A FLORA
OP
NORTH AMERICA,
FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA:
CONTAINING
ABRIDGED DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE KNOWN INDIGENOUS AND
NATURALIZED PLANTS GROWING NORTH OF MEXICO;
ARRANGED ACCORDING TO
THE NATURAL SYSTEM.
B Y
JOHN TORREY, M. D., F. L. S., «fec.,
MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL ACADEMY NATURE CCRIOSORUM, ETC., AND PROFESSOR
OF CHEMISTRY AND BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF
THE STATE OF NEW-YOEK ;
AND
ASA GRAY, M. D.,
MEMBER OP THE IMPERIAL ACADEMY NATURES: CURIOSOBUM, ETC. ETC.,
PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
VOL. L
COMPRISING THE POLYPET.iLOVS DIVISION OF THE
DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
NEW-YORK:
WILEY 6c PUTNAM.
London : ^Viley & Putnam, 35 Paternoster Row.
Paris : Bossange & Co. 11 Quai Voltaire.
1838-1840.
NEW YORK
V.
Entered according to an act of Congress, in the year 1940, by
WILEY & PUTNAM,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New-York.
PRINTED BY J. P. WRIGHT,
19 New street, N. Y.
■ *■%»>
T O
SIR WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER, K. H., LL. D„
REGIUS PROFESSOR f»F BOTAKY IN THE U>-IVERSITV OF GLASGOW, F.TC, F.TC,
WHOSE NAME IS IDENTIFIED WITH
NORTH A3IERICAN BOTANY,
THIS WORK,
WHICH IS GREATLY INDEBTED TO HIS GENEROUS ENCOURAGEMENT,
IS MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICAT'eD
BY HIS OBLIOED FRIENDS,
THE AUTHORS.
O* The first part of this Volume (to page 184) was published in July, 1838
the second (to page 360) in October, 1838 : the remainder in June, 1840.
PREFACE.
The first volume of this work having been at length comple-
ted, the authors have to perform the pleasing duty of offering
their acknowledgments to their numerous friends and corres-
pondents who have rendered important assistance to their
arduous undertaking.
To Sir William Hooker, than whom perhaps no person has
^ done more for the advancement of North American Botany, we
~ are largely indebted, not only for the opportunity of consulting
'^^ his rich herbarium and excellent library under the most
■a"i favorable circumstances, on two different occasions, but for the
generous communication of a great number of authentic speci-
^ mens of the plants described in the Flora Boreali- Americana, the
Botany of Capt. Beechey^s Voyage, and other works, selected
^ from the collections made in the Northern land expeditions of
''' Capt. Sir John Franklin, those of the Arctic voyages of discovery,
Lij and especially from those made in Oregon, the Rocky Mountains,
&c. by the late Mr. Drummond, the late indefatigable Douglas,
^ Mr. Tolmie, and others. To Dr. Richardson we are directly
J indebted for many plants collected by himself in Capt. Frankhn's
(A first expedition to the shores of the Arctic Sea ; and to Dr. now
Professor Scouler, for a collection of Oregonplants.
To INIr. Brown our acknowledgments are due for the unre-
^ strained opportunity of consulting the Banksian herbarium, as
QQ well as the herbaria of Clayton, Catesby, Plukenet, and the other
V/ collections in his charge at the British Museum ; and to Mr.
O Bennett, the Assistant Curator, and Secretary of the Linnsean
VIU PEEFACE,
Society, who by his kind attention greatly facihtated our
labor.
We are under deep obligations to Mr. Bentham, for much
important information, for the privilege of consulting his rich
herbarium, for many rare American plants, and especially for a
very full set of the plants collected by the late Mr. Douglas in
Oregon and California, w^hich w^ere confided to him, as Secretary
of the London Horticultural Society, for distribution.
To Dr. LiNDLEY we are indebted for the opportunity of con-
sulting his very large herbarium, for many authentic specimens,
and for valuable suggestions.
To Dr. Arnott our thanks are due for much very important
information, many valuable contributions to our herbaria, and
for the privilege of consulting his own excellent herbarium.
To Prof. Don, for very obliging assistance in the examination
of the Linnsean herbarium.
To Mr. Lambert, for the facilities afforded us in examining
the plants of Pursh, Bradbury, Mr. Nuttall, &c. which form a
part of his very large collection.
To Dr. BooTT, for kind assistance in the determination of
the species of several difficult genera.
To Mr. Fraser, for the privilege of examining the herbarium
of Walter in his possession.
To Prof. Adrien de Jussieu, for the opportunity of consulting
his own herbarium, and that of his distinguished father, which is
authentic for many species of Lamarck, Poiret, &c. : to his kind
offices also, as well as to Mr. Decaisne, Assistant Botanist in the
Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, we are indebted for many
facilities in consulting the vast collections of that establishment,
comprising the herbarium of Michaux, and many others of much
interest to the North American Botanist.
To Baron Benjamin Delessert, for access to his immense
herbarium and very complete botanical library.
To Mr. P. Barker-Webb, for obliging assistance in the exami-
nation of the North American plants of the herbarium of Des-
fontaines, and the other collections which are incorporated in his
vast herbarium. Also to Mr. Spach, of the Jardine des Plantes,
PREFACE. IX
for specimens of many North American plants cultivated in that
establishment.
To Prof. De Canuolle of Geneva, for the important privilege
of freely consulting his large herbarium through all the families
which are now published in his Prodromus, and for duplicates
of many interesting plants of the Order Composita:.
To Dr. E.vdlicheu, Curator, and Dr. Fenzl, Assistant Curator
of the Imperial herbarium at Vienna, for assistance in consulting
that rich collection.
To Dr. VoN Martius of Munich, and to Prof. Zuccarini, for
access to the Royal Collections and Garden under their charge.
To Prof. Schlechtendal of Halle, for the privilege of consult-
ing his own herbarium, as well as that of Schkuhr, of which he
has charge, and for the communication of an interesting set of
Mexican plants.
To Dr. Klotszcii, the Curator of the Royal herbarium at
Berlin, for the greatest attention in facilitating the examination
of the herbarium of Willdenow and the other rich collections of
that establishment ; and for his aid in procuring for us specimens
of American plants from the Botanic Garden.
To Prof. KuNTH of Berlin, for the opportunity of consulting
his herbarium, with the view of comparing several IVorth Ameri-
can plants with species from Mexico and New Spain collected
by Baron Humboldt.
To Dr. Trinius and M. Bongard, of the Imperial Acad-
emy of Sciences of St. Petersburg, for the communication of
many plants from Russian North America and the adjacent
Islands.
To Prof. Lehmann of Hamburgh, for the privilege of examin-
ing the genera Potentilla, GEnothera, &c. in his herbarium, and
for many very interesting specimens in these and other genera t
also for a small collection of Greenland plants, made for the
most part by the younger Vahl.
To Mr. Nuttall we are indebted for a nearly complete
suite of the plants collected during his recent journey across the
Rocky Mountains to Oregon and Califol-nia, accompanied with
manuscript descriptions of the new genera and species : also for
B
X PREFACE.
a portion of the plants collected during his travels in Arkansas
in the year 1819.
Our acknowledgments are also due to the Botanical Com-
mittee of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
who have obligingly afforded us every facility in consulting the
large herbarium of that Society, which includes that of the late
Mr. Von Schw^einitz, and the chief collections of Mr. Nuttall.
To the urbanity of Mr. Vaughan, the Librarian of the Ameri-
can Philosophical Society, we are indebted for the opportunity
of examining the botanical collections in the custody of that
Society, comprising the herbarium of Muhlenberg, and that of
the late Professor Benjamin Smith Barton, which appears to
have been formed by Pursh, and contains many of his plants.
To the daughter of the lamented Elliott, we desire to
express our thanks for kindly entrusting to our charge a portion
of her late father's herbarium ; and also to Prof. Bachman and
Prof. GiBBEs of Charleston, South Carolina, who kindly select-
ed and transmitted to us the specimens which we desired.
To Mr. B. D. Greene of Boston, for the loan of a very
complete set of the plants collected by the late Mr. Drummond
in Texas.
To our numerous correspondents in different parts of the
country, who have from time to time furnished us with valuable
collections and observations, our limits will only allow us to
offer our acknowledgments in general terms. Their names
frequently occur throughout the pages of this work, where we
have endeavored faithfully to indicate the sources from which
our specimens have been derived, as fully as the plan of the
work would permit. But whenever a species has been received
from several correspondents, and from different sections of the
country, we are obliged, in most cases, to omit the citation of
particular locaUties, and to give as nearly as possible its geo-
graphical range. Additional specimens of many rare plants
described in this volume have also been received since the
Orders to which they belong were printed ; and we have only
space to notice the more important of these accessions in the
Supplement, this volume having already extended much beyond
PREFACK. XI
its intended limits. Wc would therefore, at present, briefly
state, that wc arc indebted to the following persons,, to many of
them very largely, for the plants of particular districts, accom-
panied in many instances by valuable notes and observations,
viz :
To Prof. BiGELow, Mr. B. D. Greene, and Mr. Edward
TucKERMAN, Jr. of Bostou, Mr. Oakes of Ipswich, Dr. Jacob
Porter of Plainficld, and Mr. T. A. Green of New-Bedford,
Massachusetts, Prof. Hitchcock of Amherst College, as well as
to Prof. Emmons, late of Williams College, and Prof. Dewey, late
of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, for plants from various portions of
that state as well as of Maine and New-Hampshire.
To Dr. Barratt of Middletown, Connecticut, for the plants
of that neighborhood, and also from the White Mountains of
New Hampshire, &c. : also to Prof. Tully, of Yale College,
for some interesting plants.
For plants of the State of New York, to Dr. Stevenson of
Cambridge, Washington County, Dr. Bradley of Monroe Coun-
ty, Dr. H. P. Sartwell of Penn Yan, Yates County, Mr. David
Thomas of Cayuga County, Dr. Crawe of Jefferson County, Dr.
AiKiN formerly of Troy, Prof. Lewis C. Beck formerly of Al-
bany, Mr. A. J. Downing of Newburgh, Prof. Bailey of West
Point Military Academy, and to Mr. Wm. Cooper, Mr. Abraham
Halsey, Prof. Eaton, Mr. R. J. Brownne, and Mr. John Carey,
of New York ; many of whom have also furnished us with
plants from different portions of the United States.
For those of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, &c. our chief
contributors are Dr. Pickering and Mr. Durand of Philadelphia,
and Dr. Darlington of West Chester, Pennsylvania. From
Virginia, a small collection has been received from the Rev. Prof.
Ruffner.
For plants from North Carolina we are chiefly indebted to
the Rev. Mr. M. O. Curtis, to the late Mr. Von Schweinitz^
from whom we also received many plants from other parts of
the United States, and to the late Mr. Croom, who also made
very interesting collections in Florida.
From South Carolina and Georgia we have received interest-
Xll PnEFACE.
ing contributions from the late Mr. Elliott, Major Le Contb,
the late Mr. Lewis Le Cpnte, Professor Gibbes of Charleston,
Dr. BoYKiN,now of Columbia, Georgia, the late Dr. H. Loomis
of Macon, and Dr. Bacon of St. Mary's, Georgia,
From Middle Florida, Dr. A. W. Chapman of Mariana has
very fully supplied us with the plants of that region, and many
have also been comniunicated by Dr. Alexander ; while from
Southern and Eastern Florida we have received interesting
collections from Dr. Leavenworth, Dr. Burrows, Dr. Hulse,
and Lieut, Alden of the United States Army ; and Dr. John
F. Baltzell has sent many specimens from Apalachicola. A
portion of the plants collected by the late Dr. Baldwin were
communipated to us through the late Mr. Schweimtz ; but his
original herbarium is incorporated in tliat of the Academy of
Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. The Rev. Mr. Bennett of
Geneseo, New York, presented us with many plants collected
by himself during a residence at Key West, and we have re-
ceived a nearly complete and excellent set of the plants of that
island from Mr. J. L. Blodgett, which however reached us at
too late a period to receive notice in this volume.
From Alabama we have a large number of plants collected by
Dr. Gates ; and others have been received through the kindness
of Dr. Fletcher and Dr. Jewett of Mobile.
From Louisiana the chief contributions have been received
.from Dr. Ing alls of New Orleans, Dr. Riddell of New Orleans
(from whom we have also received many plants of Ohio), Dr.
Hale of Alexandria, and Prof. Carpenter of Jackson. From
this State, and also from Arkansas and the borders of Texas, we
have received interesting collections from Dr. Leavenworth :
and Dr. Pitcher of Detroit, formerly of the United States Army,
furnished us with a very rniportant suite of Arkansas plants.
From Tennessee, Dr, Currey has sent us interesting plants :
from Kentucky we have received excellent and extensive col-
lections from Prof Short, Dr. Peter, and from the late Mr. H.
H. Eaton : from this State also, and from other districts, we
have received many specimens from Mr. RAFiNEsauE.
From Illinois, Mr. Buckley has sent us large collections ; and
PREFACE. xiii
to him we are al^o indebted for many plants from the mountains
of Virginia, and from Alabama.
From Indiana, Dr. Clapp of New Albany has supplied us with
many interesting plants.
From Ohio, Mr. T. G. Lea, Mr. Wm. S. Sullivant, Mr.
John Samples, and Dr. Paddock, are the chief contributors.
From Michigan, Dr. Houghton and Dr. Wright have fur-
nished us with numerous plants : to the former we are under ad-
ditional obligations for a parcel of plants collected towards the
sources of the Mississippi. From the same region we have an
interesting collection made by Major D. B. Dou<3lass during the
Expedition of Gov. Cass.
To Dr. Pitcher we are also indebted for many plants collected
in the northern part of Michigan, the shores of Lake Superior, &c.
From Milwaukie, Wisconsin Territory, we have received a col-
lection of plants from Dr. Lapham. To Dr. Holmes of Mon-
treal, Mrs. Percival, Mr. and Mrs. Sheppard, and Mr. McCrae,
we are indebted for numerous plants from Canada.
The collection made by Dr. Edwin James in Major Long's
Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, of which an account has
been given in the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History,
has been very useful to us.
The authors venture to hope that their obliging correspondents
will still continue to render their assistance in the farther prose-
cution of this work, by sending the rarer plants of their res-
pective districts, with such notes and observations as they may
deem important.
Since the publication of the earlier portions of this volume, our
opportunities for examining the herbaria of original authors have
been very much extended ; and the necessary corrections and
changes we have been obliged to make on this account, together
with some additions from works recently published and from
materials since received, are given in the appended Supplement.
We trust these investigations will give this work an important
value in respect to the authenticity of the specific names, and that
future changes of the kind will not be to any considerable extent
necessary.
XIV PREFACE.
A complete index of the genera and species, and an enumera-
tion of all the works which relate to North American Botany, or
are cited in this work, will be given with the concluding volume,
and likewise, if space permit, some general observations respect-
ing the geographical distribution of North American plants.
A connected notice of those plants which are important on ac-
count of their active or medicinal properties or economical uses,
will also be added.
New-York, June 1st, 1840.
*** The exclamation point is used after the manner in which it is employed
by De Candolle and other modern botanists, to indicate that we have seen an
authentic specimen of the author, or from the locahty cited. When the dash is
omitted after the character of a species, the description is derived from the author
whose name immediately follows : when the dash is inserted, wc are alone respon-
sible for the description. The abbreviations of the names and works of authors
are mostly those in common use, and will be generally understood : they will,
however, be fully explained at the close of the work.
ERRATA,
Page 9, line 28, {ot ^ parviflor a, ^ read pauci flora.
" 17, " 11 from bottom, for ' FallassiV read Pallasii,
" 27, " G, add t. 17.
" 33, lines 22 & 34, for ' petals,' read sepals.
" 41, line 1, for 20, read 21.
" 54, " 11, for ' Ovary,' read Stigma.
" 62, " 9, for 1677, read 1948.
" 76, " 15, <ZeZe 'the leaves.'
" 80, " 8, after ' stem erect,' add ' leaves.'
" 101, " 18, dele the exclamation point after ' Drummond.''
" " " 21, for ' stipulate' read stipitate.
"116, " 5 from bottom, for ' Forula,' read Florula.
" 135, " 11, dele ' more.'
" 141, " 20, for 9, read 79.
" 156, " 7, for 55, read 555.
" 157, " 20, for ' the preceding species,' read Cnix-Andreae.
" 194, " 16, for ' CuphcEa,' read Cuphea.
"223, " 11 {rom bottom, for ^ Schweintz,' read Schweinitz.
" 257, " 17, for ' Willd.' read Linn.
" 263, " 31, for ' coU. 2.' read coll. 3.
" " " 40, for ' E. Miehauxii,' read S. Michauxii.
" 265, " 18 from bottom, ) ^ . . ,
" 268, " 8 from top, \ ^"' P^?^^' '""^ P^PP^"^'
" 289, " 6, for 9, read 10.
" " " 27, for 11, read 14. The succeeding genera are incorrectly num-
bered.
" 309, " 19, for 'leaves' read leaflets.
" 320, " 2 from bottom, add ' Nutt.'
" 327, " 17 from bottom, for ' L. scriceus,' read H. Purshiana.
" 328, " 8, for ' monadelphous,' read diadelphous,
"'329, " 11, {or ^ pauciflora^ read paucijlorus.
" " " 35, for 739, read 474.
" 331, " 30, for 451, read 150.
" 360, " 17 from bottom, /or ' glabrous' reaeZ scabrous.
" 388, " 4 from bottom, for ' emargniate' read emarginate^
"411, " 4 from bottom, for ' iZici/oZJus' read j7fci/bZfa.
" 507, " 25, for ' acaulis' read subacauhs.
FLORA
NORTR AMERICA
I. CORMOPHYTA. Endlicher.
Dicotyledones, Monocotyledones, and Acotyledones in partj Juss.
Plants consisting of a root and stem growing in op-
posite directions, composed of regular cellular tissue
traversed (except in the very lowest forms) by woody
fibre and vessels. Stem increasing in size either at the
apex and circumference simultaneously, or at the apex
solely, producing huds^ and (with few^ exceptions) dis-
tinct leaves at definite points and in regular order : the
cuticle usually furnished with stomata. Propagation
effected by means oi Jioiocrs and seeds in the higher
forms, and of spoi'es in the lower.
Class I. EXOGENOUS OR DICOTYLEDONOUS
PLANTS.
Flowering plants.— Stem with a distinct bark and pith, sepa-
rated from each other by an interposed zone consisting of woody
fibre, ducts, and spiral vessels : increase in diameter effected by
the successive deposition, between the old wood and the bark, of
new woody and cortical matter, which in perennial trunks is
usually arranged in concentric zones, and traversed by medullary-
rays. Leaves furnished with stomata, commonly articulated with
the stem, their veins branching and reticulated. Floral enve-
1
2 ANALYSIS OF POLYPETALOUS ORDERS.
LOPES commonly arranged in a quinary (sometimes binary or
quaternary, but very rarely in a ternary) manner, sometimes in-
complete or wanting. Ovules enclosed in a pericarp, fertilized
by the action of pollen through the medium of a stigma, and
finally becoming seeds. Embryo with 2 (rarely more) opposite
cotyledons ; the radicle in germination elongating directly into a
root.
Section I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.
Thalamiflorse and Calyciflorse, DC.
Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter
composed of distinct petals.*
Artificial Analysis of the Polypetalous Exogenous or*
ders, lohich are represented in the Flora of JVorth
America,
I. OVARIES SUPERIOR, OR PARTLY SO.
§ 1. Ovaries more than one, distinct {when in several whorls sometimes
aggregated or coalescent into a mass, but not syncarpous.)
Leaves (emersed ones) centrally peltate. Water-
plants.
Torus turbinate, enclosing the ovaries in sepa-
rate hollows. 9. Nelumeiace^.
Torus inconspicuous. Stamens 6-36. 7. Cabombace;e.
Leaves not centrally peltate.
Stamens numerous.
Ovaries (achenia) enclosed in the subglobose
calyx-tube, numerous.
Leaves opposite, not stipulate. 50. Cai,ycanthace£.
Leaves alternate, stipulate. 49. § Rose^;.
Ovaries not enclosed by the calyx-tube.
Petals and stamens perigynous. 49. RosacejE.
Petals and stamens hypogynous.
.Estivation of the calyx valvate.
Leaves alternate. Stamens monadelphous. 38. Malvace^.
Leaves opposite. Stamens distinct.
.Estivation of the calyx imbricated.
Herbs with acrid juice. Flowers perfect. I. RANUNcuLAnE^.
Climbing shrubs. Flowers small, dicecious. 5. MENispERMACEiE.
Trees or shrubs (bitter and aromatic). —
Flowers large, perfect. Anthers adnate.
Anthers (short) extrorse. Sepals per-
sistent. Albumen ruminated. 3. Anonace^.
Anthers (long) introrse. Albumen solid. 2. Magnoliace^.
* The student should bear in mind that the division of Exogenous plants into
Polypetalaj, Monopetalfe, and Apetalai, however convenient, is in a considerable
degree arbitrary ; and that polypetalous orders often contain apetalous genera and
species ; the petals, moreover, arc occasionally mo^e or less combined.
ANALYSIS OF POLYPETALOUS ORDERS. :{
Stamens ftw (not more than twice the number of
the sepals).
Stamens monadelphous. Moncecious. Leaves
simple, dotted. 4. Schizandrace^e.
Stamens distinct, submoncecious. Leaves com-
pound, dotted. 33. Zanthoxylacea:.
Stamens distinct. Leaves not dotted.
Leaves stipulate. Stamens perigynous. 49. Rosacea.
Leaves not stipulate.
Carpels 1-seeded utriculi : styles united. 30. LiMNANTUACE^.t
Carpels 1-seeded, woody : styles from the
base. 64. Surianace«.
Carpels 1-seedcd, drupaceous, incurved. 5. MeKispermace^.
Carpels follicular.
Follicles 1-3-seedcd. Polygamous. 1. RANUNCULACE«.t
Follicles equal in number to the sepals,
several-seeded. 65. Crassolaceje.
Follicles 2 (rarely 3) ; seeds numerous. 66. SAXiFRAGACES.t
§ 2. Ovary solitary, simple {of one carpel).
Anthers (except in Podophyllum) opening by re-
curved valves. Stamens opposite the petals. 6. Berberidace.e.
Anthers not opening by recurved valves.
Corolla papilionaceous or irregular. Leguminous. 48. Leguminos;e.
Corolla (when present) regular.
.Estivation of the sepals and petals valvate. —
Fruit a legume. 48. § Mimose;e.
jEstivation of the sepals valvat©, of the petals
imbricated. Fruit an achcnium. 49. § Sanguisoree^.
JEstivation of the sepals (& petals) imbricated.
Stamens indefinite, perigynous.
Style terminal. 49. Subord. Amygdale.e.
Style lateral. 49. Sulord. Chrysoealane.e.
Stamens indefinite, hypogynous. L RANUNCULACE^.t
Stamens double the number of the sepals.
Leaves multifid. Aquatic. Petals none. 8. Ceratophtllace«.
Leaves compound, dotted. Drupe Qily. 35. Amyridace^.
Stamens the same number as the sepals. —
Drupe dry.* 34. Anacardiace.e.
§ 3. Ovary compound or syncarpous.
* Leaves alternate, or all radical,
t Stamens indefinite, or more than 12.
Placentae parietal.
Sepals 2 (very rarely 3). Juice milky or colored. 12. Papaverace.e.
Sepals 4. Juice watery. 15. Capparidace^e.
Sepals 5 (rarely 3). Petals fugacious. 20. Cistace^.
Sepals 5. Petals marcescent. Stamens all but 5
sterile. 19- Siibord. Parnassie^.
Placentae occupying the whole surface of tlie dis-
sepiments. 10. NlMPH5;ACEiE.
Placentae in the axis.
Stigma peltate, petaleid. Leaves hollow. 11. Sarracemiace.e,
Stigmas not petaloid.
Capsule 1-celled, with a free central placenta. 25. Portulacaceje.
Capsule more than 1-celled.
* Ovary apparently simple, but really compound, as is indicated by the triple
style.
ANALYSIS OF POLYPETALOUS ORDERS.
Leaves compound (1-foliolate), dotted. 30. AuniNTiACEX.
• Leaves simple, not dotted.
^Estivation of the calyx imbricated. 37. Ternstr(Emiaceji:.
.Estivation of the calyx valvate.
Stamens monadclphous : anthers 1-celled. 38. Mai-vace^.
Stamens distinct: anthers 2-celled. 39. Tii.iace.e.
1 1 Stamens more or less definite {not more than 12), but'not equal or dovlle
the nwmler of the sepals.
Anthers opening by terminal pores.
Stamens mon;idelphous : anthers l-celled.
Stamens distinct : anthers 2-celled.
Anthers opening longitudinally.
Sepals 2. Petals 4, irregular, somewhat united.
Sepals 2. Petals 5, regular.
Sepals more than 2.
Placentae in the axis. Stamens 5.
Placentcc parietal.
Capsule of 3-6 carpels, opening at the top.
Capsule 2-valved. Petals and sepals 4.
Pod (silique) 2-celled. Stamens 6, two of
them shortest.
Pod 1-celled. Seeds reniform.
17. Por.TCALACE^E.
17. Subord. Kramerie.c.
13. Fn.MARIACE.gE.
25. porttjlacace^.
29. Eal.saminace.e.
IC. Resedace£.
14. Crucifer^.
15. Capparidace-e.
1 1 1 stamens as many, or twice as many, as the sepals.
Petals twice the number of the sepals. 12. Papaveracej;.+
Petals (when present) as many as sepals, irregular.
Sepals and petals 4. Capsule 1-cclled, 2-valved.
Sepals and petals 5. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved.
Petals as many as the sepals, regular.
Seeds few, (1-2 in each cell).
Ovary half inferior. Stam. opposite the petals.
Stam. (partly sterile) twice
the number of the petals.
Ovary wholly superior, (rarely covered by a disk.)
Stamens twice the number of the petals, dis-
tinct.
^Estivation of the calyx imbricated.
jEstivation of the calyx valvate. Utriculi
distinct.
Stamens twice the number of the petals, mo-
nadelphous.
Carpels 5, 1- seeded : styles cohering to the
elongated axis.
Capsule woody. Seeds winged.
Drupe 5-celled. Seeds wingless.
Stamens as many as, and opposite^the petals —
Disk fleshy.
Calyx minute, hypogynous. Peduncles and
tendrils opposite the leaves.
Calyx perigynous with a valvate aestivation.
Stamens as many as, and alternate with the
petals.
Disk large and flat, perigynous. 40. Celastrace^.
Disk small and nearly hypogynous, or 'none.
Fruit samaroid, 2-celled. Leaves dotted. 33.
Fruit a dry 1-celled drupe. Stigmas 3. 34.
Fruit a 5-10-celled capsule. Stigmas 5. 27.
Seeds numerous.
Placentae parietal (sometimes inflexed nearly to
the axis).
Vernation circinnate. Hairs glandular. 19. Droseraceje.
Vernation not circinnate.
15.
18.
CAPPARIDACE.E.t
VlOLACE.E.
47,
. RHAM.VACEiE.
67
. Hamamelaceje;
45,
, Sapindace.e.
30.
Ll.MN.*NTHACEi:.
28.
Geran'iace.e.
41.
40.
Cedrelace^.
Meliace^.
42.
VlTACE^.
47.
Rhamnace^e.
Zan'thoxtlace*;.
Anacardiace^:.
LiSACEi.
ANALYSIS OF POLYPETALOUS ORDERS.
Stamens monadelphous. Ovary stipiiaie. 59. pASsiFLORACEiE.
Stamens distinct.
Stigmas branching. Seeds arilled. 58. Tcrnerace£.
Sci^as simple.
Capsule 3-Talved,loculicidaL 20. Cistackje.
Capsule of 2 carpels distinct above, ^
or bipanible, septicidaL i
Placentae in the axis, [66. Saiifragacb^.
Capsule 2-( rarely 3-) celled, septicidal. J
Capsule 1-celled by the obliteration of the
dissepiments. Stigma capitate. 53. Ltthrace.e.
Capsule 4-5-ceUed.
Stiunens monadelphous below. Leaves 3-
foliolate. 31. OxALiDACE.t.
Stamens distinct. Leaves simple.
** Leaves opposite.
Stamens indefinite or more than 12.
Ovary half inferior.
Petals linear, very numerous.
Petals 2LS many as sepeds (4-10), broad.
Ovary wholly superior (Petals hypogynous).
Petals twice the number of the caducous sepals.
Peteds (contorted in aestivation), as many as
the persistent sepads.
Leaves marked with pellucid or black dots.
Leaves not dotted- Pet^d3 fugacious.
Stamens not more than twice the number of the pe-
tals or sepads.
Corolla irregular. Filamenta monadelphous.
Corolla irregular. Stamens 7-8, distinct. Leaves
compound.
Corolla regular.
Anthers opening by terminaJ pores. Angles of
the ovary cohering with the calyx-tube.
Anthers opening longitudinadly.
Leaves simple, entire, with pellucid or black
dots.
Leaves simple, entire, not dotted.
Capsule of 3-5, spuriously 2-celled carpels.
Capsule 1-celled, with parietal placentie.
Sepals distinct. Petals fugacious.
Sepals united. Petals unguiculaite.
Capsule 1-celled, or nearly so : placenta
in the axis.
Styles nearly distinct or very short:
stigmais capitate.
Styles united into one : stigma capitate.
Styles stigmatose along the inside.
Stipules scarious.
Stipules none.
Sepals 3-3. Petals 5.
Sepads and petals (when present)
equal in number.
Leaves serrate, lobed. or compoand.
Fruit 2 cohering samaras. Trees.
Fruit a 2-beaked, 2-vadved, many-seeded
capsule.
Fruit not a samaira; cells or carpels 1-few-
seeded-
Stamens ais many as, and opposite the
petals.
Stamens as many as, and aitemaie with
the petals.
65. CRASSCLACE^.t
63.
51.
Mesemertasthemace^.
Phii.adelphace£.
12. PAPATERACE£.t
17.
44.
HrPERICACE£.
ClSTACXjE.
PoLTGALACEfi.
HlPPOCASTASAC££.
52. ]VIelasto>lace£.
21.
Htpericaces.
27.
LiSACEi.
20. CiSTACEiE.
22. Frakkbxuce^.
26,
53.
, ElATI3JACE£.
Ltthrace£.
23.
Illeceeracee.
25.
PORTirLACACE.E-
24. CAETOPHTLLACEa:.
43.
ACIRACE.E-
66.
SATIKaAGACEiE.t
42.
VlTACEiE.
46.
Cexastrace£.
G ANALYSIS OP POLYPETALOUS ORDERS.
Stamens twice tlie number of the petals.
Fruit capsular. Leaves abruptly pin-
nate. 32. ZYGOPIIYLLACEiE,
Carpels 5 ; styles cohering around a
long axis. 28. Geraniace^.
II. OVARY INFERIOR, OR COHERENT WITH THE CALYX-TUBE.
* Stamens indefinite.
Fruit a pome ; carpels cartilaginous or bony, 1-3-
seeded. 'l^- Subord. Pome«.
Fruit capsular or succulent, many-seeded.
Capsule '1-5-celled, partly superior. Leaves op-
posite.
51. PniLAPELPHACEffi.
Capsule (or berry) 1-celled, with parietal pla-
centae.
Sepals and petals numerous, confounded. P2. Cactace;e;
Sepals 5. Petals 5 or 10, Herbs hispid, with
rigid or slinging hairs. 57. Loasace^e.
** Stamens definite.
Filaments 3-adelphous : anthers long and sinuous.''
Fruit a pepo. CO. CucurbitacejE.
Filaments bent downwards in sestivation : anthers
opening by 2 pores. 52. Melastomaoe^.
Filaments distinct : anthers opening longitudinally.
Ovary many-seeded.
Placentaj 2, parietal. Fruit pulpy. Leaves
alternate. 61; Grossulace^e.
Placentaj in the axis. Capsule 2-celled. Petals
5. Stam. 10. CG. SAxiFRACACEiE.
Sepals and cells of the ovary 4. Petals
and stamens 4 or 8. 56. Onagrace^s:.
Ovary with 1-2 seeds in each cell.
Leaves stipulate, opposite. Fruit indehiscent. 54. RHizopHORACEiF.
Leaves stipulate, alternate. Capsule loculicidal. 67. Hamamelace*.
Leaves exstipulate, alternate. Flowers in um-
bels.
Styles 2 (rarely 3). Carpels separable. 68, Umbellifer^.
Styles 3-15 (rarely 2). Carpels mostly
baccate. 69. Araliace;e.
Leaves exstipulate, opposite (except one spe-
cies of Cornus), or none.
Stamens alternate with the petals. Drupe
baccate, 2-celled. 70. CoHNACEiE:
Stamens opposite the petals. Fruit fleshy
1-celled. 71. LoRANTHACEiE.
Leaves exstipulate, alternate, opposite, or whorl-
ed. Flowers not in umbels or cymes.
Style slender. Seed suspended. Trees. Flow-
ers spicate. 55. Combretaceje.
Style slender. Seeds erect. Flowers race-
jnoge. 56. Onacrace^.
Stigmas 1-4, sessile. Seeds suspended. —
Aquatics. Flowers sessile. 56. Subord. Halorages:.
Order I. RANUNCULACE7E. Jass.
Sepals 3-6 or more, but usually 5, distinct, hypogynous, mostly
deciduous: aestivation (except in Clematis) imbricated. Petals 2~l'-\,
hypogynous, sometimes deformed, occasionally absent. Stamens in-
definite in number, hypogynous, distinct : anthers adnate or innate.
Ovaries seated on the torus, numerous, sometimes few or solitary, dis-
tinct : ovules solitary or several. Carpels either dry achenia, or
baccate, or follicular. Seeds anatropous, solitary or several. Embryo
minute, near the base of horny or fleshy (and often more or less oily)
albumen. — Herbs (rarely shrubby), with acrid transparent juice.
Leaves alternate (opposite in Clematis) variously divided : petioles
generally dilated at the base and partly clasping the stem.
Tribe I. ANEMONES.
Clematidese and Anemoneae, DC.
Petals plane or none. Anthers mostly extrorse. Achenia numer-
ous, caudate or subulate with the style. Seed suspended.
■ I. CLEMATIS. Linn.; DC. syst. 1. p. 31.
Involucre none, or resembling a calyx, and situated next to the flower.
Sepals 4 (4-8), colored, in aestivation valvate or with the edges bent in-
wards. Petals none, or shorter than the sepals. Anthers linear, extrorse.
Achenia terminated by long (mostly plumose or hairy) tails. — Perennial
herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants, mostly sannentose, with opposite
leaves and fibrous roots.
§ 1. Involucre none: petals none. — Clematis proper.
* Stevi herbaceous, erect.
1. C. ochroleuca (Ait.) : stem simple, silky-pubescent; leaves undi-
vided, ovate, entire, silky beneath ; flower solitary, terminal, pedunculate, in-
clined. — Ait. Kew. (ed. 1.) 1. p. 260; Sims, hot. mag. t. 1175; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 45; DC. prodr. 1. p. 8. C. sericea, Michx. ! fi. 1. p. 319; Pursh,Jl. 2.
p. 385.
0. leaves broadly ovate, very tomentose.
8 RANUNCULACEiE. Clematis,
Banks of rivers and on mountains, New-York! to Georgia! P. North
Carolina, Schweinilz ! May-June. — Leaves reticulately veined, upper sur-
face glabrous when old, subsessile ; the upper ones rather acute. Flower
yellowish, (erect in fruit). Sepals silky externally.— /?. leaves larger, broadly
ovate or roundish.
2. C. oi^ato (Pursh): stem simple; leaves broadly ovate, on very short
petioles, glabrous, glaucous and rcticiilately veined beneath, the lower ones
subcordate ; peduncle terminal, solitary, 1-flowered ; flower inclined. —
Pursh.fl. 2. p. 736 ; DC prodr. 1. p. 8.
Mountains of North Carolina, Le Conte ! South Carolina, Pursh. Geor-
gia or Florida, Baldwin! — Whole plant glabrous. Flower nearly as large
as in C. ochroleuca, purple 1 Sepals ovate, acuminate, pubescent on the
margin, a little exceeding the stamens.
3. C.Baldwinii: erect, simple or a little branching, slender, slightly pu-
bescent ; leaves varying from oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or 3-cleft
or lobed ; the lobes linear, often slightly laciniate ; peduncle terminal, elon-
gated, 1-flowcred; flower cylindrical-campanulate ; carpels with very
long plumose tails.
Pine woods, Tampa Bay, &c. Florida, Dr. Baldwin! Dr. Hidse! —
Plant 1-li foot high. Leaves often quite simple, 4-6 lines wide, narrowed
at the base into a short petiole. Peduncle 8-10 inches long. Sepals soine-
what membranaceous, woolly on the margin, purplish externally, yellowish
within. Tails of the carpels 2-3 inches long.
4. C. Douglasii (Hook.): stem simple, 1-flowered; flower nodding;
leaves hairy, twice or thrice pinnatifid; segments linear, rather obtuse.
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 1. t. 1.
Rocky Mountains, near the sources of the Oregon. Douglas. — Stem 1
foot high, sparingly hairy, woolly at the joints. Sepals 4-5, deep purple
within, paler externally, l-J inch long, coriaceo-membranceous, oblong, erect,
spreading at the apex, much longer than the stamens. Hook. ^
5. C. Wyethri (Nutt.): woolly; stem erect, simple, 1-flowcred; flower
nodding; leaves somewhat bipinnately divided; segments 3-cleft; lobes
linear-lanceolate, attenuate, sparingly incised, rather acute. Nutt.! in
jour. acad. Phi lad. 1. p. 6.
Rocky Mountains ! June. — Stem 11 foot high. Lower leaves nearly un-
divided. Sepals 4, thick, oblong-lanceolate, nearly straight, deep brown
externally.— Very near C. Douglasii. Nutt.
** Stem more or less shrid)by, climbing by the petioles.
6. C. Virginiana (Linn.): flowers panicled, often dioecious or polyga-
mous ; leaves ternate, glabrous ; leaflets ovate, subcordate, incisely toothed
and lobed ; carpels with long plumose tails. — Willd. sp. 2. p. 1290 ; Michx. !
k. 2. p. 318; Pursh! Jl. 2. p. 384; DC. prodr. 1. p. 4. C. Catesbyana,
Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 736? C. cordata, Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 384; DC prodr. I. c. excl.
syn. bot. mag.
Canada to Georgia, and west to the Mississippi ! July-August. — Climbing
over shrubs and bushes, much branched, stem smoothish. Panicles trichoto-
mously divided, with small leaves at the divisions. Sepals 4, white, obo-
vate, exceeding the stamens. — A specimen named C. cordata by Pursh, in
Barton's herbarium, seems to be only C. Virginiana.
7. C%olosericea (Pursh): flowers in paniculate corymbs, dioecious;
leaves ternate, pubescent on both sides; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, entire,
DC prodr. 1. p. 5 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 384.
Clematis. RANUNCULACEiE. 9
Carolina, Walter ex Pursh. Flowers small, white. Sepals linear, lonn;er
than the stamens. Tails of the caqiels very Ions:, feathered. Pursh. — De-
scribed by Pursh from specimens in Walter's herbarium. It seems to be
ti mere variety of C. Virginiana.
8. C. li^usticifolia (Nutt. ! rass.) : " plant somewhat pubescent ; flowers
in paniculate corymbs, dicccious ; leaves pinnate and ternate ; leaflets ol)-
iong, acute, mostly somewhat lanceolate-cuneate, incisely toothed and tri-
fid ; petals and stamens equal in length ; carpels with long plumose tails.
— C. Virginiana, Hook. Ji. Bo7\-Ain. 1. p. 1. (in part).
"/?. hrevifolia: leaves smoother, shorter and broader.
"Plains of the Rocky Mountains, in open and in bushy places, near
streams, ft. in the Blue Mountains and on the borders of the ()regon. —
Very similar to C. Virginiana, but the leaves are mostly 6-foliolate, and al-
most lucidly coriaceous ; they are also much smaller, and in the var. a.
much narrower and longer. The tails of the carpels are also longer, and
more densely plumose in C. Virginiana. Flowers white and fragrant."
Nutt.
9. C. Drummondii : flowers in paniculate corymbs, dioecious ; leaves
pinnate, silky-villous beneath, sparingly hirsute on the upper surface; leaf-
lets rhombic-ovate, incisely 3-lobed, the lobes acute ; sepals 4, oblong ; car-
pels villous, with very long capillary plumose tails.
Texas, JJrummond ! — Stem slender, angular, somewhat hairy. Leaflets
mostly 5, about an inch long; the lateral lobes sometimes a little toothed.
Panicles about as long as the leaves, trichotomously divided. Sei)als wliite,
villous externally. Tails of the carpels very slender, nrore than two inches
in length, densely plumose. — Seems to be nearly allied to C. sericea of Central
America. It is also closely related to C. Virginiana.
10. C. pjxii0ora (Nutt. \mss.): "smooth; leaves pinnate and ternate ;
leaflets obovate, obtuse, mostly 3-lobed, the lobes short ; flowers axillary, ap-
proximated, on short peduncles ; carpels smooth, with slender plumose tails.
'^'ear the sea-coast of St. Diego, Upper California. — Climbing, but in-
clined to grow erect and bushy. Leaflets about an inch long and nearly as
broad, commonly dilated and 3-lobed ; petioles slightly pubescent. Pedun-
cles slender, and so near together as to appear aggregated. Flower not
seen. Carpels compressed ; the tail rather sparingly pQose-plumose." Nutt.
11. C. lasiantha (Nutt.! mss.) : "pubescent; leaves ternate, broadly
ovate, obtusely cuneiform at the base ; leaflets incisely toothed, the terminal
one 3-lobed or trifid; flowers dioecious, solitary, on 2-leaved aggregated
branchlets ; sepals cuneate-oblong, spreading, villous on both surfaces ; car-
pels
" With the preceding. — Leaflets an inch and a half long and about an
inch broad, almost villous beneath. Peduncles about three inches long, with
a pair of entire or toothed leaflets near the base. Flowers more than an inch
in diameter. Allied to C. orientale, but very distinct." Nutt.
12. C. Viorna (Linn.): peduncles l-(rarely 2-3-) flowered ; sepals con-
nivent, thick, acuminate, reflexed at the apex ; leaves glabrous, membrana-
ceous, pinnate ; leaflets entire or 3-parted, ovate or oblong ; floral leaves en-
tire; carpels with long plumose tails.— W7//d sp. 2. p. 1288; Michx.\ ft. 1.
p. 318 ; Pursh! ft. 2. p. 385; Ell. sk. 2. p. 46; DC. prodr. 1. p. 7. C.
cordata, Bot. mag. t. 1816.
Pennsylvania ! to Georgia ! and west to Kentucky ! May-Aug.— Leaves
pinnate: the two lowest segments often ternate ; "leaflets variable, mostly
acute, but sometimes obtuse. Peduncles axillary or terminal. Flower nod-
ding. Sepals coria»ebus, about an inch long, purple. Tails of the carpels
an inch and a half loi^, very plumose.
2
10 RANUNCULACEiE. Clematis.
13. C. cylindrica (Sims): peduncles 1-flowered ; flower cylindrical-cam-
panulate ; sepals membranaceo-coriaceous, acuminate, with the margin un-
dulate ; leaves membranaceous, pinnate ; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
petiolulate; carpels with plumose tails. — Sims, hot. mag. t. 1160; Pursh,
Jl. 2. p. 385; Ell. sk. 2. p. 475 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 7. (excl. syn. Michx.'^)
0. Walteri: leaflets linear and linear-lanceolate.— C. Walteri, Pwrs/j,^.
2. p. 384; DC. prodr. l.p.l; Hook, in jour. hot. \.p. 86.
North Carolina ! to Florida! and in Louisiana ! June-Aug.— Flower lar-
ger than in C. Viorna, nodding. Sepals dilated above and acuminate, bluish
purple. Leaflets mostly entire.— Pursh, who described his C. Walteri from
specimens in Walter's herbarium, was probably mistaken in supposing the
flower to be white.
14. C. lineariloba (DC): peduncles 1-flowered; sepals very acute;
leaves pinnate, smooth ; leaflets entire or 3-parted; the segments linear, DC.
prodr. l.p.l; Deless. ic. 1. t. 3.
South Carolina, Fraser.— Stem slender, glabrous. Leaflets 3-4 paurs;
lobes aU linear, scarcely 2-3 lines wide. Peduncles shorter than the leaves.
Petals an inch long, about twice the length of the stamens. DC— A doubtful
species ; probably only C. cylindrica /?.
15. C. reticulata (Walt.): peduncles 1-flowered; sepals rather coriace-
ous ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 4 pairs, oval, undivided or lobed, obtuse, rigidly
coriaceous, conspicuously reticulated on both sides, glabrous ; carpels with
plumose tafls.- HV/7^. Car. p. 156; Pursh, Ji. 2. p. 385; DC. prodr. l.p.l;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 47; Mich.v. ! fl. I. p. 318.
S. Carolina, Gecwgia ! and Florida ! May-Aug.— Leaflets aU petiolulate,
1-U inch long, undivided or variously lobed ; the lowest pair 3-parted, some-
times rather acute and mucronate. Peduncles longer than the leaves.
Flower as large as in C. crispa. Sepals dull purple, ovate-lanceolate, veltety
externally. Tail of the carpels long.
16. C. crispa (Linn.): peduncles 1-flowered, shorter than the leaves ;
leaves pinnate, ternate, or 3-lobed ; leaflets very acute ; sepals thick and cori-
aceous, with the apex reflexed, transversely undulated and crisped on the
margin, twice as long as the stamens ; carpels Avith a short, thick, naked (or
pubescent) tail.— Z>C. prodr. I. p. 9; Sims, hot. mag. t. 1892; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 49; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 384; Mich.v.! fl. 1. j). 318.
Virginia to Florida ! and west to Louisiana ! May.— Leaves glabrous, or
slightly hairy. Flowers a third smaUer than in C. Viorna, bright purple.
Tail of the carpels thick and rigid, about half an inch long.
17. C. Pitcheri : peduncles 1-flowered ; leaves pinnate, coriaceous, retic-
ulated ; leaflets 2-4 pairs, ovate, mostly obtuse, undivided or 3-lobed ; branch
leaves simple, ovate ; sepals coriaceous, a little longer than the stamens ;
carpels with a short pubescent tad.
On the Red River, Arkansas, Dr. Pitcher! NuttalU— heaves gla-
brous or slightly hairy beneath; the lowest pair 3-lobed, often subcordate.
Sepals purple, about three-fourths of an inch long, reflexed at the summit,
even on the margin. Tails of the carpels half an inch long, the lower part
- pubescent and almost plumose.
§2. Tnvohocre none : sepals 4; petals several, minute.— ArRkCEUE, DC.
18. C. verticillaris (DC): peduncles 1-flowered; leaves verticfllate in
fours, ternate ; leaflets petiolulate, ovate, acuminate, subcordate, entire or
sparingly toothed ; petals acute.— Z>C. prorfr. 1. p. 10; Hook. Jl. Boi\-Am.
1. p. 2. Atragene Americana, -S/ms, bat. mag. t. 887; Pursh, Ji. 2. p. 384.
Mountains and rocky places, British America, north to lat. 54°. and west
to the Rocky Mountains and N. W. Coast ; Vermont ! to North Carolina !
Anemone. RANUNCULACEiE. 11
April-May. — Climbing. Flowers very large, campanulate. Sepals oblong-
lanceolate, bright purplish-blue.
19. C. Columbiana : peduncles 1-llowered ; leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate,
acute, obscurely crenulate ; sepals ovate, acuminate, nearly twice the length
of the stamens. — Atragene Columbiana, Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 7. y. 7.
Rocky Mountains, Mr. Wyelh. March.— Flowers smaller than in C.
verticillaris, pale blue. Nuttall.
X Doubtful species.
20. C. Plukenetii (DC): peduncles l-flowercd; leaves ternate, gla-
brous ; leaflets elliptic or obovate, entire, obtuse ; flowers dioecious, erect. —
DC.prodr. I. p. 7; Pluk. aim. 109.
Described by De CandoUe from specimens of Catesby in Banks's herba-
rium, supposed to be from America.
2. ANEMONE. Linn.; DC. syst. l.p. 188.
Involucre 3-leaved, distant from the flower; the leaflets variously incised.
Sepals 5-15, petaloid. Petals none. Achcnia mucronate (in § Pulsatilla
caudate). — Perennial herbs with radical leaves. Scapes when branched
bearing leaf-like involucres at each division.
§ 1. Carpels with long bearded tails : leaves of the involucre sessile^
palmately divided, with linear lobes. — Pulsatilla, DC,
1. A. patens TLinn.): silky-viEous ; leaves 3-parted or ternate; segments
cuneiform, 3-clen, incised; lobes linear-lanceolate; involucre linearly many-
cleft; sepals 5-6.— Z>C. prodr. 1. p. 16.-(/?. ochroleuca); Hook ! f.. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 4. A. Ludoviciana, Null. ! gen. 2. p. 26. A. Nuttalliana, DC.
prodr. I. c. p. 17; Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 5. p. 158. t. 8. and l.p.l ;
Richards. ! app. Frankl. journ. (ed. 2.) p. 21. Clematis hirsutissima, Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 385.
British America as far north as lat., 67° ! Valleys of the Rocky Moun-
tains, Drummond, Nuttall! On' the Missouri and Platte, Nuttall! Galena,
lUinois ! — About a span high. Sepals an inch or more in length, duU blue or
purple. Tail of the carpels nearly two inches long. — Appears to be identical
with the European plant.
§ 2. Carpels with long bearded tails : leaves of the involucre petioled, 3-
cleft. — Preonanthus, DC.
2. A. alpina (Linn.): somewhat silky-villous ; leaves on long petioles,
biternately pinnatifid; leaflets laciniate, with the segments hnear, acute ;
those of the involucre similar; flower erect; sepals 6, spreading. Hook, f..
Bor.-Am. l.p. 5; DC. prodr. 1. p. 17; Bot. mag. t. 2007. A. sulphurea, .
Linn. A. apiifoha, Willd. sp. 2. p. 126.
Eastern declivity of the Rocky Mountains, lat. 52°— 55°, Drummond ;
Kotzebue's Sound, Capt. Beechey. —Flovfers white, with a purpUsh tinge at
the base. Stems from 6 inches to a foot and a half high. Heads of carpels
very large. Tails long, very silky, ^oo/c.— Inhabits also the mountains of
Europe.
13 RANUNCULACEJ3. Anemone.
§ 3. Carpels oval, without tails : pedicels solitary or in pairs (rarely
more), all leafless and l-flowered: leaves of the involucre sessile or
petioled. — Anemonanthea, DC.
3. A. Caroliniana (Walt.): root tuberous; leaves ternately divided; seg-
meiits 3-cleft or incised ; lobes linear and somewhat cuneiform, toothed at
the apex ; involucre very distant from the flower, 3-leaved ; leaflets sessUe,
cuneiform, 3-cleft, with the lobes linear, divaricate, mostly entire ; sepals 15-
20, oblong or oblong-linear.— W'aZ^. Car. p. 157; Ell. sk. 2. p. 53; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 19. A. tenella, Ptirsh > ft. 2. p. 386 ; Mitt. > gen. 2. p. 21.
P. heterophylla: radical leaves 3-parted, or 3-lobed, or almost undivided ;
segments undivided or 3-lobed, roundish-oval, crenately serrate. — A. he-
terophylla, Nutt. ! mss.
North Carolina, Schweinitz ! S. Carolina, Walter; Louisiana and
Arkansas, Z>r. Pitcher! Dr. Leavenworth .' On the Pl^itte, Dr. James !
and Missouri, Nuttall! Texas, Drummond! P. on rocks, Arkansas, Nut-
tall I March-April. — Plant from 4-12 inches high, slender, clothed with a
loose hairy pubescence. Leaves variable in the breadth of their segments
and lobes, sometimes tripartite and very narrow. Flower an inch, some-
times an inch and a half in diameter : sepals white, often tinged or spotted
with purple; the outer ones (6-8) thicker; the others petaloid, often al-
most linear. Head of carpels cylindrical-oblong, woolly. The flowers in P.
are smaller and greenish, and the head of carpels cylindrical. — We are un-
able to discover any character that will distinguish this species from A. de-
capetala, Linn, of S. America. Hooker and Arnott (in hot. of Beechey^s
voy. p. 4. t. 1.) have indeed shown that the latter species sometimes bears
several flowers on each scape, and hence they place it in the section Anem-
onospermos. In our Chilian specimens, however, the scapes are only 1-
flowered, as usually described ; and A. St. Hilaire (ft. Bras, merid. 1. p.
5.) who appears to know the plant well, makes no mention of the scapes
bearing more than one flower.
4. A. parviftora (Michx.) : leaves 3-parted ; lobes cuneiform, 3-cleft, cre-
nate, obtuse ; ' those of the involucre nearly similar, but longer and narrower,
sessile ; sepals 6, oval. Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. l.p.5; Michx. ft. 1. p. 319;
DC. prodr. 1. p. 19. A. cuneifolia, Juss. ann. Mus. 3. p. 248, t. 21. f. 1;
Pjirsh ! fl. 2. p. 386. A. borealis, Richards, app- Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 22.
Labrador ! Canada to the Arctic Sea, lat. 70°; Kotzebue's Sound, Beechey;
Anticosti, Pursh.'— Plant 2-12 inches high. Flowers white tinged with
blue. Heads of carpels rounded, compact, woolly.
5. A. Baldensis (Linn.) : leaves nearly glabrous and somewhat fleshy,
ternately divided ; segments laciniately 3-parted, with the lobes linear, ob-
tuse ; those of the involucre similar, on short villous petioles ; scape vfllous,
1-floAvered ; sepals 6, obtuse, spreading, with the lower surface somewhat
hairy. Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. I. p. 5; DC. prodr. 1. p. 19.
Rocky Mountains, lat. 52° — 55°, Drummond. — Flowers tinged with blue.
Root fusiform. — A native also of high mountams in Europe.
6. A. nemorosa (Linn.): leaves ternate ; leaflets undivided, or with the
middle one 3-cleft and the lateral ones 2-parted, incisely toothed, acute ;
those of the involucre similar, petioled ; sepals 4-6, oval. — Hook. ft. Bor.-
Am.. 1. p. 6 ; Michx. ! ft. 1. ^. 319 ; Pursh ! ft. 2. p. 387 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 53 ;
DC. prodr. 1. p. 20. A. lancifolia, Pursh! ft. I. c. ; DC. prodr. I. c.
P. quinquefolia : lateral leaflets of the involucre 2-parted to the base.—
A. quinquefolia, Linn.
Woods, very common, Canada ! to Georgia, and west to the Rocky Moun-
tains. April-May. — Plant 6-8 inches high. Sepals mostly 5, white or
pale purple.
AwEMONE. RANUNCULACEiE. KJ
i. A. deltoidea (Hook.): sparinjjly hirsute; leaves ternato ; Icailets
(and those of the involucre) deltuid-ovate, undivided or 3-lol)ed, incisely
serrate, acute, those of the involucre sessile ; sepals 5-6, ohovate, obtuse.
Hook.! ft. lior.-Am. 1. ;;:-G. t. 3. /'. A.
Oregon River, near the sea, Seoul er! Nidtall. '—Vlant 10-12 inches
high. " Radical leaves on long petioles rising from a fdiform rhizoma.
Flower solitary, on a long peduncle, as large as in A. Pennsylvanica, Avhite.
8. A. Richardsoniana (Hook.): somewhat hairy; leaves renifonn,
3-5-parted, lobes slightly 3-cleft, acutely toothed ; those of the involucre
roundish-cuneiform, sessile 3-cleft and toothed ; sepals 6, spreading ; carpels
compressed, glabrous ; style long, dellexed, uncinate. Hook! ft. Bor.-Am.
1. p. 6. t. 4./. -4. ^ in Richards, app. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 21.
Shores of Hudson's Bay, and Rocky Mountains from lat. 55° to C8°; also
Unalaschka and throughout Siberia.— Plant 8-10 inches high. Radical
leaves mostly springing from filiform rhizomas. Head of carpels large com-
pared with the flower, depressed. Carpels numerous, oblong-ovate, termi-
nated by a long slender deflexed style, the extremity of which is curved up-
ward.
9. A. cylindrica (Gray): silky-pubescent; leaves ternately divided;
lateral segments 2-parted, the intermediate one 3-cleft ; lobes linear-lanceo-
late, with the apex incisely toothed ; those of the involucre petioled ; pe-
duncles 2-6, rarely one ; sepals 5, obovate, obtuse ; carpels woolly, in a long
cylindrical head. Gray ! in ami. lye. Neiv-York, 3. p. 221.
Western part of the State of New- York, Gray ! ; near Boston, Mr.
Greene ! NiUtall ! Bellows Falls, New Hampshire Mr. Carey ! Michi-
gan, Dr. FolwellJ Indiana., Darliiigton! May-June.— Plant 1-3 feet high.
Peduncles flowering simultaneously, subumbellate, 1-flowered, in fruit
8-12 inches in length. Leaves of the involucre 2-3 times the number of
the peduncles. Sepals subcoriaceous, pale yellowish-green. Style very
short. Head of carpels an inch in length.
§ 4. Carpels without tails, subcompressed : pedicels several from each
involucre, one of them leafless and Iflowered, the others bearing a
2-leaved involucel. — Anemonospermos, DC.
10. A. Virginiana (Linn.) : leaves ternately divided ; segments 3-cleft,
acuminate, incisely serrate, those of the involucre and involucels similar, pe-
tioled; sepals 5, somewhat coriaceous, elliptical ; head of carpels ovate-ob-
long, wooUy.— Mc/i.r. .'/. 1. p. 320 ; Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 388 ; DC. prodr. 1. p.
21;^ Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 7. t. 4./. B.
Banks of rivers and in woods, Canada! (from lat. 55°) to South Caro-
lina.— Plant 2-3 feet high, hairy. Peduncles elongated, 3-4 from each in-
volucre. Sepals acute, pale yellowish-green, silky-pubescent beneath.
Head of carpels three-fourths of an inch long, and half an inch in diameter.
—We have a variety of this plant, found near Philadelphia by Mr. Durand,
in which the flower is considerably larger than usual, the sepals nearly white,
and several of them quite obtuse.
11. A. midtifida (DC): hauy; leaves ternately divided ; segments
cuneiform, laciniately 3-cleft, lobes linear, acute, those of the involucre and
involucels similar, on short petioles ; sepals 5-8, oval, obtuse.— Z>C;)ro(Zr. 1.
p. 21 ; Deless. ic. l.t. 16?; Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. I. p. 7. A. Hudsoniana,
Richards, app. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 22.
0. Hudsoniana (DC. l. c): stem. 2-flowered ; flower red.— A. sangui-
nea, Pursh ! in herb. Lamb. A. Hudsoniana P. sanguinea, Richards. I. c.
y. globosa: stem mostly l-( sometimes 2-3-) flowered; head of carpels
globose. — A globosa, Nutt, ! mss.
14 RANUNCULACE^. Hepatica.
Canada! and Arctic America; west to the Oregon. Shore of Lake
Superior, Dr. PUchcr! Watertown, New-York, (var. Hudsoniana) Dr.
Craxoe ! Vermont, Dr. Bobbins ! Mr. Carey ! June. v. Plains of the
Platte and Valleys of the Rocky Mountains in lat. 42°, Nuttall .'—About a
loot high. Flower white, yellow, or purple, but mostly deep red. Head of
pericarps oval, very wooUy. — It is possible that the North American plant
may prove to be a distinct species from A. multifida of the Straits of Ma-
gellan. The single-flowered variety figured in Delessert, ic. 1. t. 17, is so
unlike the ordinary form, t. 16, that it can hardly belong to the same species.
12. A. Pennsylvanica (Linn.): somewhat hairy; leaves 3-5-parted; seg-
ments oblong, incisely toothed at the apex; involucre and involucels similar,
24eaved, sessile ; sepals 5, obovate ; carpels hairy, compressed, margined,
with a nearly straight persistent style. — Pursh, ft. 2. p. 3S7; DC.prodr. 1.
J). 21; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 8. t. 3. f. B. A. dichotoma, Linn, amcen.
acad. 1. p. 155 ; DC. prodr. I. c. ; Pursh ! Jl. I. c. A. aconitifolia, Michx. !
fi. 1. p. 320. \
Banks of rivers, in rocky places, Canada ! to Pennsylvania ! and north to «!.
Arctic America. Michigan! Ohio! June- July. — About 18 inches high.
Radical leaves large, on long petioles. Flower an inch or more in diameter.
Sepals white, membranaceous. Style longer than the ripe carpels, and when
young, short and hooked. — We fully accord with Sir W. Hooker in uniting
A. Pennsylvanica and A. dichotoma. Siberian specimens of the latter are
taller and the flower smaller than in our plant, but in other respects there is
no dijQference.
§ 5. Carpels without tails, much compressed, roundish-oval, glabrous :
pedicels several, umbelled, leajless, 1-Jlowered. — Omalocarpus, DC.
13. A. narcissijlora (Linn.): villous; leaves palmately 3—5 parted; seg-
ments cuneiform, incisely many-cleft ; lobes linear, acute ; involucre some-
what similar, sessile, leaflets 3-5-cleft. — Willd. sp. 2. p. 1283 ; Pursh, fl. 2.
p. 387 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 21 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am.. 1. p. 8.
Canada (Pursh) and N. W. America '(Menzies) to Kotzebue's Sound.
Unalaschka, Fisher. — Plant clothed with long silky hairs. Flowers white.
I Doubtful species.
14. A. Walteri (Pursh) : root tuberous ; stem 1-flowered, naked ; leaves
palmate, on long petioles; sepals 5. Pursh, fl. 2. p. 387. Thalictrum Caro-
linianum, Walt. Car. p. 157.
North Carolina, Walter. — Pursh found no specimen of this plant in
Walter's herbarium, and it is quite unknown to aU our botanists.
15. A. pedata (Raf.) : stem short, 1-flowered ; leaves pedately 5-parted,
lobes laciniate; sepals 6. Raf. in jour. bot. l.p. 230; DC.prodr. l.p 22.
New Jersey, Rafinesque. — Probably A. nemorosa.
16. A. minima (DC.) : involucral leaves 3-parted ; lobes ovate, acuminate,
serrate towards the apex; sepals 5, oval-oblong, obtuse. DC. syst. l.p, 206.
Alleghany Mountains in Virginia, P. de Beauvois. — Probably also a va-
riety of A. nemorosa.
3. HEPATICA. Dill; DC. syst. l.p. 215.
Involucre resembling a 3-sepalous calyx, very near the flower. Sepals pe-
taloid, 6-9, in 2 or 3 rows. Petals none. Achenia without tails. — Involucre
1-flowered. Leaves radical, entire or 3-lobed.
Ranunccuis. RANUNCULACE^. 15
1, H. triloba (Chaix): leaves broadly cordate, 3--5-lobpd; lobes omire.—
Chaix in Vill. Ddph. 1. p. 336; DC. prndr. 1. p. 22 ; Pur.sh, Jl. 2. p. 391 ;
Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. S. Anemone Hepalica, Linn. ; Michx. ! jl. 1.
V- 319- „ .
a. obtusa : leaves 3-lobed ; lobes roundish, obtuse, Pursh, I. c— H. Ameri-
cana, Ker, in bat. reg. t. 387 ; J) C. I. c.
0. acuta: leaves 3-5-lobed; lobes spreading, acute. Pursh, Jl. I. c.—H.
acutiloba, J)C. I. c.
Canada! to South Carolina; very common. ^\tc\\n, JJ on g a rd. March-
April. — Leaves coriaceous. Petals and scapes villous. Involucre villous;
segments ovate, mostly obtuse. Sepals oblong, obtuse, blue, pale purple,
or white.
4. ADONIS. Linn. ; DC. syst. 1. p. 220.
Sepals 5, appressed. Petals 5-15, with a naked claw. Achcnia spicate
upon the elongated torus, tipped with the short style. — Herbs with pin-
nately-parted cauline leaves, the segments linear and numerous. Flowers
solitary on the extremity of the stem or branches, yellow or red.
1. A. autumnalis (Linn.): calyx glabrous; petals 6-8, concave and con-
nivent, a little longer than the calyx; carpels somewhat reticulated, collected
into an ovate head, crowned with a very short style ; stem branched. DC.
prodr. 1. p. 23; Hook.fi. Bor.-Am. \.p. 9.
Labrador, Hooker; near New Orleans, Mr. Teinturier ! Banks of the
Mississippi, Nuttall ! " Genesee Flatts" [New-York,] v. s. in herb.
Muhl. (l)-— Leaves three times compound, the segments scarcely a line wide.
Flowers bright scarlet, as large as in Ranunculus acris.
Tribe II. RANUNCULE^. DC.
Petals with a small nectariferous scale or gland at (he base inside*
Anthers cxtrorse. Seed erect, or sometimes suspended.
5. RANUNCULUS. Linn.; DC. syst. 1. p. 231.
Ranunculus &. Casalaa, A. SLHil.
Sepals 5. Petals 5 (sometimes 10 or more), with a nectariferous scale or
glandular spot on the inside of the claw. Stamens numerous, or sometimes
few. Achenia ovate, pointed, compressed, disposed in cylindrical or round-
ish heads. Seed erect (rarely suspended).— Annual or perennial herbs.
Leaves mostly radical, the cauline ones at the base of the branches and pe-
duncles.
§ 1. Carpels transversely wrinkled : petals white : claw yellow, with
a conspicuous nectariferous pore.— Batrachium, DC.
\. R. aquatilis (Linn.) : stem floating ; submersed leaves filiformly dis-
sected; eraersed ones 3-parted, with cimeiform dentate lobes; petals ob-
ovate, exceeding the calyx.— Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 395 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 26 ; Hook.
Jl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 10.; Darlingt. ! Jl. Cest. ed. 2. p. 327.
16 RANUNCULACEiE. Anemone.
a. heierophyllus : cmcrscd leaves 3-parted. DC. I. c. — R. aquatilis,
Pursh, I. c.
p. capiUaceus: leaves petioled, all immersed and filifofmly dissected.
DC. I. c. ; Honk. I. f.— R. pantothrix, DC. syat. 1. p. 235 ; Ell. Wc. 2. ;;. 57.
R. fluviatilis, Willd. sp. 2. p. 1333 ; Pursh, I. c.
y. ca'spitosus : leaves petioled, all emersed, with a nearly orbicular cir-
cumscription, filiformly dissected, the segments rigidly divergent; base of the
petiole broad, sheathing and auricled. DC. I. c; Hook. I. c.
f). stagnalis: leaves sessile, all immersed, filiformly dissected, circinnatc ;
segments short; sheaths obscurely auricled; carpels rather acute, nearly
smooth. DC. I. c. ; Hook. I. c.
Ponds and rivers, Arctic America to South Carolina, and west to the
Rocky Mountains! and Columbia River! California, {Hook tf Am. in
hot. Beechey's voy.) June-Aug. — Stem long, slender, jointed. Leaves
dichotomously or trichotomously divided. Flowers smaller than those of R.
acris. Calyx glabrous. — We have never seen American specimens of Var. o.
Var. y and ^, British America, Hooker.
§ 2. Carpels smooth {not wrinkled), ovate or suhrotunO, in roundish
heads : root jibrous. — Hecatonia, DC.
* Leaves divided : flowers, ivhilc.
2. R. glacialis (Linn.): radical leaves petioled, palmately 3-parted or 3-
cleft ; lobes rather obtuse and thick ; stem about 1-flowered ; calyx very hir-
sute; carpels compressed, margined. DC. prodr. 1. p. 30.
Greenland.
** Leaves all undivided ; flowers yellow.
3. Jl. Flammula (Linn.): leaves smooth, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lance-
olate, often denticulate ; stem declined, more or less rooting at the lower
joints; peduncles opposite the leaves; carpels smooth, with a distinct sub-
ulate beak ; petals much longer than the calyx. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 32 ; Pursh,
Jl. 2. p. 391 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 327.
/?. laxicaulis : stem weak, much branched; leaves all entire; lowest
ones eUiptical-oblong, upper ones linear; petals oblong, attenuate at the base,
three times as long as the calyx.
Inundated places, ditches, &c. Canada ! to North Carolina. P. Milledge-
ville, Georgia, Dr. Boykin J July. — Whole plant glabrous. Stem 1-2 feet
long, a little branched; leaves 3-6 inches long, 4-8 lines broad, those of the
stem acute at each end ; lower ones petioled, more or less obtuse at the base.
Peduncles 1-2 inches long. Flowers 4—5 lines in diameter. Head of car-
pels globose. Beak two-thirds the length of the car])el.
4. R. reptans (Linn.): leaves linear or lanceolate-linear, acute at each
end, glabrous, entire; stem creeping (rooting at the joints); carpels glabrous,
puncticulate, with a minute blunt point. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 32.
jff. oralis, (Bigel.) : leaves oval and lanceolate ; petals 6-10. Bigel. I. c.
y. intermedius (Hook. !) stem creeping, slender, leaves narrow, lanceolate,
the upper ones linear ; flower middle sized.
5. jiUformis (DC): stem filiform, creeping extensively, leaves linear;
flowers small.— R. filiformis, Mich. v. ! fl. 1. p. 320; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 392;
Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 224.
Banks of rivers and low grounds, Labrador and Canada to New- York ! west
to Oregon ! June-August,
Ranunculds. RANUNCULACE^. 17
Sir W. Hooker refers R. reptans to R. Flammula, and should we have adopt-
ed his views were it not for tiie dilference in tlie carpels uf the two species.
The most connnon variety throws out numerous filiform stems, j)ruducin<T
leaves and roots at the joints. Leaves mostly very narrow ; hut in /?. and > .
inclining to lanceolate or even ovate. Flowers in P. ahout a third of an incii
in diameter, in the other varieties smaller. Petals obovate. Carpels roundish-
ovate, the beak very short and oblique.
5. /?. pusillus (Poir.) : leaves all on long petioles ; lower ones ovate, sub-
cordate, entire or sparingly toothed ; upper ones linear-lanceolate ; stem erect
or decumbent ; petals mostly 3 (sometimes 1-5), as long as the calyx ; car-
pels ovate, with a minute blunt point. — Puir. diet. 6. p. 99 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p.
:U2; Ell.sk.2. p. 58; BC. prodr. 1. p. 32; Deless. ic. 1. t.2S. R.
Flammula, Michx. ! Jl. 1. p. 221; Wait. Car. p. 159.
(i . denticrdatu.^ : leaves acutely and remotely repand-denticulate, lowest
ones ovate-lanceolate ; those of the stem lanceolate-linear ; flowers minute ;
carpels roundish-ovate.
Y. mxUicus : resembling a. but the carpels very smooth and without any
beak; tlowers very small.
S. oblong if oliu.'i : leaves petiolate, denticulate, lower ones oblong-oval, up-
per ones linear-lanceolate ; petals a little longer than the calyx ; carpels
globose, not pointed, smooth. — R. oblongifolius. Ell. sk. 2. p. 58.
Boggy places. Var. a. North Carolina ! to Georgia. /?. Texas, Drum-
mond ! y. New York ! to Pennsylvania. <5. near Savannah, Georgia !
Elliott! — The varieties y- fin'l ^» may prove to be distinct species. — This
species would be referred to Casalea, St. Hil.
6.7?. Cijmhalaria (Pursh): stoloniferous ; leaves cordate-ovate or reniform,
petioled, obtuse, coarsely crenate ; scape 1-3-fiowered ; petals spatulate,
rather longer than the calyx. — Pursh ! Jl. 2. p. 392 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 11. R. Cymbalaria P. Americana, DC. prodr. l.p. 33.
/?. alpinus : very small ; leaves 3-toothcd at the apex ; scape 1-flowered.^
R. halophyllus, Schlecht. animad. hot. ? (fide Hook?)
Arctic Sea, lat. 68°, to the coast of New-Jersey ! Salina, New-York !
Salt plains of the Platte, Dr. James ! Banks of the Oregon and neighbour-
ing streams, as well as on the contiguous coast of the Pacific, Nuttall !
0. Summits of the Rocky Mountains, Drummond., &c. August — Scapes 2-
6 inches high, with one or two minute linear leaves. Stolons extensively
creeping. Leaves glabrous, somewhat fleshy, roundish-ovate or oblong. Se-
pals oval, concave. Petals 5-8. Carpels ovate, acute, compressed, with seve-
ral elevated ribs, disposed in dense oblong heads. — Very near R. salsuginosus,
Pall. The Siberian plant is commonly smaller than the North American
variety, but in other respects there is no essential diflference.
♦** Leaves more or less divided : Jloioers yellow.
C^ 7. R. Pallas^ii (Schlecht.) : stem creeping, fistulous ; leaves oval or obovate,
cuneiform, 3-parted ; sepals 3 ; petals 8 ; head of carpels spherical ; carpels
thick, ovate, glabrous, beaked. Schlecht. animad. hot. l.p. 15. t. 2; Hook.
Jl. Bor.-Am.\ p. 10.
On the western shore of extreme Arctic America, beyond Behring's Straits.
Chamisso. — AUied to Ficaria.
8. R. auricom,us (Linn.) : leaves glabrous, radical ones petioled, cordate,
mostly 3-parted or lobed ; cauline ones divided into linear entire or slightly
toothed lobes; calyx pubescent, shorter than the petals. DC. prodr. l.p. 33.
Greenland. — Pursh records this species as a native of Pennsylvania, but
no other botanist has found it in any part of the United States.
3
18 RANUNCULACEiE. Ranunculus.
9. R. affinis (R. Brown) : radical leaves petioled, pedately multifid ;
canline ones subsessile, digitate, with linear lobes ; stern erect, few-flowered
and, with the calyx and ovaries, pubescent ; carpels with a recurved beak,
disposed in oblong-cylindrical heads. R. Br. in Parrifs \sl voy. ajrp. p.
265; Hook.Jl. Hor-Am. I. p. 12.
a. petals twice as long as the calyx. Hook. I. c. t. 6. A. — R. affinis, R. Br.
I. c; Richards, in Frankl. l.s^ jour. app. cd. 2. p. 23 ; Hook, in Parry's
2nd voy. app. p. 384. R. arcticus, Richards. I. c. ed. 1.
/?. petals a little shorter than the calyx, or none ; lower leaves more or less
divided. Hook. I. c. i. 6. A. b.
y. the exterior radical leaves suborbicular, undivided. Hook. I. c.
Canada to the Arctic Sea, and from long. 95° to the western declivity of
the Rocky Mountains. Kotzebue's Sound, Hook. P. & y. Melville Is-
land and shore of the Arctic Sea, Hook. — Very near R. auricomus. Broun.
10. R. ovalis (Hook.) : pubescent ; radical leaves oval, cordate or truncate
at the base, undivided, rarely crenately 3-lobed ; cauline ones subsessile,
digitate, Avith the lobes all linear ; stem erect, many-flowered ; calyx pubes-
cent as lono- as the corolla ; heads of carpels globose. Hook.fi. Bor.-Ain. 1.
p. 13. t. Q.f. B ; Raf. in Desv.jour. hot. 2. p. 268 ? ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 43 1
Rocky Mountains, lat. 52°, and about Carlton House.— Root fasciculately '
fibrous. Radical leaves crenate, undivided, trifid, or pedately palmate. Se-
pals spreading, at length reflexed. Petals oval. Carpels as in R. affinis.
11. R. hrevicaulis (Hook.): pubescent; radical leaves all undiAaded,
cordate-oval, crenate, cauline ones palmately many-cleft ; stem much shorter
than the leaves, erect, many-flowered ; heads of carpels globose ; petals 6.
Hook.fi. Bor.-Am. I. p. 13. t. 7. A.
Shores of Lake Huron, Drummond; Fort Gratiot, St. Clair River, Dr.
Pitcher .'—Plant 2-6 inches high. Leaves on long petioles, large in proportion
to the size of the plant. Flower about half an inch in diameter.— Probably
only a variety of the preceding species.
12. R. rhomboideus (Goldie) : hirsutely pubescent; radical leaves ovate-
rhomboid, undivided, serrate (or crenate), cauline ones palmate, floral ones
deeply laciniate ; sepals spreading, pilose; head of carpels globose, glabrous,
with an extremely short heak.— Goldie, in Edinb. phil.jour. G. p. 329. t. 11.
/. 1 ; Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 12.
Canada, 'Goldie, Denke! Near Montreal, Dr. Holmes .'Stem 3-6
inches high, branching above. Radical leaves orbicular-ovate, rhomboidal or
obovate-cuneiform. Petals 5, oblong-obovate, longer than the sepals.
13. R. cardiophyllns (Hook.) : hirsutely pubescent ; radical leaves round-
cordate, with the base rather deeply emarginate, undivided or many-cleft ;
cauline ones palmately many-cleft ; the lobes linear, incisely crenate ; petals
broadly oval, very obl:use, twice as long as the spreading sepals ; head of
carpels oblong.— //oo/f. fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 14. t. 5./. B; Nutt. in jour. acad.
Phi lad. l.p'.S.
Canada to lat. 55°; Rocky Mountains, Drummond; Flat-Head River,
N. W. America, Mr. Wyeth.— Stem 1 foot high, robust. Stem-leaves nearly
sessile. Carpels numerous, roundish, small, terminated Avith a minute ra-
ther long hooked style. Flowers golden yelloAV, as large as in R. bulbosus.
Hook.— This and the four preceding species are nearly allied, and aU of
Ihera, Avith the exception of R. rhomboideus, may be, as Hooker suspects,
only varieties of R. auricomus. They all have fibrose-fasciculate roots.
14./?. micranthus (Nutt.! mss.) : "hairy, dAvarf, (small-flowered);
leaves petiolate, somcAvhat rhombic-OA'ate, crenate, some of ihem 3-parted or
3-cleft ; cauline ones subsessile, Avith 3 to 5 linear-oblong divisions; sepals
AA'ith a bj-oid membranaceous border, as long as the corolla.
Ranunculus. RANUNCULACEaE. 19
"Margin of ponds throughout the upper and western part of Missouri;
likewise in Arkansas, collected by Dr. Pitcher." Nullall ! — Dislin<,nii-hed
iroin R. abortivus, which it much resembles, by the constant hairiness of the
stem, calyx, and petioles, as will as by the very ditlerenl form of the primary
leaves. " From R. ovalis it dillers in the flower being less than half as large,
and also by the shorter radical leaves with much fewer serraturcs." Niui.
/?. '? Cidifurnkiui : stem very short; leaves much crowded; primary
ones reni form-cordate, cauiine trifoliolate ; the leaflets on long petioles, 2-|j
lobed.
California. DoHcrlas ! — Stem short and thick, scarcely 2 inches high.
Leaves nearly glabrous, except a little hairiness on the margin, the petioles
pubescent. Flower subsolitary, as large as in R. abortivus. — We have but a
solitary and rather imperfect specimen of this plant, and are therefore unable to
determine whether it is a distinct species, or a mere variety of R. micranthus.
•15. R. glahervimus (Hook.) : leaves all (except the uppermost) petioled ;
radical ones roundish, entire or coarsely 3-toothed ; cauiine ones somewhat
cuneiform, 3-cleft ; petals twice as large as the oval spreading sepals ; heads
of caqiels globose. Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 12. t. 5. A ; Nuit. ! in jour,
acad. Philad. 1. p. 7.
Rocky Mountams near perpetual snow, Douglas ; WallaAvallali River, &c.
Nuttall ! — Roots fibrose-fasciclcd. Whole plant very glabrous, somewhat
succulent. Stem a span high, 1-3-flowered. Cauiine leaves 3-cleft ; seg-
ments lanceolate, obtuse, entire. Corolla half an inch in diameter. Petals
5, oval, twice the length of the calyx.
16. R. abortivus (Linn.) : glabrous and very smooth ; radical leaves peti-
oled, reniform or broadly ovate and subcordate, crenate, sometimes 3-cIeft ;
cauiine ones 3-5-parted, with linear-oblong nearly entire segments ; sepals
reflexed, longer than the petals ; head of carpels globose or ovate. — Willd.
sp. 2. p. 1334 ; Pnrsh ! fl. 2. p. 392 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 34 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-
Am. 1. Tj. 14. (excl. /?.) R. nitidus, ^YaU. Car. p. 159?; Pursh ! I. c.
Newfoundland, and Canada lat. 57°, to S. Carolina ! west to Arkansas !
and the Rocky Mountains ; in rocky woods. April-June. — Root fibrose-
fascicled. Stem simple or branching. Flowers 2-3 lines in diameter. Se-
pals oval, obtuse, colored. Petals pale yellow, with a conspicuous truncate
scale. Carpels roundish, margined, with a very short straight style (or some-
times with a long and stout recurved miicro. Hook.) — Near R. auricomus,
but a smoother plant with much smaller flowers. Var. P. of Hooker is per-
liaps a form of that species.
17. R. sceleratus (Linn.) : glabrous ; leaves petioled, 3-parted ; radical
ones with the divisions 3-lobed and obtusely incised ; the upper cauiine ones
Aviih oblong-linear nearly entire lobes ; sepals reflexed, about equal to the
petals ; camels minute, disposed in oblong-cylindrical heads. — WUJd. sp. 2.
p. 1315 ; Pursh ! fl. 2. jj. 293 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 34 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 59 ; Hook,
fl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 15.
p. midtijidus (Nntt.lmss.): "leaves much divided ; flowers larger ; headof
carpels ovate, thick."
In ditches, &.c. Canada! (lat. 67°) to S.Carolina, p. Ponds of the Platte,
Nuttall ! — Stem thick and succulent, fistulous, very leafy. Flowers small,
pale yellow. Carpels very numerous, scarcely pointed. /?. About a span
high, more slender ; the head of carpels much shorter and thicker.
IS. R. Pnrshii (Richardson): submerged leaves filiformly 2-3-choto-
mously dissected, with the segments flat ; emersed ones reniform, 3-5-parted,
the lobes variously divided ; petals twice as large as the reflexed sepals ; car-
pels in globose heads, smooth, with a short and straight ensiform style. —
Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 15.
a. leaves all filiformly dissected (flowers as large as in R. acris) ; stem fis-
20 RANUNCULACEiE. Ranunculus,
tulous. Hook. I. c. — R. multifidus, Purah ! Ji. 2. p. 736 ; DC. I. c. R. aqua-
ticus, flore fiavo, tbliis infiinis tenuissime divisis &c., C'layt. / Virg. ed. 2.
no. 885. R. (iuviatilis, Bisrel. Jl. Bost. ed. 1. p. 139. -R. delphinifolius,
Torr. in. Eat. hot. ed. 3. (1822) p. 424. R. lacustris, Btck (^ Tracy in
Eat. I. c. p. 423, d^ in trans. Albany inst. 1. p. 148. t. 5.
p. submersed leaves filiformly dissected; floating ones reniform, palmately
many-cleft. Hook. I. c. t. 7. B.f. i.
y. creeping; lower leaves many-cleft, with linear segments; the upper
ones reuiibrm, pahnately many-cleft. Hook. I. c. t. 7. B. f. 2. — R. Purshii
a. Richards. ! in apj). Frank I. journ. ed. 2. p. 23.
y. creeping ; leaves all round-reniform, palmately 3-5-clcft. Hook. I. c. t.
7. B. f. 3. — R. Purshii /?. Hie hards, i. c. R. Gmeleni. DC.prodr. 1. p. 35.
(excl. syn.) R. Langsdorfii, DC. I. c.
In ponds and muddy places, from extreme Arctic America to N. Carolina !
Louisiana! Ohio! &c. West to the Rocky Mountains! and Kotzebue's
Sound. May-July. — Flowers bright yeUow.
19. R. liniosus. (Nutt.l mss.) : " subaquatic, procumbent, somewhat hairy ;
leaves reniform, palmately 5-cleft, the segments 2-3-toothed or somewhat
lobed ; the divisions blunt, short and shallow ; stem 1-2-flowered ; sepals
shorter than the rounded petals; carpels scarcely keeled, with a short nearly
straight beak.
" Margins of ponds in the eastern ranges of the Rocky Mountains, Lewis's
River, &.c. Near R. Purshii y. Hook. ?" Nidt. — It appears scarcely to differ,
except in the pubescence, from some of the numerous varieties of R.Purshii.
20. H. Lapponicus (Linn.) : leaves glabrous ;- radical ones on long pe-
tioles, 3-parted, with the lobes dilated, obtuse, coarsely toothed ; scape
1-flowered, (sometimes 1-leaved,) longer than the leaves ; sepals 3, reflexed.
DC. — Linn.Ji. Lapp. t. 3.f. 4; DC.prodr. 1. p. 35; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 16.
Arctic America, from lat. 50° to the Arctic Sea. Kotzebue's Sound,
Hook. ^ Am. in Bat. Beechey.' — Petals 6 (8, Sclilecht.), spatulate. Car-
pels 6-10, in roundish heads. AUied to Ficaria. Hooker.
21. R. hyperboreus (Rottboell) : leaves glabrous, petioled, 3-cleft ; lobes
oblong-oval, divaricate, the lateral ones somewhat 2-cleft, the middle one
undivided ; sheaths with the base biauriculate ; stem filiform, creeping.
DC.—Fl. Dan. t. 331 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 35 ; Hook.Ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 16. R.
Gmeleni, Schlecht. animad. bot. 2. p. 85. (fide Hook.)
Arctic America. — Heads globose, compact ; carpels distinctly margined on
the back. Hooker. — Allied to R. Cymbalaria, but distinguished by its trifid
leaves. DC.
22. K.pygmceits (Wahl.) : leaves glabrous, 3-5-cleft, radical ones petioled,
cauline ones sessile ; stem 1-flowered ; calyx glabrous, longer than the
somewhat reflexed petals ; carpels roundish, pointed with a short hooked
style. DC— Wahl. fl. Lapp. p. 157. t. 8. /. 1 ; Pursh^ Jl. 2. p. 393 ; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 35; Hook..' Jl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 17.
Coast of Arctic America ! and Rocky Mountains in lat. 55°. Spitzber-
gen ! Unalaschka ! Kotzebue's Sound, Hook. ^ Am. in bot. Beechey.
Labrador, Pitrsh, and herb. Schweinitz .' — Stem erect, never creeping,
1-2 inches high. Heads oblong. Carpels subglobose, not margined at the
back. Hooker. — Intermediate between R. hyperboreus and nivalis. DC.
23. R. Sabinii (R. BroAvn) : radical leaves on long petioles, 3-parted ;
lobes elliptical, the lateral ones 2-cleft ; cauline ones sessile, 3-parted, the
divisions linear ; calyx hirsute, nearly equal to the retuse petals. R. Br. in
Parry^s 1st voy. app.p. 264; Hook.Ji. Bor.-Am. I. p. 17.
Melville Island and Shores of the Arctic Sea. — Verj' near R. nivalis. R. Br.
.24. R. nivalis (R. Brown) : radical leaves on long petioles, dilated, lobed ;
Ranunculits. RANUNCULACEiE. 21
the lobes somewhat ovate ; cauline ones nearly sessile, palmate ; stem erect,
about 1-Howered ; calyx very hirsute, shorter than the obovate entire petals ;
style nearly straight, as long as the glabrous ovaries. It. lir. I. c. j Hook.!
I. c.
a. radical leaves reniform, deeply lobed ; the middle lobe cuneiform-obo-
vate, narrowed at the base. R. lir.— R. nivaVis, Linn. ; DC. prod r. ].]>.
35.
0. radical leaves cuneiform at the base, lobed scarcely to the middle ; the
middle lobe semi-ovate, broad at the base ; petals round-obovate, once and a
half the length of the very hirsute calyx, li. Jir.—R. sulphureus, Holand. ;
iScklcclit. (niinuid. hot. 2. p. 15.
y. radical leaves somewhat cuneiform at the base, or deeply lobed trans-
versely ; the middle lobe cunciform-obovate, narrower at the base. B. Br.
Arctic America ! and from Labrador ! and Spitzbergen ! to Kotzebue's
Sound (Beechey), and the Rocky Mountains, lat. 55°.
25. R. Eschscholtzii (Schlecht.) : leaves ciliate; radical ones petioled,
3-parted, the divisions lobed ; stem about 1-Howered ; calyx hirsute, shorter
than the petals ; carpels obliquely ovate, terminated by a short style. DC. —
Schlecht. animad. hot. 2. p. 16. ^ 1; DC. prodr. 1. j). 35; IIuolc. fi. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 18.
0. petals abortive or very small. Hook. I. c.
Unalaschka, &c. N. W. America. /?. Rocky Mountains, lat. 52^-56°.—
Near R. nivalis.
26. R. pedatijidus (Smith) : leaves minutely pubescent ; the radical ones
petioled, palmately or pedately divided, with the lobes linear and entire ;
scape erect, nearly naked, 1-2-flowered ; calyx spreading, somewhat villous.
Hook.— Smith, in Rees's cycl. ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 36 ; Hook. I.e. t. 8. B.
Rocky Mountains, lat. 52^-55^. — Leaves somewhat ciliate. Scape
1-leaved, 3 inches high. Carpels disposed in a roundish head, ovale, at-
tenuate into a recurved style which is scarcely as long as the fruit. Hook.
27. R. acris (Linn.) : leaves pubescent or somewhat glabrous, 3-5-part-
ed, with the segments deeply and laciniately trifid ; lobes lanceolate, acute,
the uppermost linear ; stem many-flowered ; peduncles terete ; calyx spread-
ino-, villous ; carpels roundish, compressed, terminated with a short recurved
style.— PMr«/i, fl. 2. p. 394; DC. prodr. 1. j). 36; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 18.
13. hairy ; petals oblong, 10-14.— R. Deppii, Nutt. ! mss.
Meadows and pastures, Hudson's Bay to Pennsylvania ! H. California,
Nuttall ! June.— Stem 1-2 feet high, hirsute, with the pubescence appressed
or spreading ; sometimes nearly glabrous. Flowers large. — Butter-cups.
28. R. repens (Linn.) : stems sending ofT from the base long prostrate or
creeping branches ; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets cuneiform 3-lobed incisely
toothed, the middle one (and generally the lateral one also) petiolulate ; pe-
duncles sulcate ; calyx spreading ; carpels Avith a broad rather straight point.
—DC. prodr. 1. p. 38 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 394; DarKngt.fl. Cest. ed. 2. p. 329.
R. prostratus, Poir. diet. 6. p. 113. R. intermedins, Eat! man. ed. 3. R.
Clintonii, Beck,Jl. p. 7. R. fascicularis, Bart. fl. Philad. 2. p. 25. R. niti-
dus, Mnhl. cat. ed. 2. p. 56; Ell. sk. 2. p. 60; 'Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 20.
(excl. syn. DC.)
13. linearilobus (DC.) : prostrate ; stems very long, floriferous ; lobes of the
leaves very narrow.
y. Marilandicus : stem and petioles densely hirsute with rather soft hairs;
leaflets distinctly petiolulate. — R. Marilandicus, Poir. diet. 6. p. 126; DC.
syst. 1. p. 291 ; Piirsh ! I. c.
Wet shady places, particularly along rivers, Canada ! to Georgia ! and
22 RANUNCULACEiE. Ranunculus,
west to the Pacific ! y. Pennsylvania to Kentucky ! — May^uly. — Stems at
length 1-4 feet long, commonly prostrate, and olten rooting; the earliest
iiowering ones erect; usually hairy below, but often nearly smooth. Leaves
with the petioles more or less pilose. Peduncles 1-3 inches long. Flowers
middle sized (in sy)eciinens from Oregon smaller). Carpels in a globose head,
margined, suborbicular, pointed with a short beak, which is nearly straight
or somewhat incurved. A variable plant; the stem being procumbent or
erect; the flowers sometimes much smaller, sometimes larger than in R.
acris, and the leaves presenting much diversity of form and lobing. — Pursh's
specimen of this plant in Lambert's herbarium is labelled in the hand-^vrit-
ing of De Candolle.
29. JR. hispidus (Michx.) : stem erect, branching and, Avith the petioles,
very pilose with stiif spreading hairs ; leaves trifoliolate or 3-parted ; seg-
ments oval, acute, laciniate ; pedicels with the pubescence appressed ; calyx
appressed ; carpels smooth, pointed with a very short style. — DC. proch: 1.
p. 38 ; Michx.! fl. 1. p. 321; Ell. sk. 2. p. 62. R. Belvisii, DC. I. c. R.
Penusylvanicus, Pmsh ! fl. 2. p. 393.
Shady rich soils, often in very wet places, New Jersey ! to S. Carolina !
and west to Oregon. May-July. — Stem 1^-2 feet high, widely branching,
rather naked above. Leaves very hairy, often divided nearly to the base
into many acute segments. Flowers as large as in R. acris.
30. i?. occidentalis (Nutt.! mss.): "hirsute with shining spreading hairs;
leaves trifid or 3-parted ; segments cuneate and trifid, or incisely toothed, the
lateral ones often subdivided ; the uppermost leaves trifid, with linear acute
segments ; stem divaricate, many-flowered ; sepals reflexed, half as long as
the eUiptical-oblong petals ; carpels smooth, much compressed, with the re-
volute style nearly their own length." — R. recurvatus, Bong. ! veg. Sitcha,
in mem,, acad. St. Petersb. (6 ser.) 2. p. 123. (excl. syn.) ; Hook. ! fi.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 20. (in part.)
Plains of the Oregon River, near woods, Nuttall ! Dr. Scouler ! ; Sitcha,
Bongard! — Root composed of fasciculate fibres. Stem slender, about a
foot high, somewhat branching, rather naked, densely clothed with shining
brown hairs. Leaves scarcely more than an inch in length and breadth.
Flowers Avhen expanded 8-10 lines in diameter. Carpels slightly hairy, mar-
gined ; the beak, when mature, so much recurved as to be revolute. — Nearly
related to R. lanuginosus of Europe, but differs in its slender naked stems,
smaller leaves and flowers, narrow petals, &c. — We refer to this species R.
recurvatus of Hooker, in part, because we have specimens under that name
from Dr. Scouler, collected in Oregon.
31. R. Pennsylvaniciis (Linn.): stem and petioles pilose-hispid with
spreading hairs ; leaves ternate, villous, Avith the hairs appressed ; lower ones
on long petioles, the leaflets petiolulate ; lobes lanceolate, incised ; calyx re-
flexed, longer than the small petals ; heads oblong or somewhat cylindrical ;
carpels pointed with a very short straight style. — DC pi-odr. 1. p. 40 ; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 63 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 19. R. Canadensis, Jacq. ic. rar.
1. t. 165. R. hispidus, Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 395.
Wet places, Maine ! Michigan ! New-York ! to Georgia. British America,
west to the Pacific. June-Aug. — Whole plant hispidly pilose. Stem stout
and erect, 1-2 feet high, branching. Flowers very small.
32. R. recurvatus (Poir.): erect; stem and petioles clothed with spread-
ing somewhat stiff" hairs; leaves 3-parted, villous with appressed hairs or
nearly glabrous; segments broadly oval, incisely toothed, the lateral ones
2-lobed ; calyx reflexed ; petals narroAvly oblong, shorter than the sepals
(sometimes abortive) ; heads ovate-globose ; carpels Avith a short hooked style.
—Poir. diet. 6. p. 123; Pursh, fl.2. p. 394; DC.prodr. 1. p. 39; Deless.
ic. 1. t. 41 5 Ell. sk. 2. p. 63 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 20. (in part.)
Ranunculus. RANUNCULACE.E. 23
(i. Nelsonii (DC.) : lobes of the leaves appoximatc ; pedicels approximate ;
pubescence of the pedicels apprcssed. Hook. I. c.
y. stem and leaves nearly glabrou?;. Honk. I. r.
6. stem and petioles retrorsely and hispidly pilose with reddish hairs ; pedi-
cels very short ; petals often abortive.
Shady rich soils, Labrador to Georgia! ,5. Oregon River, Dr. Scnulcr !
0. Unalaschka. )-. Oregon and Canada. May-June.— About a foot high.
Leaves 2-3 inches in diameter, the outline pentangular, all of them petiolate;
lobes dilated, coarsely toothed and incised. Flowers few, very small, on
short peduncles. Sepals oblong. Petals always shorter than the sepals, and
often scarcely half their length, pale yellow. Scale very conspicuous, cuneate,
bidentate at the summit. Carpels much compressed ; the beak very slender,
about half the length of the carpel.
33. R. Carolinianus (DC.) : stem erect, with a few slender branches,
hairy, the hairs on the lower part somewhat spreading, above appressed ;
radical leaves cordate, 3-lobed or 3-parted ; lobes ovate, subincised or cre-
nately toothed ; cauline ones 3-parted, Avith the lobes linear-lanceolate and
nearly entire ; sepals shorter than the oblong-obovate petals ; carpels few, con-
spicuously margined, with the beak broad and nearly straight.— />C'. syst.
1. p. 292. R. palmatus, Ell. sk. 2. p. 61. R. lanuginosus, Pursh, ji. 2. p.
294?
Pine-barren swamps, South Carolina, Elliott. West Florida, Dr. Chap-
man! April-May.— Stem 12-18 inches high, slender, the upper part pro-
ducing several long 1-flowered branches. Leaves scarcely more than an
inch in length and breath ; lobes rhombic-ovate, obtusely toothed. Flowers
about half an inch in diameter. Carpels 5-8, large, the margin almost
winged. — A very distinct species, allied to R. occidentalis, Nictt.j but easily
distinguished by the short nearly straight beaks of the carpels.
34. R. tomentosus (Poir.) : stem ascending, very villous with spreading
hairs, 1-2-flowcred ; leaves tomentose. petiolate, 3-cleft ; the upper ones ses-
sile, ovate, undivided ; calyx very villous, somewhat rcflcxed. DC. — Pair,
diet. 6. p. 127 ; DC. syst. 1. p. 292 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 264; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 394.
In South Carolina, Bosc. — Root fibrous-fasciculate. Stern short, as-
cending at the summit, densely clothed with soft spreading hairs. Leaves
3-cleft r segments 3-lobed, ovate, dentate, with the pubescence appressed.
Petals obovate, a little longer than the calyx. DC.—De Candolle remarks
of this obscure species that it resembles R. pubescens and R. Marilandicus.
He refers to it R. tomentosus of Pursh, whose specimen in Lambert's her-
barium is too imperfect for comparison. He also refers R. lanuginosus of
Pursh both to R. tomentosus and R. Carolinianus, noting it, in the latter in-
stance, with the mark (!); but we did not observe any Purshiau specimens
of that species in Lambert's herbarium. Is R. tomentosus, Poir. a variety
of R. repens ?
35. R. ienellus (Nutt.! mss.): " leaves somewhat hairy on the upper side,
the radical ones on long petioles, cordate, 3-5-cleft; the divisions 2-3-cleft,
acute ; those of the stem 3-parted or entire ; stem slender and someAvhat
spreading, smooth ; flowers minute ; carpels much compressed, smooth, with
a minute curved style.
" Shady woods of the Oregon and AVahlamet Rivers," Nuttall .'—Stem U
-2 feet high, nearly naked, almost filiform. Leaves an inch long.— FloAvers
as large as in R. sceleratus. Sepals hairy. Petals obovate, a little larger
than the sepals. Peduncles much elongated in fruit. Carpels 6-8, suborbicu-
lar ; the style slender and very short.
36. R. fascicularis (Muhl.): plant clothed Avith an appressed silky pubes-
cence; stem short, erect or spreading; leaves pinnately divided; segments
24 RANUNCULACEiE. Ranunculus.
oblong-obovate or cuneiform, pinnatifidly lobed ; calyx spreading, villous, half
the length of the petals; heads subglobose; carpels orbicular, tumid; style sub-
ulate, somewhat curved, nearly as long as the carpels.— Mu/i/. / cat. p. 56 ;
VC.prodr. 1. p. 40; Bigel. fl. Host. ed. 2. p. 226; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 20. t. 8. / 1 ; JJarlingt. ! ji. Cest. p. 329.
Rocky woods, &c. Canada! to Pennsylvania! and Wisconsin! April-May.
— Root fascicled. Leaves variously divided, but the middle lobe always
petioled. Petals obovate or oblong (5-6-7 Hook.). Flowers as large as in
R. acris. Carpels glabrous, scarcely margined, minutely punctate, abruptly
terminated by a slender curved or nearly straight style (in our specimens),
or margined, the margin tapering upward into a recm'ved filiform style,
which is fiat and membranaceous at the base (Ilook.). — We have not seen
the carpels as they are described by Hooker; — nor is the style more than
slightly curved as represented in his figure.
37. R. Schlechtetidalii (Hook.): pilose with spreading hairs ; stem some-
what branching, short; leaves on long petioles, reniform-cordate, 3-parted;
lobes obovate, 3-cleft or laciniately divided; sepals- pUose, spreading, at
length reflexed, shorter than the petals ; style as long as the ovary. Hook,
fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 11. R. fascicularis, Schlecht. animad. hot. 2. p. 30. t. 2.
(Me Hook.)
Rocky Mountains, lai. 52°-55°. — A span high. Leaves somewhat hirsute,
ciliate, all except the uppermost cordate or reniform. Petals obovate.
Fruit not seen. Hook.
38. R. orthorhynchus (Hook.): hairy, with the hairs closely appressed ;
stem erect, slender, branching and nearly naked above ; radical leaves petiol-
ed, 3-foliolate ; leaflets linearly many-cleft, with white callous points ; calyx
reflexed ; carpels semi-ovate, compressed, strongly margined, shorter than the
nearly straight style. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. ^. 21. ^. 9.
Low lands near rivers, Oregon, Douglas^ Nuttall ! — Stem 1-2 feet high,
sparsely hirsute. Leaves ternately pinnatifid, with the leaflets mostly pin-
natifidly divided ; segments linear or oblong. Flowers as large as in R. acris.
Sepals oval, half the length of the obovate petals. Carpels few and large,
glabrous.
39. R. bulbosus (Linn.): hairy; radical leaves petioled 3-foliolate and
somewhat pinnately divided ; leaflets 3-cleft, incisely toothed ; stem erect,
bulbous at the base; calyx reflexed, shorter than the sepals; carpels sub-
ovate, with a short acute recurved beak. — DC prodr. 1. ji. 41; Michx ! fl.
1. p. 321; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 392; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 331.
Fields and pastures; introduced from Europe. May. — Stem about a foot
high ; hairs appressed. Leaves variously cut. Peduncles sulcate. Petals
sometimes more than 5, deep yeUow, and shining. Carpels in a globose
head. — Butter-mps.
§ 3. Carpels tuherculate or aculeate-hispid. — Echinella, DC.
40. R. miiricatns (Linn.): leaves petioled, glabrous, somewhat orbicular,
mostly 3-lobed, the lobes coarsely toothed; stem sparingly pilose, erect or
diffuse ; calyx spreading, shorter than the petals ; carpels tuberculate-acule-
ate, margined, terminated by a strong, ensiform, straight or somewhat hook-
ed beak.— M/r/(,.r..'.^. 1. p. 321; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 395; Ell.sk. 2. p. 64;
Lam,, ill. t. 4:98 ; DC. prodr. (P. Carolinus) 1. p. 42.
Virginia to Louisiana ! May — July. Introduced '? — Leaves sometimes
undivided, sometimes cleft to the base ; floral ones oblong or lanceolate^
entire. Flowers small. Petals obovate, bright yellow.
Myosurcs. RANUNCULACEiE. 25
41. R. parviflorus (Linn.): villous; leaves somewhat orbicular, 3-lobed or
ternate ; stem subdocuinbent ; calyx equalling the petals, at hiii^th rellexed ;
carpels roundish, (granulated and hispid ; style short, straicht, or slightly
hooked. — DC. proflr. 1. ]>. 42. R. trachyspermus, Eli.! sk. 2. p. G5.
p. leaves 3-lobed, with the lobes iucisely and acutely toothed.
y. leaves cleft to the base or ternate ; leallets cuneiform, 3-lobed.
Virginia, North Carolina! /?. Georgia!). California, Dovgla.'i! — (J) ! Stem
6-15 inches high, slender. Leaves less than an inch in diameter. Flowers
small. Petals 3-4-5. Carpels with a thin acute margin ; beak scarcely one
third the length of the carpel.
X Doubtful species.
42. R. Ilornemanni (Schlecht.): leaves ternate, hirsute ; leaflets 3-lob"d ;
calyx reflexed, pilose; peduncles sulcate. DC. prodr. 1. p. 44; Schlecht.
animad. bot. 2. p. 36. — Allied to R, Philonotis. DC.
43. R. CJiiJensis (DC): stem procumbent, and with the petioles hispid;
leaves somewhat villous, roundish-cordate, 2-3-cleft; lobes coarsely dentate;
calyx very villous. DC. syst. 1. p. 286 ; Ilook. ^ Am. in bot. Beechey,p.
4. t. 3.
Cahfornia? Hook. ^ Am. (1. c.) The plant may have been introduced by
mistake among the Californiaa collections of Beechey's voyage.
44. R. sepientrionalis (Poir.) : smoothish ; leaves membranaceous, gla-
brous, 3-foliolate ; leaflets somewhat 3-lobed, incised, acute ; stem and base
of the petioles hirsute ; peduncles about 2-flowered; calyx reflexed. Poir.
diet. 6. p. 125 ; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 395.
De Candolle refers Poiret's plant to his R. Carolinianus ; but it can hardly
be that species.
R. Robini, Raf. Jl. Liidov.=K. Flammula.
R. meganthusj Raf. 1. c.
R. polypetaluSj Raf. 1. c.
R. leptopetalus, Raf. 1. c.
R. obtusiusculus, Raf.; DC. prodr. 1. p. 43.
6. MYOSURUS. DHL; Linn. ; DC. syst. 1. p. 231.
Sepals 5, produced downward at the base beyond their insertion. Petals
5 ; the claw filiform and tubular. Stamens 5-20. Achenia triquetrous, very
closely spicate on a much elongated torus. Seed suspended. — A minute
annual, with linear entire radical leaves. Scapes 1-flowered; flower mi-
nute.
M. minimus (Linn.) — DC. prodr. 1. p. 25; Ell. sk. I. p. 582. M.
Shortii, Raf. ! in Sill. jour. 1. p. 379 ; DC. I. c.
Rocky borders of the Wahlamet, Oregon: and in alluvial situations in
Arkansas, Nnttall ! Georgia and Louisiana, Z>r. /yeare??7/-or?/i .' Kentucky,
Short ! April. — Leaves 1-2 inches long, less than a line in breadth. Scape
1-4 inches high. Flowers pale yellow. Spike of carpels terete, tapering,
resembling the tail of a mouse : — hence its vulgar name-'Motise-tail.
4
26 RANUNCULACE^. Caltha.
7. CYRTORHYNCHA. Nutt. mss.
V
" Sepals 5, petaloid, narrow, spreading. Petals 5, narrow and unguiculate ;
the claAV nearly the length of the lamina, with a projecting scaly callosity
at its summit. Stamens rather numerous: anthers rounded. Stigmas ^hort
and subulate, strongly incurved. Achenia oblong-cylindrical, somewhat con-
spicuously grooved (not carinated), collected into a spheroidal head. Seed
suspended. — A small perennial herbaceous plant. Leaves mostly arising
from a short caudex, ternate and bipinnatcly divided. Panicle loose and cy-
mose. Calyx petaloid and, like the corolla, bright yellow. In the fruit it
resembles Thalictrum; in the flower, both Anemone and Ranunculus."
C. ranuncrdina (Nutt.! mss.)
" By the sides of gravelly brooks in the eastern range of the Rocky Moun-
tains, around the place known by the name of Independence Rock on the
banks of the Sweet Water of the Platte, but not further to the Avestward.
Flowers in June. — Caudex clothed with numerous brown vestiges of sheath-
ing petioles. The whole plant quite smooth. Leaves somewhat coriaceous
and shining ; radical ones on long petioles, the subdivisions pinnatifid ; la-
cinise entire or 2-3-toothed. Stem, or scape, about a span high, cymosely
branched above ; bearing at the lowest division a single sessile 3-parted
leaf, and at the upper divisions minute and undivided leaves. Sepals ob-
long-ovate, spreading but not reflexed. Petals somewhat longer than the
sepals, oblong, obtuse, very conspicuously narrowed beloAv into a long claw,
(almost like the nectaries of Coptis) ; the upper part of the claw thickened
bv a scale-like process. Stamens 20 or more : anthers adnate. Carpels
10-15, quite glabrous, cylindrical-oblong, grooved (as in Thalictrum). Stig-
ma subulate, shorter than the ovary, inflexed so as to be almost concealed
in the mature fruit."
Tribe III. HELLEBORES. DC.
Petals IrreQ-ular, often bilabiate or tubular, nectariferous, sometimes
wanting. Calyx petaloid. Anthers mostly extrorse. Carpels few
(rarely solitary), follicular, with several seeds.
8. CALTHA. Linn.; DC. sysi. 1. p. 306.
Sepals 6-9, petaloid. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 5-10.
Follicles 5-10, compressed, spreading, many-seeded. — Perennial very gla-
brous herbs. Leaves cordate or reniform (rarely sagittate). — The North
American species belong to § 2. Populago, DC.
1. C. palustris (Linn.) : stem erect ; leaves suborbicular, cordate or reni-
form, obtusely crenate or nearly entire ; the lobes rounded ; sepals 5-6,
broadly oval. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 44; Micli.v. fl. 1. p. 324; Piirsh^ f. 2. p.
390; Darlingt.fl. Cest. p. 336.
/?. integerrima : leaves wholly entire ; floral ones sessile, obscurely cre-
nate, petals obovate. — C. integerrima, Pursh! Ji. 2. p. 390; DC. prodr. 1.
p. 45.
y. parnassifolia: stem 1-flowered, 1-leaved; leaves all petioled, broadly-
reniform, sharply toothed ; sepals elliptical. — C. parnassifolia, Raf. in med.
Trollius. RANUNCULACEiE, 27
rep. 2. p. 361 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 22. DC. prodr. 1. p. 45. C. ficarinides,
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 309. C. palustris /?. J3C. /. c? Ranunculus Ficaria, Mult.
Cav. p.' 1591
(5. flabelUfoHa: stem procumbent; leaves all petioled, broadly renifbrm,
the lobes widely spreading. — C. dcntata, Muhl cat. C. flabcllifolia, Pursh !
fl. 2. p. 390. /;
Swamps, Canada ! to South Carolina, and west to the Pacific ! April-
May. — Stem mostly erect, rather thick and succulent (in 6. more slen-
der), 6-10 inches high, corymbosely or dichotomously branched above (ex-
cept in y.). Radical leaves 2-4 inches broad, on petioles 3-8 inches or more
in length, crenatelv or acutely dentate, or quite entire. Flowers few, 1-1 i
inch in diameter (in S. smaller), pedunculate, bright yellow. Carpeh ob-
long, somewhat recurved, mucronate with the style ; the point at first in-
flexed, but at length nearly straight.
2. C. osarijolia (DC): stem nearly erect, 1-flowered ; leaves reniform-
cordate with the sinus obtuse, crenate ; sepals 6-7, oval. DC! .^tjst. 1. p.
309. (v. s. in herb. Lamb.)
Unalaschka and the Aleutian Isles. — Stem weak, longer than the leaves.
Leaves 12-15 lines long, 2 inchf^s broad ; those of the stem nearly ses-
sile. Sepals yellow, like those of C. palustris, but smaller. DC — Scarcely
more than a variety of C. palustris, and apparently identical with the var.
minor of De CandoUe.
3. C natans (Pallas): stem procumbent, floating; leaves reniform-cor-
date, crenate, Avith the lobes somewhat approximated, obscurely crenate to-
wards the base, toothed towards the summit; sepals oval; carpels with a
straight beak. DC. prodr. I. p. 45; Hook.jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 22.
Creeping on the surface of deep sphagnous swamps, in tne woody central
districts of British America, from Canada to lat. 60"; rare. Dr. Richard-
son. — Flowers white, not half as large as in C. palustris. Hook. Capsules
in a dense head ; anthers oval. R. Br.
4. C arctica (R. Brown): stem creeping; leaves reniform, repandly
crenate, obtuse; carpels (12-16) imbricated; stigma persistent, with the
apex rounded ; stamens 20 or more, with the anthers linear. R. Br. in
Parry\'i 1st voy. app. p. 265 ; Hook. f!. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 22.
Melville Island, and coast of the Arctic Sea. — Flowers yellow. Near C.
radicans, and by its creeping stem allied to C. natans. The latter hassmaller
leaves, white floAvers and oval anthers. — R. Br.
5. C leptosepala (DC): stem 1-leaved or naked, mostly l-flowered ;
radical leaves on long petioles, ovate-cordate, obscurely crenate ; sepals 8-10,
oblong; pistils 8-15. — DC! syst. 1. p. 310. (v. s. in herb. Lamb.);
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 22. t. 10. C. sagittata, Torr. ! in ann. lye. New-
York, 2. p. 164. (excl. syn.)
North West America, and Rocky Mountains, south to lat. 40^ ! — A span
high. Scape? 1 -(rarely 2-) flowered, smaller than in C. palustris. Sepals Avhite.
Carpels 8-10, oblong. Styles none, or very short ; stigma obtuse, recurved.
6. C bijlora (DC): stem with a single leaf, 2-flowered ; radical leaves
petioled, reniform, crenate, with a very broad sinus ; sepals oblong. DC.
syst. 1. p. 310 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 22.
North West America. — Sepals rather acute, broader and shorter than in
the preceding species. Carpels 3-16, acuminate with the style. DC — Per-
haps, as Hooker intimates, not distinct from C leptosepala.
9. TROLLIUS. Linn.; DC. syst. 1. p. 311.
Sepals 5-10-15, deciduous, petaloid. Petals 5-20, small, 1-lipped, tubu-
28 RANUNCULACE^. Coptis
lar at the base. Stamens and ovaries numerous. Follicles numerous, ses-
sile, somewhat cylindrical, many-seeded. — Perennial glabrous herbs ; with
fibrous-fasciculate roots, and palmately divided leaves ; the segments many-
cleft.
1. T. laxus (Salisb.): sepals 5-6, spreading ; petals 15-25, shorter than
the stamens.— 5'a//.s-/>. in Linn, trans. S.p. 303 ; Pursh,f. 2. p. 391 ; Gray !
in Ann. ]yc. New-York, S.p. 222. T. Amcricanus, Miihl.! cat. p. 56'; DC.
prndr. I. p. 46 ; Ilook.Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 23.
Sphagnous swamps, Canada to Pennsylvania ! Delaware ! Eastern de-
clivity of the Rocky Mountains, lat. 52° and 55^, Drummond. May.-—
Plant 1-2 feet high, erect. Flowers twice as large as in Ranunculus acris.
Sepals ochroleucous with a tinge of green beneath. Petals minute, much
shorter than the stamens, deep orange-yellow. Carpels 8-15.
10. COPTIS. Salisb. in Linn, trans. S.p. 305.
Sepals 5-6, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5-6. Stamens 15-25. Follicles
5-10 ; on long stipes, somewhat stellately diverging, membranaceous,
ovate-oblong, pointed with the style, 4:-S-seeded.— Herbs with radical, di-
vided, subcoriaceous leaves, and very slender extensively creeping roots.
§ 1. Petals very small, citcidlate-obconic. — Chryza, Raf.
1. C. trifolia (Salisb.): leaves 3-foIiolate ; leaflets cuneiform-obovate,
crenately and mucronately toothed, obscurely 3-lobed ; scape 1-floAvered. —
Salisb. I. c. ; Pursh,jl. 2. p. 390 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 47 ; Hook. ! f. Bor.-Am.
1. p. 23 ; Bigel. med. bot. 1. t. 5. Helleborus trifolius, Linn. ; Michx. fl.
1. p. 325. Chrysa borealis, Raf. in Desv. jour. bot. 2. p. 170.
Bogs, Greenland, and Labrador ! to Pennsylvania! North West America!
Sitcha! Unalaschka! May- June.— Roots consisting of long bright-yelloAV
fibres, intensely bitter. Leaves evergreen; leaflets about an inch long.
Scape slender, 3-5 inches high. Sepals 5-7, oblong, obtuse, white. Petals
much shorter than the sepals, yelloAv at the base. Carpels acuminated with
the persistent style. Seeds oblong, black and shining ; raphe very indis-
tinct, ■
§ 2. Petals and sepals linear^ co5«sm//ar.— Chrysocoptis, Kutt.
2. C. occ?V/e»to//5; leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets petiolulate, broadly ovate,
subcordatc, 3-lobed, incisely toothed ; scape short, 3-flowered.— Chrysocoptis
occidentalis, Nutt.! in jour. acad. Phil ad. 7. p. 9. t. 1.
Rocky Mountains, Mr. VVyeth /—Roots long and slender, bright
yellow, arising from a short thick rhizoma. Leaves sempervirent, dark green,
about an inch and a half long, and nearly of the same breadth. Flowers on
very short pedicels. Petals about 6, with claws, similar to the sepals and of
equal length, not hooded. Ovaries 8-10. Fruit not seen. A%«.— Habit and
leaves of C. trifolia: flowers near C. asplcnifolia. The scape probably
lengthens in maturity.
§ 3. Petals and sepals somewhat similar : petals dilated and cucullate
in the middle, longer than the sepaZs.— Pterophyllum, Nutt.
3. C. asplenifoUa (Salisb.): leaves bitemate; leaflets somewhat pinna-
Aqoilegia. RANUNCULACE^. 29
tifid, acutely serrate ; scape 2-Ho\vere(l ; sepals 5, linear-lanceolate, rettexed.
Sulisb. I. c. ; Purs/i, fl. 2. ]). :^91 ; Hook. ft. lior.-Am. 1. p. 23. ;. U.
North West America! Sitcha ! — Rhizoma thick, horizontal, branchin<T,
lhro\vin<^ ofl' lon^ blackish fibres. Scape at first shorter than the leaves, in
fruit elongated ; pedicels very Ion?. Flowers white. Petals 5, very long
and narrow, dilated and concave-cucullate in the middle, fililbrmly attenuated
upwards. Carpels with a very short point at the summit.
11. ENEMION. Raf. in jour. phys. (1S20) 2. p. 70.
Sepals 5, petaloid, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 20-30. Ovaries
3-6 (mostly 4), 2-ovuled : style as long as the ovary : stigma glandular, re-
curved. Follicles 2-6, sessile, ovate, compressed, acuminate with the style,
2-5eeded. Seeds large, ovate, compressed, with a prominent cord-like raphe :
albumen oily. — A slender smooth herbaceous perennial. Leaves biternately
divided, with lobed membranaceous segments. Flowers white. Roots fi-
brous and grumous.
E. hiternatum (Raf.! 1. c.)—DC. prodr. 1. p. 48. Isopyrum thalic-
troides. Short I cat. pL Kentucky, 1. p. S; Hook ! in jour. hot. p. 187.
(note.)
Moist shady places, Kentucky, Dr. SJwrt ! Dr. Peter ! Indiana, Dr.
Clappf Arkansas, Dr. Pitcher ! Ohio, liidt I ell. May.— Root consisting
of a tuft of thick fibres, often grumous. Stems several, 6-10 inches high,
moderately branched. Radical leaves, and those on the lower part of the
stem, on long petioles, biternate : leaflets roundish, 3-lobed ; the lobes very
obtuse. Petioles auricled at the base. Flowers on filifomi peduncles which
are at length much elongated, temiinal, and axillary near the upper part ot
the stem, about three-fourths of an inch in diameter. Sepals obovate, obtuse,
white. Petals always wanting. Stamens half as long as the sepals : fila-
ments filiform: anthers ovate. Ovaries seldom less than 3, or more than 5,
ovate. Style someAvhat clavate ; nearly the upper half stigmatic on the
inner side. Carpels broadly ovate, marked with a few strong oblique veins,
spreading in a radiated manner and at length reflexed, acuminated with the
persistent style. Seeds nearly a line and a half in length, minutely pubes-
cent. Embiyo very minute.— This plant so greatly resembles Isopyrum
thalictroides, that without the fruit, it can only be distinguished by a close
examination.
12. AGIUILEGIA. Lin7i.; DC. syst. 1. p. 333.
Sepals 5, deciduous, colored. Petals 5, somewhat bilabiate ; the outer lip
large, flat and spreading ; inner one veiy small, produced at the base into as
many hollow spurs or horns, which descend between the sepals. Follicles 5,
erect, many-seeded, pointed with the style. — Perennial herbs Avith hi- or tri-
ternate leaves. Flowers teraiinal, scattered. Columbine.
