Johnston,  no.  303.     Endemic. 

Gravisia  Mez. 

G.  aquilega  (Salisb.)  Mez  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  3,  pt.  3,  p.  300 
(1892),  nomen,  et  in  DC,  Monog.  Phanerog.,  vol.  9,  p.  173  (1896). 
Bromelia  aquilega  Salisb.,  Parad.,  pi.  40  (1805).  Aechmea  aquilega 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  592  (1864).— South  Hill,  El  Valle,  alt. 
335  m.,  Johnston,  no.  302,  July  10.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la 
flora  y  fauna,  p.  226;  Angostura,  Fendler,  no.  2455.  Distribution 
Tobago,  Trinidad,  and  South  America. 

Guzmaxia  R.  &  p. 

G.  LiXGULATA  (L.)  Mcz  in  DC,  Monog.  Phanerog.,  vol.  9,  p. 
899  (1896).  Tillandsia  lingulata  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  286  (1753).— 
Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  400-500  m.,  Johnstoji,  no.  301,  July  2.  Vene- 
zuela: Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.     Tropical  America. 

G.  TRICOLOR  R.  &  P.,  Fl.  Per.,  vol.  3,  p.  38,  pi.  261  (1802);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  598.—  South  Hill,  El  Valle,  alt.  300  m.,  Johnston, 
no.  295,  Aug.  31.  Distribution  general  from  the  AVest  Indies  to 
Venezuela  and  Peru. 

Thecophyllum  Andre. 

T.  JoHNSTONEi  Mez,  Bull.  herb.  Boiss.,  ser.  2,  vol.  4,  p.  872  (1904). 

—  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  304,  July  6.     Endemic. 

TiLLAXDSIA   L. 

T.  Lescaillei  Wright  in  Sauv.,  Fl.  Cub.,  p.  167  (1873). —  San 
Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no.  313,  July  19.  Venezuela:  Ernst, 
Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.     Cuba. 

T.  RECURVATA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed.  2,  vol.  1,  p.  410  (1762);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  AV.  Ind.,  p.  598.  Renealmia  remrvata  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p. 
287  (1753).— Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  219,  July  8. 


196     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

Venezuela:   Cumana,  HBK.,  Nov/gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  1,  p.  291.     Distri- 
bution general  in  tropical  America. 

T.  UTRicuLATA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  286  (1753). —  San  Juan  Mt., 
alt.  500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  296,  July  27.  Venezuela:  San  Julian, 
Robinson  &  Lyon,  July,  1900.  The  spike  is  much  more  crowded 
than  in  the  typical  form.  Distribution  general  in  the  West  Indies 
and  Venezuela. 

Vriesia  Lindl. 

V.  LONGEBRACTEATA  Mez  in  DC,  Monog.  Phanerog.,  vol.  9,  p. 
568  (1896). —  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450-550  m.,  Johnston,  no.  300, 
July  2.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226;  between 
Petaquira  and  the  sea,  Fendler,  no.  2449,  ace.  to  Mez,  /.  c. 

V.  scALARis  Morr.,  Belg.  Hort.,  vol.  29,  p.  301  (1879),  also  vol.  30, 
p.  309,  pi.  15  (1880).— San  Juan  Mt.,  Johnston,  no.  294,  July  16. 
Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.     Brazil. 

WiTTMACKIA   Mez. 

W.  LiNGULATA  (L.)  Mez  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  3,  pt.  3,  p.  275 
(1892).  Bromelia  lingulata  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  285  (1753). —  South 
Hill,  alt.  300  m.,  Johnston,  no.  294,  July  18.  Venezuela:  Ernst, 
Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.     West  Indies. 

COMMELINACEAE. 

Athyrocarpus  Schlecht. 

A.  PERSiCARiFOLius  (Dclilc)  Hemsl.,  Biol.  Cent. -Am.  bot.,  vol.  3, 
p.  386  (1885).  Commelina  persicariaefolia  Delile  in  Red.,  Lil., 
vol.  8,  pi.  472  (1816).—  Rio  Asuncion,  alt.  400  m.,  Johnston,  no.  309, 
Aug.  12-15.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226. 
Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 

Commelina  L. 

C.  ERECTA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  41  (1753);  Dill.,  Elth.,  vol.  1,  pi.  77. 
—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  40,  July  8.  Venezuela:  Ernst, 
Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.     Common  in  the  southern  U.  S. 

C.  NUDiFLORA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  41  (1753);  Rchb.,  Hort.  bot., 
vol.  2,  pi.  136.  C.  cayennensis  Rich.,  Act.  soc.  hist.  nat.  Par.,  vol.  1, 
p.  106  (1792). —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst  (reported  as  C.  cayennensis  Rich.) 
Tropical  countries. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  197 

LILIACEAE. 

Aloe  L. 

A.  VERA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  320  (1753).  A.  vulgaris  Lam., 
Encycl.,  vol.  1,  p.  86  (1783);  DC,  PI.  grasses,  pi.  27;  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  582. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst.  Naturalized  and  culti- 
vated in  the  West  Indies. 

Smilax  L. 

S.  cuAiANENSis  H.  &  B.  ex  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  4,  p.  783  (1806).— 
San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no.  134,  July  19.  Venezuela: 
near  Cumana  and  Bordones,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  1,  p.  272. 

AIVIARYLLIDACEAE. 

Agave  L. 

A.  AMERICANA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  323  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  582;  Revue  horticole,  1862,  p.  291.— Santa  Ana,  Ernst. 
Distribution  general  in  West  Indies  and  ^Mexico. 

Furcraea  Vent. 

F.  foetida  (L.)  Haw.,  S\ti.  pi.  succ,  p.  73  (1812).  Agave  foctida 
L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  323  (1753);  Jacq.,  Ic.  pi.  rar.,  vol.  2,  pi.  379. 
F.  gigantea  Vent.,  Bull.  soc.  philom.,  vol.  1,  p.  65  (1793).  Fourcroya 
gigantea  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  582  (1864). —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst. 
Distribution  from  the  French  Ids.  to  Brazil. 

Hymenocallis  Salisb. 

H.  CARiBAEA  (L.)  Herb.,  Bot.  reg.,  vol.  7,  app.,  p.  44  (1821).  Pan- 
cratium caribaeum  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  291  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  583. —  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  300  m.,  Johnston,  no.  268, 
Aug.  14.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.  West 
Indies,  Guiana. 

Zephyraxthes  Herb. 
Z.  SP.—  Bat  Cave  Peak,  El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  260,  July  4. 


198     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 
'     DIOSCOREACEAE. 

DiOSCOREA   L. 

D.  ALATA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1033  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  587. —  Cultivated  according  to  Ernst.  Distribution  general 
in  the  West  Indies.  , 

D.  POLYGONOiDES  H.  &  B.  ex  WiUd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  4,  p.  795  (1806).— 
Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  320,  Aug.  12-15.  Vene- 
zuela: between  Carichana  and  Rio  Meta,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp., 
vol.  1,  p.  274. 

IRIDACEAE. 

Trimeza  Salisb. 
T.  SP.—  San'Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  ni.,  Johnston,  no.  138,  July  11. 

MUSACEAE. 
Heliconia  L. 

H.  Bihai  L.,  Mant.,  vol.  2,  p.  211  (1771);  Griggs,  Bull.  Torr. 
bot.  club,  vol.  30,  p.  656.  Musa  Bihai  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1043 
(1753). —  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  400  m.  Venezuela:  San  Julian,  Robin- 
son &  Lyon,  July  20,  1900.     Common  in  tropical  America. 

H  PSiTTACORUM  L.  f.,  SuppL,  p.  158  (1781);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  600.— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  3,  July  25;  Rio 
Asuncion,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  210,  Aug.  12-15.  Venezuela: 
in  Valle  Caripe,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  1,  p.  326.  West  Indies, 
Venezuela  to  Brazil. 

Musa  L. 

M.  paradisiaca  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1043  (1753),  subsp.  normalis 
(O.  Ktze.)  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  156  (1903).  M.  sapientum 
Griseb.  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  599.  Subsp.  sapientum  (L.)  Urb., 
Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  156  (1903).  M.  paradisiaca  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  599.- —  Cultivated.     Common  in  tropical  countries. 

ZINGIBERACEAE. 
COSTUS  L. 

C.  GLABRATUS  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  11  (1788);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W\  Ind.,  p.  602.—  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Miller   & 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  199 

Johnston,  no.  213,  Aug.  12-15.     Venezuela:    Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y 
fauna,  p.  226.     Further  distribution  St.  Lucia,  Haiti,  Guiana. 

Renealmia  L. 

R.  LUTEA  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40,  p.  683 
(1905). —  Rio  Asuncion,  in  damp  woods  along  the  Juan  Griego  trail, 
Johnston,  no.  298,  Aug.  12-15.     Endemic.     Plate  26,  fig.  1. 

MARANTACEAE. 
Calathea  G.  F.  W.  Mey. 

C.  LUTEA  (Aubl.)  G.  F.  W.  Mey.,  Prim.  Fl.  Esseq.,  p.  10  (1818). 
Marania  lutea  Aubl.,  Guian.,  vol.  1,  p.  4  (1775).  C.  discolor  G.  F. 
W.  Mey.,  /.  c,  p.  7  (1818);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  604.—  Juan 
Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  212,  July  29.  Venezuela: 
Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.  Further  distribution,  Dominica, 
Trinidad,  Guiana,  Colombia. 

Maranta  L. 

M.  ARUNDiNACEA  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  1,  p.  2  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  605. —  Rio  Asuncion,  alt.  400  m.,  Johnston,  no.  206 
Aug.  12-15.     Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 

Stromanthe  Sond. 

S.  TONCKAT  Eichl.,  Berl.  phys.  Abh.,  p.  80  (1884).  Maranta 
tonckat  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  605  (1864).— San  Juan  Mt., 
alt.  400  m.,  Johnston,  no.  202,  July  16.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre 
la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.  Further  distribution,  Trinidad,  tropical 
South  America. 

ORCHIDACEAE. 
DiCHAEA  Lindl. 

D.  GRAMiNOiDES  (Sw.)  Lindl,  Gen.  et  sp.  Orch.,  p.  209  (1833). 
Ep'de7idrum  graminoides  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  125  (1788). 
D.  graminea  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  625  (1864).— San  Juan 
Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no.  242,  July  16.  Venezuela:  Caracas, 
Lindl.,  /.  c,  also  Bonpl.,  vol.  2,  p.  15,  and  Ann.  bot.,  vol.  6,  p.  823. 
Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 


200     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

D.  MURiCATA  (Sw.)  Lindl.,  Gen.  et  sp.  Orch.,  p.  209  (1833);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  624.  Cymhidium  muricatum  Sw.,  Act.  Ups., 
vol.  6,  p.  71  (1799). —  El  Valle  to  Juan  Griego,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston, 
no.  224,  Aug.  12-15.  Venezuela:  according  to  Lindl.,  /.  c.  Distribu- 
tion general  in  the  West  Indies. 

Elleanthus  Presl. 

E.  ATTENUATUS  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40, 
p.  684  (1905). —  San  Juan  Mt.,  in  wet  woods  at  the  summit,  alt. 
640  m.,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  270,  July  30,  and  Johnston,  no.  233, 
July  6.     Endemic.     Plate  26,  fig.  2. 

Epidendrum  L. 

E.  anceps  Jacq.,  Hist.  Stirp.  Am.,  p.  224,  pi.  138  (1763).  E.  fus- 
catum  Sm.,  Spic.  bot.,  p.  21,  pi.  23  (1791);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind., 
p.  617. —  El  Valle,  on  rocks  of  a  dry  river  bed  on  the  mountain  side, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  269,  July  29;  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m., 
Johnston,  no.  232,  Aug.  12-15.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y 
fauna,  p.  226.     Distribution  general  from  Cuba  to  Guiana. 

E.  ATROPURPUREUM  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  4,  p.  115  (1805).—  El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  212,  July  5;  Bat  Cave  Peak,  Johnston,  no. 
226,  July  4.  Found  both  in  flower  and  in  fruit.  In  1901,  this  species 
was  found  only  on  North  Hill  growing  on  the  tree-like  cactus  Cerent 
eburneus.  In  1903,  there  was  none  in  blossom  in  this  place  but  on  the 
cliffs  above  the  entrance  to  Bat  Cave,  alt.  about  300  m.,  the  species 
was  growing  in  abundance.     West  Indies. 

E.  cocHLEATUM  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed.  2,  vol.  2,  p.  1351  (1703);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  616. —  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  400  m.,  Johnston,  no. 
229,  July  3.  Venezuela:  Caracas,  see  Ann.  bot.,  vol.  6,  p.  359. 
Distribution  general  from  Mexico  to  Venezuela. 

E.  GLOBOSUM  Jacq.  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  29  (1760);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  619.— San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  400  m.,  Johnston,  no.  230, 
July  11.     Further  distribution,  Cuba. to  the  French  Ids. 

E.  JoHNSTONi  Ames,  Proc.  x\mer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40,  p.  684 
(1905).— San  Juan  INIt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no.  236,  July  2.  En- 
demic. 

E.  NOCTURNUM  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  29  (1760);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  619.—  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  650  m.,  Johnston,  no. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  201 

228,  July  6.  Venezuela:  Caracas,  see  Ann.  bot.,  vol.  6,  p.  404. 
Distribution  general  from  Cuba  to  Guiana  and  Peru. 

E.  RiGiDUM  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  29  (1760);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  618.^  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  231, 
Aug.  12-15.  Very  few  specimens  found.  Venezuela:  Caracas, 
see  Ann.  bot.,  vol.  4,  p.  400.     Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 

E.  SECUNDUM  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  29  (1760).  E.  elongatum 
Jacq.,  Ic.  pi.  rar.,  vol.  3,  p.  17,  pi.  604  (1786-1793);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  617.—  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  700  m.,  Johnston,  no.  227, 
July  6.  Reclining  on  low  shrubs  of  the  mountain  top,  abundant; 
flowers  pink.     Distribution  general  from  the  French  Ids.  to  Venezuela. 

HuxTLEYA  Batem. 

H.  sp. —  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  239,  July  2. 
Only  three  specimens  found. 

Maxillaria  R.   &  p. 

M.  viRGUNCULA  Rchb.  f.,  Bonplandia,  vol.  2,  p.  16  (1854). —  San 
Juan  ]\It.,  alt.  500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  240,  July  2.  Venezuela:  Caracas, 
see  Ann.  bot.,  vol.  6,  p.  522,  and  Xenia  Orchid.,  vol.  1,  p.  24,  pi.  10. 

OXCIDIUM  Sw. 

O.  LURiDUM  Lindl.,  Bot.  Reg.,  pi.  727  (1823);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  632.—  South  Hill,  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  37,  July  10; 
Tacarigua,  alt.  300  m.,  Johnston,  no.  306,  Aug.  14.  Very  few  flower- 
ing specimens.  Venezuela:  see  Ann.  bot.,  vol.  6,  p.  781,  and  Bonpl., 
vol.  2,  p.  13.     Widely  distributed  from  Cuba  to  Venezuela. 

Pelexia  Poit. 

P.  ADXATA  (Sw.)  Spreng.,  Syst.,  vol.  3,  p.  704  (1826);  Urb.,  Symb. 
Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  164.  Satyriuvi  adnatum  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ, 
p.  118  (1788).— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  116,  July  25;  San 
Juan  ]Mt.  and  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  400-500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  243, 
July  27.  Common  but  very  scattered  in  the  damp  woods  of  the 
mountain  top.     Further  distribution,  West  Indies. 

Pleurothallis  R.  Br. 

P.  RUSCiFOLiA  (Jacq.)  R.  Br.  in  Ait.,  Hort.  Kew.,  ed.  2,  vol.  5,  p. 
211  (1813);    Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  608.     Epidendrum  rnsci- 


202     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

folium  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  29  (1760). —  Juan  Griego  trail, 
alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  225,  Aug.  12-15.  Very  abundant,  growing 
in  clusters.  Venezuela:  Caracas,  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p. 
268.     Distribution  general  from  Cuba  to  Guiana  and  Peru. 

P.  SP.  affinis  P.  plati/cauli  Rchb.  f. —  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  600  m., 
Johnston,  no.  241,  July  31. 

P.  JoHNSTONii  Ames,  Orchidaceae,  vol.  2,  p.  271  (1908). —  San 
Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no.  238,  July  16.     Endemic. 

P.  SP.     San  Juan  Mt.,  Johnston,  no.  237,  July  16. 

P.  SP.     San  Juan  Mt.,  Johnston,  no.  235,  July  11. 

P.  SP.     San  Juan  Mt.,  Johnston,  no.  234,  July  11. 

PIPERACEAE. 
Peperomia  R.  &  P. 

P.  GLABELLA  (Sw.)  A.  Dictr.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  156  (1831);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  165.  Piper  glabelhim  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ, 
p.  16  (1788).— Bat  Cave  Peak,  El  Valle,  alt.  300  m.,  Johnston,  no. 
12,  July  4.     Further  distribution,  Trinidad,  Antigua,  and  Jamaica. 

P.  SCANDENS  R.  &  P.,  Fl.  Per.,  vol.  1,  p.  32,  pi.  51,  fig.  b  (1798). 
P.  repens  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  1,  p.  65  (1815);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  165. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst  (reported  under  the  name 
P.  repens  HBK.);  Rio  Asuncion,  Johnston,  no.  13,  Aug.  12-15. 
Abundant  on  the  rocks  of  the  rivulet.  Widely  distributed  in  tropical 
America. 

P.  viCTORiANA  C.  DC,  var.  margaritana  C.  DC,  Proc.  Amer. 
acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40,  p.  685  (1905). —  Bat  Cave  Peak,  on  the 
cliffs,  alt.  300  m.,  Johnston,  no.  18,  July  4.     Endemic. 

Piper  L. 

P.  JoHNSTONi  C  DC,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40,  p. 
685  (1905). —  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  19,  July  22. 
Endemic. 

P.  margaritanum  C  DC,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40, 
p.  685  (1905).— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  216,  Aug.  5;  San 
Juan  Mt.,  alt.  700  m.,  Johnston,  no.  20,  July  11.     Endemic. 

P.  PSEUDO-MOLLicoMUM  C  DC.  in  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  17,  pt.  1,  p.  278 
(1869). —  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  17,  July  22. 
Further  distribution,  Peru. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  M.\RGARITA  ISLAND.  203 

ULMACEAE. 

Celtis  L. 

C.  IGUANAEA  (Jacq.)  Sarg.,  Silva,  vol.  7,  p.  64  (1895);  Urb.,  Symb 
Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  194.  Rhamnus  iguanaeus  Jacq.,  Eiium.,  p.  16  (1760). 
Celtis  aculeata  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  53  (1788). —  Santa  Ana, 
Ernst  (reported  under  the  name  C.  aculeata  Sw.) ;  El  Valle,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  116,  Aug.  14,  along  the  trail  up  the  mountain.  Vene- 
zuela: Colonia  Tovar,  Feiidler,  no.  220,  1854-55.  Further  dis- 
tribution, tropical  America.     Shrub,  2-3  m.  high. 

Trema  Lour. 

T.  MiCRAXTHA  (L.)  Blume,  Mus.  bot.  Lugd.  Bat.,  vol.  2,  p.  58 
(1853?).  Rhamnus  micranthus  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  937 
(1759).  Sponia  micrantha  Dene.,  Nouv.  ann.  mus.  Par.,  vol.  3,  p. 
498  (1834);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  150  (1864).— Santa  Ana, 
Ernst;  San  Juan  Mt.,  Johnston,  no.  245,  July  19.     Tropical  America. 

MORACEAE. 

Artocarpus  Forst. 

A.  ixciSA  L.  f.,  Suppl.,  p.  411  (1781);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind., 
p.  152;  Desc,  Ant.,  vol.  8,  pi.  539. —  Asuncion,  Ernst.  Further  dis- 
tribution, tropical  countries. 

Cecropia  L. 

C.  PELTATA  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1286  (1759);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  153;  Desc,  Ant.,  vol.  2,  pi.  75.— Santa  Ana, 
Ernst;  San  Juan  iSlt.,  Johnston,  no.  132.  Common  in  the  woods  of 
the  mountain  above  the  Juan  Griego  trail.  Venezuela:  Cumana, 
HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  43.  Further  distribution,  Jamaica 
and  the  Caribbean  Ids. 

Ficus  L. 

F.  SP.—  Santa  Ana,  Ernst. 

PROTEACEAE. 
RouPALA  Aubl. 

R.  SP.  affinis  R.  ovali. —  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston 
no.  330,  Aug.  12-15. 


204    PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

OLACACEAE. 

XlMENIA   L. 

X.  AMERICANA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1193  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  310.— El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  40,  Aug.  31.  Further 
distribution,  tropical  countries. 

LORANTHACEAE. 

LORANTHUS   L, 

L.  AVicuLARis  Mart,  ex  Schult.  f.,  Syst.,  vol.  7,  p.  132  (1829); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  312.— Santa  Ana,  Eryist.  Further 
distribution,  tropical  America. 

L.  EMARGiNATus  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  58  (1788) ;  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  312.—  South  Hill,  El  Valle,  alt.  300  m.,  Johnston, 
no.  127,  July  10.     Further  distribution,  San  Domingo. 

L.  ORiNOCENSis  Spreng.,  Syst.,  vol.  2,  p.  129  (1825);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  311.— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  250,  Aug. 
1;  North  Hill,  El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  264,  July  15,  parasitic  on 
Bourreria  exsucca  Jacq.;  also  common  on  the  trees  in  the  plain  be- 
tween San  Antonio  and  Punta  Mosquito.  Further  distribution, 
Trinidad  and  Venezuela. 

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. 

Aristolochia  L. 

A.  RiNGENS  Vahl,  Symb.  bot.,  vol.  3,  p.  99  (1794);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  299;  Bot.  mag.,  vol.  94,  pi.  5700. —  Juan  Griego  trail, 
alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  131,  July  29.  Venezuela:  near  Buenavista 
and  Los  Teques,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  147;  Colonia 
Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  1063,  1856-57.     Jamaica  and  Colombia. 

POLYGONACEAE. 

Antigonon  Endl. 

A.  LEPTOPUS  Hook.  &  Arn.,  Bot.  Beech,  voy.,  p.  308,  pi.  69  (1840); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  164.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  53,  Aug.   1.     Venezuela:    Sacupana,  Rushy    &  Squires,  no.  35. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  205 

1896.     Abundant  on  fences  near  dwellings.     A  garden  plant  in  the 
West  Indies. 

COCOLOBA   L. 

C.  ExcoRiATA  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1007  (1759).  C. 
nivea  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  19  (1760),  and  Hist.  Stirp.  Amer., 
p.  115,  pi.  78;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  163.— South  Hill,  El 
Valle,  Johnston,  no.  274,  Aug.  31.     Further  distribution.  West  Indies. 

C.  Ernstii  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.,  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40,  p. 
685  (1905) .—  South  Hill,  El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  250,  Aug.  31.  Plate 
27,  fig.  2 

CHENOPODIACEAE. 

Atriplex  L.  ' 

A.  cristata  H.  &  B.  ex  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  4,  p.  959  (1806).  Obione 
cristata  Moq.,  Chenop.  Enum.,  p.  73  (1840). —  Juan  Griego,  ErnM; 
Pt.  Moreno,  Johnston,  no.  316,  July  17.  Venezuela:  at  promontory 
of  Araya,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  192. 

Chenopodium  L. 

C.  AMBROsioiDES  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  219  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  60;  Fenzl  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  145; 
Desc.,  Ant.,  vol.  1,  pi.  58. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  near 
Cumana  and  CocoUar,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  7,  p.  191.  Further 
distribution,  tropical  countries. 

Salicorxia  L. 

S.  FRUTicosA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed  2,  vol.  1,  p.  5  (1762).  S.  ambigua 
Michx.,  FL,  vol.  1,  p.  2  (1803);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  60.— 
Juan  Griego,  Ernst;  Pt.  Moreno,  Johnston,  no.  109,  July  8.  Further 
distribution,  from  United  States  to  Peru. 

AMARANTHACEAE. 

ACHYRANTHES   L. 

A.  ASPERA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  204  (1753) ;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind., 
p.  62;  Wight,  Ic.  Ind.  Or.,  vol.  5,  p.  1777. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst. 
Venezuela:  Cumana,  Loefling,  Reise  nach  den  spanischen  Landern, 
p.  152-153.     Further  distribution,  tropical  countries. 


206     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

Alternanthera  Forsk. 

A.  CANESCENS  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  204  (1817).—  Pt. 
Moreno,  Johnston,  no.  317,  July  8.  Venezuela:  Cumana  and  Bor- 
dones,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  204.  Coche,  see  page  291. 
Abundant  about  the  lagoon  at  Pt.  ^loreno. 

A.  MUSCoiDES  (Sw.)  Benth.  &  Hook,  f..  Gen.,  vol.  3,  p.  39  (1880), 
by  implication,  though  without  the  exact  combination.  Lithophila 
miiscoides  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  14  (1788);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit 
W.  Ind.,  p.  66. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst.  Further  distribution,  the 
Lesser  Antilles. 

Amaranthus  L. 

A.  CRASsiPES  Schlecht.,  Linnaea,  vol.  6,  p.  757  (1831);  Urb.,  Symb. 
Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  219.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  29,  July  26. 
Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

A.  PANicuLATUS  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed.  2,  vol.  2,  p.  1406  (1763);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  69;  Seubert  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p. 
238;  Willd.,  Hist.  Am.,  pi.  2.— Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Further  distribu- 
tion, tropical  countries. 

A.  spiNOSUS  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  2,  p.  991  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  68;  Seubert  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  239; 
Desc,  Ant.,  vol.  5,  p.  314. —  Santa  Ana,  Eryist.  Further  distribution 
general,  especially  in  tropical  countries. 

A.  TRiSTis  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  989  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  69;  Seubert  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  237;  Wight, 
Ic.  Ind.  Or.,  vol.  2,  p.  713.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  nos.  149 
and  30,  Aug.  21.  Further  distribution,  Jamaica  to  Trinidad,  also  in 
Chili. 

Cyathula  Lour. 

C.  PROSTRATA  (L.)  BL,  Bijdr.,  p.  549  (1825);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  63;  Seubert  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  230.  Achy- 
ranthes  prostrata  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed.  2,  vol.  1,  p.  296  (1762). —  Juan  Griego 
and  Santa  Ana,  Ernst. 

GOMPHRENA   L. 

G.  PILOSA  (Mart.  &  Gal.)  Moq.  in  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  13,  pt.  2,  p. 
395  (1849).  Mogiphanes  pilosa  Mart.  &  Gal.,  Bull.  acad.  Brux., 
vol.  10,  p.  348  (1843).—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  260,  July  28; 
and  Johnston,  no.  106,  Julv  14. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  207 

Iresine  p.  Br. 

I.  ELATiOR  Rich,  ex  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  4,  p.  766  (1806);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  64;  Seubert  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p. 
226. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst. 

I.  LATIFOLIA  (Mart.  &  Gal.)  Benth.  &  Hook,  f.,  Gen.,  vol.  3,  p. 
42  (1880).  Gomphrena  latifolia  Mart.  &  Gal.,  Bull.  acad.  Brux., 
vol.  10,  p.  349  (1843).— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johmton,  no.  67,  July  8; 
Juan  Griego  trail,  Johnston,  no.  107,  July  2.  Shrub,  1-2  m.  high; 
stem  often  2.5  cm.  in  diameter  near  base. 

Philoxerus  R.  Br. 

P.  VERMicuL^Ris  (L.)  R.  Br.,  Prod.,  vol.  1,  p.  416  (1810),  as  vermi- 
culata;  Krug,  Ic.  pi.,  p.  202;  Urb.,  S}Tnb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  223.  Gom- 
phrena  vermicularis  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  224  (1753). —  Porlamar, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  4,  July  31,  abundant  on  the  low  plains  near 
the  sea;  Pt.  Moreno,  Johnston,  no.  Ill,  July  8. 

Telanthera  R.  Br. 

T.  FicoiDEA  (L.)  Moq.  in  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  13,  pt.  2,  p.  363  (1849); 
Seubert  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  5,  pt.  1,  p.  171.  Gomphrena  ficoidea 
L.,  Sp.  pi.,  j'ol.  1,  p.  225  (1753).  Altemanthera  ficoidea  R.  Br.,  Prod., 
p.  417  (1810);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  67.—  Juan  Griego,  Ernst. 
Further  distribution,  tropical  America  and  tropical  Africa. 

NYCTAGINACEAE. 

BOERHAAVIA    L. 

B.  ERECTA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  3  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind., 

p.  69;  Schmidt  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  14,  pt.  2,  p.  370;   Jacq.,  Vind., 

vol.  1,  p.  2,  pis.  5,  6;  Urb.,  S\Tnb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  224.—  El  Valle,  Miller 

&  Johiston,  no.  204,  July  20.     Further  distribution,  Georgia,  Florida, 

tropical  America  to  the  Galapagos  Ids. 

B.  PANicuLATA  Rich.,  Act.  soc.  hist.  nat.  Par.,  vol.  1,  p.  105  (1792); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  69;  Schmidt  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol. 
14,  pt.  2,  p.  369,  pi.  86;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  224.—  El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  203,  July  10.  Venezuela:  Colonia  Tovar, 
Fendler,  no.  1083,  1854-55.  Further  distribution,  tropical  America 
and  the  Cape  Verde  Ids. 


208     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 


BuGiNViLLAEA  Commersoii. 

B.  sPECTABiLis  Willd.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  2,  p.  348  (1799).  Bougain- 
villea  spectabilis  Schmidt  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  14,  pt.  2,  p.  350, 
pi.  82  (1872).—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnsion,  no.  99,  July  31,  in  a  yard. 
Further  distribution,  tropical  America.  This  specimen  is  almost  as 
glabrous  as  B.  glabra  Choisy. 

MlRABILIS   L. 

M.  JALAPA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  177  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  69;  Schmidt  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  14,  pt.  2,  p.  349.— 
Santa  Ana,  Ernst.     Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

PiSONIA   L. 

P.  ACULEATA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1026  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  70;  Schmidt  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  14,  pt.  2,  p.  354.— 
Juan  Griego,  Ernst.     Further  distribution,  tropics. 

P.  iNERMis  Jacq.,  Select.  Am.,  p.  275  (1763);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  71. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no. 
231,  July  8;  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  400  m.,  Johnston,  no.  335,  Aug. 
12-15,  also  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no.  121,  Aug.  28. 
Venezuela:  Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  1126,  June  20,  1855.  Fur- 
ther distribution,  tropical  America. 

BATIDACEAE. 
Batis  L. 

B.  MARiTiMA  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1289  (1759);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  61;  Jacq.,  Hist,  stirp.  Am.,  p.  260.— Juan 
Griego,  Ernst;  Pt.  Moreno,  Johnston,  no.  108,  July  13.  Further  dis- 
tribution, from  Florida  to  Venezuela. 

PHYTOLACCACEAE. 
Petiveria  L. 

P.  ALLiACEA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  342  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  59;  Schmidt  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  14,  pt.  2,  p.  332;  Urb., 
Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  229.—  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;    El  Valle,  Miller   & 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  209 

Johnston,  no.  13,  July  15.  Venezuela:  near  Bordones,  HBK.,  Nov. 
gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  188;  Caracas,  Birschel;  Colonia  Tovar,  FendJer, 
nos.  865  and  1805,  1854-57.  Further  distribution,  temperate  and 
tropical  America. 

RiVINA  L. 

R.  HUMiLis  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  121  (1753);  Schmidt  in  Mart., 
Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  14,  pt.  2,  p.  336;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  228.  R. 
laevis  L.,  Mant.,  vol.  1,  p.  41  (1767);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p. 
59. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  263,  July  8. 
Venezuela:  Cumana,  Loefling,  Reise  nach  den  spanischen  Landern, 
p.  152-153;  Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  1088,  1854-55;  Sacupana, 
Rushy  &  Squires,  no.  80,  1896.     Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

AIZOACEAE. 
Cypselea  Turp. 

C.  HUMiFUSA  Turp.,  Ann.  mus.  Par.,  vol.  7,  p.  219,  pi.  121,  fig.  5 
(1806);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  56. —  Shores  of  Juan  Griego 
pond,  Johnston,  no.  252,  Aug.  14.  Further  distribution,  Caribbean 
Ids.,  Haiti  to  Guadeloupe. 

MOLLUGO  L. 

M.  VERTiciLLATA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  89  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  56;  Rohrbach  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  14,  pt.  2,  p.  240; 
Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  230. —  Juan  Griego,  Erjist;  El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  21,  Aug.  10;  Juan  Griego,  Johnston,  no.  126, 
Aug.  14.  This  species  was  seen  as  a  much-branched  specimen  on  the 
dry  roadside  and  as  few-branched  specimens  on  the  shores  of  the  Juan 
Griego  pond.  Venezuela:  Cumana,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  6, 
p.  20;  Loefling,  Reise  nach  den  spanischen  Landern,  p.  152-153. 
Common  in  tropical  America. 

Sesuvium  L. 

S.  PORTULACASTRUM  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1058  (1759); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  57;  Rohrbach  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol. 
14,  pt.  2,  p.  310. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  near  Camana, 
HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  6,  p.  86;  Tortuga  and  Los  Roques, 
Ernst;  near  La  Guaira,  Fendler,  no.  62,  Aug.  16,  1855. 


210     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

Trianthema  L. 

T.  PORTULACASTRUM  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  1,  p.  223  (1753);  Moench, 
Meth.,  p.  700;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  231.  T.  monogijnum  L., 
Mant.,  vol.  1,  p.  69  (1767);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  58.—  Juan 
Griego,  Ernsi;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  12,  July  12;  Pt. 
Moreno,  Johnston,  no.  110,  July  8.  Very  abundant  near  the  lagoon 
at  Pt.  Moreno.  Venezuela:  La  Guaira,  Fendler,  no.  64,  Aug.  1855. 
Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

PORTULACACEAE. 

PORTULACA   L. 

P.  HALiMOiDES  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed.  2,  vol.  1,  p.  639  (1762);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  57.  P.  pilosa  a  Rohrbach  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol. 
14,  pt.  2,  p.  304.—  Ernst.     Found  in  the  West  Indies. 

P.  MiLLERi  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  5,  p.  344  (1907).— Poriamar, 
Miller   &  Johnston,  no.  11  (in  part),  July  31.     Endemic. 

P.  OLERACEA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  445  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  57. —  Common  on  Margarita,  Miller  &  Johnston.  Vene- 
zuela:  Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  61,  1854-55.     Widely  distributed. 

P.  PILOSA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  445  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  57;  Rohrbach  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  14,  pt.  2,  p.  303.— 
Santa  Ana,  Ernst. 

P.  VENEZuELENSis  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  5,  p.  344  (1907). — 
Poriamar,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  11  (in  part),  July  31.  Found  also 
on  the  mainland  by  Gollmer,  according  to  Urban. 

Talinum  Adans. 

T.  PANicuLATUM  (Jacq.)  Gaertn.,  Fruct.,  vol.  2,  p.  219,  pi.  128 
(1791);  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  231.  Portulaca  paniculata  Jacq., 
Enum.,  p.  22  (1760).  T.  patens  Willd.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  2,  p.  863  (1800); 
Ernst,  Bot.  excurs.  Margarita,  p.  2. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst;  El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  28,  Aug.  1.  Venezuela:  La  Guaira,  Fendler, 
no.  66,  Aug.  16,  1855.     Common  in  tropical  iVmerica. 

T.  TRiANGULARE  (Jacq.)  Willd.,  Sp.  pi,  vol.  2,  p.  862  (1800); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  56;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  231. 
Portulaca  triangularis  Jacq.,  Enum.,  p.  22  (1760). —  T.  racemositm 
Rohrbach  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  14,  pt.  2,  p.  297  (1872).— El 
Valle,  Miller  (f-  Johnston,  no.  262,  July  20.  Common  in  tropical 
America. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  211 

MENISPERMACEAE. 

CiSSAMPELOS    L. 

C.  PAREiRA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1031  (1753);  Griseb.,  FI.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  10;  Desc,  Ant.,  vol.  3,  p.  231,  pi.  201;  Urb.,  S}Tnb.  Ant., 
vol.  4,  p.  237.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  151,  Aug.  2.  Vene- 
zuela: near  Caripe,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  5,  p.  66;  Santa 
Catalina,  Rushy  &  Squires,  no.  138,  1896.  Common  to  all  tropical 
countries. 

ANNONACEAE. 

Annona  L. 

A.  RETICULATA  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  1,  p.  537  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  5;  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  13,  pt.  1,  p.  15;  Jacq.,  Obs.,  p. 
13,  pi.  6. —  Asuncion,  Ernst.  Found  also  in  Jamaica,  St.  Vincent, 
and  Guadeloupe. 

A.  SQUAMOSA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  537  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  5;  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  13,  pt.  1,  p.  14;  Jacq.,  Hist. 
Stirp.  Am.,  p.  162;  Urb.,  S\TOb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  242.— El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  51,  July  22.  Further  distribution,  tropical 
America. 

LAURACEAE. 

Nectaxdra  Roland. 

N.  CORIACEA  (S\v.)  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  281  (1860);  Urb., 
S\'Tnb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  249.  Laurus  coriacea  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind. 
Occ,  p.  65  (1788).  N.  Willdenoviana  Nees,  Syst.  Laurin.,  p.  321 
(1836).— San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no.  258,  July  11. 
Further  distribution.  West  Indies. 

N.  SP.— San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no.  336,  July  20,  and 
no.  334,  Aug.  28.  No.  334  has  leaves  smooth  and  the  cupule  truncate. 
It  is  possibly  only  N.  coriacea  in  fruit. 

Phoebe  Nees. 

P.  ciNNAMOMiFOLiA  (HBK.)  Nees,  Linnaea,  vol.  21,  p.  488  (1848). 
Persea  cinnamomifolia  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  160  (1817). — 
San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  ni.,  Johnston,  no.  267,  July  11;  also  no.  258, 
July  11,  and  no.  336,  July  20,  at  600  m.  alt.  Distribution  general  in 
American  Tropics. 


