FLORA
OF
la:rcaster county
BEING DESCRIPTIONS OF
THE SEED-PLANTS GROWING NATURALLY
IN LANCASTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
BY
JOHN KUNKEL SMALL
I • V
AND
JOEL JACKSON CARTER
LSBRARY
NEV' YORK
BOTANICAL,
QAROfiN
NEW YORK
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORS
1913
,S6
Copyright, 1913
By John Kunkel Small
PRESS OF
THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTLK, PA.
DEDICATED
TO THE MEMORY OF
GOTTHILF HEINRICH ERNST MUHLENBERG
FIRST PRESIDENT OF FRANKLIN COLLEGE
AND
AUTHOR OF THE FIRST FLORA LANCASTRIENSIS
PUBLISHED AS A JUBILEE GIFT
TO
FRANKLIN AND MARSHALL COLLEGE
ON HER ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FIFTH
ANNIVERSARY
LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL
PREFACE.
This handbook presents short descriptions of the seed-plants growing
naturally in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, together with statements of
the habitats and distribution of the species, and also their flowering sea-
sons. Analytical keys, foiined by conti'asting diagnostic characters, pre-
cede the descriptions of the families, genera, and species, and a general key
to the orders precedes the descriptive flora.
The region covered by this flora has been the sc«ne of almost continuous
botanical exploration and study for nearly a century and a half, definitely
beginning with the obseiTations of Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Muhlenberg at
Lancaster in the year 1780. However, only one authentic list^ of the
flowering plants known to grow naturally in the county has been published.
In the preface to this catalogue the author says :
" The following catalogue is based upon the results of explorations
made during a residence in the city of Lancaster between the years 1853
and 1866. All the plants contained in it were seen and examined by the
author, with the single exception of Quercus phellos, L.,^ and specimens of
the rarer species, about which there might be any question, are at hand for
reference in his own herbarium^ and in the herbaria of the Linnaean
Society* and the State Normal School at Millersville."
" In the annals of American Botany, Lancaster county is classic
ground. It was the home of the distinguished Muhlenberg, who probably
collected on her soil, at the beginning of the century, many of the species
first described by him and by the German botanist Willdenow, with whom
he carried on a long and active correspondence. He left behind him in
manuscript a Flora Lancastriensis, which unfortunately has either been
lost, or is no longer accessible."^
" The aim of the author has been to lay a good foundation upon which
any one who may wish to continue the Avork hereafter can build with con-
fidence, for the field is by no means exhausted. . . ."
1 An enumeration of the indigenous and naturalized plants found growing
in the County of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, by Thos. C. Porter, published in
An Authentic History of Lancaster County, by J. I. Mombert, 1869.
2 This species is not uncommon on the Martic Hills along the Pequea Creek.
3 NoAv at Lafayette College, Easton, Pa.
* Linnaean Society of Lancaster.
5 The manuscript of Muhlenberg 's Flora Lancastriensis, and seven other
manuscripts relating to the plants of Lancaster County, have since been found
in the library of the American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia Pa.
VI PEEFACE.
The list referred to above forms the basis of the present flora.
Numerous additional species have been collected in the county by the
authors of this volume and by their many associates and correspondents.
Specimens of these species have been widely distributed, but the more
complete sets occur in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden,
the herbarium of Franklin and Marshall College, the herbarium of J. J.
Carter, the herbarium of the Field Museum of Natural History, the her-
barium of A. A. Heller, and the herbarium of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia. All records of species on the following pages
axe based on specimens collected in the county.
Lancaster County comprises almost 1000 square miles. Its extreme
width, east and west is 47 miles, its extreme length, north and south, 41
miles. It lies southeast of the Appalachian Mountain System. There are
no considerable altitudes attained by its hills, but the surface is quite
diversified. Rolling hills and winding streams are numerous. The latter
flow, without exception, either directly or indirectly into the Susquehanna
River. The Susquehanna runs along the western boundary of the county
for a distance of more than 40 miles, and for over half of this distance it
passes through a most picturesque canon with steep sides and wild lateral
branches. This canon has a southern exposure, and plants of a typically
more southern flora have here made themselves at home. On the other
hand, plants of a typically more northei'n flora are found in the cool
siDhagnum swamps among the hills of both the northern and the southern
parts of the county. These two somewhat extraneous elements, together
with the plants typical of the greater part of our area and the contiguous
teiTitory, comprise a flora of more than ordinary interest and diversity.
The county is divided by its main geological formations into three
topographical or geographical belts or zones. They are: (1) a northern
belt of sandstones and shales, (2) a middle belt of limestones, and (3) a
southern belt of schists. On the one hand, all three belts contain trap-dikes
or outcrops of trap rock. On the other, the sandstones and shales are
uninterrupted, except for a bay of limestone prolonged northward from the
middle belt; the uniformity of the limestones is broken mainly by several
small outcrops of quartzite, while the schists contain some small projections
of limestone at the northern edge and several outcrops of serpentine at the
southern end.
On the following pages when a species is confined to one or several
parts of the county the fact is indicated by N. (northern), M. (middle),
S. (southern), W. (western), E. (eastern). Likewise, when a species is
confined to one or two geological fonnations or is characteristic of such,
the fact is so indicated. When a species is generally distributed only its
habitat is mentioned. Other abbreviations used are Spr. (spring). Sum.
(summer), Eu. (Europe), As. (Asia), Nat. (native).
PREFACE. Vll
Joel Jackson Carter was a native and a resident of Lancaster County.
His interest in its flora extended over a period of more than fifty years, as
did his father's, wliich began about the beginning of the last century. Mr.
Carter died May 4, 1012, shortly after the first galleys of this flora were
received from the printer. However, a duplicate copy of the manuscript
of the descriptive i^art of the work had been in his hands for sevei'al years.
The Avriter's interest in the plants of Lancaster County began in 1888.
During a residence at Lancaster, from 1888 to 1892, while attending Frank-
lin and Marshall College, nearly all parts of the county were visited and
the plants collected; this exploration has since been supplemented by fre-
quent visits to various paints of the county.
J. K. Small.
The New York Botanical G^vrden,
September 3, 1913.
CONTENTS.
Page.
Key to the Orders xi-xvi
Descriptive Flora 318
List of Genera and Species published in this Flora .... 319
Index 320
KEY TO THE ORDERS.
Sdbkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA.
'Ovules, and seeds, borne on the face of a bract or a scale : stigmas wanting.
Class 1. Gymxospeemae.
'Ovules, and seeds, in a closed cavity, the ovary : stigmas present.
Class 2. Angiospermae.
Class 1. Gymnospermae.
Plants growing by lateral and terminal buds, with scale-like, flat or needle-like
leaves : embryo with 2-several cotyledons. Order Finales.
Class 2. Angiospermae.
■Cotyledon 1 : stem endogenous. Subclass 1. Monocotyledones.
Cotyledons typically 2: stem exogenous (with rare exceptions).
Subclass 2. Dicotyledones.
Order Arales.
Order Naiadales.
bracts (scales or
Order Poales.
Order Alismales.
Order Xyridales.
Order Liliales.
Order Arales.
Subclass 1. Monocotyledones.
Perianth rudimentary or degenerate, the members often bristles or mere scales, not
corolla-like, or wanting.
Flowers not in the axils of dry or chaffy bracts (scales or glumes).
Perianth of bristles or chaffy scales. Order Pan'danales.
Perianth fleshy or herbaceous, or wanting.
Fruit baccate : endosperm present.
Fruit drupaceous : endosperm wanting.
Flowers in the axils of dry or chaffy, usually imbricated,
glumes).
Perianth of 2 distinct series, the inner series usually corolloid.
GjTioecium of distinct carpels.
Gynoecium of united carpels.
Endosperm mealy.
Endosperm fleshy, horny or cartilaginous.
A. Ovary, and fruit, superior.
Inflorescence not a fleshy spadix.
Inflorescence a fleshy spadix subtended by a spathe,
B. Ovary, and fruit, wholly inferior or half-inferior.
Endosperm present and usually copious. Order Amaeyllidales.
Endosperm wanting.
Flowers regular, monoecious or dioecious : aquatic plants.
Order Hydeocharitales.
Flowers irregular, perfect : terrestrial or epiphytic plants.
Order Orchidales,
Subclass 2. Dicotyledones.
A. Corolla wanting, except in the pistillate flowers of Juglans (Juglandaceae).
Calyx wanting, at least in the staminate flowers.
Herbs.
Flowers mainly perfect.
Seeds solitary in each carpel or in each cavity of the ovary : endo-
sperm present.
Flowers spicate : styles wanting : stigmas sessile.
Order Piperales.
Flowers axillary : styles present.
Callithichaceae in Order Euphorbiales.
Seeds numerous in each cavity of the ovary : endosperm wanting.
Podostemaceae in Order Rosales.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Order Euphorbiales.
Trees or shrubs : flowers monoecious or dioecious, or polygamous.
Fruit 1-seeded: seeds without tufts of hairs.
Ovules 1 or 2 in each cavity of the ovary : flowers not in heads.
Pistillate flowers without a calyx: ovule erect and orthotropous.
Order Myricales.
Pistillate flowers with a calyx : ovule pendulous and anatropous.
Leaf-blades simple.
Fruit a nut or an achene. Corylaceae in Order Fagales.
Fruit a drupe. Oleaceae in Order Oleales.
Xll KEY TO THE OEDEES.
Leaf-blades compound : fruit a samara.
Oleaceae in Order Oleales,
Ovules many : flowers aggregated into dense heads.
Altingiaceae in Order Rosales.
Fruit many-seeded : seeds each with a tuft of hairs. Order Salicales.
Calyx present at least in the staminate or in the perfect flowers.
Flowers, at least the staminate, in aments. or ament-like spikes.
Leaf-blades simple : ovule pendulous and anatropous.
Pistillate flowers separate at maturity : fruit a nut or an achene.
Order Fagales.
Pistillate flowers forming aggregate fruits : fruit drupe-like.
Artocarpaceae in Order Ueticales.
Leaf-blades pinnately compound : ovule erect and orthotropous.
Order Juglandales.
Flowers, at least the staminate, not in aments.
a. Ovary superior.
Gynoecium of 1 or several and distinct carpels : stigma and style
solitary.
Carpel solitary.
Ovary neither enclosed nor seated in a hypanthium or a calyx-
tube.
Flowers not solitary in axils : land plants.
Urticaceae in Order Urticales..
Flowers solitary in axils ; aquatic plants.
Ceratophyllaceae in Order Ranalbs.
Ovary enclosed in or seated in a hypanthium or a calyx-tube.
Order Thymeleales.
Carpels several :
Stamens inserted below the ovary. Families in Order Ranales.
Stamens inserted on the edge of a cup-shaped hypanthium.
Rosaceae in' Order Rosales.
Gynoecium of 2 or several united carpels : stigmas or styles 2 or
several.
* Ovary, by abortion, 1-celled and 1-ovuled.
Leaves with sheathing stipules (ocreae). Order Polygonales;
Leaves estipulate, or if stipules are present they are not
sheathing.
Trees or shrubs.
Anthers opening by slits : ovary not seated in a hy-
panthium. Ulmaceae in Order Ueticales,
Anthers opening by hinged valves : ovary seated in an'
accrescent hypanthium.
Lauraceae in Order Thymeleales.
Herbs or vines.
t Leaves with stipules.
Stipules herbaceous : inflorescence spicate or racem-
ose : leaf -blades palmatel.v veined.
Cannabinaceae in Order Ueticales.
Stipules scarious or hyaline : inflorescence cymose :
leaf-blades pinnately veined.
Families in Order Chenopodiales.
tt Leaves without stipules.
Stigmas entire. Order Chenopodiales.
Stigmas 2-cleft.
Euphorbiaceae in Order Euphoebiales.
** Ovary several-celled, or with several placentae, several-ovuled.
Stamens hypogynous, inserted under the gynoecium in the per-
fect flowers, not on a disk in the pistillate flowers.
Herbs.
Flowers perfect.
Ovary several-celled.
Fruit baccate or nut-like, or a circumscissile cap-
sule, the carpels terminal on the receptacle.
Families in Order Chenopodiales,-
Fruit of several carpels, lateral on the receptacle,
each carpel circumscissile.
Penthoraceae in Order Rosales.
Ovary 1-2-celled.
Stamens not tetradynamous, 4-8 : ovary 1-celled.
Order Chenopodiales.
Stamens tetradynamous : ovary 2-celled.
Brassicaceae in Order Papa'^'beales.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious.
Euphorbiaceae in Order Euphoebiales.
Trees or shrubs.
Ovary 4-celled : fleshy maritime shrubs.
Batidaceae in Order Chenopodiales.
Ovary 2-celled : plants not fleshy.
Oleaceae in Order Oleales.
KEY TO THE OEDEES. Xlll
Stamens perigynous or epigynous, inserted on the margin of a
hypanthium or a disk.
Fruit a samara. Families In Order Sapindales.
Fruit not a samara.
Fruit drupe-like or berry-like : shrubs or trees.
Order Ritamnales.
Fruit a capsule : herbs. Order Aeistolochiales.
b. Ovary inferior.
Flowers not in involucrate heads.
Fruit a berry or a drupe, or nut-like.
Stamens as many as the perianth-members and alternate with
them, or fewer.
Herbs, with succulent stems and leaves, or woody below :
flowers perfect. Tetragoniaceae in Order Chenopodiales.
Trees or shrubs : flowers dioecious.
Nyssaceae in Order Ammiales.
Stamens as many as the perianth-memberfe and opposite them,
or twice as many.
Styles present.
Ovules mostly on basal placentae, sometimes pendulous :
cotyledons not convolute : tree- or root-parasites.
Order Santalales.
Ovules not on basal placentae : cotyledons convolute : not
parasitic plants. Families in Order Myktales.
Styles wanting : stigmas sessile.
Gunneraceae in Order Myetales.
Fruit a capsule.
Sepals as many as the ovary-cavities or one-half as many.
Calyx regular and the sepals half as many as the cavities in
the ovary, or irregular. Order Aristolochiales.
Calyx regular and the sepals as many as the cavities in the
ovary. Order Myrtales.
Sepals (4-5) at least twice as many as the ovary-cavities (2).
Saxifragaceae in Order Rosales.
Flowers, at least the staminate, in involucrate heads.
Ambrosiaceae in Order Carduales.
B. Corolla present.
* Petals distinct, at least at the base.
Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or united only at the base.
Stamens at the base of the receptacle, i. e., hypogynous.
Flowers in monoecious heads. Platanaceae in Order Rosales.
Flowers not in monoecious heads.
Plants with relatively firm stems and leaves, not succulent.
Order Ranales.
Plants with succulent stems and leaves.
Sedaceae in Order Rosales.
Stamens on the mai-gin of a hypanthium (the hypanthium very small in
some Saxifragaceae). Order Rosales.
Carpels several and united,
t Ovary superior.
X Stamens inserted at the base of the ovary or receptacle.
§ Stamens numerous.
Sepals imbricated.
Calyx deciduous. Order Papaverales.
Calyx persistent.
Styles or stigmas distinct or united, but not discoid.
Leaves glandular or pellucid-punctate.
Rutaceae in Order Geraniales.
Leaves not glandular.
Capparidaceae in Order Papaverales.
Styles or stigmas united into a disk.
Petals and sepals numerous : leaves with flat blades :
aquatic plants. Nymphaeaceae in Order Ranales.
Petals and sepals few : leaves with pitcher-like organs :
bog plants.
Sarraceniaceae in Order Sarraceniales.
Sepals valvate.
Stamens with distinct filaments.
Ovary 1-celled : placentae parietal.
Capparidaceae in Order Papaverales.
Ovary 2-several-celled : placentae axile or central.
Families in Order Malvales.
Stamens with united filaments. Order Malvales.
§§ Stamens few, not over twice as many as the petals.
Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them.
Anther-sacs opening by hinged valves.
Podophyllaceae in Order Ranales.
Anther-sacs opening by slits.
XIV KEY TO THE OEDEKS.
Flowers monoecious.
Euphorbiaceae in Order Euphobbiales^
Flowers perfect. Portulacaceae in Order Chenopodiales.
Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or
more, sometimes twice as many.
Stamens 6 : petals 4 : sepals 2 or 4.
Families in Order Papaverales.
Stamens, petals and sepals of the same number, or stamens
more, usually twice as many as the sepals or petals.
Ovary 1-celled.
Ovules, or seeds, on basal or central placentae.
Families in Order Chenopodiales,
Ovules, or seeds, on parietal placentae.
Stigmas 2-cleft.
Droseraceae in Order Saeraceniales.
Stigmas entire.
Stamens with united filaments and no stami-
nodia. Families in Order Malvales.
Stamens with distinct filaments.
Families in Order Hypericales.
Ovary several-^plled.
Stamens adnate to the gynoecium.
Asclepiadaceae in Order Asclepiadales.
Stamens not adnate to the gynoecium.
Stamens with wholly or partly united filaments.
Anthers opening lengthwise.
Families in Order Geraniales.
Anthers opening by pores.
Polygalaceae in Order Polygalales.
Stamens with distinct filaments.
Anthers opening by pores.
Families in Order Ericales.
Anthers opening by slits.
Stigmas or styles distinct and cleft, or foli-
aceous, or united by pairs.
Order Euphorbiales.
Stigmas or styles all distinct or all united,
neither cleft nor foliaceous.
Stamens 2. Oleaceae in Order Oleales.
Stamens more than 2.
Leaves with compound blades.
Families in Order Geraniales.
Leaves with simple blades.
Ovule solitary in each carpel.
Styles distinct : ovule pendu-
lous.
Families in Order Geraniales.
Styles united : ovule erect or
ascending.
Limnanthaceae in Order Sapindales.
Ovules 2 or more in each carpel.
Flowers irregular : stamens
united at the top or
converging.
Placentae axile.
Balsaminaceae in Order Geraniales.
Placentae parietal.
Violaceae in Order Hypericales.
Flowers regular : stamens
neither united nor con-
verging at the top.
Carpels not circumscissile
at maturity.
Placentae parietal.
Cistaceae in Order Hypericales.
Placentae axile or cen-
tral.
Tiliaceae in Order Malvales.
Carpels circumscissile at
maturity.
Penthoraceae in Order Rosales.
tt Stamens inserted on the margin of a disk or hypanthium (perigynous
or hypogynous).
Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them.
Styles and upper part of the ovaries distinct : ovules and seeds
many. Saxifragaceae in Order Rosales.
Styles united. Order Rhamnalbs.
KEY TO THE OEDEES. XV
Stamens as many as the petals and altei-nate with them, or more
or many.
Styles distinct.
Upper part of the ovaries distinct, at least at maturity.
Saxifragaceae in Order Rosales.
Upper part of the ovaries united. Order Sapindales.
Styles united.
Hypanthium flat or obsolete : disk fleshy.
Plants without secreting glands in the bark.
Order Sapindales.
Plants with secreting glands in the bark.
Families in Order Geeaniales.
Hypanthium cup-shaped or campanulate : disk obsolete or
inconspicuous. Order Myrtales.
ttOvary inferior.
Stamens numerous.
Styles and stigmas united into a disk : water-plants with endog-
enous stems. Nymphaeaceae In Order Rosales.
Styles distinct, or united, but not forming a disk with radiating
stigmas : land-plants with exogenous stems.
Styles distinct. Families in Order Rosales.
Styles united.
Shrubs or trees ; not succulents, sometimes woody vines.
Hypanthium not produced beyond the ovary.
Escalloniaceae in Order Rosales.
Hypanthium produced beyond the ovary.
Families in Order Myhtales.
Herbs, or shrub-like or tree-like succulents.
Order Opuntiales.
Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals.
Styles wanting : stigmas sessile. Gunneraceae in Order Myrtales.
Styles present.
Styles distinct.
Ovules several in each cavity of the ovary : fruit a capsule
or a fleshy many-seeded berry.
Fruit, if dehiscent, valvate. Families in Order Rosales.
Fruit circumscissile.
Portulacaceae in Order Chenopodiales.
Ovules solitary in each cavity of the ovary : fruit a drupe
or 2-5 more or less united achenes. Order Ammiales.
Styles united, or single.
Plants without tendrils.
Ovary enclosed in or surpassed by the hypanthium or
adnate to it.
Anther-sacs opening by pores.
Vacciniaceae in Order Ericales.
Anther-sacs opening by slits.
Ovules solitary in each cavity of the ovary.
Order Ammiales.
Ovules several in each cavity.
Families in Order Myrtales.
Ovary exceeding the hypanthium, the top free.
Escalloniaceae in Order Rosales.
Plants with tendrils.
Herbs : fruit a pepo : leaf-blades palmately veined.
Cucurbitaceae in Order Campanulales.
Shrubby vines : fruit drupaceous, separating into nutlets :
leaf-blades pinnately veined.
Rhamnaceae in Order Rhamnales.
*♦ Petals more or less united.
Ovary superior.
Stamens free from the corolla.
Gynoecium of a single carpel. Families in Order Rosales.
Gynoecium of several united carpels.
Filaments united.
Stamens diadelphous. Fumariaceae in Order Papaverales.
Stamens monadelphous.
Anther-sacs opening by slits.
Oxalidaceae in Order Geeaniales.
Anther-sacs opening by pores.
Calyx and corolla very irregular. Order Polygalalbs.
Calyx and corolla regular. Families in Order Ekicales.
Filaments distinct.
Style wanting or very short : stigma sessile.
Aquifoliaceae in Order Sapindales.
Styles elongated. Families in Order Ericales.
Stamens partially adnate to the corolla.
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, or
twice as many or more.
XVI KEY TO THE OEDEES.
Ovary 1-celled. Order Primdlales.
Ovary several-celled.
Upper portion of the ovaries distinct.
Sedaceae in Order Rosales.
Upper portion of the ovaries united. Order Ebenales.
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them,
or fewer.
Corolla not scarious, veiny : fruit various, but not a pyxis.
Gynoecium of 3-6 carpels.
Shrubs or trees : ovules and seeds few.
Aquifoliaceae in Order Sapindales.
Herbs, or creeping or tufted shrubby plants : ovules and
seeds numerous. Families in Order Polemoniales.
Gynoecium of 2 carpels.
Carpels distinct, except sometimes at the apex.
Order Asclepiadales.
Carpels united.
Ovary 1-celled, with central placentae.
Order Gentianaies.
Ovary 2-celled, or falsely 4-celled, or if 1-celied with
parietal placentae.
Stamens 2 and opposite each other, or 3.
Order Oleales.
Stamens usually 4 or 5, if 2 by reduction not opposite
each other.
Leaves with stipules or stipular lines at their bases.
Spigeliaceae in Order Gextianales.
Leaves with no traces of stipules.
Order Polemoniales.
Corolla scarious, veinless : fruit a pyxis. Order Plantaginales.
Ovary inferior.
Stamens with the filaments free from the corolla.
Stamens 10 : anther-sacs opening by terminal pores or chinks.
Vacciniaceae in Order Ericales.
Stamens 5 or fewer : anther-sacs opening by longitudinal slits.
Order Campanulales.
Stamens adnate to the corolla.
Ovary with 2-many fertile cavities and 2-many ovules : calyx unmodi-
fied, at least not a pappus.
Plants tendril-bearing. Cucurbitaceae in Order Campanulales.
Plants not tendril-bearing.
Ovules mostly on basal placentae : plants parasitic.
Order Santalales.
Ovules variously borne, but not on a basal placenta : plants not
parasitic. Order Rubiales.
Ovary with one fertile cavity.
Ovules numerous on a basal placenta.
Primulaceae in Order Primulales.
Ovule solitary, the placentae not basal.
Flowers not in heads, often in head-like spikes or racemes.
Order Valerianales.
Flowers in involucrate heads. Order Carduales.
DESCRIPTIVE FLORA.
Subkingdom SPERMATOPHYTA, Seed Plants.
Plants producing flowers and seeds. A seed contains an embryo
consisting of a short stem (radicle), one, two, or several rudimentary
leaves (cotyledons) and a terminal bud (plumule).
Ovules, and seeds, borne on the face of a bract or a scale : stigma wanting.
Class 1. Gymnospeemae.
Ovules, and seeds, borne in a closed cavity, the ovary :
stigma present. Class 2. Angiospermae.
Class I. GYMNOSPERMAE. Cone Plants.
Carpel, or pistil, represented by a scale upon the face of which
the ovules are borne and the naked seeds are matured.
Order FINALES.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves seale-Uke, narrow, or needle-like and often
in bundles. Flowers mainly monoecious, the cones of spirally imbricate
scales, or in Taxaceae the ovulate flowers often solitary. Seeds in dry or
fleshy cones, or sometimes wholly or partially naked.
Carpellary scales with bracts, dry at maturity : ovules inverted : buds scaly.
Fam. 1. Pinaceae.
Carpellary scales without bracts, fleshy or peltate at
maturity : ovules erect : buds naked. Fam. 2. Juniperaceae.
Family 1. PINACEAE. Pine Family.
Mostly evergreen, resiniferous shiiibs or trees, typically conic, with
flaky or brittle bark. Leaves narrow and solitary, or needle-like and
usually several together, each group with a sheath at the base. Ovulate
aments with bracted scales. Ovules inverted. Cone of dry scales. Seeds
samara-like.
Leaves borne 2-5 together in a sheath, half-terete or 3-angled : cones maturing the
second year.
Cone-scales with dorsal spine-armed appendages : leaves borne in 2's or 3's : cones
spreading. 1. Pinus.
Cone-scales with apical inconspicuous appendages : leaves borne
in 5's : cones drooping. 2. Steobus.
Leaves borne singly without a sheath, flat : cones maturing the first
year. 3. Tsuga.
1. PINUS [Tourn.] L. Leaves needle-like, in 2 's and 3 's, each with 2
fibro-vascular bundles^ Cones spreading: scales at length woody and spreading
or recurved, each with a dorsal usually spine-armed appendage. Seeds samara-
like. — Spr. — Pine.
Lancaster County Flora 1. 1
2 JUNIPEEACEAE.
Scales of the ovulate aments stout, each with a short tip which scarcely equals the
body in length. 1. p. echinatu.
Scales of the ovulate aments slender, each with a subulate tip
several times the length of the body.
Cones conic when closed, ovoid when open : twigs glaucous. 2. P. virginiana.
Cones ovoid when closed, globose-ovoid or depressed when
open : twigs yellow.
Scales of the ovulate aments recurved : cone-scales with
rather thin appendages, the spines recurved. 3. P. rigida.
Scales of the ovulate aments ascending : cone-scales with
thick appendages, the spines incurved. 4. P. pungens.
1. P. echinata Mill. A tree becoming 40 m. tall, the bark very rough and
coarsely furrowed. Leaves in 2 's or 3's, deep-green, 8-12 cm. long, slender;
sheath 10-15 mm. long: cones 5-6.5 cm, long, ovoid when open, each scale-
appendage armed with a slender spine. — N. Eare, apparently only near Man-
heim. — Sandstones and shales. — Short-leaf. Yellow-pine.
2. P. virginiana Mill. A tree becoming 36 m. tall, the bark rough, flaky, the
twigs glaucous. Leaves in 2's, deep-green, 4-7 cm. long, rather stout; sheaths
5-8 mm. long: cones 5-7 cm. long, ovoid when open, each scale-appendage with
a curved spine. — N.S. Eather common, usually in poor soil on ridges. —
Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sceub-pine. Jersey-pine.
3. P. rigida Mill. A tree becoming 25 m. tall, the bark very rough, the twigs
yellow. Leaves in 3's, bright-green, 6-12 cm. long; sheaths 10-15 mm. long:
cones 4—7 cm. long, globose-ovoid or depressed when open. — N.S. Eather
rare, usually on rocky ridges. — Sandstones and shales, schists, and more com-
mon on serpentine. — Pitch-pine.
4. P. pungens Lamb. A tree becoming 18 m. tall, the bark rather smooth but
flaky. Leaves in 2's, bright-green, 5-10 cm. long, stout; sheaths less than 1
cm. long: cones 8-12 cm. long, very persistent, globose-ovoid or depressed when
open. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eare, confined to the dry precipitous river
banks and neighboring islands. — Schists. — Table-mountain-pine.
2. STROBUS Opiz. Leaves needle-like, in 5 's, mostly with 1 fibro-vascular
bundle each. Cones drooping: scales leathery, with neither dorsal appendages
nor spines. Seeds samara-like.
1. S. Strobus (L.) Small. A tree becoming 52 m. tall, with relatively smooth
bark and approximately whorled branches. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, glaucous,
very slender: cones narrow, 1-2 dm. long, often curved. — N.S. Not common,
growing generally as solitary specimens in woodlands. — Sandstones and shales,
schists. — Spr. — White-pine.
3. TSUGA Carr. Leaves separate, distichously spreading: blades linear,
glaucous beneath. Pollen-sacs opening transversely. Ovulate aments with
inconspicuous bracts. Cones drooping.
1. T. canadensis (L.) Carr. A tree becoming 31 m. tall. Leaves loosely
spreading, 6-14 mm. long, obtuse at the apex: staminate flowers about 2 mm.
in diameter: cones 18-23 mm. long; scales suborbicular : seed-wings mainly
less than 1 cm. long. — N.S. Eather common, generally in ravines. — Sand-
stones and shales, schists. — Spr. — Hemlock. Spruce-pine.
Family 2. JUNIPERACEAE. Jukiper Family.
Mostly evergreen, often resiniferous shrubs or trees, with fibrous
shreddy bark. Leaves mainly appressed scales, sometimes subulate and
spreading. Ovulate aments with bractless scales. Ovules erect. Cone of
dry often peltate scales, or baccate or drupaceous. Seed wingless, or
winged, the wing a portion of the testa.
TYPHACEAE. 3
Aments axillary, the ovulate with smaller scales at the top : leaves subulate and
spreading on mature branches. 1. Juniperus.
Aments terminal, the ovulate with larger scales at the top : leaves
scale-like and appressed on mature branches. 2. Sabixa.
1. JUNIPERUS [Tourn.] L. Leaves in 3's, subulate, neither imbricate
nor appressed, glandless. Staminate ament axillary. Ovulate aments with the
ovules alternate with the scales.
1. J, communis L. An erect shrub, or small tree. Leaves slender, 10-20 mm.
long, spreading: cones 6-8 mm. in diameter. — Pare, generally on creek banks.
Mostly confined to a grove on the shales and sandstones near Eeinholds and a
few trees on the Conestoga creek below Lancaster on limestone, and scattered on
the serpentine barrens. — Spr. — Juniper.
2. SABINA Haller. Leaves scale-like, except sometimes on twigs, ap-
pressed, often imbricate, each with a gland in the back. Staminate aments
terminal on branchlets. Ovulate aments with ovules opposite the scales.
1. S. virginiana (L.) Antoine. A conic tree becoming 30 m. tall. Scale-
like leaves, 4-ranked, 1-4 mm. long, acute: cones ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, annual:
seeds 3-4 mm. long, smooth. — Common, most abundant in hilly districts. —
Spr. — Cedar. Eed-cedar.
Class II. ANGIOSPERMAE. Fruit Plants.
Carpel, or pistil, formed by the union of the margins of one,
or of several, rudimentary leaves; within the cavity thus formed
the ovules are borne and the seeds matured.
Cotyledon 1 : leaf-blades with the primary or lateral veins parallel : stem endogenous.
Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Cotyledons typically 2 : leaf -blades with the veins
netted : stem exogenous. Subclass 2. Dicotyledones.
Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Stem consisting of a ground mass of soft tissue in which
bundles of wood-cells are irregularly placed. Early leaves alternate.
Order PANDANALES.
Perennial, aquatic or marsh herbs, with elongate rootstocks. Leaves
with narrow blades. Flowers in naiTow or globular spikes or racemes.
Perianth of scales or bristles. Androecium of 2-7 stamens. Gynoecivim
1- or 2-carpellai-y. Fruit nut-like.
Racemes cylindric : perianth of bristles : gynoecium stipitate. Fam. 1. Typhaceae.
Spikes (heads) globular: perianth of scales: gynoecium
sessile. Fam. 2. Spaeganiaceae.
Family 1. TYPHACEAE. Cat-tail Family.
Raceme solitary and terminal, subtended by deciduous bracts, the
staminate portion uppermost. Perianth of bristles. Pistil stipitate:
stigma spatulate, oblong or rhomboidal.
1. TYPHA [Tourn.] L. Plants growing in ST;\'amps. Leaves erect, or
rarely floating, narrowly elongate. Mature pistillate raceme terminal, cylindrie,
compact. — Sum. — 'T'at-tail. Eeed-mace.
4 ZANNICHELLIACEAE.
Pollen-grains simple : pistillate part of the rachis with persistent pedicels 1 mm. long
or less. 1. T. angustifolia.
Pollen-grains in 4"s : pistillate part of the rachis with persistent
pedicels 2-3 mm. long. 2. T. latifolia.
1. T. angustifolia L. Stem slender, 1.5-3 m. tall: leaf -blades 5-15 mm. wide:
spike brown, the pistillate portion 0.5-1.5 cm. thick, separated from the
staminate: stigmas narrow: nutlets terete. — Eare, in shallow water or mud.
2. T. latifolia L. Stem stout, 1-2.5 m. tall: leaf -blades 10-25 mm. wide: spike
dark-brown or black, the pistillate portion 2..5-3 cm. thick, contiguous to the
staminate : stigmas spatulate or rhomboidal : nutlets furrowed. — Common, in
ponds and still water.
Family 2. SPARGANIACEAE. Bur-reed Family.
Spikes in racemes or panicles, or spicate, their bracts persistent.
Perianth of scales. Pistil sessile : stigma subulate, sometimes oblique.
1. SPARGANIUM [Tourn.] L. Plants growing in low grounds or deep
water. Leaves erect and triangular-keeled at the base or floating and flat. —
Sum. — Bur-reed.
Achenes fusiform, the body stalked.
Inflorescence branched, the branches geniculate and bearing 3 or more staminate
spikes. 1. S. androcladum.
Inflorescence simple, or if branched the branches strict and
bearing less than 3 staminate spikes. 2. S. atnericanum.
Achenes obovoid or obpyramidal, sessile. 3. S. eurycarpum.
1. S. androcladum (Engelm.) Morong. Plants 2-7 dm. tall, branched: stami-
nate heads mostly less than 1 cm. thick: fruit-heads 1-2 cm. thick: achene-body
6-7 mm. long, abruptly narrowed at the apex, long-stipitate. — N.S. Common,
in shallow water. — Sandstones and shales, schists.
2. S. americanum Nutt. Plants 2-8' dm. tall, simple, the lower flower-heads
sometimes peduncled: achene-body about 5 mm. long, short-stipitate, gradually
narrowed at the apex. — M. Bare, in shallow water. — Limestones.
3. S. eurycarpum Engelm. Plants 8-20 dm. tall: staminate heads about 1 cm.
thick: fruit-heads 2.5-3 cm. thick: achene-body 7-8 mm. long, rounded or
depressed at the apex, sessile. — Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, in shallow
water.
Order NAIADALES.
Perennial, aquatic or marsh herbs. Leaves various, sometimes mere
phyllodia. FloAvers usually symmetrical. Perianth wanting or imperfect.
Androecium usually of 1^ stamens. Gynoecium simple or several-
carpellary.
Gynoecium of distinct carpels : anthers with petal-like connectives : leaf -blades not
spiny-toothed. Fam. 1. Zankichelliaceae.
Gynoecium of united carpels : anthers with inconspic-
uous connectives : leaf-blades spiny-toothed. Fam. 2. Naiadaceae.
Family 1. ZANNICHELLIACEAE. Pondweed Family.
Aquatic caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate, filiform,__or with blades,
entire. Flowers perfect or monoecious, in spikes or clusters from a spathe.
Androecium of 1, or mostly 2-A, distinct stamens. Gynoecium of several
distinct carpels. Fruit a cluster or spike of drupelets.
1. POTAMOGETON [Tourn.] L. Herbs growing mostly in fresh water.
Leaves various, the submerged and the floating ones usually different. Flowers
ZANNICHELLIACEAE.
perfect, spicate. Stamens 4, with appendaged anthers,
together, spicate, sessile. — Pondweed.
Stipules axillary, free from the rest of the leaf.
Plants with both submerged and floating leaves.
Submerged leaves without blades.
Submerged leaves with blades.
Submerged leaves with linear or nearly linear blades.
Leaf-blades with coarse cellular reticulation in
the middle.
Leaf-blades with inconspicuous cellular reticula-
tion.
Submerged leaves with lanceolate, oblong or oblance-
olate blades.
Submerged leaves with petioles, the blades nar-
rower than those of the floating ones.
Submerged leaves sessile or nearly so, the blades
broader than those of the upper.
Plants with submerged leaves only.
Leaf-blades broad.
Leaf-blades perfoliate, entire ; drupelets abruptly
short-beaked.
Leaf-blades sessile, serrulate : drupelets gradually
long-beaked.
Leaf-blades narrow, linear or filiform.
Leaf-blades linear, over 1 mm. wide : drupelets
crested.
Leaf-blades 3-veined : plants without propagat-
ing buds.
Leaf-blades many-veined : plants with propagat-
ing buds.
Leaf-blades narrowly linear or linear-filiform, less
than 1 mm. wide : drupelets crestless.
Stipules adnate to the blades, or to the petioles, of the sub-
merged leaves.
Plants with submerged and floating leaves : drupelets
crested.
Plants with submerged leaves only : drupelets crestless.
Leaf-blades setaceous or filiform, entire : druplets
obscurely beaked.
Leaf-blades linear, serrulate : drupelets prominently
beaked.
Carpels 4. Drupelets 4
1. P. natans.
2. P. epihydrus.
3. P. heterophyllus.
4. P. americanus.
5. P. alpinus.
6. P. pcrfoliatus.
7. P. crisp us.
8. P. compresstis.
9. P. ohtusifolius.
10. P. pvsillus.
11. P. diversifolius.
12. P. pectinatus.
13. P. RobMnsii.
1. P. natans L. Leaves of two kinds, the submerged ones phyllodia, the float-
ing ones with ovate to oval blades 4-9 cm. long, rounded or subcordate at the
base : drupelets obovoid, 4-4.5 mm. long, scarcely keeled. — Susquehanna and
tributaries. Bather common, in still water. — Sum.
2. P. epihydrus Eaf. Leaves of two kinds, the submerged ones with linear
5-nerved blades, the floating ones with oblong, elliptic, or obovate blades 3-8
cm. long: drupelets globose-obovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, with an elevated shoulder
back of the beak, the middle keel sharp. — ■ Susquehanna and tributaries.
Eather rare. — Sum.
3. P. heterophyllus Schreb. Leaves of two kinds, the submerged ones narrowed
upward, the floating with oval or elliptic blades, 1.5-4 cm. long, abruptly
pointed: drupelets 2-3 mm. long, with a horizontal shoulder back of the beak,
indistinctly 3-keeled. — Creeks and Susquehanna. Eather common, in still
water. — Sum.
4. P. americanus Cham. & Schlecht. Leaves of two kinds, the submerged ones
with elongate blades, the floating ones with oblong to elliptic long-petioled
blades 4r-15 cm. long, usually acute : mature spikes 2.5 cm. long, terminating
peduncles 5-8 cm. long : drupelets 3.5-4 mm. long, the middle keel prominent. —
Susquehanna and tributaries. Eather common, in slow-flowing water. — Sum.
and fall.
5. P. alpinus Balbis. Leaves of two kinds, the submerged ones with mostly
linear-oblong to linear-lanceolate blades, the floating ones with mostly spatu-
late to oblanceolate blades 2-12 cm. long: peduncles thinner than the stem:
drupelets about 2.5 mm. long, 3-keeled, the middle keel sharp. — Susquehanna.
Rather rare, in still water. — Sum.
6 ALISMACEAE.
6. P. perfoliatus L. Leaves all submerged; blades suborbicular to orbicular-
ovate, 2-4 em. long, usually obtuse and serrulate at the apex, cordate-perfoliate,
13-23-veined : drupelets 2.5-3 mm. long, obscurely 3-keeled. — Susquehanna and
tributaries. Bather rare, in flowing water. — Sum. and fall.
7. P. crispus L. Leaves 2-ranked; blades mainly oblong to linear-oblong, 3-10
cm. long, serrulate, obtuse, crisped, sessile or partly clasping, 3-7-veined:
drupelets 5-6 mm. long, acuminate-beaked, 3-keeled, the prominent even middle
keel ending in a spur at the base. — Susquehanna and Conestoga Creek. Rare,
in slow-flowing water. — Sum.
8. P. foliosus Eaf. Leaves not 2-ranked; blades linear or filiform, 1.5-5 cm.
long and 3-veined, acute: drupelets mostly 4 together, 1.5-2 mm. long, abruptly
short-beaked, the middle keel crest-like, sinuate-undulate and usually extended
into a shoulder at each end. — Susquehanna. Eare, in slow-flowing water. —
Sum.
9. P. obtusifolius Mert. & Koch. Leaves 5-8 cm. long; blades linear, obtuse,
but often mucronate, mostly 3-veined, the midrib broad: mature spikes con-
tinuous: drupelets about 3 mm. long, 3-keeled, the middle keel often undulate.
— Susquehanna and tributaries. Eather rare, in slow-flowing water. — Sum.
10. P. pusillus L. Leaves 2-8 cm. long; blades very narrowly linear or linear-
filiform, 3-veined, acute: spikes globular, not interrupted: drupelets about 2
mm. long, the middle keel not crest-like, or obsolete. — Susquehanna and tribu-
taries. Eather rare, in slow-flowing or still water. — Sum.
11. P. diversifolius Eaf. Leaves of two kinds, the submerged ones linear-
setaceous and 1-veined, the floating ones elliptic, oval or oblong-lanceolate,
1-2.5 cm. long: drupelets about 1 mm. long, cochleate, the middle keel crest-
like, usually with 7 or 8 teeth. — Susquehanna, creeks and ponds. Eather
common, in slow-flowing or still water. — Spr. and sum-.
12. P. pectinatus L. Leaves 2.5-15 cm. long; blades setaceous or filiform,
attenuate, 1-veiued, sometimes obscurely so: spikes interrupted: drupelets 3-4
mm. long, crestless. — Susquehanna. Eather rare, in flowing water. — Sum.
13. P. Robbinsii Oakes. Leaves 7-13 cm. long; blades linear, acuminate,
many-veined: spikes interrupted: drupelets about 4 mm. long and fully i as
wide, narrowed at the base, prominently beaked, 3-keeled. — Susquehanna.
Eare, in flowing water. - — Sum. and fall.
Family 2. NAIADACEAE. Naias Family.
Mostly fresh-water herbs. Leaves mainly opposite : blades mostly
toothed, the bases dilated. Flowers dioecious, axillary : staminate, a double
perianth and a single stamen : pistillate, a gynoecium consisting of an
ovary, a style and 2 or 3 stigmas. Fruit drupaceous.
1. NAIAS L. Submerged plants with usually much-branched stems.
Leaves numerous, the margins prominently or inconspicuously toothed.
1. N. flexills (Willd.) Eostk. & Schmidt. Stems slender: leaves many; blades
linear, mainly acuminate, minutely serrulate: drupelets 3-4 mm. long, oblong.
■ — Susquehanna and tributaries. Eare, in slow-flowing water. — Sum. — Naiad.
Order ALISMALES.
Marsh or aquatic herbs. Leaves alternate, mere phyllodia, or with
dilated blades. Flowers regular. Perianth of sepals, and usually also of
petals. Androecium of 3-6 stamens or more. Gynoecium of 3-many
carpels.
ALISMACEAE. 7
Family 1. ALISMACEAE. Water-plantain Family.
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves basal, the blades flat, often with
basal lobes, or mere phyllodia. Flowers perfect, monoecious, or dioecious,
whorled. Sepals herbaceous. Petals tender, white or pink. Gynoecium
of few to many carpels. Style manifest. Fruit a head of flattened carpels.
Carpels borne In one series : achenes verticillate. 1. Alisma.
Carpels borne in several series : achenes capitate. 2. Sagittaeia.
1. AliISMA L. Leaves without basal lobes. Flowers perfect, in com-
pound panicles. Stamens mostly 6. Achenes in 1 whorl.
1. A. subcordatum Eaf. Leaf-blades ovate, usually broadly so, or orbicular-
ovate, mostly pointed: sepals suborbicular, about 2.5 mm. long at maturity:
petals 2-4 mm. long: fruit-heads 3-4 mm. wide; achenes less than 2.5 mm.
wide, the beak below the top. — Common, in shallow water and swamps. —
Spr.-f all. — Water-plantain.
2. SAGITTAE.IA L. Leaves often with basal lobes, sometimes lobeless or
mere phyllodia. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the upper ones usually
staminate. Stamens mainly numerous. Achenes numerous, in dense heads. —
Sum. and fall. — Arrow-head. Wampee.
Filaments dilated, pubescent.
Pistillate flowers pedicelled : achene with a minute horizontal beak below the top
of the body. 1. S. graminea.
Pistillate flowers sessile : achene with a large, ascending beak
at the top of the body. 2. 8. rigida.
Filaments slender, glabrous.
Achenes with liorizontal or nearly horizontal beaks.
Inflorescence-rachis, bracts, pedicels, and sepals glabrous. 3. S. latifolia.
Inflorescence-rachis, bracts, pedicels, and sepals pubescent. 4. S. pubescens.
Achenes with erect beaks. 5. 8. longirostra.
1. S. graminea Michx. Leaf -blades linear, lanceolate, or elliptic, 5-15 cm.
long, or wanting: scapes 1-6 dm. tall, with few-many flower-whorls: bracts
ovate, united to about the middle: fruit-heads less than 10 mm. thick: achenes
1.5 mm. long, winged, the minute beak horizontal. — Susquehanna valley and
adjacent parts. Rather rare, in sand or shallow water. Chiefly on schists.
2. S. rigida Pursh. Leaf -blades linear to broadly ovate, sometimes with basal
lobes, 5-20 em. long: scapes weak, 1-8 dm. long, with 5-9 flower-whorls: fruit-
heads 8-15 mm. thick, sessile or nearly so: achenes 3-4 mm. long, winged, the
beak ascending. — Conestoga Creek and tributaries. Rather rare, usually in
shallow water. — Limestones.
3. S. latifolia "Wilkl. Leaf -blades broad, 15-40 cm. long, glabrous, the basal
lobes narrower and rather shorter than the terminal one: scapes 3-6 dm. tall:
pedicels of pistillate flowers much longer than the acute bracts: fruit-heads
15-30 mm. thick: achenes about 3 mm. long, the beak ascending or recurved.
— Common, in swamps, ponds, or shallow water along streams.
4. S. pubescens Muhl. Leaf-blades 8-25 cm. long, with the terminal lobe more
rounded than in no. 3, puberulent or hirsute: scapes 3-6 dm. tall: pedicels of
pistillate flowers about as long as the obtuse bracts or slightly longer: fruit-
heads 8-15 mm. thick: achenes 2-3 mm. long, the beak horizontal or somewhat
declined. — M.S. Rather rare, in swamps and wet places. — Limestones, schists.
5. S. longirostra (Micheli) J. G. Smith. Leaf -blades 10-25 cm. long, the
terminal lobe broadly ovate, the basal lobes as long but narrower: scapes 4-8
dm. tall, with a few flower-whorls: bracts acuminate: fruit -heads 12-18 mm.
thick, short-pedicelled: achenes 4 mm. long, with facial wings, the dorsal wing
partially crenate, the beak erect. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Rare, usually
in shallow water. — Schists.
8 ELODEACEAE.
Order HYDROCHARITALES.
Perennial aquatic herbs with rootstocks. Leaves usually with blades.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, or rarely perfect, from spathes. Perianth
double, or corolla wanting. Androecium of 1-12 stamens. Gynoecium
3-15-carpellary. Ovary inferior. Fruit capsular or baccate.
Family 1. ELODEACEAE. Tape-grass Family.
Plants with leafy stems, or leaves basal, often greatly elongate.
Gynoecium 2-5-carpellary, the ovary 1-celled.
Acaulescent herbs : leaf-blades greatly elongate : staminate flowers with 1-3 stamens.
1. Vallisneria.
Caulescent herbs : leaf-blades relatively short : staminate flowers
with 9 stamens. 2. riiiLOTRiA.
1. VALLISNURIA [Mich.] L. Fresh water herbs. Leaves basal, with
elongate ribbon-like blades. Flowers dioecious", the staminate numerous,
crowded on a spadix, the pistillate few, each solitary at the end of an elongate
spiral scape. Fruit sidjtended by the spathe.
1. V. spiralis L. Leaf -blades narrowly linear, 1-18 dm. long: staminate
flowers inconspicuous: pistillate flowers floating: spathe 1-2 cm. long: fruit
cylindrie, 3-15 cm. long. ■ — Susquehanna and tributaries. Common, in flowing
water. — Sum. — Eel-grass. Tape-grass.
2. PHILOTRIA Eaf. Fresh water herbs. Leaves cauline, opposite or
whorled. Flowers dioecious, polygamous, or perfect, the staminate with 9
stamens, the perfect with 3-6 stamens, the pistillate slender-pedicelled. Fruit
subtended by the spathe. — Sum. — Water-weed.
Leaf-blades oblong or ovate-oblong, mostly 1 cm. long or less. 1. P. canadensis.
Leaf-blades linear, mostly over 1 cm. long. 2. P. angustifolia.
1. P. canadensis (Michx.) Britton. Leaf -blades 4-15 mm. long, relatively
broad, serrulate to the base, sometimes obscurely so: spathes 10-18 mm. long.
— N.S. Bather common, in still or slow-flowing water.
2. P. angustifolia (Muhl.) Britton. Leaves usually less crowded than those of
P. canadensis, the upper ones mostly 1-2 cm. long, longer and narrower than
the lower ones; blades linear to linear-lanceolate, entire below the middle,
remotely toothed above, acuminate. — Susquehanna. Eather rare, in slow-
flowing or still water.
Order POALES.
Mostly perennial caulescent or acaulescent plants, known as grasses
and sedges. Stems sometimes conspicuously jointed. Leaves alternate,
mostly sheathing at the base : blades usually narrow and elongate, entire or
nearly so. Flowers variously disposed in a simple or compound inflores-
cence, perfect or rarely monoecious or dioecious, incomplete, inconspicu-
ous, borne in the axils of chaffy bracts or scales (glumes). Fruit a cary-
opsis (grain) or an achene, or rarely a nut, or baccate.
Leaves 2-ranked, their sheaths with un-united margins : stems mostly hollow : fruit
a grain (caryopsis). Fam. 1. Poacbae.
Leaves 3-ranked, their sheaths with united margins : stem
solid : fruit an achene. Fam. 2. Cyperaceae.
POACEAE.
Family 1. POACEAE. Grass Family.
Annual or perennial herbs, or rarely shrub-like or tree-like plants.
Stems (culms) usually hollow, the nodes closed. Leaves with a scai'ious
ring (ligule) at the sheath-oriflee. Inflorescence of spikes, racemes, or
panicles. Spikelets of 2-many 2-ranked imbricate bracts (scales), the
upper ones bearing a flower surrounded by a bract-like organ (palet)
which is placed with its back to the axis (rachilla), which is often thickened
and appears as a hard projection (callus) at the base of the scale.
Flowers perfect, staminate, or pistillate. Stamens 1-6, rarely more,
usually 3. Fmit sometimes nut-like. — The following treatment of the
grasses is based on that published in my Flora of the Southeastern United
States.—/. K. S.
A. Spikelets falling from the pedicel entire (see also nos. 22, 27, 33 of section B),
naked, or enclosed in bristles or a bur-like involucre, or immersed in the
internodes of a readily disarticulating rachis, 1-flowered, or if 2-flowered the
lower flower staminate ; no upper empty scales : rachilla not extending beyond
the uppermost scale.
Spikelets terete or somewhat dorsally compressed ; empty scales manifest :
hilum punctiform.
Flowering scale, and palet, hyaline, thin, much more delicate in structure
than the thick-membranous to coriaceous empty scales.
Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate borne in the lower, the staminate in
the upper part of the same spike. Tribe I. Maydeae.
Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other
pedicellate, the former perfect, the latter
sometimes perfect, more commonly with
a staminate flower, often empty or re-
duced to one or two scales, or occasion-
ally wanting.
Flowering scale, at least that of the perfect
flower, similar in texture to the empty
scales, or frequently thicker and firmer,
never hyaline and thin.
Spikelets much compressed laterally ; empty
scales none or rudimentary : hilum linear.
B. Spikelets with the empty scales persistent, the
rachilla hence articulated above them (below
them in nos. 22, 27, 33, and the spikelet falling
entire), 1-many-flowered : frequently the upper
scales are empty : rachilla often produced be-
yond the uppermost scale.
Spikelets borne in open or spike-like panicles or
racemes, usually upon distinct and often
long pedicels.
Spikelets 1-flowered.
Empty scales 4 : palet 1-nerved.
Empty scales 2 (rarely 1) : palet 2-nerved.
Spikelets 2-many-flowered.
Flowering scales usually shorter than the
empty ones, the awn dorsal and usually
bent.
Flowering scales usually longer than the
empty ones, the awn terminal and straight,
rarely dorsal, sometimes wanting.
Spikelets in two rows :
On one side of the continuous axis, forming
one-sided spikes or racemes.
On opposite sides of an axis which is often
articulated, forming equilateral spikes. Tribe X. Hordeae.
Tribe II. Anduopogoxeae.
Tribe III. Paniceae.
Tribe IV. Oryzeae.
Tribe
Tribe
V.
VI.
Phalarideab.
Agrostideae.
Tribe
VII.
Aveneae.
Tribe
IX.
Festuceae.
Tribe VIII. Chlorideae.
Tribe I. MAYDEAE.
Fertile spikelets imbedded in the internodes of the thick
rachis. 1. Tripsacum.
Tribe II. ANDROPOGONEAE.
Racemes singly disposed : apex of the rachis-internodes a
translucent cup-shaped, entire or irregularly toothed ap-
pendage.
2. SCHIZACHYRIUM.
10
POACEAE.
Racemes disposed in pairs or more : apex of the racliis-
internodes not appendaged.
Inflorescence of spilse-lilie sillvy racemes. 3. Andropogon.
Inflorescence paniculate. 4. Sokghasteum.
Tribe III. PANICEAE.
Spilselets naked, not involucrate.
Empty scales 2.
Spikelets ovate to orbicular, plano-convex, usually
obtuse, rarely acute.
Spikelets lanceolate, acute or acuminate.
Empty scales 3.
Empty scales not awned.
Spikelets in very slender one-sided racemes which
are usually whorled or approximate.
Spikelets in panicles or panicled racemes, the
latter never whorled, commonly distant.
Empty scales awned or awn-pointed.
Spikelets involucrate.
Involucre of numerous bristles.
Involucre of two spine-bearing valves.
Tribe IV. ORYZEAE.
Spikelets monoecious : tall reed-like grasses.
Spikelets perfect.
Tribe V. PHALARIDEAE.
Third and fourth scales awnless.
Third and fourth scales awned on the back.
5. Paspalum.
6. Syntherisma.
6. Syntherisma.
8. Panicum.
7. echinochloa.
9. Chaetochloa.
10. Cenchrus.
11. ZlZANIA.
12. HOMALOCENCHEUS.
13. Phalaris.
14. Anthoxanthum.
Tribe VI. AGROSTIDEAE.
Flowering scale indurated when mature and very closely
embracing the grain, or at least firmer than the
empty scales.
Rachilla not extending beyond the palet.
Flowering scale 3-awned. 15.
Flowering scale 1-awned.
Awn twisted. 16.
Awn not twisted.
Flowering scale broad : awn deciduous. 17.
Flowering scale narrow : awn persistent. 18.
Rachilla extending beyond the palet. 19.
Flowering scale usually hyaline or membranous at ma-
turity, at least more delicate than the empty ones :
grain loosely enclosed.
Inflorescence a spike.
Rachilla of the spikelets articulated above the empty
scales which are therefore persistent.
Flowering scale slightly exceeding the empty ones. 20.
Flowering scale much shorter than the empty
ones. 21.
Rachilla of the spikelets articulated below the empty
scales, hence deciduous, entire. 22.
Inflorescence an open or spike-like panicle.
Grain not permanently enclosed in the flowering
scale and palet : pericarp opening readily when
mature.
Grain permanently enclosed in the flowering scale
and palet : pericarp adherent.
Palet ] -nerved and 1-keeled : stamen 1.
Palet 2-nerved and 2-keeled : stamens 3.
Flowering scale with long hairs at the base. 25.
Flowering scales naked at the base. 26.
Aristida.
Stipa.
Oeyzopsis.
Muhlenbergia.
Brachyelytrum.
Heleochloa.
Phleum.
Alopecurus.
23. Sporoeolus.
24. CiNNA.
Calamagbostis.
Ageostis.
Tribe VII. AVENEAE.
Spikelets readily deciduous as a whole. 27. Nothoholcus.
Spikelets with the empty scales persistent, the flowering
scales deciduous.
Flowering scale awned below the teeth.
Flowers all perfect.
Grain free, unfurrowed : spikelets less than 1 cm.
long.
Flowering scales erose-toothed or shortly 2-
lobed at the apex. 28. Deschampsia.
POACEAE.
11
Flowering scales cleft or 2-toothed, the
teeth extending into awns.
Grain furrowed, adherent to the scale : spikelets
exceeding 1 cm. in length.
Flowers various, the upper perfect, the lower stami-
nate and with the scale strongly awned.
Flowering scales awned between their usually awned
teeth.
Tribe VIII. CHLORIDEAE.
Spikelets deciduous as a whole.
Spikelets with at least the empty scales persistent.
Spikelets with one perfect flower.
Spikelets with 2 or 3 perfect flowers.
29. Trisetum.
30. AVENA.
31. Arrhenatherum.
32. Danthonia.
33. Spartina.
34. Atheropogon.
35. Eleusine.
Tribe IX. FESTUCEAE.
Flowering scale 1-3-nerved, or rarely with faint additional
intermediate nerves.
Lateral nerves of the flowering scale pilose.
Lateral nerves of the flowering scale glabrous.
Second empty scale similar to the first.
Second empty scale very dissimilar to the first, broad
and rounded at the summit.
Flowering scales 5-many-nerved.
Spikelets with two or more of the upper scales empty,
broad and enfolding each other.
Spikelets with the upper scales flower-bearing, or smal-
ler and empty.
Empty basal scales 3-6.
Empty basal scales 2.
Spikelets borne in fascicles which are arranged
in a glomerate or interrupted panicle.
Spikelets borne in panicles or racemes but not
in fascicles.
Stigmas inserted at or near the apex of the
ovary : spikelets small.
Flowering scales with the nerves parallel.
Flowering scales with the lateral nerves
converging above toward the mid-
nerve.
Flowering scales strongly keeled on
the back, pubescent on some or all
of the nerves : hilum punctiform.
Flowering scales rounded on the back,
at least below : hilum linear.
Stigmas plainly inserted below the apex of
the ovary : spikelets large.
3G. Tridens.
37. Eragrostis.
38. Sphenopholis.
39. Melica.
40. Uniola.
41. Dactylis.
43. Panicularia.
42. POA.
44. Festuca.
45. Bromus.
Tribe X. HORDEAE.
Spikelets singly arranged at the rachis-nodes.
Spikelets with the flowering scales with their backs
to the rachis : empty scale 1.
Spikelets with the flowering scales with their sides to
the rachis : empty scales 2.
Spikelets 2-6 at each rachis-node.
Empty scales usually as long as the flowering ones.
Empty scales wanting or minute.
46. LoLiuM.
47. Agroptron.
48. Eltmus.
49. Hystrix.
1. TRIPSACTJM L. Tall perennial monoecious grasses, with stout root-
stocks, and spicate inflorescence. Spikes articulated, elongate. Staminate spike-
lets 2-flowered, in pairs at each joint of the upper portion of the axis, of 4
scales, the outer 2 empty, coriaceous and shining, the inner 2 thinner, each en-
closing a hyaline palet and a flower consisting of 3 stamens. Pistillate spike-
lets l-flowered, in excavations in the lower internodes of the rachis, the outer
scale very hard, thick and shining, concealing the more delicate remaining scales,
the fourth scale enclosing a flower with a slender style. Stigmas 2, exserted.
Grain enclosed in the appressed outer scale and the internode.
12 POACEAE.
1. T. dactyloides L. Steins 1-3 m. tall: leaf -blades 6 dm. long or less, 1-4 cm.
wide: spikes in 2's-4's, 1-3 dm. long: pistillate spikelets 7-10 mm. long; stami-
nate spikelets 7-10 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, on
river banks and inlands. — Schists. — Spr. — Gama-grass or Sesame-grass.
2. SCHIZACHYRIUM Nees. Annual or perennial grasses, tufted, or from
rootstoeks, with flat or involute leaf-blades, and spike-like racemes, singly dis-
posed, terminating the stem or its branches. Spikelets in pairs at each node of
the articulated and frequently hairy rachis, one sessile, the other pedicellate.
Sessile spikelet of 4 scales, the outer 2 indurated, sometimes pubescent, the
remainder of the scales hyaline, the fourth scale entire or 2-toothed at the apex,
bearing a straight, contorted or spiral awn; palet small, hyaline. Pedicellate
spikelet sterile, of 1 or 2 scales, or wanting. Stamens 1-3. Styles distinct.
1. S. scoparium (Michx.) Nash. Plants green or purplish, sometimes glaucous.
Stems tufted, 4.5-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades 5 dm. long or less, 8 mm. wide or less:
racemes 3-6 cm. long: sessile spikelet 5-7 mm. long, the awn geniculate, 8-15
mm. long; pedicellate spikelet 2-4.5 mm. long. — Common, in old fields and on
roadsides. — Sum. and fall. — Broom-grass. Beard-grass.
3. ANDROPOGON [Eoyen] L. Perennial grasses, tufted or from elongate
rootstoeks, with flat or involute leaf -blades, and spike-like racemes, disposed in
pairs or sometimes in 3 's or more, terminating the stem or its branches, and
often protruding from the side of a membranous spathe-like sheath. Spikelets
sometimes with a ring of short hairs at the base, in pairs at each node of the
articulated and frequently hairy rachis, one sessile, the other pedicellate. Sessile
spikelet of 4 scales, the outer 2 indurated, often pubescent, the remainder of the
scales usually hyaline, the fourth scale entire or 2-toothed at the apex, bearing a
straight contorted or spiral awn, or sometimes awnless; palet small, hyaline.
Pedicellate spikelet usually sterile, of 1 or 2 scales, sometimes of four scales and
enclosing a staminate or more rarely a perfect flower, or frequently entirely
wanting, the first scale rarely short-awned. Stamens 1-3. — Beard-grass,
Broom-grass. Sand-grass.
Pedicellate spikelet much smaller tban the sessile one, sterile, with 1 or 2 scales.
Inflorescence with its branches many times divided, the lower ones elongate,
thus forming a corymbiform mass or masses : upper stem-leaves usually ex-
ceeding the inflorescence. 1- A. corymbosus.
Inflorescence with its branches not much divided and the
lower branches not excessively elongate, hence long and
narrow : upper stem-leaves usually shorter than the
inflorescence. 2. A. virginicus.
Pedicellate spikelet as large as the sessile one or larger, con-
sisting of 4 scales, with a staminate flower, or rarely a per-
fect flower. 3. A. furcatus.
1. A. corymbosus (Chapm.) Nash. Stems 4-10 dm tall: stem-leaves with blades
3 dm. long or less, 5 mm. wide or less, rough: spathes very rough, tightly en-
rolled around the peduncle: racemes in pairs, 2-3 cm. long: sessile spikelet 4-5
mmi. long, the awn 12-13 mm. long; pedicellate spikelet usually present as a
subulate scale. — N. M. Eather rare, mostly in swamps. — Fall.
2. A. virginicus L. Stems tufted, 5-10 dm. tall : leaf -blades 4 dm. long or less,
2-5 mm. wide: spathes 3-5 cm. long, extending beyond the racemes: racemes in
pairs, 2-3 cm. long: sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, the awn straight, 10-15 mm.
long; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or rarely present as a minute scale. — Eather
common, especially in old fields. — Fall.
3. A. furcatus Muhl. Stems 1-2 m. tall : leaf -blades 6 dm. long or less, 12 mm.
wide or less: racemes in 2's-6's, 5-10 cm. long: sessile spikelet 7-10 mm. long.
POACEAE. 13
the awn 7-15 mm. long, geniculate, twisted at the base; pedicellate spikelet as
large as the sessile, staminate, awnless. — Common, generally in rather moist
soil. — Sum. and fall.
4. SORGHASTHUM Nash. Usually tall perennial grasses, with flat leaf-
blades and terminal panicles with the primary branches usually solitary and
branched from the base, hence appearing as if whorled. Sessile spikelets dor-
sally compressed, of 4 scales, the outer 2 indurated, often hairy, the third and
fourth scales hyaline, the latter long-awned, the awn spiral at the base. Pedi-
cellate spikelets wanting, or very rarely present as a minute rudiment, usually
only the hairy pedicels present, a single one at the side of each sessile spikelet,
or 2, one on each side, at the end of the branches. Stamens 3.
1. S. nutans (L.) Nash. Stems 1-2.5 m. tall: leaf -blades 6 dm. long or less, 13
mm. wide or less, very rough: panicle 2-5 dm. long, loose, the apex usually nod-
ding: spikelet 6-8 mm. long, lanceolate, the awn 1-1.5 cm. long. — N. S. Com-
mon, in old fields and on roadsides. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Indian-
grass. Wood-grass.
5. PASPAIjUM L. Usually perennial grasses with flat leaf -blades and an.
inflorescence composed of one or more unilateral racemes, arranged singly, in
pairs, or in panicles. Spikelets 1 -flowered, obtuse, or rarely short-acuminate,
nearly sessile or short-pedicelled, alternately disposed, singly or in pairs, in 2
rows on one side of a narrow and usually wiiiged rachis. Scales 3, rarely 4, the
2 outer, rarely 3, empty, membranous, usually equal in length, the flowering
scales glabrous and shining, more or less convex, with its back turned toward the
rachis, at length indurated, enfolding a shorter palet of similar texture and a
perfect flower. Stamens 3.
Plants without raceme-bearing branches from the uppermost sheath.
Spikelets oval, % as thick as broad or more, the outer scales firm.
1. P. laeve.
Spikelets circular or nearly so, about ^^ as thick as
broad, the outer scales very thin. 2. P. circulare.
Plants with raceme-bearing branches from the uppermost
sheath. 3. P. Muhleniergii.
1. P. laeve Michx. Stems tufted, 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths compressed,
glabrous; blades short, those on the stem usually less than 1.5 dm. long, 5-8 mm.
wide, pubescent above near the base: racemes 2 or 3, spreading, 4-8 cm. long:
spikelets glabrous, oval, 2.5-3 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide. — Common, in pas-
tures and fields and on roadsides.
2. P. circulare Nash. Stems tufted, 4-8 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths hirsute with
long hairs, compressed ; blades 2 dm. long or less, 5-8 mm. wide, glabrous beneath
or hirsute along the midnerve, the upper surface hirsute with long hairs:
racemes 2-4, spreading or ascending, 4-6 cm. long: spikelets glabrous, about
2.5 mm. in diameter. — S. Eare, in moist soil. — Schists.
3. P. Muhlenbergli Nash. Stems tufted, at first erect, finally reclining, 4-8
dm. tall, smooth and glabrous: leaf -blades 0.5-2 dm. long, rarely longer, usually
7-11 mm. wide, or sometimes narrower, ciliate on the margins with usually long
hairs, more or less pubescent on both surfaces with long hairs: racemes 5-10 cm.
long: spikelets glabrous, about 2 mm. long and 1.8 mm. wide, oval or broadly
obovate. — - Eather common, in fields and thickets.
6. SYNTHERISMA Walt. Annual grasses, with flat leaf-blades and an
inflorescence composed of spike-like racemes which are disposed in whorls, or
scattered and approximate, at the summit of the stems. Spikelets narrow, acute,
14 POACEAE.
in 2 's or 3 's on one side of the flat and winged or triangular rachis, one of the
spikelets generally longer-pedic^lled than the rest. Scales 3 or 4, the 3 outer
membranous, the first small or wanting, the fourth scale chartaceous, glabrous
and shining, at length indurated, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a
perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. — Cr-^b-grass.
Finger-grass.
Rachis of the racemes merely angled : first scale wanting or rarely rudimentary.
1. 8. filiforime.
Rachis of the racemes with the lateral angles winged.
Foliage glabrous : spikelets usually of 3 scales. 2. 8. humifusum.
Foliage pubescent : spikelets of 4 scales. .3. S. sanguinale.
1. S. filiforme (L.) Nash. Stems 1.5-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades 3-20 cm. long,
1-4 mm. wide, erect: racemes 2-5, 2-10 cm. long, erect or ascending, alternate:
spikelets about 1.8 mm. long, 0.75 mm. wide, appressed-pubescent with long
glandular-tipped hairs. [^Panicum 'filiforme L.] — Common, on roadsides and in
fields. — Sum. and fall.
2. S. humifusum (Pers.) Eydb. Stems 2-5 dm. long: leaf -blades 1.5-15 cm.
long, 2.5-6 mm. wide: racemes 2-5, 2-8 cm. long: spikelets slightly exceeding 2
mm. long, appressed-pubescent, the second about equalling the third, the fourth
deep chestnut-brown when mature. — Eather rare, in waste grounds and fields.
Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall.
3. S. sanguinale (L.) Dulac. Stems 1 m. long or less: lower leaf -sheaths densely
papillose-hirsute; blades 4-20 cm. wide, more or less papillose-hirsute: racemes
3-10, 5-18 cm. long: spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, appressed-pubescent, the second
scale about \ as long as the spikelets, the fourth yellowish-white when mature.
— Common, in cultivated and waste grounds. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall.
7. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Often tall grasses, with flat leaf -blades, the
inflorescence composed of several to many unilateral more or less spreading
spike-like racemes. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, lanceolate to ovate or orbicular-
ovate, crowded in small clusters or racemes in 2 rows on one side of the flat
rachis. Scales 4, the 3 outer membranous, spiny-hirsute or hispid externally,
the first much shorter than the spikelet, often awn-pointed, the second and third
awn-pointed or awned (rarely awnless), the latter bearing the longer awn and
rarely enclosing a palet and sometimes also a staminate flower; fourth scale
chartaceous, glabrous and shining, at length indurated, acute or acuminate,
enclosing a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect flower.
1. E. Crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Stems 6-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1.5-6 dm long,
6^25 mm. wide: panicle of 5-15 branches: spikelets ovate, about 4 mm. long,
exclusive of the awn, hispidulous, hispid on the nerves. — Common, in cultivated
soil. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall. — Barnyard-grass.
8. PANICUM L. Annual or perennial grasses, varying much in habit, with
elongate or flat and broad leaf -blades, and the spikelets in open or contracted
panicles. Spikelets 1-2-flowered, lanceolate, oblong, ovate to obovate or glo-
bose, obtuse to acute or acuminate. Scales 4, the 3 outer membranous, the
first and second empty, the first usually much shorter than the spikelet, some-
times minute, the third one empty or enclosing a shorter hyaline palet and
often also a staminate flower; fourth scale shorter and usually more obtuse than
the others, chartaceous, glabrous and shining, at length indurated, enclosing a
palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. — Panic-grass.
POACEAE.
15
2. P. philadelphicum.
3. P. flexile.
4. P. miliaceum.
5. P. dichotomiflorum.
6. P. viryatum.
9.
P. agrostoides.
P. lonyifolium.
P. stlpitutum.
10. P. unccps.
Leaves elongate: spikelets lanceolate to ovate, commonly the former, acute or
acuminate.
Lower leaf-sheaths terete or but little flattened, not keeled.
Stems finally branched : plants without long rootstocks or stolons.
Sheaths very pubescent.
Spikelets lanceolate, 3 mm. long or less.
Stems stout : panicle usually included at the base, its many
branches repeatedly divided and bearing numerous spikelets.
1. P. capillar e.
Stems slender : panicle exserted, its few
branches but little divided and bear-
ing comparatively few spikelets.
Spikelets 2 mm. long, acute.
Spikelets 3 mm. long, acuminate.
Spikelets ovate, 5 mm. long or more.
Sheaths glabrous.
Stems simple, from long stout rootstocks.
Lower leaf-sheaths much compressed, broad, keeled, often
equitant.
Plants with no long rootstocks.
Fourth scale of the spikelet sessile.
Ligule naked : stems finally much branched.
Ligule ciliate : stems simple or nearly so.
Fourth scale of the spikelet distinctly stalked.
Plants with long scaly rootstocks.
Leaves not elongate, except in nos. 11 and 12 : rosulate tufts
of leaves often present in the fall : spikelets oval to
obovate or globose, obtuse, or rarely acutish (acute
in no. 12).
Middle leaf-blades of the main stem less than 1.5 cm.
broad, usually less than 1 cm., the base rounded
or truncate, rarely subcordate, sometimes nar-
rowed.
Leaf-blades elongate, erect or nearly so, narrow, dis-
tinctly narrowed toward the base, especially
the lower ones.
Spikelets less than 3 mm. long, obtuse or
acutish, pubescent.
Spikelets 3-4 mm. long, acute, glabrous.
Leaf-blades not elongate, lanceolate, not manifestly
narrowed toward the base.
Stems, leaf-blades and sheaths glabrous, or the
latter two parts merely ciliate on the
margins.
Spikelets glabrous.
Nodes of the stem naked.
Nodes of the stem densely barbed.
Spikelets pubescent.
Stems, leaf-blades, or sheaths, or all of them
pubescent.
Spikelets 2.5 mm. long or less.
Leaf-blades glabrous, or sometimes pubes-
cent beneath.
Spikelets about 1.25 mm. long : stems
glabrous.
Spikelets about 2.5 mm. long: stems
puberulent.
Leaf-blades strongly pubescent beneath,
usually also above.
Hairs on the lower surface long and
stiff.
Hairs on the lower surface soft and
copious.
Spikelets exceeding 3 mm. in length.
Middle leaf-blades of the main stem 1.5 cm. wide, often
3 cm., the base cordate and clasping.
Spikelets less than 3 mm. long.
Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long: panicle oblong
and dense : stems simple.
Spikelets more than 2 mm. long : panicle ovoid
and open : stems branched.
Leaf-sheaths glabrous.
Leaf-sheaths papillose-hispid, especially the
short terminal ones on branches.
Spikelets 3 mm. long or more.
Nodes naked.
Nodes manifestly and copiously barbed.
11. P. Hnearifolium.
12. P. depauperatum.
13. P. dichotomum.
14. P. microcarpon.
19. P. sphaerocarpon.
15. P. Liiidlieimeri.
22. P. Ashei.
16. P. Huachucae.
17. P. tennesseense.
18. P. Scrihnerianum.
20. P. polyanthes.
21. P. commutatum.
24. P. clandestinum.
23. P. latifolium.
25. P. Boscii.
16 POACEAE.
1. P. capillare L. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, simple, or branched near the base, stout:
leaf-sheaths usually purplish, papillose-hirsute; blades 1.5-8 dm. long, 6-16 mm.
wide, pubescent: primary panicle 2-3.5 dm. long, the lateral panicles smaller:
sptkelets very numerous, 2-2.5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate. — Common, in
waste grounds and cultivated soil. — Sum. and fall.
2. P. philadelphicum Bernh. Stems erect, 2-6 dm. tall, slender, somewhat
branched at the base : leaf -sheaths hirsute ; blades 5-10 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide,
erect, pubescent: panicle 10-23 cm. long: spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, elliptic,
acute. — S. Eather rare, borders of woodland. — Schists. — Sum. and fall.
3. P. flexile (Gattinger) Scribn. Stems erect, 1.5-4.5 dm. tall, slender: leaf-
sheaths papillose-hirsute; blades 10-23 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, erect, long-
acuminate, pubescent: panicle 1-2.5 dm. long: spikelets about 3 mm. long,
acuminate. — M. Bare, in moist soil, Dillerville swamp. — Limestones. — Sum.
and fall.
4. P. millaceum L. Stems erect or decumbent, 3 dm. tall or more: leaf -sheaths
papillose-hirsute; blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 8-25 mm. wide, pubescent: panicle
rather dense, 1-2.5 dm. long: spikelets 5 mm. long, acuminate. — M. Eather
rare, in waste or cultivated grounds. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall. — Millet.
5. P. dichotomiflorum Michx. Stems at first erect, 3-6 dm. tall, simple, later
decumbent, 1-1.5 m. long, branched at all the upper nodes: leaf -sheaths loose,
glabrous, somewhat flattened; blades 1.5-6 dm. long, 4-20 mm. wide: panicle
pyramidal, 1-4 dm. long: spikelets 2-3 mm. long, lanceolate, acute. — Common,
on roadsides and in moist soil. — Sum. and fall.
6. P. virgatum L. Glabrous. Stems erect, 9-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades elon-
gate, 3 dm. long or more, 6-12 mm. wide, flat: panicle 1.5-5 dm. long: spike-
lets ovate, acuminate, 4-4.5 mm. long. — Common, in moist pastures, and on
roadsides and river banks. — Sum. and fall.
7. P. agrostoides Muhl. Stems 4-8 dm. tall, much branched, compressed: leaf-
blades 3 dm. long or more, 4-8 mm. wide: panicle pyramidal, 1-3 dm. long, its
branches spreading: spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long, acute, straight. — -Frequent, in
moist grounds. — Sum. and fall.
8. P. longifolium Torr. Stems 3-6.5 dm. tall, slender, usually simple: leaf-
blades 2-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide: panicle 1-2.5 dm. long: spikelets 2 mm.
long, acuminate. — S. Eare, in swamps. — Schists. — Sum. and fall.
9. P. stipitatum Nash. Stems erect, 9-15 dm. tall, much branched: leaf-
blades 3 dm. long or more, 4-8 mm. wide, acuminate : panicle pyramidal, 1-3 dm.
long: spikelets about 2.5 mm. long, acuminate, the fourth scale on a delicate
stalk about 0.5 mm. long. — Common, in pastures and moist soil. — Sum.
10. P. anceps Michx. Stems erect, 4-15 dm. tall, branched: leaf -blades 3 dm.
long or more, 4-10 mm. wide: panicles 1.5-3 dm. long: spikelets 2.5-3.5 mm.
long, lanceolate, acuminate, curved at the apex. — Common, in meadows and low
grounds. — Sum.
11. P. linearlfolium Scribn. Stems tufted, slender, erect, simple, 1.5-4 dm.
tall: leaf -blades elongate, 7-25 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide: primary panicle loose
and open, 4-10 cm. long: spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, obtuse or acutish, pubescent
with spreading hairs. — Common, in dry soil, mostly on banks. — Sum.
12. P. depauperatum Muhl. Stems erect, 3 dm. tall or less, simple: leaf -blades
8-15 cm. long, elongate, 1-4 mm. wide: primary panicle much exserted, 2-8
cm. long, usually linear: spikelets 3-4 mm. long, glabrous, acute. — Common, on
dry banks. — Sum.
13. P. dichotomum L. Light green, glabrous, or the lower nodes sometimes
barbed. Stems tufted, slender, 2-6 dm. tall, rarely taller, finally much branched
about the middle: leaf -blades widely spreading, linear-lanceolate, the primary
POACEAE. 17
ones 4-8 cm. long, usually 4-8 mm. wide, rarely wider, those on the branches
much smaller, often involute: panicle 4-8 cm. long, broadly ovate: spikelets
rather few, 1.75-2 mm. long and 0.8-1 mm. wide, elliptic, glabrous. — Common,
on roadsides and in thickets. — Sum.
14. P. microcarpon Muhl. Glabrous. Stems densely tufted, at first erect,
finally much branched and decumbent, the nodes strongly barbed with silky some-
what reflexed hairs: primary leaf -blades spreading, sometimes somewhat re-
flexed, usually 6-10 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide, lanceolate, the blades on the
branches much smaller: panicle finally much exserted, 7-11 cm. long, oval:
spikelets 1.5-1.8 mm. long and about 0.8 mm. broad, elliptic, glabrous. [P.
nitidum var. harhulatum (Michx.) Wood.] — Rather common, in moist grounds
and thickets. — Sum.
15. P. Lindlieimeri Nash. Stems tufted, 4-8 dm. tall, glabrous, finally much
branched: leaf -blades erect, glabrous, or the lower surface sometimes minutely
pubescent with short hairs, ciliate at the base, the primary ones 2-8 cm. long,
3-S mm. wide, lanceolate, firm, the blades on the branches much smaller: panicle
3-8 cm. long, broadly ovoid: spikelets about 1.5 mm. long and 0.8 mm. wide,
obovoid. — ■ S. Frequent, on dry sandy banks. — Schists. — Sum.
16. P. Huachucae Ashe. Stems at first erect and simple, later profusely
branched and leaning or ascending, glabrous or pubescent : leaf -sheaths hirsute,
often papillose ; blades hirsute, especially beneath, erect or spreading, those on
the main stem 5-8 cm. long, those on the branches much shorter: primary
panicle less than 8 cm. long, ovoid: spikelets hardly 2 mm. long. [P. pubescens
A. Gray, not Lam.] — Common, in dry soil. — Sum.
17. P. tennesseense Ashe. Stems tufted, 4-6 dm. tall, rather weak and ascend-
ing, papillose-hirsute with long spreading hairs, finally much branched and
prostrate: leaf -sheaths densely papillose-hirsute with long spreading hairs;
blades ascending, lanceolate, the upper surface with scattered hairs, the primary
blades 4-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, those on the branches much shorter and
spreading with the upper surface nearly glabrous: panicle 7-10 cm. long, ovoid,
its branches ascending: spikelets 1.7-2 mm. long, 0.8^0.9 mm. wide, elliptic or
obovoid. — M. S. Eather rare, in dry soil. — Limestones, schists. — Sum.
18. P. Scribnerianum Nash. Stems tufted, erect, 1.5-6 dm. tall, simple, finally
dichotomously branched above: leaf -sheaths strongly papillose-hispid; blades
5-10 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, spreading, glabrous: primary panicle ovoid,
4-8 cm, long: spikelets turgid, obovoid, about 3 mm. long, glabrous, or some-
times pubescent with short spreading hairs. - — S. Eather rare, in dry thickets.
— ScJiists. — Sum. and fall.
19. P. sphaerocarpon Ell. Stems generally erect, simple or somewhat branched
at the base, 2.5-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades 5-10 cm. long, 4-14 mm. wide, rough
above, smooth beneath, the margins cartilaginous and minutely serrulate, ciliate
toward the base: panicle ovoid, 5-10 cm. long: spikelets less than 2 mm. long,
nearly spherical, or a little longer than thick, obtuse. — M. S. Eather rare,
in dry woods and thickets. — Limestones, schists. — Sum.
20. P. polyanthes Schult. Stems generally erect, 6-9 dm. tall, simple, gla-
brous: leaf -blades 1-2 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, long-acuminate, smooth, cor-
date-clasping and sparingly ciliate at the base: panicle 7-20 cm. long, ovoid to
oblong: spikelets 1.5 mm. long, obovoid to nearly spherical, numerous, puberu-
lent. — Common, along the Susquehanna. In dry thickets or woods. — Lime-
stones, schists. — Sum.
21. P. commutatum E. & S. Stems tufted, glabrous, erect, 3-6 dm. tall, finally
rather sparingly branched: leaf -blades ciliate on the margin, otherwise glabrous,
cordate and clasping at the base, those on the stem larger than the basal ones,
5-12 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, ovate-lanceolate: panicle 5-10 cm. long, broadly
ovoid: spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long and about 1 mm. wide, elliptic, obtuse or acutish,
Lancaster County Flora 2.
18 POACEAE.
pubescent. — S., especially along the Susquehanna. Rather rare in woods. —
Schists. — Sum. and fall.
22. P. Ashei G. Pearson. Stems tufted, 2-4 dm. tall, erect, usually sparingly
branched, rarely much branched and prostrate, puberulent: leaf -blades lanceo-
late, sparsely ciliate at the base, with long hairs, usually 5-8 cm. long, 6-10 mm,
■vvide, a little cordate at the base, the upper blades about the same length, the
lower ones shorter, the early basal blades ciliate: panicle 5-7 cm. long: spike-
lets about 2.3 mm. long and about 1 mm. wide, elliptic. — Lower Susquehanna
valley. Bather rare, in woods. — Schists. — Sum.
23. P. latifolium L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, simple, or somewhat branched
above: leaf -blades 7-18 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, cordate-clasping at the base,
acuminate, ciliate: panicle 8-15 cm. long: spikelets 3-4 mm. long, turgid, oval
to obovoid, pubescent. — Frequent, in woods. — Sum.
24. P. clandestinum L. Stems tufted, 6-14 dm. tall, the branches clothed with
the papillose-hispid overlapping leaf -sheaths : leaf -blades ciliate at the cordate
and clasping base, the primary ones 1-2 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, acuminate,
lanceolate, those on the branches ovate-lanceolate and usually less than 1 dm.
long: primary panicle long-exserted, 9-12 cm. long, broadly ovate, the later
panicles wholly or partially concealed in the sheaths: spikelets 2.7-3 mm. long
and about 1.3 mm. wide, elliptic, pubescent with spreading hairs. — M. S.
Eather common, in moist soil. — Liinestones, schists. ■ — Sum.
25. P, Boscii Poir. Stems tufted, erect, pubescent or glabrous, finally branch-
ing: leaf -sheaths glabrous, or softly pubescent; blades ovate-lanceolate, cordate
and clasping at the base, glabrous or pubescent, 6-12 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide:
panicle 6-12 cm. long: spikelets 4-6 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, the scales dis-
tant, pubescent with long weak hairs. — Rather common, in woods. — Sum.
9, CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. Annual or perennial grasses, with usually
flat, sometimes complanate, leaf-blades and dense terminal cylindric spike-like
or narrowly thyrsoid panicles. Spikelets with one or a cluster of 2-several
sterile barbed bristle-like persistent branches. Scales 4, the 3 outer membranous,
the first often very short and together with the larger second one empty, the
third scale frequently longer than the second, empty, or rarely enclosing a palet
and also sometimes a staminate flower, the fourth scale usually shorter than the
spikelet, chartaceous, glabrous, shining, often transversely rugose, finally indu-
rated, obtuse, enclosing a shorter palet of similar texture and a perfect flower.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct, elongate. Stigmas plumose. [Setaria Beauv.,
not Achar.] — Foxtail. Foxtail-grass.
Inflorescence with the spikelets racemosely arranged : bristles 5-16 at the base of
each spikelet, involucrate. 1. C. (jlauca.
Inflorescence with the spikelets in clusters or on branches :
bristles 1-3 at the base of each spikelet, not involucrate.
Bristles downwardly barbed. 2. C. verticillata.
Bristles upwardly barbed.
Panicle usually 1 cm. thick or less : bristles commonly
green : spikelets about a mm. long. 3. C. viridis.
Panicle usually 2-3 cm. thick : bristles usually purple :
spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long. 4. C. italica.
1, C. glauca (L.) Scribn. Stems tufted, 3-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1.5 dm,
long or less, 4-8 mm. wide, glaucous, at least the lower ones pilose near the
base on the upper surface: racemes dense, about 1 cm. in diameter, 2-10 cm,
long: spikelets broadly ovoid, 3 mm. long and 2 mm. wide, the acute flowering
scale striate, coarsely transversely rugose. — Common, in waste and cultivated
grounds. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Pigeon-grass.
POACEAE. 19
2. C. verticillata (L.) Scribn. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, erect or ascending: leaf-
blades 7-18 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide: bristles flexuous, 3-3 mm. long: spikelets
narrowly elliptic-ovate, acute, 2-2.5 mm. long, the flowering scale rounded at
the shortly apiculate apex, smooth, or with very fine transverse wrinkles below
the middle. — M. Eather rare, in waste places and cultivated grounds. Nat.
of Eu. — ■ Limestones. — Sum.
3. C. viridis (L.) Scribn. Stems tufted, 2-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 3 dm. long
or less, 4-10 mm. wide: panicles 2-10 cm. long, green: bristles 1-1.5 cm. long:
spikelets about 2 mm. long, elliptic. — Common, in waste and cultivated grounds.
Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall. — Bottle-grass.
4. C. italica (L.) Scribn. Stems simple, or branched at the base: leaf -blades
long-acuminate, 2^ dm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, rough: panicles dense, cylindric,
S-20 cm. long, 2-3 cm. in diameter, obtu?e or truncate at both ends: bristles
1-3, 3-10 mm. long, often shorter than the spikelets or nearly wanting: spike-
lets elliptic, 2.5-3 mm. long. — Eather rare, in fields and waste places. Nat.
of Eu. — Sum. and fall. — Hungarian-grass.
10. CENCHRUS L. Annual or perennial grasses, with flat, convolute or
complanate leaf-blades and terminal spikes. Spikelets 2-6, in an ovate or
globose involucre, consisting of two thick hard valves which are exteriorly armed
with stout spines and sometimes also with basal bristles which are thickened at
the base, the involucres articulated to the rachis and readily deciduous, carry-
ing the persistent spikelets with them. Scales 4, awnless, the first and second
empty, the first small or minute, the third equalling or longer than the second,
enclosing a palet and also sometimes a staminate flower, the fourth scale
chartaceous, firmer, enclosing a palet of similar texture and a perfect flower.
Stamens 3. Styles often connate at the very base. Stigmas plumose.
1. C. carolinianus Walt. Stems at first erect, later prostrate and forming mats,
2-6 dm, long, branching: leaf -blades 6-12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide: spikes 3-6
cm. long: involucres 6-20, 3-5 mm. broad, enclosing 2 spikelets, pubescent,
the spines 3-4 mm. long : spikelets 6-7 mm. long. — Eather common, in sandy
soil. — Sum. and fall. — Bur-grass. Sand-bur. Sand-spur. Cockspur.
11. ZIZANIA [Gronov.] L. Tall robust annual monoecious aquatic grasses,
with broad flat leaf -blades and ample terminal panicles. Spikelets of two kinds,
articulated below the scales, 1-flowered, each with a more or less prominent
cartilaginous ring at the base, narrow, the staminate readily deciduous, on the
more or less spreading lower branches, the pistillate tardily deciduous, on the
erect or appressed upper branches of the panicle. Scales 2, the first empty, the
second enclosing a flower but no palet: scales of the staminate spikelets mem-
branous, concave, acute or awn-pointed ; those of the pistillate spikelets linear,
firmer, involute, the first long-awned, longer than the awn-pointed second.
Stamens 6. Styles nearly distinct. Stigmas plumose with short hairs.
1. Z. aquatica L. Stems 1-3 m. tall: leaf -sheaths smooth and glabrous; blades
1.5-8 dm. long, 5-25 mm. broad, usually rough: panicle 2-3 dm. long: staminate
spikelets 7-8 mm. long: pistillate spikelets 12-20 mm. long, the awn 2.5-5 cm.
long. — Susquehanna valley. On the shores of the river and low islands. —
Sum. and fall. — Wild-rice. Indian-rice. Water-oats.
12. HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg, Grasses of wet situations, with flat
leaf-blades and usually open, rarely contracted, terminal panicles, the branches
20 POACEAE.
of which are slender. Spikelets often with a cartilaginous ring at the base,
articulated below the scales, compressed, 1-flowered. Scales 2, compressed-
keeled, somewhat rigid, awnless, the first scale empty, usually ciliate on the
keel, broader than the second which encloses a perfect flower but no palet.
Stamens 1-6. Styles short or slender, distinct. Stigmas plumose with branched
hairs. [Leersia Sw., not Hedw.] — Cut-grass.
Panicle-branches singly disposed, usually less than 8 : stamens 1 or 2.
1. H. virginicus.
Panicle-branches, at least the lower ones, in whorls or approxi-
mate in pairs, usually exceeding 15 : stamens 3. 2. H. oryzoides.
1. H. virginicus (Willd.) Britton. Stems 6-13 dm. tall, slender, pubescent
at the nodes: leaf -blades erect or ascending, 3-20 cm. long, 2-11 mm. wide:
panicle 6-20 cm. long, its branches finally spreading, slender : stamens 2. —
Eather common, in swamps and wet places. — Sum. and fall. — White-grass.
2. H. oryzoides (L.) Poll. Stems 8-15 dm. tall, often rooting at the lower
nodes: leaf -blades 6-20 cm. long, 5-13 mm. wide: panicle 1-2 dm. long: spike-
lets 4-4.5 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. broad, the keels aculeate, the surface hispidu-
lous: stamens 3. — Eather common, in swamps. — Sum. and fall. — EiCE cut-
grass.
13. PHALARIS L. Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf -blades and
terminal panicles which are cylindric and spike-like, capitate, or densely
thyrsoid and somewhat interrupted. Spikelets articulated above the empty
scales, compressed, 1-flowered, crowded. Scales 5, the 2 lower persistent, larger
than the rest, thin-paleaceous, compressed-keeled, the keel usually more or less
winged, sometimes wingless, awnless; third and fourth scales shorter, very thin
and narrowly lanceolate, sometimes reduced to bristles, or rarely one of them
wanting; a fifth scale chartaceous, at length indurated, awnless, sometimes
pointed, obscurely 3-5-nerved, the midnerve sometimes obsolete, enclosing a
faintly 2-nerved palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose.
Outer scales of the spikelets not winged : panicle elongate. 1. P. arundinacea.
Outer scales of the spikelets winged : panicle short. 2. P. canariensis.
1. P. arundinacea L. Stems erect, 6-15 dm. tall: leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long,
6-14 mm. wide, smooth or rough: panicle 7-20 cm. long, its branches erect or
ascending: spikelets 5-6 mm. long. Eather common, in wet places. — Sum. —
Eeed canary-grass.
2. P. canariensis L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect: leaf -blades 5-30 cm. long,
4-12 mm. wide, very rough: panicle ovoid or oblong, 1.5-4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. in
diameter: spikelets 6-8 mm. long. — Common, in waste places about towns and
cities. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Canary-grass.
14. ANTHOXANTHXJM L. Erect aromatic annual or perennial grasses,
with flat leaf -blades and terminal usually dense spike-like panicles. Spikelets
articulated above the empty scales, 1-flowered, narrow, a little compressed,
crowded. Scales 5, the 2 outer persistent, empty, acute, mucronate, or short-
awned, the second longer than the others, the third and fourth scales much
shorter, empty, narrow, keeled, awned at the middle or near the base, the fifth
scale shorter than the remainder, hyaline, obtuse, awnless, enclosing a 1 -nerved
palet and a perfect flower. Stamens 2. Styles distinct. Stigmas elongate,
plumose.
POACEAE. 21
1. A. odoratum L. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, erect, tufted: leaf -blades 1-15 cm.
long, 2-6 mm. wide: panicle 2-6 cm. long: spikelets 8 mm. long. — Common, in
fields and pastures. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Sweet vernal-grass.
15. AKISTIDA L. Tufted grasses, with narrow and often convolute or
setaceous leaf-blades and contracted or open panicles, which are sometimes
nearly racemose. Spikelets 1 -flowered, narrow. Scales 3, the outer 2 mem-
branous, persistent, empty, narrow, keeled, awnless, usually longer than the
third scale which is of firmer texture, narrow, rigid, strongly convolute about
the 2-nerved palet and the perfect flower, often with a prominent callus at the
base, 3-awned from the apex, the generally spreading awns glabrous to plumose
the central awn commonly flexuous, coiled, or bent, the lateral awns often
shorter, occasionally very short and erect, the 3 awna sometimes more or less
connate at the base and the column thus produced articulated to the scale.
Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose. — Poverty-grass. Wire-grass.
Central awn coiled at the base. 1. A. dichotomu.
Central awn not coiled at the base.
First scale shorter than the second. 2. A. gracilis.
First scale longer than the second. 3. A. pvrpurascens.
1. A. dichotoma Michx. Stems 2-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2-9 cm. long, 1.5 mm.
wide or less: panicle 3.5-7 cm. long, the branches erect: spikelets 7-9 mm.
long, the 2 outer scales about equal in length, or the first a little the shorter,
usually awn-pointed, the flowering scale 5-7 mm. long, the lateral awns very
short, erect, the central awn spreading, the straight portion 2-5 mm. long, rarely
longer. — Common, in dry soil. — 'Sum. and fall.
2. A. gracilis Ell. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall, slender: leaf -blades 3-12 cm. long,
1 mm. wide or less: panicle 5-15 cm. long, its short branches appressed: spike-
lets 5-7 mm. long, the 2 outer scales usually awn-pointed, the flowering scale
5-6 mm. long, more or less hispidulous, especially on the keel, the central awn
spreading, 6—10 mm. long, the lateral awns erect, 1—3 mm. long. — N. Eare,
in sandy soil. — Sandstones and shales. — Sum.
3. A. purpurascens Poir. Stems 3-& dm. tall: leaf -blades 0.5-2 dm. long, 1-2
mm. wide, flat, long-acuminate: panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, its branches appressed:
spikelets 9-12 mm. long, the 2 outer scales 1-nerved, the first one usually exceed-
ing the second, occasionally equalling it, the flowering scale 6-8 mm. long, the
awns more or less spreading, especially the central one which is 1.5-2.5 cm.
long, the lateral awns from § as long to nearly equalling it. — Lower Susque-
hanna valley. Bather rare, on the banks of the river. — Schists. — Sum. and fall.
16. STIPA L. Tufted grasses, with convolute or flat leaf-blades and
terminal contracted or open, often slender, panicles. Spikelets narrow, 1-
flowered, usually few and large, or sometimes smaller and numerous. Scales
3, the 2 outer empty, persistent, narrow, keeled, acute, rarely awned, the third
scale tightly convolute about the 2-nerved or 2-keeled palet and the perfect
flower, rigid, narrow, the apex usually attenuated into a more or less geniculate
awn (or rarely 2-toothed or shortly 2-cleft, with the awn strict and arising
between the teeth) which is often spiral or twisted at the base, and generally
deciduous at the articulation to the scale, rarely not articulated and persistent.
Stamens 3, or rarely fewer, the anthers very often barbellate at the apex. Styles
short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. — Feather-grass.
1. S. avenacea L. Stems 3-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades involute-filiform: panicle
1-2 dm. long, its branches lax and finally spreading: empty scales of the
22 POACEAE.
spikelet 8-12 mm. long; flowering scale shorter, black, hairy at the base, and
with a ring of short hairs at the top, the awn 4-7 cm. long, bent, loosely spiral
below. — Susquehanna valley. Rather rare, on dry banks. — Schists. — Sum. —
Black oat-grass.
17. ORYZOPSIS Michx. Sparingly tufted grasses, with flat or convolute
leaf -blades and narrow, often contracted, panicles. Spikelets broad, 1-flowered.
Scales 3, the 2 outer ones nearly equal, awnless, the third scale broad, shorter
or longer than the outer ones and terminating in a deciduous awn. Stamens
3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose.
1. O. melanocarpa Muhl. Plant glabrous, the stems 4-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades
1-3.5 dm. long, 4-15 mm. wide: panicle 7.5-30 cm. long: spikelets, excluding
the awns, 7-9 mm. long, the awn about twice or thrice as long: body of the
third scale shorter than the outer scales, becoming dark-colored. - — M. Kare,
on shaded creek banks. — Limestones. — Sum, — Mountain-eice.
18, MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Perennial or rarely annual grasses, vari-
ous in habit, with flat or often involute leaf -blades, and terminal contracted or
open panicles, which are often slender, densely thyrsoid, or almost spike-like, or
difl'use with long capillary branches. Spikelets 1-flowered, small. Scales 3 (or
rarely 4), the outer 2 empty, persistent, membranous or hyaline, from minute
to almost equalling the third scale, keeled, acute, mucronate or rarely short-
awned, the second occasionally 3-toothed, the third scale somewhat rigid, convo-
lute about the 2-keeled hyaline palet and the perfect flower, at the apex entire
or rarely 2-toothed, obtuse, acute, mucronate to loug-awned, the awn very often
capillary, a fourth awned scale very rarely present. Stamens usually 3, rarely
fewer. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose.
Panicle contracted, its branches erect or nearly so : spikelets on short pedicels.
Empty scales at least V2 as long as the spikelet.
Flowering scale not awned, but sometimes awn-pointed.
Empty scales not awned, about % as long as the flowering scale, acute.
Empty scales long-acuminate, awn-pointed or awned.
Empty scales about as long as tlie flowering scale,
sharp-pointed, about 3 mm. long.
Empty scales exceeding the flowering scale, usually
twice as long, awned, about 5 mm. long.
Flowering scale long-awned, the awn usually twice as long
as the scale.
Empty scales about equalling the flowering scale.
Empty scales %-% as long as the flowering scale.
Empty scales minute, the first one often wanting.
Panicle open, its branches filiform, spreading or ascending : spike-
lets on very long capillary pedicels.
1. M. sobolifera (Muhl.) Trin. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, slender: leaf -blades
rough, those on the stem 1-1.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, those on the branches
2-8 cm. long and about 2 mm. wide: panicle 7-15 cm. long, slender: empty
scales about 1 mm. long, the flowering one obtuse, scabrous, the midnerve usually
excurrent as a short tip. — M. Eather rare, in woods. — Limestones, sand-
stones and shales. — Sum.
2. M. mexicana (L.) Trin. Stems 6-12 dm. long, erect, or often prostrate,
much branched: leaf -blades rough, those on the stem 1-1.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm.
wide, the branch blades smaller: panicle 5-15 cm. long, contracted: spikelets
2.5-3 mm. long, the outer scales somewhat unequal, acuminate or short-awned,
rough, especially on the keel, the third scale acuminate, rough. — Rather com-
mon, in fields and fence rows. — Sum. and fall.
1.
M.
sobolifera.
0
M.
mexicana.
3.
M.
racemosa.
4.
5.
6.
M.
M.
M.
um'brosa.
tenuiflora.
Schreberi.
7.
M.
capillaris.
POACEAE. 23
3. M. racemosa (Michx.) B.S.P. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, usually much
branched: leaf -blades 5-13 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough: panicle 5-12 cm.
long, usually dense and interrupted: spikelets much crowded, the empty scales
acuminate, 4-6 mm. long, including the awn, the flowering scale ^-g as long,
acuminate, the strongly scabrous midnerve exeurrent as a short point. [M.
glomeraia Trin.] — S. Bare, in swamps. — Schists. — Sum. and fall.
4. M. umbrosa Scribn. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, erect, branched: leaf -blades 5-18
cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough: panicle 7-18 cm. long: empty scales of the
spikelet 2.5-3 mm. long, awn-pointed, rough, the third scale equalling or some-
what exceeding the outer ones, very rough, attenuate into a slender awn 2-4
times its length. — S. Eather rare, in moist soil. — Schists. — Sum. and fall.
5. M. tenuiflora (Willd.) B.S.P. Stems 0-9 dm. tall, erect, slender: leaf-
blades 6-lS cm. long, 2-8 mm. wide, rough: panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, slender:
empty scales of the spikelet unequal, $-§ the length of the flowering scale, awn-
pointed, rough, the flowering one 2.5-3 mm. long, rough, bearing an awn 2-4
times its length. [M. Willdenovii Trin.] — M. Bare, in woods and thickets.
— • Limestones. — ■ Sum.
6. M. Schreberi Gmel. Stems 3-9 dm. long, decumbent, diffusely branched:
leaf -blades 4-9 cm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, rough: panicle 5-20 cm. long, slender:
empty scales of the spikelet minute, the lower one often wanting, the flowering
scale, exclusive of the awn, about 2 mm. long, the awn 1-4 mm. long. — S.
Rather rare, in dry soil. — Schists. — Sum. and fall.
7. M. capillaris (Lam.) Trin. Stems erect, wiry, tufted, 5-12 dm. tall: leaf-
blades long, often involute when dry, 1-3 mm. wide: panicle 1.5-4 dm. long:
spikelets, exclusive of the awn, 3.5-4 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate, the empty
scales usually 4 as long as the spikelet or less, commonly bearing a short awn,
the flowering scale bearing an awn longer than its body, sometimes 2 em. long.
[M. caespitosa Chapm.] — S. Rather rare, in rocky or sandy soil. — Schists.
— Fall.
19. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. Tall perennial grasses, with rather
broad flat leaf -blades and a terminal narrow panicle, its branches few, erect and
filiform. Spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, the rachilla produced beyond the flower
into a long glabrous stipe which sometimes bears a small scale at its apex.
Scales 3 (or rarely 4), the 2 outer empty, persistent, very small, the first
minute, sometimes almost wanting, the third scale elongate, rather rigid,
acuminate into a long erect awn and enclosing a somewhat short dorsally sulcate
2-nerved palet of similar texture and a perfect flower, a fourth scale some-
times terminating the rachilla-prolongation. Stamens 2. Styles short, distinct.
Stigmas elongate, plumose.
1. B. erectum (Schreb.) Beauv. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 5-13 cm.
long, 6-18 mm. wide, rough: panicle 5-15 cm. long, slender: flowering scale
exclusive of the awn, 9-12 mm. long, rough, the awn erect, 2-2.5 cm. long. —
Rather common, in woods and on moist banks. — Sum.
20, HELEOCHLOA Host. Tufted or creeping, perennial grasses, with
flat leaf -blades and usually contracted panicles. Spikelets flattened, 1-flowered.
Scales 3, awnless, the 2 outer ones unequal, empty, ciliate-keeled, acute, the
third scale fully as long as the outer scales, otherwise similar. Stamens 3.
Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose.
1. H. schoenoides (L.) Host. Plant glabrous, the stem and branches pros-
trate or nearly so, 1-5 dm, long: leaf -blades 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide:
panicle spike-like, 1.5-4 cm. long, partially enclosed in a leaf -sheath: spikelets
24 POACEAE.
crowded, 2.5 mm. long; scales l-nerved, acute. — M. Eather rare, in waste
places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum.
21. PHLEUM L. Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and
terminal, often long-pedunculate, dense spike-like panicles, which are from
elongate, narrow and cylindric, to short, oblong or nearly ovoid. Spikelets
crowded, 1-flowered, compressed. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, persistent, mem-
branous, compressed-keeled, obliquely truncate at the summit, awned, the third
scale much shorter, hyaline, truncate and denticulate at the apex, enclosing a
narrow palet of similar texture and a perfect flower. Stamens 3. Styles dis-
tinct, rather long. Stigmas plumose.
1. P. pratense L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades 7-23 cm. long, 4-6 mm.
wide: spike cylindric, 3-18 cm. long, 5-8 mm. in diameter: empty scales of the
spikelet, exclusive of the awn, 2.5 mm. long, the awn less than i their length. —
Common, in fields and on roadsides. — Sum. — Timothy.
22. ALOPECinitrS L. Annual or perennial grasses, erect, or decumbent
at the base, with flat and lax or rather rigid or convolute leaf -blades, and dense
terminal spike-like cylindric panicles. Spikelets articulated below the empty
scales, readily deciduous, l-flowered, compressed, crowded. Scales 3, the 2
outer empty, acute, sometimes short-awned, usually more or less united at the
base, compressed-keeled, the keel ciliolate or somewhat winged, the third scale
broad, hyaline, obtuse, bearing a short awn or point on the back, the margins
sometimes united into a short tube at the base, enclosing a perfect flower and
sometimes also a hyaline keeled palet. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, or rarely
more or less united at the base. Stigmas elongate, somewhat plumose with
short hairs.
1. A. myosuroides Huds. Stems 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades 4-18 cm. long, 2-6
mm. wide: spike 4-10 cm. long, 4—8 mm. in diameter: empty scales of the
spikelet narrowly winged, 4-5 mm. long, the flowering scale equalling or slightly
exceeding the empty ones, the awn inserted near the base and about twice its
length, bent. — S. Rare, in fields near Pleasant Grove. Nat. of Eu. — Sum.
— Foxtail.
23. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Perennial or rarely annual grasses, varying
much in habit, with flat or convolute leaf-blades and terminal panicles, which
are contracted, sometimes cylindric and spike-like, often elongate, or open and
diffuse. Spikelets small, sometimes minute, 1-flowered, or very rarely 2-4-
flowered. « Scales 3, rarely 4-6, membranous, acute or obtuse, rarely awn-
pointed or short-awned, the 2 outer empty, the flrst shorter than the second,
the remaining scale or scales longer or about equalling the second scale, enclos-
ing a perfect flower, and a 2-nerved, often deeply 2-cleft or 2-parted, palet
which is equal in length to, or a little shorter than, the scale, rarely awned and
exceeding it. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. — Sum.
and fall. — Rush-grass. Dropseed.
Upper leaf-sheaths enclosing panicles which are usually concealed or sometimes
partially protruding : terminal panicle contracted, narrow. 1. 8. clandestinus.
Flowering scale appressed-pubescent below with long hairs.
Flowering scale glabrous. 2. S. asper.
Upper leaf-sheaths not enclosing panicles. 3. 8. heterolepis.
1. S. clandestinus (Spreng.) A. Hitehc. Stenia 6-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades 7-35
cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, attenuate into a long slender involute tip: panicle 5-13
POACEAE. 25
cm. long: spikelets 6-8 mm. long, the empty scales unequal, acute, the flowering
scale appressed-pubescent below, much longer than the second one and much
exceeded by the long-acuminate palet. — M. Rare, in dry soil. — Limestones.
2. S. asper (Michx.) Kunth. Stems 4-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades 5 dm. long or
less, 2-5 mm. wide: panicle 2-3 dm. long, usually more or less included in the
upper leaf -sheath: spikelets 5-6 mm. long, the scales obtuse, the first about §
as long as the second, the flowering scale glabrous, considerably exceeding the
second one, about equalling the palet or a little shorter or longer than it. — M.
Rare, in sandy soil. — Limestones.
3. S. heterolepis A. Gray. Stems 3-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades involute-setaceous:
panicle 7-25 cm. long: spikelets 4-5.5 mm. long, the empty scales unequal,
acuminate, the lower subulate, about i as long as the broad second one, some-
times awn-pointed, the flowering scale obtuse or acute. — S, Very rare, on
dry banks. — Schists.
24. CINNA L. Tall perennial grasses, with flat leaf -blades and long
terminal contracted or open panicles, often nodding, its branches slender and
usually drooping. Spikelets numerous, flattened, l-flowered, the rachilla articu-
lated below the empty scales. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, persistent, keeled,
acute, the third one similar in texture, stalked, bearing just below the some-
what obtuse apex a short awn or awn-like point, the scale enclosing a slightly
smaller 1-nerved keeled palet, the keel minutely ciliate, and a perfect flower.
Stamen 1. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose.
1. C. arundinacea L. Stems 6-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1.5-3 dm. long, ^14
mm. wide: panicle 1.5-3 dm. long: scales of the spikelet acute, rough, the
flowering scale slightly exceeded or equalled by the second, usually bearing an
awn about 0.5 mm. long from the 2-toothed apex. — Rather common, in moist
woods and along streams. — Sum. and fall. — Wood reed-grass.
25. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Erect usually perennial grasses, with gen-
erally flat, sometimes involute leaf-blades, and terminal contracted or open
panicles. Spikelets numerous, 1-flowered, commonly small, the rachilla usually
prolonged beyond the flower, the prolongation either pilose throughout, the
usual state, or with a terminal tuft of long hairs. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty,
persistent, narrow, keeled, acute or acuminate, the third scale much shorter
than the others, very thickly hyaline, with a basal ring of hairs which are from
one-half as long as the scale to somewhat exceeding it, rarely very short or
almost wanting, bearing a usually delicate dorsal awn which is rarely twisted
at the base, and enclosing a small narrow thinly hyaline palet and a perfect
flower. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. — Reed bent-
GRASS.
Rachilla with its prolongation hairy the whole length. 1. C. canadensis.
Rachilla with its prolongation hairy only at the top. 2. G. cinnoides.
1. C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Stems 6-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-3 dm.
long or more, 2-8 mm. wide: panicle 1-2 dm. long, open, usually purplish,
naked at the base: spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long; flowering scale with a delicate
awn, the basal hairs equalling or a little shorter than the scale. — N. S. Fre-
quent, in swamps. — Sandstones and schales, schists. — Sum. — Blue- joint
GRASS.
2. C, cinnoides (Muhl.) Scribn. Stems 9-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-3 dm. long
or more, 4-10 mm. wide: panicle 7-18 cm. long, contracted: spikelets 6-8 mm.
2.
A.
Schiceinitzii.
3.
A.
hyemalis.
4.
A.
perennans.
26 POACEAE.
long, the scales very hispidulous, the outer ones about equal, acuminate and awn-
pointed, the flowering scale obtuse, the basal hairs from i--% its length, the awn
stout, exceeding or equalling the scale. [C. Nuttalliana Steud.] — S. Eather
rare, in swamps. — Schists, — Sum.
26. AGROSTIS L. Annual or perennial usually tufted grasses, with flat
or setaceous leaf -blades and terminal often slender contracted or open panicles
with numerous branches. Spikelets very numerous, small, 1-flowered, the rachilla
articulated above the empty scales. Scales 3, the 2 outer empty, persistent,
membranous, keeled, acute, awnless, the third one shorter, thin-hyaline, awnless,
or sometimes bearing a slender dorsal often geniculate awn, enclosing a perfect
flower and frequently also a short very thin hyaline palet rarely more than
i as long as the scale, sometimes minute or wanting. Stamens usually 3.
Styles distinct, very short. Stigmas plumose. — Bent-grass.
Palet of the spikelet conspicuous, at least % as long as the scale.
1. A. alha.
Palet inconspicuous, minute, or wanting.
Stems weak, usually decumbent and often prostrate at the
base : leaf-blades lax : panicle oblong, the spikelets about
1.5 mm. long.
Stems, and usually also the leaf-blades, erect.
Branches of the panicle capillary, elongate, commonly
dividing above the middle.
Branches of the panicle not elongate, dividing at the
middle or below it.
1. A. alba L. Stems 2-8 dm. tall, often stoloniferous: leaf -blades 5-20 cm.
long, 2-^ mm. wide: panicle 5-23 cm. long, usually open, or sometimes con-
tracted after flowering, green or purplish: spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long, the empty
scales about equal, acute, hispidulous on the keel. — Common, in fields and on
roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Eed-top.
2. A. Schweinitzii Trin. Stems 3-8 dm. long from a decumbent or prostrate
base, weak: leaf -blades 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, lax: panicle 1-2 dm.
long, open, oblong, its branches widely spreading, the branchlets and pedicels
divergent: spikelets 1.5-2 mm, long, the empty scales hispidulous on the keel. —
S. Frequent, in woods and low grounds. — Schists. — Sum. and fall. — Thin-
GEASS. ■ 'f
3. A. hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, slender: leaf -blades 5-13
cm. long, 1-3 mm. wide, usually erect, roughish: panicle 1.5-6 dm. long, usually
purplish, the very rough capillary branches ascending or spreading, often droop-
ing, the lower ones 7-15 cm. long: spikelets 1.5-2 mm, long. [A. scabra Willd.]
— Common, on dry banks. — Sum. — Hair-grass.
4. A. perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, tufted, rather slender:
leaf -blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rough: panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, its
ascending branches 3.5-8 cm. long: spikelets about 2 mm. long, on appressed
pedicels. [Agrostis intermedia Scribn., not Balb.] — M. Eather rare, in
woods. — Quartzite. — Sum.
27. NOTHOHOLCUS Nash. Annual or perennial grasses, with usually
flat leaf-blades and terminal spike-like contracted or open often interrupted
panicles. Spikelets crowded, 2-flowered, the lower flower perfect, the upper
one staminate, the rachilla articulated below the empty scales. Scales 4, the
2 outer empty, keeled, the first 1-nerved, acute, the second broader, 3-nerved,
acute or short-awned, the third and fourth scales shorter than the second, mem-
branous, at length rigid, enclosing flowers, the former awnless, the latter bear-
ing a slender dorsal awn which is often hooked when dry; palet narrow, 2-
keeled. Stamens 3, styles distinct. Stigmas plumose.
POACEAE. 27
1. N. lanatus (L.) Nash. Softly and densely pubescent. Stems 4-9 dm. tall:
leaf -blades 2.5-15 cm. long, 4-12 mm. wide: spikelets 4 mm. long; the upper one
awn-pointed, the flowering scales 2 mm. long, glabrous, shining, the upper one
2-toothed and bearing a finally hooked awn just below the apex. — Common,
in moist fields and meadows. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Velvet-grass.
28. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Perennial grasses, with narrow convolute
or flat leaf-blades and terminal contracted or open panicles. Spikelets 2-
flowered, the rachilla articulated above the empty scales and prolonged beyond
the flowers. Scales 4, the 2 outer empty, persistent, keeled, acute, membranous,
usually somewhat shining, the flowering scales thin-membranous, almost hyaline,
entire or toothed, acute, obtuse, or truncate and denticulate at the apex, each
bearing a slender dorsal straight or geniculate awn which is twisted at the
base; palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose.
— • Hair-grass.
Flowering scales about 2.5 mm. long, erose-truncate : leaf-blades flat.
1. D. caespitosa.
Flowering scales about 4 mm. long, acute or obtuse : leaf-blades
involute. 2. D. flexuosa.
1. D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Stems 6-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades 2-3 mm. wide,
the basal ones numerous, those on the stem 5-15 cm. long: panicle open, 7-23
cm. long, naked at the base: spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long, the flowering scales
about 2.5 mm. long, erose-truncate at the apex, the awns somewhat shorter or
a little longer than the scale. — M. S, Eare, in swamps. — Limestones,
schists. — • Sum.
2. D. flexuosa (L.) Trin. Stems 3-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades involute-setaceous,
the basal very numerous: panicle open, 5-20 cm. long, flexuous: spikelets 4.5-5
mm. long, the flowering scales about 4 mm. long, acutely toothed at the apex,
the awns bent and twisted, much exceeding the scale. — Susquehanna valley.
Common, on dry or rocky hills. — Limestones, schists. — Sum.
29. TRISETUM Pers. Annual or perennial tufted grasses, with flat leaf-
blades and terminal spike-like contracted or open panicles. Spikelets usually
2-flowered, rarely 3-6-flowered, the flowers perfect, or the upper one staminate,
the rachilla glabrous or pilose, articulated between the flowering scales and
prolonged beyond them. Scales 4, rarely 5-8, keeled, the 2 outer empty, membra-
nous, unequal, acute, entire at the apex, awnless, persistent, the flowering scales
usually shorter, sometimes longer, 2-toothed at the apex, the teeth acuminate
and often terminating in a bristle or slender awn, awned, or the lower flower-
ing scale rarely awnless, the awn often twisted, inserted below the apex and
arising between the teeth; palet hyaline, 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Stigmas plumose.
1. T. pennsylvanicum (L.) B.S.P. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf-blades 1 dm. long
or less, 1-4 mm. wide: panicle 6-15 cm. long, its branches erect or ascending:
spikelets of four scales, the empty ones about equal, the flowering scales 4-5
mm. long, the second one hispidulous or nearly glabrous. — M. S. Rather rare,
in swamps and wet places. — Limestones, schists. — Sum.
30. AVENA [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial grasses, varying in habit,
with usually flat leaf -blades and terminal contracted or open panicles. Spikelets
generally large, erect or pendulous, usually 2-several-flowered, rarely 1-flowered,
the rachilla articulated between the fertile flowers, the lower flowers perfect,
28 POACEAE.
the upper ones often staminate or wanting. Scales 4-several, rarely 3, the
2 outer empty, membranous, exceeding or shorter than the flowering geales,
persistent, the flowering scales 5-9-nerve(l, rounded on the back, the apex fre-
quently shortly 2-toothed, the scales enclosing perfect flowers and bearing a
dorsal twisted geniculate awn, the upper empty ones or those infolding stami-
nate flowers awnless; palet 2-cleft or 2-toothed, narrow. Stamens 3. Styles
distinct. Grain deeply furrowed, usually pubescent.
1. A. sativa L. Annual. Stems 8-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades flat, 2.5 dm. long
or less, 5-10 mm. wide or more: panicle usually 1.5-4 dm. long: empty scales
of the spikelet 2-3 cm. long, acuminate, the flowering ones shorter, awned or
awnless. — Common in fields and waste places and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu.
— Sum. — Oat.
31. ABRHENATHERUM Beauv. Tall perennial grasses, with flat leaf-
blades and terminal open or contracted panicles. Spikelets 2-flowered, the
lower flower staminate, the upper one perfect or pistillate, the rachilla articu-
lated above the empty scales and prolonged beyond the flowers. Scales 4, the
2 outer empty, persistent, thin-membranous, keeled, the flowering scales more
rigid, somewhat toothed at the apex, the lower one bearing near the base a
long dorsal twisted and geniculate awn, the upper scale awnless, or short-
awned below the apex; palet 2-keeled, hyaline, narrow. Stamens 3. Styles
short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain hardly sulcate.
1. A. elatius (L.) Beauv. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, leaf-blades 6-30 cm. long,
2-8 mm. wide: panicle 1-3 dm. long: empty scales of the spikelet unequal,
the flowering scales about 8 mm. long. [A. avenaceum Beauv.] — M. Rather
common, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Tall oat-grass.
32. DANTHONIA DC. Usually perennial grasses, various in habit, with
flat or convolute leaf-blades and terminal dense and contracted or open diffuse
panicles. Spikelets 2-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones
staminate, the rachilla pilose, articulated between the scales and prolonged
beyond them. Scales 5-many, the 2 outer empty, persistent, usually extending
beyond the flowering scales, rarely shorter, keeled, acute or acuminate, the
flowering scales rounded on the back, the margins often ciliate, 2-toothed at
the apex, the teeth often awned, with an awn arising between the teeth which
is more or less flattened and very often twisted at the base and frequently
geniculate, the remaining scales often small and enclosing a palet only, or
empty; palet obtuse or 2-toothed, 2-keeled, hyaline. Stamens 3. Styles distinct.
Stigmas plumose.
1. D. spicata (L.) Beauv. Stems 3-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2 mm. wide or less,
usually involute, the lower ones 1-1.5 dm. long: panicle 2-5 em. long: spikelets
5-8-flowered, the empty scales 8-10 mm. long, the flowering scales broadly
oblong, sparingly appressed-pubescent with silky hairs. — Eather common, in
dry soil, especially in pastures and on dry hills. — Sum. — Wild oat-grass.
33. SPAHTINA Schreb. Often tall grasses, with flat or convolute leaf-
blades and spicate inflorescence, the spikes one-sided, the rachis extending
beyond the spikelets. Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile or nearly so, much crowded
and imbricated in 2 rows. Scales 3, firm-membranous, the 2 outer empty,
narrow, very unequal, keeled, the flowering scale equalling or a little longer and
POACEAE. 29
broader than the second scale; palet thin or almost hyaline, enclosing a perfect
flower, obscurely 2-nerved, scarcely included in the scale which it often slightly
exceeds. Stamens 3. Styles elongate. Stigmas 2, thread-like, papillose or
shortly plumose.
1. S. Michauxiana A. Hitchc. Stems 6-18 dm. tall: leaf -blades 3 dm. long or
more. 6-1-4 mm. wide: spikes 5-30, 5-13 cm. long: spikelets strongly imbri-
cated, 12-14 mm. long, the empty scales strongly hispicl on the keel. — Susque-
hanna valley. Common, in wet ground. — Limestones, schists. — Sum. and
fall. — Slough-grass. Marsh-grass.
34. ATHEROPOGON Muhl, Perennial grasses, with narrow flat leaf-
blades and an inflorescence composed of numerous scattered short few-flowered
spikes. Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile, crowded in 2 rows, imbricated, the rachilla
extending beyond the flower, its summit bearing scales or awns. Scales 3 or
more, the 2 lower empty, unequal, narrow, acute, keeled, the third scale thinner
and broader, 3-toothed at the apex, the teeth more or less awned, enclosing a
narrow hyaline 2-toothed palet and a perfect flower, the small upper scales
empty, awned. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose.
1. A. curtipendulus (Michx.) Fourn. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 5-30
cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less: spikes 6—16 mm. long, widely spreading or re-
flexed: spikelets 4-12, diverging from the rachis, 7-10 mm. long. [Bouteloua
racemosa Lag.] — Conestoga and lower Susquehanna valleys. Eare, on dry
banks. — • Limestones, schists. — Sum.
35. ELEUSINE Gaertn. Annual, or perennial and creeping, grasses, with
flat leaf-blades, and an inflorescence composed of normally several spikes ar-
ranged digitately or approximately with sometimes an additional single spike
below. Spikelets numerous, much crowded, imbricated, sessile, alternate in 2
rows, several-flowered, the flowers perfect, or the upper ones staminate. Scales
several, obtuse or acute, flattened, keeled, thin, the 2 lower empty, a little
shorter than the others, the remaining scales usually more obtuse, each of the
lower ones enclosing a scarcely shorter compressed 2-keeled palet and a flower,
the terminal scales empty. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose.
1. E. indica (L.) Gaertn. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall: leaf-blades 7-30 cm. long,
2-6 mm. wide: spikes 2-10, 2-8 cm. long: spikelets 3-4 mm. long, 3-6-flowered.
— ■ Common, in waste places and on roadsides. Nat. of the Old World.
Sum. — Goose-grass. Yard-grass.
36. TE.IDENS E. & S. Usually perennial grasses, with flat or involute
leaf-blades and the inflorescence composed of open or contracted and some-
times spike-like panicles. Spikelets 3-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or the
upper ones staminate. Scales 5-many, membranous, sometimes firmer, the 2
lower empty, keeled, obtuse to acuminate, usually shorter than the rest, some-
times longer: flowering scales 3-nerved, the midnerve or all the nerves excurrent,
the midnerve and the lateral nerves or the margins pilose, the apex entire or
shortly 2-toothed, the teeth obtuse to acute, the callus short and obtuse; palet
shorter than the scale, compressed, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, dis-
tinct. Stigmas plumose.
1, T. flava (L.) A. Hitchc. Stems 5-16 dm. tall: leaf-blades elongate, the
basal and lower ones 2-6 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, the uppermost one 6-20 cm.
30 POACEAE.
long: panicle loose and open, 1.5-4 dm. long: gjiikelets numerous, 5-8-flowered,
7-10 mm. long; empty scales acute, 1-nerved; flowering scales about 4 mm.
long, the apex 2-tootlied between the excurrent nerves. [Triodia cuprea Jacq.]
— ■ Common, on roadsides, and in fields and fence rows. — Sum. — Tall red-top.
37. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. Low or tall annual or perennial tufted rarely
dioecious grasses, the stems sometimes prostrate or creeping, with flat or convo-
lute leaf-blades and open or contracted panicles. Spikelets numerous, arranged
singly or in fascicles, 2-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or unisexual. Scales
4^many, membranous, compressed, keeled, the 2 lower empty, unequal, the
remaining scales larger, 3-nerved, obtuse or acute at the apex; palet shorter
than the scale, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled, often incurved and persistent
on the rachilla after the fall of the scale. Stamens 2 or 3. Styles distinct,
short. Stigmas plumose.
Stems not creeping : flowers perfect.
Annuals.
Spikelets 2-5-flowered.
Pedicels and branches of the panicle short : stems usually branched above.
1. E. Frankii.
Pedicels and branches of the diffuse panicle long
and capillary : stems branched only at the base. 2. E. capillaris.
Spikelets more than 5-flowered.
Spikelets 1.5 mm. wide or less : palets remaining
attached to the continuous rachls for some time
after the flowering scales have fallen.
Flowering scales thin, usually bright purplish,
the lateral nerves faint or wanting : spikelets
about 1 mm. wide. 3. E. pilosa.
Flowering scales firm, usually dull purple or green,
the lateral nerves very prominent : spikelets
about 1.5 mm. wide. 4. E. Purshii.
Spikelets exceeding 2 mm. wide : palets falling with
the flowering scales and the internodes of the
rachis. 5. E. major.
Perennial. 6. E. pectinacea.
Stems creeping, rooting at the nodes. 7. E. hypnoides.
1. E. Frankii Steud. Stems 1.5-4 dm. tall : leaf -blades 5-13 cm. long, 2-4 mm.
wide: panicle 5-15 cm. long, open: spikelets ovate, 2-3 mm. long, 3-5-flowered,
the flowering scales acute, the lower ones 1.5 mm. long, their lateral nerves
obscure. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eare, on sandy shores and islands. —
Fall.
2. E. capillaris (L.) Nees. Stems 2-5 dm. tall, slender: leaf -blades 7-25 cm.
long, 2-4 mm. wide: panicle diffuse, 1-4 dm. long: spikelets ovate, 2-3 mm.
long, 2-4-flowered, the flowering scales acute, 1.5 mm. long, their lateral nerves
obscure. — Rather common, in dry soil. — Sum. and fall.
3. E. pilosa (L.) Beauv. Stems 1.5-5 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2-13 cm. long,
2 mm. wide or less: panicle 5-15 cm. long, its branches finally spreading, often
hairy in the axils: spikelets 5-12-flowered, 3-6 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide,
the flowering scales acute, the lower ones 1.5 mm. long, thin. — Eather com-
mon, in cultivated grounds and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall.
4. E. Purshii Schrad. Stems 1.5-5 dm. tall: leaf-blades 3-9 cm. long, 2 mm.
wide or less: panicle 7-20 cm. long, open, naked in the axils: spikelets 5-15-
flowered, 3-8 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide, the flowering scales acute, firm,
the lower ones 1.5 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, on the river
shore. — Sum.
5. E. major Host. Ill-scented. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades 5-1& cm.
long, 2-6 mm. wide: panicle 5-15 cm. long: spikelets 8-35-flowered, 5-16 mm.
long and about 3 mm. wide, the flowering scales obtuse, 2-2.5 mm. long, the
lateral nerves prominent. [E. megastachya Link.] — Common, in waste places
and cultivated grounds. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall.
POACEAE. 31
6. E. pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, rigid: leaf -blades 1-3
dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide: panicle 1.5-6 dm. long, strongly bearded in the axils:
spikelets 5-15-flowered, 3-8 mm. long, the flowering scales about 1.75 mm. long,
their lateral nerves very prominent. — S. Eather rare, in dry soil. — Schists.
— Sum.
7. E. hypnoides (Lam.) B.S.P. Stems 2-5 dm. long, creeping and rooting
at the nodes: leaf -blades commonly 1-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide: panicle 1.5-
5 cm. long: spikelets 10-35-flowered, 4-16 mm. long, the flowering scales 1.5-2
mm. long, glabrous, those of the pistillate spikelets more sharply acute than
those of the staminate. — Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, in wet sand on
the river shore and islands. — Sum.
38. SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn. Tufted perennial grasses, with flat or
convolute leaf-blades and usually narrow and contracted, or sometimes open
panicles. Spikelets numerous, 2-3-flowered, shining. Scales 4 or 5, membra-
nous, the 2 outer empty, the first very narrow, 1-nerved, acuminate, the second
much broader, obovate when spread out, obtuse, truncate, and sometimes apicu-
late at the apex, 3-nerved, the remaining scales narrower, obtuse or somewhat
acute; palet narrow, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short. Stigmas
plumose. [Eatonia Endl. Not Eaf.]
Empty scales usually unequal, the first commonly shorter and not more than | as
wide as the second.
Second scale obovate in side view, rounded at the summit. 1. 8. oMusata.
Second scale oblanceolate in side view, acute or acutish at the
apex. 2. S. pallens.
Empty scales usually equal, the first at least 3 as broad as the
second. 3. S. nitida.
1. S. obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, glabrous or pubescent:
leaf -sheaths and blades usually rough, the latter 2.5-23 cm. long, 1-5 mm. wide,
rarely wider: panicle 5-15 cm. long, dense and usually spike-like, sometimes
purple: spikelets crowded, 2.5-3 mm. long. — S. Eather rare, in woods. —
Schists. — Sum.
2. S. pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 6-18 cm. long,
2-6 mm. wide, rough: panicle 7-18 cm. long, often nodding at the summit,
lax: spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, the flowering scales narrow, acute. — M. Eare,
on dry banks. — Limestones. — Sum.
3. S. nitida (Spreng.) Scribn. Stems tufted, slender, 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades
1-8 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less: panicle 5-15 cm. long, lax, its branches
spreading at flowering time, finally erect: spikelets 3 mm. long. [E. Dudleyi
Vasey.] — Eather rare, in woods. — Sum.
39. MELICA L. Perennial grasses, with flat or convolute leaf -blades and
contracted or open panicles which are sometimes almost racemose. Spikelets
few-many, erect or nodding, 1-several-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper
ones staminate. Scales 3-several, the 2 lower empty, membranous, or hyaline,
obtuse or acutish, unequal in length, the flowering scales larger, membranous,
the lateral nerves vanishing at the broad hyaline margin, acute or obtuse at
the apex, the remaining scales empty, gradually smaller, convolute and involving
each other and forming a clavate to obovoid mass; palet shorter than the scale,
2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose.
1. M. mutica Walt. Stems 3-9 dm. tall : leaf-blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-10 mm.
wide: panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, its branches spreading or ascending: spike-
lets 7-9 mm. long, about 2-flowered, nodding, on flexuous pubescent pedicels,
the flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, usually very obtuse. — Lower Susquehanna
valley. Eather rare, on the river hills. — Schists. — Sum.
32 POACEAE.
40. UNIOLA L. Usually tall perennial grasses, with flat or convolute
leaf-blades and contracted or open panicles, the branches sometimes nodding.
Spikelets many, erect, or sometimes nodding, laterally compressed, 2-edged, 3-
many-flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate. Scales 6-many,
compressed-keeled, sometimes winged, the lower 3-6 empty, gradually enlarging,
the flowering scales many-nerved, similar to the upper ones of the lower empty
scales but larger, the remaining scales, if any, empty; palet somewhat rigid,
2-keeled, the keels narrowly winged. Stamens 1-3. Styles distinct. Stigmas
plumose.
1, U. latifolia Michx. Stems 6-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 6-25
mm. wide: panicle lax, 1.5-2.5 dm. long: spikelets many-flowered, oval to ovate,
much flattened, 2.5-4 cm. long, on long capillary pendulous pedicels, the flower-
ing scales 9-12 mm. long, ciliate-hispid on the winged keel. — Susquehanna
valley. Rather rare, on the river shore and islands. — Schists. — Sum. — Spike-
grass.
41. DACTYLIS L. Perennial usually tall grasses, with flat leaf -blades
and open or contracted panicles. Spikelets in head-like clusters which are
unilaterally arranged and crowded at the ends of the branches, 3-5-flowered,
the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate. Scales 5-7, keeled, the 2 lower
empty, unequal, mucronate, the second the larger, the flowering scales larger,
more rigid, the keel ciliate and excurrent as a mucro or short awn; palet nearly
as long as the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Stigmas plumose.
1. D. glomerata L. Stems 6-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades 7-23 cm. long, 2-6 mm.
wide: panicle 7-20 cm. long: spikelets in dense capitate clusters, 3-5-flowered,
the flowering scales 4-6 mm. long, rough, pointed or short-awned, ciliate on
the keel. — Common, on roadsides and in fields and orchards. Nat. of Eu. —
Sum. — Orchard-grass.
42. POA L. Annual or perennial grasses, rarely dioecious, with flat leaf-
blades and open sometimes contracted panicles, the branches often drooping.
Spikelets 2-6-flowered, the flowers perfect, or rarely unisexual, the glabrous or
rarely somewhat pilose rachilla articulated between the flowers. Scales 4-8,
membranous, keeled, acute or obtuse, awnless, the 2 lower empty, persistent, the
flowering scales usually longer, frequently pubescent on the callus and the mid-
nerve and marginal nerves, the hairs often long and curled; palet shorter than
the scale, 2-nerved or 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct. Stigmas
plumose. — Meadow-grass. Spear-grass. Blue-grass.
Annuals or biennials : stems densely tufted, low, usually less tlian 3 dm. long.
1. P. annua.
Perennials : stems usually exceeding 3 dm. tall.
Plants green with no long rootstocks.
Flowering scales with long crimped hairs at the base.
Flowering scales with only the midneive pubescent. 2. P. trivialis.
Flowering scales with the midnerve and lateral
nerves pubescent.
Midnerve of the flowering scale pubescent only
below the middle.
Flowering scales 2-3 mm. long : basal leaves
usually relatively short. 3. P. pratensis.
Flowering scales 4-5 mm. long : basal
leaves very long, often equalling the
stem or nearly so. 4. P. hrachyphylla.
Midnerve of the flowering scale pubescent the
whole length, or nearly so. 5. P. sylvestris.
POACEAE. 33
Flowering scales with no crimped liairs at the base. (i. P. autiimnalis.
Plants dull bluish green, with long stout often branch-
ing rootstocks : stems much compressed. 7. P. compressa.
1. P. annua L. Stems 5-30 cm. tall: leaf-blades 1-10 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide:
panicle 1-10 cm. long, it branches spreading: spikelets 3-5-flowered, 3-5 mm.
long, the flowering scales 2.5-3 mm. long. — Common, in cultivated grounds
and fields. Nat. of Eu. — Spr.-fall. — Low spear-grass.
2. P. trivialis L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths very rough; blades 5-18
cm. long, 2—4 mm. wide, rough: panicle 1-1.5 dm. long: spikelets 2-3-flowered,
3 mm. long, the scales acute, the flowering scales 2-3 mm. long, 5-nerved, the
intermediate nerves prominent. — Occasional, in waste places and meadows.
Nat. of Eu. — Sum.
3. P. pratensis L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades 1-6 mm. wide, those on
the stem 5-15 cm. long, the basal much longer: panicle 6-20 cm. long, usually
pyramidal: spikelets 3-5-flowered, 4-5 mm. long, the scales acute, the flowering
scales 3 mm. long, 5-nerved. — Common, in fields, pastures and woods. Nat. of
Eu. — Sum. and fall. — Kentucky blue-grass.
4. P. brachyphylla Schult. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2-4 mm. wide,
abruptly acute, those on the stem 1-10 cm. long: panicle 6-13 cm. long, its
branches widely spreading or often reflexed, spikelet-bearing at the ends: spike-
lets 3-6-flowered, 5-7 mm. long, the flowering scales 4-5 mm. long, obtuse, the
intermediate nerves prominent. — M. S. Bather rare, on rocky banks. — Lime-
stones, schists. — Spr.
5. P. sylvestris A. Gray. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2-6 mm. wide, those
on the stem 4-15 cm. long, the basal much longer: panicle 7-18 cm. long, the
branches spreading or ascending, sometimes reflexed when old, spikelet-bearing
at the ends: spikelets 2-4-flowered, 2-4 mm. long, the flowering scales about
2.5 mm. long, obtuse. — M. S. Rather rare, in damp woods. — Limestones,
schists. — Sum.
6. P. autumnalis Muhl. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2 mm. wide or less,
those on the stem 4-15 cm. long, the basal much longer: panicle 7-22 cm. long,
the branches long and slender and spikelet-bearing at the ends: spikelets 3-5-
flowered, 5-6 mm. long, the flowering scales rounded or retuse at the apex, 3-4
mm. long, pubescent on the lower part of the internerves. — S. Eare, in woods.
— Schists. — Spr.
7. P. compressa L. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2-10 cm. long, about 2
mm. wide: panicle usually contracted: spikelets 3-9-flowered, 3-6 mm. long, the
flowering scales 2-2.5 mm. long, obscurely 3-nerved. — Common, in cultivated
grounds, waste places, and woods. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall. — Canada
BLUE-GRASS.
43. PANICULARIA Fabr. Usually perennial, rarely annual, sometimes
aquatic grasses, with commonly flat leaf -blades and open or contracted panicles,
the branches sometimes drooping. Spikelets usually numerous, ovate to linear,
few-many-flowered, the glabrous rachilla articulated between the perfect flowers,
the upper flowers sometimes imperfect. Scales few-many, awnless, the 2 lower
empty, obtuse or acute, unequal, the flowering scales longer, obtuse to truncate
and denticulate, rarely acute or acuminate at the more or less hyaline apex,
convex on the back but not keeled, usually prominently nerved, the nerves
vanishing at the hyaline margin; palet 2-keeled, equalling or shorter than,
rarely exceeding, the scale. Stamens 3. Style short, distinct. Stigmas plu-
mose. — ' Manna-grass.
Lancaster County Flora 3.
34 POACEAE.
Spikelets ovate or oblong, 8 mm. long or less.
Flowering scales very broad, obscurely or at least not sharply nerved.
1. P. canadensis.
Flowering scales narrow, sharply and distinctly 7-nerved.
Panicle elongate, its branches erect or appressed. 2. P. Torreyana.
Panicle not elongate, its branches usually spreading or
ascending, sometimes drooping.
Spikelets 3 mm. long or less : branches of the panicle
often drooping. 3. P. nervata.
Spikelets 4-6 mm. long : branches of the panicle as-
cending or spreading. 4. P. grandis.
Spikelets linear, 12 mm. long or more. 5. P. fluitans.
1. P. canadensis (Michx.) Kuntze. Stems 6-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1.5-3.5
dm. long, 4-8 mm. vride: panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, open, the slender branchea
drooping: spikelets 5-12-flowered, 5-8 mm. long, the flowering scales broad,
3-4 mm. long, obtuse or abruptly pointed. — N. S. Rather rare, in swamps. —
Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. — Eattlesnake-grass.
2. P. Torreyana (Spreng.) Merrill. Stems 6-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1.5-3 dm.
long, 3-6 mm. wide: panicle elongate, usually nodding at the summit, 1.5-3
dm. long: spikelets 3-4-flowered, 3-4 mm. long, the flowering scales about 2 mm.
long, obtuse or acutish. — N. Eare, in swamps. — Sandstones and shales. —
Sum. and fall.
3. P. nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1.5-3 dm.
long, 4-10 mm. wide: panicle 7-20 cm. long, often purple, the branches spread-
ing, ascending, or often drooping: spikelets 3-7-flowered, 2-3 mm. long, the
flowering scales about 1.5 mm. long, obtuse or rounded. — Eather common, in
swamps and low woods. — Sum. — Fowl meadow-grass.
4. P. grandis (S. Wats.) Nash. Stems 9-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2-3 dm. long
or more, 6-16 mm. wide: panicle 2^ dm. long, the lower branches 1-2 dm. long:
spikelets 4-7-flowered, 4-6 mm. long, the flowering scales about 2 mm. long. —
5. Eare, in swamps. — Schists. — Sum. — Eeed meadow-grass.
5, P. fluitans (L.) Kuntze. Stems 1-1.5 m, long: leaf -blades 1-3 dm. long or
more, 4—12 mm. wide, rough, often floating: panicle 2-4.5 dm. long, its branches
finally ascending: spikelets 7-13-flowered, 2-2.5 cm. long, the flowering scales
4-5 mm. long, thick, oblong, rounded or truncate at the erose apex, hispiduloua.
— N. S. Rare, in swamps. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum.
44. FESTUCA L. Usually perennial, rarely annual, tufted grasses, with
flat or convolute sometimes setaceous leaf -blades and contracted often spike-
like or open panicles which are sometimes nearly racemose. Spikelets 2-several-
flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones staminate, the rachilla articulated
between the flowers. Scales 4-several, membranous, the 2 lower empty, unequal,
acute, keeled, the flowering scales rounded on the back, at least below, acute
or rarely obtuse, usually more or less awned, occasionally awnless, the remaining
scales if any, empty; palet a little shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens
1-3. Styles very short, distinct, terminal or nearly so. Stigmas plumose. —
Fescue-grass.
Plants annual : stamens 1 or 2. 1. P. octoflora.
Plants perennial : stamens 3.
Panicle open, its branches at maturity ascending or spreading :
spikelets usually less than 6-flowered.
Panicle branches elongate, spikelet-bearing toward the
end. 2. F. nutans.
Panicle branches not elongate, spikelet-bearing from at
or below the middle. 3. p. Shortii.
Panicle contracted, its branches erect or appressed : spikelets
often 10-flowered. 4. p_ elatior
POACEAE. 35
1. F. octoflora Walt. Stems 1-5 dm. tall; leaf -blades 4-8 cm. long, involute:
panicle or raceme often one-sided, 2.5-15 cm. long, contracted: spikelets 6-13-
flowered, 6-10 mm. long, the flowering scales, exclusive of the awn, 3-5 mm.
long, acuminate into an awn nearly as long as itself or shorter, or sometimes
awnless. — Eather common, in dry soil. — Sum.
2. F. nutans Willd. Stems 6-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-3 dm. long, 4-6 mm.
wide: panicle 1-2.5 dm. long: spikelets lanceolate, 3-5-flowered, 5-6 mm. long,
the flowering scales 3-4 mm. long. — Eather rare, in woods. — Sum.
3. F. Shortii Kunth. Stems 6-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-2.5 dm. long. 2-6
mm. wide: panicle 7-18 cm. long: spikelets broadly obovate when mature, 3-6-
flowered, 5-6 mm. long, the flowering scales 4-5 mm. long. — M. S. Eather
rare, in swamps. — Limestones, schists. — Sum.
4. F. elatior L. Stems 6-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-4 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide:
panicle 1-4 dm. long: spikelets .5-10-flowered, 9-12 mm. long, the flowering
scales acute or short-pointed, 5-6 mm. long, indistinctly 5-nerved. — Common, in
fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Meadow-fescue.
45. BE.OMUS L. Annual or perennial grasses, with usually closed leaf-
sheaths, flat blades and contracted or open sometimes almost racemose panicles,
the branches often nodding. Spikelets usually large, often drooping, few-many-
flowered, the flowers perfect or the upper ones imperfect. Scales few-many,
membranous, the 2 lower empty, persistent, narrow, unequal, acute or the second
sometimes short-awned; flowering scales longer and often broader, rounded on
the back, at least below, usually awned, rarely awnless, the straight or rarely
recurved awn dorsal and inserted just below the 2-toothed or shortly 2-cleft
apex; palet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3, rarely fewer. Ovary
crowned by a villous appendange, at the base of which arise the very short but
distinct styles. Stigmas plumose. — Brome-grass. Chess. Cheat.
Lower empty scale 1-nerved, the upper 3-nerved.
Flowering scales glabrous, or pubescent on the margins. 1. B. ciliatus.
Flowering scales densely pubescent all over the back. 2. B. purgans.
Lower empty scale 3-nerved, the upper 5-9-nerved.
Flowering scales awned.
Flowering scales pubescent. 3. B. Ealmii.
Flowering scales glabrous, sometimes slightly roughened.
Leaf-sheaths glabrous : nerves of the turgid fruiting
scales obscure. 4. B. secalinus.
Leaf-sheaths softly and densely pubescent with re-
flexed hairs : nerves of the flowering scales promi-
nent. 5. B. racemosus.
Flowering scales not awned, nearly as broad as long. 6. B. hrizaeformis.
1. B. ciliatus L. Stems 7-12 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths retrorsely short -pilose or
almost glabrous; blades lax, 2.5-4 dm. long and about 1 cm. wide: panicle 1.5-3
dm. long, the lower branches drooping: spikelets 5-9-flowered, 15-22 mm. long,
the flowering scales 10-12 mm. long, pubescent on each side for about f the
length, the awn straight, slender, 3-5 mm. long. — S. Eather rare, in thickets.
— Schists. — Sum.
2. B. purgans L. Stems 7-15 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths usually coarsely retrorsely
pubescent; blades 1..5-3 dm. long, 5-15 mm. wide: panicle lax, nodding, 1.5-3
dm. long: spikelets 7-11-flowered, 2-2.5 cm. long, the flowering scales 10-12 mm.
long, pubescent all over the back, the awn straight, 4:-6 mm. long, -r- M. S.
Eather common, in woods and thickets. — Limestones, schists. — Sum.
3. B. Kalmli A. Gray. Stems 4.5-10 dm. tall : leaf -sheaths villous ; blades 0.5-
1.8 dm. long, 2-8 mm. wide: panicle 5-15 cm. long: spikelets 6-10-flowered,
1.2-2.5 cm. long, the flowering scales about 8 mm. long, densely silky, the awn
2-3 mm. long. — W. Eare, in woods, near Conewago. — Sandstones and shales.
— Sum. — Wild-chess.
36 POACEAE.
4. B. secalinus L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths commonly glabrous; blades
5-23 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide: panicle 5-10 cm. long: spikelets turgid when in
fruit, 6-10-flowered, the flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, rough toward the apex,
awnless, or bearing a straight awn 8 mm. long or less between the obtuse short
teeth. — Common, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Cheat.
Chess.
5. B. racemosus L. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, commonly puberulent just below the
panicle: leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, rather densely pubescent; blades
7-14 cm. long, pubescent, or sometimes glabrous above: spikelets 1.5-2 cm. long,
acute, 5-9-flowered, the flowering scales elliptic, 6-8 mm. long, smooth or rough,
the awn 5-8 mm. long, arising just below the apex. — -Common, in thickets,
fields and waste places, and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum.
6. B. ■brizaeformis Fisch. & Mey. Stems 1-6 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths softly
villous; blades 0.3-1.8 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide: panicle 3.5-20 cm. long, the
branches drooping: spikelets few, 1.3-2.5 cm. long, the flowering scales very
broad, 6-8 mm. long, awnless. — S. Eare, in fields and thickets near Smithville.
Nat. of Eu. — Sum.
46. LOLIUM L. Annual or perennial grasses, with flat leaf-blades and
terminal simple usually elongate spikes. Spikelets with the edge (backs of
the scales) to the rachis, scattered, erect, alternate, sessile and solitary in the
rachis-excavations, compressed, several-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or
the upper ones imperfect, the rachilla articulated between the flowers. Scales
rigid, rounded on the back, obtuse to acuminate, awned or awnless, the nerves
connivent above or confluent into the awn, the lower scale of the lateral spike-
lets and the 2 lower scales of the terminal spikelet empty, narrow, longer than
the remaining scales, thin ; flowering scales short, imbricate ; palet shorter than
the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, very short. Stigmas plumose.
— Darnel. Eye-grass.
Empty scale shorter than the spikelet.
Flowering scales awnless. 1. L. perenne.
Flowering scales awned. 2. L. m'tiltiflorum.
Empty scale equalling or extending beyond the flowering scales. 3. L. temulentum.
1. L. perenne L. Stems 1.5-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades 5-13 cm. long, 2-4 mm.
wide: spike 7-20 cm. long: spikelets 5-10-flowered, 8-12 mm. long, the empty
scale strongly nerved, the flowering scales 4-6 mm. long, acuminate, awnless.
— Eather common, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Com-
mon-darnel.
2. L. multiflorum Lam. Stems 6-10 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths glabrous; blades
1-2 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide: spikes 2-3 dm. long: spikelets 20-30, 1.5-2 cm.
long, the flowering scales bearing an awn equalling or a little shorter than the
body. — Eather rare, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Italian
rye-grass.
3. L. temulentum L. Stems 6-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-6
mm. wide: spike 1-3 dm. long: spikelets 4-8-flowered, 1-2 cm. long, the empty
scale strongly nerved, the flowering scales awned or awnless. — Eare, in fields
and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Bearded-darnel.
47. AGROPYRON J. Gaertn. Annual or perennial grasses, with flat or
convolute leaf-blades and terminal usually rigid 2-4-sided spikes. Spikelets
compressed, with the side (edge of the scales) toward the continuous or rarely
articulated rachis, sessile, alternate, single in the rachis-excavations, ap-
pressed or oblique to the rachis, several-many-flowered, the flowers perfect or
POACEAE. 37
the upper ones imperfect, the raehilla articulated between the flowers. Scales
several-many, the 2 lower empty, the flowering ones broader, rigid, rounded on
the back, obtuse to acuminate, awned or awnless, the nerves connivent at the
apex or confluent into the awn, the remaining scales, if any, empty; palet shorter
than the scale, 2-keeled, the keels usually ciliate. Stamens 3. Styles very short,
distinct. Stigmas plumose. — Wheat-grass.
1. A. repens (L.) Beauv. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, from a long rootstock: leaf -blades
7-30 cm. long, 2-10 mm. wide: spike 5-20 cm. long: spikelets 3-7-flowered,
the empty scales strongly 5-7-nerved, usually acute or awn-pointed, sometimes
obtuse, the flowering scales glabrous, acute or short-awned. — Bather common
in cultivated grounds and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Couch-grass.
Quitch-grass. Quick-grass.
48. ELYMUS L. Usually tall perennial grasses, with flat or convolute
often rigid leaf -blades and a terminal cylindric dense spike which is sometimes
interrupted and usually covered with long awns. Spikelets numerous, sessile,
crowded, usually in alternate pairs, sometimes in 3 's or more, at each node of
the continuous rachis, 2-several-flowered (rarely 1-flowered). Scales 4-several
(rarely 3). the 2 lower empty, rigid, awn-like, subulate, or linear, persistent,
awn-pointed or awned, those at each node forming an apperent involucre, the
flowering, usually in pairs, rarely in 3 's, sessile, the clusters alternate or opposite,
acute, usually awned, rarely awnless, the remaining scales if any smaller and
empty; palet shorter than the scale, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short,
distinct. Stigmas plumose. — Lyme-grass. Wild-rye.
Empty scales narrowly subulate: spike relatively slender. 1. E. striatus.
Empty scales linear or linear-lanceolate : spike relatively
stout.
Flowering scales glabrous. 2. E. virginicus.
Flowering scales pubescent.
Empty scales linear, thick, the awn usually shorter
than the body. 3. E. hirsutiglumis.
Empty scales narrowly lanceolate, thin, the awn as
long as the body or longer.
Flowering scales hirsute. 4. E. canadensis.
Flowering scales minutely hispidulous. 5. E. glabrifiorus.
1. E. striatus Willd. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths glabrous or hirsute;
blades 1-2. .5 dm. long. 4-10 mm. wide : spike 6-12 cm. loner, often nodding,
slender : spikelets 1-3-flowered, the empty scales 2-2.-5 cm. long, including the
slender rough awn, 1-3-nerved, the nerves, and often the whole scale, hirsute,
the flowering scales about 6 mm. long, hispid, each bearing a slender awn 1.5-
3 cm. long. — S. Bather rare, on roadsides and in woods. — Schists. — Sum.
2. E. virginicus L. Stems 6-9 dm. tall: leaf -sheaths sometimes pubescent,
the uppermost u.sually inflated and enclosing the base of the spike; blades 1-3.5
dm. long, 4-16 mm. wide: spike 5-18 cm. long, broad, stout, upright: spikelets
2-3-flowered, the empty scales very thick and rigid, lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long,
including the short awn, 5-7-nerved, the flowering scales 6-8 mm. long, each
bearing a rough awn 4-18 mm. long, or rarely awnless. — Bather common, in
moist thickets or on banks. — Sum.
3. E. hirsutiglumis Seribn. & Sm. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: blades 2-3 dm. long,
8-18 mm. wide: spike 6-15 cm. long, stout: spikelets 2-5-flowered, the empty
scales linear, 10-12 mm. long, thick, 3-5-nerved, the nerves hirsute, each acumi-
nate into an awn as long as or shorter than the body of the scale, the flowering
scales lanceolate, 8—10 mm. long, each acuminate into a rough awn 12-16 mm.
long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Bather rare, on the river shores and
islands. — Schists. — Sum.
38 CYPEEACEAE.
4. E. canadensis L. Stems 6-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-3 dm. long or more,
4-20 mm. wide: spike 1-3 dm. long, nodding: spikelets 3-5-flowered, the
empty scales awl-shaped, rigid, 3-5-nerved, 16-32 mm. long, including the
slender rough long awn, the flowering scales 8-14 mm. long, nearly glabrous to
hirsute and each bearing a slender rough awn 2-5 cm. long. — Susquehanna
valley. Eather common, on river banks. — Sum.
5. E. glabrlflorus (Vasey) Scribn. & Ball. Stems 5-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades
1.5-3 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide: spike erect or nodding, 1-1.5 dm. long, some-
times glaucous: spikelets crowded, the empty scales 11—15 mm. long, each bear-
ing an awn about 2 cm. long, the flowering scales 9-12 mm. long, hispidulous,
each bearing an awn 2-3 cm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, in
rich woods and thickets. — Schists. — Sum.
49. HYSTRIX Moench. Usually tall grasses, with simple stems, flat leaf-
blades and terminal spikes. Spikelets numerous, at length spreading, 2-several-
flowered, usually in pairs, rarely in 3 's, sessile, the clusters alternate on opposite
sides of the continuous rachis, the rachilla articulated below the flowering scales.
Scales 2-several, the 2 lower empty, subulate, wanting in all but the lowest
spikelets, the flowering scales lanceolate, rigid, convolute, rounded on the back,
the nerves confluent into the long awn; palet somewhat shorter than the scale,
2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Stigmas plumose. Grain
oblong, adherent to the palet when dry.
1. H. Hystrix (L.) Millsp. Stems 6-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-2.5 dm. long,
6-12 mm. wide: spike 7-18 cm. long: spikelets 8-12 mm. long, exclusive of the
awn, the, flowering scales 8-12 mm. long, each acuminate into an awn about
2.5 cm. long. — • Eather common, on wooded banks and in rocky thickets. —
Sum. — BOTTLE-BRtrSH,
Family 2. CYPEEACEAE. Sedge Family.
Grass-like or rush-like caulescent or seapose herbs, often perennial
by long rootstocks. Stems or scajDes (culms) slender, solid or rarely
hollow, triangular, quadrangular, terete or flattened. Leaves 3-ranked,
with closed sheaths : blades narrow. Flowers perfect or imperfect, ar-
ranged in spikelets, one (rarely 2) in the axil of each scale (glume, bract),
the spikelets solitary or clustered, 1-many-flowered. Scales 2-ranked or
spirally imbricate, persistent or deciduous. Perianth hypogynous, com-
posed of biistles, or scale-like parts, rarely calyx-like, or wanting. Androe-
eium of 1-3 stamens, or rarely more. Filaments slender or filiform.
Anthers 2-celled. Gynoecium of 2 or 3 united carpels. Ovary 1-celled.
Styles, or stigmas, 2 or 3, the former often more or less united. Fruit a
lenticular, plano-convex, or 3-angled achene.
Spikelets with at least 1 perfect flower.
Spikelets perfect.
Scales of the spikelets 2-ranked.
Perianth present, the members bristle-like : achene
beaked. 1. Ddlichium.
Perianth wanting : achene beakless. 2. Cyperus.
Scales of the spikelets spirally imbricate.
Style-base not at all or only slightly thickened,
deciduous.
Perianth-members conspicuously elongate. 3. Eeiophoeum.
Perianth-members not conspicuously elongate. 4. Sciepos.
Style-base markedly swollen, peristent as a tubercle,
or deciduous.
Perianth present. 5. Eleochaeis.
CTPEKACEAE. 39
Perianth wanting.
Achenes tuberculate at the apex. 6. Pimbristylis.
Achenes not tubercuhite. 7. Stenophxllus.
Spikelets polygamous.
Stigmas 3 : style deciduous. 8. Mariscus.