1. A. Canadensis (Linn.): spur straight, longer than the limb; sepals
ovate or oblong, a little longer than the petals ; stamens and styles exserted.
—Michx. .' ft. 1. p. 316 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 50 ; Bot. mag. t. 246 ; Hook.!
ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 24 (in part) ; Bart. ft. Am. Sept. 1. t. 36.
0. hybrid a (Hook.): spurs incurved at the apex; styles shorter; flowers
purplish.- //oo/f. Z. c— "A. Canadensis /?. violacea; spurs nearly twice the
length of the petals." Nutt. ! mss.
30 RANUNCULACEiE. Delphinidm.
On rocks, Hudson's Bay to Gf orgia ; west to Missouri ! fi. Big Blue Ri-
ver of the Platte, Nuttall! Rocky Mountains, Drummnvd. May-July. —
Root fusiform. Stem 12-18 inches high, and Avith the leaves, glabrous.
Leaves commonly biternate ; leaflets cuneiform, crenately lobed. Flowers
pendulous, scarlet externally, yellow inside. Spurs about an inch long, swol-
len and callous at the extremity. Ovaries pubescent.
2. A. /orwosa (Fischer): spur straight, much longer than the limb; se-
pals lanceolate, acute, three times the length of the petals ; styles as long as
the sepals. — Finch, in DC. prodr. 1. p. 50. A. Canadensis, Bov^.! veg.
Sitcha. in viem. acad. St. Petersb. (6 se?:) 2. p. 124 ; Hook. ! jl. Bor.-Am.
1. p. 50. (in part.)
Oregon, Nuttall ! Dr. Scovler ! Sitcha and Unalaschka, Bongard ! —
This species much resembles A. Canadensis; but differs in the comparative
nakedness of the stem, the upper part of which is clothed with a few small
leaves. The flowers are larger, pubescent and brighter colored, and the se-
pals are nearly as long as the spurs.
3. A. ccBrulea TTorr.) : spurs straight, very slender, about twice as long as
the limb ; sepals rnomboid-ovate, acute, longer than the petals ; stamens and
style shorter than the corolla. — Torr. ! in ann. lye. New-York, 2. p. 164.
A. leptocera, Nutt. ! in joiirn. acad. Philad. 7. p. 9.
Rocky Mountains, lat'. 40 \ Dr. James ! Mr. Wyeth! June.— Stem about
a foot high, slender, glabrous. Leaves mostly radical, glaucous beneath ;
leaflets deeply cleft. Flowers somewhat solitary, large, bright blue (ochro-
leucous, Nutt.). Sepals narrow at the base. Petals very obtuse.
4. A. brevistyla (Hook.): someAvhat pubescent; spurs incun-ed, shorter
than the limb^ styles short, included; petals a little exceeding the stamens. —
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 21. A. vulgaris? Richards, app. Frankl. jour,
ed. 2. p. 21.
Western parts of Canada, as far north as Bear Lake, Dr. Richardson. —
Stem and leaves as in A. vulgaris, but the flowers (Avhich are blue) only half
the size. Sepals ovate-lanceolate. Carpels one inch long, pointed with a
short style. — Near A. vulgaris and A. cserulea. Hook.
13. DELPHINIUM. Linn.; DC. syst. 1. p. 340.
Sepals 5, deciduous, petaloid, irregular; the upper one produced into a spur
at the base. Petals 4, irregular ; the 2 superior ones furnished with a spur-
shaped appendage at the base, inclosed in the spur of the calyx. Ovaries 1-5,
mostly 3. Follicles many-seeded. — Annual or perennial herbs Avith erect
branched stems. Leaves petiolate, palmately divided. FloAvers in terminal
raceixies, commonly blue. — Larkspur.
§ 1. Ovary solitary : petals united into one: inner spur of one piece:
annual. — Consolida, DC.
1. D. Consolida, (Linn.) : stem erect, someAA'hat glabrous, divaricately
branched ; floAvers few, in a loose raceme ; pedicels longer than the bracts ;
carpels smooth. DC. prodr. 1. p. 51 ; Pursh! fl. 2. p. 372.
" Near Staunton, and on dry hills near the South Mountain [Virginia] na-
tive." Pursh., in herb. Barton .'—In fields, and along road-sides ; introduced
from Europe, and almost naturalized. July.
Delphinium. RANUNCULACE^. 31
§ 2. Ovaries 3-5; petals not coherinsr^ the inferior ones 2-cleft : sprir
elongated: perennial. — Dt'lphinastrum, DC.
2. D. e.raltattim (Ait.): petioles not dilated at the base ; leaves deeply 3-
5-cleft ; lobes cuneiform, divaricate, 3-cleft, acuminate ; raceme strict ; spur
straii^ht, as long as the calyx; lower petals deeply 2-cleft, sparingly beard( d ;
with a minute spur-like process at the base of the claw. — Ait. Keic. (ed. 1.)
2. p. 2H; DC. prodr. 1. /;. 51 ; Pur.';h, fl. 2. p. 371 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 18 ;
Hook. ft. Bnr.-Ani. \. p. 25. D. tridaetykim, Michx.! Jl. 1. p. 314. D. ur-
ccolaturn, Jacq. ic. rar. 1. t. 91. (fide Hook.) D. alpmum, Waldst. and
Kit. 3. /. 246. (fide Hook.)
Canada to South Carolina! Kentucky, Short! Ohio, Eiddell. June-
Aug. — Stem 2—1 feet high, glabrous below, pubescent towards the summit.
Lower leaves 4-5 inches in diameter, about 5-cleft ; upper ones somewhat
3-parted, with the divisions incised and widely spreading; lateral ones 2-
lobed. Racemes, and outer surface of the sepals, canescent. Flowers bright
blue (sometimes white, Drummond). Sepals with a pubescent, yellowish,
longitudinal line externally. Limb of the upper petals entire. Carpels 3,
straight,
3. D. Californicum: petioles dilated at the base ; leaves palmately 3-5-
cleft ; divisions incisely 3-lobed; raceme strict, and Avith the flowers, pubes-
cent ; spur as long as the calyx, somewhat incurved ; limb of the superior
petals notched; lower ones 2-cleft, densely bearded on the inside ; the claw
furnished with a minute spur-like process at the base.
California, Douglas ! — Stem smooth below. Lower leaves deeply 5-cleft ;
the divisions cuneiform, 3-lobed ; segments of the upper leaves lanceolate,
divaricately lobed. Flowers as large as in D. exaltatum, pale blue ? Ovaries
3. Petals as long as the sepals.
4. D. tricorne (Michx.): petioles slightly dilated at the base ; leaves .5-
parted, with the divisions 3-5-cleft ; lobes linear, acutish ; petals shorter than
the sepals, the lower ones 2-cleft and bearded w:ithin; spur straight, as long
as the calyx, ascending. — Mich.r. ! Jl. 1. p. 314 ; Pvrsh ! Jl. 2. p. 371; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 54 ; Deless. ic. 1. t. 59 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 18.
Hills and woods, Pennsylvania! Virginia ! Louisiana and western States!
to Arkansas \ April-May. — Sparingly pubescent. Stem 6-18 inches high.
Root tuberous. Leaves with an orbicular circumscription. Raceme some-
what loose, 6-12-flowered. Flow^ers bright blue, sometimes white, pubescent.
Lower petals densely bearded ; claw slightly gibbous at the base. Carpels
3, ovate, spreading, reticulately veined.
5. D. Menziesii (DC.) : petioles slightly dilated at the base ; leaves 3-
parted; lobes 3-cleft, linear, entire; bracts 3-cleft; raceme strict; petals
bearded; spur straight, longer than the limb; root grumous. DC. syst. 1.
p. 355; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 25; Bat. reg. t. 1192. D. simplex, Hook.
I.e.
fi. ochroleuca (Nutt.! mss.): "flowers pale yellow, the tips of the sepals
only blue."
Western coast of America ! from California to Kotzebue's Sound, and on
the plains of the Oregon ! down to the sea, (never in the shade of the forest,
Nutt.) 0. Open prairies and along the banks of the Wahlamet, Nuttall ! —
Root grumous and tuberous. Stem from a span to two or more {eet high,
nearly simple but sometimes paniculately branched, and as well as the
leaves, pubescent. Raceme elongated; rachis and pedicels velvety-pubes-
cent. Flowers (except in /?.) deep blue, marked externally Avith a hairy Hne.
— Near D. azureum.
32 RANUNCULACE.E. Delphinium.
6. D. azureum (Michx.): petioles slightly dilated at the base; leaves 3-
5-parted, many-cleft, with linear lobes; racemes strict; petals shorter than
the sepals ;the lower ones deeply 2-clcrt, densely bearded; claw hispid on one
side, the other side with a spur-lil<:e process at its base ; spur ascending.
a. leaves (and lower part of the stem) nearly glabrous; lower petals with
a yellowish pubescent line externaOy ; spur somewhat incur\-ed, longer than
the sepals; lobes of the lower petals somewhat obtuse; flowers azure. —
D. azureum, MicJix. ! fi. 1. p. 314 ; Piirsh, fl. 2. p. 371 ; DC. prodr. 1. p.
54; Deless. ic. 1. t. 60; Ell. sk. 2. p. 18. D. Carolinianum, Walt. Car. p.
135-
/?. canescently pubescent ; divisions of the leaves many-cleft; segments
all linear-subulate; flowers smaller, azure; spur incurved. — D. azureum,
Nutt. gen. 2. p. 14.
y. puberulent; segments of the upper leaves subulate; flowers ver}' pale
blue ; spur straight, about as long as the sepals ; lobes of the lower petals
narrow, acute, someAvhat divaricate.
S. stem densely velutinous; leaves minutely pubescent, with narrowly
linear or subulate segments; flowers pale blue; sepals with a brown pubes-
cent spot ; spur slightly curved ; lobes of the lower petals oblong, acutish.
e. minutely puberuleftt ; stem velutinous above ; leaves 3-parted. many-
cleft ; segments divaricate, very acute ; flowers large, greenish-white ; se-
pals with a brownish spot ; spur thick, somewhat curved.
Var a. North Carolina to Georgia! Texas, Dnimmond .' /?. Arkansas,
Nuttall ! y and S. Arkansas, JDr. Pitcher! 0. Lake Winnipeg, Dr.
Houghton !
7. D. viminenm (Don): petioles scarcely dilated at the base; leaves flat,
3-parted ; segments cuneifonn, obtuse, 3-lobed, mucronulate, uppermost ones
linear, undivided or 3-parted ; racemes loose, velvety ; limb of the inferior
petals bifid at the summit; spur straight, as long as the sepals; ovaries silky.
Don in Sweefs Brit.Ji. gard. ^.374; Hook.! in hot. mag. t. 3593.
Velasco, Texas, Drummond! July-Aug. — Stem 1-3 feet high, slightly
branched, slender. Leaves all petiolate ; the seginents narrow. Flowers
middle sized, bright azure. Sepals oblong, rather obtuse, with a callous pro-
tuberance near the middle. "Upper petals resembling the carina of a papilio-
naceous flower. Lower petals with the limb spreading, purple, trifid, beard-
ed with a tuft of yellow hairs." Hook. — In our ;?pecimens of what we con-
sider to be this species, the lower petals are not bearded. The plant seems
to be nearly allied to D. azureum.
8. D. virescens (Nutt.) : pubescent ; petioles scarcely dilated at the base ;
leaves 3-5-parted, the middle division mostly undivided, lateral ones 2-3-
cleft; lobes lanceolate; raceme loose, few-flowered; sepals oblong or lanceo-
late; spur longer than the sepals, ascending; lower petals deeply 2-cleft;
claw gibbous at the base. — Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 14; DC. prodr. 1. p. 53.
Plains of Missouri and Arkansas, Nuttall ! North Carolina, Schiceim'tz !
Georgisi, Le Conte! .Tune.— Stem 8-12 inches high. Raceme simple. Pe-
dicels longer than the flowers. Bracts subulate. Flowers large, yellowish
or greenish white, minutely pubescent. Sepals marked with a brownish
spot near the apex, much longer than the petals. Spur straight or somewhat
incurved. Lower petals rather densely bearded. Ovaries 3.
9. D. variegatum : pubescent ; petioles dilated at the base ; leaves 3-
parted ; divisions cuneiform, many-cleft, with the lobes bnear and rather ob-
tuse ; raceme few-flowered ; spur scarcely as long as the sepals ; lower petals
orbicular-ovate, 3-lobed, Avith the middle lobe small, sparingly bearded.
California, Douglas ! — Stem 1-2 feet high, sulcate. Raceme strict, nearly
simple. Lower bract 3-cleft. Sepals deep violet-blue, somewhat pubescent
Delphinium. RANUNCULACE.^3. ^3
externally, obovate-oblong, obtuse, longer than tlic thick straight spur. Ujiprr
petals yellow (often tipped with blue), eniarginate: lower ones sparinu'ly
bearded on the inner surface and niar;t(ins, waved, unequally 3-k)bed, the
central lobe small and blue; one of the lateral lobes blue, the otlier yellow;
claw with a small spur-like process at the base.
10. D. hicolor (Mutt.): pubescent; petioles somewhat dilated at the ba'^e;
leaves digitately 5-parted ; lobes 3-5-cleft; divisions linear, short, rather
acute; raceme lax, few-flowered, the pedicels elongated and spreading; spur
rather slender, as long as the sepals ; lower petals broadly obovate, entire,
sparingly bearded. — Niitt. ! in jour, acctd. P/iilad. 7. p. 10.
Dry lulls near Flat-Head River, towards the southern sources of the Oregon,
Mr. Wijetli ! and in open plains on the sources of the Platte, Nulla II ! April.
— Stem about a span high. Leaves about 3, near the base of the stem, the
circumscription reniform; divisions short and radiating, slightly pubescent.
Lower bracteal leaves deeply 3-5-parted, with nearly undivided segments. tSe-
pals large, deep violet-blue, oblong-ovate. Upper petals yellow veined with
blue. Spur curved a little downward ; claw of the lower petals Avithout a
spur at the base. Carpels 3.
11. D. 2i(iucij!orum (Nutt.l mss.) : "somewhat hirsutely pilose ; petioles
scarcely dilated ; leaves reniform, lobes bitid or trifid, linear and entire;
bracts simple minute ; raceme 3-5-{lowered ; spur subulate, straight, about
the length of the oblong acutish^«*si* ; stigmas and styles smooth; root *t-/»*tS
grumous.
" Rocky Mountains and Blue Mountains of the Oregon. — Scarcely a foot
high, slender ; the lower part and the stem more or less minutely and roughly
pubescent. Leaves nearly smooth on the upper surface ; two or three divided
ones on the stem, the uppermost beneath the flowers simple. Flowers 2-3,
large, blue. Lower petals with a central line of pubescence ; upper ones
hirsute externally. Carpels pubescent." Nittt.
12. D. (lepauperatum (Nutt. ! mss.) : "lower part of the stem (and leaves)
glabrous ; upper part and the carpels densely villous ; petioles scarcely dilated ;
leaves reniform, o-parted; the lobes 2-3-cleft, oblong and rather broad; bracts
simple, minute ; rajcyiJI'- 1-5-flowered ; spur subulate, straight, longer than
the oblong obtuse ^e4«fe>; stigmas and styles pubescent; root grumous.
" In the shade of pine woods in the Blue Mountains of the Oregon. — Stem
very slender, simple, about 2-leaved. Leaves scarcely an inch in diameter, the
lower one glabrous, with broad simple segments ; upper ones smaller, with
narrow linear segments. Upper part of the stem and carpels minutely villous.
Petals shorter than the spur ; lower ones hairy. Flower often solitary, deep
blue ; upper petals yellowish." Nutt.
13. D. niidicaule: leaves all radical, on short petioles, 3-parted; lobes obo-
vate-cuneiform, the lateral ones 2-lobed, terminal one somcAvhat 3-lobed ;
scape racemose, loosely flowered ; pedicels elongated ; spur straight, longer
than the broadly ovate sepals ; upper petals a little exceeding the calyx, lower
ones 2-cleft, with a minute spur-like process at tjie base.
California, Douglas '. — Scape 12-18 inches high, glabrous, 10-12-flowered.
Pedicels elongated, spreading, 2-4 inches long, above the bracteoles pubescent.
Bracts subulate, very small. Bracteoles minute, seated above the middle of
the pedicels. Flowers (in dried specimens) purplish-red. Sepals obtuse or mu-
cronate. Lower petals smooth on both sides ; margin sparsely fringed ; upper
ones emarginate. Spur thick. Carpels 3, recurved-spreading, reticulately
veined, pubescent.
t D elegans{DC. syst. 1, p. 355.) was described from specimens transmitted by
Delile from Elgin Botanic Garden, New-York, li is known to be an introd"''»d
plant, and is therefore left out of our Florn.
5
34 RANUNCULACEiE. Aconitum.
14. ACONITUM. Linn. ; DC. syst. 1. p. 364.
Sepals petaloid, irregular, deciduous ; the upper one (galea) large, vaulted.
Petals 5; the 3 lower ones minute, often converted into stamens; the 2 upper
on long claws, expanded into a sac or short spur at the summit, concealed
under the galea. Follicles 3-5, many-seeded.— Perennial herbs. Leaves pal-
raately divided.
1. A. uncinalnm (Linn.) : panicle rather loosely (lowerrd, with diverging
branches; galea obtusely conic, compressed, with an obtuse beak; spur
thick, inchned ; leaves deeply 3-lobed.— Mc/to:. '. Ji. 1. ;>. 315; Bot. mag. t.
1 119 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 60 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 20.
Mountains, in wet places, New-Yom (Chenango county, Le Covte.')&
Pennsylvania! to Georgia ! June-July. — Root tuberous. Stem flexuous, slen-
der (climbing. Ell.). Leaves truncate at the base, coarsely toothed : lateral
segments often 2-lobed. Flowers blue, as large as in A. NapeUus. Ovaries
3-5, villous.
2. A. Nap('llii,<} (L\nx\.) — 0. delphinifoUvm (Seringe): flowers racemose,
with the peduncles elongated ; galea semicircular ; sac somewhat conic, with
a short inchned spur; ovaries 4-6; lobe^ of the leaves pinnatifid; lobules
undivided. Scringe, mus. Helv. 1. p. 159; DC. prodr. \.p. 63 ; Bong. !
veg. Sitcha,l. c. p. 124. A. delphimfoUum, var. Americanum, DC. syst. 1.
p. 380 ; Beichenb. aconit. t. 9.
North West America, Sitcha ! and north to Kotzebue's Sound ; Rocky
Mountains. — Flowers deep blue.
3. A.na.mtmn (Fisch. mss.) : petals erect, with the spijj arcuate ; ga-
lea conical, prone; spur descending ; raceme someAvhat panicled ; divisions
of the leaves rather broad. Hook. Ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 26. A. Fischeri,
jReichenb. aconit. t. 22. (fide Hook.)
Near the source of the Wallawallah River, in the Blue Mountains of Ore-
gon, Douglas.— A native also of Kamtscatka, Siberia, and the south of Eu-
rope.
4. A. Columbionum. (Nutt. ! mss.): "petals erect, with the spur ar-
cuate; galea narrow and oblong ; beak small and acutely projecting ; stem
attenuated ; panicle small and racemose ; leaves palmate, 5-7-cleft ; seg-
ments rhombic-ovate, acute, incisely and sharply toothed; petioles very
short.
" Springy places on the Oregon, below Wallawallah. — Plant glabrous ex-
cept towards the summit^ about 3 feet high, attenuated and leafy. Flowers
small, pale dull blue, hairy. Galea narrower than the other sepals, with a
prominent acute beak. Lateral sepals very unequal." Nntt.—'Y\\is may be,
as Mr. Nuttall suspects, not distinct from tlie preceding species.
X Doubtful species.
A. pallidum (Nutt.) — Loudon^s hort. Brit, suppl. p. 482.
Tribe IV. CIMICIFUGEiE.
Subord. Cimicifugese, Am.
Sepals petaloid, caducous. Petals (or rather dilated sterile filaments,
or staniinodia) 3-6. Anthers introrse or innate. Carpels few, some-
CiMiciFUGA. RANUNCULACE.E. 35
times solitary, raroly numerous, follicular or baccate, with several
seeds, sometimes indehiscent and l-seeded. — Flowers occasionally by
abortion unisexual.
15. ACT^A. Linn.; Juss. gen. p. 22b; Fischer «f Meyer,
ind. sem. St. Petersb. 1835.
Sepals 4-5. Petals (or staminodia) 4-8, spatulate. Stamens numerous,
anthers introrse. Stigma capitate, sessile. Carpels solitary, baccate, many-
seeded. Seeds compressed, smooth, horizontal. — Perennial herbs. Leaves
2-3-ternately divided j segments incisely serrate. Flowers in simple ra-
cemes, white.
1. A. rubra (Bigel.) : raceme ovate; pedicels longer than the flower,
scarcely any thicker in fruit ; petals rhombic-ovate, acute, shorter than the
stamens; fruit subovate (red). — Bigel.! fi. Botit. eel. 2. p. 211; Iliok. fl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 27 ; Fiavh. t^ Mey. I. c. p. 20. A. Americana a. rubra, Ptirsh,
J1. 2. p. 366. A. brachvpetala /^. rubra, DC. prodr. 1. jy. 65. A. spicata <i'
rubra, Mich. v.! Ji. 1. //. 308.
Rocky woods, Hudson's Bay to Pennsylvania! west to the Rocky Moun-
tams. May. — Stem about two feet high, " leafless and scaly at the base "
Fisch. <^ Mey. Leaves ternately decompound ; leaflets ovate, acuminate
1-2 inches long, unequally and incisely serrate ; the terminal one often 3-clelt.
Raceme 20-4d-flowered, broadly ovate or hemispherical. Sepals 4, greenish,
ovitte. Petals sometimes 8 or 10, minute. Berries bright cherry -red shin-
ing, about 16-seeded, on pedicels half an inch in length, and not one-fourth
as thick as the peduncle.
2. A. alba (Bigel.) : raceme oblong; pedicels as long as the floAver, much
thickened in fruit ; petals oblong, truncate at the apex, shorter than the
stamens ; fruit roundish-ovate (white). — Bigel. I. c. ; Hook. I. c; Finch. &■
Mey. I. c. A. Americana /?. alba, Pursh, Ji. 2. p. 336. A spicata /?. alba,
3fich.7\ I. c. A. brachvpetala a &, S. DC. prodr. 1. p. 65. A. pachvnoda'
Ell. sk. 2.p.l5.' f n ,
Rocky woods, Canada! to Georgia, west to the Mississippi. May. — Re-
sembles the preceding very much in its foliage and inflorescence. "Stem
leafy at the base," Fisch. cf Meyer. Petals often 2-toothed at the apex.
Pedicels of the flowers nearly as thick as the peduncle, at length i-1 inch
long, spreading, red. Berry one-fourth of an inch in diameter, 8-12-seeded
milk-white and often tipped with purple. — Very near A. spicata of Europe.
3. .4. arguta (Nutt. ! mss.): "raceme oblong, sometimes divided to-
wards the base, loose ; pedicels longer than the flowers, filiform, scarcely
thickened in fruit ; petals oblong, oljtuse, shorter than the stamens ; fruit
subglobose, (red); leaflets doubly and incisely serrate.
"Woods of the Oregon and its tributary streams. — A much larger plant
than A. rubra, with smaller dark red berries, and more deeply serrated
leaflets. Low^er pedicels H inch in length." Nutt.
16. CIMICIFUGA. L;';???. amain. 7. p. 435 ; Juss. gen. p. 234,
Cimicifuga, Actinospora, & Botropliis, Fisch. (^ Meyer.
Sepals 4-5. Petals (or rather staminodia) 3-5, concave or unguiculate
sometimes by abortion fewer or none. Stamens numerous: anthers introrse.
Style short : stigma simple. Carpels 1-8, follicular, many-seeded. — Peren-
36 RANUNCULACEiE. Cimicifcq
nial herbs. Leaves 2-3-ternately divided ; segments incisely serrate.
Flowers in virgate racemes, white.
§ 1. Monogynoxis : carpels suhglobose: seeds compressed^ smooth^ hori-
zontal: staminodia several, very small, with long claws. — Macrotys,
Raf. (Botrophis, Raf. ; Fisch. f Meyer.)
1. C. racemosa (Ell.): racemes very long; leaflets ovate-oblong, incisely
toothed; staminodia slender, 2-forked.— £//. sk. 2. p. 16. C. serpentaria,
Pur.^h, ft. 2. p. 372. Actaa racemosa, Linn.; Michx. ! ft. 1. p. 308; DC.
prodr. i. p. 64; HooTi. ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 27. A. monogy'na, Walt. Car. p.
151. Macrotys actaoides, Raf. in Desv. jour. hot. 2. p. 170. Botrophis
serpentaria, Raf. med. Ji. 1. p. 85. B. acta^oides, Fisch. ^ Meyer, I. c.
Woods, Canada! to Georgia! and Western States. July. — Root thick
and knotted, with long fibres. Stem 3-8 feet high, glabrous, furrowed,
leafy near the middle. Leaves 3-ternate: leaflets 2-3 inches long. Ra-
cemes branching, 6-12 inches long: pedicels 3-4 lines in length, bracteate.
Flowers very fetid. Sepals caducous, greenish-white, concave. Stamino-
dia 4-8 ! Carpels globose-ovate, glabrous. Seeds 7-8, compressed and
angular as in Actsa. — De CandoUe states that the flowers are sometimes
digynous ; but we have never observed more than a single ovary in a flower.
§ 2. Di-octogynous {rarely monogynous): follicles pod-shaped: seeds
flat, vertical, echinate with little scales : staminodia several, spatidate,
or concave and nectariferous at the base ; rarely none. — Cimicifuga,
Fisch. & Meyer.
2. C. cordifolia (Pursh) : leaves biternate ; leaflets broadly cordate, 3-5-
lobed ; ovaries 1-3, glabrous ; petals spatulate, bifid ; follicles oblong, sessile.
— Pursh, JI. 2. p. 373 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 17. (excl. syn.) ; Fisch. ^ Mey. I. c. ;
Bot. mag. t. 2069. C. Americana, MuM. ! cat. ed. 2. p. 54. Actaa cordi-
folia, DC. prodr. 1. p. 64.
Shady woods on his:h mountains of Carohna, Pursh, Muhlenberg! —
About 3 feet high. Leaflets inequilateral, large. Racemes paniculate, elon-
gated, glabrous. Sepals 5, nearly orbicular. Petals 2-3 (or none), cleft
nearly one-third their length ; the segments obtuse and thickened. FolHcles
about three-fourths of an inch long, acuminate with a short hooked beak.
Seeds 8-10, oblong, thickly invested with brown chaff'y scales.
3. C. elata (Nutt. ! mss.) : " leaves bhemate ; leaflets cordate, lobed, in-
cisely toothed, pubescent beneath ; ovaries 2-3, glabrous ; petals none ; fol-
licles oblong, sessile."— C. foetida, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 373?
" Shady woods of the Oregon.— Much taller than C. cordifoha (6-8 feet
high), with the leaves smaller, thinner, and more distinctly lobed. The
flowers smaller and rather distant, instead of being crowded." iVM«.— Ra-
cemes short and paniculate, as in C. foetida; while in C. cordata they are
elongated, as in C. racemosa. The petals seem to be always wanting in C,
elata.
4. C. Americana. (Michx.) : leaves triternate ; segments ovate ; the ter-
minal 3-parted or 3-cleft, incisely lobed, cuneiform or subcordate at the
base ; ovaries 2-5, stipitate, glabrous ; petals concave, sessile, nectariferous
at the base, 2-lobed ; foflicles obovate, on slender stipes.— il//c/?.-i\ .' /. 1. p.
316 ; Fisch. (f- Mey. I. c. C. podocarpa. Ell. sk. 2. p. 16. Actaa podocarpa,
DC. prodr. l.p. 64 ; Deless. ic. 1. t. 66. A. pentacarpa, Michx..' herb.
High mountains of North Carolina, Michaux ! Mr. Curtis! Pennsylva-
nia and Virginia, Mr. J. McXab .'—About four feet high, glabrous. Leaflets
THALicTRnM. RANUNCULACEiE. 37
2-4 inches long, thin, coarsely serrate and incised ; the serratures mucro-
nate. Panicle (in fruit) nearly 2 feet long. Flowers smaller than in C ra-
ceinosa, on short bracteate pedicels ; the upper ones often with but 2 or 3
ovaries. Sepals 5. !'?etals resenii)ling those of C. foctida, l)ut smaller, and
more distinctly 2-lob'>d. Follicles very obtuse, scarcely beaked ; the j)ersis-
tent slender style siibterminal. Seeds 6-8, oblong, with long light-colored
chaff.
17. TRAUTVFiTTERIA. Fisch. f Meyer, ind. sem. St. Petersb.
1835, p. 22.
Sepals 4-5. Pf;tals or sterile filaments none. Stamens numerous : an-
thers introrse. Carpels 15-20, membranaceous and indchiscent, 3-carinate,
l-seeded, tipj)ed vnth the very short hooked style. Seed erect. — Perennial
herbs. Leaves palmately lobed. Stems simple or branching above. In-
florescence cyraose.
1. T. pahnata (Fisch. &. Meyer) : leaves slightly coriaceous, with
conspicuous reticulated veins ; cvme mostly compound. — Cimicifuga pal-
mata, Mirh.v. ! fi. 1. p. 316; Pursh, Ji. 2. p. 373 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 17. Actsea
pahnata, DC. fiyst. 1. p. 383 ; Bat. mag. t. 1630. Thalictrum ranunculinum,
Muhl. in Willd. enuni.7 Hydrastis, Lam. ill. t. 500; Pair, suppl. 3.
p.l\.
a. lobes of t.he leaves incisely lobed and serrate.
/?. lobes of the upper leaves lanceolate, serrulate.
Along stre ams and mountain rivulets. North Carolina! to Tennessee! P.
Kentucky, — Short! July— Aug. — Stem 2-3 feet high. Leaves 2-3, large,
5-9-lobed (t'le lowest on a long petiole), with smaller sessile ones subtending
the branches of the cyme. Cyme fastigiate, nearly simple or much branched,
diehotomously corymbose, loosely flowered: pedicels ebracteate. Sepals or-
bicular, concave (the veins arranged after the same manner as in the leaves).
Achenia utriculate, small, gibbous on the back, carinate, als.o with 2 lateral
ribs. Seed very small.
2. T. grandis (Nutt. ! mss.): "leaves membranaceous, the veins scarcely
prominent; cyme nearly simple. — Cimicifuga palraata, Hook. Ji. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 26.
" Shady i 70ods of the Oregon. A taller and larger plant than the preced-
ing, with th inner, more acuminate, sharply and deeply toothed leaves. The
flowers are also larger." Nuit. — Perhaps scarcely distinct: the more mem-
branaceous leaves may be owing to the shady situations.
18. THALICTRUM. Linn.; DC. syst. 1. p. 168.
Sepals 4, rarely 5. Petals none. Stamens numerous : anthcxs innate.
Carpels (ichenia) 4-15, pointed with the style or stigma, sulcate or ribbed,
sometime s inflated. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 2-3-ter-
nately di /ided. Flowers corymbose or paniculate, often dioGcious or polyga-
mous, gr aenish, white, or yellow.
* Carpels inflated or stipitate : sepals caducous.
/
1. T. clavalum (DC): floAvers perfect (moncEcious, DC); filaments
clavate • anthers elliptical, pointless ; carpels compressed, not striate, stipi-
38 RANUNCULACE^. Thalictrum.
tate, when old inflated, longer than the style ; lea-\-es triternate ; leaflets
suborbicular, crenately lobed, glabrous, glaucous beneath.— floo/c. fi. Bor-
Am. l.p.2; DC. 1. syst.! p. 171; Deless. ic. 1. t. 6.
Sandhills of Portage La Loche, lat. SC, Dr. Eichardson ; Canada?
Mkkaux. (v. s. in herb. mus. Paris.)— Plant. l-U loot high. Leaflets as large
as in T. dioicum. Panicle few-flowered, loose ; pedicels long. Flowers
erect. Stamens foAV, as long as the sepals. Filaments conspicuously dilated.
Ovaries 8-10 (//«o/f.) (5-6, DC.) ovate gibbous; the persistent style ^ the
leno-th of the ovary. Hook. This plant was described by De Candolle Irom
specimens in the herbarium of Michaux. The locaUty is not recorded, nei-
ther is the plant described in Michaux's Flora. Hooker asks whether it
may not be a state of T. dioicum ; but that species has remarkably slender and
scarcely dilated filaments, and linear mucronate anthers.
2. T.JiUpes: polygamous (?) : carpels semi-obovate, compressed, striate,
each on a slender stipe, nearly its own length, acute ; style none ; leaves
biternate ; petiolate ; leaflets roundisli, obtusely 3-5-lobed, ^laucous beneath.
Linville, North Carolina, Mr. Chirtis !—V\d.i\i 2 feet or more in height,
very smooth. Leaves thin, on petioles an inch long, exstipellate. Panicle
corymbose, loose and capillary. Flowers not seen. Carpels 4-6, widely
spreading, membranaceous, marked Avith several prominent branching veins,
acute, and tipped with a minute stigma, but not rostrate ; the base tapering
into a long almost capillary stipe. Seed much smaller than the cavity.— This
species, the flowers of which we have not seen, is nearly related to T. clava-
tum ; but differs in the veined carpels, the entire absence of the style, and the
long slender stipe.
** Carpels ovate or oblong, ribbed, sessile or slighily stipilatc : sepals caihicous.
• '" 3. T. dioicum (Linn.): very glabrous, dioecious or polygamous ; filaments
"' filiform ; anthers linear, elongated, mucronate ; leaves on short petioles, ter-
nately decompound ; leaflets rounded, crenately and obtusely lobed, glaucous
beneath ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; carpels oblong, sessile, strongly
ribbed twice the length of the slender curved style.— />C.^ro(?r. 1. p. 12 ;
Pursll ! f. 2. p. 3SS; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 3. T. tevigatum, Mich.r.!
fl. 1. p. '222. T. purpurascens ! (excl. syn.), rugosura, 6c Carohnianum,
'DC. I.e. . .
/? 7 stipitatnm. : carpels conspicuously stipitate.
Rockv woods, Mackenzie's River, lat. 67=', to the mountains of S. CaroUna I
and west to Oregon ! P. Table Mountain, N. Carohna, Mr. Curtis ! April-
May .—Stem 1-2 feet high. Common petioles an inch or mor- in length.
Leaflets about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, commonly somewhat 3-
lobed ; the lobes crenate-toothed. Panicles loose, 15-20-flowered. Sepals 4-
5 oval, obtuse, often purple. Filaments much longer than the sepals, alniost
capillary and nearly of the same thickness throughout ; anthers yellowish.
Fertile flowers with 6-8 stamens. Ovaries 6-10.— The variety k we have
only seen in fruit. The stipes are more than half the length of the strongly-
ribbed carpels ; and the persistent style is as long as the stipe. In other
respects the resemblance to T. dioicum is very striking.— T. purpurascens,
DC. is referred to this species; but we are not certain that his plant is the
same as that of Linnaeus.
/' 4. T. CornuH (Linn.) : dicEcious or polygamous ; filaments su-^clavate ;
anthers oblong, obtuse; leaves sessile (the petiole divided to the bise), ter-
nately decompound ; leaflets round ish-obovate or elliptical, 3-lobed, whh the
lobes rather acute, glaucous or pubescent beneath ; peduncles longer than
the leaves ; carpels subsessile, ribbed, twice as long as the style ; stigma
linear.— Linn. sp. p. 768 ; Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 388 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.
Thalictrum. RANUNCULACE.E. 39
3, t. 2. T. pubescens, Pursh ! I. c. T. revolutum ! &, T. corynellum,
DC. prodr. 1. p. 12. T. polygainurn, JMiiht. ! cat. ed. 2. p. 56. T. ru^o-
suin, Ail. Ki'W. {ed. 1.) 1. p. 2G2. T. purpurascons, Pitrsh ! in herb. Bart.
T. rugo.suiu & Cumuli, JJurlingt. ! Ji. (.'est. p. '.V3L
Banks of rivers and in wet meadows, Canada (lat. 5G ) to Georgia;
Western States! June-July. — Stem 3-6 ft-et liigh, branching. Leaves very-
large, always sessile ; divisions of the petiole elongated. Leaflets variable
in size, form, and pubescence, ovate, elliptical, or roundish ; often cordate at
the base, but sometimes cuneifonn ; the veins scarcely prominent, or eleva-
ted and rugose ; margin commonly revolute. Panicle compound. Sepals
white, oblong, small. Filaments more or less clavate ; anthers somethaes
linear-oblong and slightly pointed. Carpels glabrous, about o lines long.
• -^ 5. 7'. alpinum (Linn.): Mowers perfect, in a simple raceme, nodding;
filaments tiliform ; anthers oblong-linear ; stem simple, nearly naked ; leaves
biternate; leaflets glabrous ; stigma linear; carpels ovate, sessile. — Linn. sp.
p. 767 ; DC. si/st. 1. p. 175.
Canada, Kabn ; Island of Anticosti, Pursh! (v.s. in herb. Shepherd);
Newfoundland, Banks ; Greenland, Hornemann.—^Piant scarcely a span
high. Leaves mostly radical, petiolate ; leaflets about one-third of an inch
Jong, roundish, subcoriaceous, crenately toothed. Stem scapiform. Raceme
6-10-tiowered : pedicels slender. Sepals 4, oblong. Ovaries few : styles
almost wanting : stigmas thick and pubescent. — The American plant exactly
resembles our specimens of T. alpinum from the North of Europe.
*** Sepals petaloid, not caducmis, longer than the stamens : root grumous.
./ 6. T. anemonoides (Michx.) : root fasciculately tuberous ; flowers few,
umbellate ; floral leaves involucriform ; radical ones biternate. — Michx. ! fi.
I. p. 322; DC. prodr. I. p. 15; Hook.Jl. Bar. -Am. 1. ^. 4 ; Juss. ami.vms.
3. p. 249. t.2\. f. 2 ; Darlingt. ! ji. Cest. p. 333. Anemone thalictroides,
Linn.; Pursh, Ji. 2. p. 387; Bart. Ji. Am. Sept. 2. t. 44 ; Bot. mag. t.
866.
Canada! to N. Carolina !&. Western States ! April-May. — Root composed
of 4-6 clavate tubers. Radical leaves on long petioles : cauline leaves 1-3,
sessile, trifoliolate, verticillate ; leaflets petiolulate, roundish, obtusely 3-5-lob-
ed. Stems 4-8 inches high, commonly several from one root. Peduncles
3-6, one-flowered, 1-2 inches long. Flowers nearly an inch in diameter. Se-
pals 6-10, elliptical, white, sometimes slightly tinged with purple. Fila-
ments filiform, or somewhat clavate: anthers oblong. Ovaries 6-10: style
none: stigma simple. Carpels oblong, acute, prominently ribbed, substipitate.
— "Habit and frondescence of Isopyrum, with the inflorescence of Ane-
mone, and the fruit of Thalictrum." DC.
In the herbarium of the late Rev. L. D. von Schweinitz are specimens of a Tha-
lictrum, which may be distinct from any of the preceding ; but for want of the fruit,
it is here recorded only as a provisional species.
7. T. 7wrZi^«(iZc (Schwein. mss.) : flowers perfect (or polygamous 1) ; filaments
somewhat clavate ; anthers oblong, obtuse ; leaf solitary, radical, on a long petiole,
biternate, leaflets membranaceous, roundish, obtusely lobed, subcordatc; stem slen-
der, nearly naked (tall), the summit a little branched, and bearing several 3-foliolate
leaves and a small few- (4-8) flowered panicle ; stigma simple, sessile.
On rocks, Patrick county, Virginia, and on the Yadkin River, North Carolina,
Schweinitz ! — Stem 2 feet high. Leaflets glabrous, about three-fourths of an inch
long. Cauline leaves at the summit of the stem, very small. Panicle as long as the
leaves. Flowers very small. Sepals 4-5, greenish, oblong. Ovaries 4-6, subses-
sile, ovate, acute, pointed with the small simple stigma.
40 RANUNCULACEi53. Hydrastis.
19. ZANTHORHIZA. Marsh, arb.; Lam. ill. t. 854; DC. sijst. 1. p. 386.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, of 2 roundish lobes raised on a pedicel. Stamens 5-
10. Ovaries 5-10, pointed with the styles, 2-3-ovuled. Follicles small,
mostly 1-seeded. Seed suspended. — Suffrutescent : the root and bark yellow
and bitter. Leaves pinnately divided. Racemes appearing with the leaves,
axillary, compound. Flowers minute, dark purple, ofter, by abortion polyga-
Z. apiifolia (L'Her.) stirp. nov. p. 79. t. 38 ; MicLr: ! Ji. 1. p. 186 ; Bart.
veg. mat. med. 2. t. 46; DC. prodr. 1. p. 65. Xanthorhiza simplicissima,
Mamh. I. c.
Shady banks of rivers, Pennsylvania ! to Georgia '1 and Texas ! March-
April. — Root large. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate ; lePi.flets incised. — Yellow-
root.
Tribe V. HYDRASTIDEiE.
20. HYDRASTIS. Linn.; Jiiss. gen. p. 232; Micha;. f. 1. p. 317 j
DC. syst. 1. p. 217.
Sepals 3, ovate, petaloid, caducous. Petals none. Stamens numerous :
anthers innate. Ovaries numerous, 2-ovuled : styles short: stigmas dilated,
induplicate. Fruit composed of the baccate 1-2-seeded carpels, crowded in
a globose head. — A perennial herb ; the rhizoma and roots yelloAV and bitter.
Stem simple, 2-leaved, 1-flowered ; the fohage and fruit resembling a Rubus.
H. Canadensis (Unn.)—Mich.T. ! fi. I. c. ; Pursh, ft. 2. p. 389; Ell. sk.
2. p. 55; DC. prodr. 1. p. 53. Warneria Canadensis, Mill. diet.
In shady woods, particularly on the sides of mountains, Canada ! to Caro-
lina ; west to Ohio ! and Kentucky ! April-May.— Leaves pubescent Avhen
young, cordate, palmately 3-5-lobed, the lobes doubly serrate; lower leaf pe-
tioled, the upper subsessile. Peduncle an inch long. Calyx pale rose-color.
Fruit red. Seeds obovate: testa crustaceous, nearly black, shining, lined
with the thin and membranous tegmen. Embryo minute, at the base of the
somewhat fleshy and oily albumen.
Suborder P.EONIE.E. Arn.
Sepals 5, unequal, fDliaceous, persistent. Petals 5 (6-10 by culture),
destitute of claws. Stamens very numerous : anthers adnate, introrse.
Ovaries 2-5, the base surrounded by a fleshy annular disk i stigmas
sessile, thick, of two lamellae, persistent. Carpels follicular, opening
above. Seeds several : albumen fleshy. — Herbaceous (rarely shrubby,)
plants. Roots fasciculate, thick. Leaves 2.ternately divided. Flow-
ers terminal, solitary, large, purple, rose-color, or white.
Pjeonia. MAGNOLIACEiE. 41
2|. PiEONIA. Linn.; Jass. gen. p. 231 ; DC. syst. 1. p. 3SG.
Character same as of the Suborder.
1. P. Brownii (Dougl.): carpels 5, oblong, very glabrous, erect; leaves
smooth on both sides, somewhat glaucous, biternatc ; leaflets ternately divid-
ed or pinuatifid, laciniate ; laciniac oblong, those of the lower leaves obtuse.
Ilonk. f. Jior.-Am. 1. p. 27.
"Near tlie confines of perpetual snow on the subalpine range of Mount
Hood, N. W. America." Douglas in Hook. " East of the Blue Mountains
of Oregon, not in subalpine situations," Nuttall ! June-July.— Stem striate.
Sepals very unequal, oval. Carpels very smooth, oblong, scarcely recun-ed at
the apex. Hook. " Petals reddish-purple, never fully expanding." Nutt.
2. P. Californica (Nutt. ! mss.) : " carpels 3, glabrous ; leaves smooth on
both sides (not glaucous), ternate; leaflets broadly cuneate, nearly twice 3-
cleft ; laciniffi oblong-lanceolate, acute. .
"Margins of bushy plains, and in the valleys of the mountains, in the vici-
nhy St. "Barbara, Upper California. March- April.— Ditfers from the preced-
ing in the smaller, less divided and broader leaves, Avhich are deep green on
both sides; and the leaflets bifid or trifid, never pinnatifid. Sepals never expand-
ing, one, and sometimes two, of the outer ones ending in a small trifid
leaf jPetals small, scarcely exceeding the length of the calyx, deep blood-red.
Seeds large, light brown, cylindrical-ovoid." Nutt.
Order II. MAGNOLIACEiE, Juss.
Magnoliacese & Winteracere, R. Br. ; Lindl.
Parts of the flowers arranged in a ternary order. Sepals 3-6, do-
ciduous. Petals 3-30, hypogynous, in several rows : aestivation ini-
bricated. Stamens indefinite, distinct, hypogynous : filaments very
short : anthers adnatc, introrsc. Ovaries several in a single row, or
numerous and spicate in several rows, on a torus raised above the sta-
mens : styles short or none : stigmas simple. Fruit consisting of
numerous 1-2-seeded carpels, follicular or baccate, or woody, or fleshy,
aggregated or connate in a strobiliform manner upon the clongat-
ed torus ; sometimes samaroid. Seeds anatropous, suspended or as-
cending. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy homogeneous albu.
men. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire, (pubescent when
young) mostly minutely punctate with transparent dots, coriaceous,
with convolute caducous stipules. Flowers rarely diclinous, solitary,
usually large, fragrant.
The presence of pellucid dots in the leaves of WintcrfxceEe, and their absence in
Magnoliacea;, is considered a chief mark of distinction by those autliors who view
the two orders as distinct. These dots, liowever, exist in all our Mas^nolias, as well
as in the exotic forms we have examined, and may he ob'served witli a lens of very
moderate power (if the leaves be too coriaceous at least in tlie petals) quite as readi-
ly as in lllicium. Several species are also slightly aromatic and stimulant as well
as bitter. The leaves, or at least the petals, of all our species of Auonacea:, and of
6
42 MAGNOLIACEiE. MACNouit.
all the foreign species which we have examined, are dotted in the same manner. —
De CandoUc states that the American species of Magnolia (§ .Mugnoliaslrun|, DC.)
have extrorse anthers ; which is not the case. •
Tribe I. ILLICIE^. DC.
Winteracea;, R. Br. ; Lindl.
Carpels in a single whorl. Anthers short. — Aromatic & stimulant.
1. ILLICIUM. Linn. ; Gcertn. Jr. 1. j). 338. t. 69.
Sepals 3-6, petaloid. Petals 9-30. Follicles stellate, 1-seeded. Seeds smooth
and shining.— Evergreen glabrous shrubs ; the bruised leaves and carpels ex-
hahng the odor of anise.
1. /. Floridanum (EUis): leaves oval or oblong, acuminate ; petals 27-30,
dark purple, the outermost oblong, the inner ligulate.— i;///s, in phil. trans.
60. p. 524.- 1. 12 ; Lam. ill. t. 493 ; Michx.fi. 1. p. 526 ; DC. prodr. 1 p. 77.
Florida! Alabama! & Louisiana: in swamps. May.
2. /. parviftorum (Michx.) : leaves oblong ; flowers yellowish ; petals
ovate or roundish, ^12.— Micli.T. ! I. c. ; DC. I. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 35 ; Nutt. 2
gen. 2. p. 18. I. anisatum. Bartr. trav.
Georgia ! &, Florida ! May-June.— Leaves rather obtuse. Flowers nod-
ding, much smaller.
Tribe II. MAGNOLIE^. DC.
Carpels splcate on the elongated torus. Anthers long. Scales of
the leaf-bud formed of convolute stipules.
2. MAGNOLIA. Linn. ; Gcertn. fr. 1. p. 343. i. 70.
Sepals 3^ caducous, sometimes none or confounded with the petals. Pe-
tals 6-12, caducous. Carpels 1-2-seeded, persistent, forming a strobile-like
fruit, dehiscent by the dorsal suture. Seeds baccate, subcordate, suspended,
hanging, when ripe and the carpel opens, by a long funiculus composed entke-
ly of spiral vessels.— Fme trees (except M. glauca.)
1. M. grandifiora (Linn.): leaves evergreen, oval-oblong, coriaceous,
shining above, ferruginous-tomentose beneath ; petals 9-12, obovate, expanding.
— Walt. Car. p. 158; Lam. ill. t. 490; Michx. ! fi. 1. p. 327 ; Michx. f.
sylv. 1. p. 269. t.71; Ell. sk. 2. p. 36.
N. Carolina ! to Florida ; west to the Mississippi ! May-Aug.— Trunk
naked 60-70 feet high, crowned with a pyramidal head ; branches somewhat
whorled. Leaves 6-8 inches long. Flowers white, 7-8 inches broad ; pe-
tals abruptly unguiculate.
2. M. glauca (Linn.) : leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, white beneath ; pe-
tals '9-12, ovate, narrowed at the base, erect— Michx. ! fi. 1. p. 327 ; Michx.
Magnolia. MAGNOLIACE^. 43
/ sylv. 1. p. 274. t. 52 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 27 ; Bigel. ft. Bost. ed. 2. p. 229, ^
tned. Ipt. t. 26.
Swamps, Massachusetts! to Louisiana! and Missouri. May -Juno. — A
shrub ; leaves deciduous (often silky beneath when young): in the Suutliern
Slates sometimes a tree with evergreen leaves. (Ell.) Flowers white, 2-o
inches broad, very fragrant.
3. M. Umbrella (Lara.) : leaves deciduous, oblong or obovate-lanceolate ;
petals fl, narrow ; sepals 3, reflexcd. — Lam. diet. 3. p. 673 ; DC. prodr. 1. p.
80. M. tripetala, Linn. ; Michx. ! Jl. 1. p. 327 ; Michx. f. sylv. 1. p. 285. t.
54 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 38.
Southern and Western States ! New- York, Michx. f. (sed ?) and Pennsyl-
vania, Muhlenberg. May-.Tune. — Tree 30-40 feet high. Leaves crowded
in an umbellate manner on the extremity of the irregular branches (whence
the name Umbrella-tree), 1-2 feet long, acuminate. Flowers white, 7-8
inches in diameter ; odor unpleasant. Fruit rose-color, 4-5 inches long.
A.M. acuminata (hinn.): leaves deciduous, oval, acuminate (pubescent
beneath); petals 6-9, oblong-obovate. — Michx.! fl.l.p.32S; Mich.v.f. sijlv.
l.p. 278. t. 53; Pursh,Jl.2.p. 381.
New- York ! to Georgia ! confined to the mountains in the Southern States.
June- July. — Tree 60-80 feet high, 4-5 feet in diameter at the base. Flowers
slightly fragrant, 3-4 inches in diameter: petals scarcely expanding, yellow-
ish, glaucous externally. Fruit cyhndrical, 3 inches long, when green slightly
resembling a young cucumber (whence the name. Cucumber-tree).
5. M. cordata (Michx.) : leaves deciduous, broadly ovate, subcordate, acute,
whitish and pubescent beneath; petals 6-9, oblong. — Michx. fl. 1. />. 328;
Michx. f. aylv. 1. p. 282. t. 54; Ell. sk. 2. p. 38 ; Bot. mag. t. 325; Nutt.
gen. 2. p. 18.
N. Carolina ! to Georgia! on mountains. April-May. — Tree 20-40 or 50
leet high ; bark deeply furrowed. Leaves 4-6 inches long. Flowers yel-
low, faintly streaked with red.
6. M. Fraseri (Walt.) : leaves deciduous (glabrous on both sides or glau-
cescent beneath), spatulate-obovate, auriculate at the base ; sepals 3, spread-
ing ; petals 9, oblong, attenuate at the base. — Walt. Car. p. 159. M. auriculata,
Lam. diet. 3. p. 673; Bartr. trav. ; Michx. ! Jl. 1. p. 328; Michx. f. sylv.
1. p. 287. t. 56 ; Bot. mag. t. 1206 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 39.
/?. pijraviidata (Nutt.): leaves broader and shorter. Niitt. gen. 2. p. 18,
— M. pyramidata, Bartr. ; Pursh, jl. 2. p. 381.
On the Alleghany Mountains, from the head waters of the Susquehannah
(Pursh? ?) (Virginia Michx. f.) to Georgia ! /?. S. Carolina, Georgia and
Florida ! near the coast. April-May. — Tree 30-40 feet high. Leaves 8-12
inches long, mostly green on both sides, somewhat rhomboid ; auricles nar-
row, rounded. Petals oval-lanceolate or subspatulate, white, 2-3 inches
long. Fruit oval-oblong, rose-color. — The specific name of Walter having
been first published must of necessity be restored. .
7. M. macrnphylla (Michx.) : leaves deciduous, oblong-ovate, narroAved
and subcordate at the base, glaucous and whitish beneath ; petals 6, ovate.
—Michx. ! Jl. 1. p. 327 ; Michx. J. sylv. l.p. 292. /. 57 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 18 ;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 40.
Lincolnton, N. Carolina ! and in Tennessee, near Cumberland River.
Georgia, on the Chattahouchie River, Dr. Chapman ! Dr. Boykin. May-
July. — Trunk naked below, 30-40 feet high ; bark white. Leaves crowded
on the end of the branches, 1-3 feet long, scarcely auricled at the base.
Flowers when fully expanded 8-10 inches in diameter, white : petals with
a purple spot on the inside at the base. Fruit ovate, rose-color.
44 ANONACEiE. Uvaria.
3. LIRIODENDRON. Linn.; Gcertn.fr.t. VIS.
Sepals 3, caducous. Petas 6, campanulate. Carpels densely imbricated,
1-2-seeded, indehiscent, deciduous; the apex produced into a lanceolate
wing. — A large tree. Leaves 3-lobed, the terminal lobe emarginately trun-
cate, the lateral ones with 2 sinuses. Flowers greenish-yellow, orange with-
in. Stipules flat.
L. Tulipifera (Linn.)— Michx.Jl. 1. p. 326 ; Michx.f. sylv. 1. p. 302. L
61; IJigel.med.bot.t. 31.
Canada ! to Louisiana and Florida. May-June.— Trunk sometimes 140
feet high, and 8-9 in diameter.— Tulip-tree. Wliite-xcood.
Order III. ANONACE^. Jiiss.
Sepals 3-4, persistent, often united at the base. Petals 6, in two
rows, hypogynous, coriaceous : aestivation valvular. Stamens inde-
finite, packed closely together on a hypogynous torus : filaments short :
anthers adnate, extrorse ; connectivum large, sometimes nectariferous
at the apex. Ovaries usually numerous and closely packed, separate
or sometimes cohering : styles short or none : stigmas simple : ovules
solitary or several, erect or ascending. Fruit consisting of dry or
succulent, 1- or many-seeded carpels, which are distinct or concrete
into a fleshy mass. Seeds anatropous ; testa brittle. Embryo minute,
at the base of hard ruminated albumen. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves
(and branches pubescent when young) alternate, exstipulate, distinctly
articulated with the stem, entire. Flowers axillary, mostly solitary.
Petals, and commonly the leaves, minutely punctate with pellucid
dots.
AnoTM glabra, Linn. (Anona foliis latis, &c. Catcsb. Car. t. 64.) a West Indian
species, has not been met with in the United States. Catesby was doubtless mis-
taken as to the locality.— Prof. Bailey, of West Point U. S. Military Academy, has
seeds of a large-fruited species of Anona from Key West.
1. UVARIA. Linn. ; Blume,f. Jav. ex. Alph. DC. mem. A7ion. p. 25.
Uvaria, Asimina, and Porcelia, of Authors. Orchidocarpum, Mic/ix.
Sepals 3, united at the base. Petals 6, in a double series. Ovaries few or
numerous. Carpels oblong, baccate, often torulose, pulpy within, several-
seeded. — Aromatic shiubs or trees.
§ Carpels by abortion 2-3 or solitary: inner petals smallest: flowers
solitary on short axillary peduncles, which are sometimes bractcolate.
— Asimina, Adans.
UvARiA. ANONACE^. 45
* Leaves membranaceous : flowers expanding at or before the time of leafing ^ arising
from the axils of former leaves.
1. U. triloba: leaves oblong-obovate, acuminate ; petals dark purple; the
exterior orbicular, 3 or 4 times the length of the sepals. — Anona triloba, Linn.;
Michx. ! f. spiv. 2. t. 60. Porcelia triloba, Pers. syn. 2. p. 95 ; Fnrsh,fl. 2.
p. 383. Orchidocarpum arietinum, Michx. ! jl. 1. p. 329. Asimina triloba,
Dunal., Anon. ;j. 81 ; FAl. sk. 2. p. 42.
Banks of streams. Middle, Southern, and Western States ! March-April.
— A small tree 15-20 feet high. Branches and leaves nearly glabrous.
Ovaries often 8. Fruit of a single carpel (2-3 inches long), or sometimes of
2-3 connate carpels, yellowish, esculent, very fragrant. — Papaw.
2. U. parviflora : leaves oval-obovate, acuminate ; petals greenish-pur-
ple ; the exterior oval, hardly twice the length of the sepals. — Orchidocarpum
parviflorura, Midu:. ! I. c. Porcelia parviflora, Ptrs. L c. Asimina pui vi-
flora, Dunal, Anon. p. 82. t. 9; Ell. sk. 2. p. 41.
Woods, Virginia to Florida! — A low shrub. Leaves and branches nearly
glabrous except when very young. Flowers not half the size of U. triloba :
peduncles shorter than the flowers. Fruit as large as a plum, somewhat
fleshy.
3. U. ohorata : leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse, ferruginous-tomentose be-
neath; petals (very large) yellowish-white; the exterior obovate, many
times larger than the sepals. — Anona grandiflora, Bartr. trav. t.2. A. obo-
vata, Willd. .'ip.2. p. 1269. Orchidocarpum grandiflorum, M7V //.r. .' ^. \.p.
330. Porcelia grandiflora, Pers. I. c. ; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 19. Asimina gran-
diflora, Dunal, Let. 11 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 42.
Sandy woods, Georgia ! and Florida. ! — Shrub 1-2 feet high, tomentose
when young. Outer petals 2 inches or more in length : inner ones much
shorter, linear-oblong. — The oldest and most appropriate specific name is
pro-occupied in Uvaria.
.** Leaves coriaceous, persistent : flotcers arising from the axils of present leaves.
4. U. pygrruea : leaves elongated, oblanceolate, obovate, oblong, or ellip-
tical ; petals reddish-brown ; the exterior obovate-oblong, many times longer
than the sepals. — Anona pygma?a, Bartr. trav. t. 1. Orchidocarpum
pygmeeum, Michx. ! I. c. Porcelia pygma^a, Pers. I. c. ; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p.
19. Asimina pygmaca, Dunal, I. c. t. io ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 43.
0. flowers all terminating short leafy branches.
Sandy fields, Georgia! and Florida! — Sufiruticose, 6-20 inches high,
glabrous. Leaves variable, when narrow often 6 inches long, sometimes 1§
inch broad, obtuse or acute. Outer petals an inch long : the inner much
smaUer, linear-oblong.
Order IV. SCHIZANDRACEiE. Blume.
Flowers monoecious, or rarely dicecious ; the floral envelopes in a
a ternary order. Sepals 3-6, imbricated in a double series, deciduous ;
the inner ones similar to the petals. Petals 3-12, imbricated in 1-4
rows, hypogynous. Stamens 5 or indefinite, with very short filaments,
coadunate on a subglobose torus. Ovaries numerous, aggregated on a
46 MENISPERMACE.E. Schizandra.
conical, at length elongated torus : styles minute : stigmas simple :
ovules 1-2. Carpels baccate in fruit, l-2.seeded, loosely spicate upon
the slender and much elongated torus (glomerate on the conical torus
in Kadsura). Albumen fleshy, homogeneous. — Trailing or twining'
glabrous shrubs (somewhat aromatic). Leaves alternate, entire or
denticulate, minutely and sparsely punctate (as also the petals) with
pellucid dots. Flowers axillary, on slender peduncles ; the uppermost
staminate.
1. SCHIZANDRA. Michx. fl. 2. p. 218. t. 47.
Moncecious. Sepals and petals 9-12, confounded with each other, roundish,
concave. Stamens 5: anthers subsessUe, connate. Carpels inequilateral,
1-seeded, loosely scattered m fruit on the fihform torus. " Embryo included
in fleshy green albumen ; radicle oblong ; cotyledons ovate." Richard in
Michx. — A trailing or somewhat twining shrub. Leaves entire or repandly
denticulate. Flowers small, crimson.
S. coccinea (Michx. 1. c.)—Ell. sk. 2. p. 582 ; DC. syst. l.p. 544 ; Bot.
mag. t. 1413 ; Audubon, birds ofAmer. t. 74.
In damp woods, S. Carolina ! Georgia ! and Louisiana ! May-Tune —
Stem 10-15 feet long. Leaves ovate or oval, mostly acute or acuminate at
each end, on slender petioles. Carpels small, ovoid, red when mature : torus
also red. Seed suspended 7
The order Schizandracccc, established by Bkime in his splendid Flora Javae, al-
though indicated in an earlier work, is founded upon Schizandra and two Asiatic
genera, viz : Sphserostema (which diflers from the former chiefly in its indefinite
stamens,) and Kadsura, Juss., which was formerly referred to Anonacere.
Order V. MENISPERMACE.E. Juss.
Flowers dioecious, rarely moncecious or polygamous. Sepals usually
in a double row, 2-4 in each, imbricated in testivation, deciduous.
Petals 1-8 (usually equal in number to the sepals), h5'pogynous, dis-
tinct or sometimes united, rarely none. Stamens distinct or mona-
delphous, equal in number to the petals and opposite them, or 2-4 times
as many : anthers adnate (extrorse or introrse !), or innate and con-
sisting of 4 globose lobes, or with the cells horizontal and placed end
to end, opening longitudinally. Ovaries usually several, distinct or
rarely united. Drupes baccate, 1-seeded, oblique or lunate, or incurv-
ed so that the apex and base are brought into contact ; the nut (endo-
carp) bony, and often tuberculate on the broad margin. Seed hetero-
tropous, conformed to the cavity of the nut. Embryo curved, included
in the rather thin fleshy albumen : radicle directed towards the style. —
Flexible and climbing shrubs or sutfruticose plants. Leaves alternate,
Menispermum. MENISPERMACEiE. 47
without stipules, simple, palmately veined. Flowers minute, in ra-
cemes or panicles.
The true structure of the fruit in this order, is f^iven by A. St, Hilairc, in his
Flora Brazihiu Mcridionalis. After fecundation tlie ovary begins to grow on one
side, and curves until, in most cases, the summit is brought close to the base. Tlic
fruit, Avhich is a true drupe, has an obovatc or subglobose form, and the nut is curv-
ed like a horse-shoe, so that -when it is cut transversely it appears to be ^-celled, a
false dissepiment being formed by the bending together of the two ends of the fruit.
The shell or cndocarp is often mistaken for the testa of the seed, the proper integu-
ments being membranaceous. According to De Candolle, the anthers are extrorse ;
but they arc certainly introrse in Menispermum Lyoni, and in some species of
Cocculus.
1. COCCULUS. Baiihin; DC. syst. l.p. 515.
Flowers diojcious. Sepals 6, in a double series. Petals 6, distinct. Sterile
Fl. Stamens 6 (rarely 3), distinct. Fertile Fl. Sometimes G abortive
stamens. Ovaries 3-6. Drupes 1-6.— Racemes axillary.
Differs from Menispermum chiefly in the stamens being equal in number to the
sepals (or rarely half as many), and not twice or more than twice as numerous.
1. C. CaroUmis (DC): minutely pubescent ; leaves cordate or ovate, en-
lire or obscurely lobed (rarely hastately 3-lobcd), mostly obtuse, mucronate,
velvety-pubescent underneath ; petals biauriculate at the base and embracing
the filaments, emarginate ; anthers innate, 4-lobed; ovaries 3-6. — DC. syst.
1. p. 524. Menispermum Carolinianum, Walt. Car. p. 248 ; Michx.fi. 2. p.
242. Wendlandia populifolia, Willd. sp. 2. p. 275 ; Pursh, fi. 1. p. 252.
(excl. syn). W. Caroliniana, Nutt. ! gen. 1. p. 241.
Woods and banks of rivers. North CaroUna, Mr. Curtis ! Georgia, Lc
Conte! Mississippi, Mitt all ! Arkansas, Dr. Pitcher! Kentucky, Dj\
Shnrt ! — Stem slender, sarmentose. Leaves extremely variable in form, 2-4
inches long, and of nearly the same breadth, often quite entire, but usually
with several sinuate obtuse lobes, sometimes nearly orbicular-cordate, some-
what coriaceous when mature : petioles 1-4 inches long. Flowers sometimes
polygamous? Sterile Fl. in compound racemes which are often 3-parted to
the base, greenish-white. Bracteoles mostly sohtary. Sepals 6, orbicular, or
obovate, concave. Petals 6, fleshy, with 2 inflcxed auricles at the base of
each. Stamens 6: filaments thickened at the summit, on which is borne the
didymous anther-cells, appearing like 4 approximated spherules. Drupe red,
as large as a small pea, compressed ; the nut curved into nearly a complete
ring, notched on the margin. Seed terete, filling the circular cavity of the
nuL Embryo in the axis of the fleshy albumen and about the same length :
cotyledons hnear, approximated.
2. MENISPERMUM. Linn. ; DC. syst. I. p. 539.
Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4-8, in a double series. Petals 4-7, in a double
series ; sometunes none. Sterile Fl. Stamens 12-20, distinct. Fertile
Fl. Ovaries 2-4 (usually solitary). Drupes 1-4 (usually solitary), globose-
reniform.— Racemes axillary or supra-axillary. Sterile and fertile flowers
often dissimilar.
InM. Dauricum, DC. {Dcless. ic. t. 100.) the sepals are 6 in number and the
corolla is wanting.
48 MENISPERMACEiE. Menispermdm,
§ 1. Fertile flowers without abortive stamens: mit forming a nearly com-
plete ring.
1. M. Canadense (Linn.) : leaves peltate (with the petiole near the base),
somewhat glabrous, obtusely angled ; angles obtuse or acute ; racemes com-
pound ; sepals 4-7 ; petals 6-7 ; very small, somewhat fleshy ; stamens 15-19 ;
anthers innate, 4-lobed.— .'kT/c/i.r. / /. 2. p. 241 ; Pzirsh, fl. 2. p. 370 ; DC.
sysl. 2. p. 54:0 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 715. M. Virginicum, Linn.; Willd. sp. 4.
p. 824.
Banks of rivers and in thickets, Canada ! to S. Carolina, and Arkansas !
July. — Stem lierba;ceous or suflruticose at the base, 8-12 feet long, slender.
Leaves 3-4 inches long, rather broader than wide, with 3-5 angular lobes.
Flowers small, greenish-yellow ; the sterile ones in paniculate supra-axillary
racemes : pedicels about a hne long, bracteolate. Sepals commonly 4-5, obo-
vate-oblong. Petals much smaller than the sepals, orbicular, obtusely cuneate
at the base. Filaments scarcely thickened at the summit : anthers of 4
spherical lobes. Drupe stipitate, about one-third of an inch in diameter, nearly
black when mature, pruinose, curved so that the style and base are nearly in
contact ; pulp small in quantity. Nut much compressed, forming a nearly
complete ring. Seed terete, annular. Embryo linear, in the axis of a
fleshy albumen, and nearly of the same length.
§ 2. Sepals 6 : petals none : sterile flowers with 12 stamens ; the anthers
adnate, parallel with the fllament : fertile flowers with 6 abortive sta-
mens : ovaries 3 : drupe solitary^ oval, the style nearly at the summit .-
nut concavo-convex, deeply excavated in front. — Calycocarpum, Nutt.
mss.
2. M. Lyoni (Pursh) : leaves 3-5-lobed, not peltate ; the lobes acuminate
and sometimes crenulate ; petioles very long ; racemes somewhat compound.
—Pursh, fl. 2. p. 371 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 103.
Near New Orleans, Dr. Ingalls .' Arkansas, Nuttall ! Kentucky and
Tennessee, Pursh. — Stem climbing, about twenty feet long (PitrsA,). Leaves
3-7 inches in diameter, sparsely hirsute on the veins underneath ; the sinuses
commonly rounded, and often extending beyond the centre of the lamina.
Racemes shorter than the petioles, supra-axillary ; the pedicels 1-4-flow^ered.
Sterile Fl. Bracteole at the base of the sepals minute. Sepals obovate-
oblong, obtuse. Stamens shorter than the sepals : filaments compressed, ra-
ther thick ; anther cells linear-oblong, introrse, the cells parallel with the axis
of the filament. Fertile Fl. Sepals as in the sterile flowers. Abortive
stamens half the length of the sepals ; the spurious anther cells oblong and
somewhat diverging. Ovaries oblong, straight: stigmas sessile, fimbriate.
Drupe exactly oval, nearly an inch long (black, Pursh), compressed contrary
to the sutures. Nut deeply excavated in front, convex and smooth on the
back. Albumen fleshy and oily, in the fonn of a shallow cup. Embryo very
broad, lying in a shallow cavity in the midst of the albumen; cotyledons
oval, very thin and membranaceous, at length diverging. — The back and front
layers of albumen at length become soldered together, so that the shallow
cavity is divided into two cells, in each of which a cotyledon is lodged ; as in
Cocculus suberosus, DC. figured by Gsertner {Fr. 1. i. 70. /. 1.), and as de-
scribed by Wight & Arnott {Prodr. ft. Penins. hid. 1. p. 11). We have
seen the ripe fruit of this species only when deprived of its pulp. In the
half-grown state it is ovate, nearly straight, and slightly pointed at the summit
with a very short style. When fuUy grown the style appears to be still
nearly terminal. The shell is smooth, exactly oval, with a large cavity in
Berberis. BERBERIDACEiE. 49
front, capable of holding a grain of coffee. In our only ppccimcn, kindly
coinniunicated by Mr. Nuttall, the sutures are very distinct and have opened
at tiie suniinit.
Menispermum smilacinum, DC. sijst. 2. p- 5H (Cissampelos smilacina, Linn.*?)
seems to be only M. Caiiadense with smoother leaves and more simple racemes than
usual. The number of petals is very inconstant in the latter species, there being
sometimes only four. The figure in Catesby (^Carol. 1. t. 51.) is probably Cocculus
Carolinus, and is certainly not a Menispermum.
Order VI. BERBERIDACE7E. Vent. ; R. Br.
BerberideK & Podopliyllacese of Authors.
Sepals deciduous, 3-4-6, imbricated in two rows, often calyculate
with petaloid scales. Petals hypogynous, as many as the sepals and
opposite them ! or twice as many, frequently appendaged or glandular
at the base within. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them !
(twice as many in Podophyllum) : filaments short : anthers adnate,
extrorse, opening by recurved valves, (i. e. the face of each cell sepa-
rating elastically from the connectivum from the bottom to the top,
like a valve) except in Podophyllum. Ovary solitary, simple : style
continuous, often somewhat lateral or oblique : stigma orbicular or
peltate. Fruit baccate or capsular. Seeds 1 or few, rising from the
bottom of the cell, or numerous and attached to the ventral suture in
one or more rows, sometimes arillate. Embryo in the axis or near
the base of fleshy or horny albumen.
Tribe I. BERBERIDE^.
Embryo in the axis, and occupying nearly the whole length of i\\e
albumen : radicle long : cotyledons flat, elliptical. — Shrubs. Leaves
compound or reduced to a single leaflet, often stipulate. Flowers
yellow. Filaments irritable.
1. BERBERIS. Linn.; GcBrtn.fr. t. 42.
Sepals 6, usually 3-bracteoIate. Petals 6, commonly with 2 distinct glands
at the base. Stamens 6. Stigma orbicular, depressed, nearly sessile (rarely
a distinct style). Fruit a 1-9-seeded berry. Seeds erect.
§ 1. Primary leaves changed to spines, in the axils of which the secon-
dary leaves (produced by the developement of the" leaf buds, and re-
duced to a single leaflet) are fascicled. — Berberis, Nutt. DC.
1. B. vulgaris (Linn.) : branches mmutely dotted, with triple spines ;
leaves oval-obovate, closely serrate with bristly teeth ; racemes nodding, many-
flowered; petals entire; berries ohlong.— Willd. sp. 2. p. 227; Lam. ill. t.
7
50 ' BERBERIDACEJ3. Berberis.
, 243 ; Bigel fi. Bost. ed. 2. p. 128 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. \. j). 28, excl. syn.
B. vulgaris, var. Canadensis, Torr. ! ji. 1. p. 336, not of Willd.
In waste places and about cultivated grounds, Canada! and Northern
States I doubtless introduced from Europe, but naturalized in many places.
Newfoundland, Morrison ex Hook. May-June. — Stem 3-8 feet high : pith
yellowish ; the spines sometimes simple. Berries acid. — Barberry-bush.
2. B. Canadensis (Pursh) : branches verrucose-dotted, with short triple
spines ; leaves spatulate-oblong, remotely serrate with somewhat bristly teeth ;
racemes subcorymbose, few-flowered ; petals cmarginate ; berries subglobose
or oval— Pursh! Jl. 1. p. 219 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 412 ; Mitt. ! gen. 1. p. 211.
B. vulgaris, Walt. Car. p. 120 ; Michx.fl. 1. p. 205. B. vulgaris, var. Can-
adensis, Willd. sp. 2. p. 228.
In the Alleghany Mountains, &c. Virginia ! N. Carolina ! Tennessee !
to Georgia. Also Canada, Pursh, but this is very doubtful. May- June. —
Shrub 2-3 feet high (stem and roots yellow, Nutt.) Leaves much smaller
and narrower than in the preceding species, attenuate at the base, but nearly
sessile ; the margin serrulate with 6-8 distant, often inconspicuous, mucro-
nate teeth. Raceme 5-8-floAvered, nodding : flowers smaller than in B. vul-
garis; fruit smaller and much shorter. — This indigenous species, very dis-
tinct from B. vulgaris, with which it has been in some degree confounded, is
probably a native of the Southern States only ; the Barberry of the New Eng-
land States and, doubtless, of Canada, being the European species, and cer-
tainly not indigenous. Our species was first noticed, apparently, by Marshall,
who states that he has a different species of Barberry growmg near New
River, Virginia. Original specimens, collected and named by Pursh, exist
in the herbarium of the late Prof. Barton, now deposited in the rooms of the
American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.— B. emarginata, Willd., a
Siberian plant, appears to be very near this species.
§ 2. Leaves (evergreen) pinnate : petioles articulated at the origin of the
leaflets : filaments usually 2-toothed at the sumonit.—MAnomA, Nutt.
3. B. Aquifolium (Pursh) : leaflets 3-6 pairs (the lower pair not approxima-
ted to the base of the petiole), coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate or elliptical-oblong,
inequilateral or slightly cordate at the base, 1-nerved, the margin repand
with thorny or spinulose-cuspidate teeth ; racemes short, nearly erect, clus-
tered; filaments 2-toothed.— Pwrs/i.,/. I. p. 219. t. 4. (excl./. 5. the fruit.)
a. leaflets about 3 pairs, approximate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, pale green and
slightly glaucous both sides, flat or with shghtly undulate margins, with 5-9
short cuspidate teeth on each side.— B. AquifoUum, Pursh, I. c. (excl./ 1.
the separate leaflet) ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 29, in part. B. pinnata, MuhU
cat. ed. 2. p. 36. B. repens, Lindl. hot. res:, t. 1176. Mahonia Aquifolium,
Nutt. ! gen. 1. p. 212 ; DC. syst. 1. p. 20. excl. (3.
0. leaflets 4-6 pairs, often rather distant, ovate-lanceolate, acutish, " pale
but bright green above" (Hook.), glaucous beneath, fiat or a Uttle undulate
along the margins, slightly repand with numerous cuspidate teeth. — B. pin-
nata /?., Hook. I. c.
y. leaflets 4-5 pairs, mostly approximate, ovate-lanceolate, acutish, dark
green and shining above, when mature rigidly undulate and repandly 6-12-
toothed on each margin ; teeth thorny and rather divaricate. — B. AquifoUum,
Pursh, I. c. f. 1. (a separate leaflet) ex Lindl. ; Hook. I. c. in part ; Lindl.
bat. reg. t. 1425. B. pinnata, Menzies, in herb. Banks. B. pinnata a.
Hook. I. C.I excl. syn. Deless. ^c. Mahonia AquifoUum ^. Nutkana, DC.
I.e.
In woods and along rivers throughout Oregon, a. From the Great Rapids
of the Oregon River (Lewis) to the Eastern declivity of the Rocky Moun-
tains, lat, lo°, Dr. James ! and the sources of the Colorado of the West,
Berberis. BERBERIDACE^. 51
Nuttall! /?. In the woody region of the Oregon, Drummnnd, Aiiitall! y.
Near the coast from lat. 40 "-49', jMenzie.'^, Doui^las, Ur. iScautcr ! April.
— An under-shrub, 2-5 feet high, branching; tlie branches often prucunibeni.
Leaflets li-3 inches long, obscurely reticulated on both sides, the veins ;dl
rising from the midrib. Petals connivent, the innermost bifid at the ape.x.
Berries dark purple. — This species, as we consider it, is liable to much varia-
tion in its foliage ; and we should incline to follow the authority of Lindley
and of Nuttall (who has recently enjoyed the opportunity of examining these
plants extensively in their native situations), and to separate our var. «. as a
distinct species, did not our specimens of /A communicated by Mr. Nuttall
appear manifestly to connect it with )., the B. A([uifolium of tlie region near
the Pacific coast. The former is moreover the plant originally brought to
the United States by Lewis, and described and figured (chieHy) by Pursh,
and cultivated in gardens, under the name of B. Aquifolium ; so that it ought,
in accordance with the rule in such cases, to retain the original name. Pursh
erroneously describes the berry as 3-celled, with a 3-lobed stigma; but his
figure of the fruit is manifestly taken/from some very diffcreiit plant.*
4. B. pinnata (hagasca): leaflets 4-5 pairs, the lowest pair approximate to
the base of the petiole, ovate-lanceolate, repandly dentate with 4-5 teeth on each
side; racemes erect [nodding in Jig. JJeless.], very much crowded. JJC.
(under Mahonia.) — B. pinnata, " Lagasca etench. hort. Madry ex auci.
Mahonia fascicularis, DC. .^ijst. 1. p. 19; Deless. ic. 2. t. 3.
" Western coast oi North America near Monterey [California] and Nootka,
Nei ex Lagasca; and in New Spain, Humb. ^ Bonpl.^^ JJC. I. c. — The
plant from Nootka is doubtless B. Aquifolium, as Lindley suggests. All our
specimens from Oregon have the lower pair of leaflets at some distance from
the base of the petiole ; in which, as in the less crowded racemes, &c. they
wholly disagree with the character of De Candolle and the figure of Deles-
sert ; and as Hooker changes the specific phrase of his B. pinnata in these
particulars, we have the more confidently referred the Oregon plant to B.
Aquifolium.
5. B. nervosa (Pursh): suffruticose ; leaves elongated ; leaflets 5-S pairs
(the lowest not approximated to the base of the petiole), ovate or oblong,
acute, repandly dentate with thorny teeth, 3-5 nerved from the base, the
nerves reticulated ; racemes simple, elongated ; pedicels very short ; filaments
2-toothed. — Pursh, fl. 1. p. 219. t. 5. (excl. the flowers, which belong to B.
Aquifolium) ; Hook. I. c. B. glumacea, Lindl. bot. reg. t. 1425. Mahonia
nervosa, NiUt. gen. 1. p. 212 ; DC. I. c. M. glumacea, DC. I. c.
Oregon, in shady pine woods along the coast, from lat. 40°-49°, Menzies,
Dr. Scolder ! Nuttall ! — Low ; the stem often scarcely rising from the
ground. Leaves 1-2 feet long, coriaceous. Racemes spicate, often 6-8
inches long : flowers larger than in B. Aquifolium. Peduncles and petioles
surrounded at the base with numerous dry convolute and pungent glumaceous
bracts. Berries deep blue. — Pursh, Avho has made sad work in his figures
of Berberis, added the flowers of B. Aquifolium to the leaves of the present
species, and thus led De Candolle into mistake.
Tribe IL NANDINE^.
Embryo minute at the base of the albumen, often excentric or ob-
lique with respect to the hilum : radicle short and thick : cotyledons
very small, roundish. — Perennial herbs. Leaves decompound or lobed.
* The separate leaflets attached to Pursh's specimen in herb. Lambert, ono of
which is figured in his plate, are said in Brit.fi. gard. under Mahonia diversifolia,
t. 94. to belojig to that species. There is little doubt, however, tliat tliey were taken
from the specimen of Menzies in herb. Banks.
52 BERBERIDACEiE. Diphylleu.
2. VANCOUVERIA. Morren ^ Decaisne, in ann. sci. nat.
(2. ser.) 2. p. 351.
Sepals 6, oblong, thin and membranaceous, with 3-9 much smaller oval
bracteoles at the base, caducous. Petals 6, obovate, reflexed, the apex some-
what cucullate. Nectaries G, opposite the petals, linear-spatulate, concave,
reflexed. Stamens 6, erect : filaments flat : anthers oblong, mucronate.
Style slender : stigma capitate, somewhat perforated. Ovary (follicle-shaped,
minutely glandular-pubescent,) with 8-10 ovules attached to the ventral suture
in two rows. Fruit — Root slender, horizontal, perennial. Leaves radical,
2-3-ternate. Scape slender, simple. Flowers in a lax slightly panicled ra-
ceme, on filiform nodding pedicels. Petals white: nectaries with yellow
tips.
V. hexandra (Morr. & Decaisne, 1. c.) — Epiraedium hexandrum. Hook.
Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 31. t. 13. Caulophyllum gracile, Dougl. viss. ex Hook.
In deep pine woods around Fort Vancouver, Douglas <^ Scouler, Nuttall !
also from Puget Sound to North California, ex Hook. — Scape a foot high ;
flowers small ; the floral envelopes all very thin and membranaceous. Leaf-
lets petiolulate, subcordate, obtusely 3-5-lobed, membranaceous, the margin
undulate, with a few weak hairs. Immature carpels (foUicles) excentric and
somewhat arcuate. — The bracteoles, or exterior sepals, are probably variable
in number, and are besides very caducous. I find nine in specimens collected
by Nuttall, all nearly alike and much smaller than the 6 inner or true sepals
which subtend the petals.
3. LEONTICE. Linn.; R.Br.
Sepals 3-6. Petals 6, bearing a little scale or nectary at the base within.
Carpel membranaceous, caducous or inflated, 2-4-seeded. Seeds erect,
globose : albumen horny.
§ Pericarp bursting at an early period '. exposing the finally drupe-like
seed raised on its thickened funiculus.r-CAVhOPUYLi.vn, Michx.
1. L. thalictroides (Linn.) : leaves 3-ternate ; the radical on long petioles ;
cauline 1-2, destitute of a common petiole, the lower 3-ternate, the upper
(when present) much smaller and 2-ternate ; leaflets incisely 2-3-lobed. —
R. Br. in Liiin. trans. 12. p. 145. t. 7 ; Torr. ! jl. 1. p. 336 ; Darlingt. fl.
Cest. ed. 2. p. 213. Caulophyllum thalictroides, Michx. ! Jl. 1. p. 205. t. 21 ;
Pursh! jl. l.p. 218.
Woods, Canada ! to N. Carolina ! and Kentucky ! April. — Glaucous when
young. Stem simple, 1-2 feet high. Leaflets rather ovate, obhque and
subcuneiform at the base, the terminal broadest, petiolulate. Panicle small,
racemose. Petals greenish-yeUow : scale reniform, viscid. Seeds large (2
or by abortion 1), deep blue when ripe, on long and thick fimiculi, baccate :
albumen of the forai of the seed, very firm. — The roasted seeds have been
used as a substitute for cofiee. — Blue Cohosh.
4. DIPHYLLEIA. Mich.x. fl. 1. p. 203. t. 19 ^ 20.
Sepals 3. Petals 6, oval, without glands. Stamens 6. Ovary ovate, ex-
centric : stigma subsessile, peltate, lacunose. Ovules about 4, borne on a
Jeffersonia. BERBERIDACEyE. 53
short lateral placenta near the base of the cell. Pericarp somewhat baccate,
subglobose, 2-3-seeded. Seeds roundish. Embryo very minute at tiie base
of nearly horny albumen, excentric. — Rhizoma thick, horizontal. Stem sim-
ple, 2-leaved. Leaves large, alternate, peltate in the manner of Podophyllum,
semiorbicular-subreniform, deeply 2-lobed ; each division 7-9-lobed; lobes
triangular, serrate with triangular teeth. Flowers Avhite, in a simple umbel-
late cyme.
D. cymosa (Michx.! 1. c.)—Ell. sk. 1. ;;. 411 ; NiUt. gen. 1. p. 209; DC.
syst. 2. p. 29.
Along rivulets in high mountains, Virginia to Georgia ! North Carolina,
Mr. Curtis ! (in fruit only)— Stem 1-2 feet high. Seeds reddish : testa
membranaceous : hilum somewhat unilateral.— De Candolle, in describing the
seed, says, " Embryone recto tenui," which is incorrect. Decaisne, {Ann.
sci. nat. (2. ser.) 2. p. 359,) who also examined Michaux's specimen, states
that the embryo occupies about a third of the length of the albunien. It is
really, however, much smaller than this, although the little cavity in Avhich it
is situated is sometimes prolonged to near the centre of the albumen, a cir-
cumstance which may possibly have misled the observers. In this, as in
some other genera, the peculiar disposition of the veins of the pericarp rnay
be observed which Morren & Decaisne noticed in Epimedium, and which
led these botanists to consider the ovary of Berberidaceee as compound. This
peculiarity admits, however, of easy explanation on the supposition that the
carpel is formed of a palmately veined leaf.
5. ACHLYS. DC. syst. 2. p. 35. ; Hook.fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 30. t. 12.
Sepals and petals none ; the achlamydeous flowers sessile in a close
spike. Stamens numerous : filaments slender, the outermost dilated at the
summit : anthers didymous, subglobose, somewhat unilocular. Ovary 1-
seeded : style none : stigma dilated, concave on one side. Seed erect. —
A glabrous herb. Rhizoma clothed with glumaceous scales. Leaves radical,
on long petioles, ternate : leaflets flabeUiform, sinuate-toothed. Scape very
long and slender : flowers small, ebracteate.
A. triphylla (DC. I. c.) — Leontice triphylla, Smith, in Rees^ cyclop.
N. W. Coast, Menzies. Near Fort Vancouver, in deep woods, Dr. Scou-
ler I Nuttall !
6. JEFFERSONIA. Bart, in trans. Am. phil. sac. 3. p. 334.
Sepals 4, petaloid. Petals 8, oblong. Stamens 8: anthers linear. Ovary
obovate : stigma peltate, subsessile. Capsule substipitate, dehiscent by a
transverse chink near the summit. Seeds numerous, crowded in several rows
on the broad lateral placenta : aril lacerate, unilateral. Embryo minute, at
the base of fleshy albumen. — Rhizoma horizontal, throwing up a simple 1-
flowered scape, and 2-foliolate or 2-parted leaves. Habit of Sanguinaria.
J. diphylla (Pers. syn.)— Pz/rs/i .'/. 1. p. 268; Bot. mag. t. 1513; Torr. !
ft. 1. p. 399. J. binata, Bart. I. c. (with a plate). J. Bartonis, Michx. !
ft. 1. p. 237. Podophyllum diphyllum, Linn.
54 CABOMBACE.E. Cabomba.
a. leaflets obscurely sinuate, or nearly entire.
iff. leaflets incisely 5-7-lobed.— J. lobata, Nutt.! in jour. acad. PJiilad.
7. p. 99.
In calcareous soils, New-York ! to the mountains of the Southern States!
/?. Kentucky, ///•. S/iort ! April. — Leaves glaucous beneath. Flowers white,
an inch in diameter. Sepals sometimes 3 or 5. Petals often 9. Stigma
with the margin undulate. Pericarp coriaceous. Seeds obovate-oblong ;
testa brownish, thick.
7. PODOPHYLLUM. Linn. ; Lam. ill. t. 449.
Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6-9, obovate. Stamens 12-18: anthers linear,
bursting by a double longitudinal Une. Ovary ovate, subsessile, thick, peltate.
Capsule fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds numerous in several rows on a thick
lateral placenta, which at length becomes very large and pulpy. — A somewhat
poisonous herb: rhizoma horizontal (cathartic) : stem simple, 2-leaved and 1-
flowered at the summit : fruit large, subacid and edible when ripe.
P. peUatum (Linn.)— Mich.x. ! jl. 1. p. 309 ; Bigel. mat. med. t. 35 ; Nutt.
gen. 2. p. 10. P. caUicarpum, Raf.ji. Ludov. p. 14.
Woods and meadows, Canada ! to Louisiana. May— Leaves peUate, pal-
mately 5-7-parted ; lobes toothed or cleft at the apex ; the barren stems pro-
ducing but a single leaf, which is peUate in the centre. Flower Avhite, large,
nodding. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen. — Mandrake, May-
apple — This genus certainly belongs to Berberidacese, as was first indicated
by R. Brown (Congo, p. 443, note.), notwithstanding the more numerous
stamens and the want of the peculiar dehiscence of the anthers.
Order YII. CABOMBACEiE. Richard.
Hydropeltidcoe, DC. ; Lindl.
Sepals 3-4, colored inside. Petals 3-4, alternate with the sepals.
Stamens definite (6) or somewhat indefinite (18-36), hypogynous :
anthers innate. Torus inconspicuous. Ovaries 2-18 : stigmas sim-
ple. Carpels indehiscent, tipped with the indurated style, 1-2-seeded.
Seeds globular, orthotropous, pendulous. Embryo minute, at the
base of fleshy albumen, enclosed in the persistent and thickened sac
of the nucule : radicle pointing from the hilum. — Aquatic plants,
with perennial roots. Floating leaves centrally peUate ; submersed
foliage filiformly dissected. Flowers small, on l-flowered peduncles.
1. CABOMBA. Aiiblet, fl. Guian. 1. p. 321. f. 124; Richard, in a7in.
mus. 17. p. 230. t. 5 ; Gray, in ann. lye. New-York, 4. p. 46.
Nectvis, Schreb,
Sepals 3, petaloid. Petals 3. Stamens 6. Ovaries 2-4. Carpels 1-3-
seeded. — Leaves opposite ; submerged ones filiformly dissected. Flowers
yellow or white.
Cbratopiiyllum. CERATOPHYLLACEiE. 53
1. C. Caroliniana (Gray): floating leaves elliptical or linear-oblong;
flowers white ; ovaries 3 or A.— Gray, I. c.—C. Aublutii, Midi.c.Jl. 1. p. 200.
Nectris pcltata, Pursh, f. 1. p. 239. rexcl. syn.) N. aquatica, Null. gen.
1. p. 230 ; Ell. ! sk. 1. p. 416, not of U7//c/.
In stagnant waters, from Newbern, N. Carolina (Croo7?i.') to Georgia!
and Louisiana ! May.— Stem branching. Submersed leaves with a renifomi
circumscription, 3-parted to the base: segments 3 times di-(middle one tri-)
chotomous ; lobes filiform, flat, obtuse. Floating leaves about an inch long
(often cmarginate at one end). Flowers about half an inch in diametor,
rarely 2-scpalous and 2-petalous. Petals oval, obtuse, with 2 yellow
spots at the base. Carpels ovate. — See Ann. lye. I. c.
2. BRASENIA. Schrcb. gen. p. 372 ; Nutt.gen. 2. p. 23.
Hydropeltis, Michx.
Sepals 3-4, colored within, persistent. Petals 3-4. Stamens 18-36. Ova-
ries 6-18. Carpels oblong-ovate, 2- (or by abortion 1-) seeded.— Stem, pedun-
cles, and lower surface of the centrally peltate leaves, thickly covered with a
gelatinous and viscid transparent substance. Flowers brownish-purple.
B. pel fata {V\irsh)—Nutt. I. c. ; Gray, I. c— Hydropeltis purpurea,
Mich.v. ! fl. 1. p. 324, t. 29 ; Bot. mag. t. 1147 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 112.
In still water, Canada! to Georgia! and west to Arkansas. July. — Stem
1-10 feet long. Leaves elliptical, alternate. Flowers the size of Caltha pa-
lustris.— See Nutt. I. c. for remarks on the structure of the stem and leaves.
Order VIII. CERATOPHYLLACE^. S. F. Gray.
Flowers moncecious. Sepals 8-12, united at the base (sometimes
cleft at the extremity), persistent. Petals none. Stamens 12-24 : an-
thers sessile, ovate-oblong, 2-3-cuspidate, crowded in the centre of the
calyx. Ovary free, ovate, simple : style filiform, oblique : stigma simple.
Fruit a crustaceous l-seeded achenium, apiculate with the indurated
persistent style. Seed suspended, orthotropous, destitute of albumen.
Embryo with a short radicle, 4 cotyledons (the opposite (upper) ones
smaller), and a highly developed gemmule. — Submersed aquatics,
growing in still water. Stems branching. Leaves whorled, rather
rif^id, 2-4-chotomously cleft into filiform or setaceous segments, which
are sometimes slightly toothed. Flowers axillary, minute. Fruit
armed with the persistent style and usually with two lateral spines.
1. CERATOPHYLLUM. Linn.; Gcertn. fr. t. 44; Ad. Brongn. in
ami. SCI. nat. 12. t. 44; Cham, in Linncea, 4. p. 503 ; Gray, in ami. lye.
New- York, 4. p. 41.
Character same as of the Order.
1. C. apiculatum (Cham.) : achenium elliptical, compressed, with a sin-
gle weak and short terminal spine ; margins wingless, not gibbous, furnished
56 NELUMBIACE^. Nelcmbium.
with a tubercle near the base; the sides slightly convex.— C7mm. I.e. p. 505.
t. 5. Jig. 6. e. C. submersum, DC. prodr. 3. p. 74, fide Cham.
California near St. Francisco, Chamisso.
2. C. echinatum (Gray) : achenium elliptical, slightly compressed, with 3
short spines ; sides strongly muricated ; margins sligiitly winged, not gibbous,
armed with blunt teeth, which finally become weak spines or horns as long as
the lateral spines. — Gray, I. c. p. 49. — C. demersum (wholly or in part) of
American botanists.
Princeton, New-Jersey ! in deep water. — Achenium rather large. Near C.
muricatum, Cham. — Specimens of Ceratophyllum are seldom collected in
fruit, and little is known concerning our species. On further investigation
other species may be discovered, or, which is not very improbable, the various
forms that have been described may prove to be states of the same species.
Order IX. NELUMBIACE^E. Lindl
Sepals 4 or 5. Petals numerous, in many rows, arising outside the
disk. Stamens indefinite, in several rows, arising from within the pe-
tals : filaments petaloid : anthers adnate, introrse. Torus a fleshy
elevated disk, excessively enlarged, enclosing the numerous separate
ovaries in hollows of its substance. Nuts numerous, loose and half
buried in hollows of the disk, 1- (rarely 2-) seeded, crowned with
the style. Seed suspended, orthotropous, destitute of albumen. Em-
bryo large, with 2 fleshy cotyledons and a highly developed plumule,
consisting of a pair of primordial leaves and a bud, enclosed in the
persistent membrane of the nucule. — Herbs, growing in deep water,
with large emersed centrally peltate fleshy leaves, and 1-flowered
peduncles arising from a prostrate rhizoma. Flowers very large.
Juice milky.
1. NELUMBIUM. Juss. ; Willd. sp. 2. p. 125S.
Nelumbo, Ada/is.
Character same as of the Order.
1. N. luteum, (Willd.) : anthers produced into a linear appendage. — DC.
?irodr. 1. p. 113; Turpin, in ann.mus.l.p. 210. f. 11. Nymphaea Ne-
umbo, Walt. Car. p. 155. Cyamus flavicomus, Salisb. ami. hot. 2. p. 45 ;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 398. Cyamus luteus, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 5. Nelumbium co-
dophylliim, Raf. Jl. Ludov.?
In ponds and lakes throughout the Southern and Western States ! rare in
the Middle and Eastern. Big Sodus Bay, Lake Ontario, Dr. Sartwell!
Haddam, Connecticut, Prof. Hitchcock! Philadelphia! June. — Leaves
orbicular, 1-2 feet in diameter. Peduncles slightly muricate, emersed.
Flowers pale yellow. — A'', pentapetalum, Willd. (Nymphfea pentapetala,
Walt. " Corolla 5-petala, alba.") rests wholly on the authority of Walter,
and is probably not distinct. — The tubers, which, according to Nuttall, "re-
semble those of the Sweet-Potato and are connected by running roots, are
when boUed as farinaceous and agreeable as the potato, and are employed
for food by the Osage and other western Indians." NxUt. coll. fi. Arkans.dn
traits, am. phil. soc. 2. ser. 5. p. 160.
NufHHAR. NYMPHiEACEiE. 57
Order X. NYMPHiEACEiE. S'allsb. (in part.)
Sepals and petals numerous, imbricated, passing gradually into
each other, the former persistent, the latter inserted upon tlie disk
which surrounds the pistil. Stamens indefinite, in several rows, in-
serted into the disk : filaments petaloid : anthers adnate, introrse.
Torus a fleshy disk surrounding the ovary more or less. Ovary many-
celled, many-seeded: stigmas radiate. Fruit many-celled, indehiscent.
Seeds very numerous, covering the spongy dissepiments, or rather
placentie, and enveloped in a gelatinous aril, anatropous. Albumen
forinaceous. Embryo minute, next tlie hilum, inclosed in the mem-
branous sac of the nucule : cotyledons foliaceous. — Herbs with pel-
tate or cordate fleshy leaves, and 1-flowered peduncles, arising from a
prostrate trunk : aquatic. Flowers large, white or yellow.
1. NYMPH^A. Tourn. ; DC. syst. 2, p. 49.
Sepals 4, at the base of the torus. Petals and stamens passing insensibly
into each other, attached to the torus which surrounds the ovary. — Flowers
white or rose-color.— 7 White Water-Lily.
1. N. odorata (Ait.) : leaves orbicular or somewhat reniform, with the
primary veins numerous and prominent beneath; stigma 16-20-rayed; rays
incurved.
a. sinus and lobes of the leaf more or less acute. — N. odorata, Ait. Kew. ;
Willd. hort. Berol. 1. t. 39; Pitrsli,fl. 2. p. 368 ; BC. syst. 2. p. 57; Hook. ft.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 32. N. alba, Micha:. ! Ji. 1. p. 311.
/?. sinus and lobes more or less rounded. — N. reniformis, Walt. Car. p.
155; DC. syst. I. c; Deless. ic. 2. t.5. Nelumbium reniforme, Willd.
sp. 2. p. 1260.
y. smaller; leaves and peduncles purplish; flowers rose-color. — N. odorata
0. rosea, Pursh, I. c. N. odorata /?. minor, Bat. mag. t. 1652. N. minor
DC. I.e.
In deep and in shallow water, throughout N. America east of the Rockv
Mountains! June-Sept. — Rhizoma very large. Leaves floating; sinus reach-
ing to the centre. Flower fragrant, closing in the afternoon. — N. alba is said
by Nuttall to grow in the neighbourhood of Detroit.
2. NUPHAR. Smith ; DC. syst. 2. p. 59.
Sepals 5-6, petaloid, inserted at the base of the torus. Petals numerous
inserted with the sepals, very much smaller, nectariferous on the back.
Stamens inserted with the petals. — Flowers yellow.— Ye/Zoto Pond-Lily.
}■ N. lutea (Smith) : sepals 5 ; stigma entire, 16-20-rayed, deeply um-
bilicate ; leaves cordate-oval, with approximate lobes ; petioles triquetrous.
DC— Ait. Kew. (ed. 2.) 3. p. 295 ; Pursh, A. 2. p. 369 ; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am.
8
58 SARRACENIACEiE. Sarracenia.
1. p. 32; Bongard. veg. Sitcha, I. c. p. 124. Nymphsea lutea, Linn.;.
Michx.! fl. 1. p. 311.
p. Kalmiana: stigma 8-14-raye(l, somewhat crenate. — N. Kalmiana,
Pursh, I. c. ; Hook. I. c. Nympha;a lutea 0. Kalmiana, Michx.! jl. 1.
7>. 311. N. Kalmiana, Hot. mag. t. 1243.
Subarctic America, Dr. Richardsoii. Sitcha, Bongard. p. Northern
States ! and Canada ! — Leaves floating, fl. is usually a much smaller plant,
but is sometimes nearly as large as the succeeding species : the sinus of the
leaf is commonly open.
2. A^. advp.na (Ait.) : sepals mostly six, the outer ones smallest ; stigma
slightly umbilicate and repand, 12-25-rayed ; leaves cordate with the lobes
diverging ; petioles semi-terete. — Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 369 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 8 ;
Hook. I. c. Nympha;a advena, Michx. ! fi. 1. j). 311; Willd. hort. Berol. 1.
t. 37. N. lutea, Walt. Car. p. 154.
fl. tomenlosa : leaves canescently tomentose beneath. — N. tomentosa,
Nutt. herb. !
Canada to Georgia ! and Arkansas ; west to Oregon ! /?. near Philadelphia !
— Leaves floating in deep water, erect and emersed in shallow. Sepals
roughish, the outer ones green. — Perhaps not specifically distinct from the
preceding.
3. A^. sagittcefolia (Pursh) : sepals 6 ; petals none ; anthers subsessile ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, sagittate, obtuse. — Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 370 ; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 9 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 62; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 13. Nymphsea sagittsefolia, Walt.
Car. p. 154. N. longifolia, Michx. ! Jl. 1. p. 312.
N. Carolina! to Georgia ! — Rhizoma erect. (Z>C) Leaves membranace-
ous, often a foot long. Outer sepals green ; the inner petaloid, narrowed at
the base. Flowers the size of N. lutea.
Order XL SARRACENIACE^. De la Pylaie.
Sepals 5, persistent, with a small S-leaved involucre on the outside ;
aestivation imbricated. Petals 5, hypogynous, unguiculafe, concave.
Stamens indefinite, hypogynous : anthers oblong, adnate, introrse.
Ovary 5-celled, with the placentas in the axis : style single : stigma
persistent, petaloid, peltate, with 5 angles. Capsule 5-celIed, 5.valved ;
dehiscence loculicidal : placentae projecting into the cells, many-
seeded. Seeds anatropous, minute. Embryo minute, cylindrical,
placed near the hilum : albumen copious. — Herbaceous perennial
plants, living in bogs. Roots fibrous. Leaves (purplish or yellowish-
green) radical, with the petiole tubular or pitcher-shaped ; the lamina
small, rounded, and usually inflected over (he orifice of the petiole.
Scape l-flowered : flower large, nodding, yellow or purple.
Of the six species known, five are confined to the Southern States east of the Alle-
ghany Mountains, and the sixth is found as far north as Newfoundland.
Sarhacenia. SARRACENIACE^.
1. SARRACENIA. Linn. ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 10 ; Croom, in ami. hjc.
New- York, 4.^. 98.
Character same as of the Order.
1. S. purpnrea {\umn.) : leaves short, ascending, arcuate; tube inflated,
gibbous, with a very broad wing; lamina erect, cordate, hairy within ;
ilower purple.— j5of. mag. t. 849; Michx.! Ji. 1. f>. 310; Ell. sk. 2. p. 9;
Hook. ft. Bor.-Am.. 1. p. 33; De la Pylaie, in ami. Linn. soc. Par.Q.p.
388. t. 13 ; Croom .' I. c. p. 98. S. heterophylla, Eaton, man. hot.
Hudson's Bay to Florida ! common in the northern States. May- June. —
Tube usually half-filled with water and dead insects. Stipules ovate, mu-
cronale. Petals inflected over the stigma.
2. <S. rubra. ( Wait.) : leaves elongated and slender, erect ; tube slightly
dilated upwards, with a narrow linear wing ; lamina erect, mucronate, nar-
rowed at the base ; flower reddish-purple. — Walt. Car. p. 152 ; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 10 ; Hook, e.vot.f. t. 13. f in hot. mag. t. 3515; Croom ! I. c. p. 99.
N. Carolina! to Georgia! May. — Leaves 10-15 inches long; the throat
open. Flowers smaller than in S. purpurea : petals obovate.
3. S. Drummondii (Croom) : leaves very long, erect; tube dilated above,
with a very narrow wing; the upper portion, as well as the orbicular erect
lamina, whitish and strongly reticulated with purple veins ; flower purple. —
Croom ! I. c. p. 100. t. 6.
Florida near Apalachicola, Drummondl &. Dr. Chapman! and on the
Apalachicola river near Ocheesee, Dr. Chapman ! April. — Leaves 20-30
inches long, trumpet-shaped, broad at the mouth. Lamina clothed with
strong hairs within. Flower large.
4. S. p.nttacina. (Michx.) : leaves short, reclined, marked with white
spots; tube inflated, with a very broad semi-obovate wing; lamina ventri-
cose, recurved so as nearlv to close the tube ; flower purple. — Michx. ! ji. 1.
;). 311; Pursh.fl. 2. p. 368 (excl. syn. Walt.) ; Croom! I. c. p. 101. S.cal-
ceolata, Nutt. ! in trans. Am. phil. soc. (2. ser.) 4. p. 49. t. 1. S. pulcheUa,
Croom, in Sill. jour. 25. p. 75.
Georgia ! Florida ! and Louisiana ! March-April. — Leaves 3-4 inches
long : tube narrow ; orifice small.
5. S. variolaris (Michx.) : leaves elongated, nearly erect ; tube sHghtly
inflated above, spotted on the back, with a linear-lanceolate wing; lamina
incurved and fornicate; flower yellow. — Mich.v.! JI. 1. p. 310; Bot. mag. t.
1710 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 12 ; Croom ! I. c. p. 102. S. minor, Walt.l S. adunca.
Smith, e.Tot. bot. t. 53.
Pine-barren ponds, S.Carolina! Georgia! and Florida! March-April.
— Leaves 12-18 inches long, with white diaphanous spots. Flowers the
size of S. purpurea: petals inflected over the stigma.
6. S. fava (Linn.) : leaves erect, very long; tube trumpet-shaped with
an expanded throat ; wing almost none ; lamina erect, much contracted at
the base, the sides reflexed ; floM^er yellow. — Walt. Car. p. 153 ; Michx. ! JI.
1. p. 310 ; Bot. mas: t. 780; Ell. sk. 2. p. 10; Croom., I. c. p. 103 ; Audub.
birds of Amer. t. 300. S.Catesbffii, Ell. I. c. (Catesb. Car. t. 69,)
Virginia to Florida ! and Louisiana! in wet pine-woods. April. — Leaves
1-3 feet long: lamina reniform, mucronate, minutely pubescent within, more
or less marked with purple veins. Flowers verv large : petals obovate-spatu-
late, undulate : stigma 2 inches broad. Odor of the ilower disagreeable. —
S. Catesbsei of Elliott is this species with the purple veins more than usually
60 PAPAVERACEvE. Papaver.
marked ; as was proved by the lamented Mr. Groom, whose monograph
affords a very complete account of this genus.
Order XII. PAP AVERAGES. Juss.
Sepals 2, or sometimes 3, imbricated in aestivation, caducous. Pe-
tals 4, placed in a cruciate manner, or sometimes 5-6, hypogynous.
Stamens hypogynous, distinct, as many or twice as many as the pe-
tals, or often numerous but some multiple of the petals, sometimes in
as many parcels one of which adheres to the base of each : anthers
innate. Ovary composed of 2 or more united carpels (distinct in
Platystemon) : style short or none : stigmas when several usually stel-
late upon the fiat apex of the ovary. Fruit l-celled, either pod-shaped
with 2-3, or capsular with several parietal placentae, which are alter-
nate with (in Papaver opposite) the stigmas ; the valves often separating
from the placentae. Seeds numerous, anatropous, sometimes slightly-
curved. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy and oily albumen. —
Herbs (very rarely shrubs), with commonly a milky or colored nar-
cotic, and often acrid, juice. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, often
more or less divided. Flowers solitary on long peduncles, white, yel-
low, or red, never blue.
1. True PapaveracecB.
1. PAPAVER. Linn.; Gccrtn.fr. t. 60.
Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Style none : stigmas 4-20,
sessile radiating on the summit of the ovary. Capsule obovate, thick, open-
ing under the crown formed by the stigmas : placenta; many-seeded, oppo-
site to the stigmas ! and extending into the cavity so as to form incomplete
partitions.— Herbs with a white narcotic juice. Peduncles droopmg at the
extremity before &.owenng.— Poppy.
1 P. nuclicaule (Linn.) : hairy ; leaves pinnatifid, with acute incised
lobe's; peduncles radical, very long; sepals clothed with bristly hairs; cap-
sules hispid, obovate-oblong.— 5o^. mag: t. 1663 ; Ptirsh,Jl. 2. p. 365 ; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 117 ; Hook. ! fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 34.
Labrador! and Arctic America! Unalaschka, Chamisso.—li Flowers
mostly yellow.
2. P. dubium (Linn.): caulescent: stem hispid AA^th spreading hairs;
leaves pinnately parted ; segments incised ; peduncles clothed with appres-
sed bristly bans ; sepals hairy ; capsules obovoid-oblong, smooth..— Eng. hot.
t 644 ; DC. I. c; Durlin^t. fi. Cest. ed. 2. p. 317.
In cultivated grounds ; becoming naturalized m Chester County, Pennsyl-
vania, Darlington.— (l) Flowers pale red or scarlet.
3. P. somnifernm (Linn.) : caulescent, glabrous and glaucous ; leaves
clasping, incised and toothed, the teeth someAvhat obtuse ; sepals glabrous ;
capsules' obovate or globose, glabrous.— Z>C. prodr. 1. p. 119.
Meconopsis. PAPAVERACEiE. 611
Growing; wild occasionally in waste grounds, but scarcely naturalized. —
(X) Common Poppy.
2. ARGEMONE. Linn.; Gcertn.fr. t. 60; Lam. ill. t. 452.
Sepals 2. Petals 4-8. Stamens numerous. Stigmas 4-7, almost sessile,
radiating, concave, free, alternate with the placentae. Capsule obovate,
opening at the apex by valves, which separate from the persistent filiform
placentae. Seeds globose, pitted and reticulated. — Annual glaucous herbs,
with a yellow juice. Leaves sessile, repand-sinuate or jjinnatifid, with
prickly teeth. Peduncles erect before and after flowering.
1. A. Me.vicana (Linn.) : loaves usually blotched with white ; flowers
solitary; calyx glabrous, prickly; petals yellow ; capsules prickly. — Bot.
mag. t. 243 ; Pursh.Ji. 2. p. 366'; Ell. sk. 2. p. 13; DC.prodr. 1. p. 120.
/?. flowers ochroleucous.
y. flowers larger, white. — A. Mexicana /?. albiflora, DC. I. c ; Bot. mag. t.
2342. A. alba, /?«/. _^. Ludov. A. Georgiana, Croom .' in Sill. jour. 25.
p. 75.
<5. capsules not prickly.
In waste and cultivated places throughout the Southern and Western
States. West to the Platte and Canadian Rivers ! Native ? ^. Key West !
Sparingly naturalized in the Northern States. June-Oct. — Prickly Poppy.
3. MECONOPSIS. Viguier, diss. p. 20; DC. syst. 2. p. 86.
Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Style short but distmct: stig-
mas 4-6, radiating, convex, free. Capsule obovate, opening by valves at
the apex : placental (opposite to the stigmas ?) slender, scarcely extending
into the cell. — Perennial herbs with a yellow juice. The first section is
very near Papaver; the second is somewhat allied to Argemone.
§ 1. Capsides o-6-[^sometimes 4-] talced, smooth. — Meconopsis, DC.
1. M. hetcr'ophylla (Benih.): leaves few and remote, pinnatcly divided;
segments of the lower ones ovate, incised and petioluled ; of the upper li-
near, entire, someAvhat confluent. Benth. in hart, trans, (ser. 2.) ].p. 40.
California, Douelas, Nuttall ! — A foot high. Flowers smaJl, scarlet.
Petals unequal. Nutt.
2. M. crassifoUa (Benth.) : stem leafy at the base ; leaves rather thick,
glaucous, pinnately divided ; the segments incisely lobed, with revolute mar-
gins ; those of the lower leaves ovate-cuneifonu, of the upper linear-cunei-
form. Benth. '. I. c.
California, Douglas ! — Flowers orange-red.
§ 2. Capsides A-valved, echinate-setose. — Stylophorum, Nutt.
3. M. diphylla (DC.) : leaves pinnately divided or parted ; segments 5-7,
obovate-oblong, sinuate, glaucous beneath ; cauline leaves mostly 2, opposite ;
peduncles aggregated, terminal. — DC. syst. 2. p. 88, ^ prodr. 1. p. 121.
M. petiolata, DC. I. c. Chelidonium diphyllum, Michx. ! Jl. 1. p. 309.
St)^lophorum diphyllum, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 7. S. petiolatum, Nutt. ! I. c.
S. Ohioense, Sprcng. syst. 2. p. 570.
62 PAPAVERACE^. Glaucidm.
Shady woods, Western States ! May-July.— Sparsely pubescent when
young, at length glabrous. Upper segments of the leaves confluent; the
lower pair distinct. Flower bright yellow, an inch or more in diameter.
Capsule ovoid.— The floral leaves arc, we believe, always petioled; the peti-
oles sometimes longer than the leaves, sometimes shorter. The erroneous
character " foliis sessilibus" of Michaux has caused the introduction of a
nominal species.
4. SANGUINARIA. Linn.j Lam. ill. 1 449; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 9.
Sepals 2. Petals 8-12. Stamens 24. Stigmas 2, connate. Capsule
oblong and almost pod-shaped, acute at each end, 2-valved ; valves separat-
ing from the persistent filiform placentae. Seeds numerous, obovate, with a
cristate raphe. — An acaulescent herb, with an acrid orange-colored juice,
and a large creeping rhizoma. Leaves reniform, palmately 5-7-lobed ; the
lobes mostly sinuate, crenate, or repand. Scapes 1-flowered, each accompa-
nied by a single leaf. Flower rather large, white.*— Blood-Eoot. Bed-root.
S. Canadensis (Linn.)— Michx. ! fl.l.p. 309; Bat. mag. t. 162; Nutt.!
I. c; DC. prodr. 1. p. 131 ; Bigel. med. hot. 1. p. 75. t. 7 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 35. S. grandiflora, Base ; Brit. fi. gard. (2. ser.) t. 147.
Open Avoods, in light soil, &c. Canada ! to Florida ; west to the Missis-
sippi. March-April.— Scape 3-8 inches high. Petals oblong, attenuate at
the base.
5. CHELIDONIUM. Linn. ; Gcurtn. fr. t. 115.
Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens rather numerous. Capsule pod-shaped,
linear, 2-valved ; valves dehiscing from the base to the apex. Seeds many,
furnished with a glandular cristate raphe. — Perennial herbs, with a saSion-
colored acrid juice. Flowers small, yellow. — Celandine.
1. C. majus (Linn.) : peduncles many-flowered ; pedicels somewhat um-
bellate; leaves pinnately divided, glaucous; segments ovate, crenately incis-
ed or lobed, the termirial one cuneiform-obovate ; capsules torulose. — Eng.
hot. t. 1531; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 365; DC. prodr. 1. p. 123.
In waste places. Introduced. May-Oct.— Root fusiform. Leaves large,
pale-green : leaflets 5-7.
6. GLAUCIUM. Linn.; GcBrtn.fr. t.llo.
Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Capsule pod-shaped, 2-valved,
2-celled by a cellular partition. Seeds many, ovate-reniform. — Biennial
glaucous herbs, with an acrid saffron-colored juice. — Horn-Poppy.
* By a singular typographical error, the habit of the geims, in De Candolle's
Prodromus, is made to read " Herba Boreali- Americana succo sanguineo fcexa fnliis
longius basi cimealis, panicula laxiore cernua. — In Nova-Hispania." The latter
part of the phra?e belongs to Bocconia frutescens l3. on the same page. The mis-
take is inadvertently copied in Hooker's Flora Borcali-Americana.
Chryseis. • PAPAVERACEiE. 63
1. G. Jiaviim (Crantz.): stem glabrous; cauline leaves clasping, pinna-
tifid ; floral ones repand ; pod roughened with tubercles. — " Crantz, ft. Anslr.
2. p. 141"; DC. prodr. 1. ;;. 122. G. luteuni, Smith, Eng. hot. t.8;
Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 365.
On the coast of Virginia & Carolin.'x, Pursh; & on the banks of the Poto-
mac ! Introduced. June-July. — Radical leaves large, bipinnatifid, pubescent
on both sides with short hairs. Calyx bristly. Petals large, bright yellow.
Capsule 6-9 inches long.
7. CHRYSEIS.* Lindl. hot. rcg. t. 1677.
Eschscliolzia, Cham. ; DC. (not Elsholtzia, Willd.)
Torus dilated, salver- form ; limb expanded. Sepals 2, cohering by their
edges, forming a mitre-shaped calyx, which is separated from the torus when
the petals expand. Petals 4, inserted into the throat of the torus. Stamens
numerous, adhering to the claws of the petals. Stigmas linear-filiform, ses-
sile, commonly 4, two of which are shorter and abortive (sometimes 5-7, of
which 2-3 are abortive). Capsule pod-shaped, cyUndrical, 10-ribbed, 10-
striate, with 2 parietal placentae opposite the smaller stigmas. Seeds glo-
bose, reticulated. — Annual glaucous herbs, with a colorless juice having the
odor of muriatic acid. Leaves 2-3-pinnatifid, with linear segments. Pe-
duncles 1-flowered. Flowers yellow, showy.
1. C. Californica (Lindl.) : stem branching, leafy ; torus obconic ; calyx
ovoid, Avith a very short abrupt acumination ; petals bright yellow with an
orange spot at the base. — Lindl. I. c. Eschscholzia Californica, Cham.; Nees,
hort. Berol. <^ Bonn. p. 73. t. 15; Cham, d^ Schlecht. in Linncea, 1. p.
554; Lindl. hot. reg. t.ll68 ; Hook, in hot. mag. t. 2887, ^ Ji. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 34.
California ! Oregon ! & N. W. Coast. Flowers in cultivation 2 inches or
more in diameter. — This species and C. crocea are now common in our gar-
dens.
2. C. crocea (Lindl.) : stem branching, leafy ; torus funnel-form, with a
much dilated limb ; calyx obconic, with a long acumination ; flowers orange-
yellow. — Lindl. I. c. t. 1677. Eschscholtzia crocea, Benth.! in hort. trans.
(2. ser.) 1. p. 407 ; Brit. ft. gard. (2. ser.) t. 299.
California, Douglas I — Flowers as in the preceding species (the orange
color apparently not entirely constant). Stigmas sometimes 5-7! Pod 2
inches long.
3. C. ccBspitosa (Lindl.) : stems short, leafy at the base ; segments of the
subradical leaves linear, somewhat dilated and cuneiform; peduncles elongat-
ed, erect ; torus tubular, with scarcely any limb ; calyx attenuate at the apex
into a long acumination. — Eschscholtzia caespitosa, Benth. I. c.
California, Douglas. — Flowers considerably smaller than in the preceding
species. Benth.
* We follow Lindley in discarding the name Eschscholzia {or Eschscholtzia as it
has commonly been written,) for this genus ; there being an older and generally admit-
ted genus dedicated to the father of the Dr. Eschscholz (or raiher Elsholtz) who
accompanied Chamisso in RonianzofV's voyage, and whom this genus commemo-
rates.
64 PAPAVERACE^. Meconella
4. C. tenuifolia (Lindl.): stems short, leafy at the hase ; segments of the
subradical leaves linear-subulate ; peduncles elongated, erect ; torus tubular,
with a very short limb ; calyx rather obtuse, acuminate. — Eschscholtzia te-
nuifolia, Benth. ! I. c.
California, Douglas /—Stature and flov\^ers as in the preceding species.
Be7ith.
5. C. hypecoklps (Lindl.) : stems elongated, branched, leafy ; segirients
of the leaves short, linear-cuneifomi ; torus tubular, with scarcely any limb :
calyx Avith a short acumination. — Eschscholtzia liypecoides, Benth. ! I. c.