212     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY 

PAPAVERACEAE. 
Argemone  L. 

A.  MEXiCANA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  508  (1753);  Lam.,  Encycl., 
pi.  452;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  13;  Eichler  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras., 
vol.  13,  pt.  1,  p.  316;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  250. —  Santa  Ana, 
Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  245,  July  25.  Venezuela: 
near  Caracas,  Fendler,  no.  19,  Jan.  14,  1854.  Further  distribution, 
Caribbean  Ids. 

CAPPARIDACEAE. 
Capparis  L. 

C.  Breynia  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1071  (1759);  Jacq.,  Hist. 
Stirp.  Am.,  p.  161,  pi.  103;  Eichler  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  13,  pt.  1, 
p.  271.  C.  amygdalina  Lam.,  Encycl.,  vol.  1,  p.  608  (1783);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Lid.,  p.  17. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  Cumana, 
HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  5,  p.  97;  Loefling,  Reise  nach  den  span- 
ischen  Landern,  p.  152-153;  Valencia,  Fendler,  no.  2273,  Mar.  5,  1857. 
Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

C.  coccoLOBiiOLiA  Mart,  ex  Eichler  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  13, 
pt.  1,  p.  284  (1865).  C.  collina  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and 
sci.,  vol.  40,  p.  686  (1905).— Tree,  5  m.  high,  on  hillside  north  of  El 
Valle,  Johnston,  no.  10,  July  15.  Further  distribution,  tropical 
America. 

C.  CYNOPHALLOPHORA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed.  2,  vol.  1,  p.  721  (1762);  Jacq., 
Hist.  Stirp.  Am.,  p.  158;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  18;  Eichler 
in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  13,  pt.  1,  p.  282.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  Ill,  July  12;  North  Hill,  El  Valle,  alt.  200  m.,  Johnston,  no.  5, 
July  3.  A  tree,  about  5  m.  high.  Further  distribution,  tropical 
America. 

C.  JAMAiCENSis  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  23  (1760),  and  Hist. 
Stirp.  Am.,  p.  160;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  18;  Eichler  in  Mart., 
Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  13,  pt.  1,  p.  270.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  106, 
July  18.  Venezuela:  Victoria,  Fendler,  no.  2274,  Mar.  4,  1857. 
Further  distribution.  West  Indies  and  Venezuela,  The  Margaritan 
specimen  is  very  closely  allied  to  C.  linearis. 

C.  LINEARIS  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  24  (1760),  and  Hist.  Stirp. 
Am.,  p.  161.— El  Valle,  alt.  150  m.,  Johnston,  no.  4,  July  3.  Tree, 
about  3  m.  high;    the  wood  brittle.     Venezuela:    Golfo  de  Cariaco, 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  213 

Punta  Araya,  and  Lagiina  Chica,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  5,  p. 
87.     Further  distribution,  northern  South  America. 

C.  PACHACA  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  ps.,  vol.  5,  p.  93  (1821);  Eichler 
in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  13,  pt.  1,  p.  281.— Santa  Ana,  Em^t;  El 
Valle,  Johnston,  no.  9,  July  3.  Venezuela:  Cumana,  HBK.,  Nov. 
gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  5,  p.  93.     Tree,  about  5  m.  in  height. 

C.  STEXOSEPALA  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  5,  p.  529  (1908).—  EI  Valle, 
alt.  200  m.,  Johnston,  no.  8,  July  27.  Tree,  about  7  m.  high;  flowers 
yellowish  outside,  purple  within.     Endemic.     Occurs  in  Coche. 

C.  TENUisiLiQUA  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  24  (1760);  Eichler 
in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  13,  pt.  1,  p.  278. —  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  9,  July  13;  also  Johnston,  no.  6,  July  21,  and  in  fruit  Aug.  8,  alt. 
150  m.  Venezuela:  Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  30,  Aug.  16.  1855. 
Further  distribution,  Colombia. 

C.  VERRUCOSA  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  23  (1760),  and  Hist. 
Stirp.  Am.,  p.  159;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  19.— North  and 
South  Hills,  alt.  60-300  m..  El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  1,  July  26.  Shrub, 
2-3  m.  high.  Venezuela:  Cumana,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  5, 
p.  90;  Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  34  B,  Aug.  16,  1855.  Further 
distribution,  tropical  America. 

Crateva  L. 

C.  GYXAXDRA  L.,  Sp.  pL,  cd.  2,  vol.  1,  p.  636  (1762);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  17. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Johnson, 
no.  2,  July  1.  Venezuela:  Cumana,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  5, 
p.  86;  Turmera,  Fendler,  no.  1893,  Mar.  14,  1857.  Common  in 
tropical  America.  Tree,  about  20  m.  high,  with  a  trunk  7  dm.  in 
diameter  at  base. 

Gynandropsis  DC. 

G.  PEXTAPHYLLA  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  1,  p.  238  (1824);  Eichler  in 
Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  13,  pt.  1,  p.  261,  pi.  58,  fig.  3;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant., 
vol.  4,  p.  252.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  73,  July  29.  Distri- 
bution general  in  tropical  countries. 

MORISONIA  L. 

M.  AMERiCAXA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  503  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  19.— Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  Colonia  Tovar, 
Fendler,  no.  2472,  Jan.  6,  1855.     West  Indies. 


214     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

M.  JoHNSTONii  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  5,  p.  348  (1907).—  El  Valle, 
alt.  300  m.,  Johnston,  no.  7,  July  10.  A  tree,  about  7  m.  high;  trunk 
6  dm.  in  diameter  at  base;  wood  of  strong  odor,  brittle.     Endemic. 

Steriphoma  Spreng. 

S.  ELLiPTiCA  Spreng.,  Syst.,  vol.  4,  pt.  2,  p.  139  (1827);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  20.— EI  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  267, 
July  30,  and  Johnston,  no.  3,  July  15,  alt.  60-300  m.  Small  tree, 
5  m.  high.     Further  distribution,  Trinidad  and  Cumana. 

CRUCIFERAE. 
Cakile  Juss. 

C.  AEQUALis  L'Her.  ex  DC,  Syst.,  vol.  2,  p.  430  (1821);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  14;  Deless.,  Ic.,  vol.  2,  p.  17,  pi.  57.—  Juan 
Griego,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  223. 
Further  distribution,  West  Indies. 

Lepidium  L. 

L.  viRGiNicuM  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  645  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  14. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Common  to  the  West  Indies 
and  eastern  United  States. 

LEGUMINOSAE. 
Abrus  L. 

A.  PRECATORius  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  12,  vol.  2,  p.  472  (1767);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  190;  Desc.,  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  194,  pi.  275.—  Juan 
Griego  and  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.     Common  in  tropics. 

Acacia  Mill. 

A.  macracantha  H.  &  B.  ex  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  4,  p.  1080  (1806); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  221;  Kunth,  Mim.,  p.  90,  pi.  28.— El 
Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  114,  Aug.  2,  and  River  trail.  El  Valle, 
Johnston,  no.  28,  July  15.  Venezuela:  Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no. 
362,  1854-55.  Slender  shrub,  5  m.  high;  flowers  yellow.  Further 
distribution,  tropical  America. 

A.  PANicuLATA  Willd.,  Sp.  1)1.,  vol.  4,  p.  1074  (1806);    Griseb., 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  M.IRGARITA  ISLAND.  215 

Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  221;  Mart.,  FL  Bras.,  vol.  15,  pt.  2,  pi.  102.— 
Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  351, 
1854^55.     Further  distribution,  St.  Lucia,  Cuba,  Guiana,  and  Brazil. 

A.  TAMARiNDiFOLiA  (L.)  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  4,  p.  1092  (1806); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  221.  Mimosa  tamarindifolia  L.,  Sp. 
pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  523  (1753).— El  Valle,  Mi/ler  &  Johnston,  no.  113, 
July  15;  en  route  Peilar  to  Pt.  Moreno,  Johnston,  no.  37,  July  8. 
Venezuela:  Bordones,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  6,  p.  277;  La 
Guaira,  Robinson  &  Lyon,  July  12,  1900.  Slender  shrub,  5  m.  high. 
Tropical  America. 

Bauhixia  L. 

B.  cuMANENSis  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  6,  p.  321  (1823);  Bot. 
reg.,  vol.  14,  pi.  1133.— South  Hill,  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  70,  July  27.  Observed  on  North  Hill,  Aug.  15,  1903,  not  in 
flower.  Venezuela:  Bordones,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  6,  p. 
277.     Further  distribution,  northern  South  America. 

Caesalpinia  L. 

C.  CORIARIA  (Jacq.)  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  532  (1799).  Libidibia 
coriaria  Schlecht.,  Linnaea,  vol.  5,  p.  193  (1830);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  206.  Poinciana  coriaria  Jacq.,  Hist.  Stirp.  Am.,  p.  123, 
pi.  175  (1763). —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  29. 
Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

C.  PULCHERRiMA  (L.)  Sw.,  Obs.,  p.  166  (1791);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  205. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  64,  July  22.     Common  in  tropical  countries. 

Cajanus  DC. 

C.  iXDicus  Spreng.,  Syst.,  vol.  3,  p.  248  (1826);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  191;  Urb.,  S\aiib.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  306.  Poinciana  pulcher- 
rima  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  380  (1753). —  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  139,  Aug.  6.  Venezuela:  Caracas,  Birschel;  Santa  Catalina, 
Rusby  &  Squires,  no.  191,  1896;  Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  303, 
1854-55.     Common  in  tropical  countries. 

Calliaxdra  Benth. 

C.  PORTORiCENSis  Benth,  in  Hook.,  Lond.  journ.  bot.,  vol.  3,  p.  99 
(1844);    Griseb.,  Fl.   Brit.  W.   Ind.,  p.  224.     Mimosa  portoricetisis 


216    PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

Jacq.,  Ic.  pi.  rar.,  vol.  3,  p.  20,  pi.  633  (1793).— El  Valle,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  264,  July  29.     Tropical  America. 

C.  PANLOSiA  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40,  p. 
686  (1905).— Abundant  on  hills  at  alt.  300-600  m..  El  Valle  to  Juan 
Griego,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  58,  July  22,  and  Johnston,  no.  27, 
July  2.     Endemic. 

Canavallia  DC. 

C.  OBTUSiFOLiA  (Lam.)  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  2,  p.  404  (1825);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  197;  Rheede,  Hort.  Mai.,  vol.  8,  pi.  43.  Dolichos 
obtusifolius IjOXQ.,  Encycl.,  vol.  2,  p.  295  (1786). —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst. 
Common  in  tropical  countries. 

Cassia  L. 

C.  BiFLORA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  378  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  208;  Bot.  reg.,  vol.  16,  pi.  1310.—  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  61,  July  22.  Further  distribution,  tropical 
America. 

C.  EMARGIN4TA  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  1,  p.  376  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  207;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  274.— El  Valle,  Miller 
&  Johnston,  no.  201,  July  6,  and  also  Johnston,  no.  24,  July  15. 
Growing  in  the  River  trail  in  El  Valle  and  also  on  the  hillside.  Vene- 
zuela: Cumana,  Loefling,  Reise  nach  den  spanischen  Landern,  p.  152- 
153.     Found  also  in  Jamaica,  St.  Vincent,  and  Haiti. 

C.  FISTULA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  377  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  206;  Desc,  Ant.,  vol.  2,  p.  231,  pi.  125;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant., 
vol.  4,  p.  272. —  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  69,  July  15.  Vene- 
zuela: Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.  Further  distribution, 
tropical  countries. 

C.  NiCTiTANS  L.,  Sp.  pi,  vol.  1,  p.  380  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  211;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  276. —  Margarita,  accord- 
ing to  Urb.,  /.  c,  J).  276;  Santa  x'Vna,  Ernst.  Distribution  general  in 
American  Tropics  and  Sub-tropics. 

C.  OBOVATA  Collad.,  Hist.  Cas.,  p.  92,  pi.  15  (1816);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  209.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  228,  July  26. 
Also  in  Jamaica,  according  to  Griseb.,  introduced  from  tropical  Africa. 

C.  occiDENTALis  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  377  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  209;  Desc,  Ant.,  vol.  2,  p.  277,  pi.  135;  Urb.,  Symb. 
Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  273. —  Santa  Ana  and  Asuncion,  £?•/?*/;  El  Valle,  il/;7/er 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  217 

&  Johnston,  no.  60,  July  11.  Venezuela:  Cumana,  Loefling,  Reise 
nach  den  spanischen  Landem,  p.  152-153.  Common  in  tropical 
countries. 

C.   oxYPHYLLA  Kunth,   Mimos.,   p.    129,   pi.   39    (1819-24).— El 
Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  62,  Aug.  5.     Venezuela:  on  Mt.  Cocol-. 
lar,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  6,  p.  342;   La  Guaira,  Robinson   & 
Lyon,  July  6,  1900.     Further  distribution,  Mexico  to  Ecuador. 

C.  SERiCEA  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  66  (1788),  and  Fl.  Ind. 
Occ,  vol.  2,  p.  724;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  209;  Mart.,  Fl. 
Bras.,  vol.  15,  pt.  2,  p.  116,  pi.  35. — ^  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no. 

56,  July  5.     Further  distribution,  Cuba  to  Panama  and  Brazil. 

C.  STEXOCARPA  Vog.,  Syii.  Cass.,  p.  68  (1837).—  El  Valle,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  210,  July  14.  Venezuela:  Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler, 
no.  321,  1854-55.  Very  closely  allied  to  C.  nictitans  L.,  if  not  iden- 
tical with  it.     Found  also  in  Brazil. 

C.  ToRA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  376  (1753).  C.  ohtusifolia  L.,  Sp.  pi., 
vol.  1,  p.  377  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  209.— Santa  Ana, 
Ernst.     Further  distribution,  tropical  countries. 

CENTROSE^LV  Benth. 

C.  BRASiLiANUM  Benth.,  Ann.  Wien.  Mus.,  vol.  2,  p.  118  (1837); 
Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  15,  pt.  1,  p.  128,  pi.  34.  Bradburya  brasiliana 
Ktze.,  Rev.  gen.,  vol.  1,  p.  164  (1891). —  Asuncion,  Miller  &  JohnMon, 
no.  54,  Aug.  9.     Venezuela:   Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  1778,  1856- 

57.  Found  also  in  Brazil. 

C.viRGiNiANUM  (L.)  Benth.,  Ann.  Wien.  Mus.,  vol.  2,  p.  120  (1837), 
Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  300.  Clitoria  virginiana  L.,  Sp.  pi., 
vol.  2,  p.  753  (1753) ;  Bot.  reg.,  vol.  13,  p.  1047.  Bradburya  virginiana 
Ktze.,  Rev.  gen.,  vol.  1,  p.  164  (1891).— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  256,  Aug.  15.     Further  distribution,  tropical  America  and  Nigeria. 

Cercidium  Tulasne. 

C.  spiNOSUM  Tulasne,  Arch.  mus.  Par.,  vol.  4,  p.  134  (1844).— -El 
Valle,  alt.  200  m.,  Johnston,  no.  31,  July  3.  Shrub,  3  m.  high;  trunk 
2  dm.  in  diameter  at  base;  bark  green;  stem  thorny;  flowers  yellow. 
Further  distribution,  Brazil. 

C.  VIRIDE  (Karst.)  Taub.  in  Engl.  &  Prantl,  Naturl.  Pflanzenfam., 
vol.  3,  pt.  3,  p.  172  (1892).  Rhetinophloeiim  viride  Karst.,  Fl.  Columb., 
vol.  2,  p.  25,  pi.  113  (1862).— Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Found  in  northern 
South  America. 


218    PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 


Clitoria  L. 

C.  Ternatea  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  753  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  192;  Garden,  vol.  38,  p.  132,  pi.  765;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant., 
vol.  4,  p.  299.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  55,  July  15,  and 
Johnston,  no.  36,  July  15.     Tropical  countries. 

Cracca  Benth. 

C.  caribaea  Benth.  ex  Oerst.  in  Kjoeb.  Vidensk.  meddel.,  p.  9, 
(1853);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  183.— El  Valle,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  nos.  135  &  141,  July  27  and  Aug.  2,  respectively.  Further 
distribution,  tropical  America. 

Crotalaria  L. 

C.  iNCANA  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  2,  p.  716  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  180;  Cav.,  Ic,  pi.  322;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  281.— 
SsLTita,  Ansi,  Ernst;  El  Yalle,  Miller  &  J ohjiston,  no.  50,  July  8.  Fur- 
ther distribution,  tropical  America  and  tropical  Africa. 

Des.manthus  Willd. 

D.  viRCxATUs  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  4,  p.  1047  (1806);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  218. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Further  distribution, 
temperate  and  tropical  America  and  East  Indies. 

Desmodium  Desv. 

D.  ScoRPiURUS  (Sw.)  Desv.,  Journ.  bot.,  vol.  1,  p.  122  (1813); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  187;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  293. 
Hedysarum  Scorpiiirus  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  107  (1788). — 
El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  214,  July  12.  Further  distribution, 
tropical  America  and  Society  Ids. 

D.  spiRALE  (Sw.)  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  2,  p.  332  (1825);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  188.  Hedysarum  spirals  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ, 
p.  107  (1788). —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Further  distribution,  tropical 
countries. 

D.  supiNUM  (Sw.)  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  2,  p.  332  (1825);  Urb.,  Symb. 
Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  290.  Hedysarum  supimim  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ, 
p.  106  (1788).  D.  incammi  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  2,  p.  332  (1825).— El 
Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  123,  July  14.  Further  distribution, 
tropical  countries. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  219 

DOLICHOS   L. 

D.  sp. —  Ernst. 

Enterolobium  Mart. 

E.  CYCLOCARPUM  (Jacq.)  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  226  (1860). 
Mimosa  cyclocarpa  Jacq.,  Frag.,  p.  30,  pi.  34,  fig.  1  (1809). —  Santa 
Ana,  Ernst.     Occurs  also  in  Jamaica  and  Venezuela. 

Eriosema  Desv. 

E.  CRiNiTUM  (HBK.)  G.  Don,  Syst.,  vol.  2,  p.  348  (1832).  Gli/cine 
crinita  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  6,  p.  421  (1823). —  Santa  Ana, 
Ernst.     Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

Erythrixa  L. 

E.  corallodendru.m  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  706  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  199.—  El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  259,  July  16.  Vene- 
zuela, according  to  Ernst  in  World's  Columbian  exposition  at  Chicago. 
Further  distribution,  from  Mexico  to  Brazil. 

Gliricidia  HBK. 

G.  LUTEA  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40,  p.  687 
(1905). —  On  dry  hillside,  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  246,  and 
Johnston,  no.  34,  Aug.  15.     Endemic.     Plate  30,  fig.  1,  la-d. 

Hymenea  L. 

H.  CouRBARiL  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1192  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  213. —  El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  290,  Aug.  Venezuela: 
near  Carichana,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  6,  p.  322.  Further 
distribution,  Cuba,  Panama,  Guiana. 

Inbigofera  L. 

I.  SUBULATA  Vahl  ex  Poir.,  Suppl.,  vol.  3,  p.  150  (1813);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  181.— El  Valle,  Miller  ct-  Johnston,  no.  142,  July 
26.     Further  distribution,  ^Mexico  to  Venezuela  and  in  East  Indies. 

I.  suffruticosa  Mill.,  Gard.  diet.,  ed.  8,  no.  2  (1768).  I.  Anil  L., 
Mant.,  vol.  2,  p.  272  (1771);  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  181.— Santa 
Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  52,  July  26,  and  Johnston, 
no.  35,  July  24.    Further  distribution,  temperate  and  tropical  countries. 


220     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

Inga  Scop. 

I.  iNGOiDES  (Rich.)  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  4,  p.  1012  (1806);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  228.  Mimosa  ingoides  Rich.,  Act.  soc.  hist.  nat. 
Par.,  vol.  1,  p.  113  (1792). —  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  400  m.,  Johnston, 
no.  26,  Aug.  12-15.  Tree,  about  20  m.  high.  Further  distribution, 
West  Indies  and  Guiana. 

I.  MACRANTHA  Jolinston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40, 
p.  687  (1905).—  On  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  400  m.,  Johnston,  no.  25, 
July  11.     Endemic.     Plate  28,  fig.  1. 

LONCHOCARPUS  HBK. 

L.  LATiFOLius  (Willd.)  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  6,  p.  383 
(1823);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  199.  Amerimnum  latifolium 
Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  3,  p.  909  (1803).— Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Further 
distribution,  tropical  America. 

L.  VELUTiNUS  Benth.  in  Seem.,  Bot.  voy.  Herald.,  p.  Ill  (1853). — ■ 
El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  23,  July  7.  Further  distribution.  Central 
America. 

L.  viOLACEUS  (Jacq.)  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  6,  p.  383  (1823), 
in  note;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  200.  Robinia  violacea  Jacq., 
Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  28  (1760). —  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no. 
257,  July  21;  and  Johnston,  no.  22,  Aug.  Further  distribution, 
tropical  America.     Tree,  about  15  m.  high. 

Machaerium  Pers. 

M.  STRIATUM  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40,  p. 
688  (1905).— North  Hill,  El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  124.  Aug.  8.  En. 
memic.     Plate  28,  fig.  2. 

Mimosa  L. 

"M.  FASTiGiATA  W."  acc.  to  Ernst  (a  combination  wholly  obscure 
and  probably  due  to  some  clerical  error). —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst. 

Myrospermum  Jacq. 

M.  frutescens  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  20  (1760);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  204. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  near 
Parapara  and  on  the  banks  of  the  Rio  Guarico,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen. 
et  sp.,  vol.  6,  p.  372.     Further  chstribution,  Trinidad  and  Colombia. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  221 


NissoLiA  Jacq. 

N.  WiSLiZENi  Gray,  Journ.  Linn,  soc,  vol.  5,  p.  25  (1861).  Chaeto- 
cahjx  Wislizeni  Gray,  PI.  Wright.,  vol.  1,  p.  51  (1852).—  El  Valle, 
Miller    &  Johnston,  no.  259,  Aug.  4.     Further  distribution,  Mexico. 

Parkinsonia  L. 

P.  ACULEATA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  p.  375  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p. 
204;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  277.^  Asuncion,  Ernst;  El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  63,  July  20.  Venezuela:  Cumana,  Loefling, 
Reise  nach  den  spanischen  Landern,  p.  152-153.  Found  in  all  tropical 
countries. 

Peltophorum  Walp. 

P.  acutifolium,  n.  comb.  Caesalpinia  acutifolia  Johnston,  Proc. 
Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40,  p.  686  (1905).  Peltophorum 
Suringari  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  5,  p.  363  (1908).— On  the  hillside, 
El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  200,  Aug.  15,  and  Johnston,  no. 
33,  Aug.  3.     Found  also  on  Aruba  and  Curafoa. 

Phaseolus  L. 

P.  LUNATUS  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  2,  p.  724  (1753);  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  2, 
p.  393;  Benth.  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  15,  pt.  1,  p.  181;  Urb.,  Symb. 
Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  308. —  Margarita  according  to  Urban,  /.  c.  Distribu- 
tion general  in  tropical  and  temperate  countries;   cultivated. 

P.  SP. —  Ernst. 

P.  SP.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &•  Johnston,  no.  57,  July  26.  Possibly 
this  is  a  specimen  of  the  above  P.  lunatus. 

PiTHECOLOBiuM  Mart. 

P.  LiGUSTRiNUM  (Jacq.)  Klotzsch  ex  Benth.,  Trans.  Linn,  soc, 
vol.  30,  p.  571  (1875).  Mimosa  ligustrina  Jacq.,  Fragm.,  p.  29,  pi. 
32,  fig.  6,  not  Vahl.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  242,  July  30, 
and  no.  121;  Johnston,  no.  38,  July  1.  Tree,  about  8  m.  high,  and 
1.2  dm.  in  diameter  at  its  base.  Further  distribution,  American 
tropics. 

P.  UNGUis-CATi  (L.)  Benth.  in  Hook.,  Lond.  journ.  bot.,  vol.  3, 
p.  200  (1844);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  226.  Mimosa  unguis 
cati  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  517  (1753). —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;   El  Valle, 


222     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

Johnston,  no.  43,  July  14.  Venezuela:  Cumana,  Loefling,  Reise 
nach  den  spanischen  Landern,  p.  152-153.  A  slender  tree,  about  5  m. 
high,  branching  copiously  and  growing  in  clumps.  Common  in 
tropical  America. 

Platymiscium  Vog. 

P.  POLYSTACHYUM  Benth.  in  Seem.,  Bot.  voy.  Herald.,  p.  Ill,  pi. 
21  (1853).  P.  platystachyum  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  200  (1860). 
—  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Further  distribution,  St.  Vincent,  Trinidad, 
Panama,  and  Venezuela. 

POINCIANA   L. 

P.  REGiA  Boj.  ex  Hook.,  Bot.  mag.,  pi.  2884  (1829);  Urb.,  Symb. 
Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  278.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  59,  July  29. 
Common  in  tropical  countries. 

Prosopis  L. 

P.  JULIFLORA  (Sw.)  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  2,  p.  447  (1825);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  217.  Mimosa  juliflora  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ, 
p.  85  (1788).  P.  cumanensis  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  6,  p.  310 
(1823).— Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  42,  July  15. 
A  tree,  about  5  m.  high,  with  wide-spreading  top.  Further  distribu- 
tion, Mexico  to  Guayaquil,  also  Jamaica. 

Rhynchosia  Lour. 

R.  MINIMA  (L.)  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  2,  p.  385  (1825);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  190;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  307.  Dolichos  mini- 
mus L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  726  (1753). —  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  118,  July  19.     Common  in  tropical  countries. 

Stylosanthes  Sw. 

S.  HUMiLis  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  6,  p.  506,  pi.  594  (1823).— 
Asuncion,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  68,  Aug.  9.  Venezuela:  near 
Carichana,  HBK.,  /.  c. 

S.  viscosA  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  108  (1788);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  188.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  268,  July  30; 
Pt.  Mosquito,  Johnston,  no.  249,  Aug.  10.  Further  distribution, 
tropical  America. 

Tamarindus  L. 

T.  INDICA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  34  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind., 
p.  213;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  270.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  228 

no.   65,   July  21.     Venezuela:    Cumana,   Loefling,   Raise  nacli  den 
spanischen  Landern,  p.  152-153.     Common  to  all  tropical  countries. 

Tephrosia  Pers. 

T.  ciNEREA  (L.)  Pers.,  S>ti.,  vol.  2,  p.  328  (1807);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  182;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  283.  Galega  cinerea  L., 
Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1172  (1759). —  Santa  Ana,  Juan  Griego, 
Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  136,  July  20.  Further 
distribution,  tropical  America. 

Teramnus  Sw. 

T.  UNCiXATUS  (L.)  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  105  (1788); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  193.  Dolichos  iincinatus  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed. 
2,  vol.  2,  p.  1019  (1763). —  Juan  Griego,  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Further 
distribution,  tropical  America. 

ViGNA  Savi. 

V.  VEXiLLATA  (L.)  A.  Rich,  in  Sagra,  Cub.,  vol.  10,  p.  191  (1845); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  195.  Phaseolus  vexillatus  L.,  Sp.  pi., 
vol.  2,  p.  724  (1753). —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Distributed  generally  in 
tropical  countries. 

ZoRXiA  Gmel. 

Z.  DiPHYLLA  (L.)  Pers.,  Syn.,  vol.  2,  p.  318  (1807);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  185.  Hedysarum  diphyllum  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p. 
747  (1753). —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Further  distribution,  general  in 
tropical  countries. 

OXALIDACEAE. 

OXALIS    L. 

O.  Barrelieri  Jacq.,  Oxal.,  p.  24,  pi.  3  (1794);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  133.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  122,  July  30. 
Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

O.  Plumieri  Jacq.,  Oxal.,  p.  23  (1794).  0.  frutescens  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  133  (1859),  not  L.— San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  795  m., 
Johnston,  no.  128,  July  6.  Further  distribution,  Dominica,  St. 
Vincent,  and  INIartinique. 


224     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

ERYTHROXYLACEAE. 

Erythroxylum  p.  Br. 

E.  HAVANENSE  Jacq.,  Stirp.  Am.,  p.  135,  pi.  87,  fig.  2  (1763).  E. 
ovainm  Cav.,  Diss.,  p.  404,  pi.  233  (1789);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind., 
p.  113. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  River  trail,  Johnston,  no.  72, 
Aug.  20.  Slender  tree,  5  m.  high;  flowers  small,  white.  Further 
distribution,  Dominica,  Trinidad,  Guiana,  and  Bahia. 

Stigmatophyllum  Juss. 
S.  SP. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst. 

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. 

GUAJACUM   L. 

G.  ARBOREUM  (Jacq.)  DC.,  Prod.,  -vol.  1,  p.  707  (1824).  Zijgo- 
phyllum  arhoreum  Jacq.,  Stirp.  Am.,  p.  130,  pi.  83  (1763). —  Santa 
Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  20,  July  6;  Johnston, 
no.  30,  Aug.  8.  Common  on  the  road  between  Porlamar  and  Juan 
Griego  byway  of  Asuncion.     Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

G.  OFFICINALE  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  1,  p.  381  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind,  p.  134. —  Pt.  Mosquho,  Johnston,  no.  117,  Aug.  10.  Vene- 
zuela: Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.  Distribution  general 
from  Cuba  to  Venezuela. 

Kallstroemia  Scop. 

K.  MAXIMA  (L.)  Wight  &  Arn.,  Prod.,  vol.  1,  p.  145  (1834);  Torr. 
&  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Amer.,  vol.  1,  p.  213;  Engl,  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  12, 
pt.  2,  p.  71;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  315.  Tribulus  maximus'L., 
Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  386  (1753).— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  7, 
July  12;  Juan  Griego  pond,  Johnston,  no.  292,  Aug.  14.  Venezuela: 
near  Cumana,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  6,  p.  11.  Further  distri- 
bution, tropical  America. 

Tribulus  L. 

T.  terrestris  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  387  (1753),  var.  cistoides  (L.) 
Oliv.,  Fl.  trop.  Afr.,  vol.  1,  p.  284  (1868);  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4, 
p.  315.     T.  cistoides  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  1,  p.  387  (1753).— Santa  Ana, 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  225 

Ernst;   El  Valle,  Miller   d-  Johnston,  no.  98,  July  20;   Johnston,  no. 
32,  Aug.  3.     Distribution  general  in  tropics. 

RUTACEAE. 
Amyris  p.  Br. 

A.  MARiTiMA  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  19  (1760);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  174;  Sargent,  Silva  N.  Amer.,  vol.  1,  p.  85,  pi.  36.— 
San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  277,  Aug.  28.  Further  dis- 
tribution, tropical  America. 

Citrus  L. 

C.  AuRANTiUM  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  2,  p.  782  (1753);  Desc,  Ant.,  vol.  1, 
p.  181,  pi.  38.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  39,  July  11.  Culti- 
vation general  in  tropical  and  sub-tropical  countries. 

ESENBECKIA   HBK. 

E.  piLOCARPOiDES  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  7,  p.  248,  pi.  655 
(1825).—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  226,  July  25.  Venezuela: 
near  Quetepe,  HBK.,  /.  c.     Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 

Zanthoxylum  L. 

Z.  Pterota  (L.)  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  6,  p.  3  (1823).  Fagara 
Pterota  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  897  (1759).  F.  lentiscifolia 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  137  (1859),  not  Willd.— Santa  Ana, 
Ernst.  Further  distribution,  southern  United  States,  West  Indies  to 
Trinidad. 

SIMARUBACEAE. 

Castela  Turp. 

C.  DEPRESSA  Turp.,  Ann.  mus.  Par.,  vol.  7,  p.  79,  pi.  5  (1806). — 
Juan  Griego,  Ernst.     Further  distribution,  San  Domingo. 

C.  NiCHOLSONi  Hook.,  Bot.  misc.,  vol.  1,  p.  271,  pi.  55  (1830). 
C.  erecta  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  140  (1859),  not  Turp.—  El 
Valle,  Miller  &  Johnsto7i,  no.  236,  July  18;  Pt.  Moreno,  Johnston, 
no.  118,  July  8.     Further  distribution,  Texas,  Antigua. 


226     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

SURIAXA   L. 

S.  MARiTiMA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  284  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  58. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst;  Pt.  Mosquito,  Johnston,  no.  284, 
Aug.  10.     Distribution  general  in  tropics. 

BURSERACEAE. 
BuRSERA  Jacq. 

B.  siMARUBA  (L.)  Sarg.,  Gard.  and  for.,  vol.  3,  p.  260  (1890)  and 
Silva  N.  Amer.,  vol.  1,  p.  97,  pis.  41,  42;  Urb.,  Synib.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p. 
324.—  South  Hill,  El  Valle,  alt.  270  m.,  Johnston,  no.  270,  July  3. 
Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.  Further  distribution, 
West  Indies,  Panama.  Tree,  about  7  m.  high;  wood  odorous  and 
bitter. 

MELIACEAE. 

Melia  L. 

M.  AzEDARACH  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  384  (1753);  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant., 
vol.  4,  p.  325.— Cuhivated,  El  Valle,  MiUer  &  Johnston,  no.  112, 
July  18.  Venezuela:  valley  of  Aragua,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp., 
vol.  5,  p.  218.     Distribution  general  in  tropical  countries. 

Trichilia  p.  Br. 

T.  HIRTA  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1020  (1759);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  129.  T.  spondiodes  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib., 
p.  20  (1760). —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Further  distribution,  Jamaica, 
Cuba. 

MALPIGHIACEAE. 
Heteropteris  HBK. 

H.  LAURiFOLiA  (L.)  Juss.,  Ann.  sci.  nat.,  bot.,  ser.  2,  vol.  13,  p. 
276  (1840);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  119.  Banisteria  kmrifolia 
L.,  Sp.  pi,  ed.  2,  vol.  2,  p.  611  (1762).— South  Hill,  El  Valle,  alt. 
300  m..  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  46,  Aug.  1;  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt. 
300.  m.,  Johnston,  no.  54,  Aug.  14.  Further  distribution,  Jamaica, 
Cuba,  and  Porto  Rico. 

H.  PURPUREA  (L.)  HBK,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  5,  p.  164  (1821), 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  227 

in  obs.;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  119.  Banisteria  purpurea  L., 
Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  427  (1753). —  El  Valle,  climbing  over  a  hedge  of 
Clerodendron  molle,  Johnston,  no.  55,  July  9.  Flowers  light  purple 
or  pink.  Venezuela:  near  Cumana,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  5, 
p.  164.     Further  distribution,  West  Indies  and  Venezuela. 

IVIalpighia  L. 

M.  GLABRA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  425  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  116. —  Juan  Griego  and  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Further  dis- 
tribution, tropical  America. 

M.  PUNiciFOLiA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed.  2,  vol.  1,  p.  609  (1762),  var.  vul- 
garis Xdz.,  Gen.  Malpigh.,  p.  8  (1899).—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  253,  Aug.  11;  Johnston,  no.  130,  Aug.  30.  Distribution  general 
in  tropical  America. 

POLYGALACEAE. 

Securidaca  L. 

S.  cordata  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40,  p. 
688  (1905).—  North  Hill,  El  Valle,  alt.  250  m.,  Johnston,  no.  60,  Aug. 
8.     Endemic. 

EUPHORBIACEAE. 

ACALYPHA   L. 

A.  MACROSTACHYA  Jacq.,  Hort.  Schoenb.,  vol.  2,  p.  63,  pi.  245  (1797); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  47. —  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  400  m. ;  Johnston, 
no.  122,  July  6.  A  single  group  of  this  species  was  found  growing 
among  Heliconia  Bihai.  Distribution  general-  in  northern  South 
America. 

Adellv  L. 

A.  RiciNELLA  D.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1298  (1759),  and  PI. 
Jam.  Pugill.,  p.  29;  Browne,  Jam.,  pi.  36,  fig.  3. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst. 
Further  distribution,  Jamaica,  Cuba. 

Argithamxly  Sw. 

A.  CAXDICAXS  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  39  (1788);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  44;  Juss.,  Euph.,  pi.  7. —  Juan  Griego  and  Santa 
Ana,  Ernst.     Further  distribution,  West  Indies  and  Caribbean  Ids. 


228     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

A.  ERUBESCENS  Johiiston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40,  p. 
689  (1905).—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  213,  July  22;  Johnston, 
no.  58,  Aug.  21.     Endemic.     Plate  30,  figs.  4,  4a-c,  5,  5a-c. 

Croton  L. 

C.  CHAMAEDRiroLius  Lam.,  Encycl.,  vol.  2,  p.  215  (1786);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  41;  Muell.  Arg.  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  11,  pt. 
2,  p.  271;  Desc,  Ant.,  vol.  7,  p.  491. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Further 
distribution.  West  Indies,  Panama,  Guiana. 

C.  FLAVENS  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1276  (1759),  and  PI.  Jam. 
PugilL,  p.  28;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  38.—  El  Valle,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  38,  July  15;  Johnston,  no.  45,  Aug.  8.  Further  dis- 
tribution,  Jamaica,   Trinidad,   St.   Thomas. 

C.  GLANDULOSUS  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1275  (1759); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  41;  Muell.  Arg.  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras., 
vol.  11,  pt.  2,  p.  267;  Jacq.,  Ic,  vol.  1,  p.  104;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant., 
vol.  4,  p.  343.— Hillside,  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  5,  July  11. 
Further  distribution,  temperate  and  tropical  America. 

C.  HELicoiDEUS  Muell.  Arg.,  Linnaea,  vol.  34,  p.  97  (1865-66). — • 
El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  232,  July  30;  Johnston,  no.  339, 
Aug.  8.     Found  also  in  St.  Vincent. 

C.  LOBATUS  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  2,  p.  1005  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  42;  Muell.  Arg.  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2,  p.  237; 
Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  343.—  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller 
&  Johnston,  no.  120,  July  16.  Venezuela:  near  Bordones,  HBK., 
Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  90.  Distribution  general  in  tropical 
America. 