Stigmas 2: style persistent. 9. Rxnchospoba.
Spikelets with monoecious or dioecious flowers.
Achene not enclosed In a utricle (perigynium). 10. Scleria.
Achene enclosed in a utricle (perigynium). 11. Carex.
1. DUIjICHIUM L. C. Kich. Perennial caulescent herbs, with terete,
hollow, conspicuously jointed stems. Lower leaves mere sheaths. Spikes axil-
lary, pedunclecl. Spikelets 2-ranked, flat, very narrow, 6-10-flowered. Scales
2-ranked, carinate, decurrent. Perianth of 6-9 retrorsely barbed bristles. Sta-
mens 3. Style persistent. Stigmas 2. Achenes narrow, beaked.
1. D. anindinaceum (L.) Britton. Stems 3-10 dm. tall: leaves numerous;
blades flat, 2-8 cm. long, spreading or ascending: spikelets narrowly linear,
spreading, 1-2.5 cm. long; scales lanceolate, acuminate, strongly several-nerved,
appressed, brownish: bristles rigid, longer than the achene: achenes linear-
oblong. [D. spathaceum (L.) Pers.] — Occasional in swamps. — Sum.
2. CYPERUS [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial scapose herbs. Leaves
basal: blades narrow. Scapes simple, triangular, with one or more bracts at
the summit forming an involucre to the simple .or compound, umbellate or capi-
tate inflorescence. Eays of the umbel sheathed at the base, usually very unequal.
Spikelets flat or nearly terete, the scales falling away from the rachis as they
mature or persistent and the spikelets falling away from the axis of the head
or spike with the scales attached. Scales 2-ranked, all flower-bearing, or the
lower ones empty. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style deciduous. Stigmas
2 or 3. Achene beakless. — Galingale.
Style-branches or stigmas 2 : achene lenticular.
Achenes suborblcular, the superficial cells oblong. 1. C. flavescens.
Achenes oblong to obovoid, the superficial cells quadrate.
Splkelet-scales dull : style-branches or stigmas con-
spicuously exserted : stamens 2. 2. C. diandrus.
Splkelet-scales shining : style-branches or stigmas
scarcely exserted : stamens 3. 3. C. rivularis.
Style-branches or stigmas 3 : achenes three-angled.
Scales falling away from the persistent rachis of the
flattened spikelets.
Splkelet-scales with recurved awn-tips : plants an-
nual. 4. C. inflexus.
Splkelet-scales acute or mucronate : plants perennial.
Spikelets mainly reddish-brown ; scales with las
mucronate tips. 5. C. dentatua.
Spikelets mainly straw-colored or pale-brown ;
scales with acute tips. 6. C. esculentus.
Scales and rachis of the spikelets falling away.
Achenes narrowly linear-oblong, 2%-4 times as long
as thick.
Spikelets decidedly flattened, several-many-flow-
ered. 7. C. strigostis.
Spikelets nearly terete, 1-few-flowered.
Spikelets borne in a loose spike. 8. C. refractus.
Spikelets borne in a dense or head-like spike.
Spikes globular : spikelets spreading. 9. C. ovtilaris.
Spikes cyllndrlc to oval or obovoid :
spikelets becoming refracted. 10. C. lancastriensis.
Achenes oblong or obovoid, less than twice as long
as thick. 11. C. filiculmis.
1. C. flavescens L. Annual. Leaves yellowish-green: scapes very slender,
tufted, 7-30 cm. tall: spikelets linear, yellow, many-flowered, flat, 8^18- mm.
long, the clusters terminal and sessile, or on 1-4 short rays: scales short.
40 CYPEKACEAE.
appressed, twice as long as the achene: stigmas 2: aehenes orbicular or orbicular-
obovoid, black, obtuse, shining. — Common, in low grounds. — Sum. and fall.
2. C. diandrus Torr. Annual. Leaves deep-green : scapes tufted, slender, 5-40
cm. tall: spikelets 8-18 mm. long, linear-oblong, acute, flat, many-flowered:
scales short, green or brown, or with brown margins, obtuse, 1-nerved, thin, dull:
stigmas 2, much exserted: aehenes lenticular, oblong, dull. — Eather rare, in
swampy places. • — • Sum. and fall.
3. C. rivularis Kunth. Similar to the next preceding species: scapes slender,
tufted: spikelets linear or linear-oblong, acutish, 8-20 mm. long: scales dark-
green or brown, or with brown margins, appressed, thick, shining, obtuse:
stigmas 2, scarcely exserted: aehenes oblong or oblong-obovoid, lenticular, dull,
— M. S. Eather common, in low grounds. — Limestones, schists. — Sum. and fall.
4. C. inflexus Muhl. Annual, fragrant in drying. Leaves bright-green: scapes
slender or almost filiform, tufted: umbel sessile, capitate or 1-3-rayed: spikelets
linear-oblong, 6-10-flowered, 4-6 mm. long: scales light-brown, lanceolate,
several-nerved, each tapering into a long, recurved awn: stigmas 3: achene 3-
angled, narrowly obovoid, mucronate, brown. — Susquehanna valley. Eather
rare, in wet sandy soil. — Schists.
5. C. dentatus Torr. Perennial. Leaves light-green: scapes 2-5 dm. tall:
umbel somewhat compound: spikelets few, light reddish-brown, linear, very flat,
many-flowered, mostly blunt, 10-20 mm. long, nearly 4 mm. wide: scales thin,
keeled, 5-7-nerved, mucronate: ffchene 3-angled, obovoid, less than 1 mm. long,
mucronate, light-brown, much shorter than the scale. — Susquehanna valley.
Eather common, in sand, on the river shore and low islands. — Sum.
6. C. esculentus L. Perennial. Leaves light-green : scapes 3-8 dm. tall : umbel
4-10-rayed, often compound: spikelets numerous in loose spikes, straw-color or
yellowish-brown, flat, spreading, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 3 mm. wide, many-
flowered: scales rather acute, 3-5-nerved: achene obovoid, fully 1 mm. long,
obtuse, 3-angled. — Common in moist fields; a troublesome weed in places. —
Sum.
7. C. strigosus L. Perennial. Leaf-blades rough-margined, 4-6 mm. wide:
scapes rather stout, 3-9 dm. tall: umbel several-rayed, some of the primary rays
often 10-15 cm. long, their sheaths terminating in two bristles: spikes oblong
or ovoid: spikelets flat, linear, 8-19 mm. long, 2 mm. wide or less, 7-15-flowered:
scales straw-colored, strongly several-nerved, appressed: aehenes linear-oblong,
3-angled, about 2 mm. long, acute, about J as long as the scale. — Common, in
swamps and waste places. — Sum.
8. C. refractus Engelm. Perennial. Leaf-blades 5-8 mm. wide, rough-mar-
gined: scapes stout, smooth, 3-9 dm. tall: umbel 6-13-rayed, usually compound,
the longer rays sometimes 20 cm. long, their sheaths terminating in 1 or 2 short
teeth: spikes lax: spikelets very narrowly linear, loosely spicate, acute, 1-2 cm.
long, 1 mm. thick, 3-6-flowered, the upper spreading, the lower refiexed : scales
yellowish-green, closely appressed, Q'-ll-nerved: aehenes linear, about 3 mm.
long, obtuse and apiculate, about 5 times as long as thick, and i as long as the
scale. — Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, on dry banks. — Sum.
9. C. ovularis (Michx.) Torr. Perennial. Leaf -blades smooth: scape usually
strict, smooth, 2-8 dm. tall, longer than the leaves: umbel simple, few-rayed:
spikes globose, 8-14 mm. in diameter, very dense, the spikelets radiating in all
directions: spikelets 4-7 mm. long, usually 3-flowered: scales green, several-
nerved: aehenes linear-oblong, 3-angled, about 1.5 mm. long, 1-3 times as long
as thick. — S. Eather rare, in old fields and on dry banks. — Schists. — Sum.
10. C. lancastriensis Porter. Perennial. Leaf -blades 1 cm. wide or less:
scapes slender, smooth, 3-8 dm. tall : umbel 5-9-rayed : spikes oval, obtuse, 1-2.5
cm. long: spikelets densely clustered, 8-10 mm. long, linear, nearly terete, 2-6-
CYPEEACEAE. 41
flowered, the lower reflexed, the middle ones spreading, all separating from the
axis at maturity: scales green, several-nerved: achenes linear, 2.5-3 mm. long,
apiculate, 2-3 times as long as thick, § as long as the scale. — Susquehanna
valley. Common, on the dry river shores and islands. — Schists. — Sum.
11. C. filiculmis Vahl. Perennial. Leaf -blades 2-4 mm. wide: scape smooth,
slender, often wiry, ascending or reclined, 1.5 dm. long: spikelets densely
clustered in a sessile head, or in 1-7 peduneled heads, linear, acute, 5-11-
flowered, subterete or compressed, 5-12 mm. long, 2 mm. wide or less: scales
pale-green, 7-11-nerved, appressed: achenes oblong or obovoid, fully 2 mm.
long, 3-angled, dull gray, about twice as long as thick. — S. Occasional, in
sand near Peach Bottom.
3. EE.IOPHORUM L. Bog herbs, perennial by rootstocks. Stems erect,
triangular or nearly terete. Leaves with linear blades, or 1 or 2 of the upper
mere bladeless sheaths. Spikelets terminal, solitary^ capitate, or in umbels,
subtended by an involucre of 1-several bracts, or naked. Scales spirally imbri-
cate, usually all flower-bearing. Perianth of 6 or many^ filiform smooth soft
bristles, white or brown, the bristles straight or crisped, much exserted. Sta-
mens 1-3. Style deciduous. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-angled, often broad.
1. E. virglnicum L. Stems stiff, smooth, 4-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades narrowly
elongate-linear, flat: bracts of the involucre spreading or deflexed: spikelets
several or numerous in a dense terminal cluster, erect, or the outer spreading:
scales acute, brown with a green center: perianth-bristles numerous, dingy-
brown or copper-colored, about 3 times as long as the scale: achenes linear-
oblong, acute, apiculate, brown. — E. S. Common in swamps. — Quartzite,
schists. — Sum. — Cotton-grass.
4. SCIRPUS [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial small or large caulescent
or scapose herbs, the leaves sometimes reduced to basal sheaths. Spikelets few-
many-flowered, terete or flattened, solitary, capitate, spieate, or umbellate, often
subtended by an involucre. Scales spirally imbricate or nearly 2-ranked, the
1-3 lower sometimes empty. Perianth of 1-6 slender or rigid bristles or rarely
wanting. Stamens 2 or 3. Style not swollen at the base, wholly deciduous
from the achene, or its base persistent. Stigmas 2 or 3. Achene triangular,
lenticular or plano-convex. — Bulrush. Club-rush.
Involucre of a single bract, or wanting.
Spikelets solitary, terminal. 1. 8. planifolius.
Spikelets typically several or numerous, often apparently
lateral.
Spikelets few, 1-12, appearing lateral.
Scapes bluntly .3-angled : plants annual. 2. S. debilis.
Scapes acutely 3-angled : plants perennial. 3. 8. americanus
Spikelets several or numerous, In umbels or umbel-
like clusters. 4. 8. validus.
Involucre of 2 or more bracts with flat blades.
Spikelets relatively large, few-several, capitate or umbel-
late. 5. 8. flin-iatiUs.
Spikelets relatively small, very numerous, umbellate.
Perianthl-bristles downwardly barbed, or wanting :
spikelets in umbellate heads.
Perianth-bristles equalling the achene or slightly
exceeding it : leaf-blades 6-16 mm. wide.
Spikelet-scales obtuse : perianth-bristles barbed
throughout. 6. S. siilvaticus.
Spikelet-scales acute : perianth-bristles barbed
above.
Perianth-bristles twice as long as the achene :
leaf-blades 4-6 mm. wide.
Pei-ianth-bristles smooth or merely pubescent : umbel
decompovmd.
Spikelets sessile, borne in small heads.
Spikelets, or some of them, distinctly peduneled.
7.
8.
atrovirens.
8.
8.
polyplujUus.
9.
10.
8.
8.
cyperinus.
Erioohorum.
42 CYPEEACEAE.
1. S. planifolius Muhl. Perennial. Scapes tufted, slender, 3-angled, 1.5-4 dm.
tall: leaves various, the lower sheaths with short blades, the upper terminating
in a flat narrowly linear blade as tall as the scape : spikelet solitary, ovoid or
oblong, 5-7 mm. long, several-flowered, the involucral bract usually overtopping
it : scales yellowish-brown, except the green midvein, ovate-lanceolate : perianth-
bristles 4-6, upwardly barbed, usually about as long as the achene: stigmas 3:
achene broadly oblong, 3-angled, 1.5-2 mm. long, smooth, light-brown. — M.
Occasional, in woods. — Quartzite. — Spr.
2. S. debilis Pursh. Annual. Scapes slender, tufted, terete or nearly so, 1.5
-5 dm. high: sheaths obliquely truncate, the upper ones rarely bearing short subu-
late blades: spikelets solitary or in clusters of 2-12, ovoid-oblong, many-flowered,
appearing lateral : scales light yellowish-brown with a green midvein, broadly
ovate, obtuse or acute: perianth-bristles 4-6, downwardly barbed, fully as long
as the achene: stigmas 3 or rarely 3: achenes plano-convex, broadly obovoid or
orbicular, 1.5-2 mm. long, smooth or slightly roughened, dark-brown, shining,
mucronulate. — - M. S. Bare, in swamps, on river shores and low islands. —
Limestones, schists. — Sum. and fall.
3. S. americanus Pers. Perennial. Scapes stout, sharply triangular, stiff,
3-11 dm. tall: sheaths bearing 1-3 linear, keeled blades, shorter than the scape:
spikelets oblong-ovoid, 8-12 mm. long, in clusters of 2-7, appearing lateral:
scales broadly ovate, brown, often emarginate or 2-cleft, the midvein extended
into a subulate awn: perianth-bristles 2-6, downwardly barbed, shorter than the
achene: achenes obovoid, plano-convex, about 2.5 mm. long, smooth, dark-brown.
— M. S. Bather rare, in swamps or low grounds. — Limestones, schists. ■ — Sum.
4. S. validus Vahl. Perennial. Scapes stout, light-green, terete, 1-3 m. tall:
sheaths bladeless or nearly so: involucral bract shorter than the umbel: umbel
compound, appearing lateral, its primary rays 3-10 cm. long: spikelets becoming
oblong-cylindric, in mostly capitate clusters of 2-5, 5-16 mm. long: scales sub-
orbicular, ciliate, mucronate: perianth-bristles 4-6, downwardly barbed, equal-
ling or longer than the achene: stigmas 2: achenes plano-convex, obovoid, mostly
2 mm. long or less, black or nearly so, mucronate. — Common, in swamps. — Sum.
5. S. fluviatilis (Torr.) A. Gray. Perennial, 1-2 m. tall. Leaves elongate; blades
8—20 mm. wide, long-attenuate: umbel terminal, compound, the rays mostly re-
curved-spreading: spikelets oblong, ovoid, or oblong-cylindric, 15-25 mm. long,
solitary or clustered : scales terminating in a curved tip : i^erianth-bristles 6, rigid,
as long as the achene or somewhat shorter: stigmas 3: achenes 3-angled, obovoid,
dull. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, on river shores and islands.
— Schists. — Sum. — Eiver-bulrush.
6. S. sylvaticus L. Perennial, 1-2 m. tall. Leaves elongate; blades 1-1.6 cm.
wide, rough-margined: umbel terminal, sometimes 3 dm. broad, about 3 times
compound, the rays ascending or recurved: spikelets ovoid or ovoid-oblong, 3-5
mm. long, in clusters at the ends of the raylets: scales obtuse, brown with a
green center: perianth-bristles 6, downwardly barbed, slightly exceeding the
achene: achenes broadly oblong or obovoid, fully 1 mm. long, 3-angled, nearly
white. — E. S. Eare, in swamps. — Schists, quartzite. — Sum.
7. S. atrovirens Muhl. Perennial, leafy, 5-12 dm. high. Leaf -blades elongate,
bright-green, 6-15 mm. wide, rough-margined: spikelets ovoid-oblong, 3.5-9 mm.
long, densely capitate at the ends of the rays or raylets: scales greenish-brown,
1.5-2 mm. long, the midvein excurrent: perianth-bristles usually 6, downwardly
barbed above, about as long as the achene : achenes oblong-obovoid, 1 mm. long,
3-angled, pale-brown, dull. — Common, in swamps. — Sum. and fall.
8. S. pol5T)hyllus Vahl. Perennial, very leafy, 3-11 dm. tall. Leaf -blades pale-
green, 4-6 mm. wide, rough-margined: spikelets ovoid, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, capitate
at the ends of the raylets : scales 1-1.5 mm. long, bright-brown, mostly obtuse and
mucronulate : perianth-bristles 6, downwardly barbed above the middle, twice as
CYPEEACEAE. 43
long as the achene: aclienes obovoid, fully 1 mm. long, S-augled, with a broad
face and narrower sides, dull. — N. Eather rare, in swamps. — Sandstones and
shales. — Sum. and fall.
9. S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Perennial. Stems smooth, stiff, 2 m. tall or less:
leaves elongate; blades stiff, 3-6 mm. wide, rough-margined: umbel terminal,
decompound, the rays at length somewhat drooping: spikelets ovoid-oblong, 3-5
mm. long, in capitate clusters of 3-15 : perianth-bristles 6, entangled, much
longer than the achene, conspicuously exserted beyond the scales, and grayish-
brown at maturity: achenes 3-angled, barely 1 mm. long, nearly white. — Com-
mon, in swamps. — Sum. and fall.
10. S. Eriophorum Michx. Similar to the next preceding species in habit.
Involucre more ferruginous at the base; umbel with laxer branches, the rays
elongate and drooping at the ends: s]iikelets ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 3.5-6 mm.
mostly 4.5 mm. long, more deeply colored, at least some of them distinctly
peduncled. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, in swamps. — Schists.
— Sum. and fall.
5. ELEOCHAHIS E. Br. Annual or perennial scapose herbs. Leaves
reduced to sheaths, or the lowest very rarely blade-bearing. Scapes simple,
terete, flattened, variously angled, or fluted. Spikelets solitary, terminal, erect,
several-many-flowered, without an involucre, or rarely with 2 small bracts.
Scales spirally imbricate. Perianth of 1-12 bristles, usually retrorsely barbed,
or wanting. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas 2 or 3. Achene lenticular or biconvex, or
3-augled, but sometimes with very obtuse angles and appearing turgid, each
tubercled by the persistent style-base. — Spike-rush.
Style-branches, or stigmas, 2 : achene lenticular or biconvex.
Annual plants with fibrous roots.
Spikelets twice as long as thick or less : perianth-bristles much longer than
the achene : tubercle ^{^ as long as the achene. 1. E. ohtusa.
Spikelets elongate : perianth-bristles as long as the
achene or shorter : tubercle V4 as long as the achene. 2. E. Engelmannii.
Perennial plants with horizontal rootstocks.
Tubercle of the achene flat-conic or ovate.
Scape and spike stout : tubercle ovate. 3. E. palustris.
Scape and spike slender : tubercle conic. 4. E. glaucescens.
Tubercle of the achene swollen, bulb-like. 5. E. SniaUii.
Style-branches, or stigmas, 3 : achene 3-angled, or turgid.
Achene cancellate, narrow. 6. E. acicularis.
Achene papillose or nearly smooth, broad.
Tubercle depressed : perianth-bristles ^2 as long as the
achene, or wanting. 7. E. tenuis.
Tubercle subulate : perianth-bristles longer than the
achene. 8. E. intermedia.
1. E. obtusa Schult. Annual. Scapes tufted, relatively stout, rather deep-green,
nearly terete, 0.5-5 dm. tall: spikelet ovoid or oblong-ovoid, obtuse, many-flowered,
3-13 mm. long: scales obovate, oblong-obovate, or oblong-orbicular, rounded,
brown, each with a broad green midvein and scarious margins; perianth-bristles
6-8, deciduous, longer than the achene: achenes pale-brown, shining, lenticular,
obovoid-oblong, smooth, 1 mm. long or more; tubercle deltoid, acute, com-
pressed, scarcely constricted at the base, about i as long as the achene. — Com-
mon, in wet soil. — Sum.
2. E. Engelmannii Steud. Annual, similar to the next preceding species, but
commonly taller, sometimes 5 dm. high. Spikelet cylindric, obtuse or rather
acute, 4-20 mm. long, many-flowered: scales ovate, pale-brown with a green
midvein and narrow scarious margins, obtuse: perianth-bristles about 6, not
longer than the achene, or very short or wanting: achenes obovoid or cune-
ate-obovoid, fully 1 mm. long, brown, smooth, lenticular; tubercle broad, low,
covering the top of the achene, less than i its length. — W. Eather rare, in wet
soil. — Sandstones and shales. — Sum.
44 CYPEEACEAE.
3. E. palustris (L.) E. & S. Perennial. Scapes not tufted, 3-15 dm. tall,
stout, striate: spikelet conic-eylindric, 10-25 mm. long, thicker than the scape,
acute: scales ovate-oblong, reddish-brown, except the whitish margin and the
greenish midvein, or pale-green: perianth-bristles usually 4, much longer than
the achene, downwardly barbed, or wanting: achenes obovoid, lenticular, about 2
mm. long, yellowish, about twice as long as the ovate tubercle. — Susquehanna
valley. Frequent, on the river shore and low islands. — Sum.
4. E. glaucescens (Willd.) Schult. Perennial. Scapes tufted, slender, 1-9 dm.
long, bright- or deep-green: spikelet oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 0.5-1.5 cm.
long, acute or rather obtuse: scales brown or dark-green, blunt, or acute in age:
perianth-bristles usually 4, about as long as the achene or shorter, or nearly
wanting: achenes lenticular, obovoid, about 1.5 mm. long, excluding the narrow
conic tubercle, brown. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, in wet sandy
places. — Sum.
5. E. Smallii Britton. Perennial. Scapes slightly tufted, rather stout, 4-7 dm.
tall: spikelet cyliudric, about 1.5 cm. long, about as thick as the scape, acute:
scales oblong-lanceolate, acuminate: perianth-bristles usually 4, downwardly
barbed, about as long as the achene, including the tubercle: achenes obovoid,
lenticular, about 1.5 mm. long^ dark-brown; tubercle bulb-like, one fourth as
long as the achene-body and about one half as wide, constricted at the base. —
Susquehanna valley. Frequent, in shallow water about sandy islands and shores.
— Sum. and fall.
6. E. acicularis (L.) E. & S. Perennial. Scapes tufted, filiform, capillary,
or setaceous, obscurel.y 4-angled and grooved, 5-20 cm. long: spikelet com-
pressed, narrowly ovate or linear-oblong, acute, 3-10-flowered, 3-10 mm. long,
1 mm. wide: scales thin, obtuse, or the upper acutish, pale-green, usually with a
narrow brown line on each side of the midvein: perianth-bristles 3-4, fugacious,
shorter than the achene: achenes obovoid-oblong, 0.5 mm. long, pale, 3-angled
with a rib on each angle and 6-9 lower facial ribs connected by the fine ridges;
tubercle conic, acute, i as long as the achene-body. — Eather rare, in swamps
and low grassy places. — Sum.
7. E. tenuis (Willd.) Schult. Perennial by rootstocks. Scapes tufted, filiform,
mostly erect, 4-angled, 2-4 dm. tall: spikelet oblong, acutish, many-flowered,
6—10 mm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter: scales thin, obtuse, chestnut-purple,
except the greenish midvein, the margins scarious: perianth-bristles 2-4, shorter
than the achene, fugacious, or wanting: achenes obovoid, about 1 mm. long,
obtusely 3-angled, yellow to brown, irregularly ridged-reticulate or papillose,
more or less persistent on the rachis of the spikelet after the scales have fallen;
tubercle depressed-conic. — M. S. Eather rare, in swamps or low grounds. —
Limestones, scliists. — Sum.
8. E. intermedia (Muhl.) Schult. Annual. Scapes very slender, densely
tufted, diffusely spreading and partially decumbent, 1-4 dm. long: spikelet
ovoid-oblong, acutish, 8-20-flowered, 3-7 mm. long: scales purple-brown, except
the greenish midvein, tardily deciduous: perianth-bristles 6, longer than the
achene, downwardly barbed, persistent: achenes obovoid, fully 1 mm. long,
3-angled, light-brown, finally reticulate, fully twice as long as the conic-subulate,
tubercle. — M. S. Eare, in the Dillerville swamp and near Quarryville. — Sum.
6. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl. Annual or perennial scapose herbs. Spikeleta
umbellate or capitate, several-many-flowered, terete, involucrate. Scales spirally
imbricate, mostly deciduous, all flower-bearing. Perianth wanting. Stamens
1-3. Style pubescent or glabrous, with its base dilated or swollen, wholly
deciduous at maturity. Stigmas 2-3. Achenes lenticular, or 2-angled, reticu-
late, cancellate. striate or ribbed. — Fall.
CYPEEACEAE. 45
Style-branches, or stigmas, 2 : achene lenticular.
riants perennial : leaf-blades involute : stamens 2 or 3 : splkelets obtuse.
1. F. puherula.
Plants annual : leaf-blades flat or nearly so : stamen 1 :
splkelets acute. 2. F. Buldiviniana.
Style-branches, or stigmas, 3 : achene 3-angled.
Umbel simple or sparingly branched : splkelets stout, ovoid
or oval, obtuse. 3. F. geminuta.
Umbels much branched : splkelets narrow, often linear-
oblong, acute. 4. F. autumnalis.
1. F. puberula (Michx.) Vahl. Plant thickened at the base. Leaves erect ; blades
involute, tlius often very slender, their sheaths green or purple-tinged, pubes-
cent : scapes slender, 3-6 dm. tall : bracts of the involucre mostly 2-4, minutely
pubescent, stiff: umbel with the central spikelet sessile: spikelets ovoid, 5-10
mm. long: scales thiunish, brown, with pale keel-like excurrent midribs, broad,
minutely pubescent : achenes obovoid, about 1 mm. long, cancellate, brownish.
— S. Bare, in low grounds. — Schists.
2. F. Baldwiniana Torr. Plant tufted. Leaves pale-green; blades flat, 1 mm.
wide: scapes slender, flattened, striate, 5—40 cm. long: spikelets ovoid or ovoid-
oblong, 6-12 mm. long: scales ovate, pale greenish-brown: stigmas 2: achenes
lenticular, obovoid, fully 1 mm. long, brown, longitudinally ribbed, the tubercled
ribs connected by fine cross-lines. — S. Eare, in moist soil. — Serpentine.
3. F. geminata (Nees) Kunth. Plant lower than in the following species, leaves
often shorter : umbel mostly simple : spikelets, or most of them, capitate and
sessile, ovoid or oval, obtuse : achenes fully 0.5 mm. long, markedly reticulate.
— Lower Susquehanna valley. In wet ground, on an island, near Peach Bottom.
4. F. autumnalis (L.) E. & S. Plants 0.7-4 dm. tall. Leaves glabrous; blades
narrowly linear, flat, 1-2 mm. wide : scapes densely tufted, flat : spikelets linear-
oblong, acute, 6-40 mm. long: scales ovate-lanceolate, acutish. strongly mucro-
nate, greenish-brown : stigmas 3 : achenes obovoid, about 0.5 mm. long, nearly
white, smooth or indistinctly reticulate, the 3 angles ridged. — Eather common,
in moist soil.
7. STENOPHYLLUS Eaf. Annual scapose herbs. Leaves basal: blades
narrowly linear or filiform, the sheaths ciliate or pubescent. Spikelets umbel-
late, capitate, or solitary, involucrate. Scales spirally imbricate, mostly decidu-
ous. Perianth wanting. Stamens 2 or 3. Style glabrous, the swollen base per-
sistent as a tubercle on the achene. Stigmas 2 or 3. Achene lenticular or
3-angled.
1. S. capillaris (L.) Britton. Leaves shorter than the scape, their sheaths with
long hairs: scapes filiform, densely tufted, 5-40 cm. tall: involucral bracts
setaceous : spikelets narrowly oblong, 5-8 mm. long, several in a terminal umbel :
scales puberulent, dark-brown except the green keel: stigmas 3: achenes obovoid,
yellow-brown, rounded or truncate, nearly 1 mm. long, transverse-wrinkled;
tubercle depressed. — Common, in wet soil and on roadsides. — Sum.
8. MABISCUS [Hall.] Zinn. Perennial herbs, similar to Bynchosporae
in habit. Spikelets oblong or ovoid, few-flowered, few together in clusters.
Scales imbricate, the lower empty, the middle ones mostly subtending imperfect
flowers, the upper one with a perfect flower. Perianth wanting. Stamens 2 or
sometimes 3. Style deciduous from the summit of the achene. Stigmas 2-3.
Achene ovoid to globose, smooth or longitudinally striate: tubercle wanting.
1, M. mariscoides (Muhl.) Kimtze. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, stiff, smooth, obscurely
3-angled: leaves very narrow, with long compressed tips: umbels 2-4, com-
pound: sijikelets oblong, 5 mm. long, clustered on the stiff raylets: scales chest-
46 CYPEEACEAE.
nut-brown, acute: achenes ovoid, about 2 mm. long, acute, longitudinally striate.
— M. Bare, mostly in the Dillerville swamp. — Sum. — Twig-rush.
9. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. Caulescent herbs, mostly perennial by root-
stocks. Leaves few: blades narrow, flat or involute. Spikelets ovoid, oblong,
or fusiform, variously clustered. Scales thin, 1-nerved, imbricate, usually mucro-
nate by the excurrent midvein, the lower empty. Upper flowers imperfect.
Perianth of 1-24 (mostly 6) barbed or scabrous bristles, or wanting. Stamens
commonly 3. Stigmas 2. Achene lenticular, often turgid, smooth, cancellate
or transversely wrinkled, crowned with the base of the style (tubercle), or in
some species with the whole style. — Beak-rush.
Perianth-bristles retrorsely barbed.
Spikelet-scales white or pale: perianth-bristles 9-15. 1. R. alba.
Spikelet-scales brown : perianth-bristles 6.
Achene oblong or obloiag-ovoid : leaves with filiform
blades. 2. R. capillacea.
Achene obovoid : leaves with flat linear blades. 3. R. glomerata.
Perianth-bristles upwardly barbed. 4. R. cymosa.
1. R. alba (L.) Vahl. Pale-green: stems slender, 1.5-6 dm. tall: leaves much
shorter than the stem; blades very slender: spikelets whitish or pale-green, nar-
rowly oblong or lanceolate, in 1-4 dense clusters, 4-6 mm. long: scales acute:
perianth-bristles 9-15, about as long as the achene and tubercle: achenes obo-
void-oblong, fully 1.5 mm. long, smooth, pale-brown; tubercle lanceolate, fully
i as long as the achene-body. — Rather common, in swamps. — Sum. and fall.
2. R. capillacea Torr. Deep-green: stems slender, 1-4.5 dm. tall: leaves much
shorter than the stems; blades filiform: spikelets few, chestnut-brown, oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, in 1-3 lax clusters, 4—6 mm. long: scales mucronate: peri-
anth-bristles 6, or rarely 12, stout: achenes oblong to oblong-ovoid, 1.5-2 mm.
long, minutely wrinkled, brown, short-stipitate ; tubercle lanceolate, about A the
length of the achene-body. — M. Rare, in the Dillerville swamp. — Sum.
3. R. glomerata (L.) Vahl. Deep-green: stems 3-10- dm. tall: leaf -blades flat,
rough-margined : spikelets oblong, narrow at both ends, 3-4 mm. long, in 3-7
corymbose-capitate axillary clusters: scales lanceolate, dark-brown: achenes
obovoid, above the slender base, about 1.5 mm. long, smooth, dark -brown;
tubercle subulate, nearly as long as the achene. — Rather rare, in swamps. —
Sum. and fall.
4. R. cymosa Ell. Light-green: stems tufted, 3-11 dm. tall: leaf -blades flat,
smooth: spikelets ovoid-oblong, acute, 3 mm. long, sessile or nearly so, capitate
in 2's-7's on the ultimate axillary and terminal branches: scales dark-brown,
broadly ovate: achenes broadly obovoid or orbicular-obovoid, 1.5 mm. long,
transversely wrinkled; tubercle conic, about as high as wide, ^-i as long as
the achene. — ^S. R-ather rare, in swamps. — Schists, serpentine. — Sum. and fall.
10. SCLERIA Berg. Perennial or rarely annual, caulescent herbs. Spike-
lets small, in terminal, or terminal and axillary fascicles, or rarely inter-
ruptedly glomerate-spicate. Flowers monoecious, the fertile spikelets 1-flowered,
the staminate many-flowered. Scales loosely imbricate, the 1-3 lower ones, and
sometimes also the upper ones of the pistillate spikelets empty. Perianth want-
ing. Stamens 1-3. Stigmas 3. Ovary often supported by a disk (hypogy-
nium) . Achenes globose or ovoid, crustaceous, enamel-like, or bony, white. —
Nut-rush.
Inflorescence of a single terminal cluster, or of several terminal and lateral clusters.
Achene smooth. 1. S. triglomerata.
Achene ridged, reticulate, or papillose.
Achene irregularly ridged or reticulate.
CYPEEACEAE. 47
Spikelet-clusters sessile or nearly so : achene gla-
brous. 2. fif. reticularis.
Spikelet-clusters, at least the lower ones, filiform-
peduncled : achene pubescent. 3. S. setacca.
Achene papillose. 4. 8. pauriflora.
Inflorescence interruptedly glomerate-spicate. 5. S. verticillata.
1. S. triglomerata Michx. Perennial. Stems 4-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades flat,
glabrous or nearly so, roughish, 3-9 mm. wide: spikelets terminal, and usually
also 1 or 2 lower peduncled ones: achenes ovoicl or ovoid-globose, above the
hypogynium, obtuse, bony, smooth, bright-white, shining, 2-3 mm. high ; hypogy-
nium low, papillose-crustaceous. — S. Rather rare, in woods and swainps. —
Schists, serpentine. — Sum.
2. S. reticularis Michx. Perennial. Stems 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades narrowly
linear, glabrous or nearly so, 2-3 mm. wide: spikelets in a terminal cluster and
also in 1-3 remote axillary sessile or nearly sessile clusters: achenes globose,
dull-white, reticulate, 1 mm. in diameter, glabrous. — S. Rare, in swamps. —
Serpentine. — Sum.
3. S. setacea Poir. Perennial. Stems spreading or diffuse, 3-6 dm. long:
leaf -blades linear, nearly flat, glabrous, 3-8 mm. wide: spikelets in a loose
terminal cluster, and also in 1-3 filiform-stalked drooping axillary ones: achenes
globose above the hypogynium, somewhat pointed, 2-2. .5 mm. in diameter, irreg-
ularly rugose-reticulate with low ridges, the ridges pubescent. — S. Rare in
low grounds. — Schists. — Sum.
4. S. pauciflora Muhl. Perennial, pubescent. Stems slender, usually tufted,
2-5 dm. tall: leaf -blades narrowly linear, less than 2 mm. vsdde, the upper
elongate and often overtopping the stem: spikelets in a small terminal cluster
and also in 1 or 2 axillary ones: achenes globular, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter,
papillose, the lower papillae elongate and reflexed : hypogynium obtusely tri-
angular, supporting 6 distinct tubercles. ■ — S. Rather rare, in dry soil. —
Schists, serpentine. — Sum.
5. S. verticillata Muhl. Annual. Stems very slender or filiform, 1-5 dm.
tall: leaf-blades very narrowly linear, 0.5-1 mm. wide, erect, weak, shorter
than the stem: spikelets in several separated clusters: achenes globose, fully
1 mm. in diameter, with sliort transverse ridges or somewhat reticulate:
hypogynium none. — M. Rare, in swamps. — Limestones. — Sum. and fall.
11. CAKEX L.^ Perennial grass-like herbs. Culms (stems or scapes)
mostly 3-angled and tufted. Leaves 3-ranked. Bracts elongate or very short,
subtending the spikes, or wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, solitary
in the axils of small bracts (scales). Spikes either wholly pistillate, wholly
staminate, or sometimes bearing both staminate and pistillate flowers. Peri-
anth wanting. Staminate flowers of 3 stamens: filaments filiform. Pistillate
flowers of a single pistil with a style and 2 or 3 stigmas, borne on a very short
axis in the axil of a sac-like bractlet or second bract called the perigynium
(utricle), which completely encloses the achene. Achene 3-angled or lenticular.
— Sedge.
A. Achenes lenticular and stigmas 2 : lateral spikes sessile ; terminal spike partly
pistillate, or if staminate, the lateral spikes short or heads dioecious. Vignea.
Spikes always with staminate flowers at apex.
Perigynia 2-5 mm. long, the beak not exceeding the body.
Spikes usually ten or less, green or reddish-brown tinged : sheaths loose, or
if tight neither red-dotted nor transversely rugulose. I. Muhlenbergianae.
Spikes numerous, yellow or brown : sheaths
tight, the opaque part either red-dotted
or transversely rugulose.
' Contributed by Mr. Kenneth K. Mackenzie.
48
CYPEEACEAE.
Perlgynia plano-convex, yellowish : opaque
part of leaf-sheath transversely rugulose.
Perlgynia thick, much rounded on outer
surface, brownish : opaque part of leaf
sheath not transversely rugulose.
Perlgynia 4-9 mm. long, spongy at base : beak
exceeding the body.
Spikes with staminate flowers at base, rarely en-
tirely staminate or pistillate.
Perlgynia spongy at base, the body not wing-
margined.
Perlgynia not spongy at base, the body wing-
margined.
. Achenes triangular or lenticular ; if lenticular
the lateral spikes elongate and peduncled, and
terminal spike staminate. Eucarex.
Scales bract-like : achenes strongly constricted at
the base.
Scales not bract-like : achenes not strongly con-
stricted at the base.
Spike solitary, the perlgynia rounded and beak-
less at the apex.
Spikes one to many ; when one, the perlgynia not
as above.
Perlgynia triangular, membranous, closely en-
veloping the achene, nerveless, or 2-ribbed,
pubescent or puberulent, stipitate : bracts
sheathless or nearly so.
Perlgynia obtusely triangular : foliage not
pubescent.
Perlgynia acutely triangular : foliage pubes-
cent.
Perigynia not as above, or if so, bracts
strongly sheathing.
Lowest bract strongly sheathing : perigynia
beakless to beaked, entire, oblique or
emarginate at the apex ; or long-beaked
and apex hyaline, becoming bidentate,
teeth weak.
Bracts with obsolete or rudimentary
blades.
Bracts with well-developed blades.
Pistillate spikes short-oblong to linear,
erect, or if drooping the spikes
short and the perigynia acutely tri-
angular : terminal spike staminate.
Perigynia with few to many strong
nerves, or nerveless.
Perigynia tapering at the base, tri-
angular, closely enveloping the
achene.
Rootstock long-creeping.
Rootstock not long-creeping.
Perigynia rounded at the base, sub-
orbicular in cross-section, loosely
enveloping the achene.
Perigynia finely many-striate.
Perigynia tapering at the base,
constricted at the apex, obtusely
triangular, closely enveloping
achene.
Perigynia rounded at both ends, in
cross-section suborbicular.
Pistillate spikes elongate-linear to cylin-
dric, slender-peduncled, the lower
ones drooping.
Perigynia beakless or short-beaked.
Perigynia conspicuously or strongly
beaked.
Lowest bract sheathless, or if sheathing,
perigynia with strongly bidentate non-
hyaline apex, and stiff teeth.
Perigynia or foliage (at least lower
sheaths) pubescent; perigynia beakless,
or beak not strongly bidentate.
II. MULTIFLOKAE.
III. Paniculatae.
IV. Stenoehynchae.
V. Elongatae.
VI. OVALES.
VII. Phyllostachyae.
VIII. Polytrichoideae.
IX. Montanae.
X. Tkiquetrae.
XI. Peddnculatae.
XII. Paniceae.
XIII. Laxiflorae.
XIV. Granulares.
XV. Oligocaepae.
XVI. Griseae.
XVII. Gracillimae.
XVIII. Debiles.
XIX. Virescentes.
CYPERACEAE.
49
Perigynia and foliage glabrous, or if
pubescent the beak of perigyniuui
strongly bideutate.
Perigynia rougli papillose, conspicuously
beaked.
Perigynia not rough-papillose.
Achenes lenticular : stigmas two.
Scales obtuse to acuminate, not
long-aristate.
Scales broad, long-aristate.
Achenes triangular : stigmas three.
Perigynia beakless or very short-
beaked.
Scales dark-tinged.
Scales not dark-tinged.
Perigynia with strongly bidentate
beaks.
Perigynia coriaceous, little if any
inflated, often pubescent : bracts
sheathless.
Perigynia membranous or papery,
from little to much inflated,
never pubescent (rarely his-
pidulous).
Perigynia lanceolate, many-
nerved, tapering to the beak.
Perigynia broader, strongly-
ribbed, abruptly contracted
into the beak.
Perigynia less than 10 mm.
long.
Perigynium-body ovoid or
globose, not truncately
contracted.
Perigynia coarsely rib-.
bed.
Perigynia finely and
closely ribbed.
Perigynium-body obovoid
or obconic, truncately
contracted into the
prominent beak.
Perigynia 10 mm. long or
longer.
XX. Anomalae.
XXI. RiGIDAE.
XXII. Cryptocarpab.
XXIII. Atratae.
XXIV. Shortianae.
XXV. HlRTAE.
XXVI. FOLLICULATAE.
XXVII. Physocaepae.
XXVIII. Psbudo-Cypereae.
XXIX. Squaeeosae.
XXX. LUPULINAB.
I. Muhlenbeegianae.
Sheaths tight, inconspicuously if at all septate-nodulose.
Perigynia corky-thickened at the base, usually widely radiating or reflexed at
maturity.
Perigynium-beak smooth : scales acuminate, deciduous : spikes mostly ap-
proximate.
Perigynium-beak minutely roughened : scales obtuse
or acutish, persistent.
Perigynia not corky-thickened at the base, spreading
or ascending.
Head 15-36 mm. long, the lower spikes distinct.
Head 8-20 mm. long, the spikes densely capitate.
Sheaths loose and membranous, easily breaking, conspicu-
ously septate-nodulose.
A single species in our range.
A single species in our range.
II. Multifloeae.
III. Paniculatae.
1. C. retroflexa.
2. C. rosea.
G. Mtihleniergii.
G. cephalophora.
5. C. sparganioides.
6. C. vulpinoidea.
7. C. prairea.
IV. Stenoehynchae.
Opaque part of sheaths conspicuously transversely rugulose.
Opaque part of sheaths not transversely rugulose.
8. G. stipata.
9. C laevi-vaginata.
V. Elongatae.
Perigynia 4-5.5 mm. long, ascending or appressed, the
body not margined.
Lancaster County Flora 4.
10. G. bromoides.
60
CYPEEACEAE.
Perigynia shorter, usually spreading at maturity, thin-
margined.
Perigynia little exceeding the scales : entirely staminate
spikes numerous.
Perigynia much exceeding the scales : entirely staminate
spikes normally absent.
Perigynia beak 1/5-^4 the length of the scarcely ser-
rulate body, the teeth very short, the suture on
inner side inconspicuous : scales very obtuse to
acutish.
Perigynia beak % to nearly the length of the
strongly serrulate body, strongly bidentate, the
suture conspicuous : scales often sharper.
Perigynium-body lanceolate to broadly ovate,
narrowed into a beak more than half its
length, inconspicuously nerved on inner face.
Perigynium-body suborbicular, abruptly con-
tracted into a beak less than half its length,
conspicuously nerved on inner face.
VI. OVALES.
Perigynia narrowly to broadly lanceolate, at least 2 V> times
as long as wide.
Leaf-blades at most 3 mm. wide, those of sterile shoots
few, ascending.
Leaf-blades broader, those of sterile shoots numerous,
widely spreading.
Tips of perigynia appressed or ascending : spikes
7-12 mm. long.
Tips of perigynia widely spreading or recurved :
spikes 4-8 mm. long.
Perigynia ovate-lanceolate or broader, at most twice as long
as wide.
Perigynia strongly exceeding the scales.
Perigynia narrowly to broadly ovate, 3-4 mm. long.
Perigynia ovate to reniform, 4 mm. or more long.
Spikes approximate or scattered, the head stiff :
scales obtuse or acutish.
Spikes in a moniliform flexuous head : scales
long-pointed.
Perigynia equalled by the scales.
VII. Phtllostachyae.
Body of perigynium oblong : pistillate flowers usually 3-10.
Body of perigynium globose : pistillate flowers usually 2-3.
VIII. POLYTRICHOIDEAE.
A single species in our range.
IX. MONTANAE.
None of the culms short and hidden among the bases of the
leaves.
Lower leaves reduced to sheaths : lower sheaths but
little flbrillose : plants not stoloniferous.
Lower leaves blade-bearing : lower sheaths usually
strongly flbrillose : plants stoloniferous.
Plants long-stoloniferous : staminate spike 12-24
mm. long.
Plants little stoloniferous : staminate spikes 4-12
mm. long.
Many of the culms short and hidden among the bases of
the leaves.
A single species in our range.
X. Teiqueteae.
XI. Peduncdi.atae.
A single species in our range.
11. C. stcrilis.
12. C. interior.
13. C. Leersii.
14. C. incomperta.
15. C. scoparia.
16. C. trihuloides.
17. C. cristatella.
18. C straminea.
19. O. festvcacea.
20. C. Tiormathodes.
21. C. foetiea.
22. C. Willdenovii.
23. C Jamesii.
24. C. leptalea.
25. 0. communis.
26. C. pennsylvanica.
27. C. varia.
28. C. umhellata.
29. C. hirtifolia.
30. C pedunculata.
XII. Paniceae.
Perigynium-beak none or very short, often bent.
Fertile culm-blades 6-10, 3-7 mm. wide : perigynia more
CYPERACEAE.
51
than 3 mm. long : spikes oblong or linear-oblong.
Fertile culm-blades usually 3-5, 2-3.5 mm. wide : peri-
gynia less tiian 3 mm. long : spikes linear.
Perigynium-beak straight, prominent, Vi-''^ length of body.
XIII. Laxiflorae.
Perigynia acutely triangular, short-tapering at the base.
Leaf-blades very smooth (except edges), the larger ones
12 mm. wide or more, those of fertile culm much
smaller than those of the sterile : perigynia smooth.
Leaf-blades hispidulous on veins, 10 mm. wide or less ;
those of fertile culm moderately smaller tlian
those of the sterile : perigynia minutely roughened.
Perigynia short-beaked : second bract and leaves
usually exceeding culm : blades 2.5-5 mm. wide,
erect.
Perigynia beakless or nearly so; second bract and
leaves usually exceeded by the culm ; blades 4-8
mm. wide, spreading.
Perigynia obtusely triangular, long-tapering at the base,
smooth.
Pistillate scales very truncate ; larger blades 15-40
mm. wide.
Pistillate scales acuminate to strongly cuspidate : larger
blades narrower.
Spikes elongate, 8-20-flowered, the lower ones nor-
mally on erect, stiff peduncles.
Perigynia obovoid ; beak abruptly bent, minute :
sterile shoots developing conspicuous culms.
Culms stout : sheaths loose, the margins
crisped : staminate spike short-stalked or
sessile.
Culms slender : sheaths rather tight, the
margins little if at all crisped : staminate
spike long- or rarely short-stalked.
Perigynia obovoid or fusiform, with straight or
oblique conspicuous beaks : sterile shoots
reduced to tufts of leaves.
Spikes short, 5-10-flowered, the lower ones on capil-
lary, spreading or drooping peduncles.
31. C. Mcadii.
32. C. tetanica.
33. C. polymorpha.
34. C. platyphijUa.
35. C. digitalis.
3G. C. laxiculmis.
37. C alhursina.
38. C. hlunda.
39. C. laxiflora.
40. C. anceps.
41. C. styloflexa.
A single species in our range.
XIV. Geanulaees.
XV. Ol.IGOCAEPAE.
Sheaths smooth : perigynia 2.5-4 mm. long.
Sheaths rough-pubescent : perigynia 4.5-5 mm. long.
42. C. granulans.
43. C. oligocarpa.
44. C. Hitchcockiana.
XVI. Geiseae.
Perigynia elliptic, 1.5 mm. wide : leaf-blades 4 mm. wide
or less : bract-sheaths rough, and peduncles very rough. 45. C. conoidca.
Perigynia oblong, 2 mm. wide : leaf-blades 3-7 mm. wide :
bract-sheaths smooth, and peduncles nearly so.
Leaf-blades not glaucous : larger spikes usually less
than 12-flowered: lower scales usually equalling
perigynia. 46. C. grisea.
Leaf-blades glaucous : larger spikes more than 12-
flowered : lower scales shorter than perigynia. 47. C. glaucodca.
XVII. Geacillimae.
Plants glabrous : perigynia 4 mm. long or less.
Perigynia rounded at the apex, beakless. 48. C. graciUima.
Perigynia sharp-pointed at the apex, short-beaked. 49. C. prasina.
Sheaths, and often foliage, pubescent : perigynia 4-5 mm.
long. 50. C. Davisii.
XVIII. Debiles.
A single species in our range. 51. C. flexuosa.
XIX. Vibescentes.
Perigynia densely pubescent.
Leaves exceeding the culms : lowest bract setaceous,
0.5 mm. wide : pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric :
perigynia obovoid. 52. C. Swanii.
52
CYPEEACEAE.
Culms exceeding the leaves : lowest bract leaflet-like,
U.5-3 mm. wide : pistillate spikes lineai--cylindric :
perigj'nia elliptic.
Perigynia glabrous at least at maturity.
Perigynia much flattened, rounded at the apex, lightly
nerved.
Perigynia swollen, nearly orbicular in cross-section,
pointed at the apex, coarsely nerved.
Perigynia 2 mm. long, brownish-green : scales not
rough-cuspidate.
Perigynia longer, green : scales rough-cuspidate.
A single species In our range.
XX. Anomalae.
XXI. RiGIDAE.
Culms very strongly tufted, slender, very rough above :
perigynium-beak very short, not twisted.
Culms tufted and short-stoloniferous, stout at the base,
smooth above : perigynium-beak prominent, twisted when
dry.
XXII. Ceyptocarpae.
Sheaths rough-hispid : lower pistillate scales tapering into
awn.
Sheaths smooth : lower pistillate scales abruptly contracted
into awn.
A single species in our range.
A single species in our range.
XXIII. Atratae.
XXIV. Shortianae.
XXV. HiRTAE.
Perigynium-beak much shorter than body, the teeth 1 mm.
long or less.
Perigynia glabrous.
Perigynia densely pubescent.
Perigynium-beak with hyaline orifice at length some-
what bidentate : staminate spike usually one, ses-
sile or short-stalked.
Perigynium-beak with non-hyaline strongly bidentate
orifice : staminate spike long-stalked.
Leaf-blades flat, more than 2 mm. wide.
Leaf-blades involute, 2 mm. wide or less.
Perigynium-beak, including teeth, nearly as long as the
body, the teeth 1.5 mm. long or more.
XXVI. FOLLICULATAE.
A single species in our range.
XXVII. Physocarpae.
Pistillate scales (except rarely the lowest) not rough-
awned.
Beak of perigynium smooth.
Beak of perigynium rough.
Pistillate scales rough-awned.
53. C. virescens.
54. C. complanata.
55. C. caroliniana.
50. C. Busfiii.
57. C. scabrata.
58. C. stricta.
59. C. torta.
60. C. gynandra.
61. C. crinita.
62. C. Buxhaumii.
63. C. Shortiana.
64. C. lacustris.
65. C. vestita.
66. C. lanuginosa.
67. C. lasiocarpa.
68. O. trichocarpa.
69. C. folliculata.
70. O. monile.
71. G. huUata.
T2. O. lurida.
XXVIII. Pseudo-Cypereae. ,
Perigynia suborbicular in cross-section, more or less in-
flated.
Perigynia obtusely triangular, scarcely inflated, closely
enveloping achene.
XXIX. Squarrosae.
Scales exceeding perigynia : terminal spike small, normally
staminate.
Scales much shorter than perigynia : terminal spike stami-
nate at base, pistillate above.
73. O. hystricina.
74. C. comosa.
75. G. Frankii.
76. C. squarrosa.
CYPEEACEAE. 53
XXX. LUPULINAE.
Pistillate spikes globose or subglobose : style straight.
Scales strongly awned : pistillate spikes l-12-flowere(l :
leaf-blades 2.5-7 mm. wide. 77. c. intttmesccns.
Scales obtuse to slightly cuspidate : pistillate spikes
6-30-flowered : leaf-blades 5-9 mm. wide. 78. C. Asa-Orayi.
Pistillate spikes oblong or cylindric : style abruptly bent. 70. C. lupulina.
1. C. retroflexa Muhl. Leaves mostly shorter than the culm; blades 1-2.5 mm
iu width: culms slender, 2-5 dm. tall: lower bract bristle-form: spikes 4-8
subglobose, 4-10-flowered, the upper all close together: staminate flowers termi
nal : scales ovate, acuminate, deciduous, about i as long as the perigynia : peri
gynia ovate, radiating or reflexed at maturity, about 3 mm. long, smooth
compressed, but biconvex, corky-thickened at base, each tapering upwardly into
a 2-toothed beak about J the length of the body. — M. Eather rare, in thickets
— Limestones. — Spr.
2. C. rosea Schk. Leaves soft ; blades flat, 1-2.5 mm. wide or less, shorter
than the culm: culms slender or filiform, rough above, 3-7 dm. long: lower bract
1—6 cm. long: spikes 2-8', subglobose, 3-8 mm. in diameter, 2-15-flowered:
scales ovate-oblong, white-hyaline, obtuse or acutish, persistent, I as long as the
perigynia: perigynia ovate-lanceolate, flattish, bright-green, radiately spread-
ing, nerveless, shining, 2-4 mm. long, each narrowed into a stout 2-toothed
roughened beak about % the length of the body. — Common, in woods. — Sum.
3. C. Muhlenbergii Schk. Leaves usually shorter than the culm; blades 2-5
mm. wide, somewhat involute in drying: culms slender, erect, 3-angled, rough,
at least above, 3-9 dm. tall: bracts bristle-form, very short: spikes 4-10, ovoid
or subglobose, close together in an oblong head, the lower distinct: scales ovate-
lanceolate, rough-cuspidate or short-awned, narrower and about length of the
perigynia: perigynia broadly ovate-oval, 3 mm. long, strongly nerved to nearly
nerveless, ascending or spreading, each with a short 2-toothed beak. — N. M.
Eather rare, on dry hillsides. — Sandstones and shales, limestones. — Spr.
and sum.
4. C. cephalophora Muhl. Leaf -blades 2-4 mm. wide: culms slender, rough
above, 2.5-7 dm. tall : bracts of the lower spikes bristle-form : spikes few, sub-
globose, clustered in a short-oblong head 8-20 mm. long: scales ovate, rough-
cuspidate or awned, the body strongly exceeded by perigynia: perigynia ovate,
2.5 mm. long, pale, nerveless or very faintly few-nerved, each tipped with a
2-toothed beak about i the length of the body. — M. Eather common, on dry
hillsides. — Spr. and sum.
5. C. sparganioid.es Muhl. Leaf-blades flat, 2.5-10 mm. wide, the lower very
short; sheaths white or pale: culms rough, 3-angled, 5-9 dm. tall: spikes 6-12,
oblong or subglobose, 5-8 mm. in diameter, the upper aggregated, the 2-4 lower
ones commonly separated : lower bracts developed : scales ovate, acute or cuspi-
date, at least as long as the body of the perigynia: perigynia flat, ovate, 3 mm.
long, spreading or radiating, pale, narrowly wing-margined, usually few-nerved
on the outer face, the rough 2-toothed beak i the length of the body. — Eather
rare, in woods and thickets. — Sum.
6. C. vtilplnoidea Michx. Many leaves exceeding the culm; blades 2-5 mm.
wide: culms stiff, 3-angled, rough above, 3-12 dm. tall: bracts bristle-like,
numerous: spikes ovoid-oblong, 4-8 mm. long, very numerous in a cluster, 3-13
cm. long: scales lanceolate, acuminate or awned, about as long as the perigynia,
but narrower: perigynia ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, greenish-yellow, flat, several-
nerved on the outer face, nerveless or faintly 1-3-nerved on the inner, each
tipped with a lanceolate 2-toothed beak about i as long as the body. ■ — ■ Common,
in low meadows or swamps. — Sum.
7. C. pralrea Dewey. Leaves light-green, mostly shorter than the culm; blades
plicate, 1-3 mm. wide: culms 3-10 dm. tall, very rough near the top: spikes
54 CYPEEACEAE.
mainly brown, strongly separate and forming a flexuous head, 4-8 dm. long:
bracts small or obsolete : scales ovate, thin, acute or short-awned : perigynia
ovoid, light-brown, 2.5-3 mm. long, hard, plump, nearly flat on inner face,
usually exceeded by the scales, the beak rather shorter than, the body. — M.
Rare, in the Dillerville swamp. — Limestones. — Sum.
8. C. stipata Muhl. Leaves green; blades flat, 4—8 mm. wide; sheaths strongly
septate, the opaque part thin, strongly transeversely rugulose, easily breaking:
culms stout at base, sharply 3-angled, 4-12 dm. tall: bracts bristle-form or
wanting: spikes numerous, yellowish-brown, in a terminal oblong cluster 3-10
cm. long, the staminate flowers few, always terminal: scales ovate or lanceolate,
acuminate, much shorter than the perigynia : perigynia lanceolate, 4-5 mm.
long, each tapering into a rough flattened 2-toothed beak 1-2 times as long as
the body. — Common, in meadows and swamps. — Sum.
9. C, laevi-vaginata (Kiiken.) Mackenzie. Leaves light-green; blades flat,
3-6 mm. wide; sheaths sparingly septate, the opaque part thickened at the
mouth, not transversely rugulose, not easily breaking: culms little thickened at
the base, sharply 3-angled, 4-8 dm. tall: bracts inconspicuous: sjaikes numerous,
yellowish-green, in a terminal linear-oblong or oblong cluster, 2.5-G cm. long,
the staminate flowers few, always terminal: scales ovate or lanceolate, acumi-
nate, much shorter than the perigynia: perigynia lanceolate, 4.5-5 mm. long,
each tapering into a rough flattened 2-toothed beak longer than the body. — M.
Frequent, in meadows and swamps. — Limestones. — Sum.
10. C. 'bromoides Schk. Leaves soft ; blades 2 mm. wide or less, flat : culms
slender, very rough above, 2—6 dm. long: bracts subulate or bristle-form, the
lowest commonly elongated: spikes 3-7, narrowly oblong-cylindric, 7-18 mm.
long, erect or ascending, mostly close together, the staminate flowers either
basal, basal and terminal, or both: scales oblong-lanceolate, green, brownish
tinged, obtusish to acuminate, shorter than the perigynia : perigynia linear-
lanceolate, pale, little margined above, strongly several-nerved, 4-5.5 mm. long,
the inner face flat, the tapering rough 2-toothed beak at least \ as long as the
body. — M. Rare, in wet woods. — Limestones. — Sum.
11. 0. sterilis Willd. Leaves shorter than the culm; blades 1-2 mm. wide:
culms slender, 2-4.5 dm. tall, rough, at least above: spikes 3-8, subglobose or
short-oblong, about 5 mm. thick: staminate flowers usually numerous at the
bottom of the upper spike, or whole spikes staminate, or plants occasionally
quite dioecious: scales ovate, shorter than the perigynia, obtuse or acutish:
perigynia ovate, compressed, appressed or ascending, or in extreme age spread-
ing, little exceeding scales, rough edged above, the teeth short and suture on
inner face little developed, 2.5 mm. long, 1 mm. wide, several-nerved on outer
face, obsoletely nerved on inner face, each tapering into a sharp-edged 2-toothed
rough beak not 3 as long as the body. — M. Rare, in swamps. — Limestones.
■ — Early sum.
12. C. interior Bailey. Similar to C. Leersii in habit. Leaves shorter than the
culm; blades 1-2 mm. wide: culms slender, wiry, 2-6 dm. tall: spikes 2-4,
nearly globular, 4 mm. in diameter: scales ovate, obtuse to acutish, conspicu-
ously shorter than the perigynia: perigynia soon spreading, ovate, 2.25 mm.
long or less, faintly few-nerved on the outer face, nearly nerveless on the inner,
plump, each abruptly contracted into a roughened 2-toothed beak ^ to i as long
as the very sparingly serrulate body, the teeth very short and suture on inner
face not conspicuous. — M. Rather rare, in wet places. — Limestones. — Sum.
13. C. Leersii Willd. Light-green: leaves usually exceeding culm; blades 0.5-
1 mm. wide : culms very slender, 1.5-3 dm. tall, smooth or very nearly so
throughout: spikes 2-5, 2-8-flowered, more or less strongly separate: staminate
flowers at base of terminal spike conspicuous: scales ovate, acute or short-
cuspidate, much shorter than perigynia: perigynia light-green, 3-3.5 mm. long,
plano-convex, obscurely nerved on inner face, widely spreading, tapering or
CYPERACEAE. 55
narrowed into a rough beak more than half the length of the body, the teeth
and suture on inner face conspicuous. Our plant is C. Leersii angustata
(Carey) Mackenzie. — N. Occasional, in boggy meadows. — Sandstones and
shales. — Sum.
14. O. incomperta Bickn. Deep-green: leaves usually exceeding culm; blades
1-2 mm. wide : culms slender, 2-3 dm. tall, rough at least above : spikes 3-6,
subglobose, 5-15-flowered, approximate or a little separate, about 5 mm. thick:
staminate flowers at base of terminal spike conspicuous: scales ovate, acute or
short-acuminate, much shorter and narrower than perigynia: perigynia deep-
green, 2.5-3 mm. long, plano-convex, many-nerved on inner face, widely spread-
ing or reflexed, the body broadly ovate or ovate-orbicular, abruptly contracted
into a rough beak, half the length of the body, the teeth and suture on inner
face conspicuous. — Occasional, in swamps and swampy woods. — Spr.
15. C. scoparia Schk. Culms slender, 1.5-7.5 dm. tall, roughish above: leaf-
blades less than 3 mm. wide, those of sterile shoots few, ascending: spikes 3-10,
oblong, narrowed at both ends, bright-brown, 6-16 mm. long, aggregated into
an ovoid head or separated : scales thin, brown, acute or acuminate, shorter than
the perigynia: perigynia lanceolate, 4-6.5 mm. long, rather less than 2 mm.
wide, narrowly wing-margined, several-nerved on both faces, each tapering into
a serrulate 2-toothed beak. — Rather common, in moist soil. — Sum.
16. 0. tribiiloides Wahl. Culms 2-9 dm. tall, roughish above: leaf -blades flat,
3-8 mm. wide, those of sterile shoots numerous, widely spreading: lower bract
bristle-form : spikes 6-20, obovoid or top-shaped, varying to suborbicular, blunt,
7—12 mm. long: scales lanceolate, whitish, acute, about J as long as the peri-
gynia: perigynia lanceolate, greenish-brown, flat, 3.5—5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide,
appressed or ascending, several-nerved on both faces, each with a sharply 2-
toothed rough wing-margined beak. — Rather common, in moist soil. — Sum.
17. C. cristatella Britton. Culms 2.5-7.5 dm. tall, roughish above, overtopping
the leaves: leaf -blades flat, 3-7 mm. wide, those of sterile shoots numerous,
widely spreading: spikes 6-15, globose or subglobose, greenish or brownish,
4-S mm. long, aggregated into a cylindric or oblong head: scales lanceolate,
whitish, much shorter than the perigynia: perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, 3-4 mm. long, squarrose at maturity, narrowly wing-margined, several-
nerved on both faces, each tapering into a serrulate 2-toothed beak. — Occa-
sional, especially in the Susquehanna valley. — Sum.
18. C. straminea Willd. Cxdms slender, 3-7.5 dm. tall, roughish above, the
top commonly nodding: leaves shorter than the culm; blades 2 mm. wide or less,
long-pointed: bracts short or the lower bristle-form and exceeding its spike:
spikes 3-&, slightly longer than thick, narrowed at the base, slightly obovoid,
4—5 mm. thick: scales lanceolate, acute, shorter and narrower than the peri-
gynia : perigynia ascending or spreading, ovate, 3-4 mm. long, green, strongly
several-nerved on the outer face, fewer-nerved or nerveless, on the inner,
wing-margined, the tapering rough 2-toothed beak shorter than the body. —
Rather rare, in meadows. — Sum.
19. C. festucacea Schk. Culms slender or stoutish, 3-12 dm. tall, erect, rough-
ened beneath head: leaves shorter than the culm; blades 2-4 mm. wide: bracts
short or wanting: spikes 3-10, in a stitf head, approximate or separate, 7-15
mm. long, 4-9 mm. wide, rounded or narrowed at base: scales ovate-lanceolate,
obtuse or acutish, shorter and narrower than the perigynia: perigynia spreading
or ascending, orbicular to broadly ovate, 4-4.5 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. wide,
thickish, sirongly nerved on outer face, nerveless or nearly so on inner face,
green, strongly wing-margined, the rough bidentate beak one-third the length
of the body. — Occasional, in low woods and swamps. — Sum.
20. C. hormathodes Fernald. Culms very slender, 3-9 dm. tall, the summit
often nodding, usually strongly roughened above: leaves shorter than culm;
56 CYPEEACEAE.
blades usually less than 2 mm. wide : sheaths without conspicuous white band :
bracts narrow and bristle-form : spikes in a monilif orm flexuous head, 3-9,
ovoid, 7-16 mm. long, commonly clavate at base: scales lanceolate, long-acumi-
nate or aristate, narrower than but nearly equalling perigynia : perigynia ascend-
ing, narrowly to broadly ovate, 4-6 mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, thin, strongly
about 10-nerved on each face^ brownish at maturity, strongly wing-margined,
the rough bidentate beak half length of body. — S. Occasional, in wet meadows
and swamps. — Schists. — Spr.
21. C. foenea Wilkl. Culms 3-10 dm. tall, erect or nodding, little roughened
above, exceeding leaves: leaf -blades 2^ mm. wide: sheaths with conspicuous
white band: bracts short or wanting: spikes 4-15, in a monilif orm or flexuous
head, subglobose, narrowed at base, 6-18 mm. long^ 5-6 mm. wide : scales
silvery-hyaline, ovate, acute to acuminate, about equalling perigynia and con-
cealing them: perigynia ovate, appressed or loosely ascending in age, 3-4.5 mm.
long, about 2 mm. wide, narrowly wing-margined, strongly several-nerved on
both faces, tapering into a short rough 2-toothed beak half length of body. —
S. Frequent, in rocky woods. — Schists. — Sum.
22. C. Willdenovii Schk. Leaves glabrous and pale-green, often 3-6 dm. long,
much overtopping the spikes; blades 2-3 mm. wide, the lowest reduced to
sheaths: culms 2-25 cm. high: spikes 1-5, androgynous, or sometimes completely
staminate (the pistillate flowers usually 3-10), about 1.2 cm. long, appearing
nearly basal, one of them or more on long filiform stalks: scales lanceolate,
acute, acuminate or awned, hyaline-margined, finely several-nerved, the lower
1 or 2 commonly bract-like: body of the perigynium oblong, smooth, 2-3 mm.
long, narrowed into a 2-edged rough beak of about its own length. — M. Rare,
in thickets. — Limestones. — Spr.
23. C. Jamesii Schwein. Similar to the next preceding species, but the leaf-
blades rather narrower, soft, spreading or ascending: spikes androgynous, the
terminal staminate portion slender, the pistillate flowers only 1-4 and slightly
separated: lower scales bract-like, the upper shorter and sometimes not exceeding
the perigynia: body of the perigynium globose, 2 mm. in diameter, abruptly
tipped by a subulate rough beak of more than its own length. • — M. Rather
rare, on dry banks and in thickets. — Limestones. — Spr.
24. C, leptalea Wahl. Leaves light-green and glabrous; blades not over 0.5
mm. wide: culms filiform, smooth, 1.5-6 dm. long: spike solitary, terminal,
androgynous, linear, 4-16 mm. long: stigmas 3: perigynia few, linear-oblong,
3.5-5 mm. long, light-green, many-nerved, obtuse and beakless: scales mem-
branous, the lowest sometimes becoming bract-like. — M. E. Rare, in swamps
and low grounds. — Limestones^ quartzite. — Spr. and sum,
25. C. communis Bailey. Plants not stoloniferous. Leaves light-green, shorter
than the culms, the lower reduced to scarcely fibrinous sheaths; blades 2^ mm.
wide: culms slender, roughish above, 1.5-5 dm. long: lower bract 0.6-5 cm.
long: staminate spike short-stalked, 4-25 mm. long: pistillate spikes 2-4, short-
oblong, 3-10-flowered: scales green, ovate, mostly acute: perigynia obovoid,
rather less than 2 mm. long, pale, pubescent, each with a subulate 2-toothed
beak i the length of the body. [C. pedicellate (Dewey) Britton.] — Rather
rare, in dry soil. — Spr. and sum.
26. C. pennsylvanica Lam. Plants stoloniferous. Leaves dark-green or dull-
green, the lower blade-bearing; blades 1-3 mm. wide, the old sheaths persistent
and fibrillose: culms 1.5-6 dm. tall: lower bract rarely over 1 cm. long:
staminate spike sessile or very short-stalked, 12-24 cm. long: pistillate spikes
1-4, short-oblong, 4-20-flowered, sessile: scales ovate, purplish, acute or cuspi-
date: perigynia obovoid, about 2 mm. long, pubescent, 1-ribbed on each side,
each with a 2-toothed beak about I the length of the body or in some forms
longer. — Common, in dry soil. — Spr.
CYPEEACEAE. 57
27. C. varia Mubl. Plants cespitose and scarcely stoloniferous. Leaf-blades
1-2.5 mm. wide, shorter or longer than the culm: culms filiform, erect or some-
what spreading, 1-4 dm. long: lower bract scale-like or subulate, rarely 2 cm.
long: stamiuate spike 4-12 mm. long, sessile, usually rather prominent: pistillate
spikes 1-4, 3-7 mm. long: scales ovate, green or purplish-tinged, cuspidate:
perigynia oblong-ovoid, pubescent, about 2 mm. long, narrowed at the base,
each with a subulate minutely 2-toothed beak commonly i the length of the
body. — Eather common, on hillsides and in woods. — Spr.
28. C. umbellata Schk. Plants short-stoloniferous. Leaves light-green, usually
much exceeding the culms; blades 1-3 mm. wide, slender, ascending, the old
sheaths fibrillose: culms tufted and matted, filiform, 2. .5-15 cm. long: staminate
spike commonly conspicuous: jjistillate spikes 1—3, filiform-stalked from the
basal sheaths or 1 or 2 of them sessile or very nearly so at the base of the stami-
nate spike, ovoid-oblong, 4-12 mm. long: scales acuminate or short-awned, the
lower hiding the perigynia: perigynia oval, pubescent, 3-angled, the body 1.5-
2.5 mm. long, tipped with a subulate 2-toothed beak of nearly its length or
much shorter. — M. Eare, in dry soil. — Qvartzite. — Spr.
29. C. hirtifolia Mackenzie. Plants stoloniferous, pubescent all over. Leaves
light-green, usually shorter than the culms; blades flat, 3-9 mm. wide: culma
tufted from matted bases: staminate spike narrow, sessile or nearly so: pistil-
late spikes 2-4, oblong-cylindric, G-22 mm. long, the lower short-stalked, the '
upper sessile or nearly so: scales obovate, thin, rough-cuspidate: perigynia
oblong-obovoid, sharply triangular, about 4 mm. long, densely pubescent, more
slender at the narrowed apex than at less narrowed base, about as long as the
scales. — [C. pubescens Mubl.] — M. Occasional, in meadows and ravines. —
Limestones. — Spr.
30. C. pedunculata Muhl. Plants forming dense mats. Leaves bright-green,
mostly longer than the culms; blades flat, 2-4 mm. wide: culms 0.5-3 dm. tall,
strongly purplish-tinged at base: upper bracts with reduced blades: staminate
spike ctalked, commonly 1-1.5 cm. long, often with few pistillate flowers at
the base: pistillate spikes 2-4, remote, 3-8-flowered, slender-stalked, often
staminate at apex: scales obovate, cuspidate, purplish-tinged: perigynia obovoid,
sharply triangular above, about 4 mm. long, obscurely obliquely beaked, spar-
ingly puberulent or becoming glabrous, the lower surpassed by the scales. —
M. Eare, in woods. — Limestones. — Spr.
31. 0. Meadii Dewey. Similar to the following species. Culms stouter, very
rough, 2-4.5 dm. tall, usually with 6-10 developed leaf -blades, 3.5-7 mm.
wide: bracts short, not overtopping the spikes: staminate spike long-stalked:
pistillate spikes 1-3, oblong or linear-oblong, S-30-flowered, dense, 1-2.5 cm.
long, about 6 mm. in diameter, erect, stalked or the upper one sessile: scales
ovate, green with purple-brown margins: perigynia obovoid, many-nerved, more
than 3 mm. long, each tipped with a minute slightly bent beak. — S. Eare, in
swamps. — Serpentine. — Sum.
32. C. tetanica Schk. Light-green and glabrous. Eootstocks deep-seated, elon-
gate. Culms slender, rough above, 1..5-6 dm. tall, usually with 3-5 developed
leaves: leaf -blades 2-3.5 mm. wide: bracts narrow, elongate: staminate spike
stalked: pistillate spikes 1 to 3, erect, distant, linear, 6-20-flowered, 2.5 cm.
long or less, or the lower filiform-stalked and drooping: scales ovate- oblong:
perigynia oblong, obovoid, many-nerved, less than 3 mm. long, tapering to an
entire orifice, beakless or minutely beaked. — Eather rare, in low woods and
meadows. — Sum.
33. C. polyniorpha Muhl. Eather dark-green from matted elongate stout
rootstocks. Culms stiff, 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades 3-4 mm. wide, nearly erect:
bracts usually little longer than the pistillate spike : staminate spikes 1 or rarely
2, long-stalked: pistillate spikes one or two, erect, short-stalked or sessile,
densely 12-25-flowered, 1..5-4 cm. long, 8 mm. thick: scales red-brown, some-
58 CYPERACEAE.
what shorter than the perigynia: perigynia ovoid-oblong, obscurely 3-angled,
5 mm. long and 2.5 mm. in diameter, the beak i as long as the body, straight,
conspicuous, the orifice oblique. — S. Eare, in swamps. — Schists. — Spr. and
sum.
34. C. platyphylla Carey. Leaves pale-green and glaucous, those of sterile culms
much larger than those of fertile culms; blades elongate, 9-25 mm. wide, very
smooth (except edges): culms 1-4 dm. long, spreading or reclining: staminate
spike peduncled: pistillate spikes 2-4, all but the upper one slender-peduncled,
erect, distant, loosely 4-10-flowered: scales acute to short-awned : perigynia
acutely triangular, short-tapering at base, oblong, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, many-
nerved, smooth, abruptly bent at the apex. — M. Rare, in thickets. — Lime-
stones. — Spr. and sum.
35. C. digitalis Willd. Leaves bright-green; blades 2.5-5 mm. wide, hispidu-
lous on veins, erect: culms weak, slender, 1-4.5 dm. long, usually exceeded
by second bract and leaves: staminate spike stalked: pistillate spikes 2-4,
linear, loosely alternately 3-12-flowered, 1-3 cm. long, the lower filiform-stalked,
spreading or drooi^ing: scales acute, acuminate or short-awned: perigynia
oblong, minutely roughened^ sharply triangular, many-nerved, 3 mm. long, more
than 1 mm. thick, the short beak slightly oblique. — M. S. Eather rare, in
woods. ■ — Schists, quartzite. — Spr. and sum.
36. C. laxiculmis Schwein. Leaves glaucous or at times green, spreading, his-
pidulous on veins; blades elongate, 4-12 mm. wide: culms slender, ascending
or diffuse, 1.5-6 dm. long, usually exceeding second bract and leaves: staminate
spike long-stalked: pistillate spikes 2-4, oblong, 5-10-flowered, 6-12 mm. long,
about 4 mm. thick, drooping from long hair-like stalks or the upper short-
stalked: perigynia ovoid-oblong, sharply 3-angled, short-tapering at base,
many-nerved, minutely roughened, 3-4 mm. long, scarcely beaked, longer than
the ovate green cuspidate or short-awned scales. — M. Eather rare, in woods
and thickets. — Spr.
37. C. albursina Sheldon. Leaves deep-green; blades 7-40 mm. wide, soft:
culms 1-5 dm. long, strongly flattened and winged above: staminate spike
sessile or nearly so : pistillate spikes 2-4, the lower peduncled and distant, the
upper approximate and sessile or nearly so: scales broadly oblong, half the
length of the perigynia^ very truncate, white, except the green midrib: peri-
gynia obtusely triangular, long-tapering at base, obovoid, 3-4 mm. long, many-
nerved, the beak abruptly bent. — S. Eare, in woods. — Schists. — Spr.
38. C. blanda Dewey. Leaf -blades 3-14 mm. wide, soft : culms loosely erect,
coarsely cellular, nearly smooth, flattened, 1.5-6 dm. tall: sterile shoots develop-
ing conspicuous culms: bract-sheaths loose, the margins much crisped: stami-
nate spike usually short-stalked or sessile: pistillate spikes 2-4, the upper two
contiguous, the lower more or less remote, oblong or linear-oblong, erect, 6-16
mm. long, rather closely 8-25-flowered : perigynia as in C. laxiflora Lam. —
Frequent, in rich woods and thickets. — Spr.
39. C. laxiflora Lam. Leaf -blades 3-7 mm. wide, soft: culms slender, roughish
above, 1.5-6 dm. long, the sterile shoots developing conspicuous culms: bract-
sheaths tight, the margins little crisped: staminate spike usually stalked:
pistillate spikes 2-4, distant, linear-cylindric, 3-4 mm. thick, all slender-stalked,
spreading or the upper erect and sessile, loosely several-many-flowered: scales
ovate with broad white scarious margins, acute, cuspidate or awned: perigynia
obovoid, obtusely triangular, long-tapering at base, more or less oblique, 2.5-3
mm. long, strongly many-nerved, each tapering into a short outwardly bent
entire beak. — Common, in woods and thickets. — Spr.
40. C. anceps Muhl. Plants similar to C. laxiflora in habit, but usually larger,
deep-green, the sterile shoots not developing conspicuous culms: leaf -blades, at
least those of the lower leaves, 5-20 mm. wide, usually less than 3 dm. long:
CYPEExiCEAE. 59
culms nearly smooth, densely cespitose, slightly winged: stamiuate spike con-
spicuous, usually stalked: pistillate spikes few, remote, usually 2.5-4.5 cm.
long, loosely flowered : scales ovate to obovate, with wide scarious margins,
abruptly short-awned: perigynia appressed- ascending, obtusely triangular,
narrowly obovoid or ellipsoid, 3.5 mm. long, more or less striate, narrowed at
each end, the beak straight or slightly curved. — Common, in woods and
thickets. — Spr. and sum.
41. C. styloflexa Buckl. Leaf -blades 3-6 mm. wide, shorter than the culm:
culms slender, smooth, 3-8 dm. long, usually loosely cespitose: bracts short:
staminate spike usually long-stalked: pistillate spikes 1-4, distant, loosely 5-10-
flowered, 10-20 mm. long, the lower drooping on filiform stalks: scales ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, acute, cuspidate or short-awned, usually reddish-brown
tinged, shorter than the perigynia: perigynia elliptic-fusiform, 3-angIed, many-
nerved, 4-5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. thick, tapering into the slender beak. — Eare, in
thickets. — Schists. — Spr. and sum.
42. C. granularis Muhl. Culms tufted, slender, smooth or nearly so, 1.5-7
dm. long: leaves slightly glaucous; blades 3-9 mm. wide, the basal shorter than
the culm: bracts overtopping spikes: staminate spike sessile or short-stalked:
pistillate spikes 3-5, erect or slightly spreading, 1-3 cm. long, 5 mm. thick,
many-flowered, stalked or the upper sessile: scales ovate, acute or cuspidate:
perigynia ovoid or obovoid, strongly many-nerved, 2-3 mm. long, each with
a short, bent or nearly straight beak. — Common, in moist meadows and
woods. — Spr. and sum.
43. C. oligocarpa Schk. Culms slender, roughish, 1.5-5 dm. long: leaf -blades
2.5-3.5 mm. wide, soft: sheaths smooth: bracts similar to the leaves: staminate
spike long-stalked or nearly sessile: pistillate spikes 2-4, erect or nearly so,
distant, loosely 2-8'-flowered, 8-24 mm. long, less than 4 mm. thick, the lower
filiform-stalked: scales ovate, cuspidate or short-awned: perigynia obovoid, pale,
2.5-4 mm. long, each narrowed into a short entire beak. — M. Eare, in woods
and thickets. — Limestones. — Spr.
44. C. Hitchcockiana Dewey. Culms slender, 3-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades 3-7
mm. wide: bracts foliaceous, overtopping the spikes, the sheaths rough pubes-
cent: staminate spike commonly solitary, stalked: pistillate spikes 2-4, erect,
loosely 1-6-flowered, 1-2.5 mm. long: scales ovate or ovate-lanceolate, longer
than the perigynia, rough awned: perigynia obovoid, green, 4.5-5 mm. long,
obliquely short-beaked. — M. Occasional, in woods and thickets. — Limestones.
— Spr.
45. C. conoidea Schk. Culms slender, 5-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2-4 mm. wide:
lower bracts similar to the leaves, their sheaths rough: staminate spike long-
stalked: pistillate spikes 1-3, distant, erect, oblong, 1-2.5 cm. long, 5 mm. thick,
the lower long-stalked: peduncles very rough: scales broadly ovate, each con-
tracted into a rough awn, the lower longer than the perigynia, the upper shorter
than or equalling them: perigynia oblong, obtusely 3-angled, acute, beakless,
3 mm. long, 1.5 mm. thick, the orifice entire. — Eather rare, in swamps and
meadows. ■ — Sum.
46. C. grisea Wahl. Culms smooth or nearly so, 3-7.5 dm. long: leaves light-
green, rarely slightly glaucous, 4-7 mm. wide : bracts similar to the leaves, much
overtopping the spikes, their sheaths smooth: staminate spike sessile, or nearly
so: pistillate spikes 3-5, oblong, 8-25 mm. long, about 4 mm. thick, the lower
slender-stalked and distant: scales cuspidate or awned, the lower usually equal-
ling perigynia : perigynia 5 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, beakless. — Common, in
thickets and woods. — Sum.
47. C. glaucodea Tuckerm. Similar to C. grisea, but pale and very glau-
cous. Culms 1.5-6 dm. long: leaf -blades 4-10 mm. wide: bracts foliaceous:
staminate spike sessile or nearly so : pistillate spikes 3-5, erect, densely flowered.
60 CYPEKACEAE.
the larger usually more than 12-flowered, the lower slender-stalked: perigynia
oblong, 3-4 mm. long, beakless, nearly twice as long as the scales. — S. Not
common, in dry fields and banks. — Schists, serpentine. — Sum.
48. C. graclUima Schwein. Culms glabrous, 3-10 dm. long: leaves dark-green,
glabrous; blades 3-9 mm. wide, shorter than the culm: lower bract foliaceous:
spikes 3-5, 2-6 cm. long, nearly 4 mm. thick, filiform-stalked and drooping,
the upper one partly or wholly staminate: scales ovate-oblong, pale, mostly i
as long as the perigynia : perigynia ovoid-oblong, rounded at apex, beakless,
few-nerved, glabrous, 3 mm. long or less. — S. Bather rare, in meadows. —
Serpentine. — Spr.
49. C. prasina Wahl. Leaves light-green; blades flaccid, roughish, 2.5-5 mm,
wide: culms glabrous, slender, slightly roughened above, 3-angled, 3-7 dm.
long: lower bract similar to the leaves, commonly overtopping the spikes: stami-
nate spike short-stalked, often partly pistillate : pistillate spikes 2 to 4, narrowly
linear-cylindric, drooping, the low^er filiform-stalked, 2-6 cm. long, 4 mm. in
diameter, rather loosely many-flowered: scales ovate, acute, acuminate, or short-
awned, pale-green, shorter than the perigynia : stigmas 3 : perigynia light-
green, ovate-lanceolate, nerveless or nearly so, 3-4 mm. long, each tapering into
a slender, minutely 2-toothed beak. — N. S. Rare, in rich woods and meadows.
— Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum.
50. C. Davisii Schwein. & Torr. Culms 3-9 dm. long: sheaths and often foliage
pubescent. Leaves pubescent ; blades 3-6 nmi. wide : lower bract foliaceous :
spikes 3-5, clustered, or the lower one distant, 6 mm. in diameter, 1-3.5 cm.
long, at length spreading or drooping, the terminal one staminate at the base:
scales ovate-lanceolate, long-awned, shorter or longer than the perigynia: peri-
gynia much swollen, strongly several-nerved, 4—5 mm. long, each with a short
minutely 2-toothed loeak. — M. Rare, in moist meadows and thickets. — Lime-
stones. — Spr. and sum.
51. C, flexuosa Muhl. Culms rough above, 1-9 dm. long: blades 2-5 mm.
wide: staminate spike short-stalked, sometimes partly pistillate: pistillate
spikes 2—4, linear, 3-4 mm. thick, filiform-stalked and spreading or drooping:
scales ovate or oblong, i as long as the perigynia or longer, usually tawny-
tinged, obtuse to short cuspidate: perigynia spindle-shaped, membranous,
sessile, glabrous, faintly few-nerved, obtusely 3-angled, 4.5-6.5 mm. long, less
than 2 mm. thick, each tapering into a short 2-toothed beak. [C. tenuis
Rudge.] — S. Rather rare^ in woods. — Schists. — Sum.
52. C. Swanii (Fernald) Mackenzie. Culms slender, rough above, 1.5-5 dm tall:
leaves light-green, pubescent, especially the sheaths; blades 2.5 mm. wide,
nari'owly linear-elongate: lower bract setaceous, 0.5 mm. wide, much exceeding
spikes: spikes 2-5, short-stalked, oblong-cylindric, erect or nearly so, 6-20 mm.
long, 3-5 mm. in diameter, the terminal one staminate below: scales oblong-
ovate, cuspidate, slightly shorter than the perigynia: perigynia 3-sided, 2 mm.
long, obovoid, pubescent, green, beakless, the orifice entire. [C virescens
authors, not Muhl.] — Common, in thickets. — Sum.
53. C. virescens Muhl. Similar to the next preceding species, but taller and
more spreading. Lower sheaths strongly reddened: culms exceeding leaves:
lowest bract leaf-like, 0.5-3 mm. wide, somewhat exceeding spikes. Leaves
pubescent; blades 3-4 mm. wide: spikes 2-5, linear-cylindric, rather loose, 3 mm.
in diameter, the terminal one staminate below, the lower one commonly filiform-
stalked: scales ovate, shorter than the perigynia: perigynia elliptic, strongly
several-ribbed, narrowed at each end, 2 mm. long, rather more than 1 mm. thick.
[C. costata Schwein; C. costellata Brit.] — S. Rather rare, on moist banks. —
Schists. ■ — Sum.
54. C. complanata Torr. Culms rough above, 1.5-9 dm. long: leaves bright-
green or light-green, pubescent; blades 2-4 mm. wide: spikes 2-5, dense, erect,
CYPEEACEAE. 61
sessile or very nearly so, 6-20 mm. long, usually clustered, the terminal one
staminate at the base : scales ovate, short-cuspidate or obtuse : perigynia oval
or obovoid, flattened, not inflated, imbricate, rounded at apex, green or green-
ish-brown, few-nerved, slightly pubescent when young, glabrous when mature,
1-2 mm. long, the orifice entire : achene elliptic-obovoid, its summit not bent.
[C. hirsuia Muhl.] — Common, in meadows and thickets. — Sum.
65. C. caroliniana Schw. Culms slender, rough above, 3-8- dm. tall: leaves
glabrous except on sheaths; blades 2-3 mm. wide: spikes 2-4, dense, erect,
sessile or very nearly so, 8-18 mm. long, 4 mm. in diameter, clustered, the termi-
nal one staminate at base: scales ovate, brown, mucronate: perigynia obovoid,
squarrose, swollen, orbicular in cross-section, pointed at apex, brown, coarsely
nerved, glabrous at maturity, 2 mm. long, 1 mm. in diameter, the orifice entire
or emarginate: achenes pyriform. — N. Frequent, in meadows and woodlands.
— Sandstones and shales. — Sum.
56. C. B'ushii Mackenzie. Culms slender, roughish above, 4-8 dm. tall: sheaths
pubescent; blades 2-3 mm. wide, glabrous or pubescent beneath: spikes 2-3,
dense, erect, sessile or very nearly so, 6-20 mm. long, 5-8 mm. in diameter,
clustered, the terminal one staminate at base : scales lanceolate, strongly
rough-cuspidate: perigynia obovoid, ascending, swollen, orbicular in cross-
section, pointed at apex, green, coarsely nerved, glabrous at maturity, 2.5-3
mm. long, 1.5 mm. in diameter, the orifice entire or emarginate: achenes obo-
void, tipped with a bent style. — S. Frequent, in swamp, meadows, and rich
woods. — Schists, serpentine. — Spr.
57. C. scabrata Schwein. Culms rough above, 3-10 dm. tall: leaves very rough
above; blades much elongate, 5-18' mm. wide: bracts similar but narrower:
staminate spike short-stalked: pistillate spikes 3-6, erect, the upper short-stalked,
the lower sometimes spreading or drooping, all linear-cylindric, densely many-
flowered, 1.5-5 cm. long, 5-9 mm. in diameter: scales lanceolate, acute or short-
awned, prominently nerved, shorter than the perigynia : perigynia greenish-
brown, ovoid, somewhat inflated, 3-4 mm. long, strongly several-nerved, papil-
lose, each tipped by a long minutely 2-toothed or obliquely cut beak. — N.
Bather rare, in moist woods. — Sandstones and shales. — Spr. and sum.
58. C. stricta Lam. Leaves rarely overtopping the culm; blades very rough-
margined, 2-4 mm. wide : basal sheaths prominently filamentose : culms slender,
stiff, in dense clumps, sharply 3-angled, very rough above, 3-11 dm. tall: lower
bract similar to the leaves: staminate spikes solitary or sometimes 2, stalked:
pistillate spikes 2-5, linear-cylindric, often staminate at the top, densely
flowered, or loose at the base, 1.5-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick, sessile or the
lower stalked: scales dark, with green margins and midvein, oblong or lanceo-
late, appressed: stigmas 2: perigynia ovate-elliptic, acute, faintly few-nerved,
2.5 mm. long, minutely beaked, the orifice entire or nearly so. — Common, in
swamps. — Spr.
59. C. torta Boott. Leaf -blades about 4 mm. wide; sheaths not filamentose:
culms stout at base, smooth or slightly scabrous above, 4-10 dm. long, short-
stoloniferous : lower bract commonly foliaceous: staminate spike usually one,
stalked: pistillate spikes 3-5, erect, spreading or drooping, linear, 2-7.5 cm.
long, about 4 mm. in diameter, often loosely flowered toward the base: scales
ovate-oblong, dark with green midvein, shorter and mostly narrower than the
perigynia: stigmas 2: perigynia oblong or narrowly ovate, green, nerveless,
narrowed and more or less tvsristed above when dry, 2-3 mm. long. — Rather
rare, creek-beds. — Sum.
60. C. g37iianclra Schwein. Similar to the following species in habit. Leaves
glabrous, the sheaths finely roughened, not glaucous; blades 4—12 mm. wide:
pistillate spikes 2-10 cm. long, narrowly cylindric: scales lanceolate, tapering
into awn, rough, ascending, strongly 3-ribbed, 2-4 times as long as the peri-
gynia : perigynia oblong or elliptic, faintly few-nerved or nerveless, com-
62 CYPERACEAE.
pressed, little inflated, 3-4 mm. long, and about i as broad, each tapering to
an acute entire orifice. — W. S. Rather rare, in low grounds. — Sandstones
and shales, schists. — Sum.
61. C. crinita Lam. Culms 3-angled, 5-13 dm. tall: leaves not glaucous;
sheaths smooth; blades rough-margined, 3-10 mm. wide, the lowest very short
and sheathing: staniinate spikes 1 or 2, stalked: pistillate spikes 2-o, narrowly
cylindric, 2-11 cm. long, 6-12 mm. in diameter, stalked, drooping: scales green,
abruptly contracted into a rough awn, spreading, 2-6 times as long as the peri-
gynia: stigmas 2: perigynia broadly obovoid, obtuse, 2-3.5 mm. long, 1-2 mm.
thick, nerveless, inflated, the walls thin, each abruptly tipped by a short entire
beak. — Rather common, in wet places. — Sum.
62. C. Buxbaumii Wahl. Culms slender, stiff, sharp-angled, rough above, 3-9
dm. tall: leaves rough; basal sheaths strongly filameutose ; blades erect, 2-4 mm.
wide: spikes 2-7, oblong or cylindric, erect, all sessile and close together, or the
lowest sometimes distant and short-stalked, 8-40 mm. long, about 8 mm. in
diameter, the terminal one staminate at the base or rarely throughout: scales
ovate, awn-tipped, black or dark-brown with a green midvein, longer than the
perigynia: perigynia elliptic or obovate, flat, ascending, 3-4 mm. long, light-
green, faintly few-nerved, beakless, the apex minutely 2-toothed. — M. S.
Rather rare, in swamps. — Limestones, schists, serpentine. — Spr. and sum.
63. C. Shortiana Dewey. Culms slender, rough above, 3-10 dm. tall, usually
overtopped by the upper leaves: leaves roughish; blades elongate, 4-8 mm. wide:
bracts short, narrow, rarely much exceeding the spikes: spikes 3-7, liuear-
cylindrie, densely many-flowered, 1-3 cm. long, 4-5 mm. in diameter, erect, the
lower stalked, uppermost staminate at base: stigmas 3: perigynia dark-brown,
compressed, 2-edged, orbicular or obovoid, nerveless, 2 mm. long, ridged at apex,
each abruptly minutely beaked, equalling or shorter than its scale, which is
hyaline, scarious-margined, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, persistent, the orifice of
the perigynium entire or very nearly so. — W. On moist banks near Conewago.
— ■ Sandstones and shales. — Spr. and sum.
64. C. lacustris Willd. Culms smooth, 5-10 dm. tall, purplish-tinged and
filamentose at base, the lower sheaths of fertile culms not blade-bearing: leaf-
blades elongate, 5-12 mm. wide, usually exceeding the culm : staminate spikes
1-5, linear: pistillate spikes 2-5, cylindric, 3-10 cm. long, about 10 mm. in
diameter, the upper erect, sessile or nearly so, the lower stalked: scales lanceo-
late or oblanceolate, long aristate or acute, purplish-tinged, the lower longer, the
upper equalling or shorter than the perigynia: perigynia narrowly ovoid, 6 mm.
long, 2.5 mm. wide, firm, scarcely inflated, strongly nerved, ascending, each
tapering into a short 2-toothed beak, the teeth usually erect. [C. riparia
authors.] — S. Rare, in swamps. — Schists. — Sum.
65. C. vestita Willd. Strongly stoloniferous. Culms strict and slender, 4—8
dm. tall, rough above: leaves not overtopping the culm; blades 3-5 mm. wide:
bracts similar, but narrower, short, rough: staminate spike usually solitary,
sessile or short-stalked : pistillate spikes 1-5, oblong, 1-2 cm. long, 6-8 mm. in
diameter, erect, commonly staniinate at the summit, sessile, or the lower ones
short-stalked: perigynia ovoid, densely pubescent, less than 2 mm. in diameter,
prominently few-ribbed, each tapering gradually into a short conic somewhat
2-toothed beak, white-hyaline at orifice, slightly shorter than or equalling the
ovate, mostly acute, membranous scales. — E. S. Rare, in swamps. — Schists,
quart zite. ■ — Sum.
66. C. lanuginosa Michx. Culms slender, but usually rather stouter than those
of C. lasiocarpa, sharp-angled and rough above. Leaves and the lower bracts
elongate; blades not involute, 2-4 mm. wide, sometimes overtopping the culms:
staminate spikes 1-3, long-stalked, sometimes pistillate at the base: pistillate
spikes 1-3, usually distant, sessile or the lower slender-stalked, cylindric, 5-7
mm. in diameter : scales acuminate or aristate. — M. S. Rather rare, in swamps.
— Limestones, schists, serpentine. — Sum.
CYPERACEAE. 63
67. C. lasiocarpa Ehrh. Culms very slender, erect, smooth, obtusely angled,
5-9 dm. long. Leaf-blades very narrow, involute, 2 mm. wide or less, rough-
margined, not overtopping the culm: lower bracts similar to the leaves, upper
bracts filiform: staminate spikes 1-3, commonly 2, stalked: pistillate spikes
1-3, cylrndric, 1-2.5 cm. long, about 6 mm. in diameter, erect, sessile or the
lower distant and short-peduncled: scales ovate, membranous, acute or short-
awned, shorter than or equalling the perigynia: perigynia green, ascending, oval-
ovoid, densely pubescent, faintly nerved, about 2 mm. in diameter, each tapering
into a short 2-toothed beak. [C. filiformis authors. Not L.] — M. Eare, in
swamps. — Limestones. — Sum.
68. C. trichocarpa INIuhl. Culms usually 6-8 dm. tall, smooth below, very rough
above: leaf -blades elongate, rough-margined, 3-6 mm. wide: staminate spikes
2-6, long-stalked : pistillate spikes eylindrie, densely flowered except at the base,
2-lb cm. long, 1-1.6 cm. in diameter, the upper sessile or nearly so and erect,
the lower slender-stalked: scales hyaline, acute to aristate: stigmas 3: peri-
gynia ovoid, pubescent in our form, many-ribbed, 8-10 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide,
each tapering into a long conspicuously 2-toothed beak, the teeth somewhat
spreading. — M. Rare, in wet meadows near Lancaster. — Limestones. — Sum,
69. C. folliculata L. Yellow or yellowish. Culms erect or reclining, 4—10 dm.
long: leaf -blades 4-16 mm. wide: pistillate spikes 2-5, usually distant, all
except the uppermost slender-stalked, the lower often nodding: bracts commonly
overtopping the spikes : stigmas 3 : perigynia lanceolate, slightly inflated, rather
prominently many-nerved, 12-16 mm. long, about 3 mm. in diameter near the
base, each tapering from below the middle into a slender 2-toothed beak, longer
than the awned scarious-margined persistent scale, the teeth nearly erect. —
Rather rare, in swamps. — Sum.
70. C. monile Tuckerm. Culms 4-9 dm. tall, not spongy at base, acutely angled
and very rough above: leaves and bracts narrow and elongate; blades 3-6 mm.
wide: staminate spikes 1-4, usually 2 or 3, slender-stalked: pistillate spikes 1-3,
2.5-25 cm. long, 7 mm. wide, eylindrie: stigmas 3: perigynia inflated, broadly
ovoid, 5-8 mm. long, 8-10-nerved, each abruptly contracted into a slender 2-
toothed smooth beak, longer than the scale. — S. Eare, in swamps. — Schists.
— Sum.
71. C. buILata Schk. Culms slender, 3-9 dm. high, roughish above: leaves
and bracts very narrow and elongate; blades rarely more than 4 mm. wide,
rough-margined: staminate spikes mostly 2, long-stalked: pistillate spikes 1-3,
light-green, oblong or oblong-cylindric, many-flowered, 2-5 cm. long, 9-18 mm.
in diameter: stigmas 3: perigynia much inflated, ovoid. 5-8 mm. long, each
abruptly contracted into a slender rough 2-toothed beak, dull or shining, strongly
nerved, longer than the acuminate to obtusish scale. — S. Eare, in s-wamps.
— Spr.
72. C. lurida Wahl. Culms slender, 2-9 dm. tall : leaves elongate, rough ; blades
4-7 mm. wide: staminate spike short- or long-stalked: pistillate spikes 1-4,
mostly oblong-cylindric, 2-6 cm. long, 14-20 mm. in diameter, the upper sessile,
the lower peduncled: perigynia inflated, ovoid, each tapering into a long slender
beak, ascending or the lower spreading, 6-9 mm. long, thin, yellowish-green,
conspicuously ribbed, longer than the rough-awned scale. [C. tentaculata
Muhl.] — Common, in swamps. — Sum.
73. C. hystricina Muhl. Culms 3-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades 3-8 mm. wide:
staminate spike slender-stalked: pistillate spikes 1-4, oblong-cylindric, dense,
1-6 cm. long, 10-14 mm. in diameter, the lower slender-stalked and drooping:
stigmas 3: perigynia ascending, somewhat inflated, ovoid-conic, 5-7 mm. long,
strongly 15-20-nerved, each tapering into a slender 2-toothed beak, equalling or
the upper longer than the narrow rough-awned scales. — Common, in swamps.
— Sum.
64 CYPEEACEAE.
74. C. comosa Boott. Culms commonly stout, 3-15 dm. tall: leaf-blades 6-14
mm. wide: staminate S])ikes short-stalked: pistillate spikes 2-6, all spreading
or drooping, 3-7 cm. long, bristly, 12-14 mm. in diameter: scales mostly shorter
than the perigynia, rough-awned : stigmas 3 : perigynia lanceolate, little in-
flated, strongly reflexed when mature, each tapering into a slender prominently
2-toothed beak, the teeth subulate and recurved-spreading. — Susquehanna valley.
Eare, in wet places. — Sum.
75. C. Frankii Kunth. Culms stout, smooth, leafy, 3-7 dm. tall: leaves rough-
ish ; blades and similar bracts elongate, overtopping culm, 3-8 mm, wide : stami-
nate spike usually small and inconspicuous: pistillate spikes 3-6, exceedingly
dense, cylindric, erect, 1-4 dm. long, about 8 mm. in diameter, the upper nearly
or quite sessile, the lower slender-stalked : scales linear-subulate, longer than the
perigynia: stigmas 3: perigynia green, slightly inflated, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. in
diameter, few-nerved, obconie with a depressed summit from which arises the
subulate 2-toothed beak. — Eather common, in swamps and meadows. — Sum.
and fall.
76. C. squarrosa L. Culms slender, rough above on the angles, 6-9 dm. tall:
leaf -blades elongate, 3-6 mm. wide, rough-margined: spikes 1-3, erect, stalked,
oval, exceedingly dense, 1.5-3 cm. long, 1-2 cm. in diameter, the upper one
club-shaped, staminate at the base or sometimes for A its length or more:
stigmas 3 : perigynia yellowish-green, becoming tawny, the lower reflexed,
somewhat inflated but firm, obovoid, about 3 mm. in diameter, few-nerved, each
truncately contracted into a subulate minutely 2-toothed beak, twice as long
as the lanceolate-acuminate or awn-tipped scale. — Eather rare, in wet places.
— Sum.
77. C. intumescens Eudge. Deep-green. Culms slender, 4-9 dm. high: leaf-
blades elongate, roughish, 2. .5-7 mm. wide: bracts similar, overtopping the culm:
staminate spike mostly long-stalked: pistillate spikes 1-3, sessile or short-
stalked, globose or nearly so : scales narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or aristate,
about i as long as the perigynia: stigmas 3: style straight: perigynia 1-12,
spreading or the upper erect, 10-20 mm. long, much inflated, about 5 mm. in
diameter above the base, many-nerved, each tapering into a subulate 2-toothed
beak, the teeth somewhat spreading. — Eather rare, in swamps. — Sum.
78. C. Asa-Grayi Bailey. Deep-green. Culms 5-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades elon-
gate, dark-green, 5-9 mm. wide: bracts similar to the upper leaves, usually
much overtopping the culm: staminate spike mostly long-stalked: pistillate
spikes 1 or 2, dense, about 2.5 cm. in diameter, 6-30-flowered : scales ovate or
lanceolate, obtuse or slightly cuspidate, scarious, about J as long as the peri-
gynia : stigmas 3 : style straight : perigynia ovoid, glabrous or hispidulous, much
inflated, many-nerved, about 7 mm. in diameter, each tapering to a sharp 2-
toothed beak. [C. Grayi Carey.] — M. S. Eare, on wet hanks. — Sandstones
and shales, schists. — Sum.
79. C. lupulina Muhl. Culms stout, 3-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades elongate, nodu-
lose, 5-16 mm. wide, the upper ones, and the similar bracts much overtopping
the culm: staminate spikes solitary or rarely several: pistillate spikes 2-5,
densely many-flowered, oblong, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, 2.5 cm. or more in diameter:
scales acuminate or aristate, ^ as long as the perigynia : stigmas 3 : style ab-
ruptly bent: perigynia ascending, much inflated, many-nerved, 10-20 mm. long,
4-7 mm. in diameter above the base, each tapering from below the middle into
a subulate 2-toothed beak. — Eather common, in swamps. — Sum.
Order ABALES.
Perennial, frequently bog or aquatic herbs; in Lemnaccae, mere float-
ing thalloid bodies. Leaves mainly basal. Flowers complete or incom-
AEACEAE. 65
plete, borne on a spadix accompanied by a spathe, or in Lemnaceae 1 or
few in a pouch in the plant-body. Perianth inconspicuous or wanting.
Fruit baccate or utricular.
Plants normal, with the flowers on a spadix, this sometimes subtended by or partly
enclosed in a spathe. Fam. 1. Araceae.
Plants reduced to small floating thalloid structures, with one
or few flowers. Fam. 2. Lemnaceae.
Family 1. ARACEAE. Arum Family.
Fleshy mostly acaulescent plants. Leaves with simple or divided
blades. Flowers perfect, monoecious, or dioecious. Perianth of 4-6 scale-
like members, or wanting. Androecium of 4—10 stamens. Gynoecium of
1 carj^el, or of several united carpels. Fruit a berry or a utricle.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious : perianth wanting.
Leaf -blades palmately divided : spathe involute below, hooded above : spadix
included, terete or obscurely angled. 1. Arisaema.
Leaf-blades pedately divided : spathe convolute throughout :
spadix exserted, more or less flattened or 2-edged. 2. Muricauda.
Flowers perfect : perianth of several scale-like members.
Spadix surrounded by a spathe. 3. Spathyema.
Spadix naked, merely subtended by a spathe.
Spadix terminating the club-shaped scape. 4. Orontium.
Spadix borne somewhat laterally on the leaf-like scape. 5. Acorus.
1. ARISAEMA Mart. Herbs of swamps or woods, with corms. Leaf-
blades palmate, 3-5-divided. Scape permanently erect. Spadix clavate or
cylindric, the fertile portion partially flower-bearing. Spathe cornucopia-like.
Fruits red. — Spr. and sum. — Jack-in-the-pulpit. Indian-turnip.
Hood of the spathe brown with light stripes : naked portion of the spadix clavate :
fruits 8-12 mm. in diameter. 1. A. triplujlhtm.
Hood of the spathe black or red-brown : naked portion of the
spadix cylindric : fruits 4-5 mm. in diameter. 2. A. pusillum.
1. A. triphyllum (L.) Torr. Plants mostly over 4 dm. tall: leaf -segments
8-30 cm. long; blades dull, rather abruptly short-acuminate: spathe-blade short-
acuminate, often striped with purple or brown and green within : fruits 8-12
mm. thick. — Common, in swamps and on moist hillsides.
2. A. pusillum (Peck) Nash. Plants mostly less than 3 dm. tall: leaf -segments
5-12 cm. long: spathe-blade short-acuminate, red-brown or almost black within:
fruits 4—5 mm. thick. — E. S. Rather rare, in swamps. — Quartzite, schists.
2. MURICAUDA Small. Herbs with corms: leaf -blades pedate, 5-17-
divided. Scapes permanently erect. Spadix whip-like, the fertile portion
covered with flowers. Stamens 4. Spathe wholly convolute. Fruits red.
1. M. Dracontium (L.) Small. Leaf -segments cuneate to oblanceolate, 1-3 dm.
long: spathe 3-10 cm. long: fruits 6-8 mm. thick. — Common in low alluvial
grounds. — Spr. — Green-dragon. Dragon-root.
3. SPATHYEMA Eaf. Coarse swamp herbs with cordate leaf -blades, the
petioles, and the scapes partially underground. Spadix oblong or globular,
enclosed in the thick cochleate, colored spathe, the scape rigid. Flowers perfect.
Perianth of 4 hooded members. Fruits immersed in the spadix.
1. S. foetida (L.) Eaf. Plant garlic-scented, glabrous: leaf -blades 2-5 dm.
long, often 3 dm. broad : scapes erect, mainly subterranean : spathe preceding
the leaves, 8-15 cm. long, beaked, mottled: fruit-head persistent, 9-15 cm. in
Lancaster County Flora 5.
66 LEMNACEAE.
diameter, the berries green. — Common, in swamps and low meadows. — Spr.
— Skunk-cabbage.
4. ORONTIUM L. Swamp herbs. Leaves with relatively narrow blades.
Spadix terminal, elongate, subtended by the thin spathe, the scape pliable, soon
weak. Flowers perfect. Perianth of 4-6 scale-like members (6 below, 4 above).
Fruits not immersed.
1. O. aquaticum L. Eootstock deeply buried. Leaf-blades oblong or elliptic,
1-3 dm. long : spadix golden-yellow, 2-6 cm. long. — Eather rare, in swamps,
ponds or streams. — Spr. — Golden-club. Bog-torches. Fire-leaf.
5. ACORUS L. Swamp or meadow herbs with aromatic rootstoeks. Leaves
with linear blades. Spadix lateral, elongate, at the base of the linear spathe.
Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 concave members. Fruits crowded.
1. A. Calamus L. Eootstock horizontal: leaves 5-20 dm. tall: scape resembling
the leaves : spathe erect : spadix yellowish, 3-8 cm. long. — Common, in low
grounds and swamps. — Spr. and sum. — Calamus. Sweet-flag.
Family 2. LEMNACEAE. Duckweed Family.
Floating herbs, consisting- chiefly of very small, often minute, fleshy
structures, sometimes with 1 or several roots. Propagative pouches 1 or
2 in each body. Flowers monoecious, one or two staminate and one
pistillate in a propagative pouch. Staminate flowers consist of 1 stamen.
Pistillate flowers consist of 1 carpel. Fruit a utricle.
Root solitary, without a flbro-vascular bundle : plant-body inconspicuously nerved.
1. Lemna.
Roots several, each with a flbro-vascular bundle : plant-body con-
spicuously nerved. 2. Spirodela.
1. LEMNA L. Plant-body disk-like, inconspicuously nerved. Anther-sacs
opening transversely. Utricle somewhat flattened, often ribbed. — Sum. —
Duckw^eed.
Plants growing in large submerged masses: bodies long-stipitate. 1. L. trisulca.
Plants floating, more or less detached; bodies sessile. 2. L. minor.
1, L. trisulca L. Eoot-sheath acute: plant-bodies both submerged and aerial,
often falcate, 5-10 mm. long, acute: aerial plants smaller than the submerged
and short-stalked, cavernous; submerged plants with twisted stipes. — M. Eare,
in ponds. — Limestones.
2. L. minor L. Eoot-sheath obtuse: plant-bodies elliptic, obovate, or sub-
orbicular, 2-4 mm. long, mostly 3-nerved, commonly keeled on the back and
papillose on the midrib : seeds 12-15-ribbed. — Susquehanna valley. Eather
rare, in ponds.
2. SPIRODELA Schleid. Plant-body disk-like, conspicuously several-
nerved. Anther-sacs opening lengthwise. Utricle lenticular, with winged
margins.
1. S. polyrhlza (L.) Schleid. Plants mostly sterile and perennial. Eoots 4-16:
plant-body obovate or suborbieular, 2.5-8 mm. long, 5-15-nerved: seeds smooth.
— N. M. Eather common, in ponds and along streams. — Sandstones and
shales^ limestones. — Sum.
COMMELTNACEAE. 67
Order XYRIDALES.
Terrestrial, commonly bog herbs, or epiplij'tes. Leaves often basal :
blades prevailingly narrow. Inflorescence usually not a spadix, but often
with a spathe-like bract or a spathe. Flowers mostly complete. Corolla
regular or nearly so (except in some genera of Commelinaceae and
Pontederiaceae). Gynoecium compound, superior or rarely inferior.
Fruit a capsule or utricle, or baccate. Seed with mealy endosperm.
Inflorescence without a spathe : ovary 1-celled, with parietal placentae.
Fam. 1. XXEIDACEAE.
Inflorescence with a spathe : ovary mostly 3-celled.
Calyx and corolla of very different members : sta-
mens free. Fam. 2. Commelinaceae.
Calyx and corolla of quite similar members and
partially united : stamens partially adnate to the
perianth. Fam. 3. Pontederiaceae.
Family 1. XYRIDACEAE. Yellow-eyed grass Family.
Leaves basal : blades thiekish. Flowers perfect, in a compact termi-
nal spike. Sepals 3. the two lateral firm, keeled and often appendaged,
persistent, the third larger, deciduous. Petals 3, fugacious. Androecium
of 3 stamens usually alternating with 3 staminodia : anthers linear.
Gynoecium 3-earpellary. Fruit a capsule.
1. XYRIS [Gronov.] L. Eigid herbs of bogs, swamps, and pinelands.
Leaves not forked at the tip, imbricate at the base of the scape. Flowers
aggregated in a spike with closely imbricate scale-like bracts. Corolla yellow
or white. Anthers narrow, the sacs opening lengthwise. — Sum. — Yellow-
eyed GRASS.
Lateral sepals wingless, ciliate. 1. X. flexuosa.
Lateral sepals winged, the wing incised or eroded above the
middle. 2. X. caroliniana.
1. X. flexuosa Miihl. Leaves narrowly linear, 5-30 cm. long, acute, straight
or spirally twisted: scapes 2-6 dm. tall, more or less spirally twisted, nearly
terete below, 2-edged above, smooth: spikes oval or subglobose, 5-10 mm. long:
lateral sepals margined, 4-5 mm. long; keel ciliate and bearded at the apex.
— S. Frequent in swamps. — Serpentine.
2. X. caroliniana "Walt. Leaves linear, attenuate, smooth, the longer fully
i as long as the scape: scapes 1-6 dm. tall, flattened and 2 edged above, the
edges smooth: spikes oval or ovoid, 6-9 mm. long, obtuse; bracts loosely imbri-
cate in few series and splitting in age: lateral sepals 4—5 mm. long: wing
narrower than the sepal-body incised-toothed or eroded beyond the middle. —
S. Eare, in s^'amps. — Scliists.
Family 2. COMMELINACEAE. Spiderwort Family.
Annual, or ours perennial, caulescent, succulent herbs. Leaves alter-
nate, sheathing at the base. Flowers perfect, the mostly umbel-like cymes
involucrate. Calyx of 3 persistent herbaceous sepals. Corolla of 3 equal
or unequal delicate petals. Androecium of 5-6 stamens, sometimes 2 or
3. mere staminodia. Gynoecium 2- or 3-carpellary. Styles united. Fruit
a loculicidal 2- or 3-valved capsule.
Petals alike in shape: polliniferous stamens 6. or rarely 5. 1. Tradescantia.
Petals unequal in size and shape : polliniferous stamens 3, or
rarely 2. 2. Commelina.
68 PONTEDEKIACEAE.
1. TRADBSCANTIA [Eupp.] L. Plants mostly erect. Leaf-blades usually
relatively long and narrow. Cymes in involucres of 1-3 leaf -like bracts. Petals
nearly equal. Capsules sessile.
1. T. virginiana L. Stems 2-4 dm. tall, green: leaf -blades mostly 2-7 dm.
long, nearly flat : bracts usually much shorter than the leaves : pedicels 2.5-5.6
cm. long, villous: sepals 12-18 mm. long, villous, thin in age: petals blue: cap-
sule 5-7 mm. long. — Frequent in moist soil, commonly on the banks of
streams. — Spr. — Spiderwort.
2. COMMELINA [Plum.] L. Plants mostly spreading. Leaf -blades rela-
tively short. Cymes borne in a specialized folded involucre. Perianth irregular.
Corolla blue. Stamens 3 or rarely 2. Capsules hidden in the spathe. — Sum.
— Day-flower. Dew-flower.
Spathes not united at the base. 1. C. comnitmis.
Spathes united at the base.
Each cavity of the ovary with 2 ovules. 2. C. virginica.
Ventral cavities of the ovary with 2 ovules ; dorsal cavity
with 1 ovule. 3. C. hirtella.
1. C. communis L. Stem or branches 3-10 dm. long: leaf -blades lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate: spathes 2-4 cm. long,
mainly about twice as long as wide : capsules 6-7 mm. long. In waste grounds
and about gardens; becoming a nuisance in some places. — Nat. of the tropics.
2. C. virginica L. Stem or branches 3-9 dm. long: leaf -blades lanceolate,
sometimes narrowly so, 3-10 cm. long, mostly acuminate: spathes 2-3 cm. long,
acuminate : capsules 4-5 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Frequent,
on open banks. — ScJiists.
3. C. hirtella Vahl. Stem 2-12 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched: leaf-
blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 10-20 cm. long, often scabrous: spathes
usually clustered, triangular or ovate-triangular, 2-2.5 cm. long, acute: capsules
7-8 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. In rich mud along the river shore.
— Schists.
Family 3. PONTEDERIACEAE. Pickerel-weed Family.
Bog or aquatic herbs with rootstocks. Leaves alternate : blades
dilated, narrow, or mere phyllodia. Flowers 1 or several from a bract-
like spathe. Calyx and corolla of rather similar partially united members.
Androecium of 3-6 stamens : filaments unequally adnata to the perianth-
tube. Gynoecium 3-carpellary but sometimes with a 1-celled ovaiy. Fruit
a 1-seeded utricle or a many-seeded capsule.
Stamens 3 : flowers few : perianth salverform.
Stamens equal : anthers narrow, erect : leaf-blades narrow. 1. Zosterblla.
Stamens unequal : anthers broad, versatile : leaf-blades broad. 2. Heteranthera.
Stamens 6 : flowers many : perianth 2-lipped. 3. Poxtedbria.
1. ZOSTEREIjLA Small. Aquatic plants with regularly leafy stems.
Spadix 1-flowered. Perianth yellow, regular, the lobes narrow, nearly equal.
Stamens 3, equal: anthers narrow, erect. Ovary 3-celled: style conspicuously
swollen under the stigma. Ovules numerous. Capsule many-seeded.
1. Z. dubia (Jacq.) Small. Stem and branches elongate: leaf -blades mainly
4r-ll cm. long: perianth-lobes linear, 8—12 mm. long: capsules 4-6 mm. long. —
Susquehanna and tributaries. Eather rare, in still shallow water. — Sum. —
Water star-grass.
MELANTHACEAE. 69
2. HETEKANTHERA E. & P. Plants of muddy places, with rootstocks
from which arise short branches bearing a cluster of leaves and a peduncle
with a bract. Spadix l-few-flowered. Perianth white or blue, the calyx-lobes
narrower than the corolla-lobes. Stamens 3, unequal, 1 of them with a longer
filament and a larger anther than the others: anthers versatile. Ovary 3-celled:
styles barely if at all thickened under the stigma. Ovules numerous. Capsule
many-seeded.
1. H. reniformis R. & P. Leaf-blades reniform or orbicular-reniform, 1.5-6
cm. broad: spadix 2-5-flowered : perianth white or blue; tube 7-10 mm. long:
capsules mostly ] cm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Common, in shallow places
in the river. — Sum. — Mud-plantain.
3. PONTEDERIA L. Bog herbs. Leaf-blades narrow or broad, on taper-
ing petioles. Spadix many-flowered. Perianth 2-lipped, the lobes nearly equal.
Anthers versatile. Ovary 1-celled. Seed solitary.
1. P. cordata L. Leaves with tapering petioles and deltoid to ovate blades
10-20 cm. long: perianth bright-blue or white; tube 7-10 mm. long; limb 3-5
mm. broad, the lobes shorter than the tube, the upper one with 2 yellow spots. —
Susquehanna valley. Common, in shallow water. — Sum. — Pickerel-w^eed.
Order LILIALES.
Relatively fleshy, gi'ass- or sedge-like herbs, rarely vines or trees.
Leaves various, mostly with flat blades, sometimes scale-like or terete.
Flowers perfect, polygamous, or dioecious, complete, regular or in few
cases irregular. Perianth of 3 or 6 members, or rarely of 4, these more or
less readily distinguished into calyx and corolla, sometimes partially
united. Gynoecium of 3, or rarely 2, united carpels. Ovary superior or
nearly so. Fruit various, commonly a capsule or a berry, sometimes
berry-like.
Styles present, distinct or united : stigmas terminal.
Styles distinct: capsule septicidal and rarely also loculicidal.
Fam. 1. MELANTHACEAE.
Styles united, often very short or obsolete during
anthesis : capsule primarily loculicidal.
Sepals or petals chaffy. Pam. 2. Juncaceae.
Sepals and petals not chaffy.
Herbs with bulbs, corms or rootstocks.
Plants with bulbs or corms.
Flowers in umbels, at first included
in and later subtended by a scari-
ous involucre. Fam. 3. Alliaceae.
Flowers solitary or racemose without
an involucre. Fam. 4. Liliaceae.
Plants with elongate rootstocks. Fam. .5. Convallariaceae.
Shrubby plants with woody caudices, or
trees. Fam. G. Dracaenaceab.
Styles wanting : stigmas introse, sometimes elongate.
Flowers perfect : bracts whorled. Fam. 7. Trilliaceae.
Flowers dioecious : bracts alternate. Fam. 8. Smilacaceae.
Family 1. MELANTHACEAE. Bunch-flower Family.
Pex-ennial herbs with long or short rootstocks. Leaves alternate,
sometimes all basal: blades flat or plicate. Flowers borne in a terminal
simple or branched inflorescence, or solitary. Perianth of 3 sepals and
70 MELANTHACEAE.
3 petals. Androecium of 6, or rarely 9-12 stamens. Gynoeeium 3-carpel-
lary: styles distinct. Fruit capsular, septicidal and rarely also loculicidal.
Plants with dioecious flowers : anthers oblong or ovoid. 1. Chamaelirium.
Plants with perfect or polygamo-monoecious flowers : anthers
cordate or reniform.
Sepals and petals glandless.
Inflorescence racemose : flowers perfect. 2. Cheospeema.
Inflorescence paniculate : flowers polygamo-monoecious.
Ovary wholly superior : styles slender : petals obtuse. 3. Veratkum.
Ovary inferior at the base : styles very short and
stout : petals acuminate. 4. Stenanthium.
Sepals and petals with glands at or near the base. 5. Mblanthium.
1. CHAMAELIRIUM Willd. Fleshy caulescent herbs. Leaves relatively
few, the cauline much narrower than the basal. Flowers dioecious, in a bracted
spike or raceme. Sepals and petals clavate-spatulate, those of the staminate
flowers much longer than those of the pistillate, all 1-nerved. Ovules 6-12 in
each cavity.
•1. C. luteum (L.) A. Gray. Stem 2-12 dm. tall, simple: basal leaves spread-
ing; blades spatulate to oblong-spatulate, 5-20 cm. long: staminate perianth
white ; pistillate green : capsules 7-10 mm. long. — Common in moist thickets.
— Schists. — Sum. — Blazing-star. Devil 's-bit.
2. CHBOSPEEMA Eaf. Stout caulescent herbs. Leaves many at the base
of the stem, few and small above; blades elongate, flat. Flowers perfect in a
thick raceme. Sepals and petals white, glandless. Carpels united below the
middle. Capsule with 3 spreading lobes.
1. C. muscaetoxicum (Walt.) Kuntze. Stem 3-14 dm. tall, sparingly leafy:
leaf -blades linear: raceme 5-15 cm. long, about i as thick: sepals oval or sub-
orbicular, 3-3.5 mm. long: petals oblong, 4-5 mm. long: capsules broader than
high, the carpels turgid, 4-6 mm. long. — N. S. Not common, in thickets and
woods. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. — Crow-poison.
3. VERATRUM [Tourn.] L. Coarse herbs. Leaves mainly cauline;
blades broad, plicate. Flowers polygamous or monoecious, paniculate, the pan-
icle-branches pubescent. Sepals and petals glandless, greenish, yellow, brown,
or purple, the latter larger than the former. Capsule narrow. Seeds winged.
1. V. viride Ait. Stem 6-25 dm. tall: leaf -blades oval, or narrower on the
upper part of the stem: panicle-branches ascending: sepals and petals yellowish-
green: petals 11-14 mm. long. — N. S. Conunon, in swamps. — Sandstones and
shales, schists. — Spr. — Indian-poke. American white-hellebore.
4. STENANTHIUM Kunth. Graceful caulescent herbs. Leaves mainly
basal: blades elongate, channeled. Flowers polygamous or monoecious, panicu-
late, the panicle-branches glabrous. Sepals and petals white or green, glandless.
Seeds angled.
1. S. robustum S. Wats. Stem 10-20 dm. tall, stout: blades of the lower
leaves over 10 mm. wide: panicle plume-like: petals of the pistillate flowers
7-8 mm. long: capsules fully 10 mm. long, erect. — Extreme S. Eare, in swamps
near Pleasant Grove and New Texas. — Serpentine. — Sum.
5. MELANTHIUM L. Coarse caulescent herbs. Leaves mainly basal:
blades linear or slightly dilated. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, panicu-
late, the panicle-branches pubescent. Sepals and petals white, cream-colored,
or greenish, each with 2 glands above the claw. Seeds winged. — Sum. —
Bunch-flower.
JUNCACEAE. 71
Blades of the sepals and petals oblong, entire, the filaments adnate to the base of
the claws : leaf-blades linear or nearly so. 1. M. virgitiicwn.
Blades of the sepals and petals suborbicular or reniform, un-
dulate to crisped, the filaments adnate the whole length of
the claws : leaf-blades manifestly broadest above the middle. 2. M. latifoUum.
1. M. virginicum L. Stem 7-17 dm. tall: leaf -blades linear, attenuate: pan-
icle narrow, 1-5 dm. long: perianth greenish-yellow: sepals and petals with
claws about I as long as the blades. — N. S. Eather common, in moist woods.
— Sandstones and shales, schists.
2. M. latifollum Desv. Stem 5-12 dm. tall: leaf-blades broadened above the
middle, acute or acuminate: panicle 2-6 dm. long: perianth whitish: sepals
and petals with claws nearly as long as the blades. — S. Rare, in woods. —
Serpentine.
Family 2. JUNCACEAE. Rush Family.
Perennial or sometimes annual herbs, usually grass-like in habit.
Leaves with flat blades, or terete. Flowers scattered along the inflores-
cence-branches, or in dense heads. Calyx of 3 chafi!y sepals. Corolla of
3 petals nearly or quite similar to the sepals. Androecium of 3 or 6, or
rarely 4 or 5 stamens. Gynoecium 3-carpellary. Ovary 1-3-celled. Fruit
a loculicidal capsule, or opening irregularly. Seeds sometimes appendaged.
Leaf-sheaths open: capsule 1- or 3-celled with axial or parietal placentae: seeds
many. 1- Juncus.
Leaf-sheaths closed: capsules 1-celled with basal placentae: seeds 3. 2. .Juxcoides.
1. JUNCUS [Tourn.] L. Glabrous or merely scabrous herbs. Leaves
terete or with flat but thick blades. Bracts subtending the flowers, mostly en-
tire. — Sum. — EuSH.
Lower bract of the inflorescence terete, not markedly channeled, erect, appearing
like a continuation of the scape, the inflorescence thus appearing lateral.
I. Effusi.
Lower bract of the inflorescence not appearing like a continuation
of the scape, the inflorescence therefore usually appearing
terminal.
Leaf-blades with their flat surface facing the stem, or terete
or channeled, not provided with node-like septa.
Flowers bracteolate, borne singly on the inflorescence-
branches, or sometimes clustered, but never capitate. II. Bcfoxii.
Flowers not bracteolate, capitate on the inflorescence-
branches, ni. Marginati.
Leaf-blades either terete and not flattened, or flattened or
compressed, with the flat surfaces not facing the stem,
hollow and provided with septa.
Stamens 6, one facing each sepal and each petal. l\ . Articdlati.
Stamens 3, one facing each sepal. V. Acuminati.
I. EFFUSI.
Sepals and petals green or straw-colored : stamens 3 ;
anthers as long as the filaments. 1- •/• effusi.
Sepals and petals chestnut-brown on either side of the
midrib : stamens 6 ; anthers longer than the filaments. 2. ./. halticus.
II. BUFONII.
Annual plants. 3. J. hiifonius.
Perennial plants.
Auricles of the leaf-sheaths membranous or scarious,
whitish.
Primary bracts shorter than the inflorescence :
leaf-auricles membranous, rarely if at all pro-
longed beyond the insertion. 4. J. sccundus.
Primary bracts longer than the inflorescence :
leaf-auricles scarious, markedly prolonged beyond
the insertion. 5. -/. tenuis.
Auricles of the leaf-sheaths cartilaginous, yellow or
yellow-brown. 6. J. Dudleiji.
72 JUNCACEAE.
III. MARGINATI.
Plants erect : inflorescence commonly 5-15, usually 5-10-
flowered. 7. ./. tnarginatus.
IV. ARTICULATI.
Plants with globose heads : sepals shorter than the
petals : capsules subulate. 8. J. nodosus.
V. ACUMINATI.
Capsules subulate. 9. J. scirpoidcs.
Capsules oblong to ovoid.
Seeds tapering at both ends and caudate.
Petals less than 3 mm. long : heads 2-7-flowered :
capsule usually much longer than the petals. 10. J. hrachycephalus.
Petals 3 mm. long or more : heads many-flowered :
capsule about as long as the petals. 11. J. canadensis.
Seeds abruptly narrowed at both ends and merely
apiculate.
Sepals and petals 2.5-3.5 mm. long : capsule ovoid-
lanceolate in outline, broadly acute and mucro-
nate, about as long as the perianth. 12. J. acuminatus.
Sepals and petals 2-2.5 mm. long : capsule linear-
lanceolate in outline, obtuse and merely apiculate,
exceeding the perianth. 13. J. dehills.
1. J. effusus L. Scapes 5-12 dm. tall, striate near the top: leaf -blades obsolete,
or mere acicular rudiments: inflorescence open: flowers perfect: mature peri-
anth 2.5-3 mm. long: sepals and petals lanceolate: capsules obovoid, readily
dehiscent, rounded at the apex. — Common, in swamps.
2. J. balticus Willd. Scapes 2-11 dm. tall: leaves mere bladeless sheaths:
panicle mostly narrow : flowers perfect : sepals lanceolate, 3^ mm. long : petals
similar to the sepals but slightly shorter: capsules 3.5-4 mm. long, about equal-
ling the sepals, beaked. — M. Bare, in the Dillerville swamp. — Limestones.
3. J. bufonius L. Stems mostly less than 2 dm. tall: leaf -blades flat, or invo-
lute on small plants: panicle difi'use: sepals oblong-lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long,
acuminate: petals linear-oblong, obtuse, shorter than the sepals: stamens less
than i as long as the perianth: capsules oblong. — Rather rare, on roadsides.
4. J. secimdus Beauv. Scapes 1-4 dm. tall: flowers permanently approximate:
sepals becoming 3.5 mm. long: petals green, longer than the sepals, about as
long as the capsule. — S. Eare, in swamps and on muddy banks. — Schists.
5. J. tenuis Willd. Scapes 2-9 dm. tall: auricles of the leaf -sheath scarious:
sepals lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, acuminate: petals slightly broader than the
sepals, much longer than the ovoid or obovoid capsule: anthers much shorter
than the filaments. — Common, in swamps and low grounds.
6. J. Dudleyi Wiegand. Scapes 3-10 dm. tall: auricles of the leaf -sheaths
cartilaginous: sepals 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate, becoming very firm: petals
shorter than the sepals, acuminate, slightly longer than the oval capsule: sta-
mens 6; anthers shorter than the filaments. — N. Eare, on hillsides near Mt.
Hope. — Sandstones and sJiales.
7. J. marginatus Eostk. Stems 1.5-5 dm. tall, somewhat bulbous at the base:
blades of the basal leaves 1-3 mm. wide: heads relatively large, commonly 5-15
together: sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long, acute: petals obovate
or oblong-obovate, obtuse, slightly longer than the sepals, slightly longer than
the obovoid capsule: stamens 3. — S. Eare, in moist grounds. — Schists.
8. J. nodosus L. Stems 1-6 dm. tall, borne singly on the rootstock: cauline
leaves 2-4; blades slender, conspicuously septate: sepals lanceolate-subulate,
3-3.5 mm. long: petals longer than the sepals, acuminate: capsules manifestly
surpassing the perianth, short-beaked. — M. Eare, in the Dillerville swamp. —
Limestones.
9. J. scirpoides Lam. Stems 2-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades terete, 2-3 mm. thick,
the septa complete: sepals subulate-lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long: petals slightly
ALLIACEAE. 73
shorter than the sepals: capsule slender, exceeding the perianth. — Lower Sus-
quehanna valley. Eather rare, on river banks and sandy islands. — Schists.
10. J. brachycephalus Engelm. Stem 2-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades terete, 2 mm.
thick or less: heads scattered or rarely solitary: sepals oblong-lanceolate, 2-2..5
mm. long, acute: petals about i longer than the sepals: capsules oblong, stout,
longer than the petals. — M. Rare, in the Dillerville swamp. — Limestones.
11. J. canadensis J. Gay. Stems 3-12 dm. tall: heads many-flowered, rather
crowded: sepals lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long: petals longer than the sepals,
attenuate, nearly as long as the stout capsule: capsules narrowly conic: seeds
long-tailed at each end. — N. Rather rare, in low grounds. — Sandstones
and shales.
12. J. acuminatus Michx. Stems 2-8 dm. tall: heads generally 5-12-flowered:
sepals lanceolate-subulate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long: petals slightly shorter than the
sepals: capsules about equalling the sepals, ovoid: seeds acute at both ends.
— Eather common, in moist soil.
13. J. debilis A. Gray. Stems 2-4 dm. tall: heads generally 2-6-flowered:
sepals narrowly lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long: petals nearly equalling the sepals:
capsules oblong, exceeding the sepals and petals. — N. Rare, in moist soil. —
Sandstones and shales.
2. JUNCOIDES Adans. Pubescent herbs. Leaf -blades flat and relatively
thin, or sometimes involute. Bracts subtending the flowers usually lacerate or
denticulate. — Spr. — Wood-rush.
Peduncles or pedicels terminated by one or few flowers. ]. J. CaroUnae.
Pedimcles or pedicels terminated by a spike-like cluster. 2. J. campestre.
1. J. Carolinae (S. Wats.) Kuntze. Plants 1-3 dm. tall: leaf -blades flat, 3-9
mm. wide, cilliate, and webbed on both surfaces, gland-like at the blunt tip:
flowers solitary or 2 together: sepals, and petals, 3.5-4 mm. long, lanceolate:
anthers longer than the filaments : capsule ovoid, surpassing the perianth. —
M, Rare, on shaded banks of creeks. — Limestones.
2. J. campestre (L.) Kuntze. Plants 1-5 dm. tall: leaves webbed throughout:
sepals, and petals, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3.5-4 mm. long: capsule
shorter than the perianth. — Common, in woods and thickets.
Family 3. ALLIACEAE. Onion Family.
Perennial herbs with coated bulbs or conns. Leaves basal or mainly
so : blades typically narrow. Flowers in a terminal umbel subtended by a
scarious involucre at the top of the simple scape or stem. Perianth of 3
sepals and 3 petals, persistent. Androecium of 6 stamens. Gynoecium
3-carpellary. Ovary superior. Styles united. Frait a loculicidal capsule.
Ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity : scape, or stem, accompanied by leaves.
1. Allium.
Ovules 1 in each ovary-cavity : scape not accompanied by leaves. 2. Validallium.
1. ALLIUM [Tourn.] L. Alliaceous herbs. Leaf -blades narrow, some-
times hollow or keeled. Perianth white or variously colored. Stamens with
nearly equal filaments or alternately appendaged. — Sum. — Onion. Garlic.
Umbels nodding: plants acaulescent. 1- ^- cernuum.
Umbels erect : plants caulescent.
Bulbs membranous-coated : filaments dilated and the alternate
ones appenflaged. 2. A. rineale.
Bulbs fibrous-coated : filaments merely dilated at the base. S. A. canadense.
1. A. cernuum Roth. Scapes 2-6 dm. tall, 2-edged: umbel nodding; pedicels
becoming 2-3 cm. long : sepals acute : petals oval, rounded or erose at the apex,
74 LILIACEAE.
4.5-6 mm. long: capsules 4-5 mm. long. — Eather common, on banks and dry
hillsides. — Wild-onion.
2. A. vineale L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaves terete: umbel erect, the flowers
ivholly or partially replaced with bulblets : perianth green, pink, or purple : sepals
mainly ovate, 4-5 mm. long: petals slightly longer than the sepals: filaments
opposite the petals with 2 lateral appendages. — Common, in old fields. —
Field-garlic.
3. A, canadense L. Stems 2-6 dm. tall: umbel erect, with most of the flowers
replaced with bulblets: perianth pink or white: sepals oblong to oblong-lanceo-
late, 4-5 mm. long: petals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, slightly longer than
the sepals, acute or acutish at the apex: filaments alternately longer and shorter.
— Eather rare, in thickets and meadows. — Wild-garlic.
2. VAIilDAIiLIUM Small. Alliaceous herbs. Leaf -blades dilated. Peri-
anth Mhite or pale. Stamens unequal, the filaments alternately subulate and
lanceolate.
1. V. tricoccum (Ait.) Small. Leaves vernal; blades oblong to oblong-elliptic,
1-3 dm. long: scapes 1—4 dm. tall: umbel erect: perianth white: sepals oblong,
5-7 mm. long, obtuse: petals oval, longer than the sepals, somewhat shorter
than the filaments: capsule about 6 mm. broad. — Lower Susquehanna valley.
In rich woods on islands. — Schists. — Sum. — Wild-leek.
Family 4. LILIACEAE. Lily Family.
Perennial mainly caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate to whorled,
sometimes all basal : blades entire or essentially so. Flowers solitary or
variously clustered. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla of 3 petals, together with
the sepals sometimes partially united into a tube. Androecium of 6
stamens, the anthers distinct. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Fruit a
loculicidal capsule.
Sepals, and petals, distinct.
Anthers not intror.se : plants with scaly or solid bulbs.
Anthers versatile : seeds flat. 1. Lilitjm.
Anthers erect : seeds globose. 2. Ebythroxiom.
Anthers introrse : plants with coated bulbs. 3. Oknithogalum.
Sepals, and petals, more or less united.
Perianth globular to urceolate, with tooth-like lobes. 4. Muscaei.
Perianth funnelform, with spreading or recurved lobes. 5. Hemerocallis.
1. LILIUM L. Tall caulescent herbs with scaly bulbs. Leaf-blades flat,
relatively short. Perianth showy, the sepals, and petals, distinct. Filaments
slightly adnate to the sepals and petals : anthers versatile. — Sum. — Lily.
Flower, or flowers, erect : sepals and petals narrowed into claws.
1. L. pliiladelpMcum.
Flower, or flowers, horizontal or nodding : sepals and petals
without claws.
Sepals and petals with spreading tips : leaf-blades finely
roughened on the edges and nerves beneath. 2. L. canadense.
Sepals and petals with recurved tips : leaf-blades smooth. 3. L. sui)erbum.
1. L. philadelphicum L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaves mainly whorled; blades
narrowly elliptic to linear, 3-10 cm. long: sepals 5-6 cm. long, with oblong,
elliptic, or oval blades: petals with broader blades than the sepals or some-
times ovate : capsules 2-4 cm. long. — Common, in thickets.
2. L. canadense L. Stems 6-15 dm. tall: leaves mainly whorled; blades lan-
ceolate to oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, acute or acuminate, rough-
ened on the margins and the veins beneath: flowers usually few: sepals and
petals red or yellowish, often variegated, usually spotted, 4.5-7.5 cm. long, the
LILIACEAE. 75
upper portion spreading: capsules 3-5 cm. long. — Rather rare, in wet thickets
and meadows.
3. L. superbum L. Stems 8-25 dm. tall: leaves maiiily whorled; blades elliptic,
elliptic-lanceolate, or nearly linear, 5-15 cm. long, acuminate, smooth: flowers
usually many: sepals and petals orange, red, or orange-yellow, usually purple-
spotted. 6-10 cm. long, recurved from below the middle: capsules 3-5 cm. long.
— S. Not very common, in low grounds. — Schists.
2. ERYTHRONIUM L. Low herbs with deeply buried corms and sub-
terranean stems. Leaves generally 2; blades dilated. Perianth white or
colored, the sepals and petals distinct. Filaments nearly free : anthers erect. —
Spr. — Dog 's-tooth violet.
Styles united to above the middle, topped by 3 spreading or recurved stigmas :
perianth white, pinli or purplish within. 1. E. albidum.
Styles wholly united : stigma terminal : perianth yellow within. 2. E. americanum.
1. E. albidum Nutt. Leaf-blades oblong to elliptic. 5-15 cm. long, often
mottled: scape 1-3 dm. tall: sepals and petals white, pink, or purplish, curved:
stigmas spreading or recurved: capsule 1-2 cm. long. — Lower Susquehanna
valley. Eare, in moist soil. — Schists.
2. E. americanum Ker. Leaf-blades oblong to elliptic, 10-15 cm. long, com-
monly mottled: scape 1-3 dm. tall: sepals and petals green or greenish without,
yellow within or rarely partly red, 3-3.5 cm. long, recurved: stigmas erect:
capsule 1-1.5 cm. long. — Common, on moist banks.
3. ORNITHOGALUM [Tourn.] L. Scapose succulent herbs with coated
bulbs. Leaf-blades narrow, elongate. Corymb or raceme bracted. Sepals and
petals white or greenish without, nearly equal. Filaments flattened. Anthers
versatile. Style shorter than the ovary. Ovules several or numerous in each
carpel. — Spr.
Inflorescence corymbose : filaments unappendaged. 1. O. umhellatum.
Inflorescence racemose : filaments appendaged. .2. O. nutans.
1. O. umbellatum L. Scapes 1-3.5 dm. tall: leaf -blades usually paler-green
near the midrib, 2-5 cm. wide: flowers erect: sepals and petals oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, 10-20 mm. long: filaments subulate to subulate-lanceolate: anthers
oblong. — Common, in fields and woods. Nat. of Eu. — Stak-of-Bethlehem.
2. O. nutans L. Scapes 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades evenly green, 6-11 mm. wide:
flowers nodding: sepals and petals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 27-35 mm.
long: filaments broadly winged and toothed near the anthers: anthers linear.
— N. M. Eare, in fields. Nat. of Eu.
4. MUSCAEI [Tourn.] Mill. Scapose succulent herbs with coated bulbs.
Leaf -blades elongate^ channeled. Racemes dense, inconspicuously bracted. Peri-
anth globular to urceolate, commonly deep-blue. Filaments adnate to the peri-
anth-tube up to near the anthers. Anthers nearly as wide as long. Ovules 2 in
each carpel. Capsules 3-angled or 3-winged. — Spr. — Grape-hyacinth.
Perianth oblong-urceolate : anthers borne alternately high and
low on the perianth. 1. M. hotryoidcs.
Perianth globular : anthers borne evenly on the perianth. 2. M. racemosum.
1. M. botryoides (L.) Mill. Plants 8-25 cm. tall: leaves erect; blades mostly
6-8 mm. wide: perianth mostly 2.5-4 mm. long; lobes as long as wide, about
equal : style shorter than the ovary. — Bather common, about gardens and in
meadows. Nat. of Eu.
2. M. racemosum (L.) Mill. Plants 11-28 cm. tall: leaves recurved; blades
mostly 2-4 mm. wide: perianth 4.5-5.5 mm. long; lobes broader than long, un-
76 CONVALLAEIACEAE.
equal: style about as long as the ovary. — Occasional, in meadows and about
gardens. Nat. of Eu.
5. HEMEEOCALLIS L. Acaulescent herbs, with thickened coated bulbs.
Leaf -blades elongate-linear. Perianth yellow or orange, funnelform, the lobes
broad, longer than the tube. Filaments adnate to the perianth-tube.
1. H. fulva L. Plants 1-2 m. tall: leaf -blades mostly 1.5-2 cm. wide: peri-
anth mainly tawny-orange; tube about 3 cm. long: corolla-lobes 8-10 cm. long,
red near the center, orange near the tips, the margins involute, crisped : capsules
obovoid, 4-6 cm. long. — Common, in meadows and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu.
— Sum. — Day-lily.
Family 5. CONVALLARIACEAE. Lily-of-the-valley Family.
Perennial herbs, with rootstocks. Leaves alternate, sometimes all
basal, sometimes scale-like. Flowers in a terminal cluster, raceme, or
panicle, or axillaiy. Calyx of 2 or 3 sepals. Corolla of 2 or 3 petals,
together with the se^oals sometimes partially united. Androeeium of 4 or
6 stamens. Gynoecium of 2 or 3 united carpels. Fruit a berry or rarely
a tardily dehiscent capsule.
Sepals and petals distinct or essentially so.
Flowers axillary : leaves scale-like : branchlets proliferous. 1. Asparagus.
Flowers terminal, sometimes apparently axillary : leaves, or
most of them, not scale-like : plants not proliferously
branched.
Flowers in a terminal raceme or panicle : perianth white
or whitish.
Sepals and petals 3 each : stamens 6 : gynoecium 3-
carpellary. 2. Vagnera.
Sepals and petals 2 each : stamens 4 : gynoecium 2-
carpellary. 3. Unifolium.
Flowers solitary in the axils : perianth yellow or yel-
lowish.
Sepals and petals with ridges on either side of a deep
nectary : capsule obovoid or turbinate, 3-lobed. 4. Uvularia.
Sepals and petals without ridges or nectary : capsule
elliptic or oval, 3-winged. 5. Oakbriella.
Sepals and petals partially united into a tube. 6. Polygonatum.
1. ASPARAGUS [Tourn.] L. Caulescent herbs, the branches plume-like
on account of the minute branchlets clustered in the axils of the scales. Leaves
scale-like. Flowers mainly solitary in the axils, nodding. Berry nodding.
1. A. officinalis L. Stem at first scaly and succulent, becoming slender and
firmer, 4-20 dm. tall: sepals and petals 4-7 mm. long, linear or nearly so, the
latter broader than the former: berries red, 6-& mm. in diameter. — Eather
common, in fence-rows and about gardens. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. —
Asparagus.
2. VAGNERA Adans. Herbs with simple stems. Leaves several. Flow-
ers in a terminal raceme or panicle. Sepals and petals of a linear, lanceolate,
or oblong type. Filaments dilated or inflated. Stigma obscurely 3-lobed or
nearly entire. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity. Berries spreading. — Sum. —
Wild-spikenard.
Inflorescence paniculate : sepals and petals linear. 1. V. racemosa.
Inflorescence racemose : sepals and petals oblong to lanceolate. 2. V. stellata.
1. V. racemosa (L.) Morong. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong, oblong-
lanceolate, or elliptic, 5-20 cm. long, sessile: panicle 3-10 cm. long, many-
flowered: sepals and petals white, 1.5-2 mm. long: berries globular, 4-6 mm.
long, red, or spotted with purple. — Common, in woods and thickets.
CONVALLAEIACEAE. 77
2. V. stellata (L.) Morong. Stems 2-5 dm. tall: leaves minutely pubescent;
blades ovate, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, 7-14 cm. long: sepals about 4 mm.
long: petals 5-5.5 mm. long: berries 7-10 mm. in diameter, green with black
stripes or black. — Lower Susquehanna valley. In woods, chiefly on islands in
the river.
3. UNIFOLIUM Adans. Herbs with simple stems. Leaves few. Flowers
in a terminal raceme. Filaments filiform or subulate. Stigmas 2. Ovules 2 in
each ovary-cavity. Berries spreading.
1. U. canadense (Desv.) Greene. Stem 5-15 cm. tall: leaves 2 or 3; blades
ovate to lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, truncate or subcordate at the base: sepals
and petals 2.5-3.5 mm. long: berries globular, about 4 mm. in diameter, red-
speckled. — Bather common, in moist woods. — Spr. — Tavo-leaved Solomon 's
SEAL.
4. UVULARIA L. Herbs with terete forking stems. Leaf-blades per-
foliate, membranous, smooth-margined. Sepals and petals acuminate. Anthers
longer than the filaments. Ovary nearly globular. Seeds about i covered with
the thin aril.
1. U. perfoliata L. Stem 1-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong or oval, or slightly
broadened upward, 3-6 cm. long: pedicels 5-25 mm. long: anther-connectives
acute : capsules about 1 cm. long. — Common, in rich woods. — Spr, — Bellwort.
5. OAKESIEIjLA Small. Herbs with angled forking stems. Leaf -blades
sessile, leathery, scabrous-margined. Sepals and petals blunt. Anthers longer
than the filaments. Ovary oblong. Seeds with a swollen spongy raphe.
1. O. sessilifolia (L.) Small. Stem 1-4 dm. tall: leaf -blades elliptic to oblong,
3-8 cm. long, thin: sepals and petals 1.5-2 cm. long, nearly linear: capsules
oval 1.5-2.3 cm. long. Common, in moist woods and on banks. — Spr. — Bell-
wort.
6. POLYGONATUM [Tourn.] Mill. Herbs with jointed rootstocks and
simple stems. Leaves spreading: blades sessile. Flowers 1 or few terminating
axillary peduncles, drooping. Perianth white or greenish: lobes erect or nearly
so. Filaments adnate to the middle of the perianth-tube or above it. Berries
globular, blue or nearly black. Seeds flattened. — Spr. — Solomon 's-seal.
Filaments rough, adnate to the perianth-tube for about % its lengtli.
1. P. hiflorum.
Filaments smooth, adnate to the perianth-tube for about %
its length. 2. P. commutatum.
1., P. biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Stems 2-9 dm. tall: leaf-blades oval, oblong, or
oblong-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, pubescent beneath: peduncles commonly 2-
flowered: perianth 8-12 mm. long: berries 6-8 mm. in diameter. — Common, in
moist woods and on banks.
2. P. commutatum (R. & S.) Dietr. Stems 3-25 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong,
oblong-lanceolate, oval, or oval-ovate, 5-15 cm. long, glabrous: peduncles
usually more than 2-flowered: perianth 10-20 mm. long: berries 8—12 mm. in
diameter. — S. Eather common, in rich soil, especially near streams. — Schists.
Family 6. DRACAENACEAE. Yucca Family.
Shrubby plants or trees, with woody, generally copiously leafy,
caudices. Leaves alternate : blades narrow, firm or rig-id, sometimes filif-
erous. Flowers in racemes or jjanicles terminating scape-like stems.
78 TEILLIACEAE.
Calyx of 3 generally white or pale sepals. Corolla of 3 petals nearly
similar to the sepals. Androeeium of 6 stamens. Gynoecium superior, of
3 united carpels. Style stout, sometimes obsolete during anthesis. Fruit
a primarily loeulicidal capsule, sometimes indehiscent or baccate.
1. YUCCA [Eupp.] L. Caudex commonly leafy throughout. Flowers
perfect, relatively large, in panicles or racemes. Sepals and petals several-
nerved, deciduous. Ovules numerous. Capsule dehiscent^ or baccate. Seeds
black.
1. Y. filamentosa L. Caudex short: leaves firm, 3-6 dm. long, stiiHy erect or
spreading, with curly fibers: panicle-branches usually glabrous: capsules 5-6
cm. long : seed lustrous, about 7 mm. long. — M. Eare, on banks of the Little
Chiquesalunga Creek. Escaped from gardens. Nat. southward. — Sum. —
Bear-grass. Adam's-needle.
Family 7. TRILLIACEAE. Trillium Family.
Perennial herbs Avith rootstocks. Leaves in a whorl on the stem, or
basal and wanting on the mature plant: blades broad. Bracts leaf-like
in a whorl at the top of the scape or peduncle. Flowers perfect, solitary
or in a terminal cluster. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla of 3 petals more or
less different from the sepals. Androeeium of 6 stamens. Gynoecium of
3 united carpels. Stigmas 3. Ovules several in each ovary-cavity. Fruit
baccate.
Flowers several in an umbel-like cluster : sepals and petals nearly alike : flowering
stem with a whorl of leaves and a whorl of bracts. 1. Medeola.
Flowers solitary : sepals and petals very different : flowering stem
(scape) with only a whorl of leaf-like bracts. 2. Trillium.
1. MEDEOLA [Gronov.] L. Caulescent herbs, with long brittle rootstocks.
Leaves and bracts with thinnish blades. Pedicels slender, more or less declined.
Anthers shorter than the filaments.
1. M. virginica L. Stem 2-9 dm. tall: leaves 4-10; blades elliptic, spatulate,
or obovate, 5-15 cm. long: bracts smaller than the leaves: sepals and petals
greenish, 9-11 cm. long: berries spheroidal, 8-15 mm. thick, dark-purple. —
Common, in moist woods. — Spr. — Indian cucumber-root.
2. TRILLIUM L. Scapose herbs with firm corm-like rootstocks. Leaves
and bracts with thick blades. Pedicels stout, or solitary flower sessile. Anthers
longer than the filaments. — Spr. — "Wake-robin. Birthroot.
Stigmas stout, tapering, the tips recurved : anthers stout : petals less than 4 cm.
long : berry ovoid.
Stamens overtopping tlie stigmas ; filaments mostly less
than % as long as the anthers. 1. T. erectum.
Stamens overtopped by the stigmas ; filaments mostly over
% as long as the anthers. 2. T. cernuum.
Stigmas slender, of equal diameter throughout, mostly erect
or spreading : anthers slender : petals over 4 cm. long :
berry subglobose. 3. T. grandiflornm.
1. T. erectum L. Scape 3-6 dm. tall: bracts 8-18 cm. long; blades rhombic,
often broader than long: pedicel 3-10 cm. long, erect or nearly so: sepals
oblong or lanceolate, 2-3.5 cm. long: petals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
brown-purple or nearly white: anthers 5-9 mm. long: berry purple or nearly
black. — Common, in rich woods along the river and creeks.
2. T. cernuum L. Scape 2-6 dm. tall : bracts 6-12 cm. long ; blades sometimes
decidedly wider than long: petals white, broadly ovate: anthers 8-10 mm. long:
berry purple. — Frequent, in rich woods along the river and creeks.
SMTLACACEAE. 79
3. T. grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Scape 2-5 dm. tall: bracts 6-14 cm. long;
blades oval or rhombic-oval, acuminate: pedicel 5-8 cm. long, erect or nearly so:
sepals lanceolate. 2.5-5 cm. long, acute: petals oblanceolate or obovate-lanceo-
late, white or pink, or later rose, crisped : berry erect, 2-2.5 cm. thick. S.
Abundant, in rich woods near Haines. — Schists.
Family S. SMILACACEAE. Smilax Family.
Perennial amied or unarmed vines. Leaves alternate: blades several-
ribbed and netted-veined, commonly persistent: petiole usually beai-ing a
pair of appendages. Flowers dioecious, in axillary peduneled umbels.
Perianth regular, usually green, that of the staminate flowers larger than
that of the pistillate.
Stems herbaceous, annual, imarmed : ovules 2 in each ovary-cavity. 1. Nemexia.
Stems woody, perennial, prickly : ovule solitary in each ovary-cavity. 2. Smilax.
1. NElMEXIA Eaf. Leaf-blades membranous. Flowers carrion-scented.
— Spr. — Carrion-flower.
Leaf-blades glabrous beneath : sepals of the staminate flowers oblong or linear.
1. N. hcrbacea.
Leaf-blades pubescent beneath : sepals of the staminate flowers
ovate or obovate. 2. N. pulvcrulenta.
1. N. herbacea (L.) Small. Stems elongate: leaf -blades ovate, triangular-
lanceolate or lanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, short-acuminate, 7-9-nerved, rounded or
truncate at the base: mature pistillate peduncles long and slender, mostly longer
than the leaves: pedicels slender: staminate perianth 7-8 mm. wide: sepals
oblong or linear, acutish: petals linear or nearly so: berries 6-8 mm. in diameter.
— Common, in thickets.
2. N. pulverulenta (Michx.) Small. Stems elongate, stout: leaf -blades ovate
to elliptic-ovate, 8-15 cm. long, short-acuminate, usually 9-nerved, cordate at
the base: mature pistillate peduncles relatively short and stout, shorter than the
leaves: pedicels stout: staminate perianth 9-11 mm. wide: sepals ovate or
obovate: berries 8-10 mm. in diameter. — S. Eather rare, in thickets.
2. SMILAX [Tourn.] L. Leaf-blades leathery. Flowers not carrion-
scented, often fragrant. — Spr. — Green-brier. Cat-brier. Horse-brier.
Peduncles of the pistillate plants much longer than the subtending petioles : sepals
and petals of the pistillate flowers mostly over 3 mm. long.
Leaf-blades glaucous beneath : fruit-bearing pedicels slightly shorter than the
peduncles : berries glaucous. 1. 8. glauca.
Leaf-blades green on both sides : fruit-bearing pedicels much
shorter than the peduncles : berries not glaucous. 2. 8. hispula.
Peduncles of the pistillate plants shorter than the petioles or
barely surpassing them : sepals and petals of the pistillate
flowers mostly less than 3 mm. long. 3. S. rotundifolia.
1. S. glauca Walt. Leaf -blades broadly ovate, 3-9 cm. long, thickish, rounded
or cordate at the base: pedicels 6-12 mm. long: sepals and petals of the stami-
nate flowers 5-6 mm. long: anthers as long as the filaments or longer: berries
6-8 mm. in diameter, glaucous. — Common, in thickets.
2. S. hispida Muhl. Leaf-blades broadly ovate to elliptic-ovate, .5-15 cm. long,
thinnish, rough-edged, obtuse or subcordate at the base, or sometimes cuneately
narrowed to the petiole: pedicels 4-8 mm. long: sepals and petals greenish-
yellow, those of the staminate flowers 4-5 mm. long: berries about 6 mm. in
diameter, bluish-black. • — M. Eather rare, in thickets along creeks. — Lime-
stones.
3. S. rotundifolia L. Leaf-blades broadly ovate to orbicular-ovate, 3-8 cm.
long, or those of vigorous shoots suborbicular and much larger, abruptly pointed,
80 LEUCOJACAEAE.
thick, smooth-edged : sepals and petals light-green, those of the staminate flow-
ers 6-7 mm. long : berries bluish-black, 6-7 mm. in diameter, glaucous. —
Common, in woods and thickets.
Order AMARYLLIDALES.
Perennial herbs or vines. Leaves with narrow or dilated blades.