California, Douglnn !—A small and slender plant. Flowers not one-third
as large as in C. Californica. Resembles Hypecoum grandiflorum. Benth.
.8 DENDROMECON. Benth. in hort. trans, (ser. 2.) 1. p. 407.
Sepals 2, Petals 4. Stamens numerous: filaments filiform: anthers
hnear. Stigmas 2, short and rather thick, sessile. Capsule pod-shaped, fur-
rowed, attenuate at the summit; valves thick and coriaceous or almost
woody, dehiscing from the base to the apex : placentae filiform. Seeds
rather large and numerous, pyriform, smooth.— A branching glabrous shrub !
(the juice not milky ; taste astringent and slightly acid, Nutt.) Leaves
rigid and coriaceous, articulated with the stem, lanceolate or oblong, cuspi-
date-acuminate, strongly reticulated, denticulate on the margin. Peduncles
axillary, 1-flowered. Flowers large, yellow.
D. rigidum (Benth. ! 1. c.)—HooTc. ic. t. 37.
Monterey, California, Douglas! On the summits of mountains near St.
Barbara, Nuttall !
9. MECONELLA. Nutt. mss.
" Sepals 3, somewiiat jjilose. Petals 5-6. Stamens 4-6 : filaments mem-
branaceous, dilated upwards : anthers very short, the cells disjoined. Stig-
mas 3 (rarely 4), linear, very short, sessile. Capsule pod-shaped, slender, 3-
(rarely 4-) valved : valves flat, 1-nerved, dehiscing from the apex to the base,
not separating from the placenta;. Seeds numerous, smooth and shining,
subglobose.— A very small, annual, glabrous and somewhat glaucous herb.
Stems slender, dichotomously branched. Radical leaves in a rosulate clus-
ter, spatulate ; cauline ones linear or linear-spatulate, opposite ; the lower-
most ternate, entire. Peduncles axillary, filiform, 1-flowered. Flower very
small, ochroleucous."
M. Oregana (Nutt. ! mss.)
"• Open plains of the Oregon near its confluence with the Wahlamet.
May.— Plant 3-5 inches high. Cauline leaves small. Peduncles 1-3 inches
long. FloAvers 2-3 lines wide. Petals oblong-cuneifomi, yellow at the base.
Capsules linear, 6-10 Unes long. Evidently related to Platystigma." Nutt.
—This interesting but humble "pknt seems to stand between Platystemon
and Hypecoum, two genera (which notwithstanding their anomalies ought
not to be removed from the family,) having apparently little relationship:
it agrees with the latter in its definite stamens, and with the former in the
foliage and floral envelopes, dilated filaments, &c. The torus is somewhat
like that of Chryseis on a very small scale.
Platystemon. PAPAVERACE^. 6S
10. PLATYSTIGMA. Benth. inhort. trans. I. c. p. 407; Ilvok.ic. t. 38.
Sepals 2-3, pilose. Petals 4-6. Stamens numerous : filaments filiform
{Benth. Hook.) [dilated and membranaceous, acute at the apex] : anthers
linear. Stigmas 3, sessile, oval, somewhat spreading. Capsule ovoid-ob-
long, attenuate at the base, 3-valved ; valves dehiscing from the apex to the
base: placenta; filiform. Seeds smooth and shining (roundish kidney-shap-
ed. Hook.). — A small ca;spitose annual herb, with the stem abbreviated or
almost none, and mostly radical and crowded, linear, entire, glabrous or
slightly hairy leaves. Peduncles radical or nearly so, numerous, slender. 1-
flowered, clothed with spreading hairs. Flowers pale yellow, nodding before
expansion.
P. lineare (Benth. ! 1. c.) — Hook. ! ic. I. c. ; Fisch. ^ Meyer, ind.sem. St.
Petersb. {Dec. 1835) p. 47; Lindl. bot. reg. i. 1954.
Monterey, California, Douglas .'--Scapes a span high. Flowers nearly
as large as in Ranunculus acris : petals obovate. — There is a genus Platy-
stigma of R. Brown: but we have not the means of ascertaining Avhich has
the priority. — The filaments in our specimen are manifestly dilated, and li-
near-oblong or lanceolate instead of filiform. The same thing is remarked by
Fischer &. Meyer, who examined the living plant raised from seeds sent
from the Russian settlement in California. The 3 outer petals, according to
these botanists, are golden yellow with a transverse white band ; the inner
ones white with pale yellow claws.
2. Papaverace(2 Ranunculincoi.
11. PLATYSTEMON. Benth. in hort. trans. I. c. p. 405.
Sepals 3, pilose. Petals 6. Stamens numerous: filaments dilated, mem-
branaceous, oblong or obcordate : anthers linear. Ovaries 10-14, distinct !
oblong-linear, cro-wned with a linear sessile stigma. Fruit consisting of 10-
14 distinct, linear, indehiscent, torulose carpels, which are articulated or
transversely strangulated between each seed. — A small pale-green annual
herb(destituteof colored juice, Mi^^.), sparsely clothed with shaggy spreading
hairs. Leaves half-clasping, oblong-linear, obtuse, entire, alternate, often
crowded so as to appear opposite or whorled at the origin of the branches
and peduncles, 3-5-nerved. Peduncles axillary, elongated, 1-flowered.
Flower ochroleucous.
P. Californicum (Benth. ! I. c.)— Lindl. bot. reg. t. 1679 ; Don, in Brit.
fl. gard. {ser. 2.) t. 394 ; Hook. bot. mag. t. 3579.
a. Stem somewhat elongated, nearly glabrous; leaves linear-oblong, very
obtuse; carpels pilose-hispid.
p. lineare: stem abbreviated ; leaves narrowly linear, 1-3-nerved.
y. leiocarpitm: carpels glabrous. — P. leiocarpum, Fisch. ^ Meyer, ind.
sem. St. Petersb. (Dec. 1835) p. 47.
California, Z>oi«g-/as .' Nuttall! — Plant 8-12 inches high. Leaves 1-2
inches long, with scattering hairs on the nerves and margins. Flower 10-12
lines in diameter when expanded : petals obovate. sometimes orange-velloAV
9
66 FUMARIACE^. Dielvtra.
at the base. Carpels apprcssed, (at first united, at length separating. Hook.)
6-8 lines long: stigmas persistent, 2-3 lines long. Torus somewhat dilated. —
P. leiocarpum, Fisch. &■ Meyer, is nothing more than an accidental variety ;
the carpels in some of Mr. Nuttall's specimens being perfectly glabrous, iii
others with a few hairs. — This anomalous genus is almost exactly interme-
diate between Papaveracese and Kanunculacese.
Order XIII. FUMARIACE^. DC.
Sepals 2, small, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous, cruciate ; one or
both of the two outer ones saccate or spurred at the base ; the inner
pair cohering at the callous apex, and enclosing the anthers and stig-
ma. Stamens 6, hypogynous : filaments in two parcels, placed oppo-
site the outer petals, dilated, distinct or usually diadelphous: anthers
adnate, extrorse ; the middle one of each parcel 2-celIed ; the lateral
ones 1-celled. Ovary composed of 2 united carpels, l-celled, with 2
parietal placentae : style filiform : stigmas united, often lobed or cuspi-
date, alternate with .the inner petals. Fruit either an indehiscent 1—
2-seeded nut, or a 2.valved many-seeded pod-shaped capsule ; the
valves at length often separating from the persistent filiform placentae .
Seeds anatropous or partly campulitropous, shining, arilled : albumen
fleshy. Embryo in the genera with indehiscent fruit minute and ex-
centric, in the others longer and more or less curved or circinate. —
Annual or perennial glabrous and often glaucous herbs, with a watery
juice. Leaves alternate, ternately or pinnately divided, exstipulate.
Flowers racemose or cymose, purple, white, or yellow.
The two lateral stamens of each pai'cel, having unilocular anthers, may be con-
eidered as half-stamens, formed by the division of the two stamens which correspond
to the inner petals : the true number in the order, according to this view, being four,
one to each petal. — Lindley is inclined to regard the sepals as bracts, and the outer
petals as sepals : but their analogy with Papaveracese (from which Lindley, follow-
ing Bernhardi, distinguishes them only as a suborder) does not favor this view.
1. DIELYTRA. Borkhamen; Hook. (Diclytra, DC.)
Exterior petals equally saccate or spurred at the base. Capsule pod-shap-
ed, many-seeded. — Perennial herbs. Flowers (mostly) on scapes: racemes
simple, the pedicels furnished with a pair of opposite bracteoles ; or com-
pound, with the divisions cymose.
The centrifugal developement of the branches of the inflorescence in D. formosa,
&c. is indicated by the bibracteolate pedicels of D. CucuUaria and Canadensis.
1. D. Cucullaria (DC.) : spurs divaricate, straight and rather acute ;
wing of the inner petals short; raceme simple, 4-10-flowered. — DC. syst. 2.
p. 118; Hook.jl. Bor.-Am.. l.p. 35. D. Canadensis, Borkh. fide DC. Fu-
raaria Cucullaria, Linw. ; Michx.! Ji. 2. p. 51; Bot. mag. t. 1127. Cory-
DiELYTiuu FUMARIACEiE. 67
dalis Cucullaria, Pers. syn. 2. p. 269 ; Pursh ! jl. 2. p. 462. Cucullaria
bulbosa, Paf. in. Desv.jour. hot. 2. p. 159.
Shady Avoods, Canada! to Kentucky! and N. W. America. April. — Rhi-
zoma not creeping, bulbiferous; the scales (which are the persistent and
thickened bases ot" petioles, filled with fecula,) small, triangular, reddish
when exposed to the air, white Avhen subterranean. Leaves commonly 2 to
each stem, on long petioles, glaucous beneath, triternately decompound ; the
primary and secondary divisions petiolulate ; ultimate ones laciniately pin-
natifid ; the lobes oblong-linear, obtuse or somewhat acute, mucronulaie.
Scape 6-10 inches high. Flowers somewhat secund, nodding, white or
cream-color, yellow at the summit. Bracts and bracteoles minute, white.
Inner petals carinate ; the carina not projecting beyond the sununit. Fila-
ments distinct; the middle one with a subulate process projecting into the
cavity of the spur. Stigma compressed, reniform, obtusely 4-lobed. Cap-
sule 15-20-seeded.
2. D: Canadensis (DC.) : spurs short, rounded ; wing of the inner petals
projecting beyond the summit ; raceme simple, 4-6 flowered. — DC.prodr.
1. p. 126. Corydalis Canadensis, Gohlie, in Edivb. phil. joiir. 6. p. 330;
Thomas^ in Sill. jour. 26. p. 114. Diclytra eximia, Beck! hot. p. 23. D.
eximia /?. Ilook.Jl. Bor.-Ain. 1. p. 35.
Rocky woods, in rich soil, Canada ! to New- York ! and west to Kentucky !
April. — Subterranean stems creeping, sparsely tuberiferous ; the tubers
roundish, bright yeUow, and about as large as a grain of Indian corn ( — hence
the popular name. Squirrel-corn), each marked with the cicatrix of the
fallen petiole. Leaves resembling those of D. Cucullaria, but with narrower
lobes; commonly but one to each scape. Petioles terete. Scape 4-6 inches
high. Corolla cordate-ovate, greenish-white, tinged with purple. Spurs
rounded and slightly incurved. Flowers fragrant. — Pursh has confounded
this species with his Corydalis formosa.
3. D. formosa (DC): spurs short, obtuse, somewhat incurved ; wings of
the inner petals projecting beyond the summit ; raceme compound, the
branches cymulose ; stigma 2-horned at the apex ; leaves numerous. — DC.
.t7jst. 2. p. 109 (in part) ; Ell. sk. 2. p. Ill ; TJiomas, in Sill. jour. I. c. D.
eximia, DC. I. c. Fumaria formosa, Andr. hot. rep. t. 393 ; Sims, hot. mag.
t. 1155. F. eximia, Ker, hot. reg. t. 50. Corydalis formosa, Pursh! Jl. 2. p.
462. (excl. Canad. var.)
Clefts of rocks, on the mountains of Virginia and North Carolina, Pursh !
Nuttall ! Le Conte ! June-Sept. — Rhizoma scaly-bulbiferous. Leaves 3-8
or more, rising from the crown of the rhizoma; petioles channelled, dilat-
ed at the base ; divisions of the lamina variable in size and width, but
mostly oblong and incisely pinnatifid. Scape 8-12 inches high ; cymules
several-flowered, with conspicuous crowded purpHsh bracts. Flowers pen-
dulous, reddish-purple, oblong. Exterior petals attenuate upwards; lamina
somewhat spreading: wings of the inner petals projecting beyond the sum-
mit in the form of 2 oblong lobes. Filaments free at the base, united above.
Stigma 2 lobed, with 2 slender approximate horns between the lobes. — A
beautiful species, often cultivated, and flowering throughout the season.
4. D. saccata(l^utt. ! mss.) : " spurs short, very obtuse, saccate ; wings of
the inner petals scarcely projecting; raceme somewhat compound, few-
flowered; stigma triangular, entire; leaves numerous; rhizoma creeping."
— D. formosa & D. eximia, Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 352.
" Shady woods of the Oregon. — Leaves several trorn each rootstock, some-
what glaucous ; segments cuneate-obovate, incised, very acute. Scape
about a foot high. Raceme about 4-flowered : bracts linear-lanceolate and
acuminate. Sepals ovate, acute, appressed. Flowers broadly ovate, approxi-
mated at the summit of the scape, remarkably ventricose, pale red." \utt. —
63 FUMARIACEiE. Cory
Nearly allied to D. formosa, with which it has been confounded ; but distin-
guished by its less compound raceme, broader flowers, shorter wings of the
mner petals, and entire stigma. D. formosa appears to be confined to the
mountains of the Southern States.
5. D. lachenalkv folia (DC.) : spur very short and obtuse ; scape 3-4-
flowered ; pedicels longer than the calyx; leaves many-cleft, with linear very-
acute lobes. DC. syst. 2. p. Ill; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am.. 1. p. 36. Fumaria
tenuifolia, Ledeb. in mem. acad. St. Petersb. 5. (1815) p. 550; Cham. ^
Schlecht. in Linncea, 1. p. 558. _ ., ^ ,
Islands near the coast of extreme N. W. America, Pallas. Also iound
in Siberia and Kamtschatka.— Rhizoma fleshy, horizontal. Leaves several,
on long petioles; lobes crowded, linear, attenuated at each end. Scapes
several* 3-6 inches high. FloAvers purple, 2-3, in a short loose raceme, the
lower ones pendulous, the upper one erect. Pedicels variable in length,
often 3-4 lines long (sometimes 5 lines, Cham.<^ Schlecht.). Corolla 8 lines
long. J9C.— Stigma 5-toothed. Pallas— We have seen no specimens of
this plant. The preceding species should be compared with it.
D. tenuifolia, DC. syst. 2. p. 110. {Conjdalis tenuifolia, Pursh) not having been
found on the N. W. coast, as was supposed by Pursh, but in Kamtschatka, is omit-
ted from our Flora ; as is likewise D. bracteosa, DC. I. c, another very doubtful na-
tive of N. America.
2. ADLUMIA. Raf. in Desv.jour. bot. 2. p. 169; DC.
Petals united into a spongy persistent monopetalous corolla, bigibbous at
the base, 4-lobed at the apex. Capsule pod-shaped, linear-oblong, many-
seeded. — Herbaceous, climbing by the cirrhose petioles. Flowers in supra-
axillary racemose cymes.
A. cirrhosa (Raf. 1. c.)~DC. syst. 2. p. Ill ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 399.
Corydalis fungosa. Vent, choix. t. 19; Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 463. Fumaria fun-
gosa, Willd. sp. 3. p. 857. F. recta, Mich.T. fl. 2. p. 51.
Shady rocky places, and along streams, Canada ! to N. Carohna ! July-
Sept. (2) Stem 8-15 feet long, branching and climbing over shrubs and
other plants. Leaves biternately divided; the primary divisions distant ; pe-
tioles twining like tendrils; ultimate segments obovate-cuneiform, incisely
2-3-lobed, petiolulate. Flowers numerous, pedicellate, pale violet, or nearly
white. Filaments united below into a tube, distinct above. Capsule includ-
ed in the marcescent corolla. Seeds 4-8, reniform-globose, somewhat com-
pressed.
3. CORYDALIS. DC. syst. 2. p. 113.
Only one of the exterior petals spurred at the base. Capsule pod-shaped,
few- or many-seeded : style persistent.— Cauline leaves few or numerous.
Racemes simple, terminal or opposite the leaves: pedicels ebracteolate.
§ 1. Annual or biennial., with fibrous roots : stems branching, leafy : pods
linear, many-seeded.— Ca^nites, DC. (partly.)
1. C. aurea (Willd.) : stem diffuse ; leaves somewhat glaucous, bipinnate ;
ultimate segments oblong, acute ; bracts lanceolate or ovate, acuminate ;
pods terete torulose.— IFiV/f/. enum. p. 740; DC. prodr. 1. p. 128;
CORYDALI3. FUMARIACEvE. 69
Pursh! fl. 2. J). 463; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 37. C. flavula, /inf. in
Desv. jour. hot. 2. p. 224; J)C'. I. c. Fumariaaurea, Ker, hot. rfj^. t. (i(j.
RocKy woods, Canada! to Georgia! west to Arkansas! Missouri! &, the
Rocky Mountains. April-Aug. — (T) or (2) Stem 6-12 inches long. Leaves
slender, finely divided. Racemes terminal, and opposite the leaves or supra-
axillary, 5-15-Howered. Flowers varying in size, in shady situations and
early in the season often scarcely 4 lines in length ; but in open places and
in mature plants nearly three-fourths of an inch long, golden yellow. Bracts
often longer than the pedicels, and sometimes even extending beyond the
fiower. Petals distinct, spur incurved. Stigma small, with 2 spreading
lobes. Pods 8-10 Unes long, and a line in diameter, smooth or rarely (in
specimens from Arkansas) hispid. — We have seen the poUen-tubes^very
distinctly in this plant, even in specimens collected many years ago.
2. C glanca ("Pursh) : erect, very glaucous ; leaves bipinnate ; ultimate
segments cuneiform, somewhat 3-lobed ; racemes often clustered ; bracts
linear, shorter than the pedicels ; pods scarcely torulose. — Piinsh, Jl. 2. p.
463; DC.prodr. 1. p. 128 ; Hook..' Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 37. Fumaria sem-
pervirens, lAnn. ; Michx. Jl. 2. p. 51. F. glauca, Bot. mag. t. 179.
Rocky places, Canada! to N. Carolina! May-July. — (l) or (^ Stem 1-
2 feet high, much branching. Raceme short, 6-10-flowered. Sepals purple.
Petals rose-color and yellow ; the inner ones with slender claws : spur short,
rounded. Stigma with small somewhat spreading lobes. Pods li inch
bug ; the valves at length separating from the persistent placentte.
§ 2. Perennial: stem simple, rising from, a large and thickened almost
ligneous root (rhizoma?) : cauline leaves 1-2: ^^ pods ovate or ellipti-
cal, 2-4:-seeded, opening elastically, the valves rolling hack to the base.
— Halticosia,"* Natt. mss.
3. C. Scoule.ri(YioQk.) : raceme nearly simple, shorter than the almost soli-
tary 3-4-pinnate leaf ; leaflets oval or oblong, oblique, decurrent, entire or
iobed ; bracts oblong, longer than the pedicels. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 36. t.
14. C. psonia^folia, Pers. syn. 2. p. 269 ? ; DC. I. c? ex Hook.
Deep shady woods, N. W. America : plentiful near the confluence of the
Oregon with the sea. Dr. Scolder — Root tortuous, scaly at the neck.
Leaves very few (blackish when dry), one or more rather smaU radical ones ;
the lower cauline one very large ; the upper small. Flowers rose-color, pendu-
lous, 1-li inch in length, in a loose raceme : spur straight, attenuated, twice
the length of the petals: pedicels strongly curved downwards after flowering.
Stigma capitate, apiculate. Hook. — We are suspicious that both this and the
succeeding species will prove to be identical w^th C. pseonisefolia of Siberia
and Kamtschatka, which extends, according to Chamisso, nearly to America;
but the question can only be decided by comparison with the original speci-
mens in Willdenow's herbarium. The raceme, according to Hooker, is
more compound in that species than in C. Scouleri; but Chamisso remarks
{Linntea, I. p. 563.) that the racemes in his specimens are more commonly
simple.
4. C. macrophylla (Nutt. ! mss.) : " raceme simple, shorter than the biter-
nately pinnate leaves ; leaflets linear-oblong, straight ; bracts hnear, longer
than the pedicels.
* "To this section belongs C. impatiens, DC. and perhaps some other species."
J^utt.
70 FUMARIACEiE. Fumahia.
"Shady woods of the Wahlamet; particularly abundant near the falls, in
the darkest places. — Plant 3-4 feet hi^h. Root not ligneous, wholly subter-
ranean. Cauline leaves about 2 : ultimate segments longer than in the pre-
ceding species. Flowers pale red, about an inch long. Capsule oblong,
about 4-seeded, defiexed, of a thick and ahaost cartilaginous consistence,
bursting elastically with considerable force, and scattering the seeds to a dis-
tance. Stigma 2-lobcd at the base, 4-toothed at the summit." NiUt.
§ 3. Perennial: stem simple, from a tuberous rhizoma: cauline leaves
few: pods oval or oblong. — Capnoides, DC.
5. C. paucifiora (Pers.) : cauline leaves 2-3, below the middle of the
stem, ternately or biternately divided ; segments obovate ; bracts ovate,
acute; raceme crowded, few-flowered. DC.prodr. 1. p. 127; Pers. syn.2.
p. 269 ; Del ess. ic. 2. t. 3. / A ; Cham. ^- Schlecht. in Linncea, 1. p. 560.
Island of St. Lawrence, in Behring's Straits, Chamisso. A native also
of Ahaic Siberia, from whence we have specimens. — Tuber ovate, some-
times forked or paknate. Plant about 4 inches high. Leaves nearly radical,
on long petioles, the base of which sheaths the stem. Stem, or rather scape,
longer than the leaves, bearing a short crowded raceme of large purple flow-
ers. Spur incurved.
4. FUMARIA. Linn.; DC. syst. 2. p. 129.
Only one of the exterior petals spurred or gibbous at the base. Fruit a 1-
seeded subglobose nut : style deciduous. — Stems branching, leafy. Leaves
finely dissected. Flowers small, in dense racemes.
1. F. officinalis (Linn.): sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply toothed,
about the length of the globose retuse nut ; bracts much shorter than the pe-
dicels of the fruit. Arnott, in Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 37.
0. diffuse or scandent ; segments oi the leaves broad, glaucous. Arnott, I. c.
F. media, D C. prodr. 1. p. 130. F. oflScinalis, Pursh, f. 2. p. 463 ; Darlingt.
f. Cest. jD. 401 ; Bigel f. Bost. ed. 2. p. 262.
Fields and cultivated grounds. Introduced. May-Aug. — (2) Stem 8-12
inches high, branching, at first erect, at length diffuse. Flowers pale violet
mixed Avith green and purple.
Order XIV. CRUCIFERiE. Ju.^s.
Sepals 4, deciduous, imbricatecl or very rarely valvate in aestivation ;
the two outer (anterior and posterior) corresponding to the stigmas,
often narrower ; the two inner opposite the valves of the capsule, often
concave or gibbous at the base, rarely spurred. Petals 4, hypogynous,
cruciate, alternate with the sepals, regular, mostly unguiculate and
nearly equal, deciduous. Stamens 6, hypogynous ; the two opposite
the lateral sepals shorter and usually inserted somewhat lower than
the others, occasionally toothed ; the other four in pairs opposite the
Cheiranthus. CRUCIFER^. 71
anterior and posterior sepals, distinct or rarely connate, sometimes
toothed : anthers introrse. Torus with 2 or more green glands between
petals or stamens and the ovary. Ovary composed ot' two united car-
pels, with two parietal placcnttC united by a membranaceous (false) dis-
sepiment : style short or none, continuous, often persistent : stigmas 2,
opposite the placentae (anterior and posterior). Fruit (a silique or
silicle) usually 2.celled, rarely 1-celled, one- or many-seeded, dehiscent
by the separation of the valves from the persistent placentJE, some-
times indehiscent and either lomentaceous or nucumentaceous. Seeds
campulitropous, mostly pendulous (funiculus free or sometimes adnate
to the septum), attached in a single row to each side of the placentae :
albumen none. Embryo with the cotyledons variously folded on the
radicle (very rarely straight !). — Herbaceous, or rarely somewhat
shrubby plants, with a watery, more or less acrid or pungent, juice.
Leaves alternate, often divided, exstipulate. Flowers in terminal ra-
cemes or corymbs : pedicels mostly ebracteate.
1. SiUquoscE.
Tribe I. ARABIDEiE. DC.
Silique dehiscent, usually elongated ; valves somewhat plane : sep.
turn linear. Cotyledons plane, accumbent (o=), parallel with the sep-
tum (i.e. with their edges directed to the placentae).
1. CHEIRANTHUS. R. Br. in hort. Kew. (ed. 2.) 4. p. 118 ; DC.sysi.
2. p. 178.
Silique terete or compressed. Stigma 2-lobed or capitate. Inner sepals
saccate at the base. Seeds in a single series, ovate, compressed.
1. C. capitatus (Dougl.) : somewhat rough ; leaves linear-lanceolate, en-
tire or more or less toothed, much attenuate at the base, and, Avith the stem,
strigosely pubescent ; hairs closely appressed and 2-parted ; flowers yellow
(rather large), densely corymbed; siliques 3 times the length of pedicels. —
Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 38. C. asper, Cham. ^ Schecht. in LvincBa, 1. p.
14. (excl. syn.)
California, Chamisso ; Oregon, Douglas. — (T) Stem a foot or more high,
acutely angled. Pedicels 5-6 lines long. SiHque 15 lines long and a hne in
width : valves marked with a prominent nerve. Stigma capitate, indistinct-
ly 2-lobed. Cham., Hook.
2. C. 7 Pallasii (Pursh) : leaves Hnear-lanceolate, repandly toothed,
nearly glabrous ; stem simple, terete, erect; flowers purple. DC. prodr. 1.
p. 136; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 436; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 38.
North West Coast. July. Pursh (ex herb. Lamb.) — (2) Stem covered
with a closely appressed 2-parted pubescence, 7-9 inches high. Leaves
minutely pubescent. Raceme oblong. Pedicels filiform. Silique some-
what terete. Stigma minute, subcapitate. DC. — Perhaps a Hesperis.
72 CRUCIFER^. Nasturtium.
§ ? (an gen. ?) Silique nearly terete, somewhat torulose ; valves very
abrupt or truncate at the summit : style thick : stigma capitate : seeds
margined : sepals shorter than the claws of the (violet-purple) petals ;
the inner ones slightly gibbous at the base. — Iodanthus.
3. C. hesperidoides : glabrous ; lower leaves lyrate-pinnalifid ; upper ones
ovate-lanceolate, attenuate at the base, unequally and sharply serrate-toothed;
pedicels as long as the calyx ; limb of the petals roundish-obovate. — Hespe-
ris pinnatifida, Mc/i^. / /. 2. p. 31; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 69; DC. prodr. 1.
p. 190.
p. limb of the petals spatulate.
Banks of rivers, western part of Pennsylvania to Kentucky (Dr. Short !)
and Illinois, Mr. Buckley ! 0. Arkansas, Dr. Pitcher ! May -July — ^ Stem
1-3 feet high, angular aud striate, simple or branched. Leaves 2-4 inches
long, thin and membranaceous; lower ones usually pinnatifid toward the
base, with Avinged petioles ; middle ones sagittate-auricled at the base. —
Flowers racemose, the racemes often panicled : pedicels spreading. Sepals
ovate-oblong, obtuse, tinged with purple. Siliques about an inch and a
half long, narrowly linear, curved upward. Style terete, a line or more in
length, in fruit thicker than the depressed-capitate stigma. Seeds roundish-
oblong, with a narrow border. Cotyledons o=
2. NASTURTIUM. R. Br. in hort. Kew. (cd. 2.) i.p. 109; DC. syst.
2. p. 187.
Silique nearly terete, sometimes shortened so as to resemble a silicle, usu-
ally curved upward. Stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Sepals spreading, equal at
the base. Seeds small, irregularly disposed in a double series, not margined^
— Aquatic or subaquatic herbs. Leaves often pinnately divided. Flowers
yellow or white.
§ 1. Petals white : siliques linear : 4 conspicuous glands at the base of
the stamens. — Cardaminum, DC.
1. N. officinale (R. Brown) : leaves pinnately divided ; segments ovate,
subcordate, repand ; petals white, longer than the calyx. — DC. prodr. 1. p.
137 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 39. Sisymbrium Nasturtium, Linn. ; Pursh,
fi. 2. p. 440? ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 67.
Along the Wahlamet River, and in ponds, Oregon, Nuttall; North West
Coast, Seoul er ; Southern States, "introduced," Elliott. New England to
Virginia, Pursh. — Certainly introduced and scarcely naturalized in the
United States.
§ 2. Petals yellow (rarely white) : siliques commonly short : glands
at the base of the stamens small. — Brachylobos, DC.
2. N. tanacetifolium (Hook. & Am.): leaves pinnately divided; seg-
ments sinuate-pinnatifid or toothed; siliques oblong-linear, nearly erect,
acute ; style short.' — Hook. ^- Am. ! in jour. bot. 1. p. 190. N. palustre S
tanacetifolium, jDC.prorfr. 1. p. 137. Sisymbrium tanacetifolium, Walt.
Car. p. 174. S. Walteri, Ell. sk. 2. p. 146.
Damp soils. South Carolina, East Florida! Louisiana! and Arkansas!
March-May. — @ Stem much branched and somewhat decumbent or diffuse,
6-12 inches long. Leaves smooth, the ultimate segments obtuse. Flowers
Nastdrtidm. CRUClFERiE. 73
very small. Petals linear, scarcely as long as the calyx. Silique 6-8 lines
long, straight or a little incurved,' pointed with a short but distinct style :
stl^a capitate. Pedicels about one-third as long as the silique. Seeds very
numerous.
3. N. lijratum (Nutt. ! mss.) : "leaves pinnatifid or lynite ; the segments
oblong-lanceolate, incisely serrate or angularly toothed ; silique linear, com-
pressed, more than twice the length of the pedicel, somewhat spreading,
abrupt at the apex ; style very short ; ronmion peduncle flexuous."
" Banks of the Oregon," AV//a// .'—Scarcely a foot high, glabrous. Leaves
somewhat variable m the toothing and sefratures. Racemes paniculate
in fruit. Flowers minute. Siliques about three-fourths of an inch long,
slightly curved ; the valves obtuse at the summit. Style scarcely half a Ime
long, not clavate. Pedicels 1-2 lines in length.
4. N. sess'iliflorum (JSun. \ mss.): '"leaves cuneate-obovate, obtuse, re-
pandly toothed or nearly entire; siliques subsessile, linear-oblong, obtuse,
tipped with the nearly sessile stigma,"
"Banks of the Mississippi," Nnttall ; Kentucky? Fafnrsqvc.'—Gla-
brous. Leaves 1-2 inches long ; those of the stem merely toothed, or almost
entire, attenuated at the baseT Racemes in fruit elongated. Blowers mi-
nute. Siliques nearly half an inch long, on extremely short peduncles:
valves obtuse. Style very short and thick. Cotyledons o=
5. N. sinualum (Nutt. ! mss.): " decumbent ; leaves pinnatifid ; segments
lanceolate, subserrate or toothed on the lower margin ; pedicels spreading or
recurved, longer than the oblong acute silique ; style nearly one-third the
length of the silique.
"Banks of the Oregon and its tributaries; also in Arkansas.— Glabrous.
Leaves all equally pinnatifid ; the terminal segments more or less confluent.
Flowers rather large, bright yellow. Sepals ovate. Petals oblong-ovate.
Silique about one-third of an inch long, slightly curved." Nutt. Cotyledons o^
6. N. cu7-visiliqiia (Nutt. mss.) : erect, branching ; leaves lanceolate, pin-
natifid, acute, somewhat clasping at the base ; lobes linear-lanceolate and
spreading, the uppermost nearly entire ; raceme in fruit elongated ; siliques
linear, acuminate, falcate, twice as long as the pedicels. Hook. Ji. Bor.-Am.
1. p. 61. (sub Sisymb.)
North West Coast ; in sandy soil, near streams. Dousrlas ; on the Ore-
gon, iV/f^a/L' — (I) Stem about a foot high, minutely pubescent. Flowers
small, corymbed. Silique smooth, about an inch long, somewhat torulose.
Seeds in a double series. TIook.~Om specimen of this plaut, from Mr. Nut-
tall, differs in several respects from the description of Hooker. The lobes of
the leaves are ovate-lanceolate. The siliques (not quite mature) are oblong,
arcuate, and rather shorter than the pedicels, which are recurved at the base,
and spreading. The flowers are larger than in any of the preceding species
of this section. Cotyledons o=
7. N.palustre (DC): leaves pinnately lobed, clasping and ciliate at the
base ; lobes confluent, toothed, glabrous ; root fusiform; petals as long as the
sepals; silique spreading, obtuse at each end, somewhat turgid. — DC. syst.
2. p. 191 ; Hook. fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 39 ; Ckavr. ^ Schlecht. in Linncea, 1.
p. 15.
Wet places, Arctic America to New-Orleans ! and west to Oregon ! June-
Aug. — U Stem 1-2 feet high, erect, glabrous, branching above. Leaves 2-3
inches long; lobes oblong-lanceolate. FloAvers very small. Peduncles of
the fruit 2-4 lines long, slender, spreading almost horizontally. Silique 3-4
lines in length, more or less ovate or ovate-oblong, slightly curved, crowned
Avith a very short style.
8. N. amphibium (R. Brown) : leaves oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or ser-
10
74 CRUCIFER^l^. Nasturtium.
rate ; root fibrous ; petals lonj^er than the calyx ; silique ellipsoid, spreading',
mucronate with the style. DC. prodr. 1. p. 138; Honk. fl. Bur. -Am. \.p.
39. Sisymbrium amphibiurn, TAnn. ; Ptirsh, fi. 2. p. 440.
Watery places; Canada, i/oo/cer; Pennsylvania to Virs^inia, Pursh. —
Stems sulcate, sparingly branched. Ernersed leaves serrate, often pubescent;
immersed ones more or less pinnately lobed, sometimes pectinately capillace-
ous. Racemes dense, elongated. Peduncles spreading, at length rtflexed,
twice as long as the silique. Silique oblong-ovate, attenuate at the base,
pointed with the short style. DC. — We have seen no N. American speci-
mens that accord with the description of this plant. The N. amphibiurn of
some of our botanists is probably only a variety of N. palustre.
9. A^. polymorphum (Nutt. ! mss.): "leaves deeply pinnatifid or almost
entire; segments entire ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx; silique ob-
long-linear, compressed ; stigma minute, nearly sessile.
^- Banks of the Oregon.— (JT) or (a) Stem about a span high. Leaves ra-
ther narrow ; the segments short, linear, and acute. Branches from the root,
after the developement of the stem and fruit, or shoots from a cropped stem,
produce leaves either entire 'or with a few pinnatifid incisions. At other
times the whole plant bears similar leaves. FloAvers small." Nutt.
10. A^. obtusum (Nutt. ! mss.) : "leaves pinnately divided, decurrent; seg-
ments irregularly oval, angularly toothed, obtuse ; siliques linear, subterete,
twice the length of the pedicels ; style short.
"Banks of the Mississipsi.— (1) Stem branching above. Racemes lateral
and terminal, elongated in fruit." Nutt.
11. N. Umosum (Nutt.! mss.): "leaves lanceolate, laciniately pinnatifid
towards the base, nearly entire above or merely angularly toothed ; laciniae
decurrent, subserrate or entire ; pedicels much shorter than the abbreviated
siliques ; stigma nearly sessile.
" Banks of the Mississippi, near New-Orleans.— (2) Subaquatic. Habit of
N. palustre. Very smooth. Leaves irregularly but not deeply divided, ex-
cept where they approach the water." Nutt.
12. N. hispidum (DC.) : stem (tall) tomentose-villous ; leaves somewhat
villous, runcinate-pinnatifid ; lobes rather obtusely toothed ; siliques (minute)
ovate, tumid, pointed with the distinct style, scarcely more than half as
long as the somewhat spreading pedicels ; petals scarcely as long as the
calyx.— DC. syst. 2. p. 201. Sisymbrium hispidum, Poir. enc. 5. p. 161.
Near Middfetown, Connecticut, Dr. Barrcdt ! Pennsylvania, Poiret;
Middle and Northern States, Nuttall.— 2l 1 Stem 2-3 feet high, much branch-
ed above, almost hispidly villous, angular, erect. Leaves 3-6 inches long;
lobes numerous, ovate. Racemes numerous, panicled. Flowers minute.
Sepals oblong, obtuse. Petals obovate. Silique scarcely more than a line
long, exactly ovate, somewhat compressed. Style nearly half the length of
the fruit : stigma capitate. Pedicel 2-3 lines long.— A very distinct species,
remarkable for its villous stem, and very small ovate siliques.
13. N. syhestre (R. Brown) : leaves pinnately divided, segments lanceo-
late, serrate or incised; petals longer than the calyx; siliques oblong, some-
what torulose; style very short. DC. syst. 2. p. 190. Sisymbrium sylvestre,
Lin7i. sp. 916. S. vulgare, Pers. syn. 2. p. 196 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 68.
Banks of the Delaware near Philadelphia, NuttalL— Introduced.
14. A^. cernuum (Nutt! mss.)^ "racemes panicled (flowers white);
leaves pinnatifid or laciniate, the segments irregularly and distantly toothed ;
silique short, obovate, nodding ; stigma sessile.
" Ponds of Wappatoo Island at the junction of the Wahlamet Avith the
Oregon. — Stem thick and stout. Petals exserted, rather narrow. Pedicels
more than twice the length of the fruit. — Allied to N. amphibiurn, but desti-
Streftanthds. CRUCIFER^. 75
tute of a style, the fruit is not elliptical, and the leaves are more divided."—
Nutt.
15. A': natans (DC.) : emersed leaves oblong-linear, entire ; immersed ones
many-parted Avith capillary segments ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx;
siliques obovate-globose. DC. syst. 2. p. 198 ; Ddess. ic. 2. t. 15.
p. Americamim (Gray) : emersed leaves serrate ; petals (white) twice as
long as the calyx; siliques obovate; style as long as the ovary, and half as
long as the fruit.— 6>a?/ .'. in mm. lye. New- York, 3. p. 223. N. natans,
Hook.fi. Bar. 'Am. \.p. 39; Beck, hot. p. 32.
y. brevistylum: emersed leaves oblong-lanceolate, denticulate-serrate ; style
much shorter than the ovary.
/?. In water; Canada, Dr. Holmes'. Oneida Lake, Gray! Ogdensburgh,
New-York, Dr. Crawe! Pekin, Illinois, Mr. Buckley! y. near New-
Orleans, />. Installs! Julv.— Stem 2-5 feet long, according to the depth of
the water.' Submersed leaves deciduous. Flowers more than twice as large
as in N. paluslre. Silicle more than 2 lines in length, sometimes obovate-
oblong. Style slender; stigma capitate.— It is quite possible that the Ame-
rican plant is distinct from the Siberian species, which we know only from
the description of De Candolle and the figure of Delessert, and which is said
to have yellow flowers, smaller than those of N. amphibium, and petals
scarcely longer than the calyx; whereas the petals are pure white in our
plant, about twice the length of the calyx, and the flowers twice as large as
in Delessert's figure.
3. BARBAREA. R. Br. in hort. Kew. (ed. 2.) 4. p. 109 ; DC. syst.
2. p. 205.
Silique ancipital or 4-sided ; valves concave-carinate. Seeds in a single se-
ries. Sepals equal at the base.— Leaves lyrately pinnatifid. Flowers yellow.
1. B. vulgaris (R. Brown) : lower leaves lyrate, the tenninal lobe round-
ish ; upper ones obovate, toothed or pinnatifid at the base ; silique 4-sided,
with the sides somewhat convex, acuminate wath the style. — DC. prodr. I. p.
140; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. ;;. 39. B. arcuata. Bong, in mem. acad. St.
Petersb. (6. 'ser.) 2. p. 124. Erysimum Barbarea, Linn. ; C/iam. ^ Schlecht.
in Linncea, 1. p. 15.
/?. gracilis (DC.) : stem slender, nearly simple.
Along streams and road sides; common in the Northern States ! and appa-
rently introduced. Oregon and N. W. America; Sitcha, Bongard. P. Ore-
gon, Nnttall. May-June.— One to two feet high, glabrous, branching in a
paniculate manner. Flowers in dense racemes.— Mr. Nuttall thinks that the
var. 0. is a distinct species, which he calls B. gracilis.
2. B. pr(eco.v {R. Brown): lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobe obo-
vate ; upper ones pinnatifid, with linear-oblong lobes; siliques linear, elongated,
compressed-ancipital; style verv short and thick.— Z?C. prodr. 1. p. 141;
Hook. ! fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 39. E. precox. Smith.
Banks of rivers, Canada to lat. 68= !— Stigma nearly as broad as the valve.
Siliques 2-3 inches long. — Resembles the preceding, but more slender. The
flowers are also smaller, and the siliques longer.
4. STREPTANTHUS. Nutt. in jour. acad. Philud. 5. p. 134.
Silique very long, compressed or somewhat quadrangular: style short or
none. Seeds in a single series, flat, margined. Sepals erect, colored. Claws
of the petals canaliculate, usually twisted Filaments subulate (those of each
76 CRUCIFER/E. Strepta^thus.
pair of the longer stamens sometimes united) : anthers linear. — Annual or
biennial (rarely perennial?) herbs, with purple, rarely yellowish or white
flowers.
§ 1. Limb of the petals broad : calyx slightly spreading.
1. .S^. obtKsifoI ius (HooV.) : leaves elliptical, obtuse, deeply 2-lobed and clasp-
ing at the base ; petals broadly obovate ; siliques broadly linear.— Hook. bot.
mag. t. 3317. Brassica Wasliitana, Muhl. cat. p. 63 ? Stanleya Washitana,
DC.syst. 2. p. 512?
Hot springs of Arkansas, Mr. Sabine, (v. s. cult, ex hort. Short.) — (I)
Whole plant smooth and glaucous. Stem tall. Leaves 4-5 inches long and
H-3 inches broad, appearing ahnost perfoliate from the deep closed sinus at
the base. Flowers large and very shoAvy. Limb of the petals nearly as broad
as long, fine rose-color, with a very deep purple spot in the centre. Siliques
4 inches long, pointed with the short style.
2. S. maculatus (Nutt.) : leaves ovate-oblong, the leaves broad and clasp-
ing, entire, or minutely and remotely repand-denticulate ; petals obovate (pur-
ple) ; siliques somewhat 4-sided. — NiUt. ! in jour. acad. Philad.5. p. 134. t.T.
On rocks, Arkansas, Nuttali ; near St. Augustine, Texas, Z>r. Learen-
worth! April-May.—® Stem li-2 feet high, sometimes much taller, usual-
ly simple, but often branched, glabrous and glaucous, terete. Leaves 3-6
inches long, IJ inch broad, glaucous, rather acute. Flowers in simple or
paniculate'racemes, very showy. Pedicels 3-4 inches long, spreading. Ca-
lyx purplish. Petals deep purple in the middle with a velvety appearance,
lighter towards the crenulate edge ; claw longer than the limb. Anthers about
2 Unes long, curved in drying: filament straight, as long as the anther. '' Si-
lique 4-5 inches long, erect, linear, compressed and somewhat quadrangular."
Nutt.
3. S. sagittatus (Nutt.) : leaves oblong, acute, sagittate and clasping, en-
tire ; petals oblong-ovate (not spotted). Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7.
p. 12.
Sourcesof the Oiegon, Mr. Wyeth! June. — (7) Smooth, branched above.
Leaves smooth and apparently somewhat glaucous beneath. Raceme many-
flowered. Pedicels half an inch long. Flowers lilac-red : claws of the petals
very long, exserted. " Allied to S. obtusifolius, Hook., but with the lower
leaves entire, not "lyrate-pinnatifid." Nutt.
4. S. angustifolius (Nutt. ! mss.) : " radical leaves lanceolate-linear,
sparingly hirsute ; cauline oblong-lanceolate, sagittate and clasping, smooth,
erect ; petals oblong-oval (rose-color), the limb exserted.
" Rocky Mountains, towards the sources of the Platte.— (2) Radical leaves
tufted, more or less hirsute, the hairs centrally affixed. Stems several from
one root, 12-18 inches high, virgate, a little branching near the summit.
Lower stem-leaves much broader than the radical ones, closely amplexicaul,
becoming much smaller above ; the longest scarcely an inch in length. —
Flowers small, pale-red. Sepals short, smooth, almost coriaceous. Petals
obtuse ; the claws somewhat contorted, extending (as well as the stamens)
beyond the calyx." — Nutt.
5. S. vdrgatus (Nutt. ! mss.) : radical leaves (and lower part of the
stem) more or less villous with stellate hairs, lanceolate-linear ; cauline ones
oblong-linear, sagittate, clasping ; petals exserted, linear-oblong ; calyx pu-
bescent.
" With the preceding, and greatly resembling it ; but differing in the nar-
row petals and stellate pubescence." Nutt.
STREPTAr^THue. CRUCIFERiE. 77
6. S. arcuatus (Nutt. ! mss.) : " hirsutcly villous with branrhincr iiairs ;
leaves lanceolate-linear, remotely serrulate ; cauline ones sagittate and clasp-
ing, very acute ; siliques flat and curved downward ; petals (purple) obovate,
exserted.
" Shelving rocks, on high hills near St. Barbara, Upper California. — Stems
growing in dense tufts, very rarely branched, 1-2 feet high. Calyx purplish.
Petals deep reddish-puqjle. Anthers oblong. Siliques about 3 inches long,
glabrous. Seeds in a single (or partly in a double) scries, with a distinct
membranaceous margin." Nutt. — The siliques much resemble those of
Arabis Canadensis. The seeds are arranged horizontally, the radicle being
superior and lying across the axis of the silique. Funiculus free. Septum
opaque, marked with a broad longitudinal nerve ; areolae indistinct.
§ 2. Petals narrow : calyx closed. — Eukusia, Nutt. mss.
7. .S. glandulnsus (Hook.) : hirsute below ; leaves linear-oblong, repandly
toothed,°the teeth glandular ; radical ones petiolate, cauline deeply sagittate
and clasping ; flowers erect-spreading (purple), secund ; siliques very nar-
row, somewhat spreading, curved ; valves reticulated ; petals linear-lanceo-
late, undulate. — Hook. ! ic. t. 40.
Monterey, Upper California, Douglas .'—'^ Stem 1-2 feet high, slender,
terete, the lower part scaly-hirsute. " The lowest leaves (which are often
withered) ])innatifid." Hook. Cauline ones 1-2-inches long, acute, remotely
toothed. Pedicels 2 lines long, thick. Flowers half an inch in length, dark
purple. Sepals ovate. Petals more than twice as long as the calyx.
Two of the longer stamens united. Sihque 3 inches in length and less than
a line broad, tapering at the summit into a very short style. Seed too young
in our specimens to show the embryo.
8. S.fiavescens (Hook.) : hirsute with simple hairs; leaves linear-oblong,
the lowest ones sinuate-pinnatifid, or obtusely dentate with glandular teeth,
upper ones entire ; flowers erect (yellowish); petals linear, acute; siliques
(immature) erect, hirsute. — Hook. ! ic. 1. t. 44.
Monterey, California, Douglas .'— (T) About a foot high, erect, simple.
Radical leaves nearly two inches long ; cauline scarcely an inch in length.
Raceme not secund.' Sepals ovate, obtuse. Petals nearly twice the length
©f the calyx. Anthers linear-oblong. Silique pointed with a short style.
9. S. repandus (Nutt. mss.) : " hirsute, particularly the lower part ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, elongated, clasping, angularly toothed or repand
above (flowers white) ; petals about as long as the calyx.
" St. Barbara, Upper California.— Stem simple, about 2 feet high. Pe-
dicels shorter than the calyx. Sepals and petals linear." Nutt.
10. S. hpterophyllns (Nutt. ! mss.) : " hirsute below with simple hairs ;
leaves laciniate-pinnatifid, cauline ones sagittate at the base and clasping ;
flowers pendulous (purple) ; sepals long, connivent ; petals linear ; siliques
very long and narrow, pendulous.
"Bushy hills, near St. Diego, Upper California.— (T) or (2) Stem 3-
5 feet high, branching ; the upper part glabrous. Calyx deep purple. Petals
purple and whitish, undulated, of the same breadth throughout. Siliques 3-
5 inches long, on pedicels 4 lines in length." Nutt.
11. S. cordatus (Nutt. ! mss.): " glabrous; lower leaves spatulate-oblong,
repandly denticulate ; cauline ones cordate, clasping, all obtuse ; flowers on
short pedicels (greenish-yellow) ; siliques deflexed.
" Forests of the Rocky Mountains. — Apparently perennial. Leaves very
obtuse, toothed near the summit ; cauline ones with a deep sinus embracing
78 CRUCIFER^. Turhiti* •
the stem. Calyx oblonw-campanulate. Petals a little exserted. Anthers
linear, longer than the filaments." Nutt.
12. S. hyacinthnides rHook.) : glabrous ; leaves oblong-linear, acuminate;
petals spatulate-linear, tne limb reflexed ; filaments of the longer stamens
united by pairs. — Hook, in hot. mag. t. 3516.
Texas, near San Felipe de Austin, Drummond ; near Fort Towson,
Arkansas, Dr. Leavenworth .' June.— (i) Stem simple or branching, 2-3
feet high. Leaves sessile, narrow below, but clasping. Flowers deep bluish-
purple. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate.
5. TURRITIS. Dill.; DC. syst. 2. p. 211.
Silique linear ; valves plane. Seeds in a double series in each cell. —
Flowers white or rose-color.
1. T. glabra (Linn.): radical leaves petioled, toothed, pubescent with
spreading hairs; cauline ones ovate-lanceolate, clasping and sagittate, mostly
entire, glabrous and glaucous; siliques linear, elongated, strictly erect; pe-
tals scarcely longer than the calyx. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 142; Hook.ji. Bor.-
Am.\. ^.40?
/?. 1 leaves all linear-lanceolate and glabrous ; radical ones remotely repand-
denticulate ; cauline entire ; lobes acute.
Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Mountains. Shore of Lake Superior, Dr.
Pitcher! fi. Rocks, WatertoAvn, New-York ! May.— Stem 2 feet high,
strict, terete, simple. Leaves about an inch long. Pedicels of the fruit 3-6
lines long. SiUques 2-3 inches long and scarcely half a line Avide, crowned
with the nearly sessile stigma. Seeds with a winged margin. Funiculi slen-
der, about as long as the seed. (Flowers pale sulphur-color. Hook.) — Perhaps
distinct from the European plant, of which our specimens are not sufficiently
advanced for full comparison. We have not seen the fruit in /?., which has
narrower and rather acute leaves, and may prove to be a distinct species.
2. T. macrocarpa (Nutt.! mss.): "radical leaves runcinate-dentate, or
simply toothed, hairy ; cauline ones lanceolate, sagittate, crowded, glabrous;
siliques strictly erect, very long and narrow.
" Rocky situations, in the woods of Oregon. — Stem 3-4 feet high, terete,
glabrous, simple. Radical leaves sparingly hirsute with stellate hairs ; cau-
line ones croAvded on the lower part of the stem. Sepals linear. Petals lin-
ear and narrow, yellowish-white. Stigma capitate, somewhat 2-Iobed.
Silique about 4 inches long, rigidly erect and appressed. Seeds somewhat
quadrate, slightly margined." Nutt. — We should rather consider this a spe-
cies of Arabis, as the seeds are placed mostly in a single row in the very
narrow silique.
3. T. spathulata (Nutt. mss.): "radical leaves broadly spatulate-oval,
Tepandly toothed, hirsute ; cauline oblong-lanceolate, clasping ; siliques ve-
ry long, erect.
" Woods of the Oregon. — Stem 12-18 inches high, bp-anehed from near
the base. Upper leaves much smaller than the lower ones. Petals narrow,
a little longer than the calyx. Siliques about 3 inches long." Nutt.
4. T. mollis (Hook.) : erect, hirsute with soft spreading hairs ; lower
leaves spatulate, sinuate-toothed ; the upper ones lanceolate, sagittate at the
base ; siliques elongated, linear, strictly erect. Hook. fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 40.
Arctic America. — (£) A foot or more high. Flowers white, capitate-co-
rymbed. Petals cuneiform, nearly twice as long as the calyx. — Habit of
Arabis hirsuta. Hook.
Arabis. CRUCIFER^. *f%
5. T. siricta (Graham) : erect, glabrous ; leaves lanceolate ; radical ones
pctioled, toothed ; cauline ones saijittatp, partly clasping, somewhat toothed ;
silifpies linear, elongated, and (like the flowers) strictly erect. Jlaok. —
Graham, in Edinb. 7iew phil.jour. ( 1829) /;. 7 ; Ilook. Ji. lior.-Am. l.p. 40.
Oregon, Rocky Mountains. — (T) Habit of the preceding, but more slen-
der. Flowers white: petals obovate, emarginate' twice the length of the
calyx. Silique 2-3 inches long, rather broadly linear ; style short, much
narrower than the valves: stigma minute. Hook.
6. T. patula (Graham): erect ; leaves lanceolate; radical ones petioled,
toothed or nearly entire, pubescent; cauline sagittate, partly clasping, gla-
brous (or sparingly pubescent) ; (lowers spreading ; siliques Hnear, elonga-
ted, much spreading. — Graham^ in Edinb. jour. I. c ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am.
1. jp. 40. i
Greenland and Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Mountains ! and Oregon. — @
Stem 12-lS inches high, simple. Leaves an inch in length ; the radical and
lower cauline ones stellately hirsute. Flowers rather large, purplish or rose-
color. Siliques rather broadly linear, about 3 inches long, straight or a little
curved ; valves obtuse : stigma sessile. Seeds very distinctly 2-rowed, mar-
gined.
7. T. retrofracta (Hook.): erect, canescently pubescent (or nearly gla-
brous) ; leaves lanceolate; radical ones petioled, toothed ; cauline sagittate,
partly chsping; flowers nodding; siliques linear, elongated, and (with the
pedicels) refracted. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 41. Arabis retrofracta, Gra-
ham, in Edinb. jour. I. c.
Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Mountains ; north to lat. 68°. — Flowers near-
ly white, or Avith a purplish tinge. — The (margined) seeds in a young state,
are in two rows, but in the mature fruit they are in a single series. Hook.
Graham.
8. T. brachycarpa : glabrous and glaucous ; radical leaves spatulate,
toothed ; cauline ones linear-lanceolate, acute, sagittate and somewhat clasp-
ing ; siliques short, rather broadly linear; pedicels of the flowers pendulous,
of the fruit spreading or ascending.
Fort Gratiot, Michigan, and Shore of Lake Superior, Dr. Pitcher! — @
Stem 1-2 feet high, simple or sparingly branched above. Radical leaves pu-
bescent. Flowers rather large, pale purple ; the pedicels mostly bent doAvn-
ward. Silique about an inch long and nearly a line wide, straight or some-
what curved, usually spreading at right angles to the stem. Seeds mostly
abortive, in 2 distinct rows when young; the ripe and perfect ones nearly as
broad as the cell, winged on the margin. — The whole plant is sometimes of
a purple color. Nearly related to the preceding ; but distinguished by its
short siliques.
9. T.? diffusa (Hook.): very glabrous and glaucous; stem diffusely
branched; radical leaves spatulate, nearly entire; cauline sagittate, slightly
toothed ; siliques linear, spreading, twice as long as the pedicels. Hook. ji.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 41.
Shores of the Arctic Sea. — Stems many from the same root, a span high.
Cauline leaves about an inch long, obtuse. Flowers small. Petals half the
length of the calyx, white. Silique scarcely an inch long. — Perhaps an Ara-
bis. Hook.
6. ARABIS. Linn. : DC. syst. 2. p. 214.
Silique linear, plane ; valves 1-nerved in the middle. Seeds in a single
series in each cell, oval or orbicular, compressed. — Flowers white, rarely rose-
color.
80 CRUCIFER^E. Ahabis.
• Seeds immarginate or slightly margined.
1. A. alpina (Linn.): stem branching, somewhat diffused, and. with the
leaves, clothed with a viDous branched pubescence; leaves many-toothed ;
radical ones somewhat petioled ; cauline cordate, clasping,- peduncles nearly
glabrous, longer than the calyx. Uook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 41; Bot. mag. i.
226 ; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 436 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 142.
Labrador.— A native also of the north of Europe.
2. A. hirsuta (Scop.): stem erect, ■ toothed or somewhat entire, and, with
the stem, hirsute with a branched pubescence; radical ones oblong-ovate,
petioled or sessile; cauline ones oblong or lanceolate, somewhat clasping,
mostly auricled at the base or sagittate; siliques numerous, erect. — DC.
prodr. I. p. 144 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.A2 ; Cham. ^ Schlecht. in Linnoea,
l.p. 15; DarUngt.Jl. Cest. ed. 2. p. 382. A. sagittata, DC prodr. I. p. 143.
Turritis hirsuta, Linn. T. oblongata, Bof.
p. glabrata: whole plant glabrous ; leaves mostly entire.
y. ovata : radical leaves spatulate, petioled ; cauline ones ovate, parti'/
clasping, not auricled. — A. ovata, Poir. A. sagittata (i. ovata, DC. prodr. I. c.
Turritis ovata, Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 438.
Rocky places, Canada! (lat. 68^) to Virginia ; west to Oregon and Sitcha.
/». Oregon, Dr. Scolder ! y. Hoboken, New Jersey [ — (T) Stem about a foot
high, often glabrous above. Flowers greenish-white. Silique straight, 1-2
inches long, scarcely half a line wide ; stigma nearly sessile. Seeds with a
narrow margin.
3. A. dentata : more or less rough with a stellate pubescence ,■ radical leaves
obovate, tapering at the base into a petiole as long as the limb, irregularly
dentate with sharp salient teeth ; cauline ones oblong, clasping ; flowers mi-
nute ; petals spatulate, scarcely longer than the calyx ; siliques short, spread-
ing, on very narrow pedicels, pointed with the nearly sessile stigma ; stem
branched from the base. — Sisymbrium dentatum, Torr. J in Shorfs 3rd
suppl. cat. pi. Kentucky.
Sandy banks of the Ohio ! Missouri ! Mississippi ! and Arkansas. April. —
@ Plant 1-2 feet high ; the pubes-cence (particularly of the under surface of
the leaves) short and rather scabrous. Stem slender, sometimes decumbent
at the base. Radical leaves 2i inches long, and three-fourths of an inch
broad. Flowers scarcely 2 lines long. Sepals hirsute. Petals dusky white
(with a tinge of purple, Nutt.). Anthers ovate-oblong. Silique an inchlong,
not a line in breadth ; valves somewhat convex. Seeds slightly margined.
Radicle long and slender, distant from the accumbent cotyledons.
4. A. stricta (Huds.) : radical leaves oblong, attenuate at the base, lyrately
pinnatifid, hispid with spreading hairs ; cauline ones kw, lanceolate, some-
what attenuate at the base ; petals oblong, erect, obtuse, twice the length of
the glabrous calyx ; siliques elongated, erect. Hook. — Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 437 ;
Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 42.
Labrador. — U, A native also of Europe.
5. A. petrcea (ham.) : stem nearly erect, sometimes branched, glabrous;
radical leaves petioled, incised or pinnatifid ; cadine ones oblong-linear, en-
tire ; petals obovate, unguiculate ; siliques erect-spreading. — Lam. diet. 1. p.
221; DC. prodr. 1. p. 145; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 42 (excl. syn.); Cham.
^ Schlecht. in Linmea, 1. p. 15.
On rocks; Canada to Arctic America, and N. W. Coast. Shore of Lake
Superior, Dr. Pitcher I — ^ Stems 3-9 inches high. Cauline leaves few.
Flowers white or lilac. Style very short or none. — Habit of Arabis lyrata,
from which it differs in its perfectly accumbent cotyledons and perennial
root.
Arabis. . CRUCIFERiE. 81
6. A. ambigua (DC): leaves nearly glabrous, the radieal ones sinuate-
lyrate ; middle ones oblong-oval and toothed, attenuate at the base ; the up-
permost linear-oblong and entire ; stem nearly simple ; sihques soinevviiat
erect. — DC. sijsl. 2. p. 231 ; Cham, df- iSchlcclil. in LinncBa, 1. p. 10; Jluuk.
fl. Jim:- Am. l./J. 42.
Unalaschka, Sitcha ! and Kotzebue's Sound.—® Stems numerous from
one root, a foot or more high, ascending. Radical leaves with a few simple
hairs ; cauline ones very glabrous. Racemes few-flowered ; the flowers
smaller than in the preceding species. Silique two inches long and nearly a
line broad, pointed with the nearly sessile stigma. Seeds without a border ;
the cotyledons distinctly accumbent.
7. A lyrata (Linn.): stem branching from the base; radical leaves
lyrate-pinnatifid and somewhat hirsute ; cauline ones linear, entire, and
with the stem glabrous ; siliques erect, nearly straight ; radicle slightly dor-
sal.— /-'?w.b7(,/. 2. /). 437 ; DC. prodr. \. p. 146. Sisymbrium arabidoides,
Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 63. t. 1 ; DarUngl. fl. Cest. ed. 2. p. 387.
On rocks, Canada ! to Virginia! April-May.— (T) Stem 4-12 inches high,
at first erect, but at length difluse. Radical leaves rosulate in the yourig
plant ; the segments usually obtuse, often toothed. Flowers as large as in
A. petra^a, white. Mature siliques 1^-2 inches long, scarcely more than
lialf a line broad, pointed with a short style. Seeds without a border. Coty-
ledons flat, ovate ; the radicle lying along the edge of one of them, so as to
be nearly accumbent. — Our excellent friend Sir William J. Hooker refers
this plant to Sisymbrium ; but we retain it in Arabis, because, on a careful
examination of numerous ripe seeds, we find the radicle so slightly dorsal
that the cotyledons may be regarded as accumbent. We have never seen
the seeds so evidently incumbent as they are represented in Hooker's figure.
8. A. rupestris (Nutt. ! mss.) : " more or less hirsute ; radical leaves ob-
long-spatukte ; cauline ones lanceolate, clasping, sparingly toothed ; petals
twice as long as the calyx ; silique very long and narrow, erect-spreading.
" On rocks near the'banks of the Oregon.— @ Plant li-2 feet high ; the
pubescence simple or forked : upper part of the stem nearly smooth. Cauline
leaves clasping, but not sagittate. Siliques about 3 inches long, less than a
line in breadth. Seeds slightly margined." Nutt. — Near A. saxatilis.
9. A. spathulata (Nutt.! mss.): "hirsute (dwarf and somewhat ca^spitose);
leaves spatulate-oblong, entire ; cauline ones clasping ; petals roundish,
spreading, about twice the length of the calyx; siliques rather short, diverg-
ing, pointed with a distinct slender style.
" Lofty dry hiUs of the Platte, from the Black Mountains to the central
chain. May.— If About 4 inches high. Root thick, crowned with vestiges
of former leaves and stems. Radical leaves on rather long petioles. Flow-
ers white, somewhat conspicuous. Pedicel about half the length of the
fruit. Silique scarcely half an inch long and nearly a line in breath ; cells
7-10-seeded." Nutt. Seed oblong, with a narrow margin. Funiculus long
and slender, free. — Near A. serpyllifolia of Europe.
10. A. heterophylla (Nutt. mss.) : " nearly smooth; radical leaves spatu-
late, toothed ; upper ones linear, sessile, entire ; silique long and spreading ;
petals linear-oblong, exceeding the calyx.
" Near Paris, Maine ? or in the vicinity of the White Mountains of New-
HampsMre. — (|) Radical leaves s6mewhat pilose with simple hairs ; upper
ones' linear, about 2 inches in length and a line or two in breadth. Siliques
about 3 inches long." Nutt. — We have seen no specimens of this plant.
11. A. sparsiflora (Nutt. mss.): "somewhat pilose towards the base,
much branched ; cauline leaves oblong, clasping, entire; flowers minute;
siliques very long, flat; spreading.
11
82 CRUCIFERiE. Arabis.
" Forests of the Rocky Mountains,' toAvards the sources of the Oregon. —
Stem tall, sparingly clothed on the lower part with forked hairs. Radical
leaves not seen ; cauline ones ahout 2-inches long, sessile or clasping. Flow-
ers purple ; petals longer than the sepals, linear-oblong." l*^utt.
12. A. puherula (Nutt. mss.) : " perennial, somewhat ctEspitose, more
or less pubescent with dense stellate hairs ; leaves entire, linear-lanceolate,
sessile ; siliques Hat, straight, pendulous, the pedicels about twice the length
of the sepals ; seeds Avith a slight margin.
" Forests of the Blue Mountains of Oregon. — Stem about a span high.
Flowers not seen. Siliques slightly pubescent, the central nerve obvious."
Nutt.
13. A. inicrophylla (Nutt. mss.) : "smoothish and somewhat coespitose ;
leaves linear, rather acute ; cauline ones very few, sessile : stem filiform,
very few-flowered ; silique long, flat, spreading.
" Rocky Mountains : rather rare. — Leaves scarcely half an inch long.
Siliques only 2-3, at the summit of the filiform stem, 2i inches long. Flowers
small, pale purple. — A smaller and fewer-flowered species than the pre-
ceding." Nittt.
** Seeds with a broad winged margin.
14. A. l(2vigata (DC.) : erect, whole plant glabrous and glaucous ; radical
leaves oblong-obovate, attenuated into a petiole at the base, or somewhat
sessile, acutely dentate-serrate ; cauline leaves sessile; the lower ones lanceo-
late, sagittate, sparingly toothed ; uppermost linear, entire ; flowers spread-
ing ; siliques linear, narrow and elongated, recurved-pendulous. — DC. ! syst.
2. p. 237 ; Spreng. syst. 2. p. 892 ; Darlingt. ! fi. Cest. eel. 2. p. 382. A.
pendula, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 70, not of Linn. Turritis laevigata, Muhl. ! fl.
Lancast. ined. 1. p. 483, ^ in Willd. sp. 3. p. 543 ; Pursh ! fl. 2. p. 438.
0. laciniata : cauline leaves lanceolate-linear, remotely and laciniately
toothed.
Rocky woods, and along rivers, Canada ! to Virginia ; west to Missouri
and Arkansas ! May. — (2) Stem 1-3 feet high. Radical leaves mostly of a
purplish color ; cauline ones 2-6 inches long, acutely toothed (the teeth in
/?. long and narrow). Sepals greenish-yellow, nearly as long as the narrow
Cuneiform erect (white) petals. SUiques 2-3 inches long and less than a
line in breadth, pointed Avith the very short style. Funiculi adhering to
the septum at the base. — Willdenow erj-oneously states that the siliques are
erect, which mistake has led to much confusion respecting our plant. The
description of De Candolle was drawn from a dwarf specimen, Avithout fruit,
in Pursh's herbarium. — T. laevigata. Hook. fl. Bar. -Am. 1. p. 43, must be a
very different plant from the one here descrioed.
15. A. Canadensis (Linn.): erect; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, at-
tenuate at each end, remotely toothed ; pedicels villous, more than twice the
length of the calyx ; siliques pendulous, falcate, pointed with the distinct
style.— 79 C. prodr. 1. p. 147 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 148 ; Deless. ic. 2. t. 28. A,
falcata, Mich.T. ! /?. 1. p. 31. A. moUis, Raf. ! in Amer. month, mag. 2. p.
43. A. lyrsefoHa, Baf. I. c.
Rocky places, Canada ! to Georgia ! west to Arkansas ! June-July. —
Stem 2-3 feet high, simple, glabrous, pubescent below. Leaves 2-4 inches
long, nearly glabrous, or pubescent Avith simple hairs, rarely villous ; the
lower ones attenuated into a petiole, and sometimes lyrate or runcinate. Ra-
cemes elongated. Pedicels spreading, recurved in fruit, sometimes hispid.
Sepals yellowish, hispid. Petals white, oblong-linear, tAvice as long as the
calyx, nearly erect. Siliques 2-3 inches Irfng, Ih line Avide, ancipital. Funi-
culi adhering to the septum, as Avas first noticed by R. BroAvn. (PI. of Oud-
ney, &c. p. 11.)
Cardamine. CRUCIFER^. 83
16. A. canescens (Nutt. ! mss.) : "crespitose, densdy and rancscontly pu-
bescent with stellate hairs ; leaves entire, linear, dense, crowded about the
root ; those of the stem mucii smaller, sessile ; siliiiue broadly linear, Hat,
nearly straii^^ht, pendulous, acute ; stigma sessile.
" Summits of high hills in the Rocky Mountain range.— Ij: Plant about
a span high. Stems' numerous, springing from the tuft of leaves at the
crown of the root. Leaves nearly an inch long, rather obtuse, the pubes-
cence very short; radical ones attenuated at the base. Raceme short;
flowers very small. Pedicels about as long as the calyx. Sepals oblong.
Petals spatiilate-oblong, twice the length of the sepals, pale purple. Silique
an inch and a half long, nearly ahne and a half broad, somewhat torulose."
A^,,Y/._Seeds with a broad margin, lying horizontally in the cell; the
radicle superior : funiculi free.
X Doubtful species.
17. A. reptans (Lam.) : leaves roundish, entire, hirsute ; runners creep-
ing. DC— Lam. diet. l.p. 122 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 242.
Sandy fields, Pennsylvania to Virginia, Pursh.— Is it Draba Carohni-
ana ?
7. CARDAMINE. lAnn. ; Lam. ill. t. 562 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 245.
Silique linear ; valves plane, nerveless, usually • dehiscing elastically. —
Seeds ovate, rarely bordered : funiculi slender. — Leaves petioled. Flowers
white or pale purple.
* Leaves undivided.
1. C rotundifolia (Michx.) : glabrous or somewhat hirsute ; leaves en-
tire or repandly toothed; radical ones on long petioles, ovate or nearly or-
bicular ; upper ones mostly sessile, oval-oblong or lanceolate ; root usually
luberiferous.
a. stem erect or fiexuous, simple or rarely branching above ; radical and
lower cauline leaves subcordate ; flowers white. — C. rhoiuboidea, DC. syst.
2. p. 246 ; Hook. ! hot. misc. 3. p. 239, t. 108 ; Darlingt. ! Jl. Cest. ed. 2.
p. 384. Arabis rhomboidea, Pers. syn. 2. p. 204 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 70 ; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 149. A. tuberosa, Pers. I. c. A. bulbosa, Muhl. ! cat. p. 63.
/?. stem erect, simple, hairy ; leaves somewhat fleshy, the radical ones
roundish cordate or reniform ; cauline ones strongly repand-toothed ; flowers
large, deep rose-color, or purple. — C. rotundifolia, Hook.Ji. Bor.-Am. l.p. 44.
Arabis Douglassii, Torr. ! in Sill. jour. 4. p. 63.
y. stem at first simple, afterwards sending ofT decumbent leafy stolons,
which often take root ; leaves obtusely repand-toothed, membranaceous ; root
mostly fibrous ; flowers small, white.— C. rotundifolia, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 30;
DC syst. 2. p. 247 ; Hook. ! hot. raise. I. c. t. 109 ; Darlingt.! I. c.
a. Wet meadows, Massachusetts ! to Georgia. H. Hudson's Bay, Rocky
Mountains, Lake Superior! Western part of the State of New York ! to
Kentucky ! y- Shady springs and rivulets. New Jersey ! Pennsylvania ;
April-May.— if Plant 6-12 inches high. Leaves variable in size and form;
the radical ones usually about an inch in length and breadth. Racemes 10-
20-flowered; flowers in c and 0. half an inch in diameter; in y. about half
as large. Siliques spreading (in a. and fi. three-fourths of an inch long ; in y.
shorter), acuminated with the short style. Seeds few, orbicular.— Having
had several opportunities of examining the C. rotundifolia of our friend Dr.
Darlington in a living state, we are satisfied that it is not specifically distinct
84 CRUCIFER^. Cardamine.
from C. rhomboidea, 7?C, and that the diffcronce in the appearance of the
two plants depends on the place of growth. The former grows in cold se-
questered springy places, where it does not readily bear fruit early in the sea-
son; and as summer advances, it becomes slender, procumbent, and loses its
tubers at the base of the stem. Sir WilUam J. Hooker has accurately figur-
ed and described both forms of the plant ; but having seen the two pass into
each other, we are obliged to dissent from our friends Avho consider ih«m dis-
tinct. The var. y. takes the place of the ordinary form in Canada, the wes-
tern part of the State of New York, and the Western States.
2. C. spathulata (Michx.) : radical leaves petioled, spatulate, entire, hir-
sute with a trifurcate pubescence ; cauline ones sessile, ovate or linear-oblong ;
siliques spreading ; stems decumhent— Michx.! ft. 2. p. 29 ; DC. syst. 2. p.
247 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 143.
High mountams of Carolina, Michaux .'—[£) Stems 6-8 mches long,
slender, glabrous. Leaves about an inch in length ; the radical ones rosulate,
rounded at the extremity ; cauline ones entire or somewhat toothed. Ra-
cemes loose; the pedicels filiform and spreading. Siliques distant, one inch
long; straight, rather acute. Stigma sessile.
3. C. bellidifoUa (hmn.) : leaves glabrous, somewhat fleshy; the radical
ones ovate, petioled, entire ; cauline ones few, entire or 3-lobed ; siliques
erect; stigma nearly sessile.— Z>C. syst. 2. p. 249; Hook.! ft. Bor.-Am. I. p.
44. C. rotundifolia, Bigel. ! fi. Bast. ed. 2. p. 252.
White Mountains of New Hampshire, Bigelow, Oakes ! Arctic Ameri-
ca and Rocky Mountains, Unalaschka, and California, Douglas ! June-July.
—11 Plant 2-4 inches high. Raceme corymbed. Petals cuneiform, twice
as long as the calyx, white. Siliques about an inch long, straight.
* * Leaves ternately or pinnately divided.
4. C. purpurea (Cham. & Schlect.): nearly glabrous; radical and cauline
leaves 3-5-foliolate ; lateral leaflets roundish-oval, acute ; the terminal one round-
ish and cordate, 3-toothed ; lower pedicel furnished with a leaf-like, cuneiform,
3-toothed bract ; petals (deep purple) reticulately veined. Cham.. ^ Schlecht.
in LiwKza, 1. p. 20 ; Hook.fi. Bor.-Am. l.p. 44 ; Hook. ^ Am. hot. Beechey,
p. 121.
Island of St. Lawrence, Chamisso ; and Kotzebue's Sound, Beechey.—
Radical leaves many, cauline leaf solitary ; all on long petioles.
5. C. angulata (Hook.): leaves petioled, 3- (rarely 5-) foliolate, angled or
incisely lobed, acute or cuneiform at the base, glabrous ; radical ones round-
ish ; cauline ovate or lanceolate. Hook. ! in hot. misc. 1. p. 343. t. 69, <^fi.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 44. Dentaria angulata, Nutt. ! mss.
/?. alha: leaves pubescent, always 3-foliolate ; flowers Avhite.— Dentaria an-
gulata /?. alba, A'^/iZ. .' mss.
Banks of the Oregon, Scolder ! and near the outlet of the Wahlamet,
j^uttall .'—If Roots long, creeping, fibrous. Stem 12-18 inches high. Ra-
dical leaves on petioles 3-6 inches long. FloAvers in corymbose racemes, as
large as in C. pratensis : pedicels 4-6 lines long, spreading. Sepals scarcely
one-fourth the length of the petals, broadly ovate, rather acute. Petals in a. pale
rose color ; in /?. white, obovate, emarginate, spreading ; claws much exserted.
" Silique lanceolate, nearly a line in breadth." Nutt.
6. C. pratensis (Linn.) : stem erect or decumbent ; leaves pinnately 7-13-
foliolate ; leaflets mostly entire, often petiolulate, those of the radical leaves
roundish, of the cauline ones oblong or linear ; style short and thick. — Pursh,
ft. 2. p. 440 ; DC. prodr. 1. ]9. 151 ; Hook. ! ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 45.
Cardamine. CRUCTFER.^. . 85
Swamps, Arctic! and N. W. Anierica, to the western part of New York !
April-May. — U Stern 12-lS inches hisli. Lower leaves on lone l>etioles,
»])e leaflets i)etiolulate, sparingly toothed or entire; those of the upper leaves
sometimes almost tiliform. Flowers lartje, white or rose-color. Silitjues
erect, an inch lon^: ; the style short and thick, or rather slender : stigma capi-
tate or somewhat 2-lobed.
7. C. hirsuta (Linn.) : leaves pinnate or lyrately pinnatifid ; leaflets of
the radical leaves roundish, of the cauline ones oblong or linear, toothed or
entire; petals (small) oblong-cuneiform; style short or none; stigma minute;
siliques vrect— DC. prodr. I. p. 152; Hook. If. Bor.-Am. 1. p. '45; Darlmgt.
Jl. Cest. ed. 2. p. 385. C. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. ! cat. p. 63 ; Willd. sp. 3.
p. 486 ; DC. prodr. I. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 144.
P. acuniinata (Nutt.l mss.): "stem somewhat hirsute; pedicels half as
long as the conspicuously acuminate silique."
J', parvi flora (Nutt. ! mss.): " someAvhat hirsute; stem nearly naked;
siliques very long, fastigiately corymbcd."
(5. Virginica: leaflets with a single tooth on one or both sides: petals
scarcely twice as long as the calyx ; racemes strictly erect : stigma sessile. —
C. Virginica, Linn.7; Mich.r. ! fl. 2. p. 29 ; DC. I. c.
Wet places (<5. often on dry rocks), Arctic ! and N. W. America ! to
Georgia! /?. British America, y^/c/irtrf/soj?.; Oregon, Nutt all .' May-June.
y. Oregon, Nuttall! <5. Connecticut! to Kentucky! (2) Stem 4-18 inches
liigh, glabrous or sparingly hirsute. Leaflets often petiolulate, repandly tooth-
ed, incised, or entire. Flowers about one-third of an inch in diameter, in
y. and L nmch smaUer. Sepals ovate, obtuse. Petals obovate-spatulate,
white. Siliques about an inch long. — This plant varies extremely in dif-
ferent seasons of the year and in different situations. We follow Sir W,
Jackson Hooker, in considering all the forms described above as mere varie-
ties of C. hirsuta, Linn. Mr. Nuttall, however, inclines to the opinion that
C. Pennsylvanica is distinct from the European plant; and our 5. Virginica
should perhaps rank as a separate species.
8. C. oligosperma (Nutt.! mss.): "somewhat hirsute; leaves pinnate,
petiolate ; leaflets reniform or obovate, conspicuously petiolulate, lobed or
or toothed ; the central segment often 3-lobed (flowers minute) ; siliques in
terminal fascicles, broadly linear, acute, erect, few-seeded; pedicels about
one-sixth as long as the siliques.
" Shady woods of the Oregon.— (J) or (5) About a foot high, Avith a few
short axillary branches ; pubescence spreading, simple. Leaflets nearly or-
bicular with 3-5 teeth or lobes. Flowers scarcely 2 lines long, Avhite, in
very short racemes. Sepals oblong. Petals obovate-cuneiform at the base,
but scarcely unguiculate. Siliques about an inch long and nearly a line in
breadth; each cell containing from 6 to 8 rather distant seeds.— A Carda-
mine, apparently identical Avith this, but Avith shorter siliques, groAvs in Cali-
fornia, near St. Barbara. A nearly allied allied species Avas collected in
Chili by Dr. Styles (C. macrocarpa, NiUt. mss.) It is somewhat hairy ; the
leaflets broadly ovate and sinuately toothed ; the flowers larger (white); the
siliques scattered, and longer, with 15 to 18 seeds in each cell ; and the
pedicels elongated." Nutt.
9. C. Ludoviciana (Hook.): stems branching from the base, erect or
diffused; leaves pectinately pinnatifid ; segments oblong or linear, toothed;
siliques rather erect, broadly linear ; style none ; seeds orbicular, margined !
—Hook.! in jour. hot. 1. p. 191. C. Virginica, Muhl. cat. p. 63. f ft.
Lancast. ined. 1. p. 476. Sisymbrium Ludovicianum, Nutt.! mss. in herb,
acad. Philad.
Georgia! to Kentucky! Louisiana, and Arkansas. — (T) Stem 4-10 inches
long. Radical leaves rosulate in the young plant; segments 7-10 pairs.
86 CRUCIFER^. Df.ntaria.
Flowers very small, white; pedicels as long as the calyx. Silique nearly an
inch long, (lat; the valves obscurely reticulated. Seeds about 15 in each cell,
with an almost winged margin. — Easily distinguished by its broad siliques
and margined seeds.
'10. C. digitata (Richards.): leaves digitately pinnate; leaflets sessile, li-
near, entire; style short, about as thick as the silique; stigma capitate,
Richards, app. Frankl. journ. p. 26; DC. prodr. 1. p. 53; Hook. Jl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 45.
Arctic America. — Stem creeping at the base (not tubcriferous, Hook.).
Flowers as large as in Cardamine pratensis, white or purplish. Siliques not
seen. Richardson.
X Doiihtfid species.
11. C.7 midtijida (Pursh): pubescent, branched; leaves interruptedly
pinnately divided; segments bipinnatifid; ultimate divisions rounded, incis-
ed; siliques shorter than the pedicels. DC. — Pursh., fl. 2. p. 440; DC. si/.st.
2. p. 267.
Florida, near St. Augustine, Bartram in herb. Banks. — 1[ Siliques ob-
long, scarcely 2 lines long, glabrous; style none. Pedicels filiform. DC. —
Perhaps a Nasturtium.
C reflcxa and C. angusiijolia, Raf. Jl. Lnidov., liaving been founded upon the
vague popular descriptions by Robin of plants which Rafinesque never saw, and of
which lie knew nothing whatever, of course cannot be admitted even to the rank of
doubtful species.
8. DENTARIA. Linn. ; DC. syst. 2. p. 271.
Silique lanceolate ; valves plane, ncrvless, often dehiscing elastically : pla-
centae not winged. Seeds ovate, not bordered, in a single series : funiculi
dilated. — Perennials. Rhizoma horizontal, fleshy, often irregularly toothed.
Leaves ternately, palmately, or pinnately divided ; radical ones (when pre-
sent) on long petioles; cauline ones (often 3) near the middle of the stem or
scape, verticillate or alternate. Flowers white or purple.
Scarcely more than a section of Cardamine.
1. D. laciniata (Muhl.) : rhizoma moniliforra; cauline leaves 3, usually
veticillate, ternately parted; segments incised, the lateral ones lobed. —
MithL! in Willd. sp. 3. p. 479. f cat. p. 63 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 1-55; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 144; Bart.Jl. Am. sept. 3. t. 72; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 46. D.
concatenata, Michx. ! Jl. 2. p. 30.
a. segments of the leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, incisely toothed.
0. segments laciniately pinnatifid.
y. segments narrowly linear, sparingly toothed, or nearly entire.
<5. leaves aUernate; segments ovate, incisely toothed and lobed, a little
rough on the margin.
Rich alluvial soils, Canada to Georgia ! and west to the Mississippi. Wa-
tertown, New-York, Dr. Craive! Macon, Georgia, Croom! April-May. —
Plant 4-12 inches high. Tubers of the rhizoma connected by a neck, spa-
ringly fibrillose, pungent to the taste like mustard. Cauline leaves verticil-
late above the middle of the stem, or alternate (rarely 2), on short petioles ;
segments variable in width and in the form and length of the teeth or laci-
jiiffi ; radical leaves sometmies wanting. Petals 3 times the length of the
Dentaria. CRUCIFERiE. 87
sepals, pale purple, or nearly white, obovate-oblon<T. Style when younj^ not
longer tlian the stamens. Silique somewhat torulose, with a long tapering
point. — We have not seen tlie var. <!. in fruit. It is so remarkable in the furiix
of its leaves that it may prove to be a new species. It is perhaps the 1).
maxima of Nuttall, although it by no means agrees with the detailed descrip-
tion of that botanist.
2. D. maxima (Nutt.): stem tall; leaves (5-7) alternate, remote, the
margin a little roughened; leaflets somewhat oval, incisely andacutely tooth-
ed, lateral ones lobed (flowers pale purple). Nutt. gen. 2. p. 6G ; J)('.
jn-o(lr. 1. p. 155.
Western part of the State of New-York, and Pennsylvania. Nuttall. —
Stem often nearly 2 feet high. Tubers concatenate. Nutt.
3. J). muUifida (Muhl): stem 2-3-leaved ; leaves mostly verticillate, 2-3-
ternately divided; segments and lobes all Unear and very narrow; siliques
narrow.— Muhl. ! cat. p. 63 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 143. D. dissecta, Leaven-
wurtli, in Sill. jour. 7, p. 62.
Shady woods, near Salem, N. Carolina, Schweinitz I Cherokee country,
Dr. Learenworthj near Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Nuttall. — A span high.
llhizoma tuberous. (Nutt.) Leaves with remarkably narrow divisions,
almost as fine as those of the Carrot. Flowers white (Nutt.), smaller than
in D. laciniata.
4. D. heternphylla (Nutt.) : rhizoma moniliform, the tubers oblong; cau-
line leaves 2 (rarely 3), petioled, alternate, ternately divided; leaflets linear-
lanceolate, entire or toothed ; margin minutely and ciliately roughened ; ra-
dical leaves rather obtusely lobed. — Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 66; DC. prodr. 1. p.
155.
Shady woods, near banks of rivers, Pennsylvania ! to Kentucky ! April-
May. — A foot high. Leaflets of the radical leaves incisely lobed and
crenately toothed, the teeth minutely mucronate. Pedicels about as long
as the purplish flowers. Siliques with a long tapering point. Stigma capi-
tate or obscurely 2-lobed.
5. D. cliphylla (Michx.) : rhizoma elongated, toothed ; cauline leaves 2,
ternately divided ; segments ovate or oblong, unequaQy and incisely toothed.
—Michx.! Ji. 2. p. 30; Hot. mag. t. 1465; DC. prodr. 1. p. 169; Hook,
ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. i6.
Shady Avoods, in rich soil, Canada ! to S. Carolina, west to the Mississippi !
April-May. — Rhizoma extensively creeping, often branched, marked with
projecting teeth, very pungent to the taste (hence the vulgar name, Pepper-
root). Leaves closely approximated above the middle of the stem : petiole
about an inch long. Flowers white or very pale purple : pedicels rather
thick, longer than the flower, spreading.
6. D. tenella (Pursh) : root fibrous, bearing roundish tubers (Hook.);
radical leaves simple, roundish, about 5-lobed ; cauline leaves 1-4, alternate,
ternately or pinnately divided ; segments linear, acute, entire or sparingly
toothed. — Pursh! ft. 2. p. 439; DC. prodr. 1. p. 155. D. tenuifolia, Ledeft.
in mem. acad. St.'Petersb. (1815) p. 547 ?; Hook. jl. Bor.-Am.. 1. p. 46.
Oregon, Menzics, Nuttall! — Plant 3-10 inches high. Radical leaves
scarcely an inch long, crenately lobed. Stem often bearing but a single
nearly sessile leaf. Flowers rather smaller than in Cardamine pratensis,
pale purple. — Mr. Nuttall thinks this plant to be distinct from D. tenuifolia
of Ledebour ; while Sir W. J. Hooker states that he could find no difference
between them. In oiu: Siberian specimens of the latter, the cauline leaves
are distinctly petioled, with tootlied divisions, and the flowers are considera-
bly larger than in the Oregon plant. They have, however, at least in one of
our specimens, a simple lobed radical leaf.
88 CRUCIFERiE. Parrya.
7. D. macrncarpa CNntt. mfifi.) : " root fibrous and tuberous; radical leaf
3-foliolate, the leaflets reniforrn and lobed; cauline leaf solitary, 3-parted,
the segments entire, obtuse ; silique very long.
" Woods of the Oregon, with the preceding. — A small species, remarka-
ble for the great length of its silique, its cuspidate and rather long style, and
capitate stigma. On the receptacle, (as in the preceding^) there remain some
time after inflorescence, 2 filiform denticulations, like abortive stamens. —
Described from a single specimen." Nutt.
8. D. integrifolia (Nutt. mufi.): "rhizoma tuberous; tall and rather ro-
bust; radical leaves trifoliolate, leaflets roundish-oval; cauline 3, alternate,
3-parted or trifoliolate ; divisions linear-oblong, acute, entire ; siliques rather
short, on long pedicels ; petals very large.
" Plains of Monterey, Upper California. — Stem 12-18 inches high. Pe-
tiole of the solitaVy radical leaf very long ; the leaflets large. Flowers
among the largest of the genus." Nutt.
9. D. Californica (Nutt. mss.): "rather robust; leaves trifoliolate, cau-
line ones alternate ; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, crenate or incisely
denticulate, acute ; siliques lanceolate-linear, rather long.
" Monterey, Upper California. — About the size of the preceding species,
but with smaUer flowers. Cauline leaves 2-3, nearly as large as the radical
ones, and similar in form." Nutt.
9. PARRYA. R. Br. in Parnfs 1st voy. app. p. 269. t. B.
Neuroloma, Andrz. ; DC.
Silique broadly linear ; valves veiny. Seeds in a double series, margined ;
the epiderms loose and more or less corrugated : funiculi partly adnate to
the septum. Lobes of the stigma approximate. — Perennial herbs. Leaves
mostly radical, fleshy, entire or toothed. Flowers rose-color or purple.
1. P. macrocarpa (R. Brown): sDiques broadly linear; anthers linear ;
leaves broadly lanceolate, incisely toothed. Hook. — E. Br. I. c. p. 270 ; Hook.
Ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 47. t. 15. Neuroloma arabidiflorum & nudicaule, DC.
prodr. 1. p. 156. Arabis nudicaulis, DC. syst. 2. p. 240. Cardamine arti-
culata, Pursh, ft. 2. p. 439.
a. aspera (Hook.) : pilose with glandular hairs. — Neuroloma arabidiflorum
13. DC. I. c.
8. glabra (Hook.): whole plant glabrous. — N. arabidiflorum, DC. I. c.
(excl. syn.)
Arctic and N. W. America. — Rootstock fusiform. Scape 4-6 inches
high. Petals rose-color or purple, broadly obovate, retuse. Silique 1-2
inches long and 2 lines wide, erect, slightly incurved, somewhat constricted
between the seeds. Seeds slightly corrugated, with a broad membranaceous
border. Hook.
2. P. arctica (R. Brow n): siliques Unear-oblong ; anthers oval; leaves
mostly entire ; peduncles glabrous. R. Br. .' I. c. p. 269. t. B. ; Hook. ! ft.
Bor.-Am,. 1. p. 47, ^ in Porry''s 2nd voy. app. p. 338.
Arctic America ! confined to the eastward of Mackenzie's River, as the pre-
ceding species is to the westward of it. Hook. — Plant 2-4 inches high.
Leaves spatulate-lanceolate. Flowers as large as in Cardamine pratensis,
corymbed : petals purple, rarely white ; limb obovate. Siliques about an
inch long, racemose, spreading or pendulous, obtuse. Seeds 6-8 in each cell,
strongly corrugated.
Leavenworthia. CRUCIFERiE. 89
10. PHCENICAULIS. mat. mss.
" Calyx colored, nearly equal at the base, much shorter than the entire un-
guioulate petals. Silique ensiform, acuminate, flat, not opening elastically ; the
cells about 3-seeded ; valves with a prominent central nerve. Seeds large,
in a single series, not margined; funiculi flat, short, dilated and slightly
adnate towards the base. [Cotyledons flat; the radicle not apphed to their
edge, but lying a little to one side.]— A low perennial herbaceous plant, with
a thick ascending caudex. Scapes slender. Leaves entire, densely and
stellately toracntose. Flowers in simple corymbose racemes, j)urple. Si-
liqucs diverging horizontally."
P. cheiranthoides (Nutt. ! mss.)
" High hills to the east of Wallawallah River, and on rocks on the upper
part of the Oregon. — Stem partly subterranean and descendinjr to a con-
siderable depth. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire ; the base attenuated into a
long petiole which is dilated and sheathing at its insertion. Scapes 4-6
inches long, with a few small sessile and partly clasping leaves. Sepals ob-
long, obtuse, bright purple on the margin. Petals purple, oblong-oval, the
claws as long as the calyx. Stamens about as long as the calyx. Stigrna
nearly sessile, somewhat capitate. Pedicels of the flowers erect, of the fruit
divaricate. Siliques straight 1-li inch long, obtuse at the base, tapering to a
long point: valves obscurely reticulated : [septum opaque, with a distinct sin-
gle or double longitudinal nerve : areolae very tortuous, reticulated.] Seeds
oval, smooth, distant, nearly as broad as the septum. — Allied to Parrya ma-
crocarpa ; but differing in the cuspidate siliques, the few seeds in a single
series, without the loose epidermis." Nutt. — The cotyledons are not truly
accumbent ; but the radicle is applied to the back of one of them, not far
from the edge.
11. LEAVENWORTHIA. Torr. in aim. lye. New- York, 3. />. 87. t. 5.
Calyx somewhat erect, equal at the base. Petals equal, cuneiform, trun-
cate or emarginate. Filaments distinct, toothless. Silique sessile, oblong-
linear, compressed, somewhat inflated and contracted between the seeds;
valves indistinctly nerved. Style distinct, or ahnost none. Stigma minutely
bidentate. Seeds in a single series, flattened, with a broad winged margin :
funicuU free. Embryo nearly straight! or with the radicle slightly be^t
towards the edge of the cotyledons : radicle very s'ho'rt,' conical, poinding
obliquely upward : cotyledons orbicular. Septum l-nerycd, minutely reticu-
lated ; the areolae transversely linear-oblong. — Annual herbaceous plants.
Leaves lyrately pinnatifid. Flowers in loose scapoid racemes, or solitary on
long subradical peduncles, yellow.
1. L. aurea (Torr.) : style distinct ; embryo nearly straight. Toi-r. I. c.
Cardamine uniflora, Leavenworth, in Sill. jour. 7. p. 63, (not of Michx.)
Wet places, near Fort Tdwson, Arkansas; also in Texas, and in Jef-
ferson County, Alabairia, Dr:. Leavenworth! — Root straight, descending.
Plant 2-6 inches high. Stem at first short and simple, but at leiigth branch-
ing from the base ; the branches ascending. Leaves mostly radical ; pinna-
tifid, somewhat fleshy ; segments 2-4 pairs, roundish-oblong, obtusely tooth-
12
90 CRUCIFER^. Hesperis.
ed ; the terminal one much larger and somewhat orbicular. Racemes 4-10-
flowered. Flowers in the young plant, or in dwarf specimens, on long
erect naked peduncles or scapes ; in the advanced s.tate on racemes which
terminate the short assurgent branches. Pedi-cels without bracts, an inch
or more in length, filiform, spreading and curved upward. Sepals rather
loose, oblong, obtuse, tinged with purple. Petals golden yellow, tapering into
a long cuneate base. Filaments slender : anthers oblong. Style short, but
conspicuous. SUique rather more than an inch long and nearly two lines
in breadth, slightly torulose, rather convex : septum very thin and transpa-
rent. Seeds 4-5 in each cell, suspended on short rigid funiculi, approximar
ted so that their broad membranaceous margins somewhat overlap. Embryo
nearly straight, from the earliest to the most advanced state. Radicle pomt-
ing upward, at first inclined from the hilum, but afterwards gradually approxi-
mating towards it.
2. L. Michauxii (Torr.) : style almost none ; radicle oblique. Torr. !
I.e. Cardamine uniflora, Michx: ! fl. 2. p. 29; PursJi, f. 2. p. 439; DC.
syst. 2. p. 251.
On rocks about Knoxville, Tennessee, Michaux ! and on wet rocks, Ken-
tucky, Short .'—Greatly resembling the preceding species, but easily dis-
tinguished by its nearly sessile stigma. The difference in the direction of
the^'radicle seems also to be constant. Michaux states that the peduncles are
radical and one-flowered, but the specimens in his herbarium are caulescent;
the racemes terminating short assurgent branches, and the pedicels being
greatly elongated, so as to resemble scapes.
Tribe II. SISYMBRE^. DC.
Silique longitudinally dehiscent ; valves nearly plane, or somewhat
terete and carinate : septum linear. Cotyledons plane, incumbent
(o|| ), contrary to (i. e. with their edges towards) the septum. Seeds
not bordered.
12. HESPERIS. Linn. ; DC. syst. 2. p. UQ.
Silique nearly terete, or 4-sided and somewhat compressed. Stigmas 2,
erect connivent. Inner sepals saccate at the base. Seeds somewhat 3-sided.
Stamena toothless. — Rocket.
1. H. matronalis (Linn.): stem erect, nearly simple; leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate, toothed ; pedicels as long as the calyx ; petals obovate, siliques gla-
brous, torose, erect, margin not thickened (flowers white or rose-color). DC.
prodr. l.p. 189; Hook.Jl. Bar.- Am. 1. p. 59.
. Shores of Lake Huron, Dr. Todd, (fide JEToo/r.)— Doubdess introduced.
2. H. minima : pubescent with appressed 2-parted hairs ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, attenuate at the base ; siliques numerous, erect, compressed, pu-
bescent ; stem erect, simple. Hook.—U. pygmaea, Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.
60. t. 19. (not of Delile) Cheiranthus pygmseus, Adams; DC. prodr. 1. p.
137, fide Hook. .
Arctic America, Kotzebue's Sound. — (I) Root fusiform. Stem in fruit a
span high, a little flexuous. Leaves mostly radical, entire or sinuate-toothed.
Corymb many-flowered, racemose in fruit. Petals large, obovate, purple.
Sisymbrium. CRUCIFERiE. 91
Stigma 2-lobcd. Siliques linear-ensiform, slii^htly falcate, pale purple.
Hook. — Sir William Hooker is inclined to refer to this species Cheirantlius
Pallassii, J^i/rsh, which is described as havinj^ rather terete siliiiues and a
subcapitate stigma, if his suspicion is confirmed, Pursh's specific name must
be adopted.
3. //. Menziesii (Hook.): leaves spatulate, fleshy, covered with an ap-
pressed 2-parted pubescence; siliques (young) spreading; stem very short,
erect, simple. Hook. fl. Bar.- Am. 1. p. 60.
California.— Root perennial, ligneous. Flowers larger than in the preced-
ing species, purple? Hook.
13. SISYMBRIUM. Allioni ; DC. .9T/.9t.2. p. 458.
Silique somewhat terete. Stigmas 2, somewhat distinct, or connate and
capitate. Sepals equal at the base. Seeds ovate or oblong. Cotyledons
sometimes oblique.
§ 1. Siliques subulate, terminated with a short style : pedicels very
short, thickened and appressed to the axis after Jlowering. — Velarum,
DC.
1. S. officinale (Scop.) : leaves runcinate, and, with the stem, hairy,
flowers very small (yellow). DC. prodr. 1. p. 191 ; Hook. fi. Bor.-Am. 2.
p. 61. Erysimum officinale, Linn. ; Piirsh, fl. 2. p. 436; Ell. sk. 2. p. 148.
Road-sides and waste places, Canada ! to" Georgia; Oregon. May-Aug.
Introduced.— (1) Stem 1-3 feet high. Racemes elongated, curved in fruit.
Petals cuneate, longer than the calyx. Siliques 6-10 lines long, attenuate
into a short style.
§ 2. Siliques terete : style very short : calyx spreading or erect : seeds
oblong. — Norta, DC.
2. S. junceum (Bieb.) : leaves glabrous, glaucous; the lower ones petioled,
runcinately pinnatifid ; upper ones linear-lanceolate, entire. DC. prodr. 1.
p. 191 ; Hook.fi. Bor.-Am.. \.p. 61.
Dry stony places on the Oregon, Douglas, and Rocky Mountains towards
the source of Salmon River, Mr. Wyeth. (fide Nutt.) Apparently identical
with the European plant. Nutt.
3. S. linifolium (Nutt.! mss.) : glabrous; stem slender, simple; leaves
linear, undivided, the lower ones somewhat laciniately cleft (flowers large);
petals nearly twice as long as the calyx ; siliques linear and narrow. — Nas-
turtium linifolium, Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 12.
Plains of the Rocky Mountain range, towards the head-waters of the
Platte, Mr. Wyeth! May— 2j: Stem 8-12 inches liigh. Leaves all nar-
row, not glaucous : the axils often leafy. Silique about 2 inches long.— Very
near the preceding, but the flowers and siUques are larger.
4. )S. pygmceum (Nutt. ! mss.) : dwarf, nearly smooth ; stem somewhat sim-
ple ; lower leaves somewhat lyrately pinnatifid, oblong ; upper ones entire,
linear ; petals longer than the calyx '; silique long and narrow.— Nasturtium
pumilum, Nutt. ! I. c.
Head waters of the Missouri, in dry soils. Flowering early m the sprmg.—
11 Stem 3 inches high, slightly pubescent. Leaves attenuated at the base
into a petiole ; terminal segment rounded and obtuse. Flowers about 3 lines
long, in short racemes.
92 CRUCIFERyE. Sisymbrium.
§ 3. Siliques terete : seeds ovate, someiohat triangular: flowers yellow.
— Irio, DC.
5. S. Sophia (Linn.) : leaves bipinnatifidly divided ; lobes oblong-linear,
incised; pedicels 4 times the length of the calyx ; petals smaller than the
sepals. DC.—Fursh, ft. 2. p. 440?; DC.prodr. \.p. 193.
Near Quebec, and "other parts of Lower Canada, Mrs. Percival ! near
Montreal, Dr. Holmes ; Virginia, Pursh. Apparently native in Canada.
July. — (^ Plant 2 feet high. Segments of the leaves less than a line in
breadth. Siliques an inch long, linear, very narrow.
6. S. sophioides (Fischer) : leaves bipinnatifid; lobes ovate or lanceolate,
incised ; pedicels (and petals) somewhat shorter than the calyx ; siliques
linear-filiform, falcate, and, as well as the flowers, in umbeUiform corymbs.
Hook.—Fisch. in Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 61. t. 20. S. Sophia, Cham, f
Schlecht. in Linnoia, 1. p. 28. S. Sophia, var. ? Richards, app. Frankl.
journ. p. 27.
Hudson's Bay to Kotzebue's Sound.— @ Stem branching, flexuous, near-
ly glabrous. Peduncles glandular-pubescent. Flowers deep yellow. SiU-
ques densely umbelled (not elongated into a raceme in fruit), 2 inches long,
3 times the length of the pedicels.
7. S. canescens (Nutt.) : leaves bipinnatifid ; lobes oblong or lanceolate,
somewhat toothed ; petals scarcely exceeding the calyx ; siliques in elongat-
ed racemes, oblong or oblong-linear, shorter (or rarely longer) than the
pedicels.
a. canescent ; lobes of the leaves obtuse (or obovate) ; siliques somewhat
clavate, about half as long as the pedicels. — S. canescens, Nutt. .' gen. 2. p.
68; DC.prodr. 1. p. 194; Ell. sk. 2. p. 147; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 62.
Erysimum pinnaium, Walt. Car. p. 174. Cardamine? Menziesii, DC.
prodr. 1. p. 153. (fide Hook.)
Li. leaves minutely pubescent, but not hoary ; peduncles and pedicels spar-
ingly furnished with stipitate glands intermixed with simple pubescence ;
siliques as in var. a.
y. leaves glabrous ; lobes obtuse, mostly entire ; stem and pedicels minutely
glandular ; siliques as in var. a. & 0.
S. lobes of the leaves somewhat acute, and, with the stem, furnished with
minute stipitate glands ; petals rather longer than the calyx ; siliques scarcely
attenuate at the base, somewhat longer than the pedicels. — S. brachycar-
^Mm, Richards. ! app. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 27; DC.prodr. \.p. 194;
Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 62.
€. (Californicum) : somewhat canescent ; lobes of the leaves acutely
toothed ; petals obovate, one-half longer than the calyx.
f. (brevipes, Nutt. mss.) : " siliques usually longer than the pedicels. "
a. Arctic America to Florida ! Arkansas ! Rocky Mountains, plains of the
Oregon, and Upper California, Nuttall. 0. Georgia ! Arkansas ! Texas !
y. Kentucky, Short ! <5. Arctic America and Canada, ex Hook. ; Lake Su-
perior, Dr. Houghton ! Dr. Pitcher ! £. California, Douglas ! ?. Rocky
Mountains, Nuttall— (Tj Plant 1-2 feet high. Flowers very small (in var.
e. twice as large as in the other varieties). Pedicels spreading, with the
siliques often erect.
§ 4. Siliques linear, compressed, somewhat terete: stigma nearly sessile:
flowers white {or rose-color) : peduncles usually short. — Arabidopsis,
DC.
8. S. humile (Ledeb.) : canescently pubescent, perennial ; stems diffuse ;
leaves entire or sinuate-toothed ; radical ones spatulate ; cauline ones lanceo-
SisYMBRicM. CRUCIFER^. 9S
late, attenuate at the base; siliques pubescent, terete, tondose, linear ; 5 times
the length of the pedicels. Hook. ! fi. lior.-Am. 1. p. 62.
u. leaves mostly entire. Ledeb. — Hook. I. c.
0. leaves sinuate-toothed and somewhat pinnatifid. Ledrb. — Hook. I. c.
Rocky Mountains, lat. 52°-57°, to Arctic America ! — Stems 3-6 inches
high. Radical leaves numerous, rosulate, nearly an inch long: pubescence
stellate. Flowers 3-4 lines in diameter, " white or rose-color." Hooker.
9. S. Thaliana (Gay) : annual; stems often many from one root, rather
naked, branching above, erect ; leaves (and lower part of the stem) hairy,
sparingly toothed ; radical ones ovate-oblong or spatulate-oblong, somewhat
petioled; siliques erect-spreading, twice as long as the pedicels. — Gay., in
ann. sci. nat. 7. p. 399; Hook. Ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 63; Meyer, pi. Cauc.
(1831) ;). 190. Arabis Thaliana, Linn.; Eng. hot. t. 901; Pursh! fl. 2. p.
437; DC. prodr. 1. p. 144.
On rocks and in sandy fields, Massachusetts ! to Georgia ! west to Ken-
tucky. Introduced ? May. — Stem 3-10 inches high ; the upper part gla-
brous. Cauline leaves oblong or linear. Flowers very small. Siliques
straight, 6-8 lines long. Seeds in a single series.
10. (S. glaucum (Nutt. ! mss.) : "annual, glaucous, much branched;
leaves entire ; radical ones small, spatulate ; cauline ovate, sagittate and
clasping, rather acute; siliques nearly straight, erect, compressed, with con-
vex: valves, four times the length of the pedicels.
" Prairies of the Oregon, towards the Rocky Mountains. — About a foot
high, erect. Flowers very minute, pale purple. Petals cuneate-oblong, one-
half longer than the sepals. Siliques three-fourths of an inch long, glabrous:
style almost none. Seeds in a single, or partly in a double series. Cotyle-
dons decidedly incumbent." Nutt.
11. S. virgatum (Nutt. ! mss.) : " biennial, canescently hirsute with sim-
ple and stellate hairs ; stem virgately branched from the base ; leaves lanceo-
late-linear, clasping, lower ones denticulate or entire ; siliques somewhat te-
rete, erect, 4-5 times the length of the pedicels ; seeds in a double series.
" Hills of the Rocky Mountain range, near the sources of the Sweet Wa-
ter of the Platte. — About a span high. Leaves 6-8 lines long, and 2 Unes
wide. Flowers rather larger than in the preceding species, pale purple.
Petals obovate-spatulate, obtuse. Radicle almost exactly dorsal." Nutt. —
Septum very thin and translucent, marked with a distinct central nerve.
12. S. paucijiorum (Nutt. ! mss.) : " biennial, hirsute with forked hairs
(not canescent) ; leaves entire, radical ones narrowly oblong-spatulate ; cau-
line lanceolate-linear, sessile; stem rather slender, branching from the base;
siliques long, pendulous ; seeds in a double series.
" With the preceding. — Stem about a foot high, slender, nearly smooth
above. Flowers about twice as large as in the preceding species, white.
Petals exserted. Siliques three times as long as the pedicels." Nutt.
X Doubtful species.
13. S7 teres: small, erect, branched ; leaves all somewhat lyrately pin-
natifid; siliques rather short, linear, acuminate, on very short pedicels. —
Cardamine teres, Michx. ! ji. Bor.-Am. 2. p. 29 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 259.
Vermont, on Lake Champlain, Michaux. ! — (1) Stem about 8 mches high,
a little roughened with short hairs. Leaves nearly glabrous, cauline ones with
3-4 pairs of lobes ; the lobes entire or toothed, terminal one 3-cleft. Ra-
cemes long : pedicels about a line long. Siliques erect, one-third of an inch
in length, pointed with a slender style one line in length ; valves very con-
vex. Seeds very numerous: cotyledons distinctly incumbent. — We have
94 CRUCIFER^. Erysimum.
removed this little-known plant to Sisymbrium, on account of the incum-
bent cotyledons ; but we are by no means certain that it belongs to this ge-
nus. DeCandoUe asks whether it may not be a Nasturtium. The speci-
mens in Michaux's herbarium are only in fruit.
S. Icptopdalum (Raf.) Jl. Laulov. p. 2G8.— See note on p. 8G.
14. TROPIDOCARPUM. Hook. ic. 1. t. 43.
Silique linear or lanceolate-linear, compressed contrary to the septum ;
valves somewhat carinate. Septum very narrow, often incomplete. Seeds
oblong, compressed, not margined. Cotyledons narrow, shorter than the
radicle. Sepals equal at the base. — Herbaceous annuals. Leaves pinnatiiid.
Flowers small, yellow, in leafy racemes.
1. T. gracile (Hook.) : nearly glabrous ; leaves pinnatifid; silique linear,
— Hook. I. c.
Wet places on the plains around Monterey, Upper California, Douglas,
■jSfuttall .'—Stem decumbent, 6-12 inches long, very sparingly hirsute. Radi-
cal leaves bipinnatifid, the others pinnatifid ; segments narrowly linear and
very acute. Flowers from the axis of the uppermost leaves, on slender pe-
duncles, 3-8 lines long. Sepals oblong. Petals obovate, erect, nearly twice
the length of the sepals. Silique about an inch long, attenuated into a short
style ; the septum sometimes nearly obliterated.
2. T. scabriusculum (Hook.) : somewhat roughly hirsute ; leaves bipinna-
tifid ; silique lanceolate. — Hook. ! I. c. t. 52.
With the preceding, Douglas! Nuttall.'— Differs from T. gracde chiefly m
its hu-sute pubescence, rather shorter leaves and peduncles, and somewhat
smaller flowers.— The ripe siliques of this species have the septum complete
the whole length. It is very narrow, so that, at the upper part, the opposite
placentEe are almost in contact. Hooker has not described the seeds of this
genus, probably because his specimens were immature. The cotyledons are
decidedly incumbent, but lie with their edges parallel to the septum !
15. ERYSIMUM. Linn.; DC. syst. 2. p. 491.
Silique 4-sided. Calyx closed. Cotyledons oblong.
§ Style short or scarcely any : calyx deciduous: leaves neither cordate
nor clasping : fiowers distinctly pedicellate.— ETysimastmm, DC.
1. E. cheiranthoides (Linn.) : somewhat scabrous with a minute appres-
sed' pubescence ; leaves lanceolate, denticulate or entire ; siliques erect,
spreading-, twice the length of the pedicels; stigma smaW.—Pursh, f. 2. p.
436 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 198; Hook.! f. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 64. E. parviflorum,
Pers.syn.2.p.l'd9;Nutt.!gen.2.'p.\^. . ,^ ,.
Along streams, throughout the United States ! and Canada ! west to Mis-
souri and N. W. Coast. July-Aug.— or (2) Stem 1-2 feet high, simple
or branched. Pubescence 3-4-parted. Flowers small, yellow. Siliques
about an inch long, pointed with a short style.— A native also of Europe.
2. E. lanceolat%im{R.Brown): canescently scabrous with an appressed
2-parted pubescence ; stem nearly simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, the lower
ones usually toothed; claws of the petals longer than the calyx; siliques
Erysimum. CRUCIFER^E. 35
long, erect; stigma eraarginate. Hook. — /?. Br. in liort. Kew. {ed. 2.) A. p.
116; DC. -prodr. I. p. 199; Hook. Ji. liar. -Am. I. p. 04. Chciranthus
erysimoides, Linn.
Canada to Arctic America. — Distinguished ("rom the preceding by its
more pubescent leaves, shorter siliques, and larger Howers. Hook.
3. E. a.'^perum (DC.) : canescent with a scabrous appressed pubescence,
the hairs (ixcd by the middle ; stem simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, cauline
ones entire, radical ones runcinate-toothed ; siliques elongated, at length
spreading; style short, very thick; stigma 2-lobed. — DC! syst. 2. p. 506;
Hook. .ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 64. t. 22. E. lanceolatum, Phrsh, f. 2. p. 436.
(fide ' DC.) Cheiranthus asper, Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 69.
Missouri ! to Oregon, and in British America, north to lat. 65°. (^ Stem
12-18 inches high. Cauline leaves 2 inches long, 2-3 lines wide ; margin
retrorsely scabrous. Flowers large, fragrant. Petals with the claws longer
than the sepals. Siliques 2-3 inches long, scarcely a line wide, somewhat
quadrangular. Seeds oblong. Cotyledons distinctly incumbent, although the
radicle is a little oblique.
4. E. Arkansanum (Nutt.! mss.): "slightly roughened with appressed
hairs, which on the stem are fixed by the middle and on the leaves 3-parted ;
stem simple ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, runcinately and sinuately toothed,
attenuate at the base ; sihques elongated, nearly erect, tapering at the sum-
mit; stigma 2-lobed.
" Open plains of Arkansas. [Also in Texas, Dr. Leavenworth .'] — (5)
Stem li-3 feet high, angular above. Leaves about 2 inches long, scarcely
one-third of an inch wide ; the radical ones almost pinnatifidly toothed, with
distant teeth. Raceme at first short and corymbose ; in fruit much elongat-
ed. Flowers as large as in the common Wall-flower, yellow, shaded with
orange. Claws of the petals much exserted ; Umb broadly obovate. Si-
hques 2^ inches long, ahnost exactly 4-sided." Nutt. — Cotyledons obliquely-
incumbent. Differs from the preceding in the less scabrous pubescence,
narrower and toothed leaves, and in the tapering summit of the style, as
well as in the larger flowers.
5. E. elatum (Nutt.! mss.): "somewhat scabrous; the hairs on the stem
fixed by the middle, on the leaves 3-4-parted ; stem tall and simple ; radical
leaves usually runcinate ; cauline lanceolate, remotely denticulate, attenuated
at each extremity.
" Grassy situations by the banks of the Wahlamet. — (5) Stem 3-5 feet
high, covered with minute appressed hairs, but not canescent. Radical
leaves more or less divided or toothed, sometimes, as likewise those of the
stem, almost entire. Flowers very large, colored with various shades of yel-
low and orange. Claws of the petals exserted, half an inch or more in
length; Umb obovate. Mature siliques not seen." Nutt. — Very near the
preceding.
6. E. parviflorum (Nutt. mss.) : " canescent and scabrous ; stem low and
simple ; leaves all linear or somewhat lanceolate, almost wholly entire ; si-
liques erect; petals scarcely longer than the calyx.
"Plains of the Rocky Mountains. — (z) or If About a foot high. Leaves
remarkably narrow, densely clustered at the base of the stem. Flowers
small, sulphur-yellow." Nutt.
. 7. E. piimi7M7H. (Nutt. mss.) :" somewhat scabrous ; leaves linear, (appa-
rently) all entire ; siliques flatly 4-sided, very long, erect ; pedicels very short ;
stigma small, nearly entire ; petals longer than the calyx.
" Dry elevated plains of the Rocky Mountains. — (1) Stems 2-4 inches
high. Flowers pale yellow, conspicuous. Siliques 3 inches or more in
length." Nutt.
96 CRUCIFER^. Pachypodium.
8. E. grandiftoimm (Nutt. ! mss.): "dwarfish, slightly roughened with
appressed forked or stellate hairs ; leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse, entire or
somewhat angularly lobed towards the base ; petioles long and slender ; flow-
ers in capitate corymbs ; siliques very long, somewhat torulose ; stigma con-
spicuously 2-lobed. . , • • • r- n/r TT r^ ve ■
" Sand hills of Pomt Pmus, m the vicinity of Monterey, Upper Cabtornia.
jyiarch. Root very long and straight, perennial. Stems growing partly
under the sand, crowned with the vestiges of several years' growth of leaves;
the part above-ground 3 to 6 inches in height. Leaves very flat, often whol-
ly entire sometimes repandly denticulate, softietimes angularly lobed below;
lamina an inch or more in length and 5-6 lines broad, attenuated at the base
into a slender petiole 1-2 inches long. Corymb scarcely extending beyond
the leaves. Flowers fragrant, deep yellow, uncommonly large. Inner sepals
saccate at "the base. Petals with the claws exserted. Filaments very broad,
flat. Siliques 2-3 inches long, somewhat curved upwards and outwards,
scarcely a line wide. Style scarcely any : stigma pubescent." Nutt.
16. PACHYPODIUM. Niott. mss.
" Silique somewhat terete, elongated, torulose, on a short thick stipe.
Seeds in a single series, oblong, scarcely margined. Cotyledons obhquely
incumbent. Calyx nearly erect, equal at the base. Glands 4 at the base of
the stamens. Petals narrow, on very long claws.— Annual or biennial, gene-
rally tall plants, with the siliques crowded and almost corymbose. Flowers
pale violet or rose-color. Leaves entire or laciniate."
1. P. laciniatum (Nutt. \ mss.): glabrous ; leaves all petioled, laciniate-
piniiatifid ; flowers on spreading pedicels ; petals hnear, 3 times as long as the
calyx • stipe very short ; siliques tapering at the summit.— Macropodiura la-
ciniatum. Hook. ! hot. misc. 1. p. 341. t. 68, ^ fl. Bor.-Am. 1. jx 43.
Rocky places beneath cliiFs on the Wallawallah and Oregon Rivers,
Douo-las ! NuttalU— Stem erect, 1-3 feet high, branching. Leaves atten-
uated into a netiole ; lacinise spreading, entire or toothed. Raceme strict,
dense : pedicels about 2 lines long. Sepals oblong. Petals very narrow,
pale red or almost white. Anthers hnear. Siliques an inch and a half
long slender, much crowded at the summit of the peduncles, tapering into
a slender style : stigma small, simple : stipe less than a line in length. Radi-
cle lying near the edge of one of the cotyledons^ but truly incumbent.— Very
distincrfrom Macropodium in the very short stipe of the silique, and in the
incumbent cotyledons.
2. P. integrifolium (Nutt. ! mss.) : " leaves entire ; radical ones petioled,
oblong-elliptical; cauline lanceolate-oblong, sessile; uppermost nearly hnear ;
stem fastigiately branched ; flowers ahnost corymbose, crowded ; petals spat-
ulate-obovate ; pedicels twice as long as the calyx ; stipe short, but dis-
tinct ; silique abruptly pointed. , , ^ r
" Elevated plains of the Rocky Mountains, towards the Oregon, as tar as
Wallawallah.— (2) Stem terete, smooth, 3-5-feet high, attenuated upward,
and sending out numerous branches toward the suimnit. Flowers pale rose-
color. Pedicels about ,half an inch long, almost horizontal. Sepals mem-
branaceous, oblong. Stamens exserted. Claws of the petals extending be-
yond the calyx. Siliques an inch in length, contracted between the seeds,
nearly terete ; the stipe nearly a Une long." Nutt.— Seeds as broad as the
cell ; the radicle dorsal, lying midway between the middle and the edge of
one of the cotyledons. Septum with a broad longitudinal nerve.
Stanleya. CRUCIFERiE. * 97
3. P. s a ^-it latum (J^ntt.l mss.) : leaves entire ; the cauliue ones lanceo-
late, sagittate, clasping ; stipe almost wanting; petals obovate, the limb as
long as the claw ; silique abruptly pointed, nearly erect ; raceme elongated
in fruit.