C.  MARGARiTENSis  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol. 
40,  p.  689  (1905). —  Among  shrubs  near  summit  of  San  Juan  INIt., 
alt.  700  m.,  Johnston,  no.  50,  Aug.  28.  Endemic.  Plate  30,  figs.  3 
and  3a.       * 

C.  Milleri  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40,  p.  690 
(1905).— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  229,  July  18;  Johnston, 
no.  48,  Aug.  10.  Common  on  the  plains  between  El  Valle  and  Pt. 
Mosquito.     Endemic.     Plate  30,  figs.  2,  2a-d. 

C.  NiVEUS  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  32  (1760);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  40. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no. 
107,  July  20.     Further  distribution,  Jamaica,  Dominica,  Colombia. 

C.  OVALIFOLIUS  Vahl  in  West,  Bidr.  Ste.  Croix,  p.  307   (1793); 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  229 

Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  41.— Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  199,  July  14;  Johnston,  no.  46,  Aug.  31. 
Further  distribution,  West  Indies  and  Venezuela. 

C.  POPULiFOLius  Mill.,  Gard.  diet.,  ed.  8,  no.  7  (1768),  as  Populi 
folia;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  41.— San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  500  m., 
Johnston,  no.  47,  Aug.  28.     Further  distribution,  West  Indies. 

C.  PSEUDOCHiNA  Schlecht.,  Linnaea,  vol.  5,  p.  84  (1830),  as  Pseudo- 
China;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  39. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Further 
distribution,  tropical  America. 

Euphorbia  L. 

E.  BUXiFOLiA  Lam.,  Encycl.,  vol.  2,  p.  421  (1786);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  53;  Muell.  Arg.  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2,  p. 
681. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst;  Pt.  Mosquito,  Johnston,  no.  44,  Aug.  10. 
Found  growing  on  the  dunes  of  shifting  sands.  Further  distribution, 
tropical  America. 

E.  HYPERiciFOLiA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  454  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  54;  Muell.  Arg.  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2, 
p.  677. —  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  109,  July.  Var.  lasio- 
CARPA  Griseb.,  /.  c,  p.  54  (1859).  E.  lasiocarpa  Klotzsch,  Nov.  act. 
nat.  cur.,  vol.  19,  suppl.  1,  p.  414  (1843). —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst. 
Venezuela:  near  Cumana,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  56 
(typical  form) ;  Loefling,  Reise  nach  den  spanischen  Landern,  p.  152- 
153.     Common  in  tropical  countries. 

E.  PETiOLARis  Sims,  Bot.  mag.,  vol.  23,  pi.  883  (1806).— El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  235,  July  18.     Also  from  Island  of  St.  Thomas. 

E.  piLULiFERA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  454  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  54;  Muell.  Arg.  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2,  j).  684.— 
El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  108,  July.  Common  in  tropical  coun- 
tries. 

E.  THYMiFOLiA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  454  (1753);  Burm.  f.,  Fl.  Ind., 
p.  112;  Muell.  Arg.  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2,  p.  684.  E. 
macuJata  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  53,  not  L.—  El  Valle,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  150,  Aug.  9;  Juan  Griego,  at  the  pond  and  on  the  sea- 
shore, Johnston,  no.  251,  Aug.  14.     Widespread  in  tropical  countries. 

HiPPOMANE   L. 

H.  Mancinella  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1191  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  50. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst;  Pt.  Moreno,  Johnston,  no.  261, 


230     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

July  13.  Venezuela:  Cumana,  Loefling,  Reise  nach  den  spanischen 
Landern,  p.  152-153.  Further  distribution,  Cuba  to  Venezuela  and 
Panama. 

HURA  L. 

H.  CREPITANS  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1006  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  50;  Muell.  Arg.  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2,  p.  632.— 
Asuncion,  Ernst.     Further  distribution,  Cuba,  Brazil. 

Jatropha  L, 

J.  CuRCAS  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1006  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  36;  Muell.  Arg.  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2,  p.  487.— 
Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  237,  July  24. 
Venezuela:  Nova  Andalusia,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  104. 
Distribution   general   in   tropics. 

J.  GOSSYPiFOLiA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1006  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  36;  iMuell.  Arg.  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2, 
p.  491;  Urb.,  Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  350. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El 
YaWe,  Miller  &  Johnsto7i,  no.  27,  July  11.  Venezuela:  near  Cumana 
and  La  Guaira,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  104.  Distribution 
general  in  tropical  America. 

J.  URENS  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1007  (1753),  var.  stimulosa  (Michx.) 
Muell.  Arg.  in  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  15,  pt.  2,  p.  1101  (1862).  J.  stimulosa 
Michx.,  Fl.,  vol.  2,  p.  216  (1803).— Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Jolmstoyi,  no.  48,  July  8;  Johnston,  no.  57,  Aug.  3.  Vene- 
zuela: near  Cumana,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  106.  La 
Guaira,  Robinson  &  Lyon,  July  12,  1900.  Common  in  American 
tropics. 

Manihot  Adans. 

M.  UTiLissiMA  Pohl,  PI.  Bras.  Ic,  vol.  1,  p.  32,  pi.  24  (1827); 
Muell.  Arg.  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2,  pp.  457,  707;  Urb., 
Symb.  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  350.  Janipha  Manihot  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et 
sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  108  (1817);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  37.—  El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  102,  July  24.  Widely  cultivated  in  the  hills 
and  on  the  plain  by  Asuncion.  Commonly  cultivated  in  American 
tropics  and  subtropics. 

Pedilanthus  L. 

P.  TiTHYMALOiDES  (L.)  Poit.,  Ann.  mus.  Par.,  vol.  19,  p.  390,  pi. 
19  (1812);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  52.     Euphorbia  tiihymaloides 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  231 

L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  453  (1753).—  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller 
&  Johnston,  no.  31,  July  10;  Johnston,  no.  59,  July  27.  Slender 
shrub,  aboui  1  m.  high,  with  red  flowers.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre 
la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226;  between  Bordones  and  Cumana,  HBK.,  Nov. 
gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  63;  La  Guaira,  Robinson  &  Lyon,  July  6,  1900. 
Further  distribution.  West  Indies. 

Phylkinthus  L. 

P.  NiRURi  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  2,  p.  981  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  34;  Muell.  Arg.  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2,  p.  53,  705.— 
Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  400  m.,  Johnston,  no.  140, 
Aug.  14.     Further  distribution,  tropical  countries. 

RiciNUS  L. 

R.  COMMUNIS  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  2,  p.  1007  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  37;  Muell.  Arg.  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2,  p.  420.— 
Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  Cumana,  Loefling,  Reise  nach  den 
spanischen  Landern,  p.  152-153.     Further  distribution,  tropics. 

Sebastiania  Spreng. 

S.  CORNICULATA  (Juss.)  Muell.  Arg.  in  DC.,  Prod.,  vol.  15,  pt.  2, 
p.  1168  (1862)  and  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2,  p.  551.  Micro- 
stachys  corniculata  Juss.,  Euphorb.  Tent.,  p.  49  (1824);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  49. —  Margarita  according  to  Ernst.  Further 
distribution,  Trinidad  and  northern  South  America. 

Tragia  L. 

T.  voLUBiLis  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  980  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  48;  Muell.  Arg.  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  11,  pt.  2,  p.  412.— 
Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  15,  July  24;  Juan 
Griego  trail,  Johnston,  no.  253,  July  31.  Further  distribution.  West 
Indies  and  tropical  South  America. 

Genera  Euphorbiacearum  adhuc  indeterminata. 

EuPHORBiACEA  Actinostemoui  affinis. —  Johnston,  no.  332  and  333, 
alt.  400  m.,  July  29. 

EuPHORBiACEA  Argithamniae  affinis. —  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  251, 
Aug.  3. 


232      PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

ANACARDIACEAE. 

Anacardium  L. 

A.  occiDENTALE  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  383  (1753);  Jacq.,  Hist. 
Stirp.  Am.,  p.  124;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  176.~  Reported  by 
Ernst.  Cultivated  in  the  Asuncion  valley.  Distribution  general  in 
tropical  countries. 

Mangifera  L. 

M.  iNDiCA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  200  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  176. —  Cultivated  extensively.  Common  to  all  tropical 
countries. 

Mauria  Kuntli. 

M.  HETEROPHYLLA  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  7,  p.  13,  pi.  606 
(1825). —  Juan  Griego  and  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  Colonia 
Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  174,  1856-57.  Further  distribution,  Colombia 
and  Peru. 

Spondias  L. 

S.  LUTEA  L.,  Sp.  pL,  ed.  2,  vol.  1,  p.  613  (1762);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  175. —  Cultivated  according  to  Ernst.  In  the  market 
place  of  El  Valle  also.  Venezuela:  Cumana,  Loefling  (1754),  Reise 
nach  den  spanischen  Landern,  p.  152-153.  Common  to  all  tropical 
countries. 

CELASTRACEAE. 
Elaeodendron  Jacq. 

E.  SP.  Johnston,  no.  307.  Related  to  E.  xi/locarpum  DC,  Prod., 
vol.  2,  p.  11,  from  St.  Thomas.  Similar  to  no.  926  of  P.  Sintenis's 
Plantae  Portoricenses  (1885)  determined  by  I.  Urban.  Differs  in 
having  broader  leaves,  which  are  often  orbicular  and  very  broad  at 
the  base.     In  general  the  leaves  are  larger  than  in  E.  xi/locarpum. 

Myginda  Jacq. 

M.  Rhacoma  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  39  (1788);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  146. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  near 
Laguna  Chica,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  7,  p.  67.  Florida,  Jamaica, 
Cuba. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  233 

M.  SP.  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no.  282,  Aug.  28. 
Allied  to  M.  latifolia  Sw.  and  M.  Grisebachii  Sarg.  Leaves  in  this 
form  larger  than  those  of  the  others,  obovate,  entire,  sometimes  5  cm. 
long  and  3  em.  wide,  the  base  often  obtuse,  decurrent  into  a  short 
petiole,  the  apex  rounded,  obtuse  or  minutely  retuse;  flowers  on  the 
plan  of  four. 

SAPINDACEAE. 
Cardiospermum  L. 

C.  Halicacabum  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  366  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  122;  Desc,  Ant.,  vol.  4,  pi.  241.—  Santa  Ana,  Ernst; 
El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  208,  July  20,  Venezuela:  Ernst. 
Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  226.     Common  in  tropical  countries. 

Melicocca  L. 

M.  BiJUGA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed.  2,  vol.  1,  p.  495  (1762);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  127.—  El  Valle,  Miller  d-  Johnston,  no.  128,  July  18. 
Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

Paullinia  L. 

P.  CuRURU  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  365  (1753);  Desc,  Ant.,  vol.  3, 
pi.  181.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  239,  July  30;  Tacarigua, 
Johnston,  no.  66,  Aug.  14.  Distribution  general  in  West  Indies. 
Not  the  same  as  Serjania  nodosa  as  claimed  by.  some  authors,  for  the 
fruit  is  pyriform  and  not  at  all  alate. 

(     Sapindus  L. 

S.  Saponaria  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  367  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  126. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no. 
127,  July  18.     Further  distribution,  Jamaica,  and  Venezuela. 

Talisia  Aubl. 

T.  OLiVAEFORMis  (HBK.)  Radlk.,  Sitzb.  math.-phys.  Akad., 
Muench.,  vol.  8,  p.  342  (1878).  Melicocca  olivaeformis  HBK.,  Nov. 
gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  5,  p.  130  (1821).—  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  alt. 
300  m.,  Johnston,  no.  299,  July  4.     Further  distribution,  Colombia. 

Urvillea  HBK. 

U.  ULMACEA  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  5,  p.  106,  pi.  440  (1821).— 
El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  23,  July  31.  Venezuela:  near 
Caracas,  HBK,  /.  c.     Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 


234    PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

RHAMNACEAE. 

ZiziPHUs  Juss. 

Z.  sp. —  El  Valle,  River  trail,  Johmton,  no.  269,  July  15.  A  tree, 
about  7  m.  high,  with  wide-spreading  top.  Related  to  Z.  mexicana 
Rose,  Contrib.  U.  S.  nat.  herb.,  vol.  1,  p.  315.  Differs  in  having 
leaves  more  broadly  oval,  more  rounded  at  base,  and  distinctly  three- 
nerved.     The  margin  is  almost  the  same  in  each. 

VITACEAE. 

Cissus  L. 

C.  siCYOiDES  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  897  (1759);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  102;  Desc,  Ant.,  vol.  7,  pi.  481.— Santa  Ana, 
Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  244,  Aug.  1.  Further  dis- 
tribution, tropical  America. 

TILIACEAE. 

CORCHORUS    L. 

C.  ACUTANGULUS  Lam.,  Encycl.,  vol.  2,  p.  104  (1786);  Wight,  Ic. 
pi.  Ind.  Or.,  vol.  3,  p.  739;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  97.— El 
Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  97,  July  11.  Common  to  all  tropical 
countries. 

C.  HiRSUTUS  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  530  (1753);  Jacq.,  Hort.  Vind., 
vol.  3,  pi.  57;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  97. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst. 
Further  distribution,  Antigua,  Guadeloupe,  Venezuela. 

C.  siLiQUOSUS  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  529  (1753);  Jacq.,  Hort.  Vind., 
vol.  3,  pi.  59;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  97. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst. 
Further  distribution,  southern  United  States  and   tropical   America. 

Triumfetta  L. 

T.  Lappula  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  1,  p.  444  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  95. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler, 
no.  1918,  1856-57.  Further  distribution,  Mexico,  West  Indies 
Panama,  and  Cape  Verde  Ids. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  235 

MALVACEAE. 

Abutilon  Hill. 

A.  CRISPUM  (L.)  G.  Don,  Gen.  syst.,  vol.  1,  p.  502  (1831);  Wight, 
Ic.  pi.  Ind.  Or.,  vol.  1,  pi.  68;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  79;  Schu- 
mann in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  12,  pt.  3,  p.  382.  Sida  crispa  L.  Sp. 
pL,  vol.  2,  p.  685  (1753).— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  71; 
Juan  Griego,  Johnston,  no.  271,  Aug.  14.  Venezuela:  Colonia  Tovar, 
Fendler,  no.  97,  1854-55.     Common  in  tropics. 

A.  UMBELLATUM  (L.)  Swect,  Hort.  Brit.,  ed.  1,  p.  53  (1827);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  78.  Sida  umbellata  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2, 
1145  (1759);  Jacq.,  Hort.  Vind.,  vol.  1,  pi.  56.— El  Valle,  Miller 
&  Johnston,   no.    152,   July   7.     Further  distribution,  Jamaica,  St. 

Thomas. 

Bastardia  HBK. 

B.  viscosA  HBK.,  Xov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  5,  p.  256  (1821);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  80;  Schumann  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  12,  pt.  3, 
p.  360. —  Asuncion,  Ernst.     Venezuela:    near  Cumana,  HBK.,  /.  c. ; 

Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  2543,  1856-57.     Distribution,  Cuba  to 
Brazil  and  Peru. 

ClENFUEGOSIA   Cav. 

C.  HETEROPHYLLA  (Vent.)  Garckc  in  Bonplandia,  vol.  8,  p.  150 
(1860).  Redutea  heterophylla  Vent.,  Descr.  pi.  jard.  Cels,  pi.  11  (1800). 
—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  66,  July  5.  Further  distribu- 
tion, tropical  America. 

GOSSYPIUM  L. 

G.  BARBADENSE  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  693  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
AV.  Ind.,  p.  86;  Gurke  in  :\Iart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  12,  pt.  3,  p.  582.— El 
Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  207,  July  31.  Venezuela:  Cumana, 
Loefiing,  1754.     Common  in  tropical  America. 

Malvastrum  Gray. 

M.  SPICATUM  Gray,  Mem.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and^sci.,  n.  s.,  vol.  4, 
p.  22  (1849);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  72;  Schumann  in  Mart., 
Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  12,  pt.  3,  p.  271. —  Santa  Ana,  Ermt.  Venezuela: 
Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  118,  1854-55.  Further  distribution, 
tropical   countries. 


236     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 


Pavonia  Cav. 

P.  spiNiFEX  Cav.,  Diss.,  vol.  3,  p.  133,  pi.  45  (1787);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  82;  Giirke  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  12,  pt.  3,  p.  480.— 
Juan  Griego,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  near  Caripe,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et 
sp.,  vol.  5,  p.  280.     Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

SiDA  L. 

S.  ACUTA  Burm.  f.,  Fl.  Ind.,  p.  147  (1768);  Schumann  in  Mart., 
Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  12,  pt.  3,  p.  325.  S.  carpinifoHa  L.  f.,  SuppL,  p.  307 
(1781);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  73.— Santa  Ana,  Errist.  Dis- 
tribution general  in  tropical  countries. 

S.  ciLiARis  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1145  (1759);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  73;  Schumann  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  12,  pt.  3, 
p.  283. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  209, 
Aug.  9.     Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 

S.  RHOMBiFOLiA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  684  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  74;  Schumann  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  12,  pt.  3,  p.  337.— 
Santa  Ana,  £r?i5i  Venezuela:  near  Cumana,  Lo^/mgr,  1754;  HBK., 
Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  5,  p.  261.     Found  in  tropical  countries. 

S.  spiNOSA  L.,  Sp.  pi.  5,  p.  261,  vol.  2,  p.  683  (1753),  var. 
ANGUSTiFOLiA  (Lam.)  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  74  (1859); 
Schumann  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  12,  pt.  3,  p.  298.  S.  angustifolia 
Lam.,  Encycl.,  vol.  1,  p.  4  (1783). —  Asuncion,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  6, 
July  30.     Found  in  tropical  countries. 

Thespesia  Soland. 

T.  populnea  (L.)  Soland.  ex  Correa  in  Ann.  mus.  Par.,  vol.  9, 
p.  290,  pi.  8,  fig.  2  (1807) ;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  87.  Hibiscus 
populneus  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  694  (1753). —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst. 
Further  distribution,  tropical  countries. 

WissADULA  Medic. 

W.  PERiPLOCiFOLiA  (L.)  Griseb.,  Cat.  pi.  Cuba,  p.  25  (1866). 
Sida  periplocifolia  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  684  (1753).—  El  Valle,  Miller 
&  Johnston,  no.  126,  Aug.  31.     Further  distribution,  Jamaica. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  237 

BOMBACACEAE. 
Bomb  AX  L. 

B.  CTOiANENSE  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  5,  p.  300  (1821). —  Santa 
Ana,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  near  Cumana,  HBK.,  /.  c.  There  are 
several  Bombax  trees  occurring  in  El  Valle,  but  no  specimens  were 
collected. 

STERCULIACEAE. 

GuAZUMA  Adans. 

G.  ULMiFOLiA  Lam.,  Encycl.,  vol.  3,  p.  52  (1789);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  91. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.     Distributed  from  Cuba  to  Brazil. 

Helicteres  L. 

H.  BARUENSis  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  30  (1760),  and  Hist.  Stirp. 
Am.,  p.  236;  Schumann  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  12,  pt.  3,  p.  20.— 
Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  Vargas,  Flora,  p.  192.  Further  dis- 
tribution, tropical  America. 

Melochia  L. 

M.  TOMENTOSA  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1140  (1759);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  93.—  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  John- 
ston, no.  44,  July  5;  Juan  Griego  trail,  Johnston,  no.  56,  July  31. 
Shrub,  1  m.  high;  flowers  pink  or  purplish.  Venezuela:  near  Cumana, 
HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  5,  p.  323;  Caracas,  Birschel;  Colonia 
Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  2289,  1856-57.  Further  distribution,  tropical 
America. 

Waltheria  L. 

W.  AMERICANA  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  2,  p.  673  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  95.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  202,  July  8.  Vene- 
zuela: near  Bordones  and  Cumana,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  5, 
p.  333;  Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  nos.  110  and  112,  1854-55.  Widely 
distributed  in  tropical  countries. 

MARCGRAVIACEAE. 

Caracasia  Szyszyl. 

C.  tremadexa  (Ernst)  Szyszyl.  in  Engl,  et  Prantl,  Naturl.  Pflan- 
zenfam.,  vol.  3,  pt.  6,  p.  164  (1893).     Vargasia  iremadena  Ernst,  Var- 


238     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

gas  consid.  como  bot.,  p.  23  (1877). —  Alt.  700  m.,  San  Juan  Mt., 
Johnston,  no.  279,  Aug.  28.  A  shrub,  2  m.  high.  Venezuela:  near 
Caracas,  Ernst,  May,  1876. 

GUTTIFERAE. 
Clusia  L. 

C.  FLAVA  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  34  (1760),  and  Hist.  Stirp.  Am., 
p.  272;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  107.— San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  700 
m.,  Johnston,  no.  133,  July  31.     Occurs  also  in  Jamaica. 

BIXACEAE. 

BiXA  L. 

B.  Orellana  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  512  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  20;  Eichler  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  13,  pt.  1,  p.  433,  pi. 
87. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  Juan  Griego  trail  on  open  hillside,  alt.  300 
m.,  Johnston,  no.  11,  July  2.  Shrub,  3— 4  m.  high. — -Venezuela: 
Cumana,  Loe fling,  1754.     Found  in  tropical  countries. 

VIOLACEAE. 
Hybanthus  Jacq. 

H.  oppositifolius  (L.),  n.  comb.  Viola  oppositifolia  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed. 
2,  vol.  2,  p.  1327  (1763).  lonidium  oppositifolium  Roem.  &  Schult., 
Syst.,  vol.  5,  p.  395  (1819).—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  124, 
July  6.  Venezuela:  Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  2419,  1856-57; 
Cumana,  Loefling  according  to  Roem.    &  Schult.,  /.  c. 

RiNOREA  Aubl. 

R.  marginata  (Tr.  &  Planch.)  Rusby  in  herb.  Alsodeia  margi- 
nata  Triana  et  Planchon,  Ann.  sci.  nat.,  bot.,  ser.  4,  vol.  17,  p.  127 
(1862).— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  225,  July  27;  San  Juan 
Mt.,  alt.  300  m.,  Johnston,  no.  120,  Aug.  28.  Further  distribution, 
Colombia. 

Sauvagesia  L. 

S.  ERECTA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  203  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  112.— San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  795  m.,  Johnston,  no.  90,  Aug.  28. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  239 

Venezuela:  near  Caripe  and  Cumanacoa,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp., 
vol.  5,  p.  389;  Colonia  To\&r,  Fe7idler,  no.  2319,  1856-57.  Distribu- 
tion  general   in   tropics. 

FLACOURTIACEAE. 

Casearia  Jacq. 

C.  PARViFOLiA  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  628  (1799);  Jacq.,  Hist. 
Stirp.  Am.,  p.  127;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  23.— South  Hill, 
El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  129,  Aug.  31.  Distributed  from  Cuba  to 
Guiana. 

C.  guianensis  (Aubl.),  n.  comb.  Iroucana  guianensis  Aubl.,  PI. 
Guian.,  vol.  1,  p.  329,  pi.  127  (1775).  Casearia  ramiflora  Vahl,  Spiib., 
vol.  2,  p.  50  (1791) ;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  24.—  El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  19,  Aug.  5.     Distributed  from  Cuba  to  Bahia. 

C.  SPIRALIS  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40,  p. 
691  (1905).— El  Valle,  River  trail,  Johnston,  no.  283,  Aug.  30.  En- 
demic. 

C.  SYLVESTRis  Sw.,  Fl.  Ind.  Occ,  vol.  2,  p.  752  (1800).—  El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  105,  July  18;  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  500  m.,  John- 
ston, no.  266,  July  19.     Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

Xylosma  Forst.  f. 

X.  NiTiDUM  (Hellen.)  Gray  ex  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  21 
(1859).  Hisingera  nitida  Hellen.,  Vet.  akad.  handl.  Stockh.,  1792, 
p.  32,  pi.  2  (1792). —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Distributed  in  tropical 
America. 

TURNERACEAE. 

TURNERA   L. 

T.  DIFFUSA  Willd.  ex  Schult.,  Syst.,  vol.  6,  p.  679  (1820).— El 
Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  266,  July  30,  and  Johiston,  no.  288, 
July  15.  Further  distribution,  Brazil,  West  Indies,  and  Central 
America. 

T.  ULMiFOLiA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  271  (1753). —  Asuncion,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  223,  July  30.     Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 


240     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

PASSIFLORACEAE. 
Passiflora  L. 

P.  FOETiDA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  959  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  294. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no. 
85,  July  9,  and  Johnston,  no.  63,  Aug.  3.  Venezuela:  Cumana, 
Loe fling,  1754;  in  Prov.  Cumana,  in  Sierra  de  Chacao,  and  near  the 
town  of  Fernando  de  Apure,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  138; 
Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  475,  1854-55.  Distribution  general  in 
tropical  America. 

P.  LAURiFOLiA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  956  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  293. —  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnstoyi,  no.  289, 
Aug.  12  to  15.     Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

P.  MONTICOLA  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40, 
p.  692  (1905). —  Climbing  over  low  shrubs  at  the  mountain  top,  alt. 
700  to  795  m.,  San  Juan  Mt.,  Johnston,  no.  64,  July  11.     Endemic. 

P.  NiTENS  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40,  p. 
692  (1905).— El  Valle,  South  Hill,  Johnston,  no.  65,  Aug.  31.  En- 
demic. 

CARICACEAE. 

Carica  L. 

C.  Papaya  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1036  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.^Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  290. —  In  Asuncion  valley.  Venezuela:  Cumana,  Loefling, 
Reise  nach  den  spanischen  Landern,  p.  152-153.  Cultivated  in  all 
tropical  countries. 

LOASACEAE. 
Mentzelia  L. 

M.  ASPERA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  516  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  298. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  Colonia  Tovar, 
Fendler,  no.  453,  1856-57.     Further  distribution,  in  tropical  America. 

BEGONIACEAE. 

Begonia  L. 

B.  scandens  Sw.,  Prod.,  p.  86  (1788).—  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  400 
m.,  Johnston,  no.  291,  July  31.  Further  distribution.  West  Indies, 
Brazil,  Peru. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  241 

CACTACEAE. 
Cereus  MilL 

C.  CARiPENSis  (HBK.)  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  3,  p.  467  (1828).  Cactus 
caripensis  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et.  sp.,  vol.  6,  p.  66  (1823). —  South  Hill, 
El  Valle,  alt.  300  m.,  Johnston,  no.  217,  July  IS.  Further  distribu- 
tion, Mexico. 

C.  EBURNEus  Salm-Dyck,  Obs.  bot.,  p.  6  (1822). — •  El  Valle,  John- 
ston,  no.  342,  July  27.     Further  distribution,  Cura9oa  and  Chili. 

C.  Jamacaru  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  3,  p.  467  (1828).— Tacarigua, 
Johnston,  no.  341,  Aug.  15.     Further  distribution,  Brazil. 

C  MARGARiTENSis  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol. 
40,  p.  693  (1905).— El  Valle,  on  the  hillside,  Johnston^  no.  344,  July 
27.     Endemic. 

C  SwARTZii  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  301  (I860).—  Santa  Ana, 
Ernst.     Found  also  in  Jamaica. 

Mammillaria  Haw. 

M.  SIMPLEX  Haw.,  S\ii.  pi.  succ,  p.  177  (1812);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
\V.  Ind.  p.  300. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst.  Further  distribution,  Haiti 
and  Venezuela. 

Melocactus  Link  &  Otto. 

M.  coiMMUNis  Link  &  Otto  in  Verb,  preuss.  Ver.  Gartenb.,  vol.  3, 
p.  417,  pi.  11  (1827);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  300.— Juan 
Griego,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  plain  by  sea.  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  272, 
Aug.  3;  Pt.  Moreno,  Jo/««5toH,  no.  343,  Aug.  10.  Further  distribu- 
tion, West  Indies. 

Opuntia  Mill. 

O.  leptocaulis  DC  in  Mem.  mus.  Par.,  vol.  17,  p.  118  (1828). — 
En  route  El  Valle  to  San  Antonio,  Johnston,  no.  340,  Aug.  3.  Further 
distribution,  Mexico. 

O.  Tuna  Mill.,  Gard.  diet.,  ed.  8,  no.  3  (1768);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  302. —  Common  ever}^4iere  on  the  plains  and  hillsides.- 
El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  218,  July  4.     Common  in  tropical  America. 

Pereskia  Mill. 

P.  OPUNTiAEFLORA  DC.  in  Mem.  mus.  Par.,  vol.  17,  p.  76,  p  . 
19  (1828).— Pt.  Moreno,  Johnston,  no.  216.  Further  distribution, 
Mexico. 


242     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

P.  SP.,  reported  by  Ernst  at  Santa  Ana,  is  probably  the  above. 
Rhipsalis  Gaertn. 

R.  CASSUTHA  Gaertn.,  Fruct.,  vol.  1,  p.  137,  pi.  28  (1788);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  302  as  cassytha. —  El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  16. 
Found  hanging  from  the  branches  of  trees;  fruit  becoming  white. 
Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

THYIMELAEACEAE. 
Daphnopsis  INIart.  &  Zucc. 

D.  americana  (Mill.),  n.  comb.  Laurus  americana  Mill.,  Diet., 
ed.  8,  no.  10  (1768).  Daphne  tinifolia  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ, 
p.  63  (1788).  Daphnopsis  tinifolia  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  278 
(I860).— Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  257,  Aug.  14. 
Further  distribution,  Jamaica. 

LYTHRACEAE. 

ROTALA   L. 

R.  DENTiFERA  (Gray)  Koehne  in  Engl.,  Bot.  Jahrb.,  vol.  1,  p.  161 
(1881).  Avnnannia  dentifera  Gray,  PL  Wright.,  vol.  2,  p.  55(1853). 
—  Juan  Griego,  Johnston,  no.  276,  Aug.  14.  Further  distribution, 
Mexico. 

RHIZOPHORACEAE. 

Rhizophora  L. 

R.  Mangle  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  443  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  274.- —  Laguna  Chica,  Johnston,  no.  246,  Aug.  10,  also  at  Pt. 
Piedras,  and  at  Laguna  Grande.  Venezuela :  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y 
fauna,  p.  223.     Common  to  tropical  countries. 

MYRTACEAE. 
Myrcia  DC. 

M.  CORIACEA  (Vahl)  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  3,  p.  243  (1828);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  234.  Mijrtus  coriacea  Vahl.,  Spnb.,  vol.  2,  p.  59 
(1791).—  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  780  m.,  Johnston,  no.  263,  July  6.     These 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  IMARGARITA  ISLAND.  243 

specimens  differ  from  the  tj'pical  form  in  having  ova!  leaves  with 
short  bhmt  points,  and  in  having  narrow  calyx-lobes.  Further  dis- 
tribution, West  Indies. 

PSIDIUM  L. 

P.  GUAJAVA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  470  (1753).  P.  Guava  Radd. 
ace.  to  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  241  (I860).— El  Valle,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  140,  July  14,  and  Johnston,  no.  244,  July  2.  A'enezuela: 
Cumana,  Loefling  Reise  nach  den  spanischen  Landern,  p.  152-153. 
Common  to  tropical  countries. 

COMBRETACEAE. 

COMBRETUM   L. 

C.  SECUNDUM  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  19  (1760).— Santa  Ana, 
Ernst.     Further  distribution,  Trinidad,  Venezuela,  Colombia,  Guiana. 

COXOCARPUS   L. 

C.  ERECTUS  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  176  (1753);  Jacq.,  Hist.  Stirp. 
Am.,  p.  78;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  277. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst; 
Laguna  Chica,  JohnMon,  no.  215,  Aug.  10.  Further  distribution, 
tropical  America  and  tropical  Africa. 

Laguxcularia  Gaertn. 

L.  RACEMOSA  Gaertn.  f.,  Fruct.,  vol.  3,  p.  209,  pi.  217,  fig.  3  (1805); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  276. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst;  Laguna 
Chica,  Johnston,  no.  247,  Aug.  10.  Further  distribution,  tropical 
America  and  tropical  Africa. 

QUISQUALIS   L. 

Q.  iNDiCA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed.  2,  vol.  1,  p.  556  (1762).—  El  Valle,  Miller 
&  Johnston,  no.  91,  July  29.  Cultivated  in  ^Margarita  from  ti'opical 
Asia. 

Terminalia  L. 

T.  BucERAS  (L.)  Wright  in  Sauv.,  Fl.  Cub.,  p.  38  (1873).  Bucida 
Buceras  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1025  (1759).— San  Juan  :\It., 
Johnston,  no.  275,  Aug.  28.     Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 


244    PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

MELASTOMACEAE. 
Blakea  p.  Br. 

B.  MONTicoLA  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40, 
p.  693  (1905). —  Abundant  on  the  exposed  top  of  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt. 
700  to  795  m.,  Johnston,  no.  51,  July  6.  Shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  branch- 
ing copiously;   flowers  pink.     Endemic.     Plate  27,  fig.  1. 

Clidemia  D.  Don. 

C.  NEGLECTA  D.  Don,  Mem.  Wern.  soc,  vol.  4,  p.  307  (1823); 
Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  14,  pt.  4,  p.  483.—  El  Valle,  alt.  600  m.,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  33,  July  25.     Further  distribution,  Peru  and  Brazil. 

MicoNiA  Ruiz  &  Pav. 

M.  LAEVIGATA  (L.)  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  3,  p.  188  (1828).  Melastoma 
laevigata  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed.  2,  vol.  1,  p.  559  (1762).—  El  Valle,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  119,  July  24;  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no. 
52,  July  11.  Venezuela:  Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  22Q2,  1856-57. 
Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

M.  PRASiNA  (Sw.)  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  3,  p.  188  (1828).  Melastoma 
prasina  Sw.,  Fl.  Ind.  Occ,  vol.  2,  p.  777  (1800). —  Juan  Griego  trail, 
alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  53,  Aug.  12-15.  A  slender  tree,  about  7 
m.  high,  with  small  white  flowers.  Further  distribution,  tropical 
America. 

ONAGRACEAE. 

JUSSIAEA   L. 

J.  suFFRUTicosA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  388  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  273. —  Juan  Griego,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  45,  Aug.  9. 
Common  to  tropical  countries. 

ARALIACEAE. 
GiLiBERTiA  Ruiz    &  Pav. 

G.  ARBOREA  (L.)  March,  in  Durand  &  Pittier,  Bull.  soc.  bot.  Belg., 
vol.  30,  p.  281  (1891).  Aralia  arborea  L.,  PI.  Jam.  Pugill.,  pt.  2,  p.  11, 
and  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  967  (1759).     Dendropanax  arhoreum 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  245 

Dene.  &  Planch.,  Rev.  hort.,  ser.  4,  vol.  3,  p.  107  (1854). —  Juan 
Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  112,  July  31.  Further  dis- 
tribution, tropical  America.  A  tree,  20  m.  high,  with  a  clear  trunk, 
which  is  10  m.  high  and  35  cm.  in  diameter.  Spread  of  foliage  about 
15  m. 

Oreopanax  Dene.  &  Planch. 

O.  CAPiTATUM  (Jacq.)  Dene.  &  Planch.,  Rev.  hort.,  ser.  4,  vol.  3, 
p.  108  (1854).  Aralia  capitata  Jacq.,  Hist.  Stirp.  Am.,  p.  89  (1763). — 
Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  308,  Aug.  12-15.  Vene- 
zuela: Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  nos.  1320  and  526,  1854-55;  Funk  & 
Sehlim,  no.  91,  according  to  Seemann,  Journ.  bot.,  vol.  3,  p.  270. 
Further  distribution,  Jamaica  and  Brazil. 

ERICACEAE. 
Vaccinium  L. 

V.  LATiFOLiUM  B.  &  H.  f.,  Gen.,  vol.  2,  p.  575  (1876),  by  implica- 
tion. Thibaudia  latifolia  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  143  (1859).— 
San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  700  m.,  Johnston,  no.  272,  Aug.  28;  also  found  on 
Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  July  31.    Further  distribution,  Trinidad. 

PLUMBAGINACEAE. 

Plumbago  L. 

P.  CAPENSis  Thunb.,  Prod.  pi.  Cap.,  p.  33  (1794).— El  Valle, 
in  a  garden,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  117,  July  29.  Cultivated  in  Marga- 
rita from  South  Africa. 

P.  SCANDENS  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed.  2,  vol.  1,  p.  215  (1762);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  390.— Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  John- 
ston, no.  36,  July  17.  Venezuela:  lower  Orinoco,  Rusby  &  Squires, 
no.    68,    1896.     Tropical  America. 

SAPOTACEAE. 

ACHRAS   L. 

A.  Zapota  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1190  (1753);  Jacq.,  Hist.  Stirp.  Am., 
p.  57,  pi.  61.  Sapota  Achras  Mill.,  Gard.  diet.,  ed.  8,  no.  1  (1768); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  399.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no. 


246     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

103.     Cultivated  in  El  Valle,  Asuncion,  and  Tacarigua.     Found  in 
tropical  countries. 

BUMELIA  S\v. 

B.  CUNEATA  Sw.,  Fl.  Ind.  Occ,  vol.  1,  p.  496  (1797);  Griseb.,  Fi. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  401;  Jacquinia  petiolata  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer. 
acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40,  p.  693  (1905). —  Pt.  ISIosquito,  east  of 
Laguna  Chica,  Johnston,  no.  273,  Aug.  10,  and  Coche,  Aug.  5.  Dis- 
tribution general  in  West  Indies. 

OLEACEAE. 

.     LiXOCIERA   Sw.  ■ 

L.  CARiBAEA  (Jacq.)  Knobl.,  Bot.  Centralbl.,  vol.  61,  p.  87  (1895). 
Chionanthus  caribaea  Jacq.,  Coll.,  vol.  2,  p.  110  (1788).  Linociera 
eompacta  R.  Br.,  Prod.,  p.  523  (1810);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p. 
405.—  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  350  m.,  Johnston,  no.  136,  July  2.  Tree, 
10  m.  high.     Further  distribution,  tropical  x\merica. 