Flowers perfect or dioecious, complete. Perianth of 3 sepals and 3 petals,
these distinct or partially united. Androecium of 3 or 6 stamens.
Gynoecium mostly 3-carpellary, the ovaiy wholly or partially inferior.
Stamens 6.
Upright herbs : flowers perfect. Fam. 1. Lbocojaceae.
Twining vines : flowers dioecious. Fam. 2. Tamaceae.
Stamens 3. Fam. 3. Ixiaceab.
Family 1. LEUCOJACAEAE. Amaryllis Family.
Herbs, commonly succulent, with rootstocks, bulbs, or corms. Leaves
alternate, wholly or mainly basal. Flowers perfect, the perianth some-
times with a crown. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla of 3 petals, together
with the sepals partially united into a tube. Androecium of 6 stamens, the
filaments sometimes united into a crown. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels.
Ovary inferior or half -inferior. Styles united. Ovules numerous.
Plants with corms or short rootstocks : perianth without a crown.
Ovary, and capsule, half-inferior : capsule loculicidal. 1. Aleteis.
Ovary, and capsule, wholly inferior : capsule circumscissile. 2. Hypoxis.
Plants with coated corms : perianth with a crown. 3. Narcissus.
1. ALETRIS L. Herbs with thick rootstocks and scape-like stems. Basal
leaves spreading. Flowers in an interrupted spike or raceme. Perianth white
to yellow, campanulate, cylindric, or obovoid, granular: lobes much shorter than
the tube. Filaments adnate to the middle of the perianth or above it.
1. A. farinosa L. Stem 3-12 cm. tall: blades of the basal leaves narrowly
oblong or elliptic, or elongate and broadly linear, 5-30 cm. long: perianth white
or cream-colored, 7-10 mm. long; lobes ovate: style elongate: capsules ovoid,
slender-beaked. — S. Eather rare, on dry banks. — Schists near serpentine. —
Sum. — CoLic-ROOT. Star-grass.
2. HYPOXIS L. Acaulescent herbs with corm-like rootstocks. Leaves
with elongate-linear or nearly filiform blades. Scapes slender, sometimes tufted.
Flowers solitary or clustered. Perianth mainly yellow. Filaments adnate to
the base of the perianth.
1. H. hirsuta (L.) Coville. Leaf -blades linear, mostly less than 4 mm. wide,
sparingly hirsute, prominently 1-nerved: perianth-lobes oblong to elliptic, 6-7
mm. long, yellow within : capsules 4-5 mm. long. — N. S. Frequent, in dry
often sandy soil. — Shales arid sandstones, schists. — Sum. — Star-grass.
3. NABCISSUS [Tourn.] L. Acaulescent herbs with coated corms. Leaves
erect or nearly so : blades elongate-linear. Scape terminated by a single flower,
or by a cluster, the flowers horizontal or nodding. Perianth white or variously
colored: tube short, produced at the base of the lobes into a cup-like or funnel-
form crown: lobes mostly more or less spreading.
1. N. Pseudo-Narcissus L. Plants 2-5 dm. tall: leaves erect; blades linear,
flat, nearly as tall as the scape: calyx-lobes and corolla-lobes oblong to ovate,
TAMACEAE. 81
2.5-3.5 cm. long, pale-yellow: crown carapanulate, deep-yellow, mostly longer
than the perianth-lobes, the toothed edge more or less spreading: anthers much
shorter than the filaments: capsules obovoid, mostly 1.5-2 cm. long. — Eare,
locally naturalized. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Daffodil.
Family 2. TAMACEAE. Yam Family.
Perennial vines with rootstoeks. Leaves often opposite, or whorled
near the base of the stem : blades ribbed and netted-veined. Flowers
monoecious or dioecious, or rarely perfect, in axillaiy clusters. Calyx of
3 sepals. Corolla of 3 petals resembling the sepals. Androecium of 3-6
stamens, imperfect in pistillate flowers. Gynoeeium of 3 united carpels,
imperfect in staminate flowers. Ovary inferior. Styles 3. Ovules 1 or 2
in each cavity of the ovary. Fruit a 3-winged, 3-valved capsule, or
baccate.
1. DIOSCOEEA [Plum.] L. Upper leaves alternate: blades mainly cor-
date. Flowers rather inconspicuous. Sepals and petals mainly green or whitish,
those of the pistillate flowers persistent. — Early sum. — Wild yam-root.
Lower leaves typically alternate; blades green or pale-pubescent beneath: pistillate
racemes many-fruited. !■ D. villosa.
Lower leaves whorled in 4's to 7's ; blades glaucous beneath : pistillate
racemes few-fruited. 2. D. glauca.
1. D. villosa L. Eootstocks slender, elongate, rarely forked, with few more
slender lateral branches: lower petioles glabrous or sparingly pubescent at the
apex: leaf -blades broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, mostly 6-13 cm. long, more
or less pubescent beneath or sometimes glabrous: pistillate racemes many-
flowered: fruits numerous, suborbicular, varying to orbicular-obovate or obreni-
f orm, 2 cm. long or less. — Occasional, in moist thickets and woods.
2. D. glauca Muhl. Eootstocks stout, over 1 cm. thick, often forked and with
many short stout lateral branches: lower petioles densely pubescent at the apex:
leaf-blades ovate to orbicular-ovate, or rarely ovate-lanceolate, sometimes undu-
late, glaucous and usually finely pubescent beneath: staminate sepals oval:
pistillate racemes few-flowered: fruits few, suborbicular to broadly obovate or
obrenif orm, 2-3.5 cm. long. — Frequent, in thickets and rich woods.
Family 3. IXIACEAE. Iris Family.
Perennial, mostly caulescent herbs with short or long rootstoeks.
Leaves equitant, mostly elongate. Flowers perfect, mostly regular, arising
from spathe-like bracts. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla similar to the calyx
or of 3 veiy different members. Androecium of 3 stamens, the filaments
partially adnate to the perianth. Gynoeeium of 3 united carpels. Ovary
inferior. Styles entire or divided, sometimes petal-like. Ovules few or
numerous. Fruit a loculicidal 3-valved capsule.
Styles alternate with the stamens.
Filaments distinct : seeds drupe-like. 1. Gemmingia.
Filaments wholly or partially united : seeds dry. 2. Sisyrinchium.
Styles opposite or arching over the stamens. 3. Ieis.
1. GEMMINGIA Fabr. Caulescent herbs with horizontal rootstoeks.
Leaf-blades folded. Flowers in corymbose cymes. Sepals and petals pink or
reddish, nearly equal, distinct or nearly so, persistent and coiled on the capsule.
1. G. chinensis (L.) Kuntze. Stem 3-13 dm. tall: leaf -blades with the faces
united above the middle: sepals and petals oblong to elliptic, 2.5-3.5 cm. long:
Lancaster County Flora 6.
82 TAMACEAE.
capsules 2-2.5 cm. long: seeds black, shining. — Eather common, on dry hills
and roadsides, and in fence-rows. Nat. of Asia. — Sum, — Blackberry-lily.
2. SISYRINCHIUM L. Scapose herbs with rootstocks. Leaf -blades flat.
Flowers in 1 or more clusters arising from usually 2 bracts (spathe). Sepals
and petals blue, white, or yellow, nearly equal, distinct, deciduous. — Sum. —
Blue-eyed grass.
Scape simple and terminated by the sessile or nearly sessile spathe or spathes.
1. S. angustifolium.
Scape branched or bearing 2 or more terminal peduncles. 2. ;S'. graminoides.
1. S. angustifolium Mill. Plants tufted, 1-4 dm. tall or more, glaucous.
Leaf -blades 1-3 mm. wide, usually serrulate roughened: scapes twice as long as
the leaves, about as wide, wing-margined: spathes mostly green, sometimes
purplish, the outer bract 2-6 cm. long, clasping for 2-6 mm. at its base, much
larger than the inner one: pedicels stiff and nearly erect: perianth violet-blue,
10-12 mm. long: staminal column 4-6 mm. high: capsules 4-6 mm. high, oblong-
globose: seeds dark-brown, 1-1.5 mm. long, obovoid-oblong, with shallow pits,
or nearly smooth. — M. Eather common, in fields and grassy thickets. — Lime-
stones.
2. S, graminoides Bicknell. Plants often not tufted, 1.5-6 dm. high, bright-
green, turning dark when dry. Leaves thin and grass-like, ^-f the height of
the scape; blades 1.5-6 mm. wide, the edges like those of the scape minutely
serrulate: scapes thin, wing-flattened, as broad as the leaf -blades, mostly fork-
ing into two peduncles 5-20 cm. long, subtended by a conspicuous bract : spathes
green, flat, the subequal or unequal bracts acute or acuminate, 15-20 mm. long,
the interior scales much shorter: perianth blue, 10 mm. long: capsules thin-
walled, subglobose, 3-6 mm. high, on slender spreading pedicels: seeds numerous,
about 1 mm. in diameter, globose, pitted. — Common, on grassy banks.
3. IBIS [Tourn.] L. Herbs with long rootstocks. Leaf-blades narrow.
Flowers often solitary, usually not long-stalked. Sepals and petals usually
showy, united below, the sepals recurved, the petals usually smaller and erect
or nearly so. — Flag.
Matted herbs, the flower-stems less than 1 dm. tall, covered with leaves : outer and
inner perianth-lobes nearly equal. 1. /. verna.
Upright herbs, the flower-stems usually over 3 dm. tall : outer
perianth-lobes larger than the inner.
Stem terete : leaf-blades less than 1 cm. wide : capsule
sharply angled. 2. /. prismatica.
Stem with 1 angle : leaf-blades mostly over 1 cm. wide : cap-
sule obscurely angled. 3. I. versicolor.
1. I. verna L. Leaf -blades narrowly linear, elongating in age, mostly 5-7 mm.
wide: flowers violet-scented: perianth violet-blue or rarely white; tube barely
as long as the bracts, about as long as the lobes : capsule 12-15 mm. long. —
S. Bare, on roadside banks near Wakefield. — Schists. — Sum.
2. I. prismatica Pursh. Stem 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades less than 1 cm. wide:
flowers long-pedicelled: perianth blue, variegated mainly with white, the outer
lobes spatulate, about 4 cm. long: capsule 2.5-4 cm. long, acute-angled, — S,
Not common, in swamps near the serpentine barrens. — Spr.
3. I. versicolor L, Stem 8-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades mostly over 1 cm. wide:
flowers short-pedicelled : perianth blue or lilac, variegated with white or yellow,
or purple, the outer lobes spatulate to ovate-spatulate, 7-9 cm, long : capsule 3-4
cm. long, obscurely angled. — Common in swamps. — Spr. and sum.
ORCHIDACEAE.
83
Order ORCHIDALES.
Terrestrial or epiphytic herbs. Leaves usually fleshy, sometimes scale-
like. Flowers mostly perfect and complete, very irregular. Calyx of 3
sepals. Corolla of 3 petals. Gynoecium compound. Ovary inferior.
Seeds numerous. EndospeiTu wanting.
Family 1. ORCHIDACEAE. Orchid Family.
Perennial mostly succulent herbs. Leaves basal or cauline, often
sheathing at the base. Sepals 3, one median, two lateral. Petals 3, one
median and often greatly specialized ("lip"), two lateral ("petals").
Androecium of 1 or more stamens adnate to the style, the 2-8 pollinia
wa:sy or powdery. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels, the ovaiy twisted.
Fruit capsular.
Anthers 2 : lip a large inflated sac.
Plants caulescent : leaves several
glabrous : stigma broadest at the base.
Plants acaulescent : leaves 2, basal : lip with a fissure
down the front : sterile stamen glandular-pubescent :
stigma broadest at the apex.
Anther 1 : lip various.
Pollinia developing caudicles at the base of the anther
which are connected with the glands of the rostel-
lum : filament very short and broad : anther per-
sistent.
Stigma flat, unappendaged.
Glands of the stigma enclosed in a pouch.
Glands of the stigma naked, not enclosed in a
pouch.
Glands covered with a thin membrane which
is deciduous with them.
Glands without a membrane.
Valves of the anther not enclosing the
glands below : lip not tubercled.
Lip entire or shallowly lobed.
Lip cut-toothed or fringed.
Valves of the anther enclosing the glands
below by the infolding of the margins :
lip with a median tubercle.
Stigma appendaged.
Pollinia without appendages : filaments mostly thin and
brittle, the anther therefore usually deciduous.
Flowering branch terminating the main axis of the
plant.
Leaves convolute in the bud.
Anther rounded or very blunt, usually much
exceeding the rostellum.
Lip free, spurless or with a short spur.
Plants scapose : leaves mere broad basal
scales : bracts whorled : lip promi-
nently 3-lobed.
Plants caulescent : leaves solitary or
several : bracts not whorled : lip
entire, toothed or shallowly lobed.
Flowers typically solitary, terminal :
lip crested, sessile.
Flowers axillary, racemose : lip not
crested, clawed.
Lip adnate to the base of the elongate
column, gibbous at the base.
Anther as long as the rostellum and lying
upon it, rarely with a long tip and thus
exceeding the rostellum.
Pollinia not in distinct masses : petals nar-
row : lip not saccate.
Pollinia in several distinct masses : petals
broad : lip saccate.
Leaves duplicate in the bud.
Leaf-blades not plaited in the bud.
lip with a rounded opening : sterile stamen
1. Cypeipeditjm.
2. FiSSIPES.
3. Galeorchis.
4. COELOGLOSSUM.
Lysias.
Blephaeiglottis.
7. Perulabia.
8. Gtmnadeniopsis.
9. ISOTRIA.
10. POGONIA.
11. Triphora.
12. Arethusa.
13. Ibididm.
14. Peramium.
84 OECHIDACEAE.
Stem leafy : column with a distinct foot :
petals much narrower than the sepals.
Scape sheathed only near the base :
lip prominently lolled : anther upright. 15. Malaxis.
Scape sheathed to near the middle : lip
not prominently lobed : anther in-
clined. 16. LiPARIS.
Stem scaly : petals as broad as the sepals
or nearly so : column without a distinct
foot. 17. COEALLOERHIZA.
Leaf -blades plaited in the bud : column broadly
winged above. 18. Limodordm.
Flowering branch terminating a side branch of the
plant. 19. Aplectrdm.
1. CYPRIPEDIUM L. Caulescent herbs with fibrous roots. Leaves
several: blades plaited. Lip a horizontal sac. Stamens appressed, the free
tips directed forward. — Spr. — Ladies '-slipper. Moccasin-flower.
Lip white : blade of the sterile stamen of a lanceolate type. 1. C. candidum.
Lip yellow : blade of the sterile stamen of an ovate type, vary-
ing to oblong-ovate, triangular-ovate or ovate-lanceolate.
Sterile stamen with a triangular-ovate blade less than 1
cm. long, obtuse : lip pale-yellow : flowers fragrant. 2. C. pcirviflortcm.
Sterile stamen with an oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate blade
over 1 cm. long, acute : lip golden-yellow : flowers not
fragrant. 3. C. puhescens.
1. C. candidum Muhl. Stem 1.5-3 dm. tall : leaf -blades narrowly ovate, oblong,
or elliptic, 6-13 cm. long: median sepal lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3 cm.
long, greenish and purple-spotted: petals colored like the sepals but longer and
narrower: lip white, except for purple stripes within, 1.5-2 cm. long. — Occa-
sional, in swamps and low woods.
2. C. parviflorum Salisb. Stem 3-5 dm. tall: leaf -blades elliptic to oval, 6-12
cm. long: sepals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long: petals longer
and narrower than the sepals: lip 2-3 cm. long: capsule-body 2-2.5 cm. long.
— Eather rare, in moist thickets and woods.
3. C. pubescens Willd. Stem 3-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong or elliptic, 9-15
cm. long: sepals ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate: petals linear or attenuate,
longer than the sepals: lip 3.5-5 cm. long: capsule-body 3.5-4 cm. long. — Rather
common, in woods.
2. FISSIPES Small. Acaulescent herbs with fibrous roots. Leaves mostly
2 : blades plaited. Lip a drooping sac. Stamens spreading, the free tips at
right angles to the column.
1. F. acaulis (Ait.) Small. Leaves 1-3 dm. long; blades oblong, elliptic, or
oval: scape 1-5 dm. tall: sepals oblong to lanceolate, 3-4 cm. long: petals
narrower and longer than the sepals: lip pink or rarely white, obovoid, 4-6 cm.
long : capsule 3.5-4 cm. long. — Common, in woods. — Spr. — Moccasin-flower.
3. GALEOECHIS Eydb. Acaulescent fleshy herbs with tuberous roots.
Flowers in a spike. Perianth ringent. Sepals and petals converging. Lip
broad, spurred. Stigmas hollow, the glands enclosed in a pouch.
1. G. spectabilis (L.) Eydb. Leaves usually 2; blades oblong-elliptic, elliptic,
or oval, 7-14 cm. long: scape 1-3 dm. tall, the spike 3-12-flowered: perianth
violet-purple or white: lip 10-13 mm. long, slightly shorter than the spur: cap-
sules 2-2.5 cm. long. — Rather common, in woods and on shaded banks. — Spr.
— Showy-orchis.
4. COELOGLOSSUM Hartman. Caulescent herbs with biennial branched
tubers, the stem leafy. Flowers relatively small, in a terminal spike. Peri-
OECHIDACEAE. 85
anth green or greenish. Sepals and petals converging, tlie petals much nar-
rower than the sepals. Lip narrow, 2-3-lobed at the apex, the spur much
shorter than the lip.
1. C. bracteatum (Wilkl.) Pari. Stem 2-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong-ovate
to oblong-elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, 10-15 cm. long: bracts surpassing the
flowers: sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long: petals nearly linear or
linear-filiform: lip narrow, 6-8 mm. long: capsules 8-10 mm. long. — N. W.
Bare, in damp soil. Sandstones and shales, quartzite. — Spr. and sum.
5. LYSIAS Salisb. Caulescent herbs, the stem scape-like, scaly. Flowers
in a spike or a raceme. Perianth white or greenish. Sepals spreading, rela-
tively broad, the lateral ones longer and narrower than the median one. Petals
much smaller than the sepals, entire or erose. Lip narrow, entire, the spur
longer than the lip. Anthers with diverging sacs whose beak-like bases project
forward.
1. L. orbiculata (Pursh) Eydb. Stem 3-9 dm. tall: basal leaves 2, flat on
the ground; blades orbicular to oval, 1-3 dm. long: sepals greenish-white, the
median one suborbicular or reniform, 5-6 mm. long, the lateral ones ovate,
8-10 mm. long: petals reflexed, 7-8 mm. long: lip nearly linear, 12-15 mm.
long, obtuse, the spur 2.5-4 cm. long: capsules about 1.5 cm. long. — S. Very
rare, in damp woods near Wakefield, not far from the station for Trientalis. —
Schists. — Sum. — Eound-leaved orchis.
6. BLEPHARIGLOTTIS Eaf. Caulescent herbs, the stem leafy. Flowers
in a terminal spike. Perianth white, yellow, orange, purple, or violet-purple.
Sepals spreading or reflexed. Petals toothed or lacerate, or rarely entire. Lip
fringed, or 3-lobed, the lobes toothed or lacinate. Spur often longer than the
lip. Anthers with widely separate sacs, their narrow beak-like beases supported
on the arms of the stigma, projecting forward and upward. — Sum. — Fejnged-
ORCHis. Showy-orchis.
Petals fringed at the apex : lip not 3-lobed. 1. B. ciliaris.
Petals entire, crenulate or merely erose : lip 3-lobed.
Petals entire, linear : lip with narrow lobes. 2. B. lacera.
Petals crenulate or erose, dilated upward : lip with dilated
lobes.
Lobes of the lip fimbriate or fringed : petal-blade toothed
on the sides.
Lip 7-10 mm. long : lateral sepals 5-6 mm. long : petals
5-7 mm. long. 3. B. psycodes.
Lip 14-20 mm. long : lateral sepals 9-11 mm. long :
petals 9-12 mm. long. 4. B. grandiflora.
Lobes of the lip incised or erose : petal-blade erose at
the tip or entire. 5. B. peramoena.
1. B. cilaris (L.) Eydb. Stem 5-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to lanceolate,
8-20 cm. long: perianth yellow or yellow-orange: lateral sepals orbicular-ovate
to orbicular-obovate, 6-8 mm. long: petals linear, oblong-linear or spatulate,
5-7 mm. long, sharply toothed at the apex: lip ovate in outline, copiously
fringed; spur 15-25 mm. long. — S. Occasional, in swamps. — Schists.
2. B. lacera (Michx.) Eydb. Stem 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to lanceo-
late, 8-20 cm. long: perianth greenish-yellow: lateral sepals ovate to orbicular-
ovate, 5-6 mm. long: petals linear, 5.5-6 mm. long, entire: lip 12-15 mm. long,
each narrow lobe terminating in a fringe of several processes; spur 14-16 mm.
long. — S. Not common, in swamps and low grounds. — Schists.
3. B. psycodes (L.) Eydb. Stem 3-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades oval, elliptic, or
oblong-lanceolate, 5-25 cm. long: perianth lilac: lateral sepals ovate, 5-7 mm.
long: petals with broad claws: lip with a spur 13-16 mm. long. — S. Eare, in
wet meadows. — Schists.
86 OKCHIDACEAE.
4. B, grandiflora (Bigel.) Kydb. Stem 3-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong-
obovate or oblong to lanceolate, 8-30 em. long: perianth lilac-purple: lateral
sepals ovate, 9-11 mm. long: petals with narrow claws: lip with a spur 20-30
mm. long. — S. Rare, in rich woods. — Schists.
5. B. peramoena (A. Gray) Eydb. Stem 3-9 dm. tall: leaf-blades oblong to
lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long: perianth violet-purple: lateral sepals broadly ovate
to suborbicular, 7-10 mm. long : petals as long as the sepals or nearly so, spatu-
late, or the body orbicular-obovate, entire or erose: lip 14-18 mm. long, the
lobes cuneate or flabellate, incised or erose; spur 20-25 mm. long. — S. Eare,
in swamps. — Sdiists.
7. PEBULAEIA Lindl. Caulescent herbs with thick fibrous roots, the
stem leafy. Flowers relatively small, in a terminal spike. Perianth yellowish
or greenish. Sepals and petals spreading, all relatively broad. Lip lanceo-
late to ovate or suborbicular, usually with a lobe on each side near the base, and
a median tubercle, the spur longer than the blade. Anthers with horizontal
valves opening upward, dilated at the base, thus forming a cavity enclosing the
orbicular gland.
1. P, flava (L.) Farwell. Stem 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades elliptic, oblong, or
lanceolate, 0.7-3 dm. long: bracts often shorter than the very small flowers:
sepals and petals 3 mm. long: lip suborbicular or broadly oval in outline,
3.5-4 mm. long: spur about i as long as the ovary. — S. Common, in swamps.
— Schists. — Sum.
8. GYMNADENIOPSIS Eydb. Caulescent herbs. Flowers in a terminal
spike. Perianth white, greenish^ pink, or orange-yellow. Sepals distinct, the
lateral ones slightly inequilateral. Petals mostly smaller than the sepals, undu-
late, sinuate-lobed or erose. Lip entire, 3-lobed at the apex, or crenulate or
erose. Anthers with parallel approximate sacs, and naked contiguous glands.
Stigma with 2 or 3 appendages at the beak.
1. Gr. clavellata (Michx.) Eydb. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, rather naked above:
leaves scale-like except 1 or 2 near the middle of the stem or below it; blades
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long: perianth whitish or greenish:
lateral sepals ovate to oval, 2-3.5 mm. long: petals 3-4 mm. long, sinuately
3-lobed: lip slightly dilated upward, 3-5 mm. long; spur clavate. — N. S.
Common, in wet thickets and swamps. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum.
9. ISOTE.IA Raf. Scapose herbs with elongate roots. Leaves reduced to
scales at the base of the scape. Scape topped by a whorl of spreading leaf-
like bracts. Flowers solitary or 2 together. Perianth purple or greenish.
Sepals nearly equal, much longer than the petals. Petals broader than the
sepals. Lip 3-lobed at the apex, sessile, crested along the middle. Capsule
erect.
1. I. verticillata (Willd.) Eaf. Scapes 2-4.5 dm. tall: blades of the whorled
bracts mainly elliptic to oval or obovate, 2.5-8 cm. long: lateral sepals narrowly
linear, 30-50 mm. long or longer: petals linear, 15-20 mm. long: lip-body 10-15
mm. long, terminating in 2 lateral lobes and a middle broad lobe: capsule 2-3
mm. long. — E. S. Common, in rich woods. — Schists. — Spr.
10. POGONIA Juss. Caulescent herbs with cord-like roots. Leaves mostly
solitary or 2 on the stem. Flowers solitary or 3 together. Perianth mainly
pink, rose, or lilac. Sepals nearly equal, slightly longer than the petals. Petals
broader than the sepals. Lip fringed or crisped near the apex, crested, not
lobed. Capsule erect.
ORCHIDACEAE. 87
1. P. ophioglossoides (L.) Ker. Stem 2-5 dm. tall: blades of the cauline
leaves obloEg-lanceolate to elliptic, 3-8 cm. long: lateral sepals linear-elliptic
or narrowly oblong, 16-20 mm. long, acute: petals elliptic or oblong-cuneate,
14^16 mm. long, obtuse: lip longer than the petals, blunt at the rounded fringed
apex. — E. S. Rare, in swamps. — Schists. — Sum.
11. TRIPHOEA Nutt. Caulescent herbs, with fleshy tubers. Leaves
several, with relatively broad blades. Flowers several, axillary to leaf-like
bracts. Perianth mainly purple. Sepals nearly equal, about as long as the
petals. Petals about as broad as the sepals, but narrower at the base. Lip
dilated above the claw, 3-lobed, crestless. Capsules drooping.
1. T. trianthophora (Sw.) Eydb. Stem 5-30 cm. tall: leaf -blades suborbicular
to ovate, 5-20 mm. long: flowers nodding: lateral sepals linear-oblong to
linear-elliptic, 13-15 mm. long: lip 12-14 mm. long, the claw shorter than the
blade: capsules 10-14 mm. long. — W. Rare, in rich woods near Shenk's
Ferry. — Limestones. — Sum. — Nodding-cap.
12. AE.ETHUSA [Gronov.] L. Scapose herbs with corms. Leaves mere
elongate sheathing scales, or the upper one sometimes with a narrow blade.
Flower usually solitary at the top of the scape. Perianth mainly rose-purple.
Lateral sepals slightly curved. Petals similar to the lateral sepals but shorter.
Lip dilated, recurved, crested. Capsule erect.
1. A. bulbosa L. Leaf with a linear blade 10-15 cm. long: scape 1-3 dm.
tall: lateral sepals broadly linear to narrowly oblong, 35-43 mm. long, acute:
lip 25-30 mm. long, with 2 shallow lateral lobes and a larger middle lobe,
toothed or fringed at the apex: capsule 20-25 mm. long. — E. S. Rare, in
swamps, near Beartown and Smithville. — Schists, quartsite. — Spr.
13. IBIDIUM Salisb. Caulescent herbs. Leaves various, the basal and
lower cauline with narrow blades, the upper cauline leaves mere sheathing scales.
Flowers in a terminal sjiiral spike. Perianth pale. Median sepal and petals
coherent: lateral sepals erect. Lip erect, or spreading at the tip, bearing 2
basal callosities, the lower portion folded around the very short column. Stigma
with a 2-f orked beak. — Ladies '-tresses.
Flowers merely alternate, apparently secund from the spiral twisting of the rachis.
Stem scaly : leaves basal ; blades short, broad, fugaceous.
Root solitary : lip white, of an ovate type, erose-crisped from below the
middle to the apex. 1. /. Beckii.
Roots clustered : lip green, except the crisped margin, of
an oblong type, wavy-crisped at the apex. 2. /. gracile.
Stem leafy below : blades of the leaves narrow, elongate,
persistent.
Lip of an ovate type, dilated at the base, pubescent
without. 3. /. vernale.
Lip of an oblong type, not dilated, glabrous without. 4. /. praecox.
Flowers 3-several-ranked, the rachis not conspicuously twisted.
Lip of an ovate type, tlie callosities prominent, usually
curved : plants usually fall-flowering. 5. /. cernuum.
Lip of a quadrate type, the callosities imperfect, mostly in
the edge of the lip-base : plants usually vernal-flowering. G. /. plantagineiim.
1. I. Beckii (Lindl.) House. Stem 1-3 dm. tall, from a single root: blades
of the basal leaves ovate or oblong, 1-3 em. long, early decaying: perianth
white: lateral sepals broadly lanceolate, about 3 mm. long: petals broadly
spatulate or oblong-spatulate: lip ovate to orbicular-ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long,
the callosities directed backward. — Occasional, in dry or sandy soil. — Sum.
and fall.
2. I. gracile (Bigel.) House. Stem 2-6 dm. tall, from a cluster of roots: blades
of the basal leaves oblong, elliptic, or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long, early
88 OECHIDACEAE.
decaying: perianth green and white: lateral sepals lanceolate, 4-4.5 mm. long:
petals linear : lip oblong, 4-4.5 mm. long, the callosities directed sideways. —
Common, on roadsides, banks, and open hillsides. — Sum.
3. I. vemale (Engelm. & Gray) House. Stem 1.5-5.5 dm. tall: blades of the
lower cauline leaves elongate, linear, sometimes broadly so, 7-15 cm^ long : peri-
anth mostly yellowish: lateral sepals lanceolate, 6-10 mm. long: petals linear
or linear-oblong: lip ovate, 6-8 mm. long, the callosities incurved. — Occasional,
in sandy or gravelly soil. — Sum. and fall.
4. I. praecox (Walt.) House. Stem 2-8 dm. tall: blades of the lower cauline
leaves elongate, linear or nearly so, 5-30 cm. long: perianth white: lateral
sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long: petals linear: lip oblong,
5-7 mm. long, the callosities straight. — S. Occasional, in wet grassy meadows.
— Schists. — Sum.
5. I. cernuum (L.) House. Stem 2-7 dm. tall: blades of the lower cauline
leaves linear to narrowly oblong, oblong-lanceolate or sometimes linear-oblanceo-
late, 8-30 cm. long: perianth white or yellowish: lateral sepals lanceolate, 9-10
mm. long: lip ovate or oblong-ovate, mostly 8-11 mm. long, the callosities
incurved. — Common, in wet places and damp thickets. — Sum. and fall.
6. I. plantagineum (Eaf.) House. Stem 1-4 dm. tall: blades of the lower
cauline leaves broadly linear to oblong, 5-15 cm. long: perianth mainly white:
lateral sepals narrowly lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long: petals linear, about as long,
as the sepals: lip quadrate-oblong, 5-5.5 mm. long, the slender callosities
rather spreading. — M. S. Rare, in meadows and along streams. — Limestones,
schists. — Spr. and sum.
14. PERAMIUM Salisb. Caulescent herbs with scape-like stems. Leavea
various, those near the base of the stem with dilated blades, those higher up
mere sheathing scales. Flowers in a spike. Perianth very inequilateral. Lip
sessile, sac-like, with a small blade and a large saccate base.
1. P. pubescens (Willd.) MacM. Plant 1.5-5 dm. tall: blades of the lower
cauline leaves oblong, elliptic, or ovate, 2-5 cm. long: lateral sepals about 5
mm. long: petals about as long as the sepals, obtuse: lip 4 mm. long, the edge
undulate. — Occasional, in woods. — Sum. — Eattlesnake-plantain.
15. MAIjAXIS L. Scapose herbs with corms. Leaves mainly elongate
sheaths, the upper one bearing a dilated blade at the top. Flowers in a term-
inal raceme. Perianth white or greenish. Lateral sepals slightly inequilateral.
Petals linear-filiform or filiform, shorter than the sepals. Lip broad, cordate
at the base, sometimes lobed at the apex.
1. M. imifolia Michx. Leaves mostly solitary; blades oblong, ovate, or oval,
2-6 cm. long : scape 1-3 dm. tall : raceme stout : lateral sepals ovate or oblong-
ovate, 1-1.5 mm. long, obtuse: lip about 2.5 mm. long, the 2 lateral lobes much
longer than the middle one : capsule 5-6 mm. long. — S. Not very common, in
rich woods. — Schists. — Sum. — Adder 's-mouth.
16. LIPABIS L. C. Eich. Scapose green herbs with corms. Leaves 2 or
more at the base of the scape with wide blades, accompanied by several scales.
Flowers in a terminal raceme. Perianth greenish. Lateral sepals narrow,
nearly equilateral. Petals elongate-linear or filiform, longer than the sepals.
Lip free, dilated, undulate or erose, sometimes with tubercles at the base. —
Spr. — TWAYBLADE.
Lip with an undulate blade 2.5-3.5 mm. wide : petals narrowly linear.
1. L. Loeselii.
Lip with an erose blade 12-13 mm. wide : petals linear-filiform. 2. L. liliifoUa.
y
OKCHIDACEAE. 89
1. L. Loeselii (L.) L. C. Rich. Leaf -blades elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 5-17
cm. long: scape 0.5-2 dm. tall: lateral sepals lanceolate, about 4 mm. long:
petals 6-7 mm. long: lip about 4 mm. long, the blade siiborbicular, abruptly-
pointed: capsules oblong, 10-14 mm. long. — S. E. Rare, in ravines. — Schists.
2. L. liliifolia (L.) L. C. Rich. Leaf-blades ovate, oval, or oblong-ovate, 5-15
cm. long: scape 1-3 dm. tall: lateral sepals linear-lanceolate or nearly linear,
about 11 mm. long: petals 11-13 mm. long: lip 11-13 mm. long, the blade
obovate-cuneate to suborbicular, erose, abruptly pointed: capsules clavate-
oblong, 12-18 mm. long. — N. S. Common, on wet banks and in woods. —
Sandstones and shales, schists.
17. CORALLORRHIZA [Haller] R. Br. Caulescent succulent purplish,
brownish, or reddish herbs with coral-like rootstocks. Leaves reduced to scales.
Flowers in a terminal raceme. Perianth variously colored. Lateral sepals
slightly inequilateral, often curved. Petals rather smaller than the sepals,
somewhat narrowed at the base. Lip dilated, the blade undulate or lobed. —
Coral-root.
Lip not lobed, often erose or crisped.
Lip short-clawed or clawless, the blade short-tipped : column narrowly winged.
1. C. odontorhiza.
Lip long-clawed, the blade notched : column broadly winged. 2. C. Wisteriana.
Lip 3-lobed, the lateral lobes spreading or directed forward.
Lip shallowly 3-lobed : spur obsolete. 3. G. CoraUorrhiza.
Lip deeply 3-lobed : spur prominent. 4. C. maculata.
1. C. odontorhiza (Willd.) Nutt. Stem 1-3 dm. tall: raceme 4-10 cm. long:
lateral sepals linear or nearly so, 3-4 mm. long: lip 4-4.5 mm. long, the blade
obovate or oval-obovate, with erose-crisped margins and an abrupt acute tip:
capsules 6-7 mm. long. — S. Common, in rich woods. — Schists. — Fall.
2. C. Wisteriana Conrad. Stem 2-3.5 dm. tall: raceme 3-10 cm. long: lateral
sepals linear to linear-lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long: petals oblong-spatulate : lip
8-10 mm. long, the blade broadly oval to broadly obovate, notched at the apex:
capsules 9-11 mm. long. — M. Rare, in woods. — Quartzite. — Spr.
3. C. CoraUorrhiza (L.) Karst. Stem 1-3 dm. tall: raceme 2-10 cm. long:
lateral sepals linear-spatulate, 3-4 mm. long: petals mostly spatulate: lip 3-4
mm. long, the blade with 2 shallow lateral lobes below the middle and an ovate
middle lobe: capsules 8-10 mm. long. — M. S. Rare, in woods. — Limestones,
schists. — Spr.
4. C. maculata Raf. Stem 2-5 dm. tall: raceme 5-20 cm. long: lateral sepals
linear to linear-oblong, 6-9 mm. long: petals oblong to oblong-spatulate: lip
6-8 mm, long, the blade with 2 prominent lateral lobes. — N. S. Not very
common, in rich woods. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Fall.
18. LIMODORUM L. Scapose herbs with corms. Leaves few, consisting
of several sheathing scales, and one with an elongate blade. Flowers in a
terminal raceme-like spike. Perianth mainly purple, pink-purple, or white.
Lateral sepals inequilateral, shorter than the median one. Petals nearly equi-
lateral, somewhat narrowed at the base. Lip with 2 minute lateral lobes and a
dilated often stalked middle lobe, bearded with clavate hairs.
1. L. tuberosum L. Leaf-blade narrowly linear to narrowly oblong, 1-4 dm.
long: scape 2-9 dm. tall: perianth pink-purple: lateral sepals half -orbicular,
15-17 mm. long, acute: petals 16-18 mm. long, the blades oblong to lanceolate:
middle lobe of the lip mostly less than 10 mm. wide, flabellate, nearly truncate:
column-wings rhombic. — S. Rare, in swamps. — Schists. — Sum. — Grass-pink.
90 SALICACEAE.
19. APLECTE-UM Nutt. Caulescent herbs with a chain of corms. Leaf
solitary terminating the corm, decaying before the lateral scaly stem arises.
Flowers few in a terminal raceme. Perianth brownish-yellow mixed with
purple. Lateral sepals narrow, slightly curved. Petals slightly longer than the
sepals. Lip dilated, 3-lobed, 3-ridged above the claw, spurless. Capsules
drooping. , t j ,
1. A. hyemale (Muhl.) Torr. Leaf autumnal, or slightly earlier; blade elliptic,
4-20 cm. long: flower-stem vernal, 2-6 dm. tall: lateral sepals linear-spatulate,
10-13 mm. long: petals spatulate: lip 11-12 mm. long, the blade with 2 oblong-
ovate lateral lobes and a suborbicular crenulate middle lobe: capsules 2-2.5 cm.
long. — Not common, in rich woods. — Spr. — Adam-and-Eve. Putty-root.
Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES.
Stems consisting of pith, wood, and bark (endogenous in rare
eases). Early leaves opposite.
Series 1. CHORIPETALAE.
Petals separate and distinct from each other, or wanting.
Order PIPERALES.
Herbs of wet or moist places, usually with rootstocks, or shrubs or
trees. Leaves with simple blades. Flowers perfect or unisexual. Perianth
wanting. Androecium of several stamens. Gynoecium of 1, or of several
distinct or united carpels. Fruit baccate, drui^aceous, capsular, or nut-like.
Family 1. SAURURACEAE. Lizard's-tail Family.
Herbs with rootstocks. Leaves alternate, sometimes basal. Flow^ers
spicate or racemose. Androecium of 3-9 stamens. Gynoecium of 3 or 4
distinct or nearly distinct carpels. Stigmas simple. Fruit capsular.
1. SAUE.URUS [Plum.] L. Marsh herbs. Leaf-blades membranous, cor-
date. Eaceme with a drooping tip, the bractlets adnate to the pedicels or to the
ovaries. Carpels 3 or 4. Mature carpels veiny, opening introrsely.
1. S. cemuus L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
8-15 cm. long, acuminate, petioled: racemes 1-2 dm. long: filaments clavate,
about 4 mm. long : fruit depressed, the carpels about 2 mm. high. - — Common, in
streams. — Sum. — Lizard 's-tail.
Order SALIC ALES.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate : blades simple, entire or toothed.
Flowers dioecious, in aments, the staminate consisting of an androecium of
2 or more stamens, the pistillate consisting of a gynoecium of 2 or 4
united carpels. Ovules numerous. Fruit capsular.
Family 1. SALICACEAE. Willow Family.
Shrubs or trees, with soft wood. Leaf-blades very narrow to very
broad. Aments erect or drooping, the bracts mostly eiliate or toothed.
Capsules narrowed to the apex. Seeds usually with a tuft of hairs.
SALICACEAE. 91
Bracts incised: disli cup-Iilse : stamens usually 10 or more, rarely 6-8: stigmas elon-
gate and expanded : winter buds witli several scales. 1. Populus.
Bracts entire : disk merely 1 or more axillary glands : stamens less
tlaan 10 : stigmas short, not expanded : winter buds with 1 scale
each. 2. Salix.
1. POPULUS [Tourn.] L. Trees, the buds with several scales. Leaf-
blades palmatcly veined, relatively long-petioled. Stamens more than 10, or
rarely 6 or S : anthers purple or red. Ovary sessile. Stigmas dilated. — Spr. —
Poplar. Cottonwood.
Petioles much flattened laterally.
Leaf-blades ovate or suborbicular : capsules conic, slender : scales pubescent.
1. 1'. c/randidcntata.
Leaf-blades deltoid or somewhat reniform : capsules ovoid
to subglobose, thick : scales glabrous.
Stamens 6-8 : branches erect. 2. P. italica.
Stamens 50 or more : branches spreading. 3. P. deltoides.
Petioles terete or channeled.
Leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so when mature, not lobed 4. P. candicans.
Leaf-blades persistently white-tomentose beneath, 3-5
lobed. 5. P. alba.
1. P, grandidentata Michx. Tree becoming 25 m. tall, the bark fissured: leaf-
blades ovate, 6-10 cm. long, sinuate-dentate : middle lobe of the ament-bracts
much shorter than the body: capsules 4—7 mm. long. — N. S. Eather rare, in
woods. — ' Sandstones and shales, schists.
2. P. italica Moench. Tree with a fastigiate top, commonly 25 m. tall : leaf-
blades deltoid or subrhomboid, crenate or crenate-serrate : staminate aments 2-5
cm. long: stamens 6-8': capsules 6-S mm. long [P. dilatata Ait.]. — S. Not
common, on roadsides and along streams. Nat. of Eu. — Lombardy-poplar.
3. P. deltoides Marsh. Tree becoming 45 m. tall, the top not fastigiate: leaf-
blades ovate to deltoid, acute or acuminate, serrate or crenate-serrate: staminate
aments 8-12 cm. long: stamens numerous: capsules 8-10 cm. long. — N. M.
Bare, on roadsides and in fields. Nat. southward and westward. — Necklace-
poplar.
4. P. candicans Ait. Tree sometimes 30 m. tall, the bark ridged: leaf -blades
broadly ovate, 6—15 cm. long, acuminate, crenate: staminate aments with
incised bracts: pistillate aments elongate, the flowers short-pedicelled: capsules
ovoid, 8-11 mm. long. — M. Eather rare, on roadsides and in fields. Nat. of Eu.
— Balm-of-Gilead.
5. P. alba L. Tree becoming 35 m. tall, the bark pale, becoming rough: leaf-
blades ovate to suborbicular, .5-10 cm. long, white-tomentose beneath: staminate
aments 3-5 cm. long, the anthers purple : pistillate aments about twice as long
as the staminate: capsules conic. — N. M. Eather common, on roadsides and in
waste places. Nat. of Eu. — White-poplar. Silver-leaved poplar.
2. SAIilX [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees, the buds with a single scale.
Leaf -blades pinnately veined, relatively short-petioled. Stamens 2, or rarely
1-7 : anthers yellow or reddish. Ovary stipitate : stigmas not dilated. — Spr. —
Willow.
Capsules glabrous, at least at maturity.
Stamens 3-7 : filaments pubescent at the base : bracts yellow, caducous.
Pedicels 3-5 times as long as the glands.
Stipules and petioles glandless. 1. 8. nigra.
Stipules and petioles prominently glandular. 2. 8. lucida.
Pedicels about twice as long as the glands. 3. 8. fragiUs.
Stamens 2.
Filaments pubescent at the base : bracts caducous.
Pedicels 1-3 mm. long at maturity.
Styles wanting : leaves with linear or linear-
lanceolate blades. 7. 8. interior.
92 SALICACEAE.
Styles manifest, but short : leaves with lanceo-
late blades 3. 8. fragilis.
Pedicels less than 1 mm. long at maturity : stig-
mas sessile.
Branches erect or spreading : leaf-blades lanceo-
late. 4. 8. alia.
Branches drooping : leaf-blades linear-lanceolate. 5. 8. babylonica.
Filaments glabrous : bracts persistent. 6. S. cordata.
Capsules variously pubescent.
Filaments distinct.
Capsules markedly pedicelled.
Leaf-blades not densely pubescent beneath at ma-
turity.
Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate.
Filaments pubescent : capsules glabrate. 7. 8. interior.
Filaments glabrous : capsules permanently
pubescent. 8. 8. petiolaris.
Leaf-blades oblong, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate. 9. 8. discolor.
Leaf-blades densely white-pubescent beneath.
Leaves with the blades white-tomentose beneath.
Mature pistillate aments 2-3 cm. long : leaf-
blades 5-10 cm. long. 10. 8. humilis.
Mature pistillate aments about 1 cm. long :
leaf-blades 2-5 cm. long. 11. S. tristis.
Leaves with the blades silvery-silky beneath. 12. S. sericea.
Capsules subsessile. 13. 8. viminalis.
Filaments united. 14. 8. purpurea.
1. S. nigra Marsh. Tree becoming 40 m. tall, the twigs brown: leaf -blades
narrowly lanceolate, 6-12 cm. long, acute at both ends, or acuminate at the
apex, pale beneath: staminate aments with finely pubescent, blunt bracts: cap-
sules 4 or 5 times as long as the pedicels. — Common, in low grounds and along
streams. — Black-willow.
2. S. lucida Muhl. Shrub, or tree becoming 6 m. tall, the twigs yellowish-
brown: leaf -blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 6-12 em. long,
acuminate : staminate aments 2-5 em. long, stout : capsules ovoid, 4.5-6.5 mm.
long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, in moist soil. — Schists. —
Shining-willow.
3. S. fragilis L. Tree becoming 25 m. tall, the twigs brown : leaf -blades lanceo-
late, 8^15 cm. long, glabrous, more or less glaucous beneath: capsules long-
conic, 4.5-5 mm. long. — Common, in low grounds and moist soil. Nat. of Eu.
4. S. alba L. Tree becoming 30 m. tall, the twigs olive-green or yellow (blue
or bluish in S. alba coerulea) : leaf -blades often pale, lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long,
more or less silky (glabrous, and twigs brilliant-yellow, in S. alba vitellina) :
capsules ovoid, 3-5 mm. long. — Frequent, along streams, and about dwellings.
Nat. of Eu. — White-willow.
5. S. babylonica L. Tree becoming 20 m. tall, the twigs greenish: leaf -blades
narrowly lanceolate, 8-12 cm. long, acuminate at the apex, tapering at the base:
capsules turgid, 2-3 mm. long or smaller. — Frequent, about dwellings, and
along streams. Nat. of Eu. — Weeping-willow.
6. S. cordata Muhl. Shrub becoming 5 m. tall, the twigs mostly brown or
gray-brown: leaf -blades mainly oblong-lanceolate, 7-9 cm. long, green beneath:
staminate aments about 2 cm. long: pistillate aments 3-6 cm. long: capsules
ovoid. — Frequent, along streams.
7. S. interior Eowlee. Shrub, or tree becoming 9 m. tall, the twigs brown to
green: leaf -blades mainly linear-lanceolate, mostly 6-10 cm. long, remotely
toothed, glabrous or nearly so: staminate aments 6-10 cm. long, with ovate to
obovate bracts : capsules conic or ovoid-conic. — Susquehanna valley. Common,
on the river shore and islands. — Schists. — Sand-bab willow.
8. S. petiolaris J. E. Smith. Shrub becoming 4 m. tall, the twigs purplish:
leaf -blades lanceolate, 4—9 cm. long, acuminate at both ends, serrulate: stami-
nate aments slender, mostly less than 2 cm. long: capsules ovoid-oblong below
the beak, 4-6 mm. long, about twice as long as the pedicels. — N. M. Eather
common, in swamps and wet lands. — Saiidstones and shales, limestones.
MYRICACEAE. 93
9. S. discolor Muhl. Shrub, or small tree 7 m. tall, the twigs purple or gray-
ish: leaf -blades oblong, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, mostly acute
at both ends or obtuse at the base, glaucous beneath: staminate aments stout,
mostly over 2 em. long: capsules conic, 5-10 mm. long, much longer than the
pedicels. — M. S. Rather rare, in swamps. — Limestones, schists. — Glaucous-
willow.
10. S. humilis Marsh. Shrub becoming 2.5 m. tall, the twigs purplish or gray-
ish: leaf -blades narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, 6-10 cm. long, entire or den-
ticulate, whitish beneath: staminate aments over 1 cm. long: capsules 7-8 mm.
long. — Common, in low grounds and on banks. — Prairie-willow.
11. S. tristis Ait. Shrub usually less than 1 m. tall, the twigs mostly grayish:
leaf-blades oblanceolate to linear-oblong, 2-5 cm. long, undulate, hoary on both
sides: staminate aments less than 1 cm. long: capsules 5-6 mm. long. — S.
Frequent, in open woods and thickets. — Schists. — Dwarf gray- willow.
12. S. sericea Marsh. Shrub, the twigs purplish, silky : leaf -blades lanceolate,
often narrowly so, 5-10 cm. long, acuminate: staminate aments 1.5-2 cm. long:
capsules ovoid-oblong, about 4 mm. long, silky. — M. Frequent, in swamps. —
Limestones. — Silky-willow.
13. S. viminalis L. Shrub, or small tree, the twigs green or pale-brown: leaf-
blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 6-15 cm. long, attenuate, lustrous-pubes-
cent beneath: staminate aments 2.5-3.5 cm. long: capsules elongate-conic, 6-8
mm. long, puberulent. — M. S. Frequent, in low grounds near house yards.
Nat. of Eu. — Osier.
14. S. purpurea L. Shrub, or tree becoming 4 m. tall, the twigs brownish:
leaf -blades oblong to oblanceolate or spatulate, 4-7 cm. long, serrulate near the
apex, pale beneath: staminate aments about 2 cm. long: anthers pale, turning
black: capsules densely tomentose, ovoid-conic, about 5 mm. long. — M. Eather
rare, in swamps. Nat. of Eu. — Purple-willow.
Order MYRICALES.
Shrubs or small trees, usually aromatic. Leaves alternate : blades
simple, sometimes toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers dioecious or monoecious,
the staminate in long aments, each flower consisting of an androecium of
2-8 stamens, the pistillate in short aments, each flower consisting of a
gynoecium of 2 united carpels on a bract subtended by 2 bractlets and
surrounded by 2-8 scales. Stigmas 2. Ovule solitary. Fruit a nut, the
epiearp often waxy.
Family 1. MYRICACEAE. Bayberry Family.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves resinous-dotted. Aments scaly-bracted.
Perianth wanting. Ovary 1-celled. Nut short and thick.
Leaf-blades pinnatifid ; stipules present : scales surrounding the ovary 8, subulate,
conspicuous. 1. Comptonia.
Leaf-blades entire or toothed ; stipules wanting : scales surround-
ing the ovary 2-4, very short, inconspicuous. 2. Cekothamnus.
1. COMPTONIA Banks. Monoecious shrubs. Leaf -blades pinnatifid. Pis-
tillate aments bristly. Fruit not drupe-like, surrounded by a bur-like involucre.
1. 0. peregrina (L.) Coulter. Shrub 3-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades linear-oblong
to linear-lanceolate, 4-11 cm. long, the segments obtuse: staminate aments 1-3
cm. long, the bracts 3-4 mm. long: pistillate aments bur-like: nut ovoid, 5 mm.
long, shining. — N. S. Common, in thickets and on roadsides. — Sandstones
and shales, schists. — Spr. — Sweet-fern.
94 JUGLANDACEAE.
2. CEEOTHAMNUS Tidestrom. Dioecious shrubs. Leaf-blades entire or
merely toothed. Pistillate aments not bristly. Fruit globose, drupe-like, with
a fleshy waxy epicarp.
1. 0. carolinensis (Mill.) Tidestrom. Shrub 1-3 m. tall: leaf -blades elliptic,
oblong, oblanceolate, or obovate, 2-10 cm. long, shallowly toothed towanl the
apex: staminate aments 1-1.5 cm. long: nuts 4-5 mm. in diameter. — M.
Rare, in the Dillerville swamp. — Limestones. — Spr. — Bayberry. Wax-
myrtle. Myrtle.
Order JUGLANDALES.
Aromatic trees. Leaves alternate, exstipulate : blades pinnate. Flowers
monoecious, the pistillate in lateral aments on the twigs of the preceding
year, with a 2*-6-lobed calyx bearing several rows of stamens, or the calyx
obsolete. Pistillate flowers terminal, consisting of an involucrate incom-
pletely 2-4-celled gynoeeium: calyx partially adnate to the gynoeeinm.
Fruit drupe-like, the nut enclosed in an indehiscent or dehiscent husk.
Seed oily.
Family 1. JUGLANDACEAE. Walnut Family.
Aromatic trees with hard wood. Leaves with unequally pinnate
blades. Staminate aments solitary or chistered. Involucre of the fruit
dry or juicy.
Staminate aments stout, simple, sessile or short-stalked : husk indehiscent : nut
sculptured 1. Juglans.
Staminate aments slender, branched, long-stalked : husk dehiscent : nut
not sculptured 2 Hicoeta.
1. JUGLANS L. Bark furrowed. Pith in plates. Leaflets conduplieate
in vernation. Staminate aments simple: anther-connective conspicuous. — Spr.
— Walxut.
Anther-connective a round tip : fruit elongate, viscid-pubescent : nut 4-angled.
1. J. cinerea.
Anther-connective crown-like : fruit round, glabrous : nut not angled. 2. J. nigra.
1. J. cinerea L. Tree becoming 30 m. tall, the heart-wood pale: leaflets 11-17;
blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or oblong, 6-12 cm. long: staminate
aments 6-15 cm. long: fruits 8-12 cm. long, usually acute: nut 2-celled below
the middle, the ridges thin and brittle. — Common, in woods and on rocky hill-
sides. — Butternut. White-walnut.
2. J. nigra L. Tree becoming 50 m. tall, the heart-wood dark-brown: leaflets
15-23; blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 8-10 cm. long, rounded or subcordate
at the base: staminate aments 5-10 cm. long: fruits 5-8 cm. in diameter: nut
4-celled below the middle, sculptured, the ridges thick, firm. — Common, in rich
soil. — Black-walnut.
2, HICORIA Raf. Bark close or scaly. Pith solid. Leaflets involute in
vernation. Staminate aments branched. Anther-connective inconspicuous. —
Spr. — Hickory.
Bud-scales valvate : lateral leaflets mostly falcate. 1. H. cordiformis.
Bud-scales imbricate : lateral leaflets not falcate.
Middle lobe of the staminate calyx much longer than the
lateral : husk of the fruit freely splitting to the base.
Bark close, but rough : foliage scurfy or pubescent. 2. H alha.
Bark shaggy, separating in long plates : foliage glabrous
or puberulent.
3.
4.
H.
H.
laciniosa.
ovata.
5.
H.
microcarpa.
6.
H.
glabra.
JUGLANDACEAE. 95
Leaflets 7-0 : nuts pointed at both ends.
Leaflets 3-5 : nuts rounded or notched at the base.
Middle lobe of the staminate calyx usually about equal to
the lateral : husk of the fruit not freely splitting to
the base.
Bark shaggy : fruit mostly subglobose : nut thin-shelled :
seed sweet.
Bark close: fruit mostly obovoid : nut thick-shelled:
seed bitter.
1. H. cordiformis (Wang.) Britton. Tree becoming 30 ni. tall, the close bark
with shallow furrows and flat ridges : leaflets 5-9 ; blades of the lateral ones
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, falcate: staminate aments slender,
7-13 cm. long: fruits subglolsose, 2.5-3 cm. long, slightly 6-ridged, the thin
husk tardily 4-valved: nut smooth, thin-walled, the seed bitter. — Common, in
low grounds. — Bitter-nut. Swamp-hickory.
2. H. alba (L.) Britton. Tree becoming 30 m. tall, the bark with flat ridges:
leaflets 7-9 ; blades of the lateral ones oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 8-15 cm.
long: staminate aments stout. 10-15 cm. long: fruits globose-obovoid, 4-6 cm.
in diameter, the husk very thick : nut angled, thick-shelled, the seed sweet. —
Common, in woods. — - Mocker-nut. White-heart hickory.
3. H. laciniosa (Michx.) Sarg. Tree becoming 40 m. tall, the bark separating
in narrow plates: leaflets 7-9, or rarely 5; blades of the lateral ones oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, 10-20 cm. long: staminate aments stoutish, 9-20 cm. long:
fruits broadly oblong or oblong-obovoid. 5-8 cm. long, the husk very thick: nut
broadly oblong, thick-shelled, the seed sweet. — M. Rare, along the Conestoga
Creek, near Lancaster. (Not recently collected.) — Limestones. — King-nut.
4. H. ovata (Mill.) Britton. Tree becoming 40 m. tall, the bark separating in
large plates: leaflets 5, or rarely 7; blades of the lateral ones oval to oblong-
lanceolate, 10-15 cm. long: staminate aments stout, 6-12 cm. long: fruits sub-
globose, 3-5 cm. thick, the husk thick; nut slightly angled, thin-shelled, the
seed sweet. — Not very common, except along the river, and creeks. — Shet.!,-
BARK. Shag-bark hickory.
5. H. microcarpa (Nutt.) Britton. Tree becoming 25 m. tall, the bark sep-
arating in thin plates: leaflets 5-7; blades of the lateral ones oval, oblong, or
ovate-lanceolate, 6-14 cm. long: staminate aments slender, 7-14 cm. long: fruits
subglobose, 2-2.5 cm. thick, the husk thin: nut barely angled, thin-shelled, the
seed sweet. — Common, in woods.
6. H. glabra (Mill.) Britton. Tree becoming 60 m. tall, the close bark in flat
ridges: leaflets mostly 3-7, the blades of the lateral ones oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, acuminate, green beneath, glabrous: staminate
aments 6-10 cm. long: fruits subglobose, obovoid or pyriform, 3.5-5 cm. long:
the husk thinnish : nut angled, thick-shelled, the seed astringent. — N. M.
Common, in woods. — Sandstones and shales, limestones. — Pig-nut.
Order FAGALES.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate : blades simi^le. Flowers monoe-
cious or rarely dioecious, at least the staminate borne in aments, the pis-
tillate sometimes with an involucre which becomes a bur or cup in fruit.
Calyx usually present. Corolla wanting. Truit a nut or rarely a samara.
Staminate and pistillate flowers In aments : fruit never with a bur or cup.
Staminate flowers solitary in the axil of each bract, without a calyx : pistillate
flowers with a calyx. Pam. 1. Corylaceae.
Staminate flowers 2-3 together in the axil of each bract,
each with a calyx : pistillate flowers without a calyx. Pam. 2. Betuiaceab.
Staminate flowers in aments : pistillate often solitary, the
involucre becoming a bur or cup. Pam. 3. Fagaceae.
96 JUGLANDACEAE.
Family 1. CORYLACEAE. Hazel-nut Family.
Shrubs or trees, the wood close-grained. Leaves deciduous: blades
mostly doubly-toothed. Staminate aments drooping, with each bract sub-
tending one flower, the calyx wanting. Pistillate aments not drooping,
each bract bearing 2 or 3 pistils, the involucre of a bract and 2 scales.
Fruit consisting of one or more accrescent bracts each subtending or in-
closing 1-3 nuts.
Staminate flowers without bractlets : pistillate flowers numerous, in elongate aments :
nuts small, subtended by or Inclosed in a bract : stamens many.
Fruiting bracts flat, 3-lobed, the terminal lobe toothed.
Fruiting bracts bladder-like. 2. Ostrya.
Staminate flowers with bractlets : pistillate flowers few, in heads :
nuts large, in leaf-like involucres : stamens few. 3. Corylus.
1. CAE.PINUS [Tourn.] L. Trees or shrubs, the bark smooth. Staminate
aments solitary, the bracts acute, ciliate. Pistillate aments with 3-lobed bracts
at maturity.
1. C. caroliniana Walt. Shrub, or tree becoming 13 m. tall, the bark blue-
gray: leaf -blades oblong, varying mainly to ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-14 cm.
long, glabrous above: staminate aments 2-5 cm. long: mature bracts of the
pistillate amenta hastate, 2-3 cm. long : nuts 5-6 mm. long. — Common, gen-
erally in rocky places near streams. — Spr. — • Blue-beech.
2. OSTRYA [Mich.] Scop. Shrubs or trees, the bark scaly. Staminate
aments clustered, the bracts blunt, not ciliate. Pistillate aments with lobeless
bracts.
1. O. virginiana (Mill.) Willd. Shrub, or tree becoming 18 m. tall, the bark
rough: leaf -blades mainly oblong, elliptic or oval, 3-13 cm. long, slightly pubes-
cent, or glabrate above: staminate aments 3-8' cm. long: mature bracts of the
pistillate aments oblong to ovate, 1.5-2 cm. long: nuts 6-7 mm. long. — Not
common, usually in rocky woods. — Spr. — Lever- wood. Hop-hornbean. Ibon-
WOOD.
3. CORYLUS [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees, the bark smoothish. Staminate
aments with acuminate bracts. Pistillate amenta with foliaeeous bractlets at
maturity, these are dilated, or sometimes formed into a beaked involucre. —
Spr. — Hazel-nut.
Mature bractlets distinct, leaf-like, incised. 1. 0. americana.
Mature bractlets united, prolonged into a narrow beak. 2. C. rostrata.
1. C. americana Walt. Shrub 1-4 m. tall: leaf -blades thickish, oval or sub-
orbicular, varying to ovate or obovate, 5-15 cm. long: staminate aments 6-10
cm. long, the bracts broadly oval or nearly so, acuminate: each bractlet of the
pistillate aments becoming foliaeeous and lobed. — Common, in thickets.
2. C. rostrata Ait. Shrub 1-2 m. tall: leaf -blades thinnish, oblong or oval,
varying to obovate, 4-12 cm. long, coarsely serrate and sharply serrulate:
staminate aments 2-5 cm. long, the bracts rhomboid-obovate, apieulate: each
bractlet of the pistillate aments developing a beaked tubular involucre. —
N. S. Bather rare, in stony soil, especially on banks of streams. — Sandstones
and shales, schists. — Beaked-hazelnut.
Family 2. BETULACEAE. Birch Family.
Shrubs or trees, the wood close-grained. Leaves deciduous: blades
with 2-several series of teeth. Staminate aments drooping, with each bract
FAGACEAE. 97
subtending 2 or 3 flowers, the calyx present. Pistillate aments seldom
drooping, the bracts membranous or thickened and woody, each bearing 2
or 3 pistils, the calyx wanting. Fruit a cone-like aggregate of the accres-
cent bracts each of which subtends a nut.
Stamens 2 : bracts of the mature pistillate aments membranous, 3-lobed deciduous
with the nuts. 1. Betula.
Stamens 4 (3-6) : bracts of the mature pistillate aments thickened and
woody, persistent. 2. Alnus.
1. BETULA [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees, the bark often aromatic.
Staminate flowers with 2 stamens, the anther-sacs separated. Bracts of the
pistillate aments 3-lobed, thin and appressed or ascending at maturity. — Spr.
— Birch.
Fruiting aments peduncled : samaras wider than long. 1. B. nifjra.
Bark brown : leaf-blades shining above : mature pistillate
bracts with 2 short broad divergent lateral lobes : nut
with triangular-obovate or cuneate wings. 2. if. lenta.
Bark yellowish or silvery : leaf-blades dull above : mature
pistillate bracts with 2 ascending lateral lobes : nut
with orbicular-obovate wings. 3. B. alleghcnicnsis.
1. B. nigra L. Tree becoming 30 m. tall, the younger bark silvery or yellow:
leaf -blades rhombic-ovate, 3-6 em. long^ broadly cuneate at the base, more or
less tomentose beneath except in age: staminate aments with suborbicular
bracts: mature pistillate aments 3-4 cm. long, less than 1 cm. thick, the bracts
6-7 mm. long, tomentulose: wings of the fruit reniform, ciliate. Common,
along streams. — Eiver-birch. Eed-birch.
2. B. lenta L. Tree becoming 25 m. tall, the bark brown: leaf -blades ovate,
oblong-ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, rounded or cordate at the
base, silky on the nerves beneath: staminate aments with ovate bracts: mature
pistillate aments 1.5-3 cm. long, over 1 cm. thick, the bracts 5-6 mm. long and
quite or nearly as wide, usually glabrous: wings of the fruit triangular-obovate
or cuneate, not ciliate. — • Common, in woods and on hillsides. — Sweet-birch.
Cherry-birch. Black-birch.
3. B. allegheniensis Britton. Tree becoming 30 m. tall, the bark yellowish or
silvery: leaf -blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 5-10 cm. long, rounded or cordate at
the base, pubescent on the nerves beneath: staminate aments with ovate or
oval-ovate bracts: mature pistillate aments 1.. 5-2.5 cm. long, very stout, the
bracts 7-9 mm. long, quite or fully as wide, ciliate : wings of the fruit orbicular-
obovate. — Susquehanna valley and tributary streams and in neighboring
ravines ; also in the Welsh mountains. — Schists, quartzite. — Southern Yel-
low-birch.
2. ALNUS [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees, the bark astringent. Staminate
flowers with 3-6 stamens, the anther-sacs connected. Bracts of the pistillate
aments not lobed or obscurely so, woody and spreading at maturity.
1. A. rugosa (Du Eoi) Spreng. Shrub, or tree becoming 13 m. tall: leaf-
blades thickish, obovate or oval, 4-10 cm. long: mature pistillate aments 1.5-2
cm. long, the bracts 3-lobed: nuts 1.5 mm. long, sharp-margined. — Common, in
low woods and thickets. — Winter and Spr. — Alder. Smooth-alder.
Family 3. FAGACEAE. Beech Family.
Shrubs or trees, the wood usually coarse-grained. Leaves sometimes
persistent : blades simple, entire, toothed, or lobed. Staminate aments
elongate or globular, the calyx of 4—7 partially united sepals. Pistillate
Lancaster County Flora 7.
98 FAGACEAE.
flowers solitary or several together, each subtended by a bristly involucre,
the sepals thick. Fruit a bur-like or cup-like involucre, enclosing or sub-
tending 1 or more nuts.
Staminate aments globose, drooping on slender bracted peduncles : nuts S-angled or
3-winged. 1. Fagus.
Staminate aments elongate, slender.
Staminate aments erect or ascending : nuts 1-3, included in a
very spiny involucre. 2. C.\st.\nea.
Staminate aments drooping : nut seated in an involucre of im-
bricate scales. 3. Queecus.
1. FAGUS [Tourn/] L. Shrubs or trees, with close-grained wood. Leaf-
blades toothed. Staminate aments globular, pendulous: calyx 4-7-lobed:
stamens 8-16. Pistillate flowers 2-4 together: calyx 4-5-lobed. Staminodia
wanting. Ovary 3-celled: stigmas 3, filiform. Mature involucre with fleshy
spines, enclosing the nuts. Nuts 2-4, 3-angled or 3-winged.
1. F. grandifolia Ehrh. Tree becoming 40 m. tall, the bark smooth, pale:
leaf -blades ovate or oblong-ovate, 5-14 cm. long: staminate aments 1-1. .5 cm. in
diameter, long-peduncled: ripe involucre ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long, short-peduncled :
nut ovoid, narrowly winged, edible. — Common, in woods. — Spr. — Beech.
2. CASTANEA [Tourn.] Hill. Shrubs or trees, with porous wood. Leaf-
blades toothed, the teeth slender-tipped. Staminate aments elongate, spreading :
calyx 6-lobed: stamens 10^-20, the filaments greatly elongate. Pistillate flowers
several : calyx 6-lobed. Staminodia present. Ovary imperfectly 6-celled :
stigmas 6, slender. Mature spiny involucre, including the nuts. Nuts 2 or 3,
or sometimes solitary. — Sum.
Leaf-blades glabrous at maturity : nuts usually 3 in an involucre, flattened.
1. C. dcntata.
Leaf-blades permanently pubescent beneath : nuts usually solitary,
not flattened. 2. C. pumila.
1. C. dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Tree becoming 30 m. tall, the bark furrowed:
leaf -blades narrowly elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, 10-30 cm.
long, acuminate at the apex, glabrous: neck of the hypanthium longer than the
body: ripe involucre 5-10 cm. in diameter: nuts mostly 2, 3 or 5 together, 2-2.5
em. long. — Common, in woods and on hillsides. — -Chestnut.
2. C. pumila (L.) Mill. Shrub, or tree becoming 16 m. tall, the bark smooth:
leaf-blades oblong to obovate, 7-14 mm. long, acute or rounded at the apex,
white-tomentose beneath: neck of the hypanthium shorter than the body: ripe
involucre 3-4 cm. in diameter: nuts usually solitary, 1-1.5 cm. long. — S. Not
very common, on dry hills. Grows abundantly only in a few stations on the
schist hills. — Chinquapin.
3. QUEECUS [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees, with coarse-grained wood.
Leaf -blades entire, toothed, or lobed. Staminate aments drooping: calyx 4-7-
lobed: stamens 6-12, the filaments relatively short. Pistillate flowers solitary
or several: ovary usually 3-celled: stigmas 3, dilated. Mature scaly involucre
saucer-like or cup-like, subtending the nut, or rarely enclosing it. — Spr. — Oak.
Leaf-blades, or their lobes, bristle-tipped : styles elongate : nuts often pubescent
within.
Leaf-blades entire, not dilated at the apex. 1. Q. Phellos.
Leaf-blades dilated at the apex or pinnately lobed or
pinnatifld.
Leaf-blades broadened upward, 3-lobed near the apex. 2. Q. marylandica.
Leaf-blades pinnatifld or pinnately lobed.
Leaf-blades green and glabrous on both sides.
Cup of the acorn saucer-shaped.
3.
Q.
palustris.
4.
Q.
rubra.
5.
Q.
coccinea.
6.
Q.
velutina.
7.
Q.
nana.
FAGACEAE. 99
Cup less than 18 mm. wide : lobes of the leaf-
blades much longer than the width of the
body.
Cup over 18 mm. wide : lobes of the leaf-
blades about as long as the width of the
body.
Cup of the acorn turbinate or hemispheric.
Leaf-blades pubescent beneath.
Cup of the acorn turbinate : leaf-blades brown-
or rusty-pubescent beneath.
Cup of the corn saucer-shaped : leaf-blades gray-
or white-pubescent beneath.
Leaf-blades, or their teeth or lobes, without bristles (except
on shoots) : nuts often glabrous within.
Leaf-blades toothed or shallowly lobed.
Acorns sessile.
Shrub or small tree : leaf-blades mostly broadest
above the middle. 8. Q. prinoidcs.
Tall tree: leaf-blades mostly broadest below the
middle. 9. Q. Mithlenheryii.
Acorns peduncled.
Peduncles shorter than the petioles, or about equal-
ling them. 10. Q. Prinus.
Peduncles much longer than the petioles. 11. Q. bicolor.
Leaf-blades prominently or deeply lobed.
Mature leaf-blades more or less pubescent beneath : cup
fully % as long as the nut.
Tapper scales of the cup awned forming a fringe
around the nut. 12. Q. iiiacrocarpa.
Upper scales of the cup not awned. 13. Q. stcllata.
Mature leaf-blades glabrous and pale or glaucous be-
neath : cup shallow. 14. Q. alba.
1. Q. Phellos L. Tree becoming 25 m. tall: leaves sometimes partly persistent;
blades linear-oblong or narrowly^ elliptic to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 4-10 cm.
long, shining and glabrous at maturity, entire: acorns sessile or nearly so; cup
saucer-shaped, 10-15 mm. wide; nut subglobose, often depressed or globose-
ovoid, about 1 cm. long. — S. Rare, on dry hills. — Schists. — Willow-oak.
2. Q. marylandica Muench. Tree becoming 20 m. tall, the bark very rough:
leaf -blades broadly or narrowly obovate in outline, 8-17 cm. long, 3-5-lobed or
with a single dilated terminal lobe, brownish-pubescent beneath: acorns sessile
or short-stalked; cup depressed-hemispheric, 15-20 mm. wide; nut subglobose or
ovoid, 10-20 mm. long. — S. Very common, on dry hills. — Serpentine, schists.
— Black-jack. Barren-oak.
3. Q. palustris Du Eoi. Tree becoming 6 m. tall, the lower branches reflexed:
leaf-blades broadly oval, varying to ovate or obovate in outline, 6-15 cm. long,
merely pubescent in the vein-axils beneath, deeply pinnatifid, the lobes oblong,
lanceolate, or triangular: acorns short-stalked; cup saucer-shaped, 12-15 mm.
wide; nut subglobose, 10-15 mm. long. — Common, mostly in moist woods. —
Savamp Spanish-oak. Pin-oak.
4. Q. rubra L. Tree becoming 50 m. tall, the lower branches spreading: leaf-
blades oval, varying from ovate to obovate in outline, 10-20 cm. long, -with tufts
of hairs in the vein-axils beneath, pinnately 5-7-lobed, the lobes ascending, the
sinuses rounded: acorns short-stalked; cup saucer-shaped, 25-35 mm. wide"; nut
ovoid, 25-30 mm. long. — Common, in woods. — Red-oak.
5. Q. coccinea "Wang. Tree becoming 50 m. tall: leaf -blades oval, varying to
oblong or obovate in outline, 10-20 cm. long, glabrous, except the tufted vein-
axils beneath, pinnately 5-7-lobed, the lobes usually toothed: acorn sessile or
short -stalked; cup turbinate, 15-20 mm. wide, more or less constricted at the
base; nut ovoid or oblong-ovoid, mostly 10-20 mm. long. — Common, in dry
soil. — Scarlet-oak.
6. Q. velutina Lam. Tree becoming 50 m. tall: leaf -blades oval or obovate In
outline, 10-30 cm. long, usually rusty-pubescent beneath, pinnately lobed, the
lobes coarsely bristle-toothed: acorn sessile or nearly so; cup turbinate or
hemispheric-turbinate, 20-25 mm. wide; nut globose-oblong or ovoid, 15-25 mm.
long. — Common, in woods. — Black-oak. Yellow-barked oak. Quercitron.
100 FAGACEAE.
7. Q. nana (Marsh.) Sarg. Shrub rather intricately branched, or tree becoming
7 m. tall : leaf -blades obovate or oval in outline, 6-12 cm. long, with white or
pale-gray tomentum beneath, pinnatifid into 3—5 triangular or deltoid lobes:
acorns short-stalked or nearly sessile; cup saucer-shaped (or shallow-turbinate),
14-18 mm. wide; nut ovoid-globose or depressed, 10-15 mm. long. — S. Com-
mon, on dry hills. — Schists, serpentine. — Bear-oak. Black sckub-oak.
8. Q. prinoides Willd. Shrub, or tree becoming 6 m. tall: leaf -blades obovate
or oblanceolate, or rarely nearly oblong, 5-15 cm. long, coarsely toothed,
cuneate or rarely rounded at the base, finely gray-tomeutose beneath: acorns
sessile or nearly so; cup hemispheric, 13-18 mm. wide; nut oblong-ovoid, 15-25
mm. long. — S. Not very common, dry hills. — Schists. — Scrub chestnut-
oak.
9. Q. Muhlenbergii Engelm. Tree becoming 50 m. tall, the bark scaly:
leaf -blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, coarsely serrate, with
usually somewhat flaring teeth, minutely pubescent beneath or glabrate: acorns
sessile or nearly so; cup hemispheric, about 15 mm. wade; nut ovoid, about 15
mm. long. — Chestnut-oak. Yellow-oak.
10. Q. Prinus L. Tree becoming 30 m. tall, the bark close: leaf -blades oblong
to oval, varying to broadest slightly above or below the middle, 15-20 cm.
long, coarsely crenate-serrate, gray-tomentulose beneath: acorns short-
peduucled; cup hemispheric, 12-35 mm. wide; nut ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 25-35
mm. long. — Common, in dry rocky woods. — Chestnut-oak.
11. Q. bicolor Willd. Tree sometimes becoming 36 m. tall: leaf -blades
obovate to oblong-obovate, 5-20 cm. long, coarsely toothed or shallowly lobed,
usually cuneate at the base, densely white-tomentose beneath: acorns long-
stalked; cup saucer-shaped or depressed-hemispheric, 20^25 mm. wide, with
some of the bracts prolonged ; nut oblong or oblong-ovoid, 20-25 mm. long or
slightly longer. — S. Common, in low grounds. — Schists. — Svfamp white-
oak.
12. Q. macrocarpa Michx. Tree becoming 55 m. tall: leaf -blades obovate to
spatulate in outline, 10-30 cm. long, finely tomentose beneath the pinnate
lobes, spreading, the terminal lobe largest and usually coarsely crenate: acorns
long-stalked; cup deep-hemispheric or globular, 20-40 mm. wide, the upper
scales Avith filiform tips ; nuts subglobose or broadly oblong, 30-50 mm. long. —
Susquehanna valley and tributary streams. Eare, on shaded banks. — Over-
cup-oak. Mossy-cup oak. Bur-oak.
13. Q. stellata Wang. Tree becoming 30 m. tall: leaf -blades broadly
obovate in outline, 10-20 cm. long, finely tomentose beneath with gray or yel-
lowish hairs, pinnatifid into usually broad diverging lobes: acorns often clus-
tered; cup hemispheric and contracted at the base, 15-20 mm. wide; nut ovoid,
15-20 mm. long. — S. Common, in dry soil. — Schists, serpentine. — Post-oak.
Iron-oak.
14. Q. alba L. Tree becoming 45 m. tall : leaf -blades obovate in outline, 10-20
cm. long, glaucous and finally glabrous beneath, pinnatifid into 3-9, usually 7,
ascending narrow lobes: acorns short-stalked; cup saucer-shaped or shallow-
hemispheric, woody-tuberculate, 15-20 mm. wide; nut oblong-ovoid, 15-25 mm.
long. — ■ Common, in woods. — White-oak.
Order URTICALES.
Shrubs or trees, or herbs. Leaves alternate, or in the ease of herbs
often opiDOsite : blades simple, entire, toothed, or divided. Flowers various,
not in aments. Calyx present. Corolla wanting. Androeeium often of
as many stamens as there are sepals. Gynoecium of a single carpel or of
2 united carpels. Fruit an aehene, a samara, a drupe, or a syncarp.
URTICACEAE. 101
Fruit an achene, the achenes sometimes in tlie accrescent sepals and forming a
syncarp.
Flowers not on a receptacle : fruit not syncarps :
sepals neither thick and juicy nor enveloping
achenes.
Style or stigma 1 : the latter sometimes tufted :
ovule erect : filaments inflexed in the bud. Fam. 1. Urticaceae.
Styles or stigmas 2 : ovule pendulous : filaments
erect in the bud. Fam. 2. Caxnabinaceae.
Flowers on the outside or inside of a receptacle :
fruits syncarps or syconiums : sepals accrescent, en-
veloping the achenes. Fam. 3. Artocarpaceae.
Fruit a samara or a drupe, sometimes nut-like. Fam. 4. Ulmaceae.
Family 1. URTICACEAE. Nettle Family.
Herbs or shrubby plants, often with stinging hairs. Leaf-blades entire,
toothed, or rarely lobed. Flowers dioecious, monoecious, or polygamous,
cymose. Calyx of 2-5 distinct or partially united sepals. Androecium of
2-5 stamens. Gynoeeinm a single carpel. Fruit an achene.
Sepals of the pistillate flowers distinct or slightly united, not investing the achene.
Stigma subulate, not tufted : ovary, and achene. oblique. 1. Urticastruji.
Stigma tufted : ovary, and achene, equilateral.
Flowers not involucrate.
Pistillate flowers with 4 sepals : staminodia wanting. 2. Urtica.
Pistillate flowers with 3 sepals : staminodia present. 3. Adicea.
Flowers involucrate. 4. Parietaria.
Sepals of the pistillate flowers united, the tube wholly investing
the achene. 5. Boeiimeria.
1. URTICASTRUM Fabr. Perennial herbs with stinging hairs. Leaves
alternate: blades toothed. Pistillate flowers with a calyx of 5 sepals and an
oblique ovary.
1. U. divaricatum (L.) Kuntze. Stem 2-12 cm. tall: leaf -blades ovate, oblong,
or elliptic, 5-20 cm. long, long-petioled: panicles spreading, the lower stami-
nate, the upper pistillate: sepals oblong, or broader in the pistillate flowers:
achene oblique, about 3 mm. in diameter, exserted. — Common, in thickets
and in woods. — fSum. — Wood-nettle.
2. URTICA [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial often coarse herbs with
stinging hairs. Leaves opposite: blades toothed or inciseddobed. Pistillate
flowers with a calyx of 4 sepals and an equilateral ovary. — Sum. — Nettle.
Stems sparingly bristly : petioles fully % as long as the width of the leaf-blades.
1. U. gracilis.
Stems densely bristly : petioles less than i/o as long as the width of
the leaf-blades. 2. V. dioica.
1. U. gracilis Ait. Stem 6-28 dm. tall: leaf -blades lanceolate, occasionally
broadly so, 6-15 cm. long, acuminate, serrate: sepals hispidulous: achenes
fully 1 mm. long. — Rather rare, in fence-rows and on river banks.
2. U. dioica L. Stem 6-13 dm. tall: leaf-blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
3-12 em. long, prominently incised-serrate, cordate, sometimes deeply so:
sepals sof t-hispidulous : achenes fully 1 mm. long. — Eather common, in waste
places and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sttnging-nettle.
3. ADICEA Eaf. Annual or perennial erect succulent herbs. Leaves
mainly opposite: blades toothed, 3-ribbed. Flowers dioecious. Sepals of the
pistillate flowers 3, equal, slightly broader at the apex, not enclosing the achene,
each accompanied by a staminodium. Stigma tufted.
1. A. pumila (L.) Eaf. Stem 1-7 dm. tall, very watery: leaf -blades ovate to
elliptic, 3-10 cm. long, coarsely crenate-serrate, long-petioled: sepals lanceo-
102 • CANNABINACEAE.
late: achenes ovoid, about 2 mm. long. — Common, in moist shaded places. —
Sum. — Clearweed. Eichweed.
i. PARIETAEIA [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial flimsy succulent herbs.
Leaves alternate : blades entire. Flowers polygamous, in clustered involucrate
axillary cymes, the involucres of 2-6 more or less united bracts. Stigma
tufted.
1. P. pennsylvanica Muhl. Stems 1-4 dm. long, finely pubescent, simple or
branched: leaf -blades lanceolate to elliptic or sometimes broader, 1-6 cm.
long, acute or acuminate at the base : sepals acute : achenes oval, fully 1 mm.
long. — S. Bather common, on dry banks. — Schists. — Sum. — Pellitory.
5. BOEHMERIA Jacq. Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite: blades
toothed, often 3-ribbed. Flowers monoecious, in clusters on branches, the
pistillate with 4 united sepals surrounding the ovary. Stigma elongate.
Achene included in the horseshoe-like accrescent calyx. — Sum. and fall. —
False-nettle.
Staminate calyx about 3 mm. wide ; sepals acute': leaf-blades leathery, finely ser-
rate : petioles much shorter than the blades. 1. B. scabra.
Staminate calyx about 2 mm. wide : sepals obtuse : leaf-blades
relatively thin, coarsely serrate : petioles as long as the blades
or little shorter. 2. B. cylindrica.
1. B. scabra (Porter) Small. Stems 2-12 dm. tall, typically rough-pubescent:
leaf-blades firm, ovate to elliptic-ovate, or the lower ones orbicular to reni-
form, 2-5 cm. long, or rarely larger, short-petioled: flower-clusters mostly
contiguous: inflorescence-branches short: achenes mostly about 1.5 mm. wide.
— S. Eather common, in moist grounds and swamps. — Schists.
2. B. cylindrica (L.) Willd. Stems 2-13 dm. tall, typically smooth and gla-
brous: leaf -blades pliable, ovate to lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, long-petioled :
flower-clusters mostly separate: inflorescence-branches elongate: achenes mostly
about 1 mm. wide. — N. M. Eather common, in moist soil. — Sandstones and
shales, limestones.
Family 2. CANNABINACEAE. Hemp Family.
Annual or perennial, often coarsely pubescent herbs. Leaves oppo-
site or sometimes alternate: blades toothed, lobed, or divided. Flowers
dioecious, the pistillate in braeted spikes, with an entire perianth, and a
gynoecium of 2 united carpels, the ovary 1-eelled. Fruit an achene.
Stem twining : leaf-blades usually 3-lobed : fruit a drooping cone with thin imbricate
bracts. 1. Humclus.
Stems erect : leaf-blades 3-7-parted : fruit spicate on stiff branches. 2. Cannabis.
1. HUMTJLUS L. Perennial vines. Leaves opposite: blades serrate or
lobed. Pistillate flowers 2 together in ament-like drooping spikes which
become cone-like at maturity.
1. H. Lupulus L. Stem and branches pubescent with recurved hairs: leaf-
blades orbicular or ovate in outline, 3-15 cm. in diameter, 3-6-lobed and
serrate, or merely serrate: mature pistillate spikes 3-8 cm. long, ovoid to
cylindric : achenes subglobose, 2-3 mm. in diameter. — Eather common, in
thickets and fence-rows. Nat. of Eurasia. — Sum. — Hop.
2. CANNABIS [Tourn.] L. Annual coarse herbs. Leaves opposite or
alternate: blades digitately divided. Pistillate flowers solitary, in the axils
of leaf -like bracts, disposed in elongate spikes at maturity.
ULMACEAE. 103
1. C. sativa L. Stem 1-4 m. tall, rougli-pubesceut, the inner bark tough:
leaf-blades 4-15 cm. long, the divisions 5-11, linear or linear-lanceolate, ser-
rate, acuminate: mature pistillate spikes leaf y-bracted : achenes oval, 4^5 mm.
long. — Bather common, in moist places and fence-rows. Nat. of As. — Sum.
— Hemp.
Family 3. ARTOCARPACEAE. Mulberry Family.
Shrubs or trees, the sap milky. Leaves mostly alternate : blades equi-
lateral, entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in
ament-like spikes or enclosed in a receptacle, the staminate with 3 or 4
stamens, the i^istillate with a calyx of 3-5 sepals which greatly enlarge and
subtend or envelope the achene: gynoeeium of 1 or of 2 united carpels;
styles or stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit a syncarp or syconium.
Stigmas 2, short : pistillate spilies cylindric. 1. Morus.
Stigmas solitary, elongate : pistillate spikes globose. 2. Papyeius.
1. MORUS [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees, with scaly bark. Leaves de-
ciduous: blades commonly serrate, sometimes lobed. Staminate flowers in
cylindric spikes: sepals 4, the lateral ones larger than the others: stigmas 2,
short. Fruit cylindric, the achenes included in the calyx. — Spr. — Mulberry.
Fruits wliite or pinkish : leaf-blades glabrous and sparingly pubescent about the
veins beneath. 1. M. alba.
Fruits deep-red or purplish : leaf-blades soft-pubescent beneath. 2. If. ruhra.
1. M. alba L. Tree 5-12 m. tall, with sparingly pubescent twigs: leaf -blades
blades ovate to oval or oval-ovate, 6-20 cm. long, softly pubescent beneath:
staminate spikes 1-2 cm. long: fruit subglobose to oval-oblong, 1-2 cm. long,
white or pinkish. — Common, on roadsides and in thickets. Nat. of Eu. —
White-mulberry.
2. M. rubra L. Tree becoming 20 m. tall, with early glabrous twigs: leaf-
blades ovate to oval or oval-ovate, 6-20 cm. long, softly pubescent beneath:
staminate spikes 4-8 cm. long: fruit cylindric, 3-6 cm. long, deep-red or pur-
plish. — Common, in fields and woods. — Eed-mulberry.
2. PAPYKIUS Lam. Trees with smooth bark. Leaves deciduous:
blades serrate, often lobed. Staminate flowers in cylindric spikes, with 4 sepals
and 4 stamens. Pistillate spikes globose: calyx 4-lobed: stigma 1, elongate.
Fruit globular, each achene protruding from the persistent calyx.
1. P. papyrifera (L.) Kuntze. Tree, resembling the red-mulberry, sometimes
15 m. tall, with hirsute-tomentose twigs: leaf -blades ovate, 8—16 em. long:
fruits globular, 2-3 cm. in diameter, the protruding achenes reddish or
orange. — M. N. Frequent, on roadsides and about dwellings. — Nat. of As. —
Spr. — Paper-mulberry.
Family 4. ULMACEAE. Elm Family.
Shrubs or trees, the sap watery. Leaves alternate : blades inequi-
lateral, commonly toothed. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or monoecious,
variously disposed. Calyx of 4 or 5, or rarely 3-9, partially united sepals.
Androecium of usually as many stamens as there are sepals, Gynoeeium
of 2 united carpels. Fruit a samara or a drupe, or nut-like.
Fruit a samara : anthers extrorse : embryo straight. 1. Ulmus.
Fruit a drupe : anthers introrse : embryo with conduplicate cotyledons. 2. Celtis.
104 POLYGONACEAE.
1. ULMTJS [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees, with furrowed bark and some-
times winged branches. Leaves deciduous: blades toothed. Calyx campanu-
late. Ovary sessile or nearly so, smooth, but sometimes pubescent. Samara
orbicular to oblong. — Spr. — Elm.
Samaras notched : buds acute : leaf -blades glabrous and nearly fsmooth above, spar-
ingly pubescent beneath : flowering pedicels longer than the calyx.
1. TJ. americana.
Samaras rounded : buds rounded : leaf-blades very scabrous-
pubescent : flowering pedicels shorter than the calyx. 2. U. ftilra.
1. U. americana L. Tree becoming 40 m. tall, the twigs typically fine-
pubescent: leaf -blades oval to ovate, 5-10 cm. long, sometimes slightly rough
above: flower-clusters lax, the pedicels long: calyx shallowly lobed: samara
oval or obovate, 10-20 mm. long, the wings long-ciliate, narrowed at the base.
— Common, on roadsides and along streams.. — White-elm. American-elm.
2. U. fulva Michx. Tree becoming 25 m. tall, the twigs densely pubescent,
the inner bark mucilaginous: leaf -blades ovate, oval, or obovate, 8-19 cm.
long, very rough-pubescent on both sides: flower-clusters dense, the pedicels
short: samara suborbicular, 14-17 mm. in diameter, finely pubescent, the
wings eciliate, broad at the iDase. — Common, in rich woods and along streams.
— Slippery-elm. Eeb-elm.
2. CELTIS [Tourn.] L. Unarmed shrubs or trees, the bark often warty.
Leaves deciduous: blades entire or toothed, very inequilateral. Calyx rotate,
the lobes much longer than the tube. Stigmas 2, entire. Drupe subglobose. —
Spr. — Hackberry. Nettle-tree. Sugarberry.
Twigs glabrous : leaf-blades smooth or nearly so above. 1. C. occidcntalis.
Twigs pubescent : leaf-blades very rough above. 2. C. crassifolia.
1. C. occidentalis L. Tree becoming 40 m. tall, the twigs glabrous: leaf-
blades ovate or rarely oblong-ovate, 5-15 cm. long, smooth or nearly so above:
drupes globose or subglobose, 7-10 mm. in diameter, orange, purple or nearly
black. — Eather common, especially on the river hills, and along creeks.
2, C. crassifolia Lam. Tree similar to C. occidentalis in habit : leaf -blades
ovate, firm, 3-12 cm. long, scabrous above: drupes oval to subglobose, 7-10
mm. in diameter, red-purple or nearly black. — M. Occasional, in rich soil. —
Limestones, quartzite.
Order POLYGONALES.
Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines. Leaves alternate, or sometimes oppo-
site or wliorled, mostly entire : stipules present, usually as a sheath.
Flowers perfect, monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous, variously disposed.
Hypanthium long or short. Calyx of 2-5 sepals, which sometimes develop
keels or wings. Corolla wanting. Androecium of 2-9 stamens. Gynoe-
cium of 2 or 3 united carpels, the ovary superior. Ovule orthotropous.
Fruit an achene.
Family 1. POLYGONACEAE. Buckwheat Family.
Plants various in habit. Leaves with manifest, usually sheathing,
stipules, and inflorescence not involucrate, or the stipules obsolete and the
inflorescence involucrate.
Stigmas tufted. 1. Rumex.
Stigmas not tufted.
POLYGONACEAE. 105
Leaf-blades jointed at the base : ocreae 2-lobed, becoming
lacerate : filaments, at least the inner, dilated. 2. Polygonum.
Leaf-blades not jointed at the base : ocreae various, not 2-
lobed : filaments slender.
Ocreae cylindric, truncate.
Sepals 4 : calyx curved : stamens 4 or 5. 3. Tov.\ea.
Sepals 5 : if fewer, the stamens more than 5 : calyx not
curved. 4. rERSic.\Ri.\.
Ocreae oblique, more or less open on the side facing the leaf.
Herbs various in habit, not vines : sepals neither keeled
or winged.
Racemes collected into terminal corymbs : embryo
dividing the endosperm by an S-shaped curve :
plants smooth. 5. Pagopirum
Racemes not in terminal corymbs : embryo slender,
at one side of the endosperm : plants prickle-armed. 6. Tracaulon.
Vines with twining stems : outer sepals winged or keeled. 7. Tiniaria.
1. RUMEX L. Annual or perennial fleshy herbs. Leaves alternate, with
brittle ocreae. Flowers in panicles, perfect, polygamous, or dioecious, the
hypanthium-base conspicuously jointed to the pedicel. Sepals green, 6, un-
changed or the 3 inner developing wings, one or all of which usually bear a
callosity. Stamens 6. Stigmas peltate, tufted. Achene exserted or included,
smooth or granular, usually more or less margined. — Dock.
Calyx unchanged in fruit: achenes exserted, granular. 1. R. AcctoseUa.
Calyx accrescent, the inner sepals developing into wings :
achenes included, smooth.
Sepal-wings entire, more or less undulate.
Only one of the 3 sepal-wings bearing callosities. 2. R. altissimus.
All of the 3 sepal-wings bearing callosities. 3. R. crispvs.
Sepal-wings fringed with spiny teeth. 4. R. oititsifolius.
1. R. Acetosella L. Plants glabrous, 1-6 dm. tall: blades of the lower leaves
2.5-15 cm. long, hastate, the auricles entire or toothed: sepals green, 1 mm.
long: achenes ovoid, 3-angled, about 1.5 mm. long. — Common, in fields and
dry soil. — Spr. and fall. • — Field-sorrel. Sheep-sorrel. Often a pernicious
weed.
2. R. altissimus Wood. Plants 6-12 dm. tall, the panicle-branches densely
flow-ered : lower stem-leaves 1-3 dm. long ; blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceo-
late, scarcely crisped: sepal-wings triangular-ovate, 4-5 mm. long, longer than
wide, scarcely cordate : achenes about 3 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna
valley. Frequent, on river banks. — Schists. — Spr. — Pale-dock. Peach-
leaved DOCK.
3. R. crispus L. Plants 3-11 dm. tall, the panicle-branches rather closely
flowered: lower stem-leaves 1.5-3 dm. long; blades oblong to oblong-lanceo-
late, much crisped: flower-clusters contiguous: sepal-wings ovate to orbicular-
ovate, 4-5 mm. long: achenes fully 2 mm. long. — Common, in fields and waste
places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Curled-dock.
4. R. obtusifolius L. Plants 6-12 dm. tall, the panicle-branches nearly erect:
lower stem-leaves 3-5.5 dm. long; blades oblong to broadly oblong-lanceolate,
deeply cordate, somewhat crisped: flower-clusters mostly contiguous, not leafy
bracted: sepal-wings ovate-hastate, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, with 3-5 teeth: achenes
fully 2 mm. long. — Common, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum.
— Bitter-dock. Often a troublesome weed.
2. POLYGONUM [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial, erect or prostrate
herbs. Leaves alternate, jointed near the top of the ultimately lacerate ocreae.
Flowers in axillary clusters which are sometimes aggregated near the ends of
the branches. Sepals green to pink or white, the outer ones sometimes cor-
rugated in age. Stamens 3-8, often 5-6. Stigmas 3. Achene 3-angled. — Sum.
— Knotweed. Doorweed. Knotgrass.
106 POLYGONACEAE.
Flower-clusters separate, scattered more or less throughout the plant.
Sepals with white, pinlj, or purplish margins : plants mainly prostrate, pale,
bright- or bluish-green. 1. f. neylectum.
Sepals with yellowish-green margins : plants mainly diffuse,
yellowish-green. L'. V. erectum.
Flower-clusters approximate on the branches, forming long,
raceme-like panicles : plants erect. 3. P. tenue.
1. P. neglectum Besser. Plants bright- or bluish-green, the branches ulti-
mately prostrate or procumbent, 1-6 dm. long: leaf -blades thin, narrowly
elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or linear, less than 2 cm. long, acute or acuminate:
ocreae very thin: sepals about 1.5 mm. long: achenes about 2 mm. long. —
Common, about dwellings, and on roadsides and in waste places. Nat. of Eu.
2. P. erectum L. Plants yellowish-green, the branches spreading or decum-
bent, 1-12 dm. long: leaf -blades much larger than in the preceding species,
mainly 2-6 cm. long, oblong, elliptic, oval, or somewhat broadened upward:
ocreae rather sordid: sepals about 3 mm. long, often corrugated in age:
achenes 2.5-3 mm. long, dull. — Common, about dwellings, in waste places and
on moist banks,
3. P, tenue Michx. Plants 1-4 dm. tall, the branches wiry: leaf -blades
linear to linear-lanceolate, 0.5-3 cm. long, each with 2 lateral impressions on
either side of the midrib: flowers short-pedicelled: sepals becoming 2.5-3 mm.
long : achenes ovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long. — Common, in dry places or rocky soil.
3. TO VARA Adans. Annual erect herbs. Leaves alternate, not jointed
at the fringed ocreae. Flowers in lax remote clusters borne on virgate branches.
Sepals more or less colored, 4, the 2 lateral ones overlapping the others.
Stamens 4, and alternating with the sepals, or 5, the fifth one opposite the
lower sepal: filaments slender. Stigmas 2. Achene lenticular.
1. T. virginlana (L.) Adans. Stem strigose, 3-14 dm. tall, virgately
branched or simple: leaf -blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-16 cm. long:
sepals ovate to rhombic-ovate, 3-3.5 mm. long: styles longer than the ovary:
achenes 3.5-4 mm. long, ovoid or ovoid-oblong, invested in the nodding calyx.
— Common, on shaded banks and in thickets. — Sum.
4. PERSICABIA [Tourn.] Adans. Annual or perennial, erect or spread-
ing herbs. Leaves alternate, not jointed at the cylindric naked or fringed
ocreae: blades narrowed at the base. Flowers borne in spike-like panicles.
Sepals w'hite or colored, 5, neither winged nor keeled. Stamens 4-8 : filaments
slender. Stigmas 2 or so-metimes 3. Achenes lenticular or 3-angled, included.
— ■ Sum.
Raceme usually solitary and terminal : plants mainly aquatic.
Leaf-blades more or less acuminate at the apex, pubescent : panicles long and
slender. 1. P- Muhlenhergii.
Leaf-blades obtuse or merely acute at the apex, glabrous :
panicles short and stout. 2. P. amphibia.
Racemes several or numerous : plants mostly terrestrial.
Ocreae naked or fringed, not spreading at the top : coty-
ledons accumbent.
Ocreae truncate and naked at maturity.
Racemes erect : achenes orbicular or wider than
long. 3. P. pennsylvanica.
Racemes drooping or with drooping tips : achenes
broadly oblong or ovoid. 4. /'. lapathifolia.
Ocreae fringed with bristles.
Panicles short, stout, compact. 5. P. Persicaria.
Panicles slender, elongate, lax or interrupted.
Calyx not glandular-punctate. 6. P. hydropiperoides.
Calyx glandular-punctate.
Panicles erect : achenes smooth, shining. 7. P. punctata.
Panicles drooping : achenes granular, dull. 8. P. Hydropiper.
Ocreae with spreading fringed tops : cotyledons incumbent. 9. /'. orientalis.
POLYGONACEAE. 107
1. P. Muhlenbergii (S. Wats.) Small. Perennial, generally strigose, creeping:
leaf-blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, rounded or cordate
at the base: ocreae eciliate: panicles compact, 3-10 cm. long: ocreolae ciliate
and pubescent: sepals rose-colored, not punctate, about 4 mm. long: achenes
2.5-3 mm. long. — Common, on muddy shores.
2. P. amphibia (L.) S. F. Gray. Perennial, glabrous, at least when mature,
floating: leaf -blades oblong, elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long,
rounded or narrowed at the base: ocreae eciliate: panicle dense, mostly 1.5-
2.5 cm. long: ocreolae eciliate and glabrous, or inconspicuously pubescent:
sepals bright rose-colored, not punctate : achenes lenticular, orbicular-oblong,
about 3 nun. long. — Susquehanna river. Eare, in still water.
3. P. pennsylvanica (L.) Small. Annual, the upper branches finely glandu-
lar-pubescent: leaf -blades lanceolate, 4-22 cm. long: ocreae eciliate: panicles
stout, erect: ocreolae eciliate or nearly so: sepals pink or light-purple, not
punctate: style short: achenes flat-lenticular, 3-3.5 mm. high, shining, short-
beaked. — Common, in waste places, on roadsides and in cultivated grounds.
4. P. lapathifolia (L.) S. F. Gray. Annual, glabrous or nearly so: leaf-
blades lanceolate, sometimes narrowly so, 5-20 cm. long: ocreae eciliate: pan-
icles slender, nodding: ocreolae eciliate: sepals whitish to rose-colored, finely
punctate: achenes flat-lenticular, about 2 mm. long. — S. Common, especially
in the Susquehanna valley. Nat. of Eu.
5. P. Persicaria (L.) Small. Annual, glabrous or partially pubescent: leaf-
blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2-18 cm. long, often with a central
blotch: ocreae fringed: panicles stout: ocreolae ciliate: sepals pink, purple,
green, or reddish, not punctate: achenes turgid-lenticular or 3-angled, 2-2.5
mm. long. — Common, in cultivated grounds and waste places, and on road-
sides. Nat. of Eu. — Lady's-thumb.
6. P. hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small. Perennial, strigillose in parts: leaf-
blades lanceolate, varying to oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 4-13 cm.
long: ocreae long-fringed, sparingly strigose: panicles slender, erect: ocreolae
short-fringed: sepals deep-pink or greenish, not punctate: achenes 3-angled,
2-2.5 mm. long, shining. — Common, in waste places and swamps. — Mild
WATER-PEPPER.
7. p. punctata (Ell.) Small. Annual or perennial, usually glabrous: leaf-
blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-16 cm. long: ocreae long-fringed:
panicles linear, mostly continuous during anthesis: ocreolae fringed: sepals
whitish or green, punctate: achenes 3-angled or turgid-lenticular, about 2.5
mm. long, shining. — Common, in swamps and low grounds. — Water smart-
AVEED.
8. P. Hydropiper (L.) Opiz. Annual, glabrous or nearly so: leaf -blades nar-
rowly ovate to oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, 1.5-9 cm. long: ocreae fringed:
panicles slender, nodding: ocreolae short-fringed: sepals greenish, punctate:
achenes turgid-lenticular or 3-angled, dull, about 3 mm. long. — Common, in
moist soil and on wet banks. — Water-pepper. Common-smartweed.
9. P. orientalis (L.) Vilm. Annual, tall, more or less hispid: leaf -blades
ovate to broadly oblong, 6-25 cm. long: ocreae spreading and ciliate at the
top: panicles stout, nodding: ocreolae ciliate: sepals dark rose-colored, not
punctate : achenes lenticular, orbicular, about 3 mm. long. — Occasional, on
roadsides and about dwellings. Nat. of As. — Prince 's-feather.
5. FAGOPYRUM [Tourn.] Gaertn. Annual erect smooth herbs, the
stems terete. Leaves alternate, not jointed at the oblique ocreae: blades has-
tate or cordate at the base. Flowers borne in branching racme-like panicles.
108 POLYGONACEAE.
Sepals white, 5, unchanged at maturity. Stamens 5-8: filaments filiform.
Stigmas 3. Achene 3-angled, exserted.
1. F. Fagopyrum (L.) Karst. Stem 1-9 dm. tall, slightly pubescent about the
nodes: leaf -blades hastate, 2.5-8 cm. long: panicles persistently flowering:
sepals becoming 2.5-3 mm. long: achenes 5-6 mm. long. — Occasional, in fields
and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Buckwheat.
6. TRACATJLON Raf. Annual or perennial, prickle-armed, reclining-
climbing herbs. Leaves alternate, not jointed at the oblique ocreae. Flowers
borne in spike-like or capitate panicles. Sepals often slightly colored, 5 or 4,
neither keeled nor winged. Stamens 5-8: filaments slender. Stigmas 2 or 3.
Achene lenticular or 3-angled, included. — Sum. — ■ Tear-thumb.
Leaf-blades sagittate: achenes 3-angled. 1. T. sagittatum.
Leaf-blades hastate : achenes lenticular. 2. T. arifolium.
1. T. sagittatum (L.) Small. Leaf -blades lanceolate to oblong, 1-12 cm. long,
the basal lobes acute: ocreolae 3-5 mm. long: sepals becoming 4 mm. long:
stamens 8 : achenes 3-3.5 mm. long. — Common, in wet places and meadows.
2. T. arifolium (L.) Eaf. Leaf-blades hastate, 2-18 cm. long, the basal lobes
spreading, acuminate: ocreolae about 2 mm. long: sepals becoming 4 mm.
long: stamens 6: achenes 4 mm. long. — Common, in wet thickets and meadows.
7. TINTARIA Eeichenb. Annual or perennial, unarmed twining vines.
Leaves alternate, not jointed at the oblique ocreae. Flowers borne in branch-
ing raceme-like panicles or in axillary clusters. Sepals white or yellowish, 5,
the outer ones keeled or winged at maturity. Stamens 8: filaments slender.
Stigmas 3. Achenes 3-angled, included. — Sum. and fall.
Outer sepals keeled at maturity: achene granular and dull. 1. T. Convolvuhis.
Outer sepals developing conspicuous wings : achene smooth and
shining.
Sepal-wings not incised : achenes over 3.5 mm. long. 2. T. scandcns.
Sepal-wings incised : achenes less than 3.5 mm. long. 3. T. crtstatum.
1. T. Convolvulus (L.) Webb. & Moq. Stem and branches trailing or twin-
ing, green or purple-tinged: leaf -blades ovate to ovate-sagittate, or those of
the upper ones sagittate, 1.5-6 cm. long: ocreae rough-edged: sepals mealy-
granular, the outer becoming longer than the inner: achenes about 3.5 mm.
long. — Common, in moist places and fields. Nat. of Eu. — Black-bindweed.
2. T. scandens (L.) Small. Stem and branches twining, purplish: leaf-
blades ovate to oblong-ovate, 4—12 cm. long: ocreae with rough ridges: mature
hypanthium and calyx 12-15 mm. long: achenes 4-4.5 mm. long. — Common,
in thickets and fence-rows. — Hedge-buckwheat. False-buckwheat.
3. T. cristatum (Engelm. & Gray) Small. Stem and branches twining, green
or purplish : leaf -blades ovate to triangular, 1-6 cm. long : mature hypanthium
and calyx 6.5-7.5 mm. long: achenes 3 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley.
Rather common, on river banks.
Order CHENOPODIALES.
Herbs, often partially woody, or shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate
or opposite, occasionally scale-like. Flowers mostly perfect, sometimes
monoecious or dioecious. Calyx usually i^resent, the sepals mainly sepa-
rate. Corolla wanting, or present and of minute or large petals. Androe-
cium of 1-several stamens. Gynoeeium a single carpel or of several united
CHENOPODIACEAE. 109
carpels, the ovary mostly superior. Fruit au acliene, a utricle, a capsule,
or a berry, or sometimes an antliocarp.
Fruit a utricle, achene, or berry, sometimes an anttiocarp, not valvate, or merely
circumscissile.
Fruit utricular, the carpels not whorled.
Bracts not scarious : stipules wanting. Fam. 1. Chenopodiaceae.
Bracts, or stipules, scarious.
Stipules wanting : sepals scarious. Fam. 2. Amaeantiiaceae.
Stipules present : sepals herbaceous or scari-
ous-margined. Fam. 3. Corrigiolaceae.
Fruit baccate, the carpels whorled. Fam. 4. Phytolaccaceae.
Fruit a capsule dehiscent by apical or longitudinal
valves.
Ovary several-celled : corolla wanting. Fam. 5. Teteagoniaceae.
Ovary 1-celled : corolla mostly present.
Sepals 2 : leaves mostly alternate. Fam. 6. Poetulacaceae.
Sepals 4 or 5 : leaves mostly opposite.
Sepals distinct : ovary sessile : petals not
clawed. Fam. 7. Alsinaceae.
Sepals united : ovary stipitate : petals clawed. Fam. 8. Caryophyllaceae.
Family 1. CHENOPODIACEAE. Goosefoot Family.
Herbs or woody plants. Leaves alternate or opposite : blades simple.
Flowers perfect, polygamous, monoecious, or dioecious, mostly in elongate
spikes or panicles. Calyx of 1-5 persistent sepals. Corolla wanting.
Androecium of as many stamens as there are sepals. Gynoecium of 2 or
more united carpels. Ovary 1-eelled. Fruit a utricle, sometimes achene-
like.
Flowers perfect : calyx always present.
Sepals hooded, usually keeled at maturity : embryo forming a circle : mealy
plants, odorless or heavy scented. 1. Chenopodium.
Sepals flat or merely concave : embryo not forming a circle :
glandular plants, aromatic. 2. Ambeina.
Flowers dioecious or monoecious : calyx wanting in the pistil-
late flowers. 3. Ateiplex.
1. CHENOPODIUM [Touru.] L. Odorless or heavy-scented non-glandu-
lar herbs, ours annuals. Leaves alternate: blades entire to coarsely toothed,
often mealy-coated. Sepals hooded. Anther-sacs commonly separate. Ovary
often depressed. — Goosefoot. Pigweed.
Seed horizontal.
Seed and pericarp firmly attached together.
Flowering branches longer than the accompanying leaves : mature sepals
keeled.
Leaf-blades coarsely shallow-toothed or entire, gradually narrowed at
the base.
Inflorescence dense : mature calyx 2. .5-3 mm. broad : utricle fully 1.5
mm. wide : leaf-blades decidedly mealy beneath. 1. C. ulhum.
Inflorescence lax : mature calyx 2-2.5 mm. wide :
utricle less than 1.5 mm. wide : leaf-blades
scarcely, if at all, mealy. 2. C. lanccolatum.
Leaf-blades sinuately deep-toothed, with the teeth
salient, rounded or cordate at the base. 3. C. hybridnm.
Flowering branones shorter than the accompanying leaves :
mature sepals not keeled. 4. O. murale.
Seed and pericarp easily separable from one another. 5. C. Boscianum.
Seed vertical. 6. C. glaucum.
1. C. album L. Plants stout, pale-green, copiously mealy, 6-30 dm. tall: leaf-
blades ovate and somewhat rhombic to broadly lanceolate, coarsely toothed, 2-8
cm. long: inflorescence compact, the flower-clusters mostly contiguous, becom-
ing 6-8 mm. thick: seeds about 1.5 mm. wide. — Common, in waste places, and
cultivated grounds. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. and fall. — Lamb 's-quakters.
110 CHENOPODIACEAE.
2. C. lanceolatum Muhl. Plants slender, 5-20 dm. tall, bright-green, slightly
mealy: leaf -blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, or ovate on the lower part of
the stem, 2-5 cm. long, shallowly toothed or entire: inflorescence more open
than in C. album, and mature flower-clusters somewhat smaller: seeds slightly
over 1 mm. wide. — Bather common, in cultivated grounds and waste places.
— Sum. and fall.
3. C. hybridum L. Plants bright-green, 5-13 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate to
ovate-hastate, 5-16 cm. long, sinuately 3-U-toothed : inflorescence rather lax,
the flower-clusters contiguous or ultimately separate: seeds fully 1.5 mm. wide.
— S. In woods, on island at Peach Bottom. — Schists. — Sum. — Maple-
leaved GOOSEFOOT.
4. C. murale L. Plants deep-green, somewhat mealy, 1-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades
rhombic-ovate, 2-8 cm. long, coarsely, sharply and irregularly toothed: panicles
terminal and lateral, the small flower-clusters numerous and close: seeds
barely 1.5 mm. wide. — M. S. Rather common, in waste places. Nat. of Eu.
— Sum.
5. C. Boscianum Moq. Plants light-green, often minutely mealy when young,
3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate, oblong-ovate, or lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, thin,
the lower ones often sinuate: panicle-branches very slender, spreading, the
flower-clusters scattered, relatively small: seeds 1.5 mm. wide. — S. Eather
common,' in woods and thickets. — Schists. — Sum.
6. C. glaucum L. Plants mealy-glaucous, 0.5-3 dm. tall: leaf -blades spatulate
to oblong, broadly linear or ovate in outline, mostly 1-5 cm. long, sinuate-
dentate, green or yellow-green above, whitish beneath: inflorescence compact,
the flower-clusters at first inconspicuous in the leaf -axils, ultimately elongate
and more conspicuous : seeds less than 1 mm. wide. — Eather rare, in waste
places and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Oak-leaved goosefoot,
2. AMBRINA Spach. Aromatic glandular herbs. Leaves alternate:
blades mainly toothed, pinnatifid or pinnately lobed, not mealy. Sepals flat or
concave. Anther-sacs commonly contiguous. Cyvary often elongate. — Sum.
Flowers not glomerate : leaf -blades pinnately lobed : calyx glandular-pubescent.
1. A. Botrys.
Flowers glomerate : leaf -blades repand-toothed or entire : calyx
glabrous. 2. A. ambrosioides.
1. A. Botrys (L.) Moq. Stem 1-6 dm. tall, the branches erect or spreading:
leaf -blades oblong to ovate, 1-5 cm. long, the lobes entire or toothed: panicle-
branches cymose : utricle partially enclosed : seeds less than 1 mm. wide. —
Susquehanna valley. Frequent, on the river shore. Nat. of Eu. — Jerusalem-
oak. Feather-geranium.
2. A. ambrosioides (L.) Spach. Stem 5-8 dm. tall, the branches sometimes
decumbent : leaf -blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, those
of the stem-leaves 3-15 cm. long, undulate to repand-dentate: panicle-branches
spike-like : utricle wholly enclosed : seeds 0.7-0.8 mm. wide. — Common, ic
waste places. Nat. of trop. Am. — Mexican-tea. Wormseed.
3. ATKIPLEX [Tourn.] L. Scaly herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or
sometimes opposite: blades often angulate or toothed. Flowers monoecious or
dioecious, the staminate bractless, the pistillate bracted. Calyx herbaceous.
Utricle wholly or partially surrounded by the crested, tubercled, or winged
accrescent bracts.
1. A. hastata L. Plants light-green or purplish, the stems 3-8 dm. long:
leaf -blades triangular-hastate to hastate-lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long: mature
bracts ovate to deltoid, 4-5 mm. long, with toothed edges and spiny faces. — M.
Occasional, in waste places. Nat. of the coastal region. — Sum. — Orache.
AMAEANTHACEAE. Ill
Family 2. AMAEANTHACEAE. Amaranth Family.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate:
blades entire or nearly so. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or dioecious, in
spikes or panicles, with scarious or colored bracts. Calyx of 2-5 mostly
distinct sepals. Corolla wanting. Androecium of 5, or fewer, distinct or
monodelphous stamens. Gynoecium of 2 or more united carpels. Ovary
1-celled. Fruit a utricle or pyxidium, or rarely baccate.
1. AMARANTHUS [Tourn.] L. Herbs (ours annuals). Leaves alter-
nate: blades entire. Flowers polygamous, monoecious, or dioecious, densely
spicate or clustered, each subtended by mostly S bracts. Sepals 2-5. Fila-
ments distinct. Stigmas 2 or 3, distinct. Ovule solitary. Utricle circum-
scissile, irregularly opening or indehiscent. Sum. and fall. — Amaranth.
Pigweed.
Flowers, at least the upper ones, in dense terminal spikes.
Stems unarmed, without spines at the leaf-axils.
Spikes strict : sepals mostly obtuse. 1. A. retroflexus.
Spikes drooping : sepals mostly acute. 2. A. liyhridus.
Stems furnished with a- pair of spines at each leaf-axil. 3. A. spwosus.
Flowers in small axillary clusters usually surpassed by the leaves. 4. A. yraedzans.
1. A. retroflexus L. Stems 3-30 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate to ovate-lanceo-
late or lanceolate above, 5-15 cm. long: staminate calyx 3.4-3.6 mm. long: pis-
tillate calyx 3.5-4 mm. long; sepals linear-oblong to linear-cuneate. - — Common,
in cultivated grounds and waste places. Nat. of trop. Am. — Fall. — Green-
amaranth.
2. A. hybridus L. Stems 5-25 dm. tall, not spiny : leaf -blades ovate to ovate-
lanceolate or elliptic, 3-12 cm. long: staminate calyx 1.7-1.9 mm. long: pis-
tillate calyx 1.7-2 mm. long; sepals narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate. —
Common, in cultivated grounds and waste places. Nat. of trop. Am. — Sum.
and fall.
3. A. spinosus L. Stems 2-12 dm. tall, spiny: leaf -blades ovate or rhombic-
ovate, or lanceolate, the ujDper 1.5-8 cm. long: staminate calyx 2-2.7 mm. long:
pistillate calyx 2-2.5 mm. long ; sepals broadened upward, abruptly pointed. —
Frequent, in waste places on roadsides and in fields. Nat. of trop. Am. — Sum.
— Thorny-amaranth.
4. A. graecizans L. Stems 1-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades spatulate, obovate, or
oblong, 1-3 cm. long: staminate calyx 1.4-1.6 mm. long: pistillate calyx
1.8-2.2 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, long-acuminate. — Common, in cultivated
grounds and fields. Nat. of trop. Am. — Sum. — : Tumble- aveed.
Family 3. CORRIGIOLACEAE. Whitlow-wort Family.
Herbs, but often firm or woody at the base. Leaves opposite, stipu-
late: blades entire. Flowers perfect, cymose. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals,
which are sometimes awned or cuspidate at the apex. Corolla wanting.
Androecium of 4 or 5 stamens borne on the margin of the minute or long
hypanthium. Gynoecium mostly 2-carpellary. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a
utricle or an achene. Seed solitaiy.
1. ANYCHIA Michx. Annual herbs, with much-branched stems. Leaves
with narrow or rather broad blades. Cymes diffuse. Sepals flattish, mucro-
nate. — Sum. — Forked-chickweed.
112 POKTULACACEAE.
Stem and branches glabrate : utricle surpassing tlie calyx : seed orbicular, fully
1 mm. wide. 1. A. canadensis.
Stem and branches pubescent : utricle usually as long as the
calyx : seed oval, less than 1 mm. wide. 2. A. polygonoides.
1. A. canadensis (L.) B.S.P. Stems 0.5-4 dm. tall, forked above: leaf -blades
thin, obloug to elliptic, 0.5-2 cm. long, typically obtuse: sepals oblong to nar-
rowly ovate, becoming 1 mm. long. — Common, in dry open places and on
partially shaded hillsides.
2. A. polygonoides Kaf. Stems 0.5-3 dm. tall, often diffusely forked through-
out: leaf -blades thick, typically acute: sepals ovate, often broadly so, becoming
1.5 mm. long. — Common, in dry ojjen places and on rocky hills.
Family 4. PHYTOLACCACEAE. Pokeweed Family.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate : blades entire, rather fleshy.
Flowers perfect or dioecious, in racemes or panicles. Calyx of 4 or 5
sejials. Corolla wanting. Anclroecium of 4-8 stamens, or more, borne
below the ovary. Gynoecium 1-many-carpellary. Fruit baccate.
1. PHYTOLACCA [Tourn.] L. Eelatively large or stout plants. Flowers
paniculate, the panicles often raceme-like. Sepals broad, spreading under the
compound fruit.
1. P. americana L. Plants 1-3 m. tall, the branches green, magenta, or
purple: leaf -blades mainly ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 9-30 cm. long: calyx 5-6
mm. wide: berries 7-10 mm. wide, their length less than the length of their
stalks: seeds about 3 mm. long. — Common, in waste places and cultivated
grounds. — Spr.-fall. — Poke. Inkberry. Scoke. Pigeon-berry.
Family 5. TETRAGONIACEAE. Carpet-weed Family.
Herbs, firm or succulent, or partially woody plants. Leaves alternate
or opposite, sometimes apparently whorled. Flowers perfect, polygamous,
or unisexual, regular or nearly so. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals. Corolla
wanting (in our species), Androecium of 4 or 5 hypogynous or perigy-
nous stamens, or sometimes fewer, or more numerous. Gynoecium of
2-several united carpels. Ovary superior or partly inferior. Fruit a
capsule or pyxis, or baccate or nut-like.
1. MOLLUGO L. Annual slender herbs. Leaves alternate, sometimes
apparently whorled: blades narrow. Sepals 5, hyaline-margined, glabrous.
Stamens 3-5. Styles 5, short.
1. M. verticillata L. Branches slender, prostrate, 4-30 cm. long: stem-
leaves 1-3 cm. long : blades spatulate : sepals oblong, becoming 2.5-3 mm.
long: filaments 2.5-3 mm. long: capsules oblong, 3.5-4 mm. long. — Common,
in waste places and cultivated grounds. — Spr.-fall. • — Indian-chickweed.
Family 6. PORTULACACEAE. Purslane Family.
Herbs, mostly fleshy or succulent, or partially woody. Leaves alter-
nate or opposite: blades entire. Flowers perfect, regular. Calyx of 2
sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5, or rarely more, fugacious petals. Androecium
of as many stamens as there are petals, or fewer or more. Gynoecium of
3 or more united carpels. Ovary superior or inferior, 1-celled. Fruit a
capsule or pyxis.
ALSINACEAE. 113
Ovary and capsule superior : capsule 3-valvea.
Sepals deciduous : stamens more numerous tlian the sepals, or petals • capsules
many-seeded. 1. talindm.
Sepals persistent : stamens as many as the sepals, or petals ■
capsules few-seeded. 2. Claytonia.
Ovary and capsule wholly or partly inferior : capsule circumsclssile. 3. Portulaca.
1. TALINUM Adans. Perennial sometimes partially woody herbs, the
stem and branches mostly terminating in wiry peduncles. Leaves terete or
flat. Flowers erect. Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 5 or more. Style elongate.
Ovules many on a stalked placenta.
1. T. teretifolium Pursh. Plant 1-2.5 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2-6 cm. long,
narrow: bracts conspicuously prolonged backward: corolla blue or purplish,
2-3 cm. wide: stamens 15-30: capsules 4-5 mm. in diameter. — S. Frequent,
on serpentine hills.- — Sum.
2. CLAYTONIA [Gronov.] L. Perennial or annual fleshy herbs, the
weak stems often arising from tuber-like corms. Leaves flat. Flowers spread-
ing or nodding. Sepals 2, persistent. Petals 5. Style elongate. Ovules few,
on a sessile placenta.
1. C. virginica L. Plants 5-25 cm. tall: leaf -blades narrowly linear, some-
times very narrow, 6-14 cm. long: sepals becoming 4—7 mm. long: petals 9—13
mm. long: seeds about 2.5 mm. wide. — Common, in woods. — Spr. — Spring-
beauty.
3. PORTULACA [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial succulent herbs.
Leaves flat or terete. Flowers erect. Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 4-6. Style
short ; stigmas 3-8, slender. Ovules many on a basal placenta. — Portulaca.
1. P. oleracea L. Plants prostrate: leaf -blades cuneate to obovate, 1-3 cm.
long, rounded at the apex: petals yellow, 4-8 mm. long, notched: capsules 5-9
mm. long. — Common, in cultivated grounds and waste places. — Spr.-fall. —
Purslane. Pussley.
Family 7. ALSINACEAE. Chickweed Tamily.
Herbs, sometimes woody at the base. Leaves opposite : blades entire.
Flowers mostly perfect. Calyx of 4 or 5 persistent, distinct sepals.
Corolla of 4 or 5 elawless petals, or wanting. Androecinm of twice as
many stamens as sepals, or fewer. Gynoecium of 2-5 united carpels.
Ovaiy superior. Fruit a capsule subtended by the calyx.
Stipules present. 1. Tissa.
Stipules wanting.
Petals entire, toothed, or slightly notched.
Stigmas as many as the sepals. 2. Sagina.
Stigmas fewer than sepals.
Petals toothed : flowers in umbel-like cymes. 3. Holosteum.
Petals entire or emarginate : flowers in dichotomous or
capitate cymes or solitary.
Capsules opening by as many valves as there are
stigmas. 4. Alsinopsis.
Capsules opening by twice as many valves as there
are stigmas.
Seeds not strophiolate : capsule many-seeded. 5. Arenaeia.
Seeds strophiolate : capsule few-seeded. 6. Moehringia.
Petals 2-cleft or 2-parted.
Capsules relatively short, ovoid or oblong. 7. Alsine.
Capsules relatively long, cylindric. 8. Cerastium.
1. TISSA Adans. Annual, biennial, or perennial, diffuse herbs. Leaf-
blades narrow. Flowers in raceme-like cymes. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5,
or fewer, entire, or wanting. Stamens 2-10. Stigmas slender.
Lancaster County Flora 8.
1J4 ALSINACEAE.
1. T. rubra (L.) Britton. Plants more or less branched at the base, the
branches often depressed, 3-12 cm. long, finely glandular-pubescent above:
leaf -blades linear, 5-22 mm. long, flat : sepals linear to linear-lanceolate, be-
coming 3 mm. long: petals red, ovate or rhombic, mostly shorter than the
sepals: capsules about as long as the calyx. — M. Eather rare, in waste places
and fields. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Sand-spurry.
2. SAGINA L. Annual or perennial diminutive herbs. Leaf -blades
subulate to filiform. Flowers axillary. Sepals 4 or 5, persistent. Petals 4
or 5, about as large as the sepals, or wanting. Stamens 5, or sometimes 3-10.
Stigmas short. Capsule longer than the sepals.
1. S. decumbens (Ell.) T. & G. Plants 2-10 cm. tall, very slender: leaf-
blades linear-subulate, 2-8 mm. long: pedicels erect, very slender: sepals
ovate or oval, about 1.5 mm. long: petals wanting or rudimentary: capsules
oblong-ovoid, about twice as long as the calyx. — Bare, on hillsides, near Safe
Harbor. — Scliists. — Sum. — Pearlwort.
3. HOLOSTEUM [Dill.] L. Annual tender herbs. Leaf -blades flat.
Flowers in umbel-like cymes. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, emarginate or
toothed. Stamens 5, or 3. Stigmas slender. Capsule narrow, partly enclosed
in the calyx.
1. H. umbellatum L. Plants 8-40 cm. tall: leaf -blades oblong or oblaneeolate
below, to oblong or lanceolate above, 1-3 cm. long: sepals lanceolate, 4-5 mm.
long: petals 5.5-6.5 mm. long, toothed: capsules 5-6 mm. long. — M. S.
Common, in fields, woods, and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Jagged-
CHICKWEED.
4. ALSINOPSIS Small. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf -blades subulate
or sometimes flat, but narrow. Flowers in cymes. Sepals 5, often fleshy.
Petals 5, entire or emarginate. Stamens usually 10. Stigmas typically 3,
slender. Capsule with as many valves as stigmas.
1. A, stricta (Michx.) Small. Stems 1-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades linear-subulate,
5-10 mm. long: sepals ovate, about 2.5 mm. long: petals about thrice as long
as the sepals : capsules nearly twice as long as the sepals. — M. Eare, on
rocky hillsides and cliffs. —Limestones. — Sum. — Sandwort.
5. AREiNARIA L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf -blades flat, broad or
sometimes narrow. Flowers axillary or cymose. Sepals 5, firm, often ribbed.
Petals 5, entire or notched, or wanting. Stamens typically 10. Stigmas 3, or
rarely 2-5. Capsules with twice as many valves as stigmas.
1. A. serpyllifolia L. Plants l-A dm. tall, diffuse: leaf -blades ovate to
broadly elliptic, 2-6 mm. long, minutely ciliate: sepals lanceolate, 3-4 mm.
long: petals oblong-ovate to elliptic, about 2 mm. long: capsules about 3 mm.
long. — Common, in dry places and woods. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Sandwort.
6. MOEHRINGIA L. Perennial herbs. Leaves few: blades flat, usually
broad and relatively large. Flowers few, the axillary stalks elongate. Sepals
4 or 5, herbaceous, not ribbed. Petals 4 or 5, broad or narrow, longer than
the sepals or shorter. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles mostly 3, elongate. Capsule
fully as long as the calyx or shorter, few-seeded.
1. M. lateriflora (L.) Fenzl. Plants reclining or diffuse, 1-3 dm. tall, the
stem and branches slender: leaf -blades thin, oblong to oval, 1-2.5 cm, long,
obtuse, ciliate: sepals oblong to oval, about 2 mm. long: petals twice as long
as the sepals, short-clawed: capsules ovoid, about twice as long as the calyx.
— M. Eare, chiefly in the Dillerville swamp, Lancaster. — Limestones. — Sum-
ALSINACEAE. 115
7. ALSINE L. Annual or perennial weak herbs. Leaf-blades succulent.
Flowers eymose or axillary. Sepals 5 or 4, ribless. Petals 5 or 4, 2-cleft or
2-parted, rarely wanting. Stamens 10 or fewer. Stigmas 3-5, slender.
Capsule barely exceeding the sepals, with twice as many valves as stigmas. —
Chickweed. Starwort. Switchavort.
Leaf-blades broad, or relatively so, ovate, oblong, elliptic, or lanceolate, not attenu-
ate : cymes not lax and open.
Stem, branches, and peduncles pubescent : lower leaves with petioles.
Corolla shorter than the calyx : stamens less than 8 : capsule exceeding the
calyx. 1. A. media.
Corolla longer than the calyx : stamens 10 : capsule shorter
than the calyx. IV a. pubcra.
Stem, branches, and peduncles glabrous : lower leaves without
petioles. 3. A. uliginosa.
Leaf-blades narrow, narrowly linear-lanceolate to almost linear,
attenuate : cymes conspicuously lax and open. 4. A. longifoUa.
1. A. media L. Stems 1-3 dm. long, often growing in mats: leaf -blades
ovate, 0.5-2 cm. long: sepals oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, soft-tipped:
petals shorter than the sepals: capsules 4-5 mm. long, longer than the calyx.
— Common, in cultivated grounds and woods. Nat. of Eu. All year.
2. A, pubera (Michx.) Britton. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, finely pubescent: leaf-
blades ovate, oblong, or elliptic, 14 cm. long, or those on the sterile branches
5-10 cm. long: sepals ovate to broadly oblong-lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long:
petals longer than the sepals: capsules 3-4 mm. long, shorter than the calyx.
— S. Frequent, in rich mould on river hills. — Schists. — Spr.
3. A. uliginosa (Murr.) Britton. Stems 1-4 dm. long, weak, often matted,
mostly simple: leaf -blades oblong to lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long: sepals
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long: petals usually shorter than
the sepals: capsules 3-4 mm. long, longer than calyx. — S. Not common, on
wet banks and in spriug-runs, especially along the Susquehanna, and the
Octoraro Creek. — Schists. — Spr.
4. A. longifolia (Muhl.) Britton. Stems 1.5-4.5 dm. long, glabrous or nearly
so: leaf -blades narrowly linear-lanceolate, 1.5-7 cm. long: sepals lanceolate,
about 3 mm. long, acute, firm-tipped: petals as long as the sepals or somewhat
longer: capsules 5-6 mm. long, longer than the calyx. — Common, in wet
places or swamps. — Spr.
8. CEKASTIUM L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf -blades herbaceous.
Flowers eymose. Sepals 5, or 4, ribless. Petals 5, or 4, notched or 2-cleft,
or rarely wanting. Stamens 10 or fewer. Stigmas 5 or 4, stout. Capsule
much exceeding the calyx. — Mouse-ear chickweed.
Corolla shorter than the calyx or slightly longer.
Bracts scarious or scarious-margined.
Plants annual : capsules nearly straight, less than 8 mm. long.
1. C. semidecandrum.
Plants perennial : capsules curved upward, over 8
mm. long. 2. C. vulgatum.
Bracts herbaceous.
Cymes glomerate, the pedicels very short : capsule
about twice as long as the calyx or less. 3. C. viscosum.
Cymes lax, the pedicels very long : capsule fully
twice as long as the calyx. 4. G. loiKjipcdunculdtntn.
Corolla twice as long as the calyx or nearly so.
Capsule less than twice as long as the calyx : blades
of the cauline leaves linear to linear-lanceolate. .5. C. arrcnse.
Capsule over twice the length of the calyx : blades of
the cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate to oblong. 6. G. velutinum.
1. C. semidecandrum L. Plants 5-15 cm. tall, viscid-villous : blades of the
upper leaves obovate or elliptic, 5-10 mm. long: sepals lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm.
116 ALSINACEAE.
long, acuminate: petals oblong, about as long as the sepals: capsules 5-7 mm.
long. • — S. Common, in dry pastures. — Schists, serpentine. — Sum.
2. C. VTiIgatum L. Plants 8-50 cm. tall, pubescent and somewhat clammy:
blades of the upper leaves oblong, narrowly elliptic or ovate, 5-35 mm. long:
sepals lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long, obtuse: petals narrowly obovate: capsules
9-11 mm. long. — Common, in pastures and fields. — Sum.
3. C. viscosum L. Plants 8-40 cm. tall, viscid-villous : blades of the upper
leaves oval or obovate, 8-25 mm. long: sepals oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long,
acute: petals elliptic-oblong, shorter than the sepals or slightly longer: cap-
sules 7-9 mm. long. — Common, in meadows and moist soil. — Spr.
4. C. longipedunculatum Muhl. Plants 8-50 cm. tall, clammy-villous : blades
of the upper leaves oblong^ linear-oblong, or lanceolate, 9-60 mm. long: sepals
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long, acute: petals oblong or linear-
oblong, somewhat longer than the sepals, or wanting: capsules 9-13 mm. long.
■ — M. S. Common, in moist thickets and woods. — Limestones, schists. — Spr.
5. C. arvense L. Plants 9-40 cm. tall, soft-pubescent: blades of the upper
leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, 25-30 mm. long: sepals oblong-lanceolate,
4-5 mm, long, acutish: petals cuneate, scarcely twice as long as the sepals:
capsules 8-10 mm. long, less than twice the length of the mature calyx. —
Common, in dry stony places and on cliffs. — Spr.
6. C. velutinum Raf. Plants 15-40 cm. tall, copiously soft-pubescent, or
becoming glabrous in age: blades of the upper leaves mostly narrowly lanceo-
late to oblong, 2.5-4 cm. long, flat : sepals oblong to ovate-olalong, 4.5-5.5 mm.
long, obtuse: petals broadly cuneate, about twice as long ns the sepals: cap-
sules 12-14 mm. long, fully twice as long as the mature calyx. — Susquehanna
valley and S. Frequent or common, on rocks or in stony soil. — Spr. and sum.
Family 8. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Pink Family.
Herbs with stems usually swollen at the nodes. Leaves opposite:
blades often with connate bases. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or rarely
dioecious. Calyx of 4 or 5 partially united sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5
distinct petals, the claws in the calyx-tube, the blades often appendaged at
the base. Androecium of usually 8 or 10 distinct stamens. Gynoecium
of 2-5 united carpels. Ovary often stalked. Fruit a capsule opening by
apical valves.
Calyx-tube with 5 ribs, nerved or nerveless : styles 2.
Petals unappendaged : calyx with bractlets at the base. 1. Dianthus.
Petal appendaged at the base of the blade : calyx without
bractlets. 2. Saponaria.
Calyx tube with at least twice as many ribs as lobes : styles 3
or more.
Styles 3 or rarely 4. 3. Silene.
Styles 5.
Calyx-lobes relatively small, short : petals alternate with
the styles ; blades appendaged. 4. Lychnis.
Calyx-lobes foliaceous, elongate : petals opposite to the
styles ; blades unappendaged. 5. Ageostemma.
1. DIANTHUS L. Perennial or rarely annual herbs. Leaf -blades usually
narrow. Flowers perfect, sessile. Calyx narrow: tube equally striate. Petals
5: blades narrow. Ovary elongate. Capsule narrow, sessile.
1. D. Armeria L. Stem 2-8 dm. tall, minutely pubescent: blades of the
cauline leaves linear, 3-8 cm. long: calyx pubescent, 19-22 mm. long; lobes
lanceolate, acuminate: petal-blades oblong to cuneate, 5-6.5 mm. long, mainly
pink, toothed: capsules 13-15 mm. long. — Eather common, on roadsides and
in fields. — Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Pink. Deptford-pink.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 117
2. SAPONARIA L. Ammal or perennial herbs. Leaf -blades often broad.
Flowers pedicclled. Calyx narrow: tuba terete. Petals 5: blades narrow.
Ovary elongate. Capsule-bodies cylindric or oblong, short-stipitate.
1, S. officinalis L. Stems 3-9 dm. long, often decumbent: leaf -blades elliptic
to lanceolate, 3-11 cm. long: calyx 20-25 mm. long; lobes triangular to lanceo-
late: petal-blades cuneate, 15-18 mm. long, entire, pink or white: capsule-bodies
12-20 mm. long. — Common, in waste places and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. —
Spr. — SoAPwoRT. Bouncing-bet.
3. SILENE L. Annual or jierennial herbs. Leaf-blades various, com-
monly narrow. Flowers mostly pedicelled. Calyx narrow or becoming inflated:
tube 10-many-nerved. Petals 5 : blades often toothed at the apex. Ovary
somewhat elongate. Capsule-body much longer than thick. — Campion.
Catchfly.
Annual or biennial plants.
Foliage pubescent: stem viscid. 1. S. noctiflora.
Foliage glabrous, sometimes glutinous about the nodes of tbe
stem.
Inflorescence paniculate: mature calyx ovoid. 1'. >S'. antinhina.
Inflorescence corymbose : mature calyx clavate. .3. >S'. Armcria.
Perennial plants.
Calyx inflated.
Leaves in whorls of 4"s : petals laciniately cleft ; append-
ages wanting. 4. 8. stellata.
Leaves opposite : petals 2-cleft ; appendages present. 5. 8. alba.
Calyx merely filled with the capsule.
Inflorescence not leafy-bracted : calyx ultimately globular. 6. 8. latifolia.
Inflorescence leafy-bracted : calyx ultimately long. 7. 8. caroliniana.
1. S. noctifl.ora L. Stem 2-8 dm. tall, closely pubescent: leaf -blades spatulate
to elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long: calyx-tube prominently ribbed,
ultimately 12-15 mm. long: petal-blades 9-11 mm. long, white or nearly so:
capsules 15-20 mm. long. — S. Eare, on roadsides, near Rawlinsville and
Pleasant Grove. Nat. of Eu. — Sum.
2. S. antirrhina L. Stem 2-8 dm. tall, with glutinous patches near the nodes:
leaf -blades linear to linear-oblong, or the lower ones elliptic, 2-8 cm. long:
calyx-tube 5.5-7.5 mm. long, ultimately ovoid or oval: petals white or pink;
blades cuneate to linear, 6-8 mm. long: capsules 6-8 mm. long, not stipitate.
— Common, in waste places and cultivated grounds. — Sum. — Sleepy-
catchfly.
3. S. Armeria L. Stem 2-7 dm. tall, glaucous: leaf -blades spatulate to
oblong, lanceolate, or ovate, 2-9 cm. long: flower-clusters compact: calyx-tube
ultimately 15-19 mm. long, clavate ; lobes ovate, very short : petals rose-pink
or white ; blades cuneate to obovate, 5-8 mm. long : capsules long-stipitate,
the body 7—8 mm. long, oblong to cylindric. — S. Eather rare, in fields. Nat.
of Eu. — Sum. — Sweet-william catchfly.
4. S. stellata (L.) Ait. f. Stem 3-12 dm. tall, usually minutely pubescent:
leaf -blades ovate to lanceolate, 4^12 cm. long: calyx becoming 10-16 mm.
long; lobes about i as long as the tube: petals white, 1.5-2 cm. long; blades
laciniate: capsule-body subglobose to ovoid-globose, 6-8 mm. long. — Common,
in thickets and on wooded hillsides. — ■ Sum. — Starry-campion.
5. S. alba Muhl. Stem 3-8 dm. tall, sometimes minutely pubescent: leaf-
blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate or slightly broadest above the middle,
4-15 mm. long: calyx becoming 14-16 mm. long: lobes about i as long as the
tube: petals white, 2-2.5 em. long; blades cleft: capsule-body oblong to ovoid,
9-11 mm. long. — S. Eare, on river shores and on islands. ^ — Schists. — Spr.
and sum.
118 CARYOPHYLLACEAE.
6. S. latifolia (Mill.) Britten & Eendle, Stem 1.5-5 dm. tall, glaucous: leaf-
blades oblong-spatulate to oblong, ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 2—8 cm.*
long: flower-clusters lax: calyx becoming 13-17 mm. long, ultimately dis-
tended, conspicuously veined; lobes broad, ^-J as long as the tube: petals
white, 14-18 mm. long; blades cuneate, cleft: capsule-body ovoid, 10-13 mm.
long, short-stipitate. — S. Common, in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Bladder-
campion.
7. S. caroliniana Walt. Stem 1-2.5 dm. tall, closely pubescent: leaf -blades
spatulate to linear-oblanceolate, or the upper ones lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long:
calyx becoming 2-2.5 cm. long, ultimately distended; lobes ovate, very short:
petals white or pink; blades 12-15 mm. long, entire: capsule-body oblong to
ovoid, 9-11 mm. long. — • S. Not very common, on rocky hillsides and wooded
slopes. — Schists. — Spr. — Wild-pink.
4. LYCHNIS [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial herbs similar to Silene
in habit. Flowers pedicelled and mostly erect. Calyx becoming more or less
inflated, 10-nerved. Petals 5: blades entire, cleft, or laciniate, generally ap-
pendaged. Ovary more or less elongate. Capsule as long as thick or longer.
— Campion.
Corolla white or pink : calyx-lobes acuminate : capsule conic-ovoid. 1. L. alba.
Corolla red : calyx-lobes acute : capsule globose. 2. L. dioica.
1. L. alba Mill. Plants 1 m. tall or less, the stem usually branched throughout,
fine-pubescent : leaf-blades spatulate to oblong, oval, or lanceolate, 3-8 cm.
long: calyx becoming 14-21 mm. long; lobes triangular to ovate, J-J as long
as the tube: petals white or rarely pink; blades reniform to broadly cuneate:
capsules conic-ovoid, the opening narrow. — S. Eare, in fields. Nat. of Eu.
— Sum. — White-campion.
2. L. dioica L. Plants mostly 3-8 dm. tall, the stem often branched at the
base, with soft spreading hairs: leaf -blades oval, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or
ovate, 2.5-9 cm. long: calyx becoming 15-19 mm. long; lobes lanceolate to
triangular-lanceolate, about -J as long as the tube: petals red or rarely white;
blades cuneate: capsules globose, the opening wide. — S. Rather rare, in
fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Red-campion.
5. AGROSTEMMA L. Annual coarse herbs. Leaf-blades very narrow.
Flowers long-peduncled. Calyx becoming swollen : tube 10-ribbed. Petals 5 :
blades broad, unappendaged. Ovary about as thick as long. Capsule slightly
elongate.
1. A. Glthago L. Stems 2-9 dm. tall, appressed-pubescent : leaf -blades linear,
4—12 cm. long: calyx becoming 5—6 cm. long; lobes linear, acuminate, longer
than the copiously pubescent tube: petals 30-35 mm. long; blades cuneate to
obovate, purple or magenta: capsules 181-22 mm. long. — Common, in grain
fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Corncockle. Corn-rose.
Order RANALES.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves mostly without stipules, with entire,
toothed, or dissected blades, in aquatics often various on the same plant.
Flowers perfect, monoecious, or dioecious. Calyx and corolla of distinct
sepals and petals. Gynoecium of 1 or several distinct or united carpels.
Ovary superior. Fruit various.
Stamens usually numerous, the anther-sacs opening by slits.
Land plants, except in Ceratophyllaceae and some Ranunculaccac: leaf-blades
not peltate.
EANUNCULACEAE. 119
Flowers perfect or monoecious, if dioecious on neither vines nor lierbs : with
simple leaves.
Plants with minute axillary monoecious flowers : anthers with horn-
like appendages. Fam. 1. Ceiwtopiiyllaceae.
Plants with perfect or rarely dioecious flow-
ers : anthers not with horn-like appendages.
Carpels one or more, distinct at least at
maturity.
Sepals 3-15 : petals about as many :
plants if shrubby not with pulpy
fruit : endosperm even. Fam. 2. Ranunculaceae.
Sepals 3 : petals 6 : fruit pulpy : endo-
sperm channeled. Fam. 3. Annonaceae.
Carpels more or less coherent or united
into cone-like structures, or immersed
in the pulpy receptacle.
Sepals valvate. Fam. 3. Annonaceae.
Sepals imbricate. Fam. 4. Magnoliaceae.
Flowers dioecious : vines with simple leaves. Fam. 5. Menispeemaceae.
Water plants : emersed or floating leaves with pel-
tate blades.
Carpels several and distinct. Fam. 6. Cabombaceae.
Carpels united into compound pistil. Fam. 7. Nympiiaeaceae.
Stamens few and definite, the anther-sacs opening by
hinged valves except in Podophyllum. Fam. 8. Podopiiyllaceae.
Family 1. CERATOPHYLLACEAE. Hornwort Family.
Annual aquatic herbs. Leaves whorled : blades cleft or finely dis-
sected. Calyx of 6-12 narrow toothed or cleft sepals. Coi'olla wanting.
Androecium of 10-24 stamens with short filaments. Gynoeeium 1-carpel-
lary : stigma subulate. Fruit an aohene, sometimes spine-armed.
1. CEKATOPHYLLUM L. Submerged plants with sessile leaf-blades,
the divisions mostly thrice forked.
1. C. demersum L. Stems 3-12 dm. long: leaves rather rigid; blades 1-2-
times forking: sepals oblong to ovate-oblong, erose: stamens slightly exserted:
style and stigma exserted : achenes 5 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Eare,
in shallow water. — Sum. — Hornwort.
Family 2. RANUNCULACEAE. Crowfoot Family.
Herbs or woody vines. Leaves alternate (opposite in Clematideae) :
blades simple or compound. Calyx of 3-5 distinct, imbricate sepals (val-
vate in Clematideae) . Corolla of about as many petals as there are sepals,
occasionally more, or wanting. Androecium of several or many hypogy-
nous stamens. Gynoeeium of 1, several, or many distinct carpels. Finiit
an achene or a follicle, or baccate.
Fruit a follicle or a berry : carpels with several ovules, or with only 1 or 2 ovules
in Hydrastis.
Flowers regular.
Leaf-blades palmately nerved or palmately compound.
Fruit baccate : sepals inconspicuous, fugaceous. 1. Hydrastis.
Fruit follicular : sepals conspicuous, persistent during
anthesis. 2. Caltha.
' Leaf-blades pinnately or ternately compound or decom-
pound.
Petals without spurs, or wanting.
Fruit dry follicles : racemes elongate. 3. Cimicifuga.
Fruit berry-like follicles : racemes short. 4. Actaea.
Petals prolonged backward into hollow spurs. 5. Aquilegia.
Flowers irregular, the posterior sepal, and posterior petals,
spurred. G. Delphinium.
Fruit an achene : carpels with a single ovule each.
Flowers, or their pedicels or peduncles, subtended by invo-
lucres.
Involucre close under the calyx : bracts entire. 7. Hepatica.
120 EANUNCULACEAE.
Involucre remote from the calyx, bracts toothed, divided
or compound.
Styles subulate : leaf-segments sessile. 8. Anemone.
Styles wanting : leaflets stalked. 9. Stndesmon.
Flowers not subtended by involucres.
Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal : sepals imbricate.
Leaf-blades entire, toothed, palmately lobed or dis-
sected.
Achenes transversely wrinkled : petals white. 10. Batrachium.
Achenes not transversely wrinkled : petals yellow,
at least without. 11. Ranunculus.
Leaf-blades ternately decompound. 12. Thalictrum.
Leaves opposite: sepals petal-like, valvate.
Petals wanting : peduncles many-flowered. 13. Clematis.
Petals present (in our species), smaller than the
sepals : peduncles 1-flowered. 14. Atragene.
1. HYDRASTIS Ellis. Perennial herbs. Leaf-blades palmately lobed.
Flowers solitary. Sepals 3, fugaceous. Petals vranting. Filaments clavate,
white. Carpels several, 2-ovuled, in fruit forming a head of berries.
1. H. canadensis L. Plants pubescent, mostly 2-4 dm. tall: blade of the cauline
leaf becoming 8-24 cm. wide: bract leaf -like: sepals ovate: fruit-head 14-16
mm. thick; berries 5-6 mm. long, crimson. — Bather rare, in rich woods and
thickets. — Spr. — Orange-root. Golden-seal.
-2. CAliTHA [Eupp.] L. Perennial herbs. Leaf -blades entire or toothed.
Flowers few or solitary. Sepals few, yellow, pink, or white, deciduous. Petals
wanting. Filaments filiform. Carpels few or many, several-ovuled, in fruit
forming a whorl of leathery green follicles.
1. C. palustris L. Plants glabrous, 2-6 dm. tall: blades of the cauline leaves
similar to those of the basal but smaller, reniform to orbicular-reniform, 4-9
cm. wide: sepals yellow, oblong to oval-orbicular, 1.5-2 cm. long: follicles 10-12
mm. long. — Eather common, in swamps and low meadows. — Spr. — Marsh-
marigold.
3. CnvnCIFUGA L. Perennial herbs. Leaf -blades decompound. Flowers
numerous, in long racemes. Sepals 2-5, deciduous. Petals 1-8, clawed,
notched at the apex. Stamens numerous: filaments filiform. Carpels few or
solitary, many-ovuled, becoming dry follicles.
1. C. racemosa (L.) Nutt. Plants 10-25 dm. tall: terminal leaflets 3-lobed,
4-16 cm. wide: follicles puberulent and often pubescent, the beak recurved. —
Common, in woods and thickets. — Sum. — Black-snakeroot. Bugbane.
Black-cohosh.
4. ACTAEA L. Perennial herbs. Leaf -blades ternately compound.
Flowers rather many, in short racemes. Sepals 3-5, deciduous. Petals 4—10,
clawed, not notched. Stamens numerous: filaments filiform. Carpel solitary,
many-ovuled, becoming a baccate follicle.
1. A. alba (L.) Mill. Plants 4-11 dm. tall: terminal leaflets mostly longer
than wide and scarcely lobed, cuneate or rounded at the base: follicles white,
about as thick as long, on spreading red stout pedicels: seed about 4 mm.
long. — S. Eather rare, in rocky woods along the Susquehanna. — Schists. —
Spr. — Baneberry.
5. AQUILEGIA [Tourn.] L. Perennial herbs. Leaf-blades ternately
compound, the segments broad. Flowers mostly drooping. Sepals 5, equal,
petal-like. Petals cornvicopia-like. Stamens numerous, the inner ones stami-
nodia. Carpels 5, sessile, many-ovuled, in fruit forming a head of follicles.
RANUNCULACE AE. 1 2 1
1. A. canadensis L. Plants 2-6 dm. tall: leaflets, or their divisions, cuneate:
sepals ovate, scarlet without, 10-14 mm. long: spurs scarlet vrithout, 2.5-3
cm. long, the ends swollen : follicle-bodies mainly 15-20 mm. long. — Common,
in woods and on rocky banks. — Spr. — Columbine.
6. DELPHINIUM [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial erect herbs. Leaf-
blades palmately lobed or dissected, the segments narrow. Flowers spreading.
Sepals 5, the posterior one spurred. Petals 2 or i, the 2 posterior ones s^Durred.
Filaments dilated below. Carpels few or solitary, sessile, many-ovuled, be-
coming dry follicles.
1. D. Ajacis L. Plants 1 m. tall or less, branched: leaf -blades with short and
diverging segments: sepals blue, with suborbicular to reniform or broadly
ovate blades: posterior petals 10-12 mm. long, excluding the spur: follicle-
bodies 13-20 mm. long, pubescent, stout-tipped. • — M. Eather common, in fields
and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Larkspur.
7. HEPATICA [Rupp.] Hill. Perennial scapose tufted herbs. Leaf-
blades 3-lobed, persistent. Flowers solitary on each scape, subtended by a
calyx-like involucre. Sepals several, petal-like. Petals wanting. Achene-
cluster seated in the involucre.
1. H. Hepatica (L.) Karst. Leaf-blades becoming 6-8 cm. wide, the middle
lobe typically reniform: bracts of the involucre ovate to oblong, obtuse: sepals
blue, purple or white, 7-12 mm. long: achene-bodies ovoid-oblong or oblong,
about 3 mm. long. — Common, in rocky woods and thickets. (Eurasia.) — Spr.
— Hepatica. Liver-leaf.
8. ANEMONE [Tourn.] L. Perennial scapose herbs with rootstocks.
Leaf -blades lobed, divided, or dissected, not persistent. Flowers subtended by
a foliaceous involucre. Sepals 4-20, petal-like. Petals wanting. Filaments
filiform. Achene-cluster long-peduncled. — Anemone.
Fruit-head elongate : achenes densely long-woolly : sepals greenish.
1, A. Virginian a.
Fruit-head globular : achenes glabrate or finely pubescent :
sepals white.
Achenes numerous ; bodies broadly winged, suborbicular :
bracts of the involucre sessile. 2. A. canadensis.
Achenes few ; bodies wingless, oblong : bracts of the invo-
lucre petioled. 3. A. quinquefolia.
1. A. virginiana L. Plants 5-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades 3-parted, the divisions
sharply lobed, incised and toothed: bracts of the involucre similar to the
leaves: sepals greenish, mostly 8^13 mm. long, concave: head of fruit oblong.
— Common, in thickets and woods. — Sum.
2. A. canadensis L. Plants 2-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades 5-lobed, the divisions
incised and sharply toothed: bracts of the involucre similar to the leaves:
sepals white, 12-18 mm. long: head of fruit globular, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter:
achenes 7-8 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide. — M. Eare, in low meadows. — Lime-
stones. — Sum.
3. A. quinquefolia L. Plants 1-2.5 dm. tall: leaf -divisions mainly lobed or
parted: bracts of the involucre similar to the leaves: sepals white, mainly
1-1.5 cm. long: head of fruit globular, 1 cm. in diameter or less: achenes
slightly less than 4 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide. — Common, in moist places
and woods. — Spr. — Wood-anemone.
9. SYNDESMON Hotfmg. Perennial scapose herbs with tuberous roots.
Leaf-blades 2-3-ternate. Flowers in an umbellate cluster, the involucre foli-
122
RANUNCULACEAE.
aceoiis. Sepals 5-10^ petal-like. Petals wanting. Filaments clavate. Achene-
cluster peduncled.
1, S. thalictroides (L.) Hoffmg. Plants 1-2.5 dm. tall: leaflets 1-2.5 cm.
long, mostly 3-lobed: sepals 5-10^ white or pinkish, 9-15 mm. long: achenes
4^6 mm. long, or sometimes longer, ribbed. — Common, in moist places and
thickets. — Spr. and sum. — Rue-anemone. Wild-rose.
10. BATBACHIUM S. F. Gray. Perennial aquatic or ditch herbs. Leaf-
blades dissected or palmately lobed, the segments often narrow. Flowers on
peduncles opposite the leaves. Sepals 5. Petals usually 5, mainly white, each
claw with a pit. Stamens several-many. Achenes oblique, compressed, trans-
verse-wrinkled, often nearly or quite beakless.
1. B. trichophyllum (Chaix) Bosch. Leaves flaccid, 3-5 cm. long, the seg-
ments mostly 10-15 mm. long; stipules short and broad, pubescent: petals 5-8
mm. long : head of achenes 4-5 mm. in diameter. — N. Rare, in springs and
spring-runs. — Limestones. (Eurasia). — Sum. — White wateb-crowfoot.
11. RANUNCULUS [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial herbs, Leaf-
blades entire, lobed, or divided. Flowers solitary or variously disposed.
Sepals mostly 5, deciduous. Petals as many as the sepals or more, or rarely
fewer, each with a pit near the base. Carpels several or numerous. Achenes
generally flattened, smooth, papillose, or echinate. — Buttercup. Crowfoot.
Mud plants : leaves with entire or shallowly toothed blades.
Achenes minutely beaked : stems trailing.
Achenes subulate-beaked : stems erect or ascending.
Terrestrial plants : leaves with all or some of the blades
lobed or divided.
Basal leaves with all or some of the blades crenate.
Basal leaves with cordate blades : foliage glabrous or
nearly so : receptacle pubescent.
Basal leaves with truncate or cuneately narrowed
blades : foliage pubescent : receptacle glabrous.
Basal leaves with all blades lobed or divided.
Foliage glabrous : stem hollow : flowers relatively
small.
Foliage more or less pubescent : stem not hollow :
flowers relatively lai'ge.
Beak of the achene hooked.
Beak of the achene straight or slightly curved.
Achenes with beaks less than % as long as the
achene-bodies.
Petals about as long as the sepals : head
of fruit oblong or cylindric.
Petals much longer than the sepals : head
of fruit subglobose.
Stems spreading and creeping, stolon-
iferous.
Stems erect, not stoloniferous.
Sepals spreading. 9.
Sepals reflexed. 10.
Achenes with beaks over % as long as the
achene-bodies, tlie beaks sometimes par-
tially deciduous.
Plants stoloniferous : foliage glabrous or
nearly so. 11.
Plants not stoloniferous : foliage copiously
pubescent, except sometimes in age.
Stems with silky or appressed pubes-
cence : achene not thick-margined :
filaments dilated upward. , 12.
Stems with spreading pubescence :
achene thick-margined : filaments not
dilated upward. 13.
5.
R. reptans.
R. ohtusiusculus.
R. abortivus.
R. micrdnthus.
R. sceleratus.
R. recurvatus.
7. R. pcnnsylvanictis.
8. R. repens.
R. acris.
R. bulbosus.
R. scptentrionalis.
R. fascicularis.
R. hispidus.
RANUNCULACEAE. 123
1. R. reptans L. Stems slender, creeping, 0.5-1.5 dm. long: leaf -blades spatu-
late, oblong, or linear, 0.5-2.5 cm. long, entire or nearly so: petals 4-7, 3-4
mm. long: head of fruit globose or depressed, 3-3.5 mm. in diameter: achene-
body turgid, about 1.5 mm. long, the minute beak persistent. — Susquehanna
valley. Eather rare, in moist sand. — Spr. and sum. — Creeping-spearwort.