" Plains on the west side of the Rocky Mountafns. — (5) About 2 feet
high, sparingly branched. Leaves somewhat glaucous, radical ones small
and spatulate. Flowers pale reddish-Avhite. Sepals broadly ovate. Petals
nearly twice as long as the calyx, strongly veined. Pedicels of the fruit
nearly half an inch long. Siliques an inch and a quarter in length, rather
broadly linear, somewhat incur\'ed." Nutt. — Seeds as broad as the cell ; the
radicle dorsal and almost medial. — This species is hardly a congener with
the preceding. It may belong to Sisymbrium § Cardaminopsis.
17. STANLEYA. Nutt. gen. 2. p. 71 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 511.
Silique nearly terete, slender, supported on a long stipe. "Seeds oblong,
somewhat terete. Cotyledons oblong-linear." DC. Calyx colored, spread-
ing. Petals erect, linear or spatulate ; claws exceeding the lamina in length,
and connivent into a tetrahedral tube. Stamens somewhat equal : anthers
linear. — Glabrous and glaucous perennial herbs. Leaves lyrately pinnatifid
or undivided. Flowers yellow, in long racemes.
1. S. pinnatifida (Nutt.): leaves thickish. interruptedly lyrate-pinnatifid;
lobes somewhat lanceolate, entire or with 1-2 large teeth. — Nutt. ! gen. 2.
p. 71 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 512. Cleome pinnatifida, Fursh, fi. 2. p. 739.
Rocks on the upper part of the Missouri, and near the head-waters of
Lewis's River, Nuttall ! May. — Stems 2-3 feet high, often several frorn
one root, decumbent at the base. Leaves large, sometimes with a very mi-
nute pubescence on the under side, deeply pinnatifid. Flowers in a crowded
raceme, very showy : pedicels about half an inch long, erect-spreading.
Calyx linear, pale orange-yellow. Petals sulphur-yellow, the claw lon^ and
very narrow, pubescent internally ; lamina linear-oblong, about hall the
length of the claw. Filaments very long and slender, pubescent below, with
a glandular enlargement at the base: anthers at length revolute. " Silique
an inch or more in length ; the slender stipe nearly an inch long." Nutt.
— We have not had an opportunity of examining the ripe siliques of this
very interestins plant ; neither were they found by Mr. Nuttall, either in this
or any of the following species, during his recent journey across the con-
tinent.
2. 5f. integrifolia (James) : leaves thick, ovate-oblong, entire, attenuate at
each end ; stipe as long as the pedicel. — Tames ! in Long^s exped. 2. p. 17.
Sandstone ridges at the base of the Rocky Mountains, Dr. James .'—Stem
simple. Leaves 5-6 inches long and 2-3 w'ide, prominently veined, undulate.
Sepals deep yellow, spatulate-oblong. Petals yellow, spatulate-obovate ;
claws very thick. Filaments recurved-spreading. Ovary flattened contrary
to the septum ; the edges of the septum prominent. Style none.
3. ,S'. heterophylla (Nutt. ! mss.) : " stem erect, lower leaves lyrately pin-
nate, somewhat pubescent beneath ; terminal segment much larger, ovate-
lanceolate, somewhat serrate ; upper leaves lanceolate, entire ; lamina of the
petals longer than the claws.
" Rocky situations near Lewis's River, in the Rocky Mountains. — A more
humble species than S. laciniata, which it resembles in the color of the flow-
ers. Under surface of the leaves pubescent with very short and somewhat
stellate hairs." — Nutt.
13
98 CRUCIFERiE. Warea.
4. S. viridijlora (Nutt. rass.) : " erect, glabrous ; leaves cuneate-obovate,
acute, entire ; the radical ones with a few runcinate teeth towards the base ;
petals linear, and, as well as the calyx, herbaceous.
" Bare shelving hills on Ham's Fork of the Colorado of the West, and in
other parts of the Rocky Mountains, towards the sources of Lewis's River;
also on the head waters of the Platte. July- Aug.— Root very stout and cy-
lindrical, penetrating deeply into the earth ; the taste bitter and nauseous.
Stem simple, 3-4 feet high. Radical leaves clustered, about a span long, oc-
casionally almost pinnatifid at the base ; cauline ones entire, rapidly dimin-
ishing in size upward, so that the superior part of the stem is naked. Ra-
ceme very long (sometimes 2 feet in length), crowded with flowers. Calyx
and corolla greenish-yellow, and not showy. Sepals long and linear. Petals
linear ; the lamina scarcely longer than the claw. Anthers very long and
linear. Immature fruit smooth ; the pedicel about half an inch long : stipe
about an inch in length, nearly as long as the silique." Nutt.
18. WAREA. Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 83.
Silique compressed, slender and elongated, supported on a long stipe.
Sepals colored, ligulate or spatulate. Petals spreading or reflexed ; claws
very slender, longer than the lamina. Stamens somewhat equal. Glands 6
at the base of the stamens.— Annual glabrous plants. Leaves entire. Flow-
ers and siliques in umbelliform racemes, purple or white : siliques pendulous,
curved.
1. W. amplexifolia (Nutt.): leaves oblong-ovate, partly clasping; siliques
ancipital. — Nutt. I I. c. t. 10. Stanleya amplexifolia, Nutt. in Sill. jour. 5.
p. 297: DC.prodr. 1. p. 200.
East Florida, Mr. Ware; Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman .'—Stem 1-3
feet or more in height, fastigiately branched above. Lower leaves not seen ;
cauline i an inch to an inch in length, rather acute. Racemes scarcely half
an inch long ; the flowers much crowded and almost verticiUate, showy.
Pedicels spreading, and at length recurved, very slender. Calyx nearly equal
at the base: sepals purpUsh, narrow, a little dilated upward. Petals rather
pale purple : limb nearly orbicular, undulate ; claw one-third longer than the
limb, glandularly roughened towards the base. Stamens much exserted;
the filaments capillary and glabrous : anthers linear-oblong. Ovary linear :
stigma sessile. Stipe of the fruit nearly capillary, purplish, about three-
fourths of an inch long; siliques U inch long and less than a line in width,
somewhat acute. Seeds (immature) oblong, in a single series : funiculi slen-
der, free.
2. W. cuneifolia (Nutt.) : leaves nearly sessile, rather thick, oblong, ob-
tuse, attenuate at the base ; siliques with the valves somewhat convex. — Nutt. !
in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 84. Cleome cuneifolia, Muhl. cat. p. 64 ; Ell.
sk. 3 p. 150. Stanleya gracilis, DC. prodr. 1. p. 200.
Sand hiUs, Georgia, Le Conte ! Baldxcin ! Middle Florida, Dr. Alex-
ander ! — Stem 1-3 feet high, fastigiately branched above. Leaves i-1 inch
long, the uppermost ones oblong-linear. Racemes as in the preceding species.
Sepals white, spatulate. Petals white ; the claws nearly twice as long as
the obovate lamina, roughened. Silique about an inch and three-quarters long;
the stipe about half an inch in length. Seeds linear-oblong, not margined,
in a single series : radicle dorsal and nearly medial. Cotyledons oblong.
Septum opaque, Avithout a central nerve ; the tubuli straight and ascending,
slightly reticulated.
Selenia. CRUCIFERiE. 99
Tribe 111. BRASSICE.^. DC.
Silique dehiscent : septum linear. Style often enlarged and with a
seminiferous cell at the base. Seeds for the most part globose. Co.
tyledons incumbent, conduplicate or longitudinally plicate, with the
radical lying in the sinus (0»)*
19. SINAPIS. Linn.; DC. sysl.2.p.mi.
Silique somewhat terete ; valves nerved. Style short, acute. Seeds sub-
globose, in a single series. Calyx spreading. — Biennial or annual (rarely
perennial) herbs. Leaves usually lyratc, incised orpinnatifid. Flowers yel-
low, in elongated racemes. — Mustard.
1. .S. nigra (Linn.): siliques appressed, glabrous, somewhat 4-sided;
style short (not rostrate) ; lower leaves lyrate, uppes ones lanceolate, entire.
—DC. prodr. \.p. 218 ; Eng. bot. t. 969 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 390.
Fields and waste places. June-Aug. Introduced — (f) Lower leaves
large, scabrous ; cauline ones glabrous. Sepals yellow. Petals obovate, un-
guiculate. Silique about three-fourths of an inch in length, pointed with the
short and slender 4-sided style. — Black Mustard.
2. S. arvensis (Linn.): siliques glabrous, many angled, torose, about three
times the length of the slender somewhat ancipital style ; stem and leaves
more or less hairy. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 219; E7ig. bot. t. 1748.
Western and Northern parts of the State of New York! Lower Canada,
Mrs. Percival ! Introduced. June-Aug.— (T) Plant 2-3 feet high. Lower
leaves large, somewhat lyrately pinnatifid : upper ones oblong-ovate : all ir-
regularly repand-toothed. Flowers bright yellow. Siliques somewhat
spreading, \\ inch long ; beak nearly as broad as the silique. Seeds large
and black.
2. SiliculoscB.
Tribe IV. SELENIEyE.
Silicle dehiscent : septum broad and membranaceous. Seeds in-
verted ! (i. e. with the radicle ascending, and next the placentae.)
t Cotyledons plane, accumbent (or nearly so) parallel with the septum.
20. SELENIA. Nutt, in jour. acad. Philad. 5. p. 132. t. 6.
Silicle broadly oval, acute at the base, margined ; valves reticulated, some-
what inflated : septum sometimes incomplete ; areolae transverse. Seeds 4-6
in each cell, orbicular, with a broad and thin cartilaginous border : funiculi
free. Radicle very short. Calyx nearly equal at the base, colored, spread-
ing. Glands 10. Petals erect. Stamens toothless. Style elongated. — An
annual herb. Leaves pinnately parted. Flowers yellow, in leafy racemes.
S. aicrea (Nutt.! 1. c.)
/?. septum nearly wanting.
100 CRUCIFER^. Vbsicaria.
Wet prairies, Arkansas, NnUall ! Dr. Pitcher. /?. Near St. Au^stine,
Texas, Dr. Leavenworth ! March- April.— Stem 4-8 inches high, branch-
ing from the base, 3-sidecl. Leaves pinnatifid, the radical ones somewhat
rosulate, with the segments more or less toothed. Raceme at first corym-
bose, but afterwards elongated into a leafy raceme ; the pedicels with a folia-
ceou's bract at the base of each, or rather axillary, the leaves gradually di-
minishing in size upward. Flowers about half an inch in diameter, golden
yellow, fragrant. Sepals linear-oblong, yellow. Petals spatulate, entire, near-
ly twice as long as the calyx. Glands 8 by pairs at the base of the sepals,
and 2 (emarginate) at the base of the shorter stamens. Ovary linear-oblong,
flat : style ensiform : stigma capitate. SiUcle 5-6 lines long and 3-4 broad,
(in /?. one-third larger), abruptly acuminated with the persistent style : valves
very thin, reticulated with slightly prominent veins : septum complete m the Ar-
kansas plant, a mere narrow border in /?., the central part being entirely want-
ing ; areolee linear. Seeds in a double series^ exactly orbicular, with a notch
at the hilum, dotted ; the border thin, but rigid. Radicle scarcely half as
long as the cotyledons, not truly accumbenl, but lying on the side of one of
the cotyledons,' very near its edge.— This remarkable plant resembles the
tribe Cremolobeaj of R. Brown (Oudney, p. 7.) in its inverted or resupinate
seeds ; but differs in so many respects, as well from that, as from all the tribes
of De CandoUe, that we have been obliged to give it a place by itself.
Tribe V. ALYSSINE^. DC.
Silicle dehiscent ; valves plane or convex : septum broadly oval and
membranaceous. Seeds compressed, often margined. Cotyledons
plane, accumbent (lying next the placentae), parallel with the septum.
21. VESICARIA. Lam. ill. t. 559 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 295.
Silicle globose or ovate, inflated ; valves hemispherical, membranaceous
or somewhat rigid. Seeds several (4-6 in each cell, or by abortion' fewer),
sometimes margined: funiculi partly adnate to the septum. Petals entire. —
Flowers yeUow.
§ 1. Silicle globose, membranaceous, inflated. — Vesicariana, DC.
1. F. arc^icct (Richards.): canescent with a steUate pubescence ; radical
leaves crowded, spatulate, mostly entire, obtuse ; cauhne ones few, linear ;
style slender, about half the length of the globose silicle. — Richards, app.
Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 26 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am,. 1. p. 48.
a. flowers larger; silicles glabrous [or minutely pubescent]. Hook. — V.
arctica, Richards.; DC. prodr. 1. p. 159. Alyssum arcticum, Fl. Dan. t.
1520.
/S. flowers smaUer; silicles [densely] pubescent. Hook. — V. arctica. Hook,
bot. m.ag. t. 2882. V. arenosa, Richards. I. c.
British America, from Canada ! to the Arctic Regions ! Island of Anti-
costi, Mr. Shepherd! April-May. — 11 Stem 3-8 inches high; the neck
marked with the vestiges of former leaves. Pedicels 4-6 lines long. Sflicle
somewhat ovate-globose, as large as a small pea. Style filiform: stigma ca-
pitate, distinct. Seeds 4-6 in each cell, roundish, without a margin. Funi-
culi adnate to the septum towards the base.
Vesicahia. CRUCIFERiE. 101
2. V. Ludoviciana (DC): canescent with a stellate pubescence; radi-
cal leaves spatulate, entire, obtuse ; cauline linear; style slender, longer ilian
the ovary, and nearly as long as the obovate-globosc silicle. — DC. syst. 2. p.
297. Alyssuni Ludovicianum, i\«<^. / gen.2.pQ3. Myagruin argenteum,
Pursh, fi. 2. p. 434.
Rocky hills of the Missouri and Platte, NiiUall, Dr. Jamrs ! N. W.
Coast, Dous:la.<i. April- June. — 1| Stem 6-8 inches high, simple, or some-
what branched above. Leaves about an inch long. Flowers golden-yellow.
Petals obovate. Silicle smaller than in the preceding species, nearly smooth
when old.
3. V. grandijlora {Yiodk) ; canescent with a steUate pubescence; leaves
sessile, cuneate-oblong, sinuately toothed ; siUcle globose, glabrous ; style
about two-thirds the length of the silicle ; petals obcordate, twice as long as
the calyx ; stamens thickened at the base. — Hook. bot. mag. t. 3464 ; D.
Don in Brit.jl. gard. (.ser. 2.) t. 401.
0. pallida : stem sparingly pubescent ; leaves narrowed at the base, rather
coarsely toothed ; flowers almost white ; silicle globose.
Texas. Drummoiid! P. Small prairies near St. Augustine, Texas, Dr. Lea-
venworlh ! — (l) Stem slender, decumbent, much branched, about a foot
long. Leaves an inch in length. Calyx copiously hairy : sepals elliptical-
oblong. Ovary spherical, scarcely stipulate ; septum veinless : ovules 6 in
each fell. D. Don. — We do not recognise this species among our Texan
specimens collected by Drummond, kindly sent us by Sir William Hooker ;
but our var. /?. agrees so nearly with the description and figure of Don,
that we cannot regard it as specifically distinct.
4. V. repanda (Nutt. ! mss.) : stem minutely and sparingly pubescent,
decumbent ; leaves linear-oblong or nearly linear, ahnost glabrous, narrowed
at the base, repand, obtuse ; silicle obovate-globose, on a short stipe ; style
about two-thirds as long as the silicle; stigma capitate; petals obovate,
twice the length of the calyx ; filaments subulate.
Banks of the Red River, Arkansas, Dr. Pitcher ! — Stem a foot or more
in length, branching from the base, rather stout and angular, the upper part
sparingly pubescent. Leaves li-2i inches long ; the upper ones slightly
repand-denticulate, with a few minute appressed stellate hairs on both sur-
faces. Pedicels an inch long, spreading. Sepals linear- oblong. Petals 3-4
lines long, Avith distinct claws. Ovary obovate-oblong: each cell with 6-8
ovules. Silicle 2 lines long, on a distinct pedicel : style rather slender : stig-
ma conspicuous.
5. V. angustifolia (Nutt.! mss.) : canescently and stellatcly pubescent :
radical leaves lyrately pinnatifid or repandly toothed, oblong, attenuated at
the base ; cauline linear, entire, or repand ; silicle globose, glabrous, nearly
sessile ; style filiform, rather shorter than the silicle ; petals obovate-oblong,
twice the length of the ovate sepals ; filaments subulate, dilated at the base.
Prairies of Arkansas and Red River, Nutt all! Dr. Leavenicorth ! April.
— (T) Stems several from one root, about a foot high. Radical leaves taper-
ing at the base into a long petiole ; cauline ones about a line Avide. Raceme
not much elongated in fruit. Seeds mostly abortive, few in each cell : funi-
culi adhering to the septum at the base.
6. V. Nnttallii : somewhat pubescent, branched from the base and procum-
bent; leaves lanceolate-oblong, obtusely repand-dentate or almost entire ;
silicle pyriform-subglobose, somewhat stipitate, glabrous ; style two-thirds as
long as the silicle ; petals obovate ; filaments dilated at the base.
Prairies of Red River, Arkansas, Nnttall ! Dr. Leavenworth ! — (J) Stem
12-18 inches long. Leaves an inch or more in length, narrowed at the base.
Racemes much elongated in fruit : pedicels nearly an inch long, spreading
or somewhat recurved. Flowers bright yelloAV. Silicle 2 lines long, a little
102 CRUCIFER^. Vesicaria.
constricted near the base, and with a circular depression at the insertion of
the stipe. Seeds 4 in each cell (ovules 6-8), not margined : funiculi partly-
adhering.
7. V. brcvistijla : densely and stellately pubescent; radical leaves lyrately
pinnatifid or toothed ; cauline ones oblong, sessile, dentate-serrate ; siUcle
globose, sessile, glabrous : style rather thick, one-third the length of the sili-
cle ; seeds margined, about 6 in each cell ; petals broadly obovate ; filaments
dilated at the base.
Texas, Drummond ! — (T) Stems numerous from one root, about a foot
lone. Radical leaves 2-3 inches long ; cauline about three-fourths of an
inch in length, closely sessile and but little dilated at the base. Petals 4-5
lines long, with a short claw. Fdaments short, with a broad ovate dilatation
at the base. Sihcle about 2i lines in diameter.
8. V. gracilis. (Hook.?): somewhat scabrous with sparse stellate hairs;
leaves oblong and Imear-oblong, entire or remotely denticulate ; silicle globose,
stipitate, shorter than the style, glabrous ; seeds 2-3 in each cell, not niar-
gined ; petals obovate ; filaments subulate. — Hook. hot.mag.t.MQ'i^l (in a
note.)
Texas, Drummond ! — About a span high, erect ; several slender stems
from one root. Radical leaves petioled ; cauline sessile, narrowed at the
base. Silicle about a line and a half in length ; style filiform ; stigma
minute.— Hooker (1. c.) has noticed tAvo Texan species, without describing
them ; but from the appropriateness of the name, there can be little doubt
that the plant here described is his V. gracilis.
9. V. ^/lor/a.- decumbent, somewhat pubescent with stellate hairs; leaves
elliptical, sessile, entire, or slightly repand ; silicle globose, with scarcely any
stipe ; style more than twice as long as the silicle ; seeds 2 in each cell, not
margined ; petals obovate ; filaments dilated at the base.
Banks of Elkhorn Creek, near Frankfort, Kentucky, Short .'— (T) Stem
about a span long, slender. Leaves i-1 inch long, narrowed at each end.
Flowers bright yellow : pedicels half an inch in length. Silicles scarcely a
line in diameter, stellately pubescent. Seeds suspended from near the sum-
rait of the cell.— Easily distinguished by its small silicle and very long
style.
§ 2. Silicle ovate; valves convex, rather Wg-i(Z.— Alyssoides, DC.
9. V. alpina (Nutt. ! mss.) : " dwarf and csespitose, canescent with a
dense stellate pubescence ; leaves linear-spatulale, entire ; calyx equal at the
base, deciduous; silicle inflated below, compressed at the summit, shorter
than the slender style.
" High hills of the Rocky Mountain range, toward the sources of the
Platte.— If Main stem short and thick, throwing up nuinerous stalks 2-4
inches high. Leaves nearly an inch long, and about a line in width." Nutt.
— Flowers in short corymbose racemes, large for the size of the plant. Petals
oblong-spatulate, one-half longer than the calyx. Filaments subulate, with a
callous enlargement at the base of each: anthers ovate. Silicles acute,
densely clothed with stellate hairs : septum usually with an oval hole in the
centre : cells 4-seeded. Seeds not margined.
§ 3. Silicle didymous, much inflated, membranaceous.— "PhysaTia,
Nutt. mss.
10. V. didymocarpa (Hook.) : canescent Avith a stellate pubescence ; ra-
dical leaves broadly obovate-spatulatc ; cauline ones spatulate-lanceolate,
Draba. CRUCIFERiE. 103
mostly entire ; silicles large, inflated, didymous ; seeds not margined.— //oofr,
//. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 49. t. IG.
In deep sand on the Rocky Mountains, lat. 52^-57, Drummond ! and on
the Argillite hills of the Platte, from Scott's Bluffs to the mountains, Nut-
tall! Oregon, Douglas, Nidtall.— U Root fusiform. Stems branching
from the base, diffuse, 3-4 inches high. Flowers showy, corymbed. Petals
obovate-spatulate, nearly twice as long as the calyx. Silicle conspicuously
didymous ; each cell of the size of a large pea : septum lanceolate !
22. ALYSSUM. Linn, (in part); DC. syst. 2. p. 301.
Silicle orbicular or elliptical ; valves plane or convex in the centre. Seeds
2-4 in each cell, compressed, sometimes membranaceously margined. Calyx
equal at the base. Petals entire. A part of the stamens usually toothed.
1. A. hyperboreum (h'lnn.): stems herbaceous, caespitose ; leaves ellipti-
cal, coarsely and acutely toothed, somewhat hirsute; silicles elliptical; the
longer stamens toothed. DC.—Pursh, Ji. 2. p.i3i; DC. prodr. 1. p. 164.
Draba hyperborea, Dcsv.
N. W. Coast.— A doubtful native of America.
23. DRABA. Linn.; R. Br. inhort. Kew. 4. p. 91.
Draba & Erophila, DC.
Silicle oval or oblong ; valves plane or convex. Seeds many, not margin-
ed. Calyx equal. Petals entire or bifid. Stamens aU toothless. — Flowers
white or yellow.
§ 1. Petals entire. — Draba, DC.
* Perennial: scapes mostly leafless.
1. D. algida (Adams): flaccid; scapes short, naked, pilose with spreading
hairs; leaves oblong, plane, and (with the calyx) pilose with simple hairs;
silicles somewhat corymbed, elliptical, glabrous ; style very short ; flowers
yellow. Hook.— DC. prodr 1. p. 167 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 50.
y. hrachycarpa (DC.) : silicle shorter, ovate. — DC. I. c.
S. breviscapa (Hook.) : scape immersed among the smoothish leaves.
Hook. I. c.
Sea-coast of Arctic America. — Pedicels always glabrous. Petals obovate,
twice the length of the calyx. — Very near D. alpina. Hook.
2. D. alpina (Linn.) : somewhat rigid ; scapes naked, mostly somewhat
hirsute ; leaves spatulate-lanceolate, plane, more or less pilose with branching
hairs; petals (yellow) more than twice the length of the calyx; silicles some-
what corymbed, oblong-elliptical ; style very short. — Fl. Dan. t. 56 (leaves
broader than in our plant) ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 67 ; R. Br. ! in Parry's 1st
voy. app. p. 265 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 50.
a. silicles glabrous. — D. alpina, herb. Linn, ex R. Br. I. c.
P. silicles hairy. — R. Br. I. c.
^. flowers white.— flbofc. I. c.
104 CRUCIFER^. Dhaba.
Melville Island ! Shore of the Arctic Sea ! Kotzebue's Sound.— Flowers
lar2:e, fine yellow, rarely white. Our specimens from Melville Island have
the scape and sepals nearly glabrous, and the leaves very sparingly hirsute.
3. D.glaciaUs (Adams): scape naked, stellately pubescent or glabrous;
leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, rigid, stellately pubescent; petals (yellow)
twice the length of the calyx ; silicles racemose, oblong-ovate, the ceUs 5-6-
seeded ; style short. — '"'' Adams, in merii. soc. iiat. Mosc." ex DC. j)rodr. 1. p.
167 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 51.
a. scapes, pedicles, and silicles [nearly] glabrous ; flowers pale yellow.
Hook. ! I. c.
/?. scapes and pedicels pubescent ; silicles glabrous. Hook. ! I. c.
y. scapes, pedicels, and silicles strongly hirsute-pubescent. Hook. ! I. c.
S. smaller ; scapes numerous and, with the pedicels, glabrous ; flowers very-
pale yellow. Hook..' I.e.
e. smaller ; scapes and pedicels glabrous ; flowers deep yellow. Hook. I. c.
Rocks on the loftiest of the Rocky Mountains, lat. 52^-57°, and on the
shores of the Arctic Sea. — Leaves narrow and more rigid than in the pre-
ceding species, furnished with a strong midrib. Style short, but distinct.
4. D. oligosperma (Hook.) : scape naked, slightly pubescent ; leaves
erect, linear, rigid, ciliate, stellately pubescent on both sides, especially
towards the apex ; petals (white) twice as long as the slightly hairy calyx ;
siUcles pubescent, racemose, elliptical, rather acute at each end, 4-8-seeded,
four times the length of the style. Hook. ! Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 51.
fi.1 Andina (Nutt. ! mss.) : " densely csespitose; leaves imbricated, linear-
oblong ; silicle ovate, rather obtuse at the base ; cells about 2-seeded."
Mackenzie's River, lat. 68^. P. Summits of lofty hills towards the sources
of the Platte, within the Rocky Mountain range. Nuttall ! — Stems or scapes
in a. 3 inches ; in /?. 2 inches high. Leaves about 3 lines long. Pedicels a
little longer than the fruit.— The var. /?. diff"ers in its more densely imbricated
leaves, as well as in the shorter and fewer-seeded silicles. The flowers have
not been seen. It wiU perhaps prove to be a distinct species.
5. D. densifolia (Nutt. ! mss.) : " densely csespitose in somewhat globose
tufts ; leaves closely imbricated, oblong-linear, strongly ciliate, and hirsute
with nearly simple hairs ; scapes naked, hirsute ; silicle ovate, pubescent,
with a style about one-third its length; cells mostly 2-seeded.
" On the central chain of the Rocky Mountains towards Lewis's River. —
Resembles the preceding, but differs in the pubescence being nearly simple,
and in the remarkable density of the fohage." Ntdt.
6. D. pauciflora (R. Brown) : scapes and pedicels hairy ; leaves lanceo-
late, entire, hairy (the hairs simple or branched) ; petals (yellow) spatulate,
scarcely exceeding the hirsute calyx. B. Br. in Parrifs 1st voy. app. p.
266 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 51.
Melville Island. — A doubtful species : near D. alpina. /?. Brown.
7. D. micropetala (Hook.) : scapes and pedicels hairy ; leaves broadly
lanceolate, veiny, entire, covered with a simple or branched pubescence ; pe-
tals (white) linear-spatulate, scarcely exceeding the slightly hairy calyx; si-
licles eUiptical, glabrous ; stigma sessile, emarginate. Hook. ! in Par-ry''s 2d
voy. app. p. 385, (fjl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 52.
island of Igloolik, and (/?. minor) sea coast of Arctic America. — Habit of
D. alpina. The flowers resemble those of D. pauciflora, but are white.
8. D. mxiricella (Wahl): scape naked, velvety; leaves oblong, entire,
canescent with u soft stellate pubescence ; silicles oblong-lanceolate, gla-
brous (flowers white.) DC— Wahl. jl. Lapp. p. 178. t. 11. /. 2; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 168 ; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 52. D. nivalis, Liljeblab.; Pursh,
Jl. 2. p. 433 %
Draba. CRUCIFERiE. 105
Labrador and Arctic America.— Not well distinguished from D. nivalis
and D. hirta. Hook.
9. D. oblongata CR. Brown) : scapes naked, somewhat floccosely hirsute ;
leaves cajspitose, oblong-linear, entire, ciliate and velvety ; sihcles oblong-
elliptical, velvety. DC.—R. Br. in Ross's toy. app. (without descr.) ; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 168; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 52. D. hirta, var. 2. Hook, in
Pamfs voy.
Shores of Arctic America.— Flowers unknown : style very short.
10. D. corymbosa (R. Brown): scape naked, minutely hispid; leaves
densely caespitose, oblong, attenuate at the base, ciliate and somewhat hispid ;
silicles elliptical, corymbose, minutely hispid. DC. — li. Br. I. c. ; DC.
prodr. \.p. 169; Hook.ji. Bor.-Am. l.p.52.
Shores of Arctic America.— Very near D. oblongata and D. rupcstris.
/?. Brown.
11. D. hirta (Linn.): scape puberulent, often bearing one or two toothed
leaves ; radical leaves oblong, mostly entire, minutely pubescent; silicles ob-
lonof, and. with the pedicels, glabrous ; style almost none (flowers white).
DC.— Wahl.f. Lapp. p. lib. t. 11./. 3; DC. prodr. l.p. 169; Hook. Jl.
Bor.-Am. l.p. 52.
J. siliquosa: silicles 9 lines long. Hook. I. c.
t. leaves almost glabrous ; scape entirely glabrous. Hook. ! I. c.
Arctic and Subarctic America! Rocky Mountains; Kotzebue's Sound.—
A variable plant, appearing to pass into D. rupestris on the one hand, and
into D. incana on the other. Hook.
12. D. rupestris (R. Brown) : scape naked, or with a single leaf, pubes-
cent ; leaves oblong-spatulate, ciliate and somewhat hirsute ; silicles oblong,
pubescent or glabrous ; stvle very short ; stigma emarginate (flowers white).
Hook.! jl. Bor.-Am. l.p.' 53.
a. silicles pubescent. Hook. ! I. c— D. rupestris, R. Br. in hort. Kexo. 3.
p. 91 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 169. D. hirta, Eng. bot. t. 1338. D. hirta, var. 4.
Hook, in Parry'' s 2nd voy. app. p. 386.
/?. silicles 2:labrous. Hook. '. I. c.
Rocky Mountains, lat. 52^-57°.- Not well distinguished from D. hirta.
The var. p. Hooker supposes to be identical with D. nivalis, Willd. If so,
as is not improbable, that name being the older by several years, must be
adopted instead of the one here employed.
13. D. Lapponica (Willd.): scapes naked, glabrous; leaves lanceolate,
entire, ■•■-'• " ' ' i . -_j / ..
brous.
Hook. ^
androsacea, Wahl. jl. Lapp. p. 174. t. 11./. 5.
Melville Island 1 — Flowers white.
14. D. stellata (Jacq.) : scape with a single leaf, pubescent ; leaves oblong-
oval, tomentose with a short stellate pubescence ; pedicels puberdent ; si-
liques oblong. DC— '' Jacq. hort. Vindob. p. 113, Obs. n. 5i.t. i.f. 3." ;
DC. prodr. l.p. 169; Deless. ic. 2. t. 46./. B; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 53.
D. hirta, Jacq.
0. hebecarpa: silicles entirely clothed with a velvety pubescence. DC.
I. c. ; Hook. l. c.
Unalaschka and Kotzebue's Sound. 0. Arctic America !— Lower leaves
lanceolate-obovate, ciliate. Flowers white.
15. D. Icevipes (DC.) : scapes naked or with a single leaf, pubescent ;
leaves ovate, tomentose with a short woolly pubescence ; silicles long and
14
106 CRUCIFER^. Draba.
linear, and, with the pedicels, glabrous. DC. syst. 2. p. 346 ; Deless. ic. 2. t.
46./. A; Hook.fl. Bur.-Am. 1. p. 53.
Rocky Mountains, lat. 52^-57°. — Flowers white. Silicles 6 lines long and
scarcely one line wide. DC.
16. D. crassifolia (Graham); scape naked or with a single leaf; calyx
and pedicels glabrous ; leaves linear -spatulate, somewhat fleshy, ciliate with
simple hairs ; petals a little exceeding the calyx, retuse ; silicles ovate-ellipti-
cal, glabrous. — Graham, in Edinb. pjiil. jour. 1829.^3. 182; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 54.
o. petals white. Hook. I, c.
0. petals pale yellow. Hook. I. c.
Summits of the Rocky Mountains, lat 52^-57°, Drummond ! and about
lat. 41°, Nuttall. — Scapes 1-2 inches high : flowers small. Silicles glabrous.
Hook. Leaves lanceolate-linear, entire or somewhat serrate. Nutt.
* * Perennial : stems leafy.
17. D. ? Icevigata (Cham. & Schlecht.) : stem leafy, simple, glabrous,
strict ; radical and inferior cauline leaves petioled, ovate, attenuate at the
base, somewhat fleshy, the margin obscurely ciliate ; silicles oblong-lanceolate,
glabrous, 4-6 times as long as the pedicels. Cham. ^ Schlecht. in Linncea,
1. p. 25 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 54.
Island of St. Lawrence, Chamisso. — Root thick, descending. Radical
leaves few, (not in a rosulate cluster) with the petiole 1^-2 inches long. —
Stems several, 3-4 inches high in flower, elongated in fruit. Flowers white.
Silicles 7-8 lines long, and 3-4ths of a line broad : style very short. Seeds
not seen. Cham. ^ Schlecht. — Hooker has placed this in his second section,
including the annual and biennial species ; but the authors above quoted state
it to be perennial.
18. D. ramosissima (Desv.) : puberulent ; stems numerous ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, remotely and sharply laciniate-toothed ; racemes corymbosely
panicidate ; silicles lanceolate, attenuate at each end, pubescent ; style one-
fourth the length of the silicle. — Desv. jour. bot. 3. p. 168; DC. syst. 2. p.
355 ; Gray ! in ann. lye. New- York., 3. p. 224. D. arabisans, Pursh ! fl. 2. p.
434. (not of Michx.) D. dentata. Hook. ^ Am. ! in jour. bot. 1. p. 192
(without descr.); Hook.! ic. \.t. 31. Alyssum dentatum, Nutt.! gen. 2.
p. 63.
On rocks, Harper's Ferry, Virginia ! and Cliffs of Kentucky River, Short!
April-May. — Rhizoma creeping, branching and throwing up tufts of stems,
which are about a span high. Pubescence simple and stellate (mostly with
4 rays). Radical leaves rosulate, crowded, with a long cuneiform base; cau-
line ones sessile, almost pectinateiy toothed; the teeth 2-3 on each side.
Racemes forming a large spreading panicle : flowers white. Pedicels erect-
spreading, about as long as the somewhat contorted silicle. Seeds 4-7 in each
cell. — A very distinct species, with much the habit of D. arabisans.
19. D. arabisans (Michx.) : slightly and stellately pubescent ; stem leafy,
simple or branching from the base, leaves acutely toothed, radical ones cune-
ate-lanceolate, the cauline oblong; silicles glabrous, lanceolate-oblong, acumi-
nate with a very short but distinct style ; petals (Avhite) about twice as long
as the sepals.— Mic/i.r. .' /. 2. p. 28 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 170 ; Hook. ft. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 55. D. incana /?. glabriuscula, Gray ! in ann. lye. New- York, 3.
p. 223.
/?. leaves nearly entire, radical ones rather obtuse ; style almost wanting. —
D. Longii, herb. Schwein. ! ; Nutt. ! onss.
Rocks, Lake Champlain, Michaux ! and on the borders of small lakes in
the northern part of the State of New York ! /?. Fort Gratiot, and N. shore
Draba. CRUCIFER^. 107
of Lake Superior, Dr. Pitcher ! — Stems many from a single root, 6-8 inches
high. Radical leaves numerous, forming a rosulate tuft, 1-U inch long,
acute, much attenuated at the base, furnished with 2 (rarely more) very acute
spreading teeth on each side, sometimes entire; cauUne leaves somewhat
clasping! Flowers in a short close nearly simple raceme. Petals broadly
ovate. Silicle half an inch long, contorted; cells about 10-seeded: lower
pedicels nearly as long as the silicle ; upper ones shorter, often cohering by
pairs nearly or quite to the summit.— Nearly related to D. incana, and also to
D. hirta. We have seen in the herbarium of the Academy at Philadelphia,
si)ecimens of the var. 0. ; but the locality is not recorded.
♦♦* Annual or biennial : stems leafy.
20. D. incana (Linn.) : stem leafy, simple or branching, clothed with a
velvety stellate pubescence ; leaves ovate, toothed ; silicles oblong, glabrous
or pubescent, contorted or straight.
a. cauline leaves ovate, acutely toothed ; silicles mostly contorted, gla-
brous ; style very short.— D. incana, Fl. Dan. t. 130 ; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 434 ;
Hook.fl. Hor.-Am. 1. p. 54. D. contorta, Ehrh.; DC. prodr. I. p. 170.
p. confusa : leaves sparingly toothed ; silicles pubescent. — D. mcana, var.
Linn. D. confusa, Ehrh. ; DC. prodr. I. c. ; Hook. '. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 54.
y. borealis : somewhat hirsute ; stem-leaves few, ovate ; radical ones ob-
long, attenuate at the base, entire ; silicles . . . (ovaries ovate) — D. borealis,
DC. syst. 2. p. 342. (fide Hook.)
a. Labrador. 0. Arctic America and the Rocky Mountains, y. Islands of
St. Lawrence and Unalaschka.— @ and Ij? Stems 6-10 inches high, usually
sev.eral from one root. Raceme somewhat compound. Hook.
21. D. glabella (Pursh) : slightly and somewhat stellately pubescent ; radi-
cal leaves oblong-spatulate ; cauline ones 2-4, ovate, toothed or entire; petals
(white) naore than twice as long as the very smooth calyx ; silicles. . . Hook.
— Pursh, fl. 2. p. 434? ; Richards, app. Frankl. jour. ed. 2. p. 27 ; Hook,
fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 54.
Margins of alpine rivulets in the Rocky Mountains, between lat. 52^-57='.
Hudson's Bay, Pursh.— Uahit of D. crassifolia, but 3-4 times the size, and
the flowers as large as any of the genus. Silicles not seen. Hook.
22. D. Unalaschkiana (DC): stem leafy, simple, pubescent; leaves
ovate-oblong, entire, pubescent ; silicles oblong, minutely hirsute. DC. syst.
2. p. 3S0 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 55.
Unalaschka.— Petals (white) twice as long as the calyx ; lamma obovate,
emarginate. DC.
23. D. aurea (Vahl) : pubescent ; stem erect, leafy ; leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute, entire or toothed ; corymbs terminal and axillary ;
silicles oblong-lanceolate, pubescent, 3 times as long as the pedicels ; petals
(yellow) emarginate; style rather short. Hook.—Fl. Dan. t. 1460; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 170; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 55, f in hot. mag. t. 2934.
Rocky Mountains. — Flowers sometimes white. Hook.
24. D. lutea (Gilib.) : pubescent; stem branching, leafy; leaves oval;
cauline ones lanceolate, toothed ; silicles oblong-elliptical, glabrous, about 30-
seeded, one-third the length of the pedicels. Hook.— DC. prodr. 1. p. Ill ;
Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. I. p. bb. , . , .,. i tt i
fi. lonsripes (DC.) : pedicels 3-4 times the length of the siUcles.— l/oo/i:.
I. c— D.^gracilis, Graham^ in Edinb. phil. jour. 1828. p. 172.
Arctic and Subarctic America ! Grassy moist places at the junction of the
Wahlamet and the Oregon, Nuttall /—Stem 6-15 inches high, very slender,
108 CRUCIFERtE. Draba.
usually simple, but sometimes a little branching from the base : pubescence
simple or forked. Flowers very small, yellow: petals about twice as long as
the calyx. Silicle 4 lines long, rather obtuse : stigma sessile. — Hooker's
reference to Nuttall's Genera is a mistake, as Nuttall has no D. lutea. Not
very distinct from the next species.
25. D. nemoralis (Ehrh.) : pubescent; stem branched; leaves oval;
cauline ones lanceolate, toothed ; silicles oblong-elliptical, pubescent, nearly
30-seeded, one-third the length of the pedicels. Hook. — DC.prodr. l.p. 171;
Hook ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 55.
a. flowers yellow ; petals nearly entire. Hook. I. c.
fi. flowers nearly white ; petals emarginate. Hook. I. c.
N. W. Coast and Subarctic America ! P. Plains of the Rocky Mountains,
Nuttall ; Fort Gratiot, Michigan, Dr. Pitcher ! — Stem slender, 3-4 inches
high, pubescent below, glabrous above. Leaves hirsute. Flowers minute.
Pedicels very long. Petals emarginate, longer than the hairy calyx. — Our
specimens from Dr. Pitcher have glabrous fruit.
26. D. muralis (Linn.): pubescent; stem branching, leafy; leaves
broadly ovate ; cauline ones cordate, somewhat clasping, strongly toothed ;
silicles oblong-elliptical (glabrous, DC.)., about 16-seeded,a little shorter than
the pedicels (flowers white). Hook. — Eng. hot. t. 192 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. Ill ;
Hook.fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 56.
About Montreal. Petals entire or notched, upon the same plant. Hook.
— The last three species are in much confusion, which we have not the
means of clearing up, and we have therefore very closely followed Hooker,
who, however, is far from being satisfied with his own account of them.
27. D. cuneifolia (Nutt.): hirsute-pubescent; stem branching below;
leaves sparingly toothed ; radical ones spatulate-oblong ; cauline ones few,
oblong-ovate, somewhat attenuate at the base; racemes rather elongated in
fruit ; silicles oblong-lanceolate, minutely hispid, twice as long as the pedi-
cels ; petals (white) emarginate. — Niitt. ! mss. in herb. Hook.
Grassy places around St. Louis, Missouri; also in Arkansas and West
Florida, Nuttall ! Kentucky, Short ! March- April. — Very pubescent , the
hairs branching. Plant 3-8 inches high ; the lower part only clothed with
leaves, slender. Radical leaves an inch and a half long, and three-fourths of
an inch broad. Flowers rather large : petals nearly three times as long as
the calyx. Silicles 6-7 lines long, minutely hispid, especially on the margin,
diverging horizontaUy ; cells about 15-seeded : style none.
28. D. platycarpa: canescently hirsute with branching hairs; stem
branching below, the branches leafy ; leaves remotely toothed ; radical ones
obovate ; cauline oblong, closely sessile ; racemes elongated in fruit ; silicles
obovate-oblong, minutely hispid, shorter than the pedicels ; petals (white)
emarginate.
Texas, Drummond! — Stem 3-8 inches high, divergingly branched below.
Leaves about an inch long, with 2-3 distinct teeth on each side. Petals
broadly obovate ; the claw short : limb deeply emarginate. Silicles on spread-
ing pedicels, 3-4 lines long and nearly 2 lines broad, very obtuse ; cells 25-
30-seeded.
29. D. hrachycarpa (Nutt. mss.) : minutely pubescent, simple or branch-
ed ; radical leaves roundish-ovate, petioled, cauline oblong or linear, minutely
(about 2-) toothed, or entire; racemes many -flowered, strict, elongated in
fruit (flowers Avhile) ; silicles oval, glabrous, about the length of the pedi-
cels; cells 5-6-seeded ; style very short; petals entire. — Alyssum bidentatum,
Nutt. ! in herb. Hook.
fi. fastigiata (Nutt. mss.) : more pubescent ; stem mostly simple ; radical
leaves mostly 4-toothed ; silicles pubescent.
COCHLBARIA, CRUCIFERiE. 109
Plains and open grassy places, near St. Louis, Missouri ; and in Arkansas,
Nuttall ! Milledgeville, Georgia, Dr. Boykin ! Macon, Georgia, Mr. Loovii.i!
0. Arkansas, Nutlall ! March-April. — Stem often much branched,' leafy.
Flowers minute. Silicles about 2i lines long; valves marked with a me-
dian nerve, obscurely veined. Petals obovatc, very slightly emarginate.
30. D. Caroliniana (Walt.) : stem leafy and hispid at the base, naked
and sniooth above ; leaves roundish-ovate, entire, hispid ; silicles linear,
glabrous, corymbed, longer than the pedicles ((lowers white). — Walt. Car.
p. 174; Ell.sk.2. p. 138; DC. proch. 1. p. 171. D. hispidula, Mich.r. !
Jl.2. p. 28; Pursh.'Ji. 2. p. 433. Arabis rotundifolia, Raf. in Avier. month.
mag. 2. p. 43.
p. umbeUata : silicles elongated, almost umbellate.
Sandy fields, Connecticut ! to Georgia ! west to Arkansas ! /?. Arkansas,
Dr. Pitcher '. April-June. — Plant 1-3 inches high. Petals oblong, twice as
long as the sepals. Silicles 4-6 lines long; cells 20-30-seeded : style almost
none. — Petals in the terminal flowers of old racemes very minute, or nearly
wanting.
31. D.micrantha {^mXX. mss.) : "stem leafy and hispid below, naked
and smooth above ; leaves cuneate-obovate, hispid, entire ; silicles linear, mi-
nutely hispid, much longer than the pedicels (flowers white).
" Open plains and rocky places about St. Louis, and in Arkansas." Nut-
tall. — Differs from the preceding chiefly in the hispid silicles.
§ 2. Petals 2^arted. — Erophila, DC.
32. D. rerna (hinn.) : scapes naked; leaves lanceolate, somewhat tooth-
ed; silicles elliptical. — Eng. hot.t. 586; PuTsh ! Ji. 2. p. 433. Erophila
Americana & vulgaris, DC. prodr. 1. p. 173. E. vulgaris, flbo/c. fl. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 56.
Fields and hill sides, Canada ! to Virginia ! March-April. — (l) Scapes 1-
4 inches high, filiform. Flowers minute, Avhite. Silicles on long pedicels :
style very short. Seeds numerous.
24. COCHLEARIA. Tourn. ; DC. syst. 2. p. 358.
'Silicle ovate-globose or oblong ; valves ventricose. Seeds numerous, not
bordered. Calyx equal, spreading. Petals 2-parted. Stamens tootliless.
Style short or none. — Flowers white. Leaves mostly fleshy.
1. C. ohlongifoUa (DC.) : silicles roundish, half as long as the pedicels ;
cauline leaves oblong, entire (or sinuate-toothed), sessile, the uppermost
slightly auricled. DC. .<!yst. 2. p. 263; Hook.fi. Bo7\-Am. 1 p. 56.
N. W. America ; Sitclia, Bongard.
2. C. Anglica (Linn.) : silicles globose-elliptical, reticulately veined, half
as long as the pedicels ; radical leaves petioled, ovate, entire ; cauline ones
oblong. DC— Eng. hot. t. 552 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 173 ; Hook.fi. Bor.-Am..
1. p. 57.
Arctic America and Kotzbue's Sound to Oregon. — Septum often fenes-
trate. Hook.
3. C.f enestrata (R.^rovfn)'. silicles elliptical or oval; valves scarcely
veined ; septum elliptical-lanceolate, with the axis often fenestrate ; radical
leaves cordate, entire ; cauline ones oblong-spatulate, somewhat toothed.
R. Br. ! in Ross''s voy. and in Parry^s \st voy. app. p. 266; DC. prod?:
l.p. 174 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 57.
110 CRUCIFER^. Cameuna.
Shores of the Arctic Sea! — Root fibrous, thickened at the neck, and
throwing up several short simple or branching stems. Leaves glabrous. Ra-
cemes short and crowded. Silicle apiculate with a very short style. Seeds
about 8 in each cell.
4. C q^ciiialis (hinn.) : silicles globose-ovate, half as long as the pedi-
cels ; radical leaves petioled, cordate ; cauline ones ovate, toothed or angled.
DC.—Eng. bot. t. 551 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 173 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 57.
Arctic America, ex Hook. — A native also of Europe.
5. C. Danica (Linn.) : silicles elliptical [or subglobose] as long as the
pedicels ; leaves aU petioled, deltoid. DC. — Eng. hot. t. 696 ; DC. prodr.
1. p. 173; Hook.ji. Bor.-Am. l.p. 57.
Arctic America, ex Hook. — A native also of the northern parts of Eu-
rope.
6. C. tridactylites (DC.) : silicles globose-ovate ; cauline leaves with a
single tooth on each side (as if 3-lobed). DC. syst. 2. p. 367.
Labrador, Herb. Banks, (according to DC.)
7. C. Grcp.nlandica (Linn.) : silicles ovate, as long as the pedicels ; radi-
cal leaves petioled, reniform, entire ; cauline ones few or none. DC. pi^odr.
1, p. 173.
Greenland. — A native also of Norway and Iceland.
8. C spaZ/mZaia (Schlecht.) ; stellately pubescent; silicles globose-ellip-
tical ; leaves spatulate, coarsely toothed, acute, veined. Hook. — Schlecht. in
herb. Willd. ex DC. syst. 2. p. 369; Hook.ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 57. C.
septentrionalis, DC. prodr. 1. t. 174. Draba grandis, Langsdorff ; DC.
syst. 2. p. 355 ; Deless. ic. 2. t. 47.
Aleutian Islands, lat. 56^-57. — Septum fenestrate. DC.
9. C. siliquosa (Schlecht.) : silicles oblong-lanceolate, apiculate with the
style, half as long as the pedicels ; leaves oblong, entire, attenuate at the
base, pubescent. Schlecht. 171 herb. Willd. ex DC. syst. 2. p. 369 ; Hook.
Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 57.
Rocky places in Unalaschka. — Flowers in dried specimens yellowish. DC.
— Nearly related to the preceding. Chamisso.
Tribe VI. CAMELINEyE. DC.
Silicle dehiscent, ovate or oblong, compressed parallel to the sep-
tum, or turgid ; valves plane or convex: septum elliptical or ovate,
sometimes incomplete or none. Cotyledons plane, incumbent, con-
trary to (i. e. their margins looking towards) the septum.
25. CAMELINA. Crantz ; DC. syst. 2. p. 514.
Silicle obovate or somewhat globose ; valves ventricose, dehiscing with
a part of the style; cells many-seeded. Style filiform. Seeds oblong, not
bordered.
1. C. sativa (Crantz) : silicles obovate-pyriform ; style rather long; stig-
ma simple; leaves lanceolate, sagittate, nearly entire. — DC. prodr. l.p. 201;
Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 379. Myagrum sativum, Limi. Alyssum sativum,
Smith, lEng. bot. t. 1254. '
Fields and cultivated grounds ! May- June. Introduced. — (J) Stem li-3
feet high, paniculate at the summit. Leaves usually roughish-pubescent.
Flowers small, yellow.
Platypetalum. CRUCIFERiE. Ill
2. C. barbareaifolia (DC.) : silicles globose; stigma capitate ; leaves ob-
long, piniiatifid, obtusely auricled at the base ; stem villous below. DC. syst.
2. p. 5 IT); Dcles-s. ic. 2. t.70; Cham. ^ Schlecht. in Linncea, 1. /). 29 ;
Hook.Jl. Bnr.-Am. \. p. 65.
Bay of Eschscholtz, N. W. America, Chamisso. — 11 Habit of Nastur-
tium ampliibium.
26. BRAYA. Sternb. <^ Hoppe ; DC. syst. ; Hook, cxot.fi. 1. t. 121.
Silicle (or rather silique) oblong, terete, torulose. Style short or none.
Septum cleft in the middle. Seeds about 6 in each cell. Calyx equal at the
base, erect. — Perennial herbs, with thick long descending roots. Leaves
mostly radical, narrow. Scapes short. Flowers small, white or pale purple.
We follow Hooker in placing Uiis and the following genera in Camelineae ; but
are not satisfied that this is their proper station.
1. B. aJpina (Sternb. & Hoppe) : leaves glabrous ; scapes sparsely leafy;
racemes capitate in fruit. Hook. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 141 ; Deless. ic. 2. t. 2§;
Ilook. fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 65.
/?. Americana (Hook. 1. c.) : style rather long, slender.
Rocky Mountains, lat. 52°-57°. (var. B.) — Leaves'linear-spatulate, entire.
2. B. glabella (Richards.) : leaves glabrous ; scapes mostly leafy ; ra-
cemes elongated in fruit, loose. Hook. — Richards, app. Frankl. journ. p.
25; DC: prodr. 1. p. 141 ; Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 65.
Arctic America, i?icAarrfso?i. — V, Scape sometimes hairy. Flowers most-
ly white. Hook.
3. B.? pilosa (Hook.) : leaves pilose ; scapes leafless ; racemes elongated
in fruit. Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 65. t. 17.
Arctic Sea at the mouth of Mackenzie River, Richardson ! — 11 Leaves
much crowded, linear-lanceolate. Scape 2-3 inches high. Silicle (imma-
ture) oval hairy; cells 8-seeded. Mature fruit not seen. — Probably a dis-
tinct genus.
27. PLATYPETALUM. R. Br. in Pam/s 1st voy. app. p. 266.
Silicle oval, compressed, many-seeded ; valves convex. Style very short.
Calyx somewhat spreading. Limb of the petals dilated. — Habit of Braya,
but differing in the fruit.
1. P. purpurascens (R. BroAvn) : stigma with 2 spreading lobes ; style
distinct; scapes naked or with a single leaf; silicles nearly glabrous. R. Br.
I. c. ; Hook. ! fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 66. t. 23. I3raya arctica, Hook, in Parry^s
2nd voy. app. p. 3S7.
Arctic America! from Mackenzie River to Spitzbergen. — 11 Scapes
several from one root, in flower scarcely an inch high. Leaves lanceolate,
mostly entire. Petals white, tinged with purple (i?. Br.) : lamina broader
than long, very obtuse. Silicles in long racemes, about one-third of an inch
in length ; cells about 8-seeded. Septum complete, thin: areolae transverse.
Seeds not margined.
2. P. dubium (R. Brown) : stigma undivided, nearly sessile ; silicles and
scapes pubescent. R. Br. I. c.
Melville Island. — Flowers not seen. R. Br.
112 CRUCIFERiE. Platyspermdm.
28. EUTREMA. R. Br. in Parry's Ut voy. upp. p. 267 ; Hook. fl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 67. t. 24.
'Silicle (or rather silique) ancipital ; valves carinate : septum (in E. Ed-
wardsii) incomplete. Seeds not margined. — Perennial herbs, with the habis.
of Braya and Platypetalum.
1. E. Edwardsii (R. Brown) : silicles lanceolate ; septum obliterated ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, on long petioles. Hook. I. c. — R. Br. I. c. t. A.
Arctic America! — Stem 2-4 inches high (in fruit sometimes a foot high
Hook.), simple, few-leaved. Leaves entire. Petals white. Silicle 3-4 lines
long ; cells about 4-seeded : style almost none : stigma somewhat lobed.
R. Br.
2. E. arenicola (Richards.): silicles broadly linear; septum complete;
leaves spatulate-oblong. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. .1. p. 67. i. 24.
Arctic America, in deep sand, Richardson. — Caudex divided under the
sand into many branches, each of which bears a dense tuft of leaves at the
crown. Leaves on long petioles. Scape 2-3 inches high, someAvhat leafy.
Petals white. Silicle 6-8 lines long : septum marked with an obscure
longitudinal line in the middle. — Hook.
29. APHRAGMUS. Andrzejowski, in DC.prodr. 1. p. 209.
Oreas, Cham tf- Schlecht. in Linnma, 1. ]). 29. t- 1-
Silicle lanceolate, compressed ; valves plane, marked with a median line :
septum none. Style very short : stigma capitate. Seeds many, oval, sus-
pended on elongated funiculi from the upper part of the placentse. — A small
perennial herb, with the habit of Cardamine beUidifolia. — Character from
Cham. (^ Schlecht.
We have scarce a doubt that Apliragmus, Andrz. and Oreas, Cham. <^ Schlecht.
are founded upon the same plant, and hence we venture to adopt the prior name.
The following comprises all that is recorded concerning Andrzejowski's plant :
" Silicula acuta, valvis plants nervosis, septo nulla, semina 2-seriata ycndula, cotyle-
doncs incumbcntes crassiE. — In insulis Ahutianis." Andrz. in litt. (Z?C. I. c) De
Candolle places it in Isatidcse, but asks (very properly) if it does not rather belong
to Camelineaj.
A. Eschscholtzianus (Andrz. 1. c.) — Oreas involucrata, Cham.^ Schlecht.
I. c. ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 67.
Among loose stones on the Alpine mountains of the Island of Unalaschka.
Root [rhizoma?] filiform, branching, concealed among stones ; the branches
bearing tufts of leaves at the extremity. Scapes i an inch to 2 inches high.
Radical leaves on long petioles, spatulate, entire. Flowers (and fruit) corym-
bose, white, with large lanceolate or spatulate bracts at the base of the pedi-
cels. Silicle 4-6 lines long, li line broad, 4-10-seeded. Funiculi and seeds
persistent long after the falling of the valves. Cotyledons [ex icon.] very thick.
Cham. (§• Schlecht.
30. PLAT YSPERMUM. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 68. 1. 18. / B.
Silicle oval, compressed ; valves plane. Stigma sessile. Seeds few, with
a broad margin. — A small annual herb. Leaves radical. Scapes 1-flowered.
Thlaspi. CRUCIFERiE. 113
P. scapigerum (Hook. 1. c.)
On rocks at the Great Falls of the Oregon, Douglas. March-April. —
Leaves runclnate-pinnatifid, attenuate at the base, glabrous. Scapes nume-
rous, 3 inches high. Petals white. Seeds about 4 in each cell, roundish.
Funiculi rather long and slender. Hook.
31. SUBULARIA. Lin«. ; DC. ; Hook. fi. Land. (n. ser.) t. 135.
Silicle oval ; valves turgid : cells many-seeded. Stigma sessile. " Cotyle-
dons linear, curved." Hook. — A small stemless aquatic plant. Leaves
linear-subulate. Scapes few-flowered : flowers white.
S. aquatica (Linn.)— />C. prodr. 1. p. 235 ; Hook. I. c. f Brit. fl.
p. 299.
Borders of ponds Maine, NuttalU—H Scape 1-2 inches high. Flowers
minute : pedicels slender. Silicle a line and a half long. — According to
Hooker, the cotyledons are not biplicate as they are described by De Can-
doUe, but are curved or folded in such a manner that their base occupies a
portion of the radiclar side of the curvature.
Tribe VIL THLASPIDEiE. DC.
Silicle dehiscent, compressed contrary to the very narrow septum ;
valves boat-shaped. Cotyledons plane, accumbent, contrary to the
septum.
32. THLASPL Dill; DC.syst.2. p. 373.
Silicle emarginate at the apex ; valves winged on the back ; cells 2- or
many-seeded. Petals equal. Calyx equal at the base. — Flowers white.
1. 71 arrense (Linn.): leaves oblong, toothed ; silicles orbicular-obovate,
shorter than the pedicels; style scarcely any. — Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 435; DC.
prodr. 1. p. lib ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 58.
Canada; New-York to Pennsylvania, Pwrs/j ; Michigan, Nuttall. In-
troduced. June-July. — Cauline leaves somewhat sagittate ; auricles minute.
Valves of the silicle much compressed, furnished with a conspicuous wing.
2. T. alliaceum (Linn.) : leaves oblong, obtuse, somewhat toothed ; the
upper ones sagittate-clasping, with acute auricles ; silicles ovate-ventricose ;
stigma nearly sessile. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 176 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 65.
Cultivated fields, scarcely naturalized. — Flowers smaller than in T. ar-
vense.
3. T. montanum (Linn.) : leaves rather fleshy, entire ; radical ones ob-
ovate, petioled ; cauhne ones oblong, sagittate-clasping; petals longer than the
calyx; silicles obcordate, 4-seeded ; style filiform. DC. prodr. \. p. 176;
Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. \.p. 58.
Arctic America and Canada, ex Hook. May-July. — U .
4. T. cochleariforme (DC.) : leaves rather fleshy ; radical ones petioled,
ovate or obovate, somewhat toothed or entire ; cauline ones oblong, cordate-
clasping ; petals longer than the calyx ; silicles obovate, emarginate, 8-seeded.
15
114 CRUCIFER^. Senebiera.
—DC.syst.2.p.38l; Deless. ic.2. t. 52; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 58;
Nutt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 13.
Head waters of the Oregon! April-May. — If Somewhat glaucous,
about a span high. Stem simple, or a little branching at the base. Radical
leaves abruptly narrowed into a petiole, mostly entire, or with one or two mi-
nute teeth ; the limb half an inch long. Petals obovate-oblong. Pedicels 3
times as long as the silicles, diverging horizontally. — Scarcely to be distin-
guished from T. montanum.
5. T. alpestre (Linn.) : leaves entire or obscurely toothed ; radical ones
ovate, petioled ; cauline ones oblong, clasping ; petals about as long as the
calyx ; silicles obcordate, 8-12-seeded ; style filiform. UC. prodr. 1. p. 176 ;
Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 58.
Canada. Introduced 1
6. T. tuberosum f Nutt.) : leaves rhomboidal-ovate, obscurely toothed, ses-
sile ; radical toes in long petioles ; stem simple, pubescent; root tuberiferous
and fibrillose. Nutt. gen. 2. p. 65 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 177.
Western Pennsylvania, Nuttall. April-May.— H: Plant 4-5 inches high.
Flowers rather large, rose-color. Silicle somewhat orbicular. Nutt.
34. HUT CHIN SI A. R. Br. in hort. Kew. 4. p. 82 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 385.
Silicle elliptical ; valves wingless ; cells 2- (rarely many-) seeded. Calyx
equal. Petals equal.
1. H. calycina (Desv.) : canescently tomentose ; leaves mostly radical,
on long petioles, deeply pinnatifid ; calyx persistent ; silicles oblong, attenuate
at each end, pointed with the style. Hook.— Desv. jour. hot. 3. p. 168 ; DC.
prodr. l.p. 178 ; Hook.Jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 58. t. 11. f. B.
0. lower leaves allentu-e. Hook. I. c.
Rocky Mountains, lat. 52°-57^. 0. Kotzebue's Sound.— Root ligneous.
Stem 3-4 inches high. Flowers white, in dense corymbs : Umb of the petals
roundish. Ovary oblong, somewhat hirsute.
Tribe VIII. LEPIDINE.E. DC.
Silicle usually dehiscent, compressed contrary to the narrow septum
(sometimes l-celled) ; valves boat-shaped (or rarely ventricose). Co-
tyledons plane, incumbent, parallel to the septum.
35. SENEBIERA. Poir. diet. 7. p. 75 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 521.
Silicle didymous ; valves ventricose or somewhat carinate, partly indehis-
cent; cells 1-seeded. Seeds globose-triquetrous. Cotyledons linear.— Ra-
cemes opposite the leaves. Flowers white.
1. S. pinnatijida (DC): leaves pinnately divided; lobes oblong, toothed
or somewhat incised ; silicles compressed, emarginate at the apex, reticulate-
rugose. DC. prodr. l.p. 20Z.
0. incisa (DC.) : lobes of the leaves 3-4-parted. DC. I. c— S. incisa,
Willd. enum. 2. p. 268. Biscutella apetala, Walt. Car. p. 174. Cochlearia
humifusa, Michx. ! fi. 2. p. 27. Coronopus didyma, Pursh, jl. 2. p. 434;
Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 65 ; Ell sk. 2. p. 139.
Fields and along rivers, North Carolina! to Louisiana ! west to Arkansas!
Feb.-July.— ® or @ Stems prostrate. Petals minute or none.
Lepidium. CRUCIFERiE. 115
2. S. Coronopus (Poir.): leaves pinnately divided ; segments entire, tooth-
ed or pinnatifid ; silicles not emarginate at the apex, compressed ; valves ru-
gosely crested. — Poir. diet. 7. p. 76 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 203. Cochlcaria Co-
ronopus, Linn. Coronopus Ruelliij Allioni ; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 435 ; Null,
gen. 2. p. (H.
Road sides, Virginia to Carolina. June-Aug. Introduced. — (p and (2).
36. LEPIDIUM. li. Br. in hort. Keic. 4. p. 85 ; DC. sysl. 2. p. 527.
Silicle ovate or subcordate ; valves carinate or rarely ventricosc, dehiscent ;
cells 1-seeded. Seeds compressed, or somewhat 3-sided — Racemes terminal.
Flowers white. (Cotyledons accumbent in several species.)
1. L. campeatre (R. Brown) : silicles ovate, winged, emarginate, scaly-
punctate ; cauline leaves sagittate, denticulate. DC. syst. 2. p. 53o. Thlas-
pi campestre, Linn.; Eng. hot. t. 13S5.
Waste places, New-York ! Delaware! Introduced. June-July. — ® or
@ Stem and leaves minutely velvety.
2. L. Virfrinicwn {lAnn.) : silicles nearly orbicular, wingless, emarginate ;
flowers diandrous (petals 4); cauline leaves linear-lanceolate, incised ; cotyle-
dons accuuabent.— .T/ic/i.r. .' ^. 2. p. 27; DC. prodr. 1. p. 205; Hook, fi.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 69.
Fields and road-sides, throughout the United States. June-August. — (T)
About a foot high, paniculately branched above. Flowers minute, rarely tn -
androus.
3. L. ruderale (Linn.) : silicles broadly oval or nearly orbicular, wingless,
emarginate; flowers diandrous, apetalous; leaves (radical ones scarcely) in-
cised ; those of the branches linear, entire ; cotyledons incumbent. — Eng.
bot.t. 1595; DC. prodr. 1. p. 205; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 68, <^ in
jour. bat. p. 192.
British America! to the Pacific! Michigan, Dr. Pitcher! St. Louis,
Missouri. (Hook.) — J) Leaves less deeply divided than in the European
plant. Very near L. Virginicum ; but easdy distinguished by the apetalous
flowers and incumbent cotyledons.
4. L. Menziesii (DC): silicles orbicular, wingless, emarginate'; flowers
diandrous, apetalous (petals 4, Natt.) ; radical leaves bipinnatifid ; cauline and
branch leaves mostly pinnatifid ; the uppermost linear, entire. Hook. — DC.
syst. 2. p. 539; Hook. Ji. Bor.-Am. l.p. 68.
California, Menzies, NiUtall ; N. W. Coast? Rocky Mountains, Drum-
mond, Nuttall.—(^ ( U DC.) Radical leaves hispid or pubescent. Hook.
5. L. Californicum (Nutt. ! mss.) : "stem somewhat hirsutely pubescent,
much branched ; silicles nearly orbicular, emarginate, wingless ; flowers dian-
drous (petals 4) ; leaves nearly glabrous, laciniately pinnatifid."
Near Monterey, Upper California, ]Vuttall!—{J) Segments of the leaves
linear. Silicles very small, slightly emarginate : style ahnost wanting. Pedi-
cels twice the length of the silicles. Cotyledons incumbent.
6. L. lasiocarpvm (J^uti. I mss.): "hispidly pubescent ; silicles elliptical-
oval, conspicuously emarginate, wingles'i, somewhat pubescent, reticulated,
rather longer than the pedicels ; leaves undivided, linear-lanceolate, incisely
toothed ; flowers diandrous, apetalous."
Near St. Barbara, Upper California, Niittall! — T) Silicles one-third larger
than in L. Virginicum; the pedicels somewhat reflexed. Cotyledous iucum-
bent.
116 CRUCIFERyE. Capsella.
7. L. nitidum (Nutt. ! mss.) : " glabrous ; silicles elliptical-obovate, emar-
ginate, slightly winged, shining ; pedicels flattened, about the length of the
silicles ; leaves laciniate, the segments linear and very narrow ; flowers apet-
alous or dipetalous, diandrous." ,
With the preceding, Nutt all ! — Silicle about one-third larger than in L.
Virginicum: peduncles and pedicels a little pubescent. Cotyledons incum-
bent.
8. L. oxycarpum : silicles broadly ovate, deeply emarginate, wingless, the
valves pungently acuminate and reticulated; stems branched, diffuse; leaves
linear-fiiifbrm, sparingly pinnatifid, toothed; flowers apetalous, diandrous.
California, Douglas ! — Q) Stem 3-6 inches long, branching from the base,
minutely hairy. Leaves mostly radical, pectinately 3-5-toothed. Sepals al-
ternately subulate and broadly ovate. Ovary with the points uncinate-in-
flexed. Silicle about IJ line long, as long as the compressed pedicels : valves
carinate, glabrous, acutely and somewhat divaricately produced beyond the
septum. Style none. Cotyledons incumbent.
9. L. latipes (Hook.) : caespitose, strigosely pubescent; flowers in dense
spiked racemes ; silicles elliptical-ovate, 2-winged at the summit, reticulated ;
pedicels very broad, flat ; leaves pinnatifid, with fiiiformly linear segments. —
Hook. ic. 1. t. 41.
Monterey, California, Douglas'. — ^ Stems numerous, densely caespitose,
2-3 inches long, spreading. Racemes ovate or oblong, thick ; the flowers
much crowded. Leaves extending beyond the racemes ; segments 2-3-parted
or entire. Petals more than twice as long as the sepals, oblong, ciliate. Sili-
cles muricately hirsute, deeply bifid ; the lobes wing-lrke, straight and erect.
Stigma sessile. Cotyledons incumbent.
10. L. integrifoliiim (Nutt.! mss.): " glabrous and decumbent; silicles
elliptical-ovate, wingless, scarcely emarginate ; septum prominent ; style short
but distinct ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute, narrowed below ; petals about
twice the length of the broad membranaceous sepals.
" Prairies near the central chain of the Rocky Mountains, Lewis's River,
&c. June-July. — If Root rather large and deep. Stems several, decum-
bent, leafy, about a foot long, paniculately branched above. Flowers rather
conspicuous." Nuttall. — Silicles about 2 lines long, somewhat acute ; pedi-
cels 4-5 lines long, angular. Cotyledons incumbent.
11. L. montanum (Nutt.! mss.): "nearly glabrous, decumbent; silicles
elliptical, slightly emarginate, wingless ; style conspicuous ; leaves pinnati-
fid and bipinnatifid ; segments oblong ; uppermost leaves trifid or entire.
" Plains of the Rocky Mountains, on the western side, to the borders of the
Oregon. August. — li Root long, somewhat ligneous. Branches many from
one root, 8-12 inches long, spreading in a circular manner. Radical leaves
usually more or less bipinnatifid; segments short, acute. Flowers rather
conspicuous. Sepals oval-oblong. Petals nearly twice as long as the sepals."
Nuttall. — Silicles 2 lines long, indistinctly reticulated. Pedicels 3-4 lines in
length. Cotyledons incumbent.
L. tuberosum, L.prcccox and L. diffiisum, DC. sijst. being founded on species describ-
ed by Rafinesque in the Forula Ludoviciana, are excluded : see p. 86.
37. CAPSELLA. Vent. ; Lam. ill. t 557 ; DC. syst. 2. p. 383.
Silicle triangular-cuneiform ; valves boat-shaped, wingless, coriaceous ;
cells small, many-seeded. — Herbaceous, annual. Radical leaves rosulate.
Flowers small, white, in long racemes.
Thysanocarpus. CRUCIFERiT:. 117
Removed from Tlilaspidrfc on account of its incumbent cotyledons, which were
first detected by Sclikuhr. (handb. 2. L, 180.)
C. Bursa-pastoris (Moench.) — DC. syst. 2. p. 383 ; Darlingt. fl. Cent. j).
380. Thlaspi Bursa-pastoris, Linn. ; Eng. hot. t. 1485.
Fields and waste places. Introduced. May-Sept. — Radical leaves varia-
ble, sometimes entire, but usually toothed, incised or pinnatifid, narrowed
into a petiole at the base. Pedicels filiform, much longer than the silicles.
38. HYMENOLOBUS. Nutt. mss.
"Silicle ovate or elliptical, membranaceous; valves somewhat tumid,
slightly carinate, wingless; cells many-seeded. Stigma sessile. — Small
slender glabrous annuals, with divaricate stems, and more or less pinnatifidly
cleft or laciniated leaves. Flowers minute, white."
Scarcely distinct from Capsella; with which it is apparently connected through
C. elliptica, C. A. Meyer, {pi. Cauc. p. 194. Hutchinsia procumbens, Desv. Hymen-
olobus procumbens, Nutt. mss.)
1. H. divaricatus (Nutt.l mss.): "procumbent, much branched; leaves
short and pinnatifid, with several oblong lobes ; upper ones linear and often
entire ; silicle elliptical-oblong, obtuse.
" Shady grassy plains of the Oregon, near the junction of the Wahlamet.
— Stems 3-4 inches long, diffusely branched. Lower leaves with about five
segments. Flowers very minute." — Nuttall.
2. H. erectus (Nutt. mss.) : " stem erect, much branched ; leaves oblong,
somewhat pinnatifid or entire ; silicle linear-oblong.
" With the preceding, to which it is very closely allied." Nuttall.
3. Nucamentaceoe.
Tribe IX. ISATIDE^. DC.
Silicle micamcntaceous, indehiscent, (mostly) 1-celled, 1-seeded.
Cotyledons incumbent, the direction various.
39. THYSANOCARPUS. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 69. t. 18.
Silicle obovate, or nearly orbicular, much compressed, usually surrounded
with a broad winged margin, 1-cellcd. Seed broadly obovate, pendulous
from a lateral funiculus. Cotyledons roundish, compressed, parallel with the
valves, obliquely incumbent ; the radicle approaching near the edge. — An-
nuals. Flowers small, white or pale violet, racemose. Silicles pendulous,
on filiform pedicels.
Allied to Tauscheria; but that genus has cymbiform silicles, with a narrow mar-
gin, and the apex elongated into a beak.
118 CRUCIFERyE. Thysanocabpus*.
* Sllicles winged, plano'Convex.
1. T. curvipes (Hook.) : radical leaves pinnatifid or toothed ; cauline ones
lanceolate or linear ; silicles roundish-obovate, obscurely crenate, nearly gla-
brous ; margin broadly winged, entire or perforated with small holes ; petals
shorter than the calyx. — Hook. I. c. t. 18. J. A ; Fisch. ^ Meyer, ind. sem.
St. Petersb. Dec. 1835. p. 50.
Great Falls of the Oregon, Douglas. April-May. — Stems solitary, mostly
branched, erect, 6-8 inches to a foot high, somewhat leafy. Leaves mostly
radical, spreading. Petals linear-oblong. Silicle about 2^ lines long. Hook.
2. T. elegans (Fisch. & Meyer) : petals nearly twice as long as the calyx ;
silicles orbicular-obovate, membranaceously winged ; thawing (often) per-
forated with holes, emarginate at the apex.
a. silicles glabrous ; style conspicuously exserted. — T. elegans, Fisch. ^
Meyer, I. c.
/?. silicles villous ; style slightly exserted. Hook..' ic.t. 39. T. Deppii,
Nutt. mss. T. n. sp. Fisch. ^ Mey. I. c. (without a name.)
V. silicles somewhat pubescent, wing not perforated ; style not exserted.
California, Douglas! Deppe. (ex Fisch. ^ Meyer.') — Stem 12-18 inches
high, branching, nearly glabrous. Leaves in /?. lanceolate, sagittate, repandly
toothed ; in y. linear, the upper ones almost subulate and sagittate-clasping.
Silicles 2i lines long; the winged margin p?rforated with a row of 12-14
oblong holes, or marked with thin diaphanous spots, the opaque coriaceous
substance of the centre extending between them, and thus giving the sihcle
a radiated appearance.
3. T. pmlchellus (Fisch. & Meyer) : petals longer than the calyx ; silieles
glabrous, the wing not perforated, truncated at the apex ; style much exsert-
ed. Fisch. (^ Meyer. 1. c.
California — Petals white, or someAvhat violaceous. Near T. curvipes.
Fisch. ^ Meyer.
4. T. crenatus (Nutt. ! mss. ) : " petals about as long as the calyx ; silicles
orbicular-obovate, crenate, glabrous, slightly emarginate, membranaceously
winged ; the wing perforated ; style not exserted ; leaves linear -lanceolate,
runcinately and remotely denticulate.
" St. Barbara, California, March-April. — Stem 12-14 inches high, branch-
ing above. Leaves an inch long ; the lower ones somewhat hirsute. Silicles
about half as large as in T. curvipes ; the wing more or less perforated." Nutt.
5. T. laciniatus (Nutt.! mss.): "petals as long as the calyx; silicles
elliptical, glabrous, winged; the wing entire or crenate, not perforated, en-
tire at theapex, and acuminate with the conspicuous style ; leaves linear, re-
motely and incisely toothed.
"With the preceding. — Decumbent, deep green and glabrous. Stem
about a foot long. Leaves U inch long, and scarcely a line wide ; teeth
long and subulate. Silicile about 2 lines long, acute at each end ; the wing
diaphanous." Nutt.
* * Silicles slightly doubly convex, wingless.
6. T. ohlongifolius (Nutt. ! mss.) : "petals about twice as long as the calyx ;
silicles nearly orbicular, wingless, hispid with uncinate hairs ; leaves oblong,
toothed, and (Avith the lower part of the stem) densely and stellately hirsute.
"Rocky banks of the Oregon, near the junction of the Wahlamet. —
About a foot high, much branched, sometimes partly decumbent. Radical
leaves attenuate into a short petiole at the base ; cauline sessile. Petals cu-
neiform, rather conspicuous. Silicles about U line long, rather acute at the
base, very obtuse at the summit, and without a notch: style very short, but
distinct." Nutt.
Raphanus. CRUCIFERyE. 119
7. T.pnsilln.t (Hook.) : flowers apctalous ; silides noarly orbiculnr, wing-
less, hispid with uncinate hairs ; leaves oblonof, toothed, and (with the lower
part of the stem) stellately hirsute. — Hook..' ic. t. 413.
Monterey, California, Douglas ! Banks of the Oregon, Avith the preced-
ing, NattaU. April. — Stems (iUform, branching from the base, 3-5 inches
long. Leaves about half an inch long, ovate and oblong, sparingly toothed.
Flowers very minute. Silicles scarcely a line in length, rather acute at the
base : style very short. — Nearly related to the preceding ; but much smaller
and more slender, the silicles about half the size, and the flowers apetalous.
4. LomentacecB.
Tribe X. CAKILINE^. DC*
Siliqiie or silicle separating transversely into several 1. ceiled
1-seeded joints. Seeds usually compressed, not margined. Cotyledons
plane, accumbent.
40. CAKILE. Tourn.; DC. syst. 2. p. 427.
Silicle 2-jointed ; the superior portion ovate or ensiform. Seed in the
upper cell erect ; in the lower pendulous. — Annual glabrous and fleshy (mari-
time) herbs, with pinnatifid or lobed leaves. The lower joint of the silicle
often abortive.
1. C. maritima (Scop. ) : superior joint of the silicle ensiform. D C prodr.
1. p. 185 ; Lam. ill. t. 554. Bunias Cakile, Linn.
0. superior joint of the silicle ovate-eusiform. — C.Americana, Nutt. gen.
2. p. 62; DC prodr. I.e. C. edentula. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 59. C.
maritima, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 434; Ell. sk. 2. p. 137. Bunias edentula, Bigel.
fl. Bost. p. 251.
Sea shore, Canada and shores of the great Lakes ! & Massachusetts ! to
Georgia. July-Aug. — Much branched, procumbent. Leaves oblong-cunei-
form, sinuately toothed. Flowers corymbed, pale purple. Lower joint of the
silicle short, clavate-obovate ; the upper one with a prominent line on each
side, minutely 2-3-toothed at the base. Seeds akuost always accumbent.
Tribe XL RAPHANEiE. DC.
Silique or silicle indehiscent, transversely separating into l.(or
few.) seeded joints. Seeds globose. Cotyledons conduplicate, as in
Brassicese.
41. RAPHANUS. Linn .; DC. syst. 2. p. 662.
Silique transversely many-celled. Seeds in a single scries. — Leaves
lyrate. Flowers yellow, white, or purple. — Radish.
* C. A. Meyer (pi. Cane. p. 185.) changes the name of this tribe to Chorisporeae,
excluding Cakile, which he incorrectly says has the cotyledons (at least iu the upper
cell) always incumbent. See Torr. in ami. lye. J^Teio-Yorkyi. p. 91.
120 CAPPARIDACEiE. Cleomella.
1. R. Raphanistrum (Linn.) : silique terete (joints 1-seeded), moniliform
and 1-celled when mature, longer than the style ; leaves simply lyrate.— J9C.
prodr. 1. p. 229 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 252.
Road-sides and in fields, New-England. June-July. Introduced, but
hardly naturalized.— (l) Corolla veiny, yellow, white in decaying. Silique
3-8-seeded. — Wild Radish.
Discovium Ohioense, Raf. in jour. phys. 89, (1819) p. 96, and DC. prodr. 1. p.
236, is so imperfectly described that it cannot be identified. It is probably a
Thlaspi or a Lepidium.
Order XV. CAPPARIDACE.^. Juss.
Sepals 4, deciduous or marcescent, distinct or somewhat united and
imbricated in ajstivation, or cohering in a tube with a valvate estiva-
tion. Petals 4, hypogynous, cruciate or irregular, usually unguic-
ulate and more or less unequal, sometimes wanting. Stamens 6-12
(rarely 4), or numerous, but usually some multiple of 4, inserted on
the short or sometimes elongated torus : filaments equal or unequal :
anthers innate or introrse, mostly revolute when dry. Ovary often
stipitate, composed of 2 (very rarely of several) united carpels, with
2 parietal placentae : styles united into one, often filiform, sometimes
short or almost none : stigma often discoid or subcapitate. Fruit 1-
celled, either a pod-shaped (siliqueform) 2-valved capsule, with the
valves often separating from the persistent filiform placenta (rarely
coriaceous and nearly or quite indehiscent), or baccate, very rarely
1-2-, usually many-seeded. Seeds campulitropous, reniform, with no
albumen, but the lining of the testa often thickened. Embryo curved :
cotyledons foliaceous, somewhat incumbent. — Herbs, shrubs, or rarely
small trees, with a watery acrid juice which sometimes has the pun-
gent taste of the Crucifera?. Leaves alternate, petioled, simple or
palmately compound : leaflets mostly, entire. Stipules none, or with
spines in their place.
Teiee L CLEOME^. DC.
Capsule membranaceous, dehiscent, (rarely subcoriaceous and inde-
hiscent). — Leaves mostly compound.
1. CLEOMELLA. DC. prodr. 1. p. 237.
Sepals very small, distinct, spreading. Petals 4, subspatulate, subsessile.
Torus short, oblong. Stamens 6 : filaments incurved in aestivation. Pod
Cleome. CAPPARIDACE^. 121
obovate-rhomboidal. 4-6-seeded, raised on a filiform stipi'. Embryo condu-
plicate. — A slender annual. Leaves 3-foliolate: leaflets linear. Raceme ter-
minal, leafy. Flowers yellow.
C. Mexicana (DC.)— "/r. /. Mex. rned." fide DC. I. c. ; Tarr. ! in
ann. lye. New-Yo7-k, 2. p. 157 ; Don, in Edinb. new phit.jour. {Jan. 1831) ;
Hook. ! ic. 1. /. 28.
Mexico, DeCandoJle; Texas, Drtimmondl Aikansas, Dr. James! —
Glabrous, a foot or more hii^h, branchinj; above. Leaflets narrowly linear-
lanceolate, flat, longer than the petiole. Pod somewhat compressed, silicle-
shaped. Stipe longer than the pod. Style very short. Placentae filiform,
persistent after the valves fall off, each about 3-seeded.
2. GYNANDROPSIS. DC. jyrodr. 1. p. 237.
Sepals distinct, spreading. Petals 4. Torus Unear, elongated. Stamens
fi: the lower part of the filaments adnate to the torus its whole length. Pod
linear-oblong, raised on a long stipe Avhich rises from the top of the torus. —
Annuals. Leaves digitately 3-7-foliolate. Flowers in a terminal raceme.
§ ^Estivation open. — Gymnogonia, R. Br.
1. G. pentaphylla (DC.) : minutely glandular-pubescent ; middle leaves
5-foliolate ; lower and floral leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets obovate, entire or ob-
scurely serrulate. — DC. l. c. ; IV. ^ Am. prodr. Ind. \.p. 21. Cleome penta-
phyUa,L/m?.; Pur.9h,fi.2.p.Ul; Nutt.! gen.2.p.73; Bot.mag.t. 1681.
Cleome (Gymnogonia) pentaphylla, R. Br. app. Denh. <S- Clapp. voy. p. 17.
In cuhivated grounds, Pennsylvania (Pur.sh) to Florida. Introduced.
May-July. — Stem 2-3-feet high. Penducles slender. Calyx deciduous.
Petals white : claws long and slender. Pod 2-3 inches long. — A native of
Africa and India.
3. CLEOME. Linn, (in part) ; Gcertn. fr. t. 76.
Cleome & Peritoma, DC.
Sepals distinct, or sometimes more or less united below. Petals 4. Torus
minute or nearly hemispherical. Stamens 6, or rarely only 4, often unequal.
Pod linear or oblong, subsessile or raised on a stipe. — Annual (rarely peren-
nial) herbs, or shrubs. Leaves digitately 3-9-foliolate or simple. Flowers
soUtary, or in a terminal raceme.
§ 1. Sepals more or less united below: calyx marcescent, at length some-
times separating at the base : torus minute : pod stipitate. — Peritoma,
DC. (Atalanta, Nutt.)
The discovery of 3 additional species allied to Cleome serrulata, Pursh, renders
it obvious that this plant cannot be separated from Cleome. They might perhaps
all be referred to the section Pedicellaria of De CandoUe.
1. C. serrulata (Pursh) : leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets lanceolate or spatulate,
minutely serrulate ; sepals united more than half their length j petals (violet-
16
122 CAPPARIDACEiE. Polanisia.
purple) distinctly unguiculate ; pods lanceolate, longer than the stipe. —
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 441. Atalanta serrulata, Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 73. Peritoma
serrulata, DC. proclr. 1. p. 237.
Banks of the Missouri and Arkansas, Nuttall! Dr. James-! Aug. — (I)
Nearly glabrous. Leaves glaucous above. Flowers in a terminal raceme.
Calyx at length separating from the base : segments short, subulate. Sta-
mens equal.
2. C. integrifolia : somewhat glaucous ; leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets (and
bracts) lanceolate (the lowermost oblong), entire, submucronate ; sepals
united to the middle; petals (reddish-purple) with very short claws; pods
oblong-linear, compressed, much longer than the stipe. — Peritoma? integri-
folia, Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 14.
Plains of the Platte to Oregon, Nuttall ! June-Aug. — (T) Stem 2-3 feet
high. Racemes sometimes nearly a foot long. Flowers large, showy-
Calyx persistent; segments triangular-acuminate. Stamens equal. — This
species was originally described from specimens collected by Capt. Wyeth
exhibiting the floral leaves only, which are narrowly lanceolate and very
acute at each end. Mr. Nuttall obtained complete specimens in his recent
journey.
3. C. aurea : " glabrous ; leaves 3-5-foliolate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate,
acute at each end, entire [sepals united at the base only] ; petals oblong-
elliptical, nearly sessile (golden-yellow); stamens equal; pods linear, [short]
longer than the stipe." Nutt. ! mss. — Peritoma aurea, Nutt. in jour. acad.
Philad. 7. p. 15.
" Plains of the Platte to Lewis's River, in irrigated places. June-Aug. — (T)
Branching, 1-3 feet high. Muchlargerin all its parts than C. lutea." Nutt.
4. C. lutea (Hook.) : nearly glabrous ; leaves 5-foliolate; leaflets narrowly
lanceolate, entire ; sepals nearly distinct ; petals (yellow) oblong-obovate,
nearly sessile ; stamens unequal ; pods oblong-lanceolate, about the length of
the stipe. — Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 70. t. 25.
Rocky Mountains and Oregon, Douglas, Nuttall ! — (T) Stem 6-12 inches
high. Sepals lanceolate, persistent. " Stamens 6 of which 2 are longest,
with small oblong curved anthers, and 4 shorter with linear mucronate an-
thers." Hook. I. c. But the figure represents a flower with 4 long stamens
and 2 short ones.
4. POLANISIA. Raf. injour.phys. (1819) f». 98.
Sepals distinct, spreading. Petals 4. Stamens 8-32: filaments filiform
or dilated at the summit. Torus minute (often nectariferous). Pod linear,
sessile or nearly so. — Annual herbs with the habit of Cleome, mostly glan-
dular, with a heavy odor.
§ 1. Torus hearing a short fleshy nectary or gland next theupper sepal:
filaments filiform, ojten unequal and more or less declined, (6-8 of
them arising from between the nectary and the ovary) : petals on slen-
der claws, unequal, emarginate or entire : sepals tardily deciduous. —
Polanisia proper.
Polanisia proper, as is indicated by R. Brown (in app. to Denh. <§- Clapp.p. 15),
consists of two American species solely, viz: P. graveolens and the closely allied
P. uniglandulosa of Mexico. The close resemblance between these two species was
iirst noticed by Nuttall. (See gen. JV. ^m. pi. 2. p. 74.) A third species exists in the
CiusTATELLA. CAPPARIDACE/E. 123
herbarium of Maj. Le Conte, which approaches in the foliage and the very unequal
petals to Cristatella; a curious genus, which should perhaps be considered a section
of Polanisia, if indeed all these genera ought not to be restored to Cleome, accord-
ing to the opinion of Brown.
L P. graveolens (Raf.): viscidly pubescent and glandular; leaves 3-loli-
olate; leaflets (and bracts) oblong, shorter than the petiole; sepals (purplish)
soraewhat unequal; petals cuneate, emarginate; stamens mostly 10 or 11 ;
style shorter than the ovary ; pods broadly lanceolate, turgid, attenuate at the
base, reticulated, rough with a glandular pubescence. — Raf. I. c. ; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 242; Hook. fl. Bar. -Am. l.p. 71. Cleome dodecandra, Michx.
Ji. 2. p. 32 ; Pur-sh ! jl. 2. p. 441. C. dodecandra, var. Canadensis, Linn. ;
Cornut. Can. t. 131. C. viscosa, Sprang, syst. 2. p. 125, ex Am.
On the gravelly banks of rivers and lakes, from L. Champlain ! and On-
tario ! to Arkansas ! June-Aug.— Branching, 6-18 inches high. Raceme
many-flowered. Sepals glandular on the back. Petals yellowish-white :
claws filiform. Filaments purplish. Nectary concave, truncate, very short.
Style at length deciduous. — Odor of the plant strong and unpleasant.
2. P. tenuifolia : viscid-glandular ; leaves 3-foliolate, nearly glabrous ; leaf-
lets (and bracts) fihform-linear, longer than the petiole ; petals very unequal,
suborbicular, entire, on short claws; stamens 9-11; style longer than the
ovary ; pods linear, terete, niinutely reticulated, glabrous. — Cleome tenuiib-
lia, herb. Le Conte.
Georgia, Le Conte .'—Stem afoot high, branched, slender. Leaflets about
an inch long. Raceme few-flowered ; pedicels filiform. Sepals glabrous,
nearly equal. Filaments nearly equal. Nectary minute, cuneiform, emargi-
nate. Style persistent.
5. CRISTATELLA. Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 85. t. 11.
Sepals somewhat united at the base, spreading. Petals 4, on filiform
claws, fimbriate-toothed or laciniate ; the two lower much smaller. Torus
minute, bearing a conspicuous tubular and truncate petaloid nectary between
the ovary and the upper sepal. Stamens 6-14 : filaments nearly equal, de-
clined. Ovary declined: style filiform. Pod linear, stipitate. — Annual
minutely viscid-glandular 3-foliolate herbs, with the habit of Polanisia
tenuifolia. Leaflets narrowly linear, longer than the petiole. Raceme
few-flowered, leafy : pedicels filiform. Flowers small, white or pale yel-
low.
1. C. erosa (Nun.) : stamens 10-14; petals white; lamina of the lower
ones lacin lately parted ; sepals acute. — Nnft. ! I. c. p. 86. t. 11.
On sandy hills near Red River, Nuttall ! and near Fort Towson, Dr.
Leavemoorth! June-July. — Rather slender, branching, 8-14 inches high.
Sepals oblong-lanceolate, shorter than the claws of the petals. Superior pe-
tals very broadly cuneiforai, sparingly lacerate-toothed : lower ones cuneiform,
cleft nearly to the base of the lamina ; segments linear, slightly dilated and
cleft or toothed at the apex. Nectary about the length of the smaller petals,
yellow, tubular, toothed at the summit (cleft on the side next the ovary, ac-
cording to Nuttall; but in the specimens from Dr. Leavenworth, the tube is
undivided). Pod narrowly linear, slightly torulose, many-seeded, ascending,
much longer than the stipe, crowned with the slender style. Seeds circinate,
minutely roughened.
124 CAPPARIDACE^. Isomesis.
2. C. Jamesil : stamens 6-9 ; petals pale yellow ; lamina of the lower
ones palmately firabriate-cleft ; sepals obtuse. — Cleome n. sp., Torr. ! in
ann. lye. New- York, 2. p. 168.
In sand, Arkansas, />?\ James ! Texas, Drummond! ("Srd Tex. coll. no.
3.) — Strict, somewhat branched, a foot or more high. Leaflets rather shorter,
and flowers considerably smaller than in C. erosa. Sepals slightly unequal,
oblong, obtuse, as long as the claws of the petals. Petals obovate-orbicular,
somewhat cuneiform at the base ; lamina of the lower ones laciniately cleft,
but not parted to the base. Nectary at first undivided, at length cleft on the
inside (?). Stipe and style shorter than in the preceding species. Mature
fruit not seen.
6. ISOMERIS. mat. mss.
" Sepals united below, someAvhat spreading, marcescent. Petals 4, oblong,
sessile, regular. Torus fleshy, subhemispherical, produced into a small dUated
appendage on the upper side. Stamens 6: filaments equal, [inflexed in
sestivation] much exserted. Capsule large, obovate-eUiptical, inflated, coria-
ceous, indehiscent, stipitate, crowned with the very short subulate style.
Seeds several, very large, smooth. — A low tree, with a long tap-root, and a
very spreading top. Leaves crowded, 3-foliolate. Flowers large, yellow, in
terminal racemes. Whole plant with the unpleasant odor of Polanisia."
/. arborea (Nutt. ! mss.)
" St. Diego, California. — Stem about the thickness of a man's arm, very
knotty : the wood hard and yellow. Young branches, petioles, &c. minutely
pubescent. Leaflets lanceolate, mucronulate, glabrous. Calyx campanu-
late : segments triangular-ovate, acuminate. Petals slightly spreading. Cap-
sule slightly compressed, an inch or more long, and | of an inch broad,
longer than the stipe, crowned with the very short style : stigma minute.
Seeds several upon each parietal placenta, as large as a small pea: cotyledons
incumbently incurved." Nutt.
This genus, with the character somewhat modified, may possibly be found to in-
clude several tree-like S. American species of Cleome, (of the section Pedicellaria),
and should perhaps be viewed as a section of Cleome.
Order XYI. RESEDACEtE. DC.
Sepals 4-6, somewhat united at the base, unequal, herbaceous, per-
sistent : aestivation open. Torus short, bearing a flat and rounded
glandular hypogynous disk, which is produced posteriorly (i. e. next the
axis) between the petals and the .stamens. Petals 4-6 (or by abortion
fewer), open in aestivation, deciduous, unequal, the posterior ones lar-
ger, the anterior ones often abortive or sometimes wanting ; claws
usually broad and thickened, nectariferous within ; the lamina often
lacerate or palmately parted. Stamens 8-20, rarely 3, inserted on
the disk : filaments erect : anthers oval, fixed by the middle, introrse.
Elumia. RESEDACEyE. 125
Ovary l-celled, 3-4 lobed, composed of 3-4 united carpels, wliich arc
distinct and diverging at the apex : stigma sessile, miniito, glandular,
alternate with the parietal placentae. Fruit a membranous l-celled
many-seeded capsule, rarely succulent, opening between the stigmas
long before maturity. Seeds campulitropous, reniform, smooth or
pitted : albumen none or scarcely any. Embryo arcuate : radicle
taper. — Herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent plants, with a watery juice.
Leaves alternate or sparse, undivided or pinnatifid, without stipules,
but often biglandular at the base. Flowers in terminal racemes or
spikes, small, often very fragrant.
With the exception of the plant brought from California by Mr. Nuttall, Reseda-
ceae are exclusively natives of the region surrounding the Mediterranean. — Reseda
luteola(the Dyer's Rocket, or Yellow-weed, used in dying woo:len stuffs yellow) is
found along road-sides in portions of the western part of the State of iSew-York, but
is hardly naturalized.
1. ELLIMIA. Nutt. mss*
" Sepals 4. Petals 2, small, membranaceous, linear-oblong, entire or emar-
ginate, posterior or next the axis. [Disk scarcely any.] Stamens 3, alter-
nate with the petals. Capsule depressed-globose, somewhat 8-lobed below,
opening by a quadrangular cleft at the summit : stigmas 4. Seeds 20 or
more, very smooth and shining. — A small glabrous annual, with crowded
slightly succulent and narrowly Unear leaves. Flowers in short and slender
spikes."
E. ruder alts (Nutt. ! mss.)
" St. Barbara, CaUfornia. — Root slender, simple. Stem branched from the
base, 5-6 inches high. Leaves resembhng those of Linaria vulgaris, but
smaller. B'lowers subtended by a bract simUar to the sepals, very small.
Sepals all inclined anteriorly. Petals white, one of them usually emarginate.
Ovary rather deeply 4-lobcd below; each lobe (or carpel) more or less
2-lobed. Seeds at first bright green, at length black, narrowly reniform."
Nutt.
Order XVII. POLYGALACEiE. Juss.
Sepals .5, distinct, usually persistent, very irregular ; three of them
exterior and smaller, of which one is superior (next the axis of inflo-
rescence) and two inferior ; the two lateral or inner ones (tvings)
larger and usually petaloid : aestivation imbricated. Petals hypogy-
nous, irregular ; deciduous, usually 3 ; of which one (the keel) is ante-
rior and larger than the rest, and the two others alternate with the
• " From iWtiiifia (defective) ; in allusion to the reduction in the parts of the flow-
-." MiUall.
126 POLYGALACE^. Polyqala.
upper and lateral or inner sepals, often connate with the keel (rarely
5, and then the 2 minute additional ones are situated between the
wings and the lower sepals) : the keel usually crested or S-lobed.
Stamens 6-8, hypogynous : filaments combined into a tube which is
split on the upper side and more or less connate with the claws of the
petals, free at the summit : anthers innate, usually l-celled,* opening by
a terminal pore. Ovary compressed, formed of 2 (anterior and poste-
rior) united carpels, 2.celled with the placenta in the axis, sometimes
l-celled by the suppression of the upper cell, very rarely l-celled with
2 parietal placentae : ovules solitary (or very rarely 2-6) in each car.
pel, pendulous : style curved and often cucullate. Fruit loculicidal or
indehiscent. Seeds anatropous, with a crustaceous testa : albumen co-
pious and fleshy, rarely almost none. Embryo as long as the albu-
men, straight or very slightly curved. — Herbaceous (all the N. American
species) or shrubby plants ; the roots very bitter and often milky.
Leaves exstipulate, entire, generally alternate or sparse, the lower
ones not unfrequently verticillate. Flowers usually racemose or
spicate : pedicels l-3.bracteate.
1. POLYGALA. Tourn.; Lam. ill. t. 598; A. St.Hil. ^ Moquin-Tan-
don, in mem. mus. 17. p. 313.
Sepals persistent ; the wings large and petaloid. Petals 3 ; their claws co-
herent with the stamineal tube ; the lowest one keel-shaped. Ovary 2-celled :
ovules solitary in each cell. Capsule 2-celled, compressed contrary to the
very narrow dissepiment, elliptical, obovate or obcordate. Seeds caruncu-
iate with copious albumen.— Racemes often spicate or capitate.
§ 1. S-pikes thick, capitate or oblong, terminating the stem and branches :
keel cristate {the crest often minute) : style mostly cucullate and di-
lated in the middle : filaments united nearly to the summit : caruncle
with a 2-lobed appendage. Annual or biennial.
1. P. sanguinea (Linn.) : spilces globose-ovate, rather loose ; wings el-
liptical-obovate, attenuate at the base, twice as long as the fruit, crest minute ;
seed dobose-obovate, hairy, with a very minute caruncle ; leaves Imear ;
stem somewhat fastigiately branched.— Mt^. .' geii. 2. p. 88; DC.prodr.
1. p. 328. P. viridescens, Poir. diet. 5. p. 502 (fide DC.) j Pursh, fi. 2.
fry 4:65.
Dry soils New Jersey (iV?i«a//) to Georgia! Kentucky! and Louisiana !
Aw^ -Sept.—® About a span high. Leaves | of an inch long, acute.
Spike an inch long, and about half an inch m diameter, obtuse. Wmgs thin
and membranaceous, bright rose-color. Capsules broadly obovate, scarcely
covered by the narrow wings. Style much dilated and cucullate in the mid-
dle with a filiform bearded process at the summit. Seed black.
* That the one-celled anthers in this family do not belong to half-stamens, but re-
sult from the union of the two cells, is evident from their structure in Polygala pau-
cifolia and others of the same section, in which the imperfect septum may be observed.
PoLYGALA. POLYGALACE^. 127
2. P. purpurea (Nutt.) : spikes ovate or oblonjr, compart ; winps broadly
ovate or obovate ; crest minute ; seed obovate, hairy ; caruncle nearly as long
as the seed; leaves linear and oblong-linear ; stem fastigiately branched. —
Nutt. gen. 2. p. 88 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 328 ; Darlinet.Ji. Vest. p'. 401 . P. san-
guinea, Michx.! fl. 2. p. 52 ; Pursh ! fi. 2. p. 465; liigcl. Ji. Host. p. 264 ;
Bai-t. fl. Amer. Sept. 2. t. 46.
Wet meadows; also in sandy fields, Massachusetts! to New Orleans!
west to Arkansas! July-September. — {T) Stem S-12 inches high, erect,
sometimes simple, but usually more or less branched above, angular and
slightly winged. Leaves an inch long and 2 lines wide. Racemes at first
akuost globose, at length oblong ; lower tiowers deciduous : bracts minute,
somewhat persistent. Wings usually dilated at the base, or somewhat cor-
date, rose-color and green, of a firm texture, generally twice as long as the
mature fruit. Style as in the preceding species. Seeds giayish-black. —
Much more common than the preceding species, from which if is easily dis-
tinguished by its broader and thicker wings, and minute caruncle, which is
scarcely one-fifth the length of the seed. This is P. sanguniea of most
North American botanists ; but whether it is the plant of Linnaeus can only
be determined by consulting his herbarium.
3. P. cruciata (Linn.) : spikes ovate, dense, sessile or on short peduncles ;
wings deltoid-cordate, acute or cuspidate ; crest minute; caruncle nearly as
long as the seed ; stem somewhat fasiigiate, winged at the angles ; leaves
verticillate in fours, linear and linear-oblong, punctate. — iMich.r. ! ji. 2. p.
52; Nutt.f gen.2.p.89; DC. prodr. 2. p. 328; Ell. sk. 2. p. 183 ; Bigelji.
Bost. p. 266 ; Hook.fl. Bor. Am. l.p. 85. P. brevifolia, Nutt. I. c j DC. I. c.
P. fastigiata, Nutt.! I. c. P. cuspidata, Hook. ^ Am. in bot.jour. l.p. 195.
Swamps, particularly where Sphagnum abounds, Massachusetts to Flo-
rida ! west to Louisiana! Aug.-Sept. — (I) Stem (in open situations) low
and with spreading branches, or (in shady places) rather tall, with erect
slender branches. Leaves linear, or somewhat oblong, obtuse, marked with
obscure resinous dots. Spikes at first dense, often sessile, but sometimes pe-
dunculate. Wings much dilated at the base, greenish with a purple margin,
larger than the capsule. Lateral petals oblong. Style as in P. sanguinea.
Seed obovate-oblong, sparsely hirsute. — This species varies much in size,
branching of the stem and form of the leaves, according to its degree of ex-
posure to light and moisture.
4. P. lutea (Linn.) : spikes ovate, dense ; flowers distinctly pedicellate ;
wings ovate, abruptly acuminate ; exterior sepals minute ; crest mmute; cau-
line leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute ; radical ones obovate, attenuate at the
base ; stems mostly branched. — Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 88 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 328 ;
Ell sk. 2. p. 185. P. lutea, var. elatior, Michx. ! ji. 2. p. 54.
Sandy swamps. New Jersey ! to Alabama ! June-October. — (?) Stem
€-12 inches high, often simple, but generally throwing off a few long nearly
naked and spreading branches. Radical leaves rosulale, obtuse. Flowers
bright orange-yellow, and of nearly the same color when dry. Style elongated,
slightly dilated in the middle, from which proceeds a pedicellate gland.
Seed hairy. Lobes of the caruncle Linear, collateral, nearly as long as the seed.
5. P. 7iana (DC.) : spikes cyUndrical-ovate, dense ; flowers nearly sessile ;
wings ovate, cuspidately acuminate, twice the length of the nearly equal ex-
terior sepals ; crest conspicuous, segments filiform, exceding the lateral petals ;
leaves oblong-spatulate, somewhat petioled ; stem mostly simple, often short-
er than the leaves. — DC. prodr. l.p. 328. P. viridescens, Nutt.! gen. 2.
p. 88 ( not of Pair.) ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 186. P. lutea, var. nana, Michx. ! fl. 2.
p.5i.
Damp pine barrens, Carolina ! to Louisiana ! west to Arkansas ! — Stems
1-4 inches long. Radical leaves often ligulate, obtuse. Spikes large and
128 POLYGALACEiE. Polygala.
very thick, conspicuously squarrose with the projecting cusps of the wings.
Flowers green with a tinge of yellow. Style rather slender, somewhat
dilated and furnished with a projecting gland in the middle. Seed obovate,
hairy. Lobes of the caruncle diverging, nearly as long as the seed.
§ 2. Spikes ovate, in simple terminal or compound cymes : keel cris-
tate (the crest sometimes minute) : styles slender, 2-lobed, not cucullate :
filaments united nearly to the summit : appendage of the caruncle very
minute or none. Biennial.
5. P. corymbosa{M.\Q\vx.): cymes compound ; spikes ovate; wings ob-
long, cuspidate ; radical leaves spatulate-obovate ; cauline ones linear; stem
simple below, angular.— M?'c/( J-. .' /. 2. p. 54; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 89; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 329. P. ramosa, Ell. sk. 2. p. 186.
Swamps, Sussex county, Delaware, Nuttall, io'Ne-w-Orlea.nsl Texas, Dr.
Leavenworth ! — Stem 8-12 inches high, simple, (except when the plant has
been injured), bearing a large terminal corymb. Radical leaves an inch long.
Spikes rather compact, half an inch in diameter. Flowers citron-yellow,
becoming blackish-green in drying. Wings 4 times as long as the capsule.
Seed oblong, with a minute roundish caruncle. — Elliott has described the
stem as branched from the base, which is never the case, except it has been
broken off, when it throws up lateral branches.
6. P. acntifolia: cyme compound; spikes ovate, rather loose; wings
oblong, rather obtuse, mucronate ; exterior sepals ovate-triangular, acute ; crest
conspicuous ; seed subglobose, glabrous, without a caruncle ; stem simple, at-
tenuated upward ; radical leaves lanceolate-linear, very acute ; cauline ones
linear-subulate.
Borders of pine-barren ponds. Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman ! May-Oct.
— Stem 2-3 feet high, simple, somewhat angled above. Radical leaves 2-3
inches long, attenuated to a sharp point ; cauline leaves gradually diminish-
ing upward to mere subulate bracts. Flowers blackish-green when dry, dis-
tinctly pedicellate. Exterior sepals unequal ; the upper one more than half as
large as the wings. Crest composed of 4-6 capitate or emarginate processes.
Style at first straight, afterwards curved above the middle : gland (stigma ?)
sessile. Capsule minute, dilated ; one of the cells usually abortive. Seed
black, slightly dotted. — Resembles P. cymosa; but that species has the
cyme simple, much smaller exterior sepals, and an inconspicuous crest.
7. P. cymosa (Walt.): cyme simple; spikes ovate; wings elliptical-ob-
long, rather obtuse, mucronulate ; superior sepal half as large as the wings,
rather obtuse ; lateral petals distinct nearly to the base; crest minute ; seed
subglobose, glabrous, without a caruncle; stem simple, terete, attenuated
upward; radical leaves linear-spatulate ; cauline ones linear-subulate, minute.
— Walt. Car. p. 179. P. graminifolia. Pair. diet. 5. p. 500 ; DC. prodr. 1.
p. 329. P. attenuata, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 90. P. corymbosa, Ell. sk. 2. p. 187.
(not of Michx.)
Ponds and swamps in pine barrens, North Carolina, Nuttall, to South Ca-
rolina ! and Florida ! June-Aug.— Stem 2-5 feet high. Radical leaves 2-5
inches long ; cauline ones gradually diminishing in size ; the uppermost mere
scales. Cyme always simple ; the peduncles short, squarrose with the per-
sistent bracts. Flowers yellow, drying blackish-green. Wings as long as
the corolla, obtuse, with a minute mucronate tip. Crest formed of 2-3 very
short subulate processes. Style curved toward the summit: the gland
nearly sessile.
8. P. Baklwinii (Nutt.) : Cyme compound ; spikes subglobose, compact ;
flowers (nearly white) on very short pedicels ; sepals all cuspidate ; the wing
PoLYGALA. POLYGALACEiE. 129
oblong-lanceolate, much longer than the corolla ; lateral petals distinct nearly
to the base ; crest rather conspicuous; seed ovate, very hairy; caruncle very
minute, 2-lobed ; stem simple, angular; radical leaves spatulate, obtuse; cau-
line ones lanceolate.— iV<;«. / gtn. 2.jj. 90; DC. prodr. l.p.329; Ell.sk.
2. p. 187.
0. chlargena : flowers green when dry.
Wet pine land, Georgia, Dr. Bald^cin! Lt Conte I— ^tem 2-3 feet high,
leafy to the summit. Leaves scarcely an inch long ; cauline ones acute.
Spikes squarrose Avith the cuspidate points of the wings. Bracts twice as
long as the pedicels. Flowers whitish even when dry ; except in 0. which, in a
dried state, are of a beautiful verdigris-green, very odorous (Le Conte.)
Wings nearly twice as long as the corolla, with along cuspidate point. Crest
consisting of' 4 narrow processes, the two exterior ones simple, the others bi-
fid. Style nearly straight: gland scarcely pedicellate. Seeds clothed with
spreading hairs.— The variety ji. has the flowers more distinctly pedicellate,
the cyme Avith longer branches, and the processes of the crest twice bifid.
It may prove to be a distinct species.
§ 3. Spikes oblong-cylindrical, compact, the fowers nearly sessile: keel
cristate : style 2-lobed, not cucullate in the middle : fdaments united
nearly to the middle : caruncle cristate, spongy.
9. P. incarnata (Linn.) : glaucous ; Avings lanceolate, much shorter than
the corolla ; claAvs of the petals united into a long slender cleft tube ; lamina
of the lateral petals oboA^ate ; stem slender, mostly simple ; leaves hnear-sub-
ulate, scattered. Avithout glandular dots.— Michx: ! f. 2. p. 52; Pursh, fl.
2. p. 464 ; Ell.'sk. 2. p. 185 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 327.
p. stem paniculately branched; leaves very minute; tube of the corolla
a little longer than the Avings. — P. paniculata, herb. Le Conte.
Dry soils, District of Columbia! to Florida! west to Arkansas! 6.
Georgia, Le Conte .'— Plant 1-2 feet high, erect. Leaves 4-6 lines long
(in /?. almost AA'anting). Spike 1-li inch long. Bracts subulate. FloAvers
pale purple or rose-color. Exterior sepals unequal, ovate-lanceolate. Wings
cuspidate, usually about half as long as the tube of the corolla. Lamina of
the petals distinct; the claAvs united Avith the filaments into a slender neaily
straight lube or sheath, Avhich is cleft on the inside : crest very conspicuous.
Style long and filiform the greater part of its length, curved tOAvards the sum-
mit, bearded at the extremity : gland sessile. Seed OA^ate, hairy. Caruncle
2-lobed, spongy or vesicular ;' the lobes projecting above the seed in the form
of a crest, and attached by the middle to the short neck or stipe of the seed.
10. P. setacea (Michx.): Avings oblong, abruptly acuminate, two-thirds the
length of the petals; tube of the corolla very short; stem filifonn, simple or
sparingly branched ; leaves very minute, scale-like. — Michx. ! Ji. 2. p. 52 ;
EU. sk. 2. p. 183 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 328.
North Carolina, Michaux ! Georgia ! to Florida \—H 1 ((l) DC.) Stem
about a foot high, often Avith one or more long, slender, erect branches.
Leaves scarcely more than a line long, setaceous. Spike ^ of an inch long.
Flowers pale rose-color. Exterior sepals unequal ; the posterior ones ovate.
Petals united about half their length ; lamina of the lateral ones ovate :
crest conspicuous, composedof 6-8 filiform, sometimes emarginate, processes.
Stamens 6, distinctly diadelphous. Seed as in the preceding spscies.
§ 4. Spikes elongated or racemose : keel cristate : filaments united near-
ly to the stimmit : style dilated and cucullate in the middle: appendage,
of the caruncle 2-lobed.
17
130 POLYGALACEiE. Polygala.
11. P. verticillata (Linn.): spikes pedunculate, acute, dense; wings
roundish-obovate ; crest conspicuous; stem erect, branched; leaves verticil-
late, linear and lanceolate-linear, glandularly punctate. — Michx. ! fl. 2. p.
54; Niitt.! gen. 2. p. 89; Ell. s'k. 2. p. 182; DC. prodr. l.p.329; Hook.
Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 85.
Sandy fields and dry hill-sides, Canada! to Florida! and west to Akan-
sas ! June-Aug. — Stem 6-10 inches high. Leaves mostly in whorls of 4
or 5, but sometimes scattered. Spike 15-20-flowered, an inch or more in
length, 2 lines in diameter at the base, and tapering to a pretty acute summit.
Flowers very minute, greenish-Avhite. Bracts very deciduous. Exterior
sepals unequal ; the posterior ones ovate, twice as large as the other two.
Wings a little longer than the corolla. Lateral petals nearly as large as the
wings, and somewhat spreading. Style dilated and saccate almost imme-
diately above the ovary: gland inconspicuous; the terminal appendage
subulate, with a hairy tuft at the extremity. Seed oblong, hairy. Caruncle
with 2 distant oblong lobes nearly half the length of the seed. — In this and
the following species, the exterior sepals, the ovary, and the keel of the co-
rolla are furnished with oblong or linear vesicles, which are filled with a yel-
lowish farinaceous matter.
12. P. amhigua (Nutt.) : spikes pedunculate, acute, dense ; rachis squar-
rose with the persistent bracts ; Avings roundish ; stem erect, with virgate
branches ; leaves linear, not glandular, the lower ones sometimes verticillate,
the others scattered.— A'm^. .' gen. 2. p. 89; DC. prodr. I. p. 329; Darlingt.
f. Cest. p. 402.
Woods and sandy fields, often in wet places, New Jersey ! to Virginia,
Nuttall. Ang.-Sept.— @ Plant 8-12 inches high. Flowers greenish- white,
more or less tinged with purple. — Nearly related to the preceding species in
the structure of the flowers and seeds, as well as in general appearance.
13. P. bicolor (Kunth): spikes cylindrical, densely flowered ; exterior se-
pals with 2 thick parallel nerves ; leaves pellucid-punctate ; the lower ones
ternately or quinately verticillate ; upper ones linear-lanceolate. H. B. ^ K.
nov. gen. 5. p. 394. t. 509. e.v. DC. prodr. l.p. 327 ; Hook. jour. bat. 1. p. 194.
Near New-Orleans, Drummond. If ((T) DC.) Stem U foot or more in
height. The verticillate leaves obovate-lanceolate ; the upper and ahernate
ones linear. Spike very long: flowers much larger than in P. verticillata.
Hook. — We have not seen this plant. May it not be a variety of of P. ver-
ticillata or P. amhigua ? The " thick parallel nerves" of the sepals are pro-
bably the vesicles noticed in the preceding species.
14. P. leptocmdis : spike racemose, much elongated, very slender, loose ;
wings elliptical-obovate, about as long as the corolla; exterior sepals some-
what equal, acute ; crest conspicuous ; capsule oblong ; seed oblong ; lobes
of the caruncle very minute ; stem fiiliform, nearly simple, or with a few
long erect branches ; leaves linear, very narrow.
Texas, Dnnnmond ! — (T) Stem 1-2 feet high, glabrous. Leaves about
half an inch long, almost subulate, not dotted. Spike 1-2^ inches long. The
flowers about a line long, rather remote, pale purple, longer than the slender
pedicels. Exterior sepals somewhat equal. Wings narrowed into a short
claw at the base. Crest consisting of several filiform processes, equalling the
lateral petals. Style saccate, without the terminal appendage : gland obtuse,
sessile. Seed very hairy : the lobes of the caruncle collateral.
15. P. Beyrichii: spike dense, acute; flowers on very short pedicels;
wings orbicular-obovate, concave, rather longer than the broadly obovate lateral
petals ; capsule oblong ; seed very villous with appressed hairs ; lobes of the
caruncle distant, about half as long as the seed ; stems numerous, somewhat
branched ; leaves linear or linear-spatulate, somewhat glandular.
PoLYGALA. POLYGALACEiE. 131
Texas, Drummond ! Arkansas, Beyrich! — y About a foot high, angiilar.
Leaves an inch or more in length, and a line wide, rather thick, mucronate.
Spike 1-2 inches long: flowers as large as in P. Senega, closely approximat-
ed, white. Wings concave. Processes of the crest 6, short. Keel nuuked
with 3 yellow glands below the crest. Style short, broad and saccate; ap-
pendage short : gland prominent, but sessile. Capsule spotted with small
yellow glands.
16. P. Senega (Linn.) : spike dense, rather acute ; flowers on very short
pedicels; wings orbicular-obovate, concave, rather longer than the obovate
Eetal.s ; capsule nearly orbicular ; seed somewhat hirsute with spreading
airs; lobes of the caruncle collateral, as long as the seed ; stems numerous,
simple ; leaves lanceolate, scabrous on the margin. — Willd. sp. 3. p. 894 ;
Walt. Car. p. 17S ; Bigel. ! med. hot. 2. p. 97. t. 30, <^Jl. Bost. p. 265 ; Bot.
mag. t. 1051; DC. prodr. 1. p. 330 ; Hook. ! Jl. Bar.-Am. 1. p. 85 ; Dar-
lingl. Jl. Cest. p. 403. P. Senega, a. albida, Michx. ! Jl. 2. p. 53 ; Pursh,
Jl. 2. p. 465.
13. latijolia : leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate at each end ; stem branched above.
Dry rocky woods, Saskatchawan River! to North Carolina! west to Ken-
tucky ! /!(. Kentucky, 6Vt07-;.' May-June. — U Root thick and rather ligneous.
Stems about half a foot high, somewhat inclined ; the base usually invested
with small oval scale-like leaves. Leaves 1-2 inches long, and 3-4 lines
wide (in 0. 3-4 inches lon^ and IJ inches wide), serrulatcly ciliolate. Spike
1-2 inches long, a little inclined : flowers greenish-white. Sepals all obtuse.
Crest short ; the processes iew and often partly confluent. Style short, ga-
leate and somewhat rostrate ; appendage wanting, but in its place a short
tuft of hairs. — Seneca Snake-root.
17. P. alba (Nutt.) : spike on a long peduncle; flowers nearly sessile;
wings rounded, about as long as the corolla ; stem simple ; leaves linear, re-
volute on the margin. Nictt. gen. 2. p. 87; DC. prodr. 1. p. 330.
Plains of the Missouri, common, the only species of the genus in that re-
gion. — U About 6 inches high. Leaves glabrous. Flowers white : bracts
lanceolate, deciduous. — Near P. Senega, but distinct. NuttaU. — We have
not seen this plant, but we suspect that it is a variety of P. Senega.
18. P. Boykinii (Nutt.): spike dense, acute; flowers distinctly pedicel-
late ; wings orbicular-obovate, concave, rather longer than the obovate pe-
tals ; capsule broadly obovate ; seed very hirsute with appressed hairs ; lobes
of the caruncle collateral, two-thirds the length of the seed ; stems numerous
branching above ; leaves verticillate in fours and fives, obovate-oblong and
lanceolate. — Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad. l.p. 86.