GENTIANACEAE. 

COUTOUBEA    Aubl. 

C.  DENSiFLORA  Mart.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  Ill,  pi.  185  (1826); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  423.— San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  650  m.,  John- 
ston, no.  123,  July  6.  Further  distribution,  tropical  America.  Flowers 
white. 

APOCYNACEAE. 

EcHiTES  P.  Br. 

E.  SECUNDiFLORA  A.  DC.  in  r>C.,  Prod.,  vol.  8,  p.  457  (1844).— 
San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  750  m.,  JohnMon,  no.  137,  July  11.  Venezuela: 
Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  nos.  1033,  1034,  1854-55.  Further  distribu- 
tion, Mexico. 

E.  SUBSAGITTATA  Ruiz  &  Pav.,  Fl.  Per.,  vol.  2,  p.  19  (1799) ;  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  413. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Further  distribution, 
tropical  America. 

E.  UMBELLATA  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  13  (1760),  and  Hist. 
Stirp.  Am.,  p.  30;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  414. —  Santa  Ana, 
Ernst.     Further  distribution,  West  Indies. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  247 

Xerium  L. 

X.  Oleander  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  1,  p.  209  (1753).—  El  Valle,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  209,  July  11.  Cultivated  for  ornament  in  all  warm 
countries. 

Plumeria  L. 

P.  ALBA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  210  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind., 
p.  411. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  near  Cumana  and  Caracas, 
HBK.,  X^ov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  3,  p.  230.  Distributed  from  Cuba  to  the 
French  Ids. 

P.  caracasaxa  Johnston,  Contrib.  U.  S.  nat.  herb.,  vol.  12,  p.  108 
(1908).—  El  Valle,  Miller  d-  Johnston,  no.  100,  July  24.  Venezuela: 
between  Caracas  and  La  Guaira,  alt.  500  m.,  Femller,  no.  1026,  Aug. 
16,   1855;    La  Guaira,  Robinson  &  Lyon,   July   13,   1900. 

Rauvolfla.  L. 

R.  Lamarkii  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  8,  p.  337  (1844);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  408.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  43,  July  5,  and 
Johnston,  no.  135,  July  15.     Further  distribution,  West  Indies. 

Tabernaeiioxtana  L. 

T.  AMYGDALiFOLLA.  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  14  (1760);  Bot. 
reg.,  vol.  4,  p.  338. —  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  90,  and  John- 
ston, no.  68,  July  1.  Venezuela:  Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  1029, 
Mar.  13,  1855.  Further  distribution,  tropical  America.  Varying 
from  a  tree  about  8  meters  high  with  a  trunk  1  decimeter  in  diameter 
at  its  base  to  a  diffuse  shrub  in  form. 

T.  PSYCHOTRiFOLiA  HBK.,  Xov  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  3,  p.  227  (1818); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  409. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Venezuela: 
Sacupana,  Rmhy  &  Squires,  no.  85,  1896.  Further  distribution, 
Trinidad. 

Thevetl\  Adans. 

T.  NEREiFOLL\  Juss.  ex  Steud.,  Nom.,  ed.  2,  vol.  2,  p.  680  (1841); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  407;  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  6,  pt.  1,  pi.  10. 
—  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  garden.  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  101, 
July  31.     Distribution,  tropical  America. 


248    PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 
ASCLEPIADACEAE. 

ASCLEPIAS   L. 

A.  CURASSAVICA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  215  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  419;  Desc,  Ant.,  vol.  2,  p.  191,  pi.  116.— Santa  Ana, 
Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  84,  July  11.  Venezuela:  near 
Cumana,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  3,  p.  190;  Consejo,  Fendler,  no. 
1037,  Mar.  13,  1855;  Sacupana,  Rushy  &  Squires,  no.  26,  April,  1896. 
Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

Calotropis  R.  Br. 

C.  PROCERA  (Willd.)  Dryand.  in  Ait.  f.,  Hort.  Kew.,  ed.  2,  vol.  2,  p. 
78  (1811);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  420;  Bot.  reg.,  vol.  21,  pi. 
1792.  Asclepias  procera  Willd.  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  1263  (1798).— 
Juan  Griego,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  d:  Johnston,  no.  252,  July  6. 
Venezuela:  La  Guaira,  Fendler,  no.  1053,  Aug.  16,  1855.  Common 
in  tropical  countries. 

DiTASSA  R.  Br. 

D.  SUBULATA  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40,  p. 
694  (1905). —  San  Juan  INIt.,  climbing  over  low  shrubs  at  the  summit, 
alt.  740  m.,  Johnston,  no.  262,  July  6.     Endemic. 

Ibatia  Dene. 

I.  MARiTiMA  (L.)  Dene,  in  DC.,  Prod.,  vol.  8,  p.  599  (1844).  Cynan- 
chum  maritimum  L.,  Mant.,  p.  54  (1767);  Jacq.,  Hist.  Strip.  Am.,  p. 
83,  pi.  56.  Ibatia  muricata  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  421  (1861).— 
Juan  Griego,  Ernst.     Further  distribution,  West  Indies,  Venezuela. 

Marsdenia  R.  Br. 

M.  MACULATA  Hook.,  Bot.  mag.,  pi.  4299  (1847);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  422.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  17,  July  18,  and 
Johnston,  no.  67,  Aug.  8.  A  vine  hanging  from  trees.  Further  dis- 
tribution,  Central  America  and  Colombia. 

Metastelma  R.  Br. 

M.  ScHLECTENDAHLii  Dcne.  in  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  8,  p.  513  (1844); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  417. —  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no. 
14,  July  14.  Venezuela:  according  to  Ernst  in  Seem.,  Journ.  bot., 
vol.  5,  p.  294  (1867).     Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  249 

Sarcostemma  R.  Br. 

S.  GLAUCA  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  3,  p.  194,  pi.  229  (1818). 

—  Santa  Ana,    Ernst.     Venezuela:   near  La  Guaira,  Maiqueti,  and 
Cabo  Blanco,  HBK.,  /.  c. 

CONVOLVULACEAE. 

CUSCUTA    L. 

C.  AUSTRALis  R.  Br.,  Prod.,  p.  491  (1810).  C.  obtmiflora  HBK., 
Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  3,  p.  122  (1818);  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  7,  p.  380, 
pi.  127;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  476.— Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Dis- 
tributed  from   Florida   to   Peru. 

EVOLVULUS  L. 

E.  AREXICOLA  Johnston,  Proe.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40, 
p.  694  (1905). —  Along  the  trail  from  Porlamar  to  San  Antonio,  Miller 
&  Johnston,  no.  218,  Aug.  2.     Endemic. 

E.  FiLiPES  Mart.,  Flora,  vol.  24,  pt.  2,  Beibl.,  p.  100  (1841).— El 
Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  16,  Aug.  9.  Further  distribution, 
Brazil. 

E.  iNCANUS  Pers.,  Syn.,  vol.  1,  p.  288  (1805).  E.  sericeus  Sw., 
Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  55  (1788);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  475. 

—  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.     Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 

E.  MUCRONATUS  Sw.  ex  Wikstr.,  Vet.  akad.  handl.  Stockh.,  p.  61 
(1827);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  475.— Santa  Ana,  Ernst. 
Distributed  from  Porto  Rico  to  Peru. 

Ipomoea  L. 

I.  Batatas  Poir.,Encycl.,  vol.  6,  p.  14  (1804);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  468.  Cultivated,  according  to  Ernst.  Commonly  cultivated 
in  warm  climates. 

I.  PES-CAPRAE  (L.)  Sweet,  Hort.  suburb.  Lond.,  p.  35  (1818); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  470.  Convolvulus  pes  caprae  L.,  Sp.  pi., 
vol.  1,  p.  159  (1753).  Ipomoea  biloba  Forsk.,  Fl.  Aeg>q3t.-Arab.,  p.  44 
(1775). —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  Colonia  Tovar,  Fe?7dler, 
no.  937,   1854-55.     All  tropical  countries. 

I.  CARNEA  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  13  (1760);   Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 


250     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY 

W.  Ind.,  p.  469.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  79,  July  18,  and 
Johnston,  no.  80,  Aug.  8,  and  no.  39.  Further  distribution,  Nica- 
ragua, Jamaica,  Colombia. 

I.  cocciNEA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  160  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Britt.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  472.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  75,  July  19.  Vene- 
zuela: Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  nos.  933,  2075,  1854-57.  Further  dis- 
tribution, temperate  and  tropical  countries. 

I.  QuAMOCLiT  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  159  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  472.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  76,  July  12.  Vene- 
zuela: near  Cumanacoa  and  Angostura,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol. 
3,  p.  110.     Further  distribution,  tropical  countries. 

I.  siNUATA  Orteg.,  Hort.  Matr.  dec,  84  (1798).  /.  dissecta  Pursh 
ace.  to  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  467. —  Asuncion,  Miller  &  John- 
ston, no.  78,  Aug.  9.  Venezuela:  Ernst  in  Seem.,  Journ.  bot.,  1867, 
p.  290-296.     Further  distribution,  tropical  countries. 

I.  TRiFiDA  G.  Don,  Gen.  syst.,  vol.  4,  p.  280  (1838).— El  Valle, 
Miller  d-  Johnston,  no.  77,  July  16.  Venezuela:  La  Victoria,  Fendler, 
no.  2074B,  Nov.  21,  1856.     Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

I.  TUBEROSA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  160  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  467. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Further  distribution,  tropical 
countries. 

Jacquemontia  Choisy. 

J.  viOLACEA  (Vahl.)  Choisy  in  Mem.  soc.  phys.  Genev.,  vol.  8,  p. 
61  (1838).  Convolvulus  violaceus  Vahl,  Symb.,  vol.  3,  p.  29  (1794). 
C.  pentanthos  Jacq.,  Coll.,  vol.  4,  p.  210  (1790);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  474.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  80,  July  12.  Vene- 
zuela: Ernst  in  Seem.,  Journ.  bot.,  1867,  p.  293.  Further  distribution, 
Cuba  and  Mexico  to  Peru. 

BORRAGINACEAE. 

BOURRERIA  P.   Br. 

B.  EXSUCCA  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  14  (1760);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  482. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no. 
10,  July  8,  and  Johnston,  no.  86,  July  15.  A  slender  tree,  3  to  4  m. 
high.     Further  distribution,  St.  Vincent,  Colombia,  Venezuela. 

CORDIA  L. 

C.  ALBA  (Jacq.)  Roem.  &  Schult.,  Syst.,  vol.  4,  p.  466  (1819); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  478.     Varronia  alba  Jacq.,  Hist.  Stirp. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  251 

Am.,  p.  41  (1763).—  El  Valle,  MUler  &  Johmton,  no.  72,  July  G,  and 
Johnston,  no.  87,  July  24.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna, 
p.  227;  La  Guaira,  Fendler,  no.  921,  Aug.  16,  1855.  A  slender  tree,  5 
m.  high.     Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

C.  CYLiNDRiSTACHYA  (Ruiz  &  Pav.)  Roem.  &  Schult.,  Syst.,  vol.  4, 
p.  459  (1819);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  480.  Varronia  cijlindro- 
stachya  Ruiz  &  Pav.,  Fl.  Peruv.,  vol.  2,  p.  23,  pi.  147  (1799).—  Juan 
Griego,  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  26,  July  4, 
and  Johnston,  no.  85,  July  15.  Further  distribution.  Lower  California, 
^Yest  Indies  to  Uruguay. 

C.  DISCOLOR  Cham.,  Linnaea,  vol.  4,  p.  482  (1829)  —  San  Juan  Mt., 
alt.  570  m.,  Johnston,  no.  296,  July  19.  Leaves  narrower  than  in  the 
t^'jiical  specimen.     Further  distribution,  Brazil  and  Bolivia. 

C.  GERASCANTHUS  Jacq.,  Hist.  Stirp.  Am.,  p.  43,  pi.  175  (1763); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  478. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Venezuela: 
Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  2054,  1856-57.  Further  distribution, 
West  Indies,   Guatemala  to  Brazil. 

C.  GLOBOSA  (Jacq.)  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  3,  p.  76  (1818); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  481.  Varronia  globosa  Jacq.,  Enum. 
pi.  Carib.,  p.  14  (1760).— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  221,  July 
18;  Asuncion,  Johnston,  no.  84,  July  9.  Slender  bush,  2-3  m.  high. 
Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  227.  Further  distribu- 
tion,  tropical  America. 

C.  RETICULATA  Vahl,  Eclog.  iVm.,  vol.  3,  p.  5  (1807);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  479. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst.  Further  distribution. 
West  Indies,  Venezuela. 

C.  Sebestena  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  190  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  478;  Jacq.,  Hist.  Stirp.  Am.,  p.  42. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst; 
El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  219,  July  26.  Further  distribution. 
West  Indies  to  Guiana  and  Colombia. 

Heliotropium  L. 

H.  cuRASSAVicuM  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  130  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  486. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  Tortuga, 
Ernst  in  Seem.,  Journ.  bot.,  vol.  14,  p.  179  (1876).  Common  to 
tropical  countries. 

H.  filiforme  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  3,  p.  86,  pi.  204  (1818); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  486.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no. 
148,  Aug.  8;  Juan  Griego,  Johnston,  no.  331,  Aug.  14.  Venezuela: 
at  Rio  Apure,  between  the  towns  of  El  Diamente  and  San  Fernando, 


252     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  3,  p.  86.  Further  distribution,  American 
tropics. 

H.  iNDicuM  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  130  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  485. —  Juan  Griego,  Santa  Ana,  Asuncion,  Ernst;  El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  206,  July  5,  and  Johnston,  no.  49,  July  15. 
Found  in  all  tropical  countries. 

H.  PARViFLORUM  L.,  Mant.,  vol.  2,  p.  201  (1771);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  485.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  32,  July  7,  and 
Johnston,  no.  93,  Aug.  8;  also  found  at  Juan  Griego.  Further  dis- 
tribution,  tropical   America. 

TOURNEFORTIA   L. 

T.  GNAPHALODES  R.  Br.,  Prod.,  p.  496  (1810),  by  implication; 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  483. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst.;  Ft.  Moreno, 
Johnston,  no.  105,  July  8.  Further  distribution,  Florida,  Bahamas, 
West  Indies.  A  shrub,  0.5-1  m.  high,  growing  in  the  loose  sand  near 
the  sea. 

T.  HiRSUTissiMA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  140  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  483.— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  47.  Venezuela: 
near  Cumana  and  Bordones,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  3,  p.  80. 
Further   distribution,   tropical   America. 

T.  ixcANA  Lam.,  Illust.,  vol.  1,  p.  417  (1791);' Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  ji.  485. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.     Further  distribution,  Cuba,  Haiti. 

T.  scANDENS  Mill.,  Gard.  diet.,  ed.  8,  no.  4  (1768).—  El  Valle,  Miller 
&  Johnston,  no.  2,  Aug.  2,  and  no.  249,  July  20,  and  Johnston,  no. 
254,   July  27.     Further  distribution,   Jamaica. 

T.  voLUBiLis  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  140  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  484. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Further  distribution,  tropical 
America. 

T.  SP.  Shrubby;  leaves  oval,  entire,  glabrous  on  upper  side,  pilose 
on  loM-er  side,  with  acuminate  apex  and  rounded  unequal  base,  4  cm. 
wide  and  8  cm.  long,  and  smaller;  petiole  5  to  10  mm.  long:  inflorescence 
cymose,  reddish-pubescent ;  calyx-lobes  narrowly  acute. —  El  Valle 
to  San  Juan,  Johnston,  no.  83,  July  11. 

VERBENACEAE. 

AviCENNIA   L. 

A.  NiTiDA  Jacq.,  Enum.  ])1.  Carib.,  p.  25  (1760),  and  Jacq.,  Hist. 
Stirp.   Am.,   p.    177. —  Pt.   INIosquito,   Johnston,   no.    139,   Aug.    10. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  253 

Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p.  223.     Further  distribu- 
tion, Cuba  to  Brazil,  tropical  Africa. 

BouCHEA  Cham. 

B.  Ehrenbergii  Cham,  in  Linnaea,  vol.  7,  p.  253  (1832);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  493.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johiston,  no.  205,  July 
20.  Venezuela:  La  Guaira  according  to  Schauer,  Linnaea,  vol.  20, 
p.  478.     Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

ClTHAREXYLUAI   ^Nlill. 

C.  QUADRANGULARE  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  26  (1760);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  497;  Jacq.,  Hort.  Vind.,  vol.  1,  pi.  22.— Santa  Ana, 
Ernst.     Further  distribution,  West  Indies,  Guiana. 

Clerodexdrox  L. 

C.  MOLLE  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  244  (1817).—  El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  8,  July  30;  en  route  El  Valle  to  Asuncion, 
Johnston,  no.  82,  July  9.  A  form  with  small  flowers,  especially  a 
small  calyx.  Short  spines  occur  in  some  axils.  Further  distribution, 
Peru   and   Galapagos   Ids. 

Duraxta  L. 

D.  Plumieri  Jacq.,  Hist.  Stirp.  Am.,  p.  186,  pi.  176,  fig.  76  (1763); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  498. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  115,  July  15.  Venezuela:  Cumana,  Moritz, 
no.  424,  according  to  Schauer,  Linnaea,  vol.  20,  p.  482.  Further  dis- 
tribution, tropical  America. 

Laxtaxa  L. 

L.  Camara  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  627  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  495;  Desc,  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  330,  pi.  304.— Santa  Ana,  Ernst; 
El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  95,  July  6.  Venezuela :  Caracas 
and  Valencia,  Moritz,  according  to  Schauer,  Linnaea,  vol.  20,  p.  481 ; 
Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  860  (in  part),  Jan.  31,  Feb.  23,  1854; 
Sacupana,  Rusby  &  Squires,  no.  4;  Paloma,  Rushy  &  Squires,  no. 
312;  Caracas,  A.  H.  Moore,  ]Mar.  16,  1899;  San  Julian,  Robinson  & 
Lyon,  July  17,  1900.     Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 

L.  LiLACiXA  Desf.,  Cat.  hort.  Par.,  ed.  3,  p.  392  (1829);  Schauer 
in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  9,  p.  261,  pi.  44,  fig.  1.     L.  striata,  var.  lilacina 


254    PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  496  (1861).—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  94.  Venezuela:  Caracas,  Moritz,  according  to  Schauer,  Linnaea, 
vol.  20,  p.  481.     Distributed  from  Mexico  to  Brazil. 

L.  RETICULATA  Pers.,  Syn.,  vol.  2,  p.  141  (1807);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  496;  Ernst,  Bot.  Excurs.  Margarita,  p.  7.  L.  Selloiviana 
Link  &  Otto,  Ic.  pi.  sel.  Berol.,  p.  107,  pi.  50  (1S2S).— Santa  Ana, 
Ernst.     Further  distribution,  West  Indies,  Venezuela. 

L.  TRiFOLiA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  626  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  496. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  Aragua,  E.  Otto  & 
Moritz,  according  to  Schauer,  Linnaea,  vol.  20,  p.  481.  Further  dis- 
tribution, tropical  America. 

LippiA  L. 

L.  GEMiNATA  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  266  (1817);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  495.— Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  125,  Aug.  16,  and  Johnston,  no.  81,  Aug.  8.  Further 
distribution,  tropical  America.     A  spreading  bush,  1  m.  high. 

L.  MiCROMERA  Schauer  in  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  11,  p.  587  (1847); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  495. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst.  Venezuela: 
Angostura,  Moritz,  according  to  Schauer,  Linnaea,  vol.  20,  p.  480. 
Distributed  from  West   Indies  to   Guiana. 

Priva  Adans. 

P.  LAPPULACEA  (L.)  Pers.,  Syn.,  vol.  2,  p.  139  (1807).  F.  echinata 
Juss.,  Ann.  mus.  Par.,  vol.  7,  p.  69  (1806);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind., 
p.  493.  Verbena  lappulacea  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  19  (1753). —  Santa 
Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  96,  July  9.  Further 
distribution,  tropical  America. 

Stachytarpheta  Vahl. 

S.  cajanensis  Vahl,  Enum.,  vol.  1,  p.  208  (1804);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
yV.  Ind.,  p.  494. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no. 
93,  July  6,  and  Johnston,  no.  92,  Aug.  8.  Venezuela:  near  Cumana, 
Bordones,  and  Caripe,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  280;  Guayre 
River,  Moritz,  and  Orinoco,  S.  Ayres,  according  to  Schauer,  Linnaea, 
vol.  20,  p.  478.     Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

S.  JAMAiCENSis  (L.)  Vahl,  Enum.,  vol.  1,  p.  206  (1804);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  494.  Verbena  jamaicensis  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  1, 
p.  19  (1753).     S.  indica  Vahl,  Enum.,  vol.  1,  p.  206  (1804);   Griseb., 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  255 

Fl.  Brit.  ^Y.  Ind.,  p.  494.  Verbena  indica  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed.  2,  vol.  1, 
p.  27  (1762) .—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johistoii,  no.  92,  July  5.  Venezuela : 
near  Cumana,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  279.  Further  distri- 
bution, tropical  countries. 

LABIATAE. 

CoLEus  Lour. 

C.  AMBOiNicus  Lour.,  Fl.  Cochinch.,  vol.  2,  p.  372  (1790);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  487.  Pledranthus  aromaticus  Roxb.,  Hort. 
Bengal.,  p.  45  (1814).  C.  aromaticus  Benth.  in  Wallich,  PI.  As.  rar., 
vol.  2,  p.  15  (1831);  Bot.  reg.,  vol.  18,  pi.  1520.— Santa  Ana,  Ernst. 
Introduced  into  the  West  Indies  from  the  East  Indies. 

Hyptis  J  acq. 

H.  CAPiTATA  Jacq.,  Coll.,  vol.  1,  p.  102  (1786),  and  Ic.  rar.,  vol.  1, 
pi.  114;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  488.— Santa  Ana,  Ernst. 
Further  distribution,  tropical  America,  Manila. 

H.  PECTiNATA  (L.)  Poit.,  Ann.  mus.  Par.,  vol.  7,  p.  474,  pi.  30 
(1806);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  489.  Ne'peta  'pectinata  L., 
Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1097  (1759).—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  110,  July  24.     Further  distribution,  tropical  America,  East  Indies. 

Leonotis  R.  Br. 

L.  NEPETiFOLiA  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  f.,  Hort.  Kew.,  ed.  2,  vol.  3,  p.  409 
(1811);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  492.— Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El 
Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  74,  July  19.  Common  in  tropical 
countries. 

Salvia  L. 

S.  cocciNEA  Juss.  ex  Murr.,  Comm.  Goetting.,  vol.  1,  p.  86,  pi.  1 
(1778);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  490.— Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Fur- 
ther distribution,  tropical  America. 

S.  occiDENTALis  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  14  (1788);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  490. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Further  distribution, 
tropical  America. 

S.  TiLiAEFOLiA  Vahl,  Symb.  bot.,  vol.  3,  p.  7  (1794). —  Santa  Ana, 
Ernst.  Venezuela:  valley  of  Caracas,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2, 
p.  299  (as  S.  fimbriata).     Further  distribution,  Mexico. 


256     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

SOLANACEAE. 

Bassovia  Aubl. 

B.  CILIATA  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40,  p. 
694  (1905).— El  Valle,  River  trail,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  255,  July 
15,  and  Johnston,  no.  75,  Aug.  30. 

Brachistus  Miers. 

B.  Pringlei  Wats.,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  25,  p.  159 
(1890).—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  35,  July  27.  Further  dis- 
tribution, Mexico,  Central  America,  and  Colombia. 

Brunfelsia  L. 

B.  HoPEANA  (Hook.)  Benth.  in  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  10,  p.  200  (1846) ; 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  \V.  Ind.,  p.  432;  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  8,  pt.  1,  p.  261, 
pi.  43.  Franciscea  Ho'peana  Hook.,  Bot.  mag.,  pi.  2829  (1828). — 
El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  265,  Aug.  2,  and  Johnston,  no.  71, 
Aug.  31  on  South  Hill.     Further  distribution,  Trinidad,  Brazil. 

Capsicum  L. 

C.  ANNUUM  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  188  (1753);  Desc,  Ant.,  vol.  6,  p. 
172,  pi.  422.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  81,  July  24.  Vene- 
zuela: Cumana,  Loefling,  Reise  nach  den  spanischen  Liindern,  p.  152- 
153.     All  tropical  countries. 

C.  BACCATUM  L.,  Mant,  vol.  1,  p.  47  (1767);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  436;  Desc,  Ant.,  vol.  6,  p.  177,  pi.  423.— El  Valle,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  82,  July  12.  Venezuela:  between  Cumana  and  Bor- 
dones,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  3,  p.  49.  Found  in  all  tropical 
countries. 

C.  frutescens  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  189  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  436;  Lam.,  Encycl.,  pi.  116. —  Cultivated,  according  to 
Ernst.  Venezuela:  near  Bordones,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  3, 
p.  48.     Found  in  all  tropical  countries. 

Cestrum  L. 

C.  VESPERTiNUM  L.,  Mant.,  vol.  2,  p.  206  (1771);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  443;  Jacq.,  Hort.  Schoenbr.,  vol.  3,  pi.  328. —  River  trail, 
El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  285,  Aug.  30.  Further  distribution,  West 
Indies  to  Panama,  Peru,  and  Brazil. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  257 


Datura  L. 

D.  Metel  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  179  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Jnd.,  p.  434;  Bot.  mag.,  vol.  35,  pi.  1440.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  John- 
ston, no.  83,  July  30.  Further  distribution,  tropical  America,  tropi- 
cal Africa,   Spain. 

D.  Tatula  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed.  2,  vol.  1,  p.  256  (1762);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  434;  Sweet,  Brit.  fl.  gard.,  vol.  1,  pi.  83.— Santa  Ana, 
Ernst.     Further  distribution,  tropical  and  temperate  countries. 

Lycium  L. 

L.  SALSUM  Ruiz  &  Pav.,  Fl.  Per.,  vol.  2,  p.  46,  pi.  183  (1799).— 
El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  153,  July  31,  and  Johnston,  no.  61, 
Aug.  3.     Further  distribution,   Peru. 

Lycopersicum  Hill. 

L.  HuMBOLDTii  (Willd.)  Dunal,  Solan.,  p.  112  (1813);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W,  Ind.,  p.  436.  Solanum  Humboldtii  Willd.,  Hort.  Berol.,  p. 
27,  pi.  27  (1804).— Cultivated,  according  to  Ernst.  Distributed 
from  Mexico  to  Brazil. 

NiCOTIAXA   L. 

N.  Tabacum  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  180  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  434. —  Cultivated.  Widely  grown  in  temperate  and  tropical 
countries. 

Physalis  L. 

P.  PERUVIANA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed.  2,  vol.  2,  p.  1670  (1763);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  435. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Widely  distributed  in 
temperate  and  tropical  countries. 

Solanum  L. 

S.  ACULEATissiMUM  Jacq.,  Coll.,  vol.  1,  p.  100  (1786);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  442. —  Santa  Ana,  Ertist.  Further  distribution, 
tropical  America. 

S.  HiRTUM  Vahl,  Symb.  bot.,  vol.  2,  p.  40  (1791).— Santa  Ana 
Ernst. 

S.  LANCEAEFOLiUM  Jacq.,  ColL,  vol.  2,  p.  286  (1788). —  San  Juan 
Mt.,  alt.  790  m.,  Johnston,  no.  69,  July  6.  Slender  shrub,  ascending, 
1-1.5  m.  high.     Further  distribution,  West  Indies,  Venezuela. 


258     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

S.  MARGARiTENSE  Jolinstoii,  Proc.  Aiiier.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol. 
40,  p.  695  (1905). —  El  Valle,  a  single  ascending  stem  branching 
copiously  near  the  top,  found  at  the  side  of  the  River  trail,  Johnston, 
no.  315,  Aug.  20.     Plate  29,  fig.  2. 

S.  NIGRUM  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  1,  p.  186  (1753).  S.  nodiflorum  Jacq., 
Ic.  pi.  rar.,  vol.  2,  p.  11,  pi.  326  (1781);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p. 
437. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  73,  July  16.  Vene- 
zuela: Cumana,  Loefling,  Reise  nach  den  spanischen  Landern,  p. 
152-153.  A  low  herb,  about  5  dm.  high.  Temperate  and  tropical 
countries. 

S.  POLYGAMUM,  Vahl,  Symb.  bot.,  vol.  3,  p.  39,  pi.  55  (1794) ;  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  442.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  143,  July 
18.     Further  distribution,  Trinidad,  St.  Thomas,  St.  Croix. 

8.  Seaforthianum  Andr.,  Bot.  rep.,  vol.  8,  pi.  504  (1799-1811). 
—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  104,  July  18.  Further  distribu- 
tion, tropical  America. 

S.  TRiSTE,  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  15  (1760);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  437. —  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  70, 
July  22.  Venezuela:  near  Cumanacoa  and  Guanaguana,  HBK.^ 
Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  3,  p.  34.     Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

S.  VERBASCiFOLiUM  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  184  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  438.— Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  John- 
ston, no.  222,  and  Johnston,  no.  74,  July  15.  Venezuela:  near  Cumana, 
HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  3,  p.  30;  Ernst  in  Seemann's  Journ.  bot., 
vol.  3,  p.  319.  Further  distribution,  tropical  America  to  East  Indies. 
A  low  shrub,  about  1  m.  high. 

S.  UMBRATILE  Johustou,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40, 
p.  695  (1905). —  Rio  Asuncion,  in  the  heavy  woods  along  the  trail 
to  Juan  Griego,  Johnston,  no.  321,  July  22. 

SCROPHULARIACEAE. 

Beyrichia  Cham.  &  Schlecht. 

B.  scuTELLARioiDES  Benth.,  Scroph.  Ind.,  p.  9  (1835),  in  note; 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  429;  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  8,  pt.  1,  pi. 
50,  fig.  2.—  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Further  distribution,  Trinidad,  Ven- 
ezuela, Brazil. 

Capraria  L. 

C.  BiFLORA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  628  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  427;   Desc,  Ant.,  vol.  4,  p.  313,  pi.  300.— Santa  Ana,  Ernst, 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  259 

reported  as  C.  mexicana;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  41,  July 
30,  and  Johnston,  no.  265,  Aug.  8.  Venezuela:  nearCumana,  HBK., 
Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  354.  Further  distribution,  tropical  America 
and  tropical  Africa. 

Ilysanthes  Rafin. 

I.  RiPARiA  Rafin.,  Ann.  nat.,  p.  13  (1820). —  Juan  Griego,  John- 
ston, no.  125,  Aug.  14.     Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

SCOPARIA   L. 

S.  DULCis  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  116  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  427. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no. 
144,  Aug.  11,  Venezuela:  between  Caracas  and  Bordones,  HBK., 
Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  354;  Cumana,  Loefling,  Reise  nach  den 
spanischen  Landern,  p.  152-153.  Further  distribution,  tropical  coun- 
tries. 

BIGNONIACEAE. 

BiGXOXIA   L. 

B.  ACUMiXATA  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40, 
p.  696  (1905).—  El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  345.  Endemic.  Plate  29, 
figs.  1,  la,  lb. 

B.  AEQUiNOCTiALis  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  623  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  448;  Plum.,  Ic.  Burm.,  pi.  55. —  El  Valle,  John- 
ston, no.  78,  Aug.  8.  Further  distribution,  tropical  America.  A  \'ine 
or  sprawling  shrub. 

B.  SP. —  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  154,  Aug.  6.  Leaves 
trifoliolate,  glabrous,  smooth;  calyx  cupulate;  margin  undulate, 
shortly  5-parted;  corolla  purple,  5-lobed,  slightly  2-lipped,  about 
2.5  cm.  long. 

B.  SP. —  El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  77,  Aug.  15.  Calyx  cupulate, 
with  5  procurrent  short  teeth;  corolla  purple,  5-lobed,  slightly  2- 
lipped,  3-5  cm.  long. 

Crescextia  L. 

C.  CuJETE  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  626  (1753);  Jacq.,  Hist.  Stirp. 
Am.,  p.  175;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  445. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst; 
El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  248.  A  tree,  about  4  m.  high,  with  wide- 
spreading  top  and  trunk  2.5  dm.  in  diameter  at  the  base.  Common 
to   tropical   America. 


260     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY 

Macfadyena  a.  DC. 

M.  CORYMBOSA  Griscb.,  Bonplandia,  vol.  6,  p.  10  (1858). — ■  El 
Valle,  Johnston,  no.  255,  July  24.  Distributed  from  Panama  to 
equatorial  Brazil. 

Tabebuia  Gom. 

T.  RUFESCENS  Jolinston,  Proc.  Ainer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40, 
p.  696  (1905).— San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  79,  July  2. 
Endemic. 

Tecoma  Juss. 

T.  STANS  (L.)  Juss.,  Gen.,  p.  139  (1789);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind., 
p.  447.  Bignonia  stans  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed.  2,  vol.  2,  p.  871  (1762).— El 
Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  220,  July  18,  and  Johnston,  no.  76,  July 
24.  Venezuela:  Mt.  Cocollar,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  3,  p.  144. 
Further  distribution,  Mexico  and  West  Indies. 

MARTYNIACEAE. 
Craniolaria  L. 

C.  ANNUA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  618  (1753);  Jacq.,  Hist.  Stirp.  Am., 
p.  173;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  466.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  John- 
ston, no.  89,  July  12.  Venezuela:  Ernst,  Sobre  la  flora  y  fauna,  p. 
227;  llanos  of  New  Barcelona,  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  3,  p.  153. 
Distribution,  New  Mexico  to  Venezuela. 

GESNERIACEAE. 
Drymonia  Mart. 

D.  serrulata  (Jacq.)  Mart.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  3,  p.  59  (1829). 
D.  bicolor  Lindl.,  Bot.  reg.,  vol.  24.  pi.  4  (1838).     Besleria  serrulata  * 
Jacq.,  Hort.  Schoenb.,  vol.  3,  p.  21  (1798).— Rio  Asuncion,  alt.  400- 
500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  278,  Aug.  12-15.     Found  in  the  West  Indies. 

LENTIBULARIACEAE. 
Utricularia  L. 

U.  ALPiNA  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  11  (1760).  U.  montana 
Jacq.,  Hist.  Stirp.  Am.,  p.  7,  pi.  6  (1763);   Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind., 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  261 

p.  390. —  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  271,  Aug. 
2,  and  Johnston,  no.  223,  July  2.  Further  distribution,  tropical 
America. 

ACANTHACEAE. 

DiANTHERA   L. 

D.  SECUNDA  (Vahl)  Griseb.,  Goett.  Abh.,  vol.  7,  p.  246  (1857). 
Justicia  secunda  Vahl,  Symb.  bot.,  vol.  2,  p.  7  (1791). —  San  Juan  Mt., 
alt.  795  m.,  Johnston,  no.  89,  July  2.  Further  distribution,  tropical 
America. 

Jacobixia  Moric. 

J.  PAUCiFLORA  (Nees)  Benth.  &  Hook,  f.,  Gen.,  vol.  2,  p.  1115 
(1876).  Sericographis  pauciflora  Nees  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  9, 
p.  110  (1847).— South  Hill,  El  Valle,  alt.  300  m.,  Johnston,  no.  19, 
July  27.     Further  distribution,  Brazil. 

RUELLIA  L. 

R.  TUBEROSA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  635  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  452.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  88,  July  12.  Vene- 
zuela: Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  799,  Aug.  16,  1855.  Further 
distribution,  tropical  America. 

SiPHONOGLOSSA  Oerst. 

S.  PiLOSELLA  (Nees)  Torr.,  Bot.  Mex.  bound.,  p.  124  (1859). 
Monechma  Pilosella  Nees  in  DC.,  Prod.,  vol.  11,  p.  412  (1847).— El 
Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  227,  July  26.  Further  distribution, 
Texas,  Mexico,  and  St.  Thomas. 

RUBIACEAE. 
Basanacaxtha  Hook.  f. 

B.  TETRACAXTHA  (Cav.)  Hook.  f.  in  Benth.  &  Hook,  f..  Gen.,  vol. 
2,  p.  83  (1873).  Mussaenda  tetracaniha  Cav.,  Ic,  vol.  5,  p.  20,  pi. 
435    (1799). —  Santa   Ana,    Ernst.     American   tropics. 

Cephaelis  Sw. 

C.  MUSCOSA  (Jacq.)  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  46  (1788);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  347.     Morinda  muscosa  Jacq.,  Hist.  Stirp.  Am., 


262     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

p.  65,  pi.  45  (1763).— San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  113, 
July  11.  Further  distribution.  West  Indies,  Guiana  to  Brazil.  A 
slender  shrub,  0.5-1  m.  high. 

Chiococca  p.  Br. 

C.  MiCRANTHA  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40, 
p.  696  (1905). —  San  Juan  Mt.,  in  woods  above  South  Hill,  alt.  400 
m.,  Johnston,  no.  115,  July  27.  Endemic.  Plate  29,  figs.  3,  3a, 
3b,  3c. 

C.  RACEMOSA  Jacq.,  Hist.  Stirp.  Am.,  p.  68  (1763);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  336.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  42,  July  15, 
on  bank  of  the  River  trail;  Tacarigua,  Johnston,  no.  119,  Aug.  15. 
Widely  distributed  in  tropical  America. 

Chomelia  Jacq. 

C.  SPiNOSA  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  12  (1760),  &  Hist.  Stirp. 
Am.,  p.  18. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst. 

COUTAREA  Aubl. 

C.  hexandra  (Jacq.),  n.  comb.  Portlandia  hexandra  Jacq.,  Hist. 
Stirp.  Am.,  p.  63,  pi.  182,  fig.  20  (1763).  Coutarea  speciosa  Aubl., 
Pl.  Guian.,  vol.  1,  p.  314,  pi.  122  (1775);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind., 
p.  323. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.     Widely  distributed  in  tropical  America. 

DiODIA  L. 