2. E. obtusiusculus Eaf. Stems stout, glabrous, 3-12 dm. long: leaf -blades
linear to lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, denticulate or entire: petals 5-7, 5-8 mm.
long: head of fruit globose or nearly so, 4.5-6 mm. thick, or longer: achene-
body orbicular-obovoid, about 2 mm. long, the subulate deciduous beak hori-
zontal. — N. M. Rare, in wet soil. — Sandstones and shales, limestones. —
Sum. — Water-plantain spearwort.
3. R. abortivus L. Stems 1.5-6 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: blades of the
lower leaves reniform to suborbicular, 2-4 em. wide, mostly crenate: petals
pale-yellow, 2-3 mm. long: head of fruit oblong to cylindric: achene-body
fully 1.5 mm. long, very minutely beaked. — Common, in moist ground and
thickets. — Spr. — Small-flowered crowfoot.
4. R. micranthus Nutt. Stems typically more slender than in B. abortivus,
pubescent: blades of the lower leaves cuneate to ovate, 1-3 cm. long,
mostly creuate-lobed or parted: petals light-yellow, 2-3 mm. long: head of
fruit oblong to ovoid-oblong: achene-body barely 1.5 mm. long, minutely short-
beaked. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Common, in woods and on rocky hill-
sides. — Schists. — Spr.
5. R, sceleratus L. Stems stout, 1.5-6 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: leaf-
blades thick, the divisions cuneate, lobed: sepals ovate to suborbicular: petals
bright-yellow, 3-5 mm. long: head of fruit cylindric to oblong, the receptacle
glabrous or sparingly pubescent: achene-body fully 1 mm. long, minutely
beaked, thick-margined, the faces uneven. — Common, in wet places and
swamps. — Spr. — Celery-leaved buttercup. Ditch-crowfoot.
6. R. recurvatus Poir. Stem slender, 1.5-7 dm. tall, hirsute: leaf -blades
thinnish, the divisions rhombic to ovate, toothed and sometimes also lobed;
sepals mainly lanceolate: petals pale-yellow, 3-5 mm. long: head of fruit
globular, the receptacle hispid: achene-body fully 2 mm. long, long-beaked,
thin-margined, the faces granular. — Common, in rich woods and swamps. —
Spr. — Hooked-buttercup.
7. R. pennsylvanicus L. f. Stems erect, 3-7 dm. tall, hispid: leaf -blades
thinnish, the divisions relatively narrow, irregularly sharp-toothed: petals
pale-yellow, 2-4.5 mm. long: head of fruit cylindric to oblong: achene-body
about 2 mm. long, prominently beaked. — Susquehanna valley. Rather rare,
in low grounds along the river. — Spr. and sum. — Bristly-buttercup.
8. R. repens L. Stems creeping, 1-8 dm. long, hirsute or glabrate: leaf-
blades thickish, the divisions broad, coarsely toothed or lobed: petals bright-
yellow, 10-13 mm. long: head of fruit globose: achene-body 3 mm. long,
minutely beaked, narrow-margined. — S. Not common, in fields. Nat. of Eu.
— Spr. — Creeping-buttercup.
9. R, acris L. Stems 2-11 dm. tall, loosely pubescent: leaf -blades mostly
3-divided, the divisions broad, sharp-toothed, the middle division not stalked:
petals bright-yellow, about 1 cm. long: head of fruit globose: achene-body
about 3 mm. long, obscurely margined, minutely fine-beaked. — N. M. Rare,
in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. — Meadow-buttercup.
10. R. 'bulbosus L. Stems 1.5-5 dm. tall, rather appressed-pubescent : leaf-
blades thick, the divisions broad, blunt-toothed: petals bright-yellow, 7-11 mm.
long: head of fruit globose: achene-body about 3 mm. long, prominently
margined, minutely stout-beaked. — Common, on roadsides and in fields. Nat.
of Eu. — Spr. — Bulbous-buttercup.
124 RANUNCULACEAE.
11. R. septentrionalis Poir. Stems 3-12 dm. long, glabrous or pubescent:
leaf -blades thickish, the divisions iucised-toothed and often lobed: petals
bright-yellow, 10-14 mm. long: head of fruit globose to oval: achene-body 4-5
mm. long, wide-margined, the slender beak shorter than the body. — Common,
in low grounds and swamps. — Spr. — Swamp-buttercup.
12. B. fascicularis Muhl. Stems 1-3 dm. tall, densely silky: leaf -blades thick,
those of the lower leaves with typically cuneate-flabellate lobed or parted
divisions: petals 8-14 mm. long: head of fruit globose: achene-body 2.5-3
mm. long, slightly margined, the beak as long, slender. — Common, in woods
and thickets. — Spr. — Early-crowfoot.
13. R. hispidus Michx. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, hirsute or villose-hirsute : leaf-
blades pubescent, those of the lower leaves generally 3-parted, the divisions
suborbicular to cuneate, incised, lobed, or sometimes parted: petals 9-16 mm.
long: head of fruit globose to oval: achene-body 2.5-3 mm. long, slightly
margined, the beak about i as long as the body. — Common, in woods and
thickets. — Spr.
12. THAIjICTRUM [Tourn.] L. Perennial herbs. Leaf -blades ter-
nately decompound. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or dioecious, often numer-
ous. Sepals 4-5. Petals wanting. Stamens numerous, conspicuous. Carpels
commonly few. Achenes ribbed or nerved, sometimes stipitate. — Meadow-rue.
Stamens drooping : filaments filiform ; anthers linear : achenes ribbed, sessile.
1. T. dioicum.
Stamens spreading : filaments spatulate ; anthers oblong : achenes
ridged, short-stipitate. 2. T. polygamum.
1. T. dioicum L. Plants 3-6 dm. tall: cauline-leaves with long petioles; blades
of the leaflets thin, the terminal ones 1.5-3 cm. wide, lobed: carpels sessile:
achene-bodies 3-4 mm. long, abruptly beaked, blunt-ribbed. — Common, on
rocky hillsides. — Spr. — Early meadow-rue.
2. T. polygamum Muhl. Plants 9-30 dm. tall: cauline leaves sessile; blades
of the leaflets thinnish, prominently lobed, green beneath, the terminal one
mainly 1.5-4 cm. wide: achene-body 4-5.5 mm. long, gradually beaked, sharp-
ridged. — Common, in swamps and low meadows. — Sum. — Tall meadow-rue.
13. CLEMATIS L. Perennial vines. Leaf -blades 3-several-foliolate.
Flowers dioecious or polygamo-dioecious, in broad paniculate cymes. Sepals
relatively small, but petaloid, without a border, thin, spreading, white or pale.
Petals wanting. Stamens spreading: anthers short, blunt. Carpels several.
Achenes with silky or plumose styles.
1. C. virginiana L. Plants sparingly pubescent or glabrate: leaves mainly
3-foliolate: sepals whitish, thin, 8-12 mm. long: achene-bodies 4-5 mm. long,
very inequilateral. — Common, in thickets and along streams. — Sum. —
Virgin 's-bower.
14. ATRAGENE L. Perennial vines. Leaf-blades several-foliolate.
Flowers solitary on axillary branches. Sepals mostly 4, thin, petal-like, large,
veiny. Petals small, spatulate. Stamens numerous, erect, the outer more or
less petal-like; anthers oval. Carpels several. Achenes with long plumose
styles.
1. A. americana Sims. Stems purple, trailing or diffuse: leaflets ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-9 cm. long, mostly toothed or somewhat lobed: sepals
purplish-blue, 3-5 cm. long: petals 8-13 mm. long: achene-bodies 3-4 mm.
wide, with style-tips 3-4 cm. long. — Eare, on rocky hillsides and in rocky
woods. — Spr. — Bell-rue.
MAGNOLIACEAE. 125
Family 3. ANNONACEAE. Custard-apple Family.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate: blades entire. Flowers perfect,
monoecious, or dioecious. Calyx of 3, or 2, sepals. Corolla of mostly 6
petals much larg-er than the sepals, those of the inner series smaller than
those of the outer, or wanting. Androecium of many stamens, the anthers
tenuinating in a blunt glandular appendage. Gynoecium of few or many
distinct carpels. Fruit a simple or aggregate berry.
1. ASIMINA Adans. Ill-scented plants. Leaves mostly deciduous:
blades broadened upward. Petals 6, much larger than the sepals, spreading,
becoming purple. Carpels few: style subulate. Fruits drooping.
1. A. triloba (L.) Dunal. A shrub or tree 3-12 m. tall: leaf -blades cuneate
to obovate-cuneate or oblong-cuneate, or rarely obovate, 10-30 cm. long:
pedicels 10-20 mm. long in anthesis: inner petals less than 20 mm. long:
seeds 20-25 mm. long. — Eather common, on river and creek banks. — Spr. —
Papaav.
Family 4. MAGNOLIACEAE. Magnolia Family.
Shrubs, trees, or vines. Leaves alternate, sometimes apparently
whorled : blades entire, toothed, or whorled. Flowers perfect or monoe-
cious. Calyx of 3 petaloid sepals or rarely more. Corolla of 5 imbricate
-petals as large as the sepals or larger, or more. Androecium of many
stamens or rarely of few. Gynoecium of several or many distinct carpels.
Fruit a cone of accrescent carpels which become baccate or follicular, or
samara-like.
Leaves not lobed, sometimes merely auricled at the base : mature carpels dehiscent
berries.
Leaves 4-lobed : mature carpels samara-lil<e, indehiscent. 1. Magnolia.
2. LlEIODENDEON.
1. MAGNOLIA L. Shrubs or trees. Leaves deciduous or persistent :
blades entire or auricled at the base. Flowers perfect, white. Sepals and
petals about equal in size.
Leaves alternate ; blades small : fruit-cones oval, ovoid or globular.
1. M. virginiana.
Leaves approximate at the tips of the branches ; blades large :
fruit-cones oblong. 2. M. tripctala.
1. M. virginiana L. A shrub, or tree becoming 25 m. tall, the twigs silky:
leaf -blades oblong, elliptic, or oval, 5-15 cm. long: flowers white, globose-
campanulate, 3-8 cm. wide: petals elliptic, oblong, oval, or obovate: fruit
oval or ovoid, 3-5 cm. long: seeds 8-10 mm. long. — E. S. Eare, in swamps,
— Schists. — Spr. — Sweet-bay. Laurel-magnolia.
2. M. trlpetala L. A tree becoming 14 m. tall, the twigs glabrous: leaf-
blades elliptic-oblanceolate or obovate-oblanceolate, 20-70 cm. long: flowers
creamy -white, unpleasantly scented: petals oblong-oblanceolate, 11-16 cm.
long: fruit oblong, 8-12 cm. long: seeds about 1 cm. long. — Lower Susque-
hanna valley. Eare, in ravines. — Schists. — Spr. — Umbrella-tree.
2, URIODENDRON L. Trees. Leaves deciduous: blades lobed.
Flowers perfect, greenish-yellow. Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, broader than
the sepals, erect. Fruit a cone of appressed samara-like carpels.
1. L. Tulipifera L. Tree becoming 60 m. tall, the bark with flat ridges: leaf-
blades 6-20 cm. wide, 4-lobed, truncate or notched at the apex: flowers cam-
126 NYMPHAEACEAE.
panulate: sepals oblong to oblong-obovate, 4-5 cm. long: petals oblong, oval,
or suborbicular, greenish-yellow and often tinged with orange: fruit conic, 5-7
cm. long, erect, the carpels 3-4 em. long, indehiscent. — Common, in woods
and on banks. — Sum. — Tulip-teee. White-wood. Yellow-poplak.
Family 5. MENISPERMACEAE. Moonseed Family.
Perennial vines. Leaves alternate : blades entire or lobed, sometimes
peltate. Flowers polygamous or dioecious, in racemose or paniculate cymes.
Calyx of 6 sepals, or fewer or more. Corolla of 4^6, or more, petals
smaller than the sepals, or wanting. Androecium of 6-12 stamens, or
more. Gynoecium of 3-6 distinct carpels, or more. Fruit a beriy-like
drupe.
1. MENISPERMUM [Tourn.] L. Vines, with rather large entire or
shallow-lobed leaf-blades. Sepals 4-8. Petals 4-8, with involute sides. Fila-
ments clavate. Gynoecium stipitate. Stigmas tlabellate. Seed cochleate.
1. M. canadense L. Stems finely pubescent: leaf-blades 5-20 cm. wide, peltate
near the base: flowers greenish-white: sepals oblong or oval, 1.5-2 mm. long:
petals with somewhat flabellate blades: drupes bluish-black, about 1 cm. in
diameter. — Common, in thickets and fence-rows. — Sum. — Moonseed.
Family 6. CABOMBACEAE. Water-shield Family.
Aquatic caulescent plants, often mucilage-coated. Leaves alternate or
opposite : blades of the submerged ones mostly dissected, those of the
floating leaves entire and peltate. Flowers perfect. Calyx and corolla
of 3 or 4 sepals or petals each, the latter not larger than the former.
Androecium of 3-18 stamens.
1. BRASENIA Schreb. Stout herbs. Blades of all the leaves entire.
Petals narrower than the sepals. Stamens mostly longer than the carpels:
filaments filiform.
1. B. Schreberi Gmel. Stems, and other submerged parts, mucilage-coated:
leaf -blades oval, elliptic, or oblong, 5-12 cm. long: sepals and petals linear
or linear-lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long, dull-purple: mature carpels 5-8 mm. long,
the beak angled. - — Lower Susquehanna valley. Kather rare, in ponds and still
water. — Sum. — Water-shield.
Family 7. NYMPHAEACEAE. Water-lily Family.
Aquatic, aeaulescent plants, with rootstocks. Leaves with erect or
floating blades. Flower terminating a long scape. Calyx of 4r-6 sepals.
Corolla of numerous petals passing into the stamens.
Petals small, filament-like : stamens hypogynous. 1. Nymphaea.
Petals as large as the sepals : stamens epigynous. 2. Castalia.
1. NYMPHAEA [Tourn.] L. Plants with erect leaves and yellow flowers.
Leaf-blades not peltate, with a sinus at the base. Sepals 5 or 6, concave, con-
verging. Petals 10-20, erect, somewhat resembling the filaments. Stamens
consisting of 2 narrow anther-sacs on the face of a flat filament. Stigmas
united into a disk with radiating stigmatic lines. — Splatter-dock. Yellow
pond-lily.
PODOPHYLLACEAE. 127
Stigma 12-24-rayed : capsule over 3 cm. long. 1. N. advena.
Stigma 7-9-rayed : capsule less than 2 cm. long. 2. N. microphylla.
1. N. advena Soland. Plants stout: blades of the emersed leaves suborbicular
to ovate or oblong-ovate, 1-2.5 dm. long, the sinus open ; submersed leaves few
or usually wanting: sepals 6, obovate to oval, yellow, and usually tinged with
green or brown: petals shorter than the sepals: stigmatie disk yellow, 12-24-
rayed: fruits 3.5-5 cm. long^ without a neck. — Common, in ponds and still
water. — Spr. and sum.
2. N. microphylla Pers. Plants slender: blades of the emersed leaves oval to
oval-elliptic, 0.4-1 dm. long, the sinus narrow; submersed leaves present and
usually numerous: sepals 5, obovate to oval, yellow or green-tinged: petals
shorter than the sepals and narrower: stigmatie disk red, 7-10-rayed: fruits
1.5-2 cm. long, with a neck. — Susquehanna valley. Eather rare, in shallow
water. — Sum.
2. CASTALIA Salisb. Plants with floating leaves and white, pink, blue,
or yelliiw flowers. Leaf-blades peltate and cleft at the base. Sepals mostly
4, spreading. Petals numerous, spreading^ the outer ones about as large as
the sepals. Stamens consisting of narrow anthers terminating slender filaments.
1. C. odorata (Dryand.) Woodv. & Wood. Leaf -blades suborbicular to oval,
0.5-1.5 cm. long, inconspicuously venose-reticulate beneath, the edges flat:
flowers fragrant: calyx 7-15 cm. wide: petals white or pink: anthers of the
outer stamens 12-14 mm. long: berries 2.5-3 cm. in diameter. — Common,
especially in the Susquehanna Eiver and its tributaries. — Sum. — Water-lily.
Family 9. PODOPHYLLACEAE. May-apple Family.
Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal: blades simple
or ternately compound. Flowers j^erfeet, of 4 or 6 sepals. Corolla of 6
or 9 petals resembling the sepals except in Caulophyllum. Androecium
of 6-18 stamens, the anthers opening by valves, except in Podophyllum.
Stamens 12-18 ; anthers opening lengthwise : seeds numerous, enclosed.
1. Podophyllum.
Stamens 6 : anthers opening by hinged valves : seeds 2, naked. 2. Caulophyllum.
1. PODOPHYLLUM L, Large herbs, with elongate rootstoeks. Leaves
2 at the top of the flowering stem: blades peltate, many-lobed. Flower nod-
ding. Sepals 6, fugaceous. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-18. Fruits nodding.
1. P. peltatum L. Plants 2-4 dm. tall: leaf -blades suborbicular, 1-3 dm. in
diameter, 7-9-lobed: pedicel 2-4 cm. long: petals white, 6-9, obovate, 2.5-4 cm.
long, wax-like : berry somewhat oblique, 4-5 cm. long. — Common, in rich
soil, especially in woods. — Spr. — May-apple. Mandrake.
2. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. Large herbs, with thick rootstoeks. Leaf
high up on the flowering stem, ternately compound. Flowers in a raceme-like
cyme. Sepals 6, accompanied by 3 or 4 bractlets. Petals 6, gland-like, dilated.
Stamens 6 : anthers shorter than the filaments. Fruits erect.
1. 0, thalictroides (L.) Michx. Plants 3-9 dm. tall: leafiets 2-3-lobed at the
apex, 4-10 cm. long: panicle 4-10 cm. long: sepals greenish or purplish, 3-6
mm. long: petals about 2 mm. long: seeds about 1 cm. in diameter. — Common,
in rich soil in woods and along streams. — Spr. — Blue-cohosh. Pappoose-
ROOT.
128 PAPAVERACEAE.
Order PAPAVERALES.
Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines. Leaves with entire, toothed, or dis-
sected, or compound blades. Flowers perfect. Calyx of distinct or nearly
distinct sepals. Corolla of distinct or nearly distinct petals, or wanting.
Androecium of few or many hypogynous stamens.
Sepals 2 or very rarely 3 or 4 : endosperm present.
Flowers regular : stamens 8 or numerous : juice usually milky or colored.
Fam. 1. PAPAVERACEAE.
Flowers irregular : stamens 6 : juice usually watery. Fam. 2. Fumariaceae.
Sepals 4-8 : endosperm wanting.
Capsules 2-celled : stamens 6. tetradynamous. Fam. 3. Beassicaceae.
Capsules 1-celled : stamens when 6 not tetradynamous. Fam. 4. Capparidaceae.
Family 1. PAPAVERACEAE. Poppy Family.
Herbs or rarely woody plants, the sap colored. Leaves alternate or
opposite : blades entire, toothed, or divided. Flowers perfect, regular.
Calyx of 2 or rarely 3 caducous sepals. Corolla of 4, 8, or 12, or rarely
more, deciduous petals. Androecium usually of many distinct stamens.
Gynoecinm 2-several-carpellary. Fruit a capsule.
Acaulescent herbs : petals 8-12, not crumpled in the bud : stigmas over the valves
of the capsule. 1. Sanguinaria.
Caulescent herbs : petals 4-6, mostly crumpled : stigmas over the
placentae.
Capsule splitting to the base. 2. Chelidoxium.
Capsule dehiscent at the top or only to the middle.
Leaf-blades unarmed : stigma disk-like. 3. Papaver.
Leaf-blades spiny-toothed : stigma radiate. 4. Aegemone.
1. SANGUINAEIA [Dill.] L. Perennial herba with red rootstocks.
Leaves basal: blades palmately lobed. Flowers solitary. Sepals 2, glabrous.
Petals 8-12, narrow, white. Gynoecium 2-carpellary, glabrous.
1. S. canadensis L. Plants 8-30 cm. tall, glabrous: leaf -blades orbicular to
reniform in outline, 6-25 cm. wide, 5-9-lobed: scapes finally over-topped by
the leaves: petals oblong, elliptic or rarely broader, 2-3 cm. long: capsule
fusiform, 3-5 cm. long. — Common, in woods and thickets. — Spr. — Blood-
root.
2. CHELIDONTUM [Tourn.] L. Biennial or perennial herbs. Leaves
cauline: blades pinnately dissected. Flowers numerous. Sepals 2. Petals 4,
relatively long and narrow, yellow. Gynoecium slender, 2-carpellary. Stigmas
2. Capsule elongate.
1. C. majus L. Plants 2-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades 1-3 dm. long, the segments
with lobes or teeth: petals siiborbicular, 8-13 mm. long: capsules slender, 3-5
cm. long. - — Common, on roadsides and in fence rows. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and
sum. — Celandine.
3. PAPAVER [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves some-
times mainly basal: blades mostly pinnately lobed. Flowers few or solitary,
the buds drooping. Sepals 2, or rarely 3. Petals 4, or rarely 6, broad. Gynoe-
cium several-earpellary, the ovary with 4-20^ septiform placentae. Stigma
crown-like or disk-like. Capsule long, short or depressed. — Poppy.
Plants pubescent, mostly hirsute : leaf-blades pinnately divided, narrowed at the
base : capsules elongate, or longer than thick.
Capsules oblong-clavate : pedicels appressed-pubescent. at least above.
1. P. dubium.
PAPAVERACEAE. 129
Capsules turbinate-obovate : pedicels bristly-pubescent. 2. P. Rhoeas.
Plants glaucous : leaf-blades lobed, clasping at the base : cap-
sules subglobose or depressed. 3. p. somnifcrum.
1. P. dubium L. Plants 2-7 dm. tall: leaf -divisions entire, or sparingly
toothed or incised: sepals hirsute: petals scarlet, 2.5-3.5 cm, long: filaments
filiform : capsules 1.5-2 cm. long. — Common, in fields and on roadsides. Nat.
of Eu. — Spr. and sum. — Smooth-fruited poppy.
2. P. Rhoeas L. Plants 2.5-5 dm. tall: leaf -divisions lobed, much toothed or
incised, acute or acutish: sepals hirsute, mostly 11-16 mm. long: petals scarlet
dark near the base, almost reniform: 2.5-5 cm. long: filaments filiform: cap-
sules S-10 mm. long. — S. Occasional, in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum.
— Field-poppy. Cork-poppy.
3. P. somniferum L. Plants 3-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades 6-20 dm. long, the
lobes toothed: sepals glabrous: petals vrhite to purple, 2.5-5 cm. long: fila-
ments clavate : capsules subglobose or depressed, 2-3 cm. long. — M, Rare, in
fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Opium-poppy. Garden -poppy.
4. ARGEMONE L. Annual or biennial herbs. Leaves cauline: blades
incised-pinnatifid. Flowers few, the buds erect. Sepals 2 or 3^ hooded or
horned. Petals 4 or 6, broad. Gynoecium 4-6-carpellary, the ovary with 4-6
nerviform placentae. Stigma 4-lobed. Capsule elongate.
1. A. mexicana L. Plants glaucous, 3-9 dm. tall, more or less spiny: leaves
10-25 cm. long; blades runcinate-pinnatifid, blotched, spiny-toothed and com-
monly spiny along the midrib, sessile and clasping: flowers sessile or nearly so:
sepals acuminate and bristle-tipped: corolla yellow, 3-7 cm. broad: capsules
oblong, 2.5-3 cm. long, spine-armed. — S. Eare, on roadsides. Nat. of trop.
Am. — Sum. — Prickly-poppy.
Family 2. FUMARIACEAE. Fumitory Family.
Herbs, sometimes vines, the sap watery. Leaves alternate: blades
dissected. FloAvers perfect, irregular. Calyx of 2 scale-like sepals.
Corolla of 4 petals, sometimes persistent, the outer with spreading tips
and one or both of them saccate or spurred at the base, the inner 2 smaller,
thickened at the tip and enclosing the stigina. Androeeium of 6 dia-
delphous stamens, the middle anther of each group 2-celled, the lateral
ones 1-celled. Gynoecium 2-carpellary. Fruit a silique, capsule or a
nutlet.
Each of the two outer petals spurred at the base.
Petals permanently united and enclosing the capsule : seeds crestless : vines.
1. Adlumia.
Petals lightly united, deciduous : seeds mostly crested : acaules-
cent herbs. 2. Bicuculla.
One of the 2 outer petals spurred at the base.
Ovules several or many : fruit an elongate capsule : seeds with
crests or arils. 3. Capnoides.
Ovule solitary : fruit a globose nutlet : seed crestless. 4. Fumaria.
1. ADLUMIA Raf. Biennial or perennial tender vines. Leaf -blades with
broad segments. Flowers mostly in panicle-like cymes, white or pink. Sepals
2, toothed. Stamens 6, monadelphous below, the 3 filaments of each group
united to near the anthers. Capsule included.
1. A. fungosa (Ait.) Greene. Leaf-blades decompound, the ultimate divisions
entire or lobed, 3-10 mm. long: corolla 15-18 mm. long: petals pink or whitish,
the inner with suborbieular blades about 1.5 mm. broad: capsules slender,
Lancaster County Flora 9.
130 BEASSICACEAE.
1.5-2 cm. long. — S. Eare, in woods along creeks. — Schists. — Sum. — Alle-
gheny-vine. Climbing-fumitory.
2. BICUCULLA Adans. Perennial herbs, with granular or tuberous root-
stockg. Leaf -blades with narrow segments. Flowers in racemes or panicles,
mostly white to deep-pink. Sepals 2, entire. Stamens 6, somewhat diadel-
phous at the base. Capsule not included. — Spr.
Rootstocks with yellow tubers : spurs rounded : Inner petals conspicuously crested.
1. B. canadensis.
Rootstocks without tubers : spurs spreading : inner petals mi-
nutely crested. 2. B. CucuUaria.
1. B, canadensis (Goldie) Millsp. Plants 2-3 dm. tall: leaf -blades dissected
into linear or nearly linear segments: racemes usually overtopping the leaves:
corolla greenish-white or purplish-tinged, the spurs much shorter than the
upper portion of the petals: capsule-body 11-15 mm. long, abruptly narrowed
at both ends. — Susquehanna valley. Bather common, in rich woods. —
Quartzites, schists. — Squirrel-corn.
2. B. CucuUaria (L.) Millsp. Plants 1-3 dm. tall: leaf -blades similar to those
of B. canadensis: racemes usually overtopped by the leaves: corolla white or
pale-pink, the sj)urs about as long as the other portion of the petals: capsule-
body 10-13 mm. long, gradually narrowed at both ends. — Common, in rich
woods. — Dutchman 's-breeches.
3. CAPNOIDES Adans. Annual or biennial caulescent herbs. Leaf-
blades with toothed segments. Flowers racemose, yellow, pink, or white.
Sepals 2, usually toothed. Stamens 6, diadelphous. Ovary elongate, several-
ovuled : style persistent. Capsule often torulose. — Spr.
Corolla pink or purple, except the yellow tip : plants erect. 1. C. sempervirens.
Corolla yellow : plants diffuse. 2. G. flavulum.
1. C. sempervirens (L.) Borck. Plants 3-12 dm. tall, the branches ascending:
leaf -segments obovate to cuneate : corolla 14-16 mm. long, the spur rounded,
the inner petals about 15 mm. long, the blades about J as long as the claws:
capsules 3-4 cm. long. — Not very common, in rocky places near streams.
2. C. flavulum (Eaf.) Kuntze. Plants 1-5 dm. tall, the branches spreading,
leaf -segments narrow, acute: corolla yellow, 10-11.5 mm. long, the smaller
outer petals prominently crested: capsules 1.5-2.5 cm. long, somewhat torulose.
— Common, in rich soil especially near the Susquehanna Eiver.
4. FUMARIA [Tourn.] L. Annual herbs. Leaf-blades with small seg-
ments. Flowers racemose, white or pink. Sepals 2, scale-like. Stamens 6,
diadelphous. Ovary scarcely longer than thick, 1-ovuled: style deciduous.
Nutlet globular.
1. F. officinalis L. Stem and branches 2-10 dm. long: leaf -segments linear or
nearly so: racemes 2-10 cm. long: pedicels 2-4 mm. long: corolla purplish or
flesh-colored, and crimson at the tip, 6-8 mm. long: nutlets 2-2.5 mm. in
diameter, emarginate at the apex. — Eather rare, in fields and on roadsides.
Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Fumitory.
Family 3. BEASSICACEAE. Mustard Family.
Herbs or partially woody plants, the saj^ watery. Leaves alternate :
blades entire, toothed, or dissected. Flowers perfect, in spikes or racemes.
Calyx of 4 mostly erect or appressed sepals. Corolla of 4 usually clawed
BRASSICACEAE.
131
petals, or wanting. Androecinm of 6 stamens with 1 pair shorter than
the others, or rarely of 2 or 4 stamens. Gynoeeium of 2 united carpels.
Stigma depressed or 2-lobed. Fruit capsular, elongate (siliqne) or short
(silicle), flat, terete or angled.
Pods flattened or compressed contrary to the narrow partition.
Pods cuneate, wingless. 1. Bdksa.
Pods scale-like, winged or margined, at least at the apex.
Seeds solitary in each cavity of the pod. 2. Lepidium.
Seeds several in each cavity of the pod. 3. Thlaspi.
Pods neither compressed nor flattened contrary to the partition,
terete or prismatic, or flattened or compressed parallel to
the partition.
Pods terete or prismatic.
Pods regularly dehiscent.
Length of pod less than twice the width.
Seeds flat : plants pubescent with mostly branched
hairs. 4. Camelina.
Seeds turgid : plants pubescent with simple hairs or
glabrous.
Corolla yellow : plants perennial by rootstocks. 5. Radicula.
Corolla white : plants perennial by long pungent
roots. 6. Armoeacia.
Length of pod over twice the width.
Pods merely tipped by the short style or style want-
ing, not beaked.
Pods terete or nearly so.
Seeds in 2 rows in each cavity of the pod.
Corolla yellow : leaf-blades toothed or
pinnatifid. 5. Radicula.
Corolla white : leaf-blades pinnately
divided. 7. Sisymbrium.
Seeds in 1 row in each cavity of the pod.
Leaf-blades pinnatifid or coarsely toothed.
Anthers ovoid : pods slender and taper-
ing to the apex, appressed to the
rachis. 8. Erysimum.
Anthers oblong-sagittate : pods very
slender hut not tapering, to the
apex, widely spreading. 9. Norta.
Leaf-blades entire or slightly toothed. 10. Hesperis.
Pods 4-sided or 4-angled.
Corolla white. 11. Arabidopsis.
Corolla yellow.
Seeds flat : leaf-blades pinnatifid. 12. Barbarea.
Seeds plump : leaf-blades entire or toothed. 13. Cheirinia.
Pods markedly beaked.
Pod-beak conic, terete, the pod-body relatively
long. 14. Beassica.
Pod-beak flat, 2-edged, the pod-body relatively
short.
Pod-valves 3-nerved ; beak long. 15. Sinapis.
Pod-valves 1-nerved ; beak short. 16. Eruca.
Pods indehiscent. 17. Raphanus.
Pods fiattened or compressed parallel to the broad partition
Pods suborbicular or ovoid.
Corolla yellow : sepals persistent : pods broad above
and notched. 18. Altssum.
Corolla white : sepals deciduous : pods narrowed above,
not notched. 19. Koniga.
Pods oblong to narrowly linear.
Valves of the pods nerveless.
Seeds in 2 rows in each cavity. 20. Deaba.
Seeds in 1 row in each cavity.
Caulescent plants with alternate leaves : embryo
with equal cotyledons. 21. Cardaminb.
Scapose plants with 2-4 leaf-like bracts subtend-
ing the peduncle : embryo with unequal coty-
ledons. 22. Dentaria.
Valves of the pods nerved.
Pods oval, oblong, or broadly linear. 20. Draba.
Pods narrowly linear to linear-filiform. 23. Aeabis.
1S2 BRASSICACEAE.
1. BUKSA Weber. Annual herbs. Leaves sometimes mainly basal: blades
entire to pinnatificl. Eacemes terminal. Sepals 4, spreading. Petals 4, much
longer than the sepals. Ovules and seeds many in each carpel. Pods cuneate.
1. B. Bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: basal leaves 3-15 cm.
long; blades mainly pinnately lobed or pinnatifid; blades of the stem-leaves
auricled at the base: pedicels 10-15 mm. long: sepals 1.5-1.7 mm. long: petals
white, spatulate, 2-2.3 mm. long: pods 5-8 mm. long. — Common, in fields and
waste places. Nat. of Eu. ■ — -Spr.-fall. ■ — ^ Shepherd 's-purse.
2. LEPIDIUM [Tourn.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Leaf-
blades entire to pinnatifid. Eacemes terminal. Sepals 4, spreading. Petals 4,
longer than the sepals or wanting. Stamens usually fewer than 6. Ovule, and
seed, 1 in each carpel. Pods suborbicular to oblong. — Spr. and sum.
Blades of the cauline leaves sagittate-clasping : pods winged. 1. L. campestre.
Blades of the cauline leaves tapering at the base : pods wingless,
margined. 2. L. virginicum.
1. L. campestre (L.) E. Br. Plants 1-4 dm. tall, softly fine-pubescent: blades
of the lower leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, those of the upper leaves sagit-
tate, clasi^ing, shallowly toothed: pedicels downy: sepals oblong to oblong-
ovate, about 1.5 mm. long: petals white, spatulate, 2-2.5 mm. long: pods
ovoid, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, winged above the base, minutely pubescent. — Bather
common, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Cow-cress. Field-cress.
2. L. virginicum L. Stems 2-9 dm. tall, puberulent: blades of the cauline
leaves narrow, sharply toothed or incised: pedicels spreading, 3-4 mm. long at
maturity: sepals oblong, about 1 mm. long: petals slightly larger than the
sepals : pods 3-4 mm. long. — Common, in waste places and fields. • — Pepper-
grass.
3. THLASPI [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial erect or depressed caules-
cent herbs. Leaf -blades entire or toothed, those of the upper leaves auriculate-
clasping. Eacemes inconspicuously bracted or bractless, elongating. Sepals
rather broad. Petals white or purplish, longer than the sepals, equal or nearly
so. Filaments stout: anthers short. Pods orbicular, obovate or cuneate,
winged, notched at the apex.
1. T. arvense L. Annual, 1-5 dm. tall, glabrous: blades of the lower cauline
leaves of a spatulate type, those of the upper cauline leaves sagittate, 1.5-5
cm. long, toothed: sepals oblong or oblong-ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long: petals white,
cuneate to spatulate, 2.5-3 mm. long: pods suborbicular to orbicular-obovate,
1-1.5 cm. broad, broadly winged. — M. S. Not common, in waste places and
on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. — Penny-cress.
4. CAMELINA Crantz. Annual herbs. Leaf -blades entire or toothed, or
pinnatifid at the base of the stem, sometimes clasping. Eacemes elongate.
Sepals 4, rather broad. Petals 4, narrow, yellowish or greenish. Stamens 6:
anthers ovoid. Style columnar. Ovules few or many. Pods turgid, margined.
Seeds marginless. — Spr. — False-flax.
Stem manifestly pubescent : pods rounded at the apex, 4-5 mm. wide.
1. C. microcar'pa.
Stem glabrous or nearly so : pods truncate or notched at the
apex, 6-8 mm. wide. 2. C. sativa.
1. C. microcarpa Andrz. Plants pubescent, at least below, 5-8 dm. tall:
blades of the upper cauline leaves lanceolate, 1.5-7 cm. long, sagittate-auricu-
late at the base: pods narrowly obovoid, 4-5 mm. wdde: seeds fully 1 mm.
long. — S. Eather common, in fields. Nat. of Eu.
BRASSICACEAE. 133
2. C. sativa (L.) Crantz. Plants glabrous or nearly so, 3-9 dm. tall: leaves
nearly similar to those of C. microcarpa: pods broadly obovoid, 6-7 mm. wide:
seeds fully 2 mm. long. — M, Eather rare, on banks and roadsides. Nat. of Eu.
5. EADICULA [Dill.] Hill. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Leaf-
blades toothed, lobed, or dissected. Eacemes often branched. Sepals 4, broad
or narrow. Petals 4, yellow, often scarcely longer than the sepals. Stamens
1-6: anthers ovoid to globose. Style very short. Pods short or elongate.
Seeds turgid. — Water-cress. Sturshum.
Annual or perennial from fibrous roots : petals mostly shorter than the sepals.
Pods subglobose or oval, shorter than the pedicels : stem
pubescent. 1. R. hispicla.
Pods linear or narrowly oblong, as long as the pedicels or longer :
stem glabrous or nearly so. 2. R. palvstris.
Perennial by creeping or horizontal stems : petals mostly surpass-
ing the sepals. 3. R. siil rest vis.
1. R. hispida (Desv.) Heller. Stems hirsute or hispid, 3-12 dm. tall: leaf-
blades oblanceolate, elliptic, or oblong, pinnatifid or rarely only toothed, 2-18
cm. long: ovary globular: pods 2-3 mm. long. — Common, in sandy soil,
especially along streams. — Sum.
2. R. palustris (L.) Moench. Stems glabrous or minutely pubescent, 2-10
dm. tall: leaf -blades oblanceolate to oblong or linear-oblong, pinnatifid, or
toothed or repand above, 2-20 cm. long: ovary oblong: pods 5-& mm. long.
— Frequent, in low grounds and meadows. Apparently nat. of Eu. — Spr. and
sum. — Marsh-cress.
3. R. sylvestris (L.) Druce. Stems ascending or decumbent, 2-7 dm. long:
leaf-blades often ovate or oblong, 4-15 cm. long, pinnately divided, the seg-
ments distant, entire or toothed: sepals becoming 2-2.5 mm. long: filaments
scarcely longer than the anthers: pods slender, 8-15 mm. long, short-beaked. —
Common, especially along streams. Nat, of Eu. — Spr. and sum. — Yellow-
cress.
6. ARMORACIA Gaertn. Perennial erect herbs with long pungent roots.
Leaf-blades coarsely toothed or sometimes pinnatifid. Eacemes stiff, with
slender pedicels. Sepals rather broad. Petals white, much exceeding the
sepals. Stamens 4 or 6: anthers ovoid. Ovary obovoid: style short-columnar:
stigma capitate. Pod short and stout.
1. A. Armoracia (L.) Britton. Stems erect: leaf -blades various, those of the
basal leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, mostly 15-40 cm. long, irregularly
crenate, unequally cordate or truncate at the base; those of the cauline leaves
smaller and more coarsely toothed or incised: petals white, obovate, 6-8 mm.
long: pods 5-7 mm. long, straight. [Boripa Armoracia (L.) A. Hitchc] —
Common, on roadsides and in thickets. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Horseradish.
7. SISYMBRIUM [Tourn.] L. Perennial diffuse aquatic herbs with
creeping stems. Leaf-blades pinnately divided. Eacemes lax. Sepals broad.
Petals 4, white, much exceeding the sepals. Stamens mostly 6: anthers ovoid.
Ovary narrow: style very stout: stigma discoid. Pod elongate, linear.
1. S. Nasturtium-aquaticum L. Stems diffuse or floating, 1-6 dm. long: leaf-
blades unequally pinnate, 2-15 cm. long, the segments irregular: petals white,
3-4 mm. long: pods linear, 10^25 mm. long, curved. [Eoripa Nasturtium (L.)
Eusby.] — Common, in springs and slow streams. Nat. of Eu. — Spr.-fall. —
Water-cress.
8. ERYSIMUM [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf-blades
entire, lobed or pinnatifid. Eacemes elongating, strict. Sepals 4, rather nar-
134 BEASSICACEAE.
row, nearly equal. Petals 4, slightly larger than the sepals, yellow, spatulate.
Stamens 6 : anthers ovoid. Ovary narrow : style very short or obsolete : stigma
2-lobed. Pod elongate. Seeds margiuless.
1. E. officinale L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, the branches spreading: leaf -blades
2-20 cm. long, runcinate-pinnatifid, the segments irregular, entire, toothed, or
lobed: sepals 1.5-2 mm. long: petals yellow, spatulate: pods slender 10-16 mm.
long, slender-beaked. [Sisymirium officinale (L.) Scop.] — Common, in waste
places and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Hedge-mustard.
9. NOETA Adans. Biennial, tall, sometimes diffusely branched, herbs.
Leaf-blades toothed or pinnatifid. Eacemes lax, becoming very lax in age,
the pedicels short and stout. Sepals rather narrow, spreading. Petals yellow,
exceeding the sepals. Stamens 6: anthers oblong-sagittate. Ovary narrow:
style very short: stigma 2-lobed. Pod slender, much-elongate, spreading.
1. N. altissima (L.) Britton. Stems 1.5 m. tall or less, the branches spread-
ing, often divaricate: leaf -blades mostly 1-2 dm. long, deeply 1-2-pinnatifid,
the segments narrow, entire or toothed: sepals 4-5 mm. long: petals pale-yel-
low, spatulate: pods very slender, elongate-linear, 6-10 cm. long, stout-beaked.
[Sisymbrium altissimum L.] — Frequent, in fields and waste places. Nat. of
Eu. — Sum. — Tumble-mustard.
10. HESPERIS [Tourn.] L. Biennial or perennial herbs. Leaf-blades
entire, toothed, or rarely pinnatifid. Eacemes or panicles elongate. Sepals
4, broad. Petals 4, white or purple, with broad blades. Stamens 6: anthers
oblong. Style very short or obsolete. Pod elongate. Seeds marginless.
1. H. matronalis L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, roughish-pubescent : leaves 2-15
cm. long; blades of the lower ones elliptic-oblanceolate, those of the upper
oblong or ovate-lanceolate, denticulate or rarely slightly pinnatifid: sepals
becoming 6-8 mm. long: petals 19-22 mm. long, the broadly obovate blades
about as long as the claws: pods 5-10 cm. long. — Eather common, in fields
and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Eocket. Dame's-violet.
11. AEABIDOPSIS Schur. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf-blades
entire, toothed, or pinnatifid. Eacemes elongate. Sepals 4, narrow. Petals 4,
spatulate, white. Stamens 6: anthers ovoid. Style short. Pod elongate.
Seeds oblong, marginless.
1. A. Thaliana (L.) Britton. Plants 0.3-5 dm. tall, mainly branched through-
out, pubescent near the base: blades of the basal leaves oblong, elliptic, or
oblanceolate, 1.5-4.5 cm. long, entire or shallowly toothed: sepals 1-1.5 mm.
long: petals about twice as long as the sepals: pods linear-filiform, 10-15 mm.
long. [Stenophragma Thaliana (L.) Celak.] — Common, in waste places and
rocky woods. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Mouse-ear cress. Wall-cress.
12. BAErBAEEA E. Br. Biennial or perennial herbs. Leaf -blades lyrate-
pinnatifid. Eacemes or panicles often dense. Sepals 4, unequal. Petals 4,
yellow, spatulate. Stamens 6: anthers oblong to ovoid. Style columnar:
stigma not dilated. Pod elongate. Seeds marginless. — Scurvy-grass.
Winter-cress. Eocket.
Capsules slender-pedicelled, obtusely 4-angled : leaf-segments 3-9.
Capsules spreading or ascending : corolla bright-yellow. 1. B. Barharea.
Capsules erect and appressed : corolla pale-yellow. 2. B. stricta.
Capsules stout-pedlcelled, acutely 4-angled : leaf-segments 9-17. 3. B. verna.
1. B. Barbarea (L.) MacM. Plants 2-9 dm. tall: leaves 5-15 em. long, or
shorter above; blades of the lower ones pinnatifid, those of the upper ones
BRASSICACEAE. 135
toothed or incised: sepals mostly 3-3.5 mm. long: petals 5-5.5 mm. long:
pods 2-2.5 cm. long, slender-beaked. — Common, on roadsides and in fields.
Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum.
2. B. stricta Audrz. Plants similar to those of B. Barbarea in habit and
foliage: sepals mostly 4-4.5 mm. long: petals 5.5-6.5 mm. long: pods 2-2.5
cm. long, short-beaked. — Eather common, on roadsides and in fields. Nat. of
Eu. — Spr.
3. B. verna (Mill.) Asch. Plants 1-6 dm. tall: leaves 2-15 cm. long; blades
pinnatifid, the segments toothed: sepals 8-3.5 mm. long: petals about twice
as long as the sepals: pods 3.5-8 cm. long. — S. Susquehanna valley. Rather
common, on roadsides and in waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Spr.
13. CHEIRINIA Link. Annual or biennial herbs. Leaf -blades entire,
toothed, or lobed. Sepals 4, nearly equal. Petals 4, yellow, with broad blades.
Stamens 6; anthers oblong to sagittate. Style very short: stigma depressed.
Pod elongate. Seeds marginless.
1. C. cheiranthoides (L.) Link. Stems 1-7 dm. tall, strigillose: leaf -blades
oblong to lanceolate or linear, 2-10 cm. long, entire, or obscurely toothed:
sepals 2-2.5 mm. long: petals with obovate blades about as long as the claws:
filaments 3-4 mm. long: pods stout-beaked. [Erysimum cheiranthoides L.] —
Frequent, in sandy soil, especially near streams. — Sum. — Wormseed- mustard.
14. BEASSICA [Tourn.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Leaf-
blades lobed or pinnatifid, or those of the upper leaves entire. Sepals 4, rather
narrow. Petals 4, yellow or white, the blades broad. Stamens 6 : anthers
sagittate. Style columnar: stigma depressed or 2-lobed. Pod elongate, some-
times angled, the beak conic. Seeds thick, marginless. — • Mustard.
Upper leaf -blades merely sessile : petal-blades abruptly narrowed into slender claws.
, 1. B. nigra.
Upper leaf-blades clasping : petal-blades gradually narrowed into
broad blades. 2. B. campestris.
1. B. nigra (L.) Koch. Stems 1-2 m. tall, sometimes sparingly pubescent,
widely branched: leaves 5-20 cm. long; blades of the lower ones lyrate-
pinnatifid, the terminal segment the largest: sepals becoming 4.5-5 mm. long:
petals 7-9 mm. long: pods 10-16 mm. long. — Common, in waste places and
fields. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. — Black-mustard.
2. B. campestris L. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, glabrous and glaucous: leaves 9-30
cm. long, or shorter above; blades lyrate-pinnatifid: sepals becoming 4—5 mm.
long: petals 8-12 mm. long: pods 30-70 mm. long. — Common, in fields and
on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Turnip.
15. SINAPIS L. Annual or biennial herbs. Leaf-blades lobed or pin-
natifid. Sepals 4, herbaceous. Petals 4, mostly yellow, the blades broad.
Stamens 6: anthers narrowly oblong. Style columnar: stigma depressed. Pod
elongate, the beak sword-like. Seeds thick, marginless.
1. S. arvensis L. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, hispid: leaves 4-17 cm. long; blades
of the lower ones coarsely toothed or lyrate-pinnatifid: sepals becoming 5-6
mm. long: petals 5.8-8.5 mm. long, the suborbicular or obovate blades ab-
ruptly contracted into the slender claws: pods 21-24 mm. long. — Frequent, in
fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Spr.-fall. — Charlock.
16. EE.UCA L. Herbs resembling Brassica and Sinapis. Leaf -blades
pinnatifid or some of them merely toothed, not clasping. Racemes narrow:
136 BEASSICACEAE.
pedicels ascending. Sepals narrow, erect. Petals with spreading dilated
veiny blades. Anthers sagittate. Ovary short. Style short, but longer than
the ovary. Pod short, turgid, the beak fiat, shorter than the body.
1. E. Eruca (L.) Britton. Plants 2-7 dm, tall, the stem usually branched,
sparingly pubescent: leaf-blades various, those of the lower leaves shallowly
toothed or pinnatifid, those of the upper leaves usually pinnatifid, the segments
toothed: pedicels stout, 2-4 mm. long: sepals linear-lanceolate, 13-15 mm.
long, glabrous: petals dirty -yellow, spatulate, 1.5-2 cm. long, veiny: pods
erect, slender-fusiform, 2-3 cm. long, the beak much shorter than the body.
[E. sativa Mill.] — S. Occasional, in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum.
17. RAPHANUS [Tourn.] L. Annual or mostly biennial herbs. Leaf-
blades lyrate-pinnatifid, or those of the upper ones merely toothed. Sepals 4,
narrow. Petals 4, yellow, pink, or white, the blades cuneate or obovate.
Stamens 6: anthers narrow. Style columnar: stigma depressed or globular.
Pod elongate^ beaked. Seeds subglobose.
1. R. sativus L. Plants 3-11 dm. tall, usually with scattered hairs: leaves
finely pubescent; blades spatulate to obovate in outline, pinnatifid or pinnately
parted, the terminal lobe very large and irregularly toothed: flowers rather
short-pedieelled : sepals oblong to linear, 6-7 mm. long^ bearded at the apex:
petals pink or white, spatulate, 11-14 mm. long: pods turgid, the body mostly
2.5-3.5 em. long, beaked. — Frequent, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu.
— Spr. — Radish.
18. AIjYSSUM [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial, sometimes partially
woody, plants. Leaf-blades entire or toothed. Eaeemes elongating. Sepals
4^ rather broad, slightly unequal. Petals 4, yellow, spatulate to oblong, some-
what longer than the sepals. Stamens 6: filaments narrow: anthers short,
often globose or ovoid. Style short, columnar: stigma scarcely dilated. Pod
short, often as wide as long. Seeds 2 or 4, wingless.
1. A. alyssoides L. Annual, 1-3 dm. tall, hoary: the stem often branched at
the base: leaf -blades spatulate to linear-spatulate: sepals oblong or ovate-
oblong, 2-2.5 mm. long: petals pale-yellow, spatulate, 3-3.5 mm. long: pods
suborbicular, 3-4 mm. in diameter, sharp-margined. — S. Eare, in fields.
Introduced with clover seed. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Yellow- alyssum.
19. KONIGA Adans. Annual or perennial, often diffuse herbs, or shrubby
plants. Leaf -blades entire. Sepals 4, herbaceous. Petals 4, white, with broad
blades. Stamens 6: anthers ovoid. Style slender: stigma depressed. Pod
ovate to subglobose. Seed solitary.
1. K. maritima (L.) E. Br. Stems usually diffuse, minutely pubescent:
leaves 1-5 cm. long; Islades of the cauline ones oblanceolate to linear or linear-
lanceolate: flowers fragrant: sepals becoming 1.5-2 mm. long: petals 3-4 mm.
long, the suborbicular blades longer than the claws: pods 2-3 mm. long, short-
beaked. — M. Eather frequent, in waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Spr.-fall. —
SWEET-ALTSSUM.
20. DRABA [Dill.] L. Annual or perennial, often small herbs. Leaf-
blades entire or toothed. Sepals 4, rather broad. Petals 4, white or yellow,
or rarely pink or purple, or wanting. Stamens 6: anthers ovoid. Style
columnar or very short: stigma depressed. Pod oval to linear, sometimes
twisted. Seeds several. — Spr.
BRASSICACEAE. 137
Petals cuneate ; blades 2-cleft : pods long-pedicelled, elliptic to oblong-elliptic.
1. D. vcrna.
Petals not cuneate ; blades entire : pods short-pedicelled, linear. 2. D. caroUniana.
1. D. verna L. Plants 2-16 cm. tall, acaulescent: leaf -blades spatulate to
narrowly oblong, 5-15 mm. long, entire, or toothed near the apex, sparingly
pubescent: scapes glabrous: sepals becoming 1.5-2 mm. long: petals cuneate,
nearly twice as long as the sepals: pods elliptic to oblong-elliptic or rarely
oval, 4-9 mm. long. — Common, on dry banks and in fields. Nat. of Eu. —
Whitlow-grass.
2. D. caroliniana Walt. Plants 4-10 cm. tall, often short-stemmed: leaf-
blades obovate, spatulate, oblong, or suborbicular, 5-15 mm. long, entire or
shallowly few-toothed, closely pubescent: scapes pubescent, at least below:
sepals becoming 2-2.5 mm. long, glabrous: petals 3-4 mm. long, with cuneate
or oval blades: ovary glabrous: pods linear, 7-18 mm. long. — M. Eare, on
rocks near Lancaster. — Limestones.
21. CAEDAMINE [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial herbs with erect or
creeping stems. Leaves alternate : blades entire to pinnately dissected. Sepals
4, much shorter than the petals. Petals 4, white, pink, or purple. Style very
short. Pod elongate. — Spr. — Bitter-cress.
Leaf-blades entire or undulate. 1- C. bulbosa.
Leaf-blades, at least those of cauline leaves, pinnately divided.
Corolla 3 mm. wide or narrower. 2. C. parvifloi-a.
Corolla 4 mm. wide or broader.
Sepals about 1 mm. long : segments of the cauline
leaves linear. 3. 0. arenicola.
Sepals about 2 mm. long : segments of the cauline
leaves oblong or broader. 4. C. pennsylvanica.
1. C. bulbosa (Schreb.) B. S. P. Plants 1-5 dm. tall, with tuber-like bases:
eauline-leaves 3-8 cm. long; blades oval, oblong, ovate, or lanceolate: sepals
becoming 3-3.5 mm. long: petals broadly cuneate, 7-12 mm. long: pods
mostly 2-2.5 cm. long. — Common, in swamps and low woods. — Spring-cress.
2. C. parviflora L. Plants with slender stems 0.5-3 dm. tall: cauline leaves
1.5-6 cm. long; blades pinnately divided, the several lateral segments narrow,
but broadened upward: sepals becoming 1-1.5 mm. long: petals slightly longer
than the sepals: pods 1.5-2.5 cm. long. — S. Frequent, on dry banks along
the Susquehanna Eiver. — Schists.
3. C. arenicola Britton. Plants 1-3 dm. tall: cauline leaves 1-4 cm. long;
blades pinnately divided, the lateral segments linear or linear-oblong, mainly
entire: sepals becoming about 1 mm. long: petals about twice as long as the
sepals, mostly cuneate: pods linear, about 2 cm. long. — S. Eare, in spring-
runs and moist sandy soil. — Schists.
4. C. pennsylvanica Muhl. Plants 2-10 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so:
cauline leaves 4-8 cm. long; blades pinnately divided, the lateral segments
very broad or narrow, undulate, toothed, or lobed: sepals becoming about 2
mm. long: petals somewhat longer than the sepals, mostly spatulate: pods
linear-filiform, 2-2.5 mm. long. — Common, in wet places and meadows.
22. DENTAKIA [Tourn.] L. Perennial scapose herbs with horizontal
rootstocks. Leaves basal: blades palmately cleft or divided. Scapes simple,
each bearing 2 or 3 bracts with blades similar to the basal leaves. Sepals 4,
much shorter than the petals. Petals 4, white or purple, relatively large.
Stamens 6; anthers oblong to lanceolate. Style slender. Pod elongate.
1. D. laciniata Muhl. Eootstock jointed: scapes 1-3.5 dm. tall: bracts 3;
segments with linear-lanceolate or oblong coarsely serrate or incised blades:
138 BEASSICACEAE.
sepals narrow, 5-6 mm. long: petals oblong-spatulate, 12-15 mm. long: pods
3-5 cm. long, slender-beaked. — Common, on moist banks and in woods. —
Spr. — TOOTHWORT.
23. ABABIS L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf-blades entire, toothed,
or pinnatifid. Sepals 4, erect, broad or narrow. Petals 4, white, pink, purple,
or yellowish, as long as the sepals or much longer. Stamens 6: anthers ovoid
to oblong. Style very short or obsolete : pod elongate. — Spr. and sum. —
EOCK-CRESS.
Basal leaves with pinnatifid blades : petals broad. 1. A. lyrata.
Basal leaves with toothed blades : petals narrow.
Capsules erect or nearly so, sometimes appressed.
Seeds marginless : petals less than 4 mm. long : pods
very short-pedicelled 2. A. dentata.
Seeds margined : petals over 6 mm. long : pods long-
pedicelled.
Corollas over 7 mm. broad : capsules not appressed :
style 1 mm. long. 3. A. patens.
Corollas less than 7 mm. broad : capsules appressed :
stigma sessile. 4. A. hirsuta.
Capsules recurved.
Outer sepals narrow, linear : plants glabrous, glaucous :
pods 1-2 mm. wide. 5. A. laevigata.
Outer sepals broad, ovate to oblong-ovate : plants pubes-
cent, at least below : pods 2.5-3.5 mm. wide. 6. A. canadensis.
1. A. lyrata L. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, mostly pubescent near the base: blades of
the eauline leaves linear-spatulate to linear, entire or nearly so: sepals becom-
ing 2.5-3 mm. long: petals white, 6-8' mm. long, narrowly obovate: pods nar-
rowly linear, 2-3 cm. long. — Common, on rocks and rocky hillsides.
2. A. dentata T. & G. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, stellate-pubescent: blades of the
eauline leaves 2-8 cm. long, spatulate to cuneate or oblong, irregularly finely
dentate, clasjjing: sepals becoming 2-2.5 mm. long: petals 3-4 mm. long,
spatulate : pods linear, 2-2.5 cm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Occa-
sional, in woods. Schists. - — Spr.
3. A. patens SuUiv. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, pubescent with simple or branched
hairs: blades of the eauline leaves oblanceolate or cuneate to lanceolate or
ovate, 1-6 em. long, mostly coarsely serrate, sessile: sepals becoming 4-5 mm.
long: petals 6-8 mm. long, narrowly cuneate: pods narrowly linear, 2.5-4 cm.
long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Frequent, especially on Mountain island
at Peach Bottom. — Schists.
4. A. hirsuta (L.) Scop. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, usually sparingly hirsute: blades
of the eauline leaves oblanceolate to oblong or lanceolate, 1-6 cm. long, nearly
entire or dentate, auricled-clasping: sepals becoming 3 mm. long: petals about
twice as long as the sepals, spatulate : pods narrowly linear, 2.5-4 cm. long. —
M. Frequent, on creek banks. — Limestones.
5. A. laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, glabrous: blades of the
eauline leaves oblong to lanceolate or linear, 3-15 cm. long, entire or coarsely
toothed, clasping: sepals glabrous, becoming 4—5 mm. long: petals 6-10 mm.
long, spatulate: pods very narrowly linear, 6-10 cm. long, thick: seeds oblong,
narrowly winged. — Common, in woods and on rocky banks.
6. A, canadensis L. Stems 2-9 dm. tall, often sparingly pubescent: blades of
the eauline leaves oblanceolate to oblong or lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, remotely
toothed or nearly entire, not clasping: sepals pubescent, becoming 4 mm.
long: petals 6-8 mm. long, oblong to oblong-spatulate: pods scythe-shaped,
flat, 5-10 cm. long: seeds ovate or orbicular, broadly winged. — Common, in
woods and thickets.
DEOSEEACEAE. 139
Family 4. CAPPARIDACEAE. Caper Family.
Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite:
blades simple or compound. Flowers perfect, in racemes or cymes, or
solitary. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5, often unequal, petals.
Receptacle often produced into a gland. Androecium of 4-6 stamens or
more. Gynoecium of 2 united carpels. Ovary often stipitate. Fruit
capsular, sometimes baccate. Seeds conduplicate.
1. POLANISIA Eaf. Herbs. Leaf-blades simple or 3-foliolate. Sepals
4, spreading. Petals 4, white or pink, somewhat unequal, long-clawed, the
posterior pair before a short gland. Stamens 12-32 : anthers oval to ovoid.
Ovary sessile or nearly so: style slender. Capsule linear or linear-oblong.
1. P. graveolens Eaf. Plants 1-8 dm. tall: leaflets 1.5-3.5 cm. long; blades
elliptic, oblong, or obovate: lower bracts 3-foliolate: sepals oblong, about 3
mm. long: petals 4-5 mm. long: blades suborbicular : capsules linear-oblong,
3-5 cm. long. — Common, in fields, and on roadsides and river shores. — Sum.
— Clammy-aveed.
Order SARRACENIALES.
Insectivorous, usually scapose herbs, with viscid-fluid secreting tissues.
Leaves alternate, various, filiform, or with dilated, sometimes sensitive
blades, or hollow. Flowers usually perfect and regular. Calyx of distinct
sepals. Corolla of distinct petals. Androecium of few or many stamens.
Gynoecium of 2-5 united carpels. Ovary 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal or
basal placentae, or 3-5-celled. Fruit capsular. Endosperm fleshy.
Ovarv 1-celled, with a basal placenta or parietal placentae, not surmounted by a
peltate disk : leaves with filiform or dilated blades. Fam. 1. Deoseeaceae.
Ovary 3-.5-celled with central placentae, surmounted by
a peltate disk : leaves with hollow blades. Fam.2. Saeeaceniaceae.
Family 1. DROSERACEAE. Sundev;^ Family.
Annual, biennial, or perennial, glandular-pubescent herbs. Leaves
circinate in the bud, merely filiform or with broad blades. Flowers spicate
or racemose. Calyx of 4—8 persistent sepals. Corolla of 4-8 petals.
Androecium of 4—8, usually 5, distinct stamens. Capsule loculicidally
3-5-valved.
1. DE.OSERA L. Biennial or perennial (ours) scapose herbs. Leaves
clustered. Scape nodding at the apex. — Sundew.
Leaf -blades broad, suborbicular or broader than long : seed-coat lax.
1. D. rotundifolia.
Leaf-blades narrow, spatulate : seed-coat close. 2. D. intermedia.
1. D. rotundifolia L. Plants .5-30 cm. tall: leaf -blades suborbicular or reni-
form: scape glabrous: sepals becoming 5-6 mm. long: corolla 5-6 mm. wide:
capsules slightly exceeding the sepals: seeds fusiform, 1.5 mm. long. — S.
Eather rare, in moist sandy soil. — Schists. — Sum.
2. D. intermedia Hayne. Plants 5-20 dm. tall: leaves 2-6 cm. long; blades
linear-spatulate, with long glabrous petioles: sepals becoming 5-5.5 mm. long:
corolla white, 10-12 mm. wide: capsules scarcely as long as the sepals: seeds
oblong-cylindric, about 0.8 mm. long. — S. Bare, in swamps and moist sandy
soil. — Schists. — Sum.
140
SAEEACENIACEAE.
Family 2. SARRACENIACEAE. Pitcher-plant Family.
Perennial bog herbs, living to some extent on decaying organic matter
which has fallen into the tubular or pitcher-like leaves. Flowers perfect,
nodding. Calyx of 5 persistent sepals, accompanied by 3 bracts. Corolla
of 5 deciduous petals. Androeeium of numerous stamens. Gynoecium of
5 united carpels. Fruit a 5-valved capsule.
1. SARRACENIA [Tourn.] L. Acaulescent, green, yellow^ or purple, or
variegated plants. Leaves basal, erect or decumbent, with a ventral ridge and
a terminal hood. Flowers on erect scapes. Stigmas hooked, under the angles
of the umbrella-like expansion of the style. Pitcher-plant. Trumpet-leaf.
1. S. purpurea L. Leaves 1-2 dm. long, ascending, green and often variegated
with purple; tube inflated, with a broad wing; hood reniform, often notched
at the apex: scapes 2-4 dm. tall: sepals ovate, about 3 cm. long: petals fiddle-
shaped, 4-5 cm. long^ purple: style-disk 3-4 cm. wide: capsule about 1.5 cm.
wide. — E. Eare, in sphagnous swamps. — Schists. — Sum. — Side-saddle
FLOWER.
Order ROSALES.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, or rarely aquatic plants, or vines. Leaves
with simple or compound blades. Flowers mostly perfect. Calyx and
corolla present and sometimes irregular, or the latter occasionally, or both
rarely, wanting. Androeeium of few or many stamens. Gynoecium of
1-several distinct or united carpels. Fruit various.
Aquatic alga-like fleshy herbs, with spathe-like involucres : perianth wanting.
Pam. 1. PODOSTEMACEAE.
Terrestrial or swamp plants, without spathe-like invo-
lucres : perianth present, except in Liqvidambar.
Endosperm present, usually copious and fleshy : stip-
ules mostly wanting.
Herbs.
Carpels as many as the sepals : stamens as
many as the sepals or twice as many.
Plants succulent : carpels distinct or united
at the base, opening lengthwise. Fam. 2. Sedaceae.
Plants not succulent : carpels united to the
middle, circumscissile. Fam. 3. Penthoeacbae.
Carpels fewer than the sepals. Fam. 4. Saxifragaceae.
Shrubs or trees.
Leaves opposite. Fam. 5. Hxdrangeaceae.
Leaves alternate.
Fruit a 2-celled capsule. Fam. 6. Hamamelidaceae.
Fruit a 1-celled berry. Fam. 7. Geossulakiaceae.
Endosperm wanting or scant (copious in Opidastcr,
Rosaceae) : stipules mostly present.
Flowers monoecious, in dense capitate clusters. Fam. 8. Platanaceae.
Flowers perfect, or if monoecious or dioecious not
in capitate clusters.
Flowers regular.
Carpels several or numerous, or if solitary
becoming an achene.
Carpels distinct, rarely adnate to the
hypanthium : fruit achenes or follicles. Fam. 9. Rosaceae.
Carpels united, enclosed by the hypan-
thium and adnate to it : fruit a pome. Fam. 10. Malaceae.
Carpel solitary, not becoming an achene.
Ovary with 2 ovules : leaf-blades simple :
fruit a drupe. Fam. 11. Amygdalaceae.
Ovary with several ovules : leaf-blades
2-3-pinnate : fruit a legume. Fam. 12. Cassiaceab.
Flowers irregular (nearly or quite regular in
Oleditsia of the Cassiaceae).
Upper petal enclosed by tiie lateral ones in
the bud. Fam. 12. Cassiaceae.
Upper petal enclosing the lateral ones in
the bud. Fam. 13. Fabaceae.
PENTIIOEACEAE. 141
Family 1. PODOSTEMACEAE. River-weed Family.
Aquatic herbs, adhering- to the rocks, the vegetative organs resembling
the thaUns of an alga or a hepatic. Leaves alternate: blades lobed or
decompound. Flowers perfect, arising from a spathe. Perianth wanting,
or of 3-5 scale-like or membranous sepals. Androeciura of 1-many
stamens. Gynoecium of 2 or 3 united carpels. Fruit capsular.
1. PODOSTEMON Michx. Caulescent alga-like herbs. Leaf -blades divided
or dissected. Perianth obsolete. Stamens 2. Ovary 2-celled. Capsules un-
equally 2-valved, one valve persistent.
1. P. Ceratophyllum Michx. Stems less than 2 dm. long, usually few cm. long:
leaves short and narrow: capsules 2.5-3 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley.
Occasional, on rocks about islands. — Schists. — Sum. — Eiver-weed.
Family 2. SEBACEAE. Orpine Family.
Herbs, usually succulent, or partially woody plants. Leaves alternate,
opposite, or whorled : blades thick, flat to terete. Flowers perfect or
dioecious, cymose. Calyx of usually 4—6 laersistent sepals. Corolla of as
many petals as sepals, or wanting. Androecium of as many stamens as
sepals or twice as many. Gynoecium of as many distinct or partially
united carpels as there are serials. Fruit follicular.
1. SEDUM [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate,
or sometimes opposite or whorled: blades terete, angled, or flat. Flowers per-
fect, borne in often 1-sided cymes. Sepals 4 or 5, usually much longer than
wide. Follicles spreading. — Stonecrop.
Flowers borne in a terminal corymbose cyme. 1. ^- triphyllum.
Flowers borne in simple or branched scorpioid cymes.
Corolla white : leaves flat, not imbricate. 2. 8. ternatum.
Corolla yellow : leaves very thick, imbricate. 3. S. acre.
1. S. triphyllum (Haw.) S. F. Gray. Plants tufted, 3-5 dm. tall: leaf -blades
obovate to oblong or ovate, 2-5 cm. long, coarsely toothed : cyme densely flow-
ered, 2-5 cm. wide: sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 1-2 mm. long: petals
purple or reddish, oblong to ovate-oblong, 4-5 mm. long, acute: follicles 4-5
mm. long. — N. M. Occasional, on roadsides and about gardens. Nat. of Eu.
Sum. — LiVE-FOR-EVER.
2. S. ternatum Michx. Plants matted : leaves, at least the lower ones, in 3 's,
distant, except in the terminal rosettes: sepals linear, 3-4 mm. long: petals
oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long: follicles spreading, 5.5-8 mm.
long, long-beaked. — Common, in damp places^ often on rocks. — Spr.
3. S. acre L. Plants in depressed mats, yellowish-green: leaf -blades very
thick, ovate, 2-5 mm. long, imbricate: sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,
2-2.5 mm. long: petals yellow, lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long: follicles spreading,
3-4 mm. long, short-beaked. — N. M. Occasional, on rocks or in stony soil.
Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Mossy-stonecrop.
Family 3. PENTHORACEAE. Virginia-stonecrop Family.
Caulescent plants. Leaves alternate: blades toothed. Flowers per-
fect, borne in terminal cjraies. Calyx of 5 or 6 sepals. Corolla of 5 or 6,
inconspicuous veinless petals, or wanting. Androecium of twice as many
stamens as sepals. Gynoecium of 5 or 6 carpels united to the abruptly
142 SAXIFEAGACEAE.
contracted middle. Fruit depressed, of 5 or 6 follicles with the bodies
obliquely adnate to the receptacle, each one eircumscissile near the base of
the free portion.
1, PENTHORUM [Gronov.] L. Perennial herbs with rootstocks. Flowers
greenish-white or yellowish, borne along one side of the cyme-branches. Styles
incurved during anthesis, recurved at maturity. Follicles stout, ascending.
1. P. sedoides L. Plants 1-6 dm. tall, bright-green, the stem, above, and
branches angled: leaf -blades narrowly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate or lanceo-
late, 3-15 cm. long, finely serrate: cyme-branches spreading: flowers contiguous:
sepals ovate, about 1.5 mm. long, acute: capsules depressed, 4-5 mm. broad,
each lobe tipped with the recurved style. — Eather common, in meadows and
low grounds. — Sum. — Ditch-stonecrop.
Family 4. SAXIFRAGrACEAE. Saxifrage Family.
Herbs. Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite : blades simple or
compound. Flowers perfect or jiolygamo-dioecious. Calyx of 5, or rarely
of 4 or more, persistent sepals. Corolla of 5, or rarely of 4 or more,
petals, or wanting. Androeeium of as many stamens as there are sepals,
or twice as many. Gynoecium of fewer carpels than there are sepals.
Fruit a capsule, or follicles.
Ovary, and capsules, 2-celIed : placentae axial. 1. Miceanthes.
Ovary, and capsules, 1-celled : placentae basal or parietal.
Corolla present : terrestrial plants.
Stamens 5 : petals entire, erose or toothed. 2. Heucheea.
Stamens 10 : petals 3-cleft or pinnatifid. 3. Mitella.
Corolla wanting : aquatic plants. 4. Cheysosplenium.
1. MICBANTHES Haw. Acaulescent herbs with short caudices. Leaf-
blades ovate to flabellate, or rarely cordate at the base. Petals nearly equal.
Carpels slightly united below. — Saxifrage.
Petals white : cymules open, often raceme-like. 1. M. virginiensis.
Petals greenish or purple : cymules borne in corymb-like panicles. 2. M. pennsylvanica.
1. M. virginiensis (Michx.) Small. Leaves spreading, 2-20 cm. long; blades
ovate, oval or oblong: cymules becoming open, the axis often elongate: petals
oblong to elliptic, 4-4.5 mm. long, — Common, in dry rocky places. — Spr. —
Eably-saxifrage.
2. M. pennsylvanica (L.) Haw. Leaves erect or erect-ascending, 5-35 cm.
long; blades narowly oblong or elliptic to spatulate: cymules compact, the
axis short: petals narrowly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-3 mm. long. —
N. S. Eare, in swamps. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. — Swamp-
saxifrage.
2. HEUCHEKA L. Perennial herbs with lateral flowering branches.
Leaf-blades toothed and usually lobed. Flowers in panicled cymes. Sepals
often unequal. Petals entire, erose or toothed. Stamens 5: filaments elon-
gate. Styles slender. Capsules gradually narrowed into the slender elongate
beaks. — Spr. and sum. — Alum-root. Eock-geranium.
Flowers essentially regular, the upper sepals sometimes slightly larger than the
lower.
Petals as long as the calyx or shorter : flowering branches leafless.
] . H. americana.
Petals longer than the calyx : flowering branches leafy. 2. H. Gurtisii.
Flowers decidedly irregular, the calyx oblique, 2-l)pped. 3. H. puhescens.
SAXIFKAGACEAE. 143
1. H, americana L. Loaf -blades orbicular-ovate or suborbicular, 5-11 cm.
wide, the lobes broad and -with broad teeth: sepals much longer than the free
portion of the hypanthium: petals about 1.5 mm. long, spatulate, the blades
oblong or elliptic, finely toothed. — Common, on roadsides, and in woods and
thickets.
2. H. Curtisii T. & G. Leaf -blades suborbicular, varying to ovate or reniform,
sometimes hispidulous above, and ciliate, the lobes broad and with few coarse
broad teeth: flowering branches glabrous below, puberulent above, leafy:
petals purple or pinkish, exceeding the sepals, the blades usually rhombic,
finely toothed : free portion of the mature hypanthium short. — S. Frequent
on rocky banks of the Susquehanna Eiver. — Schists.
3. H. pubescens Pursh. Leaf -blades orbicular-ovate, glabrate in age, the lobes
often ovate, with usually sharply mucronate teeth: flowering branches densely
glandular-puberulent at least above: sepals together with the hypanthium 6-8
mm. long^ the lower ones ovate: petals purplish, the larger ones 2.5-3 mm. long,
the blades obovate, coarsely toothed: free portion of the mature hypanthium
long : stamens exserted. — S. Eare, on rocky islands and banks of the Sus-
quehanna Eiver. — Schists,
3. MITELLA [Tourn.] L. Perennial herbs with lateral flowering branches.
Leaf-blades lobed and toothed. Flowers in racemes. Sepals equal. Petals
pectinately pinnatifid. Stamens 10: filaments very short. Styles very short.
Capsules abruptly narrowed near the apex.
1. M. diphylla L. Plants 2-4 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate to orbicular-ovate in
outline, 3-5-lobed, 3-8 cm. long: sepals ovate, 1-1.5 mm. long, acute: petals
2.5-3 mm. long: capsules 2-beaked at the apex, about 3 mm. long. — Eather
common, in rocky woods and on cliffs. — Spr. — Mitre-wort. Bishop 's-cap.
4. CHRYSOSPLENIUM [Tourn.] L. Perennial (ours) semiaquatic herbs.
Leaf -blades crenate or lobed. Petals wanting. Stamens mostly 4-8. Styles 2.
Capsule flattened, 2-lobed, very short.
1. C. americanum Schwein. Plants decumbent, 2-20 cm. long: leaf -blades
suborbicular to orbicular-reniform, 4-20 mm. broad: sepals 4, yellowish or
purplish within : fruit about 3 mm. long. — Common, in wet places and spring-
runs. — Spr. and sum. — Golden-saxifrage. Water-carpet.
Family 5. HYDRANGrEACEAE. Hydrakgea Family.
Shrubs or trees, or vines. Leaves mostly opposite : blades often
toothed. Flowers borne in raceme-like, corymb-like or panieled cymes.
Calyx of usually 4—10 sepals surmounting the often ribbed hypanthium.
Corolla of mostly 4^10 i3etals. Androeeium of 8-many stamens. Gynoe-
cium of 2-5, or rarely of 10, united carpels. Ovary wholly or partially
inferior. Fruit capsular.
Stamens 8 or 10 : sepals minute, except in sterile flowers : petals valvate.
1. Hydrangea.
Stamens 20-40 : sepals relatively large : petals convolute. 2. Philadelphus.
1. HYDRANGEA [Gronov.] L. Shrubs. Leaf -blades toothed or lobed.
Sepals 4 or 5, minute, or petal-like in the marginal flowers. Petals valvate,
small. Stamens 8-10. Styles wanting or very short. Capsule opening between
the stigmas.
1. H. arborescens L. Shrub with sparingly pubescent branches and twigs :
leaf -blades thin, ovate, oval, or elliptic: petals 1-1.5 mm. long: capsule-body
2-2.5 mm. long, broader than high. — Eather common, in rich rocky woods. —
Sum. — Hydrangea.
144 HAMAMELIDACEAE.
2. PHILADELPHUS L. Shrubs. Leaves deciduous: blades entire or
toothed. Sepals 4 or 5, prominent. Petals convolute, relatively large. Stamens
numerous, or very rarely 15. Styles present. Capsule loculicidal.
1. P. inodorus L. Shrub 2-3 m. high: leaf -blades ovate, often broadly so,
or oval, 3-10 cm. long, prominently 3-5-ribbed at the base : sepals ovate :
corolla 3-4 cm. wide. — M. Bare, on the banks of the Little Chiquesalunga
Creek. Nat. of the s. U. S. — Spr. — Mock-orange.
Family 6. HAMAMELIDACEAE. Witch-hazel Family.
Shrubs and trees. Leaves alternate : blades mostly toothed. Flow^ers
perfect, monoecious, or polygamous, variously clustered or spicate. Calyx
of 4 or 5 sejDals. Corolla of 4 or 5 narrovp petals, or wanting. Androe-
cium of 4-many stamens. Gynoecium 2- or 3-carpellary. Ovary 2- or 3-
celled : styles distinct. Fruit a leathery or woody capsule, often elastieally
dehiscent.
1. HAMAMELIS L. Shrubs or trees, with perfect or polygamous flowers,
which are borne 3 together on short lateral peduncles. Sepals spreading or
reflexed. Stamens 4: filaments short-subulate. Capsule abruptly beaked.
1. H. virginiana L. Shrub or small tree: leaf -blades suborbicular, oval-
elliptic, or obovate, 4-15 cm. long, coarsely crenate: petals yellow, 1-2 cm.
long: capsules ovoid to subglobose, 12-15 mm. long, elastieally dehiscent. — -
Common, in woods and thickets, and on stream-banks. - — Fall. — Witch-hazel.
Witch-elm.
Family 7. GROSSULARIACEAE. Gooseberry Family.
Shrubs, often spiny. Leaves alternate : blades usually palmately
lobed or cleft. Flowers borne in racemes, which are sometimes reduced to
few flowers, or to a single flower. Calyx of 5 sepals borne on the
hypanthium. Corolla of 5 relatively small petals. Androecium of 5
stamens. Gynoecium of 2 partially united carpels : ovary with 2 parietal
placentae : styles more or less united. Fruit a many-seeded berry.
Flower-stalk jointed beneath the ovary : berry disarticulating from the pedicel.
1. RiBES.
Flower-stalk not jointed beneath the ovary : berry not disarticu-
lating from the pedicel. 2. Gkossularia.
1. KIBES L. Shrubs with erect stems and branches, without nodal spines.
Leaf-blades palmately veined and lobed. Flowers solitary or few together,
borne on stalks which are jointed beneath the ovary. Berry disarticulating
from the stalk. — Currant.
1. R. americanum Mill. Shrub with grayish twigs: leaf -blades 2.5-7 cm.
wide, finely pubescent, with 3-5 triangular or ovate lobes irregularly toothed:
hypanthium usually pubescent in lines above the ovary: sepals oblong-ovate,
5-6 mm. long: petals oblong, -| as long as the sepals: stamens about as long
as the petals : berries 6-10 mm. in diameter, black. — Common, on roadsides
and in fence-rows and thickets. — Spr. — Wild black-currant.
2. GROSSULABIA Mill. Shrubs with irregular arching or recurved
stems and branches, and with nodal spines. Leaf-blades palmately veined.
Flowers in drooping racemes or panicles, borne on stalks which are jointed
near the base. Berry not disarticulating from the stalk. — Gooseberry.
EOSACEAE. 145
1. G. hirtella (Michx.) Spach. Straggling shrub with pale twigs: leaf -blades
1-3 cm. in diameter, finely pubescent, the 3-5 lobes coarsely toothed: hypan-
thium glabrous: sepals oblong-ovate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long: petals cuneate, f as
long as the sepals: stamens much longer than the sepals: berries 8-10 mm. in
diameter, black or purple. — M. Eather rare, in woods and thickets. — Lime-
stones. — Spr. — Smooth-gooseberry.
Family S. PLATANACEAE. Plane-tree Family.
Trees, with thin smooth bark. Leaves alternate : blades membranous-
leathery, palmately lobed. Flowers monoecious, minute, mserted on glo-
bose receptacles, in dense pedunculate solitary, spicate, or racemose heads.
Perianth obsolete. Staminate heads red: filaments nearly obsolete:
anthers elongate, each surmounted by a dilated connective. Pistillate
heads green: carj^els 2-9, 1-celled, mingled with staminodia which are
pilose at the apex, surrounded by long-jointed persistent hairs: style
terminal, stigmatose to below the middle on the ventral suture. Fruit an
elongate achene, surrounded by rigid hairs, with a thin leathery pericarp,
crowded in dense globose heads.
1. PLATANTJS [Tourn.] L. Trees, with smooth bark and stout irregular
branches from which are suspended the usually numerous long-peduncled fruit-
heads. — Plane-tree. Sycamore.
1. P. occidentalis L. Tree becoming 55 m. tall, the bark pale: leaf -blades
3-5-lobed, 10-20 cm. broad, permanently woolly on the veins beneath: fruiting
heads subglobose, 2-4 cm. in diameter, drooping. — Common, in low places,
usually near streams. — Spr. — Button-wood. Button-ball.
Family 9. ROSACEAE. Rose Family.
Herbs, shrubs, trees, or rarely vines. Leaves mostly alternate : blades
simple or compound, often stipulate. Flowers perfect or rarely dioecious.
Calyx of 5, or rarely 4r-9, sepals borne on the edge of the hypanthium,
sometimes accompanied by as many bractlets. Corolla of as many distinct
petals as there are sepals, or wanting. Androeeium of 1 or more series
of stamens. Gynoecium of 1-many carpels. Ovary 1-celled or imper-
fectly 2-celled. Fruit mostly follicles or drupelets, or achenes which are
borne in the hypanthium or on the accrescent receptacle.
Fruit not enclosed in a depressed or hollow hypanthium.
Rstils few, rarely more than 5, maturing into 2-4-seeded folicles.
Follicles opening along both sutures : seeds shining. 1. Opl'LAster.
Follicles opening along one suture : seeds dull or granular.
Pistils alternating with the sepals : shrubs with
simple leaf-blades. 2. Spiraea.
Pistils opposite the sepals : herbs with 3-parted or
3-foliolate leaf-blades. 3. Porteranthus.
Pistils numerous or rarely few, maturing into achenes or
1-2-seeded drupelets.
Pistils ripening into drupelets crowded on a receptacle.
Receptacle flat : ovary pubescent above : drupelets
crowned with a hairy cushion. 4. Robacer.
Receptacle convex or conic : ovary glabrous : drupe-
lets glabrous. 5. Rubus.
Pistils ripening into achenes.
Style deciduous.
Style basal. 6. Drymocallis.
Style lateral.
Receptacle pulpy, edible : petals white. 7. Fragaria.
Receptacle neither pulpy nor edible : petals
yellow. 8. Duchesnea.
Lancaster County Flora 10.
146 EOSACEAE.
Style terminal or nearly so.
Pistils numerous : ovules pendulous : plants
caulescent. 9. Potentilla.
Pistils 2-6 : ovules erect : plants acaulescent. 10. Waldsteixia.
Style persistent on the achene.
Pistils numerous.
Head of achenes stipitate : sepals without
bractlets. 11. Stylipds.
Head of achenes sessile : sepals accompanied
by bractlets. 12. Geuji.
Pistils 5-15, at maturity resembling follicles, but
indehiscent. • 13. Filipenddla.
Fruit consisting of several achenes enclosed in the persistent
hypanthium.
Achenes 1-4 within the dry hypanthium.
Receptacle bearing hooked prickles : petals 5. 14. Agrimonia.
Receptacle without prickles : petals wanting. 15. Sanguisorba.
Achenes numerous, within the fleshy hypanthium. 16. Rosa.
1. OPULASTEE Medic. Shrubs. Leaf -blades palmately lobed. Flowers
corymbose. Corolla white. Stamens numerous, without staminodia. Carpels
1-5, short-stipitate : styles filiform: stigmas depressed-capitate. Follicles in-
flated.
1. O. opulifolia (L.) Kuntze. Shrub 1-3 m. tall: leaf-blades 3-8 cm. long,
acutely lobed: sepals ovate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long: follicles 8-10 mm. long, acute.
— Common, in thickets near streams. — Spr. — Ninebark.
2. SPIRAEA [Tourn.] L. Shrubs. Leaf -blades toothed or lobed. Flowers
corymbose or paniculate. Corolla white, pink or rose. Stamens numerous,
accompanied by lobe-like staminodia. Carisels usually 5, mostly stipitate:
styles clavate : stigmas minute and oblique. Follicles not inflated. — Spiraea.
Inflorescence pyramidal : mature hypanthium campanulate or hemispheric.
Plant glabrous : follicles glabrous. 1. 8. latifoUn.
Plant pubescent : follicles tomentose. 2. S. tomentosa.
Inflorescence corymbose : mature hypanthium flat. 3. S. japonica.
1. S. latlfolia (Ait.) Borkh. Plants 3-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades thinnish, gla-
brous or nearly so beneath: flowers slender-pedicelled: sepals not ciliate:
petals white, 2-2.5 mm. wide: carpels and follicles glabrous, the latter 3-3.5
mm. long. — Common, in swamps and wet meadows. — Spr. and sum. —
Meadow-sweet.
2. S. tomentosa L. Plants 3-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades thick, tomentose be-
neath: flowers stout-pedicelled: sepals ciliate: petals rose-colored, 1-1.5 mm.
wide: carpels and follicles pubescent, the latter 2-2.5 mm. long. — S. Bare, in
swamps. — Schists. — Sum. — Hardhack. Steeple-bush.
3. S. japonica L. f. Plants 1-2 m. tall with finely pubescent twigs: leaf -blades
oblong, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, acuminate, finely pubes-
cent at least when young, irregularly serrate, cuneate at the base : corymbs
many-flowered, round-topped: sepals deltoid, fully 1 mm. long, acute: petals
pink or rose-colored, suborbicular, 1.5-2 mm. long, or rarely longer: follicles
erect, about 3 mm. long, glabrous. — S. Bare, in thickets. Nat. of Japan. —
Sum.
3. PORTERANTHUS Britton. Perennial herbs. Leaf-blades 3-parted
or 3-foliolate. Flowers perfect few borne in open lax panicles. Sepals shorter
than the hypanthium. Petals narrow, white or pink. Stamens numerous, in
one row on the hypanthium: filaments very short. Carpels mostly 5: styles
subulate. Follicles erect.
1. P. trifoliatus (L.) Britton. Plants 3-12 dm. tall: leaflets 3-9 cm. long;
blades acuminate, sharply serrate, thin: sepals glandular-serrulate: petals
EOSACEAE. 147
15-20 mm. long: follicles 5-6 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Occasional,
on wooded hillsides. — Sum. — Indian-physic. Bowman 's-root.
4. EUBACER Eydb. Partly shrubby diffuse plants. Leaf-blades pal-
mately lobed. Flowers corymbose or racemose. Carpels borne on a flat
receptacle. Fruit depressed-hemispheric or nearly flat.
1. R. odoratum (L.) Eydb. Stems 1-3 m. tall, clammy-pubescent: leaf -blades
5-30 cm. wide, 3-5-lobed : sepals elongate, each with an ovate or oblong-ovate
body and a slender appendage: petals rose-purple or rarely white, 1.5-2 cm.
broad: fruits red, 15-20 mm. broad, insipid. — Occasional, on rocky banks in
the Conestoga valley. — Limestones. — Sum. — FLOVi^ERiNG-RASPBERRY.
5. RUBUS [Tourn.] L. Perennial erect or trailing herbs, or shrubs.
Leaf-blades lobed or 3-7-foliolate. Flowers solitary or variously disposed.
Carpels borne on a convex or conic receptacle. Fruit hemispheric to elongate.
— Spr. — Easpberry. Blackberry.
Fruit falling away from the dry receptacle: petals erect. (Raspberries).
Stems prickly, glabrous : fruit purple-black or black. 1. R. occidentalis.
Stems bristly, not glabrous : fruit red.
Sepals sparingly bristly with pale hairs : petals over
half as long as the sepals : fruits wider than long :
achenes narrow, much longer than wide. 2. R. strigosiis.
Sepals copiously bristly with dark hairs : petals less
than half as long as the sepals: fruits longer than
wide : achenes broad, about as wide as long. 3. R. plioenicolasius.
Fruit persistent on a fleshy receptacle : petals spreading.
(Blackberries).
Stems erect, ascending, or recurved.
Leaf-blades white-woolly beneath. 4. R. ciineifolius.
Leaf-blades not white-woolly beneath.
Branches of the inflorescence, and petioles, dis-
tinctly glandular-pubescent.
Fruit broadly oval or nearly spherical, very juicy. 5. R. nigroJiaccus.
Fruit narrowly oblong or thimble-shaped, com-
paratively dry. G. R. allcghcnlcnsis.
Branches of the inflorescence, and petioles, villous,
strigose, or nearly glabrous, scarcely glandular. 7. R. frondosus.
Stems trailing, creeping, or decumbent.
Leaflets thin, membranous : leaves deciduous.
Stems merely prickly.
Inflorescence usually several-many-flowered. 8. R. procumhens.
Inflorescence usually 1-2-flowered. f). R. Bfiilei/anus.
Stems bristly and prickly, sometimes merely bristly. 10. R. hispidiis.
Leaflets leathery : leaves persistent, evergreen. 10. R. hispidus.
1. R. occidentalis L. Straggling shrub, with glaucous prickle-armed branches
1-3 m. long: leaflets 3-5; blades ovate to obovate, 2-8 cm. long, acute or acu-
minate, incised-serrate, sometimes lobed: sepals oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late, 5-6 mm. long, acuminate: petals white, spatulate or cuneate-spatulate,.
4^5 mm. long, obtuse: fruits hemispheric, black or purple-black, 8-12 mm.
broad. — Common, ou roadsides and in thickets and open woods. — Black-
raspberry. Thimbleberry.
2. R. strigosus Michx. Branching shrub 1-2 m. tall, with more or less densely '
bristly foliage: leaflets 3-5; blades ovate to oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
or rarely elliptic, 2-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate, slightly serrate, sometimea
slightly lobed, glabrous above or nearly so, white-tomentose beneath: hypan-
thium bristly: sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 5-6 mm. long: petals white,
euneate or oblanceolate, about 5 mm. long, ascending, obtuse : fruits high-
hemispheric, light-red^ or rarely white, 8-10 mm. broad. — W. Bather rare, on
the banks of the Susquehanna river. — Sandstones and shales, limestones. —
Eed-raspberry.
3. R. phoenicolasius Maxim. Much-branched shrub, the stems 2-2.5 m. long,
like the branches and petioles, with reddish or purplish gland-tipped bristly
148 EOSACEAE.
hairs and scattered prickles: leaflets 3; blades broadly ovate or oval to sub-
orbicular, 3-9 cm. long, acute or short-acuminate, crenate and usually shal-
lowly lobed, green above, densely white-tomentulose beneath: hypanthium
densely glandular-bristly: sepals linear-lanceolate, 12-16 mm. long, acuminate:
petals white, rhombic-ovate or rhombic-obovate, 4-5 mm. long, erect : fruits
ovoid, cherry-red, about 1 cm. broad. — Common, in thickets and fence-rows.
Nat. of Japan. — Spr. — Wineberry.
4. R. cuneifolius Pursh. Much-branched shrub 0.5-1 m. tall: leaflets 3-5;
bladea leathery, acute or abruptly acuminate, glabrous or nearly so and rugose
above, densely tomentose beneath, sharply serrate, that of the terminal one
cuneate: hypanthium woolly: sepals ovate or oval, about 4 mm. long: petals
white or pink, cuneate : fruits oblong, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, black or nearly so,
sweet. — S. Not common, in dry soil. — Schists, serpentine. — Sand-black-
BEKRY.
5. R. nigrobaccus Bailey. Straggling branched shrub with glandular-pilose
young foliage, armed with recurved prickles, the stems 1-3 m. long: leaflets
3-5; blades thickish, ovate, oval, or obovate, 5-11 cm. long, acute or acumi-
nate, coarsely and unequally serrate, softly pubescent, at least beneath: hypan-
thium glandular: sepals elliptic-lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long, acuminate: petals
white or pink, 1-2 cm. long, obovate to suborbicular : fruits oval to globose-
oval, 12-25 mm. long, blacky juicy. — Common, in thickets and on banks.
6. R. allegheniensis Porter. Resembling E. nigrobaccus, but with more densely
glandular foliage, the stems rather more slender, erect or spreading, 6-25 dm.
long, copiously prickly, red or purple: leaflets 3-5; blades relatively narrow,
ovate-lanceolate to ovate, elliptic, oblong^ or oval: corolla 2.5-3 cm. broad:
fruits cylindric, 16-28 mm. long, much less juicy than that of related species,
but of a peculiar spicy flavor. — W. Rather rare, on the rocky banks of the
Susquehanna River.
7. R. frondosus Bigel. Erect or spreading shrub with closely pubescent
foliage, armed with straight or slightly curved prickles, the stems 0.5-2 m.
long. Leaflets 3 or rarely 5; blades elliptic to oval, varying to ovate or obo-
vate, 1.5-6 cm. long, usually acute or acuminate, sharply but rather finely
serrate and incised: flowers in terminal leafly-bracted racemes: petals white or
pinkish, obovate to oblong-cuneate, 1-1.5 cm. long: fruits oblong-cylindric,
1-1.5 cm. long, fleshy. — Susquehanna valley. Occasional, on shaded banks.
8. R. procumbens Muhl. Trailing shrub with prickle-armed or nearly naked
stems 1-3 m. long, the foliage thinly pubescent, the branches erect or ascending,
1-3 dm. tall: leaflets 3-7; blades elliptic-oval, suborbicular, or sometimes ovate
or cuneate, 2-8 cm. long, sharply dentate-serrate and often incised, usually
acute or acuminate: flowers solitary or few in loose racemes: petals white or
pink, obovate or cuneate, fully 10 mm. long, rounded or retuse at the apex:
fruits subglobose to oval, 2-2.5 cm. long, black, very sweet and juicy. —
Common, in old fields and on open hillsides.
9. R. Baileyanus Britton. Prickle-armed shrub with ascending or trailing
stems 3-15 dm. long, the foliage more or less pubescent or glabrate in age:
leaflets 3, or sometimes solitary; blades of the leaflets elliptic to suborbicular
varying to ovate or obovate^ often acute or acuminate, sharply serrate or
incised, commonly rounded or cordate at the base : petals white or pink, cuneate
or obovate-cuneate, 1.5-2 cm. long: fruits subglobose, or oval, 1-1.5 cm. long,
rather dry, black. — Occasional, in dry woods or thickets.
10. R. hispidus L. Slender bristly or prickly shrub with trailing stems, the
branches erect or ascending, 1-3 dm. tall: leaflets mostly 3: blades rather
leathery, 1-4 cm. long, usually obtuse at the apex, unequally serrate, the ter-
minal one narrowly or broadly cuneate, the lateral ones oval or suborbicular,
varying to ovate or obovate: petals white or pinkish, spatulate to cuneate-
ROSAGEAE. 149
obovate, 5-8 mm. long: fruits of few drupelets, about 1 cm. in diameter, black,
sour. — Frequent, in sphagnum swamps.
6. DRYMOCALLIS Fourr. Herbs with erect stems. Leaf -blades pin-
nately several-foliolate, the leaflets toothed. Petals yellow or white, rounded.
Stamens in 5 clusters. Carpel-body ovoid : style fusiform, basal. Achenes
glabrous.
1. D. agrimonioid.es (Pursh) Rydb. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, glandular, villous:
leaflets 1-6 cm. long; blades sharply incised-serrate : cymes dense: sepals
ovate : petals white : achenes about 3 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley.
Eare, on dry river banks near Safe Harbor. — Scliists. — Sum.
7. FRAGARIA [Tourn.] L. Aeaulescent erect and often stoloniferous
herbs. Leaf-blades piunately 3-foliolate. Scapes several-flowered. Bractlets
smaller than the sepals, entire. Petals surpassing the bractlets. — Spr. —
Strawberry.
Achenes borne on the surface of the accrescent receptacle : leaflets sessile or essen-
tially so.
Leaflets thickish : fruit mainly less than 15 mm. long: plants stout: naturalized
species. 1- -f"- vesca.
Leaflets thin : fruit mainly over 15 mm. long : plants slender :
native species. 2. F. americana.
Achenes borne in pits in the accrescent receptacle : leaflets stalked. 3. F. virginiana.
1. T. vesca L. Rootstocks rather stout: blades of the leaflets thinnish,
rhombic-obovate, mostly rounded at the apex, but often acutish, 2-10 cm. long:
scape usually 1-2 dm. tall, villous: pedicels appressed-pubescent : sepals ovate
to lanceolate: corolla 1-1.5 cm. wide: fruits subglobose, 1-1.5 cm. in diameter,
red or whitish. — Not common, on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — European wood-
strawberry.
2. F. americana (Porter) Brittou. Eootstock slender: blades of the leaflets
thin, rhombic-obovate, mostly acute, 3-8 cm. long: scape 1.5 dm. tall or less,
villous: pedicels somewhat appressed-pubescent: flowers similar to those of F.
vesca, but smaller : fruits conic-ovoid, 5-7.5 mm. long, red. — N. M. Rather
rare, on cliffs, hillsides and roadsides. — Sandstones and shales, limestones. —
American wood-strawberry.
3. F. virginiana Duchesne. Rootstocks stout: blades of the leaflets thick,
obtuse, 3-10 cm. long: scapes 1.5-5 dm. tall: corollas mostly over 15 mm. wide:
fruits hemispheric. — Common, in fields and on roadsides. — Scarlet-straw-
berry.
8. DUCHESNEA J. E, Smith. Caulescent creeping herbs. Leaf-blades
pinnately 3-foliolate. Peduncles 1-flowered. Bractlets larger than the sepals,
toothed. Petals surpassed by the bractlets.
1. D. indica (Andr.) Focke. Stem or branches elongate: leaflets ovate to
obovate: sepals 6-8 mm. long: petals obovate: fruits ovoid or subglobose,
8-10 mm. in diameter: achenes red. — Not common, in fields and on roadsides.
Nat. of As. — Spr. and sum. — Yelloav-strawberry. Indian-strawberry.
9. POTENTILLA L. Herbs or partially woody plants. Leaf -blades
pinnately or digitately foliolate. Flowers in corymbose cymes or solitary.
Petals white, yellow, red, or purple, notched. Receptacle hemispheric or conic.
Carpels and achenes ovoid. — Cinquefoil. Five-finger.
Flowers axillary to the leaf-like bracts : stems ultimately creeping or spreading :
perennials. , , ^ j-
Stems silky-villous : first flowers at the second node of the stem or a succeedmg
node. 1- P- canadensis.
150 EOSACEAE.
Stems silky-strigillose : first flower at the first node of the
stem. 2. P. ptnnila.
Flowers in terminal cymes : stems erect or ascending : annuals
or biennials.
Leaflets 3 : upper part of the achene ribbed lengthwise. 3. P. monspeliensis.
Leaflets 5-7 : upper part of the achene smooth or reticulate. 4. P. sulphurea.
1. P. canadensis L. Stem branched at the base, the branches decumbent or
prostrate, 3-6 dm. long (the larger form with more appressed pubescence and
larger leaflets is P. canadensis simplex) : leaflets 5 ; blades obovate to cuneate-
oblong, 2-4 cm. long: corolla 10-12 mm. wide, the petals about J longer than
the sepals. — Common, in dry flelds and on roadsides. Spr. and sum.
2. P. pumila Poir. Stems at first erect and less than 1.5 dm. tall: leaflets 5;
blades obovate, about 2 cm. long: corollas 6-10 mm. wide, the petals but little
surpassing the sepals. — Common, in old fields and on rocky hillsides. — Spr.
and sum.
3. P. monspeliensis L. Stems 3-11 dm. tall, hirsute (with fine pubescence and
objlong leaflet-blades in P. monspeliensis norvegica) : leaflets 3-5 ; blades
obovate, serrate : sepals oblong-lanceolate : petals obovate. — Common, in fields
and waste places, and on roadsides. — Spr. and sum.
4. P. sulphurea Lam. Stems 4-7 dm. tall, finely pubescent and with some
longer hairs : leaflets mostly 5-7 ; blades coarsely toothed : sepals lanceolate :
petals obovate, longer than the sepals. — S. Not common, in fields. Nat. of
Eu. — Sum.
10. WAIjDSTEINIA Willd. Acaulescent herbs. Leaf-blades lobed or
divided. Flowers in corymbose cymes. Petals yellow, rounded. Eeceptacle
minute. Carpels and achenes obovoid.
1. W. fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. Plants 0.5-3 dm. tall: leaf -blades 3-
foliolate; leaflets 2-4 cm. long, the blades cuneate to obovate, creuate-lobed or
incised : petals 8-10 mm. long, twice as long as the sepals : styles glabrous. —
N. Eare, in damp woods. — Sandstones and shales. — Spr. — Barben-straw-
BERRY.
11. STYLIPUS Eaf. Perennial herbs resembling Geum in habit: but
calyx not accompanied by a series of bractlets. Styles elongate and tapering,
bent near the apex. Head of carpels, or achenes, stipitate.
1. S. vemus Eaf. Stem and branches often decumbent: blades of the lower
leaves both lobed and pinnate: sepals about 2 mm. long: petals shorter than
the sepals : heads of achenes 7-9 mm. in diameter : achene-body 3 mm. long. —
M. Eare, in thickets. Nat. of the Central States. — Spr.
12. GEUM L. Herbs. Leaf -blades mostly 3-foliolate or pinnately divided.
Flowers solitary or in open cymes. Petals rounded or retuse. Eeceptacle
sessile. Carpels numerous: style jointed, elongate. Head of carpels, or achenes,
sessile. — Spr. and sum. — Avens.
Corolla white, pale-yellow or cream-yellow ; petals spatulate, cuneate or oblong.
Corolla white : stipules entire or nearly so.
Receptacle bristly : stem and branches glabrous or softly pilose.
1. O. canadense.
Receptacle glabrous : stem and branches hirsute. 2. G. virginianum.
Corolla pale-yellow or cream-yellow : stipules much cleft. 3. O. ffavum.
Corolla deep-yellow ; petals broadly obovate to suborbicular. 4. C?. strictum.
1. G. canadense Jacq. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: blades of the lower leaves 3-
divided or pinnate: sepals about thrice as long as the bractlets: hypanthium
glabrous or finely canescent: heads of achenes 8-11 mm. long: achene-body
2.5-3 mm. long. — Common, in thickets and open woods.
EOSACEAE. 151
2. G. virginianum L. Similar to G. canadense in habit, but stouter, and
petals rather smaller: hypauthium hirsute: heads of achenes 12-16 mm. long:
aeliene-body 2.5-3 mm. long. — Rather rare, in damp thickets.
3. G. flavum (Porter) Bicknell. Stems 3-15 dm. tall, hirsute below: blades
of the lower leaves usually pinnately divided: sepals about twice as long as
the bractlets: achene-body about 3 mm. long. — Common, in thickets and open
woods.
4. G. strictum Ait. Stems 5-16 dm. tall: blades of the lower leaves pinnately
parted, sometimes lyrate, the divisions incised or pinnatifid: sepals triangular
to lanceolate, fully twice as long as the narrow bractlets: hypanthium finely
pubescent: petals broadly obovate or suborbicular, somewhat longer than the
sepals: heads of achenes 1.5-2 cm. long: achene-body 3-3.5 mm. long. — N.
Eare, in woods. — Sandstones and shales.
13. FILIPENDUIiA [Tourn.] Hill. Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaf^
blades pinnate. Flowers numerous, borne in corymbose cymes. Sepals entire.
Petals broad, white, pink, or purple. Carpels 5-15: style short: stigma capi-
tate. Aehene capsule-like.
1. F. rubra (Hill) B. L. Robinson. Plants 5-24 dm. tall: lower leaves 3-9
dm. tall; blades of the leaflets palmately 3-5-lobed: sepals almost half-
orbicular : petals 2-3 mm. long, pink or purple ; the blades suborbicular : fruits
6-7 mm. long, clavate. — S. Rather rare, in swamps. — Schists. — Sum. —
QUEEN-OF-THE-PRAIRIE.
1-4. AGRIMONIA [Tourn.] L. Perennial, often glandular, caulescent
herbs. Leaf-blades unequally and interruptedly pinnate. Flowers small, in
virgate interrupted racemes. Hypanthium fluted, armed with hooked bristles.
Sepals green, persistent. Petals yellow. Stamens 5-15. Filaments subulate.
Style terminal. — Agrimony.
Lower surface of the leaves, and racemes, softly and closely pubescent.
Roots not tuberous-thickened : leaflets glandular-dotted beneath.
Fruits with spreading bristles: leaflets mostly 11-17. 1. A. paryiflora.
Fruits with converging bristles : leaflets mostly 7-9. 2. A. striata.
Roots tuberous-thickened : leaflets not glandular-dotted
beneath.
Leaflets 3-5 ; blade of the terminal one obovate or cuneate. 3. A. pttmila.
Leaflets 5-9 or rarely more ; blade of the terminal one
oblong to elliptic. 4. J., mollis.
Lower surface of the leaves, and racemes, glabrous or with
loosely spreading hairs.
Roots tuberous-thickened : fruits 2.5-3.5 mm. high, hemi-
spheric, with few ascending bristles. 5. A. rostellata.
Roots not tuberous-thickened : fruits 6-12 mm. high, tur-
binate, with many radiating bristles. 6. A. gryposepala.
1. A. parviflora Soland. Stems shaggy-pubescent, at least below: lower leaves
with 11-27 primary leaflets: sepals over 1.5 mm. long, abruptly pointed: petals
2.5-3 mm. long: mature hypanthium short-turbinate or somewhat dilated. —
Common, in thickets and damp meadows. — Spr. and sum.
2. A. striata Miehx. Stems soft-hirsute: lower leaves with 7-9 primary
leaflets: sepals fully 1.5 mm. long, acute: petals 3-4 mm. long: mature hypan-
thium long-turbinate. — S. Not common, in thickets. — Schists. — Sum.
3. A. pumila Muhl. Stems with spreading hairs: lower leaves with 3-5
primary leaflets, the terminal one obovate to cuneate: sepals mostly obtuse:
petals mostly 2.5-3 mm. long: mature hypanthium-body 4-5 mm. wide. — S.
Eare, on shaded banks. — Schists. — Sum.
4. A. mollis (T. & G.) Britton. Stems loosely tomentose and somewhat vil-
lous: lower leaves with 5-9 primary leaflets, the terminal one oblong to
152 EOSACEAE.
elliptic: sepals mostly acute: petals mostly 2-2.5 mm. long: mature hypan-
thium-body about 3 nun. wide. — Occasional^ in woods and on dry banks. — Sum.
5. A. rostellata Wallr. Stems nearly glabrous or sparingly loose-pubescent:
lower leaves witli 3-9;, usually 5, primary leaflets: sepals acute or obtuse:
corolla 4-6 mm. wide: mature hypanthium turbinate, 2.5-3 mm. long. — S.
Rather common, in low thickets and fence rows. — Schists. — Sum.
6. A. gryposepola Wallr. Stems with spreading hairs: lower leaves with 5-9,
usually 7, primary leaflets: sei^als acuminate: corolla 8-12 mm. wide: mature
hypanthium broadly turbinate, 5-6 mm. long. — Common, in thickets. — Sum.
15. SANGUISORBA [Eupp.] L. Perennial, or rarely annual, caulescent
herbs. Leaf-blades unequally pinnate. Flowers in dense heads or spikes.
Hypanthium angled, unarmed. Sepals petal-like, deciduous. Petals wanting.
Filaments mostly clavate.
1. S. canadensis L. Plants 3-4 dm. tall: leaflets 7-15; blades oblong, ovate-
oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-8 cm. long, serrate: spikes 3-15 cm. long:
sepals oval or oval-ovate, varying to oblong or cuneate, about 2 mm. long,
mucronate : achenes about 3 mm. long. — Not very common, in swamps. —
Sum. — Burnet.
16. BOSA [Tourn.] L. Prickly shrubs, sometimes vine-like. Leaf-blades
unequally pinnate. Flowers solitary or in corymbs, often showy. Hypanthium
urceolate. Sepals more or less foliaceous. Petals 5, broad. Stamens many.
Fruits enclosed in the pulpy hypanthium. — Sum. — EosE.
Sepals persistent and erect : stems and branches unarmed or nearly so, except the
bristly shoots. 1. R. Solauderi.
Sepals deciduous, or if persistent, spreading or recurved : stem
and branches prickle-armed.
Achenes borne only on the bottom of the hypanthium : shoots
bristly : prickles infrastipular.
Bades of the leaflets serrulate : prickles short and curved. 2. R. palustris.
Blades of the leaflets serrate, often coarsely so : prickles
straight, or if curved, elongate.
Flowers solitary or nearly so : leaflets 5-7 : spines
slender, straight. 3. R. Carolina.
Flowers corymbose : leaflets 7-9 : spines stout, often
curved. 4. R. viryiniana.
Achenes borne on the sides and on the bottom of the hypan-
thium : shoots prickly : spines scattered.
Styles pubescent : fruits globular to oval. 5. R. ruMginosa.
Styles glabrous : fruits ovoid to flask-shaped. 6. R. micrantha.
1. R. Solanderi Tratt. Bushy shrub 1.5 m. tall or less, the prickles wanting or
few and small: leaflets 5-7; blades thickish, oblong to oblong-lanceolate or
broadest above the middle, mostly 2-3 cm. long, serrate, often slightly pubes-
cent beneath: flowers in corymbs, or solitary: hypanthium glaucous, sometimes
slightly bristly: sepals narrowly lanceolate, more or less dilated at the apex,
hispid, persistent: fruits depressed, 1-2 cm. in diameter, red. [B. hlanda Lindl.
Not Ait.] — Susquehanna valley. Eare, in moist places.
2. E. palustris Marsh. Bushy shrub 1-3 m. tall, the prickles stout, recurved:
leaflets 5-9, commonly 7; blades membranous, elliptic to elliptic-obovate or
oblanceolate, 2.5-7 cm. long, acute or obtuse at the apex, serrulate, gla-
brous, or pubescent beneath: flowers in terminal corymbs or rarely solitary:
hypanthium glandular: sepals lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, often
dilated at the apex, rarely lobed, spreading or reflexed at maturity, deciduous:
fruits subglobose or depressed, 7-9 mm. in diameter, red, more or less glandu-
lar. [B. Carolina L. 2 ed. Sp. PI.] — Common, in low thickets and swamps.
3. K. Carolina L. Bushy shrub 2-24 dm. tall, the prickles straight: leaflets
5-7, usually 5; blades rather leathery, elliptic, oval, or ovate-lanceolate, or
MALACEAE. 153
sometimes cuneate, 1.5-5 cm. long, acute or rarely rounded at the apex,
serrate, sometimes pubescent beneath: flowers solitary, or few in corymbs:
hypanthium more or less densely glandular-pubescent: sepals lanceolate,
acuminate, dilated or lobed above, spreading, deciduous: corolla 4-6 cm.
broad: fruits subglobose or depressed, 12-15 mm. in diameter, red. [B.
humilis Marsh.] — Common, in fields and thickets.
4. R. virginiana Mill. Bushy shrub 2 m. tall, the prickles curved: leaflets
7-9, mostly 7; blades thick, oblong, elliptic, or oval, varying to ovate or
obovate, mostly 2—1 cm. long, serrate, smooth and often shining above,
glabrous or nearly so beneath: flowers typically corymbose: hypanthium
usually bristly: sepals lanceolate, often slightly dilated at the apex, spreading,
deciduous: corolla 4-6 cm. broad: fruits subglobose or obovoid, 1-1.5 cm. in
diameter, red. [M. lucida Ehrh.] — Occasional, in low grounds.
5. R. rubiginosa L. Straggling aromatic shrub, the prickles recurved: leaflets
5-7 ; blades broad, oval, or suborbicular, sometimes varying to ovate or obo-
vate, 1.5-3 cm. long, acute or obtuse at both ends, sharply serrate, resinous
beneath : flowers solitary, or few in corymbs : hypanthium glabrous or bristly :
sepals lanceolate, with an acuminate pinnatifid apex: corolla white or pink:
fruits broad, oval to globular, 1-2 cm. long, deep-red, shining. — Eather com-
mon, in waste places and woods. Nat. of Eu. — Sweetbeier. Eglantine.
6. R. micrantha J. E. Sm. Plants similar to B. rubiginosa in habit, but
smaller in all the parts: leaflets less glandular; blades relatively narrower,
often elliptic and more pointed: corollas small, 2.5 cm. wide or less, pale:
fruits ovoid to flask-shaped, often bright-red. — Occasional in woods and
thickets. Nat. of Eu. — Sweetbrier.
Family 10. MALACEAE. Apple Family.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate : blades simple and pinnately
veined or pinnately compound. Flowers perfect, regular. Hypanthium
adnate to the ovary. Calyx of mostly 5 sepals. Corolla of mostly 5
petals. Androecium of numerous, or rarely few, stamens. Gynoecium of
2-5 wholly or partially united carpels, or rarely of 1 carpel. Fruit a more
or less fleshy pome, being the thickened hypanthium enclosing the carpels.
Carpels papery or leathery at maturity.
Cavities of the ovary (carpels) as many as the styles.
Cymes simple : pomes relatively large.
Pomes elongate, broadened upward ; flesh with grit-cells :
hypanthium-oriflce nearly closed by a disk. 1. Pyeus.
Pomes depressed, not dilated upward ; flesh without
grit-cells : hypanthium-oriflce open. 2. Malds.
Cymes compound : pomes small, berry-like. 3. Aronia.
Cavities of the ovary becoming twice as many as the styles. 4. Amelanchier.
Carpels bony at maturity. 5. Ceataegus.
1. PYRUS [Tourn.] L. Leaf-blades simple, usually toothed. Cymes
simple. Pome usually tapering to the base. — Pear.
1. P. communis L. Tree, usually thorny: leaf -blades ovate, elliptic, or obo-
vate, slender-petioled, 3-8 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so in age, acute or
acuminate, the base usually rounded: cymes few-several-flowered: pedicels
1.8-5 cm. long: sepals about as long as the hypanthium: corolla white, about
2.5 cm. broad: pome, in the wild form, seldom over 5 cm. long, in the
numerous cultivated forms often much larger. — Common, in woods and
thickets, and on roadsides. Nat. of the Old World. — Spr. — Common-pear.
2. MALUS L. Leaf-blades simple, toothed or lobed. Cymes simple.
Pome depressed at both ends. — Spr. — Apple.
154 MALACEAE.
Leaf-blades glabrous, at least at maturity : sepals glabrous or nearly so without.
1. If. gluuceacens.
Leaf-blades persistently pubescent, often tomentose beneath :
sepals pubescent without. 2. M. Malus.
1. M. glaucescens Rehder. Small tree: leaf -blades sparingly pubescent be-
neath along the veins when young, glabrous when old, sharply serrate and often
somewhat lobed, rounded or cordate at the base, 2.5-7.5 cm. long: flowers very
fragrant: pedicels slender, glabrous: corolla rose-colored, 2.5-5 cm. broad:
pome subglobose or depressed, 3-3.5 cm. in diameter, greenish-yellow, fragrant,
very acid. — Rather rare, in thickets. — Crab-apple.
2. M. Malus (L.) Brittou. Tree with sj^reading branches: leaf -blades broadly
ovate or oval, obtuse or abruptly pointed 2.5—7.5 cm. long, dentate or nearly
entire, often woolly beneath, especially when young: j^edicels generally tomen-
tose, stout: corolla pink or white, 3.5-7.5 cm. broad: pome depressed-globose
(or elongate in cultivated forms), 5-7.5 cm. in diameter. — Common, in
woods and thickets, and on roadsides. — Common-apple.
3. ARONIA Pers. Leaf -blades simple, shallowly toothed. Cymes com-
pound. Pome berry-like, globular to pyriform. — Spr. — Chokeberry.
Cyme-branches and lower surfaces of the leaf-blades woolly : pomes red.
1. A. arbutifoUa.
Cyme-branches and lower surfaces of the leaf-blades glabrous :
pomes black or dark-purple. 2. A. melanocarpa.
1. A. arbutifolia (L. f.) Ell. Shrub, sometimes reaching a height of 3.5 m.:
leaf-blades oval, obloug, or obovate, obtuse or abruptly short-pointed, nar-
rowed or somewhat cuneate at the base, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, serrulate-crenulate:
cymes terminal, but at length overtopped by the young sterile shoots: corolla
white or purplish-tinged, 8-12 mm. broad: pomes 4-6 mm. in diameter, long-
persistent. — Common, in swamps and low woods.
2. A. melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. Shrub resembling the preceding species, but
larger, or sometimes a small tree: leaf -blades obovate or oval, obtuse, acute,
or abruptly acuminate at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, crenulate :
flowers similar to those of the preceding sj^ecies: hypanthium and pedicels
nearly glabrous: pomes globose or oval, 6-8 mm. in diameter. — Common, in
wet grounds and swamps.
4. AMEIfANCHIER Medic. Leaf -blades simple, toothed or rarely entire.
Cymes simple. Pome berry-like, globular. — Spr. — June-berry. Service-
berry. May-cherry.
Petals elongate (10-18 mm.) : leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so: lower pedicels mostly
1.5-3 cm. long, becoming 3-5 cm. long at maturity. 1. A. laevis.
Petals short (7-9 mm.) : leaf -blades densely white-tomentose when
young, less densely pubescent in age : lower pedicels 1-2 cm.
long or less, becoming 1-2 cm. long at maturity.
Leaf-blades with 8-9 pairs (average) of lateral veins : hypan-
thium saucer-shaped : ovary woolly on top : sepals recurved
when the petals fall. 2. A. stolonifera.
Leaf-blades with 31-15 pairs (average) of lateral veins : hypan-
thium campanulate : ovary mostly glabrous on top: sepals
erect when the petals fall. 3. A. ohlongtfoha.
1. A. laevis Wiegand. Tree becoming 13 m. tall, or sometimes a shrub: leaf-
blades ovate, oval, or elliptic, 4-6 cm. long, short-acuminate at the apex,
sharply serrate, mostly rounded or subeordate at the base, slender-petioled :
hypanthium campanulate: sepals triangular-lanceolate or subulate, 3-4 mm.
long, reflexed at the base when the petals fall: petals oblong-linear: ovary
glabrous on top: pomes purple or nearly black beneath the bloom, 6-8 mm. in
diameter. [A. canadensis of various authors.] — Common in woods and on
damp slopes.
MALACEAE. 155
2. A. stolonifera Wiegand. Shrub mostly 1 ni. tall or less, often growing in
patches: leaf-blades oval, varying sometimes to oval or suborbieular, 2.5-5 cm.
long, rounded or acutish at the apex, finely serrate, rounded or rarely sub-
cordate at the base, slender-petioled : hypanthium saucer-shaped: sepals tri-
angular-lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long, recurved from the middle when the petals
fall: petals oblong-obovate: ovary woolly on top: pomes purplish-black be-
neath the bloom, 6-7 mm. in diameter. [A. spicata of various authors.] — S.
Lower Susquehanna valley. Eare, on rocks or dry banks. — Schists.
3. A. oblongifolia (T. & G.) Koemer. Shrub 8 m. tall or less, often growing
in clumps : leaf-blades oblong, elliptic-oblong or narrowly obovate-oblong, 3-5.5
cm. long, rounded or acutish at the apex, very finely serrate, rounded or rarely
subcordate at the base ; rather slender-petioled : hypanthium campanulate :
sepals triangular, 1.5-2.5 mm. long, erect or irregularly spreading: petals
oblong-obovate to oblanceolate or linear: ovary mostly glabrous on top:
pomes nearly black beneath the bloom, 5-7 mm. in diameter. [A. Botryapium
of various authors.]- — ^S. Occasional, in low or rocky woods. — Schists.
5. CRATAEGUS L. Small trees or shrubs, usually armed with thorns or
spines. Leaves alternate : blades simple, petioled. Flowers terminal, cymose
or corymbose. Hypanthium cup-shaped or campanulate, adnate to the carpels.
Sepals 5, reflexed after anthesis. Corolla white or pink. Petals 5, spreading,
rounded, inserted on the margin of the disk in the throat of the hypanthium.
Stamens 5-25, inserted in 1-3 rows on the edge of the hypanthium: filaments
slender, incurved: anthers oblong or suborbieular, white, yellow, pink, or
purple. Ovary inferior, or its summit free, composed of 1-5 carpels: styles
1-5, not united, persistent : stigmas terminal. Pome globose, pyriform, or
oval, yellow, orange-red, blue, or black, containing 1-5 bony carpels, each
usually 1-seeded. Seed erect, the testa membranous. — Spr. ■ — Haw. White-
thorn. Haavthoen.
Leaf-blades deeply lobed : sepals obtuse. ' 1. C Oxyacantha.
Leaf-blades toothed and often also shallowly lobed : sepals acute
or acuminate.
Sepals entire.
Sepals short : leaf-blades of a deltoid type : pomes less
than 7 mm. thick. 2. C. Phacnopyrum.
Sepals long : leaf-blades not of a deltoid type : pomes
over 7 mm. thick. 3. C. Crus-galH.
Sepals toothed.
Flowers few in each corymb.
Sepals shallowly toothed, not foliaceous : stamens
about 10. 4. C. coccinea.
Sepals laciniate-toothed, foliaceous : stamens typically
20. 5. C. tomcntosa.
Flowers many in each corymb.
Corolla about 2 cm. wide : anthers yellow : pomes red. 6. G. rotundifoUa.
Corolla about 1.5 cm. wide : anthers red : pomes
crimson. 7. C. Holmesiana.
1. C. Oxyacantha L. Tree sometimes 9 m. tall, or a shrub, the thorns short:
leaf -blades ovate in outline, 1-4 em. long, serrate and 3-15-lobed, acute, deep-
green and ultimately glabrous above, paler and persistently pubescent beneath,
cuneate to truncate at the base: corymbs many-flowered, the branches glabrous:
sepals deltoid, 1-1.5 mm. long, entire, obtuse: corolla 13-16 mm. wide: stamens
about 20; anthers pink: ponies globose or subglobose, 6-8 mm. thick, red. —
Occasional, in thickets and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — English-hawthorn.
2. C. Phaenopyrum (L. f.) Medic. Tree sometimes in m. tall, or more often
a shrub with nearly erect and spreading branches, the thorns rather long:
leaf -blades of a deltoid type, broadly ovate or ovate-triangular, 2-8 cm. long,
acute, serrate and incised or 3-7-lobed, glabrous, truncate or cordate at the
156 AMYGDALACEAE.
base: corymbs mauy-flowered, the branches glabrous: sepals short-triangular
or deltoid, entire, ciliate: corolla about 1 cm. wide: stamens about 20;
anthers pink: pomes spheroidal, 4-6 mm. thick, bright-red or scarlet; nutlets
3-4 mm. long. [C. cordata Ait.] — Occasional, on roadsides and in thickets.
Escaped from gardens and hedges. Nat. southward. — Washington-thorn.
3. C. Crus-galli L. Tree sometimes 9 m. tall, the thorns long, sometimes
branched: leaf-blades obovate or oblanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, or longer and
broader on shoots, obtuse or acute, glabrous, sharply serrate above the middle,
cuneate at the base: corymbs many-flowered, the branches glabrous: sepals
linear-lanceolate, 3.5-5 mm. long, entire: corolla 12-14 mm. wide: stamens
about 10; anthers rose-colored or purplish: pomes oval or oblong, 8-13 mm.
thick, dull-red at maturity : nutlets 8-9 mm. long. — Frequent, in thickets and
woods. — COCKSPUR-THORN.
4. C. coccinea L. Tree usually less than 9 m. tall, or an irregular shrub, the
thorns few, straight or nearly so : leaf -blades ovate, 2-7.5 cm. long, acute,
serrate and shallowly mostly 5-9-lobed, often becoming rough, broadly cuneate
to truncate at the base : corymbs few-flowered, the branches pubescent : sepals
lanceolate, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, toothed near the apex: corolla about 2.5 cm.
wide: stamens about 10; anthers light-yellow: pomes subglobose or oval, 8-10
mm. thick, reddish-brown at maturity ; nutlets mostly 5-7 mm. long. — Fre-
quent, in woods and thickets. — Scarlet-thorn.
5. C. tomentosa L. Tree 7 m. tall or less, or a shrub, the thorns straight:
leaf-blades oval, obovate, or spatulate, or sometimes ovate, 2-5 cm. long, or
longer on shoots, acute, obtuse, or rounded at the apex, serrate or serrate-
dentate, sometimes also incised, permanently pubescent beneath, usually
cuneate at the base: corymbs few-flowered, the branches pubescent: sepals
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, laciniate-toothed : corolla 10-14
mm. wide: stamens typically 20; anthers purplish: pomes subglobose, varying
to oval or pyriform, 10-15 mm. thick, dull-red, or sometimes yellow-green;
nutlets mostly 7-8 mm. long. — Occasional, in open woods.
6. C. rotundlfolia Moench. Tree sometimes 9 m. tall, or a round-topped
shrub, the thorns numerous, curved: leaf -blades thick, broadly ovate or orbicu-
lar-ovate, or sometimes obovate, 2.5-6 cm. long, acute, serrate and shallowly
7-9-lobed, glabrous, mostly broadly cuneate at the base: corymbs many-
flowered, the branches glabrous or sparingly pubescent: sepals lanceolate,
glandular-serrate, 2.5-3 mm. long: corolla about 2 cm. wide: stamens 5-10;
anthers usually yellow: pomes subglobose, 9-12 mm. thick, red; nutlets 6-7
mm. long. — N. Frequent, in open wood and thickets. — Sandstones and
shales.
7. C. Holmesiana Ashe. Tree mostly less than 8 m. tall, or a round-topped
shrub, the thorns rather numerous, curved: leaf -blades thin, ovate or elliptic-
ovate, 2.5-9 cm. long, acute or acuminate, serrate and 9-13-lobed, permanently
pubescent beneath, abruptly narrowed at the base : corymbs many-flowered, the
branches pubescent, or sometimes nearly glabrous: sepals lanceolate, 5-6 mm.
long, glandular-serrate: corolla about 1.5 cm. wide: stamens 5-10; anthers
red: pomes pyriform or nearly oval, 11-13 mm. thick, crimson; nutlets 7-9
mm. long. [C. tenuifolia Britton.] — S. Occasional, on hillsides and road-
sides. — ScJiists.
Family 11. AMYGDALACEAE. Plum Family.
Shrubs or trees, commonly with prussic acid in the tissues. Leaves
alternate, with free, often early deciduous, stipules : blades simple, mostly
toothed. Flowers perfect, in corymbs, cymes, racemes, or panicles, some-
times clustered. Calyx of 5 sepals, borne on the edge of the hypanthium,
deciduous. Corolla of 5 petals. Androecium of many stamens. Gynoe-
AMYGDALACEAE. 157
cium of a single carpel, or rarely of 2 or 3 carpels. Ovary 1-celled : style
entire. Fruit a drupe.
Flowers sessile or nearly so : ovary, and drupe, pubescent ; stone coarsely wrinkled
and pitted. 1. Amygdalds.
Flowers manifestly pedicelled : ovary, and drupe, glabrous ; stone
neither wrinkled nor pitted.
Flowers in corymbs or clusters from tlie branches of the pre-
ceding year, before the leaves. 2. Prunus.
Flowers in racemes terminating branches of the year, after
the leaves. 3. Padus.
1. AMYGDAIiUS L. Shrubs or trees. Leaves very strongly impregnated
with prussic acid. Flowers sessile or short-pedicelled. Corolla mostly pink.
Drupe velvety-pubescent, the stone wrinkled and pitted. — Peach.
1. A. Persica L. Tree: leaf -blades narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, or rarely
oblong-obovate, shining, sharply serrate: petals pink, 8-20 mm. long: drupes
subglobose or oblong, 4-10 cm. long, grooved on one side, velvety. — Common,
on roadsides and in woods and thickets. — Nat. of Old World. — Spr. —
Common-peach.
2. PBUNUS [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees. Leaves sometimes slightly
impregnated with prussic acid. Flowers in corymbs or umbel-like clusters,
relatively long-pedicelled. Corolla mostly white. Drupes usually glabrous and
glaucous, the stone smooth or nearly so. — Spr. — Plum. Cherry.
Leaves conduplicate in vernation.
Flowers small ; corolla less than 13 mm. wide.
Leaf-blades narrow, cuneate or narrowed at the base, the coarse teeth not
glandular in the sinuses.
Leaf-blades of an oblong-spathulate type : inflorescence umbel-like : shrub.
1. P. cuneata.
Leaf-blades of an oblong-lanceolate type : inflores-
cence corymbs : tree. 2. P. pennsylvanica.
Leaf-blades broad, rounded or subcordate at the base,
the fine teeth glandular in the sinuses. 3. P. Mahaleh.
Flowers large ; corolla over 17 mm. wide.
Leaves glabrous : inner scales of the flowering buds
broad, not spreading : drupe sour. 4. P. Ccrasus.
Leaves pubescent : inner scales of the flowering buds
narrow, spreading : drupe sweet. 5. P. Avium.
Leaves convolute in vernation. 6. P. americana.
1. P. cuneata Eaf. Spreading glabrous shrub 3-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades
oblong, oval, or somewhat obovate, 3-S cm. long, sometimes acute at both
ends, cuneate at the base, glaucous beneath, rather coarsely serrate with ap-
pressed teeth: flowers in clusters: pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long: sepals oval or
orbicular, toothed: petals 4-5 mm, long, rather slender-clawed: drupes sub-
globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter. — S. — Eare, in swamps. — Schists, serpentine.
2. P. pennsylvanica L. f. Small glabrous tree: leaf -blades thinnish, oblong-
elliptic to nearly oval or lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long, acuminate at the apex,
doubly serrate: flowers in lateral clusters: pedicels slender, 1-2.5 cm. long, or
3 cm. long at maturity: sepals ovate-oblong, entire: petals 4.5-5.5 mm. long,
very short-clawed : drupes globose, 4-7 mm. in diameter, red, without bloom,
with thin sour flesh: stone subglobose, or slightly elongate. — E. Rare, on
hillsides, near Beartown. — Quartzite. — Wild red-cherry. Bird-cherry.
Fire-cherry. Pigeon -cherry.
3. P. Mahaleb L. Shrub or small glabrous tree: leaf -blades ovate, 2-5.5 cm.
long, abruptly pointed, finely serrate, rounded, truncate, or subcordate at the
base, slightly paler green beneath than above: flowers in corymbs: pedicels
1.5-2.5 cm. long: sepals oblong, entire: petals 5-6 mm. long, not clawed:
drupes globose or ovoid-globose, 7-9 mm. long, reddish-black. — M. Eare, on
cliffs of the Conestoga creek above Lancaster. Nat. of Eu. — Perfumed-
cherry. Mahaleb.
158 CASSIACEAE.
4. P. Cerasus L. Small tree: leaf -blades ovate, oval-ovate, or ovate-lanceolate,
4-11 cm. long, abruptly acute or acuminate, finely serrate-dentate, glabrous,
resinous when young: corolla 1.5-2.5 cm. broad: drupes nearly globose, 8-10
mm. in diameter, or larger in cultivation, sour, red or black: stone subglobose.
— Eather common, in fence-rows and woods. Nat. of Eu. — Sour-cherry.
MORELLO-CHERRY.
5. p. Avium L. Large tree: leaf -blades ovate to oval or oval-ovate, 5-10 cm.
long, abruptly short-acuminate, coarsely doubly serrate, pubescent beneath,
sometimes only on the veins: corolla 2.5-3 cm. broad: drupes ovoid-globose,
8-10 mm. in diameter, not acid, usually sweet : stone globular. — Common, in
woods, fence-rows, and thickets. Nat. of Eu. — Sweet-cherry. Mazzard.
6. P. americana Marsh. Small somewhat spiny tree: leaf -blades elliptic to
oval or oval-obovate, 4-10 cm. long, acuminate, sharply singly or doubly ser-
rate, pubescent beneath, especially near the veins, acute or rounded at the
slightly inequilateral base: petioles usually glandless: flowers 2-5 in lateral
clusters: sepals entire: petals 7-10 mm. long: drupes subglobose or barely
elongate, 18^25 mm. long, sometimes with slight bloom: stone ovoid or oval,
flattened. — Common, in thickets and fence-rows. — Wild yellow- plum. Wild
RED-PLUM.
3. PADUS Borckh. Shrubs or trees. Leaves deciduous, manifestly im-
pregnated with prussie acid. Flowers in terminal racemes. Hypanthium green.
Sepals relatively large. Petals rounded. Drupe with a juicy exocarp. — Spr.
— Wild cherry.
Sepals deciduous : leaf -blades sharply serrulate. 1. P- nana.
Sepals persistent : leaf-blades crenate-serrulate. 2. P. virginiana.
1. P. nana (Du Eoi) Eoem. Shrub with diffuse branches, or small tree
with spreading or drooping branches and very bitter bark: leaf -blades thin-
nish, oval or obovate, 5-10 cm. long, sharply serrulate, usually rounded at the
base, glabrous or nearly so on both sides: racemes rather lax, 8-15 cm. long:
sepals reflexed, often ovate, glandular-margined: petals 3-4 mm. long: drupes
globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, red or almost black, or rarely yellow, very
astringent. [P. virginiana Eoem, not Prunus virginiana L.] — S. Rare, in rocky
woods near the Octoraro Creek. — Schists. — Choke-cherry.
2. P. virginiana (L.) Mill. Tree with ascending branches, becoming 35 m.
tall, the bark aromatic and bitter: leaf -blades firm, oblong or elliptic, varying
to obovate, or lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, acuminate or acute at both ends,
or rounded at the base, crenate-serrulate with callous-tipped teeth, glabrous
or nearly so: sepals ovate, longer than broad: corolla 8-10 mm. broad: drupes
globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, dark-purple or nearly black, sweet but slightly
astringent. [P. serotina (Ehrh.) Agardh.] — Common, in thickets and woods.
— Wild black-cherry. Eum-cherry.
Family 12. CASSIACEAE. Senna Family.
Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves alternate : blades compound, usually
1-2-pinnate, rarely 1-foliolate. Flowers perfect, polygamous, monoecious,
or dioecious, more or less irregular. Calyx of 3-5, usually slightly united,
sepals, sometimes borne on the edge of a well-developed hypanthium.
Corolla of 3-5 unequal distinct petals. Androecium of 6-10 distinct or
nearly distinct stamens. Gynoecium 1-earpellary. Fniit a legume.
Corolla apparently papillionaceous : leaves with 1-foliolate blades. 1. Ceecis.
Corolla more or less irregular, sometimes nearly regular : leaves
with pinnately compound blades.
CASSIACEAE. 159
Leaves with 1-pinnate blades : flowers perfect : petals yellow
or whitish, unequal.
Calyx-lobes obtuse : pods tardily dehiscent or Indehlscent. 2. Cassia.
Calyx-lobes acuminate : pods elastically dehiscent. 3. Chamaeceista.
Leaves with 2-pinnate blades : flowers polygamous : petals
greenish, nearly equal. 4. Gleditsia.
1. CERCIS L. Shrubs or trees. Leaves 1-foliolate: leaflet broad. Calyx
shallowly lobed: tube gibbous. Corolla pink-purple: keel-petals of the ap-
parently papilionaceous corolla longer than the others. Anthers short, opening
lengthwise. Pod very flat.
1. C. canadensis L. Shrub or tree: leaf -blades broadly ovate to reniform:
pedicels mostly less than 1.5, cm. long: sinuses of the calyx nearly as broad
as the lobes: larger petals 12-13 mm. long; blades ovate: pods linear-oblong,
5-10 cm. long. — Common, on rocky hills. — Spr. — Eed-bud. Judas-tree.
2. CASSIA [Tonrn.] L. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves abruptly 1-
pinnate: stipules deciduous. Flowers in axillary racemes or panicles. Sepals
nearly distinct, leathery or petaloid. Petals mainly yellow or whitish. Pod
more or less turgid, indehiscent or rather tardily dehiscent. — Senna.
1, C. marylandica L. Perennial, 8-20 dm. tall, sparingly pubescent: leaflets
12-20; blades elliptic to oblong, mueronate, 4—5 cm. long: petiolar gland
obconical, stipitate, near the base of the rachis: sepals 6-8 mm. long: petals
10-12 mm. long, cuneate to spatulate: pods curved, somewhat hispid, 10-12
cm. long: seeds flat, nearly as wide as long. — Common, in moist grounds,
especially near streams. — Sum. — Wild-senna.
3. CHAMAECKISTA Moench. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves abruptly 1-
pinnate: stipules persistent. Flowers clustered in leaf -axils. Sepals nearly
distinct, membranous. Petals mainly yellow or whitish. Pod flattish, promptly
dehiscent, the valves elastic. — Sum. — Sensitive-pea. Sensitive-plant.
Corolla small, less than 1 cm. wide : anthers 5^ nearly equal. 1. G. nictitans.
Corolla large, over 1 cm. wide : anthers 10, very unequal. 2. C. fasciculata
1. C. nictitans (L.) Moench. Stem branching and spreading freely, finely
pubescent: leaflets 12-28; blades glabrous, linear to linear-elliptic, acute or
mueronate, 10-14 mm. long or less: petiolar gland urceolate, subsessile:
stipules lanceolate: sepals 5-7 mm. long, sparingly pubescent: standard obo-
vate, sometimes broadly so, smaller than the large wing-petal: pods pubes-
cent, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 6 mm. wide. — Common, in dry soil. — Wild sensitive-
plant.
2. C. fasciculata (Michx.) Greene. Stem erect or spreading, finely pubescent:
leaflets 16-28; blades oblong-elliptic, acute or mueronate, 1.5 cm. long or less:
petiolar gland sessile, compressed, truncate: stipules lanceolate-linear: sepals
12-17 mm. long, short-hairy: standard 13-20 mm. long: pods pubescent, 4-5
cm. long, 5 mm. wide. — Common, in dry soil. — Partridge-pea.
4. GLEDITSIA L. Trees with simple or branched thorns. Leaves rela-
tively small, 2-pinnate: stipules present. Calyx-lobes obtuse, about as long as
the petals. Petals nearly equal. Pod flat.
1. G. triacanthos L. Tree becoming 40 m. tall: leaflets 1-2.5 cm. long; blades
ovate-lanceolate varying to elliptic: sepals narrowly oblong to lanceolate:
pods black and lustrous, pulpy within. — S. Eather common, in thickets. — •
Schists. — Late spr. — Honey-locust.
160
FABACEAE.
Family 13. FABACEAE. Pea Family.
Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines. Leaves alternate: blades 1-compound,
sometimes 1-foliolate, or rarely simple. Flowers mostly perfect, irregular.
Calyx of 5 more or less unequal pai'tially united sepals. Corolla of 5
unequal distinct or nearly distinct petals which are, 2 keel-petals and 2
wings, and 1 standard which surrounds the others. Androecium of 10
monadelphous, diadelphous or rarely distinct stamens, or rarely of 9 or 5.
Gynoeeium 1-carpellary. Ovary superior. Fruit a dehiscent or indehiscent
legume or a loment.
Tribe
I. PODALYEIBAE.
Stamens 10 : filaments distinct.
Stamens 10 or fewer : filaments monadelphous or dia-
delphous.
Leaves destitute of tendrils.
Herbs, shrubs, trees, or woody vines.
Fruit 2-valved or indehiscent, not a loment.
Anthers of 2 kinds : filaments monadelphous.
Anthers all alike : filaments diadelphous, at
least beyond the middle.
Leaf-blades 3-5-foliolate.
Leaflets toothed.
Leaflets entire.
Leaf-blades pinnately several- to many-
foliolate, or rarely 1-foliolate.
Fruit a loment.
Herbaceous vines.
Leaves bearing tendrils.
Tribe I. PODALYRIEAE.
Herbs usually turning black in drying, the pods short, inflated or turgid.
1. Baptisia.
Tribe II. Genisteae.
Tribe III. Trifolieae.
Tribe IV. Loteae.
Tribe V. Galegeae.
Tribe VI. Hedysareae.
Tribe VII. Phaseoleab.
Tribe VIII. Vicieae.
Tribe II. GENISTEAE.
Herbs with 1-foliolate or 5-11-foliolate leaf-blades : calyx-lips
very unequal.
Pod turgid or inflated : lower calyx-lip prominently 3-lobed :
leaf-blades 1-foliolate.
Pod flattened : lower calyx-lip obscurely 3-lobed : leaf-
blades 5-11-foliolate.
Shrubs with 1-3-foliolate leaf-blades : calyx-lips nearly equal.
Tried III. TRIFOLIEAE.
Pods curved or coiled : ovary curved, short-beaked.
Pods straight : ovary straight, long-beaked.
Pods leathery : corolla free from the androecium, and
deciduous.
Pods membranous : corolla adherent to the androecium,
and persistent.
Tribe IV. LOTEAE.
Pods included in the calyx, the body broad, long-stipitate :
filaments partially diadelphous, united to about the middle.
Pods exserted, not stipitate : filaments wholly diadelphous,
one of them wholly distinct.
Tribe V. GALEGEAE.
Herbs : wings and keel-petals cohering.
Shrubs or trees : wings and keel-petals free.
Tribe VI. HEDYSAREAE.
Calyx narrowed to a stipe-like base : corolla yellow : stamens
monadelphous.
Calyx not narrowed to a stipe-like base : corolla white, blue,
purple, or violet : stamens diadelphous, or monadelphous
near the base.
Wings with short claws : leaflets stipellate : loments of
several joints.
Wings with long claws : leaflets not stipellate : loments
of 1, or rarely of 2 joints.
2. Crotalaria.
3. LuPiNus.
4. Ci'TISUS.
5. Medicago.
6. Melilotus.
7. Teifolium.
8. Anthtllis.
9. Lotus.
10. Cracca.
11. Robinia.
12. Sttlosanthes.
13. Meibomia.
14. Lespedeza.
FABACEAE. 161
Tribe VII. PHASEOLEAE.
Keel neither curved nor coiled.
Standard distinctly clawed : style glabrous or sparingly
pubescent below.
Keel-petals short-clawed : calyx subtended by two
bractlets. 15. Galactia.
Keel-petals long-clawed : calyx without bractlets. 16. Falcata.
Standard not distinctly clawed : style bearded along the
inner side. 17. Clitoria.
Keel coiled or curved.
Keel spirally twisted.
Leaves without stipels : leaflets 5 or more : wings with
very short claws. 18. Glycene.
Leaves with stipels : leaflets 3 : wings with rather
long claws. 19. Phaseoi.us.
Keel incurved. 20. Strophostyles.
Tribe VIII. VICIEAE.
Style terete, with a tuft of hairs at the apex. 21. Vicia.
Style flattened, pubescent along the inner side. 22. Lathyrds.
1. BAPTISIA Vent. Perennial herbs with rootstocks. Stipules not de-
current on the stem. Leaf-blades mostly digitately 3-foliolate, the leaflets
broadest above the middle. Calyx somewhat 2 -lipped. Corolla white, cream-
colored, yellow, or blue. Style usually longer than the short ovary. Pods
long-stipitate. — False-indigo.
1. B. tinctoria (L.) E. Br. Leaflets 1-3 cm. long; blades obovate to spatu-
late-euneate: calyx becoming 4-5 mm. long; lower lobes deltoid, all acute:
corolla yellow; wings 12-15 mm. long: pod-body 4-5 mm. thick. — Common,
in dry soil. — Sum. — Wild-indigo.
2. CROTALARIA [Dill.] L. Annual or perennial, sometimes partially
woody herbs. Stii^ules often decurrent on the stem. Leaf-blades 3-foliolate,
or 1-foliolate in our species. Calyx with a prominently 2-lobed upper lip and
a deeply 3-lobed lower lip. Corolla yellow or blue : standard with a pair of
callosities near the base of the blade: wings with the scarcely auricled blades
broadened upward: blades of the keel-petala broad, scythe-shaped. Pods
globular to cylindric.
1. C. sagittalis L. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, conspicuously pubescent: blades of the
leaflets oblong to lanceolate or linear-lanceolate: calyx loosely-pubescent:
corolla yellow, about as long as the calyx: pods oblong, 2.5-4 cm. long. —
Bather common, on sandy banks. — Schists. — Sum. — Eattle-box.
3. LUPINUS [Tourn.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, or woody
plants. Stipules not decurrent. Leaf-blades several-many-foliolate or rarely
1-foliolate. Calyx with a lobed upper lip and an entire or slightly 3-lobed
lower lip. Corolla variously colored or white: standard without callosities:
wings with blunt auricles: keel-petals scythe-shaped. Pods oblong to linear.
1. L. perennis L. Plants 2-6 dm. tall, the stipules early deciduous: leaflets
7-11; blades oblanceolate to elliptic, obtuse or mucronulate: lower lip of the
calyx with the middle lobe acute and projecting beyond the others: corolla
blue or purplish-blue: pods mostly 7-8 mm. wide, long-pedicelled. — N. S.
Rather rare, on dry open hillsides. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Spr. —
Lupine.
4. CYTISUS [Tourn.] L. Shrubs with much-branched stems, sometimes
broom-like. Leaf -blades 3-foliolate or 1-foliolate: blades of the leaflets nar-
row or broad, mostly entire, or obsolete. Calyx with an obscurely lobed upper
Lancaster County Flora 11.
162 FABACEAE.
lip and a minutely 3-lobed lower lip. Corolla mostly yellow: standard with a
broad blade: wings with aeutish auricles: keel-petals with broad blades. Pods
rather narrow. — Broom.
1. C. scoparius (L.) Link. Plants with many stiff erect sharp-angled branches,
1-1.5 m. tall, the younger parts finely pubescent : leaflets 3, or 1 in the upper
leaves; blades obovate to oblong, 5-15 mm. long, obtuse or acute, entire:
racemes leafy-bracted : calyx about 4 mm. long: corolla bright-yellow; standard
suborbicular, 1.5-2 cm. long: pods broadly linear, 4-5 cm. long, long-ciliate.
— E. Bather rare, on railroad embankments and in fields. Nat. of Eu. —
Sum. — Scotch-broom.
5. MEDICAGO [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial herbs, or partially
woody plants. Leaflets 3, pinnate. Eacemes capitate or slightly elongate.
Calyx-lobes nearly equal, about as long as the tube or longer. Corolla yellow,
blue, or violet: wings with a hooked auricle at the base of the blade. Style
very short, at least shorter than the ovary. — Medic.
Corolla violet or blue; standard with an oblong or cuneate blade: perennial upright
plant. 1- M. sativa.
Corolla yellow ; standard with a blade about as wide as long :
annual prostrate plant. 2. M. lupulina.
1. M. sativa L. Leaflets 8-16 mm. long; blades euneate-obovate to cuneate
or oblanceolate : calyx 4-6 mm. long: standard 8-10.5 mm. long: pods 3-4 mm.
broad. — Eather common, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and
sum. — Alfalfa. Lucerne.
2. M. lupulina L. Leaflets 5-15 mm. long; blades obovate or rhomboidal:
calyx 1.5-2 mm. long: standard 1.5-2 mm. long: pods 2-3 mm. broad. — Com-
mon, in waste places and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Nonesuch.
Black-medic. Hop-medic.
6. MELILOTUS [Tourn.] Juss. Annual or biennial herbs. Leaflets 3,
pinnate. Eacemes greatly elongate and ultimately interrupted. Calyx-lobes
nearly equal, shorter than the tube. Corolla yellow or white: wings with a
slender auricle at the base of the blade. Style long. — Sum. — Sweet-clover.
Melilot.
Corolla yellow : standard shorter than the wing-petals. 1. M. ofpcinalis.
Corolla "white : standard surpassing the wing-petals. 2. M. alba.
1. M, officinalis (L.) Lam. Leaflets 1-3 cm. long; blades narrowly oblong,
oblanceolate, or oval: racemes 2-12 cm. long: calyx-lobes about A as long as
the tube: keel-petals much shorter than the wings: ovary stipitate: pods
about 4 mm. long, pubescent. — Eather scarce, in waste places, except in the
limestone region. Nat. of Eu. — Yellow-melilot.
2. M. alba Desv. Leaflets 1-3 cm. long; blades linear-oblong, oblanceolate,
or elliptic: racemes fully as long as in M. officinalis: calyx-lobes slightly
shorter than the tube: keel-petals slightly shorter than the wings: ovary ses-
sile : pods 3-3.5 mm. long, glabrous. — Common, in waste places and river
banks. Nat. of Eu. — White-melilot.
7. TRIFOLIUM [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaflets 3,
digitate or pinnate, or rarely 5 or 7. Calyx-lobes nearly equal, or the 2 upper
longer than the 3 lower ones and sometimes partially united. Corolla variously
colored or white: standard oblong or obovate, or elongate and clawed: other
petals with long claws, the wings with an angle or a rounded auricle at the
base of the blade. — Clover. Trefoil.
FABACEAE. 163
Corolla yellow : ovary and pod decidedly stipitate.
Standard entire : terminal leaflet longer-stalked than the lateral ones.
1. T. procumhens.
Standard toothed : terminal leaflet not longer-stalked than
the lateral ones. 2. T. agrarium.
Corolla white, pink, or purple : ovary and pod sessile or nearly so.
Heads peduncled : claw of the standard shorter than the
blade.
Corolla shorter than the calyx. 3. T. arvcnse.
Corolla longer than the calyx.
Heads cylindric : calyx-lobes plumose. 4. T. incarnatum.
Heads globose or ovoid : calyx-lobes not plumose.
Calyx-lobes subulate, not dilated, the sinuses
pubescent : stems ascending or procumbent. 5. T. hybridum.
Calyx-lobes lanceolate or triangular, with dilated
bases, the sinuses glabrous : stems creeping. 6. T. repens.
Heads sessile : claw of the standard longer than the blade. 7. T. pratcnse.
1. T. procumbens L. Stem and branches ultimately diffuse or proeumbent:
leaflets 6-12 mm. long; blades cuneate to obovate: stipules short, the free
parts ovate: standard less than 4.5 mm. long: seeds pale. — Common, on dry
banks and roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Low hop-clover.
2. T. agrarium L. Stem and branches erect, ascending or reclining: leaflets
lG-30 mm. long; blades oblong-cuneate, rhombic, or obovate: stipules long,
the free parts lanceolate: standard over 5.5 mm. long: seeds dark. — Common,
on roadsides and banks and in woods. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Yellow hop-
clover.
3. T. arvense L. Stems erect, villose-lanuginous: leaflets 1-2.5 cm. long;
blades linear to oblanceolate, entire or nearly so: heads 1-3 cm. long: calyx
4.5-5 mm. long; lobes subulate, plumose: standard nearly oblong, 3-3.5 mm.
long, white. — Common, on dry banks and in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — ■
Eabbit-foot clover. Stone-clover.
4. T. incarnatum L. Stems 2-9 dm. tall, appressed-pubescent or somewhat
villose: leaflets 1-4 cm. long; blades obovate to broadly cuneate, denticulate,
finely veined: heads 3-7 cm. long: calyx densely strigillose, obscurely 2-
lipped; lobes setaceous, longer than the tube, those of the upper lip slightly
longer than those of the lower lip: standard 11-13 mm. long, linear-spatulate,
crimson. — Common, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Crim-
son-clover. Italian-clover.
5. T. hybridum L. Stems erect or decumbent: leaflets 11-25 mm. long;
blades oval to oblong, varying to ovate or obovate, or suborbicular, denticu-
late: calyx 3.5-4 mm. long; lobes about as long as the tube: standard oblong,
7-9 mm. long, pink or rarely nearly white : style mostly shorter than the ovary.
— Common, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Alsike-clover.
6. T. repens L. Stems creeping: leaflets 9-15 mm. long; blades obovate to
orbicular-obovate or oval : calyx about 5 mm. long ; shorter lobes abruptly
acuminate from dilated bases: standard oblong, 7-8 mm. long: style mostly
longer than the ovary. — Common, in fields and waste places and on roadsides.
Nat. of Eu. • — Spr. and sum.- — ^^ White- clover.
7. T. pratense L. Stems 2-7 dm. tall, pubescent: leaflets 1-4 cm. long; blades
oblong, elliptic, or oval: calyx about 8 mm. long; lobes filiform, the largest
one much longer than the tube: corolla red, purple, or white; standard 12-14
mm. long, the claw very broad. — Common, in fields and waste places. Nat. of
Eu. — Sum. — Eed-clover.
8. ANTHYLLIS [Eivinius] L. Herbs with diffuse branches. Leaflets
few or several, pinnately disposed, or the lateral ones sometimes wanting.
Flower-clusters involucrate, approximate, the compound cluster long-peduncled.
Calyx manifestly 2-lipped : upper lip with broad, short lobes; lower lip with
164 FABACEAE.
3 narrow lobes, exceeded by the upper lip. Corolla red, yellow, or white:
standard with a broad blade with incurved basal auricles and a slender claw:
other petals very long-clawed, the blades of the wings wider than those of the
keel-petals.
1, A. Vulneraria L. Plants 1-5 dm. tall, loosely pubescent: leaflets 5-11, or
fewer, unequal, the terminal and adjacent ones large, 1.5-5 cm. long, the lower
ones narrower, all obtuse or acutish: flower-clusters globular or depressed,
2.5-3.5 cm. in diameter: calyx 11-14 mm. long, pubescent; lateral lobes of the
lower lip ovate, broader than the middle one : corolla yellow or crimson ;
standard about 1.5 cm. long, the blade orbicular-ovate, shorter than the claw:
pod with a filiform stipe, the body 4.5-5.5 mm. long. — S. Bare, in fields nenr
Wakefield. Nat. of Eu. Introduced with alfalfa seed. — Sum. — Lady's-
FINGERS.
9. LOTUS [Tourn.] L. Herbs with diffusely spreading branches. Leaf-
lets 3 : blades broad or relatively so, entire. Stipules often conspicuous.
Flower-clusters long-peduncled. Calyx obscurely 2-lipped: lobes slightly un-
equal, long and narrow. Corolla yellow or reddish : standard with a broad
blade and a broad rather long claw: other petals slender-clawed, the blades of
the wings prominently auricled: keel-petals strongly curved, very broad.
1. L. corniculatus L. Plants perennial, with several or many decumbent or
ascending branches, 1-6 dm. long, finely pubescent, sometimes becoming gla-
brous: leaflets 3; blades obovate to oblong, 6-17 mm. long, obtuse or abruptly
pointed: flower-clusters long-peduncled: calyx 8-9 mm. long; lobes subulate,
the larger ones as long as the tube or nearly so: corolla bright-yellow, or
partially reddish; standard 11-13 mm. long, the blade suborbicular : pods
2-2.5 cm. long, the body narrowly linear, with a slender subulate beak. — S.
Bare, in fields near Wakefield. Nat. of Eu. Introduced with alfalfa seed. —
Sum. — Bird 's-foot trefoil.
10. CRACCA L. Perennial long-rooted herbs or woody plants. Leaflets
several or many, thick. Flowers in racemes or spike-like panicles. Calyx
somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 upper lobes usually shorter than the others and
partially united. Corolla pink, purple, or red, or white: standard pubescent:
wings auricled on one side at the base of the blade : keel-petals usually with
an angular auricle. Ovary sessile. Pods flat or flattish. — Hoary-pea.
1. C. virginiana L. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, loosely pubescent: leaflets 11-21;
blades of the lateral ones 10-30 mm. long, oblong to elliptic; rachis mostly
villous: calyx 9.5-10.5 mm. long; lobes with very slender tips, the upper ones
much longer than the tube: corolla cream-colored, and tinged with purple or
pink: standard and wings 19-24 mm. long: pods 3-5 cm. long. — N. S.
Eather common, on dry banks. Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. —
Cat-gut. Goat 's-rue.
11. ROBINIA L. Shrubs or trees, often with stipular spines. Leaflets
several, thin. Flowers racemose. Calyx markedly 2-lipped, the 2 upper
lobes wholly or partially united. Corolla pink or purplish, or white: standard
glabrous: blades of the wings auricled on one or both sides: keel-petals with
a rounded auricle at the base of the blade. Ovary stipitate. Pods flat, some-
times bristly or prickly. — Locust.
1. R. Pseudacacia L. Tree becoming 35 m. tall, with furrowed bark: stipules
spine-like on vigorous shoots: leaflets 9-19; blades thin, elliptic to ovate,
2.5-4.5 mm. long: racemes drooping: lateral lobes of the calyx triangular:
claws of the keel-petals about i as long as the blades: pods 5-10 cm. long. —
FABACi^AE. 165
Common, naturalized in waste places and on roadsides. Native in woods along
the Susquehanna Eiver. — False-acacia. Locust-tree.
12. STYLOSANTHES Sw. Perennial herbs. Leaflets 3, veiny. Flowers
of two kinds, the one complete, but sterile, the other without perianth, but
fertile. Calyx 2-lipped: upper lip with 2 broad lobes: lower lip wdth the
middle lobe longer and narrower than the lateral ones. Corolla yellow or
orange, persistent: standard with a very broad blade: blades of the wings and
the keel-petals auricled, the latter incurved. Loment flat, 1- or 2-jointed, the
lower joint empty, the upper one opening at the apex. — Sum. — Pencil-
flower.
Blade of the standard longer than wide, the spurs curved : terminal joint of the
pod with a lateral beak. 1. g, hiflora.
Blade of the standard wider than long, the spurs straight : terminal
joint of the pod with the beak nearly axial. 2. S. riparia.
1. S. biflora (L.) B.S.P. Plants upright, the stem finely pubescent: leaflets
9-35 mm. long; blades elliptic, linear-elliptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate:
standard 6-7 mm. long: terminal joint of the pod very inequilateral, about 5
mm. long. — N. S. Common, on dry banks. — Sandstones and shales, schists.
2. S. riparia Kearney. Plants decumbent: leaflets 10-18 mm. long; blades
elliptic, oblanceolate, or cuneate-obovate, thinner than those of S. hiflora:
standard 8-9 mm. long: terminal joint of the pod slightly inequilateral, 3-4
mm. long. — S. Bather rare, on roadsides and banks. — Schists.
13. MEIBOMIA Heister. Herbs, shrubs, or vines. Leaflets 3, or rarely
1 or 5. Eacemes simple or compound. Calyx 2-lipped, sometimes obscurely so,
the middle lobe of the lower lip often smaller or narrower and longer than
the lateral ones. Corolla variously colored or white: standard with a broad
blade: blades of the wings and the keel-petals auricled on one side, short-
clawed. Ovary slender. Loment few-several-jointed, usually with hooked
hairs. — Sum. — Tick-trefoil. Beggar 's-ticks.