Milledgeville, Georgia, Dr. Boykin! Near the Apalachicola River, Flo-
rida, Croom! June-Sept. — Root like that of P. Senega. Stems 1-2 feet
high. Leaves about an inch long ; the lower ones nearly obovate ; upper ones
gradually narrower. Spikes 2 inches long, tapering to a narrow point.
Flowers resembling those of P. Senega: crest minute. Style short; appen-
dage subulate : gland somewhat pedicellate. — This species greatly resembles
P. distans, St. Hil. ft. Bras. 2. p. 24. t. 84.
19. P. Chapmanii : spike oblong, acute, loose; wings obovate, with a short
claw ; exterior sepals unequal ; the posterior one broadly ovate, obtuse ;
lateral petals obovate, distinct from the keel ; crest almost none ; seed obo-
vate, clothed with spreading hairs ; lobes of the caruncle minute, diverging;
stems filiform, somewhat branching ; leaves linear-subulate, numerous.
West Florida, Dr. Chapman ! — Glabrous. Stems about a foot high,
branching from the ba5e or only near the summit. Leaves 6-S lines Ions,
scarcely half a line wide. Spike 1-li inch long. Bracts minute, persistent.
Flowers bright rose-color, nearly as large as in P. sanguinea. Wings rather
longer than the corolla. Lateral petals united with the keel only at the base :
132 POLYGALACE^. Poltgala.
crest consisting of several very minute processes. Style slender, a little di-
lated in the middle; appendage conspicuously bearded: gland sessile. Seed
black ; the lobes of the caruncle scarcely one-tifth the length of the seed.
20. P. poly ga ma (Walt.) : terminal racemes spiciform, loose, the flowers-
at length pendulous ; wings broadly obovate, spreading, longer than the co-
rolla; crest conspicuous; radical racemes with wingless flowers; capsule
oblong, emarginate ; lobes of the caruncle more than half as long as the very
hairy seed; stems numerous, assurgent ; leaves oblong and oblong-hnear. —
Walt. Car. p. 179; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 75; Ell. sk. 2. p. 181 ; DC.prodr. 1.
p. 330 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 86. t. 29. P. rubella, IVilld. sp. 3. p. 875 ;
Bigel. ft. Bost. p. 264, ^ med. bot. t. 54 ; DC. I. r.
Dry sandy fields and woods, Canada! to Florida! and Louisiana! June-
July — (g) Stems 5-10 inches high. Leaves an inch long, mucronate. Ter-
minal racemes 6-15-flowered : pedicels slender : flowers larger than in P.
purpurea, deep rose-color or purplish. Wings with short claws. Processes
of the crest laciniate. Style short, cucuUate: gland exseited : appendage
strongly bearded. Radical racemes leafless, prostrate, often subterranean.
§ 5. Bac ernes loose: keel not cristate: upper half of the Jilaments un-
connected: style slender^ without lobes: caruncle helmet-shaped, with^
out appendages.
21. P. grandiflora (Walt.): pubescent; raceme elongated, the flowers
distant; pedicels recurved after floAvering; wings roundish (large) covering
the corolla and fruit; keel large, cucuUate, connected with the lateral petals
and filaments only at the base ; stem ascending ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
ciliolate. — Walt. Car. p. 179. P. pubescens, Miihl. cat. p. 66 ; Nutt. gen.
2. p. 87 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 180 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 330. P. Senega, var. rosea,
Mich.v. ! fl. 2. p. 53 ; Piir.sh, ft. 2. p. 465. P. Senega, A. St. Hil. ^ Moq.-
Tand. in mem. mus. 17. t. 21. f. 17, ^ t. 28. /. 10.
Dry soils. South Carolina! to Florida and Louisiana! May-Aug. — 11
Root thick, tortuous. Stem about a foot high, simple or virgately branched.
Leaves 1-li inch long, 3-4 lines broad, tapering at each end. Raceme 12-
18-flowered ; the lowest flowers usually remote : pedicels 2-4 lines long.
The 2 inferior sepals united except at the summit. Wings one-fourth of an
inch in diameter, at first deep rose-color, afterwards green. Lateral petals
much shorter than the keel, dilated above, waved, bright rose-color : keel with
a mere callosity at the apex instead of a crest. Filaments monad elphous;
straight and unconnected above. Style a little dilated and tubular in the
middle ; the upper part curved, bearded on the under side below the glandu-
lar summit. Capsule oblong-obovate, emarginate, glabrous. Seed silky -vil-
lous. Caruncle about one-fifth as long as the seed, laterally compressed. —
This most remarkable of all the N. American Polygala?, and the only one
destitute of a crest, resembles P. brizoides, St. Hil. Michaux strangely
considered it a variety of P. Senega ; and St. Hilaire & Moquin-Tandon
have fallen into the same mistake, having figured the flowers and seed of
this species from Michaux's specimeii.
§ 6. Flowers few, large, terminal; posterior sepal concave-cucuUate,
with a gland at the base on the inside: keel cristate or callous at the
apex. (Cham^buxus, Dill.)
22. P. paucifolia (Willd.): rhizoma creeping and branching, throwing up
simple erect branches, leafy at the summit ; leaves ovate, petioled; terminal
flowers 2-3 ; crest fimbriate ; radical flowers wingless. — Willd. sp. 3. p. 880 ;
PoLTQALA. POLYGALACE.E. 133
Bart. fl. Amer.-Sept. 2. t. 5(5./ 1 ; DC. prodr. ]. p. 331 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 180;
Hook. ! bot. mag. t. 2852. f Jl. IJor.-Am. 1. p. 86. P. purpurea, Ail. hew.
4. p. 244. (not of Nutt.) P. unillora, Mich.i:.' fl. 2. p. 53. Tridisperina
grandiHora, Jiaf. speech. 1. p. 7.
/?. a//>a (Eights): flower solitary, smaller, white; stem somewhat leafy at
the base. Jieck, bot. p. 46.
Sphagnous swamps, often in mountainous situations, Saskatrhawan Ri-
ver! to'Oeorgia. 0. Sand plains near Albany, JJr. J. Eiirfit.'i. May.— 1(
Stalks 3-4 inches high, the lower part scaly.' Leaves 4-5, about an inch
long and half an inch or more wide. Flowers nearly i' of an inch long-,
deep rose-color ; the pedicels 5-6 lines in length. Wings obovate, attenuate
at the base, as long as the corolla. Lateral petals obi. ng, concave, united to
the keel the greater part of their length : crest conspicuous, compound. An-
thers bilabiare, imperfectly 2-celled. Style long, a little curved, slightly en-
larging upward ; the orifice irregularly 4-toothed, without hairs. — In the struc-
ture of the flowers this species strongfy resembles P. Chamaebuxusof Europe.
J Species of ichich the flowers and fruit are not sufficiently described.
23. P. Nutkana (Moe. ic. ined.) : racemes loose, 4-5-flowered ; wings or-
bicular; capsule emarginate ; stem somewhat shrubby at the base; leaves
oval, petioled, acuminate at each end. DC. prodr. 1. p. 330.
Nootka, North-west America. DC. — There is not improbably some mis-
take about the habitat of this plant, as no species of the genus has been
found by other observers on the Pacific coast of N. America.
24. P. attenuata (Hook.): racemes loose, attenuated at the apex ; pedicels
as long as the flowers ; wings ovate, acute, concave, scarcely longer than
the bearded keel; stem slender, elongated, angular, branched ; leaves linear,
opposite, rarely quaternate; upper ones alternate. Jlook. in jour. bot. 1. p.
.195. (not of Xutt.)
Jacksonville, Louisiana, Drvmmond. — (Tj Stems very slender, erect, about
a foot and a half high. Flowers greenish. — Habit of P. ambigua and P.
ganguinea, but very diH"erent in size, and in the flowers and racemes. Hook.
— We are unacquainted with this plant. The two species which it is said
.by Hooker to resemble are very unlike each other.
Suborder KRAMERIE/E. Mart.
Sepals 5, or rarely 4, more or less irregular, much spreading, colored,
deciduous, in aestivation imbricated in a triple series; the two outer
ones anterior and posterior ; the two intermediate ones lateral and
alternate with the exterior pair ; and tiie innermost usually smaller,
situated either to the right or left of the posterior exterior sepal, some-
timcK wanting. Petals 5, or rarely 4, hypogynous, smaller than the
sepals ; the three superior with long and slender claws (the lamina
sometin>es abortive), severally alternating with the two (outer and
inner) posterior and the lateral sepals ; the claws sometimes united
into a slender column, which alternates with the two posterior sepals
when both are present, or is placed opposite to the exterior sepal when
the other is abortive ; the two lower petals (scales, abortive stamens ?
Kunth) opposite the lateral sepals (in K. cistoidea, ex Hook. 4' Arn. and
in K. lanceolata !), or alternating with these and the anterior sepal
(ex A. St. Hil.), sessile, fleshy, much smaller than the others and remote
from them. Stamens 4, hypogynous, naore or less unequal, declined ;
134 KRAMERIEiE. Kkameria;
two usually lonjrer, alternate with the lateral unguiculate and the
lower or fleshy petals ; and two close together, alternate with the supe-
rior and the lateral petals : filaments thick, distinct, or the interme-
diate ones united, or (in K. lanceolata) all more or less united : an-
thers innate, fleshy, somewhat conical, 2-celled, opening at the apex
by a single or douhle pore. Ovary 1- (or incompletely 2-) celled,
densely hairy, gibbous : style subulate, ascending : stigma minute :
placenta posterior or next the upper petal : ovules 2, pendulous from
near the summit of the cell. Fruit between woody and leathery, glo-
bose, glochidate, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-2-seeded. Seed roundish,
ovate, anatropous, with a membranous testa : albumen none. Em-
bryo straight : cotyledons roundish, plano-convex, fleshy. — Spreading
or procumbent under-shrubs, much branched from the base, silky or
hirsute with simple hairs : the root astringent and very bitter. Leaves
alternate, exstipulate, simple or rarely 3-foliolate, entire. Peduncles
terminal and axillary toward the summit of the branches, sometimes
more properl}^ racemed, 1-flowered, 2-bracteolate in the middle.
Hooker and Arnott {hot. Beeckey^s voij. p. 9. t. 5. 1831), in their elaborate account
of the structure and affinities of Krameria, have corrected an important error in the
character given by St. Hilaire {riiem. mus. 17. t. 31, and 19, p. 336 ; 4- in ji. Bras,
merid.; copied also in Lindl. nat. syst. ed. 2. 1836.), wiio describes the three ungui-
culate petals, and consequently the sepal accompanying the smaller internal one, as
inferior or anterior; the structure according to this view being nearly the same as in
Polygalaceas. Hooker and Arnott remark that they are borne out in tlieir view of
the position of the parts of the tlower (which supposes an inversion of the com-
mon arrangement in Polygalacea; to take place), by Ruiz and Pavon, Jussieu, and
Kunth; and their view is fully sustained by the structure of K. lanceolata, although,
on account of the twisting of the peduncles, the petals often appear, at first sight,"to
be anterior. St. Hilaire is equally mistaken in considering the side of the ovary
which is turned away from the ' lower' (that is, according to his view, the ungui-
culale) petals as placentiferous: but the affinities suggested by Hooker and Arnott
are not borne out by the correction, unless the ovary is proved to be monocarpellary,
which is probably not the case. The innermost sepal may either be situated on the
left of the exterior upper sepal (as in K. grandiflora figured by St. Hilaire ; the
flower being brought into its true position), or more commonly on the right : in
K. lanceolata we find this sepal sometimes dextral and sometimes sinistral.
2. KRAMERIA. Lceji. ; Rxiiz f Pav. prodr. fl. Per. ^ Chil. t. 3 ; .4. St.
Hil. I. c. 19. p. 336 ; Hook. ^ Am. hot. Beechey's voy. p. 8.
Character same as of the Suborder.
1. K. lanceolata (Torr.): branches mostly procumbent, many-flowered;
lower cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate ; the others nar-
rowly linear ; peduncles hibracteate above the middle, longer than the leaves ;
sepals 5, nearly equal ; unguiculate petals 3, the claws united their whole
length; stamens 4; filaments monadelphous. — Torr.! in ann. lye. New-
York, 2. p. 168.
.In sandy soil on the upper part of the Arkansas or the Canadian, Dr.
James! Prairies west of Fort ^Towson, Dr. Leavemcorth ! Texas,
Drummo7ul ! Tampa Bay, E. Florida, in pine woods, Dr. Bin-rows !
and Dr. Leavenworth! May. — Canescently hirsute. Stems numerous;
branches slender, often a foot or more long. • Lower cauhne leaves about f
of an inch long, and 2 lines broad, sometimes obtuse ; those of the branches
usually longer. Peduncles on the prostrate branches secund, often twice the
length of the leaves, forming as it were loose leafy racemes. Sepals purple
NoisETTiA. VIOLACE^. 135
within, ovate-lanceolatP ; the inner superior one mostly seated on the left.
Upper petals a little shorter than the sepals; the claws united into a linear-
fihtbrm column; laininai small, roundish-obovate, distinct, equal, of a rather
firm texture : lower petals scarcely longer than the ovary, glabrous. Sta-
mens shorter than the upper petals : filaments sometimes monadelphous at
the base, sometimes united almost to the summit: anthers attenuate above,
the apex produced into a short somewhat dilated membranaceous tube.
Ovary densely hirsute and spinulose, imperfectly 2-celled in the youngest
state by the projection of the placental ridge. Style rigid, quadrangular, a
little declined. Immature pericarp 2-seeded ; one of the seeds perhaps at
length abortive. — Apparently more nearly allied to K. linearis, Poir. (K.
pentapetala, Ruiz ^ Par.), which has (according to the figure in the Flora
Peruviana) the three upper petals united throughout ; the compound lamina
being merely 3-toothed. In a single flower of our species we observed the
suppression of one of the upper petals, and in another case two of them
were apparently wanting.
Order XVIII. VIOLACE^. DC.
Sepals 5, persistent, distinct or slightly united, and often auricled
or produced at the base, imbricated in aestivation, the anterior and
two posterior being exterior, and the two lateral ones interior. Pe-
tals 5, alternate with the sepals, hypogynous, marcescent or deciduous,
on short claws, commonly unequal, the superior one (which by the
resupination of the flower becomes inferior) usually spurred or sac
cate at the base : aestivation obliquely convolute. Stamens 5, alter-
nate with the petals, inserted on the hypogynous disk or torus : an-
thers adnate, introrse, 2-celled, opening longitudinally : filaments di-
lated, elongated beyond the anthers ; two of them generally furnished
with a spur-like appendage or gland at the base. Ovary composed of
3 united carpels, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae opposite the outer
sepals : style usually declined, with an oblique cucullate stigma.
Capsule l-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, bearing the many- (rarely few-)
seeded placentae on the middle of the valves. Seeds anatropous,
usually with a distinctly marked chalaza, and a crustaceous testa.
Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Herbs or shrubs.
Leaves simple, petioled, alternate or rarely opposite, with an involute
vernation : stipules persistent or marcescent. Flowers axillary.
1. NOISETTIA. H. B. ^ K. nov. gen. 5. p. 382; DC. prodr. l.p. 290.
Sepals unequal, decurrent on the pedicel at the base ; the 2 inferior ones
often inequilateral. Petals very unequal, persistent; the superior (or appa-
rently inferior) one large, somewhat unguiculate, with a long spur at the base.
Stamens distinct: fiilaments short: anthers sagittate, the 2 anterior ones with
a long subulate process at the base. Ovary Avith numerous ovules. Capsule
136 VIOLACEiE. Viola.
ovate : placentae linear. — Erect shrubs, Avith alternate leaves. Stipules in
pairs. Flowers in axillary many-flowered racemes, or in crowded fascicles :
pedicels with 2 bracteoles near the middle.
1. N. acuminata (DC): leaves lanceolate, on short petioles, eiliate, tooth-
ed, the apex produced into a long entire point ; pedicels solitary, rather short-
er than the leaves. DC. prodr. 1. p. 290.
North America, Michaux, ex DC. — This plant is inserted on the authority
of De CandoUe, who states that he saw it in the herbarium of the Museum
of Paris, imder the name of Violseoides, Miclur. mss. He asks whether it is
not a variety of N. orchidiflora. It has doubtless been recorded as a native
of N. America by mistake.
2. VIOLA. Linn.; Gcertn.fr. t. 112 ; Gingins, in DC. prodr. 1. p. 23T.
Sepals unequal, more or less auricled at the base. Petals unequal ; the su-
perior (by resupination inferior) one spurred at the base. Stamens approxi-
mated, filaments distinct, dilated at the base ; the two lower ones with ap-
pendages on the back which are concealed in the spur : anthers connate ; the
lobes diverging at the base. Ovary sometimes surrounded at the base by the
concave torus, and then apparently half inferior. Capsule bursting elastically..
Seeds horizontal, Avith an evident caruncle. — Low herbaceous plants, mostly
perennial, with a short subterraneous stem or rhizoma (and then called acaur
lescent or stemless), or caulescent. Leaves alternate. Peduncles angular,
solitary, 1-flowered, Avith two little bracteoles, recurved at the summit, so
that the flower is resupinate or nodding.
§ 1. Stigma rostrate; the beak more or less recurved, with a foramen at
the extremity, margined or convex on the back: style attenuated from
the summit to the base : stamens oblong : torus fattish : capsule often
2-sided: seeds mwieroiis (15-30). Gingins.
* ^caulescent.
1. V. pedaia (Linn.): nearly glabrous ; leaves pedately about 7-parted j
segments linear-lanceolate, entire, or incisely 3-toothed at the summit ; stig-
ma large and thick, margined, obliquely truncate ; beak very short ; petals all
glabrous. — Michx: ! fl. 2. p. 151 ; Schwein. ! man. Viol, in Sill. jour. 5.
p. 50; Torr.! fl. 1. p. 249; DC. prodr. 1. ^.291; Le Conte ! mon. Viol,
in ann. lye. New-York, 2. p. 147. Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 74. V. digitata,
Pursh, fl. 1. p. 171; V. flabellifolia, Lod'd. bot. cab. t. 111.
Dry sandy Avoods and on rocky hills, British America, lat. 53^, to Florida !
and west to Illinoi*— Rhizoma thick. Leaves of a firm texture ; the seg-
ments sometimes very narroAv and laciniate. Stipules ciliate. Flowers
very large, usually bright blue, sometimes pale or even white.
2. V. delphinifolia (l^uU. I mss.): "minutely pubescent ; leaves pedately
7-9-parted ; segments linear, 2-3-cleft ; stigma thick, distinctly rostrate ; the
2 superior petals pubescent ; the 3 inferior emarginate ; spur saccate, short.
" Prairies of Missouri, near Independence, not uncommon. March. —
Rhizoma thick. Leaves pubescent on the margin and nerves; often finely
divided, Avith numerous lobes. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, much acuminated,
neaily entire. Peduncles, at the time of floAA^ering, a little longer than the
Viola. VIOLACEiE. 137
leaves; the bracts minute and alternate. Sepals linear-lanceolate. Flowers
a little smaller than in the preceding species, brilliant blue. Cusps of the
anthers remarkably broad. Style short, clavate.— This species, on the Mis-
souri, appears to take the place of V. pedata." Nutt.
3. V. palinata (Linn.) : pubescent ; leaves cordate, palmately or hastately
lobed (rarely entire) ; lobes crenate and toothed, the middle one much lar-
ger ; stigma triangular, the beak short; inferior petals bearded.— ^/it/i.?-. .'
Jl.2. p. 161; Ell. .sA-. 1. ;;. 300; Schwfin. f I.e.; Torr.! fi. 1. p. 249;
DC. prodr. 1. p. 292; Le Conte ! I c. ; Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 74. V. hct-
erophylla, Lc Conte! I. c. V. ranunculifolia, Juss. in JRcfin. f Schull. syst.
5. p. 352 1
Low grounds, Canada ! to New Orleans T west to Arkansas! May. —
Rhizoma thick. Leaves variable in form and degree of pubescence ; rarely
alnw^t glabrous, sometimes woolly ; the early ones nearly or quite entire,
and somewhat ovate and reniform; the base usually more or less hastate;
under surface often purplish. Flowers middle-sized, bright blue, rarely
white.
4. V. cucullata (Ait.): glabrous or rarely somewhat pubescent; leaves
reniform-cordate, somewhat acute, cucuUate at the base, crenately sern'tp ;
stigma triangular, margined; lower petals bearded. — Ait. Kew. 3'. p. 288 ;
PursK ft. 1. p- 172; Bis^el. ! ft. Bost. p. 60 ; Ell sk. 1. p. 298; Schwein. !
I. c. ; Torr.! f. 1. p. 251 ; Le Conte ! mon. I c. ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 292;
Hook. Ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. lb. V. papilionacea, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 173; DC.
prodr. I. c. V. obliqua, Ait. I. c. ; Schwein.! I. c.j Torr. ! I. c. V. affinis,
Le Conte ! I. c.
0. congener : villous ; leaves broadly and somewhat reniformly cordate,
crenately toothed, somewhat lobed. — V. congener, Le Conte! I. c.
y.l sororia : nearly glabrous ; leaves exactly cordate; flowers small. — V.
sororia, Willd. horf. Berol. t. 72.
i. alba: smoothish ; flowers white.
e. reniforinis : glabrous ; leaves broadly reniform.
Fields, woods, and wet meadows; Arctic America ! to Florida! /S.Geor-
gia, Le Conte ! j . Dry hill-sides, Massachusetts to New Jersey ! S. Ken-
tucky, Short ! f. Massachusetts, Pickering f April-May. — A very vari-
able species. In wet or shady places it is perfectly glabrous, but in expos-
ed situations more or less pubescent.
5. F. septemloba (Le Conte) : glabrous and shining ; leaves somewhat
succulent, ovate-cordate ; lowest ones entire, the others pedately 7-lobed
with the middle lobe largest : lateral petals bearded. Jje Conte .' I. c.
Pine Avoods of the low country of Carolina and Georgia, Le Conte ! — Pe-
duncles longer than the leaves. Flowers generally blue, varying to white.
Lower petal large, villous at the base, and, as well as the lateral ones, mark-
ed with deeper blue lines. Le C. — We fear that this species is only a variety
of V. palmata.
6. V. Selkirkii (Go\die): leaves cordate, crenately serrate, minutelv hir-
sute above, glabrous beneath, the sinus deep and nearly closed ; stigma tri-
angular, margined, with a distinct beak ; spur nearly as long as the lamina,
thick, very obtuse. — G oldie ! in Edinb. phil. jour. 6. p. 319; Hook. ! jl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 75.
Hills about Montreal, Lower Canada, Goldie, Dr. Holmes ! Mountains
of Massachusetts, Dewey ! Woody hill-sides in the Western part of the
State of New-York! — Rhizoma somewhat creeping. Leaves numerous,
forming a little tuft, on long petioles ; lamina an inch broad, somewhat
acute, or obtuse. Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Flowers much small-
er than in V. cucullata : petals pale blue, obovate ; spur very conspicuous,
soBoewhat dilated at the extremity. — A very distinct species.
18
138 VIOLACEiE. Viola.
7. V. sagittata (Ait.) : glabrous or a little pubescent ; leaves oblong,
acute, cordate-sagiitate and incised at the base ; stigma depressed, margined ;
inferior petal glabrous, the rest bearded.— .4t7. Kew. 3. p. 287 ; Fursh, fi. 1.
p. 172; Null. gen. 1. ]>. 147; Schwdn.'. I.e.; Torr. ! ji. 1. p. 250; Ell.
sk. 1. p. 299 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 294 ; Le Conte ! I. c.
/?. ovata : villous ; leaves ovate, somewhat cordate, crenate, often lacer-
ately toothed at the base ; petiole margined.— V. ovata, Nutt. ! gen. 1. p.
148 ; Schxcein.! I. c. ; Torr. I I. c; DC. prodr. 1. p. 293 ; Hook. f. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 76. V. primulifolia, Pursh, fi. 1. p. 172 (not oi Linn.). V. Al-
leghaniensis, Roem. <S; Schult. syst. 5. p. 560; DC. I. c.
y. emarginata (Nutt.): glabrous ; leaves almost triangular, lacerately
toothed near the base ; petals emarginate. or bidentate. Nutt. h c. ; Schicein. !
I. c. V. emarginata. Le Conte! I. c. V. dentata, Pursh, fi. 1. p. 172?
Hill-sides and fields, Canada ! to Florida ! west to Arkansas ! /?. New
Jersey. April-May. — Rhizoma short and thick. Leaves usually a little
pubescent on the upper surface, crenately toothed, often somewhat hastate
at the base: petioles about as long as the lamina. Peduncles commonly long-
er than the leaves. Flowers middle-sized, bright blue. Spur short and
very obtuse.
8. V. villosa (Walt.): pubescent; leaves plane (appressedto the ground),
ovate or ovate-cordate, obtuse, crenately-toothed, sinus nearly closed ; petals
mostly villous, the lateral ones bearded.— Wa/f. Car. p. 219; Ell.sk. I. p.
297; 'Schwein. I. c. ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 295; Le Conte ! I. c.
Sandy pine and oak woods, in the southern States ! March-April—
Leaves very pubescent but not villous, rather thick, becoming nearly glabrous
late in the season, variegated with purple veins, often entirely purple under-
neath. Flowers small, pale blue. Le Conte.— This species appears to be
confined to the Southern States. We have not had an opportunity of ex-
amining the stigma.
9. V. rotundi folia (Michx.) : leaves orbicular-ovate, cordate, somewhat
crenate, nearly glabrous, the sinus closed ; petiole pubescent (flowers yellow) ;
stigma recurved at the apex, margined ; lateral petals bearded ; sepals ob-
tuse ; spur almost none.— Mic/i.r. 7 fi. 2. p. 150; Nutt.! gen. 1. p. 149;
Schwein.! I. c ; Torr.! fl.l.p.252; BigeL! fl. Bost. p. 97 ; DC. ])rodr.
l.p. 295 (excl. syn. Pursh); Le Conte! I. c. ; Hook.! fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 77.
P.pallens (herb. Banks): smooth ; sepals acuminate. DC. I. c.
Shady rocky woods and hill-sides. New England! Western part of the
States of New-York ! and Pennsylvania! to the high mountains of Carohna,
MichaiLv! 0. Labrador, Banks. May.— Rhizoma rather thick, throwing out
long stolons from the neck late in the season. Leaves spreading and appressed
to the ground, at the flowering time about an inch in length, but later in
the season 3-4 inches long and nearly three inches in diameter; the veins of
the under surface slightly pubescent. Flowers small, pale yellow: petals
broadly ovate, sometimes emarginate, the lateral ones with 3 brown striae ;
upper one small.— This may be the V. obUqua of Alton, which is described
as having straw-colored flowers ("petala straminea").
10. V. blanda ( Willd.) : leaves broadly cordate, slightly pubescent above,
the sinus rounded ; petiole glabrous ; stigma capitate, depressed, margined,
with a recurved beak; petals beardless (white) ; rhizoma creeping.— JrtV/rf.
hart. Berol. t. 24 ; Nutt. ! gen. 1. p. 149; Schwein. ! I. c. ; Torr. ! fi. 1. p.
254; DC. prodr. 1. p. 295; Le Conte! I. c. V. clandestina, Pursh! fi. 1.
p. 173 (excl. syn. Michx.) V. obliqua, Pursh, I. c. V. amoena, Le Conte !
I. c.
Wet meadows, Canada ! to Pennsylvania ! April-May— Leaves nearly
flat membranaceous, often reniform-cordate, sometimes rather acute when
young, but at length rounded at the summit. Flowers small, odorous : pe-
Viola. VIOLACE^. 139
tals obtuse ; the inferior and lateral ones strongly veined with puryile. — V.
clandestina, Pursh, of which we have seen specimens in Lambert's licrba-
rium,is only the apetalous state of this species, which like most other violets
with subterraneous stems, puts forth, late in the season, stolons, which
bear one or more apetalous flowers.
11. V. primuhp folia (Linn.): leaves oblong, somewhat cordate, the lamina
abruptly decurrent on the petiole, the under surface and the peduncles a lit-
tle pubescent; stigma capitate, margined (flowers white); lateral petals
bearded; rhizoma creeping. — Null.! gen. 1. p. 149 ; Schwein. I. c; Ell. sk.
1. p. 297 (excl. syn. Pursh) ; Torr. ! fi. 1. j). 253 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 293 ; Le
Conte ! I. c.
0. acuta: leaves ovate, glabrous; petals acute, lateral ones nearly gla-
brous.— V. acuta, Bigel. ! fl. Bost. p. 9.5 ; Torr. ! jl. I. c.
Wet meadows, Massachusetts ! to Florida !~west to Kentucky, Short.
/5. Moist grounds, near Boston, Bigelow ! April- June. — Plant usually 2-3
inches high. Leaves 1-2 inches long, shorter than the peduncles, mostly
somewhat cordate at the base, but sometimes merely truncate: petiole
shorter than the lamina. Flowers odorous : spur short, very obtuse.
12. V. lanceolata (Linn.) : glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, attenuate at the
base into a long petiole, rather obtuse, obscurely crenately serrate ; stigma
with a short recurved beak, somewhat quadrangular and margined ; petals
(white) beardless.— McA.r. .' fi. 2. p. 150; Null. ! gen. \.p. 150 ; Schwein.!
I. c. ; Torr.! fl.\. p. 253; DC. prodr. 1. p. 293; Le Conte ! I. c. ; Hook.!
Jl. Bor.-Am. l.;j. 76.
Wet meadows and swamps, Canada ! to Florida ! west to Texas !
Drummond! April-May.— Rhizoma creeping; often bearing very long
creeping stolons with an apetalous flower on a short peduncle at each joint.
It sometimes produces perfect flowers late in the season.
1.3. V.palustris {Iauxv.): leaver reniform-cordate ; stipules broadly ovate,
acuminate; stigma margined; sepals ovate, obtuse; capsule oblong, trian-
gular ; seeds ovate, dark green. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 294.
[i. Pennsyh-anica (DC): flowers purple; petals somewhat orbicular.—
DC! I.e.
Summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, Dr. Boott ! Mr.
Oakes ! Wet places among the Rocky Mountains, and in Oregon, Nuitall!
—Rhizoma articulated, creeping, somewhat scaly. Flowers resembling
those of V. cucuUata, but considerably smaller and of a pale lilac color.
* * Caulnscent : stigma coiixex, not margined.
14. V. Langadorffii {Fischer) : leaves roundish-cordate, nearly glabrous;
stipules ovate," setaceously acuminate, the lowest ones wnth bristly teeth;
stem at length elongated, oblique at the base ; inferior petals somewhat
rhomboidal; spur broadlv saccate, very obtuse. DC. prodr. 1. p. 296;
Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 77.
Island of Uualaschka, Chamisso.
15. V. striata (Alt.): glabrous; stem angular, oblique, branching ; leaves
roundish-cordate or someAvhat ovate, upper ones a little acuminate ; stipules
oblong-lanceolate, dentate-ciliate ; stigma tubular, recurved, pubescent at the
summit; spur somewhat produced.— .4(7. Kew. {ed. 1.) 3. p. 291; Pursh!
Jl. 1. p. 174; Natl.! gen. 1. p. 150; Ell. sk. I. p. 301 (excl. syn. Michx. <^-
Walt.) ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 297 ; Le Conte ! I. c. V. ochroleuca, Schicein. !
I. c; Torr.! fl. 1. p. 255; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 77. V. repens,
Schwein. I. c. 'V. Lewisiana,* DC. I c. V. debilis, Michx. ! Jl. 1. p. 150 1
* Gingins and CandoUe mistook ihe Christian name of Mr. Schweinitz for the
surname.
140 VIOLACEiE. Viola.
Wet meadowi=, chiefly in mountainous districts, Canada! to Georgia!
west to Kentucky ! and Illinois. April-May.— Plant 6-12 inches high.
Leaves 1-li inch broad, crenately toothed: stipules conspicuous. Flowers
large, sulphur-yellow: peduncles longer than the leaves: lateral petals beard-
ed. — Perhaps V. debilis of Michaux should rather be referred to V. Muhlen-
bergii; but his specimens of that species are imperfect, and we were unable
to determine them with certainty.
16. F. Muhlenbergii (Torr.): glabrous; stem assurgent or somewhat
prostrate; leaves reniform-cordate, the upper ones a little acuminate, cre-
natelv serrate ; stipules lanceolate, deeply serrate-ciliate ; stigma tubular,
papillose, pubescent; spur produced.— Tarr. .' /. 1. p. 256. V. Muhlen-
bergiana, Ging. in DC. prodr. \. p. 297; Le Conte ! I. c; Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 78. V. uliginosa & asarifolia, Mv.Jd. ! cat. p. 25. V. debilis,
Pursh! fl. \.p. 174 (excl. syn.). V. punctata (fc V. uliginosa, Schicein.!
I.e. v. Labradorica, Schrank ; DC. I. c.
a. albiflora (Hook.): stems very short; leaves cordate-ovate or ovate,
densely pubescent ; flowers white. — Hook. I. c.
y. multicanlis : stems numerous, prostrate; leaves cordate-reniform, ob-
tuse, rather thick, minutely pubescent on both sides ; stigma very acute, re-
curved ; lateral petals distinctly bearded.
Swamps, and in dry shady places, Labrador ! and British America (lat.
59-^) to New Orleans! west to the Rocky Mountains! P. British America,
Eichardson. y. Rocks near Kentucky River, Short. April-May.— Stem
6-10 inches long, branched from the base, when old decumbent and genicu-
late. Veins of the under surface of the leaves sometimes pubescent. Flow-
ers middle-sized, rather pale blue: lateral petals usually glabrous. Spur
often more than half the length of the petal— Very near V. canina of Eu-
rope; a species which is said by De CandoUe to occur on the N. W. Coast,
but which has not been found by any of the recent travellers in that region.
The var. y. may prove to be a distinct species. When it first begins to flower
the stem is very short, but at length it throws off prostrate branches, which
produce tufts of leaves and flowers at the extremity.
17. F. longipes (Nutt. ! mss.) : "glabrous or slightly pubescent; stem short,
somewhat decumbent ; leaves ovate-cordate, obtuse, more or less decurrent
at the base, repandly crenate ; stipules linear-lanceolate, remotely spinulose-
denticulate or lacerately cihate ; peduncles elongated ; stigma slightly ros-
trate, slender, papillose ; spur produced, obtuse. V. debilis, Nutt. ! in jour,
acad. Philad. 7. p. 15, not of Micl\a\
" Borders of woods and in bushy plains near the Oregon, and in the
Rocky Mountains.— Root creeping. Stem 1-2 inches long. Leaves on
petioles which are 2-3 times as long as the lamina, dotted with minute brown
glands: stipules conspicuous, 6-8 lines long. Peduncles overtopping the
leaves: bracts above the middle, linear-subulate. Flowers as large as in V.
Muhlenbergii, deep blue. Appendages of the anthers filiform." Am«.— The
V. canina, Richards, in upp. Frankl. journ. is supposed by Nuttail to be a
variety of this species.
18. F. rostrata (Pursh) : glabrous ; stems numerous, assurgent, terete ;
leaves cordate, the upper ones acute, serrate ; stipules lanceolate, serrate-
ciliate; stigma glabrous, tubular, erect, minute ; petals beardless; spur longer
than the corolla.— Pz^rs^, fl. 1. p. 72 ; Nutt. ! gen. 1. p. 150 ; Schicein. 1. c. ;
Torr. ! fi.\. p- 256 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 298 ; Le Conte ! I. c. ; Hook.f. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 78.
Moist rocky situations, Canada ! to Virginia ; Avest to Ohio and Kentucky.
May. — Stems 4-6 inches high. Sinus of the leaves open. Flowers large,
pale blue. Petals beardless, slightly veined with deep blue. Spur slender
VjoLA. VIOLACE^. 141
and rather acute, sometimes nearly twice the length of the petals. Appen-
dages of the anthers filiform, extending nearly the entire length of the spur.
19. V. adunca (Smith) : stem ascending, somewhat simple ; leaves ovate
and cordate-ovate, coriaceous, crenate, covered with distinct brown dots ; sti-
pules lanceolate, acuminate, dentate-ciliate; stigma somewhat rcHexed, gla-
brous; sepals linear-lanceolate; petals scarcely longer than the spur, two of
them bearded ; peduncles much longer than the leaves. Smith, in Rees,
cycL; Hook.ji. Bar. -Am. !./>. 79.
North-west coast, Menzies, Douglas. — Leaves of a dusky hue. Flow-
ers deep purple-blue. Spur obtuse, straight or uncinate. Hook.
§ 2. Stigma capitate, bearing a ttift of hairs on each side, icith a mi-
nute somewhat lateral foramen: style compressed, clavate: stajnens
oblong, approximate: torus rather Jlat: capsule often triangular.
Gingins.
20. V. Nuttallii (Pursh): stem erect; leaves ovate-lanceolate, some-
what pubescent or nearly glabrous, undivided, nearly entire, attenuated into
a long petiole ; stipules lanceolate, entire ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate ;
petals ovate-lanceolate ; spur very short ; peduncles shorter than the leaves. —
Pursh, f. l.p. 174; Schwein. ! I.e.; DC.prodr. 1. p. 300; Le Conte! I.
c. ; Hook.ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 9. t. 26; Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad. l.p. 16.
Sandy plains of the Missouri, Nutt all ! Saskatchawan, Drummond;
sources of the Oregon, Mr. Wyeth ! — Rhizoma ascending. Stems nume-
rous, short. Leaves sometimes obscurely sinuate-toothed. Flovv'ers small,
pale yellow. " Pubescence of the depressed stigma very minute." Nutt.
21. V. lingucefolia (Nutt. mss.) : "pubescent ; stem scarcely any ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, somewhat serrate, on very long petioles ; bracts of the
peduncles minute ; stigma thick and clavate, with scarcely any beak; sepals
long and narrow, linear ; petals linear-oblong, somewhat emarginate.
" Kamas Prairie, near the sources of the Oregon, Mr. Wyeth. — Flowers
yellow, larger than in the preceding. Intermediate between V. Nuttallii and
the succeeding species." Nuitatl.
22. V. prcsmorsa (Doug].): hirsute or very pubescent; stems erect, short;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, repandly denticulate or nearly entire ; stipules lance-
olate, entire; stigma clavate-capitate, conspicuously pubescent above, mi-
nutely beaked ; petals obovate ; spur very short ; peduncles longer than the
leaves.— Lindl. in bot. reg. t. 1254 ; Hook. ! ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 80.
Dry plains of the Oregon, and on the Wahlamet, Nuttall ! Douglas.
Fort Vancouver, Dr. Scolder ! Plant 6 inches high, usually densely hir-
sute with short spreading hairs. Flowers rather large, yellow, on peduncles
which are mostly shorter than the leaves. Lower petal emarginate, veined
with brown.
23. V. pedunculata : somewhat pubescent ; stem short ; leaves rhombic-
ovate, crenately toothed, abruptly narrowed at the base into a petiole; stipules
linear-lanceolate, entire ; stigma somewhat triangular, emarginate ; spur very
short ; appendages of the inferior stamens wing-form, a little produced at the
base.
California, Douglas! — Lamina of the leaves scarcely an inch long, rather
thick, with coarse obtuse teeth. Peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves.
Flower large, deep yellow. Sepals oblong, obtuse. Petals broadly obovate ;
the 2 upper ones with conspicuous claws ; lateral ones bearded at the base.
Summit of the filaments rounded. Stigma with a minute lip on the lower
edge.
21. V. hastata (Michx.): nearly glabrous; stem simple, erect; leaves
142 VIOLACE^. Viola.
deltoid-lanceolate, hastate and rhombic-ovate, repandly toothed ; stipules
ovate, acute ; stigma somewhat incurved, emarginate ; sepals lanceolate,
acute; spur very short. — Michx. ! Jl. 2. jj. 1^9 ; Ell sk. 1. p. 202 ; Schwein.!
I. c; Torr.! fl. \. p. 257; DC.prodr. 1. p. 300; Le Conte! I. c. V. gib-
bosa, /?o/.; DC. I.e.
Shady w^oods, particularly in mountainous regions, Pennsylvania ! to
Florida! — Rhizoma long and creeping. Stem 4-10 inches high. Radical
leaves dilated and truncate at the base. Peduncles shorter than the leaves.
Flowers smaller than in V. pubescens, yellow: lateral petals slightly bearded.
Stigma hairy on each side, with a deep furrow on the top.
25. V. tripartita (Ell.) : hirsute ; stem simple, leafy only at the summit ;
leaves deeply 3-parted, the lobes lanceolate, toothed. Ell. sk. p. 2. 302 ; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 300. V. hastata, /?. Le Conte, I. c.
Near Athens, Georgia. — Stem about a foot high ; the young plant villous.
Leaves divided to the base, sometimes trifoliolate, very hairy ; segments
sometimes acuminate. Stipules lanceolate, villous, entire or serrulate. Pe-
duncles long, slender, bracteate Avith 2 minute alternate scales near the
middle. Flowers yellow. Sepals acute. The lower petal beautifuUy streak-
ed with purple. Elliott.
26. V. pubescens (Ait.) : villous ; stem erect, naked below ; leaves broad-
ly cordate, toothed ; stipules ovate, somewhat toothed ; sepals oblong-lance-
olate; spur very short, a little saccate. — Ait. Keio. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 290; Nutt!
gen. 1. p. 150 ; Schwein. ! I. c. ; Torr. ! fl. 1. p. 257 ; Le Conte ! I. c. V.
Pennsylvanica, Mich.v. ! fl. 2. p. 149.
/i. eriocarpa (Nutt.) : capsules densely villous. Nutt. ! I. c. ; Torr. ! I. c.
V. eriocarpa, Schwein. ! I. c. ; DC. I. c.
y. scabriuscula: branching from the root ; sterns decumbent, nearly gla-
brous; leaves smaller, somewhat scabrous, but hardly pubescent; capsule
glabrous, or villous. — V. scabriuscula, Schwein.! mss.
Dry woods, Canada ! to Georgia ! west the Council Blutfs on the Mis-
souri. J.Pennsylvania, Darlington! Kentucky, Dr. Short ! April-May.
— Stem 6-12 inches high, with naked stipules at the base. Leaves 2-3
on the upper part of the stem, somewhat acuminate, rarely almost glabrous.
Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Flowers middle-sized, yellow : petals
handsomely striate. Appendages of the stamens forming a broad dorsal
wing or keel, not produced at the base. Stigma globose, not rostrate, strong-
ly bearded on each side.
27. V. glabella (Nutt.! mss.): "nearly glabrous; stem erect, naked be-
low ; leaves reniform-cordate, with a short acunjination, crenately serrulate;
stipules very small, membranaceous, nearly entire ; sepals hnear-lanceolate j
spur very short, slightly saccate.
" Shady woods of the Oregon. April.— Leaves with a very shallow smus,
scarcely at all cuneate at the insertion of the petiole. Flowers rather larger
than in V. pubescens, bright yellow, the upper ones almost fastigiate : petals
somewhat veined at the base. Stigma globose, hairy on the sides." Nuttall.
— Very near V. pubescens.
28. V. ocellata: pubescent ; leaves on very long petioles, cordate-triangu-
lar, crenately toothed; stipules lanceolate, somewhat ciliate ; peduncles short-
er than the leaves ; sepals linear ; petals oblong-obovate (lateral ones spot-
ted) ; spur very short; appendages dorsal, winged, not produced at the base.
California, Douglas .'—Stem nearly a foot high, simple, terete. Leaves
li inch wide, slightly cordate, or truncate at the base ; uppermost ones
somewhat acuminate and deltoid: petioles 3-4 inches long. Stipules small,
scarious. Flowers on the summit of the stem, middle-sized: peduncles
about an inch long. Upper petals purple, the others pale yellow; lateral
Viola. VIOLACEi^. 143
ones with a purple spot below the middle, slightly bearded on the elaw.
Style much attenuated downward : stigma strongly bearded on each side.
29. V. Canadesnis (Linn.) : nearly glabrous ; leaves broadly cordate,
acuminate, serrate, the nerves pubescent; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire;
peduncles shorter than the leaves ; sepals subulate ; petals elliptical-oblong ;
spur verv short, saccate; capsule very obtuse. — Pursh ! Ji. 1. p. 174;
Schwein'.! i.e.; Torr. ! Jl. l.p. 255; DC. prodr. 1. p. 301; Le Conte, I.
c; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. /;. 80.
0. corymbosa (Nutt. ! mss.): flowers 5-6, somewhat corymbosely fasti-
giate, sometimes white.
Shady woods, generally in mountainous districts, Hudson's Bay ! to Caro-
lina! and west to the Pacific, ff. Woods, Alabama, Nut tall ! May-July. —
Stem from (5 inches to 2 feet high, nearly simple. Flowers middle-sized.
Petals only slightly twisted, pale within, violet externally; lateral ones beard-
ed. Seeds roundish-ovate, brown.
30. V. .<!armentosa (DougL) stems creeping, filiform ; stolons floriferous ;
leaves cordate, with the sinus open, crenate, somewhat pubescent above,
glabrous and punctate beneath ; style rather slender ; appendages of the an-
thers somewhat produced ; peduncles about as long as the leaves ; spur very
short.— Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. ].p. 80.
Hilly wooded places, N. W. America, Douglas ; pine woods of the Ore-
gon near the junction of the Wahlamet, NuttaU ! and near Wallawallah,
Mr. Towns end ! — Leaves about ^ of an inch in diameter ; the petiole longer
than the lamina. Flowers yellow : petals oblong-obovate, entire ; lateral petals
slightly bearded.
31. V. chrysantha (Hook.) : somewhat pubescent ; stems csespitose,
short ; leaves bipinnatifid ; segments linear ; sepals ciliate; inferior petal with-
out a spur. — Hook. ! ic. t. 49.
Monterey, California, Douglas ! — Stems partly subterranean, several in a
cluster from one root. Leaves on long petioles ; the segments very narrow
and rather acute. Stipules linear lanceolate, entire. Peduncles rather longer
than the leaves. Flowers very large : petals broadly obovate, glabrous ; the
2 superior ones purpHsh; the others bright yellow with dark lines at the
base ; inferior one slightly saccate at the base. Upper part of the filaments
broad and rounded : appendages dorsal, wing-like, not produced at the base.
Style clavate, curved: stigma obtuse, slightly hairy below the summit.
§ 3. Stigma urceolate, hairy on each side ; aperture large, Jumished
with a lip on one side : style attenuated downward : ovary partly im-
mersed in the concave torus : seeds very numerous. — Gingins.
32. V. tricolor (Linn.): root somewhat fusiform; stems branching, dif-
fused; lower leaves ovate, cordate ; stipules runcinately pinnatifid, the mid-
dle lobe crenate ; petals with short claws ; spur thick, obtuse, not produced ;
appendages short; seeds oblong-ovate. DC. prodr. 1. p. 303.
K. arven.'iis (DC): annual; stems assurgent ; upper leaves spatulate-
ovate ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx, yelloAvish, blue, or spotted with
purple. DC. I.e. ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 81. V. hkoXor, Pursh ! Jl. 1.
p. 175 ; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 151 ; Schwein. ! I. c. V. arvensis. Ell. sk. 1. v. 302.
V. tenella, Muhl. ! eat. p. 25 ; Torr. ! ft. 1. p. 257 ; Le Conte ! I. c!
Dry rocky hills New-York ! to Georgia, Missouri, and Arkansas ! May. —
Plant nearly glabrous. Stem somewhat triangular. Stipules very large.
Petals pale blue, yellowish towards the base (sometimes none); lateral ones
bearded. Capsule glabrous.
144 VIOLACE^. lomDicM,
X Doubtful species.
33. V. radicans (DC): rhizoma horizontal, fibrillose; stigma with a
short beak, margined ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, abruptly attenuate at the base, or
somewhat cordate, serrate ; stipules linear, setaceously subulate, with bristly
serratures ; sepals linear, acute ; lateral petals obovale, beardless ?, the lowest
one smaller ; spur almost none. DC. prodr. 1. p. 207.
South Carolina, Michaux Jil. (ex De Cand.).— Is this a variety of V.
Muhlenbergii ?
3. SOLEA. Gingins, in DC. prodr. 1. p. 306..
Sepals nearly equal, not auricled, (reflexed after flowering, Gingins). Pe-
tals unequal; the lowest one 2-lobed and somewhat gibbous at the base ; the
rest emarginate. Stamens cohering; the lowest 2 bearing a gland above
the middle. Stigma uncinate, with a pore at the extremity of the point.
Capsule somewhat 3-sided, surrounded at the base by the concave torus.
Seeds 6-8, very large. — An herbaceous perennial herb, with alternate cauline
leaves, and small flowers on solitary or geminate axillary peduncles.
Scarcely a distinct genus from the succeeding.
S. concolor (Ging.) — DC. prodr. l.p. 306. Viola concolor, Forst. in Linn,
trans. 6. p. 308. t. 28 ; Niitt. ! gen. 1. p. 151 ; Schwein. ! I. c. ; Torr. ! fi.
I. c. V. stricta, Spreng. pug. rar. 1. p. 22. lonidium Sprengelii, Roem. ^
Schidt. syst. 5. p. 401.
Wet shady woods, western part of the State of New-York ! to Carolina ;
west to Missouri ! April-May— Plant somewhat pubescent or hairy. Stem
simple, leafy, a foot or more high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, somewhat
erect, attenuated at each extremity. Peduncles very short, recurved. Flow-
ers greenish. Sepals about the length of the corolla. Lowest petal twice as
large as the others. Filaments produced a little above the anthers : nectari-
ferous glands sessile, confluent. Stigma glabrous, not margined. Capsule
nearly an inch long. Seeds whitish, globose-obovate.
4. lONIDIUM. Vent, (in part) ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 307.
Sepals small, unequal, not auricled, membranaceous on the margin. Pe-
tals unequal ; the inferior one much larger than the others, somewhat ungui-
culate, with a dilated lamina, a little concave or gibbous at the base. Sta-
mens approximate ; filaments soraeAvhat unguiculate, bearing the anthers low
down ; the 2 anterior ones usually with a nectariferous gland or appendage
at the base. Capsule few-seeded. — Herbaceous or suflruticose humble plants.
Leaves alternate or opposite. Peduncles solitary, 1-flowered, articulated,
usually with 2 bracteoles above the middle.
1. /. stiptdaceum (Nutt. ! mss.) : nearly glabrous, annual (?) ; leaves al-
ternate ; lower ones oblong ; upper ones oblong-linear and linear, entire ; sti-
pules large, linear-lanceolate ; sepals very acute ; limb of the inferior petals
reniform, twice as long as the calyx ; appendages of the lower stamens sub-
ulate.
Plains of Red River, Arkansas, Nuttall! and on the Arkansas near
Fort Towson, Dr. Leavenxtorth ! Texas, Drummond! May-June. —
Plant 8-12 inches high. Leaves about li inch long, sometimes all except
Drosera. DROSERACE.E. 145
the uppermost oblons^ or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, scabrous on the margin ;
upper ones usually much narrower, acute. Stipules nearly half us lung as
the leaves. Flowers 2 lines long: peduncles slender, much shorter ihaii ihe
leaves, without bracteoles, articulated above the middle. Sepals nearly equal,
strongly carinate. Lower petal contracted into a claw in the middle, dilated
again and somewhat gibbous at the base; limb emarginate, strongly veined;
lateral petals incurved, oblong; superior ones nmch the smallest. Filaments
contracted at the base into a short but distinct (-law ; upper portion ovate and
somewhat acute; the lowest two with a small subulate appendage pointing
upward. Ovary triangular : style slender: stigma small, not rostrate. Cap-
sule 3-sided, glabrous, about 6-seedcd. Seeds ovate-globose, glabrous, light
brown.
2. /. iineare (Torr.) : somewhat pubescent ; stem branched ; leaves line-
ar, narrow, entire ; stipules linear, minute. Torr. ! in ann. lye. New- Yoi-k,
2. p. 168. '
On the Red River, Arkansas, Dr. James f — Leaves an inch or more in
length, scarcely more than a line long, pale green, scabrous on the margin.
Stipules one-third the length of the leaves. Capsules glabrous. — Of this
plant we have but a single imperfect specimen, which was collected by Dr.
James in Long's 1st Expedition. It may prove to be a variety of L stipula-
ceum, but it differs considerably from that species.
Order XIX. DROSERACE.E. DC.
Sepals 5, persistent, equal, sometimes united at the base, imbricated
in aestivation. Petals 5, alternate with the sepals, nearly or quite hy-
pogynous, marcescent. Stamens distinct, marcescent, usually as
many as the petals and alternate with them, rarely 2-3 times as many :
filaments capillary or flattened : anthers extrorse or innate ; cells
distinct, or somewhat connivcnt above, opening longitudinally, or rare-
ly by a terminal pore. Ovary composed of 2-5 united carpels, l-cel-
led : placentae parietal, or filling the base of the cell : styles 2-5, usu-
ally distinct or united at the base merely, each 2-parted or multifid
and pencil-shaped ; sometimes all united into one. Capsule 2-5-valv.
ed, loculicidal, with the valves placentiferous in the middle, or indehis-
cent with the placenta at the base, many- (rarely few-) seeded. Seeds
anatropous : testa sometimes arilliform. Embryo short, at the base
of cartilaginous or fleshy albumen. — Herbs, or rarely suflrutescent
plants (growing in swamps or wet places). Leaves alternate or
crowded, entire, commonly furnished with glandular hairs, with a cir-
cinate vernation (except Dionsea) : stipules none, or in the form of a
tuft or fringe of scarious hairs at the base of the petioles.
1. DROSERA. Li7m. ; Lam. til. t. 220 ; G(Brt7i. fr. t. 61.
Stamens 5. Styles 3-5, 2-parted ; the divisions somewhat thickened
toward the apex, or multifid. Capsule subglobose or ovoid, usually 3-valved
at the top : valves placentiferous to the summit. Seeds verv numerous, in
19
146 DROSERACE/E. Dhosera.
2-5 rows on each placenta. — Small herbs, growing in sphagnous or sandy
swamps (the American and European species acaulesccnt, with a rosulate
tuft of leaves, and simple scapes which are circinate when young ; racemes
mostly unilateral). Leaves furnished with numerous long reddish glanduli-
ferous hairs. — Sun-de^c.
The pollen-grains in D. filiformis are connected by minute threads ; as in OEno-
thera. All the N. American species have usually three 2-parted or 2-cleft styles.
1. D. hreinfolia (Pursh) : leaves forming a close tuft, broadly cuneiform,
very obtuse, on petioles scarcely longer than the limb ; petals (rose-color)
obovate, more than twice the length of the calyx ; styles deeply 2-parted,
the divisions a little dilated and membranaceous above ; seeds oval (the testa
not arilliform), minutely ribbed. — Pursh! Ji. 1. j). 211; Nutt.I gen. 1. p.
141; DC. prodr. 1. p. 318.
/?. major : leaves on longer petioles. Hook. jour. bot. 1. p. 194.
Borders of sandy ponds (occasionally in exsiccated places, Nutt.), N. Ca-
rolina ! to Florida ! and Louisiana ! /?. Louisiana, Drummond ; Apalachicola,
Florida, Dr. Chapman ! — Tuft of leaves about an inch in diameter. Scape
filiform, in flower 2-4, in fruit sometimes 6-8 inches high, 2 or 6-10-flowered :
flowers nearly half an inch in diameter when expanded. Sepals and pedi-
cels often minutely glandular when young. — Our specimen from Apalachi-
cola, which we refer to p. major of Hooker, has the less broadly cuneifonn
limb of the leaves scarcely one-third as long as the petiole, and the scape aknost
capillary : it will perhaps prove to be a distinct species.
2. D. rotundifolia (Linn.) : leaves orbicular, spreading, abruptly attenuate
into the long hairy petiole ; petals (white) oblong; styles very short, 2-parted,
with subclavate divisions ; seeds linear, with a loose, arilliform testa. — Eng.
hot. t. 867 ; Michx. ! Ji. l.p. 186 ; Ell. sk. l.p. 375 ; Nutt. ! gen. I. c. ; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 318; Hook.IJl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 81. D. capiUaris, Poir. (?);
DC. I. c.
Sphagnous swamps, from the Arctic Circle and Unalaschka to Florida!
and Alabama! June-Aug. — (2) (© DC.) Scape 4-8 or 10 inches high,
5-10-flowered: raceme sometimes bifid. Capsule oblong.
3. D. longifolia (hinn.) : leaves cuneate-oblong, erect-spreading, attenuate
into the long and slender naked petiole ; caudex ascending or decumbent,
often elongated; scapes declined at the base (petals white, short); styles
very short, the divisions slightly thickened ; seeds oblong, slightly punctate,
the testa not arilliform.— i;«o-. bat. t. 868; Michx.! JI. l.p. 186; Nutt.!
gen. I. c; Torr.! JI. l.p. 331 (e.vcl. syn. Goldie.). D. Arnericana, Muhl. !
cat. p. 33. D. intermedia y. Americana, DC. I. c. D. foliosa, Ell. sk. 1. p.
375; DC. I.e.
In sphagnous and very wet sandy swamps, Canada ! to Alabama! and
Louisiana. June-Aug. — H Scapes 3-8 inches high, several-flowered, at
length about twice the length of the leaves. Capillary stipules conspicuous.
Capsule obovate-oblong.
4. D. Anglica (Huds.) : leaves linear-spatulate, erect : petioles elongated
(scarcely longer than the limb, DC.) ; seeds with an arilliform testa. Hook.
—Huds. fl. Angl. p. 135; DC. I. c. ; Hook. JI. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 81.
Near Cumberland House, lat. 54°, Richardson; and N. W. Coast, Men-
zies, ex Hook. — Scape erect, twice the length of the leaves.
5. D. linearis (Goldie) : leaves linear, very obtuse, erect, on slender naked
petioles ; scapes 1-3-flowered, at first shorter, at length a little longer than
the leaves ; seeds oval-oblong, smooth and shining, the testa not arilliform. —
Goldie, in Edinb. phil. jour. 6. p. 325 ; Hook. ! JI. Bar.- Aon. 1. p. 82. t.
27. A.
Dion^;a. DROSERACRiT:. 147
Lake Simcoe, Goldie ; near Jasper's Lake in the Uofky Mcuntains,
Driimmnnd! Keweeim Point, Lake Superior, Dr. JJukl'-IiIuil.' July-Aug.
— ((J) Huok.) Leaves 3-5 inches long; the petiole rather exceeding the
limh; which is about 2 hnes wide throughout. Capsule oval, more than
twice the length ol" the calyx.
6. D. filiformis (Raf.) : leaves filiform and very long, nearly erect, glan-
dular-hairy, naked at the lower extremity (petiole?), densely Avoolly at the
base ; scape longer than the leaves, many -flowered ; petals (purple) obovate,
erosely denticulate, much longer than the glandular calyx; styles 2-parted to
the base, the segments filiform and slightly thickened upwards ; seeds acute
at each end, minutely punctate, the testa not arilliform. — Raf. in vied. rep.
2. p. 360, f ill JJesv. jour. hot. 1. p. 227; Pursh! Ji. 1. p. 211; Nutt. !
gen. 1. p. 142; DC. I. c; Ton\! fl. 1. p. 332; Hook. hot. mag. i. 3540.
D. tenuifolia, Muhl. ! cat. p. 33 ; Willd. ennm. p. 340.
Wet sandy places, from Plymouth, Massachusetts (Bigelow !) and Long
Island ! to the Pine barrens of New-Jersey ! and Delaware {Rajinesque.)
Also Apalachicola, F'lorida, Z>r. C7m/i???a«.' Aug-Sept. — 2+ Leaves 6-10
inches long. Scape a foot or more high, 8-20-flowered. Flowers larger than
in the other species. Cells of the anther linear-oblong, nearly distinct, at
length separable from the rhombic-lanceolate connectivum. — Tlie flowers in
all the specimens from Florida are nearly twice the size of liie northern
plant ; bi-ing about an inch in diameter when fully expanded.
2. DION^A. Ellis, in act. Ups. 1. p. 98. t. S.
Stamens 10-15: anthers innate. Style 1, thick: stigmas 5, connivent,
fimbriately many-cleft. Capsule membranaceous, indehiscent, but tearing
open irregularly (5-valved, DC), 1-celled. Seeds numerous (20-30), partly
immersed in the scrobiculate cellular placenta which fills the base of the cap-
sule. — A glabrous perennial (yellowish-green) herb. Flowers umbellate at
the extremity of a slender scape. Leaves (not circinate in vernation) radi-
cal, rosulate and spreading ; petiole winged and foliaceous, terminating in an
articulated circular spinulose-ciliate lamina, which is very sensitive, suddenly
closing when the upper surface is touched. — Vemis^s Fly-trap.
Arnott places Dionrea in his suborder ParnassicEe; but we prefer to retain it in
Droseracese proper, with which it agrees more nearly in habii, and from wliicli it
differs in no important character except in tlie vernation, and in the placenta which
fills the bottom of the ovary; the style, moreover, is just such an one as would he
produced liy the cohesion of the rnultifid styles of" some species of Drosera nearly
to the summit. On tlie oilier hand, it differs from Parnassia in most of the peculiar
characters of that o^enus, viz.: the peri^ynous stamens, a portion of which are abor-
tive or transformed, tlie sessile stigmas opposite the placenlte, and the albuminous
seeds.
D. muscipula (FiUis) — Linn. maM. p. 238; Michx.! Jl. 1. p. 267;
Vent. hort. Malmais. t. 29 ; Walt. Car. p. 144 ; Bot. mag. t. 785 ; Ell. sk.
1. p. 479 ; Nutt. ! gen. h p. 278 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 320 ; Curtis ! in Host,
jour. nat. hist. 1. p. 123.
Sandy bogs, New-Bern, and N. Carolina, Croom ! and from the mouth of
Cape Fear River to Fayetteville, Curtis ! Also along the lower branches of
the Santee River in S. Carolina, Elliott. April-May. — Scape 6-12 inches
high, about 10-flowered. Petals white, cuneate-obovate, marked with paral-
lel simply forked veins, marcescent. Filaments capiUary : anthers roundish.
Ovary depressed-globose, slightly 5-lobed : stigmas fimbriate within. Seeds
148 DROSERACE^. ParnassU.
obovate, smooth and shining, black, marked witli an inconspicuous raphe.
Embryo oblong, at the base of the cartilaginous albumen. — '' The sensitive-
ness of the lamina," according to Mr. Curtis, " resides only in the '3 or 4
hair-Uke processes of its upper surface, so placed that an insect can hardly
traverse it M^ithout interfering with one of them ; when the two sides sud-
denly collapse and enclose the prey, the fringe or hairs of the opposite sides
of the leaf interlacing like the fingers of the two hands clasped together."
See the further remarks of Mr. Curtis in loc- cit.
Suborder PARNASSIE^. Am. (excl. Dion^a.)
Sepals 5, persistent, imbricated in aestivation ; more or less united
at the base and coherent with the base of the ovary. Petals 5, some-
what perigynous, persistent, alternate with the petals: venation sim-
ple. Stamens, perigynous, persistent, consisting of an outer sterile se-
ries, somewhat indefinite in number, united in 5 phalanges situated
opposite the petals ; and an inner series of 5 fertile stamens alter-
nating with the petals' : anthers fi.xed by the base, introrse. Ovary com-
posed of 4 united camels, l-celled, with 4 sessile stigmas opposite the
parietal placentae. Capsule 1-celIed, 4-valved, loculicidal. Seeds very
numerous, anatropous, with an arilliform winged testa : albumen none.
Embryo straight, with a slender radicle and minute cotyledons. — Gla-
brous perennial herbs (growing in wet places.) Leaves mostly radical
or nearly so, petioled, exstipulate, entire, with obscure converging
veins. Scapes elongated, 1 -flowered : flower white.
This suborder, as characterized above, includes the anomalous genus Parnassia
alone ; which was placed by Jussieu, along with Diosera and Reseda, among " Ge-
nera Capparidibus affinia;" and is referred to Droseracese by Richard, De Candolle,
and (as & suborder) by Arnott- to Saxifragacese (with which they agree very well,
except in the completely syncarpous ovary and the position of the stigmas,) by
Brown and Liiidley ; to Hypericaceffi by Don ; and (with a mark of doubt) to Tama-
riscineae by Bartling. The curious scale-like organs terminating in three or more
threads or seta with glandular lips, are doubtless transformed stamens ; but their
situation {opposite the petals and exterior to the fertile stamens) as well as their
structure renders it evident that they are not composed each of a single stamen, as
has been stated, but of 3 or more, as we have described them. That they are so
considered by Don, is manifest from the view he takes of the affinity of the genus,
although the work which contains his remarks is not at this moment before us.
3. PARNASSIA. Tourn. inst. t. 127 ; Linn. ; Gcertn. fr. t. 60.
Character same as of the Suborder.
^'^1. P. patusiris CLinn.): scales [phalanges of sterile stamens] with nu-
''merous (9-13) very slender setae ; leaves all cordate, the cauhne one [when
present] sessile. Hook.-^Fl. Dan. t. 584; DC prodr. 1. p. 320 ; Richards. !
app. Frankl. joiirn. p. 10 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 82.
Labrador! and Newfoundland to Rocky Mountains, lat. 52^-50-, and
Kotzebue's Sound ; south to Canada ! and the south shore of Lake Superior,
Dr. Pitcher! — Scapes slender, 3-8 inches high, naked or with a single
somewhat clasping leaf. Leaves, sepals &c. marked, though not con-
stantly, as in all the species, with brownish dots. Petals, in American spe-
cimens, 3-5-nerved, h-i longer than the oblong-lanceolate sepals. Setse pel-
lucid, with minute glandular tips. — Our American specimens are all much
Parnassia. DROSERACEiE. 149
smaller than the ordinary European forms, and have fewer veins in the se-
pals and fewer sela; to the scales: they af^ree almost wholly with authentic
specimens of P. palustris /?. tenuis, Wtilil, from Lapland. — We take llie cha-
racters of this and the two foUowin^f nearly allied species from Hooker, not
beins: perfectly satisfied of their distinctness. The sets in these species do
not appear to furnish well-marked characters: we observe 7-12 in the Ameri-
can P. palustris, 5-8 in P. parviflora, Hook., and 3-5 in P. Kotzebuei.
-f^2. P. parviflora (DC.) : very slender ; scales with about 5 very; slender
'setae ; radical leaves ovate, attenuate into a petiole ; the cauline one linear-ob-
long, sessile. Jlook. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 320; Honk.! Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 82,
excl. syn. P. palustris /?. Wahl.
Sandy banks of rivers among the Rocky Mountains, Drummond! ex
Hook. IV. America, DC, who described from a specimen in the Banksian
herbarium. — Scapes from a span to a foot high, with a single bract-like leaf.
Flowers considerably smaller than in P. palustris : petals slightly unguicu-
Jate. Hook.
-7—3. P. Kotzebuei (Cham. & Schlecht.) : scales with 3 slender seta^; radi-
cal leaves (and cauline one when present) subcordate-ovate, petioled ; petals
about 3-nerved, shorter than the calyx. Hook. — Cham. ^ iivhhxht. in Lin-
ncea, 1. p. 549; Hook. ! I. c. t. 28; Hook. ^ Am. hot. Beechoij, p. 122.
Unalaschka and Kotzebue's Sound, Cliamisso ; Rocky Mountains, be-
tween lat. 52^ & 56° {Drummond) to Bear Lake and the shores of the Arc-
tic Sea, Richardson ! — Scapes slender, naked or with a single leaf near the
base, 3-6 inches high. Leaves membranaceous, very small. Sepals ellipti-
cal-lanceolate. Petals elliptical. Anthers subrotund. Ovary oval-globose,
nearly a third part inferior. — Hooker, and also Cham. & Schlecht., expressly
state the stigmas to be four and the capsule 4-valved, as in the rest of the
genus, and this we find to be the case in our specimens ; but the figure in
the Flora. Boreali- Americana exhibits several views of a pentacarpellary
■capsule, probably a monstrosity.
— ^ 4. P. Caroliniana (Michx.): scales of 3 stout and thick sterile filaments,
■distinct to near the base, about the length of the fertile stamens ; i)etals sub-
sessile, more than twice the length of the calyx, with strong greenish veins;
leaves (coriaceous) orbicular-ovate or somewhat elliptical-ovate^ subcordate,
the cauline one usually low down and clasping. — Michx. Jl. 1. p. 184; Bot.
mag. t. 1459 ; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 208 ; Torr. ! Jl. 1. p. 326 ; DC. I. c. ; Hook.
I. c. P. palustris, P«7-67«, I.e. P.Americana & ovata, MuhL! cat. ]. 32.
P. ovata /?. Belvisii, DC. I.e.?
0. leaves larger, not rarely orbicular-reniform ; sterile filaments exceeding
the fertile stamens; pollen orange-color. Hook. jour. bot. 1. j). 194. P.
grandifolia, DC. I. c.
Wet meadows and along shady streams, &c. Canada ! to Florida I Avest
to the Mississippi. 0. New-Orleans, Drummond. July-Aug. — Leaves
about 7-nerved, varying from orbicular-subreniform to ovate-cordate and
broadly oval with no sinus at the base. Scape 8-18 inches high. Flower
an inch in diameter. — We have seen no Southern specimens which agree
with the /?. of Hooker in the sterile stamens, &c. ; but Elliott describes them
as " nearly the length of the corolla," and " filaments very short."
5. P. asarijolia (Vent.) : scales of 3 sterile filaments ; petals broadly
ovate and very obtuse, naked and abruptly unguiculate at the base ; leaves
reniform; the cauline one reniform-cordate or somewhat orbicular, sessile.—
Vent. Malmais. t. 39 ; Pursh, Jl. 1. p. 208 ; Muhl. ! cat. p. 32 ; DC. 1. c.
High mountains of Virginia ! and N. Carolina ! (v. s. in herb. Muhl. &
herb. Schweinitz.) July-Aug. — Leaves and flowers rather larger than in
P. Caroliniana. — A well-marked species.
150 CISTACEvE. Heuanthemum.
6. P. jimhriata (Banks): scales broadly cuneate, fleshy, carinate at the
middle within, crenately 5-toothc'd at the apex ; radical leaves on very long
petioles, biauriculate-reniform; the cauline one very small, cordate, sessile
above the middle of the slender scape ; petals fimbriate at the base, some-
what unguiculate. Hook. — K(£n. anil. hot. 1. p. 391; DC. prodr. I. p. 320;
Hook. ! hot. misc. 1. p. 43. t. 23, (f- fl. Bor.-Am,. 1. p. 84.
N. W. Coast, Menzies. Elevated swamps in the Rocky Mountains, lat.
52"?-56°, Drummond! and lat. 41°, Nuttall ! — Rhizoraa somewhat creeping.
Scape 1-U foot high. Flowers smaller than in P. Caroliniana.
Order XX. CISTACEiE. Juss,
Sepals 5, persistent ; the two outer ones usually much smallest or
sometimes wanting ; the three inner imbricated and often somewhat
twisted in a3stivation. Petals 5 (rarely 3 or by abortion none), hypogy-
nous, mostly very fugitive, usually crumpled in aestivation and twisted
in a direction contrary to that of the sepals. Stamens indefinite, or
rarely kw, hypogynous, distinct : anthers short, innate. Ovary com-
posed of 3-5 united carpels : styles and stigmas mostly united into
one. Capsule 3-5-valved, loculicidal, 1-celled with parietal nerviform
placentae, or imperfectly 3-5-celled with dissepiments proceeding from
the middle of the valves and bearing the placentae at or near the axis ;
endocarp often separating from the exocarp. Seeds few or numerous,
orthotropous (veiy rarely somewhat anatropous). Embryo nearly
straight or spirally convolute, in the midst of mealy or somewhat cor-
neous albumen. — Herbs or low shrubs : pubescence simple or stellate.
Leaves simple and usually entire, opposite or alternate (the lowest
always opposite), with or without stipules. Flowers perfect, yellow,
white, or red, showy or sometimes inconspicuous.
Mr. Spach, in his papnr entitled ' Description of some nciv Cistacece, published in
the first volume of the Companion to the Botanical Magazine, annouaces the some-
what curious fact, that a few Cistaceis have anatropous seeds, but without mention-
ino; in what plants this structure is found. We find anatropous seeds in Helianthe-
Tnum Fumana, H. procumbens, H. lajvipes, H. junipcrinum, and H. glutinosum
(which are all the species of the section fimiana of which we have specimens in
proper state for the examination) ; also in H. alpestre. In the two first-named spe-
cies the funiculus is adherent only for about half the length of the seed, which is thus
as it were heterotropous or amphitropous ; in the others it adheres almost to the
(organic) apex of the seed, but in H. Isevipes and H. glutinosum it may readily be
separated from the testa. I'he seeds of H. glutinosum, when thrown into water are
seen to be covered with a very dense coat of mucus, enveloping a great number of spi-
ral threads which uncoil when the mucus dissolves ; as in CoUomia linearis.
1. HELIANTHEMUM. Toiirn. inst. t. 128 ; Gc^tn.fr. t. 76 5 DC.
The two exerior sepals usually much smaller and bract-like, or wanting.
Petals 5 or rarely 3, sometimes abortive, fugitive. Stigmas 3, large, fimbrio-
late, more or less united into one. Capsule triangular, 3-valved, few- or
Helianthemum. CISTACE/E. 151
many-seeded : placentae filiform, in the axis of the valves or on iniperfuct
dissepiments more or less projecting into the cell. Embryo indexed.
The North American species belong to the section Lecheoides, Dwnal ; havine
the exterior sepals minute, a very short straight style, and strictly parietal placenta;:
they are almost sufTruticose, with mostly stellular pubescence, and exstipulate slightly
petioled aUernate leaves, except the lowest, which are usually opposite ; and the evo-
lution of the (yellow) flowers is centrifugal. Excepting H. scoparium from Cali-
fornia, and II. Carolinianum, which hardly belong to this section, they dirter
from the European sjiccics in producing two kinds of (lowers: viz. 1st, Terminal or
dichotomal flowers, usually preceding the others, on slender pendunclca, with con-
spicuous petals and numerous stamens. 2nd, Smaller flowers, usually clustered in
axillary cymes or glomerules, scarcely ever fully expanding, witli minute petals or
often none, fewer stamens, and smaller and fewer-seeded capsules. The two kinds
often occur on the same specimens ; but the latter are produced later in the season,
and in sterile soil often to the exclusion of the others, giving to the plant the appear-
ance of Lechea, so much so as to have deceived Linnaius, wliose L. major is wel!
known to have been founded upon such a state of Helianthemum Canadense. Mr.
Spach has noticed this peculiarity in our species, and separated them as a distinct
genus under the name of Heteromeris.
"r*"^!. //. Canadense (Michx.) : stem at first simple ; the primar}'^ or termi-
nal large and petaliferous flowers few or solitary, on peduncles scarcely longer
than the floAver, the erosely emarginate petals about twice the length of the
calyx ; secondary flowers axillary, very small, nearly sessile, solitary or some-
what clustered on short leafy branches, the petals very small or none, and
the outer sepals usually wanting ; leaves oblong or somewhat lanceolate, with
revolute margins (when dry), and, as well as the sepals and often the
branches and peduncles, canescently tomentose. — Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 308 ;
Pursh ! fl. 2. ]). 363 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 4 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.72; Dar-
lingt. fl. Cest. p. 313. H. ramuliflorum, Michx. I. c. ; Pursh ! I. c. ; Ell.
I.e. li. coTymbosnm, Picrsh, fide herb. ! H. rosmarinifolium, P«rs/t .' I.e.
Cistus canadensis, Willd. ; Bigel. fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. 212. Lechea major
(the apetalous state), Limi. amcen. accul. 3. p. 11 (excl. fig.), fide Smith, &,
in herb. Gronov. f
In dry sandy soils, Canada ! to Florida! June (April in the Southern
States) to Sept. — Stem 6-18 inches high. Capsules of the apetalous flowers
not larger than a pin's head, few-seeded : seeds angular, scabrous-punctate.
,-J-^. H. polifolium, : primary or petaliferous flowers (small) terminating the
slender stem and the numerous short branches, on filiform peduncles many
times longer than the flower, the broadly cuneiform petals a little exceeding
the calyx ; secondary flowers very small, apetalous, 3-6-androus, clustered
in lateral cymnles on the floriferous branches, at first glomerate and nearly
sessile, at length on pedicels as long as the (.5-sepalous) calyx ; leaves linear
or linear-oblong, with revolute margins, beneath (as also the sepals and pedun-
cles) tomentose-canescent. — H. capitatum, Nutt. ! in herb. acad. Philad.
Heteromeris polifolia, Spach, in compan. to bot. mag. 1. p. 291.
Prairies and dry sterile places, Arkansas, Nuttall ! Dr. Leavenivorth !
and Texas, Drummond ! June-Aug. — Stem 9-12 inches high, minutely
canescent. Primary flowers polyandrous, usually solitary at the extremity of
the branches, scarcely half the size of those of H. Canadense. Seeds smooth
and shining, several in the petaliferous, but very few in the apetalous flowers.
3. H. corymbosum (Michx.) : stem branching from the base, canescent ;
flowers in terminal fastigiate cymes ; the primary ones (rather large) on
filiform peduncles much longer than the flower, the petals nearly twice the
length of the calyx ; the secondary flowers in glomerate cymules, mostly
apetalous, 3-10-androus ; sepals tomentose-villous, the inner ones oblong-
152 CISTACEuE. Lechea.
ovate, acute, the outer linear and obtuse ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, with
somewhat re volute margins (when dry), softly canescent beneath. — Michx. !
f. 1. p. 307 ; DC. prodr. 1. 'p- 269; Ell. sk. 2. p. 5. Heteromeris cymosa,
Spachj I. c.
Sterile places near the coast, from New Jersey to S. Carolina and Florida !
April-May, and again in Oct. Ell. — x\bout a foot high, very tomentose
when young. Outer sepals about the length of the inner ones. Capsules of
the primary flowers many -seeded ; of the secondary ones rather few-seeded.
Flowers nearly the size of those of H. Canadense. — A well-marked species,
readily distinguished by having, among other characters, the apetalous flowers
not on leafy branches, but with the others forming a compound terminal
cyme.
4. H. Caroliniamim (Michx.) : stem simple or branching from the base,
hirsute ; flowers (large, all polyandrous and petaliferous ?) on long solitary
peduncles, axillary and terminal ; sepals villous-hirsute, the outer ones linear
and shorter, the inner ovate-lanceolate acuminate and much longer than the
capsule ; leaves at first softly villous^ oblong or oval, slightly denticulate; the
lower ones crowded near the base of the stem, obovate. — Michx. ! fl. 1. p.
307 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 364; Vent. hort. Cels. t. 74 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 5; DC.
prodr. I. c. Cistus ( 'arolinianus, Walt. Car. p. 152.
In dry rather fertile soils, S. Carolina to Georgia ! and Louisiana ! May-
June. — Nearly herbaceous, 5-12 inches high. Leaves larger than in the
other American species, on short but distinct petioles. Flowers few : petals
larger than in H. Canadense. Seeds minutely papillose-scabrous.
5. H. scoparium (Nutt. ! mss.) : " slightly pubescent, decumbent and much
branched below ; flowers paniculate-racemose [all petaliferous and polyan-
drous] ; sepals ovate, acuminate, the outer ones minute and subulate ; petals 5,
cuneate-oblong, longer than the calyx ; capsule about 6-seeded ; leaves scat-
tered, linear-subulate, exstipulate." — H. '? (near H. tripetalum) Hook.
tf Aril. bot. Beechey, p. 135.
" Dry hills around Monterey, California ; common. — About a foot high.
Leaves an inch long, scarcely half a line wide. Flowers small, yellow, dis-
posed in a kind of paniculate raceme [the evolution of the flowers in the
branches of the inflorescence, as usual in the genus, centrifugal]. Seeds
smooth." Nutt. — Evidently allied to H. tripetalum, iMog. ^ Sesse, from
Mexico, as far as can be judged from the brief character in DC. prodr.; but
there are 5 petals.
2. LECHEA. Linn.; G(jerrt7i. fr. t. 129; DC. prodr. \.p.2S5.
Lecliea & Lechidium, Spach.
The two exterior sepals much narrower and bract-like. Petals 3, incon-
spicuous, lanceolate, somewhat persistent. Stamens 3-12. Stigmas 3, near-
ly sessile, somewhat united, fimbriate-laciniate, depressed. Capsule 3-valved,
incompletely 3-celled, or 1-celled by the obliteration of the imperfect dissepi-
ments : placentae (internal valves, Linn.) ovate or roundish, nearly as broad
as the valves, membranaceous or somewhat crustaceous, fixed to the dissepi-
ments by the middle of the posterior face, about 2-seeded. Seeds borne on
the posterior face of the placentae near the base, one on each side of the dis-
sepiment, about the length of the valves. Embryo nearly straight. — Peren-
nial herbs, often sufFruticose at the base, much branched, with numerous
very small racemed or somewhat paniculate flowers : petals brownish-pur-
Lechea. CISTACEiE. 153
pie. Leaves exstipulatc, entire, alternate, opposite, or vcrticillaie (often on
the same specimen), sessile or slightly peliolcd, minutely puncticulate.
An American genus; L. verticillata, If't/W. being a species of Elaline, according
to Wight and Arnott.
§ 1. PlacentcB membranaceo-crustaccous, fragile, separating from the
very thin dissepiments ; the margins revolute ^ enveloping the seed.
(Lechea, Spach.)
1. L. major (Michx.) : stem erect, hairy ; youno; branches villous, the rad-
ical ones prostrate and tufted ; cauline leaves elliptical, mucronulate ; those
of the radical branches roundish and very small ; of the floral branches lan-
ceolate; flowers very numerous, densely clustered in short unilateral ra-
cemes ; pedicels very short ; capsule depressed-globose and somewhat 3-sid-
ed.— Mc/w./ /?. I. p. 76; Muhl cat. p. 15; Pursh ! fi. 1. p. 90; Bigel.fl.
Bost.pAl; Torr.i. fl. \. p. 160, not of Linn, (which is an apetalous lorm
of Hclianthemum Canadense.) L. minor, Linn, amoen. acad. 3. p. 10, ex
Smith, in liees, cycl. L. villosa. Ell. sk. 1. p. 184 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 285 ;
Beck, bot. p. 30 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 96. L. Drummondii, Spach, in
compan. to bot. mag. 1. p. 284'?
In dry woods, &c., Canada ! to Florida, and west to the Mississippi. July-
Sept. — Stem 1-2 feet high, stout, much branched above. Radical branches
slender; the small leaves much crowded or lascicled, villous with white
hairs, especially on the margins and midrib. Cauline leaves also often
crowded, opposite or alternate, occasionally verticillate. Flowers and cap-
sules much smaller than in L. minor. Seeds oval. — We think it preferable,
as well as more in accordance with the rules of nomenclature, to retairi the
name L. major for this species ; since it is not only the generally received,
but the oldest name, the Linnjean plant, as also the figure of Lamarck, being
excluded ; unless indeed we follow Smith, and call the largest species of the
genus L. minor.
2. L. thymifolia (Pursh): frutescent; stems decumbent at the base,
densely and paniculately branched above, canescently villous (especially the
branches) Avith white appressed hairs ; leaves very numerous and often ver-
ticillate; cauline ones oblanceolate or linear; those of the short procumbent
and very villous radical branches imbricated, elliptical, very small ; those of
the floriferous branches narrowly linear, Avith revolute margins, erect and
crowded; clusters terminal and axillary near the extremity of the simple
floriferous branches, 2-6-flowered ; pedicels very short; calyx tomentose-
canescent ; capsule globose. — Pursh, fl. 1. p. 91 ; Smith, in Pees, cycl. 7 ;
Toj^\ ! fl. 1. p. 161, not oi Michx.
In sand on the sea-coast, Massachusetts ! and Long Island ! to Virginia,
&c. July-Sept. — Stem stout, a foot high, branched above in a pyramidal
manner ; the branches often verticillate, short and simple, leafy to the sum-
mit. — Intermediate in some respects between L. major &. L. minor, but more
nearly allied to the former.
3. L. minor (Lam.) : stem erect, minutely pubescent with appressed
hairs; radical branches procumbent and hairy, or often none; leaves linear,
the cauline ones often somewhat oblong; scattered or sometimes verticillate;
racemes nearly simple; the flowers on distinct often appressed pedicels;
capsules ovoid-globose. — Lam., ill. t. 52./ 1 ?; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 91 ; Bigel.fl.
Bost.p. 48; Torr.! fl. l.p. 161; Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 73; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. p. 97, not of Linn. & Smith. L. racemulosa, thymifolia, and tenui-
folia, Michx. ! I.e.
a. stem tall and slender, simple or paniculately branched above j radical
20
154 CISTACEiE. Hitdsonia.
branches procumbent, hairy; leaves linear-lanceolate or somewhat oblong;
racemes often panicled at the extremity of the ])ranches ; capsules rather
large. — L. minor, Pvrsh, I. r. ^-r.
p. stem low, slender, diffusely branched above; radical branches mostly
none ; leaves narrowly Hnear ; racemes slender, nearly naked ; pedicels
somewhat appressed. — L. racemulosa, Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 77 ; Pnrsh ! I. c. j Ell.
sk. l.p. 184; DC. I. c. L. thesioides, Spach! in compan. to hot. mag. 1.
p. 284.
y. Stem low, very much branched ; leaves linear-subulate ; flowers very
few, near the extremity of the branches ; capsules rather large. — L. tenui-
folia, Michx. ! I. c. ; Pursh, I. c.
In dry gravelly or sandy places, Canada! to Louisiana! and Arkansas!
0. & y. Southern States to Texas ! June-Sept.— Stem 6-18 inches high,
often decumbent at the base. FloAvers and capsules larger than in L. major.
Leaves slightly ciliate. Seeds oblong.
§ 2. Placenta firm and crustaceoiis, the margins not revolute : dissepi-
ments persistent, separating from the valves but cohering icilh the pla-
centce. — LEcnmiuM, Spach.
4. L. Drummondii : decumbent and much branched at the base, shghtly
pubescent; leaves linear-subulate, scattered; racemes filiform, temninating
the numerous branches, loosely flowered; flowers unilateral, on capillary
spreading and at length reflexed pedicels; capsule globose-3-sided. — Lechi-
dium Drummondii, Spach ! I. c. p. 287.
Dry places in small prairies, Texas, Druramond ! Dr. Leavenworth!
June-July.— The decumbent base of the stem slightly Hgneous ; the slen-
der branches 6-8 inches high. Pedicels twice the length of the flowers,
often supra-axillary, much longer than the setaceous bracts. Petals purple.
Stamens 3-4, Spach, "more than 10," Leavenworth, in lift. Seeds ovate.
Lechea juncifolia, " foliis radlcalibus teretibus, calyce nullo," Walt. Car. f. 83. is
wholly unknown ; Wt doubtless belongs to some other order.
3. HUDSONIA. Linn. mant. ; Gcertn. Jr. t. 210; 'Nutt. gen. 2. p. 4.
Sepals united at the base; the two outer ones subulate and often minute ;
the 3 inner oblong or oval, colored within, spreading in flower, connivent into
a tube in fruit. Petals 5, oblong-obovate, somewhat fugitive. Stamens 9-30,
Style filiform, straight: stigma minute. Capsule oblong-obovate, slightly
3-sided, 1-celled, 3-valved : placentfE parietal, nerviform, in the axis of the
valves. Seeds 1-2 (or by abortion fewer) from the base of each placenta,
on short filiform ascending funiculi, minutely granulated. Embryo (in H.
ericoides!) slender, spirally convolute in the midst of the thin albumen. —
Low difi'usely and excessively branched shrubby plants, each forming a
dense tuft. Leaves small, subulate or acerose, densely imbricated, exstipu-
late, tomentose, persistent. Flowers yellow, on slender peduncles or almost
sessile, terminating the short branches.
1. H. ericoides (Linn.) : canescently pubescent, erect with the branches
decumbent; leaves subulate, slightly spreading; peduncles exserted, longer
than the flowers ; sepals acutish ; capsules oblong, slightly pubescent, about
3-&eedied.—Lin77. mant. p. 74 ; Willd. hort. Bcrol.t. 15; Pursh ! fi.2. p.
364; ^utt. ! gen. I. c. ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 285.
IIuBSONiA. CISTACE^. 155
Sandy woods, Nantucket ! Long Island! and New Jersov ! to Virf^inia.
May. — About a span high: primary branches elongated; floral ones very
short. Leaves 3-4 lines long, rather scattered on the old stems. Stamens
about 15.
2. H. montana (Nutt.) : minutely pubescent ; stems decumbent ; leaves
filiform-subulate, partly imbricated ; peduncles longer than the flowers ; calyx
campanulate, lanuginous ; sepals acuminate, the outer ones longer and subu-
late ; capsules villous, mostly 3-seeded. Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 5; DC. I. c.
On the highest summits of the mountains of N. Carolina; particularly on
Table Rockj' of the Catawba Ridge, Nuttall .'—Stem 3-5 inches high.
Leaves about a line longer than in H. ericoides. Peduncles about an inch
long in fruit. Flowers more than twice the size of those of the preceding
species ; the capsules 3 times the size, and furnished with distinct central
septiforra sutures. Stamens 15-30. Null.
3. //. tomentosa {^Mii.) : canescently tomentose; leaves minute, ovate-
oblong, acute, very closely imbricated; flowers nearly sessile (the peduncles
not longer than the leaves) ; sepals obtuse ; capsules ovate, glabrous (about
3-ovuled), commonly 1-seeded.— AW^ .' sren.2.p. 5; Bigel. Ji. Host. ed. 2.
p. 213; DC. I. c.; Sweet, Cist. t. 57; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 73. H.
ericoides, Lam. ill t. 407 ? ; Richard.^, app. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 18.
Shore of the ocean from Massachusetts ! to Maryland ! and of all the
Great Lakes, from Lake Champlain to Slave Lake, and on St. Peter's
River ! May. — Stems ascending, intricately branched : branches short.
Leaves about a line long. Flowers smaller than in the other species. Outer
sepals very minute. Stamens 9-18.
Order XXI. HYPERICACE.E. Jiiss.
Sepals 4-5, distinct or united at the base, often unequal, persistent :
aestivation imbricated. Petals as many as the sepals and alternate
with them, hypogynous, marcescent or deciduous ; veins oblique : testi-
ration twisted. Stamens hypogynous, usually very numerous and
more or less cohering at the base into three or more parcels, rarely
definite and monadelphous or quite distinct, often persistent : anthers
fixed by the middle, introrse. Ovary composed of 2-') united carpels :
styles slender, distinct or partly united, persistent : stigmas simple or
somewhat capitate. Fruit baccate, or capsular with 2-5 valves and a
septicidal dehiscence, either (completely or incompletely) 2-5.celled
with the placenta; in the a.xis or 1 -celled with the placentae nearly or
quite parietal. Seeds very numerous and minute, or rarely few, straight
or a little curved, anatropous : testa coriaceous ; the tegmen mem-
branaceous or rarely fleshy : albumen none. Embryo cylindrical,
straight.— Herbs, shrubs, or trees, having a resinous juice, variously
and copiously dotted with glands. Leaves opposite, entire, exstipulate,
copiously dotted with immersed pellucid resinous glands, and often
(as also the sepals and petals) sprinkled with black glandular dots or
lines. Inflorescence various. Flowers commonly yellow.
156 HYPERICACEiE. Ascyrdm.
The so-called albumen of Sarothra is more properly only the thickened inner
tegument of the seed, which readily separates from the testa in all the species we
have examined, and is more or less fleshy in several.
Tribe I. HYPERICE^. Chois.
Fruit capsular. Seeds terete or roundish. — Herbs, or shrubby
plants. Leaves mostly sessile.
1. ASCYRUM. Linn.; Chois. prodr. Hyper., <^ in DC. prodr. 1. p. 55.
Sepals 4; the 2 exterior usually broad and foliaceous; the inner much
smaller. Petals 4. Filaments slightly united at the base into several par-
cels. Styles 2-3 (rarely 4), sometimes united. Capsule 1-celled, 2-3 valved :
placentEe parietal. — Shrubby or suffruticose plants. Leaves sprinkled with
black dots. Flowers 1-3 at the summit of the branches, yellow : a pair of
opposite subulate bracteoles a little below each flower.
' 1. A. Crux- Andr ecu (Linn.) : stem much branched at the base, assurgent ;
leaves obovate-oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse ; flowers cymulose or solitary,
on short pedicels ; exterior sepals ovate ; the inner ones very minute ; petals
linear-oblong; styles 2, at length distinct. — Pursh, ji. 2. p. 373; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 22 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 555. A. multicaule, Michx.Jl. 2. p. 77.
0. angustifoUa (Nutt.): leaves oblong-linear, crowded; exterior sepals
elliptical-ovate, acute. Nutt. gen. 2. p. 16.
Sandy pine woods. New Jersey ! to Florida ! and Louisiana! P. Caroli--
na Nuttall! July. — Stem 8-12 inches high (in the southern plant taller,
' 2-3 feet', Elliott), distinctly ancipital above. Leaves variable in width,
usually obovate-oblong and about J of an inch in length, crowded ; the lower
ones in robust specimens H inch long. Flowers usually in threes : pedicles 2-3
lines long : bracteoles very close to the flower, alternating with the exterior
sepals. Inner sepals scarce a line long, petaloid. Petals pale yellow, approx-
imated by pairs opposite the exterior sepals, and a httle exceeding them in
lensth. Stamens about 20, half as long as the corolla. Styles erect, very
short. Capsule ovate-oblong, compressed, 2-valved. Seeds roundish-ob-
lonp-, attached to slightly prominent parietal placentae. The placentae coa-
lesc'e at the base into a spongy body, which fills up the lower part of the cap-
sule, enclosing a number of perfect seeds.
2. A. pumilum- (M.\c\iyi.) : very low ; leaves small, oval, obtuse ; pedicels
long, reilexed ; styles 2, united or distinct. Mirhx. fi. 2. p. 11 ; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 2 i ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 555. A. pauciflorum, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 15; DC. I. c.
Dry pine barrens, Cxeorgia, Michaux, Elliott, (^ Nuttall. March- April. —
Stem somewhat woody, slightly winged, 6-10 inches long. Leaves linear-
oblong. Flowers solitary. Peduncles i-1 inch long. Exterior sepals ovate,
somewhat acute. Petals obovate, a little longer than the calyx. Filaments
not distinctly polyadelphous. Styles united. Capsule ovate. Elliott.
Style unusually long. Nuttall. — Among our numerous specimens of Ascy-
rum from the Southern States, there is not one that agrees in all respects
with either Michaux's or Elliott's description of this plant. In many respects
it seems closely allied to the preceding species, especially with the dwarf
form of the plant so common in New Jersey ; but in that the peduncles are
never long and reflexed.
IIypericcm. HYPERICACE^?^. If)?
/ 3. A. stuns (Michx.) : stfin ancipital and somewhat winircd, strais^ht,
erect, dichotomously branched at tlie summit ; leaves oblong, closely sessile,
somewhat clasping, obtuse, a little glaucous; Howers on erect peduncles;
exterior sepals cordate-orbicular; inner ones lanceolate, one-third shorter than
the others; styles 3 (rarely 4) ; capsule ovate, rather acute. — Mirhx.f. 2. p.
77; DC. prodr. \. p. 555. A. hypericoides, Linn. 7 ; Willd.sp. 3. p. 1473 7;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 22.
13. obuvalum (Chapman ! mss.): dwarf; leaves obovate, somewhat nar-
rowed at the base.
Borders of sandy swamps in pine barrens, NeAV Jersey ! to Florida ! Ala-
bama! and Louisiana ! ^ff. Middle Florida, /?r. C/ia/>?nan .' July-August.
— Stem 1-2 feet high, usually simple except at the summit; in /?. 4-5 inches
high. Leaves 12-15 lines long, 4-5 lines wide. Flowers usually three to-
gether, more than twice as large as in the preceding species : pedicels 4-6
lines long. Exterior sepals slightly acute : inner ones somewhat petaloid.
Petals ovate, twice as long as the calyx. Stamens very numerous. Styles
somewhat spreading. Capsule obtusely triangular: placenta? somewhat
prominent. Seeds ovate, longitudinally and transversely striate. — We have
adopted Michaux's name for this species, it being wholly uncertain whether
A. hypericoides, Linn, should be referred to this or the preceding species.
-p-4. A. amplexicaule (Michx.): stem nearly terete below, erect, dichoto-
mously branched above, the branches somewhat ancipital; leaves broadly
ovate-cordate, clasping ; flowers erect ; exterior sepals nearly orbicular ; inner
ones linear-lanceolate, rather shorter; styles 3, distinct; capsule oblong. —
Mich.v. Jl. 2. 11 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 374 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 23. A. stans, Willd.
sp. 3. p. 1473. Hypericum tetrapetalum, Lam. diet. 4. p. 146.
Near St. Mary's, Georgia, Elliott, Dr. Bacon! jMts. Miller ! Florida,
Michaux! — Stem 1-2 feet high, more branching above than the preceding
species. Leaves J of an inch long, more than half an inch broad at the base.
Flowers when expanded more than an inch in diameter. Petals one-third
longer than the calyx. Stamens very numerous. Styles a Uttle spreading.
Capsule half the length of the calyx, attenuated at the summit : placentaj lin-
ear, at length separating from the valves. Seeds cylindrical-oblong, longi-
tudinaUy and transversely striate. — Easily distinguished from A. stans by its
broad clasping leaves.
j4- 5. A. microsepalum : stem nearly terete, much branched ; leaves (very
small) oblong-linear, crowded; flowers erect, on long peduncles; sepals
much shorter than the obovate unequal petals ; styles 3, long, distinct.
Georgia, Croom ! Middle Florida, Dr. Alexander ! March and April.
— Stem erect?, afoot or more high, paniculately branched. Leaves 4-5
lines long and a line wide, a little narrowed below. Flowers large and ra-
ther showy, clustered at the summit of the branches ; the peduncles about
half an inch long. Sepals nearly equal in length; the exterior one about a
third broader than the others. Petals more than twice as long as the sepals,
one of them usually much shorter than the others. Styles filiform, longer
than the ovary. — This species diSers from all the others of the genus in the
somewhat equal and very small sepals, as *'ell as in the long style : it has
the habit of Hypericum.
2. HYPERICUM. Linn.; Lam. ill. t. 643 ; Chois. I. c. (in part.)
Hypericum & Sarothra of Authors.
Sepals 5, more or less connected at the base, usually somewhat equal, foli-
aceous. Petals 5, oblique and often inequilateral. Stamens very numerous,
or sometimes few, united at the base into 3-5 parcels, or occasionally distinct.
158 HYPERICACE.E. Hypericuivt.
Glands between the parcels ot filaments none. Styles 3-5, distinct or
more or less united, persistent. Capsule usually membranaceous, 1-ceIIed
with 3-5 parietal placentse, or 3-5-celled by the placentae meeting in the axis. —
Herbaceous or shrubby plants. Flowers yellow, solitary or cymose at the
summit of the stem and branches.
§ 1. Stamens very numerous, 'polyadelphous : capsule 5- {rarely 6-7-)
celled ; the dilated placentce retrojiexed into the middle of the cells.
Perennial herbs : leaves ample: flowers very large.
.' 1. H. pyramida.tum (Ait.) : stem quadrangular and usually branching
above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, partly clasping, mem-
branaceous, minutely pellucid-punctate ; sepals ovate or oblong, acute, scarce-
ly one-third the length of the petals ; styles as long as the stamens, connate
below, at length distinct.— ^(7. A'eii'. (ed. 1.) 3. p. 103; Wilkl. sp. 3. p.
1444; Vent.^Malmais. t. US; J)C. prodr. 1. p. 545. H. amplexicaule,
Lam. diet. 4. p. 141. H. macrocarpon, M?c/(.:r. fl. 2. p. 82. H. ascyroides,
IVilld. I. c; Pursh, ft. 2. p. 374; Bigel. ft. Bost. p. 279 ; DC. I. c; Hook,
ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 109.
Banks of rivers, Canada ! to Pennsylvania ! Avest to Ohio. July. — Stem
2-5 feet high, nearly terete below: branches erect, 4-angled ; tAvo of the
angles often much strongest. Leaves 2-5 inches long, acutish or sometimes
obfuse. Flowers li inch in diameter, few or solitary at the ends of the
branches, usually several in a leafy cyme at the summit of the stem ; the
central flowers on short pedicels; the lateral peduncles often elongated and
1-flowered. Petals obliquely and rather narrowly obovate, sometimes 6.
Styles occasionally 6 or 7, recurved at the extremity : stigmas capitate. Cap-
sule ovoid-conical, an inch long. Seeds terete, slender, with a slightly wing-
ed raphe.— We are confident that there is but a single North American spe-
cies of this section, upon which the H. pyramidatum of Alton must have
been founded : we therefore adopt the oldest name. We have not seen the
figure of Ventenat: the character "'stylis brevibus crassis," Choisy, in DC.
is not applicable to our plant,
§2. Stamens very numerous, more or less j)olyadelphous: capside 3-5-
celled by the meeting of the placentce in the axis: placentce either dis-
tinct or more or less cohering with each other, seminiferous posteriorly
{ne.vt the valves.) Perennial herbs or under-shrub$.
* Shrubby : capsule pcnlacarpcllanj.
v^ 2. H. Kalmianum ("Linn.) : very much corymbosely branched; branches
quadrangular with 2 ol the angles slightly Avinged ; leaves croAvded, Hnear-
sublanceolate ; obtuse, a little narroAved t'oAvard the base ; cymes fastigiate,
3-7-iiowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, rather obtuse, about half the length of
the petals ; styles connate at the base.— Willd. sp. 3. p. 1438 ; Pursh, fl. 2.
p. 374 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 109.
Banks of rivers, Canada and around the Great Lakes ; Falls of Niagara,
Cooper! &c. Fort Gratiot, Dr. Pitcher ! (Virginia, Kalm ex Linn.; but
Kalm's specimens we suspect Avere collected in Canada.) August. — A shrub
li feet high. Leaves an inch long, 2-3 lines Avide, slightly glaucous, with
revolute margins. Petals obovate, very oblique. Styles hardly longer than
the ovary, very slender. Capsule ovate. — Apparently an exclusively north-
ern species.
HvPERicDM. HYPERICACEiE. 159
*♦ Shrubby or suffruuticoie : capsule tricarpeUary.
-'■ 3. //. proUficum (Linn.): stem sparini^ly branched, tho branches anci-
pital ; leaves oblonjj-lanceolate, rather obtuse, narrowed at the base ; cymes
compound, leafy ; sepals foliaceous, une(|ual, ovale, with a short abrupt point,
one-third shorter than the obovate petals ; styles at first united, at length dis-
tinct ; capsule ovate-oblonsr. — Wilhl. sp. 3. /). 1453 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 30 ; DC.
prod?: 1. p. 517. H. densiflorum, Pnrsh, fl. 2. p. 376.
0. cymes few-flowered, terminal and axillary ; axils of the leaves mostly
naked ; capsule ovate-conical, large.
y. ? stem much branched ; leaves much smaller and crowded, linear-ob-
long, fascicled in the axils ; cymes compound ; flowers much smaller ; sepals
ovate-lanceolate ; capsule oblong, attenuate at the summit. — H. galioides,
Pursh! Ji. 2. p. 376. (excl. syn.)
Banks of rivers and swamps, New- Jersey ! to Florida! /?. Ohio, Riddell!
y. New-Jersey ! Texas, Dr. Veatch ! July- Aug. — Shrub 2-3 feet high.
Leaves 2-2^ inches long, 4-6 lines wide (in ;.. 1-1 i inch long ; the upper ones
often scarcely a line wide ; revolute on the margin). Flowers as large as in
H. perforatum (except my.). Petals very oblique. Capsule in^. more than
half an inch long, nearly 3 times as large as in }-• Torus conspicuous.
Seeds cylindrical, slightly curved.
-:*''" 4. H. adpressum (BsLTton) : stem 2-winged above ; leaves linear-lanceo-
late or linear-oblong, closely sessile, pellucid-punctate (without black dots),
veined, with smaller ones fascicled in the axils ; cyme few-flowered, naked ;
sepals very unequal, oblong and obovate, rather obtuse, at length reflexcd ;
petals twice as long as the sepals, oblong-obovate ; styles united to the sum-
mit ; capsule ovate-oblong.— 5aW. .' f. Philad. 2. p. 15. H. Bonaparte^,
Bart. ! fl. Ain. Sept. 3. t.
Borders of swamps in the pine barrens of New-Jersey ! Banks of the
Schuylkill near Philadelphia, Barton! Conrad! Arkansas, Nuttall ! Aug.-
Sept. — Stem about 2 feet high, somewhat shrubby at the base. Leaves 2
inches long, 3-4 lines wide, narrowed at the summit, and often also at the
base, the upper ones sometimes rather acute ; veins numerous, and appearing
translucent when the leaf is held to the light. Cymes compound. 15-20-
flowered. Flowers half as large as in H. perforatum ; the dichotomal ones
sessile. Stamens very numerous. Styles longer than the stamens, united
until the fruit is nearly mature. Capsule rarely 4-celled. Torus hemi-
spherical, very distinct. Seeds cylindrical.
5. H. Tosmarini folium (Lam.) : stem sufTrutescent, terete below, some-
what ancipital above, straight; branches few and erect; leaves linear, rather
obtuse, narroAved at the base, revolute on the margin ; cymes few-flowered,
dense, terminal ; sepals nearly equal, oblong, acute at each end ; petals obo-
vate, rounded at the summit, with an obscure lateral tooth ; style slightly
united ; capsule broadly ovate ; seeds cylindrical. — Lam. diet. 4. p. 159 ;
Willd. sp. 3. p. 1450, not of DC. prodr., nor of Ell.
Near Lexington, Kentucky, Short ! Tennessee, Cooper ! July-Aug. —
Stem about 2 feet high. Leaves 1^-2 inches long, 2 lines wide, rather dis-
tant, with a few smaller ones in the axils. Flowers about half an inch in
diameter. Capsule scarcely 2 Hues long. — The plant here described may
not be the original H. rosmarinifolium of Lamarck, whose descriptive cha-
racter is wholly insufficient.
-f" 6. H. galioides (Lara.): stem frutescent, terete; branches few and
straight, erect ; leaves linear-lanceolate, fascicled in the axils as if verticil-
late, rather obtuse, narrowed into a petiole at the base, dotted Avith large pel-
lucid glands ; cymules numerous, axillary and terminal on the paniculate
branches ; sepals nearly equal, linear-lauceolate, at length rcflexed ; petals
160 HYPERICACE^, Hwericum,
broadly obovate with an angular tooth near the summit ; filaments scarcely
polyadelphous ; styles slightly cohering ; capsules 3-lobed, oblong-conical,
with a long tapering point ; placenta scarcely extending to the axis. — Lam.
diet. 4. J). 154; Wilkl. sp. 3. p. 1451 ; BC. prodr. 1. p. 550, H. fascicu-
latum, Willd. I. c. (excl. syn.) H. rosmarinifolium, Ell. .s7c. 2. p. 20.
Damp soils, S. Carolina and Georgia, Elliotl; Middle Florida, Dr. Cliap-
man ! Red River, Louisiana, Dr. Hale ! June- Aug. — Stem 2-3 feet high,,
slender; the bark smooth and brownish. Leaves about an inch long and
li wide ; those in the axils nearly as long as the primary ones. Flowers
half as large as in H. perforatum. Torus hemispherical, very distinct.
-/ 7. H. fascicidatum (Lam.) : stem shrubby, much branched, the branches
somcAvhat ancipital; leaves linear and very narrow, crowded, coriaceous,
closely sessile, revolute, fascicled in the axils as if verticillate, with large
pellucid glands; flowers in terminal leafy cymules, or solitary and axillary j
sepals rather unequal, hnear ; petals broadly obovate, with an acute angular
tooth near the summit; filaments slightly polyadelphous ; styles somewhat
cohering ; capsule oblong-conical, with a long tapering point. — Lam. diet.
4. p. 160; Michx. fl. 2. p. 80?; Ell. sk. 2. p. 28; DC. prodr. 1. p. 554.
H. aspalathoides, iVilld. sp. 3. p. 1451; Pursh,Jl. 2. p. 376. H. tenuifo-
lium, Pursh, I. c. H. Coris? Walt. Car. p. 190. H. Michauxii, Poir.
diet. 7. p. 696 ?
/?. stem somewhat diffuse ; leaves very short, in numerous approximated
whorls ; flowers solitary and in threes towards the summit of the branches ;
sepals oblong, obtuse, scarcely one-third the length of the petals. — H. axil-
lare, Lam., diet. 4. p. 160 ?
Wet pine barrens, Georgia ! to Florida ! Louisiana, Druvimond. /?. N.
Carolina, Curtis! Kin! (in herb. Muhl.) July-Sept. — Shrubs 1-2 feet
high. Leaves 6-8 lines long (2-3 in p.). Flowers as in the preceding spe-
cies. Sepals resembling the leaves. Petals in /?. with scarcely any lateral
tooth. Seeds oblong.
* * * Herbaceous : capsule tricarpellary. (^Petals and anthers with black dots.)
8. H. perforat7im (hinn.) : stem ancipital, corymbosely branched^ leaves
ovate-elliptical, obtuse, with pellucid dots ; petals twice as long as the lance-
olate acute sepals ; styles diverging. — Willd. sp. 3. p. 1453 ; Eng. b:>t. t.
295 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p.'377 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 279 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 549;
Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 110.
Old fields, pastures, &c. throughout Canada and the United States: intro-
duced. July-Aug. — Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves closely sessile, 6-10 lines
long, with very conspicuous dots. Flowers numerous. Stamens mostly in
3 sets. — St. Johii's-wort.
-f- 9. //. Scotderi (Hook.): stem terete below, quadrangular above; leaves
'oblong-ovate, closely sessile and somewhat clasping; not dotted ; under sur-
face with numerous prominent veins ; cyme somewhat compound ; sepals
broadly ovate, rather obtuse, one-third the length of the petals, dotted with
black; styles 3, distinct, erect. — Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 111.
8. leaves pellucid-punctate ; sepals somewhat acute.
Dry gravelly soils and limestone rocks, Oregon, Dr. Scolder ! Douglas.
(8. Rocky Mountains, Nuttall ! — About 18 inches high, sparingly branched.
Leaves | of an inch long, very obtuse. Flowers one-third smaller than in
H. perforatum. Petals sprinkled with a few black dots near the margin.
-^ 10. H. corymhosum (Muhl.) : every part of the plant marked with black
dots ; stems terete, corymbosely branched above ; leaves oblong or ovate,
somewhat clasping; cymes many-flowered, corymbed; sepals ovate, acute;
petals oblong; styles distinct, about as long as the ovary. — MiM.! in Willd.
Hypericdm. HYPERICACE^. 161
sp. 3. p. 1457, f cat. p. 71; Pwr.fA, Ji. 2. p. 377; Bigel.fi. Host. p. 280.
H. punctatuin, Beck, but. p. 61 ; JJinlingt. fi. L'ist. p. 322. H. iiiicran-
thuiii, IInok.fi. Bor.-Am. I. p. 109. H. Virginicum, Malt. Cur. p. IbO.
U{)ou woods, meadows, etc. Canada! to Pi'iiusylvauia ! west to Arkansas!
July- Aug. — Stem li-2 feet high. Leaves 1-2 inches long, closely sessile,
usually more or less clasping, rarely narrowed at the base, pellucid-punctate.
Flowers small: sepals marked with linear pellucid puncluros besides the
black dots. Petals nearly 3 times as long as tlie sepals, usually thickly dot-
ted with black. Siigmas capitate, orange-red.
/"ll. //. niacnlatnm (Walt.): every part of the plant marked with black
dots ; stem terete, glaucous, corymbosely branched above ; cymes many-How-
ered, corymbed; leaves cordate-oblong, clasping; sepals lanceoiate, acute;
glandularly denticulate on the margin ; styles OiStinei. nearly twice as long
a.s the ovary.— ir<///. Car. p. 189; Mkkx.fi. 2. p. 80; Ell. sk. 2. p. 27.
H. punctatum, Laui. diet. 4. p. 164; DC.prodr. 1. p. 547. H. micranthum,
Chats, prodr. Hyp. p. 44. t. 5, ^ in DC. I. c.
Pine barrens, South Carolina, Walter, Elliott ; Georgia, Le Conte I
Middle l^lorida, J)r. Chapman! July-Aug. — Stem 2-4 teet high, much
branched above. Leaves 1-1 i inch long, sometimes rather acute. Flowers
very numerous, as large as in the preceding species. Petals obovate-oblong.
Styles dilated and divariate at the base : stigmas capitate. Capsule conical-
ovate. Seeds roundish-ovate, minutely striate. — Nearly related to the pre-
ceding species, but probably distinct. The black dots in these species, are
minute vesicles tilled with an intensely purple coloring matter, which is so-
luble in water.
§ 3. Stamens very numeroxcs, more or less polyadelphous : capsule 1-cell-
ed, with 3 (rarely 4) parietal placentce, which are often somewhat
introfiexed but do not reach the axis, seminiferous anteriorly (next
the axis). Perennial herbs, or lo^v shrubs.
* Shrubby or suffrulicosc.
12. H. aureum (Bartram) : widely branched above, the ultimate branches
ancipital ; leaves oblong, obtuse, attenuate at the base, glaucous beneath, mi-
nutely undulate-crisped on the margin, somewhat coriaceous ; flowers large,
nearly solitary and sessile ; petals (orange-yellow) coriaceous, reflexed, longer
than the ovate unequal sepals and the excessively numerous stamens ; cap-
sule (red) ovoid-conical, almost bony, acuminate with the connate styles. —
Bartr. trav. p. 383. H. amoenum, Pursh. fi. 2. p. 375 ; Nutt. ! sen. 2. p. 16 ;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 31 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 544. H'. frondosum, Michx.fi. 2. p. 81 ? ;
Muhl.! cat. p. 11.
On the Patse-Liga creek, a branch of Flint River, Georgia, Bartram, Dr.
Boykin ! Baldwin! In South Carolina and Georgia, Lyon, ex Pursh.
June-Aug. — Shrub 2-4 feet high. Leaves li-2 inches long, half an inch or
more wide, very minutely pellucid-punctate, obscurely veined. Flowers on
very short pedicels, or ordinarily more properly sessile in the upper pair
of bract-like leaves. Petals often nearly an inch in length, somewhat rhom-
boidal-ovate, often with a lateral tooth, persistent. Capsule small, not lobed.
— A splendid, but very local species, not extending eastward beyond the
Oakmulgee River, according to Elliott & Dr. Boykin. H. frondosum, Michx.
wliich we doubtfully refer to this species, was found in Tennessee.
v^ 13. H. myrtifolium (Lam.) : stem terete, simple or corymbosely branched
above ; leaves cordate-oblong, clasping, obtuse, coriaceous and almost vein-
less,, somewhat glaucous ; cymes fastigiat^, compound, very leafy ; dichoto-
mal flowers nearlv sessile; sepals ovate, at length reflexed, about the length
21'
162 HYPERICACE^. Hypericum.
of the petals ; stamens very numerous, nearly as long as the petals; capsule
conic, coriaceous, 3-lobed, subulate Avith the connate at length distinct styles.
—Lam. did. 4. p. 180; UC. prodr. 1. p. 547. H. glaucum, Mich.r.Jl.2.
p. 78; PuTsh, fl. 2. p. 376; Ell! sk. 2. p. 32; JJC. I. c. H. rosmarini-
folium, Chois. in DC. I. c. ? not of Lam.
Fiorida, Michau.v, Mr. F. Cozze.ns ! Dr. Chapman! Dr. Alexander !
Alabama, Dr. Gates! Georgia, Le Conte ! and South Carolina. Elliott!
]V1 ay-June. — A straggling shrub, 1-2 feet high. Leaves very numerous, mi-
nutely punctate w'ith brownish somewhat pellucid dots, about an inch long ;
those of the branches of the cyme much smaller; the floral ones shorter than
the sepals : the midrib conspicuous. Sepals nearly equal, resembling the
leaves. Petals very inequilateral. Styles occasionally 4. Capsule strongly
lobed ; the placentse, though much introflexed, not reaching the axis. Seeds
ovoid, smooth,
14. H. dolabriforme (Vent.): sufTruticose ; stem decumbent at the base,
simple or branchmg above; leaves linear-lanceolate, veinlcss, spreading or
at length reflexed ; the margins revolute when old ; cyme fastigiatc, at first
few-flowered, at length divaricate and somewhat compound, scmeAvhat leafy ;
sepals unequal, ovate-lanceolate, acute, about the length of the dolabriform
petals ; capsule coriaceous, conoidal, tricarinate, acuminate ; styles united, or
at length distinct above; seeds strongly rugose transversely. — Ve7it. hort.
Cels. t. 45; Piirsh, fl. 2. p. 378; DC. prodr. 1. p. 547. H. procumbens,
Michx.! fl. 2. p. SI '; Willd. sp. 3. p. 1450 ; Purs/i, I. c; DC. I. c.
Dry hills, Kentucky, -/^/^■c7ia^^.r, Hafinesqne ! Short! July-Aug. — Stem
straggUng, 6-20 inches long, a\ ith a brownish exfoliating bark, slightly anci-
pital above. Leaves (slightly glaucous) 1-1^ inch long, closely sessile, ob-
tuse or acutish, marked with large pellucid at length brownish dots, with
smaller ones often fascicled in the axils or on short branches. Dichotomal
flowers on very short peduncles. Sepals about the length of the mature
capsule, strongly dotted ; the broader ones often with 3 pellucid nerves at
the base ; the others lanceolate. Petals obovate-cuneifonxij but very inequi-
lateral or falcate. Valves of the capsule not in the "least introflexed; but
with a salient ridge opposite the thick and cord-like placentse, giving the cap-
sule, and particularly the ovary, a somewhat triquetrous appearance. Seeds
oval, in several rows.
/' 15. H. ambigimm (Ell.) : branches numerous, compressed; leaves thin,
linear-lanceolate, narrow at the base, acute, mucronate, with a callous
whitish point ; flowers solitary and three together in the axils of the upper
leaves ; sepals as long as the petals, unequal, linear-lanceolate, attenuated at
the base; petals obliquely obovate, cuspidate on one side; styles shghtly
nnited.— Ell. sk. 2. p. 30.
Banks of rivers. Near Columbia, Georgia, Elliott ; on the Apalachicola,
Dr. Chapman! May-June. Shrub 2-4 feet high. Leaves li inch long,
2-3 lines wide. Capsule (immature) oblong, attenuated at the summit,
shorter than the foliaceous sepals.
16. H. nudifloriim (Michx.): stem branching and shrubby below;
branches quadrangular and winged ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or nearly oblong,
obtuse, pale on both sides, a little veiny, very minutely punctate with reddish
dots ; cymes pedunculate, naked, loosely flowered ; bracts setaceous ; dicho-
tomal flowers on short but distinct pedicels; sepals oblong-lanceolate or Hnear,
about half the length of the obovate petals; capsule ovoid-conic, acuminate
with the connate styles. — Michx. fl. 2. p. 78 ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 1456 ; Pursh,
ft. 2. p. 375 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 548 (excl. syn. Ait.) ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 32.
/?. leaves (smaller) oblong, somewhat attenuate at the base and often
very slightly petioled, minutely punctate with pellucid dots ; flowers rather
larger ; sepals more than half the length of the petals.
Hypehicdm. HYPERICACE^. 163
Borders of ponds and swamps, Pennsylvania (hrrb. Schweinitz .') and
N.Carolina! to Georgia ! and Louisiana. 0. Ark^in^a.'i, Dr. Lfavfinicortk!
Au<T.-S('pt. — Stems much branched below, 1-2-feet high. Leaves 1-2^
inches long, usually obtuse at the base and closely sessile, occasionally very
slightly petioled, membranaceous, the margins miimtely undulutc. Cyme
rather few-flowered. Flowers small. Sepals obtuse or acutisl*, spreading,
small. Styles (sometimes 4, Ell.) distinct at the summit. — The dots in the
leaves of this species are reddish purple when viewed by transmitted light;
but in the Arkansas variety (which complete specimens may show to be
distinct) the dots are perfectly colorless.
''^~~'i7. //. sphcerocarpnn (Michx.) : stem obscurely 4-sided, somewhat an-
cipital above; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, with a minute callous tip, sparingly
f»elluciJ-punctate, almost veinless; cyme nearly naked, compound, peduncu-
ate; the dicliotoraal flowers sessile; sepals nearly equal, ovate, acuminate,
with a spinulose callous tip; petals three times as long the calyx; styles
closely united ; capsule globose. — Michx. Jl. 2. p. 78 ; DC. prodr. \. p. 548,
not 01 Nutt.