D.  RiGiDA  (HBK.)  Cham.  &  Schlecht.,  Linnaea,  vol.  3,  p.  341 
(1828);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  348.  Spermacoce  rigida  HBK., 
Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  3,  p.  342  (1818). —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Further 
distribution,  West  Indies  to  Paraguay. 

Erithalis  p.  Br. 

E.  FRUTicosA  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  930  (1759);  Griseb. 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  336. —  Juan  Griego,  Ernst.  Further  distribu- 
tion, tropical  America. 

GoNZALAGUNiA  Ruiz  &  Pav. 

G.  HiRSUTA  (Jacq.)  Schum.  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  6,  pt.  6,  p.  291 
(1889).     Justicia   hirsuta   Jacq.,    Enum.    pl.    Carib.,   p.    11    (1760). 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  263 

Gonzalea  spicata  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  4,  p.  437  (1830);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit; 
^Y.  Ind.,  p.  321.— El  Valle,  Miller  l-  Johnston,  no.  217,  July  24. 
San  Juan  Mt.,  Johnston,  no.  100,  July  11.  Distribution  general  in 
tropical  America. 

GUETTARDA   L. 

G.  PARVIFLORA  Sw.,  acc.  to  Ernst,  by  which,  however,  is  probably 
meant  G.  parvifolia  Sw.,  Fl.  Ind.  Occ,  vol.  3,  p.  1958  (1806);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  333.—  Santa  Ana,  Ernst. 

G.  SCABR.^  Lam.,  Tabl.  encycl.,  vol.  2,  p.  218^  pi.  154,  fig.  3  (1793). 
—  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no.  114,  July  19.  Tree,  6  m. 
high;  wood  very  brittle.     Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 

HiLLiA  Jacq. 

H.  PARASITICA  Jacq.,  Enum.  pi.  Carib.,  p.  IS  (1760),  and  Hist.  Stirp, 
Am.,  p.  96,  pi.  66.  H.  longifiora  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  58 
(1788);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  325.— San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  550  m., 
Johnston,  no.  41,  July  16.  Shrub,  2-4  m.  high;  flowers  waxy,  white. 
Further  distribution,  ^Mexico,  West  Indies,  Colombia. 

PSYCHOTRIA    L. 

P.  GLABRATA  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  43  (1788);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  \V.  Ind.,  p.  341.— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  215, 
Aug.  15;  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  337,  Aug.  12-15. 
Further  distribution,  Jamaica,  Antigua,  Cuba. 

P.  HORizoxTALis  Sw.,  Prod.  veg.  Ind.  Occ,  p.  44  (1788);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  344.— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  49,  July  27. 
Further  distribution,  tropical  America. 

Raxdia  L. 

R.  ACULEATA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1192  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  318.— South  Hill,  El  Valle,  Johnston,  no.  280,  Aug.  31. 
Venezuela:  Ernst  in  Seem.,  Journ.  bot.,  vol.  5,  p.  292  (1867).  Dis- 
tribution general  in  West  Indies. 

Spermacoce  L. 

S.  tenuior  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  102  (1753)  excl.  s}ti.  Dill.;  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  349.— El  Valle,  Miller  d-  Johnston,  no.  198, 
July  15;  Juan  Griego  trail,  Johnston,  no.  99,  Aug.  12-15.  Widely 
distributed  in  tropical  America. 


264     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

S.  VERTiciLLATA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  102  (1753). —  Santa  Ana, 
Ernst.     Distributed  in  tropical  America  and  Africa. 

CUCURBITACEAE. 

Anguria  L. 

A.  UMBROSA  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  2,  p.  121  (1817);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  289. —  Juan  Griego  trail,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston, 
no.  287,  Aug.  12-15.  Venezuela:  near  Bordones  and  Cumana, 
HBK.,  /.  c.     Further  distribution,  Mexico,  Trinidad,  Venezuela. 

Anguriopsis  Johnston. 

A.  MARGARiTENSis  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci., 
vol.  40,  p.  697  (1905).— Along  the  roadside  from  El  Valle  to  San 
Antonio,  Johnston,  no.  286,  Aug.  8.  Climbing  over  such  shrubs  as 
Lycium  salsum  and  Cereus  ehurneus. 

Ceratosanthes  Adans. 

C.  TUBEROSA  J.  F.  Gniel.,  Syst.,  p.  102  (1791);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  289.— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  nos.  258,  248;  Taea- 
rigua,  Johnston,  no.  62,  Aug.  14.  Further  distribution,  Grenada, 
Martinique,  Venezuela. 

CiTRULLUs  Forsk. 

C.  VULGARIS  Schrad.  ex  Eckl.  &  Zeyh.,  Enum.,  p.  279  (1835); 
Duthie  &  Fuller,  Field  and  gard.  crop,  vol.  2,  pis.  55,  56. —  Culti- 
vated. 

CucuMis  L. 

C.  Melo  L.  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1011  (1753).—  El  Valle,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  87.     Cultivated. 

C.  Anguria  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol'.  2,  p.  1011  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  288;  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  6,  pt.  4,  p.  16.— El  Valle,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  224,  July  14.     Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 

CUCURBITA   L. 

C.  Pepo  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1010  (1753);  Desc,  Ant.,  vol.  5,  pi. 
323. —  Cultivated,  according  to  Ernst. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  265 

Melothria  L. 

M.  PERVAGA  (Macf.)  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  289  (1S60). 
Landersia  perraga  Macf.,  Fl.  Jamaic,  vol.  2,  p.  142  (1837). —  Santa 
Ana,  Ernst.     Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 

MOMORDICA   L. 

M.  Charantia  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1009  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  287.—  Santa  Ana,  Enist;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  86,  July  12.     Widely  distributed  in  tropical  countries. 

CAMPANULACEAE. 

Centropogon  Presl. 

C.  suRiNAMENSis  (L.)  Presl,  Prod,  monog.  Lobel.,  p.  48  (1836); 
Paxt.,  Mag.,  vol.  13,  p.  149;  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  385.  Lobelia 
surinamensis  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed.  2,  vol.  2,  p.  1320  (1763). —  San  Juan  Mt., 
alt.  750  m.,  Johnston,  no.  88,  July  6.  Further  distribution,  St. 
Vincent,  Trinidad,  and  tropical  South  America. 

GOODENIACEAE. 

SCAEVOLA   L. 

S.  Plumierii  Vahl,  Symb.  bot.,  vol.  2,  p.  36  (1791);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  388.—  Pt.  Mosquito,  Johnston,  no.  319,  Aug.  10. 
Venezuela:  Tortuga,  Ernst,  Fl.  Chelon.  in  Journ.  bot.,  vol.  14,  p.  178. 
Widely  distributed  in  tropical  countries. 

COMPOSITAE. 

AcANTHOSPERMUM  Schrank. 

A.  AUSTRALE  (Locfl.)  Ktze.,  Rev.  gen.,  vol.  1,  p.  303  (1891).  A. 
brasilum  Schrank,  PI.  rar.  hort.  Monac,  vol.  2,  p.  53  (1819).  A. 
xanthioides  DC.,  Prod.,  vol.  5,  p.  521  (1836);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  369.  Melampodium  australe  Loefl.,  It.  Hisp.,  p.  268  (1758). — 
Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Further  distribution,  W>st  Indies,  Venezuela, 
Guiana  to  Buenos  Aatcs. 


266    PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 


Ageratum  L. 

A.  CONYZOIDES  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  839  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  356. —  Santa  Ana,  Eryist.     Common  in  tropical  countries. 

Baccharis  L. 

B.  RHEXioiDES  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  4,  p.  66  (1820). — -El 
Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  230,  July  30;  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m., 
Johnston,  no.  98,  Aug.  28.     Further  distribution,  Peru,  Brazil. 

BiDENS   L. 

B.  PiLOSA  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  1,  p.  832  (1753).  B.  leucantha  Willd., 
Sp.  pi.,  vol.  3,  p.  1719  (1804);  Plum.,  Ic.  Burm.,  pi.  53;  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  373. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Distribution  general 
in  tropical  countries. 

Blainvillea  Cass. 

B.  BAHiENSis  (DC.)  Baker  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  6,  pt.  3,  p.  177, 
pi.  57  (1882).  Oligogyne  bahiensis  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  5,  p.  629  (1836).— 
El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  131,  July  20.  Further  distribution, 
Brazil. 

Clibadium  L. 

C.  surinamensis  L.,  Mant.,  vol.  2,  p.  294  (1771).  C.  asperum  DC, 
Prod.,  vol.  5,  p.  506  (1836);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  367.—  Santa 
Ana,  Ernst.     Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 

ECLIPTA  L. 

E.  ALBA  (L.)  Hassk.,  PI.  Jav.  rar.,  p.  528  (1848);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit. 
W.  Ind.,  p.  370.  E.  erecta  L.,  Mant.,  vol.  2,  p.  286  (1771).  Verbesina 
alba  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  2,  p.  902  (1753).— Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  241,  July  30.  Widely  distributed  in  temperate 
and  tropical  countries. 

Elephantopus  L. 

E.  sPiCATus  B.  Juss.  ex  Aubl.,  PI.  Guian.,  vol.  2,  p.  808  (1775). 
Distreptus  spicatus  Cass.,  Diet.  sci.  nat.,  vol.  13,  p.  367  (1819) ;  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  355. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Venezuela:  Caracas, 
according  to  Sch.  Bip.,  Linnaea,  vol.  20,  p.  519.  Widely  distributed 
in  tropical  America. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  267 

Eleutheranthera  Poit. 

E.  OVATA  Poit.  ex  Steud.,  Norn.,  ed.  2,  vol  1,  p.  549  (1841).— El 
Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  132,  July  18.  Distributed  in  tropical 
America. 

Erigeron  L. 

E.  SPATHULATUS  Valil  in  West,  Bidr.  Ste-Croix,  p.  303  (1793); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  365. —  Rio  Asuncion,  alt.  450  m.,  John- 
ston, no.  324,  July  29.     Further  distribution,  Antigua,  and  Virgin  Ids. 

EUPATORIUM   L. 

E.  BALLOTAEFOLiUM  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  4,  p.  121  (1820); 
Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  6,  pt.  2,  p.  380. —  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  234,  July  15;  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  94,  July  19. 
Venezuela:  Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  653,  1854-55;  La  Guaira, 
Robinson  &  Lyon,  July  12,  1900.  Further  distribution,  Colombia, 
Brazil. 

E.  iRESiNOiDES  HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  4,  p.  106,  pi.  340  (1820); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  360.— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  129,  July  30;  San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  95,  July 
19.  Widely  distributed  in  West  Indies,  Panama,  Venezuela.  A 
thick  shrub,  2-3  m.  high. 

ISOCARPHA  R.   Br. 

I.  opposiTiFOLiA  R.  Br.,  Trans.  Linn,  soc,  vol.  12,  p.  110  (1816); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  376.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no. 
138,  July  10.     Further  distribution,  Bahamas,  Jamaica,  Trinidad. 

Lactuca  L. 

L.  iNTYBACEA  Jacq.,  Ic.  pi.  rar.,  vol.  1,  pi.  162  (1781-1786).  Brachij- 
ramphus  intybaceus  DC,  Prod.  vol.  7,  pt.  1,  p.  177  (1838);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  384.—  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  25,  July  27, 
and  Johnston,  no.  351,  Aug.  12-15.  Widely  distributed  in  tropical 
countries. 

MiKANIA  Willd, 

M.  AMARA  Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  3,  p.  1744  (1804).— En  route  El 
Valle  to  Juan  Griego,  Johnston,  no.  104,  Aug.  12-15.  Further  distri- 
bution, Martinique,  Bolivia. 


268     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

Parthenium  L. 

P.  Hysterophorum  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  988  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  369.—  Santa  Ana,  Erjist;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johiston, 
no.  233.  Venezuela:  near  Caracas  and  on  the  banks  of  the  Orinoco, 
HBK.,  Nov.  gen.  et  sp.,  vol.  4,  p.  259.  Widely  distributed  in  temperate 
and  tropical  America. 

Pluchea  Cass. 

P.  ODORATA  (L.)  Cass.,  Diet.  sci.  nat.,  vol.  42,  p.  3  (1826);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  366.  Conyza  odorata  L.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2, 
p.  1213  (1760).— Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  1,  July  21,  and  Johnston,  no.  318.  Distribution  general  in  tropical 
America. 

PoROPHYLLUM  Adans. 

P.  RUDERALE  (Jacq.)  Cass.,  Diet.  sci.  nat.,  vol.  43,  p.  56  (1826); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  379.  Klelnia  ruderalis  Jacq.,  Enum. 
pi.  Carib.,  p.  28  (1760),  as  rudealis. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle, 
Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  130,  July  24.  Distribution  general  in  tropical 
America. 

Senecio  L. 

S.  soNCHiFOLiA  (L.)  Moench,  Meth.  suppl.,  p.  231  (1802).  Cacalia 
sonchifolia  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  835  (1753).  Emilia  sonchifolia  DC, 
Prod.,  vol.  6,  p.  302  (1837).— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  no.  137, 
July  19.     Widely  distributed  in  tropical  countries. 

SONCHUS  L. 

S.  OLERACEUS  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  794  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W. 
Ind.,  p.  384. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Widely  distributed  in  temperate 
and  tropical  countries. 

Spilanthes  Jacq. 

S.  OCYMIFOLIA  (Lam.)  A.  H.  Moore,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci., 
vol.  33,  p.  531  (1907).  Bidens  ocymifolia  Lam.,  Encycl.,  vol.  1,  p.  416 
(1783).  Spilanthus  exasperata  Jacq.,  Ic.  pi.  rar.,  vol.  3,  p.  15,  pi.  584 
(1786-93).—  Rio  Asuncion,  alt.  450  m.,  Johnston,  no.  102,  Aug.  12-15. 
Venezuela:  Caracas,  Birschel;  Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  no.  691, 
1854-55.     Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  269 


Synedrella  Gaertn. 

S.  NODiFLORA  Gaertn.,  Fruct.,  vol.  2,  p.  456,  pi.  171  (1791);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  377. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Distribution  genera 
in  tropical  America. 

Trixis  p.  Br. 

T.  RADiALE  (L.)  Lag.,  Amen,  nat.,  vol.  1,  p.  36,  in  obs.  (1811), 
combination  implied  but  not  specifically  made;  Hook.  f.  &  Jacks., 
Ind.  Kew.,  vol.  2,  p.  1131  (1895).  Perdicium  radiale  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed.*2, 
vol.  2,  p.  1248  (1763).  Trixis  frutescens  P.  Br.  ex  Spreng.,  Syst., 
vol.  3,  p.  501  (1826);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  383;  Ernst,  Bot. 
Excurs.  Margarita,  p.  6.— Santa  Ana,  Ernst;  El  Valle,  Miller  & 
Johnston,  no.  24,  Aug.  1.     Widely  distributed  in  tropical  America. 

Yerbesina  L. 

V.  ALATA  L.,  Sp.  pL,  vol.  2,  p.  901  (1753);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind., 
p.  374;  Sims.,  Bot.  mag.,  pi.  1716. —  Santa  Ana,  Ernst.  Distribution 
general  in  tropical  America. 

Vernonia  Schreb. 

V.  ARBORESCENS  (L.)  Sw.,  Fl.  Ind.  Occ,  vol.  3,  p.  1320  (1806); 
Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  353;  Plum.,  Ic.  Burm.,  pi.  130,  fig.  2. 
Conyza  arborescens  Ij.,  Syst.  nat.,  ed.  10,  vol.  2,  p.  1213  (1759). —  San 
Juan  Mt.,  alt.  500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  96,  July  19.  Flowers  blue; 
stem  2-3  m.  high.     Distribution  general  in  tropical  America. 

V.  MiLLERi  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol.  40,  p. 
698  (1905).— Summit  of  South  Hill,  alt.  300  m..  Miller  &  Johnston, 
no.  254,  July  31,  and  Johnston,  no.  329,  Aug.  31.     Endemic. 

V.  scoRPioiDES  (Lam.)  Pers.,  Syn.,  vol.  2,  p.  404  (1807);  Griseb., 
Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  353.  Conyza  scorpioides  Lam.,  Encycl.,  vol.  2, 
p.  88  (1786).— El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  nos.  133,  134,  July; 
Juan  Griego  trail,  Johnston,  nos.  322,  323,  July.  Venezuela:  Cara- 
cas, according  to  Seh.  Bip.,  Linnaea,  vol.  20,  p.  510.  Further  dis- 
tribution, Trinidad  and  tropical  South  America. 

Wedelia  Jacq. 

W.  buphthalmoides  Griseb.,  Goett.  Abh.,  vol.  7,  p.  235  (1857). — 
El  Valle,  Miller  &  Johnston,  nos.  145,  146,  and  147,  July  and  Aug. 


270     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

Shrubby,  spreading,  0.3  to  1  m.  high.     Further   distribution,    West 
Indies. 

W.  CARACASANA  DC.  Prod.,  vol.  5,  p.  541  (1836);  Griseb.,  Fl. 
Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  371.— San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  600  m.,  Johnston,  no.  97, 
July  11.  Venezuela:  near  Caracas,  Vargas,  no.  97,  1829;  Birschel; 
A.  H.  Moore,  Mar.  16,  1899;  Colonia  Tovar,  Fendler,  nos.  682, 
683,  in  1854-55,  and  1961,  Jan.  25,  1857;  La  Guaira,  Robinson 
&  Lyon,  July  6.     Further  distribution,   Trinidad,   Panama. 

WuLFFiA  Neck. 

W.  BACCATA  (L.  f.)  Ktze.,  Rev.  gen.,  vol.  1,  p.  373  (1891).  Coreop- 
sis baccata  L.  f.,  SuppL,  p.  380  (1781).  Helianthus  ?  sarmentosus 
Rich.,  Act.  soc.  nat.  hist.  Par.,  vol.  1,  p.  112  (1792).  Wulffia  steno- 
glossa  DC,  Prod.,  vol.  5,  p.  563  (1836);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind., 
p.  372.— San  Juan  Mt.,  alt.  500  m.,  Johnston,  no.  101,  July  19. 
Bush,  1-1.5  m.  high.  Further  distribution.  West  Indies,  Guiana  to 
Peru. 


Economic  Plants  of  Margarita. 

The  most  important  of  the  plants,  which  are  cultivated  on  Mar- 
garita, is  the  coconut  palm.  Although  there  are  only  the  two  large 
groves,  one  completely  filling  the  lower  part  of  El  Valle  and  the  other 
extending  through  Asuncion  valley,  yet  they  furnish  a  large  part  of 
the  coconuts  used  on  the  island.  The  huts  of  the  poor  people  are 
constructed  of  the  leaves,  and  the  fruit  constitutes  an  important  part 
of  their  food.  The  cultivation  of  these  groves  consists  merely  in  keep- 
ing the  undergrowth  down  and  in  maintaining  irrigation  ditches. 

The  next  most  important  vegetable  product  of  the  island  is  cassava 
made  from  Manihot  utilissima.  Fields  of  this  are  usually  upon  a 
hillside  and  it  is  abundantly  grown  in  such  places  in  El  Valle.  There 
is,  however,  in  Asuncion,  one  large  field  of  cassava  on  the  plain. 
The  cultivation  of  this  plant  on  the  hillside,  which  is  preferable  on 
account  of  loose  soil  and  good  drainage,  is  rendered  difficult  by  the 
steepness  of  the  slopes.  Planting  is  done  by  setting  out  cuttings  from 
the  stem  each  about  15  cm.  (6  in.)  long,  that  are  placed  in  rows  about 
1.5  m.  apart.  The  earth  is  heaped  in  small  ridges  between  the  rows 
and  the  plants  so  as  to  form  ridges  about  each  plant,  thus  serving  to 
hold  whatever  water  may  come  down.  In  some  parts,  a  single  row 
of  stones  extends  between  each  two  rows  of  plants,  in  that  way  forming 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  271 

a  sort  of  a  stone  wall  about  each  plant.  This  contrivance  is  to  prevent 
the  heavy  rains  from  washing  all  the  soil  down  the  hillside.  When  the 
crops  are  mature,  the  roots  are  gathered  and  treated  in  the  customary 
way,  bruised,  mashed,  and  the  poisonous  juice  pressed  out.  The 
dried  remainder  is  grated  into  meal  and  made  into  cassava  bread 
which  is  sold  in  large,  thin,  circular  disks. 

Indian  corn  is  grown  very  little  upon  the  island,  and  then  it  is  used 
mostly  for  fodder.  A  few  acres  were  given  up  to  its  cultivation  at  an 
altitude  of  500  m.  in  1901.  In  1903,  however,  the  same  space  was 
entirely  occupied  by  a  rank  growth  of  Cordia  cylindristachya  and 
other    weeds. 

The  bread-fruit  tree,  Artocarpus  incisa,  is  to  be  found  in  Asuncion 
valley.  Bananas  and  plantains  are  to  be  had  in  moderate  amount 
and  only  fair  in   quality. 

Dates  grow  in  sufficient  abundance  for  the  needs  of  the  natives. 
There  are  probably  a  half  dozen  mature  trees  in  El  Valle.  The  foot 
of  the  mountain  with  its  moist  soil  and  extremely  hot  atmosphere  is  a 
good  place  for  growing    the  trees. 

The  cashew-nut  (Anacardium  occidenfale)  and  the  hog-plum 
(Spondias  lutea)  are  to  be  found  sparingly  near  Asuncion. 

Maranta  arimdinacea,  the  arrowroot  plant,  grows  in  the  woods 
above  Asuncion  but  it  is  not  cultivated. 

The  mamon  {Melicocca  hijuga)  and  the  toco  (Crataeva  Tapia)  are 
often  eaten  and  sometimes  found  for  sale  in  the  market-place. 

The  mango  is  the  most  abundant  fruit  in  Margarita  and  though 
of  inferior  quality  is  largely  used  by  all  the  people. 

There  are  orange  trees  in  El  Valle,  Asuncion,  and  Tacarigua,  those 
from  the  last  place  being  superior.  The  few  bitter  orange  and  the 
lime  trees  are  of  little  importance. 

Good  sapodillas  or  nisperos  grow  both  in  El  Valle  and  at  Asuncion. 

A  poor  quality  of  pineapple  is  to  be  found  in  the  market  in  season. 
There  are  several  pineapple  fields  on  the  hillsides  of  El  Valle. 

Sugar  cane  grows  well  in  very  few  places  on  the  island.  There  are 
several  small  cane-presses,  turned  either  by  hand  or  by  burro.  The 
product  is  for  home  consumption,  and  there  is  not  enough  of  it  to 
supply  the  people.  Most  of  the  sugar  that  is  used  is  brought  over 
from  Cumana  in  the  form  of  large  brown  cakes  called  papelon.  The 
cane-juice  may  be  found  in  the  market  in  a  slightly  fermented  con- 
dition when  it  is  known  as  guarapo. 


272     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

The  following  fruits  and  vegetables  grow  in  El  Valle  and  at  Asuncion 
though  sparingly,  not  being  cultivated  to  any  extent:  Annona  reticulata, 
the  custard-apple;  Malpighia  punicifolia  a  small  fruit  not  used  much; 
Cajamis  indicus,  the  pigeon  pea;  Dolichos  sp.,  a  pea;  Phaseolus 
vulgaris,  a  bean;  Psidium  guajava,  from  which  guava  jelly  is  made; 
Passi flora  laurifolia,  the  belle-apple;  Dioscorea  alata,  a  yam;  Cucu- 
mis  Melo  and  C.  Anguria,  both  small  melons;  Physalis  peruviana, 
the  "tomato";  Tamarindus  indica,  the  tamarind,  quite  abundant 
in  El  Valle. 

The  foregoing  plants  may  be  considered  as  the  only  ones  of  much 
economic  importance  to  the  inhabitants;  that  is,  they  are  the  only  ones 
that  are  cultivated  or  made  much  use  of.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the 
number  of  plants  that  are  found  growing  on  Margarita  and  that  are 
important  commercially  on  the  mainland  and  elsewhere  is  rather  large. 
The  list  contains  a  few  specimens  of  timber  trees,  of  medicinal  plants, 
of  plants  producing  resins  and  gums,  and  other  products  such  as  dyes 
and  tannins.  The  fact  that  these  do  grow  upon  Margarita  suggests 
that  they  might  be  cultivated  in  greater  abundance.  That  they  are 
not  found  in  greater  quantities,  while  of  course  due  largely  to  the 
physical  conditions  of  the  island,  is  also  owing  to  the  ignorance  and 
lack  of  care  on  the  part  of  the  inhabitants.  This  is  strikingly  illus- 
trated in  two  or  three  small  private  haciendas  where  such  things  as 
grapes,  egg-plants,  tomatoes,  and  peppers  are  successfully  cultivated. 
The  fact  that  so  many  of  the  plants  furnish  useful  products  suggests 
the  possibility  that  Margarita  may  be  made  more  productive  than  it  is 
at  present;  for  that  reason  it  is  desirable  to  enumerate  them  here 
together  with  their  uses. 

INIaterial  for  the  following  has  largely  been  drawn  from  La  Exposi- 
cion  nacional  de  Venezuela  en  1883  by  A.  Ernst;  the  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition  in  Chicago  —  Venezuela ;  and  Medicinal  plants  of 
Caracas  by  A.  Ernst  in  Seemann's  Journal  of  botany  for  1865. 

WOODS. 

Anacardium  occidentale.  Wood  strong  and  durable.  Little 
used,  as  its  fruit  is  of  more  importance.     Trees  scarce. 

Achras  Zapota.  Nispero.  Wood  very  hard,  strong,  and  heavy, 
of  a  reddish  color  and  taking  a  beautiful  polish.  Chiefly  valued  for 
its  fruit.     Trees  abundant. 


.lOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  273 

BouRRERiA  EXSUCCA.  Wood  good  but  little  used.  This  is  a 
small  tree  averaging  between  3  and  5  m.  in  height.     Fairly  common. 

BuRSERA  siMARUBA.     Soft  and  resinous  wood.     Common  on  hilltop. 

Caesalpinia  coriaria.  Dividive.  On  the  mainland  a  large  tree 
reaching  sometimes  a  height  of  30  m.  with  a  clear  trunk  10  m.  high. 
On  Margarita  and  on  Coche  it  occurs  as  bushes  about  2  m.  higli.  The 
wood  is  very  heavy,  strong,  and  fine-grained.  The  sapwood  is  whitish 
yellow,  the  heartwood  black  and  almost  as  hard  as  iron.  Rather 
scarce. 

Capparis  pachaca.  Ajicito.  A  small  tree  with  a  light-colored 
wood  of  not  much  hardness,  used  for  cabinet  work.     Very  few  trees. 

Cassia  fistula.  Canafistula.  Wood  of  a  flesh-color,  heavy,  hard, 
and  strong  but  not  much  used.     Few  trees. 

Clusea  rosea.  Copey.  Wood  of  a  reddish  color,  rather  heavy, 
used  considerably  on  Margarita  for  building-posts,  but  not  much 
elsewhere.     Common. 

CoRDiA  ALBA.  Caujaro.  Attains  a  height  of  12  to  15  m.  with  a 
trunk  4  to  5  m.  high.  A  tolerably  good  wood  for  building  purposes. 
Only  a  few  trees. 

Crataeva  gynandra.  Toco.  Very  light  and  soft,  generally  of 
a  whitish  color  though  sometimes  showing  reddish  veins.  Sawn  into 
boards  for  boxes.     Common  in  El  Valle. 

Crescentia  Cujete.  Taparo.  Wood  yellowish  white,  close- 
grained,  and  rather  hard  and  strong.  The  tree  is  of  medium  size. 
Common. 

GuAJACUM  arboreum.  Vera.  A  large  tree  }aelding  a  wood  sim- 
ilar to  the  following. 

GuAJACUM  officinale.  Guayacan.  Wood  exceedingly  hard  and 
tough,  the  fibers  crossing  each  other,  so  that  it  does  not  split.  The 
sap  wood  is  of  a  yellowish  color;  the  heart  wood  is  brown  with  dark 
greenish  veins  and  markings.  Used  for  turnery  work.  Both  of  these 
trees  are  abundant. 

GuAZUMA  ulmifolia.  Guacimo.  Of  a  grayish  white  color  with  a 
somewhat  reddish  hue  and  occasionally  some  dark  veins;  it  is  fibrous, 
not  very  fine-grained,  and  comparatively  light. 

Hippomane  Mancinella.  Manzanilla  de  playa.  Good  wood, 
durable  and  heavy,  fine  grain,  annual  rings  distinct,  and  pores  numer- 
ous.    Few  trees. 

HuRA  crepitans.  Johillo.  Wood  light  and  soft,  of  fibrous  texture, 
durable  under  water,  and  color  white.     Few  trees. 


274     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

Hymenaea  Courbaril.  Algarrobo.  A  very  hard  and  heavy- 
wood,  of  dark  yellowish  color  with  some  greenish  veins;  it  has  straight 
fibers  and  is  free  of  knots,  so  that  it  can  be  easily  worked.  It  is  used 
especiall^^  for  crushing-wheels  and  similar  things  in  coffee  estates. 
Height  usually  20  to  25  m.,  with  a  clear  trunk  7  to  8  m.  On  Margarita, 
however,  the  only  specimens  observed  were  very  low  trees. 

Laguncularia  racemosa.  Mangle  amariUo.  Wood  hard  and 
heavy,  fibrous  and  compact  in  texture.  Color  gray  with  many  black 
points.     Common  about  the  lagoons. 

LoNCHOCARPUS  SP.  Mahomo.  Very  hard  and  elastic.  The  spe- 
cies on  Margarita  are  from  15  to  20  m.  high.     Few  trees. 

INIalphigia  punicifolia.  Wood  very  compact,  light,  not  very 
durable,  of  a  clear  brown  color.     Few  trees. 

Melicocca  bijuga.  Mamon.  Wood  hard  and  heavy,  compact 
and  close-grained,  color  yellowish  with  very  narrow  and  somewhat 
darker  veins.  Its  fruit  is  usually  valued  more  highly  than  the  wood. 
Common. 

Morisonia  sp.     Wood  white,  soft  and  light.     Scarce. 

Nectandra  coriacea.  Very  strong  and  resistent,  not  heavy,  with 
good  grain,  and  a  more  or  less  agreeable  odor.  Is  easy  to  work,  being 
used  in  carpentry  and  cabinet  work.     Scarce. 

Oreopanax  capitatum.  Candelero.  Wood  whitish,  brittle  and 
light.     Scarce. 

PisoNiA  iNERMis.  Wood  of  little  weight,  light  in  color,  good  for 
use  under  water.     Common. 

Rhizophora  Mangle.  Mangle  Colorado.  Wood  red,  strong,  and 
heavy.     Much  used  for  rafters.     Very  abundant  about  lagoons. 

Tabernaemontana  psychotrifolia.  Berraco.  The  wood  is 
fibrous,  not  very  hard,  and  of  an  olive  color,  sometimes  with  darker 
veins.     It  is  easily  worked  and  takes  a  good  polish.     Common. 

Other  trees  found  in  small  numbers  on  Margarita  and  not  much  used 
are  Inga  ingoides,  Guettarda  scabra,  Morisonia  Johnstonii, 
Acacia  macracantha,  and  Linociera  latifolia. 

FIBER  PLANTS. 

All  of  the  following  grow  rather  sparsely  in  Margarita :  — 
Agave  Americana.    Cocuy. 

BoMBAX  ceiba.  Ceiha.  The  fibers  are  short  and  are  used  solely 
for  stuffing  pillows,  etc. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  275 

Bromelia  Pinguin.     Maya. 

GossYPiUM  BARBADENSE.  Algodon.  Many  hammocks  are  hand- 
made from  cotton  on  Margarita.  See  Ernst :  La  Exposicion  nacional 
de  Venezuela  en  1883,  pages  560,  561  for  quotation  describing  method 
of  making  hammocks  according  to  A.  A.  Level,  La  Margarita,  pages 
Ixviii  and  Ixix. 

MuSA  PARADisiACA.     Platano. 

TOURNEFORTIA  HIRSUTISSIMA.      NigUO. 

Tragia  volubilis.     Pringamosa  Morada. 

Palma  Carana  so  called  by  the  natives  and  mentioned  by  Ernst. 
Its  specific  identity  is  doubtful.  The  leaves  are  used  to  make  brooms, 
ropes,   etc. 

GUMS  AND  RESINS. 

AcHRAS  Zapota.  Gum  Chicle.  Milk  juice  obtained  by  incision 
in  bark.  Tapping  may  occur  once  in  three  years  without  danger  to 
life  of  tree.  The  raw  milk  is  boiled  and  then  allowed  to  harden  into 
the  gum.     Used  for  chewing  gum. 

BuRSERA  GUMMIFERA.     Resina  indio  desnudo. 

Cercidium  viride.  Resna  de  cuica  6  yabo.  This  resin  exudes 
from  the  bark  of  the  stem  and  branches,  covering  them  in  a  continu- 
ous layer.     It  is  used  by  soap  manufacturers. 

Clusea  rosea.     Resina  de  Copey. 

Hymenaea  Courbaril.  Resina  de  algarrobo.  The  resin  exudes 
from  the  stem  and  roots  of  the  tree  and  is  often  found  in  a  semi-fluid 
state  in  the  soil.  It  may  be  used  for  making  varnish,  like  copal.  Is 
used  for  incense. 

Spondias  lutea.     Goma  de  joho. 

DYES  AND   TANNIN. 

BiXA  ORELLANA.  Onoto.  The  seeds  are  covered  with  a  deep  red 
pulp  which  hardens  when  dry,  and  being  separated  from  the  seeds 
forms  the  arnatto  of  commerce,  used  by  dyers  and  varnish-makers 
also  for  coloring  cheese  and  butter.  The  South  American  Indians 
paint  their  bodies  with  it. 

Caesalpinia  coriaria.  Dividive.  The  pods  contain  from  30  to 
40%  tannin  and  form  an  important  article  of  exportation  from  several 
ports  of  Venezuela. 


276    PROCEEDINGS;  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY 

Cecropia  peltata.     The  bark  may  be  used  for  tanning. 

Indigofera  suffruticosa.  Formerly  much  used  in  making 
indigo. 

Persea  gratissima.  The  bark  of  this  might  be  used  for  tanning 
leather. 

RhiZOPHORA  Mangle.  Contains  from  22  to  33%  of  tannin 
according  to  the  age  of  the  tree,  and  likewise  a  pigment  which  colors 
the  leather. 

MEDICINAL  PLANTS. 

Abrus  precatorius.  Substitute  for  licorice  in  India.  Is  a 
poison  and  a  medicine. 

Acacia  macracantha..     Corteza  de  Cuji.     Astringent. 

Agave  Americana.    Raiz  de  Cocuy.    Purgative. 

Anacardium  occidentale.  Root  is  purgative,  the  green  fruit 
astringent.  In  the  middle  layer  of  shell  of  fruit  is  an  oily  liquid 
capable  of  poisoning  the  skin,  and  turning  black  on  exposure.  This 
is  used  as  an  indelible  ink. 

Annona  muricata.     Root  }aelds  a  fish  poison. 

Annona   squamosa.     Bark  has   drastic  properties. 

Argemone  mexicana.  Cardo  santo.  Used  as  a  mild  cathartic 
and  in  cases  of  intermittent  fever,  and  dropsy. 

Aristolochia  ringens.     Congrina.     For  rheumatism. 

Asclepias  curassavica.  The  root  is  a  diuretic  and  carminative, 
in  large  doses  a  cathartic  and  an  emetic. 

Bastardia  viscosa.  Chivatera  6  fistulera.  Aromatic.  The  pow- 
der is  said  to  cure  fistula. 

BiXA  ORELLANA.     The  red  arillus  is  used  in  soups  and  sauces. 

Brunfelsia  Hopeana.  The  dried  root  and  stem  used  for  chronic 
muscular  rheumatism. 

Bursera    gummifera.     Indio    desmido.     Used    for    rheumatism. 

Casipyloneurum  phyllitidis.     Lengua  de  sierpe.     Antisy|3hilitic. 

Capparis  jamaicensis  and  Capparis  cynophallophora.  Root 
bark  possesses  blistering  properties  and  may  be  taken  internally  as  a 
diuretic. 

Capsicum  baccatum.  The  berries  used  as  caustics,  and  the 
leaves  bruised  and  mixed  with  tallow,  are  applied  to  tumors  to  pro- 
mote  sup])uration. 

Capraria  biflora.     The  root  is  a  tonic. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  277 

Carica   Papaya.     The   juice   from   the   fruit   aids   in   digestion. 

Cassia  biflora.  Leaves  soaked  in  water  make  a  refreshing 
draught,  principally  taken  in  fever  caused  by  insolation,  but  also  in 
intermittents. 

Cassia  fistula.     Caiiafistula.     Mild  purgative. 

Cassia  occidentalis.  Brusca.  Febrifuge  and  astringent.  The 
seeds  roasted  give  a  drink  similar  to  coffee. 

Ceratosanthes  tuberosa.     Raiz  de  pepino.     Emetic. 

CissAMPELOs  Pareiky.     Diuretic. 

CoRDiA    GERASCANTHUS.     Cantaro.     Sudorific    and    pectoral. 

CosTUS    SPiCATUS.     Raiz    de    Caiia    de    la    India.     Antisiphilitic. 

Craniolaria  annua.  Escorzonera.  The  seeds  are  used  against 
the  irregularities  of  the  blood,  the  root  is  a  purgative  and  cooling. 

Dactyloctenium   aegyptium.     Raiz   de    Guarataro.     Diuretic. 

DiEFFENBACHiA  SEGUINE.  Decoction  made  from  stem,  thickened 
with  gum  arabic  is  used  in  cases  of  gonorrhea. 

GuAZUMA  ULMIFOLIA.  Guasimo.  Mucilaginous,  refreshing  and 
healing. 

HiPPOL'^NE  IVIancinella.  Fish  poison  from  juice.  Caustic, 
emetic,   cathartic. 

Hymenaea  Courbaril.     The  dried  pulp  of  the  fruit  is  a  pectoral. 