Calyx shallowly lobed : loments straight along the dorsal suture, deeply constricted
along the ventral suture, long-stipitate.
Terminal leaflet-blades relatively scarcely wider than the lateral ones : peduncle
arising from the rootstock. 1. M. nudiflora.
Terminal leaflet-blades conspicuously wider than lateral
ones, or wider than long : peduncle terminating the stem. 2. M. grandiflora.
Calyx deeply lobed : loments constricted on both sutures,
but more deeply so in the ventral than the dorsal side,
short-stipitate or nearly sessile.
Stem and branches weak, trailing : stipules broad. .3. M. Michaxixil.
Stem and branches rigid, erect or ascending : stipules
narrow.
Leaves with very short or no petioles. 4. M. sessiUfoUa.
Leaves with relatively long petioles.
Joints of the loments manifestly longer than broad.
Bracts small and inconspicuous : panicle-bran-
ches long-hairy : leaflets with obtuse or ob-
tusish yellowish-green rough-pubescent blades. 5. M. cancsccns.
Bracts large and conspicuous : panicle-branches
short-hairy : leaflets with acuminate glabrous
blades, glaucous beneath. 6. M. hractcosa.
Joints of the loments only slightly longer than
broad.
Loments manifestly stipitate.
Calyx eciliate : plants glabrous or nearly so. 7. M. paniculata.
Calyx ciliate : plants pubescent or scabrous-
pubescent.
Standard 5-6 mm. long : leaflet-blades
leathery, velvety beneath : loment-
joints rounded. 8. M. viridiflora.
166 FABACEAE.
Standard 9-10 mm. long : leaflet-blades
thin, somewhat pubescent beneath :
loment-.ioints angular. 9. M. Dillenii.
Loments sessile or nearly so.
Corolla conspicuous: standard 8-10 mm.
long : lower calyx-lobes narrow : loments
4~7-jointed. 10. M. canadensis.
Corolla inconspicuous : standard 4-5 mm.
long : lower calyx-lobes broad : lo-
ments 2- or 3-.iointed.
Upper calyx-lip entire or sharp-notched :
leaflets scabrous or pubescent, and
ciliate.
Blade of the terminal leaflet fully
twice as long as wide : loment-
.ioints somewhat rhomboidal. 11. M. rigida.
Blade of the terminal leaflet little
longer than wide : loment-joints
rounded. 12. M. ohtusa.
Upper calyx-lip emarginate, obtuse-lobed :
leaflets glabrous or nearly so. 13. M. marylandica.
1. M. nudiflora (L.) Kuntze. Leaves clustered on the short decumbent or
ascending stem: leaflets 2-8 cm. long, the blades oval or ovate: standard 8-10
mm. long: wings not auricled on the lower side: joints of the loment 3-3.5 mm.
wide. — Common, in woodlands and on hillsides.
2. M. grandiflora (Walt.) Kuntze. Leaves clustered at the end of the short
erect stem: leaflets 8-13 cm. long, the blades broadly ovate to orbicular-ovate:
standard 7-9 mm. long : wings minutely auricled on the lower side : loment-
joints 4.5-6 mm. wide. — Common, in woodlands and thickets.
3. M. Michauxii Vail. Stems prostrate: stipules ovate: leaflets 3; blades
suborbicular, 3-6 cm. long: lateral calyx-lobes lanceolate, longer than the
tube, acuminate: standard 9-11 mm. long: loment-joints rounded on one side,
half -rhombic on the other, about 3 mm. wide. — Common, in dry open places
and on banks.
4. M. sessilifolia (Torr.) Kuntze. Stems erect: stipules linear: leaflets 2-5
em. long; blades linear or linear-oblong, reticulate, pubescent beneath: lateral
calyx-lobes deltoid, the markedly longer lower one triangular-lanceolate:
standard 5-6 mm. long: wings dilated near the tip: loment-joints obliquely
half -obovate, 3-3.5 mm. wide. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Bare, on the
river shore and islands. — Schists.
5. M. canescens (L.) Kuntze. Stems erect: stipules ovate: leaflets 3-10 cm.
long; blades ovate to ovate-rhomboid: lateral calyx-lobes lanceolate, longer
than the tube, acute, the lower lobe longer and slender-tipped: standard 9-12
mm. long, narrowly obovate: androecium 9-11 mm. long: loment-joints half-
rhombic, 4.5-5.5 mm. wide. — Common, in fence-rows and thickets.
6. M. bracteosa (L.) Kuntze. Stems erect: stipules lanceolate: leaflets 5-15
cm. long ; blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate or long-acuminate :
lateral calyx-lobes lanceolate, the lower lobe slightly longer: standard broadly
obovate, 8-10 mm. long: loment-joints half -rhombic, the one side somewhat
more prominent than the other. — S. Eather rare, in thickets. — Schists.
7. M. paniculata (L.) Kuntze. Stems glabrous or nearly so: stipules subu-
late: leaflets 3-9 cm. long; blades mainly oblong to lanceolate, obtuse or
acutish: lateral calyx-lobes triangular, sometimes deltoid, acute, the lower lobe
decidedly longer and attenuate: standard cuneate or cuneate-obovate, 4.5-5.5
mm. long: keel-petals about as long as the standard: loment-joints 4-5 mm.
wide, the ventral side prominently rounded, the dorsal side curved. — Common,
in dry soil, often in woods.
8. M. viridiflora (L.) Kuntze. Stems downy: stipules lanceolate: leaflets
4-9 cm. long; blades oblong to ovate or ovate-oblong, densely pubescent be-
neath: lateral calyx-lobes deltoid, shorter than the tube, the lower lobe
FABACEAE. 167
lanceolate, longer and narrower: corolla pale-purple, turning green; standard
broadly obovate, 5-6 mm. long: loment -joints about as wide as long, obliquely
obovate. — S. Eare, in open woods. — Schists.
9. M. Dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze. Stems glabrous or sparingly pubescent:
stipules subulate: leaflets 4-10 cm. long; blades oblong or oblong-ovate, not
scabrous: lateral calyx-lobes lanceolate, the lower lobe longer but about as
wide: corolla bright-purple; standard narrowly obovate, 9-10 mm. long:
loment-joints obliquely rhombic, much longer than wide. — Common, in thickets
and woods.
10. M. canadensis (L.) Kuntze. Stems pubescent: stipules lanceolate-linear:
leaflets 4-10 cm. long; blades oblong or oblong-lanceolate, pubescent beneath:
upper calyx-lip deeply notched; lateral calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate, longer
than the tube, the lower one scarcely longer: standard narrowly obovate, 8-10
mm. long: loment-joints obliquely obovate. — Common, on creek and river
banks, and on edges of woods.
11. M. rigida (Ell.) Kuntze. Stems minutely pubescent: leaflets 2.5-8 cm.
long; blades ovate-oblong or elliptic, pubescent and reticulate beneath: lateral
calyx-lobes deltoid, acute, the lower lobe triangular: standard 4-5 mm. long:
stipe of the loment much less than i as long as the joints. — S. Not very
common, in dry thickets. — Schists.
12. M. obtusa (Muhl.) Vail. Stems hirsute or minutely pubescent: leaflets
1-2.5 cm. long; blades orbicular-ovate or oval, sparingly pubescent beneath:
lateral calyx-lobes deltoid, acute, the lower lobe lanceolate: standard 4-5 mm.
long: stipe of the loment -i as long as the joint. — Common, in dry soil, often
on hillsides.
13. M. marylandica (L.) Kuntze. Stems glabrous or rarely with scattered
hairs: stipules subulate: leaflets 1-2.5 cm. long; blades ovate or sometimes
suborbicular or elliptic, glabrous or nearly so: lateral calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse,
the lower lobe scarcely longer: standard 3.5-4.5 mm. long: loment-joints
oblique. — S. Frequent, in dry soil. — Schists.
14. LESPEDEZA Michx. Herbs or shrubs. Leaflets 3 or rarely 1.
Flowers perfect, but sometimes partially apetalous. Calyx 2-lipped, the 2
upper lobes more or less united. Corolla pink, purple, yellow, or white:
standard with a broad blade: blades of the wings and the keel-petals auricled
on one side, long-clawed. Ovary turgid. Loment with 1 or 2 joints. — Sum. —
BUSH-CLOVEE.
Annual plants : stipules ovate : calyx-lobes about as wide as long. 1. L. striata.
Perennial plants : stipules lanceolate : calyx-lobes longer than
wide.
Plants with both petaliferous and apetalous flowers : co-
rolla purple or purplish : pod manifestly surpassing
the calyx.
Flower-clusters on slender peduncles which generally sur-
pass the leaves.
Petaliferous flowers in close spike-like clusters or
capitate.
Plants with slender trailing or diffusely procum-
bent stems : pods suborbicular, abruptly
pointed.
Upper calyx-lip deeply notched : stems glabrous
or pubescent with appressed hairs. 2. L. repens.
Upper calyx-lip shallowly notched : stems woolly
or pubescent with downy hairs. 3. L. pvocumhens.
Plants with rather stout erect stems : pods elliptic,
acuminate. 4. L. Nuttallii.
Petaliferous flowers loosely paniculate. 5. L. violacca.
Flower-clusters of both the petaliferous and apetalous
flowers sessile or nearly so.
Upper calyx-lobes slightly united, subulate : leaflets
with oblong, oval or suborbicular blades. 6. L. Stuvei.
168 FABACEAE.
Upper calyx-lobes much united, lanceolate : leaflets
with linear or linear-oblong blades. 7. L. virginica.
Plants with complete flowers : corolla whitish or yellowish :
pod shorter than the calyx or rarely a little longer.
Standard-blade suborbicular : peduncles exceeding the
leaves : calyx about as long as the pod. 8. L. hirta.
Standard-blade oblong : peduncles shorter than the leaves :
calyx exceeding the pod. 9. L. capitata.
1. L. Striata (Thunb.) H. & A. Plants erect or diffuse, 1-4 dm. tall: leaflets
8-25 mm. long; blades oblong to oblong-obovate : calyx 2-2.5 mm. long; lobes
ovate: keel-petals 5-7 mm. long: pods somewhat longer than the calyx. — S.
Locally common. This plant appeared in a serpentine pasture in 1905. It is
now very abundant on the serpentine barrens, and it also grows occasionally
on paths and roadsides near the Susquehanna.
2. L. repens (L.) Bart. Plants procumbent: leaflets 6-15 mm. long; blades
oval or obovate: calyx 4-5 mm. long; lower lobes longer than the tube, subu-
late, acuminate: keel-petals 6-7 mm. long: pods 3.5-4.5 mm. long.- — • N. S.
Common, in dry places and on roadsides. — Sandstones and shales, schists.
3. L, procumbens Michx. Plants procumbent: leaflets 10-25 mm. long; blades
oval or elliptic, or sometimes obovate: calyx 4-5.5 mm. long; lobes subulate,
about twice as long as the tube: keel-petals 4.5-5.5 mm. long, or sometimes
longer : style mostly glabrous : pods 4-5 mm. long. — N. S. Common, on dry
banks and roadsides. — Sandstones and shales, schists.
4. L. Nuttallii Darl. Plants 5-10 dm. tall, often copiously pubescent:
leaflets 8-20 mm. long; blades obovate, oval, or suborbicular: calyx 3.5-4.5
mm. long; lobes linear-lanceolate, somewhat longer than the tube: ovary
copiously pubescent : pods 6-8 mm. long. — M. Occasional, in thickets and
woods. — Limestones.
5. L. violacea (L.) Pers. Plants 3-9 dm. tall, diffuse, sparingly pubescent:
leaflets 9-20 mm. long; blades elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or oval: calyx 4-4.5
mm. long: pods short-beaked, mostly 5-6 mm. long, with short scattered hairs.
— S. Frequent, on dry banks and about thickets. — Schists.
6. L. Stuvei Nutt. Plants 6-12 dm. tall, velvety or downy: leaflets 9-20 mm.
long, or rarely longer ; blades oblong, oval, or suborbicular, densely pubescent :
calyx 4-5 mm. long; lobes subulate, those of the upper lip united to below the
middle: standard 5-6 mm. long; blade suborbicular: pods long-beaked, 4-6
mm. long, copiously pubescent. — Susquehanna valley. Frequent, on rocky
shores and islands. — Scliists.
7. L. virginica (L.) Britton. Plants 3-11 dm. tall, appressed-pubescent :
leaflets 12-35 mm. long; blades linear to linear-oblong, sometimes finely
pubescent beneath: calyx 3-4.5 mm. long: pods elliptic to ovate, 5-6 mm.
long, minutely pubescent. — S. Not common, on roadsides and banks. —
Schists.
8. L. hirta (L.) Ell. Plants 5-12 dm. tall, with spreading hairs: leaflets 12-
40 mm. long; Islades oval to suborbicular: calyx 6-6.5 mm. long; lobes 3-4
times as long as the tube : style glabrous : pods 7-8 mm. long. — N. S.
Common, in thickets and on banks. — Sandstones and shales, schists.
9. L. capitata Michx. Plants 5-16 dm. tall, silky- or silvery-pubescent: leaf-
lets 25-35 mm. long; blades oblong to oval: calyx 10-12 mm. long; lobes 5-6
times as long as the tube: standard 7-8 mm. long; blade oblong: style pubes-
cent: pods 5-5.5 mm. long. — S. Not common, in thickets. — Schists.
15. GALACTIA P. Br. Vines with prostrate or twining stems, or erect
partially woody plants. Leaflets 3, or rarely 1, 5 or 7. Panicles raceme-like.
Calyx 2-lipped, the lobes relatively long. Corolla violet, red, or white: standard
FABACEAE. 1 69
erect or spreading: wings and keel -petals with relatively short claws. Ovary-
sessile or nearly so. Pod turgid, elongate, or the subterranean ones, when
present, short.
1. G. regularis (L.) B.S.P. Stems minutely retrorse-pubescent : leaflets 2-4.5
cm. long; blades elliptic-oblong or ovate-oblong: calyx 7-9 mm. long; lobes
obscurely scarious-margined: keel-petals 11-13 mm. long: pods 2. .5-4.5 mm.
long. — M. Eare, along the Conestoga Creek, near Lancaster. — Limestones.
— Sum. — Milk-pea.
16. FALCATA Gmel. Slender vines. Leaflets 3. Racemes several-many-
flowered. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip broader than the lobes of the lower
lip which are shorter than the tube or slightly longer. Corolla not showy, blue,
violet, or white: blade of the standard obovate: wings and keel-petals with
elongate claws. Ovary long-stipitate. Pod rather flat, short.
1. F. comosa (L.) Kuutze. Leaflets 3-8 cm. long; blades ovate to ovate-
lanceolate: calyx 6-8 mm. long; upper lip deltoid; lower lobes triangular-
subulate, less than | as long as the tube: blades of the keel-petals much shorter
than the claws: pods 2.5-3 cm. long. — Common, in thickets. — Sum. — Hog-
peanut.
17. CLITORIA L. Vines or diffuse plants, with long roots. Leaflets 3 or
several. Eaeemes or panicles 1-several-flowered. Calyx 2-lipped, the lobes of
the upper lip scarcely united, resembling the lateral lobes of the lower lip,
but often shorter. Corolla blue, purple, red, or white: standard erect, the
blade obovate: blades of the wings and the keel-petals long-clawed, those of
the former not auricled, those of the latter curved. Style curved, pubescent.
Pod narrow, somewhat flattened.
1. C. mariana L. Stems 3-12 dm. long: leaflets 2.5-6 cm. long; blades ovate-
lanceolate to narrowly ovate: calyx 22-25 mm. long; lobes of the upper lip
acuminate: standard 50-60 mm. long; blades of the keel-petals shorter than
the claws: pods 2.5-3 cm. long: seeds 4r-5 mm. long. — S. Islands and shores
of the Susquehanna. — Schists. — Sum. — Butterfly-pea.
18. GLYCENE L. Vines with tuberous rootstocks. Leaflets 5-9. Eaeemes
or panicles many-flowered, dense. Calyx 2-lipped: upper lip broad, often
2-lobed: lower lip 3-lobed. Corolla red, purple, or chocolate-colored: standard
reflexed, the blade often broader than long: blades of the wings and keel-
petals short-clawed, the former auricled at the base, those of the latter spiral.
Style spiral, glabrous. Pod turgid.
1. G. Apios L. Eootstocks bearing numerous fleshy oblong, oval, or globose
tubers 1-2 cm. thick: leaflets 5-7, or rarely 3; blades ovate to lanceolate,
3-10 cm. long: calyx 4-5 mm. long: standard 9-13 mm. long: pods 6-12 cm.
long. — Common, in thickets and meadows. — Sum. — Groundnut.
19. PHASEOLUS [Tourn.] L. Vines or diffuse plants. Leaflets 2 or rarely
1. Eaeemes or panicles simple or branched. Calyx short and very broad, 2-
lipped, the upper lip entire or broadly 2-lobed, the lower lip 3-lobed. Corolla
variously colored : blades of the wings much smaller than that of the standard,
short-clawed; blades of the keel-petals not dilated at the base, short-clawed.
Style curved. Seeds with rounded ends. — Bean.
1. P. polystachyus (L.) B.S.P. Leaflets 4-10 cm. long; blades ovate to orbic-
ular-ovate: upper calyx-lobes deltoid, acute: standard 11-12 mm. long: wings
170 FABACEAE.
10-17 mm. long: pods 4-8 cm. long. — N. S. Common, in thickets. — Sand-
stones and shales, schists. — Sum. — Wild-bean. Bean-vine.
20. STROPHOSTYIiES Ell. Vines or trailing plants. Leaflets 3.
Eacemes or panicles cluster-like. Calyx similar to that of Phaseolus, but the
lower lip with a larger middle lobe. Corolla mainly pink-purple or white:
blades of the keel-petals widely dilated at the base. Style spiral. Seeds with
truncate ends.
1. S. umbellata (Muhl.) Britton. Stems trailing: leaflets 1-4 cm. long;
blades oblong-lanceolate, varying to ovate or lanceolate: corolla pink or pale-
purple, often fading yellowish; blade of the standard reniform, 1-2 cm. broad:
pods 2.5-5 cm. long. — S. Common, in dry soil. — Serpentine. — Sum. —
Wild-bean.
21. VICIA [Tourn.] L. Trailing or climbing herbs. Leaflets few or
many: blades entire, or toothed at the apex. Eacemes few-many-flowered,
usually 1-sided. Calyx more or less 2-lipped: lobes of the lower lip usually
longer than those of the upper. Corolla variously colored or white: blades of
the wings more prominently auricled than those of the keel-petals. Filaments
united to near the tips. Style with a tuft of hairs at the apex, or pubescent
on the side opposite the keel. Pods relatively flat. — Sum. — Vetch. Tare.
Pea-vine.
Longer calyx-lobes shorter than the tube : peduncles elongate.
Wings with the claw shorter than the blade : standard less than 1.5 mm. long.
Longer calyx lobes subulate : blades of the keel-petals shorter than the claws.
1. V. Cracca.
Longer calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate : blades of the
keel-petals as long as or longer than the claws. 2. V. caroliniana.
Wings with the claw as long as or longer than the blade :
standard over 15 mm. long. 3. V. americana.
Longer calyx-lobes longer than the tube : peduncles very short,
or obsolete. 4. V. sativa.
1. V. Cracca L. Leaflets 18-24; blades linear to oblong-linear, 9-20 mm.
long, acute or mucronate: calyx 5-6 mm. long; upper lobes deltoid; lower
lobes lanceolate, about as long as the tube: corolla blue or purple; standard
pandurate, 10.5-11.5 mm. long: keel 8-8.5 mm. long: pods 2-2.5 cm. long. —
M. Occasional, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu.
2. V. caroliniana Walt. Leaflets 8-16; blades oblong to oval-oblong, 1-2 cm.
long, mucronate: calyx 2.5-3 mm. long; lobes triangular: corolla white, except
the blue-tipped keel; standard 9-10 mm. long: keel 5-6 mm. long: pods 2.5-3
cm. long. — S. Islands in the Susciuehanna. — Schists.
3. V. americana Muhl. Leaflets 8-14; blades ovate to oblong. 1.5-4 cm. long,
mucronate: racemes 4-8-flowered: calyx 6-7 mm. long; lobes triangular or
deltoid, much shorter than the tube: corolla purple or purplish; standard
15-18 mm. long: pods 2.5-3.5 cm. long. — - M. Eare, on shaded banks of the
Conestoga Creek. — Limestones.
4. V. sativa L. Leaflets 8-14; blades linear, linear-lanceolate, or oblong, 1-4
cm. long: calyx 10-12 mm. long: corolla purple or deep-pink: standard and
wings mostly over 15 mm. long : pods 4-8 cm. long. — M. Eare, in fields and
on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Spring Vetch.
22. LATHYEUS L. Plants similar to Vicia in habit, but usually larger;
filaments usually less united: style pubescent on the side opposite the standard:
pod more turgid. — Sum. — Vetchling.
GEEANIACEAE. 171
Racemes many (10-20) -flowered : leaflets 8-12 ; blades ovate or oval.
1. L. venosus.
Racemes few ( 2-6) -flowered : leaflets 4-8; blades oblong or
elliptic. 2. L. myrtifolius.
1. L, venosus Muhl. Stems angled: leaflets 3-6 cm. long; blades ovate, oval,
elliptic, or oblong: calyx 9-10 mm. long; longer lobes lanceolate, ciliolate:
standard obovate, 14-18 mm. long: pods 3. 5-4. .5 cm. long. — Lower Susque-
hanna valley. Eather rare, in sandy soil. — Schists.
2. L. myrtifolius Muhl. Stems angled: leaflets 2.5-4 cm. long; blades elliptic
to oval: calyx 7.5-8.5 mm. long; longer lobes lanceolate, eciliate: standard
cuneate, 13-16 mm. long: pods 4-6 cm. long. — M. Rare, in the Dillerville
swamp, Lancaster. — Limestones.
Order GERANIALES.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate or opposite : blades simple
or compound. Flowers perfect, monoecious, or dioecious, mostly regular.
Calyx of distinct sepals. Corolla of distinct or nearly distinct petals,
or rarely wanting. Androecium of as many stamens as there are sepals or
twice as many, or rarely more. Gynoecium of 2 or several united carpels.
Ovary superior. Fruit various.
Plants without secreting glands or cells in their tissues.
Filaments partially united.
Styles adnate around a column from which they separate at maturity.
Fam. 1. Gekakiaceae.
Styles not united around a central column.
Stamens as many as the sepals. Fam. 2. Linaceae.
Stamens twice as many as the sepals. Fam. 3. Oxalidaceae.
Filaments distinct.
Calyx irregular, one sepal spurred or saccate :
anthers united over the top of the gynoecium. Fam. 4. Balsaminaceae.
Calyx regular, none of the sepals spurred or sac-
cate : anthers distinct. Fam. 5. Limnanthaceae.
Plants with secreting glands or cells which are often
in the leaves or only in the bark.
Leaf-blades pellucid-punctate : fruit capsular in our
species. Fam. 6. Rutaceae.
Leaf-blades not punctate : fruit samaroid in our species. Fam. 7. Si.maroubaceae.
Family 1. GERANIACEAE. Geranium Family.
Herbs, or somewiiat woody plants. Leaves typically opposite : blades
toothed, lobed, or divided. Flowers perfect, regular or nearly so, cymose.
Calyx of 5 persistent sepals. Corolla of 5 deciduous petals. Receptacle
with 5 glands. Androecium of 10, or rarely of 5, stamens. Gynoecium of
5 carpels whose styles are adnate to an elongate colunui from which they
separate at maturity, each carpel 2-ovuled but with only 1 seed at maturity.
Carpel-bodies turgid: carpel-tails (styles) glabrous within and merely recoiling at
maturity : anthers usually 10. 1. Geranium.
Carpel-bodies spindle-shaped : carpel-tails (styles) pubescent within
and spirally coiled at maturity : anthers 5. 2. Eeodium.
1. GERANIUM [Tourn.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Leaf-
blades palmately or radially lobed, cleft, or parted. Sepals usually awn-
tipped. Stamens 10 or rarely 5. Carpels thick, rounded at the base. —
Cranesbill. Wild-geranium.
Corolla less than 2 cm. wide : plants annual or biennial.
Seeds smooth : sepals without subulate tips. 1. G. mollc.
Seeds reticulate or pitted : sepals with subulate tips.
Cymes many-flowered, glomerate : carpel-bodies pubes-
cent : style-beak and branches less than 3 mm. long. 2. O. caroUnianum.
172 LINACEAE.
Cymes few-flowered, open : carpel-bodies glabrous : style-
beak and branches over 4 mm. long. 3. O. columMnum.
Corolla over 2 cm. wide : plants perennial by rootstocks. 4. O. mactilatum.
H
1. G. moUe L. Stems spreading or decumbent, 1-5 dm. long, softly pubes-
cent: leaf -blades 2-6 cm. wide: sepals 3-4 mm. long, the outer ovate to
elliptic-ovate: petals somevrhat longer than the sepals: carpel-bodies 2-2.5
mm. long, wrinkled. — M. Occasional, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu.
— Sum.
2. G. carolinianum L. Stems erect, 2-5 dm. tall, glandular-pubescent: leaf-
blades 3-6 cm. wide: sepals 6-10 mm. long, the outer ovate: petals about as
long as the sepals, usually pink: carpel-bodies 3-3.5 mm. long. — Common, on
dry banks and in thickets. — Sum.
3. G. columbinvun L. Stems diffuse, mostly 1-4 dm. tall, sparingly pubes-
cent: leaf -blades 2-4 cm. wide: sepals 9-12 cm. long, the outer lanceolate:
petals rose-purple, somewhat longer than the sepals: carpel-bodies 3-3.5 mm.
long. — S. Eiver banks and roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Early sum.
4. G. maculatum L. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, retrorse-pubescent : leaf -blades 5-12
cm. wide: sepals 8—10 mm. long, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate or oblong:
petals 1-1.5 cm. long: carpel-bodies 3-3.5 mm. long; style-column 2-3 cm.
long. — Common, on roadsides and in thickets and woods. — Sum. — Wild-
CRANESBILL.
2. ERODIUM L'Her. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf -blades toothed,
pinnatifid, or pinnately parted. Sepals awn-tipped, the tips sometimes bristle-
appendaged. Stamens 5, accompanied by 5 staminodia. Carpel-bodies narrow,
acute at the base.
1. E. cicutarium (L.) L'Her. Branches villose and viscid: leaf -blades oblong
in outline; petioles shorter than the blades: sepals oblong, 4^5 mm. long:
petals hardly longer than the sepals: carpel-bodies 4-6 mm. long, the beak 2-4
cm. long. — S. Eare, in fields near Wakefield. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. —
Storksbill. Pine-needles.
Family 2. LINACEAE. Flax Family.
Herbs or woody plants, the sap bland. Leaves alternate or opposite :
blades simple. Flowers perfect, regular. Calyx of 4-6 deciduous or per-
sistent sepals. Corolla of 4—6 ephemeral petals. Receptacle glandular.
Androeeium of 4—6 stamens, often with staminodia : filaments united at the
base. Gynoecium of 2-5 partially united carpels, the styles wholly or
partially distinct. Fruit capsular.
stigmas introrse and more or less elongate : sepals glandless. 1. Linum.
Stigmas terminal and capitate : sepals, at least the inner ones,
with marginal glands. 2. Cathaetolinum.
1. LINUM [Tourn.] L. Herbs. Leaves alternate, without stipules.
Sepals 5, glabrous, or the inner ones sometimes ciliate. Petals blue or rarely
white, unajjpendaged. Androeeium of 5 stamens and 5 short staminodia.
Styles 5, distinct. Capsule 5-celled and with incomplete partitions, the carpels
ridged on the back.
1. L. usitatissimum L. Stems 2-9 dm. tall: leaves relatively few, long and
thin; blades long-pointed: corolla blue, 1.5-2 cm. wide: capsules 7-10 mm.
long. — Occasional, in fields, on roadsides and railroads. Nat. of Eu. —
Sum. — Common-flax.
OXALIDACEAE. 173
2. CATHAETOLINUM Eeichenb. Herbs. Leaves alternate or occasion-
ally opposite, sometimes with stipular glands. Sepals 5, the inner ones at least
with gland-tipped teeth. Petals yellow, sometimes pubescent within near the
base. Androecium of 5 stamens, generally without staminodia. Styles 5, dis-
tinct or united. Capsule 5-celled, or completely or incompletely 10-celled by
false partitions. — Sum. — Yellow-flax.
Calyx as long as the capsule or shorter; sepals entire at maturity, the inner ones
sometimes erose on account of the deciduous glandular hairs.
Outer sepals 2-2.5 mm. long at maturity : stem paniculately branched.
1. C. striatum.
Outer sepals 3-3.5 mm. long at maturity : stem corymbosely
branched. 2. 0. viryinianum.
Calyx exceeding the capsule ; inner sepals strongly toothed. 3. C. medium.
1. C. striatum (Walt.) Small. Stems 2-8 dm. tall, paniculate, winged below
the nodes : leaves mainly opposite ; blades oblong or elliptic, 1-3 cm. long : outer
sepals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-2. .5 mm. long; inner sepals ovate to
suborbicular : capsules depressed-globose, 2 mm. broad. — M. S. Not common,
in low grounds and swamps. — Limestones, schists.
2. C. virginlanum (L.) Small. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, corymbose above, the
branches long: leaves mainly alternate, spreading; blades thinnish, spatulate
or oblanceolate to elliptic, 1-3 cm. long: outer sepals lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long; inner sepals rather broader than the outer: cap-
sules depressed, 2 mm. broad. — Common, on roadsides and in thickets.
3. C. medium (Planch.) Small. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, corymbose above, the
branches rigid: leaves mainly alternate, erect or appressed; blades spatulate
to linear-elliptic or linear-lanceolate, 0.6-2 cm. long: outer sepals oblong to
lanceolate, 2-4 mm. long: capsules depressed-globose, 2-3 mm. broad. — S.
Not common, on hillsides and roadsides, and in thickets. — Schists, serpeiitine.
Family 3. OXALIDACEAE. Wood-sorrel Family.
Herbs or rarely shrubs, the sap sour. Leaves mostly alternate :
blades 3-foliolate or 1-foliolate, the leaflets commonly notched at the apex.
Flowers perfect, essentially regular, cymose. Calyx of 5 persistent sepals.
Corolla of 5 white or colored petals. Androecium of 10-15 unequal
stamens: filaments united at the base. Gynoecium of 5 partially united
carpels : styles distinct. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, rarely baccate.
Plants acaulescent, with coated bulbs : sepals tubercled at the apex.
1. lONOXALIS.
Plants caulescent, with fibrous roots or elongate rootstocks :
sepals without apical tubercles. 2. Xanthoxalis.
1. lONOXALIS Small. Erect herbs. Leaf-blades palmately 3-10-folio-
late: leaflets with tubercles in the apical sinus. Flowers usually borne in
umbel-like cymes. Sepals tubercled at the apex. Petals violet, blue, red, or
white.
1. I. violacea (L.) Small. Plants 5-35 cm. tall: leaflets 3; blades 6-16 mm.
long: scapes glabrous: sepals oblong to ovate-oblong: petals rose-purple or
rarely white : capsules 4-.5 mm. long. — Common, in woods and on shaded
banks. — Spr. — Violet wood-sorrel.
2. XANTHOXALIS Small. Herbs. Leaf-blades palmately 3-foliolate:
leaflets not tubercled at the apical sinus. Flowers in umbel-like or dichotomous
cymes. Sepals 5, the inner narrower than the outer ones. Filaments glabrous
174 BALSAMINACEAE.
or the longer ones pubescent. Capsules elongate, erect. — SouRGRASS. Yellow
WOOD-SORREL.
Pedicels appressed-pubescent.
Longer filaments glabrous. 1. X. stricta.
Longer filaments pubescent.
Cymes typically 1-flowered : leaves numerous ; leaflets
small, 4-8 mm. wide. 2. X. fllipes.
Cymes typically several-flowered : leaves few ; leaflets
large, 10-16 mm. wide. 3. X. Brittoniae.
Pedicels loosely pubescent. 4. X. cymosa.
1. X. stricta (L.) Small. Stems sometimes tufted: leaflets glabrous or with
scattered hairs: sepals oblong to linear-lanceolate, sparingly ciliate, and more
or less pubescent on the back: petals pale-yellow: capsules 16-30 cm. long. —
Bather common, on banks and in fields and waste places. — Spr. and sum.
2. X. filipes Small. Stems usually tufted on the slender rootstock: leaves
mostly clustered, usually irregularly so; blades of the leaflets mainly 4-8 mm.
wide, glabrous or sparingly pubescent: sepals lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate:
petals 5-9 mm. long, light-yellow: capsules slender, 8-12 mm. long. — S.
Bare, on the islands and shores of the Susquehanna. — Schists. — Spr. and sum.
3. X. Brittoniae Small. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, loosely pubescent: leaves not
clustered; blades of the leaflets 10-16 mm. wide: cymes diehotomous when well
developed: sepals 3.5-5.5 mm. long, ciliate all around: petals .5-10 mm. long,
bright-yellow: capsules 7-12 mm. long. — S. Frequent, on banks. — Schists.
— Sum.
4. X. cymosa Small. Stems 2-11 dm. tall, loosely pubescent: leaflets 10-27
mm. wide: cymes diehotomous: sepals 3-4 mm. long: petals 7-10 mm. long,
deep-yellow : filaments glabrous : capsules slender. — Common, in thickets, cul-
tivated ground and waste places. — Sum.
Family 4. BALSAMINACEAE, Jewel-weed Family.
Herbs with succulent tissues. Leaves mostly alternate : blades simple.
Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx of 3 sepals (2 obsolete), the posterior
one petaloid, saccate and spurred, all deciduous. Corolla of 5 petals, the
lateral pair on each side united. Receptacle glandless. Androecium of 5
stamens : filaments appendaged and partially united. Gynoecium of 5
united carpels. Styles very short or wanting. Fruit an elastically burst-
ing capsule.
1. IMPATIENS [Bivinius] L. Herbs with stems enlarged at the nodes.
Capsules drooping. — Sum. and fall. — Touch-me-not.
Flowers in peduncled panicles : outer sepals broad : capsules elongate, glabrous.
Spur incurved, % as long as the sac, or more : sac longer than broad.
1. /. hiflora.
Spur at right angles to the sac, Vi as long as the sac, or less :
sac as broad as long. 2. /. pallida.
Flowers in sessile clusters : outer sepals narrow : capsules short,
pubescent. 3. I. Balsamina.
1. I. biflora Walt. Plants 1-2 dm. tall : leaf -blades ovate to elliptic, 2-12 cm.
long, deep-green: sepals, and petals, orange, the saccate sepal conic, longer
than wide. — Common, in swamps and on banks of spring-runs.
2. I. pallida Nutt. Similar to I. hiflora in habit, the foliage paler: sepals, and
petals, yellow, the saccate sepal cup-like, about as vride as long. — Not as
common as No. 1, on rich shaded hillsides.
3. I. Balsamina L. Plants 3-6 dm. tall, the stem succulent, finely pubescent:
leaf-blades oval or oblong to elliptie-spatulate, those of the upper leaves larger
SIMAROUBACEAE. 175
than the lower ones, more or less acuminate at both ends, rather sharply ser-
rate: flowers variously-colored: capsules ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 2-3 cm. long,
pubescent. — Occasional, in waste places and about gardens. Nat. of E. Indies.
— Garden balsam.
Family 5. LIMNANTHACEAE. False-mermaid Family.
Herbs with tender tissues. Leaves alternate : blades pinnately divided.
Flowers perfect, axillary. Calyx of 2-5 sepals. Corolla of 2-5 petals.
Androeeium of 4—10 stamens. Gynoecium of 2-5 carpels united only by
their bases and styles. Fruit 2-5-lobed, fleshy, the carpels separating as
achenes.
1. FLOERKEA Willd. Annual diffuse herbs. Leaf-segments narrow.
Flowers inconspicuous. Sepals 3. Petals 3, white. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-
celled. Achenes 1-8, rough.
1. F. proserpinacoides Willd. Stems decumbent, 1-4 dm. long : leaves 2-8 cm.
long, the segments 3-5, distant : sepals ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 3 mm.
long: petals oblong-obovate, 1.5 mm. in diameter: achenes subglobose, 2-2.5
mm. in diameter. — M. Local, on shaded creek-banks near Lancaster. — Lime-
stones. — Spr.
Family 6. RUTACEAE. Rue Family.
Shrubs or trees, or rarely herbs, often prickle-armed, and with
glandular-punctate tissues. Leaves alternate or opposite : blades simple
or pinnately compound, sometimes 1-foliolate. Flowers perfect or polyg-
amous, mostly regular. Calyx of 3-5, or rarely more, sepals, or wanting.
Corolla of 3-5, or rarely more, petals. Androeeium of as many stamens
as there are sepals or petals or rarely thrice as many. Gynoecium of 2-5
distinct or united carpels. Fruit capsular, samaroid, druiDaeeous, or
baccate.
1. ZANTHOXYLUM L. Shrubs or trees. Leaf-blades pinnate, sometimes
1-foliolate. Flowers polygamous, in axillary cymes. Sepals present or wanting.
Petals 4 or 5, mostly erect. Mature carpels solitary, or 2-5 together. —
Prickly-ash.
1. Z. americanum Mill. Shrub 1-3 m. tall, with prickly branches: leaves 1-3
dm. long; leaflets 4-8 cm. long, the blades ovate, oblong or rarely oval: corolla
3-3.5 mm. wide : capsules 4-5 mm. in diameter. — M. S. Not common, in
thickets and on banks. — Limestones, schists. — Spr. — Northern prickly-
ash. Toothache-tree.
Family 7. SIMAROUBACEAE. Ailanthus Family.
Shrubs or trees, or rarely herbs. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite :
blades jjinnately compound, 1-3-foliolate, or rarely simple. Flowers jDolyg-
amous, deciduous, or rarely perfect, solitaiy, spicate, racemose, or panicu-
late. Calyx of 3-5 sepals. Corolla of 3-5 petals, or wanting. Androeeium
of as many stamens as there are sepals or twice as many, or rarely very
many. Gynoecium of 2-5 more or less united carpels. Ovary usually
lobed. Stigmas mostly introrse. Fruit a drupe or a samara, or baccate.
1, AILANTHUS Desf. Trees. Leaf-blades unequally pinnate, the leaf-
lets thin. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, paniculate. Sepals 5, short. Petals 5,
176 POLYGALACEAE.
valvate, much larger than the sepals. Stamens 10, unappendaged at the base.
Ovary 2-5-celled, deeply lobed at the apex: style columnar. Fruit a cluster of
5, or fewer, samaras with the style-bases lateral.
1. A. glandulosa Desf. Tree becoming 30 m. tall: leaflets 13-41; blades
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 7-18 cm. long: samaras 4-5 cm. long, linear-
elliptic, numerous in drooping clusters, the seed in the middle. — M. Frequent,
on the banks of the Conestoga Creek. Nat. of As. — Sum. — Tree-of-heaven.
Order POLYGALALES.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, some-
times scale-like. Flowers perfect. Perianth mostly irregular, each whorl
of 5, or rarely 3 or 4, parts. Androecium of 6, 8, or 10 stamens, the fila-
ments often partially united. Anthers opening by terminal pores or
cracks. Gynoecium of 2 united carpels, or rarely of more. Fruit capsular.
Family 1. POLYGALACEAE. Milkwort Family.
Herbs, or rarely shrubs or trees. Leaf-blades mostly entire. Flowers
solitary, spicate, or racemose, irregular. Calyx of mostly 5 sepals, the 2
inner petaloid. Corolla of 5, or often of 3, small, partially united petals,
the lower one keel-like. Androecium of 6^ stamens, partially coherent
with the petals. Anthers 1-celled. Capsule usually 2;seeded.
1. POL YG ALA [Tourn.] L. Herbs or woody plants. Leaf -blades mostly
entire. Spikes or racemes lax or dense. Sepals 5, the 2 lateral ones (wings)
larger than the others. Petals 3, or rarely 5, the middle one (keel) commonly
lobed or crested at the apex. Stamens 8 or 6: filaments united into a tube or
into 2 sets. Style curved. Capsule flattened. Seed usually carunculate. —
Milkwort.
Flowers 1 or few, axillary to leaf-like-bracts, individually showy. 1. P. paucifoUa.
Flowers several or many, in terminal, often spike-like racemes,
not individually showy.
Leaves alternate.
Wings suborbicular : plants perennial. 2. P. Senega.
Wings decidedly longer than wide : plants annual.
Petals united into a long cleft tube : keel long-clawed. 3. P. incarnata.
Petals not united into a long tube : keel short-clawed.
Bracts persistent : wings of an elliptic type. 4. P. NuttalUi.
Bracts deciduous : wings of a broadly ovate type. 5. P. viridescens.
Leaves mainly opposite or whorled.
Wings obtuse : bracts deciduous : keel short-clawed : ra-
cemes slender.
Branches mostly alternate : racemes long-peduncled :
flowers purplish or greenish-purple. 6. P. ambigua.
Branches mostly opposite or whorled : racemes short-
peduncled : flowers green or greenish. 7. P. verticillata.
Wings acuminate : bracts persistent : keel long-clawed :
racemes stout. 8. P. cruciata.
1. P. pauciftlia Willd. Plants 0.5-2 dm. tall: leaf -blades various, those of
the lower leaves scale-like, those of the upper elliptic, oval, or ovate: bracts
similar to the upper leaves: flowers rose-colored, rose-purple, or white: sepals
4-6 mm. long: wings spatulate to obovate, 10-18 mm. long: keel 15-20 mm.
long, the claw longer than the body: lateral petals 15-20 mm. long: capsules
suborbicular or orbicular-obovate, 5-8 mm. wide. — S. Occasional, on banks of
the Octoraro Creek. — Schists. — Spr. — Flowering- wintergreen. Fringed-
polygala.
POLYGALACEAE. 177
2. P, Senega L. Plants 1-5 dm. tall: blades of the upper leaves linear to
lanceolate or ovate, more or less serrulate: flowers greenish-white: sepals 1.5-2
mm. long: wings orbicular-obovate or suborbicular, 2-3 mm. long, obtuse:
keel about as long as the wings, short-clawed: lateral petals 2-3 mm, long:
capsules broader than long, 3.5-4.5 mm. long. — M. Bare, in woods. — Lime-
stones. — Spr. — Seneca-snakeroot.
3. P. incamata L. Plants 2-7 dm. tall: blades of the upper leaves linear-
subulate to subulate: flowers pink, purple, or white: sepals 2-2.5 mm. long,
acute: wings lanceolate to spatulate, 3-4 mm. long: keel 6-8 mm. long, the
claw longer than the body: lateral petals 5-7 mm. long: capsules ovoid, 3-4
mm. long. — S. Bare, in swamps and low grounds. — Scliists. — Sum.
4. P. Nuttallli T. & G. Plants 1-2.5 dm. tall: blades of the lower leaves
linear-spatulate, those of the upper ones narrowly linear: flowers purplish or
greenish: sepals about 1 mm. long or less: wings elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate,
2-2.5 mm. long: keel about as long aa the wings: lateral petals about 2 mm.
long: capsules about 1.5 mm. long: caruncle about J as long as the seed. —
5. Bather common, on moist banks and roadsides. — Schists. — Sum.
5. P. viridescens L. Plants 1-5 dm. tall: blades of the lower leaves spatulate,
those of the upper ones linear to linear-oblong: flowers reddish-purple, green,
or white: sepals 1.5-2 mm. long: wings broadly ovate or oval, 4-6 mm. long:
keel 2.5-3 mm. long: lateral petals much shorter than the wings: capsules
about 2 mm. long: caruncle usually fully i as long as the seed. — N. S.
Common, on banks and in moist places. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum.
6. P. ambigua L. Plants 1-3 dm. tall: blades of the lower leaves spatulate to
linear-spatulate, those of the upper ones linear, usually narrowly so: flowers
purplish or greenish-purple: sepals about 1 mm. long or less: wings suborbic-
ular, 1.5-2 mm. wide : keel 1.5-2 mm. long : capsules suborbicular, fully 1.5
mm. long. — Common, in fields and on roadsides, and in woods. — Sum.
7. P. verticillata L. Plants 0.5-3 dm. tall: blades of the lower leaves spatu-
late, those of the upper ones linear to linear-lanceolate: sepals 1.5 mm. long
or less: wings ovate to obovate, 1-1.5 mm. long: keel about 1.5 mm. long:
capsules broadly oblong to ovoid-oblong, 2 mm. long. — S. Bather common, in
fields and on roadsides, and in woods. — Sum.
8. P. cruclata L. Plants 0.5-4 dm. tall: blades of the lower leaves spatulate
or obovate, those of the upper ones linear-spatulate or almost linear: flowers
rose-purplish or greenish: sepals not ciliate, 1.5-2 mm. long: wings deltoid or
hastate-deltoid, 4.5-6 mm. long, caudate-acuminate: capsules obovate or euneate-
obovate. — S. Bare, in swamps and low grounds. — Schists. — Sum.
Order EUPHORBIALES.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes aquatic or amphibious, but mainly
terrestrial, commonly with milky juice. Leaves various, sometimes re-
duced to scales, or almost wanting. Flowers mainly monoecious or dioe-
cious, regular. Calyx of several sepals. Corolla of several petals, or
often wanting. Androecium of more than one stamen, except when the
staminate flowers are scattered over the inside of an involucre. Filaments
distinct or united into a column. Anthers opening by longitudinal or
transverse valves. Gynoecium of 2, 3, or 4, or rarely more, united carpels,
superior. Styles, or stigmas, usually distinct and cleft or foliaceous,
united by pairs in CallitricJiaceae. Ovules 1, 2, or 3 in each cavity. Fruit
Lancaster County Flora 12.
178 EUPHORBIACEAE.
capsular, sometimes achene-like, drupaceous or baccate. Seeds often
carunculate.
Styles or stigmas distinct or mainly so, cleft or foliaceous : ovary 3-celled or rarely
1- or 2-celled : stamens several, except vs^hen on the inside of an involucre.
Pam. 1. EUPHOEBIACEAE.
Styles united by pairs : ovary 4-celIed : stamen solitary. Fam. 2. Calliteichaceah.
Family 1. EUPHORBIACEAE. Spurge Family.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees often with milky sap. Leaves opposite,
wborled, or alternate : blades entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers monoe-
cious or dioecious, solitary, or variously clustered, or much reduced and in
an involucre (Chamaesyce and genera following). Calyx of 2-several
sepals, or obsolete. Corolla of 2-several petals, or wanting. Androecium
of few-many stamens. Gynoecium of 3 or many united carpels, or 1-car-
pellary. Fruit capsular or drupaceous.
Flowers not borne in an involucre : calyx of several sepals.
Ovules, and seeds, 2 in each carpel. 1. Phyllanthus.
Ovule, and seed, 1 in each carpel.
Leaf-blades not peltate : inflorescence spicate : stamens
few ; filaments not forked. 2. Acalypha.
Leaf -blades peltate : inflorescence racemose or panicu-
late : stamens very numerous ; filaments much forked. 3. Ricinus.
Flowers borne in involucres : calyx a minute scale or obsolete.
Glands of the involucres with petal-like appendages.
Leaves opposite, stipulate ; blades inequilateral : inflores-
cence axillary or clustered 4. Chamaesyce.
Leaves alternate or scattered, without stipules ; blades
equilateral : inflorescence umbel-like. 5. Tithymalopsis.
Glands of the involucre without petal-like appendages, en-
tirely naked, sometimes with crescent-like horns.
Stem topped by an umbel : stipules none : involucres in
open cymes, each with 4 glands and entire or toothed
lobes. 6. Tithymalus.
Stem not topped by an umbel : stipules gland-like : in-
volucres in cluster-like cymes, each with a single gland
or rarely 4 glands and fimbriate lobes. 7. Poinsettia.
1. PHYLLANTHUS L. Herbs or partially woody plants. Leaf -blades
entire. Flowers apetalous. Staminate flowers with 5 or 6 sepals and usually
3 stamens. Pistillate flowers with 5 or 6 sepals and a 3-celled ovary. Fruit
capsular.
1. P. carolinensis Walt. Plants 1-5 dm. tall, the stem glabrous: leaf -blades
obovate to oblong-obovate,, rather gradually narrowed to the base: staminate
calyx 1.5 mm. wide; sepals suborbicular : mature pistillate calyx 2.5 mm. wide;
sepals oblong to oblong-spatulate : capsules about 2 mm. wide. — S. Rare, on
river-banks and roadsides. — Schists. — Sum.
2. ACALYPHA L. Herbs or shrubs. Leaf -blades entire or toothed.
Flowers monoecious or sometimes dioecious. Staminate flowers with 4 sepals
and 8-16 stamens. Pistillate flowers with 3-5 sepals and a 3-celled ovary, each
subtended by a foliaceous bract. Fruit a capsule.
1, A. virginica L. Stems 1-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate or elliptic, 2-10 cm.
long, serrate: larger bracts about 2 cm. long, lobed: capsules about 3 mm.
in diameter: seeds nearly 2 mm. long. — Common, in waste places, thickets and
woods. — Sum. — Three-seeded mercury.
3. mCINTJS [Tourn.] L. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaf-blades peltate,
palmately lobed. Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Staminate flowers with 3-5
EUPHORBIACEAE. 179
sepals and numerous stamens. Pistillate flowers with caducous sepals and a
3-celled ovary. Fruit a capsule.
1. R. commimis L. Plants herbaceous or shrubby, 1-5 m. tall, or larger south-
ward: leaf-blades nearly orbicular, 6-11-lobed: capsules 12-16 mm. in diameter,
echinate. — M. Occasional, in waste places and about gardens. Nat. of the
tropics. — Sum. — Castor-bean. Castor-oil plant.
4. CHAMAESYCE S. F. Gray. Annual or perennial herbs, or shrubs.
Leaves opposite: blades oblique at the base. Involucres axillary or in axillary
cluster-like cymes, each with 4 nearly naked or appendaged glands, one sinus
being glandless. Capsules smooth, sometimes pubescent. Seeds smooth or
transverse-wrinkled. — Sum. — Spurge.
Plants branched at the base, the branches prostrate : capsules less than 2 mm.
wide : involucre-appendages minute.
Capsules pubescent : involucre not split : stem and branches with appressed hairs.
1. C. macnhita.
Capsules glabrous : involucre split on one side : stem and
branches with spreading hairs. 2. C. Rafinctiquci.
Plants not branched at the base, erect or ascending : capsules
over 2 mm. wide : involucre-appendages relatively large. 3. C. Preslii.
1. C. maculata (L.) Small. Stem and branches puberulent or pilose: leaf-
blades oblong or ovate-oblong, 8-12 mm. long: involucres mostly 1 mm. long,
pubescent; appendages white or red, narrow, nearly equal, entire: capsules
less than 1.5 mm. wide, pubescent: seeds nearly 1 mm. long, black beneath the
pale coating. — Common, in cultivated and waste grounds. — Milk-purslane.
2. C. Rafinesquei (Greene) Small. Stem and branches hirsute: leaf -blades
oblong, oblong-ovate, or ovate, 4-14 cm. long, obtuse or acute, light-green
above, pale-green and with scattered hairs beneath, serrate, short -petioled:
involucres about 1 mm. long, glabrous; appendages obscure or very narrow and
pale: capsules globose-ovoid, less than 2 mm. wide, glabrous: seeds less than
1.5 mm. long, red beneath the gray coating. — Local, on dry banks on and near
the Welch mountains. — Quartzite.
3. C. Preslii (Guss.) Arthur. Stem and branches glabrous or nearly so: leaf-
blades oblong or linear-oblong, varying to ovate or obovate, 1.5-3.5 cm. long,
usually red-margined: involucres in loosely clustered cymules; appendages
usually white, entire : capsules fully 2 mm. wide. — Common, in fields and
waste places.
5. TITHYMALOPSIS Kl. & Garcke. Perennial herbs often topped by an
umbel. Leaf-blades entire. Involucres scattered or somewhat clustered in an
umbel-like inflorescence, each with appendaged glands. Capsule smooth. Seeds
punctate.
1. T. coroUata (L.) Small. Plants bright-green, 2-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades
linear, oblong, or oblong-spatulate, 2-4 cm. long: involucres numerous, con-
spicuous, 1-1.5 mm. long: appendages white, mostly cuneate or orbicular-
cuneate: capsules exserted, 3.5-4.5 mm. broad: seeds 2.5 mm. long. — Common,
in fields and thickets, and on roadsides. — Sum. — Flowering-spurge.
6. TITHYMALUS Adans. Annual or perennial herbs or partially woody
plants topped by an umbel. Leaf-blades entire or finely toothed. Stipules
wanting. Involucres in open or compact cymes, each with 4 naked or ap-
pendaged glands. Capsule smooth or tuberculate. Seeds pitted. — Sum. —
Spurge.
180 EUPHOEBIACEAE.
Leaves mainly opposite and decussate : capsules 10 mm. wide and more.
1. T. Lathyrus.
Leaves alternate or scattered : capsules less than 10 mm. wide.
Leaf-blades serrulate : involucre with oblong, oval, or orbicu-
lar glands : plants annual. 2. T. IlcUoscopia.
Leaf-blades entire : involucre with reniform or crescent-
shaped glands: plants annual, biennial, or perennial.
Plants annual or biennial : seeds pitted
Capsules with 2-crested carpels : seeds with 1-4 series
of pits. 3. T. Peplus.
Capsules with rounded carpels : seeds pitted all over. 4. T. commutata.
Plants perennial : seeds smooth.
Glands of the involucre oblong : leaf-blades broad. 5. T. Darlingtonii.
Glands of the involucre lunate : leaf-blades narrow. 6. T. Cyparissias.
1. T, Lathyrus (L.) Hill. Stems 2-12 dm. tall: blades of the upper leaves
lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3.5-12 cm. long: bracts ovate to ovate-lanceo-
late: involucres 4-5 mm. long; lobes triangular, toothed at the apex, surpassing
the broad crescent-shaped glands: capsules 10-12 mm. broad: seeds oblong-
ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, wrinkled. — M. S. Occasional, on roadsides and about
gardens. Nat. of Eu. ■ — Mole-plant. Caper-spurge. Myrtle- spurge.
2. T. Helioscopia (L.) Hill. Stems 1-3.5 dm. tall: leaf -blades spatulate to
cuneate, 1.5-4 cm. long, finely toothed near the rounded or emarginate apex:
bracts of the rays cuneate to oblong-cuneate: involucres turbinate-campanulate,
about 1.5 mm. high, short-peduncled : glands transversely oval, about 0.5 mm.
wide, unappendaged : capsules about 4 mm. broad, the lobes rounded: seeds
ovoid, nearly 2 mm. long^ finely reticulate. — S. Occasional, in fields. Nat.
of Eu. — Wartweed.
3. T. Peplus (L.) Hill. Stems erect, 1-3 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong or
obovate, 1-4 cm. long: bracts ovate or triangular-ovate: involucres 1-1.5 mm.
long; horns less than 1 mm. long: capsules 2.5-3 mm. broad, smooth: seeds
oblong or ovoid-oblong, 1.5 mm. long or less, with 1-4 series of pits. — M.
Occasional, on roadsides and fields. Nat. of Eu. — Petty-spurge.
4. T. commutatus (Engelm.) Kl. & Garcke. Stems decumbent, 1-4 dm. long:
leaf -blades spatulate to ovate, 1-4 cm. long: bracts reniform or ovate-reniform:
involucres 2.5 mm. long; horns 1 mm. long or nearly so: capsules 3.5-4 mm.
broad, smooth: seeds ovoid, fully 2 mm. long, or sometimes smaller, irregu-
larly pitted. — S. Frequent, in woods, especially near Safe Harbor. — Schists.
5. T. Darlingtonii (A. Gray) Small. Stems 3-15 dm. tall: leaves few; blades
oblanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 3.5-10 cm. long: bracts broadly ovate to
reniform: involucres 3-4 mm. long; lobes ovate or quadrate, toothed or often
notched; glands oblong: capsules 8^9 mm. broad, warty: seeds ovoid-globose,
3^ mm. long. — S. Rare, in woods and thickets. — Schists.
6. T. CjTJarissias (L.) Hill. Stems often tufted, 1-3 dm. tall: leaves very
numerous; blades linear, 2-4 cm. long, acute or acutish, entire: bracts
ovate, deltoid or reniform: involucres campanulate, about 2 mm. long, sessile:
glands lunate, nearly 1 mm. wide: capsules 3-Iobed, about 3 mm. wide, granu-
lar, the lobes rounded : seeds ovoid, nearly 2 mm. long, smooth. — Frequent, on
roadsides and in waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Cypress-spurge.
7. POrNSETTIA Graham. Annual or perennial herbs, or woody plants.
Leaf -blades entirejv toothed, or lobed. Stipules present. Involucres solitary or
cymose, each with 1, or rarely 3 or 4, unappendaged glands. Capsule smooth.
Seeds tuberculate.
1. P. dentata (Michx.) Small. Stems 2-4 dm. tall, pubescent: leaf -blades 1-9
cm. long, ovate, lanceolate, or nearly linear: involucres 2.5-3 mm. long; glands
usually solitary : capsules 4-4.5 mm. broad : seeds prominently tuberculate. —
M. Eare, along the Conestoga Creek, Lancaster. Nat. of the West. — Not
recently collected. — Sum.
SPONDIACEAE. 181
Family 2. CALLITRICHACEAE. Water-starwort Family.
Herbs, often aquatics, with tender tissues. Leaves opposite: blades
entire, 3-nerved. Flowers polygamous, minute, axillary, often minutely
bracted. Calyx wanting. Corolla wanting. Androecium of a single
stamen. Gynoeeium of 4 miited carpels. Ovarj^ 4-celled. Fniit leathery,
indehiscent, 4-lobed.
1. CAJjLITHICHE L. Aquatic or more or less amphibious plants, the
opposite leaves often approximate or congested at the ends of the stem and
branches. Flowers inconspicuous.
1. C. palustris L. Aquatic, the foliage scaly : blades of the submersed leaves
linear, those of the emersed ones spatulate, shorter than the submersed ones:
flower-stalks with 2 scales : fruit obovoid, about 1.5 mm. long. — Common, in
ponds and streams. — Spr. and sum. — Water-starwort.
Order SAPINDALES.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves various : blades simple and entire or toothed,
or compound. Calyx of distinct sepals. Corolla of distinct petals, regular
or rarely irregular, or wanting. Androecium of as many stamens as there
are petals, or of twice as many, or rarely of more or fewer. Filaments
distinct. Gynoeeium of a single carpel, or of several united carpels.
Ovai-y superior. 0\iiles 1 or 2, or several, in each cavity of the ovary,
pendulous, with the raphe away from the axis of the ovary, or erect or
ascending. Fruit various.
Ovary 1-celled (in our plants) : fruit a drupe. Fam. 1. Spondiaceae.
Ovary 2-several-celled : fruit various.
Leaf -blades simple : pinnately veined.
Seed without an aril : fruit drupaceous. Fam. 2. Aquifoliaceae.
Seed with an aril : fruit capsular. Fam. 3. Celastkaceae.
Leaf-blades simple, palmately veined, or compound.
Leaves opposite.
Fruit a capsule.
Flowers regular : fruit a bladdery 3-lobed
capsule. Fam. 4. Staphyleaceae.
Flowers irregular : fruit a leathery globular
capsule. Fam. 5. Aesculaceae.
Fruit a 2-winged samara. Fam. 6. Aceraceae.
Leaves alternate. Fam. 7. Sapindaceae.
Family 1. SPONDIACEAE. Sumac Family.
Shrubs, trees, or vines, with milky, resinous, often acid or caustic,
sap. Leaves alternate : blades simple or pinnately compound. Flowers
monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous. Calyx of 3-5 sepals. Corolla of
3-5 petals larger than the sepals. Androecium of 3-6, or rarely more,
stamens. Gynoeeium of 1 carpel or of 3-5 more or less united cai-pels.
Fruit a drupe.
Flowers in terminal compact panicles : drupe with a dark-pubescent outer coat :
stone smooth. 1. Rhus.
Flowers in lax axillary panicles : drupe with a glabrous or pale-
pubescent outer coat : stone ribbed. 2. Toxicodendron.
1. RHUS L. Shrubs or trees. Leaf-blades pinnately compound, several-
foliolate. Flowers polygamous, borne in terminal, compact panicles. Sepals
commonly 5. Petals commonly 5. Ovary pubescent. Style short. Drupe
pubescent. Stone smooth and even. — Sum. — Sumac.
182 AQUIFOLIACEAE.
Rachis of the leaf winged. 1. R. copallina.
Rachis of the leaf not winged.
Leaves and twigs copiously bristly pubescent : leaflets not
glaucous. 2. R. hiria.
Leaves and twigs glabrous or nearly so : leaflets glaucous
beneath. 3. R. glabra.
1. R. copallina L. Shrub, or tree becoming 10' m. tall: leaflets 9-21; blades
oblong to oblong-lanceolate or sometimes oval, 3-10 cm. long: stone of the
drupe about 4 mm. long. - — Common, in old fields, thickets and waste places. —
Dwarf-sumac.
2. R. hirta (L.) Sudw. Shrub, or tree becoming 12 m. tall: leaflets 11-31;
blades oblong to lanceolate, or that of the terminal one ovate-lanceolate, 4—15
cm. long: petals about 3 mm. long: drupes bristly, the stone 3-3.5 mm. long.
— Common, on roadsides and hillsides, and in thickets. — Staghorn-sumac.
3. R. glabra L. Shrub, or tree becoming 2-4 m. tall: leaflets 11-31; blades
oblong or lanceolate (that of the terminal one often ovate), 3-8 cm. long:
petals about 2 mm. long: drupes velvety, the stone 3-3.5 mm. long. — Common,
in fields and thickets. — Smooth-sumac.
2. TOXICODENDRON [Tourn.] Mill. Shrubs, trees, or vines, with
poisonous sap. Leaf-blades pinnately compound. Flowers polygamous, in
rather dense panicles. Sepals 4-6. Petals 4-6. Ovary glabrous: styles short.
Drupe glabrous, the sarcocarp wax-secreting. Stone ribbed.
Leaves with 3 leaflets : vine : panicles short-peduncled. 1. T. radicans.
Leaves with 7-13 leaflets: shrub or tree: panicles long-peduncled. 2. T. Vernix.
1. T. radicans (L.) Kuntze. Stems climbing: blades of the leaflets mem-
branous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 4-20 cm. long: sepals ovate, 1 mm. long:
petals oblong to oblong-ovate, 2.5-3 mm. long: drupes 5-6 mm. in diameter, in
spreading panicles. — Common, in thickets, woods and fence-rows. — Sum. —
Poison-ivy. Poison-oak.
2. T. Vernix (L.) Kuntze. Shrubs or small tree: blades of the lateral leaflets
oblong, elliptic, or oval, 4-15 em. long, undulate: petals linear-oblong, about
2 mm. long: drupes subglobose, about 5 mm. broad, in drooping panicles. —
Frequent, in swamps. — Spr. — Poison-sumac. Poison-dogwood. Poison-
elder.
Family 2. AQUIFOLIACEAE. Holly Family.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate : blades simple. Flowers perfect
or polygamous. Calyx of 4r-6 persistent sepals. Corolla of 4—6 petals,
Avhicli are often united at the base. Androeeium of 4—6 stamens. Gynoe-
eium of 4-8 united carpels. Fruit drupaceous.
1. ILEX L. Shrubs or trees. Leaves mostly persistent: blades entire or
toothed. Flowers sometimes nearly dioecious. Sepals persistent. Corolla
rotate, deciduous. Drupe with 4-8 nutlets. — Spr. — Holly.
Leaves deciduous ; blades not leathery, not spiny-toothed : nutlets smooth.
Staminate and pistillate flowers short-pedicelled : sepals ciliolate.
1. /. verticillata.
Staminate flowers long-pedicelled, pistillate flowers short-
pedicelled : sepals not ciliolate. 2. /. laevigata.
Leaves persistent ; blades leathery, spiny-toothed : nutlets ribbed. 3. /. opaca.
1. I. verticillata (L.) A. Gray. Shrub, or small tree sometimes 7 m. tall, with
glabrous or slightly pubescent twigs: leaf -blades thickish, elliptic or oval,
varying to ovate or obovate, 2-8 cm. long, acute or acuminate at both ends,
more or less pubescent beneath, often reticulate, serrate: staminate calyx about
2.5 mm. wide: staminate corolla 6-7 mm. wide: drupes 6—8 mm. in diameter,
red. — Frequent, in swamps and low grounds. — Winterberry. Black-alder.
CELASTEACEAE. 183
2. I. laevigata (Pursh) A. Gray. Shrub, or small tree rarely 6 m. tall, with
glabrous twigs: leaf -blades thinnish, elliptic or oval, or sometimes lanceolate
or oblanceolate, 3-9 cm. long, acute or mostly acuminate, appressed-serrate,
glabrous on both surfaces or sometimes sparingly pubescent on the veins be-
neath: staminate calyx 3.5-4 mm. wide: staminate corolla 6-7.5 mm. wide:
drupes 8-10 mm. in diameter, orange-red. — S. Eare, in woods. — Schists. —
Smooth-winterbkrry.
3. I. opaca Ait. Tree 15 m. tall or less, the bark white or pale-gray: leaf-
blades oval, elliptic, or obovate, 4-10 cm. long, spine-toothed or individually
entire, lustrous and dark-green above, pale and dull beneath: corolla 5.5-6.5
mm. broad: drupes globose or globose-ovoid, about 1 cm. in diameter, red or
rarely yellow. — S. Frequent, in woods on the banks and islands of the lower
Susquehanna. — Schists. — American-holly.
Family 3. CELASTEACEAE. Staff-tree Family.
Shrubs or trees, or vines. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled:
blades simple. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or dioecious, variously borne.
Calyx of 3-5 sepals. Corolla of 3-5 petals. Androecium of 3-5 stamens
borne on or under the disk. Gynoecium of 3-5 united carpels. Fruit a
capsule, a drupe or a berry. Seed often arillate.
Flowers borne in axillary cymes, or solitary : fruits 3-5-iobecI : leaves opposite.
1. EUONTMUS.
Flowers borne in terminal racemes or panicles : fruits terete : leaves
alternate. 2. Celastrus.
1. EUONYMUS [Tourn.] L. Shrubs, trees, or rarely vines. Leaves
opposite: blades entire or toothed. Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4
or 5. Stamens 4 or 5, borne on the lobes of the disk : filaments very short :
anther-sacs diverging. Stigmas 3-5. — Early sum.
Capsules warty, shallowly lobed : leaf-blades short-petioled or nearly sessile : parts of
the flower usually in fives. 1. E. americanus.
Capsules smooth, deeply lobed : leaf-blades rather long-
petioled : parts of the flower usually in fours. 2. E. atropurpureus.
1. E. americanus L. Erect or straggling shrub 2 m. tall or less: leaf -blades
oval to lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, acute or acuminate, crenate-serrate: calyx
about 5 mm. wide; sepals usually 5, equal: corolla mostly over 1 cm. wide;
petals greenish or greenish-purple: filaments arising from the edge of the disk;
anthers fully 1 mm. wide: seed-body 4.5-5.5 mm. long. — S. Not common,
in thickets near the Susquehanna. — Schists. — Strawberry-bush.
2. E. atropurpureus Jacq. Erect shrub, or tree becoming 8 m. tall: leaf-
blades oblong, elliptic, oval, ovate, or obovate, 5-16 cm. long, short-acuminate,
serrate: calyx about 4 mm. wide; sepals usually 4, in unequal pairs: corolla
mostly less than 1 cm. wide ; petals dark-purple : filaments arising from the
top of the disk ; anthers less than 1 mm. wide : seed-body 8-9 mm. long. — M.
S. Not common, in thickets and on river-banks and creek-banks. — Limestones.
Schists. — BuRNiNG-BusH. Waahoo. Spindle-tree. Bleeding-heart.
2. CELASTRUS L. Vines with woody stems. Leaves alternate, decid-
uous: blades membranous, broad, entire or toothed. Flowers inclined to be
dioecious, racemose or paniculate. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5, borne at
the sinuses of the disk. Capsules in drooping clusters.
1. C. scandens L. Diffuse climber: leaf -blades elliptic, oval, or oblong, vary-
ing to ovate or obovate, 6-10 cm. long, serrate: panicles drooping: corolla
greenish, about 8 mm. broad : capsules subglobose, about 1 cm. in diameter.
184 ACEEACEAE.
orange, 3-valved, the scarlet seeds persistent and conspicuous in early winter. —
Common, in thickets and fence-rows. — Early sum. Staff-tree. Shrubby-
bittersweet. Climbing-bittersweet. Waxwork.
Family 4. STAPHYLEACEAE. Bladdernut Family.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves mostly opposite : blades pinnately compound.
Flowers perfect or polygamous, racemose or paniculate, drooping. Calyx
of 5 sepals. Corolla of 5 equal petals. Androeeium of 5 stamens.
Gynoecium of 2 or 3 partially or wholly united carpels. Fruit an inflated
capsule.
1. STAPHYLEA L. Shrubs or small trees. Leaf -blades pinnate, often
3-foliolate. Racemes cluster-like, drooping. Sepals and petals nearly erect.
Capsule bladdery, 2-3-lobed.
1. S. trlfollata L. Shrub: leaflets 3: blades oval or elliptic, varying to ovate
or obovate, 5-10 em. long, serrate: racemes 5-10 em. long: sepals 7-10 mm.
long: petals spatulate, surpassing the sepals: capsules 4-6 cm. long, the lobes
apiculate. — Common, in rich woods and along streams. — Spr. — Bladdernut.
Family 5. AESCULACEAE. Buckeye Family.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite : blades palmately compound.
Flowers polygamous, in terminal erect racemes or panicles. Calyx of 4 or
5 partially united sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5 unequal clawed petals.
Androeeium of 5-8 stamens. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Fruit a
leathery loculicidal capsule.
1. AESCULUS L. Shrubs or trees. Leaf -blades palmately 5-9-foliolate.
Petals with their claws mostly in the calyx-tube. Filaments slender. Capsule
smooth or echinate. — Horse-chestnut.
1. A. parviflora Walt. Shrub: leaflets 5-7: blades elliptie-oblaneeolate to
obovate, 5-18 em. long: calyx 5-7 mm. long: lateral petals 12-15 mm. long:
capsules globular, 2.5-3 em. in diameter. — S. In thickets, near Fishing Creek.
Nat. southward. — Early sum. — Buckeye.
Family 6. ACERACEAE. Maple Family.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite : blades simple or compound.
Flowers perfect or polygamous, in cymes, racemes, or panicles, or often in
congested clusters. Calyx of 4 or 5, or rarely more, deciduous sepals.
Corolla of 4 or 5, or rarely more, petals, or wanting. Androeeium of as
many stamens as there are sepals. Gynoecium of 2 more or less united
carpels. Fruit 2 nutlets with wings (samaras).
Leaves with simple or rarely digitately compound blades : flowers polygamo-
dioecious. 1- Acer.
Leaves with pinnately compound blades : flowers dioecious. 2. Negundo.
1. ACER [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees. Leaf -blades simple or digitately
compound. Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Disk present. Stamens mostly 8.
Samaras 2 together. — Spr. — Maple.
Flower-clusters expanding before the leaves, sessile or nearly so, not drooping.
Petals wanting or obsolete: ovary pubescent. 1. A. saccharinum.
Petals present : ovary glabrous. 2. A. rnbrum.
Flower-clusters expanding with the leaves, drooping : petals
wanting.
SAPINDACEAE. 185
Leaf-blades scarcely paler beneath than above ; lobes entire
or undulate. 3. A. nigrum.
Leaf-blades pale or glaucous beneath ; lobes coarsely toothed. 4. A. Saccharum.
1. A. saccharinum L. Tree rarely 36 m. tall, the bark flaky at maturity, gray,
or that of the twigs reddisli-brown : leaf -blades about as long as broad, 10-15
cm. long, with 3-5 prominent incised lobes longer than the body, silky when
young, glabrate, bright-green above, glaucous or silvery-white beneath, truncate
or cordate at the base: calyx greenish or yellowish: samaras 5-6 cm. long,
tomentose, or glabrate at maturity, green, at length widely spreading. —
Common, on river-banks and on creek-banks. — Silver-maple. White- maple.
2. A. rubrum L. Tree sometimes 35 m. tall, the bark dark-gray and fissured
on the trunk^ smooth and pale or white-gray on the branches: leaf -blades com-
monly broader than long, deep-green above, pale or glaucous beneath, mostly
shallowly 5-lobed, rather evenly serrate, cordate at the base: flower-clusters
red or yellowish: sepals nearly distinct: petals narrower than the sepals:
samara-wings commonly red. — Common, in low grounds and swamps. — Eed-
MAPLE. Swamp-maple.
3. A. nigrum Michx. f. Tree sometimes 30 m. tall, the bark dark, coarsely
flaky, the twigs light orange-brown : leaf-blades mainly broader than long,
often 15-20 cm. broad, relatively thin, deep-green above, scarcely paler and
more or less downy beneath, with 3-5 entire or merely undulate lobes ; basal sinus
closed by the overlapping lobes: calyx canipauulate, about 5 mm. long; sepals
rounded : samaras 3-4 cm. long, slightly spreading. — S. Not common, on
river hills. — ■ Scliists. — Black-maple.
4. A. Saccharum Marsh. Tree sometimes 40 m. tall, the bark usually separat-
ing in coarse scales at maturity, the twigs red-brown: leaf -blades firm, mostly
with 5 sinuate-toothed lobes, 8-15 cm. in diameter, deep-green above, pale or
glaucous beneath, with an open shallow sinus: calyx campanulate, about 5 mm.
long ; sepals obtuse : samaras slightly spreading, 3.5-4 cm. long. — Common, on
river-banks and creek-banks. — Sugar-maple. Hard-maple. Eock-maple.
Sugar-tree.
2. NEGUNDO [Ray] Ludwig-Boehmer. Trees. Leaf-blades pinnately
compound. Flowers dioecious. Disk wanting. Stamens mostly 5 or 4. Fruit
resembling that of Acer.
1. N. Negundo (L.) Karst. Tree becoming 25 m. tall: leaflets 3-9; blades
oval, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, often 5-12 cm. long, coarsely toothed: flowers
greenish, drooping: samaras 2.5-3.5 cm. long. — Common, along creeks and
the Susquehanna. — Spr. — Box-elder.
Family 7. SAPINDACEAE. Soapberry Family.
Shrubs, trees, or vines. Leaves opi^osite or alternate : blades simple
or pinnate, sometimes 1-foliolate. Flowers dioecious, polygamous, or
polygamo-dioecious, or rarely perfect, in racemes, panicles, or coiymbs.
Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5 petals, or wanting. Disk some-
times gland-bearing. Androecium mostly of 5 or more stamens. Gynoe-
cium of 2-4 more or less united carpels. Fruit capsular or baccate.
1. CARDIOSPERMUM L. Herbaceous or woody vines. Leaves alternate :
blades biternate or decompound. Flowers polygamo-dioeeious, irregular.
Sepals 4. Petals 4, unequal. Disk 1-sided, with 2 glands opposite the lower
petals. Stamens 8. Capsule bladdery.
1. C. HalicacaTjum L. Leaflets 3 ; blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, coarsely
serrate, incised, or parted: petals 3.5-4.5 mm. long: capsules obovoid. — M.
Occasional, about gardens. Nat. of trop. Am. — Sum. — Balloon-vine.
186 VITACEAE.
Order RHAMNALES.
Shrubs, trees, or vines. Leaves typically alternate. Flowers regular,
sometimes imperfect or incomplete. Calyx present. Corolla present or
wanting. Androecium of as many stamens as there are sepals. Gynoecium
of 2 or more united carpels. Ovary superior or nearly so. Fruit a capsule
or a berry or drupaceous.
Sepals manifest : petals involute : fruit capsular or drupaceous.
Fam. 1. Frangulaceae.
Sepals minute or obsolete : petals valvate : fruit baccate. Fam. 2. Vitaceae.
Family 1. FRANGULACEAE. Buckthorn Family.
Shrubs, trees, or vines. Leaf-blades simple, pinnately veined.
Flowers perfect or polygamous, or sometimes dioecious. Calyx of 4 or 5
sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5 petals, or wanting. Androecium of 4 or 5
stamens opposite the petals. Gynoecium of 2 or 3 united carpels. Fruit
capsular or drupaceous, sometimes separating into nutlets.
Fruits pulpy : disk free from the ovary. 1. Rhamnds.
Fruits dry : disk adnata to the ovary. 2. Ceanothus.
1. EHAMNUS [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate: blades
entire or toothed, many-ribbed. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious. Sepals
4 or 5, keeled within. Petals 4 or 5, commonly concave, clawless, or nearly so,
shorter than the sepals, or wanting. Stamens 4 or 5, surrounded by the petals:
anthers acute. Drupe berry-like, not lobed, with 3 or 4 nutlets.
1. K. alnifolia L'Her. Shrub mostly 1 m. tall or less, the twigs glabrous or
puberulent : leaf -blades elliptic or oval, varying to ovate or obovate, 3-10 cm.
long, obtuse or acutish, rather finely serrate, short -petioled: flowers short-
pedicelled: sepals triangular or triangular-lanceolate, 1.5 mm. long: fruits
obovoid or globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, black. — M. Eare, in the Diller-
ville swamp, Lancaster. — Limestones. — Spr. — Buckhorn.
2. CEANOTHUS L. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate : blades usually
toothed, commonly 3-ribbed. Flowers perfect. Sepals 5, converging. Petals
5, longer than the sepals, clawed, the blades hooded. Stamens 5, exserted:
anthers emarginate. Drupe lobed, separating into 3 carpels.
1. C. americanus L. Shrub 2-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
or rarely orbicular-ovate, serrate: sepals about 1.5 mm. long: petals about 2
mm. long : fruits 5-6 mm. broad. — Common, in dry thickets and woods. —
Spr. and sum. — New- Jersey tea. Eed-root.
Family 2. VITACEAE. Grape Family.
Vines, sometimes shrubby or tree-like, usually with tendrils. Leaves
alternate or the lower ones oj^posite : blades simple or compound. Flowers
perfect, polygamous, or dioecious, often fragrant. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals,
or obsolete. Corolla of 4 or 5 often caducous petals, or wanting. Androe-
cium of 4 or 5 stamens opposite the petals. Gynoecium of usually 2
united carpels. Fruit a berry.
Corolla not expanding : inflorescence elongate : hypogynous disk present : leaf-blades
simple. 1. ViTis.
Corolla expanding: inflorescence flat-topped: hypogynous disk
wanting, or obsolete : leaf-blades compound. 2. Pakthenocissus.
VITACEAE. 187
1. VITIS [Tourn.] L. Vines. Leaf-blades palmately lobed, angled or
coarsely toothed. Flowers in elongate racemes or panicles. Calyx minute.
Petals cohering. Berries juicy, mostly edible. Seeds pyrif orm. — Grape.
Leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so.
Leaf-blades not glaucous beneath.
Leaves with merely coarsely toothed blades, scarcely lobed.
Bushy vine : leaf-blades mostly less than 10 cm. long : berries sweet.
1. V. rupeatris.
High climbing vine : leaf-blades mostly over 10 cm.
long : berries sour. 2. V. cordifolia.
Leaves with prominently 3-5-lobed blades. 3. V. vulpina.
Leaf-blades glaucous beneath. 4. V. hicolor.
Leaf-blades woolly or copiously pubescent beneath.
Lower surface of the leaf-blade loosely tomentose : berries
8-10 mm. in diameter, not murky. 5. V. aestivalis.
Lower surface of the leaf-blade felty-tomentose : berries 15^
20 mm. in diameter, murky. G. V. Lahrusca.
1. V. rupestris Scheele. Stems 1-2 m, tall: leaf -blades commonly broader
than long, reniform to ovate-reniform, 4-10 cm. in diameter, coarsely toothed
and rarely slightly, and sometimes somewhat irregularly, lobed, and with an
abrupt tip at the apex, mostly lustrous above, glabrous or sparingly pubescent
on the veins beneath, somewhat glaucescent on both sides: panicles 2-10 cm.
long, slender, not dense: berries subglobose, 7-14 mm. in diameter, purple-
black, somewhat glaucous, pleasant-tasted. — W. Occasional, along the river
at Collin 's Ferry. — Limestones. — Spr. — Sand-grape. Sugar-grape.
2. V. cordifolia Lam. Stems greatly elongate: leaf -blades thin, deep-green,
longer than broad, commonly ovate in outline, rarely 3-lobed or 3-angled near
the apex, rather coarsely and irregularly toothed, glabrous or sometimes
sparingly pubescent beneath, more or less deeply cordate at the base: panicles
1-3 dm. long, commonly drooping: berries globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter,
black under a slight bloom, pleasantly acid, persistent. — Common, in thickets ■
and woods. — Early sum. — Frost-grape. Chicken-grape.
3. V. vulpina L. Leaf -blades thin, commonly longer than broad, 5-20 cm.
broad, mostly sharjjly 3-lobed and coarsely and irregularly toothed, glabrate or
pubescent on and about the nerves beneath, cordate or nearly truncate at the
base, the teeth and lobes acuminate: panicles 6-20 cm. long, often much
branched: berries globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, very dark with a copious
bloom, the pulp sour. — S. Islands of the Susquehanna, and on the river
hills. — Schists. — Early sum. — Eiverside-grape. Frost-grape.
4. V. bicolor Le Conte. Leaf -blades thinnish, mostly longer than broad, 1-3
dm. in diameter, 3-5-lobed, shallowly toothed, glabrous above, glaucous and
glabrous beneath or the veins sparingly pubescent, or dull-green at maturity:
panicles 5-10 cm. long, commonly loug-peduncled: berries globose, 10-14 mm.
in diameter, black beneath the bloom, rather sour but pleasant-tasted. — W. S.
Occasional, in woods, and on islands and river hills. — Sandstones and shales,
schists. — Early sum. — Summer-grape. Blue-grape. Winter-grape.
5. V. aestivalis Michx. Leaf -blades varying from broader than long to longer
than broad, 1-3 dm. in diameter, angularly or deeply 3-5-lobed, shallowly
toothed, dull-green and glabrate above, more or less densely, often unevenly,
tomentose beneath, with rusty or brown hairs, cordate; petioles usually gla-
brous: panicles 1-2.5 dm. long, often conspicuously elongate and rather simple:
berries globose, 8-10 mm. in diameter, black, under a bloom, with a tough
skin, and pulp varying from sweet to very astringent. — Common, in thickets
and woods. — Early sum. — Summer-grape. Pigeon-grape.
6. V. Labrusca L. Leaf -blades thickish, suborbicular to broadly ovate, mostly
longer than broad, shallowly toothed or scalloped, otherwise entire, or 3-lobed
near the apex, becoming glabrous above, densely tomentose beneath: panicles
5-12 cm. long, usually simi)le: berries globose, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, amber
188 MALVACEAE.
to purple, with a slight bloom, the skin and tough pulp sweet and musky, or
astringent. — Common, in thickets and woods. — Early sum. — Fox-geape.
Plum-grape.
2. PAHTHENOCISSUS Planch. Vines, the tendrils often disk-bearing.
Leaf -blades digitately compound. Flowers in compound cymes. Petals spread-
ing. Berries inedible.
1. P. quinctuefolia (L.) Planch. Leaflets 5; blades usually thiunish, oval,
elliptic, or oblong, the lateral ones inequilateral, coarsely serrate above the
middle with rather appressed teeth: tendrils with disks: berries 8-9 mm. in
diameter, deep-blue with scant bloom, pulpy : seeds 4-4.5 mm. long, prominently
rugose, rather dull, each with an orbicular raphe. — Common, in thickets and
on rocky river-banks. — Sum. — Virginia- creeper. Woodbine. American-
ivy.
Order MALVALES.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate or opposite : blades simple,
often lobed and toothed. Flowers mostly perfect, regular and involucrate.
Calyx of distinct or partially united sepals. Corolla of distinct petals.
Androecium of numerous monadelphous or grouped stamens. Gynoecium
of several distinct or united carpels. Fruit capsular, follicular, berry-like,
or nut-like.
Stamens in several groups : anthers 2-celled : embryo straight. Fam. 1. Tiliaceab.
Stamens monadelphous : anthers 1-celled : embryo curved. Fam. 2. Malvaceae.
Family 1. TILIACEAE. Linden Family.
Shrubs or trees, or rarely herbs. Leaves mostly alternate : blades
simple. Flowers usually perfect. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals. Corolla of 4 or
5 petals vphich sometimes bear a petaloid scale at the base. Androecium of
usually numerous stamens, sometimes of as many or twice as many as the
sepals. Gynoecium of 2-several united carpels. Fruit capsular, nut-like,
or berry-like.
1. TIItIA [Tourn.] L. Trees. Leaf-blades oblique, toothed. Sepals 5.
Petals 5, longer than the sepals. Stamens sometimes in groujJs opposite the
petals and accompanied by staminodia. Anther-sacs separated. Berry 1-2-
seeded. — Linden. Linn. Lime-tree. Bee-tree. Wahoo.
1. T. americana L. Tree becoming 40 m. tall: leaf -blades ovate to orbicular-
ovate, 8-15 cm. long, bright-green beneath : bracts decurrent nearly to the
base of the peduncles: sepals ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 6-8 mm. long,
acute, puberulent: petals 9-11 mm. long, pale-yellow, obtuse: staminodia
spatulate : berries oval, about 1 cm. long. — Common, on rocky hillsides and
river-banks. — Sum. — Whitewood. Basswood.
r
Family 2. MALVACEAE. Mallow Family.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate: blades simple, palmately
veined. Flowers perfect. Calyx of 5 more or less united valvate sepals.
Corolla of 5 convolute petals. Androecium of numerous monadelphous
stamens. Gynoecium of several united, often whorled, carpels. Fruit
capsular or sometimes baccate.
MALVACEAE. 189
Fruit of several radial carpels about an axis : stamen-column anther-
bearing at the top.
Stigmas terminal, capitate : mature carpels persistent and dehiscent.
Carpels 2-fe\v-seeded. 1. Abutilon.
Carpels 1-seeded. 2. Sida.
Stigmas introrse, elongate : mature carpels deciduous.
Involucels of 6-9 bractlets. 3. Althaea.
Involucels of 1-3 bractlets. 4. Malva.
Fruit a loculicidal capsule : stamen-column anther-bearing below the top.
5. Hibiscus.
1. ABUTILON [Tourn.] Mill. Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaf-
blades entire, toothed, or lobed. Involucel wanting. Sepals 5, united below.
Petals 5, often yellow. Carpels 5-30, beaked at maturity.
1. A. Abutilon (L.) Eusby. Stems 3-18 dm. tall, velvety-pubescent: leaf-
blades suborbieular to ovate or reniform-orbicular, 9-30 cm. long: calyx-lobes
abruptly pointed: petals yellow, 10-15 mm. long: carj^els 15-20 mm. long. —
Common, in cultivated and waste grounds. Nat. of As. — Sum. — Indian-
mallow. Velvet-leaf.
2. SIDA L. Herbs or partially woody plants. Leaf-blades usually toothed.
Involucel wanting. Sepals 5, partially united. Petals 5, white or colored.
Carpels 5-many, 1-celled, commonly singly or doubly beaked. — Sum.
Leaf-blades toothed : flowers solitary : corolla yellow : carpels 5. 1. 8. spinosa.
Leaf-blades lobed : flowers clustered : corolla white : carpels 10. 2. S. hertnaphrodita.
1. S. spinosa L. Plants 1-6 dm. tall, pubescent: leaf -blades oblong to ovate
or ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; 1-5 cm. long, serrate: calyx-lobes tri-
angular: corolla pale-yellow: mature carpels about 5, 4 mm. long. — Common,
in cultivated grounds and waste places. Nat. of trop. Am.
2. S. hermaphrodita (L.) Eusby. Plants erect, 9-40' dm. tall: leaf -blades
palmately 3-7-lobed : calyx-lobes triangular : petals white : mature carpels 6-7
mm. long. — S. Bare, on river bank at Cooks Landing. — Schists.
3. ALTHAEA L. Herbs resembling Malvae in habit. Involucel of
several, mostly 6-9, bractlets which are more or less united at the base.
1. A. officinalis L. Perennial, the stem branched: leaf -blades ovate in outline,
3-5-angled or 3-5-lobed, irregularly and prominently toothed: cymes several-
flowered: lobes of the involucel s-ubulate or lanceolate-subulate: calyx-lobes
4-6 mm. long, acuminate : corolla white or pink, 2-3 cm. wide : carpel-heads
about 1 cm. wide. — M. Local, about Lancaster. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. —
Marsh-mallow.
4. MALVA [Tourn.] L. Herbs. Leaf-blades lobed or dissected. Invo-
lucel of usually 3 bractlets. Sepals 5, partially united. Petals 5, sometimes
eroded. Carpels many, 1-celled, beakless, the faces radially striate or ribbed at
maturity. — Mallow.
Petals as long as the calyx or twice as long : mature carpels smooth.
1. M. rotundifoUa.
Petals thrice as long as the calyx or four times as long : mature
carpels veiny. 2. M. sylvestris.
1. M. rotundifolia L. Plants depressed: leaf -blades obscurely lobed, crenate-
dentate; calyx-lobes ovate to triangular-ovate: petals light-blue or white, 9-14
mm. long: carpels 1.5-2 mm. long. — Common, in cultivated grounds and waste
places. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. — Cheeses.
2. M. sylvestris L. Plants 3-4 dm. tall: leaf -blades prominently lobed and
crenate-dentate: calyx-lobes triangular or nearly so: petals light-purple to
190 HYPEEICACEAE.
reddish-purple, 2-2.5 cm. long : carpels obovate, 3 mm. long. — Eare, in fields
and waste places and about gardens. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — High-mallow.
5. HIBISCUS L. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaf-blades entire, lobed, or
parted. Involucel of several, rarely 3 or 5, bractlets. Sepals 5, more or less
united. Petals 5, broad. Carpels forming a 5-valved capsule. — Sum. —
EOSE-MALLOW.
Shrub or tree. 1. H. syriaciis.
Herbs.
Calyx fitting closely to tbe capsule : perennial plants : leaf-
blades toothed or hastate.
Leaf-blades white-pubescent beneath : seeds glabrous or
nearly so. 2. H. Moscheutos.
Leaf-blades glabrous : seeds pubescent. 3. H. militaris.
Calyx inflated : annual plants : leaf-blades pedately lobed. 4. H. Triontim.
1. H. syriacus L. Plants 1-G m. tall (occasionally tree-like) : leaf -blades 3-
lobed, coarsely crenate, 3-12 cm. long: bractlets linear or linear-spatulate,
10-20 mm. long: calyx-lobes triangular-ovate: petals deep-pink, or white with
crimson blotches at the base: capsules oblong-ovoid, 2-2.5 cm. long. — Com-
mon, in waste places and about gardens. Nat. of As. - — Shrubby-althaea.
2. H. Moscheutos L. Plants 8-20 dm. tall, velvety-tomentose : leaf -blades
lanceolate to broadly ovate, dentate-serrate and often angulately 3-5-lobed:
petals mainly pink, 10-12 cm. long: capsules 2.5-3 cm. long. — N. M. Eare,
on banks of the Conestoga Creek and the Susquehanna, also locally in ponds. — >
Limestones. — ■ Swamp rose- mallow.
3. H. militaris Cav. Plants 9-20 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: leaf -blades
ovate to broadly lanceolate in outline, 6-16' cm. long, serrate-dentate and
hastately 3-5-lobed: bractlets 1.5-2 cm. long: calyx-lobes ovate: petals pink
with a purple blotch: capsules 1.5-2.5 cm. long. — S. Islands of the lower
Susquehanna. — Schists. — Halberd-leaved rose-mallow.
4. H. Trionum L. Plants 1-4 dm. tall, hispid: leaf -blades ovate to suborbicu-
lar in outline, pedately 3-5-lobed or 3-5-parted, the lobes coarsely toothed or
incised: bractlets about 1 cm. long: calyx-lobes triangular: petals yellow or
whitish with a purple or brown-jjurple blotch : capsules about 1.5 cm. long. —
5. Common, in cultivated fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. • — • Flower-of-
AN-HOUR.
Order HYPERICALES.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves various. Flowers mostly perfect,
complete and regular (irregular in Violaceae), sometimes involucrate.
Calyx of distinct or essentially distinct sepals. Corolla of distinct petals,
rarely wanting. Androecium of usually numerous stamens, but sometimes
as few as 5. Gynoecium of several united carpels. Ovary superior,
mostly with parietal placentae. Fruit capsular, baccate, or drupaceous.
Corolla regular ; petals often inequilateral.
Styles distinct, or partially united or coherent until maturity : seeds with little
or no endosperm. Fam. 1. Hypeeicaceae.
Styles wholly and permanently united : seeds with
copious endosperm. Fam. 2. Cistaceae.
Corolla irregular ; petals very unequal, one of them spurred. Fam. 3. Violaceae.
Family 1. HYPERICACEAE. St. John's-wort Family.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite: blades mostly punctate, entire or
nearly so, sometimes scale-like. Flowers perfect. Calyx of 4 or 5 some-
times unequal sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5 yellow or pink petals. Androe-
HYPEEICACE AE. 191
cium of feAv or many stamens, sometimes grouped, the groups sometimes
alternating with glands. Gynoecium of 2-5 united carpels. Fruit a
capsule.
Sepals 4, in more or less unequal pairs : petals mostly 4. 1. Ascyeum.
Sepals and petals mostly 5.
Petals yellow.
Leaves with flat more or less spreading blades. 2. Hypericum.
Leaves reduced to erect or appressed minute or slightly
elongate scales without blades. ?>. Sarothba.
Petals pink, sometimes tinged with green or purple. 4. TriadenuM.
1. ASCYRUM L. Shrubs. Sepals 4, very unequal. Stamens not in
groups. Styles relatively short. Capsule included in the calyx. — St. Peter 's-
WORT.
1. A. hypericoides L. Plants diffuse : leaf -blades narrowly oblong-obovate,
spatulate, or linear, 5-15 mm. long: outer sepals ovate to oblong-ovate, 7-9
mm. long, the inner much smaller than the outer: petals linear-oblong: cap-
sules 7-8 mm. long. — S. Common, on dry banks. — Schists. — Sum. — St.
Andrew 's-cross.
2. HYPERICUM [Touru.] L. Herbs or shrubs. Sepals 5, essentially
equal. Stamens mostly in groups. S.tyle relatively long. Capsule not included.
— Sum. — St. John 's-wort.
Styles 3. or rarely 4 : capsule 3-celled or rarely 4-celled : stigmas slender or slightly
thickened.
Herbs : stems simple or sparingly branched.
Stamens few, 5-12.
Leaf-blades linear, .3-veined, not clasping. 1. H. cnnadense.
Leaf-blades oblong to ovate, 5-nerved, clasping. 2. //. tnutUum.
Stamens numerous, 15-40.
Capsules 3-celled : stamens grouped : petals with black
dots or lines.
Petals pale-yellow, with dots and lines : stem terete. 3. H. wacxdatum.
Petals deep-yellow, with marginal dots : stem
flattened. 4. H. perforatum.
Capsules 1-celled : stamens not grouped : petals with-
out dots. 5. H. ellipticum.
Shrub : stems bushy-branched. 6. H. proUflcum.
Styles 5 : capsule 5-celled : stigmas discoid. 7. S. Ascyron.
1. H. canadense L. Plants 1-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades 3-nerved: sepals lanceo-
late or linear-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long: petals 3-6 mm. long: capsules 4—8 mm,
long, acute. — N. S. Common, in moist sandy soil. — Sandstones and shales,
schists.
2. H. mutilum L. Plants 1-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong-ovate to ovate, or
.sometimes oblong, 5-nerved: sepals oblong to oblong-lanceolate: petals about
3.5 mm. long: capsules 2-3 mm. long, obtuse. — Common, in moist places.
3. H. maculatum Walt. Plants 2-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades leathery, ovate to
oblong-ovate or nearly oblong, 1-6 cm. long, obtuse, punctate: sepals lanceo-
late, 3-4 mm. long, acute: corolla pale-yellow, 8-13 mm. wide; petals delicate,
copiously black-dotted : capsules ovoid, 3-6 mm. long. — Common, in dry fields
and on hillsides.
4. H. perforatum L. Plants 4-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades linear-oblong, 5-20 mm.
long, glandular-punctate, those of the main stem usually subtending leafy
branches: sepals linear-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, acute, glandular-punctate:
corolla deep-yellow, 19-24 mm. wide ; petals toothed on one side from the
middle to the apex, bearing black glands near the teeth: capsules ovoid, oblique,
6-8 mm. high. — Common, in dry fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu.
5. H. ellipticum Hook. Plants 1-5 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to oval or
slightly broadest above the middle, 1-3 cm. long, obtuse, sessile and often
192 CISTACEAE.
slightly clasping: cymes few-flowered: sepals oblong to oblong-obovate, 4-5.5
mm. long: petals bright-yellow, 7-10 mm. long: capsules globose-ovoid, 4-5
mm. long, obtuse. — S. Islands and sandy shore of the Susquehanna. — Schists.
6. H. prolificum L. Plants shrubby, 3-12 dm. tall, the branches narrowly 2-
winged : leaf-blades narrowly oblong or rarely lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, short-
petioled: cymes few-flowered, short-peduncled, in cylindric panicles: sepals
mostly obovate, 4-6 mm. long: petals deep-yellow, 8-10 mm. long: capsules
conic or narrowly ovoid, 8-10 mm. long, acute. — Susquehanna valley. Fre-
quent, on shores and islands. — Shrubby St. John 's-wort.
7. H. Ascyron L. Plants mostly 1-2 m. tall: leaf -blades ovate-lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly ovate, 3-8 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, clasping:
cymes few-flowered: sepals ovate, 7-11 mm. long: petals bright-yellow, 2-2.5
cm. long : capsules conic, 2-3 cm. long. — M. S. Islands and shore of the
Susquehanna, and along the Little Conestoga. — Limestones, schists.
3. SAROTHRA L. Partially succulent annual herbs. Sepals 5, equal or
nearly so. Stamens grouped. Styles relatively long. Capsule exserted.
1. S. gentianoides L. Stems 1-5 dm. tall: leaves scale-like, appressed, often
subulate or those on the lower part of the stem sometimes linear or narrowly
oblong: sepals linear or linear-lanceolate, 2-3 mm. long: corolla yellow, 4-8
mm. broad : stamens 5-10 : capsules conic; 4-5 lum. long. — Common, in sandy
and gravelly soil. — Sum. — Pineweed. Orange-grass.
4. TRIADENUM Eaf. Herbs, resembling species of Hypericum. Sepals
5, equal. Stamens mostly 9, grouped in 3 's, the filaments of each group well
united. Styles relatively long. Capsule exserted.
1. T. virginicum (L.) Eaf. Stems 2-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong, elliptic,
or ovate, 2-10 cm. long, obtuse, clasping: sepals lanceolate to oblong, 5-6 mm.
long, acute: petals obovate to oblanceolate or nearly oblong, 8-10 mm. long,
acute, delicately nerved : capsules oblong, 8-10 mm. long. — N. S. Eare, in
swamps. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. — Marsh St. John 's-wort.
Family 2. CISTACEAE. Rock-rose Family.
Shrubs or partially woody plants. Leaves alternate or opposite:
blades simple. Flowers generally perfect. Calyx of 3-5 persistent sepals.
Corolla of 5 or 3 often fugaeeous petals, or wanting. Androecium of 6 or
more stamens. Gynoecium of usually 3 united carpels. Fruit a capsule.
Petals 5, vellow, fugaeeous, or wanting : stigmas not fimbriate. 1. Ceocanthemom.
Petals 3, not yellow, marcescent-persistent : stigmas fimbriate. 2. Lechea.
1, CROCANTHEMUM Spach. Erect plants. Leaf -blades linear or wider.
Flowers complete and showy, and with many stamens in the early part of the
season, inconspicuous and with few stamens later or sometimes all conspicu-
ously petaliferous. Ovules pendulous. Capsules of the petaliferous flowers
larger than those of the apetalous ones. — Eock-rose.
1. C. canadense (L.) Britton. Stems 1-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong, linear-
oblong, or oblanceolate, nearly sessile, 1.2-3 cm. long, rough and dark-green
above, paler and canescent beneath: petaliferous flowers with 30 stamens and
30-60 ovules, their corollas 1.8-3 cm. wide^ their capsules ovoid or obovoid and
6-8 mm. long: apetalous flowers appearing later, axillary, nearly sessile, with
4 stamens and 6-20 ovules, their capsules about 4 mm. in diameter: seeds
papillose. — Common, on dry banks and in stony soil. — Spr. and sum. —
Frost-weed,
VIOLACEAE. 193
2. LECHEA Kalm. Erect plants with many very leafy shoots at the
base of the stem in the fall. Leaf -blades narrow, or those of the leaves on the
shoots often broad and short. Flowers complete, minute. Corolla purplish or
greenish. Ovules erect. Capsules all alike. — Sum. — Pinweed.
Capsules oblong : pedicels over 1.5 mm. long : calyx glabrous at maturity.
1. L. racemulosa.
Capsules globular : pedicels 1 mm. long or less : calyx perma-
nently pubescent. 2. L. villosa.
1. L. racemulosa Michx. Stems 1.5-5 dm. tall, the branches divergent or
ascending: stem-leaves with oblong or linear-oblong blades narrowed at the
base, 8-18 mm. long; leaves of the basal shoots smaller than the stem-leaves:
panicle sparsely leafy: flowers not close together: inner sepals broadly oblong,
about 1.5 mm. long: petals linear-oblong, about 1.5 mm. long: pods oblong or
nearly so, longer than the sepals. — M. S. Common, on dry banks and road-
sides. — Quartzite, schists.
2. L. villosa Ell. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, the branches ascending: stem-leaves with
oblong or elliptic blades 15-25 mm. long; leaves of the basal shoots broader
than the stem-leaves: panicle-branches ascending: flowers close together: inner
sepals broadly oblong, 1.5-1.8 mm. long: petals linear-oblong, about 1 mm.
long: pods globose, about 1.5 mm. in diameter. — M. S. Occasional, on the
river shore, and along the Conestoga. — Limestones, schists.
Family 3. VIOLACEAE. Violet Family.
Herbs, or rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate or opposite : blades
simple. Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx of 5 nearly equal sepals.
Corolla of 5 unequal petals. Androeeium of 5 converging or syngenesious
stamens. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Fruit a capsule.
Sepals auricled at the base : lower petal spurred : stamens distinct. 1. Viola.
Sepals not auricled at the base : lower petal not spurred : stamens
united. 2. Cubelium.
1. VIOLA [Tourn.] L. Scapose or caulescent herbs, with short or elon-
gate rootstocks. Leaf-blades narrow or broad, often of a cordate type.
Flowers various: petaliferous ones appearing in spring, solitary on elongate
peduncles; later cleistogamous flowers appear which produce fruits with abun-
dant seed. Corolla mostly violet, purple, yellow, or white. Stamens 5 in each
petaliferous flower, the two lower ones with appendages that project into the
sac or spur of the lower petal; these two stamens alone develop in the
cleistogamous flowers. Capsule often nodding, elastically 3-valved. — Allied
species freely hybridize; the hybrids show marked vegetative vigor, but im-
paired fertility. — Violet. — The following treatment of Viola is taken from
that written by Professor Ezra Brainerd for my Flora of the Southeastern
United States. (Second Edition, 1913.) —J.K.S.
Plants acaulescent : leaves and scapes from a rootstock or from runners.
Flowers without marked fragrance : native plants.
Corolla violet or purple : plants without stolons.
All petals beardless : cleistogamous flowers wanting. 1. V. pcdata.
Lateral petals bearded : cleistogamous flowers
present.
Cleistogamous flowers ovoid, on short prostrate
peduncles : capsules usually brown.
All, or all except the early and late, leaves
with lobed, parted or divided blades.
All leaves, except sometimes the first
leaf of spring, with palmately 5-
11-Iobed or -parted blades.
Lancaster County Flora 13,
194
VIOLACEAE.
Plants with villous foliage : seeds
brown.
Plants with nearly or quite glabrous
foliage : seeds buff.
Earliest and latest leaves with entire or
merely toothed blades, the others usu-
ally 'pedately 3-7-lobed, -parted or
-divided.
All leaves with entire or merely toothed
blades.
Plants with nearly or quite glabrous
foliage.
Plants with markedly pubescent foliage.
Leaves with villous petioles and lower
blade-surface : seeds dark-brown.
Leaves with hirsutulous upper and
glabrous lower surface : seeds buff.
Cleistogamous flowers on ascending or erect
peduncles.
Cleistogamous flowers ovoid, on long ascend-
ing peduncles : capsules brown.
Cleistogamous flowers subulate or sagittate,
on erect peduncles : capsules green.
Spurred petal glabrous ; lateral petals
bearded with clavate hairs : leaves gla-
brous ; blades broadly ovate-cordate,
toothed.
Spurred petal villous at the base; lat-
eral petals bearded with capillary
hairs.
Plants with finely pubescent foliage.
Plants with nearly or quite glabrous
foliage.
Leaf-blades lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate, incised at the base.
Leaf-blades deltoid to broadly
ovate, coarsely toothed at the
base.
Corolla white or yellow and sometimes dark-streaked :
plants stoloniferous.
Corolla white.
Cleistogamous flowers on prostrate peduncles,
their capsules ovoid, commonly reddish-
brown : plants of cold ravines and low rich
woods.
Cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles, their
capsules ellipsoid, green : plants of open
bogs or swamps.
Leaf-blades broad.
Leaf-blades broadly cordate-ovate : seeds
1 mm. long.
Leaf-blades oblong to ovate : seeds 1.5
mm. long.
Leaf-blades narrow, lanceolate to narrowly
elliptic.
Corolla yellow.
Flowers very fragrant : naturalized plant.
Plants caulescent : flowers axillary.
Style-tip slender or enlarged, but not hollow at the apex :
stipules entire or bristly toothed.
Style-tip swollen : corolla-spur short : stipules nearly
entire.
Petals yellow.
Basal leaves usually 1-3 : plants sparingly pubes-
cent.
Basal leaves usually wanting : plants markedly
pubescent.
Petals white within, usually violet without.
Style-tip slender : corolla-spur at least twice as long
as thick : stipules bristly toothed.
Spur short, less than 8 mm. long : lateral petals
bearded.
Corolla white or cream-colored.
Corolla violet-blue.
Spur elongate, over 10 mm. long : lateral petals
beardless.
Style-tip markedly swollen, the globose apex hollow : stip-
ules foliaceous, pectinate at the base.
2. V. palmata.
3. V. Stoneana.
4. V. triloia.
5. V. papilionacea.
6. V. sororia.
7. V. liirsuUtla.
8. V. afjfnis.
9. V. cucullata.
10. V. fimbriatula.
11. V. sagittata.
12. y. emarginata.
13. V. Manda.
14. V. pollens.
15. V. priinulifolia.
16. V. lanceolata.
17. V. rotundifolia.
18. V. odorata.
19. V. eriocarpa.
20. V. puhescens.
21. V. canadensis.
22. V. striata.
23. V. conspersa.
24. V. rostrata.
VIOLACEAE. 195
Blades of the upper leaves and of the terminal stipule-
lobe entire or nearly so : petals twice as long as the
sepals or less ; lateral ones narrow. 25. V. Bafinesquii.
Blades of the upper leaves and of the terminal stipule-
lobe markedly toothed : petals over twice the length
of the sepals, the lateral ones broad. 26. V. tricolor.
1. y._ pedata L. Plant nearly glabrous: rootstock short, erect: leaf -blades
3-divided, the lateral divisions pedately 3-5-parted or cleft, the segments
linear to spatulate, often 2-4-toothed or -cleft near the apex; the leaf -blades of
early spring and of late autumn often smaller and less deeply dissected: corolla
2-3 cm. broad, the upper petals dark-violet, the three lower lilac-purple (or all
petals lilac-purple in V. pedata lineariloba), all beardless: the orange tips of
the stamens large and conspicuous at the center of the flower: capsules green,
glabrous: seeds copper-colored: apetalous flowers wanting, but petaliferons
frequent in late summer and fall. — N. S. Common, on dry banks. — Sand-
stones and shales, schists. — Birdfoot -violet.
2. V. palmata L. Leaf-blades palmately 5-11-lobed or -parted, the segments
variously toothed or cleft, the middle segment usually widest; petioles, and
veins of the lower leaf -surf ace villous, the upper surface often glabrous: sepals
ovate-lanceolate, rather blunt: corolla violet-purple, 2-3 cm. broad: cleistog-
amous flowers on prostrate peduncles, their capsules ovoid, mottled with brown,
S-12 mm. long: seeds brown. — Common, in dry rich woods.
3. V. Stoneana House. Similar to V. palmata in habit, glabrous, except for
few fine hairs on the leaf -margins and veins: leaf -blades palmately 3-parted or
3-divided, the divisions 2-3-cleft into dilated toothed segments: peduncles
often as tall as the leaves: petals violet, paler toward the tips, the outer ones
bearded, the spurred one glabrous: cleistogamous flowers on short prostrate
peduncles, their capsules ovoid, mottled with purple: seeds buff. — E. Occa-
sional, in moist woods and on banks. — Quartzite, schists.
■4. V. triloba Schwein. Earliest leaf-blades, and those put forth in late sum-
mer, broadly cordate-ovate, usually uncut, sparsely pubescent or glabrate; those
unfolding at petaliferous flowering, densely villous beneath like the petioles,
3-lobed or rarely 3-parted, the middle segment broad, the lateral lunate,
divaricate, often coarsely toothed or pedately cleft, the upper subdivision nar-
row; blades 10-15 cm. wide when mature: peduncles mostly glabrous, shorter
than the leaves: outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, slightly
ciliate: petals deep-violet: cleistogamous capsules ovoid, purplish: seeds buff
or brown. — Frequent, in dry rich woods.
5. V. papillonacea Pursh. Plants glabrous, commonly robust, from a stout
horizontal branching rootstock: leaf -blades often 12 cm. broad, sometimes
deltoid in outline above the cordate base, sometimes rounded and abruptly
pointed; petioles often sparingly pubescent: outer sepals ovate-lanceolate:
corolla deei)-violet, white or greenish-yellow at the base, sometimes wholly
white, the odd petal often narrow and boat -shaped, usually glabrous: cleistog-
amous flowers ovoid, on horizontal peduncles usually underground but length-
ened and erect when the capsules ripen: capsules ellipsoid or cylindric, green
or reddish-brown, 10-15 mm. long: seeds 2 mm. long, dark-brown. — Common,
in moist meadows and woods, and about dwellings.
6. V. sororia Willd. Leaf -blades broadly cordate-ovate, villous-pubescent
especially on the under surface when young, and on the petioles, often 10 cm.
wide when mature: vernal flowers on peduncles about the length of the leaves:
outer sepals ovate-oblong, commonly obtuse, all finely ciliate below the middle
and on the short rounded auricles: corolla violet to lavender and occasionally
white: cleistogamous capsules usually mottled with brown: seeds dark-brown,
2 mm. long. — Occasional, in moist meadows and on shaded banks, and about
dwellings.
196 VIOLACEAE.
7. V. Mrsutula Brainerd. Plants of small size: leaf -blades frequently ap-
pressed to the ground, 2-5 cm. wide, cordate-ovate to reniform, obtuse, purplish
and glabrous beneath, silvery pubescent above, often purple-veined and mottled
with different shades of green : flowers on peduncles exceeding the leaves :
corolla reddish-purple: apetalous flowers small, ovoid, on short prostrate
peduncles, developing ovoid capsules 6-8 mm. long, purplish, bearing each
20-30 light-brown seeds. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Occasional, on shaded
banks. — Schists.
8. V. affinis LeConte. Plant nearly glabrous: leaf -blades that unfold at vernal
flowering narrowly cordate-ovate and commonly attenuate toward the apex,
becoming 4-6 cm. wide in summer, the margin noticeably crenate-serrate ;
petioles slender: corolla violet with the white base conspicuous, the spurred
petal more or less villous: cleistogamous flowers small, ovoid, on rather long
ascending peduncles: capsules oblong, 5-8 mm. long, usually reddish-brown,
sometimes green, either glabrous or clothed with minute dense pubescence:
sepals half the length of the capsule, with small appressed auricles: seeds
normally buff. — Frequent, in moist meadows and low woods, and along streams.
9. V. cucullata Ait. Plant glabrous: leaf-blades, except the earliest, cordate-
ovate, acute or subacuminate, often 9 cm. wide when mature: peduncles com-
monly much exceeding the leaves: sepals narrowly lanceolate: corolla violet-
blue, darker-colored at the throat, the lateral petals with strongly clavate
beard, the spurred petal glabrous, generally somewhat shorter than the lateral
ones: cleistogamous flowers long and slender, on erect often elongated peduncles:
capsules ovoid-cylindric, green, 10-15 mm. long, but little exceeding the long-
auricled sepals : seeds nearly black, 1.5 mm. long. — Common, in wet places.
10. V. fimbriatula J. E. Smith. Eootstock becoming long and stout, usually
erect: earliest leaf -blades ovate, obtuse, the later ones ovate-oblong, acute,
finely pubescent, obscurely crenulate toward the apex, the basal lobes often
sharply toothed, incised or auriculate: scapes commonly exceeding the leaves,
auricles of the sepals somewhat spreading and ciliate : corolla violet-jDurple :
capsviles green, ovoid, 6-10 mm. long: seeds brown: cleistogamous flowers on
erect peduncles. — E. Occasional, on dry banks. — Quartzite.
11. V. sagittata Ait. Plant usually glabrous, except the often ciliate leaves,
or finely pubescent throughout : leaf -blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
becoming 4-8 cm. long, hastately or sagittately toothed or cleft at the base; the
earliest and those produced in late summer often deltoid-ovate, obtuse, merely
crenate at the base : sepals narrowly lanceolate, acute, glabrous : corolla violet-
purple: capsules 8-14 mm. long, containing 50-70 brown seeds. — N. S. Com-
mon, in dry places and on roadsides and banks. — Sandstones and shales,
schists.
12. V. emarginata (Nutt.) LeConte. Plant glabrous: mature leaf -blades del-
toid or broadly ovate, the base truncate or subcordate, often decurrent, obscurely
crenate-serrate above the middle, coarsely toothed or incised below: corolla
violet-blue, the petals sometimes emarginate: cleistogamous capsules ellipsoid,
8-14 mm. long: peduncles erect, somewhat shorter than the leaves: seeds
brown. — Frequent, in dry woods and on hillsides.
13. V. blanda Willd. Leaf -blades cordate-ovate with narrow sinus, commonly
acute, often acuminate, glabrous except for minute scattered hairs on the upper
surface; petioles, and scapes, usually tinged with red: lateral petals beardless,
the upper pair often long, narrow, and strongly reflexed, sometimes twisted:
cleistogamous capsules ovoid, dark-purple: seeds dark-brown, minutely rugose,
acute at base, 1.5 mm. long: plants freely producing, in summer, slender leafy
runners. [F. LeContea/na G. Don.] — N. S. Occasional, in cool ravines and on
shaded slopes. — Sandstones and shales, schists.
VIOLACEAE. 197
14. V. pallens (Banks) Brainerd. Leaf-blades broadly cordate-ovate, obtuse
or rarely acute, glabrous on both sides; petioles and scapes often dotted with
red in summer and more or less hirsutulous: lateral petals usually bearing a
small tuft of hairs, the upper petals broadly obovate : seeds 1 mm. long, almost
black. [F. blanda of recent authors, not of Willd.] — N. S. Occasional, in
springy places and along streams. — Sandstones and shales, scMsts.
15. V. primulifolia L. Plant often quite glabrous, but usually more or less
pubescent especially toward the base of the petioles: leaf -blades oblong or
ovate, the base slightly cordate, rounded or tapering, obscurely crenate-serrate;
petioles often broadly winged above: flowers white: capsules green, their
peduncles erect as in V. lanceolata: seeds reddish-brown, 1.5 mm. long. — N. S.
Frequent, in moist open grounds. — Sandstones and shales, schists.
16. V. lanceolata L. Stolons leafy, often hearing apetalous flowers: leaves and
scapes glabrous, 5-8 cm. high at time of vernal flowering; later leaves with
lanceolate or elliptic blades, 10-15 mm. wide, 7-15 cm. long, obscurely
crenulate. gradually tapering into margined, often reddish, petioles: sepals
broadly lanceolate, acute: lateral petals usually beardless: cleistogamous cap-
sules 6-12 mm. long, on erect peduncles but usually shorter than the leaves:
seeds dark-brown. — E. S. Eather rare^ in moist meadows. — Quartsite, schists.
17. V. rotundifolla Michx. Eootstock long and stout, jagged with the per-
sistent bases of former leaves: runners short, usually without roots or leaves,
bearing 1-4 cleistogamous flowers : leaf -blades oval or orbicular, cordate with
short and narrow sinus, repand-erenulate, at vernal flowering sparsely hirtellous,
2-3 em. wide, in midsummer mostly glabrate, 6-10 cm. wide, prostrate: corolla
bright-yellow, the three lower petals with brown veins, the lateral ones bearded;
style clavate, abruptly capitate, beakless: capsules ovoid, 6-8 mm. long, closely
dotted with purple : seeds nearly white. — N. S. Eare, in dry or rocky woods.
— Sandstones and shales, schists.
18. V. odorata L. Plant producing above ground leafy stolons rooting freely
at the nodes: leaf -blades broadly cordate-ovate, finely pubescent: flowers violet
or white, very fragrant: style hook-shaped: capsules from apetalous flowers
broadly ovoid, angled, pubescent, purple: seeds large, cream-colored. — Com-
mon, on roadsides and about dwellings. Nat. of Eu. — Sweet-violet. English-
violet.
19. V. eriocarpa Schwein. Plant glabrous except for minute pubescence along
veins on lower leaf -surf aces and on upper parts of petioles and stem: stems
ascending, commonly 2-4 from one rootstock: radical leaves 1-5; blades cor-
date-reniform, on long petioles; cauline leaves only on upper half of stem;
blades broadly ovate, subcordate, acuminate, the uppermost smaller, truncate,
nearly sessile ; stipules ovate to lanceolate, nearly entire, glabrous, tardily
scarious : sepals narrowly lanceolate : lateral petals bearded : capsule ovoid,
woolly or sometimes glabrous: cleistogamous flowers on short peduncles from
axils of upper leaves: seeds brown, 2.5 mm. long. [V. scabriuscula Schwein.]
— • Common, in low open woods. — Smooth yellow- violet.
20. V. pubescens Ait. Plant softly pubescent: stems 2-3 dm. high, often
solitary: leaves, either cauline, 2-4, near the summit, or occasionally a long-
petioled root-leaf is present ; blades broadly ovate, cordate or truncate-decur-
rent at the base, crenate-dentate, somewhat pointed; stipules large, ovate-
oblong: sepals narrowly lanceolate: lateral petals bearded: capsules ovoid,
10-12 mm. long, glabrous or sometimes woolly: seeds brown, 2.5 mm. long. —
Common, in dry rich woods. — Downy y^ellow-violet.
21. V. canadensis L. Stems usually 3-4 dm. high, minutely pubescent: leaf-
blades cordate-ovate, pointed, serrate; stipules sharply lanceolate: sepals
slender, acuminate, spreading: lateral petals bearded, the spurred petal yellow
at the base and striped with fine dark lines: capsules subglobose, 6-10 mm.
198 ■ VIOLACEAE.
long, often downy or puberulent : seeds brown. — N. Eare, in woods. — Sand-
stones and shales. — Canada-violet.
22. V. striata Ait. Stems several, ascending, 15-30 cm. long when in flower,
in late summer often 6 dm. long, decumbent : leaves glabrous or nearly so ;
blades cordate-ovate, 2-4 cm. broad, usually acuminate, finely crenate-serrate;
stipules large, oblong-lanceolate: sepals ciliolate, narrow, attenuate: corolla
white or cream-colored: style beaked: capsules ovoid, glabrous, 4-6 mm. long:
seeds light-brown. — Common, in low thickets and woods.
23. V. conspersa Eeichenb. Eootstock oblique, often much branched: stems,
at time of vernal flowering, 8-16 cm. high: lower leaf -blades cordate-orbicular,
obtuse, the upper ones cordate-ovate, crenate, subacuminate, becoming 2-4 cm.
wide: flowers numerous, usually pale-violet, sometimes white, raised above the
leaves on axillary peduncles 5-8 cm. long: cleistogamous flowers in summer on
short peduncles from the same axils that bore vernal flowers, or from axils of
later leaves of the lengthened stem : styles bent downward at the tip and
slightly hairy: seeds light-brown. — Common, in low woods and shaded grounds.
24. V. rostrata Pursh, Stems often numerous, commonly 1-2 dm. high: leaf-
blades orbicular to broadly ovate, cordate, nearly or quite glabrous, serrate, the
upper acute or pointed: petaliferous flowers borne on long peduncles above the
leaves: petals spotted with darker-violet, all beardless, the spur slender, 10-12
mm. long: later cleistogamous flowers with minute or aborted petals and on
short peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves: style straight, beakless,
glabrous: capsules ovoid, 3-5 mm. long, glabrous: seeds light-brown. — N.
Occasional, in woods. — Sandstones and shales. — Long-spurred violet.
25. V. Rafinesctuii Greene. Plant annual, glabrous, with the slender stem often
branched from the base: leaf -blades small, the lowest 6-10 mm. wide, orbicu-
lar, on slender petioles, the upper obovate to linear-oblanceolate, sparsely
crenulate, attenuate at the base; stipules pectinately cut, the upper segment
elongated, narrowly spatulate, mostly entire ; internodes usually exceeding the
leaves: flowers small, but the obovate bluish-white to cream-colored petals
nearly twice the length of the lanceolate sepals: seeds light-brown, 1.2 mm.
long. — Common, on banks and roadsides and in fields.
26. V. tricolor L. Similar to the preceding but stouter, often 3 dm. high,
erect or branching and decumbent: leaf -blades ovate on the lower part of the
stem, lanceolate or oval above, noticeably crenate or crenate-serrate; stipules
laciniate or pinnatifid, the upper lobe usually much enlarged, oblanceolate,
crenate: corolla much longer than the lanceolate sepals, mostly yellow, violet,
purple, or white, or variegated : capsules obovoid or oval. — Occasional, about
gardens and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Pansy.
2. CUBELIUM Eaf. Caulescent herbs. Leaf-blades relatively broad.
Corolla green. Style bent above the ovary. Capsule several-seeded.
1. C. concolor (Forst.) Eaf. Plant pubescent, 3-9 dm. high: leaf -blades
oblong or elliptic, tapering to a short petiole; stipules linear: flowers on short
recurved peduncles, 1-3 in the axils: petals 3.5-4.5 mm. long: capsules oblong,
1.5-3 cm. long: seeds ovoid, 4-5 mm. long. — M. S. Occasional, in rich woods.
— Limestones, quartzite, schists. — Spr. — Green-\iolet.
Order PASSIFLORALES.
Herbs, vines, or shrubby plants, or succulent trees with milky sap.
Leaves alternate: blades entire or lobed. Flowers perfect or dioecious.
Calyx of 4 or 5 more or less united sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5 distinct or
united petals, sometimes accompanied by a fringed crown, or rarely want-
OPUNTIACEAE. 199
ing. Androecium of 5 stamens, or of 10 stamens in 2 equal rows. Gynoe-
cium of 3-5 carpels. Ovary superior. Fruit a berry or a capsule.
Family 1. PASSIFLORACEAE. Passion-flower Family.
Herbs, tendril-bearing vines, or shrubby plants. Leaves with entire
or lobed, simple or rarely compound, blades. Corolla mostly rotate.
Stamens 5 : filaments usually monadelphous around the gynoecium. Fruit
baccate.
1. PASSIFLOEA L. Perennial vines. Leaf-blades entire, lobed, or
parted. Crown filamentous, single, double, or triple. Anthers versatile.
1. P. lutea L. Twigs finely pubescent or glabrous: leaf -blades 3-15 cm. broad,
mostly obtuse, glabrous: cymes 1-flowered: sepals 8-12 mm. long: corolla
greenish-yellow, about 2 em. broad: berries 10-15 mm. in diameter, purple. —
Lower Susquehanna valley. Frequent, in woods, on the river shore and islands.
— Schists. — Early sum. — Passion-flower.
Order OPUNTIALES.
Succulent tyjDically spine-armed herbs, shrubs, or trees, nearly leafless
or essentially so, or leafy rigid herbs with more or less specialized hairs.
Flowers perfect. Hypanthium present. Calyx of 4 or 5, or of many
sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5, or of many petals. Androecium of usually
many stamens, in several series or gi-oujDs, sometimes partially reduced to
staminodia. Gynoecium of 4, or 2-several united carpels. Ovary inferior.
Fruit baccate or capsular.
Family 1. OPUNTIACEAE. Cactus Family.
Succulent plants typically spine-armed and often with cushions of
bristles or hairs at the base of the spines. Leaves mostly wanting or
obsolete.
1. OPUNTIA [Touru.] Mill. Plants conspicuously jointed, with separated
usually spine-bearing areolae. Flowers arising from the cushions of remote
bristles of the areolae. Style cylindric.
1. O. Opuntia (L.) Coulter. Stems prostrate, the joints orbicular to obovate,
5-10 cm. long: leaves thick, 4-5 mm. long: bristle-cushions rather remote,
usually unarmed: bristles few, yellowish-green: spines few, when present soli-
tary, less than 2.5 cm. long, variegated: flowers pale-yeJlow, 5-6 cm. broad:
fruit obovoid or clavate-obovoid, 2-3 cm. long: seeds 5 mm. long, thick-
margined. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Local, on rocks on Mountain island.
Peach Bottom. — Schists. — Spr. and early sum. — Prickly-pear. Indian-fig.
Order THYMELEALES.
Shrubs or trees, or partially herbaceous plants. Leaves opposite or
alternate, the blades simple, rarely mere scales, or obsolete. Flowers per-
fect, polygamous, or dioecious, regular or nearly so. Calyx of 5 or fewer
sepals. Corolla wanting (in our species). Androecium of as many
stamens as there are sepals or twice as many. Anthers opening by slits
200 DAPHNACEAE.
or hinged valves. Gynoecium a single cai'pel. Ovary superior. Ovule
mostly solitary. Fruit usually baccate or drupaceous.
Anthers opening by slits : plants not aromatic. Fam. 1. Daphnacbab.
Anthers opening by hinged valves : plants aromatic. Fam. 2. Lauraceae.
Family 1. DAPHNACEAE. Mezereon Family.
Shrubs or trees, or rarely herbs, often pubescent. Leaves opposite or
alternate : blades entire. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals, sometimes with 4 or 5
scales within. Androecium of as many stamens as there are sepals or twice
as many. Gynoecium seated in the bottom of the hypanthium. Style
usually eccentric.
1. DIRCA L. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers appearing before the
leaves. Sepals usually shorter than the hypanthium. Filaments slender. Ovary
1-celled: style filiform. Drupe slightly elongate.
1. D, palustris L. Shrub 0.5-2 m. tall: leaf -blades oval or obovate, 4-8 cm.
long: flowers lemon-yellow: hypanthium 7-8 mm. long: sepals very short:
drupe oval, 7-9 mm. long, red. — M. Rather rare, in woods and thickets along
creeks. — Limestones. — Spr. — Moose-wood. Leather-wood.
Family 2. LAURACEAE. Laurel Family.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate or opposite : blades entire or lobed.
Flowers in open or congested cymes. Perianth of 6 (rarely 4—10) sepals
in 2 series. Androecium of usually more stamens than there are sepals, in
2-4 series, those of the third series usually glandular-appendaged, those
of the fourth series mostly mere staminodia. Gynoecium a single carpel.
Ovary 1-eelled. Fruit drupaceous.
Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved : flowers borne in peduncled corymb-like racemes.
1. Sassafras.
Anthers 2-celled, 2-vaIved : flowers borne in sessile or nearly sessile
clusters. 2. Benzoin.
1. SASSAFRAS Nees. Trees. Leaves alternate, dioecious: blades lobed
or individually entire. Flowers in axillary peduncled corymb-like racemes.
Style columnar: stigma depressed. Drupe somewhat elongate.
1. S. Sassafras (L.) Karst. Large tree with ridged bark: leaf -blades 3-lobed
or rarely entire or 2-lobed: flowers greenish-yellow: sepals 6, narrowly
oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long: drupes oval, 8-10 mm. long, red or orange. — Common,
on dry hills and in woods. — Spr. — Sassafras.
2. BENZOIN Fabr. Shrubs or trees, strong-scented. Leaves alternate,
deciduous: blades entire. Flowers in sessile cluster-like or umbel-like cymes.
Style slender-columnar. Drupes somewhat elongate.
1. B. aestivale (L.) Nees. Shrub 1-3 m. tall, the branches glabrous: leaf-
blades thin, obovate, oval or elliptic, 5-12 cm. long, pale beneath: flowers
yellow, in clusters before the leaves : calyx 6-8 mm. wide ; sepals obtuse : drupe
oval, about 1 cm. long, red. — • Common, along streams and in moist soil, usually
in thickets. — Spr. — Spice-bush. Fever-bush. Benjamin-bush.
Order MYRTALES.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes aquatic or amphibious. Leaves
alternate or opposite. Flowers regular or irregular, complete or much
reduced. Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary or adnate to it.
LYTHEACEAE, 201
Style present, simple or compound : stigma terminal.
Anthers opening by pores. Fam. 1. Melastomaceae.
Anthers opening by longitudinal valves.
Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary. Fam. 2. Ltthraceae.
Hypanthium adnate to the ovary or mainly so. Fam. 3. Epilobiaceae.
Style wanting : stigmas sessile. Fam. 4. Gunneraceae.
Family 1. MELASTOMACEAE. Meadow-beauty Family.
Herbs, shnibs, or trees. Leaves opposite : blades with 3-several ribs.
Flowers perfect. Calyx of 3-6 sepals surmounting the hypanthium.
Corolla of 3-G oblique petals. Androeeium of C-12 stamens, those opposite
the i^etals sometimes abortive. Gynoeeium of mostly 4 united carpels.
Ovary enclosed in or adnate to the hyi^anthium. Fruit baccate or cap-
sular.
1. BHEXIA L. Perennial herbs •with, rootstocks. Leaf-blades usually
3-5-ribbed. Hypanthium urceolate, prolonged beyond the ovary. Sepals 4,
persistent. Petals 4, deciduous. Ovary 4-celled, free. Capsule included, 4-
valved. — Deergrass.
1. R. virginica L. Stems 2-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong-elliptic, oval, lan-
ceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long: sepals lanceolate or triangular-
lanceolate: petals bright -purple, 11-17 mm. long: capsules 7-10 mm. long. — S.
Bare, in moist sandy soil. — Schists. — Sum. — Meadow-beauty.
Family 2. LYTHEACEAE. Loosestrife Family.
Herbs, shrubs, or tropical trees. Leaves mostly opposite : blades
usually entire. Flowers perfect. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals, commonly with
accessory teeth. Corolla of 4 or 5 petals, or wanting. Androeeium of few
or many stamens : anthers versatile. Gynoeeium of mostly 2-6 i;nited
eariDels. Ovary 2-6-eelled, or rarely 1-eelled, free from the hypanthium.
Fruit a capsule, included in the hypanthium.
Hypanthium campanulate or turbinate, becoming hemispheric or globose.
Herbs : flowers mostly solitary in the axils : capsule septicidal : stamens 4.
1. ROTALA.
Shrubs : flowers in axillary cymes : capsule loculicldal : stamens
8-10. 2. Decodon.
Hypanthium elongate, cylindric or tubular.
Flowers regular : hypanthium symmetrical. 3. Lttheum.
Flowers irregular : hypanthium oblique. 4. Paesonsia.
1. ROTALA L. Annual leathery-succulent herbs. Leaf-blades narrow,
entire. Flowers usually solitary in the axils. Sepals with accessory teeth.
Petals usually 4. Stamens 4. Style very short.
1. B. ramosior (L.) Koehne. Stems 0.5-4 dm. long: leaf -blades oblong to
linear or spatulate, 1-3 cm. long: sepals acute: petals minute: capsules 2.5-
3.5 mm. in diameter. — Mostly on islands and shores of the Susquehanna, and
swamps in the southern part. — ■ Sum.
2. DECODON J. F. Gmel. Aquatic shrubs. Leaves deciduous: blades
entire. Flowers in axillary peduneled cymes. Sepals 5-7, alternating with
small teeth. Petals 5-7. Stamens 10 or rarely 8, alternating short and long,
the longer exserted. Capsule loculicidally 3-6-valved.
1. D. verticillatus (L.) Ell. Stems arching, mostly 4-16 dm. long: leaf-
blades lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 3-20 cm. long: sepals acuminate: petals
purple, lanceolate to ovate, 7-9 mm. long: capsules about 5 mm. in diameter.
202 EPILOBIACEAE.
— S. Eiver valley near Safe Harbor. — Schists. — Sum. — Swamp-loosesteife.
Water- AviLLow.
3. LYTHE.UM L. Herbs or shrubs. Leaf -blades entire. Flowers axil-
lary or in terminal spikes or racemes. Sepals 4-6, alternating with spreading
teeth. Petals 4-6, nearly equal. Stamens adnate to the lower part of the
hypanthium. Embryo with aurieled cotyledons.
1. L. Salicaria L. Plant perennial, 1 m. tall or less, with finely pubescent
branches: leaf -blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 3-11 cm. long, acute or
acuminate at the apex, cordate and clasping at the base: panicle many-
flowered, showy: hypanthium 5-6 mm. long, ribbed: sepals deltoid, A-i as
long as the slender, subulate appendages: petals magenta, oblong or nearly so,
8-10 mm. long: capsule oblong, shorter than the hypanthium. — W. Swamps,
near Columbia. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Loosestrife.
4. PABSONSIA P. Br. Herbs or woody plants, mostly clammy-pubescent.
Leaf -blades entire. Flowers axillary, or in terminal spikes or racemes. Sepals
6, alternating with small teeth. Petals 6, unequal. Stamens adnate to near
the top of the hypanthium. Embryo with orbicular cotyledons.
1. P. petiolata (L.) Eusby. Plants annual, 1-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades lanceo-
late to ovate-lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long: petals purple, mostly ovate, the upper
ones 4.5-5.5 mm. long: capsules 6-8 mm. long. — Common, in fields and woods,
and on roadsides. — Sum. — Clammy-weed.
Family 3. EPILOBIACEAE. Evening-primrose Family.
Herbs or rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite : blades simple.
Flowers typically perfect. Hypanthium often elongate. Calyx of 2-6,
usually 4, sepals. Corolla of 2-9, usually 4, petals, or rarely wanting.
Androecium of as many stamens as the sepals, or twice as many. Gynoe-
cium of several, usually 4, united carpels. Ovary 1-6-celled, usually 4-
celled, inferior. Styles united. Fruit capsular or nut-like.
Floral whorls of 4 parts or more.
Fruit a many-seeds capsule, opening by valves or by a pore, or by the breaking
down of the walls.
Hypanthium not prolonged beyond the ovary.
Seed naked, i. e., without a tuft or hairs.
Leaves opposite : stems prostrate, creeping or floating : flowers sessile
or nearly so : corolla wanting or very small. 1. Isnaedia.
Leaves alternate : stems erect : flowers peduncled :
corolla showy. 2. Ludwigia.
Seeds furnished with a tuft of silky hairs. 3. Chamaenerion.
Hypanthium prolonged beyond the ovary.
Seeds with a tuft of silky hairs. 4. Epilobium.
Seeds naked or merely tuberculate.
Flowers with all the stamens equal in length. 5. Oenotheea.
Flowers with the alternate stamens longer. 0. Kneiffia.
Fruit indehiscent, nut-like. 7. Gaura.
Floral whorls of 2 parts. 8. Circaea.
1. ISNABDIA L. Perennial succulent herbs. Leaf -blades relatively wide.
Flowers axillary. Sepals 4, broad. Petals minute, reddish to greenish, or
wanting. Filaments very short. Ovary short. Style wanting or nearly so.
Capsule obovoid or turbinate.
1. I. palustris L. Stem diffusely branched: leaf-blades spatulate to oval or
ovate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long: hypanthium glabrous: sepals triangular: petals want-
ing or minute and reddish : capsules 3-4 mm. long. — Common, in swamps. —
Sum. — Marsh-purslane. Water-purslane.
EPILOBIACEAE. 203
2. LUDWIGIA L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf -blades narrow, entire
or rarely shallowly toothed. Flowers axillary or terminal. Sepals generally
persistent. Petals usually 4. Ovary usually 4-celled. Capsule cylindrie or
prismatic to globose. — False-loosestrife.
1. L. alternifolla L. Plants 6-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades lanceolate, 6-12 cm.
long: sepals ovate: petals about equalling the sepals: capsules slightly winged
on the angles, 5-7 mm. long. — Common, in wet places. — Sum. — Seedbox.
3. CHAMAENERION Adans. Perennial herbs. Leaf-blades entire or
nearly so. Flowers irregular, in showy racemes. Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals
4, entire. Stamens 8, declined. Stigmas 4. Capsule elongate, obtusely angled.
Seeds comose.
1. C. angustifolium (L.) Scop. Plants 5-25 dm. tall, often clustered: leaf-
blades lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long: corolla purple or sometimes white; petals
1-1.5 cm. long: capsules 5-7.5 em. long: coma of seeds about 10 mm. long. —
Occasional, in woods and thickets and on hillsides. — Sum. — Fire-weed.
Willow-herb.
4. EPIIiOBIUM L. Perennial herbs or somewhat woody plants. Leaf-
blades entire or toothed. Flowers solitary, spicate, or racemose. Sepals 4,
short, deciduous. Petals 4, pink or white, often notched. Stamens 8. Stigmas
4, or united and clavate. Capsules elongate, 4-sided. Seeds comose. — Sum.
and fall. — Willow-herb.
Stem and branches terete : leaf-blades linear to lanceolate, revolute, essentially-
entire.
Corolla small, about 1 cm. wide : leaf-blades petioled : plants canescent.
1. E. Uneare.
Corolla large, about 1.5 cm. wide : leaf-blades sessile : plants
glandular-pubescent. 2. E. strictum.
Stem and branches with decurrent ridges below the leaf-bases :
leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, flat, serrate. 3. E. coloratum.
1. El. lineare Muhl. Plants 3-5 dm. tall: leaf -blades linear or nearly so, 2.5-5
cm. long : flowers erect : sepals 2-3 mm. long : petals 4-5 mm. long, shallowly
notched: capsules 3.5-5.5 cm. long: seeds about 1.5 mm. long. — S. Eare, in
moist grounds. — Schists.
2. E. strictum Muhl. Plants 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades lanceolate to linear,
1.5-4 cm. long, entire or obscurely toothed, veiny, sessile: sepals 3-4 mm. long:
petals cuneate, about 8 mm. long, deeply notched: capsules 5-7 cm. long: seeds
about 2 mm. long. — M. Rare, Dillerville swamp, Lancaster. — Limestones.
3. E. coloratum Muhl. Plants 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades lanceolate, 5-15 cm.
long: flowers generally nodding: sepals 2.5-3.5 mm. long: petals 3-4 mm. long,
shallowly notched : capsules 4.5-6 cm. long. — Common, in low grounds.
5. OENOTHEEA L. Annual or biennial large herbs. Leaf -blades undu-
late or toothed. Buds erect. Flowers nocturnal, spicate. Sepals elongate.
Corolla yellow. Capsules 4-sided, tapering. [Onagra Adans.] — Sum. — Even-
ing-primrose.
Sepals less than 3 cm. long, the free tips subulate, less than 4 mm. long : corolla
2-5 cm. wide. 1. O. biennis.
Sepals over 3 cm. long, the free tips filiform, over 5 mm. long :
corolla 8-12 cm. wide. 2. O. rjrandiflora.
1. O. biemils L. Stems 13-25 dm. tall, hirsute: leaf -blades oblong to lanceo-
late, 2.5-15 cm. long, repand-denticulate : petals bright-yellow, 1-2.5 cm. long:
capsules narrowly oblong-conic, 18-25 mm. long, nearly terete. — Common, on
roadsides and in thickets.
204 , EPILOBIACEAE.
2. O. grandiflora Ait. Similar to 0. hiennis, but larger throughout, sometimes
3 m. tall: petals 4-6 cm. long, golden-yellow: capsules linear-conic, 3-4 cm.
long, 4-sided. — Occasional, on roadsides and in fence rows. Nat. of Ala.
6. KNEIFFIA Spach. Annual or perennial small herbs. Leaf-blades
entire or shallowly toothed. Buds mostly erect. Flowers spicate, diurnal.
Petals yellow. Ovary clavate or stout. Capsule clavate or with an oblong or
ovoid body, 4-winged, or 4-angled. Seeds not tubercled. — Sum. — Sundrops.
Capsules clavate.
Young inflorescence erect : capsules pubescent : petals over 1 cm. long.
Pubescence of the capsule of straight spreading hairs : pedicel-like base
longer than the capsule-body whose thick wings are pubescent.
1. K. longipediceUata.
Pubescence of the capsule of minute curved hairs :
pedicel-like base shorter than the capsule-body whose
thin wings are often glabrous. 2. K. linearis.
Yoimg inflorescence nodding at the tip : capsules glabrous
or nearly so : petals less than 1 cm. long. 3. K. ptimila.
Capsules oblong or nearly so. 4. K. fruticosa.
1. K. longipediceUata Small. Stems puberulent or short-hirsute, 3-8.5 dm.
tall: basal leaves with spatulate or obovate-spatulate blades 3.5-7.5 cm. long:
stem-leaves few; blades linear-lanceolate, 2.5-6.5 em. long, entire, sometimes
undulate: sepals hirsute, 12-19 mm. long: petals mostly over 2 em. long:
capsule-body narrowly obovoid, 6-10 mm. long, hirsute. — Occasional, in low
grounds.
2. K. linearis (Michx.) Spach. Stems puberulent, short-pilose or nearly gla-
brous, 1.5-5 dm. tall: basal leaves with spatulate or broadly oblanceolate
blades, 5-8 em. long, entire or nearly so: stem-leaves usually few; blades
linear or linear-lanceolate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, slightly toothed: sepals about
1 cm. long, pubescent: petals mostly 1.5-2 cm. long: capside-body oblong-
clavate, 7-14 mm. long, canescent. — S. Occasional, in the Susquehanna valley
and adjacent parts. — Schists.
3. K. pumlla (L.) Spach. Stems puberulent, 2-6 dm. tall: basal leaves with
oblanceolate or spatulate blades: stem-leaves few or many; blades oblong,
linear or elliptic, 2-8 cm. long, entire or very nearly so : sepals 5-7 mm. long :
petals 6-9 mm. long: capsule-body obovoid or oblong-obovoid, 6-12 mm. long,
glabrous or nearly so. — • W. S. Not very common, in moist sandy places.
— Sandstones and shales, schists.
4. K. fruticosa (L.) Eaimann. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, green or purple, puberu-
lent: leaf -blades lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, 2.5-10 cm. long, mostly
denticulate: sepals 15-20 mm. long: petals 2-3 cm. long: capsule-body oblong,
6-9 mm. long, prominently winged. ■ — • Common, in dry soil.
7. GAURA L. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Leaf-blades entire,
toothed, or pinnatifid. Flowers spicate or racemose. Hypanthium narrow,
somewhat prolonged beyond the ovary. Petals unequal, with clawed blades.
Stamens 8, declined. Style declined. Stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by a cup-like
border. Fruit ribbed or angled, often with a pedicel-like base.
1. G. biennis L. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, villous-hirsute : leaf -blades lanceolate,
oblong-lanceolate, or elliptic, 3-10 cm. long, remotely denticulate or merely
undulate: buds pubescent: base of the hypanthium villous: sepals 8-9.5 mm.
long: petals white, sometimes turning pink, 7-11 mm. long: fruit elliptic to
oval-elliptic, 6-10 mm. long, more or less hirsute. — Eather common, in dry
soil and along streams. - — • Sum.
8. CIBCAEA [Tourn.] L. Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite: blades
mostly toothed, petioled. Flowers racemose. Sepals 2. Petals 2, notched.
NYSSACEAE. 205
Stamens 2, alternate with the petals. Ovary 1-2-celled. Fruit obovoid, usually
bristly with hooked hairs.
1. C. lutetiana L. Plants 3-6 dm. tall: leaf-blades ovate, 5-10 cm. long,
remotely denticulate: pedicels 4-8 mm. long: corolla about 3 mm. broad: fruits
broadly obovoid, about 4 mm. long, with stiff hairs. — Common, in woods and
thickets. — Sum. — Enchanter 's-nightshade.
Family 4. GUNNERACEAE. Water-milfoil Family.
Perennial, or rarely annual, aquatic or amphibious herbs. Leaves
alternate or whorled: blades entire to dissected, often of 2 kinds on the
same plant. Flowers perfect or monoecious. Calyx of 2-4 sepals.
Corolla of 2-4 small petals, or wanting. Androeeium of 1-8 relatively
large stamens. Gynoecium of 1, or of 2-A, sometimes united, carpels.
Ovary inferior. Stigmas 1-4. Fruit an angled, ribbed, or winged nutlet
or drupe.
1. PKOSEE.PINACA L. Herbs with creeping stems. Leaves alternate:
blades toothed or pectinate-pinnatifid, the lower ones more finely dissected.
Flowers perfect, axillary. Petals wanting.
1. P. pectinata Lam. Leaf -blades pectinate or pectinate-pinnatifid: fruits
3,5-4 mm. long, the angles rather obtuse. — M. Rare, in swamps along the
Conestoga near Lancaster. — Limestones. — Sum. ■ — ■ Mermaid-weed.
Order AMMIALES.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, or vines. Leaves alternate or opposite : blades
simple or compound. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or dioecious, often
borne in umbels. Calyx of typically 5 small sepals surmounting the
hypanthium. Corolla of typically 5 petals, or wanting. Androeciimi of
as many stamens as sepals. Gynoecium 2-carpellary or rarely several-1-
carpellaiy. Ovary inferior. Fruit drupaceous or baccate, or diy (a
cremocarp).
Fruit drupaceous or baccate : gynoecium 1-several-carpellary, if 2-carpellary, stig-
mas introrse.
Styles single or united: ovule with a dorsal raphe: leaves mostly opposite;
blades entire or merely toothed. Fam. 1. Nyssaceae.
Styles distinct : ovule with a ventral raphe : leaves mostly
alternate ; blades lobed or compound. Fam. 2. Hederaceae.
Fruit dry, a cremocarp : gynoecium 2-carpellary : stigmas
terminal. Fam. 3. Ammiaceae.
Family 1. NYSSACEAE. Dogwood Family.
Shrubs or trees, or rarely partly herbaceous plants. Leaves opposite
or alternate : blades usually entire. Flowers perfect or unisexual, borne
in naked or involucrate, open or congested cymes. Calyx of mostly 4 or 5
sepals. Corollas of 4 or 5, or rarely more, petals, or wanting. Androeeium
of usually as many stamens as sepals. Gynoecium of 1 carpel or of 2-4
united carpels. Styles single or ui:iited. Fnait mostly a drupe, or baccate.
Flowers dioecious or polygamo-dioecious : stigmas lateral : drupe with a 1-celled,
1 -seeded stone. 1. Nyssa.
Flowers perfect : stigmas terminal : drupe with a 2-celled, 2-seeded
stone.
Flowers in open cymes, not subtended by an involucre : fruit
surmounted by the style, globular, not red. 2. Svida.
Flowers in a head, subtended by a large involucre : fruit sur-
mounted by the calyx, elongate, red. 3. Cynoxylon.
206 HEDERACEAE.
1. NYSSA L. Shrubs or trees, with terete branches. Leaves alternate,
deciduous. Flowers polygamo-dioecious, on spreading peduncles, the staminate
with 5-several sepals and .5-many stamens, the pistillate with 5 sepals and a 1-
celled pistil. Drupe somewhat elongate. — Tupelo.
1. N. sylvatica Marsh. Tree becoming 50 m. tall: leaf -blades oval or obovate,
or rarely oblanceolate, 5-15 cm. long: flowers slender-peduncled, green: drupes
oval, 15-17 mm. long, dark-blue. — Common, in dry soil. — Spr. ■ — ^ SouR-GUM.
Black-gum, Pepperidge.
2. SVIDA Opiz. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate.
Flowers in naked erect corymb-like cymes. Sepals 4, minute. Petals 4, white,
spreading. Stamens 4. Drupe globular or depressed. — Spr. or early sum. —
Cornel. DoGV^^ooD.
Leaves opposite, remote : drupes white or pale- or light-blue.
Drupes blue : leaf-blades copiously pubescent beneath, at least when young.
Leaf-blades orbicular or ovate-orbicular : sepals deltoid. 1. 8. circinata.
Leaf-blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate : sepals lanceolate. 2. 8. Amomum.
Drupes white : leaf-blades glabrous or nearly so beneath. 3. 8. candidissima.
Leaves alternate, approximate at the end of the branches :
drupes deep-blue or blue-black. 4. 8. altcrnifoUa.
1. S. circinata (L'Her.) Small. Shrub 3 m. tall or less with green twigs: leaf-
blades oval, or somewhat ovate to suborbicular, 5-15 cm. long, acute or short-
acuminate, sparingly pubescent but green above, pale and rather copiously
woolly beneath: cymes dense, 4-9 cm. wide: sepals deltoid, acute: petals
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long: stamens exceeding the petals:
drupes globose, about 5 mm. in diameter, light-blue. — M. Eare, along the
Conestoga above Lancaster. — Limestones.
2. S. Amomum (Mill.) Small. Shrub with purple twigs: leaf -blades lanceo-
late to broadly ovate, 3-13 cm. long, silky and often somewhat rusty beneath:
drupes 6-8 mm. in diameter, pale-blue. — Common, in moist thickets and along
streams. — Kinnikinnik. Silky-cornel.
3. S. candidissima (Marsh.) Small. Shrub with gray twigs: leaf -blades ellip-
tic or lanceolate, 4-15 cm. long: sepals triangular: petals oblong to oblong-
lanceolate : drupes subglobose, 4-5 mm. in diameter. — N. E. Rather rare, in
thickets and on roadsides. — Sandstones and shales.
4. S. altemifolia (L. f.) Small. Shrub, or tree sometimes 9 m. tall: leaf-
blades elliptic or oval, varying to ovate or obovate, 5-15 cm. long, whitish
beneath, prominently ribbed: petals oblong-ovate: drupes depressed-globose,
8-10 mm. in diameter, blue-black. — N, Rather rare, in woods and thickets.
— Sandstones and shales.
3. CYNOXYLON Raf. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers per-
fect, in conspicuously involucrate heads. Sepals 4, broadly ovate to oblong.
Petals 4, greenish or yellow-green, recurving. Stamens 4. Drupe elongate.
1. C. floridum (L.) Raf. Shrub, or tree sometimes 15 m. tall, with very rough
black bark: leaf -blades elliptic to oval, 6-18 cm. long, pale beneath: involucral
bracts white or pink, obovate, 4-6 cm. long: petals linear. 3-4.5 mm. long:
drupes oblong to oval, about 15 mm. long, red. — Common, in woods and on
hillsides. — Spr. — Flowering-dogwood.
Family 2. HEDERACEAE. Ivy Family.
Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines. Leaves alternate: blades simple or
compound. Flowers perfect or polygamous, often umbellate. Calyx of
5 sepals, or obsolete. Corolla of 5 or 10 stamens. Gynoecium of 2-5
united carpels. Styles distinct. Fruit a berry or a druj^e.
AMMIACEAE. 207
Umbel simple: plants scapose, the bracts whorled : styles 2 or 3. 1. Panax.
Umbel compound : plants caulescent, the leaves alternate : styles 5. 2. Aealia.
1. PANAX L. Perennial herbs. Leaf -blades palmately compound. Scape
topped with a T\horl of bracts quite similar to the leaves. Umbel simple.
Ovary mostly 2- or 3-celled. Styles distinct. Fruit red, yellowish or yellow.
Rootstock globular : leaflets sessile, obtuse : berries yellow. 1. P. trifolium.
Rootstock fusiform : leaflets stalked, acuminate : berries bright-
crimson. 2. P. quinquefoUum.
1. P. trifolium L. Plants 1-2 dm. tall: bracts 3: leaflets 3, the blades oblong
or elliptic, 1-8 cm. long : petals white : berries 4-5 mm. broad. — Common, in
damp places in woods. — Spr. — Dwarf-ginseng. Ground-nut.
2. P. quinquefolium L. Plants 2-4 dm. tall: bracts 3 or 5: leaflets 5-7, the
blades obovate, or those of the basal leaflets oval or suborbicular, 2-12 cm.
long: petals greenish; berries 8-10 mm. broad. — Eare, in rich woods. — Sum.
— Ginseng.
2. AEALIA [Tourn.] L. Perennial herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes
prickle-armed or spiny. Leaves alternate: blades pinnately or ternately com-
pound. Umbel compound. Ovary mostly 5-celled. Styles distinct or united at
the base. Fruit black. — Spikenard. Sarsaparilla.
Umbels few, in terminal corymbs or few-rayed umbels.
Plants with elongate rootstocks, a peduncle or a leaf, or both, arising together
at intervals from the rootstock: anthers globular. 1. A. nudicatiUs.
Plants with leafy branches arising from the rootstocks : anthers
oblong. 2. A. hispida.
Umbels numerous, in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles.
Large unarmed herb : leaflets membranous : hypanthium cam-
panulate : anthers globular. 3. A. racemosa.
Shrub or small tree, with prickle-armed stems : leaflets leathery :
hypanthium broadly turbinate : anthers oblong. 4. A. spinosa.
1. A. nudicaulis L. Plants 2-3.5 dm. tall, sparingly soft-pubescent or gla-
brous: leaf usually solitary: inflorescence overtopped by the leaf: berries 6-8
mm. in diameter : seeds 4.5-5 mm. long, very flat. — Common, in woods and on
rocky hillsides. - — Spr. and sum. — Wild Sarsaparilla.
2. A. hispida Vent. Plants 2-9 dm. tall, bristly pubescent: leaves several or
many: inflorescence overtopping the leaves: berries rather smaller than those
of A. nudicaulis: seeds 2.5-3 mm. long, swollen. — E. S. Eather rare, in
thickets and rocky woods. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. — Wild-
elder. Bristly-sarsaparilla.
3. A. racemosa L. Herb 1-2 m. tall, unarmed: blades of the leaflets mem-
branous: hyi^anthium campanulate: petals rather shorter than the hypan-
thium: berries 4-5 mm. in diameter: seeds about 2.5 mm. long. — Common, in
rich woods. — Sum. — Spikenard.
4. A. spinosa L. Shrub or small tree, prickle-armed: blades of the leaflets
leathery: hypanthitim broad-turbinate: petals longer than the hypanthium:
berries 6-7 mm. in diameter : seeds about 4 mm. long. — Locally escaped from
cultivation. — Sum. — Prickly-ash. Toothache-tree. Hercules '-club.
Family 3. AMMIACEAE. Carrot Family.
Herbs with hollow stems. Leaves typically alternate : blades dissected,
or sometimes merely toothed, or entire. Flowers perfect or polygamous,
umbellate. Calyx of 5 tooth-like sepals, or obsolete. Corolla of 5 petals.
Androecium of 5 stamens. Gynoecium of 2 vmited carpels, often with a
stylopodium. Fruit dry, a cremoearp, the ribbed or winged carpels
separating at maturity.
208
AMMIACEAE.
1. Hydkocotyle.
Washingtonia.
Cerefolium.
7. CONIUM
8
14
bupleurdm.
Aegopodium.
oxypolis.
Hekacleom.
Angelica.
Daucus.
Pastinaca.
Fruit with obscure or obsolete oil-tubes.
Fruit strongly flattened laterally.
Fruit not strongly flattened laterally, sometimes turgid.
Seed-face concave.
Stylopodium conic.
Fruit bristly-pubescent.
Fruit smooth and glabrous.
Stylopodium obsolete or flat.
Fruits turgid, prominently ribbed : leaf-blades
dissected.
Fruits of an oblong type, inconspicuously ribbed :
leaf-blades entire, perfoliate.
Seed-face essentially flat.
Fruit with distinct oil-tubes.
Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, the lateral ribs of the
carpels more or less strongly winged.
Stylopodium conic.
Fruit not notched at the apex, the carpels not very
flat.
Fruit notched at the apex, the carpels very flat.
Stylopodium obsolete or flat.
Corolla white.
Fruit spineless.
Fruit armed with barbed spines.
Corolla yellow.
Fruit more or less flattened laterally, sometimes slightly
dorsally flattened.
Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals.
Stylopodium conic.
Leaf-segments, at least those of the upper
leaves, narrowly linear or filiform.
Leaf-segments neither narrowly linear nor fili-
form.
Seed-face concave or grooved.
Seed-face flat.
Fruit short, often as wide as long.
Fruit elongate-oblong.
Stylopodium obsolete or flat.
Corolla white.
Corolla yellow.
Fruit with winged ribs.
Fruit with merely filiform ribs.
Oil-tubes more than one on the intervals.
Stylopodium conic.
Stylopodium flat or obsolete.
Fruit without ribs, spiny.
Fruit ribbed, spineless.
Carpel-ribs filiform.
Carpel-ribs corky, at least the lateral ones.
Oil-tubes continuous around the seed
cavity : stylopodium flat.
Oil-tubes 2-3 in the intervals : stylo-
podium obsolete.
1. HYDKOCOTYLE [Tourn.] L. Perennial amphibious herbs. Leaves
solitary at each node. Umbels simple or proliferous. Sepals manifest. Petals
valvate. Carpels with distinct ribs, and oil-bearing tissues beneath the epi-
dermis. — Sum. — Marsh-pennywort. Water-pennywort.
6. COEIAKDEUM.
3. Chaeeophyllum.
11.
12.
CiCDTA.
Deeinga.
9.
Celeei.
17.
10.
Thaspium.
ZlZIA.
16.
LiGUSTICDM.
2.
Sanicula.
13.
Taenidia.
8.
Bufleueum.
15.
SlUM.
Umbels nearly sessile : leaf-blades shallowly lobed.
Umbels long-peduncled : leaf-blades deeply lobed.