Rocky banks of Kentucky Riv% Short ! Michaux. July — Stem 1-2
feet high, shrubby at the base ? (herbaceous, Michaux), branching from the
middle upward. Leaves l-2i inches long, 2-5 lines wide, of nearly the
same width throughout, closely sessile, without black dots. Cyme at length
many times dichotomous, and rather crowded. Sepals somewhat colored
in the middle and striate with parallel lines. Petals with a minute callous
projection on one side below the summit. Ovary ovate, about one-third the
length of the tapering united styles. Torus indistinct. Capsule exactly glo-
bose, coriaceous ; the placenta? not inflexed. Seeds (immature) fewer than
usual (about 20 ?), corrugated, with a distinct winged raphe. — A rare and
very distinct species.
18. H. opacum : stems 2-winged ; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, closely
sessile, somewhat coriaceous, opaque, punctate Avith minute brown dots,
veinless"; cyme compound, naked ; the dichotomal flowers sessile ; sepals
very unequal, obovate and oblong ; petals somewhat dolabriform, twice as
long as the sepals; styles united to the summit; capsule globose-ovate,
3-lobed by the inflexion of the dorsal sutures.
G'orgia, Mrs. Miller! Dr. Loomis! Alabama, Dr. Gates f—Shnih
about 2 feet high, with slender branches, quadrangular, with 2 of the angles
distinctly winged. Leaves somewhat shining, scarcely an inch long, with a
few smaller ones fascicled in the axils. Flowers one-third as large as in H.
perforatum. Capsule nearly twice as long as the calyx, obtusely 3-lobed,
and with the placentas also slightly introflexed. Seeds oblong, finely striate
and wrinkled.
* ♦ Herbaceous.
19. H.pilosum (Walt.): scabrous-tomentose ; stem simple, virgate, terete ;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, usually appressed, closely sessile and somewhat
clasping ; cymes I'ew-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, unequal, acute, much
shorter than the petah. ; styles (often 4) distinct, as long as the ovary; cap-
sule ovate. — Walt. Car. p. 190; Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 23; DC. prod'r. 1. p.
549. H. simplex, Michx. Jl. 2. p. 80 ; Pursh.fi. 2. p. 370 ; Nu'.t. ! I. c; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 26; UC. I. c. H. Virainianum, &c. Pink. aim. t. 245. / 6, f
amalth. i. 421./! 3. Ascyrum villosum, Linn. ; Wiild. sp. 3. p. 1474.
Wet pine barrens. South Carolina ! to Florida! west to Louisiana I June-
Sept. — (T) Hairs of the pubescence moniliform. Stem li-2i feet high, per-
fectly simple except at the summit, which is somewhat co.^'mbosely branched.
Leaves about half an inch long, sometimes a little alternate at the base, very
164 HYPERICACEJ2. Hypehiccm.
rarely spreading. Flowers 5-6 lines in diameter. Petals obovate, involute
when old. Stamens distinctly polyadelphous. Capsule as long as the sepals:
placentae a little introflexed. Seeds oval, finely striate longitudinally.
/' 20. H. angulosum, (Michx.) : stem acutely quadrangular, simple below,
corymbosely ^branched above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or subovate, acute,
closely sessile*and somewhat clasping, nearly opaque, very obscurely dotted ;
cymes compound, naked, the ultimate branches bearing alternate distant
flowers ; sepals unequal, ovate, acute ; petals 3 times as long as the sepals,
obovate, with an angular tooth near the summit ; styles distinct, nearly 3
times as long as the ovary ; capsule ovate. — Michx. ft. 2. p. 78 ; Pursh, f.
2. p. 387 ; Ell. sk. 2: p. 25; BC. prodr. 1. p. 546. "H. denticulatum, Walt.
Car. p. 190.
Wet places in pine barrens. New Jersey ! to Florida ! June-Aug.— Stem
1^-2 feet high, simple the greater part' of its length, often corymbosely
branched above. Leaves 8-12 lines long, rather thick, usually erect, indis-
tinctly veined, shorter than the internodes ; the upper ones sometimes
Unear. Cymes often decompound, (occasionally reduced almost to a solitary
flower) ; t!ie divisions appearing racemose from the abortion of one of the
forks at each subdivision of the cyme. Petals about half an inch long, cop-
per-colored. Capsule shorter than the calyx : placentae somewhat introflex-
ed. Seeds oval, smooth.— We have not restored Walter's name to this
species, where it most probably belongs, as there is a H. denticulatum of
Kuntli which has been long established.
/ 21. H. elliptmtm (Hook.) : stem quadrangular, simple below, somewhat
branched at the summit ; leaves elliptical, very obtuse, closely sessile, pel-
lucid-punctate ; cyme nearly naked; sepals oblong, very unequal, spread-
ing ; styles 3. connate nearly to the summit ; capsule ovate-globose. — Hook,
ft. Bor'.-Am. 1. p. 110. H. sphoerocarpon, Bart.! jl. Philad. 2. p. 14 ; Nutt.!
gen. 2. p. 16, not of Mich.r.
Moist grounds along rivers, Canada ! Northern and Western parts of
New-York ! Banks of the Connecticut! NeAv Jersey, Mr. Collins! Penn-
sylvania near Philadelphia, Barton ! July.— Stem 10-20 inches high.
Leaves an inch long, marked with obscure brownish dots, somewhat clasp-
ing or a little narrowed at the base. Cyme usually few-flowered. Flowers
pale orange. Petals obovate, one-third longer than the sepals. Styles as
long as the ovary, separating when old : stigmas minute, subcapitate. Cap-
sule shorter than the calyx; the placentae somewhat introflexed. Seeds
oval, minutely striate and rugulose.
§ 4. Stam.ens 5-20, distinct ■: capsule 1-celled, with 3 strictly parietal
placentce: styles 3, distinct, short. Annual.
* Stem simple below, dichotomously cym.ose above, loith a dichotomal {terminal) flower
in each division.
-h 22. H. mutiluvi (Linn.) : stem quadrangular, usually much branched ;
leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, clasping, 5-nerved, pellucid-punctate; cymes
leafy ; sepals lanceolate, rather longer than the oblong petals ; stamens 6-12 ;
capsule ovate-conical.— Lni/z. syst. 2- p. 511. H. quinquenervium, Walt.
Car. p. 199 ; Micluv. fl. 2. p. 79 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 550 ; Hook. f. Bor.-Am.
1. «. 110; DarUngt.' fl. Cest. p. 323. H. prviflorum, Muhl. ! in Willd.
sp. 3. p. 1457 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 376 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 24. H. stellarioides, H.
B. ^ h. nov. gen. ^ sp. 5. p. 196 (ex Choisy).
Low g>-ounds, Canada! to Florida! and west to Arkansas! Texas,
Drummond! July-Sept.— Stem 6-12 inches high, slender, sometinies
nearly or quite simple. Leaves about f of an inch long, thin ; lateral veins
Hypericum. IIYPERICACE^. 165
obscure. Flowers very small ; those in the forks of the cyme pedicel-
late. Styles somewhat spreading: stiij;mas capitate. Capsule a little lonc;er
than the calyx. Seeds cylindrical-oblona. — In specimens from Maryland
and Arkansas, the stem is nearly simple, the leaves more remote, and the
cyme few-flowered; but they appear to be mere variations from the ordinary
form of the plant.
-/- 23. II. Canadenso. (Linn.): stem quadrano^nlar, with erect branches;
leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, pellucid-punctate and
with black dots beneath ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, longer than the i)e-
tals and shorter than the oblong-conical capsule ; stamens 5-10. — Willd. sjt.
3. p. 1455; jMicha: ft. 2. p. 79; Pursh,Ji. 2. p. 378; Ell. sk. 2. p. 24 ; DC.
prodr. \.p. 550; Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. 1. «. 110; Darlingt.Jl. Ct'st. p. 324.
Wet places, particidarly in sandy soils, Canada! and INcwfoundland, to
Georgia! June-Aug.— Stem 6-12 inches high, slender. Leaves usually
about an inch long and 1-2 lines wide; sometimes nearly lanceolate, ob-
scurely 3-nerved. Sepals unequal. Petals oblong, orange. Styles shorter
than the ovary, (rarely 4 or 5) somewhat clavate : stigmas capitate. Cap-
sule very acute, usually about twice as long as the sepals. Seeds cylindri-
cal, yellow.
* ♦ Stems rather rigid, dichotomously or irregularly much branched from near the
■kase : /lowers distant and somewhat racemose on the branches : leaves subulate
jor narrowly linear, appresscd. (Sarothra, Linn.)
f^24r. H. Sarothra (Michx.): stem and branches filiform, quadrangular;
leaves very minute, subulate, carinate ; flowers sessile; stamens 5-10; cap-
sule conical, elongated, twice the length of the linear-lanceolate sepals.
—Mich.v.Ji. 2. p. 79 ; Pvrah, fl. 2. p. 78 ; Darlingt. fi. Cesl. p.^ 324. H.
Rudicaule, Walt. Car. p. 190. ' Sarothra gentianoides, l>inn.; Willd. sp. 1.
p. 1515; Ell. sk. I. p. 371; Grev. ^ Book, in hot. misc. 3. p. 236. S.
hypericoides. Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 204 ; Bart. ji. Am. Sept. 3. t. 92. / 1.
Sandy fields and road sides, Canada ! to Florida! and west to the Missis-
sippi ! June-Aug. — Stem 4-10 inches high, appearing naked from the very
minute appressed leaves; branches slender and wiry, at first diverging, at
length nearly erect. Leaves 1-2 lines long, resembling stipules. Flowers
very minute. Petals oblong-hnear, longer than the calyx. Styles spreading:
stigmas capitate. Capsule dark purple, very acute. Seeds extremely minute
oblong, yellowish ; inner integument thick and slightly fleshy.— This plant is
without doubt a genuine Hypericum, although it is excluded from the genus
and from the order Hypericacese by most botanists. The inner integument
is mostly thicker than usual, in this and the following species, so that it has
been mistaken by Gsertner and others for albumen.
"'■25. H. Drummondii: stem and branches rather stout, terete below, quad-
rangular above ; leaves narrowly linear, longer than the internodes ; flowers
pedicellate ; stamens 10-20 ; capsule ovate, shorter than the lanceolate sepals.
— Sarothra Drummondii, Grev. ^ Hook. I. c. t. 107.
Near St. Louis, Missouri, and near New Orleans, Drummond, Dr. In-
galls ! Arkansas, Dr. Pitcher ! Dr. Leavenworth! Milledgeville, Geor-
gia, Dr. Boykin ! July-Sept.— Stem 10-18 inches high : the branches
almost al .vays ahernate. Leaves G-8 lines long, acute, marked with opaque
dots. Flowers 3 times as large as in the preceding species : pedicels 2-4 lines
long. Sepals unequal, shorter than the oblong petals. Capsule 2i lines
long. Seed 30-40, oval, about lO-rilabed, and transversely lacunose, 5 or 6
times as large as in H. Sarothra.
166 HYPERICACEiE. HypEaicDJii
J Species which have 7iot fallen under our observation.
* Shrubby.
26. H. elatum (Ait.) : trigynous; sepals lanceolate-ovate, acute ; stamens
loncrer than the corolla ; stem shrubby ; leaves ovate-oblong. Ait. Kew. {ed.
l.)\ p. 104.
The H. elatum figured by Jussieu (in ann. mus. 3. i. 17.), is probably dif-
ferent from Alton's plant, and is doubtless not a native of North America.
27. H.Jastigiatum (EH.) : branches somewhat compressed; leaves nar-
rowly lanceolate, very acute ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, fastigiate;
styles united. Ell. sk. 2. p. 31, not of H. B. <^ K.
Pine barrens of Scriven county, Georgia. May-July. — Shrub 3 feet high.
Leaves about 3 inches long, tapering yet connate at the base. Corymbs
with solitary flowers nearly sessile in the lower divisions. Styles not sepa-
rating as the pod matures. Elliott. — We have no specimens which agree
with this description.
♦ * Herbaceous.
28. H. Icevioratum (Ait.) : trigynous; leaves ovate, somewhat clasping; se-
pah ovate, acute; panicle trichotomous, the intermediate flower sessile. Ait.
Kew. {ed. 1.) 3. p. 106.
Referred by Willdenow and most succeeding authors to H. nudiflorum;
but the dichotomal flowers in that species are not sessile. Perhaps H. angu-
losum, or H. eliipticum.
29. H. sessilijlorwn (Spreng.): trigynous; branches terete ; leaves half-
clasping, cordate-oblong, veinless, punctate ; corymb terminal, with the flow-
ers nearly sessile ; sepals oblong, acute, foliaceous, much longer than the co-
rolla; styles united. Spreng. syst. 3. p. 346.
Described from a specimen in Willdenow's herbarium. Probably H. myr-
tifolium.
30. H. virgatum (Lam.) : stem straight, 4-angled ; leaves ovate-lanceo-
late slightly clasping, punctate with black dots, re volute on the margins ; pa-
nicle dichotomous, few-flowered ; sepals lanceolate; styles 2-3; stigmas capi-
tate. DC— Lam. diet. 4. p. 158 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 547.
■■/ 31. H. cistifolium (Lam.): stem angular; leaves ovate-oblong, rather
acute somewhat clasping, punctate with black dots beneath, revolute on the
maro-ins ; flowers in dichotomous corymbs ; sepals ovate ; styles united. DC.
I. c.—Lam. diet. 4. p. 158.
32. H. hedyotifolium (Foir.): stem straight, 4-angled ; leaves sessile, de-
cussate, lanceolate, rather acute, appressed, not pellucid-punctate, but with
black dots beneath ; sepals linear-lanceolate, with black dots ; styles 3-4 ;
stigmas capitate. DC. I. c.—Poir. diet. 7. p. 700.
Doubtless H. angulosum.
33. H. triplinerve (Vent.): stem herbaceous, 3-angled, decumbent at the
base ; leaves Unear, much spreading, obtuse, with revolute margins ; sepals
ovate, acute ; petals unequal. DC— Vent. hort. Cels. t. 58 ; DC prodr. 1.
p. 552.
On the banks of the Ohio, Michaux, ex lent.— We have not seen the
fio-ure and original description of this species ; but the character given by
Pursh which is apparently taken from Ventenat, includes several important
partic'j'a-'^ not mentioned by Choisy ; whose elaboration of the species of
Hypericum in De Candolle's Prodromus is far froiB satisfactory. The stem
is said by Pursh to be erect, the leaves triplinerved, the flowers as large as in
H. perforatum, and the sepals and petals glandulose-serrate.
Elodea. HYPERICACEiE. 167
34. H. anagalloides (Cham. & Schlecht.) : stem herbaceous, procumbent
and creeping; leaves ovate, obtuse, 5-7-nerved, very minutely iiellucid-punc-
tate; cyme terminal, leafy, few-flowered, not glandulose; sepals obovate,
shorter than the corolla ; capsule ; stamens 15-20, distinct ; styles 3,
distinct. Cham. <^ Schlecht. in Limia'a, 3. p. 127.
St. Francisco, California.— Leaves membranaceous, 5-7-nerved ; the larg-
est about 6 lines long ; the lower ones much smaller. Dichotomal flowers pe-
duncled. Ckam. <f .Sc/i/ec'i^.— Allied to H. humifusum, according to the
authors cited ; and apparently also to H. mutiium.
35. //. aciitifotmm. (Ell.) : stem herbaceous?, branching, glabrous ; leaves
narrowly lanceolate, acute; panicle many-flowered; capsules scarcely longer
than the calyx. Ell. sk. 2. p. 26.
Milledgeville, Georgia, Dr. fiVii/Zrin.— Resembles most the H . Canadense,
but larger in every rc-pecl: it differs also in its acute leaves, proportionally
short capsule, and much more compact panicle. Elliott.
H. rostrtUvm, Raf. fl. Ludov.
H. fulgidum, Raf. fl. Ludov.
3. ELODEA. Adans. ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 17 ; Spach, in ann. sci. nat.
(ser. 2.) 5. p. 165, not of Michx.
Triadenium, Baf. Species of Hypericum, Linn. <^c.
Sepals 5, equal, somewhat united at the base. Petals 5. deciduous, equila-
teral. Stamens 9 (rarely 12-15), triadelphous ; the parcels alternating with
3 hypogynous glands. Styles 3, distinct. Capsule oblong, membranaceous,
3-celled : the placentae somewhat cohering in the axis, at length separating
from the valves. — Perennial glabrous or slightly glaucous herbs. Leaves
membranaceous, pellucid-punctate, and often with a few black dots (the ax-
ils never leafy). Cymules few-flowered, terminal and in the axils of the
upper leaves, pedunculate or subsessile : flowers dull orange-purple,
Spach has very well characterized this genus ; but we have been obliged to re-
duce his seven species to two.
-^ 1. E. Virginica (Nuit.) : leaves sessile, clasping ; stamens united below
the middle.— ,¥««. .' gen. 2. p. 17 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 33 ; Spach, I.e. E. cam-
panulata, Pitrsh, Jl. 2. p. 379. E. Drummondii & Fraseri, Spach, I. c.
Hypericum Virginicum, Linn. ; Michx. fl. 2. p. 81 ; Andr. hot. rep. t. 552;
DC. prodr. 1. p. 546 ; Bigel. fl. Bost. p. 281 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 322.
H. campanulatum, Walt. Car. p. 191.
Swamps, Canada to Florida! and Louisiana! July-Aug.— Plant 1-2
feet high, often of a puri)lish hue. Stem nearly terete, branching. Leaves
oblong, 1-2 inches or a little more in length, somewhat glaucous underneath.
Axillary cymes mostly about 3-flowered ; the terminal one often compouiid.
Petals obovate-oblong, nearly twice the length of the calyx, marked with
reddish veins. Stamens rarely 12 or more, always triadelphous ; the fila-
ments seldom united more than one-third of their length, shorter than the pe-
tals. Glands ovate, orange, secreting a copious sweetish fluid. Capsule ob-
scurely triangular, nearly twice the length of the calyx when mature, rather
acute. Seeds oblong, very numerous.
168 FRANKENIACEvE. Frankenia.
. 2. E. petiolata (Pursh) : leaves attenuated into a petiole ; filaments unit-
ed above the middle— Pursh! ft. 2. p. 379; NiM. 1. c; Ell. I. c. E. tubu-
losa, axillaris, pauciflora, & floribunda ! Spach, I. c. Hypericum petiolatum,
Walt. Car. p. 191. H. axillare, Michx. ft. 2. p. 81. H. paludosum, Chois.
prodr. Hyper. ^ in DC. I. c.
Swamps, New-Jersey! to Florida! west to Kentucky! and Arkansas!
Aug.-Sept.— Plant about 2 feet high. Leaves oblong, narrowed at the base,
lJ-3 inches long, with a short but usually distinct petiole. Cymules mostly
axillary and 3-flowered, on short peduncles or nearly sessile. Flowers rather
smaller than in E. Virginica, and of the same color. Sepals obtuse, scarcely
one-third the length of the mature capsule. Seeds cylindrical-oblong.
X Doubtful species.
3. E. tubiilosa (Pursh) : leaves sessile ; corolla tubular [?] ; filaments
united above the middle. Wall..— Pursh, ft. 2. p. 379. Hypericum tubulo-
sum. Walt. Car. p. 191.
South Carolina, Walter.— Thi^ species has never been identified by any
of our botanists. There is doubtless some mistake about the tubular corolla.
Order GUTTIFERtE.— The fi^^ore of Clr.sia rosea in Catcshy, C«r. f. 99, was
most probab!}' taken from a West Indian specimen ; it has n©t been found in Caro-
lina. We have received, however, the leaves of a species of Clusia (probably C. ro-
sea), from the extreme southern part of Florida.
Order XXII. FRANKENIACE^, A. St. HU.
Sepals 5, united in a furrowed tube, persistent, equal. Petals alter-
nate with the sepals, hypogynous, unguiculate, with appendages at the
base of the limb. Stamens hypogynous, either equal in number to the
petals and alternate with them, or having a tendency to double the
number : anthers roundish, versatile. [Ovary 1-celled with 2-3 pa-
rietal placentsB : styles 2-3, filiform, united for a considerable part of
their length.] Capsule l-celled, enclosed in the calyx, 2-3- or 4.valved,
many-seeded. Seeds attached to the margins of the valves, very mi-
nute [anatropous]. Embryo straight, erect in the midst of albumen. —
Herbaceous plants or under-shrubs. Stems very much branched.
Leaves opposite, exstipulate, with a membranous sheathing base, often
revolute at the edge. Flowers sessile in the divisions of the branches,
and terminal, embosomed in leaves, usually pink. Lindl.
1. FRANKENIA. Linn. ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 3i9.
Styles 3, united below, stigmatose along the inner surface. Capsule locu-
licidal, many-seeded.
1. F. grandifolia (Cham. & Schlecht.) : leaves obovate-cuneifonn, mu-
cronulate, with revolute margins, rather coriaceous, very minutely hairy and
t>ARONvcHiA. ILLECEBRACE.52. 169
ciliate particular!}^ at the base ; stems prostrate ; branches ami calyx minutely
hairy. Cham, f Schlecht. in Limum, 1. p. 35; If am. 4- Sclinll. .s//.s/. l.p.
70; Hook. (^ Am. bot. Beechey, p. 135. F. latifolia, Presl, rel. Hank.;
lia-m. f SchuK. I. c. 7. p. \(Sn. Velezia latifolia, Eschscltoltz, in mem.
acod. St. Petersb. (5. ser.) 10. fide SchJerht. in Linntva, 3. p. 149.
Soa-shore of Calilornia, Chamisso, K.^chschoUz, Nultall .'—^temswoody
at the base, a span high. Leaves half an inch long, connected at the base
by a hairy stipular membrane. Stamens 6-7. Capsule 3-valved.
Order XXIII. ILLECEBRACEiE. R. Br.
Paronychieje and a part of Caryophyllacea;, ^. St. Ilil. ; DC.
Sepals 5, distinct or united at the base, persistent. Petals alternate
with the sepals, sometimes manifest, often minute and resembling
sterile filaments, frequently wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals
and opposite them, or fewer, rarely twice as many, inserted with the
petals into the edge of the perigynous (rarely hypogynous) disk that
lines the base of the sepals : filaments subulate, usually short : anthers
fixed by the middle, introrse. Ovary l-celled by the obliteration of
the dissepiments, sometimes imperfectly 2-5-ceUed : styles 2-5, either
distinct or partially (sometimes almost wholly) combined, stigmatose
along the inner surface. Fruit an utricle, with a solitary seed borne
on a slender funiculus rising from the base of the cell, or a 2-5.valved
l-celled many. seeded capsule, with the placenta in the axis. Seeds
campulitropous. Embryo more or less curved around the outside of
mealy albumen. — Herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent branching plants,
with opposite or fascicled (rarely alternate) entire mostly sessile
leaves, and scarious stipules. Flowers often minute, axillary or termi-
nal, cymose or glomerate, or sometimes nearly solitary in the axils of
the leaves : bracts usually similar to the stipules.
Tribe I. ILLECEBREiE. DC.
Sepals often cuspidate or awned, usually more or less cucullate or
concave at the apex internally. Petals resembling sterile filaments,
or none. Styles or stigmas 2, distinct or united. Utricle l-seeded. —
Leaves opposite, often crowded and fascicled.
1. PARONYCHIA. ( Tourn.) Juss. mem. mus. 2. p. 388.
Sepals (oblong- or linear) united at the base, cuspidate or awned at the
apex ; the inner portion membranaceous and colored, cucullate or concave at
the summit. Petals none, or represented by 5 minute filaments or hnear
scales. Stamens 5, inserted into the edge of the disk that lines the base
of the sepals within. Styles more or less united : stigmas 2. Utricle inclu-
ded in the connivent sepals.
22
170 ILLECEBRACEiE. Paronychia.
§ 1. Annual: sepals similar, dilated and fornicate at the apex within,
produced posteriorly into a divaricate horn or awn: Jlowers cymose.
— (Chjetonychia, DC. ?)
1. P. Drummondii: minutely pubescent; stem erect, branching above
into numerous cymes ; leaves (of the branches) linear-oblong, short, the
uppermost mucronate ; calyx turbinate at the base, with a ring of hooked
hairs; sepals broadly scarious and dilated above, the back produced into a
short somewhat recurved horn ; sterile setfE very minute.
Texas, Drummond I (2nd Coll. no. 93)— Stem stout, 10 inches high.
Leaves of the stem wanting in the specimen ; of the branches rigid, hispidly
canescent, i an inch long, attenuate at the base ; the uppermost smaller and
bract-like. Stipules ovate, with a slender acumination, shorter than the
leaves. Ultimate bracts (bracts? and stipules of bracts) scarious, ciliate,
shorter than the flower. Sepals reddish-brown, the scarious margins and
horn white. Stamens much shorter than the sepals. Sterile seta? perhaps
often Avanting. Style very short.— This species manifestly belongs to the
section Chsetonychia, DC.
_,, 2. P. setae ea : nearly glabrous : stem erect, branching into the many times
' dichotomous diffuse cyme ; leaves subulate-setaceous, erect ; bracts similar,
cuspidate ; sepals hairy at the base, minutely scarious on the margin, the
apex arched within, the back produced into a slender diverging awn ; sterile
setse as long as the filaments.
Texas, Drummond ! (3rd Coll. no. 33.)— Slender, 3-5 inches high. Leaves
about the length of the internodes. Stipules shorter, lanceolate, attenuate
into a long point. Sepals (and also peduncles and leaves) brownish, oblong-
linear : awn straight, whitish, someAvhat shorter than the sepals. Styles the
length of the utricle, distinct more than half-way down.
§ 2. Perennial : sepals similar, cuspidate or axvned, the apex some-
what cucullate or concave within, but not dilated: flowers in dichoto-
mous cymes or axillary glomerules, or sometimes nearly solitary.—
EUNYCHIA, DC.
The species with the flowers enveloped by scarious bracts may perhaps forrn a
separate section (Argyronychia) : P. dichotoma (Ploltzia, Am.) cannot be distin-
guished as a genus.
,> 3. P. sessilifiora (Nutt.): very densely csespitose, much branched and
^ crowded : leaves imbricated, linear-subulate ; the lowermost erect, obtuse ; the
upper longer, recurved-spreading, acute or mucronate, rather longer than the
2-cleft stipules ; flowers tenninaL, soUtary, sessile ; sepals arched at the apex
within, with divergent setaceous awns rather shorter than the sepals ; sterile
seta; as long as the filaments.— M(«. .' gen. 1. p. 160; DC.prodr. 3. p. 372;
Hook. .'ft. Bar. -Am. 1 p. 226. t. 75.
Hills of the Missouri near Fort Mandan (NuttaU) to the Saskatchawan
(lat. 53°), Drummond! June-Sept.— Root (caudex) ligneous, perpendicu-
lar. Branches very dense, 2 inches high. Sepals oblong-linear, obscurely
3-nerved. Style as long as the sepals, 2-cleft at the apex.
// 4. P. Jamesii: minutely scabrous-pubescent, csespitose, much branched
from the base ; leaves linear-subulate, obtuse (the uppermost mucronate) ;
cymes dichotomous, few-flowered, crowded, with a central subsessile flower
in each division ; sepals minutely hairy at the base, linear-oblong, obscurely
3-ribbed or even, with a very short cusp, arched at the summit Avithin ; sterile
setae as long as the filaments.— P. dichotoma ? Torr. ! in ann. lye. New-
York, 2. p. 290.
Paronychia. ILLECEBRACE/E. 171
0. depressa: dwarf, densely dichotornous; leaves and stipules imbricated
on the short branches ; liowers nearly immersed in the leaves.— P. depressa,
NiUt. ! mss.
Rocky Mountains, lat. 41=", Dr. James! Nutlall ! /?. " On the barren
plains of the Rocky Mountains (lat. 4P), and on the plains of the Oregon."
Nuttall .'—Stems 4-6 inches high. Leaves on theflowerint? branches about
half an inch long, slightly 2-sulcate, about the length of the internodes. Sti-
pules shorter than the leaves, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, or setose ; the
point much shorter than in P. dichotoma ; the flowers smaller, fewer, and
more crowded ; the cusp stouter and confluent with the arched inner por-
tion. Calyx obpyramidal at the base. Style 2-cleft \ of its length. The
H. depressa has the branches crowded with leaves to the summit; the sti-
pules are nearly the length of the leaves, and the flowers are scarcely cymose.
5. P. dichotoma (Nutt.) : glabrous, densely csespitose and branching from
the thick procumbent ligneous base; leaves subulate, mucronate ; cymes
manv times dichotornous, without central flowers, diffuse, fastigiate; bracts
similar to the leaves ; sepals linear, 3-ribbed, cuspidate, slightly cucullate at
the apex within; sterile seta; very short. — Nutt. ! gen. 1. p. 159; lJC.prodt\
3. ;). 372. Achvranthes dichotoma, Linn. mant. p. 51 ; Willd. sp. 1. p.
1196. Plottzia dichotoma, Am. in Limll. nat. syst. ed. 2. p. 441.
On rocks around Harper's Ferrv, Virginia ! N. Carolina, Schn-einitz !
Arkansas, NiUtaU ! Dr. Leavenworth! Texas, Dritmmoiul! July-Nov.
— Flowering stems 6-12 inches high, nearly simple. Leaves an inch or
more in length (those of the flowering stems larger than the internodes ; of
the barren stems imbricated), erect, 2-sulcate beneath, about i a line wide.
Stipules lanceolate, piliferous ; the adjacent ones more or less united. Se-
gals yellowish, the base lined with a Avhitish disk. Style filiform, nearly as
ougas the sepals, cleft usually about i its length.— Separated from Parony-
chia by Arnott, who however did not observe the 2-cleft style and the mi-
nute sterile sets, which indeed are not easily detected in dried specimens.
P. Jamesii connects it with other species of the genus. Nuttall's syno-
nym, " Illecebrum dichotomum, Tf7//c/." is perhaps a mistake, as there is no
such species in WiUdenow's Species Plantarum.
6. P. arg7jrocoma (Nutt.) : csespitose, decumbent, minutely pubescent;
leaves linear, acute, veinless ; cymes terminal, glomerate ; flowers enveloped
by the numerous scarious bracts ; sepals hairy, setaccously cuspidate, the
inner portion bearded above ; style slender, 2-cleft at the summit, hair}^ at the
base; sterile setse very short (l^utt.) or none. — Nutt.! gen. 1. p. 160; DC.
prodr. 3. p. 372. Anychia argyrocoma, Michx.! fi. 1. p. 113 ; Pursh, fl. 1.
p. 176 ; Ell sk. 1. p. 308, excl. syn.
On rocks, mountains of Virginia (Pursh) N. Carolina! Georgia! and
Tennessee 1 — Flowering stems ascending, 4-10 inches high. Leaves i-J of
an inch long, much crowded on the younger stems. Stipules lanceolate,
acuminate, nearly as long as the leaves. Bracts like the stipules. Sepals
linear. 1-nerved, with a whitish straight acumination.— The synonym and lo-
cality" Harper's Ferry, Virginia" in Elliott, I. c. belong to P. dichotoma.
— 7. P. herniarioides (Nutt.): depressed, diffusely branched, scabrous-
pubescent ; leaves oval or oblong, ciliate, nmcronate ; flowers sessile in the
axils of the leaves ; sepals subulate, mucronate ; sterile setae very minute. —
Nutt.! gen. 1. p. 160. Anychia herniarioides, Michx. ! Jl. 1. p. 113; Ell.
sk. l.p.SOSl
In dry sandy places, N. Carolina, Michaux ! S. Carolina {herb.
Schiceinitz !), and Georgia, Baldwin!— k small depressed plant with some-
what the aspect of Euphorbia polvgonifolia. Leaves sessile, often slightly
falcate, 3-4 lines long, minutely hispid under a lens. Stipules shorter than
Fc
172 * ILLECEBRACEiE. Anychia.
the leaves. Flowers solitary or slightly clustered in the axils. Sepals not
cucullate at the apex within ; the very short cusp somewhat spreading.
§ 3. Sepals unequal, cucullate at the apex within; the three exterior
armed with a spimj divergent awn ; the 2 interior smaller,unarmed or
cuspidate. — Acanthonychia, DC. (Pentaciena, Bartl.)
-i- 8. P. ramosissima (DC.) : diffusely branched, prostrate ; stems suffru-
tescent at the base, woolly ; leaves subulate, pungent, crowded, at length re-
curved ; stipules imbricated, shorter than the leaves ; flowers axillary, sessile ;
sepals hairy, the two inner pungent ; stigmas subsessile. — P? ramosissima,
DC. mem.' Paronyc. p. 12. t. 4, ^ prodr. 3. p. 372; A. St. Hil.Jl. Bras.
2. p. 188.
On the coast of California and Oregon, Nuttall! also a native of S. Ame-
rica. — Low, densely branched and tufted ; the branches in fruit densely
squarrose by the pungent spreading leaves and the spines of the outer sepals.
Stipules numerous, imbricated. Sepals somewhat woolly; the outer ones
with a minute adnata stipule on each side at the base. Stamens 3-5 ? — The
figure of De CandoUe seems to have been taken from a poor specimen.
2. ANYCHIA. Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 112 (in part) ; Juss. mem. mus. I. c.
dueria, Gartn. ; Nutt.
Sepals ovate-oblong, united at the base, slightly concave, subsaccate at
the apex, submucronate on the back. Petals or sterile filaments none.
Stamens 2-3 or 5, inserted on the base of the sepals. Styles very short, dis-
tinct or united at the base, stigmatose within. Utricle included in the con-
nivent sepals. — Annual, erect or somewhat procumbent, dichotomous herbs,
with minute axillary or terminal solitary or more or less clustered subsessile
flowers. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, mostly punctate, subpetiolate, very
slightly ciliate.
..J-' 1. A. dichotoma (Michx.) : stem erect or decumbent at the base ; at
'length much branched; stamens commonly 3. — Michx. ! fi. \.p. 113.
a. stem more or less pubescent above; leaves varying from linear-lanceo-
late and oblanceolate to elliptical ; flowers more or less clustered. — A dicho-
toma, DC. prodr. 3. p. 369. A. Canadensis, Ell. sk. 1. p. 307; Hook. Jl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 252. Q,ueria Canadensis, I/M?n.; Kutt. ! I.e.
0. glabrous, slender; branches capillary; leaves oval or oblong, cuneiform
at the base; flowers mostly exserted from the stipules at their base.— A.
dichotoma/?. capillacea, Torr.! fl. 1. p. 213. A. capiUacea, Nutt! I. c;
DC. I. c.
On hill-sides, &c. Canada ! to Georgia and Kentucky ! west to Arkansas !
June-Aug.— Stems 4-10 inches high. Leaves obtuse or acute. Utricle
minutely papillose.— Very variable in size and appearance. The var. H is
perhaps the original Q,ueria Canadensis of LinnEcus ; as it is the only form
which is found in Canada or the adjacent portions of the United States.
2. A. Baldwinii: stems branched from the base, diffusely procumbent;
leaves lanceolate, acute-at each end ; stamens 5.
Florida, Baldwin! W. Florida, Mr. Ware! Middle Florida, Dr.
Chapman ! — ® ? Stem minutely puberulent, loosely branched : branches a
foot or more long, decumbent. Leaves 6-12 lines long, the uppermost small-
er ciliate-scabrous, usually much shorter than the internodes. Flowers
PoLYCARPON. ILLECEBRACEiE. 173
rather larger than in A. dichotoma. Styles distinct nearly to the base, con-
nivent.
3. SIPHONYCHIA.
Sepals linear, petaloid above, coherent into a tube below, slightly concave
at the apex, unarmed. Petals represented by 5 subulate processes, ahcrnate
with the stamens, and inserted with them into the edge of the disk which
lines the lower portion of the sepals. Style filiform, of the length of the calyx,
mhiutely bifid at the apex. Utricle as in Paronychia. — A branching dif-
fusely procumbent extensively spreading herb. Leaves oblanceolate, much
shorter than the internodes. Blowers in small glomerate cymes at the ends
of the branches.
■ - S. Americana. — Herniaria Americana, Nidt. ! in SiU. jour. 5. p. 291
(excl. syn ?) ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 368.
In dry sandy places? E. Florida, Ware ex Nuttall ! Dr. Leavenworth !
Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman ! Georgia, Dr. Boykin ! S. Carolina, ■
herb. Nutt. .'— ® 1 Stem minutely andretrorsely puberulent, much branched,
extending 1-2 feet in length. Leaves slightly hairy below, ciliate, rather
obtuse, aknost veinless ; the lowest an inch in length, those of the branches
shorter. Stipules much shorter than the leaves. Bracts very small, similar
to the leaves. Flowers very nmnerous, a I'nt or a little more in length.
Sepals white above, minutely hispid with hooked bristles at the base, con-
nivent, cohering usually to about the middle. Stamens 5, shorter than the
lobes of the calyx : anthers brown.
Tribe IL SPERGULE JE. ^ Bartl.
Sepals nearly plane. Petals usually manifest, sometimes wanting.
Styles or stigmas 3-5. Capsule 1-celled, 3-5.valved, mauy-seeded :
placenta central.
4. STIPULICIDA. Michx. fi. 1. p. 21. t. 6.
Sepals distinct, oblong, attenuate at the base, with broadly scarious mar-
gins. Petals 5, as long as the sepals, cuneiform-oblong, narrow, entire, hy-
pogynous. Capsule subglobose, 3-valved, about 20-seeded. Style very short :
stigmas 3.— A small herb. Stem erect, setaceous, dichotomous. Radical
leaves spatulate, petioled; cauline ones very minute, setaceous. Stipules
multifid. Flowers minute, in small terminal fascicles.
~f- S. setacea (Michx. ! 1. c.)—EU. sk. 1. p. 51 ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 375. Poly-
carpon stipulifidum, Pers.; Pursh, fi. 1. p. 90.
In dry sandy places, N. Carolina ! to Georgia! May.— (l) ? (If Michx.)
Glabrous, 6-10 inches high. Petals white,
5. POLYCARPON. Linn.; Gcerln. fr. t. 129.
Sepals 5, nearly distinct, ovate, cariuate-concave, with scarious margins.
Petals 5, shorter than the sepals, often linear, emarginate. Stamens 3-5, in-
serted with the petals upon the minute nearly hypogynous disk. Styles 3,
174 n^LECEBRACE^. Spergula.
very short. Capsule 3-valved.— Low annuals. Leaves opposite or quater-
nate. Flowers cymose.
1. P. tetraphyllum (Linn.): leaves quaternate and opposite, spatulate-
obovate ; sepals mucronate ; stamens 3.—Eng. hot. t. 1031 ; Ell. sk. 1. p.
182. Mollugo tetraphylla, Linn. sp. 1. p. 89.
About Charleston, S. Carolina ! Introduced !— Much branched, 3-6 inches
high. Petals white.
2. P. depressum (Nutt.l mss.) : "very small, depressed, much branched;
leaves opposite, spatulate, the petiole as long as the limb ; flowers in small
clustered cymes ; sepals not mucronate ; petals almost filiform ; stamens 3-5.
" On bare sand-hills, near St. Diego, California.— Root slender, perpendi-
cular. Stems much branched from the base, forming a small tuft, not rising
from the ground. Leaves 2-3 Unes long. Flowers very small." Nutt.
6. LCEFLINGIA. Linn. act. Holm. ; Lam. ill. t. 19.
Sepals lanceolate, subulate, cuspidate, united at the base ; the three exterior
with a setiform appendage on each side near the base (adnate stipules). Pe-
tals minute, connivent. Stamens 3-5. Styles 3, distinct or united below,
sometimes almost none. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded.— Depressed an-
nuals. Leaves subulate, the minute setaceous stipules adnate to the mar-
gins at the base. Flowers sessile in the axils of the branches and leaves.
1. L. squarrosa (Nutt. ! mss.) : " glandular-pubescent, much branched ;
leaves subulate-setaceous and (with the sepals) squarrose ; stamens 3-5 j
stigmas sessile ; capsule triangular, at length exserted."
" Sandy plains, St. Diego, California. — Flowers secund and somewhat
fascicled. Seeds even : embryo almost straight." Nutt.
1. SPERGULA. Bartl. ord. nat. p. 302.
Spergula, Linn, (excluding the exstipulate species) with the stipulate species of
Arenaria, Linn. — Spergularia, A. St. Hil.
Sepals nearly distinct. Petals 5, entire, mostly somewhat perigynous.
Stamens 5-10, inserted with the petals. Styles 3-5. Capsule 3-5-valved,
many-seeded. Seeds compressed, orbicular or reniform, often surrounded
with a membranaceous margin.— Leaves mostly fascicled in the axils.
Flowers loosely cymose.
§ 1. Styles 5.
-/— 1. <S. arvensis (Linn.) : leaves verticillate and mostly fascicled, subulate-
linear ;' stipules minute ; peduncles reflexed in fruit ; stamens 10 ; seeds
thick, with a very narrow margm.— GcErtn.fr. t. 130 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 320 ;
Ell sk. 1. p. 523 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 92. Spergularia arvensis, A. St.
Hil. fl. Bras. 2. p. 17S. ' • . . »i u u- u
Canada! to Georgia, in waste places: mtroduced. Also on the high
grounds of the Red and Assiniboin rivers, according to Hooker (who mentions,
besides, a much larger and more branching variety, S. ramosissima, Dougl.
mss., from Oregon). May-Aug.— Q About a foot high, ascending. Cyme
few-flowered. Petals white, rather longer than the calyx.— Corn- Spurrey.
Alsineje. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. 175
§ 2. Styles 3. — Spergularia, Pcrs.
2. S. rubra : stems decumbent, much branched ; leaves narrowly linear,
acute or mucronatc, somewhat fleshy ; stipules ovate, cleft ; sepals lanceo-
late, with broadly scarious margins ; petals red or rose-color ; seeds com-
pressed, with or without a membranaceous margin. — Sperjjularia rubra, .4.
St. Hit. I. c. Arenariu rubra, Linn. ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 401 ; Torr. I ft. 1.
p. 456 ; Cham. ^ Scldecht. in Linncea, 1. p. 52 ; Hook. ! l. c. p. 98, A. "Can-
adensis, Pers. syn. 1. p. 504.
a. somewhat pubescent; leaves shorter or little longer than the internodes,
slightly fleshy. — A. rubra, var. campestris, Linn.; DC. I. c.
8. nearly glabrous ; leaves fleshy, usually much larger than the internodes. —
A. rubra, var. marina, Linn.; DC. I. c.
y. ? flowers rather larger ; seeds very commonly membranaceously mar-
gined. — Arenaria rubra, var., Cham. ^- Schlecht. I. c. A. media, Linn. A.
marginata, DC. ft. Fran. 4. /;. 793, ^ prodr. I. c.
In sandy fields, not far distant from the sea coast (a.), and in salt marshes
(/?) &c., Canada! to Florida!, and N. W. Coast! to California! April-
Nov. — Q) Stems 3-10 inches long, difluse. Leaves variable in length, &c.
Stamens 2-10, more commonly 3-5. Capsule a little longer than the ca-
lyx. Seeds sub-semicordate, reniform or nearly orbicular. — Having ob-
served, as was previously noticed by Chamisso, seeds with a very broad
margin, and others wholly destitute of a border, taken from the same capsule
(in an American specimen, locality not recorded), we cannot but consider
A. media, Li7in. also as a variety of the present polymorphous and widely
diffused species.
Order XXIV. CARYOPHYLLACE^. Juss.
Sepals 4-5, distinct or cohering in a tube, persistent. Petals 4-5
(occasionally none), unguiculate and inserted upon the pedicel of the
ovary, or without claws and inserted on the outside of a fleshy disk
which is sometimes perigynous. Stamens twice as many as the pe-
tals (rarely the same number and alternate with them, or fewer) and
inserted with them : filaments subulate, sometimes cohering : anthers
fixed by the middle, introrse. Ovary of 2-5 united carpels, often sti-
pitate : styles 2-5, usually stigmatose the whole length on the inner
surface. Capsule 2-5.valved, 1-celled by the obliteration of the dis-
sepiments, or imperfectly (rarely completely) 2-5-celled, opening at the
apex by twice as many teeth as stigmas, or by loculicidal dehiscence :
placenta in the axis. Seeds campulitropous, numerous or rarely few.
Emhryo curved around the outside of mealy albumen. — Herbs. Stems
with tumid nodes. Leaves opposite, sometimes connate, exstipulate,
entire. Inflorescence centrifugal, dichotomous.
Tribe I. ALSINE^. DC.
Sepals nearly or quite distinct. Petals not unguiculate, inserted on
the outside of the hypogynous or more or less perigynous (sometimes
lobed or glandular) disk. Stamens inserted upon the margin of the disk.
176 CARYOPHYLLACE.E. Honckentj.
1. MOLLUGO. Linn. ; DC. ; W. ^- Am. prodr. Ind. or. 1. p. 43.
Sepals 5, united at the base. Petals usually none, rarely 5, minute. Sta-
mens 5 or fewer, opposite the sepals, sometimes 10. Styles 3. Capsule
3-valved, 3-ceUed, loculicidal, many-seeded. — Leaves actually opposite, and
without stipules ; but by abortion apparently alternate, with 2 stipules (one
leaf being abortive its petiole splits up, leaving a portion, like a stipule, at-
tached on each side to the base of the petiole of the perfect leaf); containing
in their axils several leaves surrounding the base of the young branch, and
forming radical or lateral tufts opposite to the peduncles ; hence they are
usually said to be verticillate. Am. I. c.
•y 1. M. verticillata (Linn.): stem branched, depressed; leaves spatulate,
the upper ones lanceolate ; pedicels 1-flowered, forming a simple sessile um-
bel; seeds smooth. — Michx. ! fl. l.p.77; GcBrtn.fr. t.\30; DC. prodr. 1.
p. 391 ; Hook.fl. Bar.- Am. 1. p. 92.
Barren places throughout N. America ! June-Sept. — (J) Sepals colored
within. Petals none. Stamens mostly 3. Seeds smooth, with 3 dorsal
striae.
2. MERKIA. Fisch. in DC; Cham. ^ Schlecht. in Linncea, 1. p. 59.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, unguiculate, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 3. Capsule
sessile, inflated, depressed-globose and umbilicated, grooved, imperfectly
3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, minute, pyriform. — Weak, diffusely
CBEspitose. Leaves ovate, a little ciliate. Peduncles solitary, 1-flowered.
M. physodes (Fisch.) — Hook.jl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 103. Arenaria physodes,
DC. prodr. 1. p. 403.
Bay of Eschscholtz. — Capsule about half an inch in diameter. Cham. ^
Schlecht.
3. HONCKENYA. Ehrh. beitr. 2. p. 81. (not of Willd.)
Adenarium, Baf. (1818.)
Sepals 5, united at the base. Petals 5, perigynous, unguiculate, entire.
Stamens 10, inserted, with the petals, into a glanduliferous disk. Styles 3-5.
Capsule 3-5-valved, 1-ceIled, 8-10-seeded. Seeds large, smooth.— Fleshy
maritime perennial herbs, with axillary subsolitary flowers.
■^ 1. H. peploides (Ehrh.): sepals ovate, obtuse, with "scarious margins;
petals spatulate-obovate ; leaves and stems very fleshy. — Arenaria peploides,
Linn. J Willd. sp. 2. p. 717; Fl. Dan. t. 624; Pilrsh, Ji. l.p. 317; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 413; Hook.jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 102 (in part). Adenarium pep-
loides, Eaf. in Desv.jour. phys. (1818) ; DC. I. c. 3. p. 366.
Atlantic Coast! from lat. 40° to Labrador! and the Arctic Circle. — Stem
extensively creeping, with numerous erect mostly simple branches, 8-12
inches high. Leaves short, ovate, abruptly acute or mucronate, very fleshy.
Styles 3 in the lower, mostly 5 in the upper flowers. Flowers by abortion
sometimes dioecious or polygamous.
2. H. ohlongifolia : sepals lanceolate-ovate, acute ; petals oblong-spatu-
late ; leaves oblong, acutCj attenuate at the base, and, as well as the stems,
not very fleshy. — Arenaria peploides, Cham. ^- Schlecht. in Linncea, 1. p.
57 ; Bongard,'veg. Sitcha. I. c. p. 128. A. peploides 0. major, Hook. .' l. c.
Sagina. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 177
Sitcha {Bongard) and both sides of Behring's Straits! {Clinmisso) to
De Fuca (Scolder !) — This plant, at once distinguishable from the preced-
ing- by its longer and narrower leaves, apparently less Heshy habit, and espe-
cially by the forna of the sepals and petals, appears to take the place along
the shores of the Northern Pacific, which H. peploides occupies along the
Atlantic ocean. The plant of our own coast agrees well with the European,
except that the stems are almost always simple.
4. SAGINA. Bartl. ord. nat. p. 305.
Sagina, Linn, and the exstipulate species of Spergula, Linn. tf-c.
Sepals 4-5, united at the base. Petals 4-5, entire, or none. Stamens
4-10. Styles 4-5. Capsule 4-5-valved, many-seeded. — FloAvers solitary,
axillary or terminal. Leaves often fascicled in the axils.
':^~ 1. S. procumhens (Linn.) : glabrous ; stems procumbent ; leaves linear,
mucronaie ; peduncles acending in fruit ; petals about half the length of the
sepals; stamens, petals, and sepals 4-5. — Gcvrtn.fr. t. 129; E^ig. hot. t. 880;
Ell. sk. 1. p. 221 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 92.
Springy ground, Connecticut! to South Carolina. Oregon, Dr. Scouler!
May-Aug.— (1) or (2) ( If DC. Hook.) Stems 2-6 inches long. Capsule
twice the length of the calyx. Petals sometimes none.
"~/^. S. decumbens : mostly glabrous; stems decumbent, ascending; leaves
linear-subulate, very acute ; peduncles much longer than the leaves ; petals
and sepals 5, of equal length; stamens 10. — S. procumbens, Withering.
Spergula saginoides, Li)m. ; Mich.v. ! Jl. I. p. 276; DC. frodr. 1. p. 394;
Hook. I. c. S. decumbens. Ell. sk. 1. p. 523. S. nodosa, Walt. Car. p. 241.
Infields, &c. Canada! to Louisiana! Introduced? Also on the Pacific
coast, Chamisso, Hooker. April-July. — (T) Stems branching, 1-3 inches
long. Petals obtuse. Capsule a little longer than the calyx.
3. S.fontinalis (ShoTt & Peter) : glabrous; stems procumbent, branched,
dichotomous above ; leaves linear-spatulate, rather obtuse ; petals none ;
stamens 4-6. — Short <^ Peter ! \st suppl. cat. Kentucky plants.
Wet rocks, Kentucky ! April-May.— (2) Stems 8-15 inches long. Pe-
duncles longer than the leaves. Sepals 4-5, ovate, rather obtuse. Capsulfe
subglobose, much shorter than the sepals.
4. (S. apetala (Linn.): pubescent; stem erect; leaves subulate; pedun-
cles elongated and ascending in fruit ; sepals and stamens 4 ; petals 4, very-
minute or none.— jEno-. bot. t. 881; DC. prodr. 1. p. 389; 7'orr. ! fl. 1. p.
195.
Dry sandy fields. New- Jersey ! Pennsylvania, & Maryland. Introduced ?
May-June.— (I) Stems filiform, 2-3 inches high. Sepals lanceclate, acate,
shorter than the capsule.
5. S. erecta (Linn.): glabrous; stem about 1-flowered ; leaves linear,
acute; peduncles strict; sepals, petals, and stamens 4. — Eng. bot. t. 609;
DC. I. c. Moenchia glauca, Pers. syn. 1. p. 153.
Baltimore ? Introduced. — (l) Stem 2 inches high. Sepals lanceolate-
ovate, acute, as loag as the capsule.
/•^ 6. S. nodosa : erect ; leaves subulate, glabrous, connate, the lower sheath-
ing; upper ones proliferous in their axils; petals twice the length of the
calyx; stamens 10. — Spergula nodosa, Linn, j Eng. bot. i. 964; Hook. Ji.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 93.
23
178 CARYOPHYLLACEiE. Arenaria.
Upper Canada to the Arctic Sea and N. W. Coast— 2| Stem 2-6 inches
high. Petals and sepals 5.
-r- 7. 8. suhulata : glabrous or slightly pubescent ; leaves subulate, some-
' what secund, mucronate ; peduncles elongated ; petals 5, as long as the
calyx ; stamens 5-10.— Spergula procumbens P. Linn. S. subulata, Swariz ;
Eng. bot. t. 1082 ; Hook. I. c.
Rocky Mountains, Drummond.
5. ARENARIA. Linn.; Bartl. ord. nat. p. 305.
Arenaria, excl. § Spergularia, DC.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10 (or by abortion fewer). Styles
3 rarely 2 or 4. Capsule 3-valved; valves usually 2-parted. Seeds nume-
rous, roundish, small.— Flowers terminal.
§ 1. Flowers aggregated into heads or compact fascicles.
-/'" 1. A. congesta (Nutt. ! mss.) : " ccespitose, glabrous ; leaves long, linear-
subulate, pungent ; flowers in roundish heads, with crowded membranous
bracts; sepals ovate, membranaceous, obscurely 3-nerved, about half the
length of the oblong petals.
" Shady hills in the Rocky Mountain range, about Bear River of the Lake
of Timpanagos. — U Stem simple, a foot high. Lower leaves almost like
those of a Pme, very narrow and more than 2 inches long [margin ciliate-
scabrous]. Heads 1-3. Capsule coriaceous, about the length of the calyx.
Seeds very small, angular. — A remarkable species, with somewhat the habit
of Dianthus prolifer." Nutt.
2. A. Franklinii (Douglas): branches erect, fastigiate, numerous, fragile ;
leaves smooth (minutely ciliate-scabrous below), subulate-setaceous ; flowers
fascicled ; sepals subulate, scarious, broadly 1-nerved, longer than the linear-
oblong (obtuse) petals. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 101. t. 35.
Oregon, from the great falls to the source of the Missouri, Douglas. — U
Branching from the base, a span high. Leaves an inch long. Fascicles of
flowers dense, crowded with bracts similar to the leaves. Hook.
3. A. Hookeri (Nutt. ! mss.) : " caudex branched, csespitose ; stems (3
inches high) simple, fastigiate, pubescent ; leaves subulate-setaceous ; flow-
ers fascicled ; sepals lanceolate-subulate, 1-nerved, rather shorter than the ob-
long obtuse sepals.
" Rocky Mountain range, on the summits of high hills (lat. 40°). — Bracts
and sepals membranaceous. — Nearly allied to A. Franklinii, but with shorter
leaves, bracts, and sepals." Nutt.
§ 2. Flowers in loose dichotomous cymes., or solitary.
* Leaves gramineous.
4. A. nardifoli a (hedeb.): csespitose; leaves fascicled, linear-setaceous,
very narrow, mucronate, glabrous ; stems erect, glabrous, 1-3-flowered ;
petals obovate, longer than the very obtuse ovate 5-nerved sepals. Hook. —
" Ledeb. Jl. Altai"; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 98. t. 32.
Shores of the Arctic Sea, Dr. Richardson. — 11 Leaves crowded below,
with a curved mucronation. Capsule broadly ovate. Hook. — Our specimen
of A. nardifolia from Altai, does not well agree with Hooker's figure and
description, but has acutish sepals, and the cusps of the leaves straight.
Arenaru. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 179
♦ • Leaves linear or snlyulate.
5. A. laricifolia (Linn.) : leaves subulate, dcnticulate-ciliate ; stems
ascending, somewhat scabrous or pubescent above, 2-(3-tiowered ; sepals ob-
long, obtuse, 3-nerved, half the length of the petals ; capsule longer than the
calyx.— Pursh, fl. 1. p. 319 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 98; Cham. ^ ^chkcht. in
lAnruea, 1. p. 54.
N. W. Coast, Menzies, Chamisso.
6. .4. juniper ino (Linn.) : leaves subulate and rigidly pungent, the lower
ones somewhat fascicled, the uppermost distant; stems erect, firm; sepals
ovate, acute, about 1-nerved ; petals obovate, nearly twice as long as the se-
pals ; capsule roundish-ovate, 3-valved, scarcely exceeding the calyx. DC. —
Pur.'ih, fl. 1. p. 318 ; Sinilk, ic. ined. t. 35; Hook. I. c.
Labrador and Newfoundland, Pitrshl Between Lakes St. Clair and Hu-
ron, Douglas.— K doubtful native of N. America. The plant of Pursh &.
Douglas is perhaps a variety of A. stricta.
7. A. pungens (Nutt. ! mss.) : " csespitose, minutely glandularly pubescent ;
leaves subulate, canaliculate, pungent, the lower ones squarrosely imbricated
and crowded ; flowers few, subpaniculate ; sepals lanceolate, obscurely 3-
nerved, longer than the oblong-ovate petals.
"Summits of hills in the Rocky Mountain range (lat. 41°).— If Stems
about 4 inches high, forming considerable ca^spitose tufts. Leaves rigid, 3-
nerved. Sepals unusually long and acute." A^iii/.— Nearly allied to A. verna.
-f^ 8. A. squarrosa (Michx.) : densely ca;spitose ; stems minutely glandular-
pubescent, few-flowered ; leaves short, subulate-canaliculate, the lower ones
densely squarrose-imbricate, rather obtuse, upper ones few ; petals about 3
times the length of the ovate, very obtuse, nerveless sepals. — Mick.r. ! fl. 1.
p. 273; Torr. ! fl. 1. p. 454 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 403 ; EU. sk. 1. p. 520. A.
Caroliniana, M'alt. Car. 1. p. 141.'? A. imbricata, Haf. iiiDesv.jour. hot.
1. p. 229 '? A. Rafiuesquiana, Ser.in DC.
In dry sand, New-Jersey ! to Georgia ! April-Sept. — 14 Root perpendicu-
lar, very long. Flowering branches 5-10 inches high, simple. Sepals herba-
ceous. Capsule ovate, obtuse, 3-valved, longer than the calyx. Styles some-
times 4.
-/-^. A. stricta (Michx.) : dlff"u3ely caespitose, glabrous, branched from the
base ; leaves subulate-setaceous, 1-nerved, much fascicled in the axils ; pe-
tals oblong-obovate, twice the length of the rigid, ovate, very acute, 3-ribbed
se-pah.—Mich:r. ! fl. 1. p. 274; Ell. sk. 1. p. 520; DC. prodr. 1. p. 503.
a. Strict, few-flowered; leaves erect, crowded, longer than the internodes.
0. diffusely spreading ; leaves spreading or recurved, often shorter than
the internodes ; branches of the cyme spreading. — A. stricta, Bigel. ! fl.
Bost. ed. 2. p. ISO. A. stricta /?., Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 99. t. 33.
Rocks and barren ground, Canada ! to S. Carolina and Arkansas ! and
north to the Arctic Sea (//"ook) May-July.— 2^ Stems 3-10 or 12 inches
high. Capsule about as long as the calyx.— The van U. is by far the most
common in the United States, and has very slender peduncles and pedicels;
but the plant varies according to situation, &c.
"f" 10. A. tenella (Nutt. ! mss.) : " erect, slender, somewhat branched from
the base ; leaves fihform- subulate, acute ; peduncles minutely glandular-pubes-
cent; petals oblong, nearly twice the length of the acute 3-nerved shortish
sepals.
" Rocky places, plains of the Oregon ! and Arkansas.— (l) Allied to A.
tenuifolia,' but with the petals larger and the leaves longer." Nutt. — We have
this pi mt also from Dr. Scouler under the name of A. stricta, to which spe-
cies it is doubtfully referred by Hooker. The leaves are scarcely if at all fas-
180 CARYOPHYLLACE^. Arenaria.
cicled in the axils, the root is annual, and the sepals are less strongly nerved
and less rigid than in A. stricia.
il. A. Pitcher i (Nutt.! mss.): "erect and slender, glabrous, fastigiately
branched, few-flowered ; leaves linear-filiform, obtuse, not fascicled ; pedun-
cles slightly glandular-pubescent ; petals oblong, somewhat exceeding [near-
ly twice the lengtli of] the lanceolate strongly 5- [sometimes 3-] nerved se-
pals." Nuit.
Plains of Arkansas, iViJi^aZZ / Dr. Pitcher! T ey.as, Drummond ! Dr.
Leavenworth ! — (J) Stem 3-6 inches high, with filiform branches. Leaves
■very narrow but flat. — Nearly allied to A. patula, and also to A. tenuifolia of
Europe, as Mr. Nuttall very correctly remarks.
- 12. A. patula (Michx.) : branched from the base, diffuse ; forks of the
cyme divaricate ; leaves linear, very narrow, obtuse, spreading ; petals spa-
tulate, emarginate, twice the length of the lanceolate very acute 3-5-nerv-
ed sepals.— yV/tc/tx. .' ji. 1. p. 273 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 405.
On rocks, Kentucky, Dr. Short! and mountains of Virginia, Prof. Ruff-
ner ! — @ ((2)'?) Stems weak, almost filiform, 6-10 inches long, glabrous
to the naked eye, but minutely glandular-pubescent under a lens. Cyme 4 or
5 to 20-flowered, much spreading : pedicels almost setaceous. Leaves often
slightly fascicled in the axils.
-■'13. A. glabra (Michx.): csespitose, glabrous ; stems filiform, decumbent
at the base, 8-12-flowered ; leaves linear-setaceous, spreading; branches of
the cyme and very slender pedicels divaricate ; petals obovate-oblong, twice
the length of the oval, obtuse, membranaceously-margined, nerveless sepals.—
Michx. ! Ji. 1. p. 274 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 407, not of Ell. or of Torr.fi.
On rocks in N. Carolina, MtcZimf^c.' Schweinitzl Georgia, Le Conte !
"Table Rock, Alabama," herb. Schweinitz ! — 11 Plant growing in dense
grass-like tufts : stems very slender, and commonly branched above, about 6
inches high. Leaves nearly half an inch long, almost setaceous. Pedicels
elongated, setaceous. Flowers smaller than in A. patula and A. GrcEnlan-
dica. — This Uttle known species appears to be confined to the more or less
mountainous portions of the Southern States ; the A. glabra of Elliott, grow-
ing in the low country being evidently Stellaria uniflora, Walt.
14. A. GrcRiilandica (Spreng.) : csespitose, glabrous ; stems low, decum-
bent at the base, 1-5-flowered ; leaves very narrowly linear, obtuse;' pedicels
filiform, nearly erect ; petals obovate-cuneiform, entire or with a slight notch,
twice the length of the rather oblong, very obtuse, membranaceously mar-
gined, nerveless sepals. — Spreng. syst. 2. p. 402. Stellaria Groenlandica,
" Retz. fi. Scan.'' ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 39S ; Fl. Dan. t. . . Arenaria glabra,
Torr. ! fl. 1. p. 4:55 (excl. syn.) ; Bigel. ! fi. Bost. ed. 2. p. 180.
Greenland, Vahl, in herb. Schw. ! Labrador, herb. Schweinitz! Cre-
vices of rocks, with alpine plants, on the summits of the M'hite Hills, New-
Hampshire, Boott ! Oakes ! Pickering ! of the Adirondack ! and Sha-
wangunk! Mountains, New-York. July-Aug. — It Stems very numerous,
about 3 (rarely 5) inches high. Leaves almost subulate, but obtuse, 3-5
lines long, erect or spreading. Flowers large for the size of the plant, larger
than those of A. glabra. Lobes of the disk from which the stamens arise
slightly thickened and glandular. — The identity of our plant with Stellaria
Groenkndica, first suggested by Dr. Pickering, is confirmed by a specimen
from Greenland in herb. Schweinitz, -so named by Vahl.
15. A. brevifolia (Nutt. ! mss.) : glabrous, not csespitose ; stems filiform,
erect, simple, 2-5-flowered; leaves minute, erect (many times shorter than
the internodes), lanceolate-subulate, nerveless ; sepals oblong, obiuse, with
scarious margins, about the length of the 3-valved capsule ; petals obovate-
Arenaria. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. 181
oblon?, nearly twice the length of the calyx.— iV/t«. / viss. in herb. acad.
Pkilad.
On rooks, Georgia, NuttaU /— (T) Plant 2-4 inches high, very slender,
with 3 or 4 pairs of caulino leaves from 1-2 lines long. Flowers small, white,
on filiform peduncles.
16. A. verna (Linn.): erect, ca;spitose, pubescent or glabrous ; leaves lin-
ear-subulate, nerved, erect ; cyme erect, few or many-tlowered ; sepals ovate,
acute, 3-ncrved, mostly a little longer than the petals. Hook.—Eng. hot. I.
512; DC. prodr. 1. p. 405; Hook.Jl. lior.-Am. 1. p. 99.
Oregon and Subarctic America, Hooker ; James' Peak, Rocky Moun-
tains^ lat. 41 \ Dr. James !
17. J. proptn^Ha (Richardson): cfEspitose, hair> (hairs mostly glandu-
lar) ; leaves linear-subulate, acute, 3-nervcd; sepals acute, 3-nerved, about
the length of the petals but shorter than the capsule. Richards, in app.
Frankl.journ. p. 17; Hook. I.e.
Arctic America, and summits of the Rocky Mountains. — Habit of A. ver-
na ; but the flowers are smaller : perhaps not distinct. Hook.
IS. .4. hirta (Wormskiold) : leaves linear-subulate, obtuse, 2-sulcate, mi-
nutely hirsute; stems 2-3-tlowered ; sepals 3-nerved, acute, shorter than the
capsule ; petals oblong, a little shorter than the calyx. DC— Wor7nsk. in Jl.
Dan. t. 1646; DC. prodr. 1. p. 405; Cham. ^ Schlecht. in Linncea, 1. p.
56 ; Hook. I. c.
Kotzebue's Sound, Beechey ! Greenland.— 1^ Glabrous or pubescent, 3
inches high.
19. A. rubella (Hook.): stems ca;spitose, numerous ; peduncles terminal,
pubescent, 1-fiowered ; leaves linear-subulate, obtuse, 3-neived ; petals ob-
long-lanceolate, a little shorter than the lanceolate 3-nerved (mostly) very
acute sepals ; capsule 4-valved, shoiter than the sepals. Hook. ! in Parry''s
2nd voy. app. p. 391, ^- in fl. Loud. t. 200, f f. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 100. A.
quadrivalvis. A'. Br. in Parry's Isl voy. app. p. 271. Alsine rubella, U'ahl.
jl. Lapp. t. 6, fide Hook.
Greenland and Arctic America !— If Pbnt 1-2 inches high. Leaves ob-
tuse or rather acute. Stigmas 3-5.
-^-20. A. Rossii (R.Brown): glabrous; leaves subulate-triquetrous, rather
obtuse, nerveless, scarcely equalling the flower ; peduncles 1-fiowered ; petals
oblong, a little exceeding the obscurely 3-nerved sepals.—/?. Br. in Parry's
\st voy. app. p. 272.
0. taller ; leaves exceeding the calyx, mostly shorter than the internodes,
with manifest lateral nerves ; petals as long as the sepals. R. Br. I. c; Hook,
f. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 100.
Arctic America ! and Rocky Mountains from lat. 54°-57^— Flowers some-
times apetalous. Hook.
--f 21. A. arctica (Steven) : caespitose ; leaves linear-subulate, obtuse, fleshy,
margin minutely ciliate ; peduncles glandular-pubescent, 1- (rarely 2-3-)
flowered ; petah about twice the length of the very obtuse 3-nerved sepals.
a. leaves 3-3triate ; sepals oblong ; petals obovate. — A. arctica, Stev. in
DC. prodr. 1. p. 404 ; Hook. I.e. (a. & p.) t. 34.
/?. leaves nerveless; sepals ovate; petals oblong-spatulate. — A. pumilio,
R. Br.; Hook, in Parry's 2nd voy. app. p. 391, ^ fl. Bor.-Am. I. c.
y. leaves obscurely 3-nervcd, carinate, serrulate-ciliate ; sepals oblong,
glandular-pubescent; petals oblong, half as long t'gain as the sepals. — A. ob-
tusa, Ton: I in ann. lye. New- York. 2. p. 170. A. arctica y- stenopetala,
Hook. I. c. ?
Arctic America, y. Rocky Mountains, on James' Peak, lat. 41'=, Dr. James !
— "4 Habit of Silene acaulis. L.eaves mostly curved to one side. Capsule
ovate.
182 CARYOPHYLLACEiE. Arenaru.
22. A. macrocarpa (Pursh): caespitose ; leaves crowded, linear-subulate,
plane, the margin ciliate ; peduncle terminal, 1-flowered, leafy ; petals ovate,
twice the length of the calyx ; capsule oblong, thrice the length of the calyx.
Pursh, fl. 1. p. 318 ; Cham. ^ Schlecht. I. c. j Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 101.
N. W. Coast, Pursh. — Hardly distinct from A. arctica. Hook.
*** Leaves lanceolate, ovate, or roundish.
-/- 23. '^. serpyllifolia (Linn.): diflfuse, retrorsely pubescent; leaves
(small) ovate, acute, minutely ciliate ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, hairy,
3-5-nerved, nearly twice the length of the petals, equal to the ovate, 6-tooth-
ed capsule.— Mtt7i:r. .' fl. 1. p. 274; Gartn. fr. t. 130 ; DC. prodr. 1. p.
411; Ell.sk.l. p. 518.
Sandy fields, Massachusetts ! to Georgia ! Introduced. Aprd-July.— (l)
Much branched from the base, 3-10 mches high. Flowers axillary and ter-
minal.
24. A. ciliata (Linn.): leaves ovate or obovate, bullate-mgose, more or
less nerved and ciliate ; stems procumbent ; sepals lanceolate, acute, nerved,
shorter than the petals, as long as the ovate 6-valved capsule. Eng. bot. t.
174:5 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 411.
Greenland, Sabine.
Jf 25. A. Piirshiana (Seringe) : stem dichotomous, diffuse ; leaves oval,
rather acute ; peduncles alternate, axillary, solitary, elongated ; sepals acute ;
petals as long as the calyx. Pursh.— DC. prodr. 1. p. 414. A. thymifoUa,
Pursh, fl. 1. p. 317.
Sea-shore, Labrador, herb. Banks ex P?/r5^.— Perhaps Stellaria humifusa.
A specimen from Labrador in herb. Schweinitz, marked A. thymifolia
appears to be that plant.
., 26. A. lateriflora (Linn.): minutely pubescent; stem erect, slender, sim-
ple or branched; leaves oblong or oval, obtuse ; peduncles lateral and termi-
nal 2-flowered, one of the pedicels bibracteolate near the middle; petals
twi'ce the length of the sepals.— Pursh, fl. 1. p. 317 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 412;
Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 102. t. 36. Stellaria biflora, Pursh! fl. 1. p. 317.
In damp rather shady places, from lat. 40° to the Arctic Sea! June.— 7^
Stem 4-8 inches high. Leaves pale green, punctate, hairy on the margin
and midrib. Peduncle mostly solitary. Petals and sepals oblong, obtuse.
Filaments pubescent.
27. A. macrophylla (Hook.): stem slender, erect, dichotomously branch-
ed ; leaves spreading, lanceolate, acute at each end, glabrous ; peduncle ter-
minal [or lateral], 2-3-tlowered ; sepals ovate, sharply acuminate, longer than
the petals and capsule. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 102. t. 37.
Shady woods, Oregon {Douglas, Nuttall!) and N. W. Coast.— Habit of
the preceding. Very near A. umbrosa, Ledeb.
1 Doubtful species.
28. A. fasciculata (Pursh, not of Gouan) : nearly glabrous, cffispitose ;
stems strictly erect ; leaves subulate, pungent, striate ; flowers densely fasci-
cled ; sepals subulate, striate ; petals very short. Pursh, fl. 1. p. 319.
Canada (in herb. Lambert), Pursh.
29.- A. buxif oli a {Poir.) : pubescent; leaves ovate-oblong, sessile; stems
creeping ; peduncles dichotomous, about 2-flowered ; sepals linear, short, ob-
tuse, with membranaceous margins, a little shorter than the petals, as long
as the ovate, obtuse (5-valved ?) capsule. DC.—Poir. diet. 6. p. 262 ; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 411.
• Canada, Poiret.
Stellahia. CARYOPHYLLACE.E. 183
6. STELLARIA. Linii.; Torr.Jl. 1. p. 453.
Sepals 5, somewhat united at the base. Petals 5 (rarely by abortion fewer
or none), 2-cleft or lobed, often perigynous. Stamens 10 (or by abortion
3-8). Styles 3, sometimes 4. Capsule 1-celled, 3- (sometimes 4-) valved ;
valves usually 2-parted, membranaceous. Seeds numerous. — Herbs, mostly
inhabiting moist or shady places. Flowers terminal in dichotomous cymes,
or solitary.
The apparently lateral peduncles of several species are at first terminal, but be-
come pstudo-axillary by the evolution of a branch in the axils of the upper leaves,
which continues the stem. So also in Arenaria lateriflora, &c.
§ 1. Styles always 3; petals hypogynous^ mostly longer than the calyx.
1. S. media (Smith): stems procumbent, with an alternate pubescent
line; leaves ovate, glabrous ; petals oblong, deeply divided, shorter than the
sepals; stamens 2-\0.—Eng. hot. t. 537 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 398 ; Hook. fl.
Bor.- Am. 1. p. 94:. Alsine media, Linn. Holosteum succulentum, Linn.;
Colden.
Waste places throughout the United States 1 California and N. W. Ame-
rica. Introduced. March-Dec. — (T) Petioles short, ciliate. Calyx hairy.
Pedicels deflexed in fruit. — Chickweed.
■ / S. prostrata (Baldw.) : stem procumbent, fistulous, somewhat pubescent ;
leaves ovate, acuminate ; the lower ones on slender petioles, subcordate ; pe-
dicles elongated; petals twice the length of the sepals, deeply divided, Avith
linear segments; stamens 7-8. — Baldxo. .' in Ell. sk. 1. p. 518.
In wet places E. Florida, Baldwin .' Georgia, Le Conte ! March-May.
— (l) Stem 1-4 feet long. Petioles ciliate, longer than the leaves. Sepals
ovate, nearly glabrous. Flowers small.
3. S. puhera (Michx.) : stems decumbent, spreading, with two opposite
pubescent lines; leaves oval-oblong, sessile, minutely ciliate; pedicels short;
petals deeply bifid, longer than the sepals. — Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 273 ; Ell. sk.
1. j3. 517 ; Darlingt. Jl. Cest. p. 274.
On shady rocks, Pennsylvania ! [lat. 40°] to Georgia ! west to Kentucky !
April-June. — 1(. Stems 6-12 inches long, below often with a single alter-
nate hairy line. Leaves 1-2^ inches long. Flowers i an inch in diameter.
Stamens 10. Capsule ovoid-globose.
4. S. Jamesii (Ton.): viscidly pubescent; leaves lanceolate, elongated,
slightly falcate, closely sessile ; cyme divaricate ; petals 2-lobed, about twice
the length of the oblong acute sepals. — Torr. in ami. lye. New- York, 2. p.
169.
Rocky Mountains, about lat. 40^, Dr. James ! — Stem weak. Leaves
about 4 inches long and 4 lines broad, acute. Capsule as long as the calyx,
deeply valved. Seeds few, rugose.
.--'5. S. Nuttallii: unnutely glandular, branched from the base, erect or as-
cending; leaves linear, obtuse, rather fleshy ; cyme few-flowered ; p etals ob-
cordate, twice the length of the ovate obtuse nearly nerveless sepai.s
Prairies of Arkansas, Nutiall ! Dr. Pitcher ! Western Louisiana, Z^.
Leavenicorth! Texas, Drummond! Dr. Leavenworth ! March-April. —
(X) Plant 4-6 inches high. Leaves nearly glabrous, inuch shorter than the
internodes, i-i an inch in length, 1-2 lines wide, a little narrowed at the
base. Flowers when expanded more than i an inch in diameter : petals
with a broad, rather deep emargination : sepals withscarious margins. Cap-
sule a little longer than the calyx, deeply 3-valved : valves entire. Seeds
184 CARYOPHYLLACEyE. Stellari-a.
minute, dark broTvn, tuberculate. — Habit of Cerastium nutans. The sinus of
the petals is so shallow that the plant might be ranked with Arenaria almost
as well as with Stellaria.
6. S. macropetala: glabrous, branching from the base; stems erect, slen-
der ; leaves linear and very narrow, somewhat fleshy, acute ; cyme few-
flowered ; petals obovate-spatulate, 2-lobed, more than tw^ice the length of
the ovate-lanceolate 3-ribbed sepals.
Arkansas, Nuttall ! Dr. Pitcher ! Dr. Leavenworth ! April. — (5) Stem
5-10 inches high. Leaves an inch or more long ; the lower ones rather ob-
tuse, as long as the internodes. Flowers smaller than in S. Nuttallii, but
with the petals longer in proportion, much more attenuate below, and with
a deeper and no.rrower sinus. Sepals acute, rather rigid, not scarious.
7. S. unijiord (Walt.) : glabrous, branching from the base ; stems erect,
very slender ; leaves subulate-linear, acute ; peduncles axillary, filiform, 1-
flowered ; petals obcordate with a shallow sinus, twice the length of the ob-
long acutish nearly nerveless sepals. — Walt. Car. p. 141. Arenaria glabi a,
Eli. sk. 1. p. 520, not of Michx.
Swamps, N. Carolina ( Croom .') to Georgia. May. — Stem 10 inches or
more high. Leaves an inch long, hardly a line wide, mucronate. Peduncles
solitary, not bracteolate, 2-3 inches in length. Sepals rather membrana-
ceous, with scarious margins. Capsule ovoid, as long as the calyx. — Resem-
bles S. macropetala much more closely than Arenaria glabra, with which it
has been generally confounded. Habit wholly that of a Stellaria.
8. S. cerastoides (Linn.) : stems csGspitose and decumbent, somewhat
dichotomous ; leaves oblong, pubescent ; peduncles in pairs, 1-nowered, de-
flexed in fruit ; petals exceeding the obtuse sepals ; capsule oblong, almost
twice the length of the calyx. DC. prodr. 1. p. 398; Hook, plants oj Scy
bine's voy. in trails. Linn. sac. 14. p. 8.
Greenland, Sabine.
9. S. humifusa (Rottb.) : glabrous ; stems procumbent, branched ; leaves
ovate, sessile, fleshy ; peduncles solitary, terminal, short, 1-flowered ; petals
2-parted, rather longer than the acutish nerveless sepals. Hook. — " Rottb.
in act. Hafn, 10. i. 4" ; Hook.! in Parrifs 2nd voy. app. p. 391, ^ Ji.
Bor.-Am. 1. j). 97 ; Bong. veg. Sitcha, I. c. p. 127. S. crassifoUa, Cham.
^ Schlecht. I. c. Me Hook. Arenaria thymifolia, Pursh ?
Greenland, Arctic Sea! Sitcha. — Stems 2-3 inches high. Peduncles
filiform. Sepals obscurely 3-nerved. Bongard.
10. S. gracilis (Richardson) : glabrous ; stem weak ; sterile branches
gemmiferous ; leaves lanceolate, someAvhat succulent ; peduncle solitary,
axillary or terminal, elongated, 1-floAvered ; petals 2-parted, longer than the
glabrous acute nerveless sepals. Hook. — Richards, app. Frankl. journ.
p. 17; Hook. fl. I. c.
Hudson's Bay, dec, Richardson. — Capsule 6-valved.
§ 2. Styles 3 or 4 : petals more or less peri gy nous, often minute or wanting.
(Spergulastrura, Michx. — Mieropetalon, Pers. — Larbroea, St. Hil.)
11. S. longipes (Goldie): shining or glaucescent; stems decumbent at
the base, or procumbent with erect or ascending branches ; leaves mostly
rigid, linear or lanceolate (broadest at the base), acute ; peduncles (cymose
or nearly simple) Avith rather large ovate scarious bracts ; petals a Uttle
longer than the ovate, obtuse or acutish, obscurely 3-nerved, scariously-mar-
gined sepals.
a. slender; leaves more or less flaccid, rather spreading; branches 6-10-
flowered; peduncles and pedicels filiform; the terminal (middle) ones elon-
Stellaria. CARYOPIIYLLACE.E. 185
gated ; sepah obtuse. — S. longipes, GohIip,in Edinh. phil. journ. 6. p. 185 ;
DC. prodr. 1. p. 400; Honk. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 95.
fi. slender, rather rit^id ; leaves more erect, and pungent, sometimes
al no3t subulaie; sepah acute.— S. sU'wMi, liichcnds. a}.p. Frar.kl. joinn.
ed. 2. p. 15; Hook. I. c.— \. stems sparsely pubescent. Hook. 2. stems gla-
brous. Hook. I— S. palustris, Richards. /. c. erf. 1. 3. leaves somewhat
glaucous. Hook.
y. 3-4 inches high ; stems 1-2-flowercd ; sepals acute ; otherwise like
o. &/3.
i. glaucous ; branches erect from creeping stems, 3-6 inches high, 1-3-
floAvered ; leaves erect, lanceolate, rigid, carinate ; sepals rather obtuse. —
S. la:la, Richards. ! app. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 16 ; Hook. ! app. Parry's
V01J., & in ff. Bor.-.\m. 1. p. C6.
£. glabrous or somewhat pubescent; branches 1-2 inches high, 1-3-now-
eredl leaves ovate-lanceolate (the lowest sometimes ovate, obtuse), seme-
times sparselv ciliate at the ba-^e ; sepals acutish.— S. Edwardsii, R. Br.! in
app. Parry's \sl roy. p. 271 ; Richaids. I c; Torr. in ami. hjc. New-
york,2.p.'\'0: Hook..' fi. Bor.-Am. 1. jo. 96. /. 31 ; CAow. ^ Schlechi.in
Linnna, I. p. 48. S. nitida, //oo/i. in app. Scoresb. Greenl. ;p. 411. S.
ovalifolia. Hook. fl. I. c?
a. & /?. Wood? and shores, Canaela ! to Subarctic America! west to Ore-
gon (A»«a// .') Shore of L. Ontario and Michiiran! r. Rocky Mountains,
lat. 40 \ Dr. James ! <5. Arctic ! and !-ubarctic America, and Rocky Moun-
tains, t. Shores of the Arctic Sea! Brhring's Straits, and Reeky Moun-
tains, lat. 40^ {Dr. James!)— We have little hesitation in carrying cut the
intimition? of Sir VVm. Hook-r, and con-.idering th-se plants as modifica-
tions of on? species. Vars. a. & 0. may be distinguished from S. longifolia
by the shorter and less spreading leaves, always broadest at the base, and by
the somewhat larger flowers and obscurely nerved sepals.
~fl2. S. nilens (.\utt.! mss.): " subcaespitose, smooth and shining ; stems
erect, sparsely hairy below, filiform, naked above; leaves lanceolate-subulate,
short, acute; petah 2-lob?d and (as well as the capsule) much shorter than
the lanceolate very acute 3-nerved sepals.
'• Plains of the Oregon, in moist or shady places.— Plant 3-5 inches
high, spreading. Leaves rigid, i of an inch Icng. Sepals shining, with
scarious margins. Cyme few-flowered. Flowers expanding only in the
sunshine. Habit of an Arenaria." Ntitt.
-/"Is. S. longifolia (Muhl.) : stem branching, weak, glabrous ; leaves linear,
mostly atti^nuate at the base, acutish ; cyme divaricate, n&ked, with lanceo-
late scarious bracts; petah cleft nearly to the base, at first shorter, at
length longer than the acute 3-nerved sepals. — Torr.! fi. 1. p. 452 (excl.
syn° of S. longipes); DC. prodr. 1. ;;. 4C0 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 94 ;
Bon^r. ve^. Sitcha, l. c. p. 126. S. graminea. Biget. fl. Bost. ed. 1. p. 110;
Cham. ^ Schle^fit. in Linncea, 1. p. 49, fide Bongard ^ Hook. Spergulas-
truTi gramineuin. Mich.r.! fl. 1. p. 2T6. Micropetalon graminenm, Pers.
Shady damp places, Virginia ! to Subarctic America ! Oregon ! to Sitcha !
June. — 'li Stem flaccid. 4-18 inches high ; the angles usually retrorsely sca-
bx-ous. Leaves elongated, spreading to a right angle with the stem. Pedi-
cel", filiform. Stamens 8-10. Capsule subglobose, about the length of the
calyx.
-f^li. S. borealis (Bigelow) : glabrous, flaccid; leaves brondly lanceolate,
acute, veinless; petals (sometimes none) 2-parted, nearly the length of the
lanc?olat? acute nerveless sepals ; capsules ovate-oblong, nearly twice the
length of the calyx; styles 4.— S. borealis, Bigel.! f. Bost. ed. 2. p. 182;
Hook.Ijl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 94. S. lanceolata, Torr. ! f. 1. p. 45, not of
24
186 CARYOPHYLLACEyE. Stellaria.
Poir. Spergulastrum lanceolatum, Michx. ! Jl. 1. p. 275. Micropetalon
lanceolatum, Pers.
a. leafy to the summit ; peduncles in the forks of the branches (i. e. termi-
nal) solitary, 1-flowered.
/?. upper leaves reduced to bracts (not scarious) ; cyme spreading.
In wet shady swamps, New-York ! from about lat. 42^ to Arctic America J
June-July. — ® {U '?) Stem 4-15 inches high, weak. Leaves an inch or
more long, 1-nerved, but with no lateral veins. Flower at first terminal, on
a filiform pedicel, becoming axillary by the evolution of a branch from the
axil of each of the upper leaves ; branches dichotomous in like manner :
flowers more commonly apetalous. Later in the season the lateral branches-
are also often floriferous, producing the ordinary dichotomous cymes ; and
then the flowers bear manifest petals. Stamens and petals distinctly perigy-
nous. Seeds smooth. — Certainly very distinct from S. longifolia, and much,
more closely allied to the succeeding species.
15. S. aquatica (PoUich) : weak and decumbent, nearly glabrous ; leaves
oblong, acute, veined; petals 2-cleft, rather shorter than the lanceolate very
acute 3-nerved sepals ; capsule ovoid, about as long as the calyx ; styles 3. —
" Poll. pal. 1. p. 429;" DC. prodr. 1. p. 398 ; Cham., f Schlecht. I. c. p. 50 1
S. uliginosa, Eng. hot. t. 1074 ; Muhl. ! cat. p. 47. S. borealis, Darlingt. !
jl. Cest. ed. 2. p. 274. Larbraia aquatica, St. Hil. mem. mus.; DC. prodr.
3. p. 366. L. uliginosa, Hook. I. c. p. 93.
Sv/ampy springs, Chester County, Pennsylvania, Dr. Darlington ! Near
Philadelphia, Dr. Pickering! Rocky Mountains, Hooker. Unalaschka,
Chamisso. May.— If Stem 6-12 inches long, very slender. Leaves
about i an inch long; veins very manifest under a glass. Flowers smaller
than in S. borealis. Seeds minutely tuberculate. — The inflorescence con-
sists of the ordinary central 1-floAvered ebracteolate peduncle, and two lateral
few-flowered peduncles evolved somewhat later ; and the stem is continued
by a fourth or adventitious branch, which throwing the inflorescence on one
side, appears like the main stem. — The character and description here given
are drawn from specimens collected by Dr. Darlington, which, as that excel-
lent botanist remarks, agree minutely with the European species to which
they are here referred. The shorter leaves and capsules, the tuberculate
seeds, and especiaOy the inflorescence, clearly distinguish the plant from S.
borealis.
16. ,S. crispa (Cham. & Schlecht.) : glabrous; stems diffuse, decumbent ;
leaves veiny, ovate, abruptly acute or acuminate r.t each end, the margin un-
dulate ; flowers axillary, solitary on short peduncles hardly longer than the
leaves ; petals mostly wanting, oi 2-parted and very much shorter than the
lanceolate 3-nerved sepals.— CAa???. ^ Schlecht. in Linncea, I. p. 51 ; Bong,
veg. Sitcha, I. c. p. 127.
tJnalaschka, Chamisso; Sitcha, Bongard ; Oregon, jiear Fort Van-
couver, in deep pine-woods, Nnttall .'— U Stems nearly simple. Leaves
much shorter than the internodes, i an inch or less in length, often obtuse or
subcordate at the base, with a central and an intramarginal nerve, the inter-
vening space beautifully reticulated. Capsule about the length of the calyx.
Seeds smooth.
17. S. calycanlha (Bongard): csespitose ; stems decumbent, flaccid:
leaves ovate-lanceolate, connate, the margin minutely ciliate with white
hairs, much shorter than the internodes ; cyme dichotomous; peduncles fili-
form; petals none; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, a little shorter than the
obtuse subglobose capsule. Bong. veg. Sitcha, I. c. p. 127. — Arenaria
calycantha, Ledeb.
Sitcha, Bongard. — Leaves about 5 lines in length. Styles mostly 4.
18. S. brachypetala (Bongard) : stem simple, erect; leaves linear-lanceo-
Cerasticm. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. 187
late, rather thick ; petals and capsule half the length of the sepals. Bong.
ves: Sitcha. I. c. p. 126.
Sitcha.— Glabrous, a foot or more high. Cyme dichotomous. Petals
2-parted. Allied to S. crassifolia. Bongard.
./— 19. -S. lanuginosa: minutely woolly-pubescent; stem decumbent, elon-
• gated, much branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronulate, attenuate at
the base; peduncles solitary, axillary, 1-flowered; petals mostly wanting ;
sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, as lonsj as the obtuse capsule. — Spergulastrum
lanuginosum, Michx.fl. I. p. 275. Micropelalon lanuginosum, Pers. Stel-
laria elongata, Nutt. ! gen. 1. p. 2S9 ; DC. prodr. 1 . p. 99. Arenaria diffusa,
Ell. sk. I. p. 519.
Shady moist places, N. Carolina! to Florida (Apalachicola, Dr. Chap-
man!) and Louisiana west of the Mississippi, Dr. Hale. '—(T) Leaves some-
what fascicled in the axils, attenuate at the base, as if pctioled, punctate
under a lens. Petals (rarely 3, entire. Mr. Curtis, in litl.) (oval, scarcely
^ the length of the calyx, Elliott) none according to Michaux ^ Nutlall.
7. CERASTIUM. Linn.; Gcertn.fr. t. 130; DC. prodr. 1. p. 414.
Sepals 5, somewhat united at the base. Petals 5, bifid. Stamens 10, or
rarely fewer. Styles 5. Capsule 1-celled, cylindrical or roundish, membra-
naceous, opening at the apex by 10 (rarely 5) teeth. Seeds numerous. —
Chickweed. •
§ 1. Capsules cylindrical, icith circinale teeth. — Strephooon, Seringe
1. C. stellarioides (Mogino) : stem erect, branched, about 3-Powered ;
leaves oblonsr, acuminate; pedicels 1-flowered, terminal; sepals lanceolate ;
petals semibifid, twice the length of the calyx. DC. prodr. 1. p. 415.
Nootka Sound, Mogino in DC.
§ 2. Capsules cylindrical or ovate ; teeth straight %cith the margin revo-
lute. — Orthodon, Seringe.
* Petals not longer than the calyx.
— — "2. C. vidgatum, (h'lnn.): hirsute, pale green; stems ascending or spread-
ing; leaves ovate or obovate, very obtuse, attenuate at the base; flowers
somewhat capitate, when young longer than the pedicels ; capsule attenuate,
twice the length of the calyx. — Eng. bot. t. 789; DC. prodr. 1. p.ilo;
Darlins-t. ! fl. Cest. ed. 2. p. 277. C. semidecandrum, Walt. Car. p. 241.
(fide e'iI.) ; Pursh ! fi. 1. p. 320. C. hirsutum, Muhl. cat. p. 46 ; Ell. !
sk. \. p. 524. C, connatuui. Beck, fl. p. 55.
In cultivated grounds and waste places, Canada to Georgia ! Louisiana !
and Arkansas!" Introduced? April-Sept.— (l) Stem 6-12 inches high,
slightly viscid when young. — Often confounded with the succeeding species
by'Anierican authors. C. hirsutum, Muhl. d^c. is, as Dr. Darlington remarks,
hardly distinguishable from the European forms of C. vulgalum. It is ex-
actly the var. glomeratum, DC. except that it is more hairy.
"?*-" 3. C. viscosum (hinn.): hirsute and rather viscid; leaves lanceolate-ob-
long, obtusish ; cyme rather loosely flowered, with the pedicles longer than
the calyx ; capsule nearly twice as long as the calyx. — Eng. bot. t. 790 ;
DC. I. c; Darlingt. I. c. p. 278. C. vulgatum, Muhl. cat. (tide Darlingt.)
and others! C. fulvum, Raf. in Desv. jour, bot.?
(i. stamens .5. — C. semidecandrum, Linn.
. y. peduncles greatly elongated.— C. viscosum, var. elongatuni, Hook ■"'"•
bot. -n. i:r.
188 CARYOPHYLLACE^. Cerastium.
In fields, &c., Canada! to Louisiana, j^. Louisiana, Drwrnmcml. Intro-
duced? May-Sept. — U Stems spreading. Plant deeper green and less
hirsute than the preceding.
* * Petals longer lha?i Ike calyx.
4. C. alpinum (Linn.): silky-hirsute; stems decumbent, few-flowered;
leaves elliptical-ovate ; peduncles more or less elongated; petals bifid at ihe
point, twice the length of the rather obtuse scariouslv -margined and haiiy
sepah ; capsule nearly twice as long as the calyx. — Evtr. bol. f. 472 ; /?. Br.
in Ross''s toy. ; Hook..' a pp. Parnfs 2nd voy. p. 3tO, if- /7. Ear. -Am.. 1. p.
104.
/?. glahratwn (Hook.): leaves and sepah nearly glabrous, Hrok.! I. c.
y. Fischeriarmm : hirsute wiih a more lipid j ubcsccnce.— C. Fischcri-
anura, Ser. in DC. I. c. ; Cham. (^ Schlpcht. in lAvvoia. \. p. fiO.
Arctic America! from Greenland to Sitcha. y. Kotztbue's Sound, Fis-
cher! Beechey ! & Unalaschka. — If Plant 2-5 inches high. FlcAvcrs large.
5. C. Beeringianurn (Cham. & Schlecht.) : hirsute, viscous above; stems
decumbent and leafy at the base; the flowering ones erect, eJcrcated. rrd
few-leaved; leaves oblong, rather acutish ; flowers at length nodding; sepals
elliptical, acute ; petals and cansule half as long again as the calyx. Cham.
^ Schhcht. I. c. p. 62.
Bay of Eschscholtz, Chamisso ; Kotzebue's Sound, Fischer! — If Plant
8 inches high, 6-7-flowered.
V 6. C. arvense {\j'\na..): stems declined at the base, retrorsely pubescent,
few-flowered on an elongated j)eduncle ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate,
rather acute; petals obcordate, twice the length of the rather cbtu^e sepals;
capsul? oblong, scarcely exceeding the calvx. — Eng. tot. t. £3; DC. picdr.
1. p. 419 ; Hook. ! f. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 104. C. Pennsylvanicvm, Kcivcmcr.v ;
DC. I. c. C. tenuifoUum, Pursh ! fl. 1. p. 321 ; Torr. ! fl. 1. p. 460; Dar-
linsrt.! I. c. C. elongatum, Fursh! I. c. ; JVutt. ! in jour. acad. Phi/ad. 7.
p. 16.
Rocky places, Canada! to Georgia! and west to the Rocky Mountains!
and Oregon! May-July. — If Somewhat caespito^e, 2-8 inches high. Leaves
6-14 lines long, longer or shorter than the internodes, obluse or acute,
som^imes fascicled in the axiU. Flowers rather large. Degree of pu-
bescence very variable. Capsule (inallv oblong, equal to or a little short-
er than the calyx. — If the cap.=ule in the European C.arvense (of which
we have no specimen^ in fruit) be uniformly twice the length of the calyx,
a3 described by DeCandolle, it may be distinct frcm the American plant:
but Hooker (in Ji. SjoL) describes the capiule as scarcely longer than the
calyx.
^'" 7. C. oblongifolium (Ton.): stems erect or declined, villous; leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, mo 4ly obtuse ; flowers numerous; peduncles viscid ; petals
obovate, 2-cleft, tv.'ice the length of the cblorg obtuse sej-als: crp^ule clcut
twice as long as the calyx. — Torr.! in Sill. jour. 4. p. 63, <^ fJ. 1. p. 4lO.
C. villosum, " yl/?f/i/. cat. p. 46"; Darlingt! Ji. Cest. ed. 2.' p. 279. C.
pube;cens, Goldie, in Edinh. phil. jonr. i. p. 3S7 ? C. Penn-vlvanicum,
Hook. I. c. ? (excl. ^yn. C. tenuifol.) C. arvcn^e, Pursh, f. 1. p. '231 ?
Rocky places, Canada ! to Pennsylvania ! April-June. — If Stems 6-12
inches high, stout, very villous, toment05e below and at the rodes. Leaves
an inch or more long, sometimes shorter, ovate-lanceolate and obtuse, villous
or rather glabrous except the ma gins. Cyme twice or thrice dicholomcus :
peduncles villose and viscid. Flowers larger than in C. arven«e. Petals
cleft nearly J their hngth. — Much as this species differs from C. arvense,
yet occasionally specimens of the laaejr nearly apprdach it in some respegts.
SiLENE. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 189
8. C. rigidum (Ledtb.): hirsute; sttm errct. sin^ple below, dirhoto-
mou; toward? the summit ; leaves oblon;^, acute ; peduncles elongated; se-
pals lanceolate, acute ; petals bifid, longer than the sepals ; capsule oblong,
smooth, more than twice the length of the calyx. DC. — '" I^cdfb. in viem.
ocad. St. Petersb. 5. p. 538; DC. prodr. 1. p. 420; Cham. & Schlecht.
I. c. p. 62.
Unalaschka, Chamiiiso. — Hirsute with spreading hairs, near 2 feet high.
DC. — Chamisso describes a variety smaller in all its parts.
y- 9. C. nutans (Rat.): viscid and pubescent; stems erect, weak, branching
from the base, sulcate-striate; intemodes finally mnch longer than ihe leaves;
leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the lowermost oblong--patulale, acute ;
cym:- much elongated, divaricate, many-flowered, with long filiform pedicels ;
petah oblong, bifid at (he apex, exceeding the oblong sepals; capsule cylin-
drical, incurved, three times the length of the calyx. — Raf. prec. decmiv. p.
36; To/T. .' fi.l. p. 459 (excl. syn. C. pubescens) ; DC. prodr. 1. ;;. 420 ;
Hnok. I. C.J Darling.', fl. Cent. ed. 2. p. 280. C. longipedunculatum, AhiJd.
cat. p. 47. C. glutino;um. NiUl. gen. 1. /;. 291.
Low moiu grounds, Hudson's Bay to Louisiana! and west to Oregon. —
(J) Stem 8-10, often 14, inches high, very viscid and arachoid-toraentose
wh?n young. L?aves pale green, the earliest small, at length 1-2 inches
long.— Variable in size; beginning to flower Avhen not more than 2 or 3
inches high.
X Doubtful species.
10. C. bracteatum(Roif.): pubescent; stem Avcak, terete ; leave? oblong,
slightly mucronate; flowers erect, dicholomous, bracteate ; bracts ovate,
acute; petals about the length of t!ie calyx; capsules nerveless, erect. Baf.
pre", dccouc. p. 36 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 420.
Pennsylvania, Rajinesque.
Tribe II. SILENEiE. DC.
Sepals united into a cylindrical tube. Petals ungulculate, inserted
with the stamens upon the stipe of the ovary.
8. SILENE. Linii. ; Otth, in DC. prodr. I. p. 367.
Calyx tubular, without scabs at the base, 5-toothcd. Petals 5, with slen-
■der claws, which are crowned with scales at the summit ; limb 2-cleft. Sta-
mens 10. Styles 3. Capsule 3-celled at the base, opening at the top by 6
teeth.
§ 1. Cespitose: stem^ scarcely any : calyx slightly inflated: peduncles
1-Jlowerei. — Nanosilene, Olth.
1. S. acaulii (Linn.): densely caespitose; haves linear, ciliate at the
hx,? ; p 'duacles short ; calvx campanulate ; petals (purple) obcordate, crown-
ed ; flowers dioesi jus by abortion.— 5oL mag. t. 1081 ; Pursh, f. 1. p. 316 ;
Hook.! ft. Bor.-Am. l.'p. S7.
Arctic America! to Rocky Mountain^, lat. 40\ Dr. .lames! White Hills,
New Hampshire, Mr. Oakes !—li Plant 1-3 inches high.
§ 2. Flowers solitary or in paniculate cymes: calyx (except in S. ovata)
vesicular^ £n/Zafe(2.-*Bebenantka, Otth.
190 CARYOPHYLLACE^. Siliwe.
2. <S. stellata (Ait.) : stem erect, branching, minutely pubescent ; leaves
whorled in fours, ovate-lanceolate, gradually acuminate ; cymes panicled ;
petals lacerate-fimbiiate, not crowned ; stamens about the length ol' the pe-
tals.— ^i^. Kew. 3. p. 84; DC. I. c. ; Hook. f. Bor.-Am. \. p. 88. Cucuba-
lus stejlatus, Limi.; Mich.v. ! fl. 1. p. 271.
Dry woods, Canada ! to S. Carolina and west to Arkansas ! June-Aug.
— If Stem 2-3 feet high. Upper leaves opposite. Petals white.
3. S. ovata (Pursh) : stem simple, erect, puberulent; leaves opposite, lan-
ceolate-ovate, acuminate ; cyme panicled; calyx ovate, not inflated; petals
multifid, not crowned ; stamens exserted. — Pursh, jl. 1. p. 316. Cucubalus
polypetalus, Walt. Car. p. 141 1
Western parts of Virginia and Carolina, Pursh (ex spec, in herb. Banks),
Milledgeville, Georgia, Dr. Boykin! Rutherford County, N. Carolina, Cur-
tis! — Stems many from the same root, 2-4 feet high, stout. Leaves broad
at the base and almost connate, tripli-veined ; the lower ones oblong-lanceo-
late, 4-5 inches long; the upper shorter and more nearly ovate. Calyx small,
10-striate, with very short teeth. Petals white; claws exserted, with the
rudiments of a crown; limb about 4-cleft nearly to the base; lobes linear,
dichotomous ; segments linear, 2-cleft or toothed at the apex. The stamens
opposite the petals cohere with the base of the claws, and are protruded la-
ter than thp others: filaments very long and slender. Ovary oblong, the sum-
mit very obtuse. Habit of S. stellata, except that the calyx is not inflated.
(Description from specimens and notes communicated by Dr. Boykin.)
-/- 4. »S'. nixiea (DC.) : minutely puberulent ; stem simple or dichotomous
above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, the floral ones lanceo-
late-ovate and much smaller ; flowers subsolitary ; calyx tubular-campanu-
late, the teeth very short and obtuse; limb of the petals cimeiform, 2-cleft,
with a minute 2-parted croAvn ; stipe longer than the ovary. — DC. prodr. 1.
p. 377. Silenealba (not, as Nuttall writes, S. nivca), Muhl. cat. p. 45, <f
herh. ! cy- Jl. Lancast. ined. 1. p. 320. Cucubalus niveus, Nuti. ! gen. 1. p.
287 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 449.
0. land folia : glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, elongated.
On an island in the Susquehannah river near Columbia, Pennsylvania,
Muhlenberg ! (who adds in^. Lancast. I. c. : " Habeo etiam e Harmonia.")
In shady moist places. Canton, Illinois, Mr. Buckley! June-July. — If
Stem 1-3 feet high. Leaves 2 (in P. often 4) inches long, generally longer
than the iuternodes. Flowers solitary or nearly so at the summit of the stems
and branches : pedicels rather short, filiform. Calyx at length membranace-
ous, somewhat inflated and reticulat?d, subclavate, a little shorter than the
claws of the petals. Petals white ; limb not half the length of the claw.
.Capsule subglobose, raised on the slender stipe.
-^ b. S. inflata (Smith): glabrous and glaucous; stem branching; leaves
oblong, acute; calyx vesicular, ovate; petals bifid, naked, Avith cuneiform
claws ; styles very long. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 368 ; Hook. ! Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.
88. Cucubalus Behen, Micha^. ! fl. 1. p. 271 ; Torr. ! fl. 1. p. 449.
Near Q,uebec, Mrs. Percival! Near Boston, Bigelow. Introduced. — 71
Stem a foot or more high. Petals white. Stamens exserted. Styles longer
than the stamens.
6. <S. Douglasii (Hook.) : minutely pubescent ; stem erect, very slender;
leaves remote, linear, elongated and narrow, attenuated at each end ; flowers
few, on slender peduncles ; calyx obovate, at length inflated and membrana-
ceous, abrupt at the base, pubescent ; limb of the petals bifid. — Hook. fl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 88.
Along the Oregon to the Rocky Mountains, Douglas^ Nuttall ! — If Plant
2--3 feet Mgh, simple. Leaves 2-4 inches long, 1-2 lines wide. Calyx ob-
SiLENE. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 191
scurely reticulated according? to Hooker^ not at all so accordincf to Nuttall.
Petals (white, Hook.) pale red {Nxtt.). — On comparing the description of
Hooker with a specimen and notes communicated by Nuttall, no material
difference is observable, except in the points in which we have contrasted
the one with the other. But it does not appear that Hooker has seen the
living plant, and the color might be easily mistaken in dried specimens.
§ 3. Plowers subracemose-spicate ; peduncles opposite. — Otites, Otih.
7. S. Scouieri (Hook.) : somewhat viscid-pubescent ; stem simple, erect,
remotely leafy, with swollen nodes ; leaves lariceolate or linear-lanceolate,
plane; spike long ; flowejs erect; calyx oblong-clavate, 10-striate ; petals bi-
fid. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. \. p. 88.
Oregon, 'Douglas., Scouler, cf Nuttall ! N. W. Coast, Menzies— (T) or (5)
{H Dougl.) Stem solitary, 1-2 feet high. Petals white or rose-color. Sta-
mens and styles exserted. Near S. viscosa. Hook. — Lobes of the petals
emarginate. Nutt. mss.
§ 4. Flowei's spicate or racemose, axillary., alternate : peduncles not op-
posite. — Stachymorpha, Otth.
8. iS. qulnquevidnera (Linn.): villous; stem branching ; leaves oblong-
spatulate, obtuse, the uppermost linear; spike somewhat one-sided; calyx
very villous, with short teeth ; petals small ; lamina roundish, entire ; crown
hiM.~Eng. bot. t. 86 ; Michx. ! ft. 1. p. 272 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 515 ; DC. prodr.
Lp. 372.
Sea-shore, Southern States. California, Douglas ! Introduced 1 June-
July.— (1) Stem 8-12 inches high, clothed with flat jointed hairs. Petals
pink or crimson, with the border pale.
9. S. nocturna (lAxxn,'): s^em branching, hairy below; leaves pubescent,
ciliate at the base, the lower ones spatulate, the upper linear-lanceolate ;
spike one-sided, dense; flowers appressed ; calyx cylindrical, almost gla-
brous, reticulated between the ribs ; petals narrow, 2-parted. DC. I. c. — Pursh,
Jl. \. p. 316 ; Torr.fl. 1. p. 450. S. Nicseensisl Cham, f Schlecht. I. c.l
Pennsylvania and Virginia (Pursh, Schweinitz). Introduced from Eu-
rope. — (i) Petals white, greenish beneath.
10. 5f. Dritmmo7idii (Hook.) : glandular-pubescent and viscid ; stems
erect strict, simple ; leaves rcraote, linear-lanceolate ; raceme loose, few-flow-
ered, with the pedicels elongated and usually alternate ; calyx oblong-cylin-
drical, erect. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 89, f in bot. Beechey, p. 135. S.
Nicaeensis? Cham. <f- Schlecht, I. c, fide Hook.
Oregon and California. — U Stem 1-2 feet high. Flowers 3-.5, strict.
Petals white, scarcely longer tkan the calyx. Capsule sessile. Hook.
§ 5. Stems strict: peduncles filiform : calyx campanulate or cylindrical. —
Rupifraga, Otth.
-'■ 11. S. Antirrhina (Linn.): glabrous; stem erect, simple or branching
above; leaves lanceolate, acute, upper ones linear, the margins minutely
ciliate-scabrous ; cyme few-flowered ; calyx ovate, smooth and shining ;
petals small, obcord'ate, slightly croAvned. — Dill. hort. Elth. p. 422, t. 213 ;
Pursh, ft. 1. p. 316 ; Honk. ! I. c. p. 89.
Dry places, Canada! to Georgia, west to Oregon ! April-June. — (I) Stem
slender. 8-30 inches hiijh, puberulent or scabrous at the base, a portion of the
upper internodes usually viscid. Peduncles erect. Teeth of the calyx very
192 CARYOPHYLLACEiE. Silene,
short, tinged with purple. Petals white or tinged with purple, inconspicu-
ous. Seeds minutely papillose.
§ 6. Flowers in sovieuhat panicled CT/mes, or solitary : pedicels cjpcsitey
short: calyx tubular. — Siphonomorpha, Otth.
~f-'12. S. nocti flora (hinn.): viscid-pubescent; stem erect, branching; lower
leaves spatulate, the upper ones linear ; calyx cylindrical-ventricose, the al-
t?rnate striae veined; teeth very long, subulate; petals 2-parted. — DC.
prodr. 1. /;. 379; Eng. hot. t. 291 ; Cuvrtn.fr. t. 130.
In cuhivated places, Northern States ! Introduced from Europe. — Flow-
ers rather large, expanding only in the evening or in cloudy weather: petals
white or pale rose-color.
13. S.mxiUicav.h; {^\xtt\ mss.) : " minutely'] ubescent ; sttms numerous,
erect, rigid ; leaves linear-oblanceolate, rather acute ; flowers few, en s-horlith
peduncles; calyx ovate-cylindrical, slightly ir.fiatcd, IC-striate. -VAiih cbtuse
teeth ; petal? bifid.
" Woods from the west side of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. — Ij!
Stems about a foot high, not viscid. Root [rhizoma] stout. Upper leaves
very small. Flowers in threes, pale red. Calyx subclavate in fruit. Seeds
brown, margined with a scaly crest." Nutt.
—j^ 14. 5". Pennsylvanica (Michx.) : viscidlv pubescent ; stems numerous
from the same root; leaves lanceolate, acute, the radical ones fpatulate-ob-
lanceolate ; cyme several -iiowered ; petals obovate, very obtuse, crostly
crenulate-fraarginate — Mich.r. ! f. \. p. 272; Ell. sk. \.p. 516 ; JJC.prcdr.
1. p. 380. S. Caroliniana. Walt. Car. p. U21 S. Virginica, Willd.sp.2.
p. 702 ? S. platypetala, Otth, in DC. I. c. p. 383.
Dry rocky places, Canada? to Georgia! and west to Kentucky! April-
June. — H Rout fusiform. Stems 8-12 inches high, often declined at the
base. Leaves generally more or less acute; the radical ones attenuate into
petioles. Calyx clavate, at length ventricose above, very viscid. Petals
light purple (sometimes rose-color or Avhite, Ell.)^ crowned.
-/■• 15. S. Virginica {Umx)..) : viscidly pubescent; stem simple; radical leaves
spatulate, with ciliate petioles; cauline ones oblong-lanceolate; cyme se-
veral-flowered; petals bifid; stamens exserted. — Linn. syst. 2. p. 311?;
Mich.v.! fl. 1. p. 272 (in part); Ell. sk. 1. p. 516; DC. I. c. S. Cateshaji,
Walt. Car. p. 142 ; DC. I. c.
a. Stem often declined at the base ; radical leaves obtuse or abruptly acute,,
those of the barren shoots ample, on long petioles; cyme spreading, ofttn
with lateral branches from the axils of the upper leaves.
0. smaller ; stem erect ; leaves mostly obtuse, margins unc'ulate ; the hasc^
of the radical ones and the lower part of the stem more or less tomentose y
peduncles nearly erect. — S. Caroliniana, Walt. I. c.7
Upper Canada {Hooker) and Ohio ! to Georgia ! and west to the Missis-
sippi. June-July. — H Root horizontal. Stem 1-2 feet high. Upper
leaves very short. Flowers very large. Calyx campanulate-cyiindrical, aU
hngth rather ventricose. Petals crimson, slightly, or mostly deeply, 2-cleft,,
the lobes sometimes toothed. — Our two varieties pass into lach other insen-
sibly ; but the first we receive exclusively from the Western States; the-
second we have only received from Georgia.
16. <S. rotundifnlia CNuU.): pubescent; stem Aveak, decumbent, branch-
ing ; leaves membranaceous, roundish-oval, abruptly and slightly acuminate ;
the lower ones obovate, attenuate at the base; flowers subsolitary ; petals
bifid, with the lobes toothed or incised. — Nutt. ! gen. 1. p. 288 ; DC. prodr.
1. p, 233. S. Virginica, var. leaves broadly oval, Michx. I. c.
SiLENE. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. 193
On moist shady rocks, Western States. Kentucky, Short I June-
Aug. — Pubescent with weak hairs, particnhirly Avhen yuun?. Leaves 1-3
inches long and 1-2 inches broad, the uppermost suborbicular. Fk)wer3
usually solitary on the ends of the branches, very large. Calyx campanu-
late-cylindrica'i, at length clavate-ventricose- Petals crowned, deep scarlet ;
lobes '2-toothed at the extremity, and with a remote subulate tooth.
17. S.regia (Sims): pubcrulent-scabrous, somewhat viscid; stem erect
and rigid ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; cyme paniculate, rather strict,
many-tlowered ; petals oblanceolate, usually entire; stamens and styles ex-
serted.— Sims, in hot. mag. t. 1721; Niitl.! gen. 1. p. 288; DC. I. c. H.
Virginica, var. " panicle coarctate, with the flowers somewhat fascicled,"
Mich.T. I. c.
Ohio! to Louisiana! Kentucky, Short! (Montreal, Dr. Holmes! Indi-
genous ?) June-July.— U Stems stout, 4-5 feet high, nodes close below
and tumid, often branched above. Flowers very large. Calyx tubular, at
length ovoid -cylindrical, long, conspicuously 10-striate. Petals bright scar-
let, spatulate-lanccolate, eroded ; croAvn 2-cuspidate.
18. S. Hookeri (Nutt. mss.): " subdecumbent, softly pubescent; leaves
lanceolate, acute, attenuate below; stems dichotomal; branches about two,
with 3 large flowers on long peduncles; calyx cylindric-subcampanulate,
with acute teeth; petals divaricately 4-cleft.
" Woods of the Wahlamet, Oregon. The only specimen I have seen
was collected by Dr. Gardiner.— If Stem about a span long. Leaves rather
approximate, obscurely 3-nerved. The first flowers dichotomal [termuiatmg
the stem], the last opposite and terminal ; in all about 7. Calyx 10-striate.
Petals white, more conspicuous than in S. Virginica, about twice the length
of the calyx. Habit of S. Baldwinii, but with very different petals." Nutt.
19. S. Baldwinii (Nutt.) : pilose ; stem weak ; lower leaves obovate or
spatulate, obtuse, the upper oval ; cyme 3-5-floAvered ; petals with the limb
broadly cuneiform, deeply and divaricately fimbriate. — Nutt.! gen. \. p.
288 ; DC. I. c. S. fimbriata, Baldw. in Ell. sk. 1. p. 515, not of Sims.
In rich soil on the banks of Flint River, Georgia, Baldwin! Apalachi-
cola, Dr. Chapman! April.— li Stem erect, 6-12 inches high. Calyx
tubular-infundibuliform ; teeth oblong, obtuse. Petals rery large, pale rose-
color.
§ 7. Stems leaf ij to the summit: peduncles axillary and terminal, l-fiow-
ered. Hook,
-7^ 20. S. Menziesii (Hook.) : minutely glandular-pubescent ; stem erect,
dichotomously branched; leaves crowded, ovate-lanceolate, the lowermost
oblong-ovate, acuminate at both ends ; flowers numerous ; peduncles about
the length of the leaves ; limb of the 2-parted petals with the segments linear,
much longer than the obovate deeply 5-toothed calyx; styles thickened
above, conspicuously bearded within.— //ooA-./. Bar. -Am. 1. p. 99. t. 30.
N. W. America, from Oregon (Aultall !) to Slave ha\ie {Rich ardso7i).
Stem 6-12 inches high. Flowers the size of S. quadridentata. Petals not
crowned. Somewhat of the habit of Saponarla ocymoides. Hook.
21. iS. stellarioides (Nutt.! mss.): "minutely pubescent; stem erect,
scarcely branched; flowers few; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acuminate; pe-
duncles longer than the leaves; petals bifid, longer than the obovate deeply
5-toothed calvx ; styles slender and smooth.
"Woods, from Oregon to the western slope of the Rock}' Mountains,
nearly to the Fort of Wallawallah.— Stem 3-6 inches high. Peduncles li
to 2 inches long, mostly ullernate. Flowers few and white, very similar to
25
194 CARYOPHYLLACE^. Lychnis.
those of Stellaria. Petals not crowned. — Closely allied to S. Menziesii, but
a much smaller plant, not diffusely branched, the flowers twice as large,
and the stigmas smooth." Nuit. — The left figure of t. 30. Hook. fl. I. c re-
presents this species pretty well.
§ 8. Cymes corymbose : calyx clavate, elongated, lO-striate. — Atocion,
Otth.
22. »S. Armeria (Linn.) : glabrous and slightly glaucous ; stem branch-
ing, glutinous below each node; leaves ovate-lanceolate; petals obcordate,
crowned.— i;«o-. bot. t. 1398; BCprodr. 1. p. 383 ; Hook. I. c.
Upper Canada, Hooker ; Michigan ! Massachusetts ! Introduced from
Europe. June-July. — Calyx and pflals purplish.
X Doubtful species.
23. S. axillaris (Leavenworth) : viscous-pubescent ; stem branching;
leaves oval, somewhat toothed, petioled ; flowers sessile, solitary, axillary.
Leavenworth, in Sill. jour. 7. p. 62.
Prairies of Greene County, Alabama. Aug. — Habit of Cuphsea. Stem 8
inches high. Leaves ovate, acute at the base. Flowers purple. Leaven-
worth. — Probably not a Caryophyllaceous plant.
9. LYCHNIS. DC. fl. Fran., ^ prodr. 1. p. 385.
Lychnis & A grosiema., Linn.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, without scales at the base. Petals 5, with slen-
der claws, mostly crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule 1-ceUed or
5-celled at the base.
§ 1. Calyx ovoid, with short teeth : stipe of the ovary very short or none.
— Agrostema, DC.
1. L. apetala (Linn.): pubescent ; stem simple ; calyx rather cyhndrical,
striate, finally inflated and including the petals ; seeds ariUed. Hook. !
fl. Bar. -Am. 1. p. 91.
*. stem short, about 1-flowered. Hook. I. c. — L. apetala, DC. prodr. 1,
p. 386.
p. stem 3--6-flowered, elongated. Hook. I. c. — L. apetala, P. pauciflora,
DC. I. c. L. pauciflora, Fischer.
Arctic America ! — Plant 3-12 inches high. Leaves hnear, the lower
ones spatulate. Petals red. — Several varieties are noticed by Chamisso &
Schlechtendahl in Linncea, I. c.
2. L. alpina (Linn.) : glabrous ; stems csespitose, strict; cymes capitate ;
calyx campanulate ; petals bifid ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute. — Pursh, fl.
1. p. 321 ; Fl. Dan. t. 65; DC. I. c. ; Hook. I. c.
Labrador ! (Pursh, i^c. — v. s. in herb. Schweinitz.)
§2. Calyx cylindrical-campanulatc, coriaceous ; teeth very long: stipe
none. — Githago, DC.
.-^ 3, L. Githago (Lam.) : hirsute ; stem dichotomous ; flowers on long pe-
duncles ; leaves linear. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 387. Agrostema Githago, Linn.
In cultivated fields. June-July. Introduced from Europe. — @ Petals
purple, not crowned ; limb obeordate. Corn-Cockle.
DiANTHDS. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. 195
10. SAPONARIA. Linn. ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 365.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, without scales at the base. Petals 5 ; claws as
long as the calyx. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celIed.