Jatropha  Curcas.     Pinon.     Emetic. 

Jatrophii   gossypifolia.     Tivatua.     Emetic. 

Lantana  Camara.  Cariaquito  encarnado.  Diuretic  and  re- 
freshing.    The  root  is  used  against  gonorrhea. 

Mangifera  indica.  Seed  is  anthelmintic;  juice  of  trunk  anti- 
syphilitic;     bark   and   leaves    astringent. 

Melia  Azedarach.  Decoction  of  bark  is  an  anthelmintic  for  the 
removal  of  the  round  worm. 

Melochia  tomentosa.  Bretonica.  Used  in  the  infirmities  of  the 
eyes. 

Parthenium  Hysterophorum.  Large  doses  have  an  antipjTetic 
effect. 

Pedilanthus  TiTHY:\iALorDES.     The  milky  sap  is  an  emetic. 

Persea  gratissima.  Astringent  kernel,  cut  in  pieces,  roasted, 
and  reduced  to  powder,  good  for  diarrhea  and  dysentery. 

Petiveria  alliacea.  Raiz  de  Mapurite.  Antispasmodic  and 
vermifuge. 

Phyllanthus  Niruri.  Laxative  and  alterative,  especially  against 
jaundice. 


278     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

Plumbago  scandens.     Guajjote.     Rubefacient. 

PoRTULACA  OLERACEA.     Decoction  is  anthelmintic  and  refreshing. 

PoRTULACA  PILOSA.     Verdolaga  salvaje.     A  bitter  and  tonic. 

ScoPARiA  DULCis.  Raiz  de  escobilla.  A  decoction  used  to  restrain 
diarrhea  and  vomiting. 

SiDA  RHOMIFOLIA.     Escobtt  blatica  6  babosa.     The  root  is  a  diuretic. 

Spondias  lutea.  Corteza  de  Jobo.  A  decoction  is  used  to  cauterize 
stubborn  ulcers. 

Stachytarpheta  jamaicensis.  Verbena.  A  bitter,  tonic,  and 
febrifuge. 

Trixis  radiale.     Juan  de  la  Calle.     Antirheumatic. 

TuRNERA  DIFFUSA.  Contains  damiana,  a  stimulant  tonic;  in  large 
quantities  a  laxative. 

TuRNERA  ULMIFOLIA.     Carminative  and  tonic. 

Distribntion  of  the  Plants. 

It  may  easily  be  seen  from  the  description  of  the  physical  features 
of  the  island  that  the  variety  of  the  vegetative  conditions  is  very  great 
and  also  that  the  conditions  for  vegetative  growth  are  much  more 
favorable  in  the  rainy  than  in  the  dry  season.  The  distribution  of  the 
plants  is  naturally  determined  by  their  adaptation  to  particular  con- 
ditions. 

Bordering  the  sandy  beaches  are  bushes  of  Tournefortia  gnapha- 
lodes  and  Suriana  maritima,  both  of  these  being  narrow-leaved,  and 
the  former  being  Avoolly-pubescent.  Croton  flavens  is  a  similar  plant. 
Next  inland  occur  the  low  spiny  bushes  of  Castela  Nicholsoni.  The 
small  and  long-rooted  Euphorbia  buxifolia  grows  in  the  sand  dunes 
and  near  by  are  the  small  trees  of  Bumelia  cuneata  and  Guaiacum 
officinale.  On  the  exposed  rocky  shores  by  Juan  Griego,  Euphorbia 
thyviifolia  grows  in  abundance  in  almost  no  soil. 

The  region  nearest  in  character  to  the  seashore  is  the  lagoon.  This 
is  often  bordered  by  Rhizophora  Mangle,  Laguncularia  racemosa, 
and  Avicennia  nitida,  all  shrubby  or  aborescent  plants.  On  clear 
sandy  stretches  by  the  lagoons  and  sometimes  partly  submerged  in 
the  water  are  the  low  succulent  plants,  Batis,  Salicornia,  and  Trian- 
thema.  Mingled  with  these  in  the  drier  places  are  Alternanthera 
canescens  and  Iresine  portidacoides ,  both  having  a  low  sprawling  habit. 
On  the  muddy  shores  of  the  brackish  pond  near  Juan  Griego  grow  the 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  279 

tiny   Cypselea    humifusa,  Euphorbia   thymifolia,   Ilysanthes   riparia; 
and  small  specimens  of  Mollugo  verticiUata. 

Inland  from  these  wastes  are  the  plains  covered  with  the  melon 
cactus,  the  flat-stemmed  Opuntia,  the  symmetrical  tree-like  Pereskia, 
and  the  candelabra-shaped,  tall  Cereus  eburneus.  All  these  are  thorny 
and  more  or  less  fleshy  plants.  In  addition  are  the  arborescent 
acacias,  and  Capparis  cynophallophora;  the  shrubby  Croton  jiavens, 
Croton  Milleri,  Jatropha  gossypifolia,  and  Jatropha  urens,  and  the 
small  shrub  Stylosanthes. 

The  desolation  of  the  plains  is  emphasized  on  the  hills  by  the  addi- 
tion of  great  stretches  of  Agave  and  Aloe  which  make  the  regions 
almost  inaccessible.  The  high  parts  of  the  hills  have  dense  growths 
of  bushes,  as  Cordia  cylindristachya,  C.  globosa,  Securidaca,  Capparis 
verrucosa,  and  Heteropteris  laurifolia.  Then  scattered  over  the  hills 
are  the  small  trees  of  Capparis  cynophallophora,  C.  linearis,  Bursera, 
and  Steriphoma.  Along  the  hilltops  are  a  few  larger  trees  of  INIori- 
sonia  and  Clusia.  These  trees  have  leathery  and  very  large  leaves 
in  all  cases  except  Bursera  and  Capparis  linearis.  The  undergrowth 
among  the  trees  on  the  hills  consists  of  the  green-stemmed  Pedi- 
lanthus,  the  bushy  Brunfelsia,  and  the  bromeliaceous  plants  Aechmea 
and  Thecophyllum.  Here  are  a  few  epiphytes  as  Oncidium,  the  cac- 
tus Rhipsalis,  a  few  Polypodiums,  some  of  the  Bromeliaceae,  and 
A nthurium  scandens. 

The  vegetation  of  the  valleys,  with  the  exception  of  Asuncion  and 
El  Valle,  is  similar  in  general  to  that  of  the  hills  and  the  plains. 
These  two  valleys  have  groves  of  coconut,  mango,  sapodilla,  and  orange 
trees,  and  in  consequence  afford  a  good  place  for  the  growth  of  annual 
plants.  The  river  beds  and  arroyas  are  the  most  interesting  places  in 
the  valleys.  The  only  large  river  bed  on  the  island  is  that  extending 
from  the  mountain  through  El  Valle  to  the  sea  at  Porlamar.  It  is  bor- 
dered with  such  trees  as  Crataeva  Tapia,  Guajacum  arboreurn,  Loncho- 
carpus,  Pithecolobium,  and  Bombax,  all  with  tall  gray  trunks.  There 
are  many  bushes,  some  half-climbers,  Chiococca,  Cestrum,  Malpighia 
purpurea,  Solanum,  Acacia,  and  Marsdenia.  The  arroyas  or  gullies 
high  up  in  the  valleys  have  the  small  tree  Tecoma,  the  shrub  Cordia 
globosa,  and  the  vine  Bignonia. 

The  mountain  furnishes  varied  situations  and  conditions  for  the 
growth  of  plants.  In  general  it  is  forested  from  300  m.  nearly  to  the 
summit ;  in  the  valleys  the  woods  grow  at  a  lower  altitude  also.     The 


280     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

trees  which  make  up  the  forest  are  Bombax,  Clusia  rosea,  Cecropia, 
Inga,  Gihbertia,  Linociera,  and  the  palms  Acrocomia,  Oredoxa,  and 
Bactris,  all  these  being  trees  of  a  more  or  less  straight  trunk.  The 
crooked  trees  of  500  m.  altitude  or  more  are  Guettarda,  Hellia,  Pisonia, 
Nectandra,  Phoebe,  Psychotria,  and  Clusia  lutea.  At  the  summit 
of  the  mountain  are  the  dwarfed  Clusia  lutea,  the  wide-spreading 
Blakea,  Vaccinium,  and  Myrcia. 

Among  the  trees  of  the  lower  altitudes  there  is  little  undergrowth, 
consisting  of  the  ferns  or  orchids.  At  an  altitude  of  400  m.  on  the 
San  Juan  trail  there  is  a  small  marshy  area  covered  with  Helicon  ia 
Bihai  and  at  one  side  is  Acalypha.  At  an  altitude  of  500  m.  in  the 
Asimcion  valley,  that  is,  the  northeast  side  of  the  island,  there  is  con- 
siderable undergrowth.  In  the  woods,  Dioscorea,  Smilax,  Piper; 
by  the  "rios,"  Athyrocarpus,  Costus,  Calathea,  Renealmia;  and  on 
the  rocks  and  trees,  Philodendron,  Anthurium,  and  Dieffenbachia, 
together  with  many  terrestrial  and  epiphytic  ferns  and  orchids,  may  be 
found.  Various  members  of  the  Gramineae  are  scattered  throughout 
the  woods.  In  open  thickly  grown  places  is  Scleria  bracteata;  by 
rivulets  are  Cyi^erus,  Scirpus,  Eleocharis,  and  a  few  other  Cyj^eraceae. 
Drymonia  serrulata  is  one  of  the  vines  among  the  trees  by  the  "rio." 
Gonzalugania  and  Chiococca  micrantha  at  lower  altitudes  have  slender 
ascending  or  climbing  habits.  Above  500  m.  the  melastomaceous 
Clidemia  and  Miconia  are  to  be  found.  The  deep  ravines  are  char- 
acterized by  the  abundance  of  ferns,  especially  one  ravine  by  the  tree- 
fern,  Cyathea. 

The  wooded  mountain  top  between  600  and  700  m.  has  practically 
no  undergrowth.  The  low  trees  already  mentioned  are  crooked  and 
crowded  together.  They  are  covered  with  moss  which  is  saturated 
with  moisture.  On  the  trunks  may  be  found  Polypodium  jubaeforme 
and  Xiphopteris  serrulata,  but  practically  nothing  else,  unless  it  is  Lyco- 
podium  and  mosses.  Above  700  m.  or  on  the  exposed  part  of  the 
mountain  top  is  a  great  variety  of  plants.  The  bromeliaceous  genus 
Glomeropitcairnia  is  found  growing  thickly  over  parts  of  the  top. 
The  delicate  Utricularia  is  abundant  in  the  rich  and  moist  humus. 
The  tiny  shrub  Sauvagesia,  the  \dne  Echites,  and  the  sprawling 
Epidendrum  secundum,  the  erect  Epidendrum  nocturnum,  the  beautiful 
Centropogon,  several  passion-flowers,  the  gentian  Coutoubea,  the 
silver  fern  and  several  sedges  cover  the  top  of  the  mountain.  Such 
in  general  is  the  distribution  of  the  plants  according  to  regions. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA.  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  281 

In  connection  with  this  discussion  there  is  an  interesting  field  for 
study  in  the  distribution  of  the  individual  species  of  plants  whether 
in  groups  or  singly,  whether  in  one  place  or  scattered  in  many,  and 
whether  on  one  slope  and  not  on  another. 

The  species  of  plants  found  on  the  seashore  and  by  the  lagoons  are 
without  exception  growing  in  groups  with  but  little  intermixture. 
Almost  any  of  the  plants  illustrate  this,  Rhizophora,  Avicennia,  Batis, 
Salicornia,  and  Trianthema.  The  species  growing  on  the  plains  are 
found  in  abundance  though  well  interspersed  with  other  species.  So 
far  as  was  discovered  Opuntia  leptocaidis  was  growing  in  abundance 
but  over  only  a  small  area  to  the  west  of  Porlamar.  Similarly,  Croton 
Milleri  was  localized  though  well  mixed  with  other  plants.  Many 
of  the  plants  were  to  be  found  in  different  locations,  which,  however, 
had  similar  moisture  conditions.  This  was  even  more  accentuated 
in  the  valleys  and  hillside  than  on  the  plains.  While  many  plants 
could  be  found  in  a  fairly  large  quantity,  the  majority  of  the  hillside 
plants  occurred  in  small  numbers.  Some  plants  which  were  found 
only  on  the  south  slope  of  a  hill  might  be  found  on  the  south  slope  of 
another  hill  but  not  on  the  north  side.  Further  detailed  exploration 
might  tend  to  generalize  this  statement  but  the  conditions  as  given  were 
rather  striking  to  me.  For  example,  Steriphoma  elliptica  occurs  on 
the  south  slope  of  South  Hill  and  on  the  south  slope  of  North  Hill  but 
not  on  the  other  parts  of  the  island  so  far  as  explored.  Bauhinia 
cumanensis  occurs  similarly.  Cases  of  isolation  are  Securidaca  only 
on  the  north  side  of  North  Hill,  Hymenea  Courbaril  on  the  south  side 
of  South  Hill  and  Pedilanthus  on  the  summit  of  South  Hill. 

The  instances  in  which  only  two  or  three  plants  of  a  species  were 
found  are  few  and  it  must  be  admitted  that  a  thorough  examination 
of  the  hills  and  valleys  in  a  better  season  would  probably  show  more 
of  the  plants.  Notwithstanding  this  the  paucity  of  specimens  was  only 
too  apparent  to  me  when  collecting,  and  it  seems  to  be  a  fact  that  in  the 
majority  of  cases  (striking  exceptions  are  Tribulus,  Stach^-tarpheta, 
Jatropha,  and  Croton)  the  number  of  plants  of  the  individual  species  is 
very  much  smaller  than  is  the  case  with  our  common  plants  of  the  United 
States.  Only  one  plant  was  found  of  Chiococca  micrantha,  a  half 
dozen  near  together  of  Securidaca,  a  single  one  of  Hymenea,  a  single 
tree  of  Acacia  macracantha  in  San  Antonio  valley  and  three  or  four 
along  the  river  trail  of  El  Valle,  three  plants  of  Oncidium  luridum, 
three   of   Huntleya,    and   three   of  Elleantlnis   attenuatus.     The   list 


282     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

might  easily  be  extended  and  with  a  more  thorough  study  might 
furnish  an  interesting  question  as  to  the  rapidity  of  muhiplication  of 
these  plants  and  as  to  the  means  by  which  they  hold  their  own  among 
the  more  rapidly  multiplying  plants.  As  to  the  question  why  certain 
plants  are  found  on  one  slope  and  not  on  another,  the  palms  as  an 
example  may  explain.  At  an  altitude  of  500  or  more  meters,  palms 
of  various  kinds  are  scattered  about  among  the  other  forest  vegetation. 
This  occurs,  however,  only  on  slopes  to  the  northeast,  that  is,  exposed 
to  the  northeast  trades.  The  opposite  sides  at  this  high  altitude 
present  an  ordinary  forest  front  undotted  by  a  single  palm.  Moisture, 
then,  either  by  its  immediate  presence  or  in  its  relation  to  the  winds 
very  probably  is  a  factor  in  the  distribution  of  all  the  plants. 

So  far  as  methods  of  distribution  are  concerned  it  may  be  said  that 
there  are  very  few  special  adaptations  to  dispersal.  Cenchrus  echinatus 
seems  to  be  the  only  one  adapted  for  dispersal  by  means  of  its  prickly 
fruit,  which  adheres  to  animals.  The  various  members  of  the  Bigno- 
niaceae  and  of  the  Asclepiadaceae  are  suited  for  wind  dispersion  as 
are  also  Goss\"pium  and  Botabax.  Of  course  there  is  no  limit  to  the 
carrjing  of  seeds  by  birds  from  one  valley  to  another  so  that  the 
absence  or  presence  of  moisture  is  probably  the  most  potent  factor 
restricting  the  mountain  plants  to  the  mountain  and  the  lowland 
plants  to  the  lowlands. 

The  further  question  as  to  the  distribution  of  the  plants  according 
to  season  is  quite  as  interesting  as  the  distribution  of  the  plants  in  the 
various  topographical  regions.  There  is  a  striking  difference  in  the 
appearance  of  the  plains,  the  hills,  and  the  valleys  as  seen  in  the  rainy 
season  and  in  the  dry.  In  the  rainy  period  the  fields  are  carpeted  with 
green  and  the  bushes  and  trees  are  heavy  with  foliage  and  bright  with 
blossoms.  In  the  dry  season  the  fields  are  almost  devoid  of  stick  or 
leaf  and  many  bushes  and  trees  are  to  every  appearance  dead.  When 
the  rains  come  on  in  July  or  August,  Tribulus  ierresiris  and  Kalstroe- 
mia  maxima  cover  the  roadsides  and  plains;  Stack y tar pheta  coccinea 
and  S.  jamaicensis,  Sperviacoce  tenuior,  Argemone  inexicana,  Asclepias 
curassavica,  and  many  others  form  a  rank  growth  of  weeds  in  the 
coconut  groves  and  cane  fields ;  various  shrubs  of  the  hillside,  Capparis 
verrucosa,  Cassia  cmarginata,  Bauhinia  cumanensis,  and  others  are 
out  in  leaf  and  in  flower;  and  the  climbing  shrubs  and  vines  form  a 
luxuriant  growth  along  the  "rio"  beds.  In  the  dry  season  only  a  few 
of  these  plants  can  be  found  in  flower.     It  is  noteworthy  that  in  several 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  283 

cases  the  flowers  appear  before  the  leaves  on  shrubs;  for  example, 
Cercidium  viride,  Gliricidia  hitea,  several  Bignonias,  Erythrina, 
Cassia  emarginata,  and  Pedilanthus  tithymaloides. 

In  pleasing  contrast  to  the  plains,  the  mountain  summit  is  constantly 
clothed  in  green  vegetation  and  many  blossoms  are  always  to  be  found. 
The  presence  the  year  round  of  the  moisture-laden  clouds  accounts  for 
this  difference  between  the  mountain  top  and  the  plains.  The  latter 
have  only  a  few  months  (August  to  February)  of  green  vegetation, 
with  the  remainder  of  the  season  characterized  by  gray  lifeless  bushes 
and  trees  and  by  an  utter  lack  of  low  herbs. 

The  foregoing  represents  in  brief  the  distribution  of  the  plants  on 
Margarita.  The  discussion  has  been  more  suggestive  than  exhaustive. 
A  thorough  exploration  of  the  island  according  to  scientific  methods 
in  such  work  would  yield  va'nable  information  not  particularly  in 
regard  to  Margarita  but  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  life  history  of 
the  plants  themselves.  As  evinced  in  the  above  paragraphs  the 
following  topics  have  seemed  to  the  writer  of  paramount  importance 
in  considering  the  plant  distribution:  occurrence  of  the  plants  in 
regions  of  different  vegetative  conditions;  occurrence  in  groups  or 
scatteringly;  and  the  effect  of  the  seasons  both  on  the  occurrence  of 
the  plants  in  different  regions  and  on  the  abundance  of  the  plants. 

Composition  of  the  Flora. 

In  order  to  compare  the  vegetation  of  Margarita  and  Coche  with  that 
of  the  adjacent  regions  in  as  thorough  a  way  as  is  desirable,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  have  a  full  understanding  of  the  composition  of  the  vegetation. 

The  purpose  of  studying  the  flora  of  these  islands  from  an  economic 
as  well  as  a  purely  scientific  point  of  ^^ew,  has  necessitated  cataloguing 
the  cultivated  plants.  These  may  or  may  not  be  native  of  the  region 
but  in  either  case  they  are  so  widely  cultivated  in  all  of  tropical  America 
and  some  of  them  commonly  in  the  East  Indies  that  for  the  purposes 
of  comparing  floras  they  must  be  entirely  disregarded.  Of  those  that 
come  under  this  head  the  following  have  been  included  in  the  catalogue 
of  plants.  Although  they  are  not  all  cultivated  in  Margarita  yet  they 
are  in  many  other  places  (see  Alph.  De  CandoUe,  Geographic  bot., 
vol.  2,  p.  981-983): 

Achras  Zapota  Ananas  sativa 

Agave  americana  Annona  reticulata 

Anacardivun  occidentale  Annona  squamosa 


284     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY 


Antigonon  leptopus 
Artocarpus  incisa 
Buginvillea  spectabilis 
Capsicum  annuum 
Carica  papaya 
CitruUus  vulgaris 
Citrus  Aurantium 
Cocos  nucifera 
Crescentia  Cujete 
Cucumis  Angaria 
Cucumis  Melo 
Cucurbita  Pepo 
Dioscorea  alata 
Ipomoea  Batatas 
Ipomoea  tuberosa 
Mangifera  indica 
Manihot  utilissima 


Maranta  arundinacea 
Momordica  Charantia 
Musa  paradisiaca 
Nerium  oleander 
Nicotiana  Tabacum 
Phaseolus  vulgaris 
Phoenix  dactylifera 
Physalis  peruviana 
Plumbago  capensis 
Psidium  guajava 
Quisqualis  indica 
Ricinus  communis 
Saccharum  officinarum 
Spondias  lutea 
Tamarindus  indica 
Thevetia  nereifolia 
Zea  Mays 


The  above  list  of  forty  names  includes  plants  cultivated  for  orna- 
ment as  well  as  those  of  more  practical  value.  Out  of  the  634  plants 
of  Margarita  and  Coche  this  leaves  590  as  constituting  the  wild  plants 
of  the  islands.  But  of  this  number  many  are  found  to  be  plants  of 
widespread  distribution.  Undoubtedly  some  are  native  and  yet 
many  have  been  introduced.  Margarita  is  one  of  the  oldest  known 
and  longest  settled  (1525)  parts  of  America,  hence  the  opportunities 
for  introduction  have  been  great.  The  plants  found  in  this  catalogue 
and  more  or   less  common  in  all  tropical  countries  are  as  follows: 


Achyranthes  aspera 
Ageratum  conyzoides 
Amaranthus  paniculatus 
Amaranthus  spinosus 
Amaranthus  tristis 
Bidens  pilosa 
Caesalpinia  pulcherrima 
Cajanus  indicus 
Calotropis  procera 
Canavallia  obtusifolia 
Capraria  biflora 
Capsicum  baccatum 
Capsicum  frutescens 
Cassia  fistula 
Cassia  occidentalis 
Cassia  Tora 
Cenchrus  echinatus 
Chenopodium  ambrosioides 


Cissampelos  pareira 
Clitoria  Ternatea 
Conocarpus  erectus 
Crotolaria  incana 
Cyperus  distans 
Cyperus  ligularis  (Mariscus) 
Dactyloctenium  aegyptiuiu 
Datura  Metel 
Datura  Tatula 
Desmanthus  virgatus 
Desmodium  incanum 
Eclipta  alba 
Eleocharis  capitata 
Eragrostis  ciliaris 
Fuirena  umbellata 
Heliotropium  curassavicum 
Heliotropium  indicum 
Hyptis  capitata 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND. 


285 


Hyptis  pectinata 
Indigofera  suffruticosa 
Ipomoea  coccinea 
Ipomoea  Quamoclit 
Ipomoea  sinuata 
Jatropha  Curcas 
Jussiaea  suffruticosa 
Laguncularia  racemosa 
Leonotis  nepetaefolia 
Leptochloa  mucronata 
Panicum  prostratum 
Parkinsonia  aculeata 
Paspalum  conjugatum 
Passiflora  foetida 
Pisonia  aculeata 


Psidium  guajava 
Rhizophora  Mangle 
Sauvagesia  erecta 
Scaevola  Plumieri 
Scoparia  dulcis 
Senecio  sonchifolia 
Sesuvium  portulacastruni 
Sonchus  oleraceus 
Solanum  verbascifolium 
Sporobolus  virginicus 
Stachytarpheta  jamaicensis 
Suriana  maritima 
Telanthera  ficoides 
Tribulus  cistoides 
Ximenia  americana 


These  widely  distributed  plants  are,  of  course,  common  enough  in 
most  of  tropical  America  in  their  respective  habitats.  With  the  ex- 
ception of  the  sedges,  grasses,  and  ferns,  most  of  the  above  plants  are 
found  about  the  valleys  and  along  the  routes  of  travel.  The  exceptions 
are  made  because  the  groups  mentioned  require  the  moisture  that  is 
found  in  Margarita  only  above  the  valleys  in  the  mountains. 

Excluding  both  the  cultivated  plants  and  those  of  general  tropical 
distribution,  there  are  left  but  524  whose  habitat  is  restricted  to  the 
American  tropics.  Margarita  is  a  continental  island,  belonging  to 
Venezuela.  The  question  naturally  arises  whether  the  most  of  its 
flora  pertains  to  that  part  of  the  American  tropics  or  to  the  West 
Indies.  A  study  of  the  remainder  of  the  plants  makes  it  very  evident 
that  the  flora  still  retains  its  general  character  in  that  the  majority 
of  the  species  are  common  both  to  the  West  Indies  and  to  South 
America.  The  exceptions  to  this  are  worth  noting  and  are  as  fol- 
lows :  — 


Common  to  West  Indies. 

Tillandsia  Lescaillei 
Epidendrum  globosum 
Pelexia  adnata 
Peperomia  glabella 
Coccoloba  excoriata 
Loranthus  emarginatus 
Cypselea  humifusa 
Annona  reticulata 
Oxalis  Plumieri 
Castela  Nicholsoni 
Heteropteris  laurifolia 


Common  to  South  America. 

Anthurium  scandens 
Philodendron  eximium 
Aechmea  Fendleri 
Gravisia  aquilega 
Vriesia  scalaris 
Stromanthe  tonckat 
Piper  pseudo-moUicomum 
Alternanthera  canescens 
Alternanthera  muscoides 
Loranthus  orinocensis 
Steriphoma  elliptica 


286     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY 


Common  to  West  Indies. 

Adelia  Ricinella 
Argithamnia  candicans 
Croton  helicoideus 
Croton  populifolius 
Abutilon  umbellatum 
Wissadula  periflocifolia 
Clusia  flava 
Cereus  caripensis 
Cereus  Swartzii 
Opuntia  leptocaulis 
Pereskia  opuntiaeflora 
Daphnopsis  americana 
Rotala  dentifera 
Myrcia  coriacea 
Bumelia  cuneata 
Echites  secundiflora 
Echites  umbellata 
Tournefortia  gnaphalodes 
Tournefortia  incana 
Tournefortia  scandens 
Rauvolfia  Lamarkii 
Drymonia  serrulata 
Psychotria  glabrata 
Randia  aculeata 
Erigeron  spathulatus 
Wedelia  buphthalmoides 


Common  to  South  America. 

Bauhinia  cumanensis 
Centrosema  brasilianum 
Cercidium  spinosum 
Myrospermum  frutescens 
Esenbeckia  pilocarpoides 
Sebastiana  corniculata 
Talisia  olivaeformis 
Caracasia  tremadena 
Hybanthus  oppositifolius 
Rinorea  marginata 
Cereus  eburneus 
Cereus  Jamacaru 
Combretum  secundum 
Clidemia  neglecta 
Vaccinium  latifolium 
Tabernaemontana  psychotrifolia 
Evolvulus  filipes 
Cordia  discolor 
Clerodendron  molle 
Brunfelsia  Hopeana 
Lycium  salsum 
Beyrichia  scutellarioides 
Macfadyena  corymbosa 
Jacobinia  pauciflora 
Baccharis  rhexioides 
Eupatorium  ballotaefolium 
Vernonia  scorpioides 
Wedelia  caracasana 


Maxillaria  virgi^ncula 

In  this  list  of  the  plants  of  limited  distribution  there  are  thirty- 
seven  to  be  found  in  the  West  Indies  or  jNIexico  and  forty  in  South 
America.  To  this  last  number  there  should  be  added  the  forty-two 
endemic  species.  The  flora  of  Margarita  may  then  be  said  to  consist 
of  the  following  elements  in  the  given  proportions: — 

Cultivated  plants  40 

Cosmopolitan  plants  66 

Common  to  tropical  America  419 

Limited  to  West  Indies  37 

Limited  to  South  America  82 


Total 


644 


The  great  variety  of  plants  in  IVIargarita  is  for  the  most  part  in 
widely  separated    genera  and  families.     It  is  seldom  that  there  are 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  287 

more  than  two  or  three  species  in  any  one  genus.  The  well  marked 
exceptions  to  this  are  the  large  tropical  genera  Panicum,  Epidendrum, 
Piper,  Euphorbia,  Croton,  Cassia,  and  Solanum.  The  644  species  are 
distributed  among  398  genera  and  in  98  families,  the  larger  proportion 
being  among  the  choripetalous  groups. 

The  families  having  the  largest  representation  in  the  flora  are  as 
follows : — 


Genera 

Species 

Leguminosae 

41 

65 

Compositae 

25 

30 

Euphorbiaceae 

14 

31 

Gramineae 

15 

25 

Rubiaceae 

13 

17 

Solanaceae 

11 

23 

Verbenaceae 

11 

19 

Bromeliaceae 

11 

15 

Members  of  the  Leguminosae  are  the  most  common  pLtnts.  Every- 
where these  shrubs  and  trees  with  their  often  numerous  small  leaflets 
are  to  be  found.  These  have  also  some  of  the  most  striking  flowers, 
as  the  Poinciana,  the  Caesalpinias,  Tamarindus,  the  Cassias,  and 
Calliandra. 

The  paucity  of  the  Compositae,  on  the  other  hand,  and  the  incon- 
spicuous character  of  their  flowers  are  remarkable  when  compared 
with  the  traits  of  the  group  in  other  regions,  either  tropical  or  temperate. 
In  Margarita  the  family  is  chiefly  represented  by  insignificant  weeds. 

The  lack  of  grasses  and  sedges,  of  course,  is  very  striking  to  a  trav- 
eler from  the  temperate  regions.  There  is  no  such  thing  as  turf  and 
the  few  grasses  that  are  to  be  found  are  rather  scattered. 

One  of  the  families  that  is  largely  represented  in  individuals  if  not 
in  species  is  the  Cactaceae,  a  group  which  covers  the  plains  for  miles. 
On  ]\Iargarita  there  are  twelve  species  of  this  family  distributed  in 
six  genera.  Of  these,  five  are  more  or  less  tall  and  candelabra- 
shaped,  with  little  or  no  secondary  branching;  two  are  melon-shaped, 
one  (Pereskia)  is  a  low  much-branched  tree,  and  one  (Rhipsalis)  is  a 
small  cord-like  epiphyte. 

Another  family,  that  of  the  Bromeliaceae,  is  characteristic  not 
because  of  its  few  individuals  but  because  of  their  striking  colors 
and  general  appearance.  All  of  the  representatives  of  the  eleven 
genera  and  fifteen  species  possess  a  rosette  habit  and  more  or  less 
fleshy  leaves.     Their  colors,   too,   are  attractive. 


288    PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

Other  groups  characteristic  of  tropical  regions  and  to  be  found  on 
Margarita  are  the  Melastomaceae,  Aroideae,  Piperaceae,  Lorantha- 
ceae,  and  such  members  of  the  FiHces  as  Trichomanes,  Hymeno- 
phyllum,   and   Cyathea. 

Thus  it  may  readily  be  seen  that  the  variety  of  plants  is  rather 
great.  One  finds  all  conditions  from  that  in  which  the  halogens  and 
other  xerophytes  of  the  seashore  and  plains  are  found  to  that  of  the 
mesophytes  in  the  moist  mountain  regions,  and  not  alone  terrestial 
plants  but  also  many  epiphytes  and  a  few  phanerogamic  parasites. 

Flora  of  the  Island  of  Coche. 
Description  of  the  Vegetative  Conditions. 

The  island  of  Coche  is  a  typical  desert  island  and,  so  far  as  re- 
ported, had  never  been  visited  by  a  botanist.  The  conditions  exist- 
ing on  such  an  island  were  of  great  interest  to  me,  and  the  fact  that  two 
new  species  of  plants  were  found  together  with  the  fact  that  few 
descriptions  of  such  an  island  are  on  record,  makes  it  seem  desirable 
to  describe  the  flora  of  Coche  and  the  vegetative  conditions  in  such 
detail  as  may  be  possible. 

It  was  through  the  kindness  of  friends  at  Porlamar,  Margarita, 
that  I  was  enabled  with  a  companion,  Dr.  A.  F.  Blakeslee,  to  visit 
Coche.  The  party,  in  charge  of  Sr.  Antonio  and  Sr.  Guilarte,  left 
Porlamar  at  noon,  Aug.  4,  1903,  in  a  sloop,  and  reached  San  Pedro 
on  the  western  end  of  Coche  shortly  after  nightfall.  Although  the 
sign  over  one  doorway  proclaimed  "Restaurant"  within,  yet  the 
proprietor  refused  to  furnish  either  food  or  shelter.  Fortunately, 
our  companions  had  friends  there  so  that  rooms  in  different  houses 
were  assigned  where  hammocks,  which  had  been  brought  along,  could 
be  slung.  The  meals  were  picked  up  as  well  as  could  be  done  at  the 
stores.  Drinking  water  cost  two  and  one-half  cents  a  liter.  It  was 
found  that  this  water  was  brought  over  from  Porlamar  and  from  the 
mainland.  Water  was  to  be  had  from  pits  on  the  shore  but  it  was  un- 
desirable for  drinking  purposes. 

On  the  morning  of  the  5th  of  August  Dr.  Blakeslee  and  I  traversed 
the  low  shore  of  this  end  from  the  south  point  to  the  north.  The  beach 
stretches  for  a  kilometer  and  a  half  to  the  northwest  into  a  narrow  spit 
of  land.  On  this  extent  of  lowland  is  a  salt  lake,  where  great  piles  of 
salt  are  gathered  for  shipment.     Beyond  the  lake  itself  for  another 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  289 

kilometer  the  beach  extends  eastward,  still  a  dazzling  white.  In  one 
portion  of  the  lake,  the  bottom  is  covered  with  a  pink  animal  growth 
while  the  rest  is  a  clear  blue  The  presence  of  quicksands  prevented 
any  close  examination  of  the  lake. 

Inland  from  the  beach  on  this  end  the  hills  rise  gradually  and  are 
rounded.  In  general,  the  hilltops  are  hard,  covered  with  loose  stone 
and  sand.  A  few  hilltops  are  entirely  '\\'ithout  soil,  merely  a  mass  of 
loose  broken  fragments  of  rock  with  no  vegetation.  The  surface 
inland  is  rolling,  there  being  no  level  surface  of  any  extent.  From  the 
hilltops  to  the  hollows  or  small  valleys,  the  surface  gradually  gets 
sandier  until  at  the  bottom  it  is  a  clear  stretch  of  sand  free  from  any 
stones. 

The  seashore  on  the  southwest  side  presents  a  contrast  to  that  on  the 
west.  The  beach  is  about  a  meter  in  width  for  three  kilometers  or 
more,  and  gravel  and  stony  cliffs  rise  abruptly  to  the  height  of  twenty- 
five  or  thirty  meters.  From  the  top  of  the  cliffs  the  inland  surface 
does  not  rise  over  thirty  meters  higher.  About  three  kilometers  from 
San  Pedro  the  cliffs  are  lower,  and  here  show  abundance  of  hard  rock. 
The  lower  part  of  the  cliff  and  also  huge  boulders  broken  off  are 
smoothly  worn  and  dark  red  or  broA\Ti  in  color.  At  the  eastern  ex- 
tremity of  the  south  shore,  the  beach  stretches  to  the  southwest  in  a 
long  narrow  spit  of  land. 

The  total  length  of  the  island  is  about  twelve  kilometers,  and  breadth 
three  kilometers.  From  almost  any  of  its  hills  can  be  seen  Margarita, 
at  the  nearest  point  wdthin  eight  kilometers ;  and  to  the  south  the  high 
mountain  ranges  show  distinctly  on  the  mainland  about  twenty-four 
kilometers  away.  The  village  of  San  Pedro  is  composed  entirely  of 
homes  of  ordinary  fishermen  and  of  the  pearl  fishers.  There  is  a 
church,  a  graveyard,  and  seventy-five  to  a  hundred  houses  besides  sev- 
eral stores.  The  eastern  extremity  of  the  island  is  used  for  the  pearl- 
fishing  business  but  there  is  no  village  there. 

No  mention  of  rain  on  the  island  has  been  made  because  the  existence 
of  any  at  any  time  was  not  apparent.  The  natives  claimed  there 
never  was  any.  As  a  matter  of  fact  at  the  time  of  this  visit  there  was  a 
slight  mist  in  the  afternoon  during  the  passing  of  a  heavy  thunder- 
storm on  the  coast  of  the  mainland.  This  mist  was  barely  perceptible 
and  of  course  not  sufficient  to  furnish  water  in  any  quantity.  No 
streams  or  springs  exist  on  the  island.  The  unweathered  condition  of 
the  rocks  suggests  the  great  lack  of  rain,  while  the  presence  of  the  sand 


290     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

in  the  hollows  rather  than  on  the  hilltops  may  be  entirely  accounted 
for  by  the  wind  movements.  The  rounded  hills  are  wind  worn,  and 
there  are  no  gullies  due  to  rushing  water.  It  is  noticeable  that  it 
is  the  northern  shore  that  has  the  gradual  slope,  and  the  southern 
that  is  precipitous.  This  of  course  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  prevalent 
wind  is  from  the  northeast  rather  than  from  the  south. 