1. H. americana.
2. H. ranunculoides.
1. H. americana L. Leaf -blades reniform, 2-5 cm. wide, crenate-lobed : petals
less than 1 mm. long: fruits 1-1.5 mm. wide, sharply ribbed, oval in cross-
section. - — • Common, in swamps.
2. H. ranunculoides L. f. Leaf-blades reniform to orbicular-reniform, 2-5 cm.
wide, deeply lobed: petals over 1 mm. long: fruits 2.5-3 mm. wide, obscurely
ribbed, oblong in cross-section. — Eare, in wet places, especially abundant in
the Susquehanna valley.
2. SANICULA [Tourn.] L. Biennial or perennial, glabrous or nearly
glabrous herbs. Leaves alternate: blades pinnatifid or palmately 3-7-f oliolate :
AMMIACEAE. 209
leaflets toothed or incised. Umbels irregular, compound, few-rayed. Bracts of
the involucres resembling the leaves. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals white, yel-
lowish, or purple. Fruit subglobose or oblong, somewhat dorsally flattened,
armed with hooked bristles : carpels ribless : oil-tubes usually 5. — Sum. —
Snake-root. Black snake-root. Sanicle.
Plants perennial : stamens and style much exserted : fruits mostly over 6 mm. long.
1. 8. niarylandica.
Plants biennial : stamens and style included : fruits mostly less
than 6 mm. long. 2. 8. canadensis.
1. S. marylandica L. Stems 4.5-13 dm. tall, mostly simple below the inflo-
rescence: leaves bluish-green: involucels of scale-like bractlets: petals slightly
longer than the sepals : fruits obovoid, not stipitate. — Common, in woods and
thickets.
2. S. canadensis L. Stems 3-13 dm. tall: divisions of the leaf -blade cuneate-
obovate to narrowly oblong: involucre of minute bracts: fruits subgobose,
3-5 mm. long, very short-stipitate. ■ — Common, in woods and thickets.
3. CHAEROPHYLLUM [Tourn.] L. Annual herbs. Leaf-blades ter-
nately decompound, the segments narrow. Umbels irregular, compound. Invo-
lucres of 1 or 2 bracts, or usually wanting. Involucels of several small bracts.
Sepals obsolete. Petals white, usually unequal, inflexed at the apex. Fruit
elongate: carpels 5-angled, the angles equally ribbed: oil-tubes solitary in the
intervals and 2 in the inner face.
1. C. procumbens (L.) Crantz. Plants decumbent or spreading: umbels few-
flowered : fruits narrow, about 8 mm. long, glabrous. — Frequent, in rich woods
along the Conestoga and the Susquehanna. — Spr. — Chervil.
4. CEREFOLIUM [Eivin.] Haller. Annual herbs, resembling Chaero-
phyllum. Leaf -blades ternately decompound, the segments small. Umbels com-
pound, regular or nearly so. Involucre of toothed or compound bracts. In-
volucels of narrow, mostly entire, bractlets. Sepals obsolete. Petals white,
usually nearly or quite equal, inflexed at the apex. Fruit elongate. Carpels
more or less angled, but not ribbed: oil-tubes wanting. [Anthriscus Bernh.]
1. C. Cerefolium (L.) Britton. Plants 1 m. tall or less, often weak-stemmed:
leaf -blades broad, the segments rather numerous, thin: imabels long-peduncled,
the rays few, 2-4 mm. long: petals white, obovate, 1.5-2 mm. long: fruits
linear-subulate, 8-10 mm. long, shining slender-beaked. — M, Locally abun-
dant on moist banks. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. ■ — • Chervil.
5. WASHINGTONIA Eaf. Perennial herbs. Leaf -blades ternately com-
pound, the segments broad. Umbels loose, compound. Involucres and invo-
lucels of few bracts or bractlets, or wanting. Sepals obsolete. Petals white,
inflexed at the apex. Fruits elongate : carpels 5-angled, with barely equal ribs :
oil-tubes obsolete or wanting. — Spr. — Sweet-cicely.
Rachis of the leaf-blades glabrous or with short hairs : stylopodium and styles fully
3 mm. long. 1. W. longistylis.
Rachis of the leaf -blades with villous hairs : stylopodium and
styles about 1 mm. long. 2. TT. Claytonii.
1. W. longistylis (Torr.) Britton. Boots sweet-aromatic: foliage finely pubes-
cent : fruits 15-18 mm. long. — Common, in rich woods.
2. W. Claytonii (Michx.) Britton. Eoots slightly if at all aromatic: foliage
more copiously pubescent than in W. longistylis : fruits 18-20 mm. long. —
Common, in rich woods.
Lancaster County Flora 14.
210 AMMIACEAE.
6. CORIANDEUM [Tourn.] L. Annual slender herbs. Leaf -blades pin-
nately dissected. Umbels compound. Involucres wanting. Sepals acute, un-
equal. Petals white, often unequal, broadest above the middle. Fruit sub-
globose, not constricted at the commissure: carpels with 5 delicate ribs: oil-
tubes solitary under the secondary ribs.
1. C. sativum L. Stems 2-6 dm. tall: blades of the lower cauline and basal
leaves with coarse-toothed, incised, or lobed segments, those of the upper leaves
with narrowly linear segments: umbel-rays 4-8, 12-21 mm. long: pedicels 1-3
mm. long: fruits subglobose or ovoid-glolaose, 3-3.5 mm. long: carpels slightly
ribbed. — M. Occasional, in waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Coriander.
7. CONIUM L. Biennial large herbs with spotted stems. Leaf-blades
broad, pinnately decompound. Umbels compound, the rays unequal. Invo-
lucres and involucels inconspicuous, of entire, scarious-margined bracts or
bractlets. Sepals minute or obsolete. Petals white, somewhat unequal, broadest
above the middle, inflexed at the apex. Fruit short and thick: carpels with
prominent wavy ribs: oil-tubes wanting.
1. C. maculatum L. Plants 1-2 m. tall, the stem usually much branched : leaf-
blades broad, the segments very numerous: umbels rather long-peduncled ; rays
2-4 cm. long: petals white, obovate or cuneate. mostly about 1 mm. long:
fruits ovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long. — M. Frequent, in waste places. Nat. of Eu.
— Sum. — Poison-hemlock.
8. BUPLEURUM [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf-blades
entire. Umbels compound. Involucre wanting (in our species). Involucels
conspicuous, of entire bractlets. Sepals obsolete. Petals broad, yellow or
greenish. Fruit oblong or oval: carpels with slender ribs and no oil-tubes in
our species.
1. B. rotundifolium L. Plants 3-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong, ovate or
ellii^tic, 2-8 cm. long, perfoliate: corolla yellow: fruits 3-3.5 mm. long, about
2.5 mm. broad. — Occasional, on roadsides and in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Sum.
— Thorough- WAX.
9. CELEE.I Adans. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf-blades pinnate or
ternately decompound. Umbels compound. Involucres present or wanting.
Sepals obsolete or minute. Petals white, broad. Fruit somewhat smooth or
tuberculate: carpels 5-angled or 5-ribbed, with 1 oil-tube in each interval or
2 in the inner face.
1. C. graveolens (L.) Britten. Stems 2-9 dm. tall: leaf-segments cuneate to
suborbicular, incised and toothed: petals 0.5-1 mm. long: fruits ovoid, about
1.5 mm. long. [Apium graveolens L.] — M. Occasional, on roadsides and
about gardens. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. — Celery.
10. ZIZIA Koch. Perennial erect herbs. Leaf-blades 3-foliolate or ter-
nately compound, or the basal ones sometimes simple. Umbels compound, the
central umbellet sessile. Involucres wanting. Involucels of a few bractlets.
Sepals prominent. Petals yellow. Fruit somewhat elongate, laterally flattened :
carpels with 5 slender wingless ribs and an oil-tube in each interval and under
each rib. — Spr. and sum. — Meadow-parsnip.
Fruits oblong : basal leaves with ternately 2-3-compound blades. 1. Z. aurea.
Fruits ovate or oval : basal leaves with merely toothed cordate blades. 2. Z. cordata.
AMMIACEAE. 211
1. Z. aurea (L.) Koch. Blades of the basal leaves ternate; segments oblong-
ovate to lanceolate: umbels with 9-25 rays: fruits oblong, about 4 mm. long.
— Common, in wet places. — Golden-alexanders.
2, Z. cordata (Walt.) DC. Blades of the basal leaves ovate to orbicular, 3-10
cm. long, crenate: fruits ovate or oval, about 3 mm. long. — Common, in moist
places.
11. CICUTA L. Perennial herbs with tuberous roots. Leaf-blades pin-
nately compound or decompound. Umbels compound. Involucres of few
bracts or wanting. Involucels of several small bractlets. Sepals acute. Petals
white. Fruit short : carpels with 5 corky ribs, and oil-tubes in each interval
and 2 in the linear face. Sum. and fall. — Water-hemlock.
Plants not bulblet-bearing : leaf-segments of a lanceolate type. 1. C. maciilata.
Plants bulblet-bearing : leaf-segments of a linear type. 2. C. iulbifera.
I.e. maculata L. Plants stout, 1-2 m. tall: leaf -blades 1-6 dm. long, the
veins ending in the notches of the segments: fruits with lateral ribs mani-
festly much larger than the others and wedge-shaped in section, and contiguous.
— Common, in swamps. — Spotted-cowbane. Musquash-root.
2. C. bulbifera L. Plants slender, mostly 1 mm. tall or less: leaf -segments
linear to narrowly linear-lanceolate, sharply few-toothed: umbels few-rayed
(or replaced by clusters of bulblets) : petals white, orbicular-obovate, less than
1 mm. long: fruits globose-ovoid, about 1.5 mm. long. — Occasional, in the
Susquehanna valley and along tributary streams.
12. DEE/INGA Adans. Perennial herbs with fibrous roots. Leaf-blades
3-foliolate. Umbels irregular, compound. Involucres and involucels wanting.
Sepals obsolete. Petals white. Fruit elongate: carpels with 5 low ribs, and
an oil-tube beneath each rib and in each interval.
1. D. canadensis (L.) Kuntze. Plants 3-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate, oval,
or elliptic, 4-10 cm. long, serrate : umbels few-rayed : fruits oblong, 4-6 mm.
long, often curved. — Common, in thickets and waste places. — Spr. and sum.
— Il0NE"\V0RT.
13. TAENIDIA Drude. Perennial herbs with fibrous roots. Leaf -blades
pinnate or ternately compound. Umbels compound. Involucres and involucels
wanting: sepals obsolete or minute. Petals 5, their tipsi inflexed. Fruit ob-
long: carpels 5-angled, with slender ribs and 3 oil-tubes in the intervals.
Seeds nearly terete except the flat face.
1. T. integerrima (L.) Drude. Plants 3-& dm. tall, from a tough root: leaflets
ovate to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, entire: umbel-rays 10-20,
elongate: corolla yellow: fruits broadly oblong, 3.5-4 mm. long. — M. Fre-
quent, along the Conestoga above Lancaster. — Limestones. — Spr. — PiM-
pernell.
14. AEGOPODIUM L. Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaf-blades ternate,
the leaflets or segments large, toothed. Umbel compound, the rays equal or
nearly so. Involucres and involucels of narrow bracts and bractlets, or want-
ing. Sepals minute or obsolete. Petals white, equal or nearly so, broadest
above the middle, inflexed at the apex. Fruit short, but longer than thick:
carpels turgid, the angles margined : oil-tubes wanting.
1. A. Podagrarla L. Plants 3-11 dm. tall, simple or sparingly branched:
leaflets oblong or elliptic to ovate, 2. .5-9 cm. long, serrate, incised or lobed:
212 AMMIACEAE.
umbels long-peduncled ; rays 2-4 cm. long: petals white, obovate or orbicular-
obovate, 1-1.5 mm. long: fruits conic-ovoid, about 4 mm. long. — M. Occa-
sional, on roadsides and in thickets near Lancaster. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. —
GOUTWEED.
15. SIUM [Tourn.] L. Perennial herbs. Leaf -blades pinnately com-
pound. Umbels compound. Involucres and involucels of narrow bracts and
bractlets. Sepals small, acute. Petals white. Fruit stout, somewhat laterally
flattened: carpels ribbed, the intervals with 1-3 oil-tubes. Seeds 5-angled.
1. S. cicutaefolium Schrank. Plants 5-18 dm. tall: leaflets 7-17, linear,
oblong, or lanceolate, 4-15 cm. long, sharply serrate (submersed leaves some-
times finely dissected) : fruits orbicular to oblong-orbicular, 3-3.5 mm. long.
— Frequent, in the Susquehanna valley. • — Sum. — Water-pabsnip.
16. LIGUSTICUM L. Perennial herbs with large roots. Leaf-blades
ternately compound. Umbels compound. Involucres of a few narrow bracts.
Involucels of numerous narrow bractlets. Sepals obsolete. Petals white,
broadened upward. Fruit more or less elongate: carpels with sharp prominent
ribs and 2-6 oil-tubes in each interval.
1. L. canadense (L.) Britton. Stems 5-20 dm. tall: leaflets oblong, elliptic-
oval, or ovate, 3-8 cm. long, coarsely toothed: fruits oblong, oval, or ovate, 4-6
mm. long, the ribs narrow-winged. — S. Eare, in rich woods. — Schists. —
Sum. — Angelico. Nondo.
17. THASPIUM Nutt. Perennial herbs. Leaf-blades 3-foliolate or ter-
nately compound, or those of the basal leaves sometimes simple. Umbels
compound. Involucre of few bracts. Involucels of many bracts. Sepals
present. Petals yellow or purple. Fruit longer than wide: carpels with
winged ribs and 2-6 oil-tubes in each interval. — Sum. — Meadow-parsnip.
Petal-blades less than 1 mm. long : leaves with ternate blades : leaflets relatively
thick, crenate. 1. T. trifoUatum.
Petal-blades over 1 mm. long : leaves with biternate blades :
leaflets relatively thin, incised or lobed. 2. T. iarhinode.
1. T. trifoUatum (L.) A. Gray. Stems 2-7 dm. tall: leaf -segments ovate to
lanceolate, serrate: corolla dark-purple (or deep-yellow in T. trifoUatum
aureum) : fruits globose-ovoid, about 4 mm. long. — - M. Eare, in the Dillerville
swamp, Lancaster. — Limestones.
2. T. barbinode (Miehx.) Nutt. Stems 3-12 dm. tall: leaf -segments commonly
ovate, coarsely toothed, cleft, or parted: corolla pale- or light-yellow: fruits
oblong or oval, 5-6 mm. long, glabrous. — Common, in moist places.
18. ANGELICA L. Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaf -blades pinnate or
decompound. Umbels compound. Involucres and involucels present or want-
ing. Sepals small or obsolete. Petals white or greenish, broadest above the
middle. Fruit longer than broad: carpels wath the dorsal and contiguous
ribs prominent, and broadly winged lateral ribs: oil-tubes solitary or several
in the intervals and 2-10, or more, in the inner face. — Sum. and fall. —
Angelica.
Fruit glabrous : branches of the umbel glabrous or nearly so : leaves with acute
or acutish segments. 1. A. atropurpurea.
Fruit pubescent : branches of the umbel copiously pubescent :
leaves with obtuse segments 2. A. villosa.
1. A. atropurpurea L. Plant 11-21 dm. tall, the stem dark-purple: leaflets
2.5-7.5 cm. long; blades thick, ovate to lanceolate, coarsely serrate: umbel-
AMMIACEAE. 213
rays 2.5-7.5 cm. long: pedicels 10-16 mm. loug: corolla white or greenish-
white : fruits oblong to oval-orbicular, 6-6.5 mm. long, glabrous. — Occasional,
in low grounds.
2. A. villosa (Walt.) B.S.P. Plants 6-1& dm. tall: leaflets 2-5 cm. long, the
blades thickish, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or oval, 2-5 cm. long, serrate:
umbel-rays 2-5 cm. long: pedicels 3-4 mm. long: corolla white: fruits orbicu-
lar or orbicular-obovate, 4.5-5 mm. long, pubescent. — Common, in dry thickets
and woods.
19. OXYPOLIS Eaf. Perennial herbs. Leaf-blades pinnate or ternate,
or rarely reduced to hollow septate phyllodia. Umbels compound. Involucres
and involucels present. Sepals acute. Petals white. Fruit longer than broad,
dorsally flattened: carpels with the dorsal and contiguous ribs thin, and
winged lateral ribs, the latter nerved near the inner part of the wing: oil-tubes
solitary in the intervals and 2-6 in the inner face.
1. O. rigidior (L.) Eaf. Plants 5-18 dm. tall: leaves with relatively short,
often broad, leaflets; blades entire or saliently toothed, pale beneath: umbel
usually many-rayed: fruits oblong or oval, 5-6.5 mm. long, pale-winged. — S.
Eare, in swamps. — Schists. — Sum.
20. PASTINACA L. Annual or biennial herbs. Leaf -blades pinnately
compound. Umbels compound. Involucres and involucels usually wanting.
Sepals obsolete. Petals yellow. Fruit somewhat longer than broad, much
dorsally flattened: carpels with the dorsal and contiguous ribs slender, and
thin lateral wings: oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and 2-4 in the inner side.
1. P. sativa L. Plants coarse, strong-scented, 6-20 dm. tall: leaf -segments
ovate or oblong, crenate-serrate, incised or lobed: fruits obovate, oval, or
orbicular-oval, 5-6 mm. long. — Common, on roadsides and in waste places. —
Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Wild-paesnip.
21. HEKACLEUM L. Perennial herbs. Leaf -blades ternately compound.
Umbels compound. Involucres and involucels of few, often deciduous, bracts
and braetlets or the former wanting. Sepals minute or obsolete. Petals
white, broadest above the middle, those of the outer and inner flowers different
in shape. Fruit usually longer than broad, strongly dorsally flattened: carpels
with the dorsal and contiguous ribs slender, and broadly winged lateral ribs,
the latter nerved near the outer edge: oil-tubes solitary in each interval, and
2-4 in the outer face, rarely extending beyond the middle of the carpel.
1. H. lanatum Mi'chx. Plants coarse and heavy-scented, 6-25 dm. tall: leaf-
blades 1-4 dm. long, the segments sharply toothed: umbel-rays 8-30, stout,
3-15 cm. long: fruits oval to obovate-oval, 8-12 mm. long. — Common, in
fields and waste places. — Sum. — Cow-parsnip.
22. DAUCXJS [Tourn.] L. Annual or biennial herbs. Leaf-blades pin-
nately decompound. Umbels compound. Involucres and involucels various,
or wanting. Sepals minute or obsolete. Petals white or rarely colored, often
unequal, broadest above the middle, inflexed at the apex. Fruit longer than
broad: carpels with 5 low primary ribs and 4 winged secondary ribs which are
also armed with a row of barbed bristles: oil-tubes solitary under the secondary
ribs and 2 on the inner face. — Carrot.
1. D. Carota L. Plants hispid, 4-12 dm. tall: leaf -segments very numerous:
umbel-rays many : corollas unequal in size and the central one often purple :
214 PYROLACEAE.
petals unequal: fruit 3-4 mm. long, the wings prickly. — Common, in fields
and waste places. — Sum. — Wild-carrot.
Series 2. GAMOPETALAE.
Petals more or less united, or occasionally distinct, or very
rarely wanting.
Order ERICALES.
Herbs, unclersbrubs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes humus-plants or
saprophytes. Leaves alternate, often evergreen : blades simple. Flowers
mainly perfect and eomiDlete. Calyx of 2-8, usually 5, partially united
sepals. Corolla of 2-8, usually 5, mostly united petals. Androecium of as
many or twice as many stamens as petals, sometimes partially reduced to
staminodia: filaments mostly free. Gynoecium of several united carpels.
Fruit capsular, baccate, or drupaceous.
Gynoecium superior : fruit capsular, sometimes fleshy but not truly baccate or
drupaceous.
Corolla of essentially distinct petals.
Herbaceous perennials with persistent green leaves. Pam. 1. Pyrolaceae.
Herbaceous saprophytes destitute of green leaves Fam. 2. Monoteopaceae.
Corolla of manifestly united petals. Pam. 3. Ericaceae.
Gynoecium Inferior : fruit baccate or drupaceous. Pam. 4. Vacciniaceae.
I
Family 1. PYROLACEAE. Wintergreen Family.
Perennial evergreen herbs, with elongate rootstocks. Leaves alter-
nate, mostly near the base of the stem : blades leathei-y. Flowers in
tei'uiinal clusters or solitaiy, sometimes irregular. Calyx of 4 or 5 per-
sistent sepals. Corolla often white or pink, of 4 or 5 essentially distinct,
wax-like petals. Androecium of twice as many stamens as there are
petals : anthers inverted in anthesis. Gynoecium of 4 or 5 united carpels :
stigTiias united. Fruit a 4- or 5-valved loculieidal capsule.
Style elongate : flowers racemose : filaments unappendaged : capsule opening from
base to top. 1. I'ikola.
Style very short : flowers corymbed or umbeled : filaments append-
aged at the base: capsule opening from top to base. 2. Ciiimaphila.
1. PYROLA [Tourn.] L. Leaves with broad blades. Flowers in elongate
racemes. Filaments unappendaged and glabrous. Capsule nodding, the valve-
margins cobwebby. — Sum. — Wintergreen. Shin-leaf.
Stamens converging : style straight : anthers not contracted below the opening.
1. i'. sccuncla.
Stamens declined : style declined : anthers contracted below the
opening.
Leaf-blades lustrous : sepals oblong or lanceolate. 2. /'. americana.
Leaf-blades not lustrous : sepals ovate to triangular.
Anther-horns long : leaf -blades orbicular, leathery, mostly
shorter than the petioles. 3. P. cMorantlia.
Anther-horns very short and stout : leaf-blades oval, mem-
branous, mostly longer than the petioles. 4. P. clUptica.
1. P. secunda L. Plants mostly 1-1.5 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate, oval, or
orbicular-ovate, 1-3 cm. long, acute or mucronate, shallowly serrate, longer
than the petioles: calyx 1.5-2 mm. long; sepals ovate to ovate-oblong: petals
oblong or ovate-oblong, 4-6 mm. long: anthers 1.5 mm. long: capsules 4-5 mm.
wide. — Very rare. Collected many years ago, perhaps in the western or
northern part of the county.
MONOTROPACEAE. 215
2. P. americana Sweet. Plants 2-3 dm. tall: leaf -blades tliickish, 2-5 cm.
long, mostly shorter than the petiole: sepals 2-3 mm. long: petals obovate to
orbicular-obovate, 7-9 mm. long: capsules 6-7 mm. wide. — Common, in woods.
3. P. chlorantha Sw. Plants mostly 1.5-3 dm. tall: leaf -blades suborbicular,
varying to oval or reniform, 1-2.5 cm. long, obtuse, undulate, or obscurely
toothed, mostly shorter than the petioles: sepals deltoid: petals suborbicular
to orbicular-obovate, 6.5-9 mm. long: anthers 2.5 mm. long: capsules 7-9 mm.
wide. — Turkey Hill, along the Susquehanna. — Limestones, schists.
4. P. elliptlca Nutt. Plant 1-3 dm. tall: leaf-blades thinnish, 3-9 cm. long,
mostly longer than the petiole: sepals triangular-ovate: petals oblong to
oblong-obovate, 5.5-7 mm. long : capsules 5-6 mm. wide. — Common, in woods.
2. CHIMAPHILA Pursh. Leaves with relatively narrow blades. Flowers
in corymbs. Filaments with pubescent or erose-ciliate appendages at the base.
Capsule erect, the valve-margins glabrous. — Sum. — Pipsissewa.
Sepals longer than wide : petals ciliolate all around : filament-appendages pubescent.
1. C. macidata.
Sepals wider than long : petals erose-ciliolate and jagged at the
apex : filament-appendages erose-ciliate. 2. C. utniellata.
1. C. maculata (L.) Pursh. Plant 7-22 cm. tall: leaf -blades lanceolate or
sometimes broader, 2-5 cm. long, variegated: sepals rounded at the apex,
ciliolate: petals 10-12 mm. long: filament-appendages narrow. — Common, in
woods. — Spotted-wixtergreen.
2. C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. Plant 9-32 em. tall: leaf-blades oblanceolate,
cuneate, or obovate-cujaeate, 2-10 cm. long, not variegated: sepals not rounded
at the apex, erose: petals 9-11 mm. long: filament -appendages broad. —
Common, in woods. — Prince 's-pine.
Family 2. MONOTROPACEAE. Indian-pipe Family.
Saprophytic or humus herbs, with matted roots. Stems scape-like,
simple. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in racemes, or solitary, nod-
ding. Calyx of 2-6 deciduous sepals. Corolla white or colored, of 3-6
petals, or wanting. Androecium of 6-12 stamens : anthers with valves or
pores. Gynoecium of 4—6 united carpels: stigma capitate, disc-like, or
funnelform. Fruit a 4— 6-valved loculicidal capsule.
Flower solitary : anthers opening by 2 pores : plant white or pale pink, drying black.
1. MONOTEOPA.
Flowers several : anthers unequally valvate : plant yellowish or red. 2. IIypopitys.
1. MONOTROPA L. White or pale-pink wax-like herbs. Flowers color-
less. Sepals 2-4, unequal. Petals 5 or 6, dilated at the apex. Gynoecium
glabrous.
1. M. uniflora L. Plant 1-3 dm. tall, black when dry: sepals spatulate or ob-
long-spatulate, 10-16 mm. long: erose at the apex: petals 17-18 mm. long. —
Common, in rich woods. — Sum. — Indian-pipe. Corpse-plant.
2. HYPOPITYS Adans. Colored fragrant herbs. Flowers in a terminal
raceme, deep-pink, yellow, red, or crimson. Sepals and petals 5 each in the
earliest flower, 3 or 4 in the later ones. Gynoecium pubescent. — Sum. and
fall. — Pine-sap. False beech-drops.
Stigma not retrorsely bearded : style sparingly pubescent : sepals and petals with
short cilia. 1. H. americana.
Stigma retrorsely bearded : style copiously pubescent : sepals
and petals with long cilia. 2. H. lanuginosa.
216 ERICACEAE.
1. H. americana (D.C.) Small. Plants tawny or yellow, finely pubescent or
nearly glabrous, 1-3 dm. tall: sepals 7-10 mm. long: petals sparingly pubes-
cent: capsules oval or oblong-oval, 7-10 mm. long. — S. Occasional, in woods.
2. H. lanuginosa (Michx.) Nutt. Plants deep pink and crimson, markedly or
copiously pubescent, 0.5-3.5 dm. tall: sepals 6-9 mm. long: petals markedly
pubescent : capsules globular, 4-5 mm. long. — Common, in woods and thickets.
Family 3. ERICACEAE. Heath Family.
Shrubs, trees, or undershrubs. Leaves often persistent : blades com-
monly leathery. Flowers typically perfect. Calyx of 4-7 distinct or
partially united sepals. Corolla of 4-7 distinct or partially united petals,
sometimes slightly 2-lipped. Androecium of as many or twice as many
stamens as there are petals : anthers opening by pores, chinks, or valves.
Gynoeeium of 2-7 united carpels. Fruit a capsule, or sometimes baccate
or drupaceous.
Capsule septicidal : anthers unappendaged.
Anthers opening by pores : corolla not salverform : erect
shrubs or trees : capsules dry.
Flowers from scaly buds : corolla irregular : seeds winged.
Corolla of a funnelform type : leaves deciduous ; blades gland-tipped.
1. Azalea.
Corolla of a campanulate type : leaves persistent ;
blades not gland-tipped. 2. Rhododendron.
Flowers not from scaly buds : corolla regular : seeds not
winged. 3. Kalmia.
Anthers longitudinally dehiscent : corolla salverform : pros-
trate and creeping slightly shrubby plants : capsules fleshy. 4. Epigaba.
Capsule loculicidal, sometimes enclosed in the fleshy accrescent
hypanthium and calyx {Gaultheria) .
Calyx dry, not accrescent : fruit dry, not berry-like.
"Capsules not angled, the valve-margins not thickened :
calyx-lobes imbricate, at least in the bud. 5. Eubotkys.
Capsules angled or the valve-margins thickened : calyx-lobes
valvate or separate in the bud.
Filaments appendaged : corolla of a cylindraceous-
campanulate type. 6. Neopieris.
Filaments unappendaged : corolla of an urceolate type. 7. Aesenococcus.
Calyx fleshy, accrescent : fruit fleshy, berry-like. 8. Gaultheria.
1. AZAIjEA L. Erect deciduous-leaved shrubs. Leaves alternate: blades
sometimes bristle-toothed. Calyx deciduous: lobes 5, conspicuously ciliate.
Corolla variously colored, funnelform: tube elongate: limb 2-lipped. Stamens
5 or rarely 10, conspicuously exserted: anthers with terminal pores. Style
declined. Capsule elongate.
Corollas expanding before the leaves ; limb deep-pink or purple. 1. A. nudiftora.
Corollas expanding after the leaves ; limb white or pale-pink.
Calyx-lobes ovate to triangular-ovate : leaves with the midrib
strigillose beneath. 2. A. viscosa.
Calyx-lobes lanceolate to linear : leaves with the midrib gla-
brous beneath. 3. A. arhorescens.
1. A. nudiflora L. Shrub 0.5-3 m. tall, the twigs tomentulose and strigose-
hispid: leaf -blades oblong to obovate, 3-10 cm. long, hispidulous beneath:
pedicels 10-20 mm. long: corolla deep-pink to purple, or rarely white; tube
about 2 cm. long: capsules 1-3 cm. long, strigose or hirsute-strigose. — Com-
mon, in woods. — Spr. — Honeysuckle. Pinxter-flower.
2. A. viscosa L. Shrub 1-3 m. tall, the twigs hispidulous: leaf-blades oblong
to elliptic-oblanceolate, cuneate, or obovate, 2-6 cm. long, strigillose beneath:
calyx-lobes 1-2 mm. long: corolla white or pale-pink; tube 2-2.5 cm. long:
anthers about 2 mm. long: capsules 1.5-2 cm. long, slender, rather strigose,
gradually narrowed at the apex. — N. S. Common, in moist thickets. — Sand-
stones and shales, schists. — Spr. and sum. — Swamp-honeysuckle. Clammy-
azalea.
EEICACEAE. 217
3. A. arborescens Pursh. Shrub, or tree becoming 6 m. tall^ the twigs gla-
brous: leaf -blades elliptic, oval, oblanceolate, or cuneate, 4-10 cm. long, gla-
brous beneath: calyx-lobes 4-6 mm. long: corolla white or pale-pink; tube
2.5-3 cm. long: anthers about 3 mm. long: capsules 1-2 cm. long, stout,
bristly-glandular, abruptly narrowed at the apex. — Islands and shores of the
Susquehanna. — Schists. — Late spr. and early sum. — Smooth-azalea.
2. RHODODENDRON L. Evergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate:
blades leathery, not ciliate. Calyx persistent : lobes broad and short. Corolla
variously colored, campanulate : tube very short ; limb 2-lipped. Stamens
usually 10, slightly exserted, with terminal pores. Style declined. Capsule
elongate. '-''!
1. R. maximum L. Shrub, or tree becoming 12 m. tall, the twigs glabrous or
nearly so: leaf -blades oblong to oblong-oblanceolate, 10-25 cm. long, bright-
green: calyx-lobes 4-6 mm. long: corolla white or pink, mottled with yellow
or orange, 3-6 cm. wide. — Ravines, near the Susquehanna and rarely near
other large streams. — Sum. — Great-laurel.
3. KATiMIA L. Evergreen shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, opposite,
or whorled : blades entire. Calyx persistent : lobes 5, leathery. Corolla regu-
lar, white, pink, purple, or crimson, rotate, the lobes obtuse : tube short, with
10 sacs. Stamens 10: filaments elastically straightening at maturity: anthers
short, attached near the top. Capsule spheroidal. — Sum. — Laurel.
Corolla about twice as long as the calyx : inflorescence lateral : sepals not ciliate.
1. E. angustifolia.
Corolla several times as long as tlie calyx : inflorescence termi-
nal : sepals ciliate. 2. E. latifolia.
1, K. angustifolia L. Shrub 2-12 dm. tall, the twigs glabrous or nearly so:
leaf -blades oblong to lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, pale beneath: calyx-lobes ovate
to oblong-ovate, 1-1.5 mm. long: corolla purple to crimson, 6-8 mm. wide:
filaments 3-4 mm. long: capsules 3-3.5 mm. wide. — S. Rare, on moist banks
near New Texas. — Schists. — Sheep-laurel. Lambkill. Wicky.
2. K. latifolia L. Shrub, or tree becoming 12 m. tall, the twigs often fuzzy
when young : leaf -blades elliptic to oval, 5-12 cm. long, glabrous, dark-green :
calyx-lobes oblong to oblong-ovate, about 2 mm. long: corolla white or pink,
20-25 mm. wide: filaments 10-12 mm. long: capsules 5-7 mm. wide. — Com-
mon, in dry woods. — Mountain-laurel. Calico-bush. Spoon-wood.
4. EPIGAEA L. Evergreen creeping undershrubs. Leaves alternate:
blades entire. Flowers perfect or dioecious, in axillary clusters. Calyx-lobes
5, persistent, but scarcely accrescent. Corolla white or pink, salverform, the
limb 5-lobed. Filaments slender, with a tuft of hairs near the middle: anthers
oblong-ovoid, awnless. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule depressed.
1. E. repens L. Stem and branches 5-30 cm. long, hirsute: leaf -blades oblong
to oblong-ovate or suborbieular, 2-10 cm. long, finely reticulate : calyx-lobes
lanceolate, acuminate: corolla about twice as long as the calyx; lobes ovate:
capsules spheroidal, 5-lobed. — N. S. Common, in dry woods and on banks. —
Sandstones and shales, schists. — Spr. — Trailing-arbutus. Mayflower.
5. EUBOTRYS Nutt. Deciduous-leaved shrubs with rigid stems and
branches. Leaves alternate: blades finely toothed. Flowers in terminal
racemes. Calyx-lobes very short. Stamens 10, included: anthers awned.
Capsule depressed.
218 ERICACEAE.
1. E. racemosa (L.) Nutt. Shrub 1-4 m. tall, the twigs glabrous, at least
in age: leaf -blades oblong or elliptic, 2-7 cm. long: calyx-lobes triangular,
becoming triangular-lanceolate or deltoid-ovate: corolla 8-9 mm. long: anthers
much shorter than the filaments: capsules 4-5 mm. wide. — S. Eare, in swamps
and lower Susquehanna valley. — Schists. — Spr. — Fetteb-bush.
6. N£OPIEIMS Britton. Deciduous-leaved shrubs. Leaves alternate:
blades entire. Flowers in clusters or leafless branches. Calyx-lobes 5, much
longer than the tube. Corolla white or pink, cylindraceous-campanulate, 5-
lobed. Filaments appendaged near the top : anthers awnless. Capsules of an
ovoid type.
1, N, mariana (L.) Britton. Deciduous-leaved shrub 1-2 m. tall: leaf-blades
membranous, oblong to oval, or broadened upward, 2-6 cm. long, obtuse or
apiculate: flower-clusters lateral: calyx-lobes broadly lanceolate, acute: corolla
white or pinkish, 10-12 mm. long, less than twice as long as the calyx: cap-
sules 7-9 mm. long, rib-angled. — S. Eare, in dry soil or woods. — Schists. —
Spr. — Stagger-bush.
7. ARSENOCOCCUS Small. Deciduous-leaved shrubs with more or less
pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate: blades membranous or thickish. Flower-
clusters in terminal panicled racemes. Calyx-lobes broad, short, persistent.
Corolla urceolate, usually globular or depressed, with very short spreading or
recurved lobes. Filaments thickened below the anthers, uuappendaged. Cap-
sule depressed, usually spheroidal, not angled.
1. A. ligustrinus (L.) Small. Desiduous-leaved shrub 1-4 m. tall: leaf -blades
oblong, elliptic, or obovate, 3-7 cm. long, entire or indistinctly serrulate:
corolla mostly over 3.5 mm. long, not appressed: capsules globular, mainly 3-4
mm. wide. — N. S. Common, in dry woods and thickets. — Sandstones and
shales, schists. — Sum. — Male-berry.
8. GAULTHERIA L. Evergreen undershrubs, with rootstocks. Leaves
alternate, approximate near the ends of the branches: blades shallowly
toothed. Flowers axillary. Calyx-lobes 5, persistent and accrescent. Corolla
urceolate, 5-lobed. Filaments dilated near the base, pubescent : anthers awned.
Capsule enclosed in the accrescent fleshy calyx.
1. G. procumbens L. Plants 3-15 cm. tall: leaf -blades oval or elliptic, vary-
ing to ovate or obovate, 1.5-6 cm. long, serrate: calyx-lobes ovate: corolla
white, 6-7 mm. long; lobes recurved: fruit globular, 7-11 mm. thick, red or
white, spicy. — Common, in moist woods. — Sum. — Wintergreen. Creep-
ING-WINTERGREETSr. CHECKERBERRY.
Family 4. VACCINIACEAE. Huckleberry Family.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate : blades simple. Flowers perfect,
regular, solitaiy or variously clustered, drooping. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals.
Corolla of 4 or 5 usually partially united petals. Androecium of tAviee as
many stamens as there are corolla-lobes. Gynoeeium of several united
carpels, the ovary vidioUy inferior or half inferior. Fruit a berry or drupe.
Ovary 10-celled : fruit a berry-like drupe with 10 nutlets. 1. Gaylussacia.
Ovary 4-5-celled : fruit a many-seeded berry.
Petals more or less united : berries blue or black : erect
shrub or trees.
Anthers exserted, awned : corolla campanulate. 2. Polycodium.
Anthers Included, awnless : corolla globose, ovoid, urceo-
late or cylindric. 3. Vaccinium.
Petals distinct : berries red : trailing and creeping under-
shrubs. 4. Oxycoccus.
ERICACEAE. 219
1. GAYLUSSACIA H.B.K. Shrubs. Leaves deciduous: blades entire,
commonly reticulate-veiny. Flowers in lateral racemes. Sepals 5. Corolla
campanulate, globular-campanulate, or conic. Stamens included: anthers tubu-
lar at the top, unappendaged. Drupe globular, nodding, with 10 nutlets. —
Huckleberry.
Anthers several times as lung as the filaments, the tubular appendages much longer
than the sacs. 1. (?. dumosa.
Anthers slightly if at all longer than the tilaments, the tubular
appendages scarcely if at all longer than the sacs.
Corolla campanulate to globular-campanulate : drupes blue,
glaucous. 2. G. frondosa.
Corolla conic, sometimes becoming cylindraceous : drupes black,
not glaucous. 3. G. taccata.
1. G. dumosa (Andr.) Nutt. Shrub 1-5 dm. tall: leaf -blades oval, obovate, or
oblanceolate, or rarely narrower, 2-4 cm. long: hypanthium and sepals
minutely glandular-pubescent: corolla 5-6 mm. long: drupes 6-8 mm. in
diameter. — S. Frequent, mostly in sjjhagnous swamps. — Schists. — Sum. —
Dwarf-huckleberry.
2. G. frondosa (L.) T. & G. Shrub 10-30 dm. tall, with puberulent foliage,
at least when young: leaf -blades oblong-oblanceolate, ovate, oval, or obovate,
glaucous and globular-resiniferous beneath: hypanthium and sepals glabrous:
anthers about as long as the filaments : drupes 8-10 mm. in diameter, blue. —
S. Eare, in swamps. — Schists. — Early s'um. — Blue-tangle.
3. G. baccata (Wang.) C. Koch. Shrub 3-11 dm. tall, with sticky-resinous
foliage: leaf -blades elliptic, oval, or oblong, 2-4.5 em. long: hypanthium and
sepals resinous-atomiferous: corolla red or reddish-green, 5-6 mm. long:
drupes 6-10 mm. in diameter, black. — N. S. Common, in dry woods and
thickets. — Early sum. — Black-huckleberry.
2. POLYCODIUM Eaf. Shrubs. Leaves mainly deciduous: blades
entire. Flowers in leafy-bracted racemes. Sepals 5. Corolla open-campanu-
late: lobes not contiguous in the bud. Stamens exserted: anthers tubular at
the top and appendaged. Berry globular or pyriform, often mawkish, green
or yellowish, few-seeded. — Spr. — Buckberry. Squaw-hucklebekry. Deer-
berry.
Leaf-blades green beneath, the hairs inconspicuous : berries green or yellowish.
1. P. stamineum.
Leaf-blades glaucous beneath, the hairs pale or white : berries
glaucous. 2. P. candicans.
1, P. Stamineum (L.) Greene. Plants 1-2 m. tall. Leaf -blades oblong to
elliptic, varying to oblong-lanceolate or oblong-cuneate, 7-8 cm. long, green
and inconspicuously pubescent beneath: corolla about 5 mm. long: filaments
slightly longer than the anther-sacs: berries about 10 mm. in diameter. — S.
Common, in thickets and woods. — Schists.
2. P. candicans (C. Mohr) Small. Plants 1-2 m. tall. Leaf -blades narrowly
oblong or elliptic, 3-8 cm. long, narrowly subcordate or truncate at the base,
glaucous and pubescent beneath with pale or white hairs: filaments decidedly
longer than the anther-sacs : berries fully 10 mm. long, glaucous. — E. Fre-
quent, in woods on the Welsh mountains. — Quartsite.
3. VACCINIUM L. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves mostly deciduous:
blades entire or slightly toothed. Flowers in racemes or clusters. Sepals 5.
Corolla ovoid, cylindraceous, or campanulate-oblong. Stamens included:
anthers tubular at the apex, unappendaged. Berry globular, blue or black. —
Blueberry.
220 ERICACEAE.
Corolla cylindric or nearly so, twice or thrice as long as thick. 1. V. corymhosum.
Corolla urn-shaped, oblong or cylindric-oblong, once or twice
as long as thick.
Leaf-blades not glaucous beneath : twigs green.
Berries black : leaf-blades entire or essentially so,
pubescent beneath. 2. V. atrococcum.
Berries glaucous : leaf-blades manifestly serrulate, gla-
brous or nearly so. 3. V. angustifolium.
Leaf-blades glaucous beneath : twigs yellowisli. 4. V. vaciUans.
1. V. corymljosum L. Plant 1-4 m. tall, the twigs glabrous or nearly so : leaf-
blades oblong to elliptic, 2.5-8 cm. long, entire, pubescent on or near the veins
beneath: corolla white or pale-pink, cylindric or narrowly ovoid, 8-12 mm.
long : berries 6-10 mm. in diameter, deep-blue and glaucous. — Common, in
moist thickets. — Spr. — High-blueberry. Swamp-blueberry.
2. V. atrococcum (A. Gray) Heller. Plant 0.4-4 m. tall, the twigs finely
pubescent: leaf-blades oval to elliptic, or sometimes slightly broadest above
the middle, 2-7 cm. long, entire, dark-green above, pubescent beneath: corolla
yellowish or greenish-white, and sometimes red-tinged, ovoid-campanulate,
4-8 mm. long : berries 6-8 mm. in diameter, not glaucous. — Common, in moist
thickets. — Spr. — Black high-blueberry.
3. V. angustifolium Ait. Plant mostly 2-3 dm. tall, the twigs minutely
pubescent: leaf -blades oblong or elliptic, varying to broadest above or below
the middle, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, acute at both ends, eiliate, pubescent on the mid-
rib or veins beneath: sepals deltoid: corolla white or pinkish, long-campanulate,
4-6 mm. long: berry globular, 6-10 mm. in diameter, glaucous, very sweet.
[F. pennsylvanicum Lam.] — M. Eare, in open woods, near Fruitville. — ■
Limestones. — Spr. — Low-blueberry. Early-blueberry. Sweet-blueberry.
4. V. vaciUans Kalm. Plant 1-12 dm. tall, the twigs glabrous: leaf -blades
oval, broadly oblong, or sometimes ovate to obovate, 2-5 cm. long, more or less
distinctly serrulate, glabrous beneath: corolla greenish-yellow, and sometimes
red-tinged, cylindric-oblong, 4-7 mm. long: berries 4-7 mm. in diameter, blue
and glaucous. — Common, in dry places. — Early sum. — Late sweet-blue-
berry.
4. OXYCOCCUS Hill. Vines. Leaves persistent: blades entire. Flowers
solitary or several together on terminal peduncles. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals
4 or 5, pink or red, distinct. Stamens conspicuously exserted. Anthers termi-
nating in long tubes. Berry mainly globose, rarely elongate or depressed, red.
1. O. macrocarpus (Ait.) Pers. Stems trailing and creeping, sometimes 1 m.
long: leaf -blades oblong, rarely varying to ovate or orbicular, 6-14 mm. long,
revolute: sepals fully as broad as long: petals lanceolate to oblong-lanceo-
late, 7-9 mm. long : berries 1-2 cm. in diameter, acid. — E. S. Rare, in wet
sandy soil. — Schists. — Sum. — Cranberry.
Order PRIMULALES.
Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines. Leaves alternate or opposite, some-
times all basal. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, variously disposed.
Calyx of 2-several partially united sepals. Corolla of 2-several distinct or
partially united petals. Androecium of as many stamens as there are
sepals or petals, sometimes accompanied by staminodia. Gynoecium of
4-6 united carpels, or rarely more. Fruit capsular or drupaceous, or
rarely an achene or a utricle.
PRIMULACEAE. 221
Family PRIMULACEAE. PpniuosE Family.
Herbs, various in habit. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled,
sometimes all basal : blades entire, toothed, or rarely dissected. Flowers
perfect. Calyx of 4-9 partially united sepals, commonly persistent.
Corolla of 4r-9 partially united petals, or rarely wanting. Androecium of
as many stamens as there are sepals and alternate with them, sometimes
with staminodia. Gynoecium a single pistil, with centi'al placentae. Style
single. Fruit a 1-eelled 2-8-valved capsule.
Ovary superior.
Corolla-lobes erect or merely spreading: anthers not sagittate.
Plants with a whorl of leaf-like bracts subtending the inflorescence : corolla
white. 1. Trientalis.
Plants without a whorl of bracts subtending the inflo-
rescence : corolla colored.
Capsule opening lengthwise, not nodding.
Androecium without staminodia : filaments united
below the middle : anthers ovoid. 2. Lysimachia.
Androecium with staminodia : filaments distinct or
essentially so : anthers linear. 3. Steironema.
Capsule clrcumscissile, nodding, 4. Anagallis.
Corolla-lobes reflexed : anthers sagittate. 5. Dodecatheon.
Ovary half-inferior. 6. Samolus.
1. TKIENTAIjIS L. Perennial caulescent herbs vv'ith slender rootstocks.
Leaves mostly reduced to minute scales on the scape-liie stem. Flowers soli-
tary or clustered at the top of the stem, slender-pedicelled, subtended by a
whorl of leaf-like bracts. Calyx-lobes narrow. Corolla rotate: lobes much
longer than the tube. Filaments slender. Anthers narrow, curved. Capsule
short.
1. T. horealis Eaf. Plants 5-2-5 cm. tall, slender: leaves (scales) remote,
mostly 2-8 mm. long : bracts leaf -like, 5-10 ; blades elliptic to elliptic-lanceo-
late, 3-10 cm. long, acuminate at both ends: pedicels filiform, 2-5 cm. long:
sepals linear: corolla 1.5-2 cm. wide; lobes oblong or elliptic, acuminate: cap-
sules 3— i mm. in diameter. - — ■ S. Rare, in woods near "Wakefield. — Schists. —
Spr. — Star-flower. Chickweed-wintergreen.
2. LYSIMACHIA [Tourn.] L. Perennial or rarely annual herbs, the
foliage glandular-punctate. Leaves opposite or apparently whorled. Corolla
yellow, rotate or nearly so : lobes entire, acute or obtuse. Filaments partially
united. Staminodia wanting. Anthers ovoid. — Sum. — Loosestrife.
Calyx-lobes ovate : stem and branches creeping. 1. L. Nummnlaria.
Calyx-lobes lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or linear : stems erect.
Flowers in a terminal raceme, the racemes sometimes leafy
bracted : corolla streaked.
Inflorescence extending nearly the length of the plant :
flowers axillary to leaf-like bracts. 2. L. quadrifolia.
Inflorescence a terminal virgate raceme : flowers axillary
to small bracts. 3. L. tcrrcstris.
Flowers in a terminal panicle : corolla without dots or
streaks. 4. L. ridf/aris.
1. L. Nummularia L. Stem and branches 1-7 dm. long: leaf -blades sub-
orbicular, 0.8-3 cm. long: calyx-lobes ovate, 8-9 mm. long, cordate at the base:
corolla-lobes 11-14 mm. long, obovate to ovate: capsules about 4 mm. thick.
— Common, on moist banks, and about gardens. Nat. of Eu. — Moneywort.
2. L. quadrifolia L. Stem 2-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades lanceolate to oval, 1.5-9
cm. long: pedicels shorter than the bracts: calyx-lobes lanceolate, 5-6 mm.
long, acuminate: corolla-lobes oblong to ovate-oblong, exceeding the calyx:
capsules 2.5-3 mm. thick. — Common, in thickets and woods.
222 PEIMULACEAE.
3. L. terrestris (L.) B.S.P. Stem 5-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades lanceolate, oblong-
lanceolate, or narrowly elliptic, 2-6 cm. long, abruptly smaller near the
inflorescence: pedicels longer than the bracts: calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate,
about 2 mm. long: corolla-lobes oblong-lanceolate: capsules about 2 mm.
thick. — Common, in wet sandy soil and swamps.
4. L. vulgaris L. Stems commonly 1 m. tall or less, softly fine-pubescent:
leaf-blades lanceolate, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly ovate, 5.5-13 cm.
long, acute or slightly acuminate: flowers short-pedicelled : calyx-lobes lanceo-
late, dark-margined, acuminate : corolla deep-yellow, 1.5—2 cm. wide ; lobes ovate
or oblong-ovate: capsules 3.5-4.5 mm. in diameter. — S. Shore of the Susque-
hanna at Tuequan. Nat. of Eu.
3. STEIRONEMA Eaf. Perennial herbs, the foliage not glandular-punc-
tate. Leaves opposite. Corolla yellow, rotate: lobes erose or erose-ciliate,
mucronate. Filaments distinct or nearly so, alternating with manifest stami-
nodia. Anthers linear. — Sum. — Loosestrife.
Bracts with ovate blades : leaf-blades rounded or cordate at the base.
1. S. ciliatum.
Bracts with linear, oblong or narrowly lanceolate blades :
leaf-blades narrowed at the base. 2. 8. lanccolatum.
1. S. ciliatum (L.) Eaf. Stem 2-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate, oblong-ovate
or broadly lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, like the petioles ciliate: calyx-lobes nar-
rowly lanceolate, 6-7 mm. long: corolla-lobes ovate or obovate, erose-ciliate:
capsules about 5 mm. thick. — Common, in damp thickets.
2. S, lanceolatum (Walt.) A. Gray. Stem 2-6 dm. tall: lower cauline leaves
with oblong or lanceolate blades; upper cauline leaves much longer than the
lower ones, the blades mainly linear, 3-10 cm. long, the petiole-like bases only
or mainly ciliate near the stem: calyx-lobes 4-5 mm. long: corolla-lobes 5-8
mm. long: staminodia ovate: capsules 2.5-3 mm. thick, — S. Eare, in sandy
soil, islands at McCall 's Ferry. — Schists.
4. ANAGALLIS [Tourn.] L. Annual or rarely perennial herbs of culti-
vated or waste places. Leaves mostly opposite: blades thinnish. Corolla
rotate, longer than the calyx; lobes dilated. Filaments pubescent: anthers
oblong.
1. A. arvensis L. Stem and branches 5-30 cm. long: leaf -blades ovate, or
oval, 5-20 mm. long, entire, sessile: calyx-lobes lanceolate, about 2 mm. long:
corolla scarlet or rarely white (blue in A. arvensis coerulea), 5-7 mm. wide;
lobes glandular-ciliate : capsules about 4 mm. in diameter, on recurved pedicels.
— Common, in sandy soil and in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. —
Sum. — Pooe-man's weather-glass. Shepherd's weather-glass. Pimpernel.
5. DODECATHEON L. Perennial scapose herbs of cliffs or bluffs.
Leaves on a short caudex: blades entire to coarsely toothed. Flowers showy,
in a terminal umbel, nodding. Calyx-lobes reflexed in anthesis. Corolla with
a very short tube and reflexed longer lobes. Stamens erect.
1. D. Meadia L. Leaf -blades spatulate to oblong, 5-20 cm. long, entire to
coarsely crenate: scapes overtopping the leaves: calyx-lobes linear to linear-
lanceolate, much longer than the tube: corolla pink-purple or almost white;
petals 1-1.5 cm. long: capsules oblong-cylindric, 1.2-1.5 cm. long, much longer
than the calyx. — M. S. Occasional, on rocky hillsides along the Conestoga
Creek and the Susquehanna. — Limestones, schists. — Spr. — Meadia. Shoot-
ing-star. American-cowslip.
6. SAMOLUS [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial caulescent herbs of wet
places. Leaves alternate: blades entire. Flowers in simple or branched.
OLEACEAE. 223
sessile or nearly sessile, racemes. Calyx perigynous: sepals 5. Corolla perig-
ynous : lobes 5, imbricate, with staminodia at the sinuses. Stamens 5 : fila-
ments very short, adnate to the base of the very short corolla-tube. Ovary and
capsule half-inferior.
1. S. floribundus H.B.K. Plant glabrous, 1-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades spatulate
to oval or obovate, 3-15 cm. long: sepals ovate or triangular-ovate, barely 1
mm. long, acute: corolla white, 3 mm. wide; lobes oblong: capsules 2.5-3 mm.
in diameter. — M. Rare, in wet soil, along the Conestoga Creek. — Limestones.
— Sum. — • Water-pimpernel. Brookweed.
Order EBENALES.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, opiDosite, or wborled : blades
simple. Flowers perfect, monoecious, or dioecious. Calyx of 3-12 par-
tially united sepals. Corolla of 3-12 partially united petals. Androecium
of as many stamens as there are corolla-lobes or twice as many, or more,
sometimes accompanied by staminodia. Gynoecium of 3-several united
carpels. Fruit capsular or baccate.
Family 1. EBENACEAE. Eboky Family.
Shrubs or trees. Leaves mostly alternate : blades entire. Flowers
solitary or in cymes. Calyx of 3-7 partially united sepals, persistent,
accrescent. Corolla of 3-7 partially united petals, often urceolate. Androe-
cium of 3 or 4 times as many stamens as there are corolla-lobes. Gynoe-
cium of 3-several united car^oels. Fruit a beriy, or sometimes capsular.
1. DIOSPYKOS L. Shrubs or trees. Leaves scattered: blades entire.
Calyx 3-7-lobed. Stamens with pubescent filaments and anthers opening
lengthwise. Berry spheroidal or elongate.
1. D. virginiana L. Shrub, or tree becoming 35 m. tall, the bark very rough:
leaf -blades ovate, oval, or elliptic, 8-20 em. long, acute or acuminate : corolla
8-13 mm. long ; lobes renif orm : berries 3-4 em. in diameter, astringent when
green, yellow or reddish and sweet when ripe. — Common, in fields, thickets
and open woods. — Sum. — Persimmon.
Order OLEALES.
Shrubs, trees, undershrubs, or herbaceous plants. Leaves opposite, or
rarely alternate or whorled : blades simple or pinnately compound. Flowers
perfect, polygamous, or dioecious. Calyx of 4 or more partially united
sepals, or wanting. Corolla of 2-6 distinct or partially united petals, or
wanting. Androecium of 2-4 stamens partially adnate to the corolla wdien
it is present. Gynoecium of 2 united carpels, the ovary superior. Fruit a
capsule, a samara, or a beriy, usually 1-celled by suppression.
Family 1. OLEACEAE. Olive Family.
Woody or partially woody plants with erect or climbing stems. Leaves
predominatingly opposite: blades simple and entire or toothed, or pin-
nately compound.
224 OLEACEAE.
Fruit a samara : leaf-blades pinnately compound. 1. Fraxinds.
Fruit fleshy, a drupe or a berry : leaf-blades simple.
Corolla of nearly distinct petals : flowers in drooping
panicles. 2. Chionanthus.
Corolla of united petals : flowers in erect panicles. 3. Ligusteum.
1. FEAXINUS [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite: blades
unequally pinnate. Flowers polygamous, dioecious, or rarely perfect, in clus-
ters or panicles. Calyx unequally 4-lobed, or obsolete. Corolla of 2-4 petals,
or wanting. Stamens 2 or rarely 3 or 4. Stigma 2-lobed. Samara winged at
the tip or all around. — Spr. — AsH.
Samara-wing extending along the sides of the slender body. 1. F. pennsylvanica.
Samara-wing terminal on the stout body.
Samara-body long, several times as long as thick, tapering
to the base ; wing with decidedly curved sides : leaves
glabrous. 2. F. amcricana.
Samara-body short, about twice as long as thick, abruptly
narrowed at the base ; wing with parallel or almost
parallel sides : leaves pubescent. 3. F. hiltniorcana.
1. F. pennsylvanica Marsh. Tree becoming 26 m. tall, the twigs pubescent or
glabrous: leaflets .5-7; blades of the lateral ones lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate,
or elliptic, .5-15 cm. long, undulate or irregularly serrulate: samaras 2-6 cm.
long, the wing linear or nearly so. — Common, in low grounds. — Eed-ash.
2. F, americana L. Tree becoming 40 m. tall, the twigs glabrous: leaflets
5-9 ; blades of the lateral ones lanceolate, oblong, or elliptic, 5-15 cm. long,
relatively thin, entire or shallowly toothed: samaras 2.5-3.5 cm. long, the wing
linear-spatulate or oblong-spatulate, terminal or nearly so on the oblong-
cylindric body. — Common, in low rich woods and on hillsides. — White-ash.
3. F. biltmoreana Beadle. Tree becoming 18 m. tall, the twigs densely soft-
pubescent: leaflets 7-9; blades of the lateral ones ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
7-14 cm. long, relatively thick, entire or obscurely toothed: samaras 3.5-5 cm.
long, the wing linear or nearly so, terminal or nearly so on the stout elliptic
body. — S. Occasional, especially at McCall 's Ferry. — Schists.
2. CHIONANTHUS L. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite: blades simple.
Flowers perfect or polygamous, in drooping festoon-like panicles. Calyx deeply
4-lobed. Corolla white: lobes narrow, many times longer than the tube. Sta-
mens 2 : filaments adnate to the corolla-tube. Stigma notched or 2-lobed.
Drupe oval to subglobose.
1. C. virginica L. Shrub, or tree rarely 10 m. tall: leaf-blades oval, oblong,
or elliptic, varying to obovate, 5-15 cm. long: panicles 5-20 cm. long: calyx-
lobes ovate to lanceolate, acute: petals linear, 1.5-2.5 cm. long: drupes 1.5-2
cm. long, deep-purple or nearly black. — S. Eather common, in damp woods.
— Schists. — Spr. — Fringe-tree. Old-man's beard. Flowering-ash. Sun-
flower-tree.
3. LIGUSTRUM [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite: blades
simple. Flowers perfect, in erect panicles. Calyx shallowly 4-lobed or nearly
truncate. Corolla white or greenish, funnelform: lobes broad, about as long
as the tube. Stigmas 2 : filaments adnate to the corolla-tube. Stigma 2-lobed.
Drupe mostly subglobose.
1. L. VTilgare L. Shrub becoming 3 m. tall: leaves tardily deciduous; blades
oblong, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, 1-6 cm. long, entire: calyx fully 1 mm.
long : corolla 4-6 mm. long : drupes 6-8 mm. in diameter, black. — M. S.
Common, on roadsides and in thickets. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Privet. Prim.
GENTIANACEAE. 225
Order GENTIANALES.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes aquatic or humus plants or vines.
Leaves mainly ojiposite : blades simple or 3-foliolate. Flowers mostly
perfect, solitary or in cymes. Calyx of 5 partially united sepals, or more
or fewer. Corolla of 5 partially united petals, or moi'e or fewer. Androe-
cium of as many stamens as there are eorolla-lobes : filaments often par-
tialh' adnate to the corolla-tube. Gynoecium of 2 more or less united
earjiels. Fruit capsular, baccate, or drupaceous.
Leaves opposite : corolla-lobes convolute or imbricate in the bud.
Fam. 1. Gentianiaceae.
Leaves alternate : corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate. Fam. 2. Menyakthaceae.
Family 1. GENTIANACEAE. Gentian Family.
Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, or rarely shrubs. Leaves
typically opposite : blades entire, sometimes connate. Flowers perfect,
solitary or variously clustered. Calyx of 2, 4 or 5, or more, partly united
sepals, persistent. Corolla of 4 or 5, or more, partly united petals, vary-
ing from rotate to tubi;lar. Androecium of as many stamens as there are
corolla-lobes, the filaments partly adnate to the corolla-tube. Gynoecium
of 2 united cai-pels. Fruit a capsule.
Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud : leaves vpith dilated blades present.
Style filiform, mostly deciduous : anthers recurving or twisting at maturity.
Stigmas roundish, much shorter than the style. 1. Centaurium.
Stigmas linear or nearly so, about as long as the style. 2. Sabbatia.
Style stout, short or wanting : anthers straight at maturity.
Corolla without plaits in the sinuses of the lobes : calyx
without an Interior membrane. 3. Anthopogox.
Corolla with plaits in the sinuses of the lobes : calyx
with an interior membrane. 4. Dasystephana.
Corolla-lobes imbricate in the bud : leaves, or those of stem,
reduced to scales.
Calyx-lobes 2, broadened upward : petals well united. 5. Obolaria.
Calyx-lobes 4, narrowed upward : petals slightly united. 6. Baetonia.
1. CENTAURIUM Hill. Annual, biennial, or sometimes perennial, rela-
tively small herbs. Flowers in terminal cymes. Calyx-lobes 4 or 5, keeled.
Corolla white, or commonly deep-pink or rose-purple, salverform: lobes 4 or 5,
shorter than the tube, often strongly involute and thus acuminate.
1. C. pulchellum (Sw.) Druce. Stem 3-25 cm. tall: blades of the upper leaves
oblong to ovate, 5-20 mm. long, obtuse: calyx 6-8 mm. long: corolla 9-10 mm.
long; lobes oblong-ovate, 5-6.5 nmi. long, obtuse: capsule 7.5-8 mm. long.
— Common, on roadsides and in waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. —
Centaury.
2. SABBATIA Adans. Annual or biennial, relatively slender herbs.
Flowers solitary or in cymes. Calyx-lobes 4-12, narrow. Corolla white, or of
pale tints, often with a distinct eye, rotate: lobes entire, longer than the tube.
1. S. angularis (L.) Pursh. Stem 3-8 dm. tall: blades of the upper leaves
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 1..5-3 cm. long: flowers fragrant: calyx 7-8 mm.
long; lobes much longer than the tube: corolla typically deep-pink; lobes 10-18
mm. long: capsules 4.5-5,5 mm. long. — N. E. Eather common, on serpentine
especially. — Sum. — Eose-pixk. Bitter-bloom.
3. ANTHOPOGON Neck. Annual, biennial, or rarely perennial herbs.
Flowers solitary at the ends of the stem and its branches, the whorls mostly
Lancaster County Flora 15.
226 GENTIANACEAE.
of 4 parts each. Calyx relatively large: lobes keeled, unequal, the inner ones
broader than the outer and hyaline or scarious-margined. Corolla salverform-
funnelform: lobes shorter than the tube, without plaits in the sinuses. Stigmas
very broad.
1. A. crinitum (Froel.) Eaf. Stem 2-5 dm. tall, mostly branched: leaf-blades
ovate to lanceolate, mainly 2-5 cm. long, partly clasping: calyx 25-30 mm.
long: corolla sky-blue, 4-5 cm. long; lobes fimbriate: capsule about 3 cm.
long. — M. S. Eare, in swamps and moist thickets. — Limestones, schists. —
Fall. — Fringed-gentian.
4. DASYSTEPHANA Adans. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs.
Flowers in a comjjact terminal cyme and axillary cymes or solitary, the
whorls mainly of 5 parts each. Calyx persistent: lobes minute or foliaceous,
essentially equal. Corolla salverform, funnelform, or clavate, with neither
glands at the base of the tube nor filaments at the base of the lobes: lobes
much shorter than the tube, with plaits at the sinuses. Stigmas narrow. Cap-
sule stipitate. — Fall. — Gentian.
Calyx-lobes spatulate to linear-lanceolate : corolla-lobes about as
long as the plaits.
Calyx-lobes ciliolate-scabrous : corolla rose-purple to blue. 1. D. Saponaria.
Calyx-lobes smooth and glabrous : corolla greenish-white or
purplish-greeu. 2. D. villosa.
Calyx-lobes elliptic, oval or ovate : corolla-lobes minute or
obsolete. 3. B. Andrewsii.
1. D. Saponaria (L.) Small. Stem 3-8 dm. tall, glabrous: leaf -blades lanceo-
late to oblong or elliptic, 2.5-7.5 cm. long: calyx 15-20 mm. long; lobes spatu-
late to linear-spatulate, mainly shorter than the tube: corolla blue or purplish-
blue, 3.5-4 cm. long; lobes mainly shorter than the plaits: capsule-body fully
1.5 cm. long. — S. Eather common, on moist shaded banks. — Schists. —
SOAPWORT-GENTIAN.
2. D. villosa (L.) Small. Stem 1-6 dm. tall, glabrous: leaf -blades spatulate
to obovate, oblong, or oval, 2-8 cm. long: calyx 25-30 mm. long; lobes linear
to linear-spatulate, longer than the tube: corolla greenish- white or purplish-
green, 4.5-5 cm. long; lobes much longer than the plaits: capsule-body 2.5-3
cm. long. — S. Eather rare, in open woods. — Schists. — Sampson 's-snake-
ROOT.
3. D. Andrewsli (Griseb.) Small. Stem 3-6 dm. tall, glabrous: leaf -blades
lanceolate to linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, mainly 4-9 cm. long: calyx
8-18 mm. long; lobes elliptic, oval, or ovate, shorter than the tube, unequal:
corolla blue, or purplish, or rarely white, 2.5-3.5 cm. long; lobes minute or
obsolete : plaits conspicuous : capsule-body 2-2.5 cm. long. — Common, in
swamps and moist thickets. — Closed-gentian.
5. OBOLAE/IA L. Perennial small, but stout herbs. Leaves mere
dilated scales. Flowers in spike-like cymes, each subtended by a dilated bract.
Calyx-lobes 2, dilated upward. Corolla white, pinkish, or purplish, broadly
funnelform: lobes 4, about as long as the tube.
1. O. virginica L. Plant purplish-green, 5-20 cm. tall: leaves (scales) 5-10
mm. long, the upper ones broadened upward, longer than the lower ones: calyx-
lobes spatulate or oblong-spatulate : corolla 7-10 mm. long; lobes nearly as
long as the tube, acute : capsules .5-6 mm. long. — S. Eare, in rich woods. —
Schists. — Spr. — Pennywort.
6. BABTONIA Muhl. Annual or biennial, slender herbs. Leaves mere
narrow scales. Flowers in racemose or panicled cymes, or solitary, each sub-
APOCYNACEAE. 227
tended by a narrow bract. Calyx-lobes 4, keeled, narrowed upward. Corolla
white or yellowish, rotate : lobes 4, longer than the tube. — Sum. and fall.
Corolla-lobes oblong, more or less erose, abruptly pointed : branches and pedicels
stiff. 1. B. virginica.
Corolla-lobes lanceolate, entire, acute or acuminate : branches
and pedicels lax. 2. B. lanccolata.
1. B. virginica (L.) B.S.P. Plant 1-4 dm. tall: leaves (scales) opposite, or
alternate on small plants: calyx-lobes subulate or lanceolate-subulate: corolla
yellowish-white ; lobes mostly 2-2.5 mm. long : capsules 3-5 mm. long. — S.
Rare, on grassy banks. — Schists,
2. B. lanceolata Small. Plants 2-6 dm. tall: leaves (scales) opposite or alter-
nate: calyx-lobes similar to those of B. virginica: corolla greenish- white ;
lobes mostly 2.5-3 mm. long : capsules 4-5 mm. long. — S. Eather rare, in
swamps. — • Schists.
Pamily 2. MENYANTHACEAE. Buckbean Family.
Perennial aquatic or bog herbs. Leaves alternate : blades simple or
3-foliolate. Flowers perfect, solitary, or in clusters or racemes. Calyx of
5 partly united sepals. Corolla wliite or colored, rotate, or funnelform.
Androeeium of 5 stamens, with the filaments partly adnate to the corolla-
tube. Gynoecium of 2 united carpels. Style very short. Fruit a capsule,
sometimes indehiscent.
1. MENYANTHES [Tourn.] L. Bog herbs with stout rootstocks. Leaves
erect: blades 3-foliolate. Eaceme or panicle erect. Calyx persistent: lobes 5.
Corolla funnelform, deciduous: lobes as long as the tube or longer, bearded
within. Filaments slender. Anthers curved. Capsule erect, short, opening
irregularly.
1. M. trifoliata L. Eootstock sheathed: leaflets 3-11 cm. long; blades oblong
to obovate, sessile: scape 1-3 dm. tall: bracts fleshy: calyx-lobes ovate-lanceo-
late to lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long: corolla white or reddish, 8-11 mm. long:
capsules subglobose, 6-7.5 mm. in diameter, apiculate. — M. Eare and local,
in Dillerville swamp and along the Conestoga Creek above Lancaster. — Lime-
stones. — Spr. and sum. — Buckbean.
Order ASCLEPIADALES.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, commonly with a milky juice. Leaves alternate
or opposite : blades entire. Inflorescence eymose, sometimes umbellate.
Calyx of usually 5 partially united sepals. Corolla of 5 partially united
petals. Androeeium of mostly 5 distinct or motiadelphous stamens, par-
tially adnate to the corolla in Asclepiadaceae and accompanied by a 5-
lobed crown. Pollen granular or in waxy masses. Gynoecium of usi;ally
2 carpels sometimes united only at the apex. Stigma terminal. Fruit a
pair of follicles, or drupaceous.
Styles united : stamens distinct : pollen loosely granular. Fam. 1. Apocynaceae.
Styles distinct : stamens monadelphous : pollen united
into waxy masses. Fam. 2. Asclepiadaceae.
Family 1. APOCYNACEAE. Dogbane Family.
Perennial herbaceous or Avoody plants, with mostly diehotomous
eymose inflorescence. Androeeium of mostly 5 stamens, with the anthers
228 ASCLEPIADACEAE.
converging around the stigma or slightly adhering to it, not accompanied
by a crown. Gynoecium of 2 carpels, the styles and stigmas, and sometimes
the carpel-bodies, united : two carpels usually maturing.
Anthers imfippendaged at the base, not connected with the stigma : corolla-lobes
sinistrorsely convolute: flowers axillary to leaf like bracts. 1. Vinca.
Anthers appendaged at the base, converging around the stigma
and partially adherent to it : corolla-lobes dextrorsely convolute :
flowers in terminal cymes. 2. Apocynum.
1. VINCA L. Trailing or creeping herbs. Leaves opposite. •Corolla-
tube dilated at the mouth.
1. V. minor L. Stems 2-7 dm. long: leaf -blades ovate to oblong, 1.5-4 cm.
long: calyx-lobes lanceolate to subulate-lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long: corolla
blue; tube 9-10 mm. long; lobes undulate-truncate.- — Eather common, on
banks near dwellings. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Periwinkle. Myrtle.
2. APOCYNUM [Tourn.] L. Upright herbs. Leaves opposite: blades
relatively broad. Corolla campanulate to ureeolate, with entire appendages
near the base, the lobes erect or recurved, narrow. — Sum. — Dogbane.
Indian-hemp.
Corolla pink, 5-9 mm. long : lobes revolute : stamens nearly as long as the coroUa-
tul3e. 1. A. (indrosdcviifoHum.
Corolla white or greenish, 2.5-4 mm. long : lobes erect or
nearly so : stamens much shorter than the corolla-
tube.
Leaf-blades narrowed at the base, distinctly petioled.
Corolla greenish, 3.5-4 mm. long ; follicles 12-20
cm. long. 2. A. canuahininn.
Corolla white, 2.5-3 mm. long : follicles 6-9 cm.
long. 3. A. album.
Leaf-blades, at least those of the stem-leaves, with
broad cordate-clasping bases, sessile. 4. A. siMricum.
1. A. androsaemifolium L. Plants 3-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate, oljlong, or
oval, 4-11 cm. long: cymes rather long: calyx-lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
2-2.5 mm. long: corolla-lobes nearly as long as the tube: follicles 10-17 em.
long. — Common, in thickets.
2. A. cannabinum L. Plants 8-18 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to oblong-ovate
or oblong-lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long: cymes rather dense: calyx-lobes lanceo-
late, 2.5-3 mm. long: corolla-lobes about half as long as the tube: follicles 12-
20 cm. long. — Common, in thickets.
3. A. album Greene. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, with spreading often glaucous
branches: leaf -blades oblong, elliptic, or ovate-oblong, 2.5-8 cm. long, acute at
both ends, or rounded at the base, short-i^etioled : cymes rather lax: calyx-
lobes lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long, acuminate : corolla white or whitish, 3-4 mm.
long ; lobes ovate, erect or nearly so : follicles 6-9 cm. long. — Susquehanna
valley. Frequent, in rocky places.
4. A. siblricum Jacq. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, with ascending usually glaucous
branches: leaf -blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, 3-9 cm. long, abruptly
pointed, those of the cauline leaves subeordate or cordate at the base, sessile
or nearly so: cymes rather dense: calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate or subulate.
2.5-3.5 mm. long, acuminate: corolla greenish- white, 3-4 mm. long; lobes ovate,
erect or nearly so: follicles 11-14 cm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Rather
common, in rocky places.
Family 2. ASCLEPIADACEAE. Milkweed Family.
Perennial herbaceous or woody plants, with usually umbel-like cymes.
Androecium of usually 5 stamens, with the anthers more adherent to the
ASCLEPIADACEAE. 229
stigma than in Apocynaeeae, the filament-appendages fonning a crown.
Gynoeeinm of 2 carpels with the stigmas united : one carpel usually
maturing.
Erect or spreading herbs : polliniii pendulous : stigma neither saucer-shaped nor cup-
shaped.
Hoods of the crown without horns. 1. Acerates.
Hoods of the crown each with a projecting horn. 2. Asclepias.
Vines : pollinia horizontal : stigma saucer-shaped or cup-shaped. ."?. Vixcetoxicum.
1. ACERATES Ell. Erect or spreading herbs, with narrow or relatively
iiairow loaf-lilades. Calyx-lobes .5. Corolla rotate: lobes reflexed. Hoods of
the crown api)roxiniate to the anthers, the column very short or stout.
1. A. vlridiflora (Eaf.) Eaton. Plants 2-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades oval to
oblong, 4-6 em. long: corolla-lobes .5-6 mm. long: hoods 3-4 mm. long:
column very short: anther-wings about 4 mm. long: poUinium-bodies 2-.3 mm.
long: seed-coma 2..5-.3 cm. long. — N. S. Common, in dry soil. — Sandstones
and shales, schists, and especially common in serpentine. — Sum. — Green-
MILKWEED.
2. ASCLEPIAS [Tourn.] L. Erect or spreading herbs, with narrow or
broad leaf -blades. Calyx-lobes 5. Corolla rotate: lobes reflexed. Hoods of
the crown (corona) approximate to the anthers, or nearly so, not adnate to the
anther-column, the horn mainly adnate only to the base of the hood. Anther-
wings salient at the base. Pollinia longer than the caudicles. — Sum. —
Milkweed. Silkweed.
Corolla and hoods orange-yellow : leaves, or some of them, alternate.
Stems decumbent or procumbent : leaves, at least the upper ones, opposite ; blades
mainly oblong. 1. A. decutnhens.
Stems erect or ascending: leaves mainly alternate ; blades
lanceolate-oblong to linear-lanceolate. 2. A. tuhcrosa.
Corolla and hoods red, purple, green or white : leaves oppo-
site or whorled.
Leaf-blades broad.
Follicles erect on deflexed pedicels.
Leaf-blades sessile and sometimes clasping.
Leaf-blades rounded or abruptly narrowed at
the apex : hoods broad, truncate and blunt-
mucronate, the horn exserted. 3. A. amplcxicaulis.
Leaf-blades acuminate : hoods narrow, obtuse
or acutish, the horn not exserted. 4. .4. rubra.
Leaf-blades petioled.
Corolla colored.
Corolla dark-purple : hoods narrow, obtuse :
petals less than twice as long as the crown. 5. .4. purpuresccns.
Corolla paler : hoods broad, truncate or
broadly rounded : petals over twice
as long as the crown.
Leaf-blades not acuminate at both ends :
hoods rounded and slightly auricled,
the horns scarcely exserted. 6. .4. sijrlaca.
Leaf-blades decidedly acuminate at both
ends : hoods truncate and prominently
auricled, the horns long exserted. 7. .4. cxaltnta.
Corolla white. 8. .4. variegata.
Follicles erect on erect pedicels.
Leaves all opposite : hoods slightly auricled.
Leaf-blades typically lanceolate or oblong-lan-
ceolate : plant glabrous or puberulent. 9. A. incarnata.
Leaf-blades typically oblong : plant copiously
pubescent. 10. .4. pulchra.
Leaves, at least the main ones, whorled in 4's
or 6"s : hoods prominently auricled. 11. .4. quadrifoUa.
Leaf-blades narrow, linear or nearly so, usually elongate. 12. .4. vcrtlciUata.
1. A. decumbens L. Stems decumbent or procumbent, 3-6 dm. long, hirsute or
hispid: leaf-blades mainly oblong above the more or less hastate ba?e, 3-19 cm.
230 ASCLEPIADACEAE.
long: corolla -lobes 6-7 mm. long: horn arising above the hood-auricles: follicles
mostly over 10 cm. long. — Occasional, in dry soil.
2. A. tuberosa L. Stems mostly erect or ascending, 3-6 dm. tall, hirsute:
leaf- blades lanceolate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, 3-9 cm. long: corolla-lobes
5-6 mm. long: horn arising opposite the hood-auricles: follicles mostly less
than 10 cm. long. — N. S. Common, in fields and on roadsides. — Sandstones
and shales, schists. — • Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root.
3. A. amplexicaulis J. E. Smith. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, glabrous: leaf -blades
horizontal, oblong or elliptic, 6-12 cm. long: corolla-lobes greenish or greenish-
purple, 7-9.5 mm. long: hoods about 4 mm. long, exceeding the androecium,
shallowly lobed; horn subulate, much exserted: anther-wings twice as long as
wide : follicles 10-16 cm. long. — S. Not very common, on roadsides. —
Schists.
4. A. rubra L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, glabrous: leaf -blades ovate, ovate-
lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, 7-20 cm. long: corolla-lobes purple-red, or
rarely purplish-green, 7-8 mm. long: hoods lanceolate, about 6 mm. long,
narrowed to the apex; horn nearly as long as the hood: follicles 9-11 cm. long.
— S. Eare, in swamps. — Schists.
5. A. purpurascens L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, becoming glabrous: leaf -blades
mainly oblong-ovate, 9-20 cm. long: corolla-lobes purple, 8-10 mm. long: hoods
4.5-5.5 mm. long, fully twice as long as the androecium, oblong-ovate at the
entire apex ; horn much shorter than the hood : anther- wings nearly as wide
as long : follicles 10-12 cm. long. — Common, on roadsides and in thickets. —
Purple-milkweed.
6. A. syriaca L. Stems 5-15 dm. tall, becoming glabrous: leaf -blades hori-
zontal, oblong or oblong-ovate, 9-15 cm. long: corolla-lobes greenish-purple,
6-8 mm. long: hoods 3-4 mm. long, about equalling the androecium, broadly
rounded; horn subulate, about as long as the hood: anther-wings much longer
than wide : follicles 7-9 cm. long. — Common, in fields and fence-rows. —
Common-milkweed.
7. A. exaltata (L.) Muhl. Stems 9-15 dm. tall, sometimes pubescent in lines
above: leaf-blades mainly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 1-2.5 cm. long: corolla-
lobes flesh-colored or bluish, 7-8 mm. long: hoods 3.5-4 mm. long, about equal-
ling the androecium, erose-truncate ; horn with a much exserted subulate in-
curved tip: anther-wings much longer than wide: follicles 12-16 cm. long. —
Not common, in thickets and on roadsides. — Poke-milkweed.
8. A. variegata L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, sometimes pubescent above: leaf-
blades typically oval, varying to ovate or obovate, 6-14 cm. long: corolla-lobes
white, 6-8 mm. long: hoods about 3 mm. long, rounded, much exceeding the
androecium; horn very broad, with a horizontal tip: anther-wings nearly as
wide as long: follicles 10-13 cm. long. — N. S. Common, in woods. — Quarts-
ite, schists.
9. A. incamata L. Stems 6-11 dm. tall, glabrous or puberulent: leaf -blades
mainly oblong-lanceolate, 4-17 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so: corolla-lobes
pink or rarely white, 4-6 mm. long: hoods oblong, 2.5-3 mm. long, somewhat
exceeding the androecivmi ; horn slender, much longer than the hood : follicles
7—9 cm. long. — Common, in low meadows and SAvamps and on roadsides. —
Swamp-milkweed.
10. A. pulchra Ehrh. Stems 5-15 dm. tall, closely pubescent: leaf -blades
broadly lanceolate to oblong, 6-12 cm. long, pubescent: corolla-lobes rose-
purple or rarely white, 5-6 mm. long: hoods oblong, about 2.5 mm. long,
slightly exceeding the androecium; horn slender, much longer than the hood:
follicles 5-7 cm. long. — N. S. Common, in low meadows and swamps. —
Sandstones and shales, schists.
ASCLEPIADACEAE. 231
11. A. quadrifolia Jacq. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, sometimes puberulent: leaf-
bkules ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 4-10 em. long: corolla-lobes pink or nearly
white, about 5 mm. long: hoods ovate-oblong, A-5 mm. long, about twice as
long as the androecium; horn slender, much shorter than the hood: follicles
10-12 cm. long. — Common, in woods.
12. A. verticiUata L. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, commonly pubescent in lines: leaf-
blades narrowly linear to linear-filiform, 2-6 cm. long: corolla-lobes greenish-
white, 3-4 mm. long: hoods about 1 mm. long^ about equalling the androecium
or shorter, with erect auricles within; horn slender, much exceeding the hood:
column mostly less than 1 mm. long : follicles 7-10 cm. long. — Common, in
dry soil and fields.
3. VINCETOXICUM Walt. Stout vines with broad leaf-blades. Calyx-
lobes longer than the corolla-tube. Corolla rotate or campanulate: lobes often
relatively long. Crown saucer-shaped or cup-like, sometimes lobed, single or
double. Stigma flat or depressed.
1. V. oblicLUum (Jacq.) Britton. Leaf -blades broadly ovate to orbicular-
ovate, 7-20 cm. long, the basal lobes mostly forming a closed sinus by the over-
lapping edges: calyx-lobes about 3 mm. long: corolla reddish-purple; lobes 9-14
mm. long: crown with the longer lobes truncate or emarginate: follicles 7-8
cm. long: seeds about 7 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Occasional, in
woods and thickets. — Sum. — Angle-pod.
Order POLEMONIALES.
Herbs, or sometimes shrubs or trees, the plants of some groups para-
sitic. Leaves with dilated blades, or scale-like. Flowers mainly perfect.
Calyx of partially united sepals. Corolla of partly united petals, regular
or irregular. Androecium of as many stamens as there are corolla-lobes,
or fewer, sometimes partly represented by staminodia, or partly obsolete.
Gynoeeium of 2 distinct or several united carpels. Ovary superior. Fruit
a capsule, a berry, or a drupe, or a group of nutlets, or utricle-like.
Stamens 5.
Fruit capsular or baccate : ovary not 4-lobed.
Styles or stigmas distinct.
Ovary 1-2-celled, or rarely 4-celled : stigmas 2.
Ovary 2-celled or 4-celled.
Corolla unappendaged within : plants with well-developed leaves, at
least if vines. Fam. 1. Convolvulaceae.
Corolla appendaged within : parasitic
twining plants with scale-like leaves. Fam. 2. Cuscutaceae.
Ovary 1-celled. Fam. 3. Hydroleaceae.
Ovary 3-celled : stigmas 3.
Calyx-lobes imbricate : corolla mostly
plaited in the bud. Fam. 1. Convolvulaceae.
Calyx-lobes valvate : corolla merely con-
volute in the bud. Fam. 4. Polemoniaceae.
Styles or stigmas wholly united.
Median axis of the gynoeeium in the same
axis as the stem : seeds mostly pitted. Fam. 5. Solanaceae.
Median axis of the gynoeeium not in the axis
of the stem : seeds mostly tuberculate. Fam. 10. Rhixanthaceae.
Fruit drupaceous, or of 2 or 4 nutlets. Fam. 6. Boraginaceae.
Stamens 4 and didynamous, or 1 or 2.
Carpels ripening into a group of 4 nutlets, an
achene or a drupe.
Style apical on the lobeless ovary.
Ovary 2-celled. Fam. 7. Verbenaceae.
Ovary 1-celled. Fam. 8. Phrymaceae.
Style ansmg between the 4 lobes of the ovary. Fam. 9. Lamiaceae.
Carpels ripening into a capsule.
232 CONYOLVULACEAE.
Placentae of the ovary axial.
Ovai'y 2-celled, or rarely 3-5-celled.
Corolla-lobes imbricate : capsule not elas-
tically dehiscent. Fam. 10. Rhinanthaceae.
Corolla-lobes convolute : capsules elas-
ticallv dehiscent. Fam. 11. Acanthaceae.
Ovary l-cel'led. Fam. 12. Pinguiculaceae.
Placentae of the ovary parietal.
Herbs parasitic on the roots of other plants :
leaves scale-like : foliage not green. Fam. 13. Orobanchaceae.
Trees, shrubs or woody vines, or herbs, but
not parasitic : leaves not scale-like : foli-
age green.
Ovary and capsule 2-celled : trees, shrubs
or woody vines : seeds winged. Fam. 14. Bignoniaceae.
Ovary and capsule l-celled : herbs : seeds
wingless. Fam. 15. Maetyniaceae.
Family 1. CONVOLVULACEAE. Morning-glory Family.
Annual or perennial herbs or vines, or rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves
alternate, without stipules: blades various. Flowers perfect, regular, sol-
itary or eymose. Calyx of 5 more or less united sepals, equal or unequal,
in one or two series. Corolla superior, convolute in aestivation, its limb
often entire. Androecium of 5 stamens, partially adnate to the corolla-
tube, alternate with the lobes. Gynoecium free, of two united carpels.
Ovary 2-4-celled (rarely 5-celled or l-celled by the breaking down of the
septa). Seeds 1 or 2 in each cavity, often villous.
Stigmas ovoid or subglobose.
Stamens and style exserted : corolla salverform. 1. Qdamoclit.
Stamens and style included : corolla funnelform.
Calyx-lobes coriaceous or membranous, not elongate : ovary
2- or 4-celled. 2. IroMOEA.
Calyx-lobes herbaceous, elongate, usually pilose : ovary
3-celled. 3. Phaebitis.
Stigmas filiform or oblong-cylindrlc. 4. Cona'olvulus.
1. QUAMOCLIT [Tourn.] Moench. Annual (ours) or perennial vines,
with twining, glabrous stems. Blades entire, lobed, or divided. Flowers in
axillary cymes or solitary. Calyx-lobes equal or nearly so. Corolla scarlet,
salverform : tube narrowly funnelform ; limb spreading, shorter than the tube.
Ovary 2- or falsely 4-celled. Capsules usually 4-ceIled and 4-seeded. — Sum.
and fall.
Leaf-blades pinnately parted, the segments narrow : calyx-lobes obtuse or mucronate.
1. Q. QuaniocUt.
Leaf-blades entire : calyx-lobes acuminate. 2. Q. coccinea.
1. Q. Quamoclit (L.) Brittou. Leaf -blades 2-10 cm. long; segments narrowly
linear: pedicels elavate: calyx-lobes appressed to the corolla-tube: corolla-tube
clavate, 2. .5-3 cm. long; lobes ovate or triangular. — M. Occasional, in waste
places. Nat. of trop. Am. — Cypress-vine.
2. Q. coccinea (L.) Moench. Leaf-blades ovate, 3-10 cm. long, acuminate,
angled or entire: peduncles usually stouter than the pedicels: calyxdobes
oblong: corolla scarlet or orange, rarely white; tube 2-4 cm. long; limb cup-
like, 1.5-2 cm. broad. — S. Eather rare, in fields. Nat. of trop. Am.
2. IPOMOEA L. Annual or perennial, climbing or trailing vines, or
rarely upright plants. Leaf -blades entire, angled, or divided. Flowers solitary
on axillary peduncles or in cymes. Calyx-lobes coriaceous or membranous,
rarely fleshy. Corolla funnelform, the limb usually spreading. Capsules mostly
septifragally 2- or 4-valved. Seeds often pubescent. — Sum. and fall. —
MORNING-GLOBY.
CONVOLVULACEAE. 233
Calyx-lobes obtuse: corolla-limb over 5 cm. wide. ]. /. pandurata.
Calyx-lobes acute or acuminate : corolla-limb less than 5 cm. wide. 2. I. lacunosa.
1. I. pandurata (L.) G. F. W. Mey. Perennial by a huge root: stems gla-
brous or glabrate, trailing or twining: leaf -blades ovate, often fiddle-shapecl,
3-10 em. long: peduncles 5-10 cm. long, 1-5-flowered: calyx-lobes oblong,
12-18 mm. long, obtuse, erect, imbricate and forming a tube: corolla 7-10 cm.
broad; tube lavender within. — Common, in waste places and cultivated
grounds. — Wild potato-vine. Man-of-the-earth.
2. I. lacunosa L. Annual : stems twuuing, sparingly hirsute or glabrate : leaf-
blades ovate, entire or 3-lobed, 2-7 cm. long, deeply cordate: peduncles 1-3-
flowered : calyx-lobes oblong or ovate, 10-12 mm. long, acute or acuminate:
corolla 1.5-2 cm. long; limb often purple-margined. — Susquehanna valley.
Frequent, on islands. — Schists.
3. PHARBITIS Choisy. Annual (ours), or perennial, climbing or trail-
ing vines. Leaf -blades entire, lobed, or angled. Calyx-lobes equal or unequal,
herbaceous, each with a pubescent base and a narrow tip. Corolla white, blue,
or purple, funnelform. Ovary 3-5-celled. Seeds smooth. — Sum. and fall. —
Morning-glory.
Calyx-lobes 1-1.5 cm. long, the tips acute or acuminate. 1. P. purpurea.
Calyx-lobes 2-3 cm. long, the tips elongate. 2. P. hederacea.
1. P. purpurea (L.) Voigt. Stems twining: leaf -blades ovate or orbicular-
ovate, 6-18 cm. long, short-acuminate, cordate: calyx-lobes 10-15 mm. long:
corolla 5-7 cm. long; limb purple or sometimes pink, blue, white, or varie-
gated, 4-6 cm. broad. — Common, in waste places. Nat. of trop. Am. —
Common morning-glory.
2. P. hederacea (L.) Choisy. Stems twining: leaf -blades 5-12 cm. long,
deeply 3-lobed; lobes acuminate: peduncles usually shorter than the petioles:
calyx-lobes 2-3 cm. long, the bases ovate or oval: corolla 3-4.5 cm. long, deep-
blue, or the tube white ; limb about 3 cm. broad. — S. Occasional, in cultivated
grounds. Nat. of trop. Am.
4. CONVOLVULUS [Tourn.] L. Annual or (ours) perennial, trailing
or twining vines. Leaf-blades usually hastate or cordate at the base. Flowers
solitary, or clustered on axillary peduncles. Calyx naked or subtended by
bracts. Calyx-lobes equal or the outer longer. Corolla funnelform or campanu-
late. Ovary 1- or 2-celled. Ovules 4. Capsule globose or nearly so. Seeds
glabrous. — Sum. — Bindweed.
Calyx enclosed by 2 large bracts which subtend it.
Stems trailing or twining.
Leaf-blades broadly hastate or triangular-hastate : corolla single.
1. C. americaniis.
Leaf-blades narrowly hastate : corolla double. 2. 0. joponinis.
Stems erect or ascending. 3. C. spithameus.
Calyx without bracts. 4. G. arvcnsls.
1. 0. americanus (Sims) Greene. Stems twining, 1-3 m. long, glabrate.
Leaf-blades broadly hastate or ovate-hastate, 5-12 cm. long, acuminate or
apiculate: peduncles as long as the leaves or longer: bracts 2-3 cm. long:
corolla pink or rose-purple, 5-7 cm. broad. — Common, in thickets, fields, and
fence-rows. — Hedge-bindaveed.
2. C. japonicus Thunb. Similar to C. americanus in habit, but usually smal-
ler: leaf -blades narrowly hastate: corolla double, pink, mostly 4-5.5 cm. wide.
— E. Occasional, in fields. Nat. of Japan.
234 CUSCUTACEAE.
3. C. spithameus L. Stems finely pubescent, 1-7 dm. long: leaf-blades
oblong-ovate or fiddle-shaped, 4—10 cm. long^ rounded or subcordate at the
base: peduncles usually from the lower axils: bracts 1.5-3 cm. long: corolla
white or pink, 4-6 cm. long. — Common, in fields and on roadsides.
4. O. arvensis L. Stems branched at the base, the branches prostrate or low-
twining: leaf -blades oblong, ovate-sagittate, or linear-hastate, 1-5 cm. long:
peduncles shorter than the leaves: calyx-lobes oval or suborbicular, 3-3.5 mm.
long: corolla white or pink, 1.5-2 cm. long. — M. Common, in fields and waste
places, and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Field-bindweed.
Family 2. CUSCUTACEAE. Dodder Family.
Herbaceous i3arasitic vines, with pale foliage. Leaves mere alternate
scales. Flowers perfect, eymose. Calyx of 4 or 5 distinct or partly
united sepals. Corolla regular, of 4 or 5 partly united petals, usually
bearing fringed scales below the sinuses. Androecium of 4 or 5 stamens,
the filaments partly adnate to the corolla-tube. Gynoecium of 2 partly
united carpels, the styles distinct, or partly united: stigmas capitate.
Capsule circumscissile or indehiscent.
1. CUSCUTA [Tourn.] L. Annual, slender, yellow or reddish vines twin-
ing on herbs and shrubs and adhering to the bark by means of suckers. The
plants arise from the ground, but later become wholly parasitic, the stems and
branches often matted. — • Dodder. Love-vine.
Scales within the corolla merely crenulate : stigmas slender : capsule circumscissile.
1. G. Epilinum.
Scales within the corolla fringed : stigmas capitate : capsule
utricle-like.
Sepals partially united.
Flowers sessile or essentially so : corolla persistent
around the base of the fruit.
Calyx-lobes obtuse : corolla-scales ovate, fringed. 2. C. arvensis.
Calyx-lobes acutish : corolla-scales obsolete or of
several processes. 3. C. Polygonoritm.
Flowers markedly pedicelled : corolla surrounding or
capping the fruit, or deciduous.
Capsule depressed : corolla-scales shorter than the
corolla-tube. 4. G. Gephalanthi.
Capsule globose and umbonate : corolla-scales exceed-
ing the corolla-tube. 5. G. Oronovii.
Sepals distinct, accompanied by nearly similar bracts. 6. C. compacta.
1. C. Epilinum Weihe. Branches slender, lax: flowers in dense heads: corolla
2-2.5 mm. long; lobes acutish, about i the length of the tube: scales less than
i the length of the corolla-tube, divided, the lobes crenulate near the top:
capsules about 3 mm. long. — S. Found in a field of flax, New Texas. Nat. of
Eu. Not recently collected. — Flax-doddeb.
2. C. arvensis Beyrich. Branches slender, loosely matted : corolla 2-2.5 mm.
long; lobes acute or acuminate, as long as the tube: scales short-fringed all
around: capsules barely 2 mm. long. — S. Eare, on herbs.
3. C. Polygonorum Engelm. Branches rather coarse, often loosely matted:
corolla about 2 mm. long; lobes acute, longer than the tube: scales obsolete,
usually of 1-3 processes on either side of the filament: capsules 2.5-3 mm.
long. — Susquehanna valley. Occasional, on herbs.
4. C. Cephalanthi Engelm. Branches rather coarse, seldom matted: corolla
about 2 mm. long; lobes obtuse, about -J as long as the tube: scales fringed
mainly near the tip : capsules 3.5-4.5 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Occa-
sional, on shrubs and tall herbs.
HYDEOLEACEAE. 235
5. 0. Gronovii Wilkl. Branches slender, sometimes matted: corolla about 3
mm. long; lobes obtuse, somewhat shorter than the tube: scales sparingly
fringed at the top, more sparingly so on the sides: capsules about 3 mm. long.
— Common, on bushes and herbs.
6. C. compacta Juss. Branches stoutish, often widely matted: corolla about
4 mm. long; lobes obtuse, much shorter than the tube: scales fringed mainly
near the top : capsules 3-3.5 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. — Common, on
shrubs.
Family 3. HYDEOLEACEAE. Water-leaf Family.
Annual or perennial herbs, or shi'ubby plants. Leaves alternate or op-
posite: blades toothed, lobed, or dissected, or rarely entire. Flowers
purple, in seorpioid racemes, or in cymes. Calyx of 5 partly united sepals.
Corolla regular, of 5 partly united petals, the tube often appendaged
within. Androecium of 5 stamens, the filaments partly adnate to the
corolla. Gynoecium 2-carpellary. Fruit a capsule.
CoroHa-lobes convolute In the bud : ovary-placentae dilated.
Calyx not much enlarged at maturity : stamens exserted. 1. IIVDnoPHi'LLUiI.
Calyx much enlarged at maturity : stamens included. 2. Nyctelea.
Corolla-lobes imbricate in the bud : ovary-placentae narrow. 3. Phacelia.
1. HYDROPHYLLUM [Tourn.] L. Perennial herbs. Leaf-blades lobed,
pinnatitid, or pinnately divided. Cymes long-peduncled. Calyx but little
changed in fruit. Corolla white or colored. Filaments surpassing the corolla-
lobes, bearded at the middle. Seeds reticulate. — Water-leaf.
Calyx imappendaged : lobes linear : plants perennial.
Leaf-blades pinnatitid or pinnately lobed. 1. H. virginicum.
Leaf-blades palmately lobed. 2. II. canadense.
Calyx with reflexed appendages at each sinus ; lobes lanceo-
late : plants biennial. 3. H. appendiculatum.
1. H. virginicum L. Plants 2-7 dm. tall: leaf -segments coarsely toothed or
incised: cymes open: calyx-lobes linear, about 5 mm. long, much longer than
the tube: corolla white or purplish, 8.5-10 mm. long; lobes rounded at the
apex. — Common, in rich woods. — Spr. and sum.
2. H. canadense L. Plants 2-7 dm. tall: leaf -lobes coarsely toothed or again
lobed: cymes open: calyx-lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, much longer than
the tube : corolla white, 9-10 mm. long, the lobes notched at the apex. — Sus-
quehanna valley. Occasional, in rich soil, on the river shore and islands. —
Schists. — Sum.
3. H. appendiculatum Michx. Plants 3-6 dm. tall: leaf -lobes coarsely toothed,
acute or acuminate: cymes open: calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate or subulate-
lanceolate, much longer than the tube: corolla 9-11 mm. long; lobes rounded
at the apex. — M. Bare, in rich soil. — Limestones. — Sum.
2. NYCTELEA Scop. Annual herbs. Leaf-blades pinnately divided
or 1-3-pinnatifid. Flowers solitary in the axils. Calyx accrescent. Corolla
white or bluish, commonly smaller than the calyx. Filaments included, often
unequal, not dilated. Styles united.
1. N. Nyctelea (L.) Britton. Plants 0.5-3 dm. tall, ultimately diffusely
branched: leaf -blades with spreading segments: pedicels 1-2 cm. long: calyx-
lobes triangular-lanceolate, becoming 7-8 mm. long: corolla 4-6 mm. long:
capsules 5-6 mm. in diameter, pubescent. — Susquehanna valley. — Occasional,
in rich soil, on the river shore and islands. — Spr.
236 POLEMONIACEAE.
3. PHACELIA Juss. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Leaf -blades
toothed or dissected. Flowers in scorpioid racemes or cymes. Calyx slightly
accrescent. Corolla white or variously colored: lobes entire to fimbriate.
Filaments not dilated at the base. Styles partly united. — Spr.
Corolla-lobes entire : filaments longer than the corolla : capsules 2.5-3 mm. long.
1. P. duMa.
Corolla-lobes fimbriate : filaments about as long as the corolla : cap-
sules about 4 mm. long. 2. P. Purshii.
1. P. dubia (L.) Small. Plants 0.5—1: dm. tall, often diffuse, strigillose, as
well as glandular: stem-leaves with 3-5 short broad lobes: calyx-lobes narrowly
oblong or nearly so, 3-4 mm. long: corolla mainly pale-lilac, 5-6 mm. long;
appendages obsolete: stamens longer than the corolla: ovary and style-base
pubescent : capsules 2. .5-3 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Common, on rich
hillsides and in thickets. — Schists.
2. P. Purshii Buckl. Plants 1-3 dm. tall, with rather stiff stems: stem-leaves
with 5-9 lanceolate or oblong lobes: calyx-lobes linear to oblong-spatulate, 4-5
mm. long : corolla light-blue or rose-colored, 6-7 mm. long ; lobes short-
fimbriate; appendages manifest: filaments about as long as the corolla:
capsules about 4 mm. long. — ■ Susquehanna valley. Eare, near Safe Harbor. —
Schists.
Family 4. POLEMONIACEAE. Phlox Family.
Annual or perennial herbs, or woody plants. Leaves opposite or alter-
nate : blades various. Flowers perfect, in variously disposed cymes.
Calyx of 5 partly united sepals. Corolla of 5 partly nnited petals, mostly
rotate, funnelform, or salverform. Andi'oecium of 5 stamens, partly
adnate to the corolla. Gynoecium 3-carpellary. Frnit a capsule mostly
included in the calyx.
Calyx not accrescent, the tube distended or ruptured by the capsule : stamens not
declined. 1. Phlox.
Calyx accrescent, the tube not distended by the capsule : sta-
mens declined. 2. Polesionidm.
1. PHLOX L. Herbaceous or woody, erect, diffuse, or creeping plants.
Leaves mainly opposite: blades entire. Corolla salverform. Filaments un-
equally adnate to the corolla-tube.
Calyx-lobes fully as long as the tube.
Plants with prostrate sterile shoots : leaf-blades obtuse, acute, or acutish.
1. /'. diraricata.
Plants without prostrate sterile shoots : leaf-blades acuminate. 2. P. pilosa.
Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube.
Shrubby plants with prostrate stems and branches, in dense
mats : leaves clustered ; blades very narrow. 3. P. siihnlata.
Herbaceous plants with erect stems and branches, not
matted : leaves not clustered ; blades broad.
Calyx-lobes lanceolate or triangular-l.nnceolate. 4. P. maculata.
Calyx-lobes subulate and awn-tipped. 5. P. paniculata.
1. P. divaricata L. Leaf-blades oblong to lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-5
cm. long, entire, sessile, the upper ones sometimes cordate ; those of the shoots
often longer, sometimes broadest above the middle, sessile: calyx 6-10 mm.
long; lobes linear-subulate, curved at maturity: corolla lavender or bluish;
tube 1-1.5 em. long; limb 2.5-3 cm. broad, the lobes apiculate or notched: cap-
sules subglobose, 4-5 mm. long. — Common, in rich woods. — Spr. — Blue-
phlox.
2. P. pilosa L. Leaf-blades linear to narrowly lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long,
attenuate, sessile: corymbs becoming lax: calyx about 1 cm. long; lobes subu-
late-setaceous, as long as the tube or longer: corolla pink-purple or white;
SOLANACEAE. 237
tube 1-1.5 cm. long, more or less pubescent; limb 2 cm. broad, the lobes obo-
vate or cuneate, sometimes apiculate: capsules globose-oblong, about 5 mm.
long. — S. Eare, in low thickets, near Pleasant Grove. — Schists. — Spr.
3. P. subulata L. Leaf-blades linear or linear-subulate, 1-1.5 cm. long, acute,
sessile: calyx 8-9 mm. long, pubescent like the stem; lobes lanceolate-subulate,
nearly as long as the tube: corolla purple, pink, or white; tube 1-1.5 cm. long;
limb 1.6-2 cm. broad, the lobes cuneate, emarginate or slightly notched: cap-
sules oblong-ovoid, 4-4.5 mm. long. — S. Abundant, on serpentine hills. — Spr.
— Ground-pink. Moss-pink.
4. P. maculata L. Leaf-blades oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, or linear, 5-12
cm. long, acuminate, becoming parchment-like in texture, sessile or nearly so:
panicles cylindric, 1-4 dm. long, often glandular-pubescent: calyx mostly
deep-green; lobes lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, about i as long as the
tube: corolla pink-purple; tube 1.5-2 cm. long; limb 2-2.5 cm. broad; the
lobes orbicular-obovate or broadly cuneate : capsules broadly oblong, 4 mm.
long. — Connnon, in swamps. — Early sum. — Wild sweet-avilliam.
5. P. paniculata L. Leaf-blades elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or narrowly ob-
long-elliptic, S-20 cm. long, acuminate, undulate, narrowed into margined
petioles or nearly sessile: panicles corymbose-pyramidal: calyx glandular or
sparingly pubescent; lobes subulate, shorter than the tube: corolla pink-purple
or white; tube about 2 em. long, 1.5-2 mm. thick; limb 1-5-17 mm. broad, the
lobes obovate or cuneate-obovate : capsules oval, 4-5 mm. long. — Susquehanna
valley. Occasional, in thickets. — Sum.
2. POLEMONIUM [Touru.] L. Herbaceous plants with rootstocks.
Leaves alternate: blades pinnate. Corolla funnelform to almost rotate. Fila-
ments equally adnate to the corolla, declined. — Greek-valerian.
1. P. reptans L. Plants 3-7 dm. tall: leaf-segments oblong, elliptic, or
oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm. long: calyx 5-6 mm. long and with ovate lobes
during anthesis, becoming 10-13 mm. long, and with lanceolate lobes at
maturity: corolla blue; lobes spatulate to obovate, about as long as the tube:
capsules oval or ovoid-oval, 5-7 mm. long. — Common, in rich thickets. — Spr.
Family 5. SOLANACEAE. Potato Family.
Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines. Leaves alternate : blades entire, toothed,
or lobed. Calyx of 5 (4-6), more or less united sepals. Corolla of 5 (4-6),
more or less united petals. Androeeium of 5 (4— (3), stamens, the filaments
partly adnate to the corolla-tube. Gynoecium 2-carpellary or 3-5-carpel-
larv. Fruit a berry or a capsule.
Fruit a berry.
Corolla plicate : lobes usually Induplicate.
Berry enclosed in the accrescent calyx : anthers not connected.
Sepals nearly distinct, auricled : ovary 3-.5-celled. 1. Physalodes.
Sepals united to near their tips, not auricled : ovary
2-celled. 2. Physalis.
Berry seated in the little changed calyx (except in Sola-
num rostratum) : anthers converging or connate.
Anther-sacs opening by terminal pores or short slits. 3. Solanum.
Anther-sacs opening lengthwise and introrsely. 4. Lycopersicox.
Corolla little, if at all, plicate ; lobes imbricate. 5. Lycium.
Fruit a capsule.
Capsule prickle-armed : calyx circumscissile at the base. R. Datura.
Capsule unarmed : calyx not circumscissile. 7. Petdnia.
1. PHYSALODES Boehm. Annual herbs. Leaf-blades sinuate or lobed.
Flowers axillary, nodding. Calyx acressent : lobes cordate or sagittate, con-
verging, inflated. Corolla open-campanulate, slightly 5-lobed. Ovary 3-5-
celled.
238 SOLANACEAE.
1. P. Physalodes (L.) Britton. Plants nearly glabrous, 3-9' dm. tall: leaf-
blades ovate, oval, or oblong, 5-15 cm. long, angulate-lobed or sinuate: calyx
1.5 cm. long, becoming 3.5 cm. long; lobes broadly ovate: corolla blue or
violet, about 2.5 cm. wide: berries 1.5-2 cm. in diameter. — Bather common,
in cultivated and waste grounds and on roadsides. Nat. of Peru. — Sum. —
Apple-of-Peru.
2. PHYSALIS L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaf-blades entire or
sinuate. Flowers axillary, nodding, mostly solitary. Calyx bladder-like at
maturity: lobes short and converging. Corolla mainly yellow or whitish, often
dark in the center. Ovary 2-celled. — Sum. — Ground-cherry.
Plants annual, with fibrous roots.
Foliage manifestly pubescent even in age : berry yellow or green.
1. P. priiinosa.
Foliage glabrous, at least in age : berry red or purple. 2. P. subglabrata.
Plants perennial by rootstocks and roots.
Leaves glabrous. 2. P. subglabrata.
Leaves pubescent.
Stem strigose with flat hairs : berry reddish. 3. P. virginiana.
Stem clammy-pubescent with spreading hairs : berry
yellow. 4. P. lieteropliylla.
1. P. pruinosa L. Sterns stout, generally erect or often ascending and obtusely
angled, finely villous or viscid: leaf -blades firm, 3-10 cm. long, finely pubes-
cent, ovate-cordate, generally very oblique at the base, and deeply sinuate-
toothed, the teeth broad and often obtuse: peduncles 2-4 mm., at maturity
about 1 cm. long: calyx villous or viscid; lobes as long as the tube, narrow,
but without subulate tips : corolla 3-8 mm. in diameter : anthers yellow or
tinged with purple: fruiting calyx firm, pubescent, reticulate, 2-3 cm. long,
ovoid-cordate : berry yellow or green. — Bare, in rich soil.
2. P. subglabrata Mack. & Bush. Stems 0.5-1.5 m. tall, dichotomously
branched, glabrous or sometimes slightly pubescent with sparse and short hairs
on the upper parts: leaf -blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, often very oblique
at the base and more or less acuminate, entire or reisand-denticulate, 6-10 cm.
long: peduncles slender, often in pairs, 1-2 cm. long, generally longer than the
flower: calyx glabrous, or minutely ciliolate; lobes ovate-lanceolate or tri-
angular, sometimes broadly ovate and unequal, generally equalling the tube:
corolla yellow or greenish-yellow with a purplish throat, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diam-
eter: anthers tinged with purple: fruiting calyx at first somewhat 10-augled
and sunken at the base, at maturity, often filled with or even burst by the large
red or purple berry. — Common, in fields and on roadsides.
3. P. virginiana Mill. Kootstock fleshy: stems 0.5-1 m. tall, dichotomously
branched, somewhat angular, pubescent with appressed hairs, sometimes some-
what glandular, or in some forms nearly glabrous: leaf -blades ovate-lanceolate,
tapering to both ends, 3-6 cm. long, generally sinuately dentate, often yellowish-
green : calyx strigose-hirsute, or at least puberulent ; lobes triangular or
broadly lanceolate, nearly equalling the tube in length : corolla sulphur-yellow
with purplish spots, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter: fruiting calyx pyramidal-ovoid,
5-angled and sunken at the base : berry reddish. — Occasional, in rich, often
dry soil.
4. P. heterophylla Nees. Eootstock slender: stems 0.5-1 m. tall, erect, or
later generally decumbent and spreading, viscid and glandular-villous with
moderately long jointed flat hairs: leaf -blades generally over 5 cm. long,
usually broadly cordate, often acute and very rarely with an acumination,
thick, sinuately toothed, or sometimes subentire: calyx long-villous ; lobes tri-
angular, generally shorter than the tube: corolla 1-1.5 cm. in diameter: berry
yellow. — Occasional, in rich soil, especially in fields.
SOLANACEAE. 239
3. SOLANUM [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial herbs, or vines. Leaf-
blades entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers variously clustered. Calyx sometimes
accrescent. Corolla rotate, of various colors: lobes longer than the tube.
Anthers narrow, converging or united, much longer than the filaments. — Sum.
Climbing vine : berries red. 1. 8. Dulcamara.
Upright or spreading herbs : berries not red.
Plants glabrous or simply pubescent, not prickle-armed :
corolla white. 2. S. nigrum.
Plants stellate-pubescent, prickle-armed : corolla violet or
yellow, or rarely white.
Berry not enclosed in the calyx : anthers equal : perennial
plants. 3. s. carolinense.
Berry enclosed in the accrescent calyx : anthers imequal :
annual plants. 4. 8. rostratum.
1. S. Dulcamara L. Partially woody climber: leaf -blades ovate, 3-10 cm.
long, entire or with 1 or 2 basal lobes, thin: corolla white or blue, 8-10 mm.
long; lobes lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate: berries oval, 9-15 mm. long. —
Common, in thickets and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Bittersweet.
2. S. nigrum L. Herbaceous annual, 1-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate to
oblong-ovate, 2-8 cm. long, undulate or deeply repand: calyx-lobes fully 1 mm.
long : corolla white ; lobes lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate : berries subglobose,
4-8 mm. in diameter, black. — Common, in waste places and fields. — Commox-
NIGHTSHADE.
3. S. carolinense L. Herbaceous perennial, 2-7 dm. tall, hirsute or rough-
pubescent : leaf -blades oblong to ovate in outline, 5-12 cm. long, sinuate or
pinnately sinuate-lobed, the lobes of a triangular type : calyx spinescent ; lobes
lanceolate, often narrowly so, acuminate : corolla violet or rarely white, 25-30
mm. wide; lobes ovate: berries globular, 10-15 mm. in diameter, orange-yellow.
— M. S. Common, in fields and on roadsides. — Horse-nettle.
4. S. rostratum Dunal. Herbaceous annual, hoary- or yellowish-pubescent,
2-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades mostly ovate or oval, 1-2-pinnatifid, 5-22 cm. long:
calyx spinescent ; lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate : corolla yellow, about
25 mm. wide ; lobes ovate to lanceolate, shorter than the tube : berries enclosed.
— • M. Occasional, on roadsides and along railroads. Nat. of the Plains. —
Buffalo-bur.
4. LYCOPEESICON Mill. Annual or perennial heavy-scented herbs.
Leaf-blades 1-2-pinnately divided. Flowers in cymes. Calyx not accrescent.
Corolla rotate, yellow: lobes longer than the tube.
1. L. Lycopersicon (L.) Karst. Plants clammy-pubescent, 3-12 dm. tall:
leaf-blades 1-4 dm. long, the divisions ovate to oblong, coarsely toothed or
incised: calyx-lobes narrow, acute: corolla mainly 1.5-2 cm. wide: berries
depressed, mainly 5-15 cm. wide, and red or yellow. — Occasional, in culti-
vated grounds. Nat. of trop. Am. — Sum. — Tomato. Love-apple.
5. LYCIUM L. Shrubs or woody vines, commonly spiny. Leaf -blades
thick, flat or sometimes terete, entire. Flowers axillary, sometimes clustered.
Calyx markedly lobed. Corolla white or colored, funnelform, salverform, or
nearly campanulate: lobes longer than the usually short tube, or shorter.
Filaments adnate to the lower part of the corolla-tube, pubescent below:
anthers shorter than the filaments. Stigma dilated.
1. L. halimifolium Mill. Plant irregularly branched, sometimes vine-like:
leaves herbaceous, 1.5-5 cm. long; blades oblong, oval, ovate, lanceolate, or
spatulate: calyx-lobes ovate to somewhat triangular, obtuse: corolla purplish
or greenish; lobes 4-5 mm. long: berries oval or ovoid, orange or orange-red,
240
BORAGINACEAE.
10-15 mm. long. — Common, near dwellings or gardens, or in fence-rows. Nat.
of Eu. — Early sum. — Matrimony-vine.
6. DATURA L. Herbs (ours annual), or shrubs or trees. Leaf -blades
undulate or lobed. Flowers solitary in the axils. Calyx tubular, sometimes
prismatic, more or less lobed. Corolla white or colored, funuelform. Filaments
slightly unequal.
1. D. Stramonium L. Plant green or purple-tinged, 2-12 dm. tall: leaf- blades
ovate to oblong, 10-20 cm. long, sinuate or laciniate-toothed: calyx 3-5 cm.
long; lobes 5-7 mm. long: corolla white, violet, or lavender, 6-10 mm. long:
capsules 4-6 cm. long, the prickles equal or the lower ones rather shorter than
the upper. [D. Tatula L.] — Eather common, in waste places. Nat. of trop.
— Sum. — Thorn-apple. Jimson-weed. Jamestown-weed. Stramonium.
7. PETUNIA Juss. Herbs. Leaf -blades entire. Flowers solitary in the
axils. Sepals united to below the middle. Corolla white or colored, funnel-
form or salverform. Filaments unequal, 4 of them didynamous.
1. P, axillaris (Lam.) B.S.P. Stem and branches rather stout, clammy-
pubescent : leaf -blades oblong to ovate-oblong, 3-6 cm. long, those of the lower
leaves petioled: calyx 1.5-2 cm. long; lobes mostly oblong: corolla white,
almost salverform ; limb mostly 4-5 cm. wide. — M. Occasional, in waste
places. Nat. of Brazil. — Sum.
Family 6. BORAGINACEAE. Borage Family.
Herbs or shrubby plants, the foliage usually bristly pubescent. Leaves
alternate: blades mostly entire. Flowers typically perfect, the spikes or
racemes often scorpioid. Calyx of 4 or 5 slightly united sepals. Corolla
of 4 or 5 partly united petals. Androecium of 4 or 5 stamens, the fila-
ments partly adnate to the corolla. Gynoecium of 4 nearly distinct
carpels, the style arising from between the lobes. Fruit of 4 or fewer
nutlets.
Corolla regular.
Nutlets armed with barbed prickles.
Nutlets spreading, covered with prickles.
Nutlets erect or incurved, with prickles on the back
or angles.
Nutlets unarmed.
Nutlets attached laterally to the receptacles : free por-
tions of the filaments elongate.
Nutlets attached to the receptacles by their bases :
free portions of the filaments very short.
Nutlets each with a small flat scar where attached :
scales in the throat of the corolla broad.
Corolla funnelform or salverform ; lobes obtuse,
spreading, broad.
Racemes without bracts : calyx-lobes about
as long as the tube.
Racemes with bracts : calyx-lobes much longer
than the tube.
Corolla slightly longer than the calyx :
style as long as the ovary or longer.
Corolla much longer than " the calyx :
style much elongate.
Corolla tubular ; lobes acute or acuminate,
erect, narrow.
Nutlets each with a large hollow scar where at-
tached : scales in the throat of the corolla
narrow.
Corolla tubular.
Corolla rotate.
Corolla irregular.
1. Cynoglossum.
2. Lappula.
3. Meetexsia.
4. Myosotis.
5. LlTIIOSPEEMUM.
6. Batschia.
7. Onosmodium.
8. Symphytum.
9. Borago.
10. ECHIDM.
BOEAGINACEAE. 241
1. CYNOGLOSSUM [Tourn.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial pubes-
cent herbs. Calyx manifestly accrescent. Corolla much longer than the calyx.
Style relatively long. Fruit surpassing the calyx. — Sum.
Stem copiously leafy to the top : corolla slightly longer than the calyx : nutlets flat.
1. C. officinale.
Stem terminated by a long peduncle : corolla much longer than
the calyx : nutlets convex. 2. C. vivfjinicum.
1. C. officinale L. Stems 2-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to linear-oblong or
linear-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long: calyx-lobes becoming 6-S mm. long or more:
corolla reddish-purple or rarely white, mostly S-10 mm. v\-ide; lobes reniform:
nutlets smooth between the spines. — Common, in dry soil, on roadsides, and in
thickets. Nat. of Eu. — Hound 's-tongue.
2. C. virginicum L. Stems 2-11 dm. tall: leaf -blades oval to oblong, 8-32
em. long: calyx-lobes becoming 3-4 mm. long: corolla white or purplish, 7-8
mm. wide; lobes ovate: nutlets coarsely wrinkled between the spines. — Eather
common, in dry soil, on roadsides, and in thickets. — Wild-comfrey.
2. LAPPULA [Eivinius] Moeneh. Annual, biennial, or perennial, often
hirsute or hispid, herbs. Calyx scarcely accrescent: lobes spreading at maturity.
Corolla scarcely as long as, or a little longer than the calyx. Style relatively
short. Fruit much longer than the calyx.
1. L. virginiana (L.) Greene. Plants 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong or
elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones 10-20 cm. long: calyx-lobes becom-
ing 2-2.0 mm. long: corolla-tube about 1.5 mm. long, the appendages reni-
form : fruit about 4 mm. wide ; nutlets papillose and spiny. — Common, in
thickets. — Sum. — Beggar 's-lice. Stick-weed. Bur-seed.
3. MEKTENSIA Eoth. Perennial glabrous (ours) herbs. Calyx scarcely,
if at all, accrescent. Corolla showy, conspicuously longer than the calyx.
Style and free portion of the filaments elongate. Fruit much longer than the
calyx.
1. M. virginica (L.) DC. Stems often clustered, 2-6 dm. tall: leaves 5-20
cm. long; blades oblong-elliptic to oval: calyx 2-3 mm. long, becoming 5-6
mm. long; lobes oblong to lanceolate or ovate: corolla blue or rarely white,
2.5-3 cm. long, the cup-like limb 10-15 mm. wide, shallowly lobed: nutlets
ovoid, 2.5 mm. long. — Frequent, in rich woods and low grounds. — Spr. —
Lungwort. Virginia-cowslip.
4. MYOSOTIS [Eupp.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial, pubescent
herbs. Calyx slightly accrescent. Corolla manifestly longer than the calyx.
Style and free portions of the filaments short. Fruit surpassed by the calyx. —
Spr. and sum. — Forget-me-not. Scorpion-grass.
Calyx open at maturity, pubescent with straight hairs : perennial plants.
1. M. laxa.
Calyx closed at maturity, pubescent with hooked hairs : annual or
biennial plants.
Pedicel longer than the mature calyx : style slender, about as
long as the ovary : calyx regular. 2. M. arvcnsis.
Pedicel shorter than the calyx : style stout, very short : calyx
2-lipped. 3. M. viroinica.
1. M. laxa Lehm. Stems 1-5 dm. long: leaf -blades spatulate to oblong-lance-
olate: pedicels 5-10 mm. long: calyx-lobes triangular to triangular-lanceolate:
corolla mainly pale-blue; lobes about 1 mm. long: nutlets about 1 mm. long. —
Common, in spring-runs and muddy places.
Lancaster County Flora 16.
242 BOEAGINACEAE.
2. M. arvensis (L.) Willd. Stems 1-3 dm. tall: leaf -blades spatulate to
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1-5 cm. long: calyx becoming 3-4 mm. long;
lobes equal or nearly so: corolla blue or sometimes white; lobes over i as long
as the tube: nutlets about 1.5 mm. long. — S. Eare, in low grounds. — ScMsts..
3. M. virginica (L.) B.S.P. Stems 1-4 dm. tall: leaf -blades similar to those
of M. (U'vetisis, 1-3 cm. long: pedicels 1-3 mm. long: calyx becoming 6-7 mm.
long; lobes slightly unequal: corolla white; lobes less than J as long as the
tube: nutlets about 1.5 mm. long. — Common, on dry hills and in fields.
5. LITHOSPEE,]yrUM [Tourn.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs.
Calyx slightly enlarged at maturity. Corolla slightly longer than the calyx,
white, greenish, or yellowish. Style as long as the ovary or somewhat longer.
Fruit surpassed by the calyx. — Spr. and sum. — Gromwell.
Annual or biennial plants : corolla white or whitish, slightly surpassing the calyx,
not appendaged in the throat : nutlets dull.
1. L. arvense.
Perennial plants : corolla pale yellow or yellow-white, surpass-
ing the calyx, appendaged in the throat : nutlets shining. 2. L. latifolium.
1. L. arvense L. Stems and branches 1-8 dm. long: leaf -blades linear-
oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long, acutish: calyx-lobes narrowly
linear to linear-subulate, 8-10' mm. long, revolute: corolla white or pinkish;
lobes i-^ as long as the tube: nutlets about 3 mm. long, pitted and wrinkled.
— Common, in fields and on dry hills. — Corn-gromwell.
2, L. latifolium Michx. Stem and branches 3-7 dm. tall: blades of the cauline
leaves elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 4—12 cm. long, acuminate: calyx-lobes
narrowly linear, becoming 8-10 mm. long, flat : corolla yellow-white or pale-
yellow; lobes over 5 as long as the tube: nutlets ovoidj 3—3.5 mm. long, smooth,
— M. Eare, in fields and on roadsides.
6. BATSCHIA G. F. Gmel. Perennial herbs, with colored roots. Calyx
nearly unchanged at maturity. Corolla much longer than the calyx (except in
cleistogamous flowers), yellow. Style many times longer than the ovary.
Fruit surpassed by the calyx, the nutlets mainly ovoid.
1. B. canescens Michx. Plants 1-4 dm. tall: leaf -blades linear to oblong or
ovate-oblong, 9-21 mm. long: calyx-lobes linear or nearly so, becoming 3-5
mm. long: corolla orange-yellow; tube 9-11 mm. long: nutlets about 2.5 mm.
long. — W. Frequent, in woods. Nat. of the West. — Sandstones and shales.
— Sum. — PuccooN.
7. ONOSMODIUM Michx. Perennial herbs with hard roots. Sepals nearly
distinct. Corolla much longer than the calyx, without appendages in the
throat, the lobes relatively long.
1. O. virginianum (L.) DC. Stems strigose-hispid, 2-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades
oblong to linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate, 2.5-12 cm. long, obtuse or acutish:
calyx-lobes narrowly linear-lanceolate, becoming 6-S mm. long: corolla yel-
lowish, 8-10 mm. long; lobes subulate-lanceolate, somewhat shorter than the
tube : nutlets about 3 mm. long. — Common, in thickets and open woods. —
Sum. — False-gromavell.
8. SYMPHYTUM L. Perennial herbs with mucilaginous roots. Sepals
manifestly united into a tube. Corolla much longer than the calyx, with long
appendages in the throat, the lobes relatively short.
1. S. officinale L. Stems and branches 3-10 dm. tall, hirsute: leaf -blades ob-
long, lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, or sometimes ovate, 8-30 cm. long: calyx-
VERBENACEAE. 243
lobes acuminate, each with an ovate to lanceolate body: corolla yellowish or
purplish, 10-15 mm. long; lobes ovate, obtuse, the appendages lanceolate:
nutlets 3-4 mm. long. — Occasional, on roadsides and about gardens. Nat. of
Eu. — Sum. — CoMFREY. Healixg-hebb.
9. BORAGO L. Annual or perennial herbs. Corolla rotate, regular or
nearly so, the throat appendaged. Free portions of the filaments short.
1. B. officinalis L. Plant 2-10 dm. tall, hirsute: leaf -blades oblong to oblong-
ovate, 4-9 cm. long, shallowly toothed, on winged petioles: cymes few-many-
flowered: calyx bristly; lobes linear-lanceolate, 10-13 mm. long: corolla blue
or rarely white, 3-4 cm. wide; lobes ovate-lanceolate: nutlets 4-5 mm. long,
tubercled. — M. Occasional, on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Borage.
10. ECHIUM [Tourn.] L. Biennial or perennial herbs. Corolla funnel-
form, markedly irregular, the throat imappendaged. Free portion of the
filaments elongate.
1. E. vulgare L. Plants 3-7 dm. tall, bristly-pubescent: leaf -blades linear-
oblanceolate below, linear to linear-lanceolate above, 2-15 cm. long: calyx-
lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, becoming 8-12 mm. long: corolla blue or
purplish, or rarely white ; lobes 5-6 mm. long : style pubescent : nutlets about
3 mm. long, wrinkled. Common, in old fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. —
Sum. — Viper 's-BUGLOSS. Blue-devil. Blueweed.
Family 7. VERBENACEAE. Vervain Family.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Stems commonly angled. Leaves alternate,
opposite, or whorled : blades simjale or rarely compound. Calyx of 4 or 5
partially or wholly united sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5 partially united petals,
sometimes 2-lipped. Androecium of 2 or 4 stamens, the filaments more or
less adnate to the corolla-tube. Gynoecium 2-4-earpellary, the style ter-
minal. Fruit baccate or drupaceous or an aggregate of 2 or 4 nutlets.
Corolla nearly regular ; lobes 5 : fruit of 4 nutlets. 1. Verbena.
Corolla 2-lipped ; lobes 4 : fruit of 2 nutlets. 2. Phyla.
1. VERBENA [Tourn.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Leaf-
blades entire, toothed or parted. Flowers in elongate, often very slender
spikes, the bracts narrow. Calyx mainly tubular, 5-lobed. Corolla white or
colored, salverf orm : lobes 5, unequal. Anthers unappendaged. Fruit an
aggregate of 4, often narrow, nutlets filling the calyx. — Sum. — Verbena.
Vervain.
Bracts inconspicuous, shorter tlian tlie calyx or the corolla.
Spikes slender, continuous by the imbricate fruits.
Spikes sessile or nearly so : corolla-limb 8-9 mm. wide : plants densely soft-
pubescent. 1- V. stricta.
Spikes peduncled : corolla-limb 2.5-6 mm. wide : plants
sparingly pubescent or glabrous.
Leaf-blades lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate : nutlets
smooth or nearly so. 2. V. hastata.
Leaf-blades linear-spatulate to linear : nutlets reticu-
late. 3. V. angustifoHa.
Spikes very slender, becoming interrupted, the fruits, at
least, not imbricate.
Leaf-blades merely toothed : corolla white. 4. V. vrticaefolia.
Leaf-blades pinnately 1-2-cIeft or incised : corolla purple
or blue. 5. r. offJcinaUs.
Bracts conspicuous, much longer than the calyx and corolla. 6. V. bracteosa.
1. V. stricta Vent. Perennial, 2-12 dm. tall, densely pale-pubescent: leaves
3-10 cm. long; blades suborbicular, oval, or oblong, serrate or incised: spikes
244 PHRYMACEAE.
compact and stout: calyx becoming 5 mm. long: corolla deep-blue or purple;
limb 8-9 mm. wide: nutlets oblong, 2.5 mm. long, or sometimes longer. —
Frequent, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of tlie XVest. — Hoary-verbena.
2. V. hastata L. Perennial, 4-15 dm. tall, roughish-pubescent : leaves 4-14
cm. long: blades lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, sharply
serrate and often incised or hastate at the base: spikes relatively slender and
compact: calyx becoming 2.5 mm. long: corolla violet-blue; limb 2.5-3.5 mm.
wide : nutlets linear, 1.5-2 mm. long. — Common, in moist fields and meadows.
— Blue-verbena.
3. V. angustifolia Michx. Perennial, 1-5 dm. tall, puberulent or sparingly
pubescent: leaves 2-12 cm. long; blades linear-spatulate to linear-oblong or
linear, distantly or coarsely serrate: spikes slender: calyx becoming 4 mm.
long: corolla blue or purple; limb 5-6 mm. wide: nutlets linear, 3 mm. long.
— Common, in fields and on roadsides.
4. V. urticaefolia L. Annual or perennial, 4-15 dm. tall, pubescent; leaves
8-21 cm. long; blades broadly lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, or sometimes
ovate to oval, coarsely crenate-serrate : spikes loosely-fruited: calyx becoming
2.5 mm. long: corolla white; limb 3-4 mm. wide: nutlets oblong, 1.5-2 mm.
long. • — Common, in moist fields and meadows. — White-verbena.
5. V. officinalis L. Annual, 2-6 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: leaves 2-6 cm.
long; blades of the lower ones 1-2-pinnatifid and incised: spikes very slender:
calyx 2 mm. long : corolla blue or purple ; tube mostly less than 3 mm. long ;
lobes mainly rounded: nutlets broadly oblong, about 1.5 mm. long. — M. S.
Not common, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. — - European-verbena.
6. V. bracteosa Michx. Annual, the prostrate or procumbent branches 1-5
dm. long, hirsute: leaves 1-6.5 cm. long; blades pinnatifid, 2-3 cm. long:
spikes thick, sessile, continuous or mainly so: calyx becoming 3-4 mm. long:
corolla purple or bluish; limb 2-2.5 mm. wide: nutlets linear, 2-2.5 mm. long.
— S. Occasional, along railroad tracks. Nat. of the West.
2. PHYLA Lour. Perennial procumbent or creeping herbs. Leaf-blades
toothed or lobed. Flowers in congested axillary spikes, the bracts cuneate to
flabellate. Calyx short, flattened, 2-lobed. Corolla 2-lipped: tube scarcely
exceeding the calyx. Fruit as broad as long.
1. P. lanceolata (Michx.) Greene. Branches creeping, 1-4 dm. long: leaf-
blades elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long: spikes 9-15 mm. long;
bracts erose-eiliolate: corolla about 3 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Fre-
quent, on sandy islands and shores. — Schists. — Sum. — Frog 's-fruit.
Family 8. PHRYMACEAE. Lopseed Family.
Perennial herbs, with angled stems. Leaves opposite : blades toothed.
Flowers in slender spikes or spike-like racemes. Calyx of 5 partially
united sepals, 2-lipped, the upper lip very short. Corolla white and
magenta-tinged, of 5 partially united petals, 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-
lobed. Androecium of 4 didynamous stamens. Gynoecium of 2 united
carpels, the style bent at the base. Fruit an achene included in the de-
flexed accrescent calyx.
1. PHBYMA L. Caulescent herbs with spreading branches. Leaf -blades
broad, coarsely toothed, petioled. Spikes or racemes elongate, the small
flowers opposite. Achene in the bottom of the calyx.
1. P. Leptostachya L. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, sparingly branched above, re-
flexed-pubescent : leaf -blades ovate to elliptic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-15
LAMIACEAE,
245
cm. long: calyx 3-5 mm. long, accrescent; tube ribbed, little longer than the
slender upper lobes during anthesis: corolla white and magenta-tinged, about
8 mm. long: achenes -±-5 mm. long. — Common, in woods and thickets. —
Sum. — • LoPSEED.
Family 9. LAMIACEAE. Mint Family.
Herbs or woody plants, often aromatic. Stems 4-sided. Leaves op-
posite or w'horled : blades simple, entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers per-
fect, in open or compact cymes. Cah'x of 5 partly united sepals, regular
or 2-lipped. Corolla of 5 partly united petals, 2-lipped or nearly regular.
Androecium of 2 or 4 stamens, the pairs often unequal. Gynoecium 2-
earjDellary. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit of 4 nutlets included in the calyx.
Ovary of 2 united carpels, 4-Iobed : style not basal : nutlets laterally attached.
Corolla very irregular ; limb nearly 1-lipped, the upper lip very short.
1. Teuceium.
Corolla nearly regular or slightly 2-lipped, the lobes
nearly equal.
Calyx nearly regular : stamens only slightly exserted,
nearly equal. 2. Isanthus.
Calyx decidedly 2-lipped : stamens conspicuously ex-
serted, didynamous. 3. Trichostema.
Ovary of 4 distinct or nearly distinct carpellary lobes : style
basal : nutlets basally attached.
Calyx with a crest on the upper side or on the upper lip :
lips 2, entire.
Calyx without a crest on the upper side : lips not entire.
Stamens included.
Anther-sacs divergent.
Anther-sacs contiguous and confluent.
Stamens exserted.
Corolla conspicuously 2-lipped ; lips different, the
upper concave.
Anther-bearing stamens 4.
Upper pair of filaments longer than the
lower.
Anther-sacs parallel or nearly so.
Anther-sacs diverging.
Calyx l)arely 2-lipped, with 5 nearly
equal lobes : erect herbs.
Calyx 2-lipped. with unequal lobes :
trailing herbs.
Upper pair of filaments shorter than the
lower.
Calyx manifestly 2-lipped.
Calyx merely with 3-10 lobes.
Tube of the calyx faintly nerved,
inflated at matiu'ity.
Tube of the calyx prominently o-lO-
nerved, not inflated at maturity.
Nutlets 3-sided, truncate above.
Calyx-lobes not spine-tipped. 12. Lamidji.
Calyx-lobes spine-tipped. 13. Leonueus.
Nutlets nearly terete, rounded
above.
Anther-bearing stamens 2.
Connective of the anther elongate, bearing a
perfect sac at one end and a rudimen-
tary one at the other.
Connective short : anther-sacs confluent.
Corolla regular, or if 2-lipped, the upper lip flat
or not concave.
Flowers in axillary whorls or clusters ; these
sometimes forming terminal spike-like ra-
cemes or panicles.
Corolla 2-lipped.
Filaments curved, converging under the
upper lip of the corolla.
Anther-bearing stamens 2. 17. Hedeoma.
Anther-bearing stamens 4.
Corolla-tube strongly bent. 18. Melissa.
4. Scutellaria.
SiDERITIS.
Mabeubidm.
Agastache.
8. Nepeta.
9. Glecoma.
10. Peunella.
11. Deacocepiialum.
14. Stachys.
15. Salvia.
16. MONAEDA.
19.
20.
Satueeia.
Clinopodium.
21.
23!
24.
Origanum.
Thymus.
KOELLIA.
CUNILA.
25.
Lycopus.
26.
Mentha.
27.
COLLINSONIA.
28.
Perilla.
246 LAMIACEAE.
Corolla-tube straight.
Calyx with 5 nearly equal
lobes, not 2-lipped.
Calyx 2-lipped.
Filaments straight, often spreading.
Anther-bearing stamens 4.
Anther-sacs divergent.
Calyx equally 5-lobed : erect
herbs.
Calyx 2-lipped : creeping herbs.
Anther-sacs parallel.
Anther-bearing stamens 2.
Corolla regular with 4-5 lobes.
Anther-bearing stamens 2 : foliage not
aromatic.
Anther-bearing stamens 4 : foliage aro-
matic.
Flowers in loose terminal panicles.
Stamens 2 : lower lip of corolla fringed :
native species.
Stamens 4 : lower lip of corolla not fringed :
naturalized species.
1. TEUCRIUM [Tourn.] L. Perennial strict herbs. Leaf-blades toothed,
riowers in raceme-like panicles. Calyx 2-lipped. Corolla mainly pink, very
irregular: upper lip minute, split: lower lip 3-lobed, projecting beyond the
upper one: tube relatively long. Stamens lying against the upper side of the
corolla.
1, T. canadense L. Stem 2-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades relatively thin, ovate to
oblong-ovate, 6-14 cm. long, pubescent beneath: calyx becoming 6-8 mm.
long; lower lobes acuminate: corolla purplish or pink, 15-20 mm. long: nutlets
about 2.5 mm. long, wrinkled. — Common, in fields and waste places, and on
roadsides. — Sum. — WoOD-SAGE. Germander.
2. ISANTHTJS Michx. Annual herbs. Leaf-blades entire or sparingly
toothed. Flovrers in axillary cymes. Calyx nearly regular. Corolla nearly
regular, the lobes spreading. Stamens slightly ascending.
1. I. brachiatus (L.) B.S.P. Plants 1-4 dm. tall, viscid-pubescent: leaf-
blades elliptic to linear-elliptic, 1-4 cm. long: calyx becoming 5-6 mm. long;
lobes lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate : corolla blue ; lobes mainly ovate :
nutlets 2-2.5 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Frequent, on low islands and
shores. — • Schists. — Sum. — • False-pennyroyal.
3. TE.ICHOSTEMA L. Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants.
Leaf-blades entire or repand. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx very irregular,
2-lipped. Corolla somewhat 2-lipped, the upper lip longer and narrower than
the lower lip. Stamens lying against the lower corolla-lip.
1. T. dichotomum L. Plants 1-20 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to oblong-lanceo-
late, 2-7 cm. long: calyx becoming 5-6 mm. long; lobes acuminate: corolla
blue to white, about 5 mm. long: nutlets 1.5-2 mm. long. — Common, in dry
fields. — ■ Sum. — Bastard-pennyroyal. Blue-curls.
4. SCUTELLARIA L. Annual or perennial herbs or shrubby plants.
Leaf -blades entire or toothed. Flowers axillary or in racemes. Calyx 2-lipped,
the upper lip crested. Corolla blue, violet, pink, or white, with a long curved
tube, 2-lipped, the upper lip arching. — Skullcap.
Nutlets wingless : fruit very slightly elevated on the small gynobase.
Corolla less than 1 cm. long : flowers in secund elongating lateral racemes.
1. 8. lateriflora.
Corolla over 1 cm. long : flowers not in secund elongating
racemes.
LAMIACEAE. 247
Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles.
Leaves with tootlied blades.
Corolla over 2 cm. long, copiously pubescent : seeds
about 1 mm. long. 2. 8. incana.
Corolla less than 2 cm. long, glabrous or nearly so :
seeds about 2 mm. long. 3. 8. pilosa.
Leaves, at least those above the middle of the stem,
with entire blades. 4. 8. intcgrifoUa.
Flowers solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts.
Rootstock tuber-bearing : corolla less than 1.5 cm.
long, thrice as long as the calyx or less, the upper
lip much shorter than the lower. 5. 8. parvula.
Rootstock not tuber-bearing : corolla over 1.5 cm. long,
several times as long as the calyx, the upper lip
about equalling the lower. G. 8. galenculata.
Nutlets winged : fruit elevated on a slender gynobase. 7. 8. nervosa.
1. S. lateriflora L. Plants erect or reclining, 2-10 dm. long, glabrous, or
puberulent above: leaf -blades thinnish, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long,
coarsely serrate: calyx becoming 3-4 mm. long: corolla 6-7 mm. long: nutlets
about 1 mm. long. — Common, in moist soil. — Sum. — Mad-dog skullcap.
2. S. incana Muhl. Plants 5-12 dm. tall, finely pubescent: leaf -blades 4-12
cm. long, serrate or crenate-serrate : calyx becoming 6-7 mm. long: corolla
15-20 mm. long; lower lip 6-8 mm. wide: nutlets 1.5 mm, long. — N. S. Not
very common, in thickets. — Sandatones and shales, schists. — Sum.
3. S. pilosa Michx. Plants 1-6 dm. tall, finely pubescent: leaf -blades ovate,
oval, or deltoid-ovate, 1.5-4.5 cm. long, coarsely crenate : calyx becoming
about 5 mm. long: corolla 12-13 mm. long; lower lip 5-7 mm. wide: nutlets 1
mm. long. — • Common, in woods and meadows. — Sum.
4. S. integrifolia L. Plants 2-6 dm. tall, softly pubescent: blades of the
lower leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, coarsely crenate, those of the upper ones
oblong to oblong-lanceolate or linear, entire: calyx becoming 6-7 mm. long:
corolla 21-25 mm. long; lower lip shallowly notched: nutlets fully 1 mm.
long. — Rather common, in pastures and thickets. — Early sum.
5. S. parvula Michx. Plants 0.5-3 dm. tall, glabrous or minutely pubescent:
leaf-blades broadly ovate to lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, shallowly toothed or
entire: calyx becoming 5-6 mm. long: corolla about 11 mm. long; lower lip
4-4.5 mm. wide : nutlets 1 mm. long. — M. S. Common, in dry soil. — Lime-
stones, quartzite, serpentine. — Early sum.
6. S. galenculata L. Plants 2-9 dm. long, sometimes finely pubescent: leaf-
blades oblong-lanceolate to oblong, 2-6 cm. long, shallowly serrate: calyx be-
coming 6-7 mm. long: corolla 16-20 mm. long; lower lip about 5 mm, wide:
nutlets 1.5-2 mm. long. — Not very common, in swamps. — Sum.
7. S. nervosa Pursh. Plants 1-4 dm. tall, minutely pubescent: leaf -blades
suborbicular to oval, or lanceolate above, 2-4 cm. long, undulate or coarsely
serrate: calyx becoming about 5 mm. long: corolla 9-12 mm. long, the lower
lip about 5 mm. wide : nutlets 1-2 mm. long. — M. Rare, in woods. — Sand-
stones and shales, limestones. — Early sum.
5. SIDERITIS [Tourn.] L. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite: blades
entire or toothed. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx slightly 2-lipped: tube
5-10-ribbed: lobes spine-tipped, the middle one of the upper lip usually
broader than the others. Corolla yellow, white, or pink, slightly longer than
the calyx, 2-lipped: upper lip entire or lobed: lower lip longer, with a broad
middle lobe. Nutlets obovoid.
1. S. romana L. Annual, softly pubescent, the stem and branches 0.5-3 dm.
tall: leaf -blades obovate to oblong, 1-3 cm. long, crenate, sessile or nearly so:
calyx 7-9 mm. long; lobes shorter than the tube, the middle one of the upper
248 LAMIACEAE.
lip ovate, all subulate-tipped: corolla white or pinkish, slightly exceeding the
calyx ; middle lobe of the lower lip renif orm : nutlets fully 1 mm. long. — S.
Bare, in fields, Nat. of Eu. — Spr.
6. MABRUBIUM [Tourn.] L. Perennial low or diffuse herbs. Leaf-
blades toothed, often rugose. Flowers in dense axillary clusters. Calyx nearly
regular, 10-lobed; lobes slender, spreading or recurved, sometimes unequal.
Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip ei-ect: lower lip spreading, the broad middle lobe
much larger than the 2 lateral ones. Filaments scarcely longer than the
anthers.
1. M. vulgare L. Plant 2-9 dm. tall, white-woolly: leaf -blades suborbicular,
oval, or ovate, 1— ± cm. long, crenate, rugose: calyx 4-.5 mm. long; lobes
hooked: corolla white, 5-6 mm. long; upper lip deeply notched: nutlets about
2 mm. long. — Eather common, in waste places and on roadsides, Nat. of Eu,
— Sum. — HOARHOUND,
7. AGASTACHE Clayt. Perennial tall herbs. Leaf -blades many-toothed,
not rugose. Flowers many in dense panicles. Calyx nearly regular, scarcely
ribbed, 5-lobed: lobes erect, the upper ones sometimes broader than the lower.
Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip erect: lower lip with 2 small lateral lobes and
a large spreading middle lobe. Filaments elongate. — Sum. — Giant-hyssop,
Calyx-lobes barely acute : corolla greenish-yellow : bracts acute or acutlsh.
1. A. ncpcioides.
Calyx lobes acuminate : corolla purplish : bracts acuminate. 2. A. scrophulariaefoUa.
1. A. nepetoides (L.) Kuntze. Stems glabrous or nearly so, 1-2 m. tall:
leaf -blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long: calyx 5-6 mm. long; lobes
ovate or oblong-ovate: corolla 7-9 mm. long, slightly exceeding the calyx:
nutlets minutely pubescent. — Common, in thickets and woods.
2. A. scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Kuntze. Stems finely hirsute, 1-2 m. tall:
leaf -blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic above: calyx 6-7 mm, long;
lobes lanceolate: corolla 6-8 mm. long, much exceeding the calyx: nutlets
hispidulous. — N. M, Frequent, in woods and fence-rows. — Sandstones and
shales, limestones.
8. NEPETA L. Annual or perennial, erect or diffuse herbs. Leaf-
blades toothed or incised. Flowers in axillary clusters which are sometimes
borne in racemes. Calyx slightly irregular, 15-ribbed, 5-lobed: lobes rela-
tively long, the upper lobes slightly longer than the lower. Corolla 2-lipped:
upper lip erect: lower lip spreading, the larger middle lobe toothed. Fila-
ments relatively long.
1. N, Cataria L. Plants pale-green, 3-11 dm. tall, closely pubescent: leaf-
blades ovate to triangular-ovate, 4-7 cm. long, crenate or serrate- crenate,
mostly cordate: calyx 5-6 mm. long; lobes subulate or lanceolate-subulate:
corolla pale, 6-7 mm. long: nutlets about 1 mm. long. ^ — Common, in waste
places, and fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Cat-mint. Catnip.
9. GLECOMA L. Perennial creeping herbs. Leaf -blades toothed. Flow-
ers in axillary clusters. Calyx slightly 2-lipped, 15-ribbed, 5-lobed: lobes
unequal, relatively short. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip erect: lower lip spread-
ing, the large middle lobe notched. Filaments relatively short.
1. G, hederacea L. Plants dark-green, the branches 1-11 dm. long, hirsute:
leaf -blades renif orm to suborbicular, 2^ cm. in diameter, coarsely crenate:
calyx 5-7 mm. long; lobes subulate-tipped: corolla blue or white, 10-15 mm.
LAMIACEAE. 249
long: nutlets about 1.5 mm. loug. — Commou, near dwellings, in tMckets and
on hillsides. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Ground-ivy. Gill-over-the-ground.
10. PRUNELLA L. Perennial erect or diffuse herbs. Leaf -blades toothed
or laciniate. Flowers mostly in compact panicles. Calyx 2-lipped: upper
lip with 3 broad lobes: lower lip with 2 narrow lobes. Corolla 2-lipped:
upper lip arched: lower lip with the broad middle lobe generally toothed.
Filaments relatively long, 2 of them forked at the apex. — Self-heal.
Leaf-bkules entire or shallowly toothed: calyx over 10 mm. long; lobes of the
lower lip subulate. 1. 1'. vulgaris.
Leaf-blades, at least the upper ones, pinnatifld : calyx less than 10
mm. long ; lobes of the lower lip lanceolate. 2. P. laciniata.
1. P. vulgaris L. Stems 0..5-4 dm. long: leaf-blades ovate, oblong, or lanceo-
late, 2-7.5 cm. long, undulate: bracts mostly reniform: calyx 6-8 mm. long;
lobes of the upper lip mueronate : corolla purj^le or white, mainly 14-18 mm.
long : nutlets about 2 mm. long. — Common, in fields, thickets and waste places.
Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. — Heal-all.
2. P. laciniata L. Plants similar to P. vulgaris in habit, but often hoary-
pubescent: blades of the stem-leaves more or less pinnatifld: corolla white
or pale. — M. S. Occasional, in flelds and lawns. Nat. of Eu. — Sum.
11. DE.ACOCEPHALUM [Tourn.] L. Perennial, erect or reclining
herbs. Leaf-blades typically narrow, usually toothed, at least near the apex.
Flowers in spike-like racemes. Calyx essentially regular: lobes 5, shorter than
the tube. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip arched, entire: lower lip 3-lobed. Sta-
mens 4: filaments elongate, one pair at least glabrous. [Physostegia Benth.]
— Sum. — False-dragon-head.
Leaf-blades entire or bluntly toothed: stem naked above: lateral lobes of the lower
corolla-lip often entire. 1. D. denticulatum.
Leaf-blades sharply toothed : stem leafy above : lateral lobes of
the lower corolla-lip often toothed. 2. D. virginianum.
1. D. denticulatum Ait. Stems 3-9 dm. long: leaves few; blades spatu-
late to oblong, 2-14 cm. long, thick, repand-crenate, mostly obtuse: calyx-lobes
deltoid : corolla 20-25 mm. long : nutlets about 2 mm. long. — Susquehanna
valley. Occasional, on islands and shores. — Schists.
2. D. virginianum L. Stems 3-15 dm. long: leaves many; blades narrowly
oblong to linear-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, thickish, saliently
serrate or incit^^ed-serrate, mostly acuminate or acute: calj'x-lobes lanceolate to
ovate-lanceolate: corolla 25-30 mm. long: nutlets about 3 mm. long. — Sus-
quehanna valley. Frequent, on low islands and shores. — Schists.
12. LAMIUM L. Annual, biennial (ours), or perennial, diffuse herbs.
Leaf-blades broad, toothed or incised. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx
somewhat irregular: lobes 5, the upper ones usually the larger. Corolla blue
or white, 2-lipped: upper lip entire or merely notched: lower lip 3-lobed,
the middle lobe with a dilated blade, the lateral lobes with slender tips. Sta-
mens 4 : filaments pubescent. — Dead-nettle.
Leaf-blades sessile or partly clasping on the upper part of the stem : corolla abruptly
bent at the throat ; lateral lobes of the lower lip rounded. 1. L. amplexicaule.
Leaf-blades petioled on the upper part of the stem : corolla
curved at the throat; lateral lobes of the lower lip lobed. 2. L. puruurcum.
1. L. amplexicaule L. Stems and branches decumbent, sparingly retrorse-
pubescent: leaf-blades suborbicular to orbicular-reniform, 1-3.5 cm. wide,
250 LAMIACEAE.
crenate-lobed : calyx becoming 5-6 mm. long: corolla purple, 13-17 mm. long;
tube slender, the lower lip with mucronate lateral lobes and a cuneate middle
lobe: nutlets slender, less than 1 mm. wide. Common, in cultivated and waste
grounds. Nat. of Eu. — Spr.-fall. — Henbit.
2. L. purpureum L. Stem and branches finely i)ubescent, the branches often
creeping: leaf -blades ovate, orbicular or reniform, 1-3 cm. long, crenate, cor-
date at the base, mostly long-petioled : calyx becoming 9-11 mm. long; lobes
lanceolate-subulate, about as long as the tube: corolla purple or purplish, 11-
15 mm. long; tube stout, straight, the lower lip with a reniform middle lobe:
nutlets stout, fully 1 mm. wide. — M. Occasional, in shaded places. Nat.
of Eu. — Sum. — Dead-nettle.
13. LEONUE-US L. Annual, biennial, or perennial, erect herbs. Leaf-
blades broad, toothed or parted. Flowers in dense axillary cymes. Calyx
somewhat irregular: lobes firm, slender. Corolla 2-lipped, not curved: upper
lip erect or nearly so: lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe much larger than the
lateral ones. Stamens 4 : filaments pubescent. — Sum. — Motherwort.
Calyx much shorter than the corolla : corolla purple, pubescent within : blades of
the lower cauline leaves lobed. 1. L. Cardiaca.
Calyx as long as the corolla : corolla pink, glabrous within :
blades of the lower cauline leaves coarsely toothed. 2. L. Marruhiastrum.
1. L. Cardiaca L. Perennial, 3-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades orbicular to oblong,
2-10 cm. long, the lower ones palmately 3-5-lobed, with incised-serrate divi-
sions, upper ones 3-lobed or entire: calyx-lobes exceeded by the corolla:
corolla 9-10 mm. long: filaments villous. — Common, in waste places and on
roadsides. Nat. of Eu.
2. L. Marrubiastrum L. Biennial, 5-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate to oblong-
ovate, 2.5-7.5 cm. long: calyx-lobes equalling the corolla: corolla 7-8 mm.
long: filaments puberulent. — S. Occasional, on shaded banks of the Octo-
raro Creek. Nat. of Eu.
14. STACHYS [Tourn.] L. Annual or (ours) perennial, erect or spread-
ing herbs. Leaf -blades entire or toothed. Flowers in continuous or interrupted
panicles. Calyx nearly regular: lobes 5, shorter than the tube. Corolla mainly
purple, 2-lipped: upper lip erect: lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle
lobe somewhat larger than the lateral ones. Stamens 4, all anther-bearing:
anthers short. — Sum. — Hedge-nettle.
Leaf-blades narrowed at the base. 1. 8. amhigua.
Leaf-blades, all or some of them, cordate or truncate at the base.
Foliage copiously pubescent : corolla-tube slightly longer than
the calyx : calyx-lobes slender-subulate. 2. 8. palustris.
Foliage glabrous or almost so : corolla-tube much longer than
the calyx : calyx-lobes lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate.
Inflorescence glabrous or nearly so : calyx-lobes glabrous or
nearly so, ultimately lax : upper corolla-lip essentially
glabrous and eciliate. 3. <S. tenuifolia.
Inflorescence bristly-pubescent : calyx-lobes copiously pubes-
cent, permanently erect : upper corolla-lip pubescent and
ciliate. 4. 8. asijcru.
1. S. ambigua (A. Gray) Britton. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, hirsute: leaf -blades
narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, pubescent: calyx 6-8 mm.
long; lobes lanceolate, as long as the tube or nearly so: corolla 11-13 mm.
long : nutlets over 2 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Occasional, on the
river shore. — Schists.
2. S. palustris L. Stems 1 m. tall or less, hirsute: leaf -blades lanceolate,
oblong-lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, mostly acute or acumi-
LAMIACEAE. 251
nate, crenate-serrate, truncate or subcordate at the base, sessile or those of
the lower leaves short-petioled : calyx 6-8 mm. long, finely hirsute; lobes
shorter than the tube, slender-subulate, spine-tipped, diverging in age: corolla
13-16 mm. long, about twice as long as the calyx: nutlets about 2 mm. long,
smooth. — M. Occasional, in wet soil. — Limestones.
3. S. tenuifolia Willd. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: leaf-blades
mainly oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, serrate: calyx 6-7 mm.
long, sometimes sparingly pubescent; lobes lanceolate, as long as the tube or
nearly so : corolla 10-12 mm. long : nutlets about 2 mm. long. — S. Occa-
sional, in moist thickets. — Schists.
4. S. aspera Miehx. Stems 5-12 dm. tall, hirsute: leaf -blades oblong, oblong
lanceolate, or ovate-oblong, 3-10 cm. long, crenate-serrate: calyx 6-8 mm,
long, hirsute; lobes triangular-lanceolate, shorter than the tube: corolla mainly
12-15 mm. long: nutlets about 2 mm. long. — Common, in thickets.
15. SALVIA [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial, herbs, or woody plants.
Leaf-blades entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers in interrupted or continuous
panicles. Calyx short, 2-lipped: upper lip 3dobed: lower lip 2dobed. Corolla
2-lipped: lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe much larger than the lateral ones.
Stamens 4, but only 2 anther-bearing, or only 2: each filament surmounted by
a transverse connective, one end of which bears a long anther. Stigmas very
unequal. — Sage.
1. S. lyrata L. Stems 1-6 dm. tall, scape-like, pilose or hirsute: leaves mainly
basal; blades spatulate, oblaneeolate, oblong, or oval, 5-20 cm. long, lyrate-
pinnatifid: calyx 9-11 mm. long, hirsute; lower lobes lanceolate: corolla blue-
purple, 20-25 mm. long: nutlets granular. — Common, in fields and thickets.
— • Early sum. — Lyre-leaved sage.
16, MONARDA L, Shrubs, or perennial erect herbs. Leaf -blades
toothed. Flowers in remote or approximate dense cymes. Calyx elongate,
nearly regular: lobes 5, slender, shorter than the tube. Corolla 2-lipped, elon-
gate : upper lip narrow, erect or arched : lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe
much longer than the lateral ones. Stamens 2 : filaments elongate : anthers
■with divergent sacs. — Sum. — Horse-mint.
Calyx glabrous in the throat or nearly so : corolla scarlet, mostly more than 3 cm.
long. 1. M. didi/ina.
Calyx bearded in the throat : corolla white, pink or purple,
mostly less than 3 cm. long.
Corolla white, greenish or greenish-pink ; upper lip sparingly
pubescent. . 2. M. clinopodia.