^ 1. S. officinalis (hian.) : fascicles panicled ; calyx cylindrical; crown of
the petal's linear ; leaves oval or oval-lanceolate.— /'w/^Vt, Ji. 1. p. 311 ; DC.
prodr. I. c.
In waste places, New- York ! to Georgia. July-Aug. Introduced.—
')i Flowers large : petals often doubled, rose-color.
-/- 2. S. Vaccaria (Linn.) : flowers in paniculate cymes; calyx pyramidal,
5-angled, glabrous ; bracts membranaceous, acute ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
sessile.— trceW;i. fr. t. 130; DC. prodr. 1. p. 365. Gypsophila Vaccaria,
Smith.
In cultivated places ; hardly naturalized. July-Aug.— (1) Petals pale red.
11. DIANTHUS. Linn. J DC. prodr. 1. p. 355.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, with 2-4 opposite imbricate scales at the base.
Petals 5, with long cliws. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled. Em-
bryo slightly curved.
1. D. repens (WiM.) : stem l-flowered; calycine scales 2, ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, a little shorter than the calyx ; petals toothed ; leaves linear,
glabrous. Hook.— Willd. sp. 2. p. 681; DC. prodr. 1. p. 358; Cham. ^
Scklecht. in LinncBa, 1. p. 37; Hook. fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 87.
N. W. Coast; also a native of Siberia.— The specific name is not well
chosen, as the root is perpendicular, not creeping. Cham. & Schlecht.
-^ 2. D. Armeria (Linn.): flowers fascicled; calycine scales lanceolate-subu-
late, about the length of the tube; leaves linear-subulate, hirsute. — Eng. bot.
t. 317; Pursk, Jl. 1. p. 314; DC. I. c. D. armerioides, Raf. in Desv.
jour. bot. 2. p. 569.
In fi-4ds and pine woods, Massachusetts! to Maryland. July. Introdu-
ced.— (T) Stem a foot high. Lower leaves spatjlate-lanceolate. Flowers
inodorous : petals red, with white dots, crenate.
3. D. Carol ini ana (WaXt): flowers aggregated, on long peduncles ; caly-
cine scales half as long as the tube. Walt. Car. p. 140.
South Carolina, Walter.— D. prolifer was some time since cultivated at
Bariram's garden under this name.
Order XXV. PORTULACACEtE. Juss.
Sepals 2 (rarely 3), mostly united at the base, free or (in some For.
tulacas) cohering with the base of the ovary. Petals 5, or very rarely
3, 4, or 6, imbricated in aestivation. Stamens variable in number,
opposite the petals when of the same number, inserted with the petals
into the base of the calyx, or hypogynous : filaments all fertile, dis-
tinct : anthers fixed by the middle, versatile or introrse. Ovary
' l-celled by the obliteration of the dissepiments: styles 2-6, usually
more or less combined, stigmatose along the inner surface. Capsule
l-celled, dehiscing transversely (a pyxidium), or lociilicidal with as
196 PORTULACACEiE. Talinum.
many valves as stigmas : placenta in the axis. Seeds numerous or
few, campulitropous. Embryo curved around the outside of mealy
albumen. — Succulent insipid plants. Leaves alternate or opposite,
entire, exstipulate. Flowers axillary or terminal, mostly ephemeral.
Exclud'ms; from the order Triantliema (which should certainly be placed with Sesu-
vium, as Arnott suggests), Cypselea (probably a co-ordinate with Sesuvium), and
Giiiginsia (which is referred to Illecebrace£e by Bartling, &c.), no exceptions remain
to the character of Portulacaceas as given above. Hydropyxis, Raf. maybeleftout
of the question, as it was founded on a plant which the author never saw. Leptri-
na, of the same author, is a wholly doubtful plant; perhaps Montia.
1. PORTULACA. Tourn. ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 353.
Sepals 2, united below, sometimes cohering with the base of the ovary ;
the upper portion at length deciduous, separating from the lower near the
base by a transverse line. Petals 4-6, inserted on the calyx, equal. Sta-
mens 8-20. Style 3-6-cleft at the apex or parted. Capsule subglobose, de-
hiscing transversely near the middle. Seeds numerous, on filiform funi-
culi. — Humble fleshy herbs. Leaves scattered, often whorled near the
flowers, frequently with a tuft of hairs in their axils. Flowers expanding
only in sunshine.
1. P. oleracea (Linn.) : diffuse ; leaves cuneiform, the axils and nodes
naked; flowers sessile; petals 5, coherent at the base; stamens 10-12;
styles distinct nearly to the base. — DC. pi. gras. t. 123, ^* prodr. I. c. ; Ell.
sk. 1. p. 534.
Cultivated and waste places, nearly throughout N. America ; introduced :
indigenous on the saline plains of the Missouri, according to Nuitall <^ Dr.
James ! — Q) Flowers pale yellow. — Purslane.
2. P. pilosa (Linn.) : low, diffuse ; leaves lanceolate or linear, obtuse,
with tufts of long hairs in their axils ; flowers crowded and sessile at the
summit of the branches in a dense tuft of hairs ; petals 5 (purple), coherent
at the base; stamens about 20.— GcErt7i.fr. t. 128; Bot. reg. t. 792; DC. I.
c. ; Torr. ! in ami. lye. New- York, 2. p. 202.
In barren places, N. Carolina? (ex herb. Schweinitz !) On dry rocks,
Arkansas &c., Nuttall ! Dr. James ! Dr. Leavenworth ! Texas, Dnim-
mond ! — (1) A native also of Mexico and South America.
2. TALINUM. Adans. (in part.) ; Sims, hot. mag. t. 1357.
Sepals 2, ovate, concave, deciduous. Petals 5, sessile, hypogynous. Sta-
mens 10-20, inserted with the petals, and often coherent with them at the
base. Style trifid. Capsule subglobose, 3-valved, many-seeded.
§ Stigmas or lobes of the style short, connivent. Perennial herbs, with
a short thick andfirm stem, and terete subulate fleshy leaves : Jlowers
in a terminal dichotomous cyme, expanding for a single day. — Pheme-
RANTHUS, Raf.
7^ 1. T. teretifolium. (Pursh): stem simple or branched; leaves crowded at
the summit of the short branches ; peduncle elongated ; petals purple ; sta-
Calandrinia. PORTULACACEiE. 197
mens about 20.— Pursh ! fl. 2. -p. 365 ; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 6; Darlingt. ! Jl.
Cesl. ed. 1. 1. 3, ed. 2. p. 36'5. Pheraeranthus tcrctifolius, Jtc/f. speech. 1. p. 86.
Oq naked rocks, Westchester, Pennsylvania, Darlington! Virginia,
Pursh ! N. Carolina, Schweinitz ! West to the fails of the St. Croix, Dr.
Houghton! Arkansas, Dr. Pitcher! Nuttall! Dr. James! Texas,
Drummund ! June-Aug. — Perennial stems 1-3 inches long, throwing out
fibrous roots : annual stems about the same length. Peduncles 5-8 inches
high. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, very small, produced at the base. The
valves of the capsule on falling away leave a kind of replum in the form of
3 minute bristles. Placenta roundish, raised on a stipe.
•f" 2. T. parviflorum (Nutt. ! mss.) : " small ; leaves slender ; stamens
5?-10."
On rocks, Arkansas; with the preceding species, Nuttall! — A distinct
species, according to Nuttall, with much smaller flowers than T. teretifolium.
3. CALANDRINIA. //. B. ^ K. nov. gen. 6. p. 77, f syn. 3. p. 376.
Sepals 2, persistent, ovate, obtuse or acute, united at the base. Petals 3-5,
hypogynous, equal, raiely connate at the base, sessile. Stamens 4-15, hypo-
gynous, sometimes coherent with the base of the petals, with which, when
of the same number, they are often alternate. Style short : stigmas 3,
thickish, short. Capsule oblong or elliptical, 3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds
turgid, smooth and shining. — More or less succulent glabrous herbs. Leaves
alternate. Flowers axillary and solitary along the upper part of the stem, or
subracemose.
This genus is intermediate between Talinum and Claytonia..
1. C. Menziesii (Hook.) : caulescent ; leaves linear-spatulate ; the lower
ones on long peduncles, with the margins naked; the upper ones glandulose-
ciliate ; sepals acutely carinate, glandulose-ciliate on the margins and keel ;
flowers peduncled, axillary. Hook. — Talinum? (Calandrinia?) Menziesii,
Hook.fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 223, t. 70.
On the coast, south of the mouth of the Oregon, Menzies ex Hook., whose
specimens were in fruit only : a small plant ; stems 2-4 inches high. — Mr.
Nuttall has brought specimens, also in fruit, from St. Barbara, California,
which agree perfectly with Hooker's figure, except that the upper leaves and
sepals are very sparingly ciliate with minute processes of the cuticle rather
than hairs, which are moreover not glandular. We have the same plant from
Douglas's Californian collection in flower, with the margins of the leaves
almost wholly naked. The petals are rose-color or purple, rather longer than
the sepals ; the stamens 6-8, and the seeds numerous.
2. C. speciosa (Lindl.) : glabrous, difi'use; leaves spatulate, acute, attenu-
ate into a petiole ; flowers racemed ; peduncles shorter than the bracts ;
petals longer than the calyx. Lindl. in hot. reg. t. 1598.
N. California, Douglas, (v. s. cult.) — (J) Stems 4-5 inches high, ca;spi-
tose. Leaves fleshy. Raceme leafy : pedicels clavate. Sepals ovate, acute,
carinate. Petals (large) deep purple. Stamens 9-10. Lindl.
3. C. maritima (Nutt. ! mss.) : " glaucous ; leaves all in a radical cluster,
obovate-spatulate, thick and fleshy, somewhat petioled ; obtuse ; stems scapi-
form, diffuse ; flowers in a subcorymbose raceme; pedicels longer than the
bracts ; petals longer than the broadly ovate acute sepals."
St. Diego, California, on the sea coast, Nuttall ! May. — Flowers rather
large and showy, red. Nutt,
198 PORTULACACE^. Claytoxia.
4. CALYPTRIDIUM. Nutt. mss.
" Sepals 2, ovate, persistent. Petals united into a minute diaphanous coni-
cal corolla, slightly 3-toothed at the apex, soon detached from the base and
carried up on the summit of the elongated capsule. Stamen 1. Styles 2,
minute. Capsule oblong-linear, many times longer than the calyx, 2-valved !,
6-10-seeded. Seeds (circinate, compressed,) on filiform funiculi of unequal
length, rising from the base of the cell. — An annual succulent plant with the
habit of Calandrinia, much branched, depressed, with alternate spatulate
leaves. Spikes axillary, numerous, often several from the same point:
flowers small, somewhat secund."
C. monandrum (Nutt.! mss.) — Talinum monandrum, liuiz ^ Pav.
prodr. p. 65 1 Calandrinia monandra, DC. prodr. 3. p. 359?
" St. Diego, California. — Depressed, densely branched, glabrous. Radi-
cal leaves lanceolate-spatulate, obtuse, thick and succulent, in a rosulate clus-
ter. Sei)als slightly unequal, with scarious margins. Corolla minute, pale-
reddish. Capsule about \ of an inch long, compressed, pod-shaped, some-
what recurved ; valves membranaceous. Seeds placed at different heights
in the capsule inconsequence of the inequality of the funiculi, black and
shining. — Talinum monandrum, if not our plant, as is most probable, is doubt-
less a congener. The calyptriform corolla and dicarpellary fruit, which charac-
terize this genus, are curious anomalies in the order Porlulacacese." — Nutt.
5. CLAYTONIA. Linn.; Gcertn. fr. t. 129.
Sepals 2, persistent, distinct or united at the base, ovate, mostly obtuse.
Petals 5, hypogynous, obcordate, obovate, or oblong, emarginate or bifid,
sometimes entire, equal, unguiculate ; the claws more or less connate at the
base. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Styles 3-cleft, the
divisions slender, stigmatose Avithin. Capsule 3-valved, 2-5-seeded. Seeds
turo-id. smooth or punctate, shining. — Glabrous rather succulent herbs. Stems
simple, with a pair of opposite often connate leaves (or with several alternate
ones) ; radical leaves long-petioled. Racemes often one-sided. Flowers
rose-color or white.
§ 1. Perennial: stems simple, arising from a subterranean cormus {or
rhizoma) : caiUine leaves 2, opposite, distinct: raceme terminal, rarely
geminate. — Claytonia proper.
-j^ 1. C. Virginica (Linn.) : leaves all linear or linear-lanceolate, elongated
and' attenuated into petioles below, radical ones very few ; raceme at length
elono-ated ; pedicels slender, nodding ; petals mostly emargmate.—Bot.mag.
t 94I ; Michx.! ft. 1. p. 160; Ell. sk. 1. p. 306; Hook. ft. Bor.-Am.. 1. p.
224 (a.) ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 361 («. & /?•) ; Sweet, Brit. ft. gard, (ser.2.) t.
163. C.grandiflora, ^'ipee^, /. c. /. 216, fide /Too/c.
a. acutiftora: petals elliptical, acute [mostly with a slight emargmation] ;
sepals rather acute ; leaves elongated, narrowly linear. DC. I. c.
ff. media: petals obovate, obtuse [emarginate]; sepals obtuse ; leaves ob-
lon'T-linear or lanceolate. DC. I. c.
In low moist grounds, Canada ! (rare) to Florida ! Louisiana ! and Arkan-
sas ! most abundant in the Middle and Southern Atlantic states. March-
May.— Cormus fju-inaceous, deep in the ground. Leaves acutish. Flowers
Claytonia. PORTULACACE^. 199
5-15 ; the lowest and often nearly all tlif pedicels minutely bracteate. Pe-
tiii, pale rose-color or red, with deeper-colored veins. — Variable in many re-
sfjects, but apparently distinct from the succeeding species.
■/^. C. Caroliniana (Mi..hx'.): leaves ovate-lanceolate or oval, suhspatu-
late at the base, or abruptly decurrent into a petiole; radical ones very few,
spatulate ; pedicels slender, nodding ; sepals and petals very obtuse. — Miclu-.
Ji. 1. ]). 160; Ell.sk. I. c. C spathuluifoha, iSalisb. naiad. ImikI. i. 71 ;
Pursh,Jl. 1. p. 174 I Niilt. ! ^en. I. p. 152. C. Virginica /?. latilblia, Torr.!
fl. 1. /;. 259. C. Virginica y spathuWfolia, DC. I. c. ; Hook. I. c.
In woods from the mountainoiii parts of N. Carolina and the Western
States ! to the northern parts of Canada ! and New-Brunswick ; west to the.
Rocky Mountains (ffooker): ahandantin somewhat mountainous situations
throughout the Northern States. April. — A smaller plant thnn C. Virginica.
Leaves from 1 inch or less to 2 inches loni', variable in shape ; particularly
the cauline leaves, which are sometimes exactly oval, v/ith a distinct petiole
half an inch long, sometimes nearly spatulate. — The name given by Mich-
aux is inappropriate, as the plant has a more northerly range than C. Vir-
ginica, and is lare in the Southern States.
3. C. lanceolata (Pursh): root tuberous ; radical leaves (very feAv) ob-
long, on long petioles ; cauline ones elliptical, sessile, 3-nerved, with anasto-
mosing veins; raceme solitary, nodding; pedicels elongated, the lowest
bracteate ; petals deeply emarginate. Hook. — Pursh, Jl. l.p. lib. t. 3 ; Hook. !
ji. Bor.-Avi. I. c.
In the Rocky Mountains, Lewis ex Pur.'sh ; Drummond ex Hook. — We
quote the character of this species from Hooker ; whose specimens, smaller
than the plant figured by Pursh and with broader slightly notched petals, are
very similar, as Hooker himself remarks, to the preceding species, differing
indeed chiefly in the sessile cauline leaves. We have the same plant or a
form intermediate between it and C. Caroliniana, from Dr. Pitcher, collected
probably in Arkansas. The following is the character given by Pursh : " C.
foliis lanceolatis : cauUnis ovatis sessilibus, racemeo solitario elongato, calycis
folioli? brevibus obtusissimis, petalis cuneatis bifidis, radice tuberosa. — Flow-
ers white, nearly the size of C. Virginica.^ without veins." — We cannot help
suspecting that Pursh's figure is made up of two species, and that the flow-
ers at least belong to C. alsinoides.
§ 2. Annual: roots fibrous : stems simple, with a single pair of opposite
often connate or 'perfoliate leaves : raceme terminal, often geminate or
compound. — Limnia.
4. C. alsinoides (Sims): stems numerous from a slender root; leaves
reticulately veined, rhombic-ovate ; radical ones numerou';, on long petioles
abruptly acuminate; cauline sessile; racemes solitary or in pairs; pedicels
filiform, mostly solitary, bracteate ; petals cuneiform (white), acutely bifid at
the apex.— Sms, hot. 'mag. t. 1309 ; Pursh, JI. I. c. ; DC. prodr. 3. p. 361 ;
Hook. I. c. ; Bong. ! veg. Sitcha, in mem. acad. St. Petersb. (6. ser.) 2. p.
136. C. Unalaschkensis, Fisch. in Ra^.m. ^ Schult. sijst. 5. p. 434; DC.
I. c. 7 Limnia alsinoides. Haw. succ. si/n. p. 12.
/?. rosea: flowers rose-color; leaves almost veinless. DC. I. c. — C. Sibirica
Bot. mag. t. 2243, ex Hook., not of Linnl
y. heterophylla : radical leaves some of them ovate, others lanceolate;
cauline oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at the base; racemes 1-3; flowers pale
rose-color. — C. Unalaschkensis ft. heterophylla, Nutt. ! mss.
Oregon, Menzies, Nnltall! to ^iicha, Bongard ! May-June. — Flowers
rather small (in all our indigenous specimens larger than in cultivated speci-
200 PORTULACACE.S. Clattonia.
mens from the Liverpool garden). Stems slender, 12-18 inches high. Ra-
ceme at length elongated.
5. C. asarifolia (Bongard) : csespitose ; leaves veiny, the radical ones on
long petioles, somewhat rcniform ; cauline sessile, broadly ovate, obtuse ;
pedicels solitary or ternate, bracteate ; petals 2-cleft, red. Bong. veg. Sitcha,
I. c. p. 136.
Sitcha.— Radical leaves nearly 4 inches broad : cauline ones about an mch
broad. Petals twice the length of the calyx ; lobes obtuse. ^ojig-arcZ.— Near-
ly allied, apparently, to the foregoing.
•4^6. C. perfoliata (Donn) : csespitose ; leaves obscurely reticulatcly veined ;
radical ones numerous, on slender petioles, broadly rhomboidal ; cauline pair
united into a single nearly orbicular perfoliate leaf; raceme fascicled, sessile;
petals entire or slightly emarginate.— i)on?2, hort. Cantab, ed. 4. p. 50 ; Bot.
mag. t. 1336 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 176 ; Hook. fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 225. C. Cu-
bensis, Bonpl. in ami. mus. 7. ;). 82. t. 6, ^ pi. cBquinoct. t. 26. Limnia per-
foliata, Haw. sxicc. syn. p. 12.
N. W. America, {Menzies, NiMall !) to Mexico and Cuba. Valhes of
the Rocky Mountains, Douglas, Nuttall .'—Stems 4-8 inches high, diffuse.
Flowers very small for the size of the plant : petals white.— De Candolle
gives as a locality, the Rocky Mountains of Virginia!
7. C. parviflora (Douglas) : radical leaves numerous, linear-spatulate, 3-
nerved, with anastomosing veins, on long petioles ; the cauline pair united
into one oval perfoliate veiny leaf; raceme [mostly peduncled] simple or
somewhat compound, with a single bract. Hook. I. c. p. 225, t. 73.
0. glaiica (Nutt. ! mss.) : smaller ; raceme mostly subsessile.
In woods along the Oregon river, Douglas, Nuttall .'—Commonly 6-12
inches high, pale green. Petals nearly entire, oblong, pale rose-color or white,
twice the length of the calyx. Var. 0. grows on exposed rocks, in close tufts,
is often very glaucous, 1-3 inches high. ^Nutt.— The cauline leaf in both forms
of Mr. NuttaTl's specimens is often very excentrically perfoliate.
8. C. spathulata (Douglas): csespitose, minute ; radical leaves numerous,
narrowly subspatulate-linear ; cauline ones ovate, acute, sessile ; raceme soli-
tary (4-6-flowered), 1-bracteate ; petals entire, scarcely exceeeing the calyx.
Hook. fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 226. t. 74.
N. W. Coast, Menzies. Valleys of the Rocky Mountams, Douglas.—
Leaves very narrow, scarcely an inch long; the cauline pair very small.
The sinallest of the genus [1-2 inches high]. Hook.
9. C e.rtg-«a .• csespitose ; radical leaves numerous, narrowly linear ; cau-
line pair lanceolate or linear, somewhat dilated at the base, subconnate,
usually as long as the solitary few and loosely-flowered raceme ; petals ob-
cordate-oblong, more than twice the length of the calyx.
California, Douglas .'—Stems 2 inches high. Cauline leaves variable in
shape and length, (sometimes unequal) often longer, but not rarely shorter
than the raceme. Raceme peduncled, 5-9-flowered, Flowers larger than
in C. spathulata. Seeds minutely scrobiculate.
10. C. sypsophiloides (Fisch. & Meyer) : glaucous ; radical leaves very
long, filiform ; cauline pair mostly connate on one side; raceme simple,
ebracteate ; petals nearly linear, emarginate, thrice the length of the calyx.
Fisch. ^ Meyer, ind. sem. St. Petersb. {Dec. 1835) p. 33; Don, in Brit,
fl. gard. {ser. 2.) t. 375.
California, at the Russian settlement Ross, Fisch. <^- Meyer.— Stems nu-
merous and cffispitose, filiform, 6-10 inches high. Radical leaves 3-6 inches
or more in length, fleshy, erect: the cauline of two combined on one side,
broad, cucullate, almost tubular at the base: the apices free, ovate, acute, un-
equal' spreading. Racemes pedunculate, elongaltd. many-flowered : pedicels
Claytonia. PORTULACACE.'E. 201
scattered, nearly an inch lon<^. Flowers small, bnt raihor showy. I'ttals
pinlv, puneate-ohlon^, deeply notched. Fisrh. dj- Mcijei; and Dnv, I. r. —
The founders of this species compare the tiowers with those of Gypsophila
acutifolia or G. perfoliata.
11. C tenui folia : stems numerous, filiform ; leaves narrowly linear; tlie
radical ones insensibly deeurrent into lonii jictioles ; eauline pair sessile,
slisrhlly connate on one side at the base, much lon<rer than the sessile 1-brac-
teate subuiiihellate raceme ; petals oblonij, lonijer than the calyx.
California, Dono-lds ! — Stems 6 inches high. Leaves about a line wide
(radical ones as long as the stems), acute. Raceme compound. Flowers
smaller than those of C. perfoliata.
§ 3. Annual: stems decumbfnt, stolonifcrous, ii-ilh mimerous opposite (or
verticillate?) leaves, proliferous : (aiid hence) racemes apparently ax-
illary. — Alsinastrum.
-^12. C. aquatica (^ult. \ mss.): " csnspitose, decumbent, stoloniferous ;
leaves opposite, spatulate or oblong-obovate, attenuate below, obtusish ; ra-
cemes axillary, peduncled, simple, few-flowered; petals obovate, entire, more
than twice the length of the calyx.
'• In small springs, &c. Rocky Mountains, and on the plains of the Oregon
near its confluence with the Wahlamet. — Stems spreading and rooting at the
joints. Leaves 1-2 inches long, attenuated into a short petiole, slightly vein-
ed. Racemes 5-8-flowered, with a single bract at the origin of the lowest
pedicel. Flowers rather large, white." Nutt. — C. stolonifera, C. A. Meyer,
from Unalaschka (the description of which we are now unable to tind or to
refer to) is perhaps this species. It is evidently nearly allied to C. flagella-
ris, Bongard.
y:-13. C. flagellaris (Bongard): stems csespitose, flagelHform, here and
there producing fascicles of leaves and rootlets ; leaves oval, attenuate into
a short petiole, veiny ; petals more than thrice the length of the calyx, bitid,
the lobes obtuse. Bong. veg. Sitcha, I. c. p. 136.
Sitcha. — Stems decumbent. Leaves ctespitose, broadly oval (the limb
about i an inch in length and width), the younger ones oblong. Flowers
racemose, white. Bongard.
§4. Annual: roots fibrous: stems branched: leaves several, alternate:
racemes terminal and often axillary or opposite the leaves. — Naio-
CRENE.
_j6. 14. C. parvifolia (Mogino) : stems branching from the base, filiform, as-
cending ; leaves succulent ; the radical ones rosulate, obovate-spatulate,
acute; the eauline linear-spatulate ; racemes terminal, few-flowered ; pedi-
cels filiform, bracteate ; petals oblong, entire (or acutely bifid at the point?),
thrice the length of the calyx. — " J/of. icon. pi. Noolk. ined.'''' ; DC. prodr.
3. p. 361. C. filicaulis. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 224, t. 72.
On shadv racist rocks along streams, Nootka, Menzies, Merino. Oregon,
near the ocean, Douglas, Dr. Scolder, ex Hook. ; and at the confluence of
the Wahlamet. Nuttall ! Aug. — Stems 5-6 inches long. Leaves pale green
(as succulent as in many species of Sedum, JVuft.), nearly veinless ; the ra-
dical ones attenuate into a very short petiole ; the eauline very small : the
uppermost minute and bract-like. Racemes 3-7-flowered : jiedicels much
longer than the bracts. Flowers rather large, rose-color. — Mogino's plant is
said to have the petals acutely bifid at the apex ; but a<5 described bv Hooker,
26
202 PORTULACACE^. Mo.ntu.
and in Nuttall's specimens, the petals are entire ; but there seems to be no
other difference.
15. C. linearis (Douglas) : stems branching ; leaves very narroAvly linear,
obtuse [sheathing at the base, Nutt.'\ ; racemes terminal, one-sided, the low-
est pedicel bracteate; petals entire, longer than the calyx. Hook. Jl. Bor-
Am. 1. p. 224, t.ll.
In springy places and on moist rocks along the Oregon, Douglas, Nuttall!
— Stems weak, 4-6 inches high. Leaves 2-3 inches long, the uppermost
shorter, rather succulent, minutely 3-nerved under a lens. Racemes (and
pedicels) somewhat nodding, 4-8-fiowered : pedicels thrice or more the
length of the flower. Flowers rather large : petals obovate, entire. Seeds
smooth and shining, flat, with a carinate margin.
16. C. dichotoma (Nutt. ! mss.) : " low, almost csespitose, much branched ;
leaves very narrowly linear, acute, sheathing at the base ; racemes terminal
and axillary ; flowers (rather crowded) 1-sided, nodding; pedicels about the
length of the flowers, the lowest one bracteate ; petals emarginate, scarcely
longer than the calyx.
" In wet places on rocks, near the junction of the Wahlamet with the
Oregon. — Very nearly related to C. linearis, but much smaller in all its parts
(about li inch high) and densely branched. The flowers and seeds are
about i the size of those of C. linearis." Nuit.
17. C. diffusa (Nutt.! mss.): "stems diffusely dichotomous and procum-
bent ; leaves veiny, broadly ovate or deltoid, abruptly attenuate into a petiole,
acute; racemes very numerous, terminal and lateral, subcorymbose, 5-9-floAv-
ered ; pedicels slender, at length recurved, the lowest one bracteate ; petals
emarginate, a little longer than the calyx.
" In pine Avoods, a few miles above Fort Vancouver. — A very remarkable
species, with much the habit and appearance of Stellaria media, except
that the leaves are alternate. The stem is many times dichotomous and
spreadmg widely over the ground. Radical leaves on long petioles ; those
of the upper leaves somewhat margined and about the length of the limb.
Pedicels several times longer than the flowers, sometimes geminate; the low-
ermost longest. Flowers rather small: petals pale rose-color. Seeds flat,
very minutely and regularly rugose-puncticulate, with obtuse margins."
Nutt.
6. MONTIA. Linn.; Lam. ill. i. 50; Gartn.fr.t. 129.
Sepals 2, rarely 3, persistent, suborbicular. Petals 5, hypogynous, ungui-
culate, with the claws a little connate ; 3 of them somewhat smaller. Sta-
mens 3, inserted on the claws of the smaller petals, ver^^ rarely 4 or 5. Styles
very short, almost separate, spreading. Capsule 3-valved, 3-seeded. Seeds
turgid, minutely tuberculate, large. — A very small glabrous procumbent rather
fleshy herb, growing in water or wet places; common in Europe; rare in
North and South America. Leaves opposite, spatulate. Raceme few-flow-
ered, terminal.
M. fontana (Linn.)— Willd. sp. 1. p. 4S7 ; DC. prodr. 3. ;;. 362 ; Kunth,
syn. pi. cBquinoct. 3. p. 377.
a. minor: stems assurgent; leaves somewhat connate. — DC. I. c. ; Bong,
veg. Sitcha, I. c. p. 136.
0. major : stems weak, creeping ; leaves sessile ; flowers much smaller. —
DC. I. c. ; Bong. I. c. M. rivularis, Gmelin.
Oregon, Nuttall .' Sitcha, Bongard .' Labrador, GmeZ^/^
Elatine. ELATINACEi^. 203
Order XXVI. ELATINACEiE. Camhess(des.
Sepals £-5. mostly distinct, persistent. Petals hypogynous, as many
as the sepals and alternate with them. Stamens hypogynous, as many
or twice as many as tiie petals : anthers fixed by the middle, in-
trorse. Ovary 2-5-celIed : styles 2-5, distinct or united at the base,
or none: stigmas capitate. Capsule 2-5-celled, 2-5-valved : (dehis-
ccnce septicidal, Camb., Lindl. ; loculicidal, ex Am.), many-seeded,
crowned with the persistent styles or stigmas : placenta? in the axis.
Seeds anatropous, cylindrical, slightly curved or straight, with little or
no albumen. Embryo cylindrical : cotyledons short. — Annual marsh
plants, with fistulous rooting stems, opposite entire or serrate leaves,
and very small axillary or solitary flowers. Stipules small and incon-
spicuous, sometimes wanting.
For information concerning this small family, vid. Camb. in Mim. du Musium,
18. p. 225, (f- in A. St. Ilil. Jl. Bras. 2. p. 159 ; Arnott, in Edinb. jour. nat. (f-
geogr. science, 1. p. 430 ; Fischer tf* Meyer, in jour. acad. imp. des naiuralistes, Mos-
cou, df' in Linnaa, 10. p. 69. Bartliiig unites the family with Lythraceae, with
which, indeed, it possesses many points of resemblance.
1. ELATINE. Linn.; Gcertn. fr. t. 112; Arnott, I. c.
Styles distinct, very short, or none. — The rest as in the character of the
Order. -4r«.
-f-l. £J. Americana ("Am. 1. c.) : diffuse, procumbent, rooting from the joints ;
branches assurgcnt ; leaves cuneate-obovate, obtuse ; flowers sessile, minute ;
sepals, petals, stamens, and sessile stigmas 2, sometimes 3. — Peplis Ameri-
cana, Pnrsh, fl. 1. p. 238. Crypta minima, Niitt. ! in jour. acad. Philad.
1. p. 117. t. 6. /. 1 ; Torr.! Jl. 1. ;;. 32. Elatine minima, Fisch. ^ Mey-
er, I. c. p. 25.
Margins of ponds and streams, Connecticut ! and New-York ! to Mary-
land ! west to Missouri ! Probably extending throughout the United States.
July-Sept. — Branches i-2 inches long. Seeds slightly curved, minutely ru-
gose transversely. — Very nearly aUied to E. triandra, of Europe.
Order XXVII. LINACE.E. DC.
Sepals 5 (sometimes 3 or 4), distinct or united at the base, persis-
tent : aestivation strongly imbricated. Petals as many as sepals and
alternate with them, hypogynous, with short claws, fugitive : aestiva-
tion twisted. Stamens as many as the petals (often with intermediate
teeth or abortive stamens), united at the base in a hypogynous ring,
persistent : anthers fixed by the middle, introrse, with no manifest con-
nectivum. Ovary of 5 (rarely 3 or 4) united carpels ; central axis
short or none : styles filiform, distinct (rarely united) : stigmas capi.
204 LINAGES. LiNUM.
tate. Capsule globose, often pointed with the persistent and harden-
ed base of the styles, 5- (or sometimes 3-4-) celled ; each cell com-
pletely or partially divided by a false dissepiment proceeding from the
dorsal suture : dehiscence septicidal ; carpels 2-valved at the apex.
Seeds 2 in each carpel (I in each spurious cell), collateral, suspended
from near the summit, anatropous, ovate, compressed ; testa smooth,
mucilaginous when moistened : albumen none or very thin. Embryo
flat, fleshy and oily: cotyledons elliptical. — Herbaceous or suffrutes*
cent. Leaves entire, without stipules, sessile, alternate, or often oppo-
site and alternate in the same plant. Flowers terminal, often corymb-
ed or paniculate.
1. LINUM. Linn, (in part) ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 423.
Sepals (entire), petals, and stamens 5. Styles 5, or rarely 3. — Flax.
1. L. rigidum (Pursh) : stem angled, much branched above; leaves al-
ternate, linear, pungently acute, rij^id, with scabrous margins; flowers pani-
cled or corymbose; sepals ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, glandularly spinnlose-
scabrous on the margins, longer than the globose capsule ; petals sulphur-
yellow.— P^rs^, /?. 1. p. 210; Nutt.! gen. 1. p. 206; Hook.! Ji. Bor.-Am.
I. p. 105. L. striatum, Nutt. I. c. ex Hook.
P. 7 Berendieri : low ; margins of the leaves smooth ; flowers larger. — L.
Berendieri, Hook. hot. mag. t. 3480.
From the Missouri, Nnttall! Dr. James ! to the Saskatchawan, X/r.
7? tc/ia?'fZso??, and California, .Vm/^q//.' /?. T cxas, Drummond .' Also near
New Haven, Connecticut, Oakes ! N.Carolina, Schweinitz ! Georgia, Dr.
Boykin .'—(J) Calyx with 3 strong nerves. Bracts glandular like the sepals.
Flowers smaller than in L. usitatissimum; but about their size in /?,
2. L. Virginianum (Linn.): glabrous; stem branching above; leaves
alternate, oblong-lanceolate or hnear, the lowermost oblong, the upper acute ;
panicles corymbose, with the divisions racemed ; flowers unilateral; sepals
ovate, mucronate, 1-nerved, a httle shorter than the mature depressed-globose
capsule; petals yellow.— Tl'a/^. Car. p. 117; Mich.%.! ft. 2. p. 36; Ell. sk.
1. p. 375 ; Hook. I c.
On hills, &c. Upper Canada ! to Alabama ! and Florida! west to Arkansas !
May-Aug. — fl) Stem about 2 feet high, slender. Leaves rarely opposite,
1-nerved. Flowers very small, on short pedicels.
3. L. usitatissvmum (Linn.): glabrous; stem branching above; leaves
alternate, Unear-lanceolate, very acute; panicle corymbose^ sepals ovate,
acute, 1-nerved (3-nerved at the base), margin membranaceous ; petals some-
what crenate^ blue.— P»rs/i, fl. 1. p. 210 ; Torr. fl. 1. p. 330.
In fields: introduced, but hardly naturalized. June-July. — (l) Leaves 3-
nerved. Flowers large. Capsule acuminate. — Common Flax.
4. L. perenne (Linn.): glabrous; branches virgate; leaves alternate, lin-
ear, acute (often pellucid-punctaie) ; flowers terminal and nearly opposite
the leaves; sepals oval, Avith membranaceous margins, 3-5-nerved at the base
externally acute or mucronate, internally obtuse, a little shorter than the glo-
bose capsule ; petals retuse, blue, 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx. — Eng.
bot. t. 40; Null. gen. 1. p. 206; Schiede, in Linnaa, 1. p. 71 ; Hook. fl.
Bor.-Am. 1. p. 106. L. Sibiricum, Linn.; DC. I.e. L. Lewisii, Pursh,
fl. 1. p. 210.
LixcM. LINACEiE. 205
Western portions of N. America, from the Arctic Sea (ex Hook.) to Mis-
souri! and Arkansas ! west to the Rocky Mountains (/>o?^i'^/a.><, Xulldll .'
Mr. Wyelh!) and the shores of the Pacific. (Conuuon also in Eurojie and
Asia). — 11 or nearly so. Steins procuuihent at the base. Peduncles nod-
ding, at least in fruit. Flowers large.
5. L. sdaginoides (Lam.): glabrous; stems a span high, sulfruticose,
corymbosely branched at the summit; leaves crowded, alternate, very smal',
linear and very narrow, mucronate-piliferous ; flowers terminal, subsessile ;
petals shorter than the calvx (whitish or rose-color) ; ovary completely
10-celled. A. St. Hit.— Lam.' diet. 3. p. 525; DC. prod r. 1. p. 424; Sdiiede,
I. c. p. 67; A. St. Ilil. fl. Bras. 1. p. 131.
Te.xas, Dnimmond\'—Thv specimens of no. 47 I 37 ?) in Drummond's
2nd collection agree minutely Avith the very detailed descriptions of L. selagi-
noides by St. Hilaire & Schiede, except that in our plant the stems are near-
ly erect, sparingly branched, and (as well as the midrib and margins of the
leaves) minutely 'and sparsely scabrous-hispid ; the margin of the rigid stpals
is broadly scarious, slightly c'iliate-serrulate above ; the filaments are not re-
markably broad ; and the styles, which are twice the length of the ovary, are
united for more than half their length, which is very remarkable in this family.
Still, as the descriptions referred to arc not sufficiently explicit upon some of
these points, it is not improbable that our plant belongs this species.
X Doubtful species.
6. L. striatum (Wh\l): flowers terminal ; leaves subovate, alternate, the
nerve and margin decurrent into the stem ; stem branched, striate. Wall.
Car. p. US ; Poir. suppl. 3. p. 443.
South Carolina, Ha/^er.— Perhaps L. perenne?
Order XXVIII. GERANIACEiE. DC.
Sepals 5, persistent, ribbed (one sometimes saccate or spurred) :
aestivation imbricated. Petals 5 (rarely 4), hypogynous or somewhat
perijrynous, alternate with the sepals, distinct, unguiculate : aestivation
twisted. Stamens as many or commonly twice as many as petals, and
inserted with them, monadelphous at the base : anthers fixed by the mid-
die, introrse, with no connectivuni. Ovary composed of 5 two-ovufed
carpels, placed alternate with the sepals round the base of an elongat-
ed axis : styles 5, cohering round the axis, stigmatose at the summit
within. Carpels distinct in fruit, membranaceous, 1- (rarely 2-) seeded,
at length separating from the axis by the twisting or curling back of
the indurated style, mostly dehiscent by the inner suture. Seeds ana-
tropous, with a lateral hilum and a short raphe, exalbuminous, Radi-
cle straight : cotyledons reflexed, follaceous, convolute and plaited. —
Herbs or shrubby plants : stems tumid and separable at the nodes.
Leaves opposite (or alternate and opposite the peduncles), mostly stipu-
late, petioled, palmately (rarely pinnately) veined and lobed, or some-
times undivided. Peduncles terminal or opposite the leaves, some-
times axillary.
206 GERANIACEiE. Geraniom.
1. GERANIUM. Linn, (in part) ; VHer.; Gcertn. fr. t. 79.
Sepals equal. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 10, all fertile; alternate ones
larger, with a nectariferous gland at their base. Persistent styles at length
circinately revolute, glabrous within. — Herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent.
Peduncles 1-2-ilowered (2- rarely 3-tiowered in the North American species).
♦ Pere7inial. (Pubescence of the stem and petioles rttrorse in the North American
species.)
'^' 1. G. maculatimi (Linn.) : stem erect, (often nearly glabrous below) di-
chotomous, somewhat angled, pubescent ; leaves 3-5-parted ; the segments
acute, cuneiform below, incisely serrate above ; the radical leaves on long
petioles; uppermost opposite; petals entire; filaments scarcely ciliate at the
base. Hook.—Michx. I ji. 2. p. 157 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 157 ; Bigel. med. bot. t. 8 ;
DC.prodr. I. p. 642; Hook.Ji. Bor.-Am. I. p. 115; Darlingt.ji. Cest. ed.
2. p. 392.
In open woods, &c. Canada! to Florida; Avest to the Mississippi. April-
June. — Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves hirsutely pubescent ; the lobes incisely
toothed or cleft. Pedicels unequal. Sepals oblong or oval-lanceolate, mucro-
nate-awned, sparsely clothed with long white hairs: pubescence not glandu-
lar. Petals large, purple (sometimes almost white), cuneiform-obovate,
densely villous with short hairs at the base. Seeds minutely reticulated. —
Crow-foot. Spoiled Cranes-bill.
n 2. G. albifiorum (Hook.) : stem erect, dichotomous, somewhat angled,
glabrous below; glandular-pilose above; leaves deeply .5-parted; segments
ovate, acuminate, incisely subpinnatifid, rather hairy ; radical ones on long
petioles ; the uppermost opposite, on short petioles, 3-parted, rather acuminate ;
sepals glandular-pilose ; petals (entire, white) as well as filaments hirsute at
the base. Hook. I. c. p. 116, t. 40, f in bot. mag. t. 3124.
13.7 incisum : leaves almost 5-divided; segments narrower; flowers pur-
ple. — G. incisum, Null.! mss.
Vallies of the Rocky Mountains, Drummond ! — Nearly allied to G. macu-
latum and G. pratense. Hook. — /?. VaUies of the Rocky Mountains and
Oregon, Nutlall ! — A portion only of the hairs on the peduncles, sepals, &c.
is glandular; and the pubescence is much denser and shorter than in G.
maculatum. We have the same plant from Altaic Siberia, sent by Prof.
Fischer. Thevar. 0.1 which we doubt not is wholly distinct from G. macula-
tum, may perhaps prove to be distinct from G. albiflorum. The petals have
a lateral tuft of hairs at the base.
' 3. G. erianthum (DC.) : stem erect, angled, (terete, DC.) sparingly dicho-
tomous, minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous below ; leaves deeply 5-7-
lobed ; lobes 3-cleft ; segments laciniate-incised ; radical ones on long pe-
tioles ; the uppermost subsessile ; peduncles short and crowded; sepals and
base of the petals and stamens densely villous. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 641 ;
Bong.! veg. Sitcha, I. c.p. 129; Hook. ^ Am. inbot. Beechey.p. 113. G.
erioslemon, Fisch.in DC. I. c. 7 exHook. (^ Arn. G. maculatum P. Hook.
Ji.l.c.7
N. W. Coast & Kamtschatka, De Cand. Hook. ^ Am. Sitcha, Bon-
gard I — Flowers purple ("perhaps blue," Bongard\ the size of G. macula-
tum. Sepals narrower than in the 2 preceding species, verv hirsute ex-
ternally with long white hairs; the same kind of pubescence also on the base
of the filaments. — These 3 species, it would seem from our specimens, may
be further distinguished by the villosity of the petals ; which in G. macula-
Jum forms a small and very dense white tuft on the claw inside ; in G. albi-
Erodicm. GERANIACE^. 207
florum the hairs are longer and more Scattered, occupying the lowrr half of
the upper surface ; in G. erianthuni tlie dense viliosity is situated on the
edges of the petals near the base.
♦ * Annual.
'^ 4. G. Caroliniamim (Linn.) : stem diffusely branched ; leaves deeply
5-lobed or parted ; segments incisely lobed or toothed ; peduncles mostly
short and rather crowded at the summit of the branches ; petals emarginate,
about the length of the aristate-mucronate sepals ; carpels hairy ; seeds oval,
minutely reticulated.— Walt. Car. p. 175 ; " Cav. diss. t. 84 ^ 124" ;
Michx. jl. 2. p. 28 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 157 ; Hook. I. c. ; Darlingt. I c. G.
lanuginoium, Jacq. hort. SchcpJib. 2. t. 140.
In barren places from Canada! (lat. 52=, Hook.) to Florida! Louisiana!
west to the Rocky Mountains in lat. 52\ and California, Hook.d^ Am. in bot.
Beechey. Oregon, Nuttall ! March-June. — Root somewhat fusiform. Stem
4-12 inches high, pubescent below, villous above ; hairs retrorse or some-
times spreading. Sepals hairy. Petals rather obcordatc, rose-color. Car-
pels sometimes 2-seeded, ex Ell. — Variable in the lobes of the leaves, which
are usually short and obtuse. The seeds are not perfectly smooth, as is said
by De CandoUe, but minutely reticulated, though by no means so conspicu-
ously as in G. dissectum, to which it is closely allied. This last species is
considered as a native of North America by Pursh, probably on insuffi-
cient grounds : we have seen no native specimens.
5. G. pusillum (Linn.) : stem procumbent, minutely pubescent ; leaves
reniform, the lowest suborbicular, deeply 5-7-lobed ; lobes 3-cleft (of the
upper leaves nearly entire) ; petals emarginate, about the length of the hairy
somewhat acuminate sepals ; carpels minutely pubescent ; seeds smooth. —
Torr.! compend. p. 25'i ; DC.prodr.l.p.G'id. G. malvsefolium, La7rt.^.
Fran. 3. p. 18.
Road-sides, Long Island ! and Western part of the State of New-York !
Introduced. May-July. — Stem extensively spreading. Flowers small, pale
purple. Alternate stamens usually sterile.
' ' &. G. Rohertianum (Linn.): diffuse, hairy; leaves 3-5-parted to the
tase ; segments pinnatifid ; lobes mostly incised or toothed ; petals entire
(purple), twice the length of the mucronate-awned sepals; carpels reticulate-
rugose, glabrous ; seeds smooth.— Willd. sp. 3. p. 714 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 449 ;
DC.prodr. 1. p. 644.
Wet rocks, Canada! to Virginia! west to the Mississippi. June-Oct.— Calyx
1-3-ribbed. Petals spatulale. — Pursh's very incorrect remark that the Amer-
ican plant has not the same heavy and disagreeable odor as the European,
has induced De CandoUe to consider our plant as a distinct variety.
X Doubtful species.
7, G. ccBspitosum (James) : suberect, sparingly branched above ; radical
leaves reniform, deeply 5-7-cleft ; flower a little larger than that of G. Ro-
hertianum, but similarly colored. James, in Long's e.rped. 2. p. 3.
On sandstone ledges at the base of the Rocky Mountains, Dr. James.
2. ERODIUM. L'Her. ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 625.
Sepals equal, regular. Petals 5, mostly equal. Stamens 10 ; the 5 exterior
(opposite the petals) shorter and sterile ; the perfect ones with a nectariferous
gland at their base. Persistent styles bearded within, at length spirally
208 BALSAMINACEiE. Impatiens.
twisted. — Peduncles axillary or opposite the leaves, many- (rarely 2-) flower-
ed : flowers umbellate. Cotyledons sometimes pinnately lobcd.
1. E. c) a it an tim (holier.): stem prostrate or diffuse, hairy; leaves pin-
nately divided; segments sessile, pinnatitid, incised or acute; peduncles ma-
ny- [or few-] flowered; petals unequal. DC. prodr. 1. p. 646; Jlook.Jl.
Bor.-Ani. 1. p. 116; Ilook. <^- Am. in hot. Beechey, p. 136. Geranium
cicutarium, Linn.
Oregon *fe California, common, Nuttall ! i^c. — "Certainly not introduced."
ISutt.
Order XXIX. BALSAMINACE^. A. Richard.
Sepals 5, deciduous ; the two inner (or upper) usually connate ; the
lowest spurred or gibbous : asstivation imbricated. Petals hypowy-
nous, usually 4 (5, but the fifth or posterior one abortive) and united
by pairs ; rarely 5 and distinct. Stamens 5, hypogynous : filaments
subulate : anthers 2-celled. Ovary 5. celled [placentfE in the axis],
ovules usually numerous, rarely few in each cell, suspended : stigmas
5, sessile, distinct or more or less united. Fruit capsular, 5-celled (the
dissepiments usually disappearing), ,5.valved, elastically septifragal ;
or [in Hydrocera, Blume] a 5.celled drupe. Seeds several in each
cell [anatropous], destitute of albumen. Embryo straight : cotyledons
plano-convex. — Succulent herbaceous plants. Leaves simple, opposite
or alternate, exstipulate. Flowers axillary. Am.
1. IMPATIENS. Linn.; W. ^ Am. prodr. Jnd. Or. 1. p. 135.
Impatiens & Balsamina, i?zr.; DC.
Sepals apparently only 4 from the union of the two upper ones. Petals 4,
apparently only two from the union of each of the lower to each of the late-
ral ones. Filaments 5, more or less united at the apex : anthers opening
longitudinally or transversely. Cells of the ovary formed by membranous
projections of the placentae, which occupy the axis of the ovarj' and are con-
nected Avith its apex by 5 slender threads. Capsule often 1-cclled by the
disappearance of the dissepiments. Seeds numerous or few. Am.
§. Leaves alternate: peduncles more than l-flo^cered. {Glabrous:
stems transparent^ tumid at the joints.)
-J^ 1. /. pallida (Nutt.) : leaves oval or ovate, coarsely and obtusely serrate ;
teeth mucronate; peduncles 2-4-flowered ; lower sepal obtusely conic, dila-
ted, shorter than the petals, broader than long, with a very short recurved
spur; flowers pale yellow, sparingly punctate. — \iitt. gen. 1. p. 146; DC.
prodr. 1. ;). 6S7 ; Hook. ft. Bar.- Am. 1. ;;. 117. I. nolitangere, Michx.! Jl. 2.
p. 149 (a.); Piirsh, f. 1. p. 171; Ell. sk. 1. p. 303.
In moist shady places, Canada ! to Georgia & west to Kentucky ! (Oregon,
Hooker.) July-Sept. — (l) Stem 2-5 feet high, much branched. Leaves
LiMNANTHEs. LIMNANTHACE7E. 209
mostly obtuse at the base, on short petioles. Flower large. — Balsam. Snap-
weed.
-M,. I.fulva (Nutt.): somewhat glaucous; leaves rhombic-ovate, coarsely
and obtusely serrate, teeth mucronate ; peduncles 2-4-flovvered ; lower sepal
acutely conic, longer than the petals, with a rather long resupinate spur;
floAver deep orange, witli numerous reddish-brown spots. — Null. I.e.; DC.
I. a.; Hook. I. c. I. bitlora, \V<ilt. Car. p. 219 ; Pursh, I. c. ; Ell. sk. 1. p.
304. I. nolitangcre, /?. Alichx. ! l. c. ; Bigd.fi. Bust. ed. 2. p. 93. I. macu-
lata, Muhl. cat. p. 26.
In wet shady places, from Canada ! (lat. 66=) and Newfoundland (Hooker)
to Georgia ; more abundant than the preceding in the Northern States.
Oregon, Dr. Scouler ! Nuttall ! June-Sepl.— ® A smaller plant than I.
paUida, with smaller flowers. Leaves mostly cuneiform at the base, on
slender petioles. Lower sepal longer tlian broad. — Balsam. Snap-weed.
Order XXX. LIMNANTHACE^. R. Br.
Sepals 3-5, united at the base, persistent, with a valvate aestivation.
Petals 3-5, marcescent. Stamens twice the number of the petals, and
inserted with them upon a thin somewhat perigynous disk : filaments
distinct, those opposite the sepals having a small process or gland at
the base on the outside, those opposite the petals sometimes shortest :
anthers roundish, introrse. Ovary consisting of 2-5 distinct carpels,
opposite the sepals ; the styles united into one nearly to the top : stig-
mas simple. Achenia rather fleshy? the cavity filled by the solitary
seed. Seed erect, anatropous, without albumen. Embryo with very
large amygdaloid cotyledons ; radicle very short, included. — Annual
glabrous herbs (exclusively North American), with more or less of the
acrid taste of Tropaeolum, growing in swampy places. Leaves alter-
nate, exstipulate, pinnately divided. Flowers axillary, solitary : pedun-
cles somewhat dilated at the apex.
The ovaries in this order have a gynobasic structure ; that is, are more or less
distinct, with the styles united by means of a more or less manifest central axis,
which is a prolongation of the flattened torus on wliich the ovaries rest. The order
is evidently more nearly allied to Tropaeolum than to any other known plants.
1. LIMNANTHES. i?. Br. in Land. ^ Edinh.phil. mag. July, 1833 ;
Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1673.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, cuneiform, retuse, longer than the sepals: aestivation
convolute. Stamens 10. Ovaries 5. — Leaves bipinnatifid ; the divisions
often alternate.
L. Douglasil (R. BroAvn,l. c.) — Benth. in. hori. trans, (ser. 2.) 1 p. 409
Don, in Brit. Jl. gard. (ser. 2.) t. 37S.
(California, Douglas. — Shghtly succulent. Flowers rather conspicuous-
Petals of a delicate yellow at the base, bordered with white.
27
210 OXALIDACE^. Oxalis.
2. FLCERKEA. Willd. act. nat. cur. Berol. 3. (1801); Nutt. gen. 1.
p. 228 ; Lindl. in Hook. jour. bat. 1. p. 1. t. 113.
Sepals 3 (rarely 4). Petals 3, shorter than the calyx. Stamens 6. Ova-
ries 2-3, tuberculate.— Leaves pinnately divided or parted; the divisions
mostly entire.
J F. proserpinacoides (Willd. 1. c.)—Livdl. I. c.—F. uliginosa, Miihl. cat.
^p. 36; Torr..' Ji. 1. p. 339; Varlivgt.fi. Cest. ed. 2. p. 213. F. lacastris,
Pers. syn. 1. p. 393. F. palustris, Nutt. I. c. Ncctris pinnata, Pursh.fi. 1.
p. 239. Cochlearia foliis pinnatifidis, &c. Gron. ! Virg. (excl. syn.)
On the banks of rivers and in marshes, Northern States! (lat 41°) to
Pennsylvania! Avest to Missouri ! April-May.— Slightly succulent, pale
green. Stem decumbent, 3-10 or 12 inches long, slender. Leaves on slen-
der petioles: divisions about 5, lanceolate or oval, obscurely veined; the
lowermost o'Aen 3-lobed or toothed. Flowers small. Petals oblong, white,
about half the length of the calyx. Achenia large, commonly 2, rarely by
abortion solitary.
Order XXXI. OXALIDACE^. DC.
Sepals 5, equal, distinct or slightly cohering at the base, persist-
ent : aestivation imbricated. Petals 5, hypogynous, equal, unguicu-
late, deciduous: aestivation spirally twisted. Stamens 10, hypogy-
nous, more or less monadelphous : filaments subulate, those opposite
the petals longer than the others : anthers short, fixed by the middle,
introrse, often reflexed and appearing extrorse. Ovary of 5 united
carpels, situated opposite the petals : styles filiform, distinct : stigmas
capitate or penicillate, sometimes 2-lobed. Capsule usually membra-
naceous, ."j-lobed, 5.celled ; the carpels at length mostly separable to the
axis, opening by the dorsal suture, l-12.sreded. Seeds anatropous,
with a loose fleshy testa (aril of authors) which bursts elastically when
the seeds are ripe : albumen between cartilaginous and fleshy. Em-
bryo straight, as long as the albumen, with a rather long radicle :
cotyledons broad and foliaceous.— Stems with an acid juice. Leaves
mostly alternate, compound : petioles articulated at the base.
1. OXALIS. Linn.; Gcertn.fr. t.WZ.
Sepals distinct, or united at the very base. Capsule oblong or subglobose,
membranaceous. Seeds one or commonly several in each carpel : tegraen
5-10 ribbed, transversely rugose.— Perennial (rarely annual) herbs; caules-
cent or acaulescent. Leaves in North American species 3-foliolate (in others
rarely pinnate or reduced to a single leaflet), circinate in vernation : leaflets
distmctly articulated with the petiole, lobed or entire. Stipules coherent
with the base of the petiole, after the manner of Trifolium, or none.— Wood'
Sorrel.
OxAU3. OXALIDACE/E. 211
1. O. Acetosella (Linn.) : rhizoma creeping, scaly ; leaflets obcordate,
puberulent; scapes at length longer than the leaves, l-Howercd, 2-bracleo-
late above the luiddle ; petals obloncr-obovate (white Avith red veins, yellow-
isli at tlie base), often slightly eniarginate ; styles and longer stanjens of
equal lentrth, longer than the sepals. — Eng. bot. t. 7G2 ; Michx. ! Jl. 2. p. 38 j
DC. prodr. 1. p. 700; Houk.Ji. Bor.-Am. I. p. 118 (partly). O. Americana,
Bigel. ill DC. I. c.
In AvooJs, from lat 4P ! to the northern part of Canada. June. — 11 Rhi-
zoma clothed with the imbricated and fleshy persistent bases of the leaves.
Peduncles 2-2 inches long; the portion above the bracts pubescent. Flower
large. Stigmas 2-lobed. Cells of the capsule about 2-seeded. — Woud-Sorrel.
7^ 2. O. Oregana (Nutt. ! mss.) : " rhizoma creeping, thick and scaly ; leaf-
lets (large) very broadly obcordate, ciliate ; scapes l-flowered, sliorler than
the leaves, 2-bracteolate above the middle; petals ob!ong-obovate, emargi-
nate (white witii purple veins, yellow at the base) ; stamens and styles all
shorter than, or scarcely exceeding, the sepals." — O. Acetosefla, Hook. I. c.
partly.
Shady woods of the Oregon in moist places, Nutt all ! Dr. Scolder ! — If
Flowers, and especially the leaves, larjier than in O. Acetosella: leaflets
about an inch long and an inch and a half wide. Scapes always manifestly
shorter than the leaves.
3. O. trill iifotia (liook.) : acaulcscent ; peduncles umbelliferous, equalling
the petioles; leaflets obcordate, glabrous; styles the length of the longer sta-
mens. Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 118. — O. macrophvUa, Do/igl. mss. v\ Hook.
" N. W. Coast, near the Grand Rapids of the Oregon, and in valleys of the
Rocky Mountains,-' Dous'las; also Nuttatl ! — 11 " Petioles 6-12 inches
high. Leaves very large, and when the plant is out of flower might be mis-
taken for those of Trillium grandiflorum." Doii.gl. in Hook. I. c. — " Root
creeping. Leaflets about 2 inches broad. Pedicels shorter than the pods.
Flowers about the size of those of O. Acetosella, Avhite." NiUt.
O. violacea (Linn.) : bulb scaly; leaflets obcordate with a very shallow
sinus, broader than long, nearly glabrous ; scapes longer than the leaves,
3-9-flowered ; pedicels umbellate; with minute bracts at the base; sepals
Avith a thickened orange-colored tip ; petals obovate (violet) ; filaments hairy,
at length equalling or longer than the styles. — Jacq. O.val. p. 35. t. SO. fis;. 2.
fide yVil/d. sp. 2. p. 7Sti ; Michx. I. c. ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 525 ; DC. I. c. p. 605.
In rocky wood% &c.. Canada ( Linn.) and New-England States I to Georgia,
west to Arkansas, Dr. Pitcher! and Texas, Drumniond ! April-May,
and sometimes again in Augu>t. — Bulb clothed with membranaceous scales.
Scapes 6-9 inches high, generally slightly bifid at the summit. Leaves with
transparent dots. Flowers large. Capsule oblong, few-seeded. Styles
hairy, at first longer than the stamens : stigmas 2-lobed.
5. O. cornicnlata {lAnn.): [root perennial ;] stems decumbent, branched,
radicaline, leafy ; stipules united to the base of the petiole; leaflets obcor-
date. pubescent ; peduncles 2-5- but mostly 2-flowered ; sepals pubescent ;
petal; (yellow) emarginate; styles as long as the longer stamens; capsule
many-seeded, densely pubescent. Am. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 692; Michx. fl.
2. p. '39; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. l.p. 117. O. pusilla, Salisb. in Linn, trans'. 2.
p. 242, t. 23. O. furcata. Ell. .sk. l.p. 527 1 O. Lyoni, Pursh,fl. l.p. 322 ?
In cultivat?d grounds, Canada to Carolina, Michaux ^ Pursh. Louisi-
ana! we;t to California, Hook. <Sr Am. — The only specimens we have seen
with manifest stipules are from New Orleans. Not being able to satisfy our-
selves of the real distinctions, if there be anv, between this and the succeed-
ing species, we copy the characters of authors, and refer all the perennial
forms to 0. corniculata, and the annual ones to O. stricta. Two unpublished
1^4
912 ZYGOPHYLLACEyE. Tribuleje.
species of Nuttall, O. pumila from Oregon, and O. pilosa from California, we
should also refer to O. corniculata.*
6. O. stricta (Linn.): [root annual; ] stem erect, leafy; peduncles umbel-
liferous, 2-6-flowered, about the length of the leaves; leaflets obcordate;
petals [yellow] entire ; styles the length of the inner stamens. DC. I. c. ;
Jacq. Oxal. t. 4; Fl. Dan. t. 873 ; Michx. I. c. ; Pursh, Ji. 1. p. 322; Ell.
sk. 1. p. 526; Jlook. I. c. O. Dillenii, Willd. sp. 2. p. 799. O. recurva, Ell.
I.e.
In cultivated grounds, Canada ! to Louisiana ! Common west of the Rocky
Mountains, Douglas ex Hook. — Variable in size, mode of growth, and in the
juumber and magnitude of the flowers. Flowers throughout the summer.
Order XXXII. ZYGOPHYLLACE^. B. Br.
Flowers perfect, regnlar. Sepals 4-5 : aestivation usually convo-
lute. Petals as many as sepafs, and alternate with them, unguiculate,
at first very short and scale-like (in aestivation mostly convolute), at
length rather longer than the sepals. Stamens twice as many as the
petals, hypogynous : filaments distinct, dilated at the base, sometimes
placed on the back of a small scale : anthers fixed near their middle,
introrse. Ovary composed of 4-5 united carpels placed opposite the
petals, surrounded at the base with 5 scales or glands, or by a sinuate
disk : ovules in each carpel 2 or more, attached to the inner angle,
pendulous or rarely erect : styles and stigmas united. Fruit capsular
or rarely fleshy, 4-5-coccous (or 10-coccous by the carpels being spuri-
ously 'i-celied), indehiscent, the cocci at length separating, or loculi-
cidal ; the sarcocarp not separable from the endocarp. Seeds usually
fewer than the ovules, anatropous : albumen cartilaginous or horny,
rarely none. Embryo green : cotyledons foliaceous. — Herbs, shrubs,
or trees ; with the branches mostly articulated at the nodes. Leaves
opposite, stipulate, not dotted, rarely simple.
Tribe L TRIBULE^E. Ad. Jtiss.
Stigma 5- or 10-ribbed, broader than the short style. Carpels inde-
hiscent, externally tuberculate or prickly, internally divided by ob-
• The characters given by Mr. Nutlall are subjoined;
"0.pum.ila: perennial, more or less hairy; umbelliferous 2-flowered peduncles
scarcely longer than the petioles; leaflets obcordate, deeply emarginated ; sepals ob-
long-lanceolate; styles shorter than the inner stamens; capsules nearly smooth,
about twice the length of the calyx. — Forests of the Rocky Mountains and Oregon.
Root at length woody ; branches decumbent. Capsules unusually short." J^^utt.
" O. pilosa : perennial, densely hirsute, decumbent ; peduncles about 1-flowered
{1-3 in specimen], longer than the petioles; leaflets obcordate, almost bifid; sepals
anceolate ; styles short; capsules very hairy, more than 3 times the length of the
calyx. — Woods around St. Barbara, California. A small very hairy species, with
ytliow flowers: nearly allied to the preceding." NuU.
Kallstrcemia. ZYGOPHYLLACE.E. 212
liquely transverse partitions into 2-4 superposed l-seeded cells ; or
spuriously 2-celled by a longitudinal septum. Seeds destitute of al-
bunien.
1. KALLSTR(EMIA. Scop.; W. d^ Am. prodr. lad. Or. 1. p. 145.
Sepals 5 (rarely 6), persistent. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 10: filaments
naked; the 5 opposite the sepals somewhat abortive, placed inside 5 hypogy-
nou3 glands. Ovary of 5 cohering carpels; each with 2 collateral pendulous
ovules, and spuriously 2-celled by a longitudinal septum (the ovary thus be-
ing apparently 10-celled with a solitary ovule in each cell) : style conical,
lU-furrowed : stigma capitate, 10-ribbed. Fruit at length separating into 10
one-seeded cocci, without transverse partitions. — Annual branching diiTuse
or trailing pubescent herbs. Leaves opposite, with interpetiolar stipules, ab-
ruptly pinnate. Peduncles solitary, axillary, 1-flowered.
We are unable to quote the work in which this ^enus was originally described;
According to Arnott, Elirenhergia iribuloides, Mart. nov. gen. if* :^p. Bras. 2. p. 72.
t. lt)3, is a second species of the genus, which sometimes has sepals, 12 sta-
mens, &c.
/ 1. K. ma.vima: leaflets in 3 or rarely 4 pairs, oblong or oval, mucronate,
■lightly falcate,pubescent beneath, the terminal ones largest; flowers yellow;
cocci gibbous below, tuberculate. — Tribidus maximus, Linn. ; Jacq. ic. rar.
3. t. 62 ; Wind. sp. 2. p. 566; EIL sk. 1. p. 476 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 704;
Torr.! in ami. Lijc. New- York, 2. p. 173. T. trijugatus, A7i«..' gen. 1.
p. 2117 ; DC. I. c. T. terrestris, MnhL! cat. p. 43.
In wast? places, Savannah, Georgia, NiiUall '. Elliott : introduced from
the West Indies'? Arkansas, Dr. James! June-Sept. — Stems diffusely
procumbent, 1-2 feet long. Peduncles an inch long. Petals marcescent.
Order XXXIII. ZANTHOXYLACEiE. Ad. Juss.
Flowers by abortion dioecious or polygamous, regular. Sepals 3-4-
5, very rarely 6-9, cohering at the base. Petals as many as seoals,
or rarely none : aestivation twisted-convolute. , Stamens as many as
the petals and alternate with them, or seldom twice as many, rising
from around the base of the torus which bears the abortive carpels;
in the pistillate flowers either wanting or imperfect : filaments dis-
tinct : anthers introrse. Ovaries usually the same number as the
sepals or sometimes fewer, more or less stipitate, either distinct or
united: ovules 2 or rarely 4 in each carpel : styles distinct or more
or less connate when the ovaries are separate, mostly combined when
the ovaries are united. Fruit sometimes baccate or mcmbrana-
ceous, sometimes consisting of 1-5 drupes or 2-valved capsules ; the
rather fleshy sarcocarp partly separable from the endocarp. Seeds
solitary or in pairs, anatropous, pendulous : testa thick and crustace-
ous, usually smooth and shining. Embryo lying within fleshy albu-
214 ZANTHOXYLACE^. Ptelea.
men : cotyledons oval, flat. — Trees or shrubs, aromatic and bitter.
Leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate, simple or usually pinnate :
leaflets mostly marked with pellucid dots.
1. ZANTHOXYLUM. Linn. ; H. B. ^ K. not. gen. ^ sp. 6. p. 1.
Dioecious. Sepals 3-9, small. Petals longer than the sepals, or none.
Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them (or fewer), mostly exsert-
ed ; those of the pistillate flowers rudimentary. Ovaries 1-5, raised on a
globose or cylindrical torus, distinct, with 2 collateral suspended ovules:
styles distinct, or united at the apex, sometimes very short. Carpels crusta-
ceous in fruit, sessile on the torus or stipitate, 2-valved, 1-2-seeded. Seeds
black and shining, globose when solitary, hemispherical when in pairs. —
Trees or shrubs, usually with prickles on the branches, petioles, and midrib
of the leaflets. Leaves pinnately 3-13-foliolate. Flowers small, greenish or
whitish : inflorescence various.
§ 1. Sepals 5 or more, peia^oid, with a minute glandular beard at the
apex: petals none: ovaries as many as sepals and opposite them:
styles terminating in clavate stigmas, which are at first connate. —
Zanthoxylum, Golden.
./' 1. Z. Americanim (Mill, diet.) : branches and often petioles armed with
short strong (stipular) prickles; leaves pinnate; leaflets ovate-oblong, nearly
sessile, obscurely serrulate or entire, more or less pubescent; flowers in short
axillary umbels ;' carpels stipitate.— U'illd. beschr. ( 1781) p. 1 16. Z. fraxin-
ifolium, Marsh, arbusl. (1785.) Z. fraxineum, Willd. Berl. baum. (1796),
&■ sp. 4. p. Ibl ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 210 ; DC. prndr. 1. p. 726 ; Hook. ]i. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. US: Bigel. mud. bot t. 59. Z. ramiflorum, Michj-. ! fi. 2. p. 235.
Z. tricarpum, Hook. I. c. not of Michx. Z. Clava-HercuUs, var. Linn.
Z. mite, Willd. mum. p. 1013; DC. I. c.
Canada! to Virginia; west to the Mississippi. April-May.— A shrub or
very small tree ; the bark pungent to the taste. Flowers greenish. Leaves
often nearly glabrous when mature, sometimes tomentose beneath. Seeds
large, black. — Prickly Ash.
§ 2. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5 : ovaries usually 3 : styles short.—
OcHROXYLUM, ScJireb. (Kampmannia, Raf. ex Ad. Juss.)
2. Z. Carol iniamun (Lam.) : branches and usually petioles armed with long
stipular prickles ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, inequilateral, some-
what falcate, petiolulate, crenate-serrulate, glabrous, lucid above : flowers m
terminal panicles; sepals minute; carpels sessile.— Lam. diet. (1786)2. p.
40; Catesb. Car. 1. L 26. Z. tricarpum, Michx.! I. c ; Pursh, I.e.; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 690 ; DC. I. c. Z. fraxinifolium, Walt. Car. p. 243. Fagarafraxi-
nifolia. Lam. ill. t. 334.
In sandy soil near the sea-coast, N. Carolina! Georgia! and Florida;
west to Arkansas! June.— A small tree (the Prickly Ash of the Southern
States) ; the leaves and bark very aromatic and pungent. Pricldes very sharp.
2. PTELEA. Linn. ; Lam. ill. t. 84; Gcertn.fr. t. 49.
Polygamous. Sepals 3-6, commonly 4, small. Petals much longer than
PiTAvrA. ZANTHOXYLACE/E. 215
the sepals, spreading. Stamens alternate with and longer than the petals :
filaments thickened helow and hairy on the inside ; in the fertile flowers very
short and with sterile anthers. Ovary of 2 united carpels, placed on a
convex torus: ovules 2 in each carpel, situated one above the other: styles
short, united, or none: stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-cclled samara, turgid in the
centre, the margin expanded into a broad orbicular membranaceous -and reti-
culated wing. Seeds oblong, solitary in each cell. — Shrubs. Leaves pin-
nately 3-( rarely 5-) foliolate, Avith pellucid dots, the lateral leaflets inequila-
teral. Flowers whitish, cymose : cymes corymbed or panicled.
~h^- P. trifoUata (Linn.) : leaflets sessile, ovate, mostly acuminate, the
terminal one cuneiform and attenuate at the base; flowers commonlv tetran-
drous; style short.— IfV///. C<tr. p. H9,; Mich.r. ! fi. Lp. 99; Ell.'sk. 1. p.
21 1 ; Ton: ! ft. 1. p. 189 ; DC. nrodr. 2. p. 82.
In shady rocky places, from Lake Erie ! to Florida ! west to Kentucky ! and
Texas! June. — Pubescent when young, 6-8 feet high. Leaflets obscurely
crenulate. Ovary of the staminalc flowers abortive. Odor of the flowers
disagreeable. — P. monophylla, Law. diet, appears not to belong to the genus,
and is perhaps a Rumex, as is suggested by Ad. Jussieu.
2. P. Baldwinii : leaves very small, glabrous; leaflets sessile, oval, ob-
tuse, the terminal one cuneiform at the base; flowers tetrandrous; styles
none.
St. John's, East Florida, Baldwin! (in herb Acad. Philad.) — Shrub
apparently not more than a foot high, with numerous short scraggy
branches. Leaflets scarcely an inch in length. Flowers smaller than in
P. trifolia. Fruit not seen.
3. PITAVIA. Molin. Chil.
Galvezia, Ruiz, if- Pav. ; Ad. Jiiss.; not of Domb. in Juss. gen.
Flowers by abortion diclinous. Calyx 4-parted. Petals 4, longer than
the calyx. Sterile Fl. Stamens 8; the 4 opposite the petals shorter:
filaments subulate, glabrous, inserted around the base of the oblong gynophore
which supports 3-4 distinct abortive ovaries ; the styles coherent with each
other above. Fertile Fl. Ovaries 4, on a 4-angled fleshy gynophore, each
with 2 collateral ovules : styles rising from the apex of the ovaries, distinct
at the base, coalescent above: stigmas connate into a single 4-lobed one.
Drupes 4, or by abortion fewer, 1-seeded. Seed ovoid, with a straight em-
bryo. Ad. Juss. sub Galvezia.
1. P. dumosa (Nutt. ! mss.)
St. Diego, California, Nuttall ! — A low branching shrub. Leaves oppo-
site or fascicled on short branches ; linear, attenuate at the base, obtuse,
about an inch long, rather thick, 1-nerved, marked with glandular pellucid
dots ; the margin with a row of glandular dots, but entire. Flowers, in the
specimens, all perfect, nearly solitary at the extremity of the branches, small,
on short peduncles. Petals somewhat unequal. Stamens 8, the alternate
ones smallest; or in some flowers only 4. Ovary solitary, simple, subglo-
bo5e, placed on a minute flat 8-toothed disk, 1-celled, with 2 collateral
ovules: style lateral (arising from about the middle of the ovary) : stigma a
little thickened, somewhat grooved. Fruit a single globose 1-seeded drupa-
ceous nut (?), about the size of a pea. Seed globose, with a somewhat crus-
taceous testa. — We have failed, by some accident, to receive Mr. Nuttall's
216 ANACARDIACEiE. Rhus.
notes on this plant ; and have drawn up the preceding description from in-
complete specimens. It will be seen that the plant ditfers considerably from
the genus Pitavia (or Galvezia) as defined by Ad. Jussieu, in his Mc7n. sur
des Rutacdes, from which the generic character given above has been ex-
tracted ; and it is very probably not a congener of Galvezia punctata, JRuiz ^
Pav. The sterile flowers, if they exist, we have not seen ; those in our
specimen being apparently perfect.
Order XXXIV. ANACARDIACEJE. R. Br.
Flowers perfect, or frequently diclinous, regular. Sepals 5, or rarely
3-4-7, distinct or more or less combined, usually persistent. Petals
of the same number as the sepals (or sometimes none), inserted into
the disk which lines the bottom of the caly.x : aestivation imbricated
or rarely valvate. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with
them, or twice as many or more, a portion sometimes sterile : fila.
ments distinct, sometimes alternately shorter, inserted with the petals :
anthers introrse. Ovary solitary (of 1-5 carpels, distinct or united,
but all abortive except one), free, or rarely adhering to the calyx,
1-celled, or with one or two abortive cells of the suppressed carpels :
ovule solitary, on a funiculus which rises from the base of the cell
but is sometimes adnate to one of its sides : styles 3 or rarely 4-5,
distinct or combined : stigmas as many. Fruit indehiscent, usually
drupaceous, 1-seeded. Seed erect or suspended, anatropous, without
albumen. Embryo more or less curved : cotyledons very thick and
fleshy, sometimes foliaceous, often bent upon the radicle. — Trees or
shrubs, with a resinous, gummy, caustic or milky juice. Leaves sim-
ple or compound, alternate, exstipulate, not dotted. Flowers axillary
or terminal, mostly panicled.
1. RHUS. Li7in.; Lam. ill. t 207.
Sepals 5, united at the base, small, persistent. Petals 5, ovate, spreading,
inserted under the margin of the orbicular disk. Stamens 5 (rarely 10),
equal, inserted into the disk. Styles 3, distinct or united : stigmas 3, sub-
capitate. Fruit almost a dry drupe ; nut bony, 1-celled. Seed sohtary, sus-
pended on a funiculus that rises from the base to the apex of the cell. Co-
tyledons foliaceous, incumbent upon the radicle.— Shrubs or small trees.
Leaves simple, or unequally pinnate. Flowers often by abortion polyga-
mous or dioecious.
§ 1. Flowers perfect : drupe semi-ohcordate^reticulately veined ; nut tri-
angular: leaves simple: fiowers in loose panicles. — Cotincs, Tourn.
1. R.Cotinusl (Linn.): leaves obovate, entire ; agteatpart of thefloAvers
abortive, the pedicels at length elongated and clothed with large shaggy
Rhus. ANACARDIACE^. 217
hairs. — IfV/A/. up. 1. p. 1484; DC. prodr. 2. p. 67. R. cotiuoides, Null./
in herb. (icud. Phi I ad.
On the high rocky banks of Grand River, Arkansas, Null all! certainly
indigenous. --Mr. Nuttall's specimens are in fruit oidy : an examination of
the Hovvers will probably prove it to be distinct from R. Cotinus, a native of
the South of Europe and Middle Asia, but not unfrequently cultivated in
gardens.
§ 2. Fhmn^s perfect, poly gavious or diascious : disk entire or lobcd: drupe
roundish, sometimes hairy: nut smooth or sulcate. Leaves unequally
pinnate or 3-foliolate ; the petiole often uinged: flowers paniclcd. —
S U.MAC, DC.
y^. li. lyphina (Linn.): branches and petioles densely villous; leaflets
11-31, whitish and more or less pubescent beneath, oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, acutely serrate ; panicles terminal, thyrsoid ; drupes densely clothed
with crimson \\Mxs.—Duham. arh. 2. t. 47 ; Mich.r. ! fl. 1. p. 1S2; Ell. sk.
I. p. 360; DC. prodr. 2. p. 67. R. Canadense, Mill. did. R. viridiflora,
Poir. diet. 7. p. 504 ; DC. I. c.
Canada ! to S. Carolina & Louisiana ! June. — A shrub, or small tree (20 feet
high) with spreading branches. Petioles at length 2-3 feet long. Flowers green-
ish-yellow, often polygamous or dioecious by abortion. Drupe compressed ;
the hairs very acid. Cellular tissue of the wood orange-color, with a
strong aromatic odor: juice resinous, copious. — Stag-horn Sumach.
-4'^. JR. glabra (hinn.): leaves and branches glabrous; leaflets 13-31, lan-
ceolate-oblong, acuminate, acutely serrate, glaucous beneath ; panicles termi-
nal, thyrsoid; drupes red, clothed with crimson hairs. — Mich.r.! f. 1. p.
182 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 361 ; Bigel.fl. Bost. ed. 2. p. US-, Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. 1.
p. 126. R. Carolinianum, Alill. diet. R. elegans. Ait. Kew. {ed. 1.) p. 162.
R. Virginicum etc., Cate.^b. Car. app. t. 4.
In rocky or barren places, Canada ! (on the Saskatchawan, Hooker) to Georgia
&. Louisiana ! July-Aug. — A stout shrub, 5-18 feet high, with a resinous milky
juice. Leaves usually smaller than in R. typhina. Flowers often dioecious.
Down of the drupes very acid (the malic, according to Cozzens, in ann. lye.
Neio-York 1. p. 42 ; bimalate of lime,) Prof W. B. Rogers in Amer.journ.
pharm. (n. ser.) 1. p. 56. The leaves and branches of this and the preceding
species are astringent and sometimes used in tanning. — Smooth Sumach.
3. R. puniil a (Michx.): procumbent, villous-pubescent; leaflets about 11,
oval or oblong, slightly acuminate, coarsely toothed, with a velvety pubes-
cence ; panicles terminal, thyrsoid, nearly sessile; drupes clothed with a
red silky pubescence.— Tl/iWi.?'.'.' f.l.p. 182 ; Pursh,fl. 1. p. 204 ; DC. I. c.
In grassy pine barrens, Mecklenberg County, N. Carolina, Michatt.r, Nutt-
all ! also on the Neuse River, Schweinitz ! — An extensively procumbent
shrub ; the branches about a foot high. The 3 upper leaflets often confluent ;
the terminal one when distinct attenuate at the base.— A very poisonous
species.
4. R. Copallina TLinn.): branches and petioles pubescent; leaflets 9-21,
oval-lanceolate or oblong, mostly acute or acuminate, shining above, pubes-
cent beneath, unequal at the base ; petiole winged ; panicles terminal, thyr-
soid, sessile, sometimes leafy ; drupes red, hairy.
a. leaflets entire, usually acuminate. — R. Copallina, Linn.; Walt. Car. p.
225 ; Michx. ! fl.l.p.l82; Jacq. hort. Schmnb. 3. p. 50. /. 341 ; Ell. sk. 1.
;;. 362.
0. leaflets coarsely and unequally serrate.
y. leaflets (about 21) small, oblong, acute at the base; obtuse and slightly
mucronate at the apex ; petiole narrowly winded.
23
-h.
218 ANACARDIACE.E. Rhos.
In barren places, Canada ! to Florida! and west to Arkansas! /?. High-
lands of the Hudson River, Dr. Barrati! Mountains of Pennsylvania, Dr.
Darlington. Red River, Louisiana, Dr. Hale! y. Tampa Bay, Florida,
Dr. Burrows ! July-Aug. — Stem 3-8 feet high, branched ; juice resinous.
Veins of the upper surfaci; of the leaves pubescent. Wing of the pe-
tiole usually broad, interrupted at the leaflets. Peduncles downy. Drupes
small, compressed, acid.
-w^^5. R. venenata (DC.) : glabrous; leaflets 7-13 (membranaceous), obovate-
oblong, entire, abruptly acuminate ; panicles slender, in the axils of the up-
permost leaves; drupes subglobose, smooth, greenish-white. — DC. prodr. 2.
p. 68 ; Berk, bot. p. 76; Hook. I. c. ; Darlingt. f. Cest. ed. 2. p. 207. R.
Vernix, Linn, (in part) ; Michx. ! Ji. 1. p. 183 ; Ell. I. c. ; Bi^el. med. bot.
1. p. 96. t. 10.
In swamps, Canada and Northern States ! to Georgia ! west to Alexandria,
Louisiana, Dr. Hale ! June. — A shrub, 8-15 feet high, very poisonous to
the touch with most persons. Leaves often slightly pubescent beneath. Flow-
ers greenish, mostly dioecious, small. Drupe as large as a pea : nut broad-
er than long, compressed, lidged. Cotyledons oval, rather thick and fleshy. —
The juice of this shrub is a varnish, like that of the Japanese plant (R.
vernicifera, DC. I. c), from which it has only recently been distinguished.
(See Bigel. I. c.) — Poison Sumach, Poison Elder, &c. i, •. \ i-, / ^-^
^<^6. R. Toxicodendron (Linn.) : stem erect, decumbent, or climbing by ra-
'dicles ; leaves 3-foholate, somewhat pubescent; leaflets (membranaceous)
broadly oval or rhomboid, acuminate, entire or toothed, the lateral ones ine-
quilateral ; panicles racemed, axillary, subsessile; drupes subglobose, smooth.
—Michx.! ji. 1. p. 183; Torr.! ji. 1. p. 323. R. Toxicodendron & radi-
cans, Lin7i. ; Nutt. ; DC.^c.
a. not climbing ; leaves entire, or variously and irregularly sinuate-toothed
or lobed. — R. Toxicodendron, Linn. ; Nutt. ^c. R. Toxicodendron ji. quer-
cifolium, Michx. I. c.
p. chmbing ; leaves more commonly entire or nearly so. — R. radicans,
Linn. ; Bot. mag. t. 1806 ; Bigel. med. bot. 3. p. 19, t. 42 ; DC. I. c. R.
Toxicodendron a. vulgare, Michx. I. c. R. Toxicodendron 0. radicans,
Torr. ! ft. I. c.
/.leaves oval-oblong; fruit smaller. — R. Toxicodendron >'. microcarpon,
Michx. I. c.
In rather shady usually damp places, Canada ! (on the Saskatchawan,
Hooker) to Georgia ! west to Arkansas ! & the Rocky Mountains ! N. W.
America, Z)o?fo-/flrs (ex Hooker). May-June. — A low shrub, or climbing ;
poisonous like' the preceding. Leaflets large, petiolulate. Flowers mostly
dioecious, greenish. Drupes nearly the size of the preceding, pale chestnut-
color. — Poison-Ivy, Poison-Oak, ^c.
J 7. R. diversiloba: nearly glabrous; stem scarcely climbing, with short
leafy branches; leaves 3- (rarely 5-) foliolate; leaflets very obtuse, in the pis-
tillate plant slightly, in the staminate rather deeply pinnately lobed; lobes
very obtuse, the incisions acute ; panicles axillary, racemose ; drupes subglo-
bose. — R. lobata, Hook. ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 127, t. 46, <^ in bot. Beechey, p.
137 (the male), not of Poir. R. Toxicodendron, Hook. ^ Am. in bot.
Beechey, I. c. (the pistillate plant) ?
Borders of woods &c., Oregon. Douglas, Nnltall! & California, Beechey,
Nuttall! — "The sterile and fertile flowers in this species (which is very
near R. Toxicodendron) present some notable diflferences. The sterile, which
is figured by Hooker, has rather deeply lobed leaflets, sometimes in fives,
and larger flowers: in the fertile the leaflets are almost entire or slightly
lobed and the flowers considerably smaller, so that it might readily be taken
for a distinct species. The fruit is white, somewhat pubescent and gibbous."
Nutt. — The panicles are often shorter than the petioles.
Rhus. ANACARDIACE/E. 219
§ 3. Flowers diapcious or 'polygamous : disk glandular, deeply 5-lobed
(lobes opposite the petals) : drupe globose, villous : nut smooth, covipress-
ed: Jloioers in short aments, preceding the leaves. Leaves 3-falialuie.
— LOBADIUM, Raf.
8. R. aromatica (Ait.) : leaves pubescent when younfr (at length coria-
ceous and often "rlabrous); leaflets sessile, rhomboid-ovate, unequally and in-
cisely toothed, the terminal one narrowed at the base. — Ait. Kew. {ed. 1.) 1.
p. 367 ; Turpin, in ann. mus. 5. p. 445. t. 30 ; Pnrsh, fl. 1. p. 205; Ell. sk.
1. p. 361 ; Hook. I. c. II. suaveolens, Ait. I. c. R. Canadense, Mar.s'h. ar-
hust.7 ; DC. I. c. p. 73. Lobadium aromaticum, Baf. in jour. phys. 89.
p. 98. Turpinia, Baf. in JDesr. jour. bot. 2. p. 170. Schmalzia, JJesv. I. c.
In dry rocky places, from the 8askatchawan River (Hooker) to Georgia!
west to Arkansas ! April-May. — A small aromatic shrub. Flowers small,
yellow, on short pedicel^;, from axillary aments formed during the previous
summer. Drupes tlie size of a small i)ea, light red, more or less hispid,
slightly compressed, agreeably acid. This plant varies greatly in the degree
of pubescence of the leaves. R. suaveolens of Alton differs merely in the
leaves being almost glabrous, so that we have no hesitation in referring it to
the present species.
-f^ ^- B.trilobata (Nutt. ! mss.) : "leaves glabrous, small; lateral leaflets
obovate, obtuse, 3-lobed at the apex or nearly entire ; terminal leaflet cunei-
form, 3-lobed at the summit, the middle lobe sometimes 3-toothed.
" In the central chain of the Rocky Mountains. — A low leafy shrub ; the
leaves much smaller than in R. aromatica : terminal leaflet broad, i-1 inch
in length ; lateral ones smaller. Drupes scarlet, acid ; the nut flat, scarcely
striate." Nutt.
I
§ 4. " Flowers perfect \^or polygamous] : calyx subcampanulate : disk
fleshy, entire: stamens 5-10: styles united, very short: drupe globose,
with a thin and rather dry resinous aromatic pulp : nut orbicular,
compressed, even. Leaves simple, coriaceous, entire: flowers in panicu-
late racemes, terminal and in the axils of the upper leaves. — Malosma,"
Nutt.
10. B. laurina (Nutt.! mss.): " very glabrous ; leaves elliptical or elliptic-
ovate, obtuse or emarginate, often mucronate, on rather long petioles ; pani-
cles crowded ; stamens 5 ; filaments very short.
"On bushy plains, near St. Barbara, California. — A low spreading tree or
large shrub, much branched and very leafy, exhaling to a considerable dis-
tance an aromatic odor, something like that of the Bitter Almond, (whence
the name, from /laXa vakU & oufioq, odor.) Leaves very pale, pinnately
but not prominently veined, about 2 inches Ion?, often slightly emarginate at
both ends: petioles more than i an inch in length. Flowers very small and
numerous. Calyx fleshy ; segments obtuse. Petals oblong, a little longer
than the calyx. Stigmas 3, minute. — To this subgenus, or rather perhaps,
genu5, belongs the LUthi of Fuillee, or Laurus caustica of Molina, the
Rhus ? caustica, i/ooA:. if- Am. bot. Beechey^svoy. p. 15. t. 7, a species which
differs from ours in its larger decandrous flowers, and much shorter petioles;
we are not informed whether the fruit of that species yields an aromatic
odor. Mauria, //. B. ^ K. also differs but little from the plants of this curious
section ; and both possess the venomous properties of Toxicodendron." Nutt.
— The R. ? caustica, Hook. ^ Arn. is described as dioecious; but the accom-
panying plate represents, among others, one apparently perfect flower.
220 ANACARDIACEiE. Styphonia.
2. STYPHONIA. Nutt. mss.
" Sepals 7-9, colored, concave, with scarious margins, imbricated in seve-
ral series, persistent, somewhat similar to the rather imbricated bracteoles at
the base. Petals 5, oblong, slightly unguiculate, of the same texture as the
sepals, pubescent within near the base, inserted under the margin of the disk.
Stamens 5-7. Style short: stigma minute, 3-lobed. Fruit a dry flattened
drupe ; the pulp very acid and astringent : nut compressed, bony, 1-celled.
Seed solitary, suspended from a funiculus rising from the base of the cell. —
Low and much branched submaritime trees. Leaves simple, alternate, thick
and coriaceous, persistent. Flowers polygamous, sessile, in terminal con-
tracted panicles. Bark exuding small quantities of a very astringent gum-
resin." Nutt.
1. S. integrifolia (Nutt. ! mss.) : " leaves oval, very obtuse at both ends,
entire, on short petioles.
" On the margins of cliffs, &c. near the sea, around St. Diego & St. Bar-
bara ; common. — An unsightly tree, about the thickness of a man's arm,
branching widely and forming almost impervious thickets, glabrous ; the
young leaves and branches minuteljr pubescent. Leaves an inch or more
long, three times the length of the petioles, rather prominently veined beneath.
Flowers in few-flowered sessile clusters upon the short branches of the pani-
cle. Sepals and petals reddish. Drupes the size of a pea, hirsute. — Fruit
similar in most respects to that of Rhus § Sumac ; inflorescence somewhat
approaching that of Lobadium ; differing from both, particularly in the gra-
dual transition from bracts to petals. To this genus apparently belongs Rhus
atra, Forst., of New Caledonia, of which I hav&seen an original specimen,
but with:)Ut the flowers: the leaves are 3-4 inches long, very thick and rigid,
attenuated into short petioles, with very prominent anastomozing pinnate
yeins. Rhus mollis, H. B. ^ /f., also evidently belongs to the genus." Nutt.
2. S. serrata (Nutt. ! mss.) : " leaves oval or ovate, on very short petioles,
sharply repand-serrate.
" With the preceding, from which it differs merely in its leaves, which
when young are sharply serrate with small mucronate teeth ; the older leaves
are obscurely repand-serrate." Nutt.
Orper XXXV. AMYRIDACE^. R. Br.
Flowers perfect, regular. Sepals 4, or rarely 5, small, united at the
base, persistent. Petals as many as sepals, hypogynous (or none) :
aestivation imbricated. Stamens twice the number of the petals, hy-
pogynous, distinct : anthers introrse. Ovary solitary, simple, 1-cell-
ed, seated on a thickened disk : stigma capitate, sessile : ovules 2-6,
pendulous. Fruit drupaceous, leguminous, or samaroid, glandular, in-
dehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds anatropous, destitute of albumen. Em-
bryo with a very short radicle, and thick fleshy cotyledons. — Resini-
ferous trees or shrubs. Leaves pinnately 3-7-foliolate, opposite, with
glandular pellucid dots, mostly destitute of stipules. Flowers panicled.
Pericarp covered with granular glands, filled with an aromatic oil.
LiMOMA. AURANTIACE/E. 221
1. AMYRIS. lAim.; DC. prodr. 2. p. SI.
Sepals 4, united at the base. Petals 4, cuneiform or unguiculatc. Sta-
mens 8, shorter than the petals. Drupe 1-seeded : nucleus chartaceous. —
Flowers white.
1. A. Floridana (Nutt.): leaves on very short petioles, 3-foliolate ; leaflets
ovate, pctiolulatc, oDtuse or sub-acurniiiate, stroni^ly reticulate-veined, the
margin mostly entire; flowers somewhat panicled; drupes subglobose, at-
tenuate at the base.— iV«//. .' in Sill. Jour. 5. p. 294; DC. prodr. 2. p. SI.
East Florida, Mr. Ware. — A shrub. Flowers not seen. Petiolules of
the terminal leaflet a little longest. — A. toxilera, Catesb. Car. is wrongly
credited to the United States.
Order XXXVI. AURANTIACEiE. Correa.
Sepals united into a short 3-5-toothed urceolate or campanulate
marcescent calyx. Petals 3-5, broad at the base, slightly imbricated
in sestivation, inserted on the outside of a conspicuous hypogynous
disk. Stamens equal in number to, or some multiple of, the petals, in-
serted upon the disk in a single series : filaments flattened below,
sometimes distinct, sometimes monadelphous or polyadelphous : an-
thers innate or attached near the base, versatile, the connectivum
articulated with the filament. Ovary several-celled, composed of
several united carpels : style 1, cylindrical : stigma somewhat lobed,
thickish. Fruit (an orange) consisting of several (or by abortion of
1) membranaceous carpels, commonly filled with pulp, and surrounded
by a thickish indehiscent rind abounding in receptacles of volatile oil.
Seeds solitary or several, and attached to the inner angle of each car-
pel, usually pendulous, anatropous ; the raphe and chalaza usually very
distinctly marked : albumen none. Embryo straight ; the cotyledons
large and thick, fleshy, partly concealing the radicle : plumule usually-
conspicuous. — Trees or siirubs (tropical), often with axillary spines,
almost always glabrous, every part abounding in pellucid glands full of
volatile oil. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, exstipulate, usually com-
pound ; the petiole often dilated or winged : when apparently simple
the lamina is articulated with the petiole, showing that they are pin-
nate leaves reduced to the terminal leaflet. Flowers very odorous.
1. LIMONIA. Linn.; Lam. ill. t. 353 ; IF. ^ Arn. prodr. Lid. Or. 1. p. 91.
Flowers and carpels symmetrical, in a quaternary or quinary proportion.
Calyx 4-5-cleft. Petals 4-5. Stamens 8-10 : fdaments distinct, subulate :
anthers cordate-oblong. Torus elevated, forming a short stalk to the ovary.
Ovary obovate, 4-5-celled, glabrous, with 1-2 collateral pendulous ovules from
222 TERNSTRCEMIACE^. Gordonie^.
the lop of each cell : style elongated: stigmas obtuse. Fruit baccate, with
4-5 cells, or by abortion fewer. Seeds solitary in each cell, surrounded with
mucilage. — Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, 3-foliolate, or pinnate. W. ^ Arn.
1. Z/. acidissima? (Linn.): leaves pinnate; leaflets roundish-oval, cre-
nate ; spines geminate. Nutt. in Sill. jour. 5. p. 295. L. ambigua, DC.
prodr. 1. p. 536.
East Florida, collected by ]\Tr. Ware. N'liii. — The specimens collected by
Mr. Ware are very imperfect, and exhibit neither the flowers nor fruit. We
possess similar specimens of the same plant collected in Southern Florida by
Dr. Hassler and communicated to us by the Columbian Horticultural So-
ciety. The plant is probably not indigenous to Florida. Wight & Arnott
unite L. crenulata with L. acidissima.
Citrus. — Wm. Bartram (in his Travels through North and Sotdh Carolina,
Georgia, and Florida, 1791,) makes frequent mention of extensive groves of wild
Orangje trees in East Florida, as far north as lat 28'^. In a notice of the town of
New Smyrna he observes: " I was there about 10 years ago, wiien the surveyor run
the lines of the colony, where there was neither habitation nor cleared field. It was
then a famous Orange grove, the upper or south promontory of a ridge nearly half a
mile wide, and stretching north about 40 miles, &c. &c. All this was one entire
Orange grove, with Live-Oaks, Magnolias, Palms, Red Bays, and others." Bartr.
I. c. note on p. 244. See also p. 253, &c. These groves seem to be well-known in
Florida at the present day, and are generally supposed to be indigenous. According
to the late Mr. Croom " they are rarely found north of lat. 29^ 30', although there
is a small grove near the Alligator Pond, which is somewhat nnrth of lat. oO°,"
Croom, mss. The fruit is known by the name of Bitter-sweet Orange.
Order XXXVII. TERNSTRCEMIACE^. Mirh. ; Kunth.
Ternstroemiacece & Theacese, Mirb.
Sepals 3-5, concave, coriaceous, persistent, the innermost often
larjj;est : aestivation imbricated. Petals mostly 5, hypogynous, alter-
nate with the sepals, often united at the base. Stamens indefinite,
inserted with the petals : filaments filiform, usually monadelphous or
polyadelphous at the base, often adherent to the base of the petals :
anthers adnate or versatile. Ovary 2-7-celled, usually sessile on a
discoid torus : ovules 2 or more in each cell : placentae in the axis :
styles 2-7, distinct or combined. Fruit 2-7-celied, capsular, baccate,
or coriaceous and indehiscent. Seeds usually few and large, anatropous
or campulitropous, v/ith or without albumen. Embryo straight or
curved : cotyledons often large and containing oil. — Trees or shrubs.
Leaves alternate, mostly coriaceous, e.xstipulate, now and then with
pellucid dots. Peduncles axillary and terminal. Flowers large and
showy.
Tribe GORDONIE.^. DC.
Capsule loculicidal. Seeds destitute of albumen, winged or mar-
gined : cotyledons foliaceous, wrinkled and plaited lengthwise Small
Stuartia. TERNSTRCEMIACE^. 223
trees or shrubs, natives of the Southern Atlantic states. Leaves ser-
rate or nearly entire. Flowers large, axillary (or terminal), solitary.
1. GORDONIA. Ellis, inphil. trans. (GO. ^. 11) ; Car. diss. 6. t. 161.
Sepals 5, roundish, coriaceous, strongly imbricated. Petals 5, somewhat
united at the base. Styles united into one, columnar. Capsule woody, ovoid
or globose, 5-valved. Seeds 2 in each cell, with a short terminal or lateral
wing. — Trees. Flowers white.
§ 1. Tube of the filaments short, d-lobed, adnate to the base of the pe-
tals : stijle as long as the stamens : capside ovoid. Leaves coriaceous,
perennial : fiowers on slender peduncles. — Lasianthus, DC.
1. G. Lasianthus (Linn.) : leaves lanceolate-oblong, narrowed at the base,
coriaceous, smooth and shining on both sides, finely and sharply serrate ; pe-
duncles somewhat shorter than the leaves ; sepals densely silky, ciliate ;
capsule conical, acuminate. — Linn. want. 1. p. 570; Cav. I. c. ; Bat. mag.t.
668 ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 42 ; Pursh ! ft. 2. p. 451 ; Mich.r.f syti\ 1. p. 295, t.
58; Ell. sk. 2. p. 171; DC. prodr. 1. p. 528; Audubon, birds of Amer.
t. 168. Hypericum Lasianthus, Linn. hort. Cliff, p. 380. Alcea Flori-
dana, &c., Catesb. Car. 1. t. 44.
In shallow swamps, near the coast, Virginia to Florida! May-Aug. —
Tree 50-80 feet high (wood light, mahogany-color). Leaves subsessile.
Peduncles 3-4-bracteolate under the flower. Petals somewhat hairy outside.
Capsule rarely 6-celled, Q-vaWed.— Loblolly Bay.— A second species, appa-
rently of this section, is G. Wallichii, DC. (G. Chilaunea, Don), a native of
Nepal.
§ 2. Filaments distinct, adnate to the base of the petcds : style shorter
than the stamens : capsule globose. Leaves deciduous : fiowers subses-
sile. — Franklinia, Bartram.
2. G. pubescens (L' Her.): leaves oblong-cuneiform, finely and sharply
serrate, shining above, canescent beneath, rather thin and membranaceous ;
sepals and petals silky-pubescent beneath.— L'J^er. stirp. p. 156; Vent.
Malm. t. 1 ; Cav. diss. 6. t. 162 ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 841 ; Michx. ! fi. 2. p. 42;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 451 ; Mich.r.f. sylv. 1. t. 59 ; Ell. .<;k. 2. p. 171 ; DC. prodr.
1. p. 528 ; Audubon, birds of Amer. t. 185. G. Franklinii, L'Her. I. c. p.
156 ; Willd. I. c. Franklinia Americana & Altaraaha, Marsh, arbust. p.
48. Lacathea florida, Salisb. parad. Lond. t. 56.
Near Fort Barrington, on the Altamaha, Georgia, Bartram.! Florida,
{herb. Srhweiniz ! ). May-Aug.— Tree 30-50 feet high, with widely
spreading branches. Leaves nearly sessile, veiny. Flowers about 3 inches
in diameter. Filaments yellow.
2. STUARTIA. Catesb. Car. t. 13 ; Linn; UHer. stirp. t. 73 ^ 74.
Stewartia & Malachodendron, Cav.; DC.
Sepals 5, more or less united at the base, 1-2-bracteolate. Petals 5,
united at the base ; the margins crenulate. Tube of the stamens adnate
to the base of the petals. Styles 5, filiform, distinct, or united into one.
Capsule somewhat woody, 5-celled, 5-valved. Seeds 2 in each cell, slightly
margined.— Shrubs with ovate membranaceous deciduous leaves, and large
(white or cream-colored) subsessile flowers.
224 MALVACEAE. Malope.
1. S. Malachodendron (Linn.): leaves oval, mostly acuminate at each
end, mucronately serrulate, clothed with a soft pubescence beneath; sepals
obtuse, united below ; styles united ; capsule globose. — Linn. sp. p. 982, &
in act Upsal. (1741) t. 2; UHer. stirp. t. 73; Gronov. Virg. p. 101;
Walt. Car. p. 17G; Lam. ill t. 593. S. Virginica, Cav. diss. 5. t. 159;
Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 43; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 451; Ell. sk. 2. p. 172; DC. prodr.
l.p. 52S. S. Marilandica, Andrews, hot. rep. t. 73.
Virginia! to Florida! (in swamps, Pursh: in dry rich soils, Elliott) {rom
the coast to near the mountains ; Red River, Louisiana, Dr. Hale ! April-
June. — Shrub 6-12 feet high ; branches geniculate, pubescent when young.
Leaves on short petioles. Flowers occasionally in pairs. Sepals roundish,
with 2 small bracteoles at the base, silky beneath. Petals a little hairy be-
neath, white. Filaments short, purple: anthers blue. Stigmas 5-lobed.
Capsule hairy.
2. S. pentagyna (L'Her.) : leaves oval or ovate, acuminate, entire or mu-
cronately serrulate, somewhat pubescent beneath ; sepals lanceolate ; styles
distinct ; capsule 5-angled.— Zy'//e?'. stirp. t. 74 ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 840 ; SWdth,
exot. hot. t. 101 ; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 452; Ell. sk. 2. p. 173. Malachodendron
ovatum, Cav. diss. 5. t.i58; Michx. I. c. ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 528 ; Bot. reg.
t. 1104.
N. Carolina ! to Georgia ! in the mountains. May — July. — Shrub closely
resembling the preceding, but with rather larger, cream-colored, and more
deeply crenulate petals. Sepals and capsule hairy; the latter with 5 salient
angles, woody. Seeds 2 in each cell, oval or nearly orbicular, plano-convex ;
testa crustaceous, dilated into a slight somewhat membranaceous margin.
Order XXXVIII. MALVACEAE. Juss. (in part) ; DC.
Sepals 5 (rarely 3 or 4), more or less united at the ba.se, often hav-
ing an external calyx or involucel : sestivation valvate. Petals hypo-
gynous, equal in number to the sepals, with a twisted aestivation.
Stamens hypogynous, usually indefinite, or rarely as few as the pe-
tals, monadelphous : anthers 1-celled, reniform, bursting transversely :
pollen hispid. Ovary formed by the union of several carpels round a
common axis, either distinct or cohering : styles as many as the car-
pels, united or distinct : stigmas as many or twice as many as the car-
pels. Fruit capsular, or rarely baccate: carpels 1- or many-seeded,
sometimes closely united, sometimes separate or separable ; the dehis-
cence loculicidal or septicidal. Seeds campulitropous or heterotropous,
with little or no albumen. Embryo curved : cotyledons foliaceous,
twisted and doubled up. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, stipu-
late, mostly palmately veined : pubescence mostly stellate.
1. MALOPE. Linn.; Lam. ill. t. 583; DC. prodr. l.p. 429.
Calyx surrounded by an mvolucel of 3 cordate leaves. Carpels numerous,
distinct, 1-seeded, aggregated without order. — Herbs with purplish or white
flowers.
1. M. Malacoides (Linn.) : leaves ovate, crcnatc ; stipules oblong-linear ;
Malva. MALVACEAE. ' 225
pcdunclps axillary. t-floAVorod. DC— Null. ^oi. 2. p. 82; Ell. sk. 2. p. Ifi4.
Malva Aint-ricaDa, Mnhl. cat. p. 65, fide Elllolt.
PinmsyWrnua, Muhlenberg ; Virginia? Elliotl. — (J) Stem 12-18 indies
high, sparingly branched, clothed with while hairs toward the summit.
Leaves ovale, toothed, very obtuse at the base, nearly glabrous above, hairy
on the veins beneath : petioles an inch long. Flowers axillary, solitary : pe-
duncles 2-3 lines long. Bracteoles setaceous. Petals twice as long as the
calyx, yellow. Carpels hispid, collected into a depressed globular head,
EUioll. — .\ultall, who saw the plant here described in Elliott's herbarium,
considered it the Malope Matacoides. According to EUiott it is the Malva
Americana of Muhlenberg, but not of Willdcnow. We have not the means
of determining the genus of this plant, but believe it to be a species of Malva.
2. MALVA. Linn, j Lam. ill. t. 5S2; W. ^ Am. prodr. Ind. Or. 1. p. 4j.
Malva & CalUrhoe, Null. (Nuttallia, Dick tf- Bart.)
Calyx 5-clcft, with an inVolucel of usually 3, sometimes 1-2 or 5-6 oblong
or setaceous bracteoles, or very rarely naked. Carpels several (rarely only
5), dry, indchiscent, circularly arranged round the axis. Radicle inferior.
* Flowers purple or v:kite.
t Leaves undivided.
^1. M. rntundifolia (Linn): stem prostrate; leaves cordate-orbicular, ob-
tusely 5-lobed ; petioles pubescent ; pedicels axillary, 1-flowered, declined in
fruit, elongated ; segments of the calyx acutely triangular ; involucre 3-leaved;
carpels numerous, wrinkled. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 432; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 454;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 163.
Road-sides and waste grounds. Introduced from Europe, Mav-Sept. —
li Stem spreading, a foot long. Leaves crenate, on elongated petioles.
Flowers half an inch in diameter. Bracteoks oblong-linear. Petals pale
purple.
2. iM. obtn.fa : stem prostrate: leaves cordate-orbicular, obtusely 5-lobed ;
petioles elongated, pubescent ; peduncles axillary, several together, much
shorter than the petioles, declined in fruit?; segments of the calyx short;
obtusely triangular; involucre 3-leaved, the bracteoles setaceous ; carpels nu-
merous, strongly Avrinkled.
California, Douglas ! — Much resembling the preceding species ; but the
stem is stouter, the pedicels much shorter, and the segments of the calyx
(when in fruit) also shorter and broader.
3. M. Hnus-hlonii : stellately hairy; stem herbaceous, erect?; leaves
crenate, deltoid-ovate, the radical ones cordate at the base ; flowers in a
loose terminal panicle ; bracteoles 3, linear-spatulate ; carpels numerous, not
wrinkled.
Dry prairies, North-West Territory, Dr. Houghton ! Pekin, Illinois, Mr.
Buckley ! July-Aug. — Stem 2-3 feet long. Leaves on long petioles, those
of the stem truncate at the base, coarsely crenate, 2-3 inches long. Panicle
many-flowered : pedicels several together. Flowers purple, an inch and a
half in diameter. Styles 10-12 i stigmas simple. Involucre as long as the
calyx.
++ Leaves divided.
4. M.fascicnlala (Nutt. mss) : stellately and someAvhat canescentlv pubes-
cent; stem nearly simple; leaves roundish-cordate, somewhat 3-lobed, ou
29
226 MALVACE^. Malva.
short petioles; rather thick, crenate; flowers in somewhat distant leafless
fascicles, on the upper part of the stem ; pedicels very short ; segments of
the calyx short, acuminate ; hracteoles 3, subulate ; carpels about 10.
St. Barbara, Upper California, A'M«a// .'—Stem about a foot long. Low-
er leaves 1-li inch wide, obscurely 3-lobed ; upper ones distinctly 3-lobed_:
petiole 2-3 Unes long. Flowers J of an inch in diameter, 6-10 in a fasci-
cle. Bracteoles more than half as long as the calyx. Stamens very nume-
rous. Carpels not seen.
5. M. involucrata: hirsute; stem branching, procumbent; leaves deeply
3-5-parted; segments hnear-lanceolate, laciniately 3-5-toothed ; flowers few,
in a loose panicle ; peduncles erect, 1-flowered, longer than the leaves ; brac-
teoles 3, linear-lanceolate, two-thirds the length of the deeply-parted calyx ;
carpels numerous, hairy, not wrinkled.— Nuttallia involucrata, Nutt. ! exTorr.
in ami. lye. New- York., 2. p. 172.
p. lineariloba: segments of the leaves divided into 3-5 narrowly linear
lobes.
Valley of the Loup Fork of the Platte, Dr. James! p. Texas, Drum-
w,05i(i: /—Stem clothed with spreading hairs. Leaves divided nearly to the
base, stellately hirsute on both surfaces. Flowers axillary in the uppermost
leaves; about 1^ inch in diameter, scarlet: peduncle 1^-2 inches (in 0. 3-4
inches) long. Sepals very hirsute, lanceolate, united only a little above the
base. Ovaries 15-20. Stigmas simple. Carpels (immature) lunate, point-
less.
6. M. Mimroana (Dougl.) : loAver leaves cordate-orbicular, toothed, upper
ones somewhat trifid and incised, pubescent; flov/ers fascicled, somewhat
spiked ; peduncles decUned in fruit ; bracteoles 2-3, slender, deciduous ; car-
pels 8-10.— Lindl. in hot. reg. t. 1306 ; Hook. f. Bnr.-Am. 1. f. 106. Nut-
tallia Munroana, Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philacl. 7. p. 16.
Open vallies about the sources of the Oregon, Mr. Wyeth! Sandy deserts,
from the Great Falls of the Oregon to the Rocky Mountains, Douglas.
June — 1( Stems about a span long, divided into several slender flowering
branches. Leaves on slender petioles, sparingly hirsute with stellate hairs.
Peduncles slender. Flowers clustered, 3-5 together, on short pedicels. Calyx
densely hairy ; the segments short and obtuse, CoroUa scarlet, about an inch
in diameter.
7. M. rivuloris (Dougl.) : stem herbaceous, stellately pubescent ; leaves
somewhat scabrous, cordate, deeply 5-7-cleft ; lobes acute, coarsely serrate ;
peduncles terminal and axillary, elongated, 6-8-flowered, racem'ed, leafy;
calyx stellately tomentose ; bracteoles setaceous ; fruit very hairy. Hook. fl.
Bor.-Am. l.p.\^l.
River banks, N. W. America, from the Ocean to the Rocky Mountams :
common. Douglas.— U Stem 2-4 feet high, branched, robust. Leaves
large, smoothish above, scabrous with scattered hairs beneath. Peduncles
stellately tomentose : pedicels short, erect. Flowers as large as in Malva
rotundifolia, white or flesh-color. Hook.
8. M. Papaver (Cav.) : somewhat scabrous-hirsute ; radical leaves on
elongated petioles, cordate, more or less deeply 3-5-lobed ; cauline ones deep-
ly 3-5 parted ; the segments oblong-lanceolate or linear, laciniately toothed
or entire ; flowers few, on long axillary peduncles, or forming a loose panicle ;
calyx with 3 bracteoles (rarely naked), hispid.— CVrr. diss. 2. t. 15./. 3; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 431. M. triangulata, Leavemcorth, in Sill. jour. 7. p. 62 ? M.
nuttallioides, Croo^n ! in Sill. jour. 26. p. 313. Nuttallia cordifolia, Nutt. !
in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 98. N. Papaver, Graham, in hot. mag. t. 3287,
^ in Edinb. new pUiL jour. no. 31 (Jan. 1S34) ; Don, in Brit. fi. gard.
t. 279.
Malva. MALVACEii:. 227
Prairies and alon? rivers; Georgia, Dr. Boykin! Middle Florida,
Croom! Dr. Chapman! Louisiana, />r. //fz/e .' Alabama &, Arkansas,
Dr. Learenworth ! May-Sept. — y Root tuberous, tapprini^, descending.
Stems numerous from one root, somewhat decumbent at tlie base, branching
above. Radical leaves often very ol)tusely lobed : cauline ones parted nearly
to the base ; the segments sometimes entire, usually with several coarse
teeth, the middle one often pinnatifiilly lobed. Peduncles solitary, or more com-
monly two or more together from the axils of the upper leaves, 3-8 inches long.
Flowers as large as in Papaver Rha?as. Bracteoles spatulate-lanceolate. Ca-
lyx divided below the middle; segments ovate-lanceolate. Petals bright pur-
plish-red, truncate and eroselv crenate at the extremity. Carpels 15-20, dis-
posed in a depressed circle, glabrous, reticulated andlacunoseon the back and
sides. — The plant of Cavanilles was from Louisiana, for which subsequent au-
thors in copying his description have written '"Lusitania." The mistake
was first detected by Dr. Graham.
9. M. digitata: glaucous and nearly glabrous ; leaves deeply 6-7-parted ;
segments linear, entire or 2- (rarely 3-) cleft, the uppermost entire; flowers
few, solitary or somewhat paniculate, on elongated peduncles; calyx naked,
glabrous.— Nuttallia digitata, Hook.! exot.Ji. 3.^.171. Callirrhoe digitata,
Nutt. ! in Jour. acad. PhUad. 2. p. 181.
Prairies of Arkansas, Mf/^a// .' Dr. Pitcher ! Texas, Drummond.— U
Root tuberous, somewhat fusiform. Stem 2-4 feet high, terete, slender, with
a few branches toward the summit. Flowers li-2 inches in diameter, pur-
ple. Segiuents of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Petals crenulate
at the summit. Carpels as in the preceding.
10. M.pedata: somewhat scabrous wnth stellate hairs; leaves pedately
5-7-parted ; segments laciniately toothed ; flowers on elongated peduncles in
a loose panicle; calyx nak-d, slightly hirsute.— Nuttallia pedata, A^'m^. .' in
Hook. e.rot. fl. 3. t. i73. N. digitata, Bart. ! fl. Am. Sept. 2. t. 62.
/?. ? umbellata: stems simple, 1-2-leavcd, radical leaves pedate ; the mid-
dle segment much the largest, lacinir.tely lobed ; flowers somewhat umbelled ;
calyx hirsute. — Sida macrorhiza, James ! mss.
With the preceding, Nattall! fi. Valley of the Platte, Dr. James!— U
Stems 2-1 feet high; in 0. about a foot high, springing from a large soft
edible root, in shape and size between a small turnip and a parsnip. Lower
leaves with 5 primary divisions: the middle, and sometimes the two lateral,
segments 3-lobed ; lobes entire or toothed, linear or linear-lanceolate.
Flowers resembling those of the preceding species, (pale purple in/?. James.)
— Perhaps the last two species are not distinct. The M. pedala figured by
Hooker apoi-ars to bs exactly M. digitata of Barton. The peduncles in i3.
are 1-2 inches long, and so nearly equal that the flowers appear umbellate.
♦ * Flowers yellow.
11. M. hederacea (Douql.): perennial, every part of the plant stellately
tomentose and hairy ; stem short, herbaceous, procumbent ; leaves petioled,
cordate, undivided and somewhat lobed, crenately serrate, somewhat plicate;
peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, longer than the petiole ; petals stellately pubes-
cent on the back and margin. Dongl. in Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 107.
Sides of streams in the interior of Oregon. June-July. Douglas. —
Plant small. Stim branching toward the base, flexuous. Leaves about an
inch wide, somewhat plicate. Segments of the calyx acute, Avith 3 setaceous
deciduous bracteoles. Petals obovate-cuneate or obcordate. Hook.
12. M. plicata (Nutt. mss.) : perennial ; stellately and somewhat canes-
cently tomentose, rather thick ; stem prostrate, flexuous ; leaves reniform-
cordate, undivided, crenately serrate, somewhat plicate ; flowers nearly ses-
sile, solitary ; petals stellately pubescent on the back.
228 MALVACE.^. Modiola.
On the Wallawallah, Oregon, Nuttall ! — Stem scarcely a span long,
branching. Leaves rather shorter than the petioles, about an inch in diame-
ter. Flowers 3-4 lines in diameter. Bracteoles usually 2, setaceous, deci-
duous. Petals roundish-obovate, pubescent externally on one side of the
midiierve, glabrous Avhere it is overlapped by the adjoining petal. Fruit not
seen. — It appears to agree in almost every respect with the preceding (which
we have not seen), except that the flowers are nearly sessile. We cannot de-
termine the color of" the flower from our specimen.
M. xaiiViLim ofRafiiiesque is a varietyof M. Alcea^aad is probably an introduc-
ed plant.
M triloha of Muhlenberg, {cat, p. G5 ; Nutt, gen. 2. p. 81.) — Of tliis species we
can find no description.
M. abutlloldes, Linn, is said by Pursh to occur on the sea-coast of Carolina ; but
this is very doubtful.
3. SPH^RALCEA. .4. St. Ilil. fl. Bras. 1. p. 207.
Malva § Sphieroma, DC.
Calyx 5-cleft, with 3 setaceous bracteoles at the base. Carpels numerous,
aggregated in a subglobose head, 2-valved, 2- or several-seeded. Radicle in
the upper seed superior, in the lower one inferior. — Herbaceous plants.
Leaves entire or lobed. Peduncles short, many-flowered.
1. S. stellata : densely clothed with a grayish stellate pubescence ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, acute, petioled, erosely serrate, rugose ; peduncles axiEary,
3-5-flowered ; flowers aggregated ; carpels 12-14, bimucronate, 2- (rarely 3-)
seeded. — jSida stellata, Toit. ! in ami. lye. New -York, 2. p. 171.
Margins of small brooks, near the sources of the Arkansas, Dr. James !
— Stem 1-2 feet high, brairched. Leaves 2-3 inches long, 4-5 lines wide :
petioles about 4 lines long. Flowers very numerous ; the common peduncle
2-3 lines long : pedicels extremely short. Bracteoles very slender. Calyx
cleft below the middle; segments ovate-lanceolate, acute. Corolla purple
(in dried specimens), about half an inch in diameter. Carpels -with 2 short
slightly recurved points. Seed reniform, glabrous.
2. .S. «cer//b/ia (Nutt.): minutely roughish-tomentose -with a stellate pu-
bescence; leaves 5-lobed, somewhat cordate ; the lobes acute, toothed, un-
equally serrate; peduncles aggregated, terminal; carpels 12-14, pointless. —
Malva (Sphseroma) aeerifoha, Nutt.! mss.
Rivulets east of Wallawallah, Nuttall .'—Stem, much branched. Leaves
2-2 i inches long, and about the same in width : petioles about J the length
of the lamina. Flowers 3-4 together at the summit of the branches. Brac-
teoles linear-lanceolate. Calyx cleft to the middle ; segments broadly ovate,
acute. Corolla an inch in diameter ; purple (in dried specimens). Carpels
pilose, dehiscing on the back from the summit to the base. — The seeds had
mostly fallen out in our specimen, but there appeared to have been 2 or 3 in
each carpel, scabrous with short hairs.