As  to  the  vegetation  that  occurs  on  such  an  island  it  is  either  adapted 
to  a  life  on  the  salt  seashore  or  suited  to  withstand  extreme  drought 
inland.  The  land  spit  on  the  eastern  end  is  bordered  on  the  inside 
shore  by  mangroves.  The  beach  about  the  "salina"  or  salt  lake 
produces  the  customary  Batis,  Salicornia,  Trianthema,  and  Alter- 
nanthera.  On  the  inland  side  of  the  salt  plain  the  bushes  of  Castela 
are  abundant.  Cassia  hispidula  is  scattered  here  also.  Pavonia 
cochensis  is  abundant  in  the  sandy  valley  back  of  San  Pedro.  The 
valleys  are  characterized  by  the  low  Pereskia  trees,  the  Acacias,  and 
Gomphia,  Guaiacum,  Pithecolobium,  and  the  largest  of  the  trees, 
Bumelia  cuneata,  about  three  meters  high.  The  smaller  plants  here 
are  Jatropha  gossypifoUa,  Solanum  polyacanthos  in  the  valleys;  Croton, 
Argithamnia,  Opuntia,  Melocactus,  and  Waltheria  on  the  rocky 
hillsides  or  hilltops;  and  in  the  most  rocky  as  well  as  in  sandy  places 
Stt/losanthes  viscosa,  the  most  abundaiit  plant  on  the  island. 

Of  all  the  foregoing  plants  only  one,  Argithamnia  cochensis,  is  ex- 
ceptional in  color.  This  is  dark  red  throughout.  The  other  plants 
are  gray  at  least  as  to  the  trunk  and  stem,  and  the  leaves  are  a  gray- 
green  and  either  protected  by  dense  pubescence  or  are  leathery. 

There  appeared  to  be  no  plants  of  economic  importance  on  the 
island.  A  few  straggling  palms  are  in  the  village  of  San  Pedro,  but 
they  appeared  to  be  neither  in  flower  nor  in  fruit. 

At  the  time  of  our  visit,  the  only  plants  in  bloom  were  Stylosanthes, 
Caesalpinia,  and  Bumelia.  On  Gomphia  many  dried  remnants  of 
fruits  still  remained.  This,  together  with  the  fact  that  several  trees 
showed  signs  of  budding,  suggests  that  at  another  time  more  flowers 
and  possibly  more  plants  might  be  found.  As  a  matter  of  fact  no 
annuals  were  collected,  but  all  were  plants  with  extremely  long  and 
woody  roots.  Some  specimens  of  Stylosanthes  which  were  but  8  cm. 
in  height  above  ground  had  roots  22  cm.  long. 

This  collection  while  meager  in  its  specimens  probably  repre- 
sents well  the  flora  of  the  island.  The  result  may  be  summarized  as 
follows :  — 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  291 

Species  of  Plants  37 

Genera  33 

Families  21 

Endemic  species  2 

Following  is  a  list  of  the  plants  of  Coche,  those  numbered  being 
collected  and  the  others  merely  noted.  Citations  are  given  for  those 
plants  which  I  found  only  on  Coche,  citations  for  the  others  being 
referred  to  the  list  of  IMargaritan  plants. 

Catalogue  of  Plants. 
GRAjVIINEAE. 

Sporobolus  virgixicus  (L.)  Kunth. —  On  Margarita  also. 

BROMELIACEAE. 

TiLLAXDSiA  RECURVATA  L. —  No.  14.     On  INIargarita  also. 
T.  UTRicuLATA  L.  — No.  15.     On  Margarita  also. 

LORANTHACEAE. 

Phoradendron  rubrum  (L.)  Nutt.,  Journ.  acad.  Phila.,  n.  s., 
vol.  1,  p.  185  (1848);  Griseb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  314.  Viscnm 
rubrum  L.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  2,  p.  1023  (1753). —  Xo.  10.  Distribution 
general  in  tropical  America. 

CHENOPODIACEAE. 

Atriplex  cristata  H.  &  B. —  On   INIargarita  also. 
Salicorxia  fruticosa  L. —  Xo.  9.     On  Margarita  also. 

AiNIARAXTHACEAE. 

Alternanthera  caxescexs  HBK. —  On  Margarita  also. 
GoMPHREXA  piLOSA  (Mart.   &  Gal.)  INIoq. —  Xo.  13.     On  Marga- 
rita also. 

BATIDACEAE. 

Batis  maritima  L. —  Xo.  16.     On  Margarita  also. 

AIZOACEAE. 
Triaxthema  portulacastrum  L. —  On  INIargarita  also. 


292     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

CAPPARIDACEAE. 

Capparis  sp. —  No.   1. 

Capparis    stenosepala   Urb. —  No.    2.     On    Margarita   also. 

LEGUMINOSAE. 

Caesalpinia  coriaria  (Jacq.)  Willd. —  No.  3.  On  Margarita 
also. 

Cassia  hispidula  Vahl,  Eclog.  Am.,  vol.  3,  p.  10  (1807);  Mart., 
Fl.  Bras.,  vol.  15,  pt.  2,  p.  131. —  No.  4.  Further  distribution, 
Mexico. 

Pithecolobium  unguis-cati  (L.)  Benth. —  No.  11.  A  tree, 
3  m.  high,  top  wide-spreading.     On  Margarita  also. 

Stylosanthes  viscosa  Sw. —  No.  6.     On  Margarita  also. 

ZoRNiA  bracteata  (Walt.)  Gmel.,  Syst.,  p.  1096  (1791). —  Anony- 
mos  bracteata  Walt.,  Fl.  Car.,  p.  181  (1788).—  No.  5.  Further  dis- 
tribution. North  America  and  South  Africa. 

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. 

GuAJACUM  OFFICINALE  L. —  No.   19.     On  Margarita  also. 

SIMARUBACEAE. 

Castela  Nicholsoni  Hook. —  On   Margarita  also. 

EUPHORBIACEAE. 

Argithamnia  cochensis  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and 
sci.,  vol.  40,  p.  688  (1905).— No.  12.     Endemic. 

Croton  flavens  L. —  No.  7.     On  Margarita  also. 

Jatropha  gossypifolia  L. —  On  Margarita  also. 

J.  URENS,  var.  STiMULOSA  Muell.  Arg. — -  On  Margarita  also. 

MALVACEAE. 

Pavonia  cochensis  Johnston,  Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  vol. 
40,  p.  690  (1905).— No.  18.     Endemic. 

STERCULIACEAE. 
Waltheria  AMERICANA  L. —  No.  24.     On  Margarita  also. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  293 

OCHNACEAE. 

GoMPHiA  PYRiFOLiA  Griscb.,  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.,  p.  105  (1859).—  No. 
20.     A  tree,  about  3  m.  high. 

TURNERACEAE. 
TuRNERA  DIFFUSA  Willd. —  No.  21.     On  Margarita  also. 
CACTACEAE. 

Cereus    margaritensis    Johnston. — •  On    Margarita    also. 

C.   EBURNEUS   Salm-Dyck. —  On   Margarita   also. 

Melocactus  communis  Link  &  Otto. —  No.  22.     On  Margarita. 

Opuntia  Tuna   Mill. — •  On   Margarita  also. 

Pereskia  opuntiaeflora  DC. —  On  Margarita  also. 

RHIZOPHORACEAE. 

Rhizophora  Mangle  L. —  On  Margarita  also. 

MYRSINACEAE. 

Jacquinia  Berterii  Spreng.,  Syst.,  vol.  1,  p.  668  (1825)  —  Further 
distribution,  San  Domingo.     A  tree,  about  3  m.  high. 

# 

SAPOTACEAE, 

BuMELiA   CUNEATA  Sw. —  On  Margarita  also. 

SOLANACEAE. 

Lycium  salsum  Ruiz.   &  Pav. —  No.  8.     On  Margarita  also. 
SoLANUM  POLYACANTHOS  Lam.,  Illust.,  vol.  2,  p.  23  (1793). —  No.  17. 

Comparison  of  the  Flora  of  Margarita  and  Coche  with  that 
OF  Other  Regions. 

Two  different  points  of  view  may  be  taken  in  comparing  the  floras 
of  various  regions :  one  consists  of  a  study  of  the  lists  of  plants  col- 
lected from  the  regions  in  question,  and  the  other  consists  of  a  study 
of  the  types  of  vegetation.     In  using  the  former  method  one  need  only 


294    PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

resort  to  the  collection  of  plants  in  the  various  herbariums  and  to  the 
lists  of  plants  published  in  various  books  and  journals;  in  this  way 
the  distribution  of  the  plants  is  discovered,  the  knowledge  of  which 
is  valuable  both  to  the  taxonomist  and  the  biologist.  In  this  method 
the  research  worker  must  either  for  himself  consult  all  the  plants  in 
the  herbariums  and  represented  in  the  lists  and  must  verify  their 
identification  or  else  depend  for  their  value  upon  the  person  identify- 
ing the  plant  or  publishing  its  name.  It  is  not  necessary  to  see  the 
plant  growing.  The  species  are  all  units  and  are  well  represented  as 
such  by  mere  names. 

In  using  the  second  method  of  comparative  study,  that  of  consider- 
ing types  of  vegetation,  one  encounters  a  very  different  proposition. 
Types  represent  groups  of  plants  and  groups  which  do  not  necessarily 
consist  of  separate  species,  in  fact  a  type  of  vegetation  may  be  made  up 
of  a  number  of  species.  Types  of  vegetation,  then,  can  be  represented 
only  very  indefinitely  by  published  lists  of  names  of  plants  or  by  the 
plants  themselves  as  they  occur  mounted  on  herbarium  sheets.  It  is 
true  that  names  are  in  use  to  designate  certain  types  of  vegetation, 
terms  such  as  xerophyte,  hydrophyte,  mesophyte,  and  others  of  more 
restricted  meaning;  and  it  is  certain  that  these  terms  picture  to  one 
at  all  familiar  with  such  work  definite  features  in  the  vegetation. 
Moreover,  the  characteristics  of  any  t^'jDe  of  vegetation  are  often  so 
well  shown  in  the  species  constituting  that  type  that  one  can  by  ex- 
amining herbarium*specimens  very  commonly  determine  to  what  type 
of  vegetation  the  plant  in  question  belongs. 

So  far  it  may  be  seen  that  one  can  by  research  among  collections 
and  lists  of  plants  obtain  both  a  fair  idea  of  the  species  of  plants  from 
any  particular  region  and  some  knowledge  of  the  tyj^e  or  types  of 
vegetation  found  in  that  region.  So  much  can  be  done  at  home.  The 
types,  however,  represent  groups,  and  as  the  groups  are  often  com- 
posed of  many  species  which  have  one  feature  in  common  but  often 
have  a  wide  range  in  size,  outline,  method  of  branching,  and  color, 
it  is  impossible  to  give  a  complete  and  at  all  real  picture  of  a  locality 
without  considering  these  various  features,  characteristics  which  can 
be  ascertained  only  by  traveling  among  the  regions  in  question  and 
by  viewing  personally  the  types  of  groups  or  composites  of  species 
as  they  are  growing  together  in  the  various  localities.  The  modifica- 
tions of  groups  are  so  great  that  it  is  necessary  to  visit  many  localities 
and  to  visit  the  same  localities  at  various  times  of  the  year  before  one 
can  obtain  a  true  knowledge  of  the  chara(  ter  of  the  vegetation. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  295 

III  order  then  to  make  an  intelligent  and  thorough  comparison  of 
the  flora  of  ^Margarita  and  Coche  with  that  of  other  regions  about  the 
Caribbean  Sea,  it  would  be  necessary  for  one  to  have  access  to  speci- 
mens of  plants  and  lists  of  plants  collected  in  all  lands  bordering  the 
Caribbean  and  also  to  have  traveled  in  those  regions.  So  far  as  the 
lists  of  plants  and  the  collections  are  concerned  it  must  be  said  that 
despite  the  many  visits  of  American  botanists  to  the  West  Indies  and 
tropical  .America,  and  despite  their  intense  activity  in  the  United 
States,  there  is  yet  very  much  to  be  known  about  the  plants  in  those 
regions.  Parts  of  iSIexico  and  of  Central  America  are  being  well 
worked  over.  Colombia  and  Venezuela  have  had  so  little  work  done 
on  them  that  comparison  of  lists  of  their  plants  is  almost  valueless. 
The  West  Indies  as  a  whole  have  the  useful  works  of  Grisebach  and 
of  Professor  Urban  but  these  contain  no  lists  of  plants  of  the  individual 
islands,  so  that  they  are  scarcely  to  be  used  in  comparative  work. 
A  few  of  the  American  botanists  frequent  ^Mexico  and  parts  of  Central 
America,  a  very  few  have  visited  Colombia,  still  fewer  Venezuela,  and 
some  frequent  Cuba,  Ha\1:i,  Porto  Rico,  and  Jamaica.  Seldom  is  the 
traveling  extensive  or  in  more  than  one  region.  Both  plant  and  ani- 
mal surveys  of  the  United  States  are  fairly  thorough  through  many 
parts,  but  in  tropical  America  and  the  west  Indies,  biologically  closely 
related  to  our  southern  States,  little  such  systematic  work  has  been 
done. 

In  view  of  the  situation  as  above  discussed  it  is  perhaps  particularly 
desirable  that  I  make  such  a  complete  comparison  of  the  flora  of 
Margarita  and  of  Coche  as  may  be  possible  with  that  of  other  regions, 
especially  considering  that  I  have  what  I  believe  to  be  a  complete 
list  of  all  plants  ever  collected  ui  or  recorded  from  Venezuela  and 
also  that  I  have  been  enabled  to  visit  personally  many  parts  of  Vene- 
zuela, British  Guiana,  and  Panama,  and  many  of  the  W'est  Indian 
islands. 

In  a  preceding  chapter  on  the  composition  of  the  flora  of  Margarita, 
it  would  seem  that  the  vegetation  of  Margarita  partook  equally  of  the 
nature  of  the  W^est  Indian  and  of  the  South  American  elements. 
This  appearance  I  believe  to  be  due  to  the  large  proportion  of  cosmo- 
politan plants  present.  In  reality  Margarita  is,  as  would  be  expected, 
distinctly  South  American  in  its  flora  as  will  appear  in  the  following 
pages. 

The  two  islands  under  discussion,  Margarita  and  Coche,  are  the 


296     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY 

most  eastern  of  all  those  along  the  northern  coast  of  Venezuela.  The 
other  islands  to  be  considered  are  Testigos,  Blanquilla,  Orchilla, 
Los  Aves,  Los  Roques,  Cubagua,  Tortuga,  Aruba,  Buen  Ayre,  and 
Curafoa,  the  respective  positions  of  which  may  be  seen  by  referring 
to  the  accompanying  map  of  the  Carribean  Sea  and  its  surrounding 
lands  (PI.  23).  All  of  these  islands  are  identical  in  topographical 
features  with  the  plains  and  hills  of  Margarita. 

Of  this  group  Cubagua  is  eight  and  one  half  kilometers  (5.25  mi.) 
from  Margarita  and  twice  the  distance  from  Coche,  of  which  it  is 
almost  a  counterpart  in  size  and  physical  characteristics.  No  botani- 
cal research  has  been  made  upon  it,  though  I  have  passed  very  near 
the  shore  several  times  and  have  observed  that  it  has  the  same  barren 
features  that  Coche  possesses.  There  is  no  water  on  the  island  and 
never  has  been  any  within  historical  time,  and  though  in  the  early 
sixteenth  century  it  was  the  site  of  a  thriving  city  of  Spanish  pearl- 
fishers,  at  present  there  may  be  seen  only  a  few  fishers'  huts. 

The  next  nearest  island  is  La  Tortuga,  ninety  kilometers  (60  mi.) 
from  Margarita  and  the  same  distance  from  the  coast  of  Venezuela. 
The  island  is  twenty  kilometers  (12  mi.)  from  east  to  west  and  ten 
kilometers  (6  mi.)  from  north  to  south.  It  is  merely  a  raised  coral 
reef  and  presents  the  appearance  of  a  low  waste  of  land  with  an  al- 
most level  surface  and  a  very  narrow  beach.  The  vegetation  as  re- 
ported by  Ernst  consists  of  sixty-nine  different  species  of  plants  largely 
common  to  American  tropics  of  which,  however,  twenty-three  are  not 
to  be  found  on  Margarita. 

The  islands  Los  Aves,  Testigos,  and  Blanquilla,  so  far  as  is  known, 
have  never  been  visited  by  a  botanist.  Los  Aves  consists  of  a  number 
of  small  rocky  and  barren  islets  midway  between  Buen  Ayi'e  and 
Los  Roques.  They  have  been  noted  solely  as  a  source  of  guano.  The 
vegetation  would  naturally  be  very  scanty.  Testigos  is  a  small  group 
eighty  kilometers  (50  mi.)  north  of  Margarita;  and  Blanquilla  which 
is  somewhat  larger,  being  twenty-five  kilometers  in  circumference, 
is  seventy  kilometers  north  of  Margarita.  Though  there  are  no 
recorded  visits  to  these  islands,  the  flora  may  be  assumed  to  be  very 
scanty  and  to  consist  for  the  most  part  of  cosmopolitan  seashore 
plants. 

Los  Roques  is  a  group  of  islands  one  hundred  and  thirty  kilometers 
(80  mi.)  from  the  coast  of  Venezuela  and  consists  of  a  dozen  or  more 
rocky  islands  none  over  a  kilometer  in  length.     The  flora  is  entirely 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  297 

that  of  a  tropical  seashore,  and  is  similar  to  that  of  Tortuga  and  Coche 
and  the  coast  of  Margarita,  though  more  limited.  As  reported  by 
Ernst  there  are  twenty-four  different  species,  of  which  Cyperus 
hrunneus,  Cyperus  caesius,  Eragrostis  prolifera,  and  Opuntia  spino- 
sissima  have  not  been  reported  from  either  Margarita  or  Coche.  Two 
of  these,  Cyperus  caesius  and  Opuntia  spinosissima,  are  not  found  on 
Tortuga.  It  will  be  noticed,  however,  that  these  are  of  wide  dis- 
tribution. 

The  three  western  islands  l^'ing  off  the  coast  of  Venezuela  belong 
to  the  Dutch  Republic.  The  most  important  work  that  has  been 
done  upon  them  botanically  was  by  Suringar  ('86).  He  lists,  however, 
scarcely  a  dozen  plants  from  Aruba  and  Buen  Ayre.  From  the 
character  of  these  two  islands  one  is  led  to  expect  a  flora  similar 
to  that  of  Cura9oa  though  more  limited.  Buen  Ayre  is  about  forty 
kilometers  (25  mi.)  east  of  Cura^oa  and  has  an  area  of  twenty-four 
thousand  hectares  (85  sq.  mi.),  while  Aruba  is  nearly  seventy  kilo- 
meters west  of  Cura9oa  with  an  area  of  seventeen  thousand  hectares 
(69  sq.  mi.). 

Cura^oa  is  the  one  of  this  group  upon  which  some  botanical  work 
has  been  done.  Several  botanists  have  \dsited  the  islands,  the  most 
notable  of  whom  was  perhaps  Suringar.  As  determined  from  his 
list  of  Cura9oan  plants  (117  species),  fifty  have  not  been  reported 
from  Margarita.  To  be  sure  Suringar's  list  is  not  taken  to  be  at  all 
complete  of  the  flora  of  Cura9oa.  Simons  ('68)  has  published  a  much 
longer  list  but  unfortunately  the  names  are  in  a  great  part  old  ones  and 
quite  impossible  to  identify  for  certain  with  those  at  present  in  use. 
Even  considering  this  list,  Margarita  has  over  four  hundred  plants  not 
on  Cura^oa.  This  difference  in  the  flora  is  due  to  marked  contrast  in 
physical  conditions  and  to  their  difference  in  geographical  position.  In 
physical  condition  Cura^oa  resembles  the  plains  and  hills  of  Margarita, 
and  has  a  vegetation  similar  to  theirs,  but  the  heavy  woods  and  the 
varied  vegetation  of  the  mountain  tops  are  to  be  found  in  Margarita 
only.  In  geographical  position,  although  they  are  both  coastal  islands 
and  are  on  nearly  the  same  parallel,  yet  they  are  five  hundred  kilo- 
meters (300  mi.)  apart  and  Cura9oa  is  ninety  kilometers  (50  mi.)  from 
the  coast  of  Venezuela.  It  is  probable  that  complete  exploration  of 
both  islands  would  show  more  resemblances  between  them,  but 
according  to  present  knowledge,  the  differences  in  physical  conditions 
and  in  geographical  situation  alone  may  well  account  for  the  differences 
in  the  floras. 


298     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

All  of  these  islands  extending  along  the  north  coast  of  Venezuela 
not  only  resemble  each  other  very  much  but  they  are  also  like  the 
coast  of  the  mainland.  There  are  to  be  found  much  the  same  species 
constituting  the  seashore  flora,  the  flora  of  the  lagoon,  of  the  wild 
cactus-covered  hills,  and  of  the  few  fertile  coconut  valleys.  This  is 
well  illustrated  by  almost  any  part  of  the  north  coast.  Carupano  is 
in  a  long  narrow  valley  with  arid  hills  on  each  side.  Cumana  is  on  a 
sandy  plain  at  the  foot  of  the  hills.  Guanta  is  in  a  small  valley  with 
the  appearance  of  a  perpetual  drought  on  every  side.  La  Guaira 
is  on  a  hillside  by  the  edge  of  the  sea  and  the  hill  is  a  brown  and  sun- 
baked exposure  although  it  is  broken  here  and  there  by  green  valleys 
and  by  a  green  mountain  rising  above.  A  short  way  inland  but 
still  in  the  coastal  region  between  Caracas  and  Valencia  and  about 
the  Lake  of  Valencia  trees  are  scarce  or  lacking,  the  mountains  are 
brown  and  clothed  only  in  small  shrubs  or  in  dry  grass,  and  in  the 
valley  are  scorching  sandy  plains  with  here  and  there  the  shade  of  a 
tree. 

These  islands  are  similar  to  the  coastal  land  as  naturally  they 
should  be,  having  been  in  early  times  a  part  of  the  coast  and  yet  thcjre 
is  a  vast  country  behind  the  coast  to  which  they  are  not  at  all  like. 
The  mountain  region  of  the  Andes,  anywhere  from  one  thousand  to 
four  thousand  meters  high,  the  grassy  plains  of  the  Orinoco,  and  the 
forests  to  the  south  present  features  vastly  different  in  every  respect. 
Unfortunately  our  knowledge  of  their  flora  is  very  limited.  Many 
plants  were  described  as  new  from  Humboldt's  travels,  but  since  that 
time  there  have  been  few  collections  and  fewer  plants  described.  It 
is  krK)'s\ai  that  there  are  many  plants  which  are  common  to  the  rest  of 
the  tropics.  Altogether  our  information  is  one-sided  as  tending  to 
show  the  cosmopolitan  rather  than  the  characteristic  plants.  I  hav(i 
compiled  a  list  of  all  the  published  names  of  Venezuelan  plants  W'hich 
comprises  some  three  thousand  names.  That  some  of  these  are 
names  which  may  not  be  in  good  standing  today  cannot  be  denied, 
but  I  have  at  least  made  reasonably  sure  that  they  represent  nearly 
three  thousand  different  species. 

Out  of  the  six  hundred  and  thirty-four  Margaritan  plants  two 
hundred  and  ninety-five  have  not  been  published  as  occurring  any- 
where else  in  Venezuela.  Inasmuch  as  many  of  these  are  cosmopolitan 
plants  it  shows  not  the  peculiarity  of  the  Margaritan  flora  but  the  small 
amount  of  work  that  has  been  done  on  the  mainland. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  299 

Close  to  the  mainland  but  yet  not  considered  one  of  the  Venezuelan 
Islands  is  Trinidad  Ipng  to  the  northeast  of  Venezuela.  In  general 
the  flora  and  vegetative  conditions  of  the  island  are  similar  to  those 
of  the  mainland.  There  is  a  large  collection  of  well  identified  plants 
at  the  St.  Clair  experiment  station  at  Port-of-Spain  and  I  had  the 
opportunity  of  comparing  my  first  collection  with  them.  From  this  I 
foimd  that  one  hundred  and  seventy-nine  ^Nlargaritan  plants  were  not 
in  the  Trinidad  herbarium  and  one  hiuidred  and  sixty-one  were  there. 
Unfortunately  it  has  been  impossible  for  me  to  compare  the  remainder 
of  my  plants.  Of  those  plants  that  were  not  in  the  Herbarium  the 
majority  were  of  wide  distribtition.  Of  the  plants  of  restricted 
distribution,  however,  the  greater  number  were  Venezuelan  rather 
than  pertaining  to  the  West  Indies. 

Trinidad  presents  a  distinct  contrast  in  the  appearance  of  its  vegeta- 
tion to  that  of  the  islands  of  the  north  coast.  The  latter  are  dry  as 
is  the  adjacent  coast.  Trinidad,  however,  resembles  and  is  really  a 
part  of  the  east  coast,  characterized,  by  low  land,  well  watered,  and 
heavily  wooded.  Thus  appears  the  east  coast  of  Venezuela  and  of 
British  Guiana,  green  with  luxin-iant  vegetation,  broken  here  and 
there,  to  be  sure,  with  sandy  stretches  and  low  hills,  but  in  effect  with 
a  truly  tropical  verdure.  Trinidad  has  a  series  of  hills  across  the  low 
end  of  the  island  and  a  range  of  low  mountains  across  the  northern 
end.  The  regions  about  these  hills  are  in  many  places  heavily  covered 
with  forests.  Across  the  middle  of  the  island  is  a  belt  of  almost 
unbroken  savannah  land  much  used  for  grazing  and  for  cane  crops. 
Both  on  the  eastern  and  on  the  western  side  are  extensive  swamp 
lands.  Only  in  isolated  and  restricted  areas  are  there  any  arid  dis- 
tricts at  all  resembling  those  of  Margarita. 

The  entire  chain  of  small  islands  extending  from  Trinidad  north- 
ward is  with  few  and  unimportant  exceptions  similar  in  vegetative 
conditions  to  Trinidad.  For  the  most  part  they  consist  of  well  culti- 
vated plains  and  green-clad  hills  and  mountains.  Porto  Rico  at  the 
northern  end  of  this  chain  of  islands  and  the  easternmost  of  the  Great 
Antilles  presents  features  somewhat  different.  With  the  exception 
of  a  narrow  plain  about  the  island,  the  surface  of  Porto  Rico  is  tm- 
dulating  and  broken  into  sharp  hills  and  ridges  from  one  end  to  the 
other.  In  marked  contrast  to  Trinidad,  Porto  Rico  has  very  little 
forest  land  and  only  a  few  small  savannahs.  Moreover,  the  waste 
lands,  barren  or  cactus-covered,  along  the  south  shore  are  comparable 


300     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

with  the  wastes  of  Margarita.  This  northern  island  is  perhaps  in  a 
condition  midway  between  that  of  the  coast  and  coastal  islands  of 
Venezuela  and  that  of  Trinidad,  the  former  being  in  a  condition  of 
drought  and  the  latter  in  a  state  of  excessive  moisture  for  much  of  the 
year.  In  regard  to  the  species  of  plants,  there  is  of  course  a  vast 
difference.  Professor  Urban's  Flora  Portoricensis  is  very  complete 
so  far  as  published.  In  it  are  sixty-one  plants  to  be  found  on  Marga- 
rita, although  the  author  does  not  refer  more  than  twenty-five  to  the 
island,  these  references  being  only  from  my  first  collection  of  plants. 
As  many  as  this  is  naturally  to  be  expected  from  the  wide  distribution 
of  many  of  the  plants.  Moreover,  there  are  fully  five  hundred  plants 
of  INIargarita  not  to  be  found  on  Porto  Rico,  and  of  course  many 
more  on  the  much  larger  island  not  on  Margarita. 

In  the  small  Cayman  Islands  farther  west  in  the  region  of  the  Great 
Antilles  there  is  also  a  diversity  from  Margarita.  These  islands  con- 
sist of  Grand  Cayman,  Little  Cayman,  and  Cayman  Brae,  two  hun- 
dred and  eighty-nine  kilometers  (180  mi.)  northwest  of  Jamaica  and 
about  the  same  distance  south  of  the  center  of  Cuba.  Grand  Cayman 
is  twenty-seven  kilometers  from  east  to  west,  six  to  eight  wide  at  the 
eastern  end  and  eleven  to  thirteen  kilometers  (7  to  8  mi.)  wide  at  the 
western  end.  There  is  no  elevation  exceeding  fifty  meters  (150  ft.). 
Some  forest  land  is  present,  and  in  the  center  is  considerable  boggy 
soil  suggesting  the  presence  of  sufficient  moisture  for  much  vegetative 
growth.  Collections  of  plants  have  been  made  on  the  Caymans  by 
Professor  C.  F.  Millspaugh  and  by  Mr.  W.  Fawcett.  From  the  total 
of  two  hundred  and  twenty-eight  species  constituting  these  lists  eighty- 
four  are  found  on  Margarita.  Five  hundred  and  eighty  Margaritan 
plants  are  not  found  on  the  Caymans.  This  suggests  a  distinctly 
different  flora  notwithstanding  the  presence  of  so  many  plants  of  wide 
distribution.  This  difference  can  be  accounted  for  partially  in  the 
vegetative  conditions,  but  in  the  main  it  is  due  to  geographical  position, 
the  Cayman  Islands  being  some  seventeen  hundred  kilometers  north- 
west of  Margarita.  IVIoreover  in  comparing  the  flora  of  the  Cayman 
with  that  of  the  other  Venezuelan  islands  or  with  Trinidad  the  same 
result  is  obtained. 

It  is  impossible  to  make  a  definite  comparison  of  the  plants  of 
Jamaica  and  Cuba  with  those  of  Margarita,  for  the  lists  are  so  incom- 
plete. It  must  suffice  to  say  that  from  the  material  available  for  com- 
parison it  is  certain  that  a  very  large  part  of  the  plants  of  Jamaica  and 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  301 

Cuba  is  not  to  be  found  in  northern  Venezuela  excepting  of  course  the 
flora  common  to  all  tropical  countries.  The  vegetative  conditions  of 
these  islands  can  be  said  to  differ  from  portions  only  of  Venezuela. 
The  waste  plain  west  of  Kingston  is  dupHcated  in  the  plain  of  Mar- 
garita. The  valleys  and  ridge  of  the  Blue  Mountains  resemble  those 
of  the  coast  range  above  Caracas  in  Venezuela.  The  barren  moun- 
tains about  Santiago  de  Cuba  are  identical  in  appearance  with  range 
after  range  extending  from  Caracas  to  Valencia.  The  rolling  land 
that  occupies  the  most'  of  Cuba  with  its  cane  fields  and  tobacco  fields 
is  similar  to  that  of  the  interior  of  Venezuela.  There  still  remains  in 
Cuba  some  of  the  virgin  forest.  In  fact  there  is  considerable  of  it 
and  it  suggests  that  of  the  more  nearly  equatorial  countries.  Only  in 
a  limited  way,  however,  does  it  begin  to  compare  with  a  truly  tropical 
forest.  Such  vegetation  as  is  to  be  found  along  the  shores  of  the 
Orinoco,  Essequibo,  and  the  iVmazon  is  nowhere  to  be  found  among 
the  northern  islands. 

Further  north  than  the  islands  of  Jamaica  and  Cuba,  in  subtropical 
Florida  there  are  naturally  many  changes  from  the  tropics.  Some 
districts  approach  in  their  wild  luxuriance  of  vegetation  that  of  coun- 
tries near  the  equator  and  on  the  other  hand  there  are  to  be  found 
some  stretches  barren  as  the  desert  regions  of  the  Venezuelan  islands. 
As  a  whole,  however,  the  individual  species  making  up  the  t}'pe  of 
vegetation  have  changed.  The  difference  in  temperature  of  the 
regions  sets  a  limit  upon  the  distribution  of  the  species.  In  passing, 
it  is  of  interest  to  note  that  notwithstanding  the  great  differences  in 
species,  exclusive  of  cultivated  plants  there  are  ninety-seven  different 
species  occurring  in  both  southern  Florida  and  Margarita. 

Conclusion. 

In  writing  the  foregoing  pages  three  objects  have  been  foremost  in 
my  mind:  to  catalogue  the  plants  of  Margarita,  to  describe  its  vegeta- 
tive conditions,  and  to  compare  its  flora  with  that  of  adjacent  regions. 

The  catalogue  of  the  species  comprises  644  names,  all  of  the  plants 
that  have  been  reported  from  Margarita.  Collections,  however,  have 
been  made  only  on  part  of  the  eastern  end  and  during  only  a  part  of 
the  year  (jNIarch,  July,  August,  and  the  first  four  days  in  September) 
thus  leaving  opportunity  for  much  additional  work.  It  is  doubtful 
if  this  catalogue  comprises  much  more  than  three  fourths  of  the  entire 


302    PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

flora  of  the  island.  Forty-two  new  species,  including  two  new  genera, 
have  been  discovered  on  the  island. 

The  vegetative  conditions  of  Margarita  are  much  more  varied  than 
those  of  the  other  islands.  Margarita  has  both  a  rich  mountain  flora 
and  also  the  flora  of  arid  plains  and  hills.  Cura9oa  and  the  others 
possess  only  arid  vegetative  conditions. 

In  regard  to  the  comparison  of  the  flora  with  that  of  adjacent  re- 
gions, it  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  data  are  so  insufficient  as  to  lessen 
the  value  of  any  comparison  and  in  some  cases  actually  to  prohibit  it. 
The  flora  of  Margarita  comprises  all  the  plants  found  on  Coche  with 
three  exceptions.  The  other  small  islands  are  probably  similar  in  this 
respect.  La  Tortuga  has  twenty-three  out  of  sixty-nine  plants  not  to 
be  found  on  Margarita  and  Los  Roques  has  four  out  of  twenty-eight 
not  on  ]\Iargarita.  Though  it  is  impossible  to  speak  accurately  of 
Cura9oa,  to  judge  by  the  references  cited  on  previous  pages  there  are 
about  four  hundred  plants  there  of  which  one  hundred  are  not  on 
Margarita. 

Although  there  is  a  large  list  (240)  of  plants  of  Margarita  not  pub- 
lished as  occurring  in  Venezuela,  it  is  probable  that  a  large  proportion 
of  them  do.  The  vegetation  on  the  mainland  (near  Carupano  and 
Cumana)  opposite  Margarita  is  identical  in  appearance  with  that  of 
Margarita. 

Trinidad  has  a  very  large  flora,  yet  over  two  hundred  Margaritan 
plants  have  not  been  reported  from  there,  and  are  not  in  the  Herbarium 
of  the  Trinidad  botanical  gardens. 

The  entire  chain  of  islands  to  the  east  of  the  Caribbean  Sea  possesses 
a  vegetation  consisting  of  many  species  not  to  be  found  on  ISIargarita. 
It  is  of  a  much  more  luxuriant  character.  In  the  extensive  flora  of 
Porto  Rico  so  far  as  can  be  ascertained  there  are  less  than  one  hundred 
INIargaritan  plants  to  be  found.  Most  of  these  are  common  to  the 
American  tropics. 

In  the  flora  of  the  Cayman  islands  it  is  seen  that  out  of  their  two 
hundred  and  twenty-eight  species  only  eighty-four  are  on  Margarita. 
The  reference  to  the  plants  of  the  southern  United  States  similarly 
shows  about  a  hundred  from  Margarita  which  are,  however,  cosmo- 
politan. 

In  the  comparison  of  the  flora  with  that  of  other  regions  about  the 
Caribbean  Sea  it  is  evident  that  the  flora  of  Margarita  is  largely  com- 
posed of  plants  common  to  many  parts  of  the  American  tropics.     It 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  303 

is  also  seen  in  studying  the  distribution  of  the  individual  plants  that 
Margarita  contains  twice  as  many  plants  which  are  characteristic  of 
South  Anaerica  as  are  characteristic  of  the  West  Indies.  And  finally, 
it  is  still  as  clearly  evident  from  comparing  it  with  other  islands  about 
the  Caribbean  Sea  that  while  Margarita  has  some  plants  common  to 
all  of  the  islands,  yet  as  a  whole  it  has  a  flora  quite  distinct  from  the 
northern  islands  and  at  the  same  time  closely  approaching  that  of  the 
Venezuelan  islands  and  the  north  coast  of  the  mainland. 


304     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 


LITERATURE. 

To  show  the  more  important  pubUcations  on  the  exploration,  botanical  col- 
lecting, and  geography  of  Venezuela,  the  following  bibliography  is  added. 

Geography  of  Venezuela. 

Note. —  The  following  are  selected  from  a  list  of  about  fifty  books  on  Venezuela,  and 
include,  it  is  believed,  all  that  are  of  any  value  to  the  botanical  worker. 

Anonymous. 

'24.     Letters  written  from  Colombia  during  a  journey  from  Caracas  to 

Bogotd.     G.  Corvie  &  Co.:  London,  1824,  208  pp.,  map. 

Gives  description  of  the  route  as  to  forests,  meadows  and  cliffs,  as  to 
agriculture,  towns,  etc. 

'73.     Memoria  de  la  Direccion  general  de  estadistica  al  Presidento  de 
los  Estados  Unidos  de  Venezuela  en  1873.     Impr.  Nacional:   Caracas, 
1873,  3  vols. 
Very  complete  as  to  geography  and  commerce. 

Andr6,  Eugene. 

'04.     A  naturalist  in  the  Guianas.      Scribner's  Sons:  New  York,  1904, 
310  pp.,  32  pis.,  map. 
Andr6  went  on  two  expeditions  up  the  Orinoco  and  Caura  Rivers. 

B6nard,  Charles. 

'97.     Le  V^nezu^la.     Impr.  G.  Gounouilhou:     Bordeaux,  1897,106  pp., 
map. 

Gives  heights  of  mountains,  length  of  rivers  and  drainage  area,  table 
of  temperatures,  agriculture,  and  animals. 

Caulin,  Antonio. 

1779.     Historio  coro-graphica  natural  y  evangelica  de  la  Nueva  Anda- 
lucia,  prov.  de  Cumana,  Guayana  y  vertientes  del   rio  Orinoco.     J 
De  San  Martin:  Madrid   1779,  482  pp.,  3  pis.,  map. 
A  natural  history,  including  descriptions  of  the  rivers. 

Cazeneuve,  Paul  de  and  Francois. 

'88.     Les  Etats-Unis  de  V^n^zu^la.     Sauvaitre  :   Paris,  1888,  300  pp., 

map. 