Corolla pink, purplish, or lilac ; upper lip copiously pubescent. 3. M. flstulosa.
1. M, didyma L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, sometimes sparingly pubescent: leaf-
blades lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to ovate, 8-15 cm. long, serrate: heads
showy: calyx 7-11 mm. long; lobes subulate: corolla 35-50 mm. long; middle
lobe of the lower lip acute. — S. Occasional, on roadsides. Nat. of the
South. — Bee-balm. Oswego-tea.
2. M. clinopodia L. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, glabrous or sparingly pubescent:
leaf -blades ovate to lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, serrate: bracts pale: calyx 7-9
mm. long, somewhat bearded in the throat; lobes short-subulate: corolla 24-28
mm. long; lower lip with rounded lateral lobes: nutlets fully 1 mm. long. —
Eather rare, in moist thickets.
3. M. fistulosa L. Stems 5-12 dm. tall, villous or villous-hirsute : leaf-blades
ovate to lanceolate, 2-12 cm. long, remotely sharp-serrate: bracts usually
colored: calyx 8-12 mm. long, copiously bearded in the throat; lobes long-
subulate: corolla 30-34 mm. long; lower lip with acute lateral lobes: nutlets
252 LAMIACEAE.
fully 1.0 mm. long. — Common, in dry fields and on roadsides. — Wild-
BERGAMOT.
17. HEDEOMA Pers. Annual or perennial, often diffuse herbs. Leaf-
blades entire or sparingly toothed. Flowers in remote or contiguous axillary
cymes. Calyx 2-lipped, sometimes obscurely so: lobes of the upper lip broader
and shorter than those of the lower lip. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip some-
times notched: lower lip 3-lobed, commonly broader than the lateral ones. Sta-
mens 2, accompanied by 2 more or less reduced ones. One stigma obsolete.
— ■ Mock-pennyroyal.
1. H. pulegioides (L.) Pers. Plants very fragrant: stems 1-4 dm. tall, finely
pubescent: leaf -blades oval-elliptic to oblong, 9-20 mm. long, sparingly ser-
rate: calyx becoming 4-5 mm. long; tube strongly ribbed: corolla 4-5 mm.
long, bluish. — Common, in dry fields and open woods. — Sum. — Pennyroyal.
American-pennyroyal.
18. MELISSA [Tourn.] L. Perennial, erect herbs. Leaf-blades broad,
toothed. Flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx 2-lipped, the broad upper lip
with 3 minute lobes, the 2 lobes of the lower lip slender. Corolla 2-lipped:
upper lip mostly notched: lower lij^ 3-lobed, the middle lobe very broad.
Stamens 4, exserted. — Balm.
1. M. officinalis L. Plant lemon-scented, 3-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate to
ovate-oblong, 2-8 cm. long, crenate-serrate : calyx ringent, 7-8 mm. long;
upper lip curved upward: corolla white or cream-colored, about 10 mm. long:
nutlets fully 1.5 mm. long. • — Common, on roadsides and in waste places, Nat.
of Eu. — Sum. — Bee-balm. Lemon-balm.
19. SATUREIA [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial herbs, or partially
woody plants. Leaf -blades mostly entire. Cymes axillary or in terminal spike-
like panicles. Calyx campanulate, slightly 2-lipped, the lobes of the upper lip
slightly broader than those of the lower. Corolla 2-lipped : upper lip notched :
lower lip with 3 broad lobes. Stamens 4 : stigmas short. — Savory.
1. S. hortensis L. Plants 1-4 dm. tall, the branches minutely pubescent:
leaf-blades linear-spatulate to linear, 1-2.5 cm. long, entire: inflorescence with
spreading bracts similar to the upper leaves but smaller: panicles short:
calyx 2.5-3.5 mm. long; lobes lanceolate or subulate-lanceolate, about as long
as the tube: corolla white to deep-pink, 3-4 mm. long, the lobes rounded or
retuse: nutlets fully 1 mm. long. — M. Occasional, in waste places and on
roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Summer-savory.
20. CLINOPODITJM L. Annual or perennial herbs or woody plants.
Leaf -blades entire or toothed. Flowers in sessile or peduncled axillary cymes.
Calyx cylindric or tubular, 2-lipped, the upper lip with 3 short lobes, the lower
lip with 2 long, narrow lobes. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip sometimes notched:
lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4: anthers awnless.
1. C. vulgare L. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, hirsute: blades of the upper leaves ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long, undulate or crenate: calyx becoming 8-9
mm. long, villous-hirsute : corolla white or purple, 11-13 mm. long; middle
lobe of the lower lip broadened upward : nutlets about 1 mm, long. — Com-
mon, in thickets and open places. — Sum. — Basil.
21. ORIGANUM [Tourn.] L. Perennial herbs, or partially woody plants.
Leaf -blades broad, often notched. Cymes mostly borne in corymbs. Calyx
LAMIACEAE. 253
stout, nearly equally 5-lobed. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip broad, slightly
lobed: lower lip with 3 rather broad lobes. Stamens 4. Stigmas short.
1. O. vulgare L. Stems mostly simple below, sparingly branched above,
villous-hirsute: leaf-blades ovate, mostly 1.5-2.5 cm. long, shallowly toothed:
calyx 2-2.5 mm. long; lobes ovate, longer than the tube: corolla purple or
rarely white, 6-7 mm. long; lobes of the upper lip rounded, the lateral lobes
of the lower lip broadly ovate : nutlets less than 1 mm. long. — M. S. Fre-
quent, on roadsides and in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Wild-marjoram.
22. THYMUS [Tourn.] L. Perennial depressed or creeping herbs. Leaf-
blades short, mostly entire. Flowers in axillary cymes or raceme-like panicles.
Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip with 3 short lobes, the lower Up with 2 longer
lobes. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip erect: lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe
scarcely larger than the lateral ones. Stamens 4. Stigmas long. — Thyme.
1. T. Serpyllum L. Plants fragrant, forming depressed mats: leaf -blades
oblong to oval or ovate, 3-10 mm. long: calyx becoming 3.5-4 mm. long; lobes
of the lower lip about as long as the tube : corolla purplish, about as long as
the calyx: nutlets less than 1 mm. long. — M. Occasional on roadsides and in
fields. " Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Creeping-thyme.
23. KOELLIA Moench. Perennial erect herbs. Leaf-blades entire or
shallowly toothed. Flowers in dense axillary and terminal cymes. Calyx nearly
regular, the lobes short or elongate. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip erect: lower
lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger than the lateral ones. Stamens 4. — Sum.
— Mountain-mint. Horse-mint. Basil.
Calyx not 2-lipped ; lobes equal or nearly so.
Calyx-lobes triangular or ovate-triangular. 1. K. virginiana.
Calyx-lobes subulate to lanceolate.
Leaf-blades or most of them over 3 times as long as
broad.
Leaves with strictly entire blades. 2. K. flcxiiosa.
Leaves, or the larger ones, with toothed blades.
Flower-clusters 1-2 cm. broad at maturity, com-
pact : calyx-lobes not bristly. 3. K. vcrticiUata.
Flower-clusters 2-3 cm. broad at maturity, not
crowded : calyx-lobes bristly. 4. A'. cliiiopocHoides.
Leaf-blades or most of them less than 3 times as long
as broad. 5. A', muiicu.
Calyx manifestly 2-lipped by the partial union of the 3
upper lobes. G. A. incanii.
1. K. virginiana (L.) Britton. Stems 4-9 dm. tall, minutely pubescent: leaf-
blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, mostly entire: calyx 3.5-4
mm. long; lobes triangular to ovate-triangular: corolla 6-7 mm. long; upper
lip notched; middle lobe of the lower lip slightly narrower than the lateral
ones. — Common, in thickets.
2. K. flexuosa (Walt.) MacM. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, glaljrous: leaf -blades
narrowly linear to linear-filiform, 1-4 cm. long, entire: calyx about 3.5 mm.
long; lobes lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate: corolla 6-7 mm. long; upper
lip minutely notched ; middle lobe of the lower lip much narrower than the
lateral ones. — Common, in dry soil, fields and thickets.
4. K. clinopodioides (T. & G.) Kuntze. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, softly-pubescent:
leaf-blades lanceolate to almost linear, 2-6 em. long, remotely or shallowly
serrate: calyx 4-5 mm. long; lobes subulate-lanceolate: corolla 6-7 mm. long,
or rarely longer. — Susquehanna valley. Occasional, in open thickets and
woods. — Schists.
4. K. clinopodioides (T. & G.) Kuntze. Stems 4-12 dm, tall, softly-pubescent
leaf -blades lanceolate, narrowly oblong, or elliptic, 2-8 cm. long, more or less
254 LAMIACEAE.
serrate: calyx 4-4.5 mm. long; lobes lanceolate-subulate, nearly J as long as
the tube: corolla about 6 mm. long. — W. S. Frequent, in open woods and
dry thickets. — Schists.
5. K. mutlca (Michx.) Britton. Stems 6-10 dm, tall, finely pubescent: leaf-
blades thick, ovate to lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, serrate: calyx 3. .5-4 mm. long;
lobes deltoid to triangular-lanceolate, very short: corolla 6-8 mm. long; fila-
ments short. — Susquehanna valley. Occasional, in open woods and thickets.
— Schists.
6. K. incana (L.) Kuntze. Stems 5-12 dm. tall, softly-pubescent and often
hirsute: leaf-blades ovate, elliptic, or lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, remotely t-er-
rate: calyx 3. .5-4 mm. long; lobes narrowly triangular to triangular-lanceolate:
corolla 7-8 mm. long. — Common, in dry thickets and open woods.
24. CUNIItA. L. Perennial erect herbs, or woody plants. Leaf -blades
broad, entire or toothed. Flowers in axillary cymes. Calyx nearly regular,
the lobes shorter than the tube. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip erect: lower lip
3-lobed. Stamens 2^ long-exserted.
1. C. origanoides (L.) Britton. Stem 2-4 dm. tall, wiry: leaf -blades ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, serrate : calyx 2-2.5 mm. long ; lobes ovate
to deltoid: corolla purplish, 4-5 mm. long. — N". S. Common, in woods and
thickets, and on open hillsides. — Sandstones and sJiales, schists. — Sum. —
Dittany.
25. LYCOPUS [Tourn.] L. Perennial, erect or creeping, often stolon-
iferous herbs. Leaf-blades entire, toothed, or pinnatifid. Flowers in dense
axillary cymes. Calyx regular or nearly so: lobes longer than the tube or
shorter. Corolla slightly 2-lipped: upper lip notched: lower lip nearly equally
3-lobed. Stamens 2. — Sum. — Bugle-weed. Water-hoarhound.
Corolla much longer than the calyx : blades of the lower leaves not pinnatlfld.
Calyx-lobes much shorter than the tube, obtuse or merely acute : nutlets longer
than the calyx-lobes.
Style included : middle lobe of the lower lip of the corolla scarcely wider
than the lateral ones. 1. L. virginicus.
Style exserted : middle lobe of the lower lip of the
corolla much wider than the lateral ones.
Leaves with very short or obsolete petioles ; blades
thick or firm. 2. L. unifloriis.
Leaves with slender petioles ; blades thin. 3. L. membranaceus.
Calyx-lobes as long as the tube or longer, acuminate :
nutlets shorter than the calyx-lobes. 4. L. sessilifoUits.
Corolla scarcely, if at all. longer than the calyx : blades of
the lower leaves pinnatifid. 5. L. amcricanits.
1. L. virginicus L. Stems 1-S dm. tall, purplish or greenish-purple, obtuse-
angled, not tuberous at the base, but with tuber-bearing stolons: leaf -blades
ovate to oblong-ovate or elliptic, 2-14 cm. long, coarsely toothed, manifestly
petioled: calyx about 2 mm. long; lobes narrow. — Common, in pastures and
rather moist soil.
2. L. uniflorus Michx. Stems l-8i dm. tall, green or sometimes purplish,
sharp-angled, tuberous at the base, the stolons rarely tuber-bearing: leaf-
blades oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2-8 cm. long, serrate, sessile or nearly so:
calyx about 1.5 mm. long; lobes wide. [L. communis Bicknell.] — S. Occa-
sional, in thickets along the Pequea Creek. — Schists.
3. L. membranaceus Bicknell. Stems 2-9 dm. tall, mostly green, often blunt-
angled, tuberous at the base, the stolons wanting or sparingly developed : leaf-
blades lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, 4-11 cm. long, sharply
serrate, decidedly petioled: calyx 1.5-2 mm. long; lobes rather broad. — S.
Occasional, in moist thickets. — Schists.
LAMIACEAE. 255
4. L. sessilifolius A. Gray. Stems 2-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate to oblong
or lanceolate, 1.5-6 cm. long, shallowly serrate: calyx 2-2.5 mm. long; lobes
as long as the tube : lower corolla-lip with a renif orm notched middle lobe :
filaments pubescent at the base. — Eare, in low grounds.
5. L. americanus Muhl. Stems 1-9 dm. tall, often much-branched: leaf-
blades lanceolate to Ovate-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, those on the lower part
of the stem piunatifid, those near the top merely toothed: calyx 2.5-3 mm.
long; lobes rather shorter than the tube: corolla about as long as the calyx:
staminodia thickened at the tip. — Common, in moist thickets and pastures.
26. MENTHA [Tourn.] L. Perennial erect or diffuse herbs. Leaf-
blades toothed or incised. Flowers in dense axillary cymes, these sometimes
disposed in spike-like panicles. Calyx nearly regular, the lobes shorter than the
tube. Corolla obscurely 2-lipped: upper lip mostly notched: lower lip of 3
nearly equal lobes. Stamens 4. — Sum. — Mint.
Flower-clusters all axillary.
Upper leaves or bracts subtending the flower-clusters much smaller than the
lower leaves. 1- M. Cardiacu.
Upper leaves or bracts subtending the flower-clusters only
slightly smaller than the lower leaves.
Stem and branches glabrous or with short scattered
hairs : calyx glabrous or nearly so, except for the
ciliate lobes. 2. M. gcntilis.
Stem and branches with retrorse or spreading hairs :
calyx pubescent all over.
Stem and branches with short retrorse or retrorse-
appressed hairs : larger calyx-lobes deltoid ; calyx-
tube closely pubescent with short hairs. 3. M. arvcnsis.
Stem and branches with long lax or spreading
hairs : larger calyx-lobes typically lanceolate :
calyx-tube loosely pubescent with long hairs. 4. M. canadensis.
Flower-clusters,' at least most of them, aggregated in terminal
spike-like panicles.
Flowers in short and stout raceme-like panicles, or clus-
tered in the upper leaf-axils : longer calyx-lobes decidedly
shorter than the tube : leaf-blades petioled. 5. M. piperita.
Flowers in slender or relatively slender, often elongate
spike-like panicles : longer calyx-lobes as long as the
tube or nearly so : leaf-blades sessile.
Stem and inflorescence not canescent : calyx-tube gla-
brous or nearly so : corolla-tube not exceeding the
calyx. 6. M. viridis.
Stem and inflorescence canescent : calyx-tube copiously
pubescent : corolla-tube much exceeding the calyx. 7. M. alopccuroidcs.
1. M. Cardiaca Gerarde. Stems 1.5-5 dm. tall, finely pubescent: leaf-blades
lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate, 1-5 cm. long, sharply serrate, sometimes
incised, the floral ones conspicuously reduced: calyx 1..5-2 mm. long; tube
finely pubescent : corolla pink, 4-5 mm. long. — Eather common, in waste
grounds. Nat. of Eu.
2. M. gentilis L. Stems 2-7 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: leaf -blades oval,
ovate, obovate, or elliptic, 1.5-5 cm. long, serrate, the floral ones not con-
spicuously reduced, with petioles often longer than the flower-clusters: calyx
1.5-2 mm. long; tube glabrous or nearly so: corolla deep-pink or lilac; upper
lip notched. — M. Common, in waste places and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu.
3. M. arvensis L. Plant 4 dm. tall or less, often diffuse, the stem copiously,
often closely pale-pubescent: leaf -blades ovate, oblong, or oval, 1.5-5 cm.
long, coarsely serrate above the middle, copiously pubescent with short hairs,
broad at the base: calyx 1..5-2 mm. long, minutely pubescent; lobes short-
tipped: corolla usually pink, mostly 3 mm. long, the upper lip mostly notched.
— M. Frequent, in and about swamps. Nat. of Eu.
4. M. canadensis L. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, loosely pubescent: leaf -blades lance-
olate, oblong, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, serrate, narrow-based,
256 EHINANTHACEAE.
the floral ones with petioles as long as the flower-clusters: calyx aboi;t 2.5-3
mm. long; tube loosely pubescent: corolla pink or white; upper lip mostly
obtuse. — Common, in low sandy places^.
5. M. piperita L. Stems 2-7 dm. tall, glabrous: leaf -blades oblong, oval, ob-
long-lanceolate, or oblong-ovate, 1.5-5 cm. long, sharply serrate: calyx :^.5-3
mm. long; lobes much shorter than the cylindric-campanulate tube: corolla
deep-pink, 3.5-4 nun. long. — Common, in waste places and on roadsides. Nat.
of Eu. — Peppermint.
6. M. splcata L. Stems 2-5 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: leaf -blades ob-
long, elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, 3-6 cm. long, sharply serrate: calyx 1-1.5
mm. long; lobes about as long as the campanulate tube: corolla pale-pink,
2-2.5 mm. long. — Common, in waste places and fields. Nat. of Eu. — Spear-
mint.
7. M. alopecuroides Hull. Stems 1 m. tall or less, finely retrorse-pubescent:
leaf-blades ovate or oval^ varying to orbicular, 2.5-9 cm. long, coarsely dentate-
serrate, finely pale-pubescent on both sides, rounded-truncate or subcordate at
the base: panicles branched, continuous, nearly 1.5 cm. thick: calyx fine-
pubescent, 2-2.3 mm. long; lobes subulate, about as long as the tube: corolla
white, 4.5-5 mm. long. — M. S. Occasional, on roadsides and in fields. Nat.
of Eu. > - .1^
27. COLLINSONIA L. Perennial erect herbs. Leaf-blades toothed.
Flowers in panicles. Calyx 2-lipped: upj^er lip with 3 short lobes: lower lip
with 2 longer lobes. Corolla 2-lipped, elongate. Stamens 2, exserted.
1. C. canadensis L. Stems erect, 3-9 dm. tall, from a thick hard root: leaf-
blades thickish, oblong, elliptic, or oval, 9-16 cm. long, rather coarsely dentate-
serrate: calyx becoming 5-7 mm. long: corolla about 1.5 cm. long, yellowish:
nutlets obscurely reticulate, nearly 2 mm. in diameter. • — Common, in moist
woods and thickets. — Sum. — Horse-balm. Stone-root.
28. PEEHiLA L. Annual erect herbs. Leaf -blades often coarsely toothed.
Flowers in spike-like panicles. Calyx 2-lipped: uper lip with 3 broad lobes:
lower lip with 2 longer lobes. Corolla slightly 2-lipped: upper lip broad:
lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe the largest. Stamens 4, included.
1. P. frutescens (L.) Britton. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, minutely pubescent: leaf-
blades ovate or oval, 4-10 em. long, serrate or crenate-serrate : calyx 2-2.5
mm., becoming 6 mm. long; lower lobes lanceolate: corolla 3-3.5 mm. long,
white, with a ring of hairs within; lobes obtuse: nutlets prominently reticu-
late, nearly 1.5 mm. in diameter. — Occasional, near dwellings and on road-
sides. Nat. of As. — Sum.
Family 10. RHINANTHACEAE. Figwort Family.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Stems commonly terete. Leaves opposite or
whorled, or alternate : blades entire, toothed, or divided. Flowers perfect,
axillary, or spieate or racemose. Calyx regular or rarely 2-lipped, of 4
or 5 more or less united sepals. Corolla mostly irregular, of 4 or 5 par-
tially united petals. Androecium of 4, usually didynamous stamens, the
fifth one often represented by a staminodium. Gynoeeium 2-carpellaiy.
Ovary 2-eelIed. Fruit capsular or rarely baccate.
Upper lip, or lobess, of the corolla external in the bud (except in
Mimulus), or wanting.
Leaves prevailingly alternate. 1. Veebascum.
Leaves prevailing opposite.
Corolla-tube with a spur or sac on the lower side near
the base.
EHINANTHACEAE.
257
Leaf-blades palmately veined and palmately lobed. 2. Cymbalahia.
Leaf-blades pinnately veined and entii'e. 3. Linaria.
Corolla-tube with neither spur nor sac.
Filaments 5, 4 anther-bearing, 1 sterile (staminodium)
and different from the others.
Staminodium a scale, adnate to the upper side of
the corolla-tube : corolla short, with 4 erect lobes.
Staminodium elongate : corolla long.
Filaments longer than the staminodium : seeds
winged.
Filaments shorter than the staminodium : seeds
wingless.
Filaments 2 or 4.
Trees : flowers large, in large panicles : corolla
decurved.
Herbs : flowers small, not in panicles : corolla not
decurved.
Anther-bearing filaments 4, or rarely .*$.
Anther-bearing filaments 2.
Filaments short and stout, or almost
wanting.
Filaments elongate and slender.
Lower lip, or lobes, of the corolla external in the bud.
Sepals distinct or essentially so.
Corolla rotate or campanulate : stamens not surpassing
the corolla-lobes.
Corolla tubular and somewhat salverform : stamens
exserted.
Sepals almost wholly, or only partially, united into a tube.
Corolla various, but only slightly 2-lipped : stamens not
ascending under the upper lip.
Corolla fuunelform : capsule exserted.
Anther-sacs awned at the base : corolla yellow. 13. Dasystoma.
Anther-sacs awnless : corolla rose-purple, pink, or
white. 14.
Corolla salverform : capsule mostly in the calyx. 15.
Corolla strongly 2-lipped : stamens ascending under the
upper lip.
Anther-sacs unlike, the Inner pendulous. 16. Castilleja.
Anther-sacs alike, parallel.
Ovules 1-2 in each cavity of the ovary : capsules
1-4-seeded. 17.
Ovules several to many in each cavity : capsules
many-seeded. IS.
4.
SCROPH r LABIA.
5.
Chelone.
6.
Pextstemox.
7.
PAtLOWNIA.
8.
MiMULUS.
9.
10.
Gratiola.
Ilysanthes.
11.
Veronica.
12.
Leptandra.
Agalinis.
buchnera.
Melampyrcm.
Pedicularis.
1. VESBASCUM [Tourii.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs.
Leaf- blades entire, toothed, or pinnatifid, sometimes decurrent. Flowers in
spikes, racemes, or panicles. Calyx-lobes 5. Corolla slightly irregular: lobes
longer than the tube, the lower lobes larger than the upper. Stamens 5, ex-
serted. Style declined. Capsule oblong to subglobose. — Sum. and fall. —
Mullen.
Stem glabrous or mostly glandular above : racemes interrupted :
or depressed.
Stem densely pubescent : racemes continuous, at least above :
capsule ovoid or oblong.
Stem angled : leaf-blades crenate : capsules 4-6 mm. long.
Stem winged : leaf-blades entire : capsules 7-10 mm. long.
capsule subglobose
1. V. Blatturia.
2. r. Li/chnitis.
3. V. Thapsiis.
1. V. Blattaria L. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, sometimes glandular above: leaf-
blades oblong to ovate, 2-12 cm. long, doubly serrate-crenate : pedicels glan-
dular: calyx-lobes linear to linear-elliptic, 4.5-6.5 mm. long: corolla white or
yellow, 3-4 cm. wide : capsule globose or depressed, 6-8 mm. in diameter. —
Common, in old fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Moth-mullex.
2. V. Lychnitis L. Stems 8-20 dm. tall, tomentose with short hairs: leaf-
blades narrowly elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate on the lower part of the stem,
elliptic or lanceolate above, crenate: pedicels tomentulose: calj'x-lobes lanceo-
late to linear-lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 mm. long: corolla yellow; longer lobe 4-6 mm.
long: capsules oblong or ovoid-oblong, 4-6 mm. long, much exceeding the calyx.
— N. Eare, in thickets and on roadsides, Nat. of Eu. — White-mullen.
Lancaster County Flora 17.
258 EHINANTHACEAE.
3. V. Thapsus L. Stems 3-18 dm. tall, woolly with long matted hairs: leaf-
blades spatulate to elliptic-spatulate on the lower part of the stem, oblanceo-
late to elliptic-obovate above, eutire: pedicels woolly: calyx-lobes triaagular-
lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long: corolla yellow or rarely white; longer lobe 8-11
mm. long : capsules ovoid, 7-10 mm. long, slightly exceeding the calyx. — Com-
mon, in old fields and thickets. Nat. of Eu. — Common-mullen.
2. CYMBALAE.IA Medic. Perennial creeping or diffuse herbs. Leaf-
blades broad, mostly palmately lobed. Flowers solitary in the leaf-axils.
Calyx-lobes slightly longer than the tube. Corolla 2-lipped, short-spurred, the
throat nearly or wholly closed by a palate. Stamens 4: filaments glabrous.
Capsule with 2 apical pores. Seeds sharply ridged-wrinkled.
1. C. Cymbalaria (L.) Wettst. Stem and branches trailing or creeping, gla-
brous, succulent: leaf -blades suborbicular to reniforni, 0.5-3 cm. wide, the
lobes broad: calyx 2-2.5 mm. long; lobes lanceolate: corolla blue or lilac, 8-10
mm. long ; spur 1.5-2 mm. long : pedicels becoming recurved : capsules sub-
globose, 3-3.5 mm. in diameter. — S. Occasional, on damp stone walls. Nat.
of Eu. — Sum. — Kenilworth-ivy. Coliseum-ivy.
3. LINAEIA [Tourn.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial erect herbs.
Leaf-blades narrow, entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or
panicles. Calyx-lobes much longer than the tube. Corolla 2-lipped, spurred,
the throat partly closed by a palate. Stamens 4: filaments glabrous. Cap-
sule with subapical pores. Seeds angled or wrinkled. — Sum. — Toad-flax.
Corolla blue: plants annual or biennial: leaves few. 1. 7y. canadensis.
Corolla yellow : plants perennial : leaves numerous. 2. L. Linaria.
1. L. canadensis (L.) Dumort. Stem 1-6 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so:
leaf -blades narrowly linear: calyx-lobes linear or linear-oblong, 2.5-3 mm.
long : corolla 5-7 mm. long ; lateral lobes of the lower lip rounded ; spur mostly
4-5 mm. long : capsules about 2.5 mm. long. — S. Occasional, on dry banks.
— Schists. — Blue toad-flax.
2, L. Linaria (L.) Karst. Stems 1-10 dm. tall, glaucous: leaf -blades linear
or nearly so : calyx-lobes ovate, 3-4 mm. long : corolla 2.5-3 cm. long ; spur
nearly as long as the lower lip: capsules 9-12 mm. long. — Common, in fields
and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Snapdragon. Butter- and-eggs. Eamsted.
4. SCE-OPHULAHIA [Tourn.] L. Perennial stiff herbs. Leaf -blades
toothed or incised. Flowers in panicled cymes. Calyx-lobes 5, relatively
broad. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip erect: lower lip glabrous, shorter than the
upper one, the middle lobe recurved. Stamens 4: filaments short: anthers
glabrous. Staminodium clavate. Capsule exceeding the calyx. — Sum. —
FiGWORT.
Corolla dull without : staminodium-fllament deep-purple. 1. 8. mari/Iandioa.
Corolla lustrous without : staminoidium-filament greenish-yellow. 2. 8. leporella.
1. S. marylandica L. Stems 1-2 m. tall, glabrous or nearly so: leaf -blades
oblong-ovate to lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, serrate or crenate-serrate: corolla
6-8 mm. long : filaments mainly filiform : capsules 4-6 mm. long. — Common,,
in woods and on roadsides.
2. S. leporella Bicknell. Stems 0.5-1.5 m. tall, glabrous or nearly so: leaf-
blades ovate, ovate-hastate, or lanceolate, 5-20 mm. long, incised-serrate or
deeply-incised: corolla 8-10 mm. long: capsules 7-10 mm. long. — S. Kather
common, in woods and on roadsides. — Schists.
RHINANTHACEAE. 259
5. CHELONE [Tourn.] L. Perennial herbs. Leaf -blades toothed. Flow-
ers in congested racemes. Calyx-lobes 5, broad. Corolla 2-lipped, slightly
open at the mouth: lower lip with 3 relatively small lobes. Stamens 4: fila-
ments pubescent, nearly equally adnate to the corolla: anthers villous. Stami-
nodium elongate. Capsules surpassing the calyx. — Turtle-head.
1. C. glabra L. Stems 3-18 dm. tall, mostly branched: leaf -blades broadly
linear to oblong, elliptic, or lanceolate, 6-17 cm. long, rather coarsely toothed,
narrowed at the base: calyx 8-10 mm. long: corolla 25-30 mm. long: stami-
nodium pubescent at the base : capsules 10-12 mm. long. — Common, in swamps
and low grounds. — Fall. — Balmony. Snakehead.
6. PENTSTEMON [Mitchell] Soland. Perennial herbs. Leaf-blades
entire, toothed, or rarely dissected. Flowers borne in racemose or paniculate
cymes. Calyx-lobes 5, longer than the tube, sometimes toothed. Corolla 2-
lipped, the lips more or less spreading. Stamens 4 : filaments unequally adnate
to the corolla. Staminodium elongate. Capsule surpassing the calyx. — Beard-
tongue,
Stem glabrous below the inflorescence.
Corolla purplish : tube not gibbous above the point of enlargement.
1. P. Pentstemon.
Corolla white or pinkish ; tube gibbous above the point of
enlargement. 2. P. Digitalis.
Stem pubescent or puberulent.
Stem hirsute : cauline leaves with prominent salient teeth. 3. P. hirsutus.
Stem puberulent : cauline leaves with appressed or obscure
teeth. 4. P. palUdiis.
1. P. Pentstemon (L.) Britton. Stem 3-10 dm. tall: blades of the upper
cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate to broadly linear, 8-17 cm. long, undulate or
slightly toothed: calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long,
erect: corolla purplish, 16-18 mm. long: capsules 5-6 mm. long. — Common,
in fields and waste places. — Sum.
2. P. Digitalis (Sweet) Nutt. Stems 3-10 dm. tall: blades of the upper
cauline leaves oblong, lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, entire or
remotely toothed: calyx-lobes lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, spreading or recurved:
corolla white or pinkish, 20-30 mm. long: capsules 7-9 mm. long. — S. Occa-
sional, in fields and thickets, — Schists. — Sum.
3. P. hirsutus (L.) Willd. Stems 2-7 dm. tall: blades of the upper cauline
leaves oblong to lanceolate, 4-10 cm. long, more or less prominently toothed:
calyx-lobes 5-6 mm. long, ovate to lanceolate: corolla iiurplish, 19-23 mm.
long : capsules 7-9 mm. long. — Common, on dry banks. — Early sum.
4. P. pallidus Small. Stems 3-9 dm. tall: blades of the upper cauline leaves
oblong, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, rather remotely shallow-
toothed: calyx-lobes ovate, becoming triangular, about 3 mm. long: corolla
white or purplish, 20-25 mm. long: capsules 5-6 mm. long. — S. Rare, on
roadsides near Quarryville. — Schists. — Sum.
7. PAULOWNIA Sieb. & Zuce. Trees resembling Catalpa. Leaf-blades
ample, entire or 3-lobed. Flowers in large panieled cymes. Calyx-lobes 5,
shorter than the tube. Corolla slightly 2-lipped, both lips spreading. Sta-
mens 4: filaments about equally adnate to the corolla. Staminodium want-
ing. Capsule woody, exceeding the calyx.
1. P. tomentosa (Thunb.) Baill. Large tree: leaf -blades ovate to suborbicular,
1.5-4 dm. long, densely pubescent beneath, cordate, long-petioled: calyx 10-14
260 EHINANTHACEAE.
mm. long: corolla violet, 4.5-5,5 cm. long, pubescent; lobes rounded: capsules
ovoid, 3-4 cm. long, acute : seeds winged. — Occasional, in thickets and on
roadsides. Nat. of As. — Early sum. — Karri.
8. MIMULUS L. Annual or perennial, erect herbs. Leaf-blades shal-
lowly toothed. Flowers axillary. Calyx nearly regular : lobes much shorter
than the tube. Corolla 2-lipped: upper lip 2-lobed, erect or spreading: lower
lip 3-lobed, sjjreading. Stamens 4: filaments about equally aduate to the
corolla. Staminodium wanting. Capsule included in the calyx. — Sum. and
fall. — MONKEY-FLOVFER.
Calyx with minute lobes and broad truncate sinuses : leaf-blades petioled.
1. M. alatus.
Calyx with lanceolate lobes i/i-^ as long as the tube and acute
sinuses : leaf-blades sessile. 2. M. ritigens.
1. M. alatus Soland. Stems 2-10 dm. tall, square or 4- winged: leaf-blades
elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long: pedicels 4-winged: calyx 12-15
mm. long, scarcely distended by the capsule: corolla 20-25 mm. long; middle
lobe of the lower lip oval. — Common, in swamps.
2. M. ringens L. Stems 3-13 dm. tall, flattened: leaf-blades lanceolate or
narrowly elliptic, 5-20 cm. long: pedicels 2-winged: calyx 15-20 mm. long,
manifestly distended by the capsule: corolla 25-30 mm. long; middle lobe of
the lower lip orbicular or renif orm-orbicular. — Common, in swamps.
9. GRATIOLA L. Annual or perennial, rather succulent herbs. Leaf-
blades entire or shallowly toothed. Flowers axillary. Calyx-lobes 5, often
unequal, sometimes toothed, glabrous or minutely pubescent. Corolla 2-lipped.
Stamens 2. Stamiuodia mostly fccale-like. or vrauting. Capsule globular to
broadly ovoid.
1, G. virginiana L. Stem viscid-puberulent, or pubescent above, 1-3 dm. tall:
leaf-blades elliptic-spatulate to elliptic or oblong, 1.5-5 cm. long, undulate or
shallowly toothed, often acute: calyx-lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, 4-4.5 mm.
long: corolla 8-11 mm. long; tube yellowish; lips whitish, the lower one
deeply notched : capsules acute. — Common, in mud or sand. — Sum. — Hedge-
HYSSOr.
10. ILYSANTHES Eaf. Annual or biennial, diffuse herbs. Leaf -blades
entire or shallowly toothed. Flowers axillary. Calyx-lobes 5, narrow, entire.
Corolla 2-lipped, mainly blue: upper lip erect: lower lip spreading. Stamens
2. Staminodia elongate, glandular, except the small lobe near the apex. Cap-
sules oblong to narrowly ovoid. — Sum. — False-pimpernel.
Sepals as long as the capsule or longer : pedicels shorter than the subtending bracts.
1. /. attcnuata.
Sepals shorter than the capsule : pedicels longer than the subtend-
ing bracts. 2. I. dubia.
1. I, attenuata (Muhl.) Small. Stem 1-5 dm. tall, often much-branched:
leaf-blades oblong to ovate, or oblanceolate to obovate below, 1-3 cm. long,
shallowly serrate : calyx-lobes 4-5 mm. long, mostly ciliolate : corolla 8-10 mm.
long: capsules 3.5-4.5 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Occasional,
on shores and low islands. — Schists.
2. I. dubia (L.) Barnhart. Stems 1-2 dm. tall, often much-branched: leaf-
blades obovate to oblong, or ovate above, 0.6-2 cm. long, entire or nearly so :
calyx-lobes 3-4 mm. long, mostly eciliate: corolla 5-7 mm. long: capsules 4-5
mm. long. — Common, in mud and low grassy places.
EHINANTHACEAE. 261
11. VERONICA [Tourn.] L. Animal or perennial, diffuse or creeping
herbs. Leaf-blades entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers axillary or in racemes.
Calyx-lobes 4, or rarely 5, nearly equal, much longer than the tube. Corolla
rotate, the lower lobe usually narrower than the others. Stamens 2, borne on
either side of the upper corolla-lobe : filaments divergent. Capsule flattened.
— Speedwell.
Flowers solitary and axillary, the subtending bracts leaf-like, and similar to the
leaves.
Pedicels as long as the subtending bracts or longer : annual plants.
Cqrolla longer than the calyx : capsules nearly twice as wide as high.
1. V, Tourncfortii.
Corolla not longer than the calyx : capsules barely
broader than high.
Leaf-blades of an ovate type, toothed : calyx-
lobes elliptic to lanceolate. 2. T'. agrestis.
Leaf-blades orbicular to reniform, lobed : calyx-
lobes ovate. 3. V. hedcraefolia.
Pedicels shorter than the subtending bracts.
Annual : capsules notched or obcordate.
Foliage pubescent : capsules obcordate. 4. V. arvcnsis.
Foliage glabrous or glandular : capsules orbic-
ular and slightly notched. 5. T. peregrina.
Perennial : capsules merely refuse or truncate. 6. V. serpyllifoUa.
Flowers in axillary racemes : bracts small.
Foliage pubescent : species of dry soil. 7. V. offtcinaUs.
Foliage glabrous or glandular : species of low grounds
01" brooks.
Leaf-blades broad : capsule swollen, many-seeded.
Stem-leaves with petioled blades : capsules
mostly over 3 mm. long, 2-lobed. 8. V. americana.
Stem-leaves with sessile blades : capsules mostly
less than 3 mm. long, shallowly notched. 9. V. AnagalHs-aquatica.
Leaf-blades narrow : capsule flat, few-seeded. 10. V. scutellata.
1. V. Tournefortii C. C. Gmel. Stems branched, 1-4 dm. long: leaf -blades
ovate to orbicular-ovate or oval-ovate, 8-15 mm. long, serrate: pedicels longer
than the bracts: calyx-lobes elliptic to lanceolate, 4-5 mm. long: corolla blue,
9-11 mm. wide: capsules nearly reuiform, 7-8 mm. wide, many-seeded. — Oc-
casional, in cultivated grounds. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum.
2. V. agrestis L. Stems 0.5-3 dm. long: leaf -blades ovate to suborbicular or
deltoid, 5-15 mm. long, crenate or serrate: pedicels becoming as long as the
bracts: calyx-lobes elliptic to elliptic-ovate, 3-5 mm. long: corolla 5-7 mm.
wide: capsules orbicular and sharply notched, 7-8^ mm. wide, 1-2-seeded. —
Bare, in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. — Field-speedwell.
3. V. hedcraefolia L. Stems branched at the base, the branches reclining
or decumbent, often matted, sparingly pubescent: leaf -blades reniform or
orbicular-reniform, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, 3-5-lobed, rounded or cordate at the base,
rather long-petioled : pedicels as long as the leaves or slightly shorter : calyx-
lobes ovate, 3-4.5 mm. long, acute: corolla 3-4 mm. wide, much shorter than
the calyx: capsules depressed, swollen, slightly 2-lobed, 5-6 mm. broad, 2-4-
seeded. — M. Common, in shaded banks along the Conestoga Creek. Nat. of
Eu. — Spr. and sum. — Ivy-leaved speedwell.
4. V. arvensis L. Stems 0.5-3 dm. long: leaf -blades ovate to oval, 5-12 mm.
long, crenate or incised : pedicels shorter than the bracts : calyx-lobes oblong
to oblong-lanceolate, 1-2.5 mm. long: corolla 1.5-2 mm. wide: capsules about
3 mm. wide. — Common, in waste places and cultivated grounds. Nat. of Eu.
— Sum. — Corn-speedwell.
5. V. peregrina L. Annual, 0.5-4 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblanceolate to oblong
or linear, 1-3 cm. long, the lower ones, at least, toothed : calyx-lobes linear or
slightly broadened upward: corolla 2-3 mm. wide: capsules 4 mm. wide,
262 EHINANTHACEAE.
glabrous. — Common, in cultivated grounds. — Sum. — Purslane-speedwell.
Neckayeed.
6. V. serpyllifolia L. Perennial, spreading, 0.5-2.5 dm. long: leaf -blades
suborbicular, oval, or oblong, 5-15 mm. long, entire or crenate: calyx-lobes
oblong or oblong-cuneate, nearly glabrous: corolla 2-3 mm. wide: capsules 3
mm. wide, pubescent. — Common, in waste places. — Early sum. — Thyme-
leaved SPEEDWELL.
7. V. officinalis L. Perennial, creeping, 0.5-3 dm. long: leaf -blades oblong to
oval, varying to ovate or obovate, 0.5-4 cm. long, serrate: calyx-lobes oblong,
pubescent: corolla 5-8 mm. wide: capsules 3-3.5 mm. wide, truncate or retuse.
— Common, in dry fields and open woods. — Sum. — Common-speedwell.
8. V. amerlcana Schwein. Perennial, glabrous, 1-6 dm. tall: leaf -blades oval,
oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-5 cm. long, serrate: calyx-lobes oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long: corolla 4-5 mm. wide: capsules 3-3.5 mm.
wide, 2-lobed. — Common, in streams and swamps. — Sum. — American-
BROOKLIME.
9. V. Anagallis-aquatica L. Perennial, glandular-pubescent above, 2-9 dm,
tall: leaf -blades lanceolate to oblong, 2-12 cm. long, finely serrate or nearly
entire: calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long: corolla 4-5
mm. wide: capsules 2.5-3 mm. wide, minutely notched. — M. Occasional, in
swamps and ditches. — Limestones. — Spr. and sum. — Water-speedwell.
10. V. scutellata L. Perennial, the stem often stoloniferous at the base,
glabrous: leaf -blades linear to linear-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 1.5-5
cm. long, acuminate, entire or shallowly toothed, sessile: peduncles shorter than
the leaves: pedicels filiform: calyx-lobes oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm,
long, acute: corolla 6.5-9 mm. wide, surpassing the calyx: capsules reniform,
notched at the apex, 4-4.5 mm. broad. — Susquehanna valley. Eare, in swamps
near Collin 's Ferry. — Sum. — Marsh-speedwell.
12, LEPTANDRA Nutt. Perennial, erect herbs. Leaf-blades elongate,
toothed. Flowers in erect spike-like racemes. Calyx-lobes 4, narrow. Corolla
tubular and somewhat salverform: lobes broad, much shorter than the tube.
Stamens 2, exserted: filaments erect, glabrous. Capsule narrow.
1. L, virginica (L.) Nutt. Stems 3-18 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong, elliptic,
or lanceolate, 4-13 cm. long, finely serrate: calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, 1-1.5 mm. long: corolla white or pink, 5-6 mm. long; lobes ovate:
capsules oblong or oval, 3-4 mm. long. — Common, in swamps and damp
meadows. — Sum. — Culver 's-root. Culver 's-physic.
13. DASYSTOMA Eaf. Annual, biennial, or perennial, simple or spar-
ingly branched herbs. Leaf-blades entire, toothed, or pinnatifid. Flowers
axillary. Calyx-lobes 5, mostly about as long as the tube or longer. Corolla
f unnelf orm : lobes shorter than the tube. Stamens 4, included : filaments
pubescent. Capsule ovoid, oval, or elliptic. — False-foxglove.
Annual or biennial : corolla pubescent or glandular witliout. 1. D. Pcdicularia.
Perennial : corolla glabrous witbout.
Stem pubescent : capsule narrow, pubescent, the body about
half included in the calyx-tube. 2. D. flava.
Stem glabrous, sometimes glaucous : capsule turgid, glabrous,
with only the abruptly narrowed base in the calyx-tube. 3. D. virginica.
1. D. pedicularia (L.) Benth. Stem 3-12 dm. tall, puberulent, or sparingly
glandular-pubescent above: leaf -blades 2-6 cm. long, pinnatifid, the segments
coarsely toothed or incised: calyx-lobes coarsely toothed: corolla 2.5-3 cm.
long: capsules 12-15 mm. long. — Common, in woods and thickets. — Late sum.
EHINANTHACEAE. 263
2. D. flava (L.) Wood. Stems 3-12 dm. tall: leaf -blades lanceolate to oblong,
4-14 em. long, repand or coarsely toothed, or rarely pinnatifid on the lower
part of the stem : calyx-tube turbinate at maturity : corolla 3-4 cm. long : cap-
sules ovoid-conic, about 15 mm. long. — Common, in woods and thickets. —
Sum. — Downy false-foxglove.
3. D. virginica (L.) Britton. Stems 8-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate-lanceo-
late to lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 9-20 cm. long, 1-2-pinnatifid : calyx-
tube 5-6 mm. wide in anthesis : corolla bright-yellow, 3-4 cm. long : capsules
oval or oval-ovoid, 10-15 mm. long. — S. Occasional, in woods near McSpar-
ran. — Schists. — Late sum. — Smooth false-foxglove.
14. AGALINIS Raf. Annual or perennial, mostly slender herbs. Leaf-
blades narrow or scale-like, entire. Flowers axillary. Calyx-lobes 5, mostly
shorter than the tube, often minute. Corolla funnelform, slightly 2-lipped:
lobes shorter than the tube. Stamens 4, included: filaments pubescent. Style
filiform. Capsule globular. [Gerardia L. in part.]
Flowers short-pedicelled : corolla-tube over 1 cm. long.
Corolla over 2 cm. long : larger anthers about 4 mm. long. 1. A. purpurea.
Corolla less than 2 cm. long : larger anthers about 3 mm. long. 2. A. paupcrciila.
Flowers flliform-pedicelled : corolla-tube less than 1 cm. long.
Corolla rose-purple ; lobes rounded : bracts long. 3. A. tenuifolia.
Corolla pink; lobes notched: bracts short. 4. A. decewloha.
1. A. purpurea (L.) Pennell. Stems 2-7 dm. tall, smooth or slightly scabrous:
blades of the upper cauline leaves linear, mostly less than 3 mm. wide: calyx-
tube 3-4 mm. long; lobes about i as long as the tube: corolla 2-2.5 cm. long:
capsules 4—5 mm. long. — Common, on banks and in open woods. — Fall.
2. A. paupercula (A. Gray) Britton. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, smooth, sometimes
with several stiff branches above: leaf -blades linear, scabrous: calyx-tube 3-4
mm. long; lobes about i as long as the tube: corolla 1-1.5 cm. long: capsules
5-7 mm. long. — M. Common, in the Dillerville swamp, Lancaster. — Lime-
stones. — Sum.
3. A. tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf, Plants darkening in drying: stems 1-6 dm.
tall, smooth: leaf -blades linear, smooth or nearly so: calyx-tube campanulate
in anthesis, 2-3 mm. long: corolla about 1 cm. long: capsules about 4 mm.
long. — N. S. Common, in fields and open woods. — Sandstones and shales,
schists. — Fall.
4. A. decemloba (Greene) Small. Plants not darkening in drying: stems
2-7 dm. tall, often scabrous: leaf -blades linear-spatulate: calyx-tube turbinate
in anthesis, 2-3 mm. long; lobes minute: corolla about 1 cm. long: capsules
3-4 mm. long. — S. Rare, on roadside bank near New Texas. — Schists. —
Fall.
15. BUCHNERA L. Biennial or perennial, erect herbs. Leaf -blades
usually toothed. Flowers spicate. Calyx-lobes 5, broad, much shorter than the
tube. Corolla blue or white, salverform: tube narrow: limb oblique. Stamens
mainly 4, included. Style short. Capsule ovoid.
1. B. americana L. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, hispid: blades of the stem-leaves
oblong to lanceolate, 2-9 cm. long, commonly sharp-toothed: calyx-lobes J to i
as long as the tube, the upper ones lanceolate, acuminate: corolla purple; tube
villous : capsitle ovoid. — S. Rare, on gravelly banks near Pleasant Grove. —
Schists. — Sum. — Blue-heabts.
16. CASTILLEJA Mutis. Annual or perennial, often partly parasitic
herbs. Leaf-blades entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers spicate or racemose.
264 ACANTHACEAE.
Calyx tubular or spatbe-like, laterally flattened: lobes nnequal. Corolla very
strongly 2-lipped: upper lip nnich longer than the minutely 3-lobed lower lip.
Capsule equilateral.
1. C. coccinea (L.) Spreng. Stems 1-6 dm. tall: blades of the stem-leaves
narrow, often 3-8 cm. long: bracts red or scarlet, or rarely yellow: calyx-lobes
quadrate-oblong: corolla pale-yellow, about as long as the calyx: capsules
narrowly oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long. — Occasional, in sv^-amps. — Spr. and sum. —
Painted-cup.
17. MELAMPYRUM [Tourn.] L. Annual slender herbs. Leaf-blades
entire, or toothed near the base. Flowers axillary or in leafy racemes. Calyx
campanulate: lobes 4, about as long as' the tube. Corolla whitish, 2-lipped:
upper lip arched : lower lip 3-lobed. Style elongate. Capsule beaked. — Spr.
and sum.
1. M. lineare Lam. Stem 1-3 dm. tall: leaves numerous; blades linear or
linear-lanceolate, 1-4 cm. long: bracts ciliate-toothed near the base: upper
calyx-lobes mainly shorter than the tube: corolla mostly less than 10 mm.
long: filaments adnate to the lower part of the corolla-tulae, much longer than
the anthers: capsules long-beaked. — N. S. Common, in woods and thickets. —
Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. — Cow-wheat.
18. PEDICULAEIS [Tourn.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial, stout
herbs. Leaf-blades pinnatifid to pinnately parted. Elowers spicate or race-
mose. Calyx of 5 equally or unequally united sepals: lobes shorter than the
tube. Corolla strongly 2-lipped: upper lip helmet-like, laterally flattened:
lower lip 3-lobed. Capsule oblique or curved, beaked. — Lousewort.
Leaf-blades pinnately parted : capsule linear-lanceolate, thrice as long as the calyx.
1. P. canadensis.
Leaf-blades shallowly pinnatifid or toothed : capsules ovoid,
little longer than the calyx. 2. P. lanceolata.
1. P. canadensis L. Stem 1-4 dm. tall: stem-leaves 2-5 cm. long; blades
oblong to lanceolate: calyx 5-7 mm. long: corolla ochroleucous and tinged
with red or purple, about 1.5 cm. long: capsules about 2 cm. long, long-
beaked. — Common, in thickets and woods. — Spr. — Wood-betony.
2. P. lanceolata Michx. Stems 3-12 dm. tall: stem-leaves 5-12 cm. long;
blades oblong to lanceolate: calyx fully 10 mm. long: corolla straw-colored,
about 2 cm. long : capsules about 1 cm. long, minutely beaked. — S. Eare, in
swamps. — Schists. — Late sum.
Family 11. ACANTHACEAE. Acanthus Family.
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled: blades
simple. Flowers jDerfeet, irregular. Calyx of usually 5 partly united
sepals. Corolla of 5 partly united petals, 2-lipi5ed or sometimes essen-
tially regular. Androecium of 4 didynamous, or of 2 equal stamens, one
pair being abortive or obsolete. Gynoecium of 2 united carpels. Ovary
2-eelled. Ovules commonly 2 in each cavity. Fruit a capsule, often with
a stipe-like base, the valves opening elastically.
Corolla nearly regular : stamens 4. 1. Ruellia.
Corolla 2-lipped : stamens 2. 2. Diantheea.
1. BUELLIA [Plum.] L. Perennial caulescent herbs, or shrubs. Leaf-
blades entire or toothed. Elowers axillary or sometimes in terminal clusters.
PINGUICULACEAE. 265
Calyx 5-]obe(l, the lobes narrow. Corolla nearly regular. Capsules 6-20-seedecl.
1. R. strepens L. Stems 2-12 dm. tall, glabrous or finely pubescent: leaf-
blades ovate to oblong, 5-15 cm. long: corolla blue or nearly white, 5-6 cm.
long: capsules 10-15 mm. long. — Eare, along the Conestoga Creek, near Lan-
caster. — Limestones. — Sum.
2. DIANTHERA [Gronov.] L. Perennial herbs. Leaf-blades entire or
rarely toothed. Flowers on axillary peduncles. Calyx 4-5-lobed, the lobes
narrow or slender. Corolla strongly 2-lipped: upper lip entire or 2-lobed:
lower lip 3-lobed. Capsules mostly 4-seeded.
1. D. americana L. Stems 3-10 dm. tall: leaf-blades linear to linear-lanceo-
late or narrowly oblong, 5-15 cm. long: peduncles ascending, about as long
as the leaves or longer: spikes 1-3 cm. long, continuous: calyx-lobes linear,
4-5 mm. long : corolla white, pink, or purplish : capsules 1.5-2 cm. long. —
Common, in streams. — Sum. - — • Water- willow.
Family 12. PINGUICULACEAE.i Bladderwort Family.
Herbs, growing in water or in wet places. Leaves submersed and dis-
sected, sometimes resembling rootlets and often bladder-bearing, or aerial,
entire, or rarely w-anting. Scaj^es naked or minutely scaly, one-many-
flowered. Flowers irregular, perfect. Calyx of 2-5 herbaceous sepals.
Corolla 2-lipped : tube spurred or saccate. Androecium of 2 stamens,
adnate to the base of the corolla-tube on its upper side. Filaments flat-
tened, twisted. Anthers confluently 1-celled. Gynoecium a single 1-celled
laistil, with a free-central, usually globose placenta. Style thick. Stigma
often 2-lipped, the lips unequal. Ovules numerous. Fruit a capsule, 2-
valved or irregularly dehiscent. Seeds numerous.
1. UTRICULARIA L. Aquatic or terrestrial scapose herbs. Stems hori-
zontal, creeping on the surface of the ground in wet places, or in shallow
water, free-swimming. Leaves commonly finely dissected, bladder-bearing,
often reduced, rarely wanting. Flowers solitary or racemose. Sepals 2,
slightly united. Corolla 2-lipped, the lower lip produced into a spur at the
base. Capsule commonly irregularly dehiscent, several- or many-seeded. —
Sum. — Bladderwort.
Scapes solitary at the nodes of elongate, more or less free-swimming stems.
1. U. vulgaris.
Scapes solitary or several together, the stems radiating from their
bases and often more or less root-ilke. 2. U. gibba.
1. U. vulgaris L. Stems submersed, leafy, 3-12 dm. long: leaves numerous,
alternate ; lilades 2-3-pinnately dissected into filiform segments, usually bear-
ing numerous bladders; bladders when full_y developed 3-5 mm. long: scapes
1-3 dm. tall: racemes 5-10-flowered: pedicels recurving at maturity: corolla
yellow, 12-15 mm. broad, the lower lip slightly 3-lobed; spur not appressed,
horn-like, slightly curved, shorter than the lower lip: capsules many-s-eeded.
— Susquehanna valley. In water.
2. U. gibba L. Stems radiating from the base of the scape or scapes, several
cm. long, delicate, root-like: leaves scattered, sparingly divided; segments
capillary, with few minute bladders: scapes 2-10 cm. tall: racemes 1-3-flowered,
usually 2-flowered: pedicels very slender, erect or ascending: corolla yellow,
5-7 mm. broad ; spur obtuse, shorter than the lower lip. — Susquehanna valley.
In very shallow water.
^ Contributed by Dr. John Hendley Barnhart.
266 BIGNONIACEAE.
Family 13. OROBANCHACEAE. Broom-rape Family.
Parasitic, commonly perennial herbs, without green coloring matter.
Leaves alternate, scale-like. Flowers perfect, or rarely dioecious, sometimes
cleistogamous and complete on the same plant. Calyx of 4 or 5 partly
united sepals, sometimes spathe-like. Corolla of 4 or 5 partially united
petals, the limb irregular or 2-lipped. Androeeium of 4 didynamous
stamens partially adnate to the corolla. Gynoecium of 2, or rarely of 3,
united carpels. Ovaiy 1-eelled. Ovules mostly numerous. Fruit a cap-
sule. Seeds wingless.
Flowers perfect and complete throughout.
Calyx irregular, spathe-like, the lower side split, the upper with 3 or 4 tooth-
like lobes : stamens exserted. 1. Conopholis.
Calyx regular or nearly so, with 2-5 equal or unequal lobes :
stamens included. 2. Thalesia.
Flowers various, cleistogamous on lower part of spike, complete
but mostly sterile above. 3. Leptamnium.
1. CONOPHOLIS Wallr. Yellow or brownish herbs, with very stout
stems and inflorescence. Leaves numerous. Flowers sessile, yellowish, crowded
in the spike.
1. C. americana (L. f.) Wallr. Plants clustered, 1-2 dm. tall: leaves (scales)
ovate to lanceolate, 10-12 mm. long: calyx 7-9 mm. long, erose-toothed : co-
rolla yellowish or pale-yellow, 10-12 mm. long: capsules ovoid, 10-15 mm. long.
— Eather common, in rich woods. — Spr. — Squaw-root. Cancer-root.
2. THALESIA Eaf. Pale or pink herbs, with short, mostly subterranean
stems. Leaves few. Flowers solitary on long pedicels, often more deeply
colored than the foliage.
1. T. uniflora (L.) Britton. Plants 5-16 em. tall: leaves (scales) ovate to
obovate, 5-10 mm. long: calyx 4-11 mm. long; lobes lanceolate, about as long
as the tube: corolla cream-colored and purple-tinged, 14-18 mm. long; lobes
oblong to obovate: capsules conic-ovoid, about 10 mm. long. — Eather com-
mon, in rich woods. — Spr. — Broom -rape. Cancer-root.
3. LEPTAMNIUM Eaf. Dark-purplish or yellowish-brown herbs, with
branching stems. Leaves very few. Flowers racemose or paniculate, paler
than the stem, separated.
1. L. virginianum (L.) Eaf. Plants 1-4 dm. tall: leaves (scales) few at the
base of the plant: complete flowers larger than the cleistogamous ones: calyx
2.5-3 mm. long; lobes triangular to ovate-triangular, shorter than the tube:
corolla 10-13 mm. long; upper lip notched; lobes of the lower lip acute:
capsules 3-5 mm. long. — Common, under beech trees. — Spr. — Beech-drops.
Cancer-root.
Family 14. BIGNONIACEAE. Trumpet-creeper Family.
Shrubs, trees, woody vines, or rarely herbs. Leaves opposite, rarely
alternate or whorled, often tendril-bearing: blades simple or pinnately
compound. Flowers perfect, usually showy. Calyx of usually 2 more or
less united sepals. Corolla 5-lobed, irregular, or 2-lipped. Androeeium of
5 stamens wdth 1 or 3 of them reduced to staminodia, or of 4 didynamous
stamens. Anthers with mostly divaricate sacs. Gynoecium of 2 united
carpels. Ovary 1-celled, or 2-celled by the meeting of the placentae.
Ovules numerous. Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged or appendaged.
Corolla highly colored : leaf-blades compound : vines or rarely herbaceo«s plants.
1. Bignoxia.
Corolla white and somewhat spotted : leaf-blades simple : trees. 2. Catalpa.
PLANTAGINACEAE. 267
1. BIGNONIA [Touru.] L. Vines. Leaf-blades unequally pinnate: leaf-
lets with toothed blades. Flowers clustered. Calyx tubular-campanulate,
nearly equally 5-lobed. Corolla tubular-funnelform. Capsule stout, fusiform.
Seeds nienibrauous-winged.
1. B. radicans L. Stout vine: leaves many, 2-2.5 dm. long; leaflets 7-11,
the blades oval, ovate, or elliptic, 2-6 cm. long, coarsely serrate: calyx 14-18
mm. long; lobes triangular to triangular-ovate: corolla red or orange, 5-9 cm.
long: capsules fusiform, 10-18 cm. long. — S. On the Octoraro Creek. —
Schists. — Sum. — Trumpet-flower. Trumpet-creeper.
2. CATAIiPA L. Shrubs or trees, with scaly bark. Leaves deciduous:
blades broad, membranous. Flowers paniculate. Calyx 2-lobed. Corolla cam-
panulate, 2 -lipped, the tube abruptly expanded into the throat. Capsule slender,
elongate. Seeds fimbriate-winged. — Catalpa.
1. C. Catalpa (L.) Karst. Tree becoming 20 m. tall: leaf -blades ovate, 1-3
dm. long: calyx 8-12 mm. long; lobes abruptly pointed: corolla 2.5-3.5 cm.
long; throat eampanulate: capsules 1.5-4 dm. long. — Occasional, on road-
sides and in thickets. Nat. of the West and South. — Sum. — Bean-tree.
Cigar-tree. Indian cigar-tree.
Family 15. MARTYNIACEAE. Unicorn-plant Family.
Annual or perennial, stocky herbs, with stout weak stems. Leaves
opposite or rarely alternate : blades undulate or lobed. Flowers perfect,
irregular, in racemes. Calyx of mostly 5 well-united sepals, oblique, the
lobes short. Corolla of 5 partly unitecl petals : tube often decurved : limb
5-lobed, oblique. Androecium of 4 didynamous stamens (or the posterior
pair mere staminodia). Gynoeeium 2-carpellary. Ovary 1-eelled^ the
placentae parietal.
1. MARTYNIA L. Annual or perennial, very stout, herbs with clammy
pubescence. Leaf-blades broad. Corolla declined, the limb oblique. Capsule
2-valved, the body crested, terminating in a curved or hooked beak.
1. M. louisiana Mill. Annual, densely viscid-pubescent: leaf -blades sinuate,
0.5-3 dm. wide, petioled: flowers not fragrant: calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse:
corolla-lobes undulate: capsule stout, 8-15 cm. long, curved, separating into
2 elastically spreading valves, the beak longer than the body. — Occasional,
in waste places and about gardens. — Nat. of the Mississippi valley. — Sum. —
Unicorn-plant. Eam 's-horn. Proboscis-flower.
Order PL ANT AGIN ALES.
Annual or perennial herbs, or partially woody plants. Leaves wholly
or mainly basal, or crowded on a simple or branched caudex : blades
typically 1-several-ribbed. Flowers jjerfeet, monoecious or dioecious,
spi.eate. Calyx of 4 (3-5), partly united sepals. Corolla of 4 (3-5),
partly united scarious and veinless petals. Androecium of 4 or 2 stamens,
(or of 1 stamen). Gynoeeium typically 2-carpellary. Ovaiy superior.
Fruit capsular, usually a pyxis.
Family 1. PLANTAGINACEAE. Plantain Family.
Herbs. Leaf-blades typically 1-several-ribbed. Calyx-lobes, and
corolla-lobes, 4. Style and stigma elongate.
268 PLANTAGINACEAE.
1. PLANTAGO [Tonrn.] L. Caulescent or usually aeaulescent herbs.
Leaf-blades broad or uarrow. Spikes usually elongate. Filaments partially
adnate to the corolla-tube. — Plantain.
Plants aeaulescent : spikes terminating basal scapes.
Corolla-lobes erect, and converging over the top of the pyxis. 1. P. vinjiiiica.
Corolla-lobes permanently spreading or reflexed.
Pyxis 2^-seeded.
Plants annual : spike conspicuously long-bracted. 2. P. aristata.
Plants perennial : spike inconspicuously short-bracted. 3. P. lanccoJata.
Pyxis many-seeded.
Pyxis conic to oblong-conic, circumsclssile below the
middle. 5. P. major.
Pyxis ovoid, circumscissile at about the middle. 6. P. arciuiria.
Plants caulescent : spikes terminating axillary peduncles. 4. P. Rvgclil.
1. P. virginica L. Annual or biennial, very variable, glabrate to rather coarsely
pubescent. Leaves basal, spreading or ascending, 1-15 cm. long; blades spatu-
late to obovate or elliptic, obtuse or acutiph, entire or repand-denticulate, 3-5-
nerved, narrowed into margined petioles or nearly sessile: scapes erect or as-
cending, 0.5-20 dm. tall, much surpassing the leaves: spikes dense, sometimes
interrupted below : flowers dioecious : bracts linear-lanceolate to lanceolate :
calyx-lobes oblong or ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, obtuse, scarious-margined, sur-
passing the bracts: corollas various, those of staminate flowers with spreading
lobes, those of pistillate floAvers with lobes usually unequally erect after ferti-
lization: pyxis ovoid or oval-ovoid, 1.5-2 mm. long, circumscissile at about the
middle: seeds 2-4, 1.3 mm. long, golden-yellow. — Common, in old fields and
on dry banks. — Spr. and sum.
2. P. aristata Michx. Annual, deep-green, glabrate to villous. Leaves nearly,
basal, 5-25 cm. long ; blades linear, acuminate, entire and callous-tipped, nar-
rowed into margined petioles, 3-5-nerved : scapes erect, solitary or several
together, 10-15 cm. tall, rigid, surpassing the leaves : spikes dense, 2-15 cm.
long, more or less pubescent but not woolly: bracts linear, puberulent, 1-3 cm,
long, surpassing the flowers by many times their length: flowers perfect:
calyx-lobes spatulate-oblong or cuneate, 2-2.5 mm. long, obtuse, the outer
herbaceous, the inner widely scarious-margined : corolla glabrous ; lobes ovate
or orbicular-ovate, 2 mm. long, obtuse, cordate: pyxis slightly narrowed up-
ward, 2.5-3 mm. long, slightly surpassing the calyx-lobes, circumscissile at
the middle: seeds 2, 2-3 mm. long, dark-brown. — S. Eare, in fields. Nat.
of the West. — Sum.
3. P. lanceolata L. Perennial, very variable, pubescent. Leaves basal, often
numerous, 4-30 cm. long; blades linear-elliptic to broadly elliptic, acute and
callous-tipped at the apex, or acuminate at both ends, 3-7-nerved, entire or
denticulate, narrowed into margined petioles, which are dilated and hairy at
the base: scapes erect or nearly so, 1-7 dm. tall, ridged: spikes cylindric,
dense, 1-8 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick: bracts rhombic, 4-5 mm. long, the tips
bent: flowers perfect: calyx-lobes 2-3 mm. long, broadly oblong to oval, obtuse,
the 2 lower ones usually united, their midribs closely subparallel: corolla
glabrous; lobes broadly lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long: pyxis oblong, 3 mm. long,
slightly longer than the calyx-lobes, circumscissile at about the middle: seeds
2, fully 2 mm. long. — Common, in fields and waste places. Nat. of Eu. —
Spr. and sum. — Eib-gras.s. English-plantain. Ripple-grass.
4. P, Bugelli Decne. Perennial, bright-green, glabrous or minutely pubescent.
Leaves basal, 5-40 cm. long; petioles flatened or channeled on the upi er f^ide,
usually purple at the base; blades broadly ovate to oblong, longer than the
petioles or sometimes shorter, 5-7-nerved, entire or shallowly toothed, cune-
ately or abruptly narrowed at the base: scapes erect or ascending, solitary
or several together, often surpassing the leaves, 10-50 cm. tall: spikes 2-30
cm. long, sometimes broadly bracted at the base: bracts fully half as long as
the calyx-lobes, acute: flowers perfect: calyx-lobes oblong, acute, 2-2.5 mm.
LOEANTHACEAE. 269
long, keeled, often searious-margined : corolla glaVjrous ; tube slightly sur-
passing the calyx; lobes spreading: pyxis conic or oblong-conic, 4-4.5 mm.
long, circumseissile below the middle: seeds 4-9, 1.5-2 mm. long. — Common,
in fields and waste places. — Spr. and sum.
5. P. major L. Perennial, bright-green, glabrous or sparingly pubescent.
Leaves basal, 5-35 em. long; petioles flattened or channeled on the vipper sur-
face, usually green at the base; blades ovate or oval, or rarely oblong, obtuse
or aeutish, 5-7-nerved, entire or coarsely toothed, rounded or cordate at the
base: scapes erect, solitary or several together, surpassing the leaves, 8-40 cm.
tall, rarely with several leaves under the spike, sometimes branched: spikes 4-20
cm. long, dense : bracts ovate, barely equalling the calyx-lobes : flowers perfect :
calyx-lobes ovate to obovate, obtus-e, not keeled, searious-margined: corolla
inconspicuous; tube about as long as the calyx; lobes spreading or reflexed:
pyxis ovoid, about 3 mm. long, slightly surpassing the calyx-lobes, circum-
seissile at the middle : seeds 6-18, 0.7 mm. long. — Common, in fields and
waste places. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. — Common-plantain.
6. P. arenaria W. & K. Annual, hirsute, 1-5 dm. tall: leaves numerous,
mostly cauline, 2—8 cm. long; blades narrowly linear, often obscurely toothed:
spikes axillary, or umbellately clustered, oblong or cylindric, 1-2 cm. long,
dense: bracts with a broad body and a slender tip: calyx-lobes 3-4 mm. long,
the anterior ones broadly spatulate, the posterior ones lanceolate: corolla gla-
brous ; lobes lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm. long : pyxis oblong. — S. Eare, in fields.
Nat. of Eu. — Sum,
Order SANTALALES.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, mostly root- or tree-parasites. Leaves with
expanded blades or scale-like. Flowers inconspicuous, perfect or imper-
fect. Calyx present, but often a mere border. Corolla jDresent or wanting.
Andi'oecium of as many stamens as there are sepals or petals, or twice as
many. Gynoecium of several united carpels : ovary more or less inferior.
Fruit a drupe, a nut, or a berry.
Leaves opposite : fruit a berry : tree-parasite. Fam. 1. Loranthaceae.
Leaves alternate : fruit a drupe or a nut : root-parasite. Fam. 2. Santalaceae.
Family 1. LORANTHACEAE. Mistletoe Family.
Green parasitic herbs or shrubs, growing mostly on woody plants.
Leaves typically opposite, sometimes scale-like. Flowers monoecious or
dioecious, regular. Calyx of minute sej^als, or obsolete. Corolla of 2-6
more or less united petals. Androecium of 2-6 stamens. Gynoecium com-
pound, often 2-carpellary, but the inferior ovary 1-celled. Fniit baccate.
1. PHORADENDRON Nutt. Shrubs. Leaves with flat leathery blades,
or scale-like. Flowers mostly dioecious, spicate, the staminate with a stamen
at the base of each broad petal, the pistillate with the ovary adnate to the
hypanthium. Berry juicy.
1. P. flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. Branches pubescent, terete: leaf -blades mainly
oval-spatulate : hyi^anthium globular during anthesis: berries white: seeds
ovoid, fully 2 mm. in diameter. - — S. Eare, on black-gum trees near Martic
Forge. ■ — ■ Sum. — Mistletoe. American-mistletoe.
Family 2. SANTALACEAE. Sandal-wood Family.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, parasitic on the roots of other plants. Leaves
opposite or alternate : blades entire. Flowers perfect, polygamous, or
270 EUBIACEAE.
dioecious, the staminate clustered, the pistillate often solitary. Calyx of
3-6 sepals. Corolla wanting. Androecium of 3-6 stamens opposite the
sepals on the edge of the hypanthium. Gynoecium compound. Fruit
mostly drupaceous.
1. COMANDRA Nutt. Herbs with long rootstocks. Leaves alternate:
blades narrow. Flowers perfect, eymose. Style columnar: stigma capitate.
Drupe crowned with the persistent calyx.
1. C. umbella^ta (L.) Nutt. Plants 2-4 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong, oval, or
oblong-lanceolate, 1-3.5 cm. long: sepals oblong-ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long: sta-
mens i as long as the sepals : drupe about 5 mm. in diameter. — Eather com-
mon, in thickets and on banks. — Spr. and sum. — Bastard-toadflax.
Order RUBIALES.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves opposite, sometimes whorled. Flowers
perfect or polygamous, axillary or eymose. Hypanthium present. Calyx
of 2 or more, often small sepals. Corolla of 3 or more partially united
petals. Androecium of as many stamens as there are petals or twice as
many. Gynoecium 2-several-carpellary. Ovary wholly or partially in-
ferior. Fruit a capsule, a beny, or a drupe.
Leaves with stipules adnate to the stem between the leaf-bases.
Fam. 1. RuBiACEAE.
Leaves without stipules, or if present the stipules are
adnate to the petiole. Fam. 2. Capeifoliaceab.
Family 1. RUBIACEAE. Madder Family.
Herbs, shrubs, trees, or vines. Leaves opposite or whorled, with
interpetiolar, sometimes foliaceous stipules. Flowers perfect or polyg-
amous, regular or nearly so. Calyx of 3-6, or more, sepals surmounting
the hypanthium, or obsolete. Corolla of 3-6, or more, more or less united
petals. Androecium of as many stamens as there are petals and alternate
with them. Gynoecium 2-several-carpellary. Fruit a capsule, a drupe,
or a berry.
Cavities of the ovary with several or many ovules : seeds several or many.
1. HOUSTONIA.
Cavities of the ovary with a single ovule each : seed solitary.
Flowers in dense heads : shrubs or trees. 2. Cephalanthus.
Flowers solitary or in an open Inflorescence : herbs or
undershrubs.
Ovule, or seed, with a basal attachment : flowers
paired, the ovaries united. 3. Mitchella.
Ovule, or seed, with a lateral attachment : flowers not
paired, the ovaries distinct.
Stipules relatively small or inconspicuous, more or
less cleft. 4. Diodella.
Stipules foliaceous, usually resembling the leaves.
Sepals minute or obsolete : corolla rotate. 5. Galium.
Sepals prominent : corolla funnelform. 6. Sheraedia.
1. HOUSTONIA L. Annual or perennial, erect or creeping herbs. Leaf-
blades narrow or broad. Flowers in open or compact cymes. Sepals 4, com-
monly narrow. Corolla funnelform or salverform: tube long: lobes mostly
shorter than the tube. Stamens 4: filaments adnate to above the middle of
the corolla-tube. Style slender. Capsules seated on or in the hypanthium,
flattened.
EUBIACEAE. 271
Peduncles and pedicels solitary : creeping plants : corolla salverform.
1. H. caerulea.
Peduncles and pedicels aggregated in cymes : erect plants : corolla
funnelform. 2. H. longifolia.
1. H. caerulea L. Plants often in mats, slender, 2-15 cm. tall: leaf -blades
oval, ovate or spatulate, 2-5 mm. long: corolla lilac, blue, or white, except tlie
yellow eye; lobes 5-7 mm. long: capsules 3-4 mm. wide. — Common, in damp
grassy places and meadows. — Spr. and sum. — Bluets. Innocence.
2. H. longifolia Gaertn. Plants 1-4 dm. tall, often tufted, stoutish: blades
of the stem-leaves linear to linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, 1-.3 cm. long:
sepals linear-subulate to lanceolate-subulate, 1.5-2 mm. long, slightly longer
than the hypanthium : corolla pinkish or bluish ; tube about 4 mm. long : cap-
sules 2-2.5 mm. thick. — Susquehanna valley. Occasional, on rocky banks. —
Sum.
2. CEPHAIiANTHUS L. Shrubs or trees. Leaf -blades thinnish. Flow-
ers in capitate cymes. Sepals usually 4, rounded. Corolla with a long tube
and usually 4 short lobes. Stamens usually 4: filaments adnate to the throat
of the corolla: anthers oblong or nearly so. Nut-like fruits obpyramidal, in
a firm globose head.
1. C. occidentalis L. Shrub or small tree : leaf -blades oblong, lanceolate, or
ovate-lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, short-petioled : flower-heads globose, 2.5-3.5
cm. thick: sepals about 0.5 mm. long: corolla white, about 10 mm. long; lobes
ovate to oblong-ovate: nutlets 7-8 mm. long. — Common, in swamps and low
thickets. — Sum. — Buttonbush.
3. MITCHELLA L. Undershrubs with creeping stems. Leaf -blades
leathery. Plowers in pairs, the hypanthia coalescent. Sepals usually 4, short.
Corolla with a relatively long tube and usually 4 short lobes. Stamens 4:
filaments adnate to near the top of the corolla-tube: anthers oblong. Drupes
paired.
1. M. repens L. Stem and branches matted, 1-4 dm. long : leaf -blades ovate to
orbicular, or elliptic, 8-30 mm. long: sepals deltoid, less than 1 mm. long:
corolla white or pinkish; tube 9-12 mm. long; lobes ovate to oblong: fruit
globular, 7-10 mm. thick, red or white, aromatic. — Common, in damp woods
or on shaded banks. — Spr. — Twin-berry. Partridge-berry.
4. DIODELLA Small. Annual diffuse herbs. Leaf-blades soft-herba-
ceous. Flowers axillary. Sepals 4. Corolla with a relatively short thick tube
and 4 broad lobes. Stamens 4: filaments adnate up to the top of the corolla-
tube, the free portions very short: anthers oval or ovoid. Stigma capitate or
2-lobed. Capsular fruit crustaceous, lobed.
1. D. teres (Walt.) Small. Stem or branches 1-4 dm. long, spreading or
creeping, pubescent: leaf -blades linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, 1-4 cm.
long: sepals 4, acute, 1.5-2 mm. long: corolla white or pinkish; tube 5-6 mm.
long; lobes ovate to oblong-ovate: fruits obovoid, 2-3 mm. long. — N. S.
Common, on dry sandy banks. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum. —
Button-weed.
5. GALIUM L. Perennial, or sometimes annual, weak spreading herbs.
Leaves with blades and stipules about equal in size. Flowers in simple or
branched cymes. Sepals usually obsolete. Corolla rotate, with 3-5 lobes.
Stamens 3-5. Fruit globular or didymous. — Bedstraw. Cleavers.
5.
G.
lanceolata.
6.
7.
a.
G.
boreale.
tinctoriiim.
8.
G.
asprellum.
n.
-0.
G.
G.
conchtmim.
trifloriivi.
272 RUBIACEAE.
Annual plants : fruits bristly. 1- G. Aparlnc.
Perennial plants : fruits smooth, glabrous, or bristly.
Corolla yellow. 2. G. Wirtgenii.
Corolla white, greenish or purple.
Endosperm of the seed deeply lunate or annular in cross-
section : leaves various.
Fruits uncinate-hispid.
Flowers few, borne in lax cymes : corolla green-
ish or greenish-white : leaf -blades broad.
Fruits pedicelled : mature carpel-bodies less
than 2 mm. long. 3. G. pilosum.
Fruits sessile or nearly so : mature carpel-bodies
over 2 mm. long.
Upper leaves with oblong or ovate-lanceolate
blades : corolla-lobes 1.5-2 mm. long. 4. G. circaezans.
Upper leaves with lanceolate blades : co-
rolla-lobes 2.5-3 mm. long.
Flowers numerous, borne in compact cymes : corolla
bright white : leaf-blades narrow.
Fruits smooth or nearly so.
Endosperm shallow-lunate, or flat, sometimes nearly
circular in cross-section.
Fruits glabrous or nearly so.
Stem retrorsely hispid : leaf-blades broad : bracts
bristle-tipped.
Stem smooth or nearly so : leaf-blades narrow :
bracts not bristle-tipped.
Fruits uncinate-hispid.
1. G. Aparine L. Plants reclining, 1-15 dm. long, the stems retrorse-scabrous
or prickly: leaves, and stipules, with linear-spatulate blades 1-8 cm. long, the
uj^per side with short stout hairs: corolla white; lobes ovate, 1-1.5 mm. long,
acute : fruits 3-5 mm. thick, densely uncinate-hispid : endosperm nearly annular
in cross-section. ■ — ■ Common, in cultivated and waste grounds. — Spr. and sum.
— Goose-grass. Cleavers.
2. G. Wirtgenii F. Schultz. Plants 2-7 dm. tall, the stems smooth, with
rather long internodes above : leaves, and stipules, with linear roughish blades
9-21 mm. long, soon deflexed: lower branches of the inflorescence very short:
corolla yellow; lobes ovate, about 1.5 mm. long, glabrous: fruits scarcely 1 mm.
broad, usually glabrous. — S. Rare, in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Yellow-
BEDSTBAW.
3. G. pilosum Ait. Plants 3-8 dm. tall, the stems hirsute, 4-angled above
the swollen nodes: leaves, and stipules, with oval-ovate or elliptic blades 8-10
mm. long, sparingly pubescent, pellucid-punctate beneath: corolla greenish
or purplish; lobes ovate to lanceolate, about 1.5 mm. long: fruits about 4 mm.
thick, uncinate-hispid: endosperm lunate in cross-section. — Common, in fence-
rows and thickets. — Sum.
4. G. circaezans Michx. Plants 2-4 dm. tall, the stem glabrous or sparingly
pubescent: leaves, and stipules, with elliptic-ovate or oval blades 15-30 mm.
long, or more, sparingly pubescent : corolla greenish ; lobes ovate, acute, less
than 2 mm. long: fruits about 5 mm. thick, uncinate-hispid: endosperm lunate
in cross-section. — Common, in woods and thickets. — Sum. - — Wild-liquorice.
5. G. lanceolatum Torr. Plants sparingly pubescent in parts: stem branched
at the base, mostly 2.5-6 dm. tall: leaves, and stipules, shorter than the inter-
nodes, 30-75 mm. long; blades of the upper leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, acute or slightly acuminate, sparingly j)ubescent, especially on the veins
beneath, 3-ribbed: flowers few, sessile on the spreading cyme-branches: corolla
glabrous or nearly so, 3-5 mm. broad, greenish, becoming purple; lobes 4,
slender-tipped : fruits as in G. circaezans. — Not very common, in rocky woods.
— ■ Sum. — Wild-liquorice.
6. G. 'boreale L. Plants glabrous or nearly so: stems often tufted, 1 mm.
tall or less, strict: leaves and stipules in 4's, mostly 1.5-4 cm. long; blades
linear to linear-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, 3-ribbed, ciliolate, pale beneath:
CAPEIFOLIACEAE. 273
flowers numerous, in a compact panicle: corolla white, 3.5-4.5 mm. broad;
lobes acute or slightly acuminate: fruits 2-2.5 mm. broad, minutely bristly.
— Xot very conunon, in dry thickets and rocky hillsides. — Sum.
7. G. tinctoriura L. Plants 1.5-2.5 dm, tall, the stem glabrous or nearly so:
leaves and stipules mostly in 4 's, with linear-lanceolate blades 15-25 mm. long :
flowers 2 or 3 in terminal clusters: corolla white; lobes about 1 mm. long:
fruits 1.5-2.5 mm. thick, smooth: endosperm annular in cross-section. — Com-
mon, in swamps and wet thickets. — Spr. and sum.
8. G. asprellum L. Plants reclining, the stems 3-16 dm. long, retrorsely sca-
brous or prickly: leaves and stipules in 6 's, with oblong-spatulate to elliptic
blades 1-2 cm. long, the margins and midrib scabrous: flowers very numerous:
corolla white; lobes fully 1.5 mm. long: fruits about 2.5 mm. thick, smooth
and glabrous. — Common, in thickets. — Spr. and sum. — Eough-bedstraw.
9. G, concinnum T. & G. Plants glabrous or near so: stems diffusely spread-
ing, mostly 1-3 dm, tall, slightly scabrous-angled: leaves and stipules in 6's,
as long as the internodes or shorter, mostly 1-2 cm, long; blades linear or
slightly broadened upward, acute, scabrous-margined, 1-nerved: flowers rather
few, greenish-white, on slender-filiform pedicels: corolla 2-2.5 mm. broad;
lobes 4 : fruits 2-2.5 mm. in diameter, smooth. — W. S. Occasional, in thickets
near streams and in rocky woods. — Sandstones and shales, schists. — Sum.
10. G. triflorum Michx. Plants reclining, sweet-scented in drying, the stems
3-10 dm. long, sparsely hispid or rarely glabrous: leaves and stipules in 6's,
with broadly linear to elliptic blades 1-8 cm. long, the margins and midrib
hispid: flowers relatively few, 3 together on the ultimate peduncles: corolla
greenish or yellowish-white; lobes fully 1.5 mm. long: fruit about 3 mm. thick,
uncinate-hispid : endosperm circular in cross-section. — Occasional, in thickets
and woods. — Spr. and sum. Sweet-scented bedstbaw,
6. SHEE.ARDIA L. Annual, slender, caulescent herbs. Leaves opposite,
with the stipules whorled: blades entire. Flowers subtended by involucres of
united bracts. Sepals minute, shorter than the hypanthium. Corolla pink or
blue, funnelform, 4- or 5-lobed, Filaments adnate up to the sinuses of the
corolla-lobes. Fruit twin, of 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels,
1. S. axvensis L. Plants with slender diffuse finely pubescent branches:
leaves, and stipules, 5-18 mm, long; blades obovate to elliptic or oblong,
bristle-tipped: sepals deltoid, about 1 mm, long: corolla pink or blue, 3,5-4
mm. long; lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate: fruits 2-2,5 mm, long, — S.
Occasional, in fields, Nat, of Eu, — Sum, — Field-maddek,
Family 2, CAPEIFOLIACEAE. Honeysuckle Family.
Shrubs, trees, vines, or perennial herbs. Leaves opposite: blades
entire, toothed, or pinnate. Flowers mostly perfect, in teiininal or axil-
laiy cymes, or axillaiy. Calyx of mostly 4 or 5 minute or foliaceous
sepals. Corolla of 4 or 5 partly united petals, often iiTegular, Androe-
cium of 4 or 5 stamens : filaments partly adnate to the corolla-tube, Gynoe-
cium 2-5-carpellaiy. Ovary inferior. Fruit baccate, drupaceous, or
capsular.
Corolla rotate to urceolate : stigma 2-.5-lobed, sessile.
Leaf-blades pinnate : drupe berry-like with 3-5 nutlets. 1. Sambucus.
Leaf-blades simple : drupe with 1 nutlet. 2. Viburnum.
Corolla tubular to tubular-campanulate, sometimes with a 2-
lipped limb : st.vle elongate.
Flowers axillary : herbs. 3. Triosteum.
Lancaster County Flora 18.
274 CAPEIFOLIACEAE.
Flowers in axillary or terminal clusters or open cymes :
shrubs or vines.
Fruit baccate : seeds few.
Corolla regular or nearly so ; tube short. 4. Symphoricaefos.
Corolla irregular ; limb 2-lipped ; tube elongate.
Flowers in pairs each of which terminates an
axillary peduncle, accompanied by a pair of
bracts and bractlets. 5. Nintooa.
Flowers in whorls at or near the ends of the
branches, the bracts and usually some of the
upper leaves connate-perfoliate. 6. Lonicera.
Fruit capsular : seeds numerous. 7. Diervilla.
1. SAMBUCUS [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees, with pithy stems. Leaf-
blades pinnate. Flowers in thyrsoid or flat-topped cymes. Sepals minute.
Anthers oblong or oval. Ovary 3-5-celled. Drupes with 3-5 nutlets. — Spr.
— Elder.
Cymes compact, rounded : fruits red. 1. 8. puiens.
Cymes flat-topped : fruits purple to black. 2. S. canadensis.
1. S. pubens Michx. Shrub: leaflets 5-7, the blades lanceolate, oblong or
oblanceolate, or nearly oval, 5-15 cm. long: cymes thyrsoid: corolla 4-5 mm.
wide : drupes 4-6 mm. in diameter. — Susquehanna valley and banks of the
Octoraro Creek. On shaded hillsides. — Red-berried elder.
2. S. canadensis L. Shrub or small tree: leaflets 5-11, the blades oblong to
ovate or oval, 3-14 cm. long, serrate with incurved teeth: cymes merely con-
vex : corolla 5-6 mm. wide : drupes 4-6 mm. in diameter. — Common, in waste
places, woods, and thickets. — Common-elder.
2. VIBURNUM [Tourn.] L. Shrubs or trees, the stems not pithy. Leaf-
blades simple. Flowers in round-topped cymes. Sepals minute. Anthers
oblong. Ovary 1-celled. Drupes with a single nutlet. — Spr. and early sum.
— Arrow-wood.
Leaf-blades palmately veined or lobed. 1. V. acerifoUnm.
Leaf-blades pinnately veined.
Cymes manifestly peduncled.
Leaf-blades coarsely dentate.
Lower surface of the leaf-blades glabrous or merely
tufted in the vein-axils. 2. V. dentatum.
Lower surface of the leaf-blades stellate-pubescent. 3. V. venosum.
Leaf-blades entire or irregularly erose-crenulate.
Peduncle as long as the cyme or longer : leaf-blades
shining above. 4. V. nudum.
Peduncle shorter than the cyme : leaf-blades dull above.
5. V. cassinoides.
Cymes sessile or nearly so.
Leaf-blades prominently acuminate, serrate. 6. V. Lentago.
Leaf-blades obtuse or merely acute, serrulate. 7. V. priinifolitim.
1. V. acerifolium L. Erect shrub: leaf -blades prominently 3-Iobed, 4-10 cm.
long: sepals reniform, about 0.5 mm. long: hypanthium glabrous or nearly so:
corolla-lobes mostly reniform: drupes oval, 9-10 mm. long, black or purple-
black. — Common, in woods and thickets.
2. V. dentatum L. Shrub: leaf -blades suborbicular, oval, or ovate, sharply
dentate, 3-8 cm. long: corolla-lobes reniform: filaments much exceeding the
corolla-lobes: drupes globose-ovoid, 5-6 mm. long, deep-blue or nearly black.
— Common, in woods and thickets.
3. V. venosum Britton. Shrub: leaf -blades thickish, suborbicular, broadly
ovate, or elliptic, crenate-dentate, 4-9 cm. long, dull: corolla 5-8 mm. wide:
filaments slightly exceeding the corolla-lobes: drupes globose-ovoid, 6-7 mm.
long, deep-blue. — E. S. Occasional, in swamps. — Quartzite, schists.
CAPEIFOLIACEAE. 275
4. V. nudum L. Shrub: leaf -blades thick, oval, ovate, oblong, broadly lanceo-
late, or oblanceolate, undulate or obscurely toothed, 5-15 cm. long, shining:
corolla 4.5-6 mm. wide : filaments much exceeding the corolla-lobes : .drupes
oval to subglobose, 6-10 mm. long, deep-blue. — E. S. Occasional, in swamps.
— Schists. — Withe-rod.
5. V. cassinoides L. Shrub or small tree: leaf -blades thickish, ovate-elliptic,
ovate-lanceolate or oblanceolate, imdulate or ereuate, 2.5-10 cm. long: corolla
4—5 mm. wide : filaments much exceeding the corolla-lobes : drupes ovoid or
globose-ovoid, 6-9 mm. long, deep-blue or rarely pink. — S. Occasional, about
swamps. — Schists. — Withe-rod.
6. V. Lentago L. Shrub or tree : leaf -blades ovate to obovate or rarely sub-
orbicular, finely and sharply serrate, 4-10 cm. long: sepals mostly acute or
acutish : corolla-lobes ovate : filaments twice as long as the corolla or nearly
so : drupes oval, 10-12 mm. long, bluish-black. — S. Occasional, on banks of
creeks. — Schists. — Nannyberry. Sheepberry. Wild-raisin.
7. V. prunifolium L. Shrub or tree : leaf -blades thinnish, oval varying to
ovate or obovate, or rarely suborbieular, finely, sometimes obscurely, serrulate,
2.5-5 cm. long: sepals obtuse: corolla-lobes suborbieular: filaments much less
than twice as long as the corolla : drupes oblong, sometimes broadly so, 7-9 mm.
long, bluish-black under the bloom. — Common, in thickets and woods. —
Black-haw.
3. TRIOSTEUM L. Herbs with simple stems. Leaf-blades entire, some-
times connate-perfoliate. Flowers axillary. Sepals foliaceous. Filamenta
adnate to the lower part of the corolla-tube. Anthers linear. Ovary 3-5-celled.
Drupes leathery or fleshy. — Sum. — Horse-gentian, Feverwort.
Leaf-blades narrowed to the sessile or slightly connate-perfoliate bases.
Leaves over thrice as long as broad: corolla yellowish. 1. T. angustifolium.
Leaves less than thrice as long as broad : corolla dull-red. 2. T. aiirantiaciim.
Leaf-blades with broadly dilated connate-perfoliate bases. 3. T. perfoliatiim.
1. T, angustifolium L. Stem hirsute or softly hispid, 3-9 dm. tall: blades of
the upper leaves usually narrowly elliptic, varying to lanceolate or oblanceo-
late, 3-15 cm. long: sepals 8-10 mm. long: corolla 12-15 mm. long: drupes
about 10 mm. long. — M. S. Occasional, on edges of thickets. — Limestones,
schists.
2. T. aurantiacum Bieknell. Similar to T. angustifolium in habit: blades of
the upper leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 15-25 cm. long: sepals
12-20 mm. long: corolla 14-20' mm. long: drupes 12-14 mm. long. — S.
Frequent, on rich hillsides along the Susquehanna. — Schists.
3. T. perfoliatum L. Stems softly pubescent: blades of the upper leaves
ovate to broadly oval, 10-25 cm. long: sepals 11-15 mm. long: corolla 12-15
mm. long: drupes 8-12 mm. long. — Eather common, in rich soil. — Wild-
coffee. Tinker 's-wEED.
4, SYMPHORICAEPOS [Dill.] Ludwig. Shrubs with much branched
stems. Leaf -blades entire, or lobed on shoots. Flowers in spikes or racemes.
Sepals minute. Filaments adnate to the top of the corolla-tube. Anthers
oblong. Ovary 4-celled. Drupe berry -like, fleshy, with 2 nutlets. — Sum. —
Snow-berry.
Style glabrous : drupes white : corolla pale. 1. 8. raccmosus.
Style pubescent : drupes red or purple : corolla dark. 2. S. Symphoricarpos.
1. S. racemosus Miehx. Shrub 1-2 m. tall, the twigs and leaves glabrous:
leaf -blades elliptic or suborbieular, 3-6 cm. long: flowers short -pedicelled :
corolla white or pinkish, 6-7 mm. long: drupes 6-10 mm. long, — E. Eare, in
thickets.
276 CAPEIFOLIACEAE.
2, S. Symphoricarpos (L.) MacM. Shrub 1-2 m. tall, the twigs aud leaves
pubescent: leaf -blades ovate, oval, or elliptic, 1-4 cm. long, or rarely larger:
flowers sessile or nearly so: corolla greenish-red, 2.5-3.5 mm. long: drupes 3-4
mm. long. — S. Occasional, in thickets. Nat. of the W. — Coral-berky.
Indian-currant.
5. NINTOOA Sweet. Woody vines. Leaf-blades entire. Flowers in
pairs terminating axillary peduncles, accompanied by 2 foliaceous bracts and 2
small bractlets, the hypanthia distinct. Sepals slender or subulate. Corolla
relatively long: tube not gibbous: limb 2-lipped. Berries distinct.
1. N. japonica (Thunb.) Sweet. Diffusely creeping or climbing vine: leaf-
blades oblong, ovate, or orbicular-ovate, 2-5 cm. long; corolla white or pink,
becoming yellow; tube about 2 cm. long: stamens and style exserted: berries
subglobose or oval, 4-6 mm. long, black. — Common, on roadsides and open
banks, and in waste places. Nat. of Japan. — Sum. — Japanese-honey-
suckle.
6. LONICERA L. Woody vines. Leaf -blades entire, or lobed on shoots.
Flowers in sessile axillary clusters. Hypanthium short. Sepals minute. Co-
rolla mostly 2-lipped: tube more or less gibbous at the base. Berries clustered.
— Spr. and sum. — HONEYSUCKLE.
Corolla ringent, with a prominently 2-lipped limb : filaments adnata up to the lower
lip : stamens and style long-exserted. 1. L. dioica.
Corolla trumpet-shaped, with an almost regular limb : filaments
not adnate up to the base of the upper lobe : stamens and
style slightly exserted. 2. L. sempervirens.
1. L. dioica L. A diffuse or twining vine, the twigs glabrous: leaf -blades
oblong, ovate, oval, or obovate, 5-12 cm. long: corolla yellowish-green, tinged
with purple; tube 10-12 mm. long. — M. Occasional, on rocky banks along
the Conestoga Creek. — Limestones.
2. L. sempervirens Ait. A twining vine, the twigs glabrous: leaf -blades nar-
row or broad, mostly 3-& cm. long: corolla scarlet or yellow, 3-4 cm. long, the
lower lip slightly narrower than the lobes of the upper lip. — M. S. Occa-
sional, on banks or creeks. — Limestones, schists. — Trumpet-honeysuckle.
7. DIERVILLA [Tourn.] Mill. Shrubs. Leaves with mostly toothed
blades. Flowers in dichotomous cymes. Hypanthium elongate. Sepals 5,
narrow. Corolla unequally 5-lobed. Capsule elongate.
1. D. Diervilla (L.) MacM. Shrub 5-15 dm. tall, the twigs terete: leaf-
blades oval to oblong-ovate, 3-15 cm. long: sepals 4-5 mm. long: capsules
gradually long-beaked. — N. S. Frequent, in rocky woods. — Sandstones and
shales, schists. — Spr. and sum. — Bush-honeysuckle.
Order VALERIAN ALES.
Caulescent or rarely acaulescent, succulent, coarse or woody plants.
Leaves opposite: blades entire, toothed, or divided. Flowers mainly per-
fect. Calyx of partly united sepals, pappus-like, or obsolete. Corolla of
2-5 partly united petals. Androecium of usually fewer stamens than there
are petals. Gynoecium 1-3-carpellary. Ovary inferior, 2 of the carpels
commonly abortive. Fruit an achene, or nut-like.
Gynoecium 3-carpellary, but with two of the cavities empty: flowers not in Invo-
lucrate heads. Fam. 1. Valbrianaceae.
Gynoecium 1-carpellary : flowers in dense involucrate heads. Fam. 2. Morinaceae.
VALERIANACEAE. 277
Family 1. VALERIANACEAE. Valerian Family.
Annual or perennial, caulescent, succulent herbs. Leaves opposite:
blades entire or pinnately divided. Flowers in variously disposed cymes.
Calyx of 3-5 sepals, or sometimes pappus-like, or obsolete. Corolla of 3-5
partially united petals : tube often swollen or spurred. Androeeium of 1^
stamens : filaments adnate to the corolla-tube. Gynoecium 3-cari3ellai-y but
only 1 carpel fructiferous. Ovary inferior. Fruit a kind of leatheiy or
eiaistaceous nutlet.
Sepals becoming bristle-like or awn-like : fruit 1-celIed : tall herbs often with
divided leaf-blades. 1. Valeriana.
Sepals minute or wanting : fruit 3-celled : low herbs with un-
divided leaf-blades. 2. Valerianella.
1. VALERIANA [Touni.] L. Perennial heavy-scented herbs or vines.
Leaf -blades entire, toothed, or pinnatifid. Flowers perfect, in compact cymes.
Calyx with an inrolled limb which ultimately expands and develops 5-15
plumose bristles. Corolla funnelform or salverform. Stamens 3 or fewer.
Fruit 1-celled, the 2 abortive carpels appearing as 4 ridges.
1. V. pauciflora Miehx. Plants 1 m. tall or less: blades of the basal leaves
ovate or triangular-ovate, mostly toothed: bracts 4-8 mm. long: inflorescence
congested: corolla pale-pink; lobes less than J as long as the tube: fruit
oblong, 5-6 mm. long. — M. S. Rather rare, in rich woods. — Limestones,
schists. — Late spr. — Valerian.
2. VAIiERIANELLA [Tourn.] Mill. Annual, vernal, succulent herbs,
the stems diehotonious. Leaf-blades entire, toothed, lobed, or pinnatifid.
Flowers perfect, in clustered or corymbose cymes. Calyx shallowly lobed or
obsolete. Corolla funnelform. Stamens 3. Fruit with the abortive carpels
more or less elongate. — Spr. and sum. — Corn-salad. Lamb 's-lettuce.
Corolla blue or purplish : fruits about twice as broad as thick : species introduced.
1. V. Locusta.
Corolla white : fruits about as broad as thick : species native.
Fruits with the fertile portion fully as wide as the sterile
portion. 2. V. radiata.
Fruits with the fertile portion much smaller and narrower
than the sterile portion.
Empty cavities dilated and divergent, forming a saucer-
shaped body notched at both ends. 3. T'. patellaria.
Empty cavities contiguous, with an oblong depression
between them. 4. V. Woodsiana.
1. V. Locusta (L.) Beteke. Stems 1-4 dm. tall: blades of the stem-leaves
oblong-lanceolate: corolla 2 mm. long: fruits about twice as long as thick. —
N. M. Common, in thickets, meadows and waste grounds. Nat. of Eu.
2. V. radiata (L.) Dufr. Stems 2-7 dm. tall: blades of the upper stem-
leaves oblanceolate to oblong or ovate : fruits obovoid-tetragonal. — M. S.
Common, on moist banks and meadows. — Limestones, schists.
3. V. patellaria (Sulliv.) Krok. Stems 1-4 dm. tall: blades of the upper
stem-leaves similar to those of V. radiata: empty carpels of the fruits with a
saucer-shaped body notched at each end. — M. Frequent, in meadows and low
grounds. — Limestones.
4. V. Woodsiana (T. & G.) Walp. In habit and leaves resembling V. radiata:
fruits about 2 mm. long, with the fertile portions much smaller and narrower
than the sterile, the cavities of this latter contiguous, with an oblong depres-
sion between them. — Occasional, in low grounds.
278 MORINACEAE.
Family 2. MORINACEAE. Teasel Family.
Annual or perennial, often prickly herbs, or woody plants. Leaves
opposite: blades entire, toothed, or dissected. Flowers perfect, each sub-
tended by an involucel, commonly crowded on a receptacle and involucrate.
Calyx a cup-like border or of several bristles. Corolla of 2-5 partially
united petals, sometimes 2-lipped. Androecium of 2^ stamens: filaments
adnate to the corolla-tube. Gynoecium 1-carpellary. Ovary inferior.
Fruit an achene crowned with a calyx.
1. DIPSACUS [Tourn.] L. Coarse prickly herbs. Leaf -blades often
connate-perfoliate. Flower-heads globular or elongate. Involucral bracts rigid.
Calyx cup-like, sometimes 4-lobed. Corolla tubular-funnelform. Ovary en-
closed in the involucel. Achenes 8-ribbed. — Teasel.
1. D. sylvestris Huds. Biennial, 1-2..5 m. tall: blades of the stem-leaves
lanceolate, entire: heads ovoid, 5-6 cm. long, the involucral bracts linear-lan-
ceolate, rough: calyx fully 1 mm. long: corolla 11-13 mm. long; lobes 4, lilac,
broadly ovate : stamens exserted : achenes about 5 mm. long. — N. M. Rather
common, in waste places and fence corners. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Wild-
teasel.
Order ARISTOLOOHIALES.
Herbs, shrubs, or vines. Leaves alternate : blades mostly cordate or
hastate. Flowers perfect, often conspicuous. Hypanthium mostly adnate
to the ovary. Calyx regular or very irregular. Corolla wanting or rudi-
mentary. Androecium of as many stamens as there are calyx-lobes or
more. Gynoecium of usually 6 united carpels. Fruit a capsule.
Family 1. ASARAOEAE. Birthwort Family.
Perennial herbs, shrubs, or vines. Leaves alternate : blades sometimes
lobed, generally cordate. Flowers perfect, regular or very irregular.
Calyx usually colored, the tube often bent or inflated. Androecium of 6-
many stamens. Gynoecium of 4-6 united carpels. Ovary mostly inferior.
Fruit capsular.
Acaulescent herbs : calyx regular, persistent : capsules fleshy. 1. Asarum.
Caulescent herbs or vines : calyx irregular, deciduous : capsules
dry. 2. Aeistolochia.
1. ASABUM [Tourn.] L. Acaulescent gingerous herbs. Leaves in pairs:
blades not lustrous. Flower-stalks arising between the petioles. Hypanthium
angled, pubescent. Sepals deciduous. Capsule inferior. Seeds turgid. — Spr.
— • Wild-ginger.
Sepals lanceolate-acuminate, not reflexed, longer than the hypanthium.
1. A. canadense.
Sepals triangular, merely acute, reflexed, about as long as the
hypanthium. 2. A. reflexum.
1. A. canadense L. Leaf-blades reniform, 6-15 cm. wide, the sinus closed:
hypanthium thinly pubescent: sepals abruptly acuminate, the tubular portions
curving upward. — S. Occasional, on rocky hillsides along the Octoraro Creek.
— Schists.
2. A. reflexum Bieknell. Leaf-blades reniform, 6-14 cm. wide, the sinus
open : flowers smaller than those of the preceding species : sepals 8-10 mm.
long, early reflexed, obtuse at the tip. — Common, in rich woods.
CUCUEBITACEAE. 279
2. ARISTOLOCHIA [Tourn.] L. Caulescent herbs, shrubs, or vines.
Leaves with narrow or broad blades. Flowers irregular, often S-shaped or
resembling a "dutch pipe," the calyx usually coralloid. Hypanthium often
ribbed. Ovary inferior. Styles united into an angled column. Capsules pen-
dulous. — BlRTHWORT.
1. A. Serpentaria L. Plants dark-green, 1-4 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong-lan-
ceolate to oval-lanceolate or rarely lanceolate, 4-15 cm. long: flowers about 1
cm. long: hypanthium S-shaped, inflated at both ends: calyx-limb obtusely
3-lobed : capsule about 10 mm. in diameter. — Common, in woods. — Spr. —
ViRGINIA-SNAKEROOT.
Order C AMP ANUL ALES.
Herbs or rarely shrubs or trees. Leaves mainly alternate: blades
simple, entire or divided. Flowers perfect, monoecious, or dioecious,
sometimes irreg'ular. Hypanthium well developed. Calyx of several dis-
tinct or partly united sepals. Corolla of several distinct or partly united
petals. Androecium of 1-5 stamens. Anthers distinct or connate. Gynoe-
cium of 1-several united carpels, the ovary wholly or partly inferior.
Fruit capsular, baccate, or drupaceous.
Endosperm wanting : flowers monoecious or dioecious : plants mainly vines.
Fam. 1. CUCDHBITACEAE.
Endosperm present : flowers perfect or mainly so.
Corolla regular : anthers separate. Fam. 2. Campanulaceae.
Corolla split on one side and otherwise more or less
irregular : anthers united around the style. Fam. 3. Lobeliaceae.
Family 1. CUCUEBITACEAE. Gourd Family.
Vines, usually tendril-bearing. Leaves alternate : blades palmately or
pedately veined, and commonly lobed. Flowers monoecious or dioecious.
Calyx of 4 or 5, or rarely 6, distinct or partly united sepals. Corolla of 4
or 5, or rarely 6, distinct or partly united petals, sometimes adherent to
the calyx. Androecium of 3 stamens (2 anthers 2-celled and 1 anther 1-
celled), or rarely of 1, 2, 4, or 5 stamens. Filaments sometimes united.
Anthers straight or bent. Gynoecium 1-several-carpellary. Styles united.
Fruit a fleshy or partly di-y berry (pepo).
Fruit bladder-like, dehiscent : ovary 2-3-celled : ovules few, erect or ascending.
1. MiCEAMPELIS.
Fruit not bladder-like, indehiscent : ovary 1-celled : ovules solitary,
pendulous. 2. Sicvos.
1. MICRAMPELIS Kaf. Annual or perennial vines. Leaves with angu-
late or lobed blades. Flowers monoecious. Corolla rotate, relatively small.
Pistillate flowers usually solitary, with staminodia. Ovary echinate. Stigmas
lobed. Berry echinate, fibrous within, the rind tough. Seeds not filling the
cavities. — Mock-apple.
1. M. lobata (Michx.) Greene. Stem and branches tender: leaf-blades 4-15
cm. long, palmately 3-5-lobed, the lobes triangular-ovate to lanceolate: sepals
2—4 mm. long : corolla rotate, 7-9 mm. wide ; lobes lanceolate : berries inflated,
oblong to globose-oblong, 3-4.5 mm. long, bursting at the apex. — Susque-
hanna valley. Frequent, in thickets. — Sum. — Wild balsam-apple.
2. SICYOS L. Annual vines. Leaves mth angulate or lobed blades.
Flowers monoecious. Corolla rotate, relatively small. Pistillate flowers clus-
280 CAMPANULACEAE.
tered, without stamiiiodia. Ovary bristly or prickly. Berry bristly. Seeds
filling the cavity.
1. S. angulata L. Stems and branches viscid-pubescent: leaf-blades 6-15 cm.
wide, 5-angled or 5-lobed, the lobes distinctly toothed: hypanthium flattish:
sepals of the staminate flowers triangular, 3-5 mm. long: corolla rotate, white,
striped with green, 10-12 mm. wide: berries clustered, ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. long.
— Common, in waste places and thickets. — Sum. — Nimble-kate. Stab-
cucumber.
Family 2. CAMPANULACEAE. Bellflower Family.
Herbs or woody plants. Leaves alternate: blades enth'e, toothed, or
iobed. Flowers perfect, regular, sometimes dimorphous. Calyx of 5
sepals, or fewer in eleistogamous flowers. Corolla of 5 partly united
petals. Androecium of 5 distinct stamens. Gynoecium 2-5-carpellary, the
ovary more or less inferior. Fruit capsular.
Corolla campanulate or funnelform : inflorescence racemose or paniculate.
1. Campanula.
Corolla rotate : inflorescence spicate.
Style declined : flowers complete throughout. 2. Cajipanulastkum.
Style straight : flowers various, the earlier ones eleis-
togamous. 3. Speculaeia.
1, CAMPANTJLA [Tourn.] L. Perennial or sometimes annual herbs.
Leaf -blades entire to Iobed. Flowers perfect, all alike and complete. Hypan-
thium relatively short in age. Corolla campanulate to funnelform. Stamens
included. Capsules opening by lateral or basal perforations or valves. —
Bellfloaver.
Corollas over 12 mm. long.
Stem-leaves with linear blades : basal leaves with orbicular or ovate-orbicular
blades : sepals subulate : capsules of a turbinate type. 1. C. rotundifoHa.
Stem-leaves and basal leaves with ovate or ovate-lanceolate
blades: sepals lanceolate: capsules hemispheric. 2. C. rapuncnloldes.
Corollas less than 10 mm. long. 3. C. aparinoidcs.
1. O. rotundifolia L. Stems glabrous or nearly so, nearly 1 m. tall or less,
diffuse: basal leaves with orbicular or ovate-orbicular, often toothed, long-
petioled blades cordate at the base ; stem-leaves linear, entire : sepals subulate,
longer than the hypanthium: corolla blue or purplish-blue, 1.5-2.5 cm. long;
lobes broadly ovate to reniform: capsules turbinate to obovoid-turbinate, 5-6
mm. long: seeds 1 mm. long. — M. S. Occasional, on rocky creek-banks. —
Limestones, schists, serpentine. — Spr. — Bluebell. Harebell.
2. C. rapunculoides L. Stem sparingly pubescent or glabrous, 1 m. tall or
less, commonly simple: leaf -blades ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceo-
late, 4-11 cm. long, serrate or crenate-serrate, those of the lower leaves
rounded or subcordate at the base, and long-petioled, those of the upper ones
narrowed at the base and sessile or nearly so: sepals lanceolate, as long as
the hypanthium or longer: corolla blue, 2.5-3 cm. long; lobes ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, much shorter than the tube: capsules hemispheric, 5-7 mm. long,
ribbed : seeds fully 1 mm. long. — S. Occasional, on roadsides and in fields.
— Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Creeping-bellflower.
3. C. aparinoides Pursh. Stems 2-6 dm. long, prickly throughout: leaf -blades
1-3.5 cm. long, those of the upper leaves linear to lanceolate: sepals ovate to
triangular-ovate, 1.5-2 mm. long: corolla white or pink, 5-8 mm. long: capsules
globose-obovoid : seeds about 0.5 mm. long, smooth. — Common, in swamps and
spring-runs. — Sum. — Marsh-bellflower.
LOBELIACEAE. 281
2. CAMPANTJLASTEUM Small. Annual or biennial herbs. Leaf-blades
toothed. Flowers perfect and complete. Hypanthium elongate in age. Co-
rolla rotate. Stamens exserted. Capsule opening by subapical valves. Seeds
flattish, broad, margined.
1. C. americanum (L.) Small. Plants 2-20 dm. tall, often widely branched:
blades of the upper leaves usually lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, acuminate:
sepals linear-subulate, 6-10 mm. long: corolla blue or white; lobes 10-13 em.
long: capsules turbinate-clavate, 8-10 mm. long: seeds oval, about 1.5 mm.
long. — Common, in thickets and open woods. — Sum.
3. SPECULARIA [Heist.] Fabr. Annual or biennial herbs. Leaf -blades
toothed. Flowers dimorphous, the earlier ones with 3 or 4 sepals and unde-
veloped corollas, the later ones with 5 sepals and rotate corollas. Capsules
prismatic. — Venus 's looking-glass.
Sepals of the showy flowers lanceolate : capsule short, broad. 1. S. perfoUata.
Sepals of the showy flowers linear : capsule elongate, narrow. 2. S. Speculum.
1. S. perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Stems 1-5 dm. tall: leaf -blades suborbicular to
triangular-ovate: corolla blue, 10-15 mm. wide: capsules oblong-prismatic or
obconic, 5-6 mm. long: seeds oval, about 0.5 mm. long. — Common, in fields
and waste places. - — Sum.
2. S. Speculum (L.) A. DC. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, glabrous or sparingly
pubescent above : leaf -blades obovate, oblanceolate, oblong, or ovate-oblong,
1-3 cm. long, undulate-crisped, sessile: calyx of the petaliferous flowers with
5 narrowly linear sepals which are shorter than the hypanthium: corolla blue,
about 2 cm. wide: capsules slender-fusiform, 1-1.5 cm. long: seeds oblong,
fully 1 mm. long. — S. Rare, in fields near Wakefield. Nat. of Eu. — Sum.
Family 3. LOBELIACEAE. Lobelia Family.
Herbs, or rarely trees, the sap often milky. Leaves alternate : blades
entire, toothed, or parted. Flowers perfect, or rarely dioecious, irregular
Calyx of 5 sepals. Corolla more or less 2-lipped, tli€ tube open on one side.
Androecium of 5 stamens, the filaments sometimes cohering. Gynoecium
mostly 2-carpellary, the ovary more or less inferior. Fruit capsular or
baccate.
1. LOBELIA [Plum.] L. Annual or i^erennial herbs. Leaf-blades entire
or toothed. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. Hypanthium mostly
ribbed. Sepals entire or often glandular-toothed, sometimes with basal ap-
pendages. Corolla variously colored or white: upper lip 2-lobed: lower lip 3-
lobed. Anthers in a ring around the style, 2 often smaller than the others.
Ovary 2-celled. Capsule 2-valved.
Corolla red ; tube over 2 cm. long : style and androecium over .S cm. long.
1. L. cardinnlif!.
Corolla blue or rarely white ; tube less than 2 cm. long : style and androecium less
than 3 cm. long.
Corolla, exclusive of the lower lip, over 10 mm. long.
Anthers glabrous at the tip : calyx-appendages long,
acute. 2. L. si/philitica.
Anthers bearded at the tip : calyx-appendages short,
rounded. 3. L. pubcrida.
Corolla, exclusive of the lower lip, less than 10 mm. long.
Flowers short-stalked : stem-leaves with relatively broad
blades.
Capsule partly inferior, 2.5-3 mm. long. 4. L. spicata.
Capsule wholly inferior, 5-8 mm. long. 5. L. inflata.
Flowers long-stalked : stem-leaves with very narrow
blades. 6. L. Kalmii.
282 AMBEOSIACEAE.
1. L. cardinalis L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, simple: blades of the lower leaves
oblong to oblong-spatiilate, serrate or dentate : sepals linear to linear-subu-
late: corolla-lobes on either side of the cleft linear-oblanceolate : capsule hemi-
spheric, short-beaked : seeds mostly over 1 mm. long. — Common, in moist
places and on creek-banks. — Late sum. — Cardinal-flower.
2. L. syphilitica L. Stems 2-6 dm. tall, sparingly pubescent, often branched :
leaf-blades oblanceolate to elliptic or lanceolate, 2. .5-20 cm. long, coarsely
serrate or sinuate-dentate: sepals bristly ciliate, acuminate from a broad
base, each with large acute basal auricles: corolla light-blue, or rarely white;
tube about 1.5 cm. long; lobes of the lower lip narrow, gradually pointed:
seeds wrinkled. — Common, in meadows and along streams. — Fall. — Great-
lobelia.
3. L. puberula Michx. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, softly pubescent: leaf -blades
oblanceolate to obovate, oblong, lanceolate, or ovate, 2-10 cm. long, finely
toothed: sepals sometimes bristly, lanceolate, 7-9 mm. long, each with small
rounded basal auricles: corolla bright-blue; tube about 1 cm. long; lobes of
the lower lip broad, abruptly pointed: seeds tuberculate. — S. Frequent, in
low grounds and thickets. — Schists. — Fall.
4. L. spicata Lam. Stems 1-12 dm. tall, pubescent, at least near the base :
leaf-blades spatulate, obovate, or suborbicular at the base of the stem, ob-
lanceolate to lanceolate above, 1-10 cm. long, crenate-dentate or nearly entire:
sepals linear-subulate, 3-5 mm. long, not auricled at the base: corolla blue,
6-9 mm. long : capsules 2.5-3 mm. long. — Common, in moist fields and
meadows. — Sum.
5. L. inflata L. Stems 1-10 dm. tall, pubescent: leaf-blades obovate to oval
or ovate, 2-9 cm. long, crenate: sepals linear, 2.5-3.5 mm. long, entire: corolla
lilac, 6-8 mm. long : capsules 5-8 mm. long, inflated. — Common, in dry soil
and thickets. — Sum. and fall. — Indian-tobacoo.
6. L. Kalmii L. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, glabrous: basal leaves with spatulate
blades, upper cauline leaves narrowly linear, 1-4 cm. long, entire: flowers
slender-pedicelled : hypanthium turbinate, becoming obovoid and 5-6 mm.
long: sepals subulate or lanceolate-subulate, entire, 2.5-3 mm. long: corolla
light-blue, about 1 cm. long : capsules 6-7 mm. long. — M. Eare, in the"
Dillerville swamp, Lancaster. — Limestones. — Sum. — Brook-lobelia.
Order CARDUALES.
Herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaves mainly alternate : blades
entire, toothed, or divided. Flowers perfect, monoecious, or dioecious, few
or many aggregated on a receptacle and surrounded with an involucre or
the involucre rarely obsolete. Calyx 1 or 2 rows of bristles or scales, or a
mere border or a crown, or obsolete, or wanting. Corolla of several more
or less united petals or wanting. Androecium of usually 5 stamens, the
anthers converging or united. Gynoecium mostly of 2 united carpels.
Ovary inferior. Styles or stigmas mostly 2. Fruit an aehene.
Flowers with tubular corollas, or those of the outer ones prolonged into ligules.
Stamens distinct, the anthers merely converging about the stigma.
Stamens united by their anthers, thus forming a tube Fam. 1. Ambrosiaceae.
around the stigma, except in Kuhnia. Fam. 2. Carduaceae.
Flowers with each corolla prolonged into a ligule. Fam. 3. Cichoriaceae.
Family 1. AMBROSIACEAE. Ragweed Family.
Annual or perennial herbs, or woody plants, often weedy. Leaf-
blades entire, lobed, or divided. Flowers in inconspicuous heads, the bracts
CAEDUACEAE. 283
of the pistillate heads distinct or sometimes united and accrescent into a
bur. Fruit-produciug flowers apetalous or with much reduced corollas.
Achenes subtended by or enclosed in an involucre. Pappus wanting or
obsolete.
Bracts of the staminate involucres distinct : pistillate involucres bur-lilte.
1. Xanthidm.
Bracts of the staminate involucres united : pistillate involucres not
bur-like. 2. Ambrosia.
1. XANTHIUM [Tourn.] L. Coarse, sometimes spiny herbs. Leaf-
blades toothed or lobed. Mature pistillate involucre copiously and evenly
spiny. — Sum. and fall. — Clotbur. Burweed. Cocklebur.
Leaf-blades much longer than broad : leaf-bases accompanied by 3-pronged spines :
fruits usually 1-beaked or beakless. 1. X. spinosum.
Leaf-blades as broad as long or but little longer : leaf-bases
without spines: fruits usually 2-beaked. 2. X. americaniim.
1. X. spinosum L. Plants spiny, 2-12 dm. tall: leaf -lobes lanceolate, mostly
3-lobed, white- or pale-pubescent beneath: fruits 10-13 mm. long. — S. Eare,
in waste grounds. Nat. of trop. Am.
2. X. americanum Walt. Plants glabrate or finely pubescent, 2-13 dm. tall:
leaf-blades ovate to deltoid, 5-30 cm. long, rather coarsely toothed and more or
less distinctly lobed: fruits oblong, 15-20 mm. long, thickly beset with slender
hooked spines. — Common, in waste places and on roadsides.
2. AMBROSIA [Tourn.] L. Weed-like herbs, ours annual. Leaf -blades
toothed, lobed, or divided. Mature pistillate involucre tuberculate or spiny
near the top. — Sum. and fall. — Eagweed.
Leaves opposite ; blades palmately 3-5-lobed or merely toothed : receptacle naked.
1. A. triflda.
Leaves alternate and opposite ; blades 1-2-pinnatifid : recep-
tacle chaffy. 2. A. clatior.
1. A. trifida L. Stems hirsute or hispid, 8-15 dm. tall: leaf-blades deeply
3-5-lobed or sometimes merely toothed, 8-30 cm. long: pistillate heads clus-
tered at the base of leaf -like bracts: fruits turbinate or obovoid, 8-10 mm.
long, with several tubercles at the base of the beak, — Common, on roadsides
and in moist soil. — Great-ragweed. Horse-cane.
2. A. elatior L. Stems hirsute, 3-18 dm. tall or diffuse: leaf -blades mainly
bipiunatifid or pinnately parted, 3.5-12 cm. long: fruits 3-3.5 mm. long. —
Common, in fields and waste places. — Eagweed. Eoman-wormwood. Hog-
weed.
Family 2. CARDUACEAE. Thistle Family.
Herbs, or rarely shrubs or trees. Flowers borne in heads, the mar-
ginal ones commonly dilSering from the central ones in having a 1-sided
more or less elongate corolla-limb. Pappus usually present, often con-
spicuous.
Stigmatic lines at the base of the stigma or below the middle.
Stigmas filiform or subulate, hispidulous. Tribe I. Vernonieae.
Stigmas more or less clavate, papillose-puberulent. Tribe II. Eupatokieae.
Stigmatic lines extending to the tip of the stigma or
to the appendages.
Anthers without elongate appendages at the tip.
Anther-sacs tailed at the base. Tribe IV. Inuleae.
Anther-sacs not tailed at the base.
Receptacle naked.
Bracts of the involucre well imbricate.
284
CAEDUACEAE.
Stigmas of the perfect flowers with
terminal appendages.
Stigmas of the perfect flowers with
truncate or hairy or papillose
tips.
Bracts of the involucre herbaceous.
Bracts of the involucre dry and
scarious.
Bracts of the involucre little if at all
imbricate, except when the broad outer
ones overlap the inner.
Receptacle chaffy.
Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, some-
times foliaceous.
Bracts of the involucre dry and scarious.
Anthers with elongate, cartilaginous, mostly con-
nate appendages at the tip.
Tribe III. Asteeeae.
Tribe VI. Helenieae.
Tribe VII. Anthemideae.
Tribe VIII. Senecioneab.
Tribe V. Heliantheae.
Tribe VII. Anthemideae.
Tribe IX. Ctnaeeae.
1. Vernonia.
2. Elephantopus.
3. Edpatoeium.
4. conoclinium.
5. MiKANIA.
6. Laciniaeia.
7. KUHNIA.
Teiee I. VERNONIEAB.
Heads not glomerate and involucrate : pappus double : corollas
regular.
Heads glomerate and involucrate : pappus single : corollas
irregular.
Tribe II. EUPATORIEAE.
Achenes 3-5-angled, ribless.
Erect herbs : involucral bracts more than 4.
Receptacle flat : corollas white, pink, or purple.
Receptacle conic or hemispheric : corollas blue or violet.
Climbing vines : involucral bracts 4 or fewer, or rarely
more.
Achenes 8-10-ribbed or 8-10-striate.
Heads spicate or racemose : corollas pink to purple : bracts
of the involucre smooth or faintly striate.
Heads corymbose : corollas pale : bracts of the involucre
striate-nerved.
Tribe III. ASTEREAE.
Heads with perfect, at least not dioecious, flowers : ray-flowers
usually present.
Ray-flowers with yellow corollas, (white in SoUdago
bicolor).
Pappus, at least that of the disk-flowers, double, the
outer series of scales or short-bristles, the inner
of capillary bristles.
Pappus wholly of capillary bristles.
Bracts of the involucre broad, longitudinally ribbed.
Bracts of the involucre narrow, not ribbed.
Receptacle pubescent, fimbrillate : ray-flowers
more numerous than those of the disk.
Receptacle alveolate : ray-flowers fewer than
those of the disk.
Ray-flowers with white or colored corollas, not yellow.
Pappus a mere crown, or of 2-4 awns and short
bristles.
Pappus, at least in the disk, of numerous capillary
bristles.
Pappus mainly of a single series of bristles.
Bracts of the involucre in 3-many-series.
Ray with few flowers, the ligules inconspicu-
ous : involucre narrow ; bracts thick, firm. 13. Seeicocaepds.
Ray with usually many flowers, the ligules
conspicuous : Involucre turbinate, hemi-
spheric or globose ; bracts thin, herbaceous.
9.
10.
11.
Cheysopsis.
Oligoneueon.
Euthamia.
solidago.
12. BOLTONIA.
Bracts of the involucre in 1 or 2 series.
Heads conspicuous : ray-flowers several-
numerous ; ligules longer than the diam-
eter of the disk.
Heads inconspicuous : ray-flowers few ; lig-
ules shorter than the diameter of the disk.
Pappus manifestly double, the bristles of the inner
series longer than those of the outer.
Involucre of 2-4 series of bracts : ligules of
the ray white or nearly so : achenes broad :
leaf-blades several-ribbed.
14. ASTEE.
Eeigeeon.
Leptilon.
17. DOELLINGEEIA.
CAEDUACEAE.
285
Involucre of 5-6 series of bracts : ligules of
the ray violet, or rarely white : achenes nar-
row : leaf-blades 1-rlbbed.
Heads with dioecious flowers : ray-flowers wanting.
18. lONACTIS.
10. Bacchaeis.
Tribe IV. INULEAE.
Ray-flowers wanting : disk-flowers with white or whitish co-
rollas : heads relatively small.
Receptacle chaffy : involucre of few bracts. 20. Gifola.
Receptacle naked : Involucre of many bracts.
Plants dioecious or polygamo-dioecious.
Pappus-bristles of the staminate flowers thickened
above : plants stoloniferous. 21. Antennaeia.
Pappus-bristles not thickened : plants not stolon-
iferous. 22. Anaphalis.
Plants not dioecious : flowers all fruit-producing. 23. Gnaphalium.
Ray-flowers present ; corollas yellow : heads relatively large. 24. Inula.
Teibb V. HBLIANTHEAE.
Disk-flowers perfect, but not fruit-producing.
Achenes short, thick or turgid : pappus wanting.
Achenes obcompressed, 3-ribbed.
Achenes laterally compressed, closely striate.
Achenes markedly "flattened : pappus present, sometimes
obsolete.
Ray conspicuous : ligules yellow, spreading : heads
mostly showy.
Ray-flowers in 2 or 3 series : achenes falling away
free.
Ray-flowers in 1 series : achenes adnate to 2 or 3
bractlets and falling away with them.
Ray inconspicuous : ligules white or whitish, erect or
nearly so : heads not showy.
Disk-flowers fruit-producing.
Corollas of the ray persistent on the achenes.
Corollas of the ray deciduous, or wanting.
Pappus a mere crown or a cup, or of few teeth, awns,
or bristles.
Achenes, at least those of the disk, not compressed :
bractlets of the receptacle mostly concave or
clasping.
Bractlets of the receptacle mere chaffy subulate
awns or bristles : ray-flowers with white
ligules.
Bractlets of the receptacle broad, concave or
clasping.
Receptacle conic to columnar.
Receptacle flat or convex.
Achenes not much flattened, wingless,
erect : leaves not decurrent.
Achenes flattened, winged, widely spread-
ing : leaves decurrent.
Achenes very flat : bractlets of the receptacle flat
or at least not clasping.
Pappus of 2 flmbriolate awns, scales of teeth, or
a mere border or obsolete.
Pappus of 2-0 awns or teeth, upwardly or
downwardly barbed or hispid.
Pappus of numerous scales.
30.
POLYMNIA.
POLYMNIASTECIM.
SiLPIIIUM.
Cheysogonum.
Paethenium.
Heliopsis.
31.
Veebesina.
32.
RUDBECKIA.
33.
Helianthus,
34.
RiDAN.
35.
Coreopsis.
36.
37.
BiDENS.
Galinsoga.
Teibe VI. HELENIEAE.
A single genus in our range.
38. Helenium.
Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDEAE.
Receptacle chaffy.
Heads small : involucre not flattened, obovoid to campanu-
late : achenes flattened.
Heads large : involucre depressed, hemispheric : achenes
terete or angled.
Receptacle naked or sometimes merely pubescent.
Ray-flowers normally present.
Ray-flowers wanting.
39. Achillea.
40. Anthemis.
41. Cheysanthejium.
42. Tanacetcm.
286 CAEDUACEAE.
Tribe VIII. SENECIONEAE.
Leaves opposite, sometimes mainly basal : pappus-bristles rigid. 43. Arnica.
Leaves alternate : pappus-bristles soft.
Corollas white or pink : ray-flowers wanting.
Heads with various flowers, the marginal pistillate,
those of the disk perfect. 44. Erechtites.
Heads with all flowers perfect.
Involucre of about 5 main bracts. 45. Mesadenia.
Involucre of 12-15 main bracts. 46. Stnosma.
Corollas yellow : ray-flowers usually present. 47. Sbnecio.
Tribe IX. CYNAREAE.
Achenes inserted on the receptacle by their bases, not
oblique.
Receptacle not honeycombed, bristly.
Achenes pubescent, without a rim at the top. 48. Xeranthemum.
Achenes glabrous, with a rim at the top.
Bracts of the involucre with hooked tips : leaves
with unarmed blades, not bristly. 49. Arctium.
Bracts of the involucre not hooked : leaves spine-
armed and often bristly.
Pappus-bristles plumose. 50. Cirsium.
Pappus-bristles not plumose. 51. Cardods.
Receptacle deeply honeycombed, not bristly. 52. Onopordon.
Achenes obliquely inserted on the receptacle. 53. Centaurea.
1. VEKNONIA Sehreb. Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate:
blades mostly toothed, often narrow. Heads not involucrate. Corolla-lobes
lanceolate. Anther-appendages lanceolate to oblong. Pappus double, the outer
series of scales or stout bristles, the inner of numerous capillary bristles.
1. V. noveboracensis (L.) Willd. Stems 1-3 m. tall: leaf -blades linear-
lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, finely serrate or nearly entire:
involucres hemispheric, about 6 mm. high; bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
with filiform tips arising abruptly from the body^ which in the inner bracts
about equal the tip in length: corolla about 10 mm. long: achenes 4-4.5 mm.
long. — Common, in low grounds and thickets. — Sum. — Iron-weed.
2. ELEPHANTOPUS [Yaill.] L. Perennial scapose or caulescent herbs.
Leaves alternate: blades shallowly toothed. Heads involucrate. Corolla-lobea
linear-lanceolate. Anther-appendages deltoid to ovate. Pappus single, of
several rigid bristles terminating scale-like bases.
1. E. carolinianus Willd. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, rather hirsute: leaf -blades
oblong, elliptic, or oval, 5-15 cm. long, crenate-serrate or repand: inner bracts
of the involucre 8-10 mm. long, acute: achenes 3.5-4 mm. long. — Lower
Susquehanna valley and adjacent parts. Frequent, in thickets. — Schists. —
Sum. — ■ Elephant 's-foot.
3. EUPATORIUM [Tourn.] L. Perennial or rarely annual herbs, or
shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite: blades entire^ toothed, or dissected.
Heads borne in corymbs. Involucres campanulate to cylindric. Corolla-lobea
ovate or triangular. Anther-appendages ovate. Aehene angled. Pappus of
capillary bristles. — Sum. — Thoroughwort.
Leaves opposite or alternate, or rarely in 3's in 1 or 2 narrow-leaved species.
Leaf-blades manifestly petioled.
Leaf -blades acuminate : corollas less than 3.5 mm. long.
1. E. nrticaefolium.
Leaf-blades obtuse or abruptly acute : corollas over
4 mm. long. 2. E. aromaticum.
Leaf-blades sessile or essentially so, or connate-per-
foliate : heads less than 9-flowered.
Leaf-blades neither connate-perfoliate nor connate-
clasping.
CAEDUACEAE. 287
Base of the leaf-blade not broader than the rest
of the blade or gradually narrowed.
Leaf-blades linear, entire or shallowly and
irregularly toothed. 3. E. hyssopifolium.
Leaf-blades lanceolate, oblong, ovate, or oval,
markedly toothed. 4. E. Torrcyanum.
Base of the leaf-blade broadly rounded, cordate,
truncate, or broadly cuneate.
Leaf-blades crenate, crenate-serrate or cre-
nate-dentate : involucral bracts narrow,
acute, acuminate or apiculate.
Branches of the inflorescence alternate :
leaf-blades coarsely few-toothed. 5. E. verhcnaefoUtnn.
Branches of the inflorescence opposite :
leaf-blades more finely and evenly
toothed.
Leaf-blades about as broad as long,
truncate or subcordate at the base. G. E. rotundifolium.
Leaf-blades manifestly longer than
broad, rounded or broadly cuneate at
the base. 7. E. pubescens.
Leaf-blndes sharply serrate : involucral bracts
broad, obtuse. 8. E. sessilifoUum.
Leaf-blades connate-perfoliate : heads over 9-flowered. 9. E. perfoUatum.
Leaves whorled in 3's to 6's : blades relatively broad.
Leaf-blades crenate, the teeth somewhat apiculate : co-
rollas about 5 mm. long. 10. E. trifoliattm.
Leaf-blades serrate : corollas about 7 mm. long. 11. E. purpureum.
1. E. urticaefolium Eeichard. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, puberulent or glabrate:
leaf-blades thin, ovate or rarely ovate-lanceolate, 4-12 cm. long, acuminate,
coarsely serrate: bracts of the involucre linear, ciliolate at the apex, the inner
3-3.5 mm. long: corollas 3 mm. long: anthers longer than the filaments: achenes
2-2.5 mm. long. — Common, in woods and thickets. — White- snakeroot.
2. E. aromaticum L. Stems 3-15 dm. tall, puberulent or minutely pubescent:
leaf-blades thickish, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-10 cm. long, obtuse or acute,
crenate: bracts of the involucre linear, ciliate, the inner 4-4.5 mm. long:
corollas 4.5-5 cm. long, ciliate : achenes 2.5-3 mm. long. — M. S. Eare, in
thickets. — Qiiartzite, serpentine.
3. E. hyssopifolium L. Stems 3-8 dm. tall, puberulent: leaf -blades linear,
2-6 cm. long, sometimes undulate : bracts of the involucre oblong to linear or
linear-lanceolate, ciliolate, mostly obtuse, the inner 5-5.5 mm. long: corollas
3.5-4 mm. long: achenes 2.5-3 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Occasional,
in thickets. — Schists.
4. E. Torreyanum Short. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, finely pubescent: leaf -blades
broadly linear to oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate to laciniate: bracts of
the involucre mainly oblong to linear-oblong, ciliate, the inner 5-5.5 mm. long:
corollas 3 mm. long: achenes 3 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eare,
on wooded hillsides. — Schists.
5. E. verbenaefolium Michx. Stems 6-12 dm. tall, finely pubescent: leaf-
blades ovate to lanceolate, 2-12 cm. long, serrate: bracts of the involucre
abruptly short-pointed, the inner mostly linear-oblong, 4-4.5 mm. long: achenes
about 2 mm. long. — M. S. Frequent, in moist grounds or swamps. — Schists,
quartsite.
6. E. rotundifolium L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, tomentulose: leaf -blades sub-
orbicular to orbicular-ovate, 2-4 cm. long, crenate or crenate-dentate : inter-
mediate bracts of the involucre acuminate, the inner ones 5.5-6 mm. long:
corollas about 3 mm. long: achenes fully 2 mm. long. — S. Occasional, in
swamps. — • Schists,
7. E. pubescens Muhl. Stems 3-15 dm. tall, canescent-tomentulose: leaf-
blades ovate, 2-10 cm. long, serrate or incised-serrate: intermediate bracts of
the involucre abruptly pointed, the inner ones 5.5-6 mm. long: corollas about
3 mm. long : achenes 2-2.5 mm. long. — S. Common, in thickets. — Schists.
288 CARDUACEAE.
8. E. sessilifolium L. Stems 4-15 dm. tall, tomentulose above: leaf -blades
lanceolate, 8-25 cm. long, creuate-serrate, connate-perfoliate: bracts of the
involucre obtuse, the inner 4.5-5 mm. long: corollas 3 mm. long: achenes 3-3.5
mm. long. — Common, in thickets and open woods. — Upland-boneset.
9. E. perfoliatum L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, tomentulose above: leaf-blades
lanceolate, 8-25 cm. long, crenate-serrate, connate-perfoliate: inner bracts of
the involucres acuminate, 6-6.5 mm. long: corollas 4 mm. long: achenes 2 mm.
long, or mostly shorter. — Common, in meadows and thickets. — Boneset.
10. E. trifoliatum L. Stems 8-21 dm. tall, glabrous or sparingly pubescent,
often purple: leaf-blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 15-20 cm. long, ere-
nate: outer bracts of the involucre puberulent, the inner usually not ciliolate:
corollas about 5 mm. long: achenes 4-4.5 mm. long. — S. Frequent, in moist
thickets and woods. — Schists.
11. E. purpureum L. Stems 9-34 dm. tall, sometimes sparingly pubescent:
leaf-blades narrowly oblong, ovate-lanceolate, oval, or ovate, 9-30 cm. long,
serrate: outer bracts of the involucre glabrous or nearly so, the inner ciliate:
corollas about 7 mm. long : achenes 5.5-6 mm. long. — Common, in moist soil
or meadows. — Joe-pye weed.
4. CONOCLINIUM DC; Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite: blades
toothed or j^arted. Heads in open or compact corymbs. Involucres campanu-
late or hemispheric. Corolla narowly funnelform: lobes deltoid to ovate.
Androecium mostly included: anther-appendages ovate, obtuse. Achene angled.
Pappus of a few capillary bristles.
1. C. coelestinum (L.) DC. Stems 2-9 dm. tall, appressed-pubescent : leaf-
blades ovate to deltoid-ovate, or rarely triangular-lanceolate, 3-12 em. long,
crenate or serrate-crenate : inner bracts of the involucre linear-subulate, 2.5-3
mm. long: corollas barely 3 mm. long: achenes barely 1.5 mm. long. — M. S.
Common, in moist places and thickets. — Limestones, schists. — Sum. — Mist-
flower.
5. MIKANIA Willd. Perennial vines. Leaves opposite: blades of a
hastate or deltoid type, mostly toothed. Heads in corymbs. Involucre cylin-
drie. Corolla with a campanulate throat: lobes lanceolate to triangular-ovate.
Androecium exserted: anther-appendages ovate. Achenes angled. Pappus of
many capillary bristles.
1. M. scandens (L.) Willd. Plants finely pubescent or nearly glabrous: leaf-
blades deltoid-ovate to hastate, 5-8 cm. long, undulate or angulately lobed:
bracts of the involucre 5-5.5 mm. long, acuminate or abruptly pointed: corolla
about 4 mm. long : achenes 2-2.5 mm. long. — S. Occasional, in thickets and
swamps. — • Schists. — Sum. — • Climbing hemp- vine.
6. LACINIABIA Hill. Perennial, typically simple herbs with thick root-
stocks. Leaves alternate, often numerous: blades narrow, entire. Heads in
spikes, racemes, panicles, or rarely in cymes. Involucres ovoid to cylindric
or turbinate. Corolla-throat narrow-funnelform, much longer than the slightly
narrower tube: lobes lanceolate. Anther-appendages entire or notched.
Achenes short, ribbed. Pappus of many barbellulate or plumose bristles. —
BUTTON-SNAKEROOT. BlAZING-STAR.
Bracts of the involucre with broad appressed tips : involucre few-flowered.
1. L. spicata.
Bracts of the involucre with narrow spreading tips : involucre
many-flowered. 2. L. squarrosa.
CARDUACEAE. 289
1. L. spicata (L.) Kuntze. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, sometimes sparingly hirsute:
blades of the lower leaves linear: intermediate bracts of the involucre oblong-
ovate; inner bracts 8-9 mm. long, broadly linear: corollas 6.5-7.5 mm. long;
lobes glabrous. — S. Frequent, in low grounds. — Schists, serpentine. — Fall.
2. L. squarrosa (L.) Hill. Stems 1-4 dm. tall, pubescent: blades of the lower
leaves linear: inner bracts of the involucre 15-22 mm. long, acuminate:
corollas 24-27 mm. long; lobes pubescent within. — S. Eare in thickets, —
ScJtists. — • Sum.
7. KUHNIA L. Perennial pubescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades
narrow, resinous-dotted. Heads in open or compact clusters. Involucres
narrow-cylindric. Corolla narrowly funnelform, the tube and throat scarcely
distinguishable: lobes triangular to lanceolate. Anther-appendages ovate,
obtuse. Aehenes columnar, striate. Pappus of many capillary bristles.
1. K. eupatorioides L. Stems 5-10 dm. tall: leaf -blades 2-10 cm. long, nar-
rowed at the base and sessile or nearly so: inner bracts of the involucre
linear, 5—7 mm. long: corollas about 6 mm. long: aehenes 4-5 mm. long. —
M. Common, on rocky banks of the Conestoga near Lancaster. — Limestones.
— Sum. and fall. — False-boneset.
8. CHE.YSOPSIS Nutt. Biennial or perennial pubescent herbs. Leaves
alternate: blades narrow or broad, mostly entire. Heads solitary or in a
terminal corymb. Involucres ovoid to turbinate, the bracts narrow. Eay-
flowers with conspicuous ligules. Disk-corollas with a narrow funnelform
throat. Anther-appendages lanceolate. Stigmas subulate. Aehenes flattened.
Pappus double, of numerous bristles,
1. C. mariana (L.) Nutt. Stems cobwebby-villous, 1-6 dm. tall: blades of
the cauline leaves spatulate to elliptic or oblong: inner bracts of the involucre
narrowly linear, somewhat acuminate, 8-9 mm. long: filaments shorter than the
anthers : disk-corollas 8—9 mm. long : ligules oblong, 6-9 mm. long. — S.
Rather common, in dry soil. ■ — ■ Schists. — Fall. — Golden-aster.
9. OLIGONEURON Small. Perennial herbs, pubescent at least in the
inflorescence. Leaves alternate: blades entire or nearly so. Heads in a
terminal corymb. Involucres campanulate, several-flowered: bracts broad,
rounded at the apex, the inner much longer than the outer. Ray-flowers few:
corollas with a very long tube and a yellow ligule. Disk-corollas with a funnel-
form throat and a shorter tube : lobes lanceolate. Filaments nearly as long
as the anthers or longer. Stigmas oblong or ovate-oblong. Aehenes stout,
ribbed. Pappus of many capillary bristles.
1. O, rigidum (L.) Small. Stems 4-15 dm, tall, rough-pubescent: leaf -blades
thick, those of the upper stem-leaves oblong to ovate, 2-13 cm. long, closely
pubescent, shallowly toothed or essentially entire: bracts of the involucre
pubescent, the outer ovate: disk-corollas 5.5-6.5 mm. long: aehenes 12-15-
ribbed. — W. S. Common, in dry soil, Nat, of w, N. A. — Fall.
10. EUTHAMIA Nutt. Perennial herbaceous plants. Leaves alternate:
blades elongate, herbaceous. Heads many, in corymbs. Involucres narrow,
few-several-flowered: bracts various, the outer ones linear or nearly so. Ray-
flowers few: corolla with a slender tube and a very small ligule. Disk-corollas
with a funnelform throat, and tube of about equal length: lobes lanceolate.
Anthers as long as the filaments or longer. Stigmas lanceolate. Pappus of
capillary bristles.
Lancaster County Flora 19.
290
CAEDUACEAE.
1. E. graminifolia (L.) Nutt. Plants 13-14 dm. tall: leaf -blades linear,
mainly over 4 mm. wide: heads in dense clusters: involucres campanulate, the
inner bracts 3.5—4 mm. long : achenes pubescent. — Common, in fields and
thickets. — Late sum.
11. SOLIDAGO L. Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades
various, mostly toothed. Heads relatively small, paniculate or thyrsoid. Invo-
lucres campanulate, turbinate, or cylindric, few-several-flowered. Bracts vari-
ous, the inner narrow, at least relatively so, and much longer than the outer.
Eay-flowers few: corollas with a slender tube and a yellow or rarely white
ligule. Disk-corollas with a funnelform or campanulate throat and a tube
nearly or quite as long: lobes lanceolate. Anthers nearly or quite as long as
the filaments. Stigmas mostly lanceolate. Pappus of 1 or 2 series of rough
capillary bristles. — Goldenrod.
Heads in axillary short or raceme-like clusters subtended by leaf-
Stem and branches terete : stem-leaves with relatively narrow,
blades.
Stem and branches angled : stem-leaves with relatively broad,
deeply toothed, blades.
Heads in a terminal inconspicuously bracted panicle or tliyrsus.
Tips of the involucral bracts, at least some of them, spread-
ing or recurved.
Tips of the involucral bracts erect or appressed.
Inflorescence nearly equilateral, the branches erect or as-
cending : heads not secund on the branches.
Bracts of the involucre decidedly obtuse.
Achenes glabrous.
Stems copiously pubescent.
Achenes columnar : ray-flowers with white
ligules.
Achenes dilated upward : ray-flowers with
yellow ligules.
Stems glabrous or merely puberulent.
Achenes pubescent.
Bracts of the involucre acute or acutish.
Inflorescence 1-sided, the branches spreading or recurved :
heads secund.
Leaf-blades pinnately veined, not 3-ribbed.
Internodes of the stem prominently angled below
the leaves.
Internodes of the stem terete or essentially so.
Stem manifestly pubescent, rarely only in lines.
Ray-flowers 3 or 4 : leaves glabrous ; blades
entire, narrow.
Ray-flowers 6-9 : leaves pubescent ; blades
toothed, broad.
Stem glabrous, at least below the inflorescence.
Branches of the inflorescence pubescent.
Ray-flowers mostly 6-8 : involucre cylin-
dric, few-flowered : achenes pubescent.
Ray-flowers mostly 3-5 : involucre cam-
panulate, many-flowered : achenes
glabrous.
Branches of the inflorescence glabrous.
Involucre less than 5 mm. high.
Involucre over 5 mm. high.
Leaf-blades manifestly 3-ribbed.
Stem glabrous.
Stem pubescent.
Cauline leaves with relatively long blades,
acuminate or attenuate.
Cauline leaves with relatively short blades, ob-
tuse or merely acute.
lilje bracts,
shallowly toothed,
1. S. caesia.
2. 8. flexicauUs.
3. S. sqiiarrosa.
4. S. Mcolor.
5. 8. liisinda.
6. S. speriosa.
7. S. raccmosa.
8. S. piiberula.
9. 8. pattila.
10. S. odora.
11. 8. rugosa.
12. 8. ithnifolia.
13. S. arguta.
14. 8. juncea.
15. 8. neglecta.
16. /Sf. serotina.
17. 8. canadensis.
18. 8. nemoralis.
1. S. caesia L. Stems 3-11 dm. tall, glabrous: blades of the u^jper cauline
leaves spatulate to broadly linear or linear-lanceolate, 6-14 cm. long, serrate,
glabrous : inner bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate, 3-3.5 mm. long. —
Common, in woods and on banks. — Fall.
CAEDUACEAE. 291
2. S. flexicaulis L. Similar to S. caesia in habit: blades of the cauline
leaves elliptic, sometimes narrowly so, 2.5-3 cm. long, sharply serrate, pubes-
cent about the veins beneath, except sometimes in age: inner bracts of the
involucre linear-oblong, 4-4.5 mm. long. — Common, on the river hills and along
creeks. — Fall.
3. S. squarrosa L. Stems 4-15 dm. tall, usually somewhat pubescent above:
blades of the lower cauline leaves oval to ovate, coarsely toothed and 1-2 dm.
long, of the upper smaller and shallowly toothed or undulate: inner bracts of
the involucre oblong: disk-corollas with lanceolate lobes. — Frequent, in woods
along the Octoraro Creek. — Schists. — Sum.
4. S. bicolor L. Stems 2-12 dm. tall, pale-hirsute: blades of the lower cauline
leaves obovate, oval, elliptic or spatulate, shallowly crenate-serrate and 1-2 dm.
long, of the upper smaller and elliptic, oblong, or oblanceolate : inner bracts of
the involucre oblong, 3.5-4 mm. long, obtuse: disk-corollas 3.5-4 mm. long. — •
Common, in woods and thickets — Late sum.
5. S. hispida Muhl. Similar to S. bicolor in habit, the stems often densely
hirsute: inner bracts of the involucre broadly linear, 4-4.5 mm. long: disk-
corollas 4.5-5 mm. long. — N. Frequent, on dry hillsides. — Sandstones and
shales. — • Late sum.
6. S. speciosa Nutt. Stems 7-19 dm. tall, glabrous, at least below: blades of
the lower cauline leaves elliptic to oval and 1-2 dm. long, of the upper smaller
and mainly elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, all shallowly toothed: inner bracts of
the involucre linear-spatulate, 5-6 mm. long: disk-corollas 3.5-4 mm. long. — N.
Occasional, on hillsides. — Sandstones and shales. — Fall.
7. S. racemosa Greene. Stems tufted, 1-4.5 dm. tall, glabrous: blades of the
cauline leaves spatulate to linear, 2-8.5 em. long or smaller above, acute or
acuminate, shallowly serrate or entire: inner bracts of the involucre linear-
cuneate to nearly linear, 4-5 mm. long, acute or acutish : achenes pubescent^
— Lower Susquehanna valley. Occasional, on rocky islands. — Schists. — Fall.
8. S. puberula Nutt. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, puberulent: blades of the lower
cauline leaves spatulate to oblanceolate and appressed-serrate or crenate-
serrate, of the upper oblanceolate to elliptic or linear-elliptic: inner bracts of
the involucre linear-lanceolate, 3.5-4 mm. long, acute : achenes glabrous. —
N. S. Not very common, in dry places. — Sandstones and shales, schists. —
Fall.
9. S. patula Muhl. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, glabrous: blades of the lower cauline
leaves spatulate to elliptic or oblong and serrate, of the upper oblong to
oblanceolate or elliptic, all scabrous above: inner bracts of the involucre linear,
4.5-5 mm. long: disk-corollas about 4 mm. long. — Frequent, in moist grounds
and meadows. — Fall.
10. S. odora Ait. Stems 5-13 dm. tall, minutely pubescent: blades of the
lower cauline leaves linear-spatulate to linear-oblong, of the upper lanceolate
to linear-lanceolate or linear, all entire : inner bracts of the involucre narroAvly
linear-lanceolate, glabrous, 4-5 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Com-
mon, in thickets. — Schists. — Late sum.
11. S. rugosa Mill. Stems 3-22 dm. tall, pubescent: blades of the lower cauline
leaves spatulate to oblong or elliptic, of the upper elliptic, lanceolate, or
oblong-ovate, all sharply toothed : inner bracts of the involucre linear or oblong-
linear, 4.5-5 mm. long, the intermediate ones lanceolate. — Common, on dry
banks and in thickets. — Fall.
12. S. ulmifolia Muhl. Stems 5-12 dm. tall, glabrous: blades of the lower
cauline leaves spatulate, elliptic or oblong, of the upper elliptic-lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, all serrate: inner bracts of the involucre linear, 4-4.5 mm.
long, or rarely shorter. — Common, in thickets and open woods. — Fall.
292 CAEDUACEAE.
13. S. arguta Ait. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, glabrous: blades of the lower cauline
leaves spatulate to oblong, elliptic, oval, or ovate, of the upper mainly elliptic
and more finely serrate than those of the lower leaves : inner bracts of the invo-
lucre linear-spatulate, 4.5-5 mm. long, the intermediate ones linear. — - Com-
mon, in woods and on banks. — Fall.
14. S. juncea Ait. Stems 4-15 dm. tall, glabrous: blades of the lower cauline
leaves spatulate to oblong or elliptic and shallowly serrate, of the upper mainly
elliptic or sometimes linear-lanceolate, or nearly linear and finely serrate or
merely undulate : inner bracts of the involucre narowly linear, 4-5 mm. long. —
Common, in moist soil and open woods. — Sum.
15. S. neglecta T. &. G. Stems 8-18 dm. tall, usually glabrous at least below:
blades of the lower cauline leaves spatulate, of the upper elliiitic or elliptic-
lanceolate, shallowly toothed, or merely undulate above: inner bracts of the
involucre linear, 4-4.5 mm. long, obtuse, ciliolate. — S. Eare, in swamps.
— Schists. — Fall.
16. S. serotina Ait. Stems 6-25 dm. tall, glabrous: blades of the lower cauline
leaves oblanceolate to narrowly oblong or elliptic, of the upper elliptic, oblong,
or oblong-lanceolate and serrate: inner bracts of the involucre narrowly
linear-lanceolate, about 3.5 mm. long. — Common, in moist places and thickets.
— Fall.
17. S. canadensis L. Stems 6-25 dm. tall, pubescent: blades of the lower
cauline leaves oblong or elliptic or broadened upward, of the upper oblong-
lanceolate to lanceolate and sharply serrate or nearly entire: inner bracts of
the involucre narrowly linear, 3-3.5 mm. long. — Common, in waste places and
thickets. — Fall.
18. S. nemoralls Ait. Stems 1-9 dm. tall, pubescent: blades of the lower
cauline leaves mainly spatulate and ajapressed-serrate, of the upper oblanceo-
late to narrowly elliptic and less prominently toothed or entire : inner bracts of
the involucre narrowly linear, 3.5-4 mm. long. — Common, in fields and on
roadsides. — Fall.
12. BOLTONIA L'Her. Perennial tall herbs. Leaves alternate: blades
entire, sessile or decurrent. Heads many, widely panicled. Involucres broadly
campanulate to hemispheric, many-flowered: bracts narrow or sometimes
partly dilated. Eay-flowers often numerous: corollas with a short tube and
narrow ligules. Disk-corollas with a narrowly funnelform throat and short
tube: lobes triangular. Anthers as long as the filaments or longer. Achenes
flattened, broadest above the middle, the margins sometimes winged. Pappus a
;series of short scales usually accompanied by 2-4 bristles.
1. B. asteroi^es (L.) L'Her. Plants 1-2 m. tall: blades of the upper leaves
oblong to linear, 3-12 cm. long: outer bracts of the involucre linear-lanceo-
late, 2-3 mm. long, the inner slightly longer: ligules linear, white or pale,
5-6.5 mm. long: disk 6-12 mm. wide: corollas about 2 mm. long, the throat
about as long as the tube. — Susquehanna valley. Common, on low islands
and sandy or gravelly shores. — Sum.
13. SERICOCARPUS Nees. Perennial low herbs. Leaves alternate : blades
entire or toothed. Heads in corymbs. Involucres campanulate to cylindric,
several-flowered: bracts broad, or the inner ones sometimes rather narrow.
Ray-flowers several: corollas with a long tube and a narrow, white or pink
ligule. Disk-corollas with a narrowly funnelform throat and a long tube:
lobes lanceolate. Anthers slightly longer than the filaments or shorter: ap-
CAEDUACEAE. 293
pendages lanceolate. Achenes flattened, 1-nerved, Pappus of numerous sca-
brous bristles. — • Sum. — White-topped aster.
Leaf-blades entire, those of the cauline leaves narrow : inner involucral bracts
obtuse. 1. S. UnifoHus.
Leaf-blades toothed, those of the cauline leaves broad : inner
involucral bracts acute. 2. 8. astcroides.
1. S. linifolius (L.) B.S.P. Stems glabrous or nearly so, 2-7 dm. tall: blades
of the upper leaves linear, 2-6 cm. long: involucres 4-6 mm. long; inner bracts
often erose at the green tips: disk-corollas 4-5 mm. long: ligules 5-6 mm.
long: pappus whitish. — S. Occasional, on dry banks. — Schists.
2. S. asteroides (L) B.S.P. Stems pubescent, 3-8' dm. tall: blades of the
upper leaves ovate, oblong-ovate, or lanceolate, 1.5-4 cm. long: involucres 6-9
mm. long; inner bracts broadly linear, rough-edged above: disk-corollas 5-6
mm. long : ligules whitish, 6-8 mm. long : pappus brownish. — ■ Common, in
woods and thickets.
14. ASTEB [Tourn.] L. Perennial, or rarely annual, branching caulescent
herbs. Leaves alternate: blades narrow or broad, entire or toothed, those of
the rootstock, base of the stem and upper parts of the plant often very differ-
ent. Eadical leaves often appear from rootstocks remote from the flowering
plant. Heads radiate, in corymbs, racemes or panicles, or rarely solitary.
Involucres hemispheric, campanulate, cylindric, or turbinate : bracts in several
series, with erect, spreading or recurved tips. Eay-flowers pistillate, with
white, pink, purple, blue, or violet ligules. Disk-flowers perfect : corollas
yellow, becoming red, brown, or purple: lobes 5, broad. Achenes slightly
flattened, nerved or ribbed. Pappus of numerous bristles in one, or rarely two,
series. — Aster.
Blades of the basal and lower cauline leaves relatively broad, of an ovate or cordate
type, and with long petioles, the upper cauline essentially similar, but shorter-
petioled or even sessile.
Upper cauline leaves various, but the blades not cordate-clasping ; petioles of the
lower leaves not dilated-clasping.
Ray-corollas with white, pink, or violet ligules.
Ligules white or occasionally pinkish, usually 2-toothed : pubescence not
glandular.
Involucres not cylindric ; bracts broadly obtuse or rounded at the apex :
basal leaves few, with small blades, or wanting.
Blades of most of the leaves of an ovate-lanceolate type ; blades
of the branch-leaves mostly short. 1. A. divaricatus.
Blades of most of the leaves of an oblong-
lanceolate type ; blades of the branch-
leaves elongate. 2. A. tenchrosus.
Involucres cylindric ; bracts tapering to the
blunt apex : basal leaves numerous, with
large blades. 3. A. Schrebcri.
Ligules violet, usually 3-toothed : pubescence
glandular. 4. A. macrophijlltts.
Ray-corollas with blue or purple ligules. 5. A. cordifoUns.
Upper cauline leaves with clasping blades or clasping
dilated petioles. 6. A. ttndulatits.
Blades of the basal and lower cauline leaves relatively nar-
row, and with more or less contracted petiole-like
bases, the upper cauline with sessile or clasping blades.
Blades of the cauline leaves clasping by auriculate-cor-
date bases.
Stem and branches conspicuously pubescent, often
rough-pubescent.
Cauline leaves with entire blades.
Stem and branches rough-pubescent : involucres
campanulate.