4. MODIOLA. Moinch, meth. 620; .4. St. Hil. fl. Bras. 1. p. 211.
Calyx 5-cleft, with 3 bracteoles at the base. Carpels numerous, arranged
circularly, 2-valved, spuriously 2-celled transversely by the inflexion of a
valve-like process, 2-seeded. Radicle in the upper seed superior, in the low-
Malvaviscus. MALVACE^. 229
er seed inferior. — Prostrate and usually creeping herbs. Leaves divided.
Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered.
1. M. multijida (Moench): leaves palinately o-5-lohed ; sej^raents incised
and toothed; pedicels longer than the petioles; stamens 15-lH ; carpels 15-
20, hispid, with 2 subulate horns. — Momch, I. c. Malva Caroliniana, fjiini.;
mild. sp. 3. p. 784; Walt. Car. p. 176 ; Mic/ui: J jl. 2. p. 44 ; Ell. .sk. 2.
p. H53; DC. prodr. 1. p. 435.
In rich soils, along rivers, and in waste places ; Virginia ! to Florida ! west
to Red River, Louisiana! July-Sept.— (J)? Ell. Stem difluse, more or
less hirsute, usually rooting at the lower joints. Leaves 1-2 inches in diame-
ter, truncate or subcordate at the base, hirsute beneath, Avith a few scattered
hairs above. Flowers 5-6 lines in diameter. Bracteoles linear-lanceolate.
Segments of the calyx ovate-lanceolate. Petals obovate, purplish-red, a little
longer than the calyx. Carpels lunate, much compressed, hispid on the
back, wrinkled on the sides toward the base. A rigid process rising from
the back on the inside of the carpel extends to the axis, separating the upper
from the lower seed. — Very near M. repens, St. Ilil. Jl. Bra.s. 1. p. 212. t.
43, & Malva (Modiola) prostrata, Cav.; both of which are perhaps but vari-
eties of this species.
5. ALTH^A. Cav. diss. 2. p. 91 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 437.
Althffia & Alcea, Linn.
Calyx surrounded by a 6-9-cleft involucel. Carpels numerous, indehis-
cent, 1-seeded, arranged in a circle round the axis.
1. A. officinalis (Linn.) : leaves softly tomentose on both sides, cordate
or ovate, toothed, entire or 3-lobed ; peduncles many-flowered, much shorter
than the leaves. — Euir. hot. t. 147 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 259; DC. prodr. 1.
p. 436.
Borders of salt marshes. Long Island and elsewhere: introduced. Aug.-
Sept. — U Root long, white. Stem about 2 feet high. Leaves usuaOy some-
what 3-lobed. Peduncles 3-4-flowered. Flowers an inch or more in diame-
ter, pale rose-color. — Common Marsh-mallow.
6. MALVAVISCUS. Dill.; DC. prodr. 1. p. 445.
Achania, Stvartz.
Calyx surrounded by an involucel of numerous bracteoles. Petals erect,
convolute. Styles 10, united below : stigmas capitellate, the alternate ones
lonser. Carpels 5, baccate, 1-seeded, somewhat distinct, or united into a 5-
celled fruit. — Frutescent (rarely herbaceous?) plants. Flowers red.
1. .1/. Floridanus TNutt) : hirsute ; leaves cordate-ovate, crenately serrate,
rather acute, on petioles one-fourth their length; peduncles axillary in the
uppermost leaves, 1-flowered, nodding ; involucel 8-9-leaved, somewhat pa-
tulous, rather shorter than the calyx. — Niitt. ! in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p.
S9. M. penduliflorus, DC. prodr. 1. p. 445?
Key West, E. Florida, Mr. Ware; Mr. Bennett I — A small shrub.
Leaves 1-li inch long, hispid with somewhat stellate hairs. Peduncles long-
er than the petioles. Leaflets of the involucel narrowly linear. Calyx deep-
ly 5-cleft ; segments ovate-lanceolate. Corolla about an inch long, scarlet,
Stamineal column exserted. — Near M. arboreus.
230 MALVACEAE. Abutilon.
2. M. Drummondii : stem and lower surface of the leaves minutely to-
mento?e; leaves broadly cordate, somewhat 3-lobed, coarsely and crenately
toothed; petiole about half as ]on<^as the lamina; flowers solitary on axillary
peduncles, or several together on short flowering branches ; involucel 8-leaved,
the folioles spatulatc, nearly as longas the calyx^ erect; column twice as long
as the corolla ; car))els connate.
Texas, Drnmmond! — If 7 Stem tall, branching. Leaves 2-2i inches
long and of nearly the same breadth, somewhat velvety beneath. Flowers
as large as in M. arboreus, scarlet. Column very slender, a little declined:
stigmas hairy. Fruit (immature) red, subglobose, obtuse ; composed of 5
closely united carpels.
7. GOSSYPIUM. Linn. ; Lam. ill. t. 586 ; DC. prodr. I. p. 456; W. f
Am. prodr. lad. Or. 1. p. 54.
Calyx cup-shaped, obtusely 5-toothed, surrounded by a 3-leaved involucel;
the leaflets united and cordate at the base, deeply toothed and incised. Styles
united ; stigmas 3, sometimes 5. Capsule 3-5-celled, loculicidal. Seeds nu-
merous, imbedded in cotton. — Young branches and leaves more or less con-
spicuously covered with black dots ; the nerves beneath usually with one or
more glands. — Cotton-plant.
1. G. herbaceum (Linn.): leaves 3-5-lobed, with a single gland below;
lobes mucronate ; cotton Avhite. — DC. prodr. 1. p. 456.
Southern Stites & Florida! naturalized in some places. — Thirteen spe-
cies of Cotton are described by De CandoUe, and many more are enumerated
by some writers. Dr. Hamilton (Linn, trans. 13. p. 492), who is followed
by Wight & Arnott, reduces twelve of De Candolle's species to two, viz :
G. albuiTi (//am.): seeds and cotton both white ; and G. nigrum {Ham.)'.
seeds black, cotton white. G. Barbadense, which is said to be the " Sea Is-
land Cotton," is referred to the latter.
8. ABUTILON. Dill. ; Lam. ill. t. 578 ; Kunth, syn. 3. p. 245.
Species of Sida, Linn. ; DC. d^-c.
Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel. Ovary 5-many-celled, with 3 (or rare-
ly more) ovules in each cell. Capsule composed of 5 or. more 2-valved 3-
(rarely 4-6-) seeded carpels. Leaves cordate, rarely somewhat lobed.
Peduncles axillary, solitary or rarely in pairs, 1-2- or many-flowered; some-
times (by the abortion of the upper leaves) in terminal racemes.
1. A. AvicenncB (Gsertn.) : leaves orbicular-cordate, velvety-tomentose, acu-
minate, crenately toothed; peduncles shorter than the petiole; carpels about
15, 3-seeded, inflated, truncate, obliquely birostrate, hairy. — Gcertn. fr. 2. p.
251. t. 135. Sida Abutilon, Linn.j Pursh,Jl. 2. p. 253 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 162 ;
DC. prodr. 1. p. 470; Darlingt. f. Cest. p. 397.
Waste places and road-sides: introduced. July-Sept. — (T) Stem 2-5 feet
high, with spreading branches. Leaves deeply cordate, 4-6 inches in diame-
ter, with a slender abrupt acumination. Flowers usually solitary on axillary
peduncles, sometimes 3 or more on short flowering branches w/hich bear 1
or 2 small leaves. Corolla orange-yellow. Capsules large, the long beaks of
the carpels spreading in a radiated manner.
SiDA. MALVACEiT:. 231
2. A. Niiltallii : leaves cordate, acuminate, softly pubosrent, irrej^ularly
serrate; peduncles axillary, l-flowered, shorter than the petiole; carpels 8,
pubescent, obtuse and pointless, 3-seeded.
On the Red River, Nuttall ! Rocky hills in the prairies near Fort Tow-
son, Arkansas, Dr. Leavenirorlh !—U Stem 14-2 feel hiifh, somewhat
branched. Leaves about 2 inches long ; and li inch wide ; petiole shorter
than the lamina. Capsule subfjlobosc much longer than the calyx: carpels
dehiscing from the summit to the base, partly separating when mature, ob-
liquely truncate.
3. A. Te.r^7isis: leaves cordate-ovate, acute, softly pubescent, serrate; pe-
duncles somewhat racemose at the upper part of the branches, l-flowered ;
carpels S, pubescent, acute, erect, 3-seeded.
Texas, JJrtmimond! — U ? About 2 feet high, paniculately branched
above, minutely tomentose. Leaves about an inch long; the petiole half as
long as the lamina. Peduncles several on each branch, arising from the ax-
ils of small abortive leaves, forming a loose raceme. Capsule ovate ; the
carpels cohering, except at the summit.
9. SIDA. Linn, j Lam. ill. t. 578 ^ 579 ; Cav. diss. p. 5.
Sida & Napsea, Linn. Bastardia, Kunth.
Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel, or rarely with 1 or 2 setaceous bracte-
oles. Ovary 5- or many-celled, Avith a single ovule in each cell. Capsule
consisting of 5 or more 1-seeded, usually 2-valved carpels. Radicle (by the
resupination of the seed) superior.
* Pedicels short ; leaves ovate, oblong, or linear.
1. S. spinosa (hmn.): stem minutely pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
serrate-dentate, with a subspinose tubercle at the base of the petiole ; sti-
pules setaceous; pedicels axillary, solitary or several together, mostly shorter
than the petioles ; carpels 5, birostrate.— Mf^ j:. .' f. 2. p. 43 ; Pttrsh, f. 2.
p. 452 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 161 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 460 ; Darlingt. ! fl. Cest. p. 397.
Sandy fields and road-sides, New-Jersey ! to Florida ! and Avest to Arkan-
sas! Jiily-Aug.— (p Stem 12-18 inches high, branching from near the
base. Leaves 1-li inch long, obtuse or cordate at the base : petiole 6-8 lines
long. Peduncles nearly solitary, but often appearing clustered from the short
axillary flowering branches. Calyx hemispherical. 5-angled ; segments broad-
ly ovate, acuminate. Petals obovate, yellow. Carpels easily separating
when ripe, strongly reticulated on the sides. Seeds dark purplish-brown,
glabrous.
2. S. fasciculata: stems somewhat hairy ; leaves linear, denticulate-ser-
rate above, cordate at the base, those at the summit of the stem crowded ;
flowers sessile, terminal ; carpels 5-7, scarcely rostrate, strongly reticulated
and muricate.
Texas, Drummond! — 2^ ? Stems about a span high, branching from the
base. Leaves f of an inch long and a line wide, mostly with a few serratures
towards the apex, nearly glabrous above, strllately hirsute beneath : petiole
about \ the length of the lamina. Calyx hemispherical; segments ovate,
acute. Corolla not seen. Carpels short and broad, strongly roughened with
projecting points. — This species greatly resembles a Sida figured in St. Hi-
laire's Fl. Bras.
2. S. Elliottii: stem slender, nearly glabrous; leaves linear or linear-ob-
long, denticulate-serrate, rather obtuse but not cordate at the base, nearly gla-
232 MALVACE.^. Sida.
brous; petiole one-fifth the length of the lamina; stipules setaceous; pedun-
cles axillary, 1-flowered, usually longer than the petiole; sometimes several
at the summit of the branches; carpels 9-10, smoothish, slightly bimucro-
nate. — S. gracilis, Ell. sk. 2. p. 159, not of Fichard.
Sandy soils ; South Carolina, Eiiioit ; Georgia, Dr. Boyhin ! Florida,
Crooni ! Dr. Chapman ! May-Aug. — U Stem 2-4 feet high, with spread-
ing branches. Leaves l-2i inches long, variable in breadth, often quite hn-
ear and 1-2 lines wide, sometimes 3-4 lines in breadth, serrate the whole
length, with a few scattering hairs on both surfaces. Flowers an inch or
more in diameter. Segments of the calyx broad, acuminate. Petals emar-
ginate, orange-yellow. Styles united above the middle ; stigmas capitellate.
Carpels united in a depressed spherical head. — Much resembles S. angusli-
folia, but that species has 5 bicusj)idate carpels.
4. S. glabra (Nutt.) : glabrous ; leaves linear-oblong and lanceolate, in-
cisely and unequally serrate, on short petioles ; flowers axillar\', aggregated ;
carpels about 10, bidentate. Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. ".p. 90.
li. '? stem sutfruticose, minutely pubescent ; leaves rhombic-oblong ; pedi-
cels shorter than the petioles.
y.1 Stem herbaceous, tall; leaves rhombic-oblong; pedicels longer than
the petioles.
East Florida, Mr. T. R. Peale. P. Key West, Rev. A. Bennett !
y. Tampa Bay, Florida, Dr. Burrows!— 'Stem scarcely more than a span
high. Leaves about an inch long. Stipules setaceous. Flowers small and
yellow, at length so aggregated as to crowd the branches. Calyx very wide,
angularly plaited; segments acuminate. Nutt. — 0. Stem branching from
the base, 8-12 inches long. Leaves about li inch long and | of an inch
wide. — y. Stem 2 feet or more in height. Leaves 2-4 inches long, and 1-1 i
inch wide : petiole about 3 lines long, with a tumid articulation near the
lamina. Peduncles 2-3 times as long as the petiole. FloAvers yellow, nearly
an inch in diameter : petals broadly cuneate, emarginate. Stigmas capitel-
late. Carpels 10, bimucronate.
5. S. hispida (Pursh) : hispid ; leaves lanceolate, serrate; peduncles soli-
tary, axillary, as long as the petioles; exterior calyx ifiliform. Pnrsli.jl. 2. p.
452 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 160.
Sandy soils, Georgia, Lijon (ex Pursh) ; South Carolina, Elliott. July-
Aug. — I1 1 Stem 12-lR inches high, branching, stellately tomentose rather
than hispid. Leaves somewhat rhomboidal, a little hairy on both surfaces:
petioles 1-2 lines long. Stipules subulate, hairy, longer than the peduncles
or petioles. Flowers on small axillary branches, so crowded and so nearly
sessile that they appear fascicled. Calyx angular, hairy. Petals yelloAv, a
little longer than the calyx. Fruit not seen. — There is no exterior calyx,
but the stipules are very often found adhering to the calyx, as if connected
with it. Elliott. — We have not seen this species.
* * Peduncles elongated : leaves ovate, oblong or linear.
6. S.filicaidis: stems very slender, hispid ; leaves ovate-oblong, cordate
at the base, serrate ; petiole as long as the lamina; flowers axillary, solitary ;
carpels 5, 2-beaked.
Texas, Drum.m.ond!—^1 Stem 2 feet long, clothed with spreading
hairs. Leaves 5-7 lines long, 1^-2^ lines wide, rather obtuse. Stipules
minute, setaceous. Peduncles nearly an inch long, very slender, articulated
near the flower. Calyx hemispherical; segments broad, acuminate. Car-
pels pubescent, with 2 short rather erect horns.
7. S. rhomhifolia (Linn.): minutely pubescent; leaves rhombic-oblong,
toothed-serrate, cuneate and entire at the basp; petioles short, with a slightly
spinose tubercle at the base ; peduncles much longer than the petioles ; sti-
SiDA. MALVACE^. 233
pules setaceous; carpels 10-12, with 2 subuluic liorns. — Michx. ! jl.2. p.
43 ; Pitrsfi, fl. 2. p. 452; Kll. sk. 2. p. 1(51 ; JJC. prodr. 1. p. 4(32.
Sandy soils, South Carolina {Elliott) and GtorjTia ! to Florida! May-
July — If Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves 1-2 inches long, rather obtuse :
petioles 2-3 lines long. Peduncles mostly axillary, much longer than the
petioles, and sometimes longer than the leaves, articulated about half an inch
below the flower. Calyx angular ; segments very broad, with a short acu-
minatiou. Petals obovate, yellow, 4-5 lines long.
♦ ♦ ♦ Leaves cordate, not lobed.
8. (Sf. Hulseana : stem hi<5pidly pilose ; leaves orbicular-ovate, abruptly
acuminate, tomentose beneath with a whitish velvety pubescence, roughish-
tomentose above, crenate-dentate; peduncles axillary in the upper leaves,
several-flowered ; styles about 12.
Tampa Bay, Florida, Dr. Hulse ! — Leaves 3 inches or more in diameter ;
the sinus deep and closed. Flowers an inch and a half in diameter, pur-
pUsh: pedicels very short. Petals broadly obovate. — We have not seen the
capsules of this species. It may belong to the genus Abutilon.
9. iS. ? obliqua (Nutt. mss.) : leaves reniform-cordate, very obliqne at the
base, rounded at the summit, scabrous-tomentose, strongly reticulately veined
beneath, crenulatc-dentate; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered, recurved
after flowering ; bracteoles 2, setaceous ; petals oblong, stellately hairy ex-
ternally ; carpels 7, pointless.
On the Wallawallah River, Nuttall! — li Stem low, clothed with a
roughish stellate pubescence. Leaves 1-li inch wide, the width exceeding
the length : petioles nearly as long as the lamina. Flowers as large as in
Malva rotundifolia. Peduncles rather shorter than the leaves. Calyx cleft
below the middle, with 2 short deciduous bracteoles at the base. Styles
united below: stigmas capitellate. Carpels pubescent, rather acute, but not
horned. — Mr. Nuttall considered this plant a Malva; but finding the seeds
to have the radicle superior, we refer it to Sida, notwithstanding the bracteo-
late calyx.
10. S. Californica (Nutt. ! mss.) : velvety-tomentose ; leaves orbicular-
cordate, laciniately toothed (scarcely lobed); the radical and lower cauhne
ones on very long petioles ; flowers in a terminal raceme : stamineal column
short, double ; the exterior 5-lobed, antheriferous at the summit ; styles about
7 ; stigmas long, simple.
St. Barbara, Upper California, Nuttall! — If About 15 inches high.
Leaves li inch in diameter; the uppermost slightly 5-lobed. Stipules subu-
late, small. Raceme naked : flowers on short pedicels, about 1^ inch in di-
ameter. Calyx cleft below the middle ; segments ovate-lanceolate. Petals
purple, cuneate-obovate, somewhat emarginate. Stamineal column ^ the
length of the petals. Capsules not seen.
* * * * Leaves palmalely lobed or many-cleft.
11. <S. Napcea (Cav.): leaves palmately 5-lobed, nearly glabrous; the
lobes oblong, acuminate, toothed; peduncles many-flowered; carpels llf,
acuminate. DC— Cav. diss. 5. p. 277. t. 132./ 1; Pursh, fl. 2. p. 453;
DC. prodr. 1. p. 466. Napgea laevis, Limi. ; Lam. ill. t. 579./ 1.
Shady rocky places, Pennsylvania (Midilenherg) to Virginia, Pursh.
(v. V. in hort.) Julv. — l(. Stem 2-4 feet high glabrous. Leaves 4-5
inches in diameter, minutely pubescent, but not scabrous ; lobes unequally
and coarsely toothed, the middle one longest. Peduncles axillary in the
uppermost leaves and at the summit of the branches, 2-4 flowered. Seg-
ments of the calyx roundish-ovate. Petals obovate, white, twice as long as
30
234 MALVACEAE. Sida.
the calyx. Carpels nearly glabrous. — We have seen no native specimens of
this plant ; but it is not uncommon in gardens.
12. S.dioica (Cav.) : leaves palmately 7-lobed, scabrous; lobes lanceo-
late, incisely toothed; peduncles many-Howered, bracteate, somewhat corym-
bose; flowers dioecious ; carpels 10, pointless. DC. — Cav. diss. 5. p. 278. t.
132. /. 2 ; Pursh.Jl. 2. p. 453 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 465. Napaa dioica & sea-
bra, Linn.
In Virginia, Linnceus: Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg. — H Leaves 7-9
lobed. Flowers crowded into heads ; the fertile ones with abortive stamens.
Carpels 8-10, in a depressed roundish head. IVilld. — We have never seen
this species.
13. S. alccBoides (Michx.) : erect, herbaceous ; lower leaves triangular-
cordate, incised ; upper ones palmately many-cleft ; corymb terminal ; calyx
hispid. Mich.r. ! Jl. 2. p. 44 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 474.
Barren oak-lands, Tennessee and Kentucky, Michaux ! — Peduncles 3-6-
flowered. Flowers about 1^ inch in diameter. — This species has, as Mi-
chaux remarks, the habit of Malva Alcea or M. moschata. The fruit is
unknown.
14. S. malvcejiora (DC.) : radical leaves roundish, 9-lobed, truncate at
the base; those of the stem 5-parted; segments linear, somewhat toothed;
petioles of the lower leaves hispid; raceme terminal; segments of the calyx
lanceolate, with a long acumination, carpels 7, pointless. — DC. prodr. 1. p.
474 ; Lindl. hot. reg. t. 1036 ; Hook.Ji. Bar.- Am. 1. p. 108.
Plains of the Wahlamet and Umptqua Rivers, and on the N. W. Coast ! —
Stem 1-2 feet high. Leaves 3-4 inches in diameter, hirsute ; the lobes of
the uppermost ones nearly or quite entire. Racemes many-flowered : pedi-
cels at first shorter, at length longer, than the subulate bracts. Segments of
the calyx twice as long as broad. Petals purplish. Stamineal column some-
what double ; the filaments at the summit of the exterior one approximated
in pairs. Styles free at the summit : stigmas simple. Carpels oblong, acute,
but not mucronate.
15. S. Oregana (Nutt. ! mss.) : stem nearly glabrous ; radical leaves
7-lobed, the lobes incisely 3-toothed ; those of the stem palmately 7-parted ;
the segments 3-lobed and incised, linear-lanceolate; segments of the calyx
broadly ovate ; raceme terminal ; styles 8.
West side of the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall! — About 18 inches high.
Radical leaves on very long petioles ; cauhne ones parted nearly to the base ;
the segments acute. Flowers numerous in a long raceme, nearly an inch in
diameter, reddish-purple. Calyx about one-fourth the length of the corolla.
Filaments of the stamineal column in a double series near the summit : outer
series 5-lobed; each lobe composed of six united filaments. Styles uncon-
nected the greater part of their length, hairy on the inner surface : stigmas
simple. Fruit not seen. — Nearly allied to the preceding ; but differs in the
more divided leaves, smaller flowers, shorter and broader lobes of the calyx,
&c,
16. iS. diploscypha : hispid with spreading hairs; stem prostrate; leaves
digitately 5-parted ; segments narrowly 2-3-lobed ; petiole twice as long as
the lamina ; flowers aggregated at the summit of the branches ; bracts 3,
long, filiform, at the base of the pedicels; calyx deeply 5-parted ; stamineal
column cyathiform, double ; the exterior deeply 5-lobed, the lobes antherife-
rous at the summit ; styles 7-9.
California, Douglas .' — Upper part of the stem retrorsely hirsute. Leaves
1-2 inches in diameter, stellately pubescent. Flowering branches longer
than the leaves, bearing at the summit 6-10 flowers as large as those ot
Malva sylvestris. Pedicels 2-4 lines long, with villous bracteoles at the
Hibiscus. MALVACEiE. 235
base about J of an inch in Icnijtli. Segments of the calyx lanceolate, atten-
uated, with an oblong colored spot on the inside of each, near the base.
Petals broadly cuneiform, slightly emarginate, cream-color tinged with
purple. Stamineal column less than half the length of the petals : outer one
hispid externally, lobed below the middle; the anthers in a single row, about
5 at the summit of each of the lubes: inner one irregularly lobed, rather
shorter than the outer, and connate with it a little above the base. Styles
plumose, included : stigmas simple. Fruit not seen. — A remarkable species
resembling some Bombaceai in its stamineal column.
17. S. delphinifolia (ISiun.l mss.) : hispidly hirsute; leaves all pedately
7-parted ; segments divided into linear rather obtuse lobes ; flowers in a
long leafy raceme ; lobes of the calvx lanceolate ; styles 7.
St. Barbara, Upper California, Nullall !— 11 Stem 8-12 inches high.
Leaves about H inch in diameter, divided nearly to the base into narrow
segments. Flowers about an inch in diameter. Petals obovate-cuneiform,
purple, slightly emarginate. Styles hairy on the inside: stigmas simple.
Fruit not seen.
18. .S. coccinea (DC.) : stellately pubescent and hoary ; leaves on long
petioles, deeply 3-partcd ; lateral segments 2-parted, the intermediate one
3-cleft ; racemes terminal, leafy; styles 12. — J)C. prodr. 1. p. 465; Hook.!
Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 108. Malva coccinea, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 81; Bot. mag.
t. 1673; Torr. ! in ann. lye. New -York, 2. p. 171. Cristaria coccinea,
Pursh,Ji.2. p. 453.
Plains of the Upper Missouri, above the confluence of the Platte, Nuttall,
James! Plains of the Saskatchawan, Drummond! — 1i About a span
high, branching. Leaves 1-li inch in diameter; the lobes often obtuse,
broadly linear. Raceme many-flowered : pedicels about 2 lines long. Flow-
ers an inch in diameter, scarlet. Petals truncate and emarginate. Stamineal
column half the length of the corolla. Stigmas capitellate. " Carpels about
6, compactly and circularly arranged." Hook. — The calyx is certainly not
involucellate in this species ; but we have not had an opportunity of ascer-
taining whether the seeds are like those of Sida.
19. (S. dissecta (Nutt.! mss.): stellately pubescent and hoary; leaves
5-parted to the base; lateral segments 3-cleu, the middle one multifid; ulti-
mate divisions narrowly linear ; racemes terminal, leafy ; styles 11.
Sources of the Platte near the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall ! — 11 Princi-
pal stem about 6 inches high, with a dense tuft of branches at the base.
Leaves about ^ of an inch in diameter ; the divisions scarcely a Une wide.
Flowers numerous, scarlet : pedicels 1-2 lines long. Petals broadly obovate-
cuneate, emarginate. Stigmas capitellate. Fruit not seen. — Very near the
preceding; but smaller, the leaves much more divided, and with narrower
segments.
S. crispa (Linn.) is recorded by some writers as a native of Carolina; but we
strongly doubt whether it has been found native within the limits of our Flora.
10. HIBISCUS. Li7in. ; Lam. ill. t. 584 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 446.
Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-toothed, surrounded by a many- or sometimes few-
leaved involucel ; the leaflets of which are usually distinct, but sometiihes
more or less united. Petals not auricled on one side. Stigmas 5. Ovary
5-celled ; the cells with 3 or many ovules. Carpels 5, united into a 5-celled
loculicidal capsule ; margin of the valves not introflexed j the cells several-
(rarely, by abortion one-) seeded.
236 MALVACEAE. Hibiscus.
§ 1. Cells of the capsule 1-seeded. — Pentaspermum, DC.
1. //. Virs^iyiicus (Linn.): scabrous-lomentose ; leaves cordate-ovate, acu-
minate, unequally serrate-toothed ; upper ones undivided, lower ones 3-lobed ;
pedicels longer than the petioles ; Howers in paniculate racemes, nodding ;
column declined.— " /acf/. ic. rar. 1. t. 142;" Michx.! fl. 2. p. 46; Ell. sk.
2. p. 168; DC.prodr. \.p. Ul. H. clypeatus, Walt. Cur. p. 177.
Borders of marshes, particularly near salt water, Long Island ! to Florida !
and west to New Orleans! — 11 Stem 2-4 feet high. Leaves 2-2i inches
long, li inch wide, those about the middle of the stem more or less 3-lobed.
Flowers more than 2 inches in diameter: peduncles 1-2 inches long. Invo-
lucel of 8-9 subulate leaves. Petals rose-color, obovate-cuneate, hirsute ex-
ternally on one side. Column very slender, shorter than the corolla, anthe-
riferous above the middle. Capsule hispid, the angles very acute. Seeds
glabrous : radicle inferior.
§ 2. Cells of the capsule many-seeded : seeds glabrous : involucel 4-6-
leaved : caly.v sj}athaceous, 5-toothed, split on one side. — Manihot, DC-
2. H. Manihot (hinn.): stem and petioles not prickly: leaves palmately
divided ; lobes 5-7, linear, acuminate, coarsely toothed ; peduncles hispid ;
declined ; leaves of the involucel ovate or lanceolate, persistent, entire ; cap-
sule very hirsute, acuminate. — Mich.v. ! fl. 2. p. 45 ; Piirsh, ff. 2. p. 457 ;
DC. prodr. 1. p. 448.
Banks of the Mississippi, Michau.v ! Drummond ! Introduced? — If
Leaves parted nearly to the base ; the lobes often a foot in length, toothed
toward the summit. Flowers 6 inches or more in diameter, sulphur-yellow,
f)urple in the centre. Petals roundish, abruptly narrowed at the base. Invo-
ucel somewhat hispid. Calyx split on one side the whole length, with 5
short teeth at the summit. Column about one-third the length of the corolla,
antheriferous nearly the whole length.
§ 3, Cells of the capsule many-seeded : seeds glabrous : leaves of the in-
volucel distinct, divaricately forked, or with a large tooth or other ap-
pendage : calyx not inflated. — Furcaria, DC.
3. H. aculeatus (Walt.): very scabrous ; lower leaves palmately 3-5-lobed ;
the lobes obovate, repand-toothed ; flowers axillary at the upper part of the
branches ; peduncles short; calyx very hispid; leaves of the involucel linear,
bidentate, with a leafy appendage on the back above the middle. — Walt. Car.
p. 177. H. scaber, Mich.v. ! fl. 2. p. 45 ; Pursh,fl. 2. p. 457 ; Ell. sk. 2. p.
169 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 449.
Damp soils, usually near salt water, South Carolina, Georgia! Florida!
and Alabama! June-Sept. — li Stem 4-7 feet high, and, as well as the
petioles and peduncles, rough with minute stellate recurved prickles. Low-
est leaves (according to Walter) cordate and angular ; upper ones deep-
ly 3-lobed, the lateral lobes 2-cleft, rough with stellate rigid hairs, inter-
spersed with minute prickles : petioles mostly longer than the lamina. Pe-
duncles 2-3 lines long. Flowers as large as in Althaea rosea, sulphur-yellow,
with a deep purple centre, often drying greenish. Leaves of the involucel
10-12, incurved ; minutely 2- (sometimes 3-) dentate at the summit ; appen-
dage oblong, spreading. Sepals acutely triangular, the strong middle and
marginal ribs armed with almost prickly hairs. Capsule ovate, hairy. — The
name of Walter, although perhaps not so strikingly appropriate as that of
Michaux, is necessarily restored.
Hibiscus. MALVACE^^. 237
§ 4. Cells of the capsule viany -s ceded : seeds glabrous, or uilh a villous
dorsal line : leaves of the involucel 8-15, distinct, entire. — Abelmos-
chus, DC.
4. H. CoUinsiana (Nutt. mss.) : lowest leaves obtusely 5-lobed ; upper
ones pedately 5-parted ; the lobes linear-oblanceolate, acuminate, coarsely
toothed ; petiole as long as the lamina ; tlowers on short pedudcles; leaves
of the involucel 10-12; calyx spathaceous, 5-toothed, cleft on one side.
West Florida, Mr. Ware (fide Nutt.); Tampa Bay, Dr. Burroxcs ! —
Leaves 6-8 inches in diameter, sparsely hirsute; lowest ones angularly
5-lobed : upper ones parted nearly to the base ; the 3 middle lobes about 6
inches in length and about an inch wide, often incisely toothed, acuminate ;
lateral lobes much shorter: petioles hispid. Peduncles about J of an
inch long, and as well as the involucel and calyx hispid. Corolla as large as
in H. esculentus, yellow? (green in dried specimens.) Capsule not seen. —
Nearly allied to H. esculentus; but differs in its deeply divided leaves. Mr.
Nuttall informs us that he has seen the same species from Surinam.
5. H. Moscheutos (Linn.) : leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, often 3-lobed,
■whitish-tomentose beneath, somewhat scabrous-pubescent above ; peduncles
(1-flowered) and petioles often united. — Cav. diss. 3. t. 65. f 1^2; Mich.r. !
fl. 2. p. 47 ; Bot. mag. t. 882 ; Pur.'ih.,fl. 2. p. 455; Ell. sk. 2. p. 165; DC.
prodr. \.p. 450; Hook.jl. Bor.-Am. I. p. 107. H. palustris, Liiin. ^ most
of the preceding authors.
Borders of marshes, particularly near the salt water, Canada ! and
throughout the United States! Aug.-Sept. — It Stem 3-5-feet high, mi-
nutely tomentose. Leaves about 5 inches long and 3 wide, rather obtuse at
the base, with a long acumination, often with 3 short abruptly acuminate
lobes, velvety-tomcntose beneath. Peduncles axillary, 2 inches long, articu-
lated a little below the flower, often coalescing with the petiole to a conside-
rable distance above the base. Flowers as large as in the common Holly-
hock, rose-color, or sometimes nearly white, crimson at the centre. Petals
obovate, retuse. Stamineal column ^ the length of the petals. Styles ex-
serted. Capsule as large as in H. Syriacus. — From numerous observations,
we are convinced that H. Moscheutos and H. palustris are not distinct spe-
cies. It is not uncommon to find the peduncles and petioles both distinct
and united on the same specimen.
6. H. incanus (Wendl.) : leaves ovate, acuminate, obtusely serrate, whi-
tish, velvety on both surfaces ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, often confluent
with the petiole at the base. — '• Wendl. hart. Herr. 4. t. 24 ;" Willd. sp. 3.
p. 807 ; Puri^h.fl. 2. p. 455 ; DC. prodr. l.p. 451.
CaroUna, Willdenow ; Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman! Croom! Red
River, Louisiana, Dr. Hale ! — 2+ Stem tall, minutely tomentose. Leaves
often more or less cordate, not lobed, 4-6 inches long. Peduncles about as
long as the petioles, jointed near the middle. Flowers very large "sulphur-
yellow" ( ITt/W. and so they are in our dried specimens), purpUsh at the
centre. — Near the preceding species, but quite distinct.
7. H. Carolinianus (^Muhl.) : leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, glabrous
on both surfaces, sometmies slightly 3-lobed ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered ;
seeds hispid. FAl.—Muhl. cat. p. 651; Ell. sk. 2. p. 168.
Wilmington Island, Georgia, Elliott. — Stem 4-6 feet high, glabrous.
Leaves large (sometimes 6 inches long), obscurely 3-lobed when old ; veins
prominent on the under surface : petioles as long as the leaves. Peduncles
2-3 inches long, slightly adhering to the petiole. Involucel 12-leaved. Ca-
lyx somewhat scabrous. Petals purple, 4 inches long, glabrous outside,
pubescent within. Capsule nearly globose, hairy on the inside. Seeds
238 MALVACE^. Hibiscus.
hispid with short rigid hair. Elliott. — A rare species, first described by-
Mr. Elliott, who raised it from seeds collected on Wilmington Island.
8. //. militaris (Cav.): glabrous; leaves hastately 3-lobed, acuminate,
serrate ; corolla tubular-campanulate ; capsule ovate, acuminate, glabrous ;
seeds silky.— rV/i'. diss. 6. p. 352. t. 198,/ 2 ; Willd. sp. 3. p. 808 ; Pur.sh,
ft. 2. p. 456; Ell. sk. 2. p. 168 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 451 ; Bot. mag. t. 2385.
H. hastatus, Mich.v. ! ft. 2. p. 45. H. riparius, Pers. syn. 2. p. 254. H.
Virginicus, Walt. Car. p. 187. " H. laevis. Scop. del. insuh. 3. t. 27."
Banks of rivers, Pennsylvania, (Pwrs/i, Muhlenberg) to Georgia! Ohio
and Mississippi, ilfic/ifl2i.r .' July-Aug. — li Stem 3-4 feet high. Leaves
3-5 inches long, somewhat cordate, conspicuously lobed at the base in a
hastate manner. Peduncles shorter than the petiole, jointed above the mid-
dle. Leaves of the involucel 12-14, linear-subulate, incurved. Corolla pale
rose-color, with a deeper centre, about 2i inches long, hairy on the outside
toward the base.
9. H. coccineus {MVdXt.): glabrous; leaves palmately 5-parted ; segments
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, distantly serrate; calyx deeply 5-parted; corolla
expanding; capside glabrous, ovate, acute; seeds pubescent. — Walt. Car.
p. 111. H. speciosus, Ait. Kexc. 2. p. 456 ; Mich.x. ! fl. 2. p. 47 ; Bot. mag.
t. 360 ; Pii,rsh,ft. 2. p. 456 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 170 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 451.
Damp soils, Georgia! Florida! July-Sept. — 11 Stem 4-7 feet high.
Leaves divided to the base; segments 5-8 inches long, tapering to a long
narrow point. Peduncles articulated near the summit. Leaves of the invo-
lucel 12-15. Segments of the calyx lanceolate, with a long tapering point.
Corolla bright scarlet : petals obovate, 4-5 inches long. Column as long as
the petals. — We restore the prior name of Walter.
10. H. grandifiorus (Michx.) : leaves coriaceous, cordate, 3-lobed, to-
mentose on both surfaces, hoary beneath; corolla expanding ; capsule torn en-
tose, somewhat truncated. Mich.v..' fl. 2. p. 46; Pursh,fl. 2. p. 455; Ell.
sk. 2. p. 167; DC. prodr. 1. p. 451.
Around ponds, Georgia to Florida, and west to the Mississippi, Michau.r !
July-Sept. — 14. Stem 5-7 feet high. Leaves very large, velvety like those
of Marsh Mallows. Peduncles axillary. Petals flesh-color, red at the
base, 5-6 inches long.
H. pallidus of Rafinesque, is merely H. Trionum, which is frequently found about
habitations; but is hardly naturalized.
Order XXXIX. TILIACE.E. Juss.
Sepals 4-5, deciduous : sestivation valvate. Petals 4-5, hypogy-
nous, rarely wanting. Stamens usually indefinite, distinct, hypogy-
nous : anthers 2-celIed, fixed by the middle, opening longitudinally.
Torus often with 4 or 5 glands at the base of the petals. Ovary of
2-10 united carpels : styles united : stigmas as many as the carpels.
Fruit a 2-5-celled capsule with several seeds in each cell, or coria-
ceous or drupaceous, sometimes by abortion 1-celled and 1-2-seeded.
Seeds anatropous. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen : cotyledons
flat and foliaceous, sometimes bent upon the radicle, — Trees or shrubs,
TiMA. TlLIACEiE. 230
very seldom herbs. Leaves alternate, with deciduous stipules. Flow-
ers axillary.
1. CORCHORUS. Linn.; Lam. ill. l. 478.
Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, rather shorter than the sepals, inserted under the
ovary. Stamens indefinite, or rarely the number of the petals. Style very
short, deciduous : stigmas 2-5. Capsule pod-like or roundish, 2-5-celled, lo-
culicidal, with no central axis. Seeds usually numerous in each cell. —
Shrubs or nearly herbaceous plants. Leaves undivided, serrate. Peduncles
axillary or opposite the leaves, very short, 1-few-flowered. Flowers yellow.
1. C. siliquosus (Linn.) : branching ; leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute,
equally serrate ; capsules pod-shaped, linear, 2-valved, nearly glabrous. —
Plum. ic. t. 103. / 1 ; JVilld. sp. 2. p. 1218 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 504.
New Orleans, /?/•. /;?o-a//s .' Drummond! Alabama, 7>r. G^aie*/ Also
a native of the West Indies, &c. — Nearly herbaceous, glabrous or somewhat
pubescent. Sepals and petals commonly 4. Stamens 14. The vernal flow-
ers, according to Linnaeus, have 4 sepals and 4 stamens j the autumnal 5
sepals and numerous stamens.
2. TILIA. Linn.; Vent. mon. Til.; DC. prodr. 1. p. 512.
Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, more or less pentadelphous ; the
central one in each parcel (in the North American species) transformed into
a petaloid scale (nectary, Linn, staminodium, Spach.) Ovary globose, vil-
lous, 5-ceEed; the cells with 2 ovules. Fruit coriaceous or woody, subglobose,
by abortion 1-celledj 1-2-seeded. — Trees, with cordate leaves and a tough
fibrous bark. Flowers cymose, with the peduncle adnate to a large foliace-
ous bract. — Linden or Lime-tree. Basswood.
1. T. Americana (Linn.) : leaves obliquely cordate, or truncate at the
base, somewhat coriaceous, glabrous, abruptly acuminate ; petals obtuse or
truncate, crenate at the apex. — JVilld. sp. 2. p. 1261 ; Michx. f. sylv. 2. p.
233. t. 131 ; Bigel. Ji. Host. p. 214. T. glabra, " Vent. I. c. t. 1. f. 1; »
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 62; Ell. sk. 2. p. 2; DC. prodr. 1. p. 513; Hook. fl.
Bor.-Ain. 1. p. 108 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. 1. p. 312. T. Canadensis, MicKx.
fl. 2. p. 306.
Woods, Canada ! (lat. 52^) to Virginia, and along the Alleghany Moun-
tains to Georgia. June. — A large and beautiful tree, often 60-70 feet high
and 2-4 feet in diameter; the wood soft and white. Leaves 3-4 inches wide,
coarsely and mucronately serrate : petioles 2 inches long. Peduncle 4-6
inches long, adnate the lower half of its length to a linear-oblong yellowish-
green strongly-veined bract. Cymes compound, 12-18-flowered, pendulous.
Flowers about half an inch in diameter. Sepals triangular-lanceolate, pube-
scent outside, woolly within. Petals longer than the sepals, yellowish-white.
Staminodia obovate-lanceolate, exactly resembling the petals, but smaller.
Style sometimes longer, sometimes shorter than the petals, hairy toward the
base. Fruit the size of a large pea, nearly globose, covered with a short
gray pubescence, usually perfecting but one seed.
2. T. heterophijlla (Vent.) : leaves glabrous and deep green above, very
white and velvety-tomentose beneath, the veins dark-colored and nearly gla-
brous, with coarse mucronate serratures ; petals obtuse, crenulate ; stamino-
\
240 TILIACE^. Tilia.
dia spatulate, entire ; style hairy at the base. — " Vent. I.e. p. 16. t. 15?;
Pursh, fl. 2. p. 63 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 513.
Banks of the Ohio and Mississippi, Pursh ; near Macon, Georgia, Dr.
Loomis! — Leaves 4-8 inches in diameter, very oblique and naore or less cor-
date, with a short abrupt acumination, someAvhat shining above ; the veins
on the under surlace veryconspicuousin contrast with the white pubescence.
Cyme few-flowered, loose. Style longer than the petals.
3. T. alba (Michx.) : leaves glabrous above, whitish-pubescent beneath ;
the veins pale ; serratures mucronately acuminate ; petals emarginate ; sta-
minodia spatulate, entire ; style nearly glabrous at the base.— Mc/i^./ sylv.
2.p. 237. t. 132. T. laxiflora, Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 363 ? (not of Michx. fi.)
Woods, particularly along rivers, Pennsylvania to Maryland, and in the
Western States, Michau.v., f. Santee River, South Carolina, Dr. Godine!
—Leaves 3-4 inches in diameter with a short abrupt acumination, cordate,
somewhat unequal at the base ; the under surface rather thinly pubescent,
very pale, but scarcely white. Staminodia | the length of the petals. Fila-
ments slightly pentadelphous.
4. T. puhescens (Ait.): leaves of nearly the same color on both surfaces,
nearly gkbrous above, pubescent beneath ; serratures slightly mucronate ; pe-
tals crenulate at the summit ; style hairy at the base.—" Vent. I. c. p. 10. t.
3" ; Michx. f. sylv. 2. p. 239. t. 133 ; Pursh, fi. 2. p. 363 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 3.
T. laxiflora, Mich.T. fl. 2. p. 306 ?
0. leptophylla (Vent.) : leaves very thin and papyraceous. Vent. I. c. ;
Pursh, I. c.
Fertile soils, along the sea-coast of Carolina, to Florida'. Mich an x, f.
Elliott, Baldwin! Kentucky, 5fAoH .' Texas, Drummond .' June.— A large
tree. Leaves 3-4 inches in diameter, the under surface when young rather
paler than the upper, but at length of nearly the same color ; serratures broad
and short. — There is great uncertainty respecting the synonymy of the last
three species, owing to the imperfect manner in which they are described by
most preceding authors. Indeed nearly aU the characters which have been
employed for distinguishing them are either inconstant or are common to
them all. A careful examination of the flowers in the living plants may af-
ford more certain marks of discrimination.
Order XL. MELIACE^. Juss.
Sepals 3-5, distinct or more or less united, imbricated in aestivation.
Petals hypogynous, as many as, and longer than the sepals, alter-
nate with them, often connivent or cohering at the base with each
other or with the stamen-tube: sestivation valvate or imbricated.
Stamens usually twice the number of the petals : filaments united into
a tube, inserted outside the hypogynous often discoid torus : anthers
sessile within the orifice of the tube. Ovary with usually the same
number of cells as petals, each cell containing 1-2 ovules : styles and
stigmas commonly united into one. Fruit drupaceous, baccate, or
capsular, with as many cells as stigmas, or by abortion l-celled ;
when dehiscent, loculicidal. Seeds mostly anatropous, sometimes aril-
led, never winged or flat : albumen thin and fleshy, or none. — Trees or
shrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules, simple or compound.
SwiETENiA. CEDRELACEvE. 241
1. MELIA. Linn.; Lam. ill. t. 372.
Calyx small: sepals 5, united below. Petals oblong, spreading. Rtamcn-
tube 10-ck'ft at the apex, with 10 anthers in the throat ; the segments 2-3-
parted. Ovary seated on a short disk, 5-celled, with 2 ovules iu each cell,
one above the other. Style columnar, breaking off from the top of the ova-
ry : stigma 5-lobed. Drupe ovate, with a 5-celled bony nut ; cells 1-seeded.
Embryo enclosed within a thin fleshy albumen : cotyledons foliaceous. —
Trees, with bipinnate leaves : leaflets toothed. Flowers in axillary panicles.
1. M. Az edar ach {L.\nn.) : leaves deciduous ; leaflets about 5 together,
glabrous, obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; petals (lilac) nearly gla-
brous.-— La???. /. c; Cav. diss. 7. p. 363, t. 207; Ell. sk. 1. p. 475; Ad.
Juss. Meliac. in mem. vius. 19. t. 13 ; Audubon, birds of Amer. t. 62.
Naturalized in the Southern States ! Introduced from Asia. April.--
Trunk 20-40 feet high, often 3 feet in diameter. Leaves deciduous late in
autumn. — Bark of the root anthelmintic and somewhat narcotic. Ell. — Dr.
James found this tree on the Canadian, where he thinks it to be a native. —
Pride-of- India.
Order XLT. CEDRELACEiE. R. Br.
Sepals 4-5, distinct or united. Petals as many as the sepals and
alternate with them, distinct, sometimes unguiculate : sBstivation twist,
ed or convolute. Stamens twice the number of the petals ; those op.
posite the petals shorter and sometimes sterile or deficient : filaments
either broad and flat and united into a tube, or subulate and distinct,
inserted with the petals on the hypogynous disk : anthers introrse, at
length versatile. Ovary with as many cells as petals (rarely with few-
er), supported or surrounded by the discoid torus, with several ovules
in each cell : styles and stigmas united into one ; the latter usually
broad and discoid, 3-5.angled or lobed. Fruit a woody 8-5-celIed,
3-5-valved capsule, with septicidal dehiscence ; the valves separating
from the dissepiments, which remain attached to the thick axis. Seeds
anatropous, many or ^gw in each cell, imbricated in 2 rows near the
inner angle, flat and winged, not arilled : albumen thin and fleshy or
none. Embryo with large foliaceous cotyledons, and a very small ra-
dicle. — Trees, with very hard and durable, usually fragrant and resin-
ous wood. Leaves alternate, pinnate, exstipulate. Flowers in termi-
nal panicles, perfect, or diclinous by the abortion of the anthers or
ovary.
1. SWIETENIA. Linn.; Ad. Juss. in. mem. mus. 19. y. 249, t. 11.
Calyx short, obtusely 5-cleft. Petals 5, reflexed. Filaments 10, united
into a subcarapanulate 10-toothed tube : anthers included in the tube, alter-
nate with the teeth, attached by the middle, apiculate. Style short: stigma
^1
242 VITACE^. ViTrs.
discoid, 5-radiate. Ovary ovoid, surrounded at the base by an annular disk,
5-celled, vi^itli about 12 ovules in each cell. Capsule ovoid, 5-celled, dehis-
cing from the base upward, with 5 septifragal valves ; the very thick and
woody sarcocarp at length separable from the endocarp; the axis large, per-
sistent, 5-angled above, 5-winged below with the dissepiments. Seeds sus-
pended from the summit of the axis, about 12 in each cell, imbricated in two
rows, rather flat ; the thickened and spongy integument expanded above into
an oblong wing, which is traversed by the filiform funiculus. Embryo trans-
verse : radicle very short, looking towards the side of the cell : cotyledons
conferruminate and confounded with the fleshy albumen. — A large tree,
with reddish-brown wood. Leaves abruptly pinnate : leaflets small, some-
what inequilateral. Panicles axillary or somewhat terminal, loosely-flower-
ed. Ad. Juss. — Mahogany.
S. Mahogoni (Linn.)— Car. diss. 7. p. 365, t. 209; Catesh. Car. t. 81 ;
DC. prodr. 1. p. 624; Ad. Juss. I. c. Cedrus Mahogonij Mill.
The Mahogany is mentioned in Muhlenberg's catatogue as a doubtful na-
tive of Florida. We have seen, in the herbarium of the late Mr. Croom, a
capsule from a collection made in Southern Florida by the late Dr. Leitner,
who considered the tree to which it belonged to be the true Mahogony. —
The figure of Gsertner (fruct. 2. t. 96.) difl'ers in several points from S. Ma-
hogoni, as is noticed by Ad. Jussieu, and probably represents some other plant.
Order XLIL VITACE^. Juss.
Ampelideae, Rich. ; Kunth, <^c.
Calyx minute, nearly entire, or 5-toothed. Petals 4-5, inserted
upon the outside of an annular disk, inflexed and valvate in sestivation,
distinct, or cohering above and calyptriform, caducous. Stamens as
many as the petals and opposite them, inserted on the surface of the
disk : filaments distinct or slightly cohering at the base, or attached
to the outside of a S-lobed urceolus : anthers ovate, versatile. Ovary
2.celled, with 2 erect collateral ovules in each cell : style short or
none : stigma simple. Fruit a globose mostly pulpy berry, often by
abortion 1-celled, 1-few-seeded. Seeds anatropous, erect, with a
hard testa. Embryo much shorter than the horny or fleshy albumen :
radicle slender : cotyledons lanceolate or subulate. — Usually climbing
shrubs. Leaves simple or compound ; the lower ones opposite ; the
upper alternate, opposite the racemes or thyrsoid panicles, which are
sometimes changed into tendrils. Flowers greenish and inconspicu-
ous, occasionally polygamous.
1. VITIS. Linn. ; Goirtn.fr. t. 106 ; W. ^ Am. prodr. Ind. Or. 1. p. 124.
Vitis & Cissus, Linn. cf-c.
Calyx nearly entire. Petals 4-5, distinct and spreading, or united at the
apex, but distinct at the base, and falling ofl'like a calyptra. Torus elevated
ViTis. VITAOE^. 243
in the centre, and surrounding the lower part of the ovary, with wluoh it is
incorporated, girt at the base by a short ring (expansion of the torus) upon
which the stamens are inserted. Ovary partly enclosed within the torus,
2- (or occasionally 3-) celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Berry 1-2- (or oc-
casionally 3-) celled, 1-4-seeded. Peduncles usually changed, in whole or
in part, into tendrils. Am.
§ 1. Petals 4 (rarely 5), usually distinct at the apex : stamens 4 {rarely 5) :
style usually as long as the ovary : stigma minute. Peduncles either
wholly poriferous or changed into tendrils. — Cissus, Linn.
1. V. bipinnafa: leaves bipinnate, glabrous ; leaflets incisely serrate ; flow-
ers pentandrous ; berry 2-celled ; cells l-2-9eeded. — V. arborea, IVilld. sp.
1. /). 1183. Ampelopsis bipinnata, Mich.T.! f. \. p. 160; DC. prodr. 1.
p. 633. Cissus stans, Pers. syn. 1. p. 143; Pursh, Ji. 1. p. 170. C. bipin-
nata. Ell. sk.l. p. 304 ; Nntt. gen. 1. p. 144.
Damp rich soils, near rivers, Virginia ! to Georgia ! west to Arkansas !
June-July. — Stem upright or somewhat twining, glabrous. Lower leaves
sometimes decompound: leaflets an inch long, ovate or rhombic-ovate, some-
times cordate; the veins beneath pubescent and slightly connected at their
axils by a ciliate membrane. Panicle short, spreading, and apparently twice
bifid, without tendrils. Petals greenish-white, expanding. Torus somewhat
turbinate, adhering to the lower half of the ovary. Style conical. Berry
globose, depressed, as large as a small pea, blackish Avhen ripe, slightly hairy,
one of the cells usually 2-seeded, the other one-seeded. Seeds with 2 deep
depressions on one side.
2. V. incisa (Nutt. mss.) : leaves trifoliolate, thick and somewhat fleshy ;
leaflets incisely toothed or lobed, cuneate at the base ; flowers tetrandrous
and tetrapetalous ; berry globose-obovate, 1-celled, 1-seeded.
Prairies and copses, Texas and Arkansas, Dr. Leavenworth! Arkansas,
Nuttall ! July — A vine, climbing by numerous tendrils to the height of 4-5
feet : stem woody, and as wcU as the branches, warty. Petioles about an
inch long. Leaves pale green and very glabrous on both surfaces ; the low-
est ones 3-lobed or cordate at the base ; upper ones trifoliolate : leaflets 1-2
inches long, sometimes 2-3-lobed. Panicle somewhat corymbed, or com-
poundly umbellate. Calyx 4-toolhed. Petals pale green, connected. Torus
hemispherical; the border obscurely toothed. Style conspicuous, rather slen-
der. Berry the size of a small pea, black, shining. Seed with 2 deep pits
at the base, so that when it is cut transversely the albumen appears to be 2-
ceJled. — The leaves, leaflets, and flowers are so deciduous that it is almost
impossible to dry the plant so as to prevent its falling to pieces.
3. V. indirisa (Willd.) : leaves simple, cordate or truncate at the base,
somewhat 3-lobed, pubescent on the nerves beneath ; flowers pentandrous
and pentapetalous ; berry 1-celled, 1-2-S'eeded. — Willd. baum. 538, e.rDC.
prodr. 1. p. 633. Ampelopsis cordata, 7V7/V^.r. .' ^. I. p. 159; DC. I. c.
Cissus Ampelopsis, Pers. syn. 1. p. 142; Pursh, Ji. 1. p. 170; Ell. sk. 1.
p. 305.
Swamps, Southern States! west to Louisiana! and Arkansas! June. —
Stem long, climbing, glabrous. — Leaves 3-4 inches broad, coarsely serrate ;
the points of the serratures glandular. Panicles apparently twice or thrice
bifid, with spreading branches, without tendrils. Calyx very obscurely tooth-
ed. Ovary surrounded with a cup-shaped torus, somewhat globose ; ovules
2. Style tapering : stigma smaU. Berry a little larger than a pepper-corn,
seldom perfectmg more than a single seed.
S44 YITACKM. Vitis.
§ 2. Petals 5, mostly united at the apex : stamens 5 : style short, conical:
stigma dilated. Peduncles sometimes partly changed into tendrils :
Jlowers in the North American species polygamous. — Vitis, Linn.
4. V. Labrusca (Linn.) : leaves broadly cordate, somewhat lobed and
angular, repandiy toothed, whitish-tomentose beneath, with somewhat ferru-
ginous veins ; fertile racemes oblong, compact, rather few-flowered ; berries
large.— Mtc/i.f. / fl. 2. p. 230; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 169; Torr.! f. 1. p. 264;
Ell. sk. 2. p. 689"; DC.prodr. 1. p. 634; Darlingt. fi. Cest. p. 150; Hook.
fl. Hor.'Am. 1. /x 115.
Woods and thickets, Canada ! to Georgia ; west to Arkansas ! and Texas !
June. — Stem very long, straggling over bushes, or climbing the highest trees ;
the branches clothed with a ferruginous pubescence. Leaves 4-6 inches or
more in diameter, often distinctly 3-lobed, short, mucronate, densely toraen-
tose beneath ; the tomentum usually whitish or gray, but sometimes tawny,
particularly on the veins ; teeth short, mucronate. Racemes somewhat com-
pound ; the branches short and umbeUed. Petals yellowish-green. Berries
6-7 lines in diameter, globose, usually very dark purple when ripe, but some-
times amber-color, or greenish-white, of a strong musky flavor, and fdled
with a tough pulp. — Fox-Grape of the Northern States. Several esteem-
ed varieties are known in the gardens; such as the Isabella, Schuylkill or
Ale.vander^s, the Catawba, and Bland'' s Grape, which have doubtless been
produced from the seeds of this species.
5. V. cestivalis (Michx.) : leaves broadly cordate, often 3-5-Iobed or sin-
uately palmate, coarsely and unequally toothed, sparsely ferruginous-tomen-
tose beneath ; fertile racemes long, compound ; berries small. Darlingt. —
Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 230 ; Pu.rsh, fi. 1. p. 169 ; Torr.! fl. 1. p. 265 ; Ell. sk.
2. p. 688; DC. prodr. 1. p. 634 ; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 151. V. vinifera
Americana, Marsh, arbust. p. 165. V. intermedia, Mtihl. cat. p. 26. V.
palmata, Vahl. ?
Woods and banks of rivers, Connecticut! to Florida! west to Arkansas!
June. — Stem very long. Leaves 4-7 inches wide, often deeply lobed, with
the sinuses rounded, the lower surface, particularly in the young state, cloth-
ed with a reddish cobweb-like pubescence, when old somewhat glabrous.
Sterile racemes usually large and much compound, frequently bearing one or
more tendrils from the base. Petals cohering at the summit. Berries 3-4
lines in diameter, deep blue, of a pleasant flavor, ripe in October. — Summer
Grape.
3. V. cordiflilia (Michx.) : leaves cordate, acuminate, somewhat equally
toothed, glabrous on both sides; racemes loose, many-flowered; berries
«mall.— Mf/i.r. .' fl. 2. p. 231 ; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 169; DC. prodr. 1. p. 364.
V. vulpina, Torr:! fl. 1. p. 264 (not of Willd.) ; Hook. I. c.
Thickets along rivers, Canada! to Florida! Avest to Arkansas! June. —
Stem 10-20 feet long. Leaves thin, 3-6 inches in diameter, often slightly 3-
lobed, and rarely sinuate, pubescent on the veins when young, glabrous when
old ; the teeth broad and mucronate. Berries nearly black when mature,
about \ of an inch in diameter, ripening late in autumn, acerb, but tolerably
well flavored after having been touched by frost. — Winter Grape. Frost
Grape.
4. V. riparia (Michx.) : leaves unequally and incisely toothed, somewhat
3-lobed ; the petioles, veins, and margins pubescent ; racemes loose, fruit
sm-dW.— Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 231; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 169 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 635.
V. odoratissima, Donn.
Thickets along rivers, Canada ! to Virginia! Western States ! Arkansas!
— Stem loag. Leaves 4-6 inches in diameter, thin ; teeth very coarse, with
Ampelopsis. VITACE.E. 245
a lonsi acuniination. Borry 3-4 lines in diameter, dark purple or amber-color
when mature. — Wintei- (j'rape.
5. V. vulpina (Linn.) : branches minutely verrucose ; leaves cordate, lurid
on both surfaces, somewhat 3-lobed, coarsely toothed, the teeth not acumi-
nate ; racemes composed of numerous capitate umbels ; berries lar<,n'.—
Willd. sp. 1. p. 1181 ; Walt. Car. p. 243. V. rotundifolia, Mich.v.! Jl. 2.
p. 231 ; Pursh, fl. 1. /). 169 ; /;//. .s-A". 2. p. C->S1; DC. prodr. 1. p. 635.
Banks of rivers, Virs^inia ! to Florida!— Stem often very lon<i, climbm^
the highest trees; the Imk smooth. Leaves 2-3 inches in diameter; the
lower Surface more shining than the upper; sinus deep, but rather acute.
" Fruit 7-S lines in diameter, covered with a coriaceous inteuumc nt, the fla-
vor not unpleasant." EtUott.— Fox-Grape oi \.\m Southern States; also call-
ed Bidlcl- or Bull-Grupe. It appears to be the original V. vul])ina of Lm-
naeus.
2. AMPELOPSIS. Michx. fl. 1. p. 159.
Calyx entire. Petals 5, distinct, spreading. Torus without a ring. Ova-
ry 2-cclled ; with 2 ovules in each cell : style very short, conical. Berry 2-
celled ; the cells 1-2-seeded.— A shrubby vine. Leaves digitately 5-foliolate.
Flowers perfect, in spreading corymbose panicles,
A. qninquefoHa (Michx. 1. c.)—Hook. f. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 114. A. hede-
racea, DC. prodr. 1. p. 633; Darlingt. fl. Ce.st. p. 153. Vitis quinquefo-
lia. Lam. V. hederacea, Willd. sp. I. p. 1182. Hcdera quinqiiefolia, Linn.
Cissus hederacea, Pers.syn. l.p. 143; Pursh,fl. I. p. 170; Torr.! fl. I. p.
266 ; Ell. sk. 1. p. 305.
p.hirsuta: leaves pubescent on both sides; leaflets ovate. — A hirsuta,
Donn.; DC. prodr. 1. p. 633. Cissus hederacea &. hirsuta, Pnr.s-h, I. c.
Borders of woods, and along fences, Canada ! to Georgia, and Western
States. i3. Alleghany Mountains, Pursh.— Stem climbing to a great height
and spreading extensively, attaching itself to trees and walls by expansions
of the extremities of the tendrils. Leaves on long petioles : leatlets petiolu-
late, oblong, acuminate, coarsely serrate or toothed above the middle, gla-
brous. Panicle many-tlowered, consisting of about 3 primary branches,
Avhicharecompoundly divided; the ultimate divisions, somewhat umbellate.
Flowers small, yellowish-green. Calyx very slightly crenate. Petals at
first somewhat cohering, at length spreading. Berry about as large as a
small pea, dark blue ; the peduncles and pedicels bright crimson. Foliage
crimson in autumn. — Virginian Creeper. American Ivy.
Order XLIIL ACERACE.^. Jhss.
Sepals 5, or rarely 4-9. more or less united, colored : aestivation im-
bricated. Petals as niany as sepals and alternate with them, inserted
round an usually lobed hypogynous disk, sometimes none. Stamens in.
serted on the disk, usually 8 (sometimes 3-12), distinct : anthers in-
trorse or versatile. Ovary 2-lobed, composed of two united carpels,
each containing 2 collateral ovules : styles more or less combined,
stigmatose on the inside. Fruit composed of 2 indehiscent samaroid
carpels, finally separable from the filiform axis : the wing thickened
246 ACERACE^. • Acer.
at the lower margin. Seeds 1-2, erect, with little or no albumen.
P^mbryo curved, or nearly straight, with wrinkled foliaceous cotyle-
dons variously folded upon each other. — Trees or shrubs, with oppo-
site, palmately lobed or pinnately 3-5-foliolate, exstipulate leaves.
Flowers lateral or terminal, often by abortion polygamous or dicecious.
1. ACER. Manch; DC. prodr. 1. p. 593.
Flowers mostly polygamous. Petals colored like the sepals, often wanting.
Stamens 7-10, rarely 5. — Leaves simple. The sap of many species con-
tains sugar. — Maple.
* Flojvers in racemes lermiiiating the leafy branches, appearing ajter the erohdiort
oj the leaves.
1. A. Pennsylvanicum (Linn.): leaves subcordate, finely and acutely
doubly serrate, 3-lobed at the extremity ; lobes with a slender serrate acumi-
nation ; racemes nodding ; flowers large ; petals obovate ; fruit glabrous, with
larc^e diverging Avings. — Linn. sy.^t. 1. p. 675 ; Michx. ! Ji. 2. p. 252 ; EII.
sk°l. p. 45"! ; Torr.i Ji. 1. p. 397; Hook. ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 111. A. stria-
tum. Lam. diet. 2. p. 381; Michx. f. sylv. 1. t. 45 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 593 ;
Spach, in ann. sci. nat. (2. ser.) 2. p. 162. A. Canadense, Duham. arb.
1. 1. 12 ; Marsh, arbust. p. i.
Canada! (lat. 51- ) to the Alleghany Mountains in Georgia, and Kentucky !
abundant between lat. 43^-' and 45°. May. — A shrub or very small tree, with
a smooth green bark marked with stripes : the wood of no value. Flowers
yellowish-green. Leaves rarely somewhat 5-lobed, at length glabrous. —
Striped Maple. Moose-u-ood. Dog-xoood.
2. A. spicatum (Lam.) : leaves pubescent beneath, subcordate, coarsely
serrate 3- or somewhat 5-lobed ; lobes with an entire acumination ; racemes
erect slio^htly compound ; petals linear-spatulate ; fruit nearly glabrous, witli
slio-htly ^diverging wings. — Lam., diet. 2. p. 381 (1786); DC. jnodr. I. c;
Spach,l. c. A. montanum. Ait. Kew. 3. p. 435 (1789); Michx.! I. c. ;
Mich.r. f. sylv. L 47 ; Ell. sk. I. p. 4:52; Hook. I.e. A. Pennsylvanicum,
DuRoi, harbk. t. 2 ; Wang. Amer. t. 12. /. 30.
Cool rocky places ! with the same range as A. Pennsylvanicum : uncom-
mon south of lat. 41°. — May-June.— Shrub 6-10 feet high. Leaves shghtly
lobed, at length somewhat rugose. Flowers small, greenish. Raceme many-
flowered. Fruit often reddish. — Mountain Maple.
3. A. macrophylhim (Pursh) : leaves large, very deeply 5-lobed; lobes
oblong or sliglitly cuneiform, entire or sinuately 3-lobed, the margins some-
what "repand"'; racemes nodding; flowers rather large ; petals obovate ; fruit
hispid Avith elongated slighdv diverging glabrous wings. — Piirsh, f. 1. p.
267; DC. prodr. 1. p. 594; Hook. ! ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 112, t. 38.
Oregon ! common between lat. 40= and 50 ', along the alluvial banks of
rivers.'' April-May. — Trunk 40-90 feet high, 6-16 feet in circumference,
with widely spreading branches. Leaves [at length nearly glabrous] some-
times nearly a foot broad. Stamens 9—10 : filaments hairy below. Carpels
sometimes 3. Racemes elongated, the pedicels often aggregated (compound
below Pursh). Flowers yellow, fragrant. Sap as abundant as in any spe-
cies except A. saccharinum : the wood soft but beautifully veined. Douglas,
in Hook. " The wood is whitish, and resembles our curled maple." Autt.
^ jvci-^X-. /vCi
^t.) i^^ c^sujv ^t^' ^r^^'^--uiv
Acer. ACERACE^. 247
♦• Flowers in pedunculate umbel-like curijmbs, terminating the leafy branches, ap-
pearing ivilh the. leaves.
4. A. circinatum (Pursh): leaves cordate, 7-9-lobed, the nerves all radia-
ting directly from the apex of the petiole; lobes very acutely serrate, wiili a
slender acumination ; corymb few-flowered ; petals ovate or linear, shorter
than the calyx; fruit glabrous, with oblonij divaricate Avings. — Pvr.f/i, //.
1. p. 26(3; Hook. fl. Bur.-Ani. 1. p. 112,/. 39; Null. in jour. acad. Philad.
7. p. 1(5, excl. syn.
On the Great Rapids of the Oregon, Lev-is ex Pursh, Nnttall! and N.
W. Coast between lat. 43^ and 49^, Douglas, Scouhr ! " Confined, like
the preceding, to the woody mountainous country that skirts the shores, where
it forms almost impenetrable thickets; the pendulous and rrooked branches
often taking root." Douglas, \n Hook. April-May.— Trunk 20-40 feet higli;
bark smooth; wood tine, white, close-grained, susceptible of a good polish.
Douglas. ['' like that of the Red Maple, and presents a beautiful curled tex-
ture." Nuttall.\ Leaves as large as those of A. rubrum, with a woolly tuft
at the apex of the petiole ; the veins hairy, but in old leaves nearly glabrous ;
lobes oblong or ovate-lanceolate, very acute. Sepals purple. Petals nearly
white. Fruit with thin straight wings, which are so divaricate as to form
right angles with the peduncle; the lower margin scarcely thickened.
5. A. glabrum (Torr.): leaves nearly orbicular, truncate or subcordate at
the base, 3-5-lobed ; lobes short and broad, acutely incised and toothed ; flow-
ers ... ; fruit glabrous, the Avings very short and broad (somewhat
obovate), rather diverging. — To7~r. ! in ann. lye. Neiv-York, 2. p. 172.
In the Rocky Mountains about lat. 40^, Dr. James .'—A small shrub.
Leaves nearly similar to those of the common Currant in size and shape, gla-
brous, commonly 3-lobed, with very acute and narroAV sinuses which hardly
reach to the middle of the leaf; lobes broader than long, obtuse, often some-
what 2-3-lobed. Flowers not seen. Peduncles in fruit very short, 2-3-flow-
ered. Wings of the fruit about the size of those of A. campestre, or a httle
shorter, but broader in proportion and more obtuse.
6. A. tripartitum (Nutt. ! mss.) : "leaves with a subreniform -orbicular
circumscription, 3-cleft or 3-parted ; segments incisely toothed ; the middle
one cuneiform, often slightly lobed, the lateral ones somewhat rhomboid ; ra-
cemes corymbose; fruit glabrous, with very short and broad cuueate-oval di-
verging wings.
'•'On Bear-Ridge, Rocky Mountains, lat. 40°, near the line of Upper Cali-
fornia. — A shrub with whitish smooth branches. Leaves about the size of
those of the common Currant, usually 3-parted to the base, sometimes only
cleft half-way down ; the central segment broadly cuneiform, and, as Avell as
the lateral ones, slightly 3-lobed. Calyx about 8-parted ; segments oblong.
Fruit small, very similar to that of A. glabrum, to which it is nearly allied."
2Vi(/^— Notwithstanding the difference in the division of the leaves, we ap-
prehend that this and the preceding may prove to be forms of the same spe-
cies.
*** Flowers in nearly sessile umbel-like coryvibs, with very long filiform pedicels, ap-
pearing V-iith the leaves ; the fertile coryrnbs terminating the branches ; the infertile
from lateral leafless buds.
7. A. grandidentatum ("Nutt. ! mss.) : leaves slightly cordate or truncate
at the base, rather deeply 3-lobed, the sinuses broad and rounded ; lobes slight-
ly acute, with a few sinuous indentations ; corymb nearly sessile, few-flow-
ered ; the pedicels long and nodding ; fruit glabrous, with small diverging
wings." Nutt. — A. barbatura, Dougl. in Hook. I. c. ?
248 ACERACEiE. Acer.
" Rocky Mountains, on Bear River of Timpanagos. — A shrub or low tree,
with pale smooth branches. Leaves smaller than in A. saccharinum, gla-
brous and somewhat shining above, minutely pubescent especially on the
veins beneath ; lobes short, not in the least acuminate ; the middle one with
two blunt teeth oh each side; the lateral with a single large diverging den-
ture. Pedicels pubescent above. Fruit turgid, glabrous ; the wings less than
an inch long, semioval, slightly attenuated below, somewhat divergent." Nutt.
— To this species we refer with little hesitation A. barbatum, Dougl. (not
of Michx.), which was found in "Valleys near springs on the west side of
the Rocky Mountains, near the sources of the Columbia." We have not
seen the flowers, but there is little doubt that the inflorescence is the same as
in A. saccharinum.
8. A. saccharinum (Linn.) : leaves truncate and subcordate at the base
(whitish and minutely pubescent or glabrous beneath), 3-5-lobed, with
the sinuses obtuse ; lobes with a slender acumination, coarsely and spar-
ingly sinuate-toothed ; sepals bearded at the apex within ; petals none ; fruit
glabrous, on long nodding pedicels; the wings dilated above, suberect or
slightly diverging. — Wang. Amer. p. 36, ^.11; Michx.fi. 2. p. 252; Pursh,
fi.l. p. 266 ; Mich.v. f. sylv. 1. t. 42; Ell. sk. 1. p. 450; Ihrr. ! fi. 1. p.
397; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 113. A. saccharum. Marsh, arhust. p. 4.
/?. nigrum: leaves pale green beneath, the veins of the lower surface and
petioles minutely villous-pubescent ; wings of the fruit a little more diverg-
ing. — A. nigrum, Mich.T.f. sylv. 1. t. 43.
In rather dry woods, Canada! to the mountains of Georgia! west to Ar-
kansas ! and the Rocky Mountains. April-May. — Tree 50-80 feet high ;
the trunk sometimes 2-3 feet in diameter ; the wood compact and close-grain-
ed : the sap contains sugar. Leaves 3-5 inches in length, generally wider
than long, on slender petioles, green and slightly lucid above, whitish and at
first very pubescent, at length minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous, except
on the veins beneath ; lobes diverging, usually three principal ones with two
smaU entire ones at the base. Flowers pale greenish-yellow, on pendulous
villous pedicels. Wings of the fruit about an inch long, semi-obovate. — Su-
gar-Maple. — Two accidental forms of arrangement of the woody fibre, &c.
furnish the Curled-Maple and the Birds-eye- Maple of cabinet-makers.
We are unable clearly to distinguish the Black Sugar-Maple from the pre-
sent species.
♦*♦* Pedicels in fascicles, evolved from lateral aggregated leafless buds: flowers
f receding the leaves.
9. A. dasycarpum (Ehrh.) : leaves subcordate or often truncate at the
base (white beneath), deeply 5-lobed, with the sinuses rather obtuse ; lobes
acute, unequally incised and toothed, entire towards the base ; pedicels short
and thick; petals none ; fruit tomentose when young, nearly glabrous when
old, with very large upwardly dilated somewhat diverging wings. — " Ehrh.
heitr. 4. p. 24" ; ^Villd. sp. 4. p. 985; Nutt. ! gen. 1. p. 252 ; ^Ell. sk. 1. p.
449; Torr.! fl. 1. p. 396; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. \. p. 113. A. eriocarpum,
Mich.T. ! fi. 2. p. 253 ; Desf. in ann. mus. 7. t. 25 ; Michx. f. sylv. 1. 1. 40 ;
DC. prodr. 1. p. 595; Darlingt. fl. Cest. ed. 2. p. 245.
Banks of rivers, Maine and Vermont ! to the upper and middle parts of
Georgia ! west to Lake Michigan and Arkansas ; rare north of lat. 43^ ; most
abundant in the Western States. March-April. — Trunk low, 2 (in the
Western States sometimes 8-9) feet in diameter: wood white and soft, not
durable : sap less sweet than that of the Sugar-Maple. Leaves on long pe-
tioles, at first tomentose, finally glabrous, as broad as long ; the lobes often
somewhat 3-lobed. Pedicels in flower 2-3 lines, in fruit an inch, long. Flow-
ers small, pale yellowish-purple. Stamens 3-6. Ovary with no glands at the
base. W'ings of the fruit 2-3 inches long when mature, slightly falcate.
Negundo. ACERACE.Ii:. 249
Seeds larjre. Embryo nearly straight, radicle very short. — Uliite Maple.
Silver-leaved Miiplc. Soft Maple.
10. A. rubrum (Linn.) : leaves cordate (rarely truncate or rounded at the
base), whitish and at length mostly glabrous beneath, 3-5-lobod, Avith the si-
nuses acute; lobes acute or acuminate, doul^ly serrate or iiiciscly toothrd,
the terminal one longest; pedicels at length elongated; petals oblong or li-
near; fruit (and ovaries) glabrous, with small, at first arcuately converging,
at length sliglilly diverij.-nt wings.— vU/f/i jr..' Jl. 2. p. 253; ll'illd. I.e.;
Mir/i.r. f.sylv. \. ^ 41 ; Ell. sic 1. ;). 449; Catcsb. Car. 1. t. 62; Ilonk. I.
<'. ; Darlingt. I. c. A. ghucum. Marsh, arbiist. 1 A. Carohnianum, W'ult.
Car. p. 251 ? A. coccineum, Mich.v. f. sijlv. 1. p. 209. A. sanguineum,
Spach, I. c. p. 176.
IS. ? leaves smaller, 3-lobed, mostly truncate or rounded at the base, more
or less tomentose beneath; flowers greenish- yellow. — A. rubrum, var. Marsh.;
Darlins't. I. c.
In swamps and on the marshy borders of streams, Canada ! to Florida,
west to the sources of the Oregon (Douglas). /?. Ncav Jersey ! and Penn-
sylvania! to New Orleans! March- April— Tree sometimes 60-80 fee
high, occasionally 3-4 feet in diameter; the Avood close-grained; the fibres
often curled ; sap affording a little sugar: young branches red, clouded with
white. Leaves longer than broad, moderately 3-lobed, the lateral lobes usu-
ally with 2 small ones at the base. Flowers small, bright purple or reddish,
on very short pedicels, which at length become filiform and pendulous. Sta-
mens 5-6: anthers red. Disk lol)ed, glandular. Wings of the fruit about
an inch in length, at first reddish. — Red Maple. Sivamp Maple. — The var.
0. of which we have only met with imperfect specimens, may possibly prove
to be a distinct species. Judging from specimens in the herbarium of the
late Prof. Barton, it is apparently tly? A. barbatum of Pursh. The leaves
often scarcely exceed an inch and a half iu length.
+ Doubtful species.
11. A. barbatum (Michx.) : leaves with 3 short lobes, serrate ; peduncles
of the staminate flowers branching, of the pistillate simple; calyx of the sta-
minate flowers densely bearded within ; wings of the fruit erect. Michx. ft.
2. p. 252.
Carolina, Michaux. Flowers pale green, sometimes all staminate, some-
times with perfect flowers intermixed. Mich.v. — This species, of which it is
remarkable that the younger Michaux makes no mention whatever, either in
his general observations or catalogue of North American Maples, has been
identified by no succeeding botanist except Pursh, who adds " In deep pine
and cedar swamps. New- Jersey to Carolina; April-May. A small tree:
leaves small." But Pursh's plant seems to be our /?. of A. rubrum ; at least
specimens of A. rubrum, without fruit or flowers, exist in herb. Barton label-
led, apparently by Pursh, A. barbatum. The flowers and inflorescence of
this plant, however, do not at aU agree with Michaux's character. We sus-
pect, indeed, that the description of A. barbatum, Michx. was draAvn up, at
least as to the flowers and fruit, from specimens of A. saccharinum ; the only
species, so far as we are aware, which has the sepals bearded inside.
2. NEGUNDO. Moench ; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 253 ; DC. I. c.
Negundium, Raf.
Flowers dioecious. Petals none. Pedicels of the staminate flowers capil-
lary, fascicled, from lateral aggregated buds : fertile flowers in racemes.—
32
S50 HIPPOCASTANACE^. JEscvlvs,
Leares compound, pinnatcly 3-5-foliolate : leaflets petiolulatc. — Otherwise
same as Acer.
1. N. aceroides (Mosnch): leaflets 3-5, ovate or oval, acuminate, sparing-
ly and unequally tootlied above the middle, the upper ones sometimes con-
fluent ; fertile racemes elongated, pendulous ; fruit oblong, with large up-
wardly dilated arcuate wings. — Manch, meth. p. 334. N. fraxinifolium,
Nutt. f gen. 1. p. 253 ; nC. prodr. 1. p. 596; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 114.
Acer Negundo, Linn.; Michv. ! fl. 2. p. 253; ^ Mich.x. f. sylv. 1. t. 46.
In low grounds,' Canada (lat. 54° ex Hook.) to N. Carolina ! & Arkansas!:
April. — Trunk 15-30 feet high, with a smooth yellowish-green bark. The
sap contains sugar in small quantity. Leaves slightly pubescent, varying^
from ovate to nearly lanceolate. FloAvers yellowish-green. Stamens most-
ly 5. Wings of the fruit broad and incurved at the apes. — Ash-leaved Ma-
ple. Box-Elder.
2. N. Calif or nicum. : young leaves villous, 3-foliolate; leaflets 3-lobed f
lobes incised or toothed. — N. Mexicanum, DC. I. c?
California, Douglas ! — Our specimens have neither fruit nor fall-growQ
leaves ; but they appear to belong to a very distinct species. The leaflets are
all lobed and incised ; the terminal one largest and broadly cuneiform at the
base. Flowers very much crowded : sepals unequal. — The N. Mexicanum is
so briefly characterised that it is impossible to determine the question of its;
identity with cur species.
Order XLIV. HIPPOCASTANACE^. DC.
Sepals 5, usually united into a campanulate or tubular 5-toothed ca-
lyx: aestivation imbricated. Petals 5, or 4 by the suppression of the
inferior one, commonly unequal and irregular, unguiculate, hypogy-
nous. Stamens 6-8, commonly 7, distinct, unequal, inserted upon the
hypogynous disk : anthers oval, versatile. Ovary roundish, composed
of 3 united carpels, 3-celled, with 2 collateral ovules in each cell %
style filiform, acute. Fruit subglobose, coriaceous, 3- (or frequently
by suppression 1-2-) celled, 2-3.valved, with loculicidal dehiscence.
Seeds solitary or very few, large, with a smooth or shining testa, and
a broad pale hilum, somewhat campulitropous, with no albumen. Co-
tyledons very thick and fleshy, gibbous, cohering, remaining under
ground in germination : radicle conical, curved : plumule large, 2-leav.
ed. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite (in Ungnodia alternate), ex-
stipulate, compound : leaflets serrate. Flowers showy : pedicels arti-
culated,
1. ^SCULUS. Linn.; Juss. gen. p. 251.
Hippocastanum, Touni. ,- Garin. — ^sculus & Pavia, ^oc;A. ; DC. — ^scalus,
Pavia, Macrothyrsus, <f Calothyrsus, Spack.
Sepals united into a 5-toothed campanulate or tubular calyx. Petals 4-5,
more or less unequal. Otherwise as in the character of the Order. — Leaves
^scDLUS. IIIPPOCASTANACE^. 251
palmatcly 5-7-fuliolatc : leaflets simply pinnatoly veined. Flowers in tenni-
nal tbyrsoid racemes or panicles. — Horse-Chestnut. Biu:kcyc.
§ 1. Fruit echinate. — iEscuLus, DC.
1. JE. srhibra ( Willd.) : stamens nearly twice the length of the (yellow-
ish-white) corolla ; petals 4, spreading, a little unegual ; the claws scarcely
the length of the canipanulate calyx; thyrsus racemose, loosely-flowered;
I^^af^ets 5, oval or oblong, acuminate, finely and unequally serrate, glabrous. —
iVilld.. p}ium. p. 405; Pursh^ fl. I. p. 255; DC. prodr. \. p. 597. M. pal-
lida, Willd. I. c. df-c. /E. cchinata, Muhl. cat. p. 38. M. Ohioensis, DC. I
c. ; Ifiddi-ll, .•??/Hop.s/.9, ;j. 34. Pavia Ohioensis, Mich.r. f. sylv. 2. p. 101, t
29. P. pallida & glabra, Spark, in ann. sci. nat. (ser. 2.) 2. p. 54.
Banks of rivers, &c. Western parts of Pennsylvania! and Virgmia:
Ohio ! Kentucky ! May-June. — A small tree with a rough bark, M'hich ex-
liales an unpleasant odor. Leaflets somewhat acute at the base, at first ses-
sile, at length more or less petiolulate, slightly pubescent along the veins
when young, usually a little bearded in the axils of the veins beneath.
Branches of the thyrsus short, 4-6-ilowered ; the flowers mostly unilateral,
small (not half the size of those of the common Ilorse-Chestnut). Petals
nearly equal in length, the hmb of the lateral ones roundish ; of the superior
ones oblong-spatulate, about twice as long as the claw. Stamens 7: fila-
ments curved. Fruit prickly, resembling that of the cultivated Horse-Chest-
nut (iE. Hippocastanum), but scarcely half the size. — Ohio Buckeye. Fetid
Bv^keye.
§ 2. Fruit unarmed. — Pavia, DC.
2. JE. parvijlora (Walt.): stamens capillary, thrice the length of the
(white) corolla ; petals 4, somewhat spreading, nearly similar, spalulate ; the
claws longer than the obconical calyx; thyrsus racemose, very long, the
branches about 3-flowercd ; leaflets 5-7, oval-obovate, acuminate, serrulate,
velvety -canescent beneath. — IValt. Car. p. 128. M. macrostachya, Michx,
f. 1. p. 220 ; Jacq. eclog. Am. l.t.9; Ell. sk. 1. p. 436 ; Bot. mag. t. 2118.
M. macrostachvs. Pe?\s. .^yn. 1. p. 403. Pavia macrostachya, DC. prodr.
1. p. 598. P. aiba, Pair. diet. 5. p. 95. P. edulis, Poit. arb. fr. t. 88. Ma-
crothyrsus discolor, Spach. I. c. ]). 61.
Near rivulets in the western part of S. Carolina! and Georgia! April-
May. — A small shrub, 2-4 feet high, sometimes with radical stolons. Leaf-
lets petiolulate. Flowers very numerous, in a long somewhat virgate thyr-
sus. Petals small, with long claws, spatulate ; the upper ones longest and a
little narrower. Stamens 6-7 : filaments capillary, glabrous, slightly curved-
— The fruit is said to be edible.
3. jE. Californica (Nutt. ! mss.) : " stamens longer than the (rose-color)
corolla; petals 4 [4-5, .S'y-»r/c/i], somewhat similar, slightly spreading ; th»
claws shorter than the campanulate-tubular somewhat unequally-toothed ca
lyx; thyrsus short and dense ; leaflets 5, ovate-lanceolate or ellipticak.blong,
acuminate, subcordate or rounded at the base, serrulate, glabrous, paler and
somewhat glaucous beneath." — Calothyrsus Californica, SpacJi, in ann. sci.
nat. (ser. 2.) p. 62.
California, Botta (ex Spach) : near streams in the vicinity of Monterey,
Nuttall! March. — A low spreading tree, glabrous except the petioles of the
leaflets and calyx, which are minutely canescent. Calyx wiJ,h 5 small some-
Avha'i unequ;d teeth, at length splitting down on the loAver side. Stamens
5-6 : filaments arcuate, glabrous. Ovary globose-ovate, pubescent, not echi-
nate. — The flowers are apparently a little smaller than those of the preceding
species.
252 HIPPOCASTANACEiE. ^sculcs.
4. M. Pavia (Linn.): stamens somewhat shorter, or a part of them a
little longer, than the (red) corolla; petals 4, connivent, very unequal; the
claws of the lateral ones about the length of the tubular calyx ; thyrsus loose,
the branches few-flowered ; leaflets 5, oblong-lanceolate, cuneate-oblong, or
oval, slightly acuminate, unequally serrulate, minutely pubescent, or nearly
glabrous except along the veins beneath. — Ait. Kew. 1. p. 494; Walt. Cur.
p. 128; Mich.T.! ft. 1. p. 219; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 254; Ell. sk. 1. p. 434;
Audubon, birds of Amer. t. 78. Pavia, Boerh. Lugd.-Bat. 2. t. 260; Du-
Tiam. arb. 2. t. 19. P. rubra, Lam. ill. t. 273 ; DC. I. c. P. Michauxn, &c.,
SpaCh, I. C. ^ n 1 • 1 1
0. discolor : branches of the thyrsus several- (4-10- ) flowered, with the
flowers somewhat unilateral; leaflets minutely tomentose beneath.— iE. dis-
color, Piirsh, I. c. ? ; Bot. reg. t. 310 ? M. hybrida, DC. hort. Monsp. 1813.
p. 75? Pavia hybrida, DC. prodr. I. c? P. discolor, Spach,^ I. c. 1
In fertile valleys ; mountains of Virginia ! to Georgia ! Louisiana ! and Ar-
kansas ! April-May. — A shrub 3-10 feet high ; near the mountains some-
times a small tree. Leaflets often somewhat doubly serrate, all except the
lateral ones usually attenuate at the base, at length petiolulate, smooth and a
little shining above. Branches of the thyrsus about 3-flowered : pedicels
slender. Flowers large. Calyx purplish', nearly glabrous, tubular-funnel-
shaped. Upper petals longest ;' the claw about thrice the length of the small
spatulate limb: hmb of the lateral petals roundish, about the length of the
claw, somewhat convolute. Stamens 6-8 : filaments filiform, nearly straight,
hairy beloAv, as also the claws of the petals, sometimes all a little shorter than
the lateral petals ; but a portion usually a little exceeding the upper petals.-—
Our p. discolor, of which we have specimens both from Georgia and Louisi-
ana is not improbably the M. discolor of Pursh. The inflorescence resem-
bles that of JE,. flava; but the flowers (apparently pale dull red, or purple)
are wholly those of M. Pavia.— According to Elliott, the bruised branches
or powdered seeds of this species are sometimes employed to stupify fish :
when the water of small ponds is impregnated, the fish rise to the surface al-
most lifeless, and may be taken with the hand. The root, according to the
same authority, is used as a substitute for soap in washing woollen clothes.—
Small Buckeye.
5. Ml. flava (Ait.): stamens shorter than the (light yelloAv) corolla; pe-
tals' 4 connivent, very unequal ; the claws of the lateral ones exceeding the
campanulate calyx ; branches of the thyrsus 4-7-flowered ; the flowers most-
ly unilateral; leaflets 5-7. elliptical or cbovate-oblong, acuminate, serrulate,
more or less canescently pubescent beneath.— ^i^. Kew. 1. p. 494 ; H Hid.
Berl. baum. p. 13, f sp. 2. p. 286 ; Pursh, fl. 1. f. 255; Ell. sk. 1. p. 436.
M lutea Wang, in act. nat. scrut. Berol. S.t.6; Mich.r. ! fl. 1. p. 219;
Pers syn. 1. ii. 403. M. nedecta, Lindl. bot. reg. t. 1009? Pavia flava,
DC. I. c. P. lutea, Poir.; Michx. f. sylv. 2. jj. 98, t. 91 ; Duham. arb. 3.
t 38.
' Near large rivers (in rich soil), Western States! and along the AUeghany
Mountains^from Virginia and N. Carolina ! to Georgia. April-May.— Tree
30-80 feet high (in the Southern States sometimes only 4-6 feet high, ac-
cording to Elliott) ; the trunk often 3 or 4 feet in diameter. Petioles with a
pubesc'ent Une along the upper side. Leaflets glabrous above, except the
midrib and veins, Avhich are often clothed with a reddish-brown pubescence,
at first nearly sessile, at length petiolulate ; the lateral ones sometimes rather
obtuse, but the others attenuate, at the base. Peduncles, pedicels, and calyx
pubescent. Pedicels very short. Flowers as large as in M. Pavia. Petals
puberulent ; the claAvs villous within : upper ones a little exceeding the
others- the spatulate limb minute: lateral ones large, roundish, subcordate at
the base. Stamens usually 7 : filaments straight or somewhat arcuate, sub-
ulate villous. Ovary pubescent. Fruit 2 inches or more in diameter, about
Ungnodia. HIPPOCASTANACEiE. 253
2-scc(lod. Seeds larfjortlian in the common Horse-Chestnut. — Sirret Bnrk-
eye. Bii^ liuckfije. Mr. Riddell {!Sijiio})sin of li'istcrn jjIuiiIs, p. !M.) n(Jti<es
" a species of ^f^sculus, i,TO\ving near Cincinnati, Ohio, which resembles
JE. flava, but differs in the deep orange and yellow hue of its flowers, in its
glabrous irregularly serrate leaves, and more acute divisions of the calyx."
X Uncertain species, probably forms icJiich have originated in gardens.
G. ^-K. carnra (Willd.) : capsules ccliinatc ; stamens 7, longer than the 4-petalo(is
(deep pink) corolla ; antiiers glabrous ; leallels ovate-lauceoiate, acuminate, glabrous,
woolly in the axils ofthe veins btneath. Don. — " Willd. ex Ciuimp. S,- Ilaync , frcii nd.
kolz.t.22; Liiidl. /jot ng. t. 10')6. iE. rubicunda, Loisel. hcrb.amnl. l.'M>l ; DC.
prodr. 1. p. 597." Pavia carnea, Spuch, I. c; Don, in Brit.Jl. gard. {scr. 2.) I. 301.
North America 1 — A small tree.
7. .K. (suh Pavia) Watsoniana (Sp-dch) : capsules echinate ; flowers octandrous
(dark red) ; claws of the lateral petals a little shorter liian the calyx ; stamens some-
what shorter than the lateral petals ; the anthers pubescent along the margin ; leaf-
lets 5-8, sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, glabrovis. Spach, I. c. p. 53.
This species, according to Spach, is the JE. carnea, Watson, dendr. Brit. i. 121.
{JE. rubicunda, Lodd. bat. cab. t. r2-12.): the description seems to have been drawn
merely from Watson's figure.
8. ^'E. hu7niJ-is (Lodd.) : capsules unarmed ; stem decumbent; leaflets 5, lanceolate,
petiolulate, unequally serrate, jiubescent bencatli ; calyx cylindrical-fiinncl-shaped
and pubescent, as well as the corolla; stamens included, a little longer than the ca-
lyx ; flowers blood-colored, in loose racemes. G. Don, sub Pavia. — " Lodd. ; Lindl.
hot. rcg. t. 1018."
North America. — A shrub 2-3 feet hi^h.
sider the same species.
2. UNGNODIA. Endl. atakta botanica, p. .. t. .
We have not yet received the above-cited work of Endlicher, in the fifth fiisciculus
of which (according to Sir Wm. Hooker) this very remarkable genus is figured
and described. The plant was collected by the late Mr. Drummond in Texas, and
specimens were distributed witii his first Texan collection. It forms a large tree;
the leaves are alternate, and pinnately 5-foliolate : the flowers are small, in few-flow-
ered racemes, which appear to be axillary or clustered along the branches : the se-
pals are nearly distinct : petals 5 (rarely 6), similar, spreading, witli an obovate
slightly crenulate lamina, raised on a short and very thick woolly claw, which bears
at its summit a curious fimbriate crest: stamens 8-10, declined and much exserted,
a portion of them apparently somewliat coherent with a small unilateral appendage
orprojectiou of the torus, or with the base of the (effete 1) ovary. Fruit not seen.
Order XLV. SAPINDACEiE. Jiiss.
Flowers usually polygamous. Sepals 4-5, distinct or nearly so, im-
bricated in aestivation. Petals as many as the sepals and alternate
with them, or fewer by the abortion of one (sometimes entirely wanting),
inserted outside the hypogynous disk (or row of glands) which occupies
the bottom of the calyx ; the inside either naked or hairy, glandular
or furnished with a petaloid scale. Stamens 8 or 10, rarely fewer or
more numerous, inserted either on the disk, or between the glands and
254 SAPINDACE.E. Sapfndus.
the ovary : filaments distinct or very slightly united at the base : an-
thers introrse (the pistil of tlic staminate flowers either rudimentary
or entirely wanting). Ovary comppsed of 3 (rarely 2-5) united car-
pels : styles partly or completely united : ovules solitary in each cell,
erect or ascending ; sometimes 2, the upper one ascending, the lower
suspended ; rarely 3 or more. Fruit 2-3-ceiled, capsular, vesicular,
or samaroid, or frequently fleshy and indehiscent. Seeds 1-3 in each
cell, usually arilled, without albumen. Embryo rarely straight ; the
cotyledons usually incumbent on the radicle, or spirally convolute, some-
times combined into a thick mass. — Trees, or tendril-bearing shrubs
or herbs. Leaves alternate, usually compound and exstipulate, often
marked with pellucid lines or dots. Flowers small.
Tribe I. SAPINDE^. Camh.
Ovary with one ovule in each cell. Embryo curved, rarely straight.
1. CARDIOSPERMUM. Linn.; GcBrln. fr. t.l9.
Sepals 4 ; the two outer ones smallest. Petals 4 ; the two lateral ones usu-
ally adhering to the sepals, each with an emarginate scale above the base ;
the two lower ones remote from the stamens, their scales furnished with a
glandular crest at the extremity, and ending in an inflexed appendage beneath
the apex. Glands of the disk 2, round or linear, opposite the lower petals.
Stamens 8, the four nearest the glands shorter than the others. Style trifid,
stigraatose on the inside. Fruit a membranous bladdery capsule, composed
of 3 carpels united at the axis. Seeds globose, on a thick funiculus, which
is usually expanded at the base into a 2-lobed aril; the hilum broad and cor-
date. — Climbing herbs. Leaves 2-ternate. Peduncles axillary, racemose at
the apex; the lowest pair of pedicels changed into tendrils.
1. C. Halicac ahum (hinn.): annual, nearly glabrous ; leaflets ovate-lan-
ceolate, incisely lobed and toothed ; fruit large, roundish-pyriforni. — Lam. ill.
t. 317 ; Nutt. gen. 1. p. 251 ; Torr.! in ann. lye. Neii' -York., 2. p. 172.
On the Missouri and its branches, Dr. James ! Texas, Drummond !
Native. Cultivated occasionally, but hardly naturalized, in the Atlantic
States.
2. SAPINDUS. Linn.; Lam. ill. i. 307.
Sepals 4-5 ; two of them exterior. Petals as many as the sepals, or one of
them abortive, glandular or bearded within, or with a scale above the claw.
Disk fleshy, entire or crenulate-lobed. Stamens 8-10, inserted between the
margin of the disk and the ovary. Styles connivcnt or combined : stigmas
3. Fruit composed of 2-3 globose fleshy connate carpels, one or two of
which are usually abortive. Seed large, spherical, sohtary in each carpel ;
testa (endocarp, Kunth, Camh.) crustaceous: aril none.^ — Trees. Leaves
exstipulate, abruptly pinnate, or unequally pinnate by the abortion of one of
DoDON^EA. SAPINDACE^. 255
the ultimate pair of leaflets. Flowers racemose or paaiclcd. Berries sapo-
naceous.
1. S. mnrscinnlus (Willd.) : unarmed ; petioles windless, or slightly mar-
gined towards the summit; leaflets 9-18, very inequilateral and somewhat
falcate, ovate-lanceolate, with a slender acumination; flowers in dense vrry
compound terminal and axillary panicles. — Willd. e?n«??. p. 432 ; MuliL!
cat. p. 41 ; DC. prodr. 1. p. 607. S. Saponaria, Lam. ill. t. 307 ; Mich.r. !
Jl. 1. p. 242; Pursh, /?. 1. ;;. 274; Nutt. > gen. 1. j>. 257 ; Ell. sic. 1. p.
460. S. inoequalis, fJC.l.c.l
Coast of Georgia and Florida (Tjoldwin! Nnttall!) to Arkansas, Nuil-
all ! Dr. Pitcher ! Dr. Ledvemrorl/i ! — Tree 10-40 feet hii;h,Avith smooth
branches. Leaves glabrous cr sli:;htly puliescent beneath : leaflets mostly
altiTuate, somewhat pctiolulate, ratlier shining and strongly veined above.
Panicles large. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Fruit globose, as large
as a small bullet, of one carpel, with the rudiments of two abortive ones at
the base. — Huap-berry.
Trire II. DODONEACE^. Camb.
Ovary containing 2-3 (rarely more) ovules in each cell. Embryo
spirally convolute.
3. DODON.EA. Linn.; DC. prodr. 1. p. 616.
Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 8 : filaments very short : an-
thers oblong or linear. Style filiform, distinct irom the wings of the capsule,
slightly 3-cleft at the apex. Capsule 2-8-valved, 2-3--v\inged. Seeds 2 in
each cell, subglobose. DC. — Shrubs, with simple oblong entire leaves.
1. D. viscosa (JJinn.): leaves viscous, obovate-oblong, cuneiform at the
base; flowers racemose; fruit 2-3-winged, longer than the pedicels. DC. — •
Plwn. e.d. Burm. t. 247; Sloane, hist. 2. t. 162; DC. I. c.
Near St. Augustine, Florida, Mr. Read (in herb. acad. Philad. !) Dr.
Hassler ! — We have only seen imperfect specimens of this plant.
Order XLVI. CELASTRACE^. R.'Br.
Sepals 4-5, united at the base, imbricated in aBstivation, usually
persistent. Petals as many as the sepals and alternate with them,
plane, inserted by a broad base under the margin of the disk : estiva-
tion imbricated. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with
them, inserted on the margin or upper surface of the large flat and
fleshy disk which covers the bottom of the calyx : anthers introrse.
Ovary more or less immersed in and adhering to the disk, 2-5 (rarely
by abortion 1-) celled, with 1, 2, or several erect or ascending ovules
in each cell : styles and stigmas 2-5, distinct or combined into one.
Fruit free from the calyx, 2-5- (or by abortion 1-) celled, either drupa-
ceous, baccate, samaroid, membranaceous, or capsular with loculici-
256 CELASTRACE^. Staphylea.
dill dehiscence. Seeds anatropous, 1 or few in each cell, ascending or
erect, or by resupination suspended, often arillcd : albumen fleshy, often
very thin or wanting. Embryo straight, usually nearly as long as the
albumen : radicle short : cotyledons thick or foliaceous. — Slirubs, or
rarely trees, with alternate or opposite leaves. Flowers sometimes po-
lygamous or dioecious.
Cyrilla, Linn, and Cliftonla, Soland. in kerb. Banks and Gcprtn. (Mylocarium,
Willi!.) are i-eferred to this family by Lindley, we know not on wliat ground ; since
they liavc not a flat perigynous disk; their stamens are twice the nnmber of the pe-
tals, the latter are inserted by a narrow base ; their ovaries have a single suspended
ovule in each cell, and the embryo is cylindrical and slender. These two genera,
with Elliottia, J\luhl., form apparently a suborder of Ericacea3, perhaps even a
group of equal rank with Pyrolacese, &c., (which may receive the name Cyrille^,
from the oldest genus), distinguished from Ericacea; proper by the ovary seated upon
a short torus, with a single suspended ovule in each cell, by the texture of tiie peri-
carp, the flat or dilated filaments, with the cells of the anthers not separated or ap-
pendaged either at the apex or base, and opening longitudinally ; and by the polype-
talous corolla (the petals of Elliottia, although cohering at the base, are at length
separable), which is hardly met with in true Ericaceae, except in Cletbra, to which
Elliottia is somewhat related. Pickeringla, JVwW. (Cyrilla paniculata, Nutt. in Sill,
jour. 5. p. 290) is, as the acute botanist and zoologist to whom it was dedicated first
suspected, a species of Ardisia ; probably A. coriacea, Sicarlz, a West Indian plant.
Tribe I. STAPHYLEA^. DC.
Seeds not arilled, with a large truncate hilum ; the testa bony. Co-
tyledons thick. Disk urceolate, 5-angIed. Leaves opposite, unequally
pinnate, with (caducous) general, and sometimes partial stipules : leaf-
lets serrate. Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles.
1. STAPHYLEA. Linn.; Lam. ill. t. 210.
Flowers perfect. Sepals 5, oblong, erect, colored, persistent. Petals 5.
Stamens 5. Ovary of 3 carpels united at the axis : styles separate or sepa-
rable. Fruit a membranaceous and inflated 2-3-ceIled 2-3-lobed capsule.
Seeds globose, ascending, few, or by abortion solitary, in each cell : albumen
little or none. — Shrubs. Leaves 3-7-foUolate : leaflets involute in vernation.
Flowers white : the racemes sometimes panicled.
1. S.trif olia (h'mn.): leaves 3-foliolate, with caducous stipules; leaflets
ovate, acuminate, finely serrate, more or less pubescent when young ; styles
glabrous, connate above ; capsules inflated. — Mich.r.! Ji. 1. p. 184 ; Ell. sk.
1. p. 369 ; DQ. prodr. 2. p. 2 ; Torr. ! ji. 1. p. 325 ; Bxgel.fi. Bost. ed,
2. p. 121; Hook.fi. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 119. Staphylodendron, Toiirn. inst.
t. 3S6.
In moist places, Canada ! to S. Carolina, and west to Arkansas ! May. —
Shrub 6-12 feet high, with slender smooth dotted branches. Petioles pubes-
cent above. Partial stipules mostly none. Petals obovate-spatulate, ciliate
at the base. Stamens rather exserted : filaments hairy below : anthers cor-
date ; the lobes somewhat united at the tip. Capsule 2 inches long, the car-
pels (sometimes 4) distinct at the summit, tipped with the persistent styles,
and opening by the inner suture. Seeds smooth and polished, all but one
often abortive. — Bladder-nut.
EuoNYMOs. CELASTRACBiE. 257
TiuHK II. EUONYMExE. DC.
Celastracetc {iroper, Brovi^n. ; iJndl.
Seeds usually arilled. Cotyledons sometimes fotiaceous. — Leaves
simple, entire or serrate, witli minute deciduous stipules. Flowers in
terminal racemes or axillary cytiies.
2. CELASTRUS. Linn, (partly); Kunth, sijn, 4. p. 185.
Flowers by abortion somewhat dicecious or polygamous. Sepals 5, united
below into a very short turbinate calyx-tube. Petals 5, ovate or oblong, ses-
sile. Stamens rising from the margin of the orbicular fleshy disk. Ovary
3-celled, sessile on the disk : styles short, united, with a papillose 3-lobcd stig-
ma. Capsule subglobose, 2-3-celled, the dissepiments sometimes incomplete
or evanescent, loculicidal. Seeds erect, 1-2 in each cell, enclosed in a pulpy
aril. Embryo included in the thin albumen, nearly the length of the seed :
cotyledons broad and foliaceous. — Climbing unarmed shrubs. Leaves alter-
nate, of a rather thin texture. Stipules minute. Racemes terminal, some-
what compound : pedicels articulated. Flowers small, pale yellowish-green,
C. myrtifdlius, 7-///i?(. is doubtless a sppcies of Ilex : C.buMntis, H'/VW., founded
on a figure of Plukcnet, is a wholly doubtful plant, probably not American.
1. C. srniide.7is (Linn.) : leaves oval or someAvhat obovate, abruptly acu-
minate, with glandular or mucronulate incurved serratures, glabrous ; racemes
nearly simple; petals obovate-oblong. — Willd. sp. 1. p. 1125 (excl. syn.);
Mkhx. ! Jl. 1. p. 154; Gfzrtn. Jr. t. 95; DC. prodr. 2. p. 6.
Borders of woods & streams, Canada! to Virginia, and west to Mis-
souri ! June. — Capsule orange-color when mature ; the styles separating by
the dehiscence of the valves. Seeds reddish-brown, coated with a bright
orange, at length scarlet, aril. Bitter-sweet. Waxwork.
3. EUONYMUS. Tourn. insi. t. 38S; Linn.; Lam. ill. t. 131.
Sepals 4-5 (rarely 6), united at the base, forming a short flat calyx. Pe-
tals 4-5 (rarely 6). Stamens inserted on the upper surface of the broad and
flat disk: filaments short, the base persistent: anthers with a thick connecti-
vum at the back, opening transversely or longitudinally. Ovary immersed
in the disk, with as many 2-3-ovuled cells as petals: styles united, short and
thick : stigmas united into one, obtuse or lobed. Capsule 4-5-lobed, 4-5-cell-
ed, loculicidal. Seeds usually enclosed in a fleshy red or purple aril. Em-
bryo with broad foliaceous cotyledons : albumen fleshy and oily. — Shiubs
sometimes trailing or climbing by rootlets. Leaves opposite, serrate. Sti-
pules mostly none. Pedimcles axillary, 1-many-fiowered : inflorescence
cyraose.
1. E. atropurpnreus (Jacq.) : branches smooth; leaves (rather large)
oval or elliptical-oblong, acuminate, mostly acute at the base, finely serrate,
on distinct petioles, puberulent beneath; peduncles compressed, several-flow-
ered ; parts of the flower usually in fours; petals rouudish-obovatc; capsules
33
258 CELASTRACE^. Obeophila.
smooth, deeply lobed. — Jacq. hort. Vind. 2. t. 120 ; Wilkl. sp. 1. p. 1132 ;
Michx. ! fl. 1. p. 155; DC. prodr. 2. p. 4; EU. sk. 1. p. 293; Torr. I Ji.
1. p. 261. E. Caroliniensis & latifolius, Marsh. arhiLsi. p. 43.
B.7 leaves glabrous, often obtuse at the base; peduncles 2-3-flowered,
(" flowers pentandrous," Nutt.) — E. occidentalis, Niott. J 7nss. E. atropur-
pureus ? Hook. Ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 119.
In shady woods. Upper Canada ! to Florida ! west to Kentucky ! and
Missouri! p. Oregon, in dark woods, Douglas., Nutt all ! June- July. —
Shrub 4-12 feet high ; the branches slightly 4-sided. Leaves 2-5 inches
long. Petals dark purple. Capsule crimson when mature. Seeds nearly
white, invested with a bright red succulent aril. — Burning-bush. Spindle-
tree.
2. E. Americanus (Linn.): branches smooth, 4-sided; leaves varying
from elliptical-lanceolate to oval-obovate, on very short petioles ; rather ob-
scurely serrate, glabrous ; peduncles 1-3-flowered ; parts of the flower most-
ly in threes or fives; petals roundish-obovate ; capsules depressed-globose,
verrucose-echinate. — Willd. sp. I. c. ; Walt. Car. p. 102 ; Mich.r. ! I. c. ;
Duha.m. arb. 3. t 9; Ell. sk. 1. p. 292 ; DC. I. c. ; Hook. I. c. ; Darlingt.
fl. Cest. ed. 2. p. 150. E. sempervirens. Marsh, arbust. p. 43.
a. erect; leaves oval or elliptical-lanceolate, the uppermost often slightly
falcate, mostly acuminate, acute or obtuse (rarely subcordate) at the base.
/?. leaves narrowly eUiptical or oblong, slightly falcate, the margin minutely
serrate.
y. trailing and often rooting ; leaves ovate-lanceolate. — E. Americanus /?.
sarmentosus, Nutt. gen. 1. p. 154.
S. trailing and rooting ; leaves obovate or oval-obovate, obtuse or slightly
acuminate, acute at the base. — E. obovatus, Nutt. ! I. c. ; DC. I. c.
In moist woodlands, Canada ! to Florida ! and west to Missouri. May-
June. — Branches slender, green. Leaves 1-2 inches long, coriaceous, nearly
evergreen in the Southern States. Parts of the flower mostly in threes or
fives. Segments of the calyx very short and roundish. Petals greenish-yellow,
tinged with purple. Capsule deep crimson when mature, slightly angled,
densely muricate or warty ; the dissepiments and arU scarlet. Seeds smaller
than in the preceding, 1-3 in each cell. — Both species are very ornamental
in autumn when the fruit is ripe. — Straw-berry-tree. Burning-bush.
3. E. angustifolius (Pursh) : branches 4-sided ; leaves linear-elliptical
and elongated, subsessUe, rather falcate, almost entire ; peduncles mostly 1-
flowered ; sepals always five ; fruit verrucose-muricate. Pursh., JI. 1. p. 168.
In shady woods, Georgia, Lyo7i ex Pursh. — Specimens of this plant which
we have seen in the herbaria of Muhlenberg and Collins certainly appear
different from E. Americanus; but the characters of the leaves will probably
not be found constant, and there seems to be no other difference.
4. OREOPHILA. Nutt. mss.
Sepals 4, united below into a short turbinate calyx-tube, persistent. Petals
4, inserted under the edge of the disk, roundish, somewhat concave, spread-
ing. Stamens 4, alternate with the petals, inserted into the margin of the
broad and flat nearly entire disk, which covers the ovary and adheres to the
throat of the calyx-tube : filaments rather short: anthers roundish. Ovary
immersed in, but free from the calyx-tube, the summit coherent with the disk,
2-ceUed, with 2 erect collateral ovules in each cell : style very short : stigma
capitate, obscurely 2-lobed. " Fruit an oval, coriaceous, compressed, 2-ceLled,
2-seeded (or by abortion 1-seeded) capsule. Seed erect, rather large, with.
Creophila. CELASTRACEiE. 299
a lacerated membranous aril at its base." Nntt. — A low excessively branch-
ed evergreen shrub, with small crowded, mostly opposite, entire or remotely
serrulate leaves, and minute axillary subsolitary flowers.
O. myrtifulla (Nutt. ! mss.) — Ilex myrsinites, Pursh ! fi. 1. j). 119. My-
ginda myrtilblia, Nutt.! gen. 1. p. 109; DC. prodr. 2. p. 14; JIuok. Jl.
Jior.-Am. 1. p. 120, ^ 41. (opt.)
Subalpinc hills, N. W. Coast, Menzies ; and throughout the Rocky Moun-
tains, Lewis! Douglas, Nuttall I—^'Thi; wliole plant scarcely 2 feet high,
densely branched, covering the steep sides of bushy hills, very leafy. Leaves
varying from roundish-oval to linear-oblong, half an inch to above an inch in
length, coriaceous, glabrous, shining above, sometimes Avith numerous, some-
times with small and sparse or obsolete serratures ; the taste slightly bitter
and astrinijent, very similar to that of black tea, or to that of Ilex vomiloria,
for which it was mistaken by its discoverer, the indefatigable Menzies. Pe-
duncle very short, l-3-tlo\vered : pedicels 2-bracteolate, slender. Flowers
monoscious. The whole aspect of the plant is that of Phillyrea media; while
its true affinity is with Celastrus, from which it differs much in habit: a lacerat-
ed membrane takes the place ol the fleshy aril. A»i^." — Pursh described this
plant very badly. Hooker has given an excellent description and figure,
which leaves nothing to be desired except as to the fruit and seeds (which
have now for the first time been obtained by Nuttall) ; he suspects it should
be removed from Myginda. Arnott observes (in prodr. hid. Or. I. p. 155.)
that " M. ilicifolia, myrsinoides, and myrtifolia, having a bilocular ovary with
two erectovules in each cell, form a distinct genus, as has already been remark-
ed by Kunth" ; but most probably our plant is not a congener of the West In-
dian M. ilicifolia. The flowers are said by Nuttall to be monoecious ; but
this is at least not uniformly the case in our specimens : and perfect flowers
are also represented in the detailed figure of this plant given by Sir Wm.
Hooker.
Order XLVIl. RHAMNACE^. Jiiss.
Calyx 4-5-cleft, with a valvate aestivation. Petals distinct, cucul-
late or convolute, narrowed at the base, inserted upon the throat of
the caly.x, sometimes wanting. Stamens equal in number to the petals
and opposite them : anthers introrse or versatile, rarely 1-celled.
Ovary of 2-4 united carpels, 2-4-celled, free from, or usually cohering
with, the tube of the calyx, or more or less immersed in the fleshy peri-
gynous disk : ovules solitary in each cell, erect : styles more or less
connate : stigmas simple, usually distinct. Fruit free or commonly
more or less cohering with the calyx, fleshy and indehiscent, or with
the carpels dry and at length separable. Seeds erect, anatropous, not
arilled : albumen fleshy, or rarely none. Embryo about as large as
the seed : radicle short : cotyledons large, flat; — Trees or shrubs, the
branches often thorny. Leaves simple, alternate (or rarely opposite),
usually with minute stipules. Flowers small, mostly whitish or green-
ish, sometimes by abortion dioecious, monoecious, or polygamous : in-
florescence various.
2G0 RHAMNACEiE. Rhamncs.
1. BERCHEMIA. Necker ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 22; Brongn. in ann. sci.
oiat. 10. p. 356.
Calyx 5-parted, with a hemispherical tube ; segments erect. Petals 5,
convolute. Stamens enclosed within the petals : anthers ovate, 2-celled,
Ovary half immersed in the annular flattish disk, but free from it, 2-celled :
style short, conical, slightly bifid at the summit. Fruit oblong, drupaceous,
with a bony 2-celled nut. — Erect or climbing unarmed shrubs. Leaves alter-
nate, many-veined ; the veins oblique aod nearly simple. Flowers in small
racemose panicles, or in fascicles, terminal and from the axils of the upper
leaves.
1. B. voluhilis (DC): climbing; branches glabrous ; leaves ovate, slight-
ly undulated, mucronate, glabrous ; flowers dicEcious, in small panicles. —
DC. prodr. 2. p. 22. Rhamnus volubilis, Linn.; Jacq. ic. rar. t. 336;
IValL Car. p. 101 ; Michx.! fl. 1. p. 153. Zizyphus volubilis, Willd. sp. 1.
p. 1102; Pursh, fl. 1. p.lSS; Ell. sk. 1. p. 290. ^noplia volubilis,
Schult. syst. 5. p. 322.
Damp rich soils, Virginia ! to Florida ! and west to the Mississippi ! May-
June. — Stem climbing to the height of 12-15 feet, tough and flexible, with
pendent branches. Leaves 1-2 inches long, obtuse or slightly cordate at the
base. Flowers minute : racemes or panicles 6-10-flowered. Calyx deeply
cleft; the segments reticulated. Petals oblong, folded round the stamens.
Drupe about 3 lines long, dark purple ; pulp rather thin : nut very hard,
smooth, Avith a slight groove on each side.
2. RHAMNUS. Linn. ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 23 ; Brongn. I. c. p. 360.
Calyx urceolate, 4-5-cleft. Petals 4-5, emarginate or 2-lobed, usually more
or less convolute. Torus thin, lining the tube of the calyx. Ovary free from
the calyx, not immersed in the torus, 2-4-celled : styles 2-4, distinct or more
or less connected. Fruit drupaceous, containing 2-4 cartilaginous nuts. —
Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, on short petioles.
Flowers minnte, u.5ually in short axillary clusters.
* Leaves coriaceous, sempervirent.
1. R. oleifoUus (Hook.): unarmed, erect ; leaves coriaceous, evergreen,
elliptical-oblong, entire, revolute on the margin, glabrous ; flowers pentand-
rous, in small axillary crowded panicles ; petals very minute, stigma obscure-
ly 2-lobed; fruit 2-seeded.— //bo/c. /. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 123, t. 44; Hook, f
Am. in hot. Eeechy, p. 1J6.
North West Coast, and California, Menzies. Woody plains around St.
Barbara, Nuttall ! — A shrub 6-12 feet high, the younger branches pubes-
cent. Leaves about 2 inches long, the veins oblique and rather remote, in
ihe young state pubescent beneath: petioles 3-4 lines long. Panicles on
short peduncles. Sepals ovate, rather erect. Petals cucullate, partly enclos-
ing the very short stamens. Anthers ovate-globose. Fruit about as large as
,a paa, globose.
2. R. laurifolius f Nutt. ! mss.) : "unarmed, erect; leaves coriaceous,
fivergreen, elliptical-oblong, or oblong, somcAvhat serrate, the veins approxi-
mated ; flowers axillary, 2-4 together, on pedicels shorter than the calyx,
fetrandrous; petals very minute.
Rhamnds. RHAMNACEi^:. 2G1
"Near St. Barbara and Monterey, California. A shrub 10-12 feet hi?h.
Considerably allied to the preceding, but very different in the infloreseenee
and foliage ; the leaves are shorter and wider, with 11 or li! pairs of veins.
In the young state and while Howering, the leaves are nearly glabrous, quite
small and oblong, or oblong-ovate, and the stii)ules thin and membranace-
ous as well as smooth. In older brownish branches (perhaps a distinct spe-
cies) the stipules and young leaves are silky-pubescent. The (lowering
brandies are white and nearly glabrous. If these two plants should prove
to be distinct species, one of them may retain the present name; and the
other may be called R. leucodermis." — Nutlall.
3. R.croceus (Nutt. ! mss.): " low and branching, the branches spines-
cent at the extremity ; leaves coriaceous, evergreen, roundish-obovate (small)
nearly glabrous, glandularly denticulate; llowers in axillary clusters; dicccious,
tetrandrous, apetalous; styles exserted, distinct above; fruit obovate, 1-2-
seeded.
" Bushy hills and thickets around Monterey, California. — A much branched
thorny shrub, with yellow wood ; the whole plant imparting a yellow color to
water. Leaves about half an inch long, lucid, when dry of a bright yel-
lowish-brown beneath: petioles about a line long. Fascicles 2-6-flowered :
pedicels as long as the petioles. Sepals ovate, with one middle and 2 mar-
ginal nerves. Stamens nearly as long as the sepals. Ovary ovate. Styles
often distinct below the middle. Fruit greenish or yellowish, usually (by
abortion) 1-seeded. Seed with a longitudinal furrow oh one side'."— AV^/o//.
** Leaves deciduous.
t Flowers tetrandrous.