A  good  map,  a  very  good  guide  containing  population  of  many  cities, 
courses  and  lengths  of  many  rivers,  medicinal  plants,  and  history. 

Codazzi,  Agustin. 

'41.     Resumen  de  la  geografia  de  Venezuela.     Impr.  de  H.  Fournier  y 
Compia:  Paris,  1841,  648  pp. 
The  most  complete  geographical  work  on  Venezuela. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  305 

Dauxion-Lavaysse,  Jean  Francois. 

'20.     A  statistical,  commercial,  and  political  description  of  Venezuela, 
Trinidad,  Margarita,  and  Tobago.     G.  &  W.  B.  Whittaker:    London, 
1820,  479  pp. 
Contains  an  interesting  sketch  of  Margarita. 

Duane,  William. 

'26.     A  visit  to  Colombia  in  the  years  1822  and  1823.     Venezuela,  p. 
1-351.     T.  H.  Palmer:  Philadelphia,  1826,  632  pp. 
Gives  a  good  description  of  the  hills  and  the  valleys,  and  the  wooded 
and  the  barren  regions  between  Caracas  and  Colombia. 

Engel,  Franz. 

'88.     Auf  der  Sierra  Nevdda  de  Merida.     A.   G.   Richter:    Hamburg, 

1888,    36    pp.     Sammlung    gemein    verstandlicher    wissenshaftlicher 
Vortrage,  n.  f.,  series  3,  no.  58. 

Ernst,  Adolphus. 

'68-'69.     Ascension  a  la  Sierra  Nevada  de  Merida,  Feb.  18,  1868.     Var- 

gasia.     Caracas,  1868-69,  p.  199-202. 
'84;-'86.     La  Exposicion  Nacional  de  Venezuela  en  1883.     Impr.  de  la 

Opinion  Nacional:   Caracas,  1884—86,  2  vols.,  map. 

Gerstacher,  Friedrich. 

'68-69.     Neue  Reisen  durch  die  Vereinigten  Staaten,  Mexico,  Ecuador, 
West-indien  und  Venezuela.     H.  Castenoble:    Jena,  1868-69,  3  vols. 
Chapters  on  La  Guaira,  Caracas,  Valley  of  Aragua,  llanos,  San  Fernando 
de  Apure,  Apure  River,  Orinoco  River,  and  mines  at  Angostura. 

Goering,  Anton. 

'93.  Vom  tropischen  Tieflande  zum  ewigen  Schnee.  Eine  malerische 
Schilderung  des  schonsten  Tropenlandes.  A.  Fischer:  Leipzig,  1893, 
54  text  figs.,  12  colored  pis. 

Though  rough  sketches,  the  illustrations  of  this  work  give  some  idea 
of  Maracaibo,  Merida,  and  Mucuchies. 

Hiunboldt,  Alexander,  and  Bonpland,  Aime. 

'14-'29.  Personal  narrative  of  travels  to  the  equinoctial  region  of  the 
new  continent,  during  the  years  1799-1804,  translated  by  Helen  M. 
Williams.  Longman,  Hurst,  Rees,  Orme,  and  Brown:  London, 
1814-29,  7  vols. 

Contains  descriptions  of  the  country  about  Cmnana,  Cumanacoa,  and 
San  Fernando  de  Apure. 

'14.     Voyage  aux  regions  equinoxiales  du  nouveau  continent.     F.  Schoell : 
Paris,  1814,  3  vols.,  2  atlases. 
Contains  full  description  of  route. 

Kol,  H.  van. 

'04.     Naar  de  Antillen  en  Venezuela.     A.   W.  Sijthoff:    Leiden,   1904, 
552  pp. 
Description  of  Curagoa.     Good  illustrations  of  islands. 


306     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

Landaeta  Resales,  Manuel. 

'89.  Gran  recopilacion  geografica,  estadistica,  e  historica  de  Venezuela. 
Impr.  Bolivar:  Caracas,  1889. 

Lennep  Coster,  G.  van. 

'42.  Aanteekeningen,  gehouden  gedurende  mijn  verblijf  in  de  West 
Indien  in  de  jaren  1837-40.  J.  F.  Schleijer:  Amsterdam,  1842,  359  pp. 
Chapters  on  Cura^oa,  Aruba,  Bonaire,  and  Venezuela. 

L4vel,  Andre  Aurelio. 

'81.     Esbozos  de  Venzuela  I.  Margarita.    Caradas,  1881,  p.  26-50. 

Morisse,  Lucienne. 

'04.  Excursion  dans  I'Eldorado  (El  Callao).  Association  d'imprim- 
eurs:  Paris,  1904,  474  pp.,  4  maps,  diagram. 

Only  popular  work  treating  of   the  country  between  Ciudad  Bolivar 
and  British  Guiana.     Pertains  particularly  to  the  mining  regions. 

Ober,  Fred  A. 

'91.  The  Knockabout  club  on  the  Spanish  Main.  Estes  and  Lauriat: 
Boston,  1891,  239  pp. 

A  story  incidentally  giving  much  information  valuable  to  a  traveler 
new  to  the  country. 

Paez,  Ramon. 

'68*    Travels  and  adventures  in  South  and  Central  America.     C.  Scrib- 
ner  &  Co.:  New  York,  1868,  473  pp.,  map. 
Description  of  llanos  and  life  of  llaneros. 

Pocaterra,  Jaime  D. 

'64.     Derrotero  del  Golfo  de  Venezuela  6  soco  de  Maracaibo.     Impr. 
de  S.  Hallet:  New  York,  1864,  32  pp. 
Description  of  shores,  winds,  and  currents  of  Lake  Maracaibo. 

Robinson,  J.  H. 

'22.     Jom-nal  of  an  expedition  1400  miles  up  the  Orinoco  and  300  up  the 
Arauca.     Black,  Young,  and  Young:  London,  1822,  397  pp. 
Of  little  value  so  far  as  descriptions  are  concerned. 

Roncayolo,  L. 

'94.  Au  Venezuela,  1876-1892.  P.  Dupont:  Paris,  1894,  208  pp. 
Excellent  photographs,  chapter  on  Merida,  etc. 

Sievers,  Wilhelm. 

'88a.     Die  Cordillere  von  Merida  nebst  Bemerkungen  iiber  das  kari- 

bische  Gebirge.     Geogr.  Abhand.,  vol.  3,  no.  1.     Holzel :  Wien,  1888, 238 

pp.,   geolog.   chart. 

Good  chapters  on  rivers,  lakes,  climate,  vegetation,  agriculture,  etc. 
Bibliography  especially  good  on  geology. 
'88b.     Venezuela.     L.  Friederichsen  &  Co.:    Hamburg,  1888,  359  pp., 

map. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  307 

Full  description  of  paramo  region,  of  alpine  or  mountain  regions  in 
general,  and  of  llanos.     Good  geography  of  Venezuela. 
'96.     Zweite  Reise  in  Venezuela  in  den  Jahren  1892-93.     L.  Friederich- 

sen  &  Co.:  Hamburg,  1896,  327  pp.,  map. 

Contains  a  good  map  of  coast  and  islands  from  Coro  to  Trinidad. 

Maps. 

The  maps  in  W.  Sievers's  works  noted  above  are  of  special  value.     In 
addition  may  be  noted  the  following: — 

'88.     Texte  at   carte   commerciale   des  Etats-Unis  de   Venezuela   avec 

notice  descriptive      Imprimerie  Chaix:   Paris,  1888. 
97-98.     Orinoco-Essequibo    Region.     Map    2.     Senate    doc,    vol.    9, 
no.  91,  pt.  4,  1897-98. 

There  are  also  a  number  of  coast  charts  issued  by  the  U.  S.  hydrographic 
office. 

Vegetation  of  Venezuela. 

Anonymous. 

'64.     Indicacion  de  algunos  de  los  principales  objetos  de  historia  natural, 

es  decir:    minerales,  vegetales  y  animales  —  para  la  exhibicion   1864. 

Imprenta  de  lo  Estados    Unidos  de  Venezuela,  por  Felix  e  Bigotte, 

Caracas,  1864,  22  pp. 
'93.     World's  Columbian  exposition  at  Chicago.     The  United  States  of 

Venezuela   in    1893.     Pub.    by   order   of   government    of   Venezuela. 

New  York,  1893. 
'04.     International   bureau   of  American  republics.     Venezuela.     Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  1904,  604  pp.,  map,  illustr. 

Excellent  in  every  way. 

Bellermann,  F. 

'94.  Landschafts-  und  Vegetations-Bilder  aus  den  Tropen  Siid-Amerika's 
nach  der  Natur  gezeichnet  von  Prof.  F.  Bellermann.  R.  Friedlander  & 
Sohn:  Berlin,  1894,  24  pis. 

lUust.  of  Cumana,  La  Guaira,  Caracas,  Merida,  and  vicinities.     Text 
by  H.  Karsten. 

Braun,  A. 

'58.  Ubersicht  der  Characeen  aus  Columbien  und  Guyana.  Monatsber. 
konigl.  preuss.  Akad.  Wissensch.  Berlin,  1858,  p.  354—367. 

Caulin,  Antonio. 

1779.     Historio  coro-graphica.     Madrid,  1779. 

Chapters  on  the  trees,  fruits,  medicinal  plants,  gums,  resins,  balsam, 
various  animals,  and  rivers. 

Dozy,  F. 

'54.  Prodromus  florae  bryologicae  Surinamensis.  Accedit  pugillus 
specierum  novarum  florae  bryologicae  Venezuelanae.  Arnz  &  Co.: 
Diisseldorf,  1854,  54  pp.,  19  pis. 


308     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

Eaton,  Daniel  C. 

'61.     Filices  Wrightianae  et  Fendlerianae.     Mem.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and 
sci.,  new  ser.,  1861,  vol.  8,  pt.  1,  p.  192-220. 
As  an  appendix  to  this  is  Orchideae  Wrightianae  et  Fendlerianae. 

Ernst,  Adolphus. 

'65a.     On  the  medicinal  plants  of  Caracas,  Venezuela,  and  their  Vene- 
zuelan names.     Seemann's  Journ.  of  bot.,  1865,  vol.  3,  pp.   143-150, 
277-284,  306-322. 
201  plants  of  Venezuela  mentioned. 

'65b.  Plants  growing  in  the  streets  of  Caracas.  Seemann's  Journ.  of 
bot.,  1865,  vol.  3,  p.  322-323. 

'66a.     Formas  caracteristicas  de  la  flora  venezolana.     Las  palmas. 
El  Porvenir,  Caracas,  1866,  vol.  1,  no.  6;  vol.  2,  no.  7,  vol.  3,  no.  8. 

'66b.     List   of   Venezuelan   woods,   with   their   Venezuelan   names   and 
specific  gravity.     Seemann's  Journ.  of  bot.,  1866,  vol.  4,  p.  359-360. 
Gives  names  of  48  plants,  24  of  which  are  on  Margarita. 

'67a.     On  the  plants  common  to  the  southern  LTnited  States  and  Vene- 
zuela.    Seemann's  Journ.  of  bot.,  1867,  vol.  5,  p.  290-296. 
There  are  2684  plants  in  Chapman's  Flora ;  of  these  283  are  in  Venezuela. 

'67b.  On  the  plants  cultivated  or  naturalized  in  the  valley  of  Caracas, 
and  their  vernacular  names.  Seemann's  Journ.  of  bot.,  1867,  vol.  5, 
p.  264-275,  287-290. 

'68-'69a.  Los  Helechos  de  la  Flora  Caracasana.  Vargasia,  Caracas, 
1868-69,  p.  100-103. 

'6&-'69b.  Plantas  interesantes  de  la  flora  Caracasana.  Vargasia,  Cara- 
cas, 1868-69,  p.  178-194. 

'72a.  Verzeichniss  der  auf  der  venezuelanischen  Inselgruppe  Los  Roques 
im  Sept.,  1871  beobachten  Pflanzen.  Bot.  Zeit.,  1872,  vol.  30,  p.  539- 
541. 

'72b.  Sertulum  Naiguatense;  Notes  on  a  small  collection  of  alpine 
plants  from  the  smnmit  of  Naiguata,  in  the  mountains  of  Caracas. 
Trim.,  Journ.  of  bot.,  Sept.  1872,  vol.  10,  p.  261-264. 

'74.     Observationes  aliquot  in  plantas  nonnullas  rariores  vel  novas  florae 
Caracasanae.     Flora,  1874,  vol.  57,  p.  209-215. 
Some  of  these  plants  were  collected  by  Sr.  Fermin  Toro  of  Caracas; 

24  plants  mentioned,  6  of  these  new  species  of  Ernst  and  1  of  Toro. 

'76a.  Descriptive  catalogue  of  the  Venezuelan  department  at  the  Phila- 
delphia International  exhibition,  1876.  McCalla  &  Stavely:  Philadel- 
phia, 1876,  55  pp. 

'76b.     Florula  Chelonesiaca.     Trim.,  Journ.  of  bot.,  London,  1876,  vol. 
14,  p.  176-179. 
Thirty-one  out  of  the  69  plants  occur  also  on  Margarita. 

'77a.     Estudios  sobre  la  flora  y  fauna  de  Venezuela.     Imprenta  Federal : 
Caracas,  1877,  330  pp. 
This  work  is  also  found  in  Primer  anuario  estadistico  de  Venezuela  ano 

de  1877,   Impr.   Nacional:    Caracas.     Lists   412  orchids  and    399   ferns 

and  fern  allies. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISLAND.  309 

'77b.     Vargas  consid.  como  bot.,  Caracas,   1877.     A  paper  presented  to 

the  society  of  physical  and  natural  sciences  in  Caracas,  1877. 
'79.     Enumeracion  de  las  plantas  mas  notables  que  fueron  observadas 

en  la  excursion  a  Naiguatd.     Repertorio  Caraqueno,  1879,  p.  141-146. 
'86.     Eine  botanische  Excursion  auf  der  Insel  Margarita.     Nederl.  kruidk. 

arch.  Nijmegen,  1886,  vol.  4. 
'92.     La  vegetacion  de  los  Pdramos  de  los  Andes  Venezolanos.     Boletin 

del  Ministerio  de  obras  publicas,  Caracas,  1892,  no.   157,  p.  159-163, 

Feb.,  March. 
'00a.     Sertulum  Aturense,  6  sea,  lista  de  una  pequena  coleccion  den  plantas 

que  recojio  el  Sr.  Alfredo  John,  hijo,  en  Octubre  de  1887  cerca  de  Atures, 

Alto  Orinoco.     Revista  cientif.  de  la  L'niversidad  Central  de  Venezuela, 

Caracas,  1900.  vol.  1,  p.  219-223. 
'00b.     Bibliographia  (Prof.  Dr.  phil.  A.  Ernst,  Caracas,  Venezuela,  1865- 

99)  L^niversitats-Buchdrucherer,  J.  Neuenhalm:  Jena,  1900  (?) 

Goebel,  K. 

'91.  Die  Vegetation  der  venezolanischen  Paramos,  in  Pflanzenbiologische 
Schilderungen,  1889-93,  pt.  2,  no.  1.  N.  G.  Elwert:  Marburg,  1891, 
Prof.  Goebel  visited  many  of  the  higher  mountains  about  Merida  and 

collected  some  plants. 

Hamipe,  E. 

'47a.     Bericht  iiber  die  Hepaticeae  welche  Hr.  Moritz  in  Columbien  sam- 

melte  und  dem  koniglichen  Herbarium  in  Schonberg  iiberlieferte,  nach 

der  Synopsis  Hepaticarum  und  den  Moritzschen  Nummern  aufgefiihrt. 

Linnaea,  1847,  vol.  20,  p.  321-336. 

Lists  48  plants  of  Venezuela. 
'47b.     Ein   Referat   iiber  die   columbischen   Moose,  welche  von   Herrn 

Moritz  gesammelt  worden.     Linnaea,  1847,  vol.  20,  p.  65-98. 

Lists  70  plants  of  Venezuela. 

Hegelmaier,  Friedrich. 

'68.  Die  Lemmaceen.  Eine  monographische  Untersuchung.  Wilhelm 
Engelmann:   Leipzig,  1868,  169  pp.,  16  pis. 

Humboldt  et  Bonpland. 

'08.     Plantae  aequinoctiales.     F.  Schoell:    Paris,  1808,  2  vols.,  140  pis. 

Humboldt,  Bonpland,  et  Kunth. 

'15-'25.  Nova  genera  et  species  plantarum.  F.  Schoell:  Paris,  1815-25,  7 
vols.  Vol.  7  contains  summaries  entitled  "Flora  provinciarum  Novae 
Andalusiae  Venezuelae,  nee  non  Planitiei  Barcinonensis,"  and  "Flora 
Orinoci  et  fluminis  Nigri"  the  two  containing  1170  Venezuelan  plants. 

Johnston,  J.  R. 

'05.     New  plants  from  the  Islands  of  Margarita  and  Coche,  Venezuela, 

Proc.  Amer.  acad.  arts  and  sci.,  1905,  vol.  40,  p.  683-698. 
'08.     Plants  collected  in  the  vicinity  of  La  Guaira,  Venezuela.     Contrib. 

U.  S.  nat.  herb.,  1908,  vol.  12,  pt.  2,  p.  105-111. 


310     PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

Karsten,  H. 

'48.     Auswahl  neuer  und  bliihender  Gewiichse  Venezuelas.     Berlin,  1848, 

4to,  12  pis. 
'58-'69.     Florae  Columbiae  terrarumque  adjacentium  specimina  selecta, 
etc.,  1858-69. 

Klotzsch,  Joh.  Friedr. 

'47a.  Beitrage  zu  einer  Flora  der  Aequinoctial-Gegenden  der  neuen  Welt. 
Linnaea,  1844,  vol.  18,  pp.  515-556,  667-709;  1847,  vol.  20,  p.  337- 
432,  446-542. 

'47b.     Nachtrage  zu  den  Lycopodineis  und  Filicibus,  welche  im  18  Bandee 
der  Linnaea  p.  515-556  unter  der  Ueberschrift :  "  Beitrage  zu  einer  Flora 
der  Aequinoctial-Gegenden    der  neuen   Welt"  veroffentlicht    wurden. 
Linnaea,  1847,  vol.  20,  p.  433-445. 
Lists  34  plants  of  Venezuela. 

Kunth,  Karl. 

'39.  Bemerkungen  iiber  die  Familie  der  Piperaceen.  Linnaea,  1839, 
vol.  13,  p.  561-726. 

Landaeta  Resales,  Manuel. 

'89.  Gran  recopilacion  geografica,  estadistica,  e  historica  de  Venezuela. 
Impr.  Bolivar:   Caracas,  1889,  2  vols. 

Vol.  1,  p.  68-72,  contains  a  list  of  Venezuelan  plants  under  their  ver- 
nacular names. 

Loefling,  Peter. 

1776.  Reise  nach  den  spanischen  Liindern  in  Europa  und  America  in  den 
Jahren  1751  bis  1756.     Berlin  und  Stralsund,  1766,  406  pp. 

Maury,  P. 

'89.  Enumeration  des  plantes  du  Haut-Orenoque  recoltees  par  MM.  J. 
Chaffanjon  et  A.  Gaillard.  Journ.  de  botanique,  Paris,  1889,  vol.  3, 
pp.  129,  157,  196,  209,  260,  and  266. 

Patouillard,  N.,  and  Gaillard,  A. 

'87.     Champignons  du  Venezuela  et  principalement  de  la  region  du  Haut- 

Or^noque,  r^coltes  en  1887  par  M.  A.  Gaillard.     Bull.  soc.  mycol.  de 

France,  1887,  vol.  3,  pp.  7-46,  92-129. 

The  fungi  were  collected  about  Caracas,  Ciudad  Bolivar,   and  San 
Fernando  de  Atabapo,  278  species  in  all. 

Reichenbach,  H.  G.,  fil. 

'54a.     Die  Wagener'schen  Orchideen.     Bonplandia,  1854,  vol.  2,  p.  9-26. 
'54b.     Orchideae   Schlimianae.     Bonplandia,   1854,  vol.    2,   p.    277-284. 

The  majority  of  Schlim's  orchids  were  collected  at  Ocaila  and  Pamp- 
lona, Colombia. 
'58-'00.     Xenia    orchidacea,     Beitrage    zur   Kenntniss    der    Orchideen. 

Leipzig,  1858-1900,  3  vols. 


JOHNSTON:  FLORA  OF  MARGARITA  ISL.AND.  311 

Rusby,  H.  H. 

'96.  Concerning  exploration  upon  the  Orinoco.  Alum,  journ.  coll. 
pharm.,  N.  Y.,  1896,  vol.  3,  p.  185-191. 

Schiller,  G.  W. 

'57.  Catalog  der  Orchideen-Sammlung  von  G.  W.  S.  zu  Ovelgonne  an  der 
Elbe.     Hamburg.     Ed.  3,  1857. 

Seemann,  Berthold. 

'64-'67.     Revision  of  the  natural  order  Hederaceae.     Seemann's  Journ. 
of  bot.,  vols.  2,  3,  4,  and  5. 
Contains  a  number  of  Venezuelan  plants. 

Simons,  G.  J. 

'68.  Beschrijving  van  het  eiland  Cura^ou.  G.  S.  Temper  Oosterwalde, 
1868,  p.  156. 

Suringar,  W.  F.  R. 

'86.  Nederlandsch-West-Indische  expeditie,  verslag  en  reisverhaal. 
Tijdschr.  Nederl.  aardrijskundig  genootschap.  Amsterdam,  ser.  2., 
1886,  pt.  3,  afd.  versl.  en  meded.,  pp.  45-90,  355-394,  511-545. 

Villavicencio,  R. 

'80.     La  Republica  de  Venezuela,  bajo  el  punto  de  la  geografia  y  topo- 
grafia  medicas  y  dela  demografia.     A  Rothe:   Caracas,  1880. 
Chapter  on  flora  is  excellent,  describing  the  distribution. 

WeddeU,  H.  A. 

'55.  Chloris  Andina  essai  d'une  flore  de  la  region  alpine  des  Cordilleres  de 
I'Amerique  du  Sud.     P.  Bertrand:  Paris,  1855. 

Addenda. 

Botanical  works  referred  to  other  than  Venezuelan. 

Fawcett,  W. 

'89.  Plants  collected  in  the  Cayman  Islands.  Bull.  bot.  dept.  Jamaica, 
1889,  no.  11,  p.  6-7,  Feb. 

Grisebach,  A.  H.  R. 

'64.  Flora  of  the  British  West  Indian  islands.  Lovell  Reeve  &  Co.: 
London,  1864. 

Martins,  Karl  F.  P. 

'40-'06.  Flora  brasiliensis.  Monachii  and  Lipsiae,  1840-1906,  15  vols., 
plates. 

Millspaugh,  C.  F. 

'00.  Plantae  Utowanae.  Publ.  Field  Col.  mus.,  no.  43,  bot.  ser.,  1900, 
vol.  2,  no.  1,  p.  1-135. 


312    PROCEEDINGS:  BOSTON  SOCIETY  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

PuUe,  A.  ' 

'06.  An  enumeration  of  the  vascular  plants  known  from  Surinam, 
together  with  their  distribution  and  synonymy.  E.  J.  Brill:  Leiden, 
1906,  pp.  555,  17  pis.,  map. 

Schomburgk,  R. 

'47-'48.  Reisen  in  Britisch-Guiana  in  den  Jahren  1840-44.  Leipzig: 
J.  J.  Weber,  1847-48,  3  vols,  illustr.,  map. 

Urban,  I. 

'03.     Flora  portoricensis,  in  Symbolae  Antillanae,  vol.  4,  p.  1-352.     Fra- 
tres  Borntraeger:  Lipsiae,  1903. 
Only  through  Euphorbiaceae. 

Printed  June,  1909. 


Johnston. —  Flora  of  Margarita  Island. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 

PLATE  23. 

Map  of  Caribbean  Sea  and  its  bordering  lands. 


Johnston. —  Flora  of  Margarita  Island. 


PLATE  24. 

Map  of  Margarita,  Coche,  and  Cubagua.     Modified  from  map  no.  2035  issued 
by  the  U.  S.  hygrographic  survey. 


Johnston. —  Flora  of  Margarita  Island. 


PLATE  25. 


Fig.  1.     Road  from  Asuncion  to  Juan  Griego. 
Fig.  2.     Road  from  Porlamar  to  Asuncion. 


Johnston.  —  Flora  ok  Margarita  Island. 


Plate  2.5. 


Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.     Vol.  34. 


Johnston. —  Flora  of  Margarita  Island. 


PLATE  26. 


Fig.  1.     Renealmia  lutea. 
Fig.  2.     Elleanthus  attenuatus. 


loHNSTox.  —  Flora  <ik  Margarita  Island. 


Plate  26. 


Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.     Vol    34. 


Johnston. —  Flora  of  Margarita  Island. 


PLATE  27. 


Fig.  1.     Blakea  monticola. 
Fig.  2.     Coccoloba  Ernestii. 


TuHNSTox.  —  Flora  of  Margarita  Island. 


Plate  27. 


Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.     Vol.  34. 


Johnston. —  Flora  of  Margarita  Island. 


PLATE  28. 


Fig.  1.     Inga  macrantha. 
Fig.  2.     Machaermm  striatum. 


JiiHNSTOx.  —  Flora  of  Margarita  Island. 


Plate  28. 


Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.     Vol.  34. 


Johnston. —  Flora  of  Margarita  Island. 


PLATE  29. 

Fig.  1.  Bignonia  acuminata. 

Fig.  la.  Corolla  opened  to  show  stamens. 

Fig.  lb.  Calyx  and  style. 

Fig.  2.  Solanum  margaritense,  a  single  flower. 

Fig.  3.  Chiococca  micrantha,  inflorescence  with  buds. 

Fig.  3a.  Flower  minus  corolla. 

Fig.  3b.  Mature  ovary  and  old  calyx. 

Fig.  3c.  Interpetiolar  stipule. 


Johnston.  —  Flora  of  Margarita  Island. 


Plate  29 


Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist..   Vol.  34. 


Johnston. —  Flora  of  Margarita  Island. 


PLATE  30. 


Fig.  1. 

Gliricidia  lutea,  standard  of  corolla. 

Fig.  la  and  lb.    Wings  of  corolla. 

Fig.  Ic. 

Calyx  and  stamens. 

Fig.  Id. 

Keel  of  corolla. 

Fig.  2. 

Croton  Milleri,  pistillate  flower. 

Fig.  2a. 

Ovary  and  style. 

Fig.  2b. 

Petal  of  staminate  flower. 

Fig.  2c. 

Staminate  flower. 

Fig.  2d. 

Stamens. 

Fig.  3. 

Croton  margaritensis,  staminate  flower. 

Fig.  3a. 

Pistillate  flower. 

Fig.  4. 

Argithamnia  erubescens,  corolla  of  pistillate  flower. 

Fig.  4a. 

Petal  of  pistillate  flower. 

Fig.  4b. 

Pistillate  flower. 

Fig.  4c. 

Ovary. 

Fig.  5. 

Corolla  of  staminate  flower. 

Fig.  5a. 

Staminate  flower. 

Fig.  5b. 

Petal  of  staminate  flower. 

Fig.  5c. 

Stamens. 

loHNSTuN. —  Flora  of  Margarita  Island. 


Plaie  30. 


la. 


2b 


4:a 


V4C 


Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.     Vol.  34. 


Price  list  of  recent  memoirs.     4to. 

No.  6.     Monograph  of  the  Acrasieae.      By  E.   W.   Olive.      63   pp.,   4  pis 

50  cts. 
Vol.  VI,  No.  1.     The  anatomy  and  phylogeny  of  the  Coniferales.     Part  2. 

The  Abietineae.     By  E.  C.  Jeffrey.     37  pp.,  7  pis.     $1.50. 
Vol.  V,  No.  11.     Fossil  footprints  of  the  Jura-Trias  of  North  America.     By 

R.  S.  Lull,  Ph.  D.     97  pp.,  1  pi.     $2.00. 
No.  10.     The  anatomy  and  phylogeny  of  the  Coniferales.     Part   1.     The 

genus  Sequoia.     By  E.  C.  Jeffrey.     19  pp.,  4  pis.     $1.00. 
No.  9.     The  skeletal  system  of  Necturus  maculatus  Rafinesque.     By  H.  H. 

Wilder,  Ph.D.     53  pp.,  6  pis.     $1.00. 
No.  8.     Observations  on  living  Brachiopoda.     By  Edward  S.  Morse.     73  pp., 

23  pis.     $2.00. 
No.  7.     Description  of  the  human  spines  showing  numerical  variation,  in  the 

Warren  museum  of  the  Harvard  medical  school.     By  Thomas  Dwight. 

76  pp.     $1.50. 
No.  6.     The  anatomy  and  development  of  Cassiopea  xamachana.     By  Robert 

Payne  Bigelow.     46  pp.,  8  pis.     $1.40. 
No.  5.     The  development,  structure,  and  affinities  of  the  genus  Equisetum. 

By  E.  C.  Jeffrey.     36  pp..  5  pis.     $1.00. 
No.  4.     Localized  stages  in  development  in  plants  and  animals.     By  Robert 

T.  Jackson.     65  pp.,  10  pis.     $2.00. 
No.  3.     Synaptavivipara:  A  contribution  to  the  morphology  of  Echinoderms. 

By  Hubert  Lyman  Clark.     35  pp.,  5  pis.     $2.00. 
No.  2.     Notes  on  the  dissection  and  brain  of  the  Chimpanzee  "Gumbo." 

By  Thomas  Dwight.     21  pp.,  4  pis.     $1.00. 
No.  1 .     On  the  reserve  cellulose  of  the  seeds  of  Liliaceae  and  of  some  related 

orders.     By  Grace  E.  Cooley.     29  pp.,  6  pis.     $1.00. 
Vol.  IV,  No.  14.     A  bibliography  of  vertebrate  embryology.     By  Charles 

Sedgwick  Minot.     128  pp.     $2.50. 
No.   13.     Fusion  of  hands.     By  Thomas  Dwight.     14  pp.,  2  pis.     75  cts. 
No.  12.     The  insects  of  the  Triassic  beds  at  Fairplay,  Colorado.     By  Samuel 

H.  Scudder.     16  pp.,  2  pis. 
No.  11.     Illustrations  of  the  Carboniferous  Arachnida  of  North  America,  of 

the  orders  Anthracomarti  and  Pedipalpi.     By  Samuel  H.  Scudder.     14 

pp.,  2  pis. 
No.  10.     New    Carboniferous    Myriapoda    from    Illinois.     By    Samuel    H. 

Scudder.     26  pp.,  6  pis. 
No.  9.     New  types  of  cockroaches  from  the  C  irboniferous  deposits  of  the 

United  States.      By  Samuel   H.  Scudder.      16  pp.,  2  pis.      Nos.  9-12, 

$3.25. 
No.  8.     Phylogeny  of  the  Pelecypoda;    the  Aviculidae  and  their  allies.     By 

Robert  Tracy  Jackson.     124  pp.,  8  pis.     $3.00. 
No.  7.     The   flora  of  the  Kurile  Islands.      By  K.  Miyabe.      74   pp.,    1  pi. 

$1.75. 
No.  6.     The  Entomophthoreae  of  the  United  States.     By  Roland  Thaxter. 

70  pp.,  8  pis.     $3.50. 
No.  5.     The  Taconic  of  Georgia  and  the  report  on  the  geology  of  Vermont 

By  Jules  Marcou.     28  pp.,  1  pi.     $1.00. 
No.  4.     A  study  of  North  American  Geraniaceae.      By  William  Trelease. 

34  pp.,  4  pis.     $1.25. 
No.  3.     The  introduction  and  spread  of  Pieris  rapae  in  North  America,  1860- 

1885.     By  Samuel  H.  Scudder.     18  pp.,  1  pi.     50  cts. 
No.   2.     The  development  of  the  ostrich   fern,   Onoclea  struthiopteris.     By 

Douglas  H.  Campbell.     36  pp.,  4  pis.     $1.50. 
No.  1.     The  significance  of  bone  structure.     By  Thomas  Dwight.     17  pp.,  3 

pis.     $1.25. 


Boston   Society  of  Natural  History. 

RECENT   PUBLICATIONS. 

Proceedings.     8vo.      (For  pyice  list  of  Memoirs,  see  third  page  of  cover.) 

Vol.  34,  No.  5.     New  and  little  known  Tipulidae.  By  C.  W.  Johnson.     19 

pp.,  2  pis.     25  cts. 
No.  4.     Pyramidellidae  of  New  England  and  the  adjacent  region.     By  P. 

Bartsch.     47  pp.,  4  pis.     50  cts. 
No.  3.     Camarophorella,  a  Mississippian  Meristelloid  brachiopod.     By  J.  E. 

Hyde.     31  pp.,  5  pis.     50  cts. 
No.  2.     Foraminifera  of  the  Woods  Hole  region.     By  J.  A.  Cushman.     14 

pp.,  1  pi.     20  cts. 
No.  1.     A  new  pteropod  from  New  England.     By  C.  H.  Danforth.     19  pp., 

4  pis.     25  cts. 

Vol.  33,  No.  9.      Habits  and  structure  of  Scutigerella  immaculata  (Newport). 

By  S.  R.  Williams.     25  pp.,  3  pis.     35  cts. 
No.  8.      On  Turritopsis  nutricula  (McCrady).     By   W.  K.    Brooks   and   S. 

Rittenhouse.     32  pp.,  6  pis.     50  cts. 
No.  7.     Birds  of  Labrador.     By  C.  W.  Townsend,  M.  D.,  and  G.  M.  Allen, 

152  pp.,  1  pi.     $1.00. 
No.  6.     Paleontological   types  in  the  collections  of  the  Boston  society    of 

natural  history.     By  J.  A.  Cushman.     27  pp.     15  cts. 
Nu.  5.     Drainage  modifications  in  the  Tallulah  district,      liv  D.  W.  Johnson. 

38  pp.,  2  pis.     50  cts. 

No.  4.     Culture  studies  on  polymorphism  of    Hymenomycetes.      By  G.  R 

Lyman.     85  pp.,  9  pis.     $1.25. 
No.  3.     Spermatogenesis  of  the  Butterfly,  Papilio  rutulus.     By  J.  P.  Munson 

82  pp.,  6  pis.     $1.25. 
No.  2.     Terraces  of  the  West   River,  Brattleboro,  Vt.      By  E.  F.  Fisher. 

34  pp.,  11  pis.     75  cts. 
No.  1.     Proceedings  of  the  Annual  Meeting,  May  2,  1G06.     8  pp.     10  cts. 
Vol.  32,  No.  12.     The  annulus  ventralis.     By  E.  A.  Andrews.     53  pp.,  6 

pis.     75  cts. 
No.  11.     Squamosal  bone  in  tetrapodous   Vertebrata.     By  F.  W.  Thyng. 

39  pp.,  4  pis.     50  cts. 

No.  10.     Marine  Ostracoda  of  Vineyard  Sound  and  adjacent  waters.     By 

J.  A.  Cushman.     27  pp.,  12  pis.     50  cts. 
No.  9.     Circulatory  and  respiratory  systems  of  Desmognathus  fusca.     By  A. 

B.  Seelye.     23  pp.,  4  pis.     35  cts. 

No.  8.     Anatomy  of  Boophilus  annulatus  Say.     By  S.  R.  Williams.     22  pp., 

5  pis.     50  cts. 

No.  7.     Birds  of  the  southern  Lesser  Antilles.     By  A.   H.  Clark.     110  pp. 

$1.00. 
No.  6.     Alimentary  tract  of  the  mosquito.     By  M.  T.  Thompson.     58  pp.,  6 

pis.     75  cts. 
No.  5.     Proceedings  of  the  Annual  Meeting,  May  3,  1905.     29  pp.     20  cts. 
No.  4.     Development  of  ascus  and  spore  formation  in  Ascomycetes.     By  J.  H. 

Faull.     37  pp.,  5  pis.     50  cts. 
No.  3.     General  anatomy  of  Typhlomolgerathbuni.     By  E.  T.  Emerson,  2d., 

33  pp.,  5  pis.     50  cts. 
No.  2.     List  of  shell-bearing  Mollusca  of  Frenchman's  Bay,  Maine.     By  D. 

Blaney.     19  pp.,  1  pi.     25  cts. 
No.  1.     Proceedings  of  the  Annual  Meeting,  May  4,  1904.     21  pp.     20  cts. 
Vol.  31,  No.  10.     The  anatomy  and  development  of  the  terrestrial  nemertean 

(Geonemertes  agricola)   of  Bermuda.     By   W.   R.   Coe.     40   pp.,   3   pis. 

50  cts. 
No.  9.     North  American  Ustilagineae.     By  G.  P.  Clinton.     200  pp.     $2.00. 
No.  8.     Pycnogonida  collected  at  Bermuda  in  the  summer  of  1903.     By  L.  J. 

Cole.     14  pp.,  3  pis.     25  cts. 
No.  7.     Trichomes  of  the  root  in  vascular  Cryptogams  and  Angiosperms. 

By  R.  G.  Leavitt.     41  pp.,  4  pis.     50  cts. 
No.  6.     Contributions  from  the  Gray  herbarium  of  Harvard  university.     New 

series. —  No.  27.     By  B.  L.  Robinson.     25  pp.     25  cts. 
No.  5.     Observations  on  the  cytology  of  Araiospora  pulchra  Thaxter.     By 

C.  A.  King.     35  pp.,  5  pis.     50  cts. 

No.  4.     The  metamorphoses  of  the  hermit  crab.     By  M.  T.  Thompson.     63 

pp.,  7  pis.     75  cts. 
No.  3.      Systematic  results  of  the  study  of  North  American  land  mammals 

during  the  years  1901  and  1902.    By  G.  S.  Miller,  Jr  ,  and  J.  A.  G.  Rehn. 

85  pp.     50  cts. 


New   York    Botanical   Garden   Library" 

QK250.J6  gen 

Johnston,  John  Robe/Flora  of  the  islands 


3  5185  00101  6839