Leaves rough-pubescent : stem widely
branched above. 7. A. patens.
Leaves soft-pubescent : stem narrowly
branched above. 8. A. phlogifolius.
294
CAEDUACEAE.
Stem and bi-anches hirsute : involucres liemi-
spheric.
Cauline leaves, at least the lower ones, v^ith
toothed blades.
Stem and branches glabrous, or inconspicuously pu-
bescent above.
Leaves with sharply serrate blades.
Leaves abruptly contracted into broad petiole-
like bases, which are often dilated near the
stem.
Leaves tapering to the base.
Leaves with entire blades, or sometimes with an
occasional sharp tooth.
Blades of the cauline leaves with merely sessile or
, essentially sessile blades.
Ray-corollas with violet ligules : leaf-blades short
and broad.
Ray-corollas with white, or sometimes pink or pur-
plish, ligules.
Flower-heads scattered : peduncles elongate, con-
spicuously scaly.
Flowers-heads racemose or paniculate : peduncles
not copiously scaly.
Involucral bracts obtuse : stem, branches, and
leaves, rough-pubescent.
Involucral bracts acute or merely obtusish :
stem, branches, and leaves, glabrous or
softly pubescent.
Flower-heads in secund racemes or panicles.
Blades of the cauline leaves oblong to
lanceolate, serrate or dentate.
Blades of the cauline leaves linear to
linear-lanceolate, minutely hack-
toothed.
Flower-heads not in definitely secund ra-
cemes or panicles.
Cauline leaves with linear entire blades.
Cauline leaves with broader toothed
blades.
Heads less than 16 mm. across the
ligules.
Heads over 16 mm. across the
ligules.
Ligules of the ray mostly white:
leaf-blades thinnish.
Ligules of the ray bluish-violet :
leaf-blades firm.
9. .4. Noime-Angliae.
10. A. puniceus.
10. A. puniceus.
11. A. prenanthoides.
12. A. laevis.
13. A. Radula.
14. A. dumosus.
15. A. multiflorus.
16. A. lateriflortts.
17. A. vimineiis.
18. A. ericoides.
19. A. Tradescanti.
20. A. panlculatiis.
21. A. salicifoUus.
1. A. divaricatus L. Stems tufted, 4-6 dm. tall, assurgent, flexuous, terete,
glabrate at maturity: leaf -blades thin, smoothish, slender-petioled, ovate-lan-
ceolate, closely and saliently dentate with sharp teeth, incurved-acuminate, the
basal sinus moderately large, broad and deep : leaves of the inflorescence
typically small, sessile, short, ovate-acute to short-oval, nearly entire: corymb
broad, flattish, repeatedly and widely forked, the slender branches long,
divergent: heads 18-25 mm. broad: young involucre short-cylindric ; bracts
broad, ciliate, the rounded or subtruneate tips with a broad green spot: ray-
flowers chiefly 6-9; ligules white, or rarely roseate or slightly crimson: disk
turning reddish-brown — Common, in thickets and on hillsides.
2. A. tenebrosus Burgess. Stems glabrate, striate, wide-branched: leaf -blades
large, very thin and smooth, broadly oblong and conspicuously cut with coarse
remote acuminate curvescent teeth, then abruptly long-acuminate and entire;
most leaves with a broad rounded sinus and slender petiole; those of the
inflorescence prolonged, lanceolate, subentire and sessile: inflorescence broadly
corymbose, often proliferously branched: outer involucral bracts green, acute,
elongate-triangular, the others linear, obtusish: rays long, usually 9-12: disk
pale-yellow, turning purplish-brown. — Eesembles A. divaricatus, but is larger
and thinner in all its parts, and with a different leaf -form. — N. Occasional, on
wooded hillsides. — Sandstones and shales.
3. A. Schreberi Nees. Stems 7-11 dm. tall, often purple-tinged, with elon-
gate internodes: radical leaves, usually in wide colonies; blades reniform-ovate
CAEDUACEAE. 295
to triangular-ovate, 8-17 cm. long, with a somewhat square basal sinus, thin
but firm, with scattered hairs above, pubescent on the veins beneath, the teeth
rather coarse, sharp: upper stem-leaves with ovate-oblong to lanceolate blades
and short-winged petioles, or the uppermost ones sessile, acuminate : inflo-
rescence glabrous or sparingly pubescent, flattish or irregularly convex: heads
about 1 em. high: peduncles rather long and slender: involucral bracts mostly
obtuse, green-tipped: ray-flowers about 10; ligules 8-11 mm. long, white or
pink. — S. Occasional, in thickets along the Octoraro Creek. — Schists. —
Sum.
4. A. macrophyllus L. Stems 6-9 dm. tall, reddened, angular: radical leaves
developed in large colonies, usually 3 to each rootstock, larger and coarser than
the similarly shaped lower eauline leaves (which are developed a subsequent
year from the same rootstock) ; blades broad, cordate with a large irregular
sinus, rough above, harsh, thick, the teeth broad, curved, somewhat crenate:
upper stem-leaves with oblong blades and short broadly winged petioles, those
of the uppermost sessile, acute : inflorescence strigose and glandular, broadly
corymbose, irregular: heads 15-30 mm. broad: peduncles short, rigid, thickish:
involucral bracts conspicuously green-tipped, the outer acute, the inner oblong,
obtuse: ray-flowers about 12-16; ligules 10-14 mm. long, chiefly lavender,
sometimes violet, or rarely pale: disk turning reddish-brown. — S. Occasional,
on wooded hillsides and in thickets. — Schists.
5. A. cordifolius L. Stems 3-15 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so, much-
branched and bushy: leaf -blades thin, rough, more or less pubescent, sharply
serrate, acuminate, those of the basal and lower eauline leaves slender-petioled,
broadly ovate-cordate, 5-12 cm. long, those of the upper eauline leaves short-
petioled or sessile, ovate or lanceolate: heads very numerous, small, 12-18 mm.
broad, handsome : involucre turbinate to cylindric ; bracts oblong-linear, obtuse
or obtusish, green-tipped, appressed: ray-flowers 10-20; ligules 6-8 mm. long,
blue or violet, sometimes pale, rarely white : pappus whitish. — Common, in
woods and thickets.
6. A. undulatus L. Stems stiff, 3-10 dm. tall, closely rough-pubescent, divari-
cately branched above: leaf -blades usually thick, rough on both sides when
dry, pubescent beneath, dentate, undulate or entire, acute or acuminate, those
of the radical leaves small, orbicular to ovate, soft-downy; the lower eauline
leaves ovate, with cordate base, 5-12 cm. long, the naked petioles expanding
into a clasping base at least in some leaves; middle eauline leaves similar,
lanceolate or oblong; upper eauline leaves sessile or clasping, chiefly lance-
oblong; branch-leaves subulate, small and abruptly reduced: heads numerous,
racemose and somewhat secund on the spreading branches, 16-20 mm. broad:
involucre broadly turbinate; bracts linear-oblong, slightly pubescent, acute or
acutish, their broad green tips appressed: ray -flowers 8-15; ligules usually
pale-violet, 6-10 mm. long: pappus whitish. — Common, on dry Jsanks and in
woods.
7. A. patens Ait. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, slender, rough, divergently branched:
leaf-blades sessile, ovate-oblong or oval, rough-pubescent, thick and somewhat
rigid, strongly auriculate-clasping at the broad base, entire, acute, or the
lower ones obtuse, 2.5-7.5 cm. long, those of the branches much smaller and
bract-like, their margins rough-ciliate: heads 25 mm. broad or more, solitary
at the ends of the branches: involucre campanulate; bracts linear-oblong,
finely pubescent or scabrous, often somewhat glandular, their green acute tips
spreading: ray-flowers 20-30; ligules purplish-blue or deep-violet, 8-12 mm,
long : pappus tawny. — Common, in dry soil.
8. A. phlogifolius Muhl. Similar to A. patens in habit but when well devel-
oped much taller, more slender and soft: leaves larger; blades lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate, entire, thin or membranous, acuminate at the apex, strongly
auriculate-clasping at the base, roughish above, pubescent beneath, usually
296 CAEDUACEAE.
narrowed below the middle, sometimes 15 cm. long: heads usually numerous,
3-5 cm. broad, panicled or somewhat racemose on the branches : involucre
cami^anulate ; bracts lanceolate, glabrate, rather loose, with herbaceous tips:
ray-flowers numerous; ligules purple-blue. — Eesembles A. patens; but softer
and taller; heads larger; inflorescence narrow; leaves elongate. — S. Occa-
sional, in thickets and open woods, — Schists.
9, A. Novae-Angliae L. Stems stout, 6-25 dm. tall, hispid, corymbosely
branched above, very leafy: leaf -blades oblong-lanceolate, entire, acute, pubes-
cent, 5-12 cm. long, each clasping by an auriculate base : heads numerous, 3-5 .
cm. broad, clustered at the ends of the branches: involucre hemispheric;
bracts linear-subulate, somewhat unequal, green, spreading, pubescent and
more or less glandular-viscid: ray-flowers 40-50; ligules linear, 10-16 mm. long,
violet-purple (typically a royal-purple, rarely replaced by rose-color or white) :
pappus becoming reddish-white. — Lower Susquehanna valley and along tribu-
tary creeks. — Schists.
10, A. puniceus L. Stems 9-25 dm. tall, usually stout, purplish, broadly
corymbose or racemose above, hispid ■ with hairs arising from a reddened
tubercular base: leaf -blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long,
acuminate, sessile and clasping by a broad or narrowed base, sharply serrate
(or some upper ones entire), usually very rough above, pubescent on the midrib
beneath: heads generally nvmierous, 2-4 cm. broad: involucre nearly hemi-
spheric; bracts linear or oblong, attenuate, in about 2 series, glabrous or
ciliate, green, loose, spreading, nearly equal, sometimes broadened: ray-flowers
20-40; ligules light-violet (sometimes purplish or pale), 10-14 mm. long,
showy : pappus nearly white. — Common, in swamps and along streams.
11, A, prenanthoides Muhl. Stems 3-6 dm. tall, glabrous or pubescent in lines
above, flexuous, much branched: leaf -blades thin, oblong to ovate-lanceolate,
7-15 cm. long, sharply and coarsely serrate, scabrous above, glabrous or nearly
so beneath, acuminate, abruptly narrowed below into a broad-margined entire
petiole, the base dilated and auriculate-clasping: heads usually numerous, 25
mm. broad or more: involucre hemispheric; bracts linear, acute, green, spread-
ing, in 3 or 4 series, the outer shorter: ray-flowers 20-30; ligules violet, 8-12
mm. long: pappus tawny: achenes pubescent. — Unlike other asters in its
leaf-form, characteristically a suborbicular base and an ovate-acuminate end,
connected by a strap-like middle. — Lower Susquehanna valley and along tribu-
tary creeks. — Schists.
12, A. laevis L. Stems 6-12 dm, tall, usually stout, glabrous, often glaucous,
branched or simple: leaf -blades thick and almost leathery, very smooth, entire
or with an occasional sharp tooth, slightly rough-margined, the upper all
sessile and strongly cordate-clasping, oblong-lanceolate, oblanceolate or ovate,
acute or obtusish, 2-10 cm. long; those of the basal and lower cauline leaves
gradually narrowed into winged petiolar bases, those of the branches often
small and scale-like: heads usually numerous, about 25 mm. broad: involucre
campanulate; bracts rigid, acute, appressed, broadly green-tipped, in several
series: ray-flowers 15-30; ligules blue or violet: pappus tawny: achenes
glabrous or nearly so. — Eemarkable among asters for its smooth, cool, polished
surfaces. — Not very common, in damp soil and thickets.
13, A, Kadula Ait. Stems 3-14 dm. tall, glabrous, or puberulent above, sim-
ple or sparingly corymbose: leaves relatively few; blades oblong, varying to
lanceolate or oblanceolate, 3-7 cm. long, rough and often rugose above, finely
pubescent beneath, serrate, sessile: heads showy, 3.5-4.5 cm. broad: involucre
hemispheric; bracts linear or somewhat broader and dilated near the apex,
finely pubescent, the tips often recurving in age: ray-flowers 20-30; ligules
violet or rose-purple : achenes glabrous : pappus whitish. — S. Occasional, in
swamps. — Schists.
CAEDUACEAE. 297
14. A. dumosus L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, glabrous or very nearly so, paniculately
much-branched: leaf-blades firm, those of the stem lin'ear or liDear-Ianeeolate,
2-7 cm. long, entire, acute or obtusish, roughly margined, often reflexed, those
of the branches very numerous, small and scale-like, those of the basal 'leaves
spatulate, dentate: heads 8-14 mm. broad, terminating the usually divergent
slender branches and branchlets, usually numerous: involucre broadly campanu-
late; bracts linear-subulate, appressed, in about four series, obtuse, with
green spatulate tips tapering at the apex: ray-flowers 15-30; ligules' white
(rarely pale-pink or pale-violet), 4 mm. long: pappus white: achenes minutely
pubescent. — S. Occasional, on rocky banks of streams. — Schists.
15. A. multiflonis Ait. Stems 3-20 dm. tall, strict, much-branched and bushy,
the branches ascending or spreading: leaf -blades rigid, linear, entire, mostly
obtuse, sessile or slightly clasping at the base, strigose or glabrate, those of
the cauline leaves 1-2.5 cm. long, those of the branches very small and
crowded: heads 6-8 mm. broad, densely crowded, nearly sessile: involucre
turbinate, 4-6 mm. high; bracts coriaceous, pubescent, in 3 or 4 series, their
short green tips obtuse or mucronate, spreading: ray-flowers 10-20; ligules
white, 3-4 mm. long: pappus becoming brownish-white. — Common, in thick-
ets and on banks.
16. A. lateriflorus (L.) Britton. Stems 3-15 dm. tall, puberulent or nearly
glabrous, slender, divergently branched, often bushy: basal leaves few; blades
ovate, short-petioled; cauline leaves numerous; blades broadly lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, 5-12 cm. long, mostly acuminate, serrate, those of the
branches smaller, oblong or linear-oblong: heads 6-10 mm. broad, racemosely
unilateral on the branches, short-peduncled or sessile, usually numerous and
crowded: involucre turbinate; bracts linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, in about
4 series, their short green tips appressed or slightly spreading: ray-flowers
numerous; ligules short, whitish or pale-purple, rounded at the apex: disk-
flowers purple: pappus white. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Occasional, on
islands and shores.
17. A. vimineus Lam. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so, slender,
divergently branched : cauline leaves linear-acuminate, 7-12 cm. long, regularly
minutely hack-serrate, slightly narrowed at the sessile base, those of the
branches much smaller: heads very numerous, 6-10 mm. broad, generally
densely racemose-secund, short-peduncled: involucre broadly turbinate; bracts
linear, acute or acutish, green-tipped, appressed: ray-flowers numerous; ligules
about 4 mm. long, narrowly linear, white, often roseate in fading: pappus
white. — M. Occasional, in moist grassy places. — Limestones.
18. A. ericoides L. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, glabrous or very nearly so. paniculately
branched, usually bushy, the branches racemose, and the branchlets often some-
what secund : leaf -blades firm or rigid, those of the basal leaves spatulate,
obtuse, dentate, narrowed into margined petioles, glabrous or eijiate. those of
the cauline leaves narrowly linear, acute, entire, 2-7 cm. long, those of the
branches linear-subulate, numerous: heads usually very numerous, 8-12 mm,
broad : involucre campanulate to hemispheric ; bracts coriaceous, closely ap-
pressed, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, abruptly acute or acuminate, green-
tipped, in about 3 series: ray-flowers 15-25; ligules white or purplish-tinged:
pappus white. — Common, in fields and waste places.
19. A. Tradescanti L. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, slender, paniculately branched, the
branches usually ascending and often pubescent in lines: cauline leaves
numerous; blades linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, acuminate,
narrowed to the sessile base, glabrous or nearly so on both sides, commonly
thin, sharply serrate in the middle with low teeth, or sometimes entire: heads
very numerous, racemose but not secund on the branches, 10-16 mm. broad:
involucre hemispheric to broadly turbinate, 4-6 mm. high; bracts linear, acute,
appressed, green-tipped, in 4 or 5 series: ray-flowers numerous; ligules white
298 CARDUACEAE.
or nearly so, 4-6 mm. long : pappus white. — Susquehanna valley. Occasional,
on islands and shores.
20. A., paniculatus Lam. Stems 6-25 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so, panicu-
lately much branched: leaf-blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 7-15 cm.
long, acuminate at the apex, narrowed to a sessile or slightly clasping base,
glabrous, thin, roughish-margined, those of the cauline leaves sparingly serrate
in the middle, or sometimes very nearly entire, the upper and those of the
branches gradually smaller: heads numerous, 16-20 mm. broad: involucre
nearly hemispheric, 6-8 mm. high; bracts narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, appressed, green-tipped, in 4 or 5 series: ray-flowers numerous;
ligules white (or faintly tinged with violet), 6-8 mm. long: pappus white or
nearly so. — Common, in moist thickets and ditches,
21. A. salicifolius Lam. Stems 6-15 dm. tall, rather slender, paniculately
much branched, usually very leafy, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent above:
leaf -blades somewhat firm, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, rough-
margined, acute or acuminate, narrowed and sessile or slightly clasping at the
base, entire or sparingly dentate with low teeth, glabrous or nearly so, those
of the lower leaves sometimes with petiole-like bases, those of the branches
gradually smaller: heads numerous, 16-25 mm. broad: involucre broadly turbi-
nate; bracts linear-oblong, appressed, in 4 or 5 series, their green tips acute
or obtusish: ray-flowers numerous; ligules violet, or violet-purple, or some-
times white, 6-8 mm. long : pappus white. — M, Occasional, in waste places
and on roadsides. — Limestones.
15. EEIGERON L. Annual, biennial, or perennial caulescent herbs.
Leaves alternate, sometimes mostly basal: blades entire or toothed. Heads
solitary or numerous, conspicuously radiate. Involucres broad, many-flowered:
bracts narrow, the inner broader than the outer ones. Eay-flowers numer-
ous: corollas with a slender tube and a narrow pink, violet, purple, or white
ligule. Disk-corollas with a funnelform throat and a usually shorter tube:
lobes deltoid. Anthers as long as the filaments or longer. Stigma short.
Pappus of numerous capillary bristles or bristles and scales. — Fleabane.
Plants perennial by offsets or stolons : pappus single.
Ray-flowers less than 100 ; ligules rather wide : inflorescence simple.
1. E. pulchcllns.
Ray-flowers over 100 ; ligules very narrow : inflorescence
compound. 2. E. philadelphiciis.
Plants annual or biennial : pappus double.
Larger involucral bracts longer than the ligules : upper
stem-leaves with sharply toothed blades : ray-flowers
with pink ligules. 3. E. annuus.
Larger involucral bracts shorter than the ligules : upper
stem-leaves with entire blades : ray-flowers with white
ligules. 4. E. ramosus.
1. E. pulchellus Michx. Stems 1-5 dm. tall, villous or hirsute-villous : blades
of the basal leaves obovate, spatulate or elliptic: outer bracts of the invo-
lucre finely pubescent; inner bracts acuminate, 5-5.5 mm. long: ray-flowers
50-65; ligules violet or bluish-purple: disk-corollas 4-4.5 mm. long. Com-
mon, on shaded banks. — Spr. — Robin 's-plantain.
2. E. philadelphicus L. Stems 1-12 dm. tall, softly hirsute: blades of the
basal leaves spatulate to oblong, coarsely toothed : outer bracts of the invo-
lucre minutely hispidulous; inner bracts acute, 2.5-3 mm. long: ray-flowers 100
or more ; ligules pink or rose-purple : disk-corollas 1.5-2 mm. long. — Com-
mon, in low pastures. — Spr. and sum.
3. E. annuus (L.) Pers. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, loosely pubescent: blades of the
basal leaves oval, oblong, or lanceolate, coarsely toothed or incised: bracts of
CARDUACEAE. 299
the involucre with few long hairs: llgules of the ray pink, purplish or rarely
•white : disk-corollas less than half the length of the larger iuvolucral bracts. —
■Common, in fields and thickets. — Sum. — Daisy-fleabane. Sweet-scabious.
4. E. ramosus (Walt.) B.S.P. Stems 2-10 dm. tall, appressed-pubescent:
blades of the basal leaves spatulate to oblong, shallowly toothed: bracts of the
involucre with many short hairs: ligules of the ray white or rarely pale-pink:
disk-corollas over half the length of the larger involucral bracts. — Common,
in fields and on roadsides. — Sum. — Daisy-fleabane.
16. LEPTILON Raf . Annual or biennial herbs. Leaves alternate : blades
Jiarrow, entire or sparingly toothed. Heads several or numerous, inconspicu-
ously radiate or discoid. Involucres usually campanulate or cylindric, few-
flowered: bracts very narrow, the inner much longer than the outer ones. Eay-
flowers few: corollas with a very slender tube and a minute ligule. Disk-
-coroUas with a campanulate or a cylindraceous throat and a long tube: lobes
deltoid. Pappus of many brittle capillary bristles in 1 series.
1. L. canadense (L.) Britton. Stems 3-20 dm. tall, paniculate above, gla-
brate or sparingly hirsute: leaf-blades spatulate to linear or nearly so, ciliate
near the base: longer bracts of the involucre 3-3.5 mm. long: disk-corollas
2.5-3 mm. long. — Common, in fields and waste places. — Sum. and fall. —
HoRSE-vTEED. Butter-weed.
17. DOELLINGEEIA Nees. Perennial relatively tall herbs. Leaves
Alternate: blades relatively broad, veiny, entire or nearly so. Heads in a
terminal corymb. Involucres campanulate to hemispheric, several-many-
flowered : bracts various, the inner scarcely wider than the outer but much
longer. Eay-flowers few or several: corollas with a long tube and a white or
cream-colored ligule. Disk-corollas with a funnelform throat and a long tube:
■lobes lanceolate. 'Pappus of 2 distinct series, the outer series of short bristles
or scales, the inner of elongate capillary bristles. — White-toppped aster.
Ligules narrow, less than 2 mm. wide : achenes thick, ribless, less than 1 mm. wide :
involucre of rather lax slightly overlapping bracts
Involucral bracts acute or acutlsh, the inner linear, ciliate
at the tip. 1. D. vmhrllnta.
Involucral bracts obtuse, the inner oblong, ciliate. 2. D. humilis.
Ligules broad, over 3 mm. wide : achenes much flattened, ribbed,
over 1 mm. wide : involucre of firmer much overlapping bracts. 3. D. infirma.
1. D. umbellata (Mill.) Nees. Stems 6-25 dm. tall, corymbose above: blades
of the upper leaves membranous, elliptic, usually narrowly so, or linear-lan-
ceolate, usually acuminate: inner bracts of the involucre 3-4 mm. long: pappus
soft. — N. S. Common, on shaded banks and in thickets. — Late sum.
2. D. humilis (Willd.) Britton. Similar to D. timhellata in habit, but more
stocky: blades of the upper leaves shorter, firm, elliptic, ovate, or oval, acute:
inner bracts of the involucre 4-5 mm. long: pappus soft. — S. Occasional, in
swamps. — Schists. ■ — Fall.
3. D. infirma (Michx.) Greene. Stems 4-12 dm. tall, often widely branched:
■blades of the upper leaves elliptic to oval, varying to broadest above or below
the middle, short-acuminate: inner bracts of the involucre 3-4 mm. long:
disk-corollas 3-4 mm. long : pappus rigid. — S. Occasional, on dry banks.
Schists. — Late sum.
18. lONACTIS Greene. Perennial low rigid herbs. Leaves alternate:
blades narrow, entire. Heads few in a corymb or rarely solitary, conspicu-
ously radiate. Involucres campanulate to turbinate, many-flowered: bracts
300 CAEDUACEAE.
narrow, the inner ones several times longer tlian the outer. Eay-flowers
several, witla. bright-colored elongate ligules. Disk-corollas yellow, with a
slender tube and a longer funnelform throat, the lobes deltoid. Pappus of
slender bristles in 2 indistinct series, the outer bristles the shorter.
1. I. lineariifolia (L.) Greene. Stems tufted, 1.5-6 dm. tall, rough-pubescent:
leaf-blades linear-spatulate to linear, 1..5-.3 cm. long, scabrous-margined: inner
bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, 6-8 mm. long: ligules bright-violet
or rarely white, 8-15 mm. long. — Eather common, in dry soil or on rocky
banks. — Fall.
19. BACCHAEIS L. Perennial herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate : blades
leathery, entire or toothed. Heads dioecious, often clustered, discoid. Invo-
lucres ovoid to campanulate, many-flowered: bracts of the staminate invo-
lucres smaller than those of the pistillate. Corollas various, those of the
staminate with a funnelform throat and a long tube: lobes lanceolate, those of
the pistillate flowers filiform. Pappus of the staminate flowers shorter than
that of the pistillate.
1. B. halimifolia L. Shrub 9-40 dm. tall, resinous: leaf -blades suborbicular
to obloug or linear-elliptic, some of them, at least, coarsely toothed: pistillate
involucres about 6 mm. long ; inner bracts oblong-spatulate. — S. Eare, in
swamps. — Serpentine. — Fall. — Not recently collected. — Groundsel-tree.
Groundsel-bush.
20. GIFOLA Cass. Annual caulescent herbs resembling Gnaphalium.
Leaves alternate: blades narrow, entire. Heads discoid, in small dense, some-
times proliferous, clusters. Involucres narrow, sessile: bracts scarious, in
several series. Eeceptacle subulate to conic, chaffy. Pistillate flowers margi-
nal, fruit-producing, with filiform corollas and rudimentary or no pappus.
Perfect flowers central, few, with tubular corollas and hair-like pappus. An-
thers sagittate at the base. Achenes terete or slightly flattened.
1. Gr. gemianica (L.) Dumort. Plants silvery-pubescent, 5-35 cm. tall, the
stem or branches usually proliferous above: leaves numerous, erect; blades
lanceolate to linear, 1-2 cm. long, acute: involucres 3-3.5 mm. high; bracts
ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate: achenes about
0.8 mm. long. • — Eare, in dry soil. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Herba-impia. Cot-
ton-rose.
21. ANTENNAEIA Gaertn. Perennial woolly stoloniferous herbs.
Leaves alternate, those of the short caudex different from those of the flower-
ing stem: blades entire. Heads in a terminal cluster, or rarely solitary.
Involucres turbinate to campanulate, many-flowered: bracts with petaloid tips,,
those of the staminate involucres larger than those of the pistillate. Flowers
dioecious or polygamo-dioecious. Pappus-bristles united at the base. — Spr.
— Everlasting. Ladies '-tobacco.
Plants with prostrate stolons which are conspicuously leafy only at the tips : blades-
of the basal leaves cuneate to cuneate-spatulate. 1. A. ncglccta.
Plants with assurgent stolons which are conspicuously leafy
throughout.
Basal leaves relatively small, mainly less than 5 cm.
long ; blades l-nerved, spatulate to obovate. 2. A. neodoica.
Basal leaves relatively large, mainly over 5 cm. long ;
blades 3-5-nerved, oblong or obovate. 3. A. plantaginifolia.
1. A. neglecta Greene. Stolons prostrate at the tip, scaly except at the tip'
flowering stems 4 dm. tall or less: blades of the basal leaves cuneate to cuneate-
CAEDUACEAE. 301
spatulate, 2.5-4.5 cm. long: heads capitate or ultimately racemose: outer bracts
of the pistillate involucre linear : stigmas crimson. — Common, on dry banks
and in fields.
2. A. neodioica Greene. Stolons ascending at the tip, copiously leafy: flower-
ing stems -i dm. tall or less: blades of the basal leaves spatulate to obovate,
1-3 cm. long: heads corymbose: outer bracts of the pistillate involucre oblong:
stigmas pale. — Common, on dry banks.
3. A. plantaginifolla (L.) Eichards. Basal leaves 3-5 em. long; blades oblong
or obovoate: flowering stems 15-50 cm. tall, or shorter on the staminate plants;
heads corjnnbose: outer bracts of the staminate involucre 5-5.5 mm, long,
narrowed above : styles crimson. — Common, in dry soil and open woods.
22. ANAPHAIiIS DC. Perennial, erect herbs. Leaves alternate: blades
narrow, entire. Heads in a terminal corymb. Involucres broad, turgid, many-
flowered: bracts pearly- white, obtuse. Flowers dioecious, the staminate with
a slender or filiform corolla. Pappus-bristles of the fruit-producing flowers
distinct, that of the sterile flowers not thickened at the apex. — Everlasting.
1. A. margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. Plants woolly, 2-8.5 dm. tall: leaf-
blades linear or nearly so, 5-15 em. long, attenuate: iuvohu-res pearly white;
outer bracts oblong, the inner spatulate: staminate corollas 3.5-4 mm. long.
— N. S. Not very common, in dry soil. — Quartzite, schists, — Sum.
23. GNAPHALIUM L. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Leaves
alternate: blades entire, sometimes deeurrent. Heads in ojaen or glomerate
cymes, panicles, or corymbs. Involucres ovoid to cylindric, several-many-
flowered: bracts various, the inner longer and usually narrower than the outer.
Pistillate flowers marginal: corollas filiform. Perfect flowers central: corollas
with a cylindric-funnelform throat and a slender tube: lobes ovate to deltoid.
Anthers mostly longer than the filaments. Pappus a series of capillary
bristles. — Sum, — Cudvteed. Everlasting.
Pappus-bristles distinct, falling away separately.
Plants erect, tall : inflorescence corymbose or paniculate : achenes glabrous.
1. O. ohtusifolium.
Plants diffuse, low : inflorescence capitate : achenes puberu-
lent. 2. G. uliginosum.
Pappus-bristles united at the base, falling away together :
achenes hispidulous. 8. G. purpureum.
1. G. obtusifolium L. Annual, 2-6 dm. tall: cauline leaves 2-10 cm. long;
blades oblong-linear to linear, the upper surface glabrous or glabrate: heads
corymbose-paniculate : involucre 6-7 mm. high ; inner bracts glabrous. — Com-
mon, in fields and thickets.
2. G. uliginosum L. Plants 0.5-3 dm. tall, lanate: leaf -blades spatulate or
oblanceolate to linear, mostly 1-3 cm. long, entire: heads in terminal capitate
clusters which are subtended by leaf -like woolly bracts: involucres 2-2.5 mm.
high; bracts oblong-ovate to linear, acute. — S. Occasional, in dry or sandy
soil. — Schists. LOVt^-CUDWEED.
3. G. purpureum L. Plants white-woolly or silvery, 1-4 dm, tall: leaf-blades
spatulate to linear, 2-8 cm. long: heads in sessile axillary clusters, these in
virgate panicles : outer bracts of the involucre oblong. — Common, in sandy
soil.
24, INUIiA L. Perennial, often large herbs. Leaves alternate: blades
broad, toothed. Heads in open panicles or corymbs, usually showy. Invo-
lucres hemispheric or campanulate, many-flowered: bracts usually narrow and
302 CARDUACEAE.
elongate. Ray-flowers often numerous: corollas with a long tube and a narrow
yellow ligule. Disk-corollas with a eylindric- funnelform throat and a long tube:
lobes lanceolate. Anthers longer than the filaments. Pappus of several capil-
lary scabrous bristles.
1. I. Helenium L. Plants 5-20 dm. tall, pubescent: blades of the cauline
leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate, mainly 9-20 cm. long: inner bracts of the
involucre 15-17 mm. long: ligules of the ray 2-3 cm. long: achenes 4-5 mm.
long. — Occasional, on roadsides and in fence rows. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. —
Elecampane.
25. POLYMNIA L. Perennial widely branched herbs. Leaves opposite
or mainly so: blades broad, pinnately veined. Heads inconspicuously radiate.
Involucre small, double, the outer series of bracts loose, the inner ones variously
shaped. Ray-flowers inconspicuous, the corollas with pubescent tubes and
white, greenish, or pale-yellow, wide ligules. Disk-flowers with long abortive
ovaries, the corollas with broadly funnelform throats and relatively long, ciliate
lobes. Stigma stout, thickened under the tip. Anther-body broader than the
appendage. Achenes slightly obcompressed, not oblique, 3-ribbed. Pappus
wanting.
1. P. canadensis L. Stems 5-15 dm. tall: leaves 1-2 dm. long; blades oblong,
oval, or ovate: intermediate bracts of the involucre short-acuminate: ligules
greenish or whitish, inconspicuous, or obsolete: achenes about 3 mm. long,
obtuse-angled. — Susquehanna valley. Rare, in rich soil. — Sum. — Leaf-cup.
26. POLYMNIASTRUM Small. Perennial large herbs. Leaves oppo-
site: blades very broad, palmately veined. Heads conspicuously radiate. Invo-
lucre large, the outer series of bracts foliaeeous, the inner narrower. Ray-
flowers conspicuous, the corollas with pubescent tubes and yellow narrow
ligules. Disk-flowers with short abortive ovaries, the corollas with cylindra-
ceous throats and short, ciliate lobes. Stigma slender, not thickened under
the tip. Anthers shorter than the filaments, the body narrower than the
appendage. Achenes somewhat laterally compressed, oblique, finely striate.
1. P. Uvedalia (L.) Small. Stems 1-3 m. tall: leaves 1-5 dm. long; blades
3-5-lobed or angled: outer bracts of the involucre ovate to elliptic, 9-14 mm.
long: ray-flowers with yellow ligules 15-20 mm. long: achenes 5-6 mm. long.
— Susquehanna valley, and along tributary streams. Occasional, in shaded
places. — Sum. — Leaf-cup.
27. SILPHIUM L. Perennial, usually large, caulescent herbs, often resin-
ous. Leaves alternate or opposite: blades entire, toothed, or 1-2-pinnately
parted, sometimes connate-perfoliate. Heads radiate. Involucres campanu-
late or hemispheric, many-flowered: bracts broad, in few series. Receptacle
flat or nearly so, with numerous bractlets subtending the disk-flowers. Ray-
flowers pistillate, fruit-producing: corollas with a very short tube: ligules yel-
low or rarely white. Disk-corollas with a very short tube, a long throat and
broad lobes. Achenes flat and broad, 2-winged. Pappus wanting or of 2 small
awns confluent with the wings of the achene.
1. S. trifoliatum L. Plants 1-2 m. tall, the stem smooth and glabrous: leaves
mostly whorled in 3's; blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 8-11 cm. long,
remotely serrate or nearly entire: heads often numerous: involucres campanu-
late ; bracts oblong-lanceolate to ovate and oblong, the inner ones obtuse : ligules
CARDUACEAE. 303
yellow, 2-2.5 cm. long: achenes obovate or oblong-obovate, 8-10 mm. long,
narrowly winged. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Rare, in sandy soil. —
Schists. — Sum. — • Rosin-weed.
28. CHRYSOGONUM L. Perennial depressed small herbs. Leaves oppo-
site: blades toothed. Heads erect. Involucre hemispheric: bracts distinct,
the outer foliaceous. Ligules of the ray- corollas yellow. Disk-flowers with
short abortive ovaries and corollas with a very short tube and funnelform
throat. Filaments less than half as long as the anthers. Style glabrous.
Achenes wingless. Pappus a half cup-shaped crown.
1. C. virginianum L. Stems hirsute: leaf -blades oblong, ovate or oval, 2-5
cm. long, long-petioled: involucre hirsute; outer bracts 7-10 mm. long: ligules
of the ray mostly 9-11 mm. long: achenes 4-4.5 mm. long. — S. Rare, on
hillsides along the Octoraro Creek. — Schists. — Spr. and sum.
29. PARTHENIUM L. Perennial or annual herbs, or shrubs. Leaves
alternate: blades toothed, pinnatifid, or dissected. Heads inconspicuously
radiate. Involucre depressed to globular: bracts appressed, broad, Ray-
flowers usually 5 : ligules small or minute, white or whitish. Lobes of the
disk-corollas ovate, ciliate. Anthers longer than the filaments. Achenes
flattened. Pappus of 2 or 3 scales, or awns.
1. P. Hysterophorus L, Plants annual. 3-8 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to
ovate in outline, the segments linear, oblong or ovate: involucres saucer-like,
4-5 mm. broad: disk-corollas 1-1.5 mm. long, or slightly more: achenes obo-
void, 1.5-2 mm. long. — S. Rare, in fields. Nat. of the s. w. U, S. and Mex.
— Sum.
30. HELIOPSIS L. Perennial, or rarely annual, caulescent, tall herbs.
Leaves opposite: blades broadest below the middle, toothed. Heads radiate,
solitary or in open corymbs. Involucres campanulate to hemispheric: bracts
short, in 2 or 3 series. Receptacle convex or conic, chaffy. Ray-flowers pis-
tillate, fruit-producing, enveloped in the bractlets: corollas with a very short
tube and a long throat. Achenes 3-4-angled. Pappus a low crown, 1-4 teeth,
or wanting. — Sum. — Ox-eye.
Leaf-blades smooth : pappus wanting, or of 2-4 short teeth. 1. H. helianthoides.
Leaf-blades rough : pappus crown-like, or of 1-3 sharp teeth. 2. H. scahra.
1. H, helianthoides (L.) B.S.P. Stem and branches smooth and glabrous or
nearly so: leaf -blades thinnish, ovate to lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, sharply
serrate : heads showy, the rounded disk usually over 1 cm. high : involucral
bracts inconspicuously pubescent: ligules bright-yellow, 2-4 cm. long: achenes
nearly 4 mm. long. — Common, on banks and in meadows.
2. H. scabra Dunal. Stem and branches scabrous-hispidulous : leaf -blades
thick, deltoid to ovate or broadly lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, serrate: heads very
showy, the conic disk 1.5-2 cm. high: involucral bracts cinereous-pubescent:
ligules bright-yellow, 2-4 cm. long : achenes nearly 5 mm. long. — M. Occa-
sional, in fields and thickets. Nat. of w. N. A.
31. VEEBESINA L. Annual diffuse herbs. Leaves opposite: blades nar-
row, entire or sparingly toothed. Heads small, inconspicuously radiate. Invo-
lucres hemispheric or campanulate: bracts broad, those of the outer series
scarcely larger than those of the inner. Ray-flowers several: ligules white, in-
conspicuous. Disk-flowers several : corollas with a short tube and a longer
304 CAEDUACEAE.
f unnelf orm throat : lobes deltoid. Anthers oblong, longer than the filaments,
the appendages ovate. Stignias broad. Achenes stout, 3-4-angled, or some-
what flattened in the disk. Pappus wanting or a mere toothed crown.
1. V. alba L. Stem and branches 2-9 dm. long, finely pubescent: leaf-blades
elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate, or narrower, 3-10 cm. long, sessile: involucres
broadly campanulate, the larger bracts about 4.5 mm. long: achenes about 2.5
mm. long. — Not very common, along streams and in low grounds. Sum.
32. KUDBECKIA L. Perennial or rarely annual or biennial often
pubescent herbs. Leaves alternate: blades entire, toothed, or pinnatifid.
Heads erect. Involucre hemispheric or depressed, many-flowered: bracts
spreading or reflexed, often unequal. Eeceptacle conic or convex. Eay-flowers
several : ligules yellow, rarely discolored or crimson, spreading or drooping.
Disk-flowers crowded: corollas with a short tube and a longer throat: lobes
deltoid or ovate. Anthers longer than the filaments. Achenes 4-angled, flat-
topped. Pappus merely a low crown or obsolete. — Cone-fItOWEr.
Leaf-blades deeply lobed, cleft or divided : disk cylindric or conic, yellowish or gray.
1. R. laciniata.
Leaf-blades entire or toothed : disk ovoid or globular, purple or
dark-brown.
Stigma-tips subulate.
Involucre of narrow bracts much sliorter than the ligules
of the ray-flowers. 2. B. hirta.
Involucre of foliaceous bracts as long as the ligules of
the ray-flowers or longer. 3. R. Brittonii.
Stigma-tips obtuse. 4. R. fulgida.
1. R. laciniata L. Stems 6-20 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: blades of the
upper leaves less deeply lobed than those of the lower, or merely cleft: bracts
of the involucre oblong to lanceolate: ligules of the ray 2-4 cm. long: disk
becoming cylindric or long-conic. — Common, in thickets and open waste
places. — Late sum.
2. R. hirta L. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, hirsute or hispid: blades of the upper
leaves oblong, elliptic, or lanceolate, or nearly linear: bracts of the involucre
linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong: ligules of the ray 20-35 mm. long: disk
10-18 mm. wide. — Common, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. westward. —
Sum. — Yelloav-daisy. Black-eyed Susan.
3. R. Brittonii Small. Stems 5-8 dm. tall, hispid or hirsute-hispid: blades of
the upper leaves mostly ovate to oblong-ovate, rather coarsely toothed or
shallowly crenate : bracts of the involucre oblong to lanceolate : ligules of the
ray 25-35 mm. long. — Lower Susquehanna valley. Eare, on wooded hillsides.
— ■ Schists. — Sum.
4. R. fulgida Ait. Stems 3-7 dm. tall, hirsute or somewhat hispid: blades of
the lower leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or cuneiform, remotely toothed
or entire : bracts of the involucre linear to linear-lanceolate : ligules of the ray
9-15 mm. long: disk 1-1.5 cm. wide. — S. Occasional, in thickets, low grounds
and swamps. — Schists. — Fall.
33. HELIANTHUS L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or
opposite: blades entire or toothed. Heads erect or nodding. Involucre
cylindric, hemispheric, or saucer-shaped: bracts narrow or broad, the tips
usually lax. Eay-flowers several or many: ligules yellow or rarely purple,
usually conspicuous, very rarely obsolete. Disk-flowers crowded: corollas yel-
low or purple, with a very short tube abruptly dilated into the longer throat:
lobes ovate or deltoid. Stigmas slender. Achenes flattened and somewhat
CARDUACEAE. 305
4-aiigled, embraced by the bractlets. Pappus of 2 awns or scales, sometimes
accompanied by smaller awns, all deciduous. — Fall. — Sunflower.
Leaf-blades petioled or with petiole-like bases.
Main stem smooth and glabrous.
Bracts of the involucre much surpassing the top of the disk.
1. //. dccapetalus.
Bracts of the involucre about equalling the top of the
disk. 2. H. strumosns.
Mam stem pubescent.
Leaf-blades prevailingly ovate or ovate-lanceolate. 3. H. tubcrosus.
Leaf-blades ijrevailingly lanceolate.
Leaves mostly alternate; blades narrowed at the
base : achenes narrow, cuneate-oblong. 4. H. yUjantcns.
Leaves mostly opposite : blades obtuse at the base :
achenes broad, obovoid. 5. n. amUguus.
Leaf-blades sessile and partly clasping. 6. H. divaricatus.
1. H. decapetalus L. Stems 5-16 dm. tall, glabrous below the infioreseence:
leaf-blades membranous, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, coarsely
serrate: bracts of the involucres linear to linear-lanceolate, 1.5-2 cm. long:
ligules of the ray 2.5-3 cm. long: disk about 1.5 cm. broad. — Common, in
moist thickets and along streams.
2. H. strumosus L. Stems 6-18 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so to the in-
florescence: leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long,
whitish beneath: bracts of the involucre lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, the
inner ones scarcely dilated: ligules of the ray 2.5-4 cm. long: disk 1.5-2 cm.
broad. — Common, on dry banks and in thickets.
3. H. tuberosus L. Stems 6-30 dm. tall, scabrous to hirsute: leaf -blades
ovate to lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, shaJlowly or coarsely toothed : bracts of the
involucres linear to linear-lanceolate, the inner 12-21 mm. long: ligules of the
ray 2.-5-4 cm. long: disk 15-20 mm. broad. — Common, in rich soil, waste places
and fence-rows.
4. H. glganteus L. Stems 9-30 cm. long, scabrous and hispidulous at least
above: leaf -blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, .5-15
em. long, toothed or nearly entire : bracts of the involucre lanceolate or elliptic-
lanceolate, the inner 13-18 mm. long: ligules of the ray 1.5-2 cm. long: disk
10-15 mm. broad : achenes cuneate-oblong, 1.5-2 mm. wide. — Common, in low
grounds. — Jerusalem-artichoke.
5. H. ambiguus (T. & G.) Britton. Similar to E. giganteus in habit, but less
harshly pubescent: leaves mostly opposite; blades lanceolate, rounded at the
base: bracts of the involucre attenuate, reflexed at maturity: achenes obovoid,
2.5-3 mm. wide. — S. Rare, in thickets near Pleasant Grove. — Schists.
6. H. divaricatus L. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, commonly smooth and glabrous:
leaf-blades lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile or nearly so: bracts of the
involucre lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 8-10 mm. long: disk 10-15 mm.
broad. — N. S. Frequent, in thickets. — Sandstones and shales, schists.
34. EIDAN Adans. Perennial rather coarse tall herbs. Leaves alter-
nate or opposite : blades usually toothed and decurrent. Heads several or
numerous. Involucre narrow: bracts few, spreading or recurving, becoming
lax. Eay-flowers few: ligules yellow or white, or wanting. Disk-corollas with
a f unnelf orm throat rather abruptly contracted into the shorter tube : lobes
lanceolate. Filaments slightly shorter than the anthers. Pappus of 2 more or
less spreading awns, accompanied by 2 or 3 smaller awns, or scales.
1. R. altemifolia (L.) Britton. Plants 6-25 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong or
elliptic, 9-30 cm. long: disk-corollas 5 mm. long: achene-body with ciliate
wings. — Common, in moist thickets and on roadsides.
Lancaster County Flora 20.
306 CAEDUACEAE.
35. COKEOPSIS L. Annual or ours perennial herbs. Leaves various.
Heads conspicuously radiate. Involucres eampanulate to hemispheric: bracts
distinct or nearly so, the outer narrow. Eay -flowers several: corollas with
yellow, discolored, or pink ligules. Disk-corollas with a funnelform throat
and a stout tube. Filaments mostly shorter than the anthers. Achenes with
entire or pinnate wings, or wingless. — Tickseed.
1. C. tripteris L. Plants 8-30 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: leaf-blades
deeply 3-5-divided, the divisions elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate, or those of
the upper leaves entire : outer involucral bracts linear, 2-3 mm. long : ligules
elliptic-oblong, yellow: achenes elliptic-oblong, 5-6 mm. long. — Lower Sus-
quehanna valley. Frequent, on the river-shore and islands. — Schists. — Late
sum.
36. BIDENS L. Annual or biennial, or rarely perennial herbs. Leaves
opposite, or the upper sometimes alternate : blades entire, toothed or divided.
Heads erect or nodding. Involucres double, the outer bracts foliaeeous, the
inner appressed. Eay-flowers few, with white or yellow ligules, or wanting.
Disk-corollas with a short tube and a longer throat: lobes mostly deltoid.
Achenes flat, terete, or 4-angled. Pappus of 2^ rigid, barbed awns. — BUK-
MARIGOLD.
Achenes spindle-shaped, gradually tapering above : ligules of the ray-flowers nearly
white or yellowish-white. 1- B. bipinnata.
Achenes flattened, broadest above the middle : ligules of the
ray-flowers yellow.
Rays inconspicuous and caducous or wanting.
Leaves usually undivided : pappus-awns 3 or 4.
Disk-corollas pale, 4-lobed : achene-margins strongly,
retrorsely barbed throughout: involucre long. 2. B. comosa.
Disk-corollas orange, 5-lobed : barbs of the achene-
margins few, directed both ways : involucre short. 3. B. connata.
Leaves 3-5-divided : pappus-awns 2. 4. B. frondosa.
Rays showy or conspicuous.
Leaf -blades undivided : pappus-awns 2-4, retrorsely
barbed.
Outer involucral bracts exceeding the disk, folia-
eeous : ray-flowers with ligules twice the length
of disk or less : achenes dilated at the summit. 5. B. cernua.
Outer bracts rarely exceeding the disk : ray-flowers
with ligules 2-4 times the length of disk :
achenes not dilated above. 6. B. laeris.
Leaf-blades pinnately divided : pappus-awns 2 or none. 7. B. trichosperma.
1, B. bipinnata L. Stem glabrous or nearly so, 4-angled, branched and rather
slender, 3-17 dm. high: primary leaf -segments thin, deltoid, the ultimate one
lanceolate, incised or lobed: outer involucral bracts 7-10, linear, shorter than
the acute inner ones: rays few, the ovaries awnless and glabrous, the ligules
yellowish- white or nearly white, about equalling the disk, mostly entire: disk-
corolla 5-lobed: stamens included: achenes spindle-shaped, in fruit much longer
than the involucre, the outer slightly shorter; awns 3-4, yellow, retrorsely
barbed. ■ — Common, in waste ground and thickets. — Fall.
2. B. comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand. Stem pale throughout, stout, 3-8 dm. high,
glabrous, the branches short, stout: leaves undivided, 8 cm. long, elliptic-
lanceolate, regularly serrate, acute, each attenuate into a margined petiole, or
the upper sessile: heads large: peduncles short and stout: outer bracts of the
involucre 6-8, often 2-5 times the length of the disk, erect: rays wanting:
disk-corollas funnelform, pale-yellow, 4-lobed: stamens includoLl: achjenes
large and flat, 8-10 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, brown or olive, nearly smooth and
glabrous, the 3 long awns retorsely barbed. — M. Occasional, in wet places. — ■
Limestones. — Fall.
CAEDUACEAE. 307
3- B. connata MiiFil. Stem tall, sparingly branched, 3-14 dm. high, glabrous,
bright-green : leaf-blades undivided or some of the lower deeply parted, lanceo-
late to elliptic, acuminate, taperinuf to the petiole, coarsely and saliently
serrate: heads medium: outer bracts of the involucre 4-5, linear-spatulate,
rarely exceeding the disk, glabrous: rays rarely present, the ligules one-half
longer than the disk, the ovaries awnless, and hairy: disk-corollas campanulate
above, 5-lobed, orange: achenes 4-6 mm. long, rather narrow and thick, nearly
black, covered with yellowish warts; some or all marginal barbs erect; awns
4, slender, with erect or retrorse barbs. — N. M. Frequent, in swamps and
low grounds. — Sandstones and shales, limestones. — Fall. — Swamp beggar-
ticks.
4. B. frondosa L. Stem slender, bushy-branched, nearly glabrous, 5-10 dm.
high or more: leaf -blades pinnately 3-divided or rarely 5-divided, the segments
lanceolate, serrate with sharp spreading teeth, acuminate: heads not large:
outer bracts of the involucre 6-8, subequal, spatulate, sparsely ciliate, usually
exceeding the disk: rays usually present, golden-yellow, the ligules equalling
the disk, the ovaries hairy and with 2 short retrorsely barbed awns: disk-
corollas orange, 5-lobed: stamens exserted: achenes black, 6 mm. long, 3.25
mm. wide, cuneate, flattish, sparsely hairy and often tuberculate, the barbs on
the margins erect, those on the 2 awns either erect or reflexed. — Common, in
waste places and fields. — Fall.
5. B, cemua L. Stem low, pale-green, 2-7 dm. high, nearly glabrous, the
branches very short, decreasing down the stem: leaf -blades undivided, 6-16
cm. long, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, more or less connate by the broad
bases, acuminate, serrate, with coarse distant teeth : heads very large, broader
than high, nodding in fruit : outer bracts of the involucre 7-8, unequal, exceed-
ing the disk and spreading: rays usually present, bright-yellow, the ligules
about one-half longer than the disk, the ovaries glabrous except the margin,
and awnless: disk-corollas orange, 5-lobed: achenes narrowly cuneate, slightly
dilated at the summit, 4-angled, the margins retrorsely barbed and tuberculate,
the awns 4, slender, retrorsely barbed. — Common, along streams and wet
soil. — Fall.
6. B. laevis (L.) B.S.P. Stem glabrous, 5-10 mm. high, the branches all
toward the summit of the stem, slender, ascending: leaf -blades undivided, 7-13
cm. long, elliptic-lanceolate, serrate with small inconspicuous teeth, acute, con-
tracted toward the sessile base: heads medium, nearly globular, erect or
nodding in fruit : outer bracts of the involucre 7-8, rarely longer than the
disk : rays very large, the ligules 2-3 cm. long, golden-yellow, the ovaries as
in the last: disk-corollas orange, 5-lobed: achenes cuneate, neither dilated nor
contracted at the top, not tuberculate, the margins and 2-4 awns retrorsely
barbed. [B. chrysantliemoides Michx.] — M. Occasional, in moist soil. — ■
Sanistones and shales, and limestones. — Sum.
7. B. trlchosperma (Michx.) Britton. Stem tall and glabrous, much branched,
6-15 dm. high: leaf-blades pinnately divided, with 4-8 narrowly lanceolate,
serrate or incised, acute or acuminate segments: heads 4-6 cm. broad: outer
bracts of the involucre linear-spatulate. rarely ciliate. equalling the disk: rays
several, the ligules bright-yellow, 12-25 mm. long, the ovaries bidentulate at
the summit: disk-corollas deep-yellow, 5-lobed: stamens exserted: achenes
narrowly cuneate, slightly strigose-ciliate above; awns 2, about equalling the
breadth of the achene, erect-barbed. {Coreopsis trichosperma Michx.] —
Susquehanna valley. — Late sum.
37. GALINSOGA R. & P. Annual, tender herbs. Leaves opposite: blades
toothed. Heads radiate. Involucre campanulate or hemispheric: bracts rela-
tively broad. Eay-flowers 4 or 5: corollas with a pubescent tube and broad
white ligule. Disk-corollas with a campanulate throat and a tube of about
308 CAEDUACEAE.
the same length. Anthers oblong. Achenes nearly or quite as long as the
corollas. Pappus of the ray of several bristles or wanting, of the disk of
lacerate or fimbriate bristles.
1. G. parviflora Cav. Plants 1-7 dm. tall, often branched: leaf -blades ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long, petioled: involucre 2-2.5 mm. high; outer
bracts ovate, obtuse: ligules white, 1-1.5 mm. wide: disk-corollas about 1.5
mm. long : achenes less than 2 mm. long. — Common, in cultivated grounds
and waste jilaces. Nat. of S. Am. — Sum.
38. HELENIUM L. Annual, biennial, or perennial, bitter herbs. Leaves
alternate : blades entire, toothed, or pinnatifid, often decurrent. Heads soli-
tary, few, or numerous. Involucre flattish: bracts spreading or reflexed. Re-
ceptacle conic, oblong, or subglobose. Eay-flowers several, the corollas with
cuneate ligules. Disk-corollas with broadly ovate lobes. Achenes ribbed.
Pappus of 5-8 acuminate or awn-tipped scales.
1. H. autumnale L. Plants 2-9 dm. tall: leaf -blades oblong to elliptic, or
slightly broadest above the middle or below it, 3-12 cm. long, rather promi-
nently toothed: involucral bracts linear-lanceolate or narrower, 5-7 mm. long:
ligules 10-20 mm. long: disk yellow; corollas 3 mm. long. — Common, in
swamps and low grounds. — Fall. — Sneezeweed.
39. ACHILLEA [Vaill.] L. Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate: blades
toothed, pinnatifid, or dissected. Heads small, corymbose. Involucre cam-
panulate to obovoid: bracts broad, firm. Eay-corollas with ligules mostly
broader than long. Achenes flattened and callous-margined. Pappus wanting.
1. A. Millefolium L. Plants 2-9 dm. tall, villous and cottony: leaves 5-22
cm. long; blades twice or thrice pinnately parted: heads crowded: inner bracts
of the involucre oblong, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, ciliate: ray-flowers 4 or 5, the
ligules 3-4 mm. wide, white or pink: achenes 1-1.5 mm. long.- — Common, on
banks and in meadows and fields. (Eurasia.) — Sum. — Milfoil. Yarrow.
40. ANTHEMIS [Mich.] L. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs.
Leaves alternate: blades pinnatifid or dissected. Heads relatively large, mostly
scattered. Involucre hemispheric: bracts relatively long. Eay-corollas with
elongate ligules. Achenes not flattened. Pappus often crown-like. — Sum. —
Chamomile.
Leaf-blades 3-pinnately dissected : achenes with tuberculate sides. 1. A. Cotula.
Leaf -blades 1-2-pinnateIy parted : achenes with smooth sides. 2. A. arvensis.
1. A. Cotula L. Annual, ill-scented: leaf -blades thrice pinnately dissected,
the segments very slender: disk-flowers near the center of the receptacle with
bractlets; corollas mostly 2.5 mm. long: achenes tuberculate-roughened:
pappus wanting. — Common, in waste places and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu.
— May-weed. Dog-fennel.
2. A. arvensis L. Annual or biennial, not ill-scented: leaf -blades once or
twice pinnately parted, the segments relatively coarse: disk-flowers all with
bractlets; corollas mostly 2 mm. long: achenes smooth-sided: pappus a narrow
border. — Occasional, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — CoRN-
chamomile.
41. CHEYSANTHEMUM [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial herbs.
Leaves alternate: blades toothed, incised, or dissected, the segments coarse.
Heads solitary or clustered. Involucre saucer-shaped or hemispheric: bracts
CAEDUACEAE. 309
rather narrow, but mostly broadeued upward. Kay-corollas with ligules longer
than wide. Filaments adnate to the corolla-tube. Achenes terete or angled.
Pappus a scaly cup, or wanting. — Sum. — Daisy.
Ray conspicuous ; ligules linear : heads few or solitary. 1. C. Leucanthemum.
Ray inconspicuous ; ligules oval or obovate : heads numerous. 2. C. Parthenium.
1. C. Leucanthemum L. Plants 2-9 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: leaf-
blades spatulate to linear, 2-10 cm. long, serrate or pinnatifid: inner bracts of
the involucre 5.5-6.5 mm. long, obtuse: ray-flowers numerous; ligules white or
pink, 1-2.5 cm. long: disk yellow: pappus obsolete. — Common, in fields and
waste places. Nat. of Eu. — White-daisy. Ox-eye daisy.
2. 0. Parthenium (L.) Pers. Plants 2-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades broad, those of
the lower ones at least, twice pinnately parted, the divisions incised: inner
bracts of the involucre 2.5-3 mm. long, acute: ligules white, 3-5 mm. long:
disk cream-colored : pappus a toothed crown. — M. Frequent, on roadsides
and about gardens. Nat. of Eu. — Feverfew.
42. TANACETUM L. Perennial or sometimes annual herbs. Leaves
alternate: blades pinnately dissected or divided. Heads corymbose. Involucre
hemispheric or saucer-shaped: inner bracts longer than the outer. Filaments
partly adnate to the corolla-tube. Achenes angled or ribbed. Pappus a
crown-like border.
1. T. vulgare L. Plants 3-10' dm. tall, acrid-aromatic: leaf -blades 5-20 cm.
long, with the ultimate segments sharply toothed : involucres 6-8 mm. wide,
the inner bracts 4-5 mm. long : corollas yellow : achenes about 2 mm. long. —
Common, on roadsides and about gardens. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Tansy.
43. AKNICA L. Perennial herbs. Leaves typically opposite: blades
entire or toothed. Heads solitary or several. Involucre mostly turbinate or
campanulate, or broader in age: bracts nearly equal, narrow. Kay-flowera
with yellow ligules. Corollas of the disk-flowers tubular, the lobes very short.
Achenes ribbed. Pappus a single series of slender bristles.
1. A. acaulis (Walt.) B.S.P. Plants 2-10 dm. tall, hirsute: leaves mainly
basal and spreading on the ground; blades oblong to oval or ovate, 5-12 cm.
long, shallowly toothed or nearly entire: bracts of the involucre 9.5-11 mm.
long, acute: ligules 1.5-2.5 cm. long: achenes 4 mm. long. — S. Bare, in
low grounds near New Texas. — Schists. — Sum.
44. EBECHTITES Eaf. Annual herbs. Leaves alternate: blades toothed
or pinnatifid. Heads corymbose or paniculate. Involucres narrow and some-
what swollen at the base: bracts narrow, flat. Disk-corollas with triangular-
lanceolate or deltoid lobes shorter than the narrow throat. Filaments longer
than the anthers. Achenes ribbed. Pappus of many white bristles.
1. E. hieracifolia (L.) Eaf. Plants 2-20 dm. tall, watery: leaf -blades spatu-
late-oblong to lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long, coarsely toothed, incised, or pin-
natifid: involucres 12-15 mm. long; bracts narrowly linear: corollas 8-9 mm.
long: achenes about 1.5 mm. long. — Common in clearings and fields. — Sum.
FiREWEED.
45. MESADENIA Eaf. Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate: blades un-
dulate, toothed or somewhat lobed. Heads corymbose. Involucres cylindric to
cylindric-ovoid: bracts sometimes winged or keeled. Disk-corollas with linear
or linear-lanceolate lobes longer than the campanulate throat. Filaments
filiform. Achenes ribbed, glabrous. — Sum. — Indian-plantain.
310 CAEDUACEAE.
lieaves green ; blades repand-dentate : stems furrowed, green. 1. M. reniformis.
Leaves glaucous ; blades angulate-lobed : stem terete, glaucous. 2. M. atriplicifolia.
1. M. reniformis (Muhl.) Eaf. Stems 9-30 dm. tall: blades of the cauline
leaves reniform, 10-60 cm. wide: involucral bracts 8-11 mm. long: achenes
about 5 mm. long. — Susquehanna valley. Occasional, in woods and thickets.
— Schists. — Great indian-plantain.
2. M. atriplicifolia (L.) Eaf. Stems 9-20 dm. tall: blades of the cauline
leaves ovate to triangular, or narrower above, angulate-lobed or sharply and
coarsely toothed: involucral bracts 8-11 mm. long: achenes 4-4.5 mm. long. —
Occasional, in thickets. — Pale indian-plantain.
46. SYNOSMA Eaf. Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate: blades tri-
angular to hastate, toothed. Heads corymbose. Involucre nearly cylindric:
bracts narrow. Disk-corollas with lanceolate lobes shorter than the funnel-
form throat. Filaments enlarged below the anthers. Achenes ribbed, glabrous.
1. S. suaveolens (L.) Britton. Plants 6-15 dm. tall: leaves numerous; blades
hastate, 8-20 cm. long, serrate or dentate-serrate: larger bracts of the invo-
lucre 10-11 mm. long: corollas 11-12 mm. long: achenes slender, 7-8.8 mm.
long. — M. S. Frequent, in thickets and on shaded banks. — Limestones,
schists. — Sum.
47. SENECIO [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate :
blades entire, toothed, pinnatifid, or pinnately parted. Heads solitary or many.
Involucre campanulate to cylindric: bracts flat. Disk-corollas yellow with a
funnelform throat and triangular or ovate lobes. Filaments often enlarged
below the anthers. Achenes 5-10-ribbed, pubescent or pappillose. — Spr. —
Squaw-weed. Eagwort. Eagweed. Groundsel.
Blades of the basal leaves cordate or subcordate at the base. 1. S. aureus.
Blades of the basal leaves narrowed at the base.
Blades of the basal leaves prevailingly spatulate : achenes
glabrous. 2. S. oiovatus.
Blades of the basal leaves prevailingly oblong : achenes
pubescent. 3. S. Balsamltac.
1. S. aureus L. Plants 3-7 dm. tall: blades of the basal leaves 2-12 cm. long,
rounded at the apex : involucres 6-7 mm. long ; bracts linear, fully 1 mm. wide :
ligules narrow, 5.5-7.5 mm. long. — Common, in low grounds and swamps.
2. S. obovatus Muhl. Plants 1-5 dm. tall: blades of the basal leaves spatu-
late to obovate, coarsely toothed or some of them lyrate-pinnatifid : involucres
4-5 mm. long; bracts narrowly linear or subulate-linear: ligules 5-7 mm. long.
— N. M. Frequent, in thickets and dry hillsides. — Sandstones and shales,
Mmestones.
3. S. Balsamitae Muhl. Plants 2-6 dm. tall: blades of the basal leaves oblong
to oblong-spatulate, toothed: involucres 4-5 mm. long; bracts narrowly linear
or nearly linear: ligules 4-6 mm. long: achenes about 3 mm. long. — Common,
in dry soil and thickets and on roadsides.
48. XERANTHEMUM L. Annual herbs. Leaves alternate: blades nar-
row, entire. Heads erect. Involucres campanulate to cylindric: bracts firm,
in several series, the outer short and appressed, the inner ones elongate, spread-
ing, resembling ligules of a ray. Marginal-corollas 2-lipped. Central-corollas
with a short tube and an elongate throat: lobes mostly narrow. Achenes nar-
row. Pappus of 5, or rarely of more, elongate scales.
1. X. annuum L. Plants mostly 3-10 dm. tall, the stem and branches floc-
cose: leaf-blades linear-spatulate to linear, more copiously pubescent beneath
CARDUACEAE. 311
than above: outer bracts of the involucre obovate, apiculate, inner bracts
linear-elliptic or elliptic-spatulate to spatulate, 18-25 mm. long, white or pink,
acute or apiculate : corollas of the central flowers 4-5 mm. long ; lobes lanceo-
late. — S. Occasional, in fields and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. —
Immortelles. Everlasting.
49. AKCTIUM L. Biennial herbs. Leaves alternate: blades often ample,
mainly entire or repand. Heads solitary in the axils or clustered, not con-
spicuous. Involucre with many narrow bracts, each hooked at the tip. Fila-
ments glabrous. Pappus of short, rigid or scale-like, bristles.
1. A. minus Sehk. Plants 4-16 dm. tall: leaf -blades ovate, those of the lower
cauline leaves 2-4.5 dm. long, all undulate or shallowly toothed: inner bracts
of the involucre mostly 7-8 mm. long: corollas purplish: achenes about 4 mm.
long. — Common, in waste places and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. —
Burdock. Clotbur.
50. CIRSIUM [Tourn.] Hill. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs.
Leaves alternate: blades toothed, lobed, or pinnatifid, usually spiny. Heads
erect, often showy. Involucre with the outer bracts, at least, spine-tipped or
spiny-margined. Filaments mostly pubescent. Pappus of elongate capillary
plumose bristles in several series. — Sum. and fall. — Thistle.
Flowers dioecious: heads small: involucre about 1 cm. thick. 1. C. arvense.
Flowers perfect : heads large : involucre about 2 cm. thick or
more.
Heads not involucrate, but sometimes approximate to one or
few leaves.
Bracts of the involucre not spine-tipped, the outer ones
often cuspidate. 2. C. muticum.
Bracts of the involucre, at least the outer ones, spine-
tipped.
Spines of the involucral bracts appressed or erect. 3. C. odoratum.
Spines of the involucral bracts spreading.
Inner bracts of the involucre narrow, with flattened
soft tips.
Leaf-blades, except those near the heads, merely
toothed. 4. C. altisaimum.
Leaf-blades 1-2-pinnatifld. 5. C. discolor.
Inner bracts of the involucre as well as the outer,
spine-tipped. 6. C lanceolatum
Heads involucrate, completely surrounded by a whorl of
copiously spine-armed bracts. 7. C. liorridulum.
1. C. arvense (L.) Scop. Plants often forming mats: stems 2-10 dm. tall,
glabrous or nearly so: leaf -blades spatulate, oblong, or lanceolate in outline,
pinnatifid, 4—16 cm. long, rigidly spine-armed, pubescent beneath or sometimes
nearly glabrous: outer bracts of the involucre acute, the inner ones narrowly
linear, short-acuminate, 9-12 mm. long: corollas mostly 12-15 mm. long. —
Common in fields and pastures, and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Canada-
thistle.
2. C. muticum Miehx. Stems 8-25 dm. tall, angled, lanuginous or glabrate:
leaf-blades oblong to oblong-ovate, 1-2-pinnatifid, mainly 17-40 cm. long,
rather weakly spine-armed: outer bracts of the involucre obtuse or cuspidate,
the inner ones narrowly linear, short-acuminate, 27-29 mm. long: corollas
mostly 28-30 mm. long. — Rather common, in meadows and fields, and on road-
sides. — Swamp-thistle.
3. C. odoratum (Muhl.) Petrak. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, tomentulose: leaf -blades
oblanceolate, 1-2-pinnatifid: outer bracts of the involucre lanceolate, slender-
tipped, the inner bracts 45-55 mm. long: corollas 50-55 mm. long. — Not very
common, in fields and low grounds. — Pasture-thistle.
4. C. altlssimum (L.) Spreng. Stems 9-30 dm. tall, downy: blades of the
basal or lower cauline leaves oblong to elliptic, or broadest above or below the
middle, densely white-tomentose beneath : outer bracts of the involucre with tips
312 CAEDUACEAE.
about i as long as the body, the inner bracts 28-30 mm. long; corollas 37-40
mm. long. — Not very common, in thickets and fields,
5. C. discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. Similar to C. alUssimum in habit, but seldom
over 20 dm. tall: leaf-blades mainly oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,
densely white-tomentose beneath: outer bracts of the involucre with tips about
as long as the body, the inner bracts 25-28 mm. long; corollas 33-35 mm. long.
— Rather common, in thickets and on roadsides.
6. C. lanceolatum (L.) Hill. Stems 8-15 dm. tall, pubescent: leaves crowded;
blades lanceolate, 1-2-pinnatifid, grayish-woolly beneath: outer bracts of the
involucre gradually narrowed into slender tips, the inner bracts very narrowly
linear and attenuate: corollas 32-35 mm. long. — Common, in fields and on
roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Common-thistle.
7. C. horridulum Michx. Stems 3-11 dm. tall, woolly: leaf-segments with
spreading spines: inner bracts of the involucre 40-45 mm. long: corollas 40-48
mm. long, yellow : anthers mostly shorter than the filaments. — M. S. Occa-
sional, in low grounds, swamps and pastures. — Limestones, schists. — Yellow-
thistle.
51. CAE.DUUS [Tourn.] L. Herbs resembling Cirsium in habit, usually
annual or biennial, the stems spiny-winged by the decurrent leaves. Heads
often nodding. Involucre ovoid to globose, many-flowered, its bracts narrow,
in many series, often partly reflexed. Filaments papillose-pubescent. Pappus
of many naked or merely roughened bristles. — Plumeless-thistle.
1. C. nutans L. Biennial, pubescent: leaf -blades mostly 1-2 dm. long, pin-
natifid or bipinnatifid, copiously spiny-margined, scarcely paler beneath than
above, or sometimes pale-pubescent: head solitary, nodding: involucre hemi-
spheric, 2-2.5 cm. long; bracts narrow, mostly lanceolate, the outer minutely
spine- tipped and reflexed, the inner with softer lax tips and erect: corollas
purple or white, 16-20 mm. long: achenes about 3 mm. long, truncate, curved,
— S. Eare, in fields. Nat. of Eu. — Spr. and sum. — Musk-thistle.
52. ONOPOEDON [Vaill.] L. Annual or biennial, caulescent, coarse
herbs, with winged stems and branches. Leaves alternate: blades sinuate or
pinnatifid, spinescent, conspicuously decurrent. Heads large, erect. Invo-
lucre ovoid, globular, or depressed: bracts numerous, narrow, mostly spine-
tipped. Eeceptacle honeycombed, not bristly. Corollas mostly purple: throat
shorter than the slender tube : lobes narrow. Achenes short, slightly broadened
upward. Pappus longer than the achene, the bristles not plumose.
1, O, Acanthium L. Plants 1.5 m. tall or less, lanate: stem-wings spiny like
the leaf -margins : leaf-blades mostly 1-2.5 cm. long, lanate on both sides:
involucres 3-4 cm. wide ; bracts firm, the inner 2-3 cm. long, the outer shorter,
reflexed : achenes narrowly obovoid, 4.5-5 mm. long, wrinkled. — M. Rare,
in fields and wate places. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. — Scotch-thistle. Cotton-
thistle.
53. CENTAUEEA L. Annual (ours), or perennial, herbs. Leaves alter-
nate: blades entire, toothed, or pinnatifid. Heads relatively small. Invo-
lucre with irregularly toothed or fimbrillate outer bracts, the intermediate
ones, at least, often armed with spines. Anthers sagittate at the base, with
appendages at least i as long as the sacs. Achenes flattened or 4-angled.
Pappus of scales or bristles in several series, or obsolete. — Sum. — Star-
thistle.
CICHOEIACEAE. 313
Bracts of the involucre, or some of them, with an elongate apical spine.
1. C. solstitiaUs.
Bracts of the involucre not spine-armed.
Bracts entire or sparingly lacerate. 2. C. Jacea.
Bracts, or some of them, regularly pectinate at the tip.
Stem and leaves white-floccose : blades of the lower leaves
entire. 3. 0. Cyanus.
Stem and leaves inconspicuously pubescent : blades of
the lower leaves pinnatifid. 4. G. maculosa.
1. C. solstitialis L. Plants 3-6 dm. tall, with woolly stems: blades of the
stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, entire or merely toothed: involucres
ovoid or subglobose, about 1.5 em. long; bracts various, the intermediate ones
with long, slender, yellow spines: corollas yellow. — S. Occasional, in fields.
Nat. of Eu.
2. C. Jacea L. Plants 8 dm. tall or less, with sparingly pubescent stems:
leaf -blades entire or toothed, often remotely so: involucres subglobose, 1-1.5
cm. long; bracts various, the outer paler, contracted near the middle, the
others brown, constricted above the middle, all more or less lacerate near the
tips: corollas 15 mm. long, or the outer ones larger, rose-purple. — S. Occa-
sional, in fields. Nat. of Eu.
3. C. Cyanus L. Plants 1 m. tall or less, with glabrous or sparingly floccose
stems: leaf-blades (or segments) narrowly linear: involucres ovoid, 11-14 mm.
long; outer and middle bracts deltoid, ovate, or lanceolate, with the scarious
margins sharp-toothed; inner bracts linear or linear-lanceolate: corollas 11-13
mm. long, or the outer ones larger, pink, blue, or violet: achenes about 3 mm.
long. — • M. S. Occasional, in fields. Nat. of Eu.
4. C. maculosa Lam. Plants 1 m. tall or less, with floccose stems: leaf-blades
pinnatifid, or the larger ones pinnately parted and with pinnatifid segments:
involucres ovoid, about 1 cm. long: outer and middle bracts ovate, firm-
pointed, ciliate at the dark tips; inner bracts narrowly linear: corollas 13-15
mm. long, or the outer ones larger, whitish, pink, or purplish: achenes about
2 mm. long. — S. Occasional, in fields. Nat. of Eu.
Family 3. CICHOEIACEAE. Chicory Family.
Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, or i^artially woody plants. Leaves
alternate : blades entire, toothed, or parted. Flowers perfect, all alike,
borne in heads. Corolla ligulate, the 1-sided limb mostly 5-lobed at the
apex. Stigmas unappendaged. Achenes smooth, papillose, or spiny.
Pappus of simple hair-like bristles.
Achenes smooth or merely papillose.
Achenes cylindric or prismatic.
Heads, or ligules, pale, cream-colored, or purple,
nodding. 1. Nabalus.
Heads, or ligules, yellow, orange, or red, erect.
Pappus of white bristles : involucral bracts in
1 row. 2. Crepis.
Pappus of tawny bristles : involucral bracts in
more than 1 row. 3. Hieiucium.
Achenes flatfened.
Achenes narrowed at the top or beaked.
Achenes thin or flat, each prolonged into a slender,
often filiform beak. 4. Lactuca.
Achenes thick, beakless, sometimes with a mere
neck. .5. MuLGEDiUM.
Achenes truncate at the top. 6. Sonchcs.
Achenes tuberculate or spinulose, or with spine-like processes. 7. Leontodon.
Pappus of scales, or scales and bristles, or wanting.
Pappus at least in part of plumose bristles.
Receptacle naked.
Plume-ln-anches of the pappus not interwebbed. 8. PiCRis.
Plume-branches of the pappus interwebbed. 9. Tragopogon.
Receptacle chaffy. 10. Hypochaeris.
314 CICHORIACEAE.
Pappus of scales, or of both scales and pliimeless bristles, or
wanting.
Ligules yellow or orange.
Annual plants : achene of a turbinate type : pappus-
scales large, accompanied by as many bristles. 11. Krigia.
Perennial plants : achene of an oblong type : pappus-
scales minute, accompanied by more numerous
bristles. 12. Cynthia.
Ligules white, pink, blue, or purple. 13. Cichoeidm.
1. NABALUS Cass. Perennial caulescent herbs. Leaf-blades toothed,
lobed, pinnatifid, or divided. Heads nodding. Involucre cylindric or nearly
so : main bracts nearly equal in length, Achenes oblong to columnar. — Sum.
and fall. — ■ Eattlesxake-koot. White-lettuce.
Involucres slender, about 2 mm. thick, 5-7-flowered, light-green : pappus light straw-
colored. 1. N. altissimus.
Involucres stout, 3-6 mm. thick, 8-16-flowered, deep-green, glau-
cous, or purple.
Pappus cinnamon-brown : corollas mostly whitish. 2. N. alius.
Pappus straw-colored or light-brown : corollas mostly purplish.
Larger bracts of the outer involucre lanceolate : pappus
surpassing the inner involucral bracts. 3. N. serpentarius.
Larger bracts of the outer involucre ovate or triangular-
ovate : pappus and inner involucral bracts about equal
in length. 4. JV. trifoliatvs.
1. N. altissimus (L.) Hook. Stems 9-21 dm. tall, glabrous, glaucous: leaf-
blades denticulate, or lobed or divided and with denticulate or lobed divi-
sions: involucres less than 3 m. thick, the outer bracts of the involucre deltoid
to ovate, 1-2 mm. long, the inner ones 9-10 mm. long, light-green, glabrous:
ligules greenish or yellowish. — N. S. Not very common, in low thickets. —
Sandstones and shales, schists.
2. N. albus (L.) Hook. Stems 3-16 dm. tall, glabrous, glaucous: leaf -blades,
or the divisions, coarsely toothed: outer bracts of the involucre ovate, 2-3 mm.
long, the inner ones 10-12 mm. long, dark-green, glabrous: ligules dull-white
or cream-colored. — Common, in woods and thickets.
3. N. serpentarius (Pursh) Hook. Stems 3-12 dm. tall, glabrous: larger leaf-
blades pinnately lobed: inner bracts of the involucre 9-11 mm. long, often
ciliate at the tip : pappus straw-colored. — S. Eather common, in thickets. —
Schists. — Lion 's-foot.
4. N. trifoliatus Cass. Stems 8-26 dm. tall, glabrous: larger leaf -blades
pedately lobed: inner bracts of the involucre 9-11 mm. long, wholly glabrous:
pappus light-brown. — S. Common, in woods. — Schists. — Gall-of-the-earth.
2. CBrEFIS L. Annual or biennial herbs, resembling Eieracium, with
glabrous or sparingly pubescent foliage. Leaves alternate: blades mostly
repand or pinnatifid. Heads few-many-flowered, paniculate or corymbose.
Involucres narrow: bracts usually in a single row or in several rows. Corollas
yellow. Achenes narrow. Pappus of white soft hairs.
1. C. tectorum L. Plants usually branched at the base, 2-4 dm. tail, sparingly
pubescent: leaf-blades oblong, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate in outline, runci-
nate-pinnatifid, usually sagittate-auriculate at the base: involucres 9-10 mm.
high; bracts hirsute-hispid, acute: corollas 10-11 mm. long: achene-body
oblong or somewhat fusiform, about 2 mm. long, ribbed. — S. Occasional, in
alfalfa fields. Nat. of Eu. — Fall. — Hawksbeard.
3. HIEEACIUM L. Perennial caulescent or scapose herbs. Leaf -blades
entire or toothed. Heads erect. Involucres usually narrow: main bracts
unequal in length. Achenes oblong, fusiform, or columnar. — Hawkv5^eed.
CICHOEIACEAE. 315
Stems regularly leafy to the broad, more or less effuse panicle : leaf-blades not of
a spatulate type. 1. H. paniculutum.
Stems more or less scape-like, corymbose or narrowly cylindric-
paniculate above : leaves mainly basal, or on the lower
part of the stem, some of the lower blades of a spatulate
type.
Achenes columnar.
Longer involucral bracts glabrous or nearly so.
Stems nearly naked, glabrous : peduncles glabrous or
sparingly glandular-pubescent. 2. B. venosum.
Stems leafy and pubescent at least below : peduncles
densely glandular-pubescent. 3. H. marianum.
Longer involucral bracts copiously pubescent. 4. H. scabrum.
Achenes fusiform or constricted below the summit. 5. H. OronovU.
1. H. paniculatum L. Plants often glaucescent, 3-12 dm. tall, the stem villous
at the base: leaf -blades linear-elliptic to broadly elliptic: involucres 4-5.5 mm.
high, the longer bracts pubescent mainly near the tip. — Common, in woods
and thickets. — Late sum.
2. H. venosum L. Stems scape-like, 3-6 dm. tall, glabrous, corymbosely
branched above : leaves mainly basal, or 1 or 2 on the stem ; blades obovate or
spatulate, 5-15 cm. long, commonly purple-veined, undulate or repand-denticu-
late, more or less villous on the veins beneath: peduncles slender, often slightly
glandular-pubescent: involucres 6-8 mm. long; inner bracts linear, tapering to
the apex : achenes columnar, about 3 mm. long. — Common on banks and in
open woods. — Sum. — Eattlesnake-weed. Poor-Eobin 's plantain.
3. H. marianum Willd. Stems rather stout, 5-10 dm. tall, softly hirsute below,
more or less widely branched into a corymbose panicle: leaves basal, and few
or several along the stem ; blades spatulate to oblong-obovate or nearly oblong,
6-20 cm. long, ciliate, undulate or repand-denticulate: peduncles densely glan-
dular-pubescent: involucres 6-7 mm. long; inner bracts narrowly linear-lanceo-
late, glabrous or slightly pubescent : achenes columnar, 2.5 mm. long. — M.
Occasional, on banks and in open woods. — Limestones. — Spr.
4. H. scabrum Michx. Stems 3-9 dm. tall, hirsute-hispid below, paniculately
branched and glandular-hirsute above, leafy to the inflorescence: leaf -blades
thickish, spatulate to obovate or oblong, 3-12 em. long, undulate or repand-
denticulate: panicle commonly elongate: peduncles rather rigid: involucres
5-6 mm. long; inner bracts narrowly linear-lanceolate: achenes columnar, 2-2.5
mm. long. — Common, in woods and on roadsides. — Fall.
5. H. Gronovii L. Stems 3-10 dm. tall, more or less pubescent with slender
hairs, paniculately branched above, leafy below, rather naked near the panicle:
leaves commonly hirsute; blades spatulate to oblong, oval or obovate, 4-15 cm.
long, undulate or repand: panicle ample or sometimes much reduced: peduncles
glandular-pubescent: involucres 5-7 em. long; inner bracts linear or narrowly
linear-lanceolate : achenes fusiform, 3-3.5 mm. long. — Common, on gravelly
banks and in woods. — Simi. and fall.
4. IiACTUCA L. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, the stems stout.
Leaf-blades mostly relatively broad, entire, toothed, or pinnatifid, sometimes
spiny-margined. Heads erect. Involucres cylindric to ovoid. Achenes flat-
tened, slender-beaked. — Sum. and fall. — Lettuce. Wood-lettuce. Wild-
lettuce.
Heads mostly less than 12-flowered : achene-bodies several-nerved.
Leaf-blades pinnatifid. 1- L. Scariola.
Leaf-blades merely toothed. 2. L. virosa.
Heads mostly more than 12-flowered: achene-bodies 1-nerved.
Leaf-blades entire or nearly so: achene-body mostly less
than 3 mm. long. 3. L. sagittifoHa.
Leaf -blades, except those of the upper leaves, pmnatifld :
achene-body mostly over 3 mm. long. 4. L. canadensis.
316 CIOHOEIACEAE.
1. L. Scariola L. Stem nearly or quite glabrous, 4-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades
oblong to lanceolate in outline, pinnatifid, bright-green: inner bracts of the
involucre 8-10 mm. long, linear-oblong: outer corollas 8-9 mm. long: aehene-
body abruptly narrowed at the apex. — S. Rare, on roadsides. Nat. of Eu.
— Prickly-lettuce.
2. L. vlrosa L. Stem hirsute below, 6-20 dm. tall : leaf-blades oblanceolate
to oblong, merely denticulate, glaucous: inner bracts of the involucre 12-15-
mm. long, narrowly linear: outer corollas 11-12 mm. long: achene-body gradu-
ally narrowed at the apex. — Rather common, in waste places and on road-
sides. Nat. of Eu.
3. L. sagittifolia Ell. Stems 9-30 dm. tall, glabrous: blades of the stem-
leaves 8-30 cm. long, irregularly dentate: involucres 10-20 mm. long, th&
inner bracts narrowly linear or nearly so: ligules yellow or reddish: achene-
body 2.5-3 mm. long, longer than the beak. — Susquehanna valley. Frequent,
on shaded banks.
4. L. canadensis L. Stems 9-30 dm. tall, glabrous or nearly so: blades of
the stem-leaves 10-30 cm. long, sinuate-pinnatifid : involucres 10-12 mm. long,
the inner ones linear-lanceolate: ligules yellow: achene-body 3-4 mm. long,
about as long as the beak. — Common, in fields and on roadsides. — Wild-
lettuce. Horse-weed.
5. MULGEDIUM Cass. Herbs resembling Lactuca in habit. Achenes
thick, beakless. — Sum. and fall. — Lettuce. Blue-lettuce.
rappus bright-white : blades of the stem-leaves neither auriculate nor clasping.
Leaf-blades toothed : achene-body not narrowed into a neck. 1. M. villosum.
Leaf-blades pinnatifid : achene-body narrowed into a slender
neck. 2. M. fioridannm.
Pappus brown : blades of the stem-leaves auriculate and clasping. 3. M. spicatinn.
1. M. villosum (Jacq.) Small. Stems 9-20 dm. tall: blades of the stem-leaves
irregularly dentate, 8-20 cm. long: inner bracts of the involucre linear-lanceo-
late: ligules blue: achenes 4 mm. long. — N. Frequent, in open woods and
thickets. • — • Sandstones and shales.
2. M. floridanum (L.) DC. Stems 10-30 dm. tall: blades of the stem-leaves
lyrate-pinnatifid, 2-45 cm. long: inner bracts of the involucre linear: ligules
blue : achenes 6-7 mm. long. — Common, in thickets and on banks.
3. M. spicatum (Lam.) Small. Stems 9-35 dm. tall: blades of the stem-leaves
lobed or pinnatifid (merely denticulate in M. spicatum integri folium) : ligules
white, yellowish, or bluish : achenes 4-5 mm. long. — Rather common, in
thickets and open woods.
6. SONCHUS [Tourn.] L. Annual or perennial tall caulescent herbs.
Leaf-blades entire, toothed, or pinnatifid, sometimes spiny margined. Heads
erect. Involucres ovoid or svibglobose. Achenes flattened. Pappus deciduous.
— Spr.-f all. — Sow-thistle.
Leaf-auricles rounded : achenes smooth and 3-ribbed. 1. 8. asDcr.
Leaf-auricles acute : achenes transverse-wrinkled and striate. 2. 8. oleraceus.
1. S. asper (L.) All. Stems 2-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades with rigid-tipped
teeth : achenes 2-2.5 mm. long, margined, ribbed and smooth. — N. M. Com-
mon, in fields and on roadsides. — Nat. of Eu.
2. S. oleraceus L. Stems 1-18 dm. tall: leaf -blades more divided than in
5. asper, with soft-tipped teeth: achenes 2.5-3 mm. long, scarcely margined,,
striate and transverse-wrinkled. — Common, in waste places and fields. Nat.
of Eu.
CICHORIACEAE. 317
7. LEONTODON L, Perennial low acaulescent herbs. Leaf-blades sin-
uate-toothed or runcinate-pinnatifid, or rarely entire. Heads solitary. Invo-
lucre thick, scaly. Achenes not much flattened. Pappus persistent. — Spr.-
f all. — Dandelion.
Inner involucral bracts unappendaged : achenes brown or olive-green.
1. L. Taraxacum.
Inner involucral bracts appendaged at the tip : achenes red
or red-brown. 2. L. erythrospermum.
1> L. Taraxacum L. Leaf-blades sinuate or coarsely pinnatifid, often Ivrate.
the lobes broad: heads 3-5 cm. wide, the ligules orange-yellow: involucral
bracts green, the outer ones long, reflexed: achene-body bluntly spinulose near
the top : pappus white. — Common, nearly everywhere. Nat. of Eu.
2. L. erythrosperraus (Andrz.) Eichw. Leaf -blades pinnatifid or pinnately
divided, runcinate, the lobes narrow: heads 2-3 cm. wide, the ligules light-
yellow: involucral bracts glaucous, the outer ones short, ascending or spread-
ing : achene-body sharjjly spinulose near the apex : pappus dirty-white. — M.
Occasional, on lawns and in waste places. Nat. of Eu.
8. PlCmS L. Annual or biennial caulescent coarse herbs. Leaves alter-
nate: blades entire or sinuate, often partially clasping. Heads many-flowered,
loosely corymbose. Involucres rather broad: bracts in several series and of
different shapes. Corollas yellow. Achenes stout, with rough ribs. Pappus
of more or less plumose hairs. — Fall.
Outer bracts of the involucre narrow : achenes scarcely if at all beaked : pappus-
bristles slightly plumose. 1. P. hieracioides.
Outer bracts of the involucre ovate: achene long-beaked:
pappus-bristles copiously plumose. 2. P. echioides.
1. P. hieracioides L. Stems somewhat hispid: leaf -blades mostly lanceolate
or linear, sinuate: outer bracts of the involucre linear, smaller and narrower
than the inner: corollas 9-11 mm. long; tube glabrous: achenes oblong, beak-
less or nearly so : pappus slightly plumose. — S. Occasional, in fields near
Wakefield. Nat. of Eu.
2. P. echioides L. Stems hirsute: leaf -blades spatulate to oblong or lanceo-
late, entire or undulate: outer bracts of the involucre ovate, longer and
broader than the inner: corollas 14-15 mm. long; tube pubescent: achenes
oblong, beaked : pappus copiously plumose. — S. Occasional, in fields. Nat.
of Eu. — Ox-tongue.
9. TRAGOPOGON [Tourn.] L. Biennial or perennial erect caulescent,
rather coarse herbs. Leaf-blades narrow, long-attenuate, often sheathing at
the base. Heads erect. Involucres relatively narrow: bracts elongate, often
surpassing the disk. Achenes terete or 5-angled, the inner at least slender-
beaked.
1. T. porrifolius L. Stems 4-15 dm. tall: leaf -blades clasping or sheathing
at the base: peduncles gradually enlarged upward: bracts of the involucre
linear-lanceolate, 30-40 mm. long: achenes slender-fusiform, 3.5-4 cm. long.
— N. M. — Frequent, in fence-rows and on roadsides. Nat. of Eu. — Sum. —
Salsify. Oyster-plant.
10. HYPOCHAERIS L. Perennial or rarely annual, scapose herbs, the
scapes often minutely scaly. Leaf-blades entire, toothed, or pinnatifid. Heads
showy, erect, long-peduncled. Involucres cylindric to campanulate: bracts in
several unequal series, the outer ones very small, the inner ones with dorsal
318 CICHORIACEAE.
crests near the apex. Corollas yellow. Stigmas slender, filiform-clavate.
Achenes fusiform, the inner ones, at least, slender-beaked. Pappus single, the-
bristles plumose.
1. H. radicata L. Plants perennial, 2-6 dm. tall: leaves mostly 4-17 cm-
long, hirsute; blades spatulate in outline, coarsely toothed or pinnatifid:
heads 2.5-4 cm. wide: corollas with very narrow ligules: achenes fusiform,,
the bodies 3-3.5 mm. long, spinulose, those of the inner ones at least shorter
than the filiform beaks. — S. Occasional, in wet pastures. Nat. of Eu. —
Spr. and sum.
11. KRIGIA Schreb. Annual herbs. Leaves mainly basal; blades nar-
row, toothed or pinnatifid. Heads slender-peduncled. Involucre narrow :
bracts narrow, reflexed at maturity. Corollas light-yellow. Achenes decidedly
broadened upward. Pappus of 5 scales about i as long as the aehene and also
of 5 or 10 bristles.
1. K. virginica (L.) Willd. Plants 0.3-4 dm. tall: leaf -blades spatulate to
nearly linear, 2-12 cm. long: involucres mostly less than 7 mm. long: corollas
6-7 mm. long : achenes fully 1.5 mm. long, finely ribbed. — Common, in open
sandy places. — Spr. — Dwarf-dandelion.
12. CYNTHIA D. Don. Perennial herbs. Leaves mainly basal: blades
narrow or broad, entire, repand, or pinnatifid. Heads long-peduncled. Invo-
lucre stout: bracts narrow, reflexed at maturity. Corollas bright-yellow..
Achenes not broadened upward. Pappus of 10-15 minute scales and more
numerous bristles.
1. C. virginica (L.) D. Don, Plants 1-7 dm. tall: leaf -blades spatulate,
oblong or oval, not elongate, entire or repand or slightly lyrate-piniiatifid:
involucres mostly over 8 mm. long: corollas 10-12 mm. long: achenes 2 mm.
long, coarsely ribbed. — N. Occasional, in meadows. — Sandstones and shales..
— Sum. — Cynthia.
13. CICHORIUM [Tourn.] L. Perennial rigid herbs. Leaf-blades
toothed or pinnatifid, or crisped. Heads sessile or nearly so. Involucre firm or
rigid: outer bracts sjareading, the inner erect. Achenes 5-ribbed or 5-angled.
Pappus of 2 or 3 rows of scales. — • Chicory. Succory.
1. C. Intybus L. Tap-root elongate, tough. Stem 3-15 dm. tall, rit^'dly wide-
branched: blades of the stem-leaves oblong to lanceolate, pinnatifid, toothed,,
or entire: involucres 10-12 mm. long; bracts lanceolate to linear, the outer
glandular-ciliate: corollas sky-blue or white: ligules 10-20 mm. long: achenes
2-2.5 mm. long. — Common, in fields and on roadsides. Nat of Eu. — Sum^
— ■ Common-chicory. Blue-sailors.
LIST OF GENERA AND SPECIES PUBLISHED IN THIS FLORA.
Zosterella Small. (Diminutive of Zostera, refeiTing to the habit of the
type si^ecies.)
Zosterella dubia (Jaeq.) Small. CommeUna dubia Jaoq.
Arsenocoecus Small. (Greek, male-beiiy, referring to the common name
of the plant.)
Arsenocoecus ligustrinus (L.) Small. Vaccinium ligustrinum L.
Agalinis deeimloba (Greene) Small. Gerardia decimloba Greene.
Diodella teres (Walt.) Small, Diodia teres Walt.
Polymniastrum Small. (Latin, referring to the relationship to the genus
Polymnia.)
Polymniastrum Uvedalia (L.) Small. Polymnia Uvedalia L.
no
INDEX.
Abutilon, 189
Acalypha, 178
acanthaceae, 264
Acanthus Family, 204
Acer, 184
ACERACEAE, 184
Aeerates, 229
Achillea, 308
Acorus, 66
Actaea, 120
Adam-and-Eve, 90
Adam 's-needle, 78
Adder 's-mouth, 88
Adicea, 101
Adlumia, 129
Aesculaceae, 184
Aesculus, 184
Agalinis, 263
Agastaehe, 248
Aegopodium, 211
Agrimonia, 151
Agrimony, 151
Agropyron, 36
Agrostemma, 118
Agrostis, 26
Ailanthns, 175
AiLANTHus Family, 175
Alder, 97
Black, 182
Smooth, 97
Aletris, 80
Alfalfa, 162
Alisma, 7
Alismaceae, 7
Alismales, 6
Allegheny-vine, 130
Alliaceae, 73
Allium, 73
Alnus, 97
Alopecurus, 24
Alsike-clover, 163
Alsinaceae, 113
Alsine, 115
Alsinopsis, 114
Althaea, 189
Shrubby. 190
Alum-root, 142
Alyssum, 136
Sweet, 136
Yellow, 136
Amaranth, 111
Green, 111
Thorny, 111
Amaranthaceae, 111
Amaranth Family, 111
Amaranthus, 111
Amaryllidales, 80
Amaryllis Family, 80
Ambrina, 110
Ambrosia, 283
Ambrosiaceae, 282
Amelanchier, 154
American-brooklime, 262
American-cowslip, 222
American-elm, 104
American-holly, 183
American-ivy, 188
American-mistletoe, 269
American-pennyroyal, 252
American white-helleljore,
70
American wood-isitraw-
berry, 149
Ammiaceae, 207
Ammiales, 205
Amygdalaceae, 156
Amygdalus, 157
Anagallis, 222
Anaphalis, 301
Andropogon, 12
Anemone, 121
Eue, 122
Wood, 121
Angelica, 212
Angellico, 212
Angiospermae, 3
Angle-pod, 231
Annonaceae, 125
Antennaria, 300
Anthemis, 308
Anthopogon, 225
Anthoxanthum, 20
Anthyllis, 163
Anychia, 111
Aplectrum, 90
Apocynaceae, 227
Apocynum., 228
Apple, 153
Common, 154
C'rab^ 154
Love, 239
Mock, 279
Thorn, 240
Apple Family, 153
Apple-of-Peru, 238
Aquifoliaceae, 182
Aquilegia, 120
Arabidopsis, 134
ArabiSj 138
Araceae, 65
Arales, 64
Aralia, 207
Arbutus, 217
Trailing, 217
Arctium, 310
Arenaria, 114
Arethusa, 87
Argemone, 129
Arisaema, 65
Aristida, 21
Aristolochia, 279
Aristolochiales, 278
Armoracia, 133
Arnica, 309
Arrhenatherum, 28
Arrow-head, 7
Arrow-wood, 274
Arsenococcus, 218
Artichoke, 305
Jerusalem, 305
Abtocarpaceae, 103
Arum Family, 65
Asaraceae, 278
Asarum, 278
asclepiadaceae, 228
Asclepiadales, 227
Ascyrum, 191
Ash, 224
Flowering, 224
Prickly, 224
Eed, 224
White, 224
Asimina, 125
Asparagus, 76
Aster, 293
Golden, 289
White-topped, 299
Atheropogon, 29
Atragene, 124
Atriplex, 110
Avena, 27
Avens, 150
Azalea, 216
Clammy, 216
Smooth, 217
Baccharis, 300
Balloon-vine, 185
Balm, 252
Lancaster County Flora 21
321
322
INDEX.
Balm, Bee, 251, 252
Horse, 256
Lemon, 252
Balm-of-Gilead, 91
BalmoBy, 259
Balsam-apple, 279
Wild, 279
Balsaminaceae, 174
Baneberry, 120
Baptisia, 161
Barbarea, 134
Barnyard-grass, 14
Barren-oak, 99
Barren-strawberry, 150
Bartonia 226
Basil, 252, 253
Basswood, 188
Bastard-pennyroyal, 246
Bastard toad-flax, 270
Batracliium, 122
Batschia, 242
Bayberry, 94
Bayberry Family', 93
Beak-rush, 46
Beaked hazel-nut, 96
Bean, 169
Wild, 170
Bean-tree, 267
Bean-vine, 170
Beard-grass, 12
Beard-tongue, 259
Bearded-darnel, 36
Bear-grass, 78
Bear-oak, 100
Bedstraw, 271
Eough, 273
Sweet-scented, 273
Yellow, 272
Bee-balm, 251, 252
Bee-tree, 188
Beech, 98
Beech-drops, 215, 266
False, 215
Beech Family, 97
Begger 's-lice, 241
Beggar-ticks, 165, 307
Swamp, 307
Bellflower, 280
Creeping, 280
Marsh, 280
Bellflower Family, 280
Bell-rue, 124
Bellwort, 77
Benjamin-bush, 200
Bent-grass, 26
Benzoin, 200
Betony, 264
Wood, 264
Betula, 97
Betulaceae, 96
Bieuculla, 130
Bidens, 306
Bignonia, 267
BiGNONIACEAE, 266
Bindweed, 233
Field, 234
Hedge, 233
Birch, 97
Black, 97
Cherry, 97
Red, 97
Eiver, 97
Southern yellow, 97
Sweet, 97
Birch Family, 96
Bird-cherry, 157
Birdfoot-violet, 195
Bird's-foot trefoil, 164
Birthroot, 78
Birthwort, 279
BiRTHWORT Family, 278
Bishop 's-cap, 143
Bitter-bloom, 225
Bitter-cress, 137
Bitter-dock, 105
Bittersweet, 239
Black-alder, 182
Blackberry, 147
Sand,
Blackberry-lily, 82
Black-bindweed, 108
Black-birch, 97
Black-cohosh, 120
Black-eyed Susan, 304
Black-gum, 206
Black-haw, 275
Black high-blueberry, 220
Black-huckleberry, 219
Black-jack, 99
Black-maple, 185
Black-medic, 162
Black-mustard, 135
Black oat-grass, 22
Black-raspberry, 147
Black scrub-oak, 100
Black-snakeroot, 120, 209
Black-walnut, 94
Black-willow, 92
Bladder-campion, 118
Bladdernut, 184
Bladdernut Family, 184
Bladderwort, 265
Bladderwort Family,
265
Blazing-star, 70, 288
Bleeding-heart, 183
Blephariglottis, 85
Bloodroot, 128
Blue-beech, 96
Bluebell, 280
Blueberry, 219
Black high, 220
Early, 220
High, 220
Late sweet, 220
Low, 220
Swamp, 220
Sweet, 220
Blue-cohosh, 127
Blue-curls, 246
Blue-devil, 243
Blue-eyed grass, 82
Blue-grape, 187
Blue-grass, 32
Bhie-hearts, 263
Blue- joint grass, 25
Blue-lettuce, 316
Blue-phlox, 236
Blue-sailors, 318
Blue-tangle, 219
Blue toad-flax, 258
Blue-verbena, 244
Bluets, 271
Blueweed, 243
Boehmeria, 102
Bog-torches, 66
Boltonia, 292
Boneset, 288
Upland, 288
False, 289
Borage, 243
Borage Family, 240
boraginaceae, 240
Borago, 243
Bottle-brush, 38
Bottle-grass, 19
Bouucing-bet, 117
Bowman 's-root, 147
Box-elder, 185
Brachyelytrum, 23
Brasenia, 126
Brassica, 135
Brassicaceae, 130
Bristly-buttercup, 123
Bristly-sarsaparilla, 207
Brome-grass, 35
Bromus, 35
Brook-lobelia, 282
Brookweed, 223
Broom, 162
Scotch, 162
Broom-grass, 12
Broom-rape, 266
Broom-rape Family, 266
Buchnera, 263
Buckbean, 227
INDEX.
323
BucKBEAN Family, 227
Buckberry, 219
Buckeye, 184
Buckeye Family, 184
Buckthorn, 18G
Buckthorn Family, 186
Buckwheat, 108
Buckwheat Family, 104
Buflfalo-bur, 239
Bugbane, 120
Bugle-weed, 254
Bulbous-buttercup, 123
Bulrush, 41
Bunch-flower, 70
Bunch-flower Family
69
Bupleurum, 210
Burdock, 310
Bur-grass, 19
Bur-marigold, 306
Burnet, 152
Burning-bush, 183
Bur-oak, 100
Bur-reed, 4
Bur-reed Family, 4
Bursa, 132
Bur-seeds, 241
Burweed, 283
Bush-clover, 167
Bush-honeysuckle, 276
Butter-and-eggs, 258
Buttercup, 121
Bristly, 123
Bulbous, 123
Celery-leaved, 123
Creeping, 123
Hooked, 123
Meadow, 123
Swamp, 124
Butterfly-pea, 169
Butterfly-weed, 230
Butternut, 94
Butter-weed, 299
Button-ball, 145
Buttonbush, 271
Button-snakeroot, 288
Button-weed, 271
Button-wood, 145
Cabombaceae, 126
Cactus Family, 199
Calamagrostis, 25
Calamus, 66
Calico-bush, 217
Callitrichaceae, 181
Callitriche, 181
Caltha, 120
Campanula, 280
Campanulaceae, 280
Campanulales, 279
Campanulastrum, 281
Campion, 117, 118
Bladder, 118
Red, 118
Starry, 117
White, lis
Campion-catchfly, 117
Canada blue-grass, 33
Canada-thistle, 311
Canada-violet, 198
Canary-grass, 20
Cancer-root, 266
Cannabinaceae, 102
Cannabis, 102
Caper Family, 139
Caper-spurge, ISO
Capnoides, 130
Capparidaceae, 139
Caprifoliaceae, 273
Cardamine, 137
Cardinal-flower, 282
Cardiospermum, 185
Carduaceae, 283
Carduales, 282
Carduus, 312
Carex, 47
albursina, 58
aneeps, 58
Asa-Grayi, 64
blanda, 58
bromoides, 54
bullata, 63
Bushii, 61
Buxbaumii, 62
caroliniana, 61
cephalaphora, 53
communis, 56
comosa, 64
complanata, 60
conoidea, 59
costata, 60
cost ell ata, 60
erinita, 62
cristatella, 55
Davisii, 60
digitalis, 58
festucacea, 55
filiformis, 63
flexuosa, 60
foenea, 56
follicnlata, 63
Frankii, 64
glaucodea, 59
gracillima, 60
granularis, 59
Grayi, 64
grisea. 59
gynandra, 61
Carex, hirsuta, 61
hirtiflora, 57
Ilitchcockiana, 59
hormathodes, 55
hystricina, 63
incomperta, 55
interior, 54
intumeseens, 64
Jamesii, 56
lacustris, 62
laevi-vaginata, 54
lanuginosa, 62
lasiocarpa, 63
laxiculmis, 58
laxiflora, 58
Leersii, 54
leptalea, 56
lupulina, 64
lurida, 63
Meadii, 57
monile, 63
Muhlenbergii, 53
oligocarpa, 59
pedicellata, 54
pedunculata, 57
penns,ylvanica, 56
plat,yphylla, 58
pol.ymorpha, 57
prairea, 53
prasina, 60
puhescens, 57
retroflexa, 53
riparia, 62
rosea, 53
scabrata, 61
scoparia, 55
Shortiana, 62
sparganioides, 53
squarrosa, 64
stipata, 54
straminea, 55
stricta, 61
styloflexa, 59
Swanii, 60
tenuis, 60
tetanica, 57
torta, 61
tribuloides, 55
trichocarpa, 63
umbellata, 57
varia, 57
vestita, 62
virescens, 60
virescens, 60
vulpinoidea, 53
Willdenovii, 56
Carpet-weed Family, 112
Carpinus, 96
Carrion-flower, 79
324
INDEX.
Carrot, 213
Wild, 214
Carrot Family, 207
Oaryophyllaceae, 116
Cassia, 159
Cassiaceae, 158
Castalia, 127
Castarea, 98
Castilleja, 263
Castor-bean, 179
Castor-oil plant, 179
Catalpa, 267
Cat-brier, 79
Catchfly, 117
Campion, 117
Sleepy, 117
Sweet-Tvilliam, 117
Cat-gnt 164
Cathartolinum, 173
Cat-mint, 248
Catnep, 248
Cat-tail, 3
Cat-tail Family, 3
Oauaophyllum, 127
Ceanotlius, 186
Cedar, 3
Celandine, 128
Celastraceae, 183
Celastrus, 183
Celeri, 210
Celery, 210
Celery-leaved buttercup,
123
Celtis, 104
Cenchrus, 19
Centaurium, 225
Centaury, 225
Cephalanthus, 271
Cerastium, 115
Ceratophyllaceae, 119
Ceratophyllum, 119
Cercis, 159
Cerefolium, 209
Cerothamnus, 94
Chaerophyllum, 209
Chaetochloa, 18
Chamaecrista, 159
Chamaenerion, 203
Chamaerilium, 70
Chamaesyce, 179
Chamomile, 308
Corn, 308
Charlock, 135
Cheat, 35
Checkerberry, 218
Cheeses, 189
Cheirinia, 135
Chelidonium, 128
Chelone, 259
Chenopodiaceae, 109
Chenopodiales, 108
Chenopodium, 109
Cherry, 157
Bird, 157
Choke, 158
Fire, 157
Morello, 158
Perfumed, 157
Pigeon, 157
Bum, 158
Sour, 158
Sweet, 158
Wild 158
Wild-black, 158
Wild-red, 157
Cherry-birch, 97
Chervil, 209
Chess, 35
Chestnut, 98
Chestnut-oak, 100
Chicken-grape. 187
Chickweed, 114, 15
Forked, 114
Indian, 112
Jagged, 114
Mouse-ear, 115
Chickweed Family, 113
Chickweed-wintergreen,
221
Chicory, 318
Common, 318
Chicory Family, 313
Chimaphila, 215
Chinquapin, 98
Chionanthus, 224
Chokeberry, 154
Choke-cherry, 158
Choripetalae, 90
Chrosperma, 70
Chrysanthemum, 308
Chrysogonum, 303
Chrysopsis, 289
Chrysosplenium, 43
CiCHORIACEAE, 313
Cichorium, 318
Cicuta, 211
Cigar-tree, 267
Cimicifuga, 120
Cinna, 25
Cinquefoil, 149
Cireaea, 204
Cirsium, 311
CiSTACEAE, 192
Clammy-azalea, 216
Clammy-weed, 139, 202
Claytonia, 113
Clearweed, 102
Cleavers, 271
Clematis, 124
Climbing-bittersweet, 184
Climbing-fumitory, 130
Climbing hemp-vine, 288
Clinopodium, 252
Clitoria, 17
Clo?ed-gentian, 226
Clotbur, 283, 310
Clover, 162
Alsike, 163
Bush, 167
Crimson, 163
Italian, 163
Eabbit-foot, 163
Bed, 163
Stone, 163
Sweet, 162
White, 163
Olub-rush, 41
Cocklebur, 283
Cockspur, 19
Cocksi3ur-thorn, 156
Coeloglossum, 84
Cohosh,
Black, 120
Blue, 127
Colic-root, 80
Coliseum-ivy, 258
Collinsonia, 256
Columbine, 121
Comandra, 270
Comfrey, 241, 243
Wild, 241
Commelina, 68
Commelinaceae, 67
Common-apple, 154
Common-chicory, 318
Common-darnel, 36
Common-elder, 274
Common-flax, 172
Common-milkweed, 230
Common morning-glory,
233
Common-mullen, 258
Common-nightshade, 239
Common-peach, 157
Common-pear, 153
Common-plantain, 269
Common-smartweed, 107
Common-speedwell, 262
Common-thistle, 312
Comptonia, 93
Cone-flower, 304
Conium, 210
Conoclinium, 288
Conopholis, 266
Convallariaceae, 76
convolvulaceae, 232
Convolvulus, 233
INDEX.
325
Coral-berry, 276
Coral-root, 89
Corallorrhiza, 89
Coreopsis, 306
Coriander, 210
Coriandrum, 210
Corn-chamomile, 308
Corncockle, 118
Cornel, 206
Silky, 206
Corn-gromwell, 242
Corn-salad, 277
Corn-speedwell, 261
Corn-rose, 118
Corpse-plant, 215
CORRIGIOLACEAE, 111
CORYLACEAE, 96
Corylus, 96
Cotton-grass, 41
Cotton-rose, 300
Cotton-tMstle, 312
Cottonwood, 91
Couch-grass, 37
Cowbane, 211
Spotted, 211
Cow-cress, 132
Cow-parsnip, 213
Cowslip, 222
American, 222
Virginia, 241
Cow-wheat, 264
Crab-apple, 154
Crab-grass, 14
Cracca, 164
Cranberry, 220
Cranesbill, 171
Wild, 172
Crataegus, 155
Creeping-bellflower, 280
Creeping-buttercup, 123
Creeping-spearwort, 123
Creeping-thyme. 253
Creeping-wintergreen, 218
Crepis, 314
Cress,
Bitter, 137
Cow, 132
Field, 132
Marsh, 133
Mouse-ear, 134
Penny, 132
Spring, 137
Wall, 134
Water, 133
Winter, 134
Yellow, 133
Crimson-clover, 163
Crocanthemum, 192
Crotalaria, 161
Crowfoot, 121
Ditch, 123
Early, 124
Small-flowered, 123
Crowfoot Family, 119
Crow-poison, 70
Cubelium, 198
CUCURBITACEAE, 279
Cudweed, 301
Low, 301
Culver 's-physic, 262
Culver 's-root, 262
Cunila, 254
Curled-dock, 105
Currant, 144
Indian, 144
Wild-black, 144
Cuscuta, 234
CUSCUTACEAE, 234
CuSTARD-APPLE FAMILY,
125
Cut-grass, 20
Cymbalaria, 258
C'ynoglossum, 241
Cynoxylon, 206
Cynthia, 318
Cyperaceae, 38
Cyperus, 39
Cypress-spurge, ISO
Cypress-vine, 232
Cypripedium, 84
Cytisus, 161
Dactylis, 32
Daffodil, 81
Daisy,
Ox-eye, 309
White, 309
Yellow, 304
Daisy-fleabane, 299
Dame 's-violet, 134
Dandelion, 317
Dwarf, 318
Danthonia, 28
Daphnaceae, 200
Darnel, 36
Dasystephana, 226
Dasystoma, 262
Datura, 240
Daucus, 213
Day-flower, 68
Day-lily, 76
Dead-nettle, 249
De«odon, 201
Deerberry, 219
Deergrass, 201
Delphinium, 121
Dentaria, 137
Deptford-pink, 116
Deringa, 211
Deschampsia, 27
Devil 's-bit, 70
Dew-flower, 68
Dianthera, 265
Dianthus, 116
Dicotyledoxes, 90
l^iervilla, 276
Diodella, 27
Dioscorea, 81
Diospyros, 223
Dipsacus, 278
Dirca, 200
Ditch-crowfoot, 123
Ditch-stonecrop, 142
Dittany, 254
Dock, 105
Bitter, 105
Curled, 105
Pale, 105
Peach-leaved, 105
Splatter, 126
Dodder, 234
Flax. 234
Dodder Family, 234
Dodecatheon, 222
Doellingeria, 299
Dogbane, 228
Dogbane Family, 227
Dog-fennel, 308
Dog's-tooth violet, 75
Dogwood, 206
Flowering, 206
Poison, 182
Dogwood Family, 205
Doorweed, 105
Downy yellow-violet, 197
Draba, 136
Dracaenaceae, 77
Dracoeephalum, 249
Dragon-root, 65
Dropseed, 24
Drosera, 139
Droseraceae, 139
DrjTuocallis, 149
Duchesnea, 149
Duckweed, 66
Duckweed Family, 66
Dulichium. 39
Dutchman 's-breeches, 130
Dwarf-dandelion, 318
Dwarf-ginseng, 207
Dwarf gray-willow, 93
Dwarf -huckleberry, 219
Early-blueberry, 220
Early-crowfoot, 124
Early meadow-rue, 124
Early-saxifrage, 142
326
INDEX.
Ebknaceae, 223
Ebenales, 223
Ebony Family, 223
Echinochloa, 14
Echium, 243
Eel-grass, 8
Eglantine, 153
Elder, 274
Box, 185
Common, 274
Poison, 182
Eed-berried, 274
Wild, 207
Elecampane, 302
Eleocharis, 43
Elephantopus, 286
Elephant 's-foot, 286
Eleusine, 29
Elm, 104
American, 104
Eed, 104
Slippery, 104
White, 104
Elm Family, 103
Elodeaceae, 7
Elymus, 37
Enchanter 's nightshade,
205
English-hawthorn, 155
English-plantain, 268
English-violet, 197
Epigaea, 217
Epilobiaceae, 202
Epilobium, 203
Eragrostis, 30
Erechtites, 309
Ericaceae, 216
ErI GALES, 214
Erigeron, 298
Eriophorum, 41
Erodium, 172
Eruea. 135
Erysimum, 133
Erythroninm, 75
Eubotrys, 217
Euonymus, 183
Eupatorium, 286
"JEUPHORBIACEAE, 178
EUPHORBIALES, 177
!European-verbena, 244
E u r 0 IP e a n wJood-straw-
berry, 149
Euthainia, 289
Evening-primrose, 203
Evening-primrose Fam-
ily, 202
Everlasting, 300
Fabaceae, 160
Fagaceae, 97
Fagales, 95
Fagopyrum, 107
Fagus, 98
Faleata, 169
False-acacia, 165
False beech-drops, 215
False-boneset, 289
False-buckwheat, 108
False dragon-head, 249
False-flax, 132
False-foxglove, 262
Downy, 263
Smooth, 263
False-gromweE, 242
False-indigo, 161
False-loosestrife, 203
False-madder, 273
False-mermaid Family,
175
False-nettle, 102
False-pennyroyal, 246
False-pimpernel, 222, 260
Feather-geranium, 110
Feather-grass, 21
Fescue-grass, 34
Festuca, 34
Fetter-bush, 218
Fever-bush, 200
Feverfew, 309
Feverwort, 275
Field-cress, 132
Field-garlic, 74
Field-sorrel, 105
Field-speedwell, 261
Figwort, 258
FiGWORT Family, 256
Filipendula, 151
Fimbristylis, 44
Finger-grass, 14
Fire-cherry, 157
Fire-leaf, 66
Fireweed, 203, 309
Fissipes, 84
Five-finger, 149
Flag, 82
Flax, 172
Common, 172
Yellow, 173
Flax-dodder, 234
Flax Family, 172
Fleabane, 298
Daisy, 299
Floerkea, 175
Flowering-ash, 224
Flowering-dogwood, 206
Flowering-raspberry, 147
Flowering-wintergreen,
176
Flower-of-an-hour, 190
Forget-me-not, 241
Forked-chickweed, 111
Fowl meadow-grass, 34
Foxglove,
False, 262
Fox-grape, 188
Foxtail, 18, 24
Foxtail-grass, 18
Fragaria, 149
Frangulaceae, 186
Fraxinus, 224
Fringed-gentian, 226
Fringed-orchis, 85
Fringe-tree, 224
Frog 's-f ruit, 244
Frost-grape, 187
Frost-weed, 192
Fumaria, 130
Fumariaceae, 129
Fumitory, 130
Fumitory Family, 129
Galactia, 168
Galeorchis, 84
Galingale, 39
Galinsoga, 307
Galium, 271
GaU-of-the-earth, 314
Gamma-grass, 12
Gamopetalae, 214
Garden-balsam, 175
Garlic, 73
Gaultheria, 218
Gaura, 204
Gaylussacia, 219
Gemmingia, 81
Gentian, 226
Closed, 226
Fringed, 226
Horse, 275
Soapwort, 226
Gentianaceae, 225
Gentianales, 225
Geraniaceae, 171
Geraniales, 171
Geranium, 171
Feather-leaved, 110
Eock, 142
Wild, 171
Geranium Family, 171
Germander, 246
Geum, 150
Giant-hyssop, 248
Gifola, 300
Gill-over-the-ground, 249
Ginseng, 207
Dwarf. 207
Glaucous-willow, 93
INDEX.
327
Glecoma, 248
Gleditsia, 159
Glyceue, 169
Gnaphalium, 301
Goat's-me, 164
Golden-aster, 289
Golden-club, 66
Goldenrod, 290
Golden-saxifrage, 143
Golden-seal, 120
Gooseberry. 145
Smooth, 145
Gooseberry Family, 144
Goosefoot, 109
GoosEFOOT Family, 109
Goose-grass, 29, 272
Gourd Family, 279
Goutweed, 212
Grape, 187
Blue, 187
Chicken, 187
Fox, 188
Frost, 187
Pigeon, 187
Plum, 188
Eiverside, 187
Sand, 187
Sugar, 187
Summer, 187
Winter, 187
Grape Family, 186
Grape-hyacinth, 75
Grass Family, 9
Grass-pink. 89
Gratiola, 260
Great-laurel, 217
Great-lobelia, 282
Great indian-plantain, 310
Great-ragTveed, 283
Green-amaranth, 111
Green-brier, 79
Green-dragon, 65
Green-milkweed, 229
Green- valerian, 237
Green-violet, 198
Gromwell, 242
Corn, 242
False, 242
Grossularia. 144
Grossulariaceae, 144
Ground-cherry, 238
Ground-ivy, 249
Groundnut, 169. 207
Ground-pink, 237
Groundsel, 310
Groundsel-bush, 300
Groundsel-tree, 30O
Gum, 206
Black, 206
Gum, Sour, 206
GUNNERACEAE, 205
Gymnadenopsis, 86
Gymnospermae, 1
Hackberry, 104
Hair-grass, 26, 27
Halberd-leaved rose-mal-
low, 190
Hamamelidaceae, 144
Hamamelis, 144
Hardhack, 146
Hard-maple, 185
Harebell, 280
Haw, 155
Black,
Hawksbeard, 314
Hawkweed, 314
Hawthorn, 155
English, 155
Hazel-nut, 96
Beaked, 96
Hazel-nut Family, 96
Heal-all, 249
Healing-herb, 243
Heath Family, 216
Hedeoma, 252
Hederaceae, 206
Hedge-bindweed, 233
Hedge-hyssop, 260
Hedge-mustard, 134
Hedge-nettle, 250
Helenium, 308
Heleochloa, 23
Helianthus, 304
Heliopsis, 303
Hemerocallis, 76
Hemlock, 2
Poison, 210
Water, 211
Hemp, 103
Indian, 228
Hemp Family, 102
Henbit, 250
Hepatica, 121
Heracleum, 213
Herba-impia, 300
Hercules '-club, 207
Hesperis, 134
Heteranthera, 69
Heuehera, 142
Hickory, 94
Shag-bark, 95
Swamp, 95
White-heart, 95
Hicoria, 94
Hieracium, 314
High-blueberry, 220
High-mallow, 190
Hoarhound, 248
Water, 254
Hoary-pea, 164
Hoary-verbena, 244
Hog-peanut, 170
Hogweed, 283
Holly, 182
American, 183
Holly Family, 182
Holostcum, 114
Homaloeenchrus, 19
Honewort, 211
Honey-locust, 159
Honevsuckle, 216, 276
Bush, 276
Japanese, 276
Swamp, 216
Trumpet, 276
Honeysuckle Family,
273
Hooked-buttercup, 123
Hop-clover,
Low, 163
Yellow, 163
Hop-hornbeam, 96
Hop, 102
Hop-medic, 162
Hornwort, 119
Hornwort Family, 119
Horse-balm, 256
Horse-brier, 79
Horse-cane, 283
Horse-chestnut, 184
Horse-gentian, 275
Horse-mint, 251, 253
Horse-nettle, 239
Horseradish, 133
Horse-weed, 299, 316
Hound 's-tongue, 241
Houstonia, 270
Huckleberrv, 219
Black, 219
Dwarf, 219
Squaw, 219
Huckleberry Family,
218
Humulus, 102
Hungarian-grass, 19
Hydrangea, 143
Hydrangeaceae, 143
Hydrangea Family, 143
Hydrastis, 120
Hydrocharitales, 7
Hydrocotyle, 208
Hydroleaceae, 235
Hydrophyllum, 235
Hypericaceae, 190
Hypericales, 190
Hypericum, 191
328
INDEX.
Hypochaeris, 317
Hypopitys, 215
Hypoxis, 80
Hyssop, 260
Giant, 248
Hedge, 260
Hystrix, 38
Ibidium, 87
Ilex, 182
Ilysanthes, 260
Impatiens, 174
Inclian-chickweed, 112
Indian cigar-tree, 267
Indian cucumber-root, 78
Indian-currant, 276
Indian-fig, 199
Indian-grass, 13
Indian-hemp, 228'
Indian-mallow, 189
Indian-physic, 147
Indian-pipe, 215
Indian-pipe Family, 215
Indian-plantain, 309
Great, 310
Pale, 310
Indian-poke, 70
Indian-rice, 19
Indian-strawberry, 149
Indian-tobacco, 282
Indian-turnip, 65
Indigo,
False, 161
Wild, 161
Inkberry, 112
Innocence, 271
Inula, 301
lonactis, 299
lonoxalis, 173
Ipomoea, 232, 233
Iris, 82
Iris Family, 81
Iron-oak, 100
Ironweed, 286
Ironwood, 96
Isanthus, 246
Isnardia, 202
Isotria, 86
Italian-clover, 163
Italian rye-grass, 36
Ivy,
American, 188
Coliseum, 258
Ground, 249
Kenilworth, 258
Poison, 182
Ivy Family, 206
Ivy-leaved speedwell, 261
Ixiaceae, 81
Jack-in-the-pulpit, 65
Jagged-chickweed, 114
Jamestown-weed, 240
Japanese-honeysuckle, 276
Jersey-pine, 2
Jerusalem-artichoke, 305
Jerusalem-oak, 110
Jewel-weed Family, 174
Jimson-weed, 240
Joe-Pye weed, 288
Judas-tree, 159
Juglandaceae, 94
juglandales, 94
Juglans, 94
JUNCACEAE, 71
Juncoides, 73
Juncus, 71
June-berry, 154
Juniper, 3
juniperaceae, 2
Juniper Family, 2
Juniperus, 3
Kalmia, 217
Karri, 260
Kenilworth-ivy, 258
Kentucky blue-grass, 33
King-nut, 95
Kinnikinnik, 206
Kneiffia, 204
Knotgrass, 105
Knotweed, 105
Koellia, 253
Koniga, 136
Krigia, 318
Kuhnia, 289
Laciniaria, 288
Lactuca, 315
Ladies '-slipper, 84
Ladies '-tobacco, 300
Ladies '-tresses, 87
Lady's-thumb, 107
Lambkill, 217
Lamb 's-lettuce, 277
Lamb 's-quarters, 109
Lamiaceae, 245
Lamium, 249
Lappula, 241
Larkspur, 121
Late sweet-blueberry, 220
Lathyrus, 170
Lauraceae, 200
Laurel, 217
Great, 217
Mountain, 217
Sheep, 217
Laurel Family, 200
Laurel-magnolia, 125
Long-spurred violet, 198
Leaf-cup, 302
Leather-wood, 200
Lechea, 193
Lemna, 66
Lemnaceae, 66
Lemon-balm, 252
Leontodon, 317
Leonurus, 250
Lepidium, 132
Leptandra, 262
Leptilon, 299
Lespedeza, 167
Lettuce, 315, 316
Blue, 316
Prickly, 316
White, 314
Wild, 315
Wood, 315
Leucojaceae, 80
Leucothoe, 217
Lever-wood, 96
Ligusticum, 212
Ligustrum, 224
Liliaceae, 74
Lilium, 74
Lily, 74
Water, 127
Lily Family, 74
Lily-ot^-the -Valley
Family, 76
Lime-tree, 188
Limnanthaceae, 175
Limodorum, 89
Linaceae, 172
Linaria, 258
Linden, 188
Linden Family, 188
Linn, 188
Linum,, 172
Lion's-foot, 314
Liparis, 88
Liriodendron, 125
Lithospermum, 242
Live-for-ever, 141
Liver-leaf, 121
Lizard 's-tail, 90
Lizard 's-tail Family, 90
Lobelia, 281
Brook, 282
Great, 282
Lobeliaceae, 281
Lobelia Family, 281
Locust, 164
Locust-tree, 165
Lolium, 36
Lombardy-poplar, 91
Lonicera, 276
Loosestrife, 202, 221
INDEX.
329
Loosestrife, False, 203
Swamp, 202
Loosestrife Family, 201
Lopseed, 245
LoPSEED Family, 244
LOKANTHACEAE, 269
Lotus, 164
Lousewort, 264
Love-apple, 239
Love-vine, 234
Low-blueberry, 220
Low bop-clover, 163
Low spear-grass, 33
Lucerne, 162
Ludwigia, 203
Lungwort, 241
Lupine, 161
Lupinus, 161
Lychnis, 118
Lyeium, 239
Lycopersicon, 239
Lycopus, 254
Lyme-grass, 37
Lyre-leaved sage, 251
Lysias, 85
Lysimachia, 221
Lythraceae, 201
Lythrum, 202
Madder Family, 270
Mad-dog scullcap, 247
Magnolia, 125
Laurel, 125
Magnoliaceae, 125
Magnolia Family, 125
Mahaleb, 157
Malaceae, 153
Malaxis, 88
Male-berry, 218
Mallow, 189
High, 190
Indian, 189
Marsh, 189
Eose. 190
Mallow Family, 188
Malus, 153
Malvaceae, 188
Malvales, 188
Mandrake, 127
Manna-grass, 33
Man-of-the-earth, 233
Maple, 184
Black, 185
Hard, 185
Eed, 185
Eock, 185
Silver, 185
Sugar, 185
Swamp, 185
Maple, White, 185
Maple Family, 184
Maple-leaved goosefoot,
110
Mariscus, 45
Marrubium, 248
Marsh-bellflower, 280
Marsh-cress, 133
Marsh-grass, 29
Marsh-mallow, 189
Marsh-marigold, 120
Marsh-pennywort, 208
Marsh-purslane, 202
Marsh St. John 's-wort,
192
Marsh-speedwell, 262
Martynia, 267
Martyniaceae, 267
Matrimony-vine, 240
May-apple. 127
May-apple Family, 127
May-cherry, 154
Mayflower, 217
May-weed, 308
Mazzard, 158
Meadow-beauty, 201
Meadow-beauty Family,
201
Meadow-buttercup, 123
Meadow-fescue, 35
Meadow-grass, 32
Meadow-parsnip, 210, 212
Meadow-rue, 124
Early, 124
Tall, 124
Meadow-sweet, 146
Medeola. 78
Media, 222
Medic, 162
Black, 162
Hop, 162
Medicago, 162
Meibomia, 165
Melampyrum, 264
Melanthaceae, 69
Melanthiuni, 70
Melastomaceae, 201
Melica, 31
Melilot, 162
White, 162
Yellow, 162
Melilotus, 162
Melissa, 252
Menispermaceae, 126
Menispermum, 126
Mentha, 255
Menyanthaceae, 227
Menyanthes, 227
Mermaid- weed, 205
Mertensia, 241
Mesadenia, 309
Mexican-tea, 110
Mezereon Family, 200
Micrampelis, 279
Micranthes, 142
Mikania, 288
Milfoil, 308
Milk-pea, 169
Milk-purslane, 179
Milkweed, 229
Poke, 230
Purple, 230
Swamp, 230
Milkweed Family, 228
Milkwort, 176
Milkwort Family, 176
Millet, 16
Mimulus, 260
Mint,
Cat, 248
Horse, 251
Mountain, 253
Mint Family, 245
Mist-flower, 288
IMistletoe. 269
American, 269
Mistletoe Family, 269
Mitchella, 271
Mitella, 143
Miter-wort, 143
Moccasin-flower, 84
Mock-apple, 279
Mock-orange, 144
Mock-pennyroyal, 252
Mocker-nut, 95
Moehringia, 114
Mole-plant, 180
Mollugo, 112
Monarda, 251
Moneywort, 221
Monkey-flower, 260
MONOCOTYLEDONES, 3
Monotropa, 215
Monotropaceae, 215
Moonseed, 126
MoONSEED Family, 126
Moose-wood, 200
Morello-cherry, 158
Morinaceae, 278
Morning-glory, 232
Common, 233
Morning-glory Family,
232
Moms, 103
Moss-pink, 237
Mossy-cup oak, 100
Mossy-stonecrop, 141
Motherwort, 250
330
INDEX.
Moth-muUen, 257
Mountain-laurel, 217
Mountain-mint, 253
Mountain-rice, 22
Mouse-ear chickweed, 115
Mouse-ear cress, 134
Mud-plantain, 69
Muhlenbergia, 22
Mulberry, 103
Paper, 103
Bed, 103
White, 103
Mulberry Family, 103
Mulgedium, 316
Mullen, 257
Common, 258
Moth, 257
White, 257
Muricauda, 65
Muscari, 75
Musk-thistle, 312
Musquash-root, 211
Mustard, 135
Black, 135
Hedge, 134
Tumble, 134
Wormseed, 135
Mustard Family, 130
Myosotis, 241
Myricaceae, 93
Myricales, 93
Myrtales, 200
Myrtle, 94, 228
Myrtle-spurge, 180
Nabalus, 314
Naiad, 6
Naiadaceae, 6
Naiadales, 4
Naias, 6
Naias Family, 6
Nannyberry, 275
Narcissus, 80
Necklace-poplar, 91
Neckweed, 262
Negundo, 185
Nemexia, 79
Neopieris, 218
Nepeta. 248
Nettle, 101
Dead, 249
False, 102
Hedge, 250
Horse, 239
Nettle Family, 101
Nettle-tree, 104
New-Jersey tea, 186
Nightshade, 239
Common, 239
Nimble-Kate, 280
Ninebark, 276
Nintooa, 276
Nodding-cap, 87
Nondo, 212
Nonesuch, 162
Norta, 134
Northern prickly-ash, 175
Nothoholcus, 26
Nut-rush, 46
Nyctelea, 235
Nymphaea, 126
Nymphaeaceae, 126
Nyssa, 206
Nyssaceae, 205
Oak, 98
Barren, 99
Bear, 100
Black, 99
Black scrub, 100
Bur, 100
Chestnut, 100
Iron, 100
Mossy-cup, 100
Over-cup, 100
Pin, 99
Post, 100
Eed, 99
Scarlet, 99
Scrub, 100
Scrub chestnut, 100
Swamp Spanish, 99
Swamp white, 100
White, 100
Willow, 99
Yellow, 100
Yellow-barked, 99
Oakesiella, 77
Oak-leaved goosefoot, 110
Oqt, 28
Obalaria, 226
Oenothera, 203
Old-man's beard, 224
Oleaceae, 223
Oleales, 223
Oligoneuron, 289
Olive Family, 223
Onion, 73
Onion Family, 73
Onopordon, 312
Onosmodium, 242
Opulaster, 146
Opuntia, 199
Opuntiaceae, 199
Opuntiales, 199
Orache, 110
Orange-grass, 192
Orange-root, 120
Orchard-grass, 32
Orchidaceae, 83
Orchidales, 83
Orchid Family, 83
Origanum, 252
Ornithogalum, 75
Orobanchaceae, 265
Orontium, 66 "
Orpine Family, 141
Oryzopsis, 22
Osier, 93
Ostrya, 96
Oswego-tea, 251
Over-cup oak, 100
OXALIDACEAE, 173
Ox-eye, 303
Ox-eye daisy, 309
Ox-tongue, 317
Oxycoccus, 220
Oxypolis, 213
Oyster-plant, 317
Padus, 158
Painted-cup, 264
Pale-dock, 105
Pale indian-plantain, 310
Palemoniaceae, 236
Panax, 207
Pandanales, 3
Panic-grass, 14
Panicularia, 33
Panicum, 14
Pansy, 198
Papaver, 128
Papaveraceae, 128
Papaverales, 128
Papaw, 125
Paper-mulberry, 103
Pappoose-root, 127
Papyrius, 103
Parietaria, 102
Parthenium, 303
Parthenocissus, 188
Parsnip,
Cow, 213
Meadow, 210, 212
Water, 212
Wild, 213
Parsonsia, 202
Partridge-berry. 271
Partridge-pea, 159
Paspalum, 13
Passiflora, 199
Passifloraceae, 199
PassifloraleSj 198
Passion-flower, 199
Passion-flovfer Family,
199
Pastinaca, 213
INDEX.
331
Pasture thistle, 311
Paulownia, 259
Pea
'Butterfly, 169
Hoary, 164
Milk, 169
Pea Family, 160
Pea-vine, 170
Peach, 157
Common, 157
Peach-leaved dock, 105
Peanut,
Hog, 169
Pear, 153
Common, 153
Prickly, 199
Pearlwort, 114
Pedicularis, 264
Pellitory, 102
Pencil-flower, 165
Penny-cress, 132
Pennyroyal, 252
American, 252
Bastard, 246
False, 246
Mock. 252
Pennywort, 208, 226
Marsh, 20S
Water, 208
Penthoraceae, 141
Penthorum, 142
Pentstemon, 259
Pepper-grass, 132
Peppermint, 256
Pepperidge, 206
Peramium, 88
Perfumed-cherry, 157
Perilla. 256
Periwinkle, 228
Persicaria, 106
Persimmon, 223
Perularia, 86
Petty-spurge, 180
Petunia, 240
Phacelia, 235
Phalaris, 20
Pharbitis, 233
Phaseohis, 169
Philadelphus, 144
Philotria. 8
Phleum, 24
Phlox, 236
Blue, 236
Phlox Family, 236
Phoradendron, 269
Phyrma, 244
Phrymaceae, 244
Phyla, 244
Phyllanthus, 178
Physalis, 238
Physalodes, 237
Phytolacca, 112
Phytolaccaceae, 112
Pickerel-weed, 69
Pickerel-weed Family,
68
Pieris, 317
Pigeon-berry, 112
Pigeon-cherry, 157
Pigeon-grape, 187
Pigeon-grass, 18
Pig-nut, 95
Pigweed, 109, 111
Pimpernel, 211, 222
False, 222, 260
Water, 223
PiNACEAE, 1
PiNALES, 1
Pine, 1
Jersey, 2
Pitch, 2
Scrub, 2
Short-leaf, 2
Spruce, 2
Table-mountain, 2
Yellow, 2
White, 2
Pine Family, 1
Pine-needles, 172
Pine -sap, 215
Pineweed, 192
PiNGUICULACEAE, 265
Pink,
Deptford, 116
Ground, 237
Moss, 237
Eose, 225
Wild, 118
Pinus, 1
Pin-oak, 99
Pinweed, 193
Pinxter-flower, 216
PiPERALES, 90
Pipsissewa, 215
Pitch-pine, 2
Pitcher-plant, 140
Plane-tree, 145
Plane-tree Family. 145
Plantaginaceae, 267
Plantaginales, 267
Plantago, 268
Plantain, 268
Common, 269
English, 268
Poor-Kobin 's, 315
Eobin's, 298
Plantain Family, 267
Platanaceae, 145
Platanus, 145
Pleurisy-root, 230
Plum, 157
Wild red, 158
Wild yellow, 158
Plum Family, 156
Plum-grape, 188
Plumeless-thistle, 312
Poa, 32
POACEAE, 9
Poales, 8
Podophyllaceae, 127
Podophyllum, 127
Podostemaceae, 141
Podostemon, 141
Pogonia, 86
Poinsettia, 180
Poison-dogwood, 182
Poison-elder, 182
Poison-hemlock, 210
Poison-iv.y, 182
Poison-oak, 182
Poison-sumac, 182
Poke, 112
Poke-milkweed, 230
PoKEWEED Family, 112
Polanisia, 139
POLEMONALES, 231
Polemonium, 237
Polycodium, 219
Polygala, 176
Fringed, 176
POLYGALACEAE, 176
POLYGALALES, 176
POLYGONACEAE, 104
POLYGONALES, 104
Polygonatum, 77
Polygonum, 105
Polymnia, 302
Polymniastrum, 302
Pondweed, 5
Pondweed Family, 4
Pontederia, 69
Pontederiaceae, 68
Poorman 's weather-glass,
222
Poor-robin's plantain, 315
Poplar, 91
Yellow, 126
Poppy, 128
Corn, 129
Field, 129
Garden, 129
Opium, 129
Prickly, 129
Smooth-fruited, 129
Poppy Family, 128
Populus, 91
Porteranthus, 146
332
INDEX.
Portulaca, 113
PORTULACACEAE, 112
Post-oak, 100
Potamogeton, 4
Potato Family, 237
Potentilla, 149
Poverty-grass, 21
Prairie-willow, 93
Prickly-ash, 175, 207
Northern, 175
Prickly-lettuce, 316
Prickly-pear, 199
Prim, 224
Primrose Family, 221
Primulaceae, 221
Primulales, 220
Prince 's-feather, 107
Prince 's-pine, 215
Privet, 224
Proboscis-flower, 267
Proserpinaca, 205
Prunella, 249
Prunus, 157
Puccoon, 242
Purple-milkweed, 230
Purple-willow, 93
Purslane, 113
Marsh, 202
Milk, 179
Water, 202
Purslane Family, 112
Purslane-speedwell, 262
Pussley, 113
Putty-root, 90
Pyrola, 214
Pyrolaceae, 214
Pyrus, 153
Quamoclit, 232
Queen-of-the-prairie, 151
Quercitron, 99
Quercus, 98
Quick-grass, 37
Quitch-grass, 37
Eabbit-foot clover, 163
Radicula, 133
Eadish, 135
Ragweed, 283, 310
Great, 283
Ragweed Family, 282
Ragwort, 310
Eam's-horn, 267
Ramsted, 258
Ran ALES, 118
Ranunculaceae, 119
Ranunculus, 122
Raphanus, 135
Raspberry, 147
Black, 147
Flowering, 147
Red, 147
Rattle-box, 161
Rattlesnake-grass, 34
Rattlesnake-plantain, 88
Rattlesnake-root, 514
Rattlesnake-weed, 315
Red-birch, 97
Reb-bud, 159
Red-campion, 118
Red-cedar, 3
Red-clover, 163
Red-elm, 104
Red-maple, 185
Red-mulberry, 103
Red-oak, 99
Red-raspberry, 147
Red-root, 186
Red-top, 26
Reed bent-grass, 25
Reed canary-grass, 20
Reed-mace, 3
Rhamnales, 186
Rhamnus, 186
Rhexia, 201
Rhinanthaceae, 256
Rhododendron, 217
Rhus, 181
Ribes, 144
Rice cut-grass, 20
Richweed, 102
Ricinus, 178
Ridan, 305
Ripple-grass, 268
River-birch, 97
River-bulrush, 42
Riverside-grape, 187
River-weed, 141
RivER-WEED Family, 141
Robinia, 164
Robin 's-plantain, 298'
Rocket, 134
Rock-geranium, 142
Rock-maple, 185
Rock-rose, 192
RocK-ROSE Family, 192
Roman-wormwood, 283
Rosa, 152
ROSACEAE, 145
ROSALES, 140
Rose, 152
Corn, 118
Cotton, 300
Rock, 192
"Wild, 122
Rose Family, 145
Rose-mallow, 190
Rose-mallow,
Halberd-leaved, 190
Swamp, 190
Rose-pink, 225
Rosin-weed, 303
Rotala, 201
Rough-bedstraw, 273
Round-leaved orchis, 85
Rubacer, 147
rubiaceae, 270
Rubiales, 270
Rubus, 147
Rudbeckia, 304
Rue,
Bell, 124
Meadow, 124
Rue-anemone, 122
Rue Family, 175
Ruellia, 265
Rum-cherry, 158
Rumex, 105
Rush, 71
Rush Family, 71
Rush-grass, 24
Rutaceae, 175
Rye-grass, 36
Rynchospora, 46
Sabbatia, 225
Sabina, 3
Sage. 251
Lyre-leaved, 251
Wood, 246
Sagina, 114
Sagittaria, 7
St. Andrew 's-cross, 191
St. John 's-wort, 191
Marsh, 192
Shrubby, 192
St. John 's-wort Family,
190
St. Peter 's-wort, 191
Salicaceae, 90
Salicales, 90
Salix, 91
Salsify, 317
Salvia, 251
Sambueus, 274
Samolus, 222
Sampson 's-snakeroot, 226
Sandalwood Family, 269
Sand-bar willow, 92
Sand-blackberry, 148
Sand-bur, 19
Sand-grape, 187
Sand-grass, 12
Sand-spur, 19
Saud-spurrv, 114
Sandwort, 114, 115
INDEX.
333
Sanguinaria, 128
Sanguisorba, 152
Sanicle, 209
Sanicula, 208
Santalaceae, 269
Santalales, 269
Sapindaceae, 185
Sapindales, 181
Saponaria, 117
Sarothra, 192
Sarraceniaceae, 140
Sarraceniales, 139
Sarsaparilla, 207
Bristly 207
Wild," 207
Sassafras, 20O
Satureia, 252
Saururaceae, 90
Saururus, 90
Savory, 252
Summer, 252
Saxifragaceae, 142
Saxifrage, 142
Early, 142
Golden, 143
Swamp. 142
Saxifrage Family, 142
Scarlet-oak, 99
Scarlet-strawberry, 149
Scarlet-thorn, 156
Schizachyrium, 12
Scirpus, 41
Scleria, 46
Scoke, 112
Scorpion-grass, 241
Scotch-broom, 162
Scotch-thistle, 312
Scrophnlaria, 258
Scrub chestnut-oak, 100
Scrub-pine, 2
Scurvy-grass, 134
Scutellaria, 246
Sedaceae, 141
Sedge, 47
Sedge Family, 38
Sedum, 141
Seedbox 203
Self-heal, 249
Seneca-snakeroot, 177
Senecio, 310
Senna, 159
Wild, 159
Senna Family, 158
Sensitive-pea, 159
Sensitive-plant, 159
Wild, 159
Sericocarpus, 292
Service-berry, 154
Sesame-grass, 12
Shag-bark hickory, 95
Sheepberry, 275
Sheep-laurel, 217
Sheep-sorrel, 105
Shell-bark, 95
Shepherd 's-purse, 132
Shepherd 's weather-glass,
222
Sherardia, 273
Shin-leaf, 214
Shining-willow, 92
Shooting-star, 222
Short-leaf pine, 2
Showy-orchis, 84, 85
Shrubby-althaea, 190
Shrubby-bittersweet, 184
Shrubby St. John's-wort
192
Sicyos, 279
Sideritis, 247
Side-saddle-flower, 140
Silene, 117
Silkweed, 229
Common, 230
Silky-cornel, 206
Silphium, 302
Silver-leaved poplar, 91
Silver-maple, 185
Simaroubaceae, 175
Sinapis, 135
Sisymbrium, 133
Sisyrinchium, 82
Slum, 212
Skullcap, 246
Mad-dog, 247
Skunk-cabbage, 66
Sleepy-catchfly, 117
Slippery-elm, 104
Slough-grass, 29
Small-flowered crowfoot,
123
Smilacaceae, 79
Smilax, 79
Smilax Family, 79
Smooth-azalea, 217
Smooth-gooseberry, 145
Smooth-winterberry, 183
Smooth yellow-violet, 197
Snakehead, 259
Snakeroot,
Black, 120
Button, 288
Sampson's, 226
Seneca, 177
Virginia, 279
White, 287
Snapdragon, 258
Sneezeweed, 308
Snow-berry, 275
Soapberry Family, 185
Soapwort, 117
Soapwort-gentian, 226
Solanaceae, 237
Solanum, 239
Solidago, 290
Solomon 's-seal, 77
Sonchus, 316
Sorghastrum, 13
Sorrel, 105
Field, 105
Sheep, 105
Sour-cherry, 158
Sourgrass, 174
Sour-gum, 206
Southern yellow-birch, 97
Sow-thistle, 316
Sparganiaceae, 4
Sparganium, 4
Spartina, 28
Spathyema, 65
Spear-grass, 52
Spearmint, 256
Spearwort,
Creeping, 123
Water-plantain, 123
Specularia, 281
Speedwell, 261
Common, 262
Corn, 261
Field, 261
Ivy-leaved, 261
Marsh, 262
Purslane, 262
Thyme-leaved, 262
Water, 262
Spermatophyta, 1
Sphenopholis, 31
Spice-bush, 200
Spiderwort, 68
Spiderwort Family, 67
Spike-grass, 32
Spikenard, 207
Spike-rush, 43
Spindle-tree, 183
Spiraea, 146
Spirodela, 66
Splatter-dock, 126
Spondiaceae, 181
Spoon-wood, 217
Sporobolus, 24
Spotted-cowbane, 211
Spotted-wintergreen, 215
Spring-beauty, 113
Spring-cress, 137
Spruce-pine, 2
Spurge 179
Caper, 180
Cypress, 180
334
INDEX.
Spurge,
Flowering, 179
Myrtle, 180
Petty, 180
Spurge Family, 178
Squaw-huckleberry, 219
Squaw-root, 266
Squaw-weed, 310
Squirrel-corn, 130
Stachys, 250
Staff-tree, 184
Staff-tree Family, 183
Stagger-bush, 218
Staphylea, 184
Staphyleaceae, 184
Star-cucumber, 280
Star-flower, 221
Star-grass, 80
Star-of -Bethlehem, 75
Star-thistle, 312
Starry-campion, 117
Starwort, 115
Steeple-bush, 146
Steironema, 222
Stenauthium, 70
Stenophyllus, 45
Stitehwort, 115
Stick-weed, 241
Stinging-neetle, 101
Stipa, 21
Stone-clover, 163
Stoneerop, 141
Mossy, 141
Stone-root, 256
Stork 's-bill, 172
Stramonium, 240
Strawberry, 149
American wood, 149
Barren, 150
European wood, 149
Indian, 149
Scarlet, 149
Yellow, 149
Strawberry-bush, 183
Strobus, 2
Strophostyles, 170
Sturshum, 133
Stylipus, 150
Stylosanthes, 165
Sugarberry, 104
Sugar-grape, 187
Sugar-maple, 185
Sugar-tree, 185
Sumac, 181
Dwarf, 182
Poison, 182
Smooth, 182
Staghorn, 182
Sumac Family, 181
Summer-grape, 187
Summer-savory, 252
Sundew, 139
Sundew Family, 139
Sundrops, 204
Sunflower, 305
Sunflower-tree, 224
Svida, 206
Swamp beggar-ticks, 307
Swamp-blueberry, 220
Swamp-buttercup, 124
Swamp-hickory, 95
Swamp-honeysuckle, 216
Swamp-loosestrife, 202
Swamp-maple, 185
Swamp-milkweed, 230
Swamp rose-mallow, 190
Swamp-saxifrage, 142
Swamp Spanish-oak, 99
Swamp-thistle, 311
Swamp white-oak, 100
Sweet-alyssum, 136
Sweet-bay, 125
Sweet-birch, 97
Sweet-blueberry, 220
Sweetbrier, 153
Sweet-cherry, 158
Sweet-cicely, 209
Sweet-clover, 162
Sweet-fern, 93
Sweet-flag, 66
Sweet-scai)ious, 299
Sweet-scented bedstraw,
273
Sweet vernal-grass, 21
Sweet-violet, 197
Sweet-william, 237
Wild, 237
Sweet-william catchfly,
117
Sycamore, 145
Symphoricarpus, 275
Symphytum, 242
Syndesmon, 121
Synosma, 310
Syntherisma, 13
Table-mountain pine, 2
Taenidia, 211
Talinum, 113
Tall meadow-rue, 124
Tall oat-grass, 28
Tall red-top, 30
Tamaceae, 81
Tanacetum, 309
Tansy, 309
Tape-grass, 8
Tape-grass Family, 7
Tare. 170
Tea, New Jersey, 186
Oswego, 251
Tear-thumb, 108
Teasel, 278
Wild, 278
Teasel Family, 278
Tetragoniaceae, 112
Teucrium, 246
Thalesia, 266
Thalictrum, 124
Thaspium, 212
Thimbleberry, 147
Thin-grass, 26
Thistle, 311
Canada, 311
Common, 312
Cotton, 312
Musk, 312
Pasture, 311
Plumeless, 312
Scotch, 312
Sow, 316
Star, 312
Swamp, 311
Yellow, 312
Thistle Family, 283
Thlaspi, 132
Thorn,
Cockspur, 156
Scarlet, 156
Washington, 156
Thorn-apple, 240
Thorny-amaranth, 111
Thorough-wax, 210
Thoroughwort, 286
Three-seeded mercury, 178
Thyme, 253
Creeping, 253
Thymeleales, 199
Thyme-leaved speedwell,
262
Thymus, 253
Tickseed, 306
Tick-trefoil, 165
Tilia, 188
Tiliaceae, 188
Tiliales, 69
Timothy, 24
Tinker 's-weed, 275
Tissa, 113
Tithymalopsis, 179
Tithymalus, 179
Toad-flax, 258
Bastard, 270
Blue 258
Tobacco, 2
Indian, 282
Ladies', 300
Toothache-tree, 175-207
INDEX.
335
Toothwort, 138
Touch-me-not, 174
Tovara, 106
Toxicodendron, 182
Tracaulon, 108
Tradescantia, 68
Tragopogon, 317
Trailing-arbutus, 217
Tree-of-heaven, 176
Trefoil, 162
Bird's-foot, 164
Tick, 165
Triadenum, 192
Trichostema, 246
Tridens, 29
Trientalis, 221
Trilliaceae, 78
Trillium, 78
Trillium Family, 78
Triosteum. 275
Triphora, 87
Tripsacum, 11
Trisetum, 27
Trumpet-creeper, 267
Trumpet-creeper Fam-
ily, 266
Trumpet-flower, 267
Trumpet-honeysuckle, 276
Trumpet-leaf, 140
Tsuga, 2
Tulip-tree, 126
Tumble-mustard, 134
Tumble-weed, 111
Tupelo, 206
Turnip, 135
Turtle-head, 259
Twayblade, 88
Twig-rush, 46
Twin-berry, 271
Two-leaved Solomon's-
seal, 77
Typhaceae, 3
TJlmaceae, 103
Ulmus, 104
Umbrella-tree, 125
Unicorn-plant, 267
Unicorn-plant Family,
267
Unifolium, 77
Uniola, 32
Upland-boneset, 288
Urtiea, 101
Urticaceae, 101
Urticales, 100
Urticastrum, 101
Utricularia, 265
Uvularia, 77
Vacciniaceae, 218
Vaccinium, 219
Vagnera, 76
Valerian, 277
Greek, 237
Valeriana, 277
Valerian ACEAE, 277
Valerian ALES, 276
Valerian Family, 277
Valerianella, 277
Validallium, 74
Vallisneria, 8
Velvet-grass, 27
Velvet-leaf, 189
Venus' looking-glass, 281
Veratrum, 70
Verbascum, 257
Verbena, 243
Blue, 244
European, 244
Hoary, 244
White, 244
Verbenaceae, 243
Verbesina, 303
Vernonia, 286
Veronica, 261
Vervain, 243
Vervain Family, 243
Vetch, 170
Spring, 170
Vetehling, 170
Viburnum, 274
Vicia, 170
Vinca, 228
Vincetoxicum, 231
Viola, 193
Violaceae, 193
Violet, 193
Birdfoot, 195
Canada, 198
Downy yellow, 197
English, 197
Green, 198
Long-spurred, 198
Smooth yellow, 197
Sweet, 197
Violet Family, 193
Violet wood-sorrel, 173
Viper 's-bugloss, 243
Virginia-cowslip, 241
Virginia-creeper, 188
Virginia-snakeroot, 279
Virginia-stonecrop
Family, 14
Virgin 's-bower, 124
Vitaceae, 186
Vitis, 187
Waahoo. 183
Wahoo, 188
Wake-robin, 78
Waldsteinia, ]50
Wall-cress, 134
Walnut, 94
Walnut Family 94
Wampee, 7
Wartweed, 180
Washingtonia, 209
Washington-thorn. 156
Water-carpet, 143
Water-cress, 133
Water-hemlock, 211
Water hoarhound, 254
Water-leaf, 235
Water-leaf Family, 235
Water-lily, 127
Water-lily Family, 126
Water-milfoil Family,
205
Water-oats, 19
Water-parsnip, 212
Water-pennywort, 208
Water-pepper, 107
Water-pimpernel, 223
Water-plantain, 7
Water-plantain Family,
7
Water-plantain spearwort,
123
Water-purslane, 202
Water-shield, 126
Water-shield Family,
126
Water-smartweed, 107
Water-speedwell, 262
Water star-grass, 68
Water-starwort, 181
Water- star^vort Fam-
ily, 181
Water-weed, 8
Water-willow, 202, 26-5
Wax-myrtle, 94
Waxwork, 184
Weather-glass, 222
Poor-man 's, 222
Shepherd's, 222
Weeping-willow. 92
Wheat-grass, 37
White-campion, 118
White-clover, 163
White-daisy. 309
White-elm, 104
White-grass, 20
White-heart hickorv, 95
White-lettuce, 314 ' '
White-maple, 185
White-melilot, 162
White-mulberry, 103
336
INDEX.
"White-miillen, 257
White-oak, 100
White-pine, 2
White-poplar, 91
W^hite-snakeroot, 287
White-thorn, 155
White-topped aster, 292
White-verbena, 244
White-walnut, 94
White water-crowfoot, 122
White-willow, 92
White-wood, 126, 188
A\1iitlow-grass, 137
Whitlow-wort Family,
111
Wicky, 217
Wild balsam-apple, 279
Wild-bergamot, 252
Wild black-cherry, 158
Wild black-currant, 144
Wild-carrot, 213
Wild-cherry, 158
Wild-chess, 35
Wild-coffee, 275
Wild-comfrey, 241
Wild-cranesbill, 172
Wild-elder, 207
Wild-garlic, 74
Wild-geranium, 3 71
Wild-ginger, 278
Wild-indigo, 161
Wild-leek, 74
Wild-lettuce, 315
Wild-liquorice, 272
Wild-marjoram, '253
Wild oat-grass, 28
W^ild-onion, 74
Wild-parsnip, 213
Wild-pink, 118
Wild potato-vine, 233
Wild-rasin, 275
Wild red-cherry, 157
Wild red-plum, 158
Wild-rice, 19
Wild-rose, 122
Wild-rye, 37
Wild-sarsaparilla, 207
Wild-senna, 159
Wild sensitive-plant, 159
Wild-spikenard, 76
Wild sweet-william, 237
Wild-teasel, 278
Wild water-pepper, 107
Wild yam-root, 81
Wild yellow-plum, 158
Willow, 91
Black, 92
Dwarf gray, 93
Glaucous, 93
Prairie, 93
Purple, 93
Sand-bar, 92
Shining, 92
Water, 202
Weeping, 92
White, 92
Willow Family, 90
Willow-herb, 203
Willow-oak, 99
Wineberry, 148
Winterberry, 182
Smooth, 97
Winter-cress, 134
Winter-grape, 18'7
Wintergreen, 214, 218
Flowering, 176
Spotted, 215
WlXTERGREEN FAMILY,
214
Wire-grass, 21
Witch-elm. 144
Witch-hazel, 144
Witch-hazel Family,
144
Witherod, 275
Wood-anemone, 121
Wood-betony, 264
Woodbine, 188
Wood-grass, 13
Wood-lettuce, 315
Wood-nettle, 101
Wood reed-grass, 25
Wood-rush, 73
Wood-sage, 246
Wood-sorrel, 173
Violet, 173
Yellow, 174
Wood-sorrel Family, 173
Wormseed, 110
Wormseed-mustard, 135
Xanthium, 283
Xyridaceae, 67
Xyridales, 67
Xyris, 67
Yam Family, 81
Yard-grass, 29
Yarrow, 308
Yellow-alyssum, 136
Yellow-barked oak, 99
Yellow-bedstraw, 272
Yellow-cress, 133
Yellow-daisy, 304
Yellow-eyed grass, 67
Yellow- EYED grass
Family, 67
Yellow-flax, 173
Yellow hop-clover, 163
Yellow-melilot, 162
Yellow-oak, 100
Yellow-pine, 2
Yellow pond-lily, 126
Yellow-poplar, 126
Yellow-strawberry, 149
Yellow-thistle, 312
Yellow wood-sorrel, 174
Yucca, 78
Yucca Family, 77
Zannichelliaceae, 4
Zanthox;ylum, 175
Zizania, 19
Zizia, 210
Zosterella, 68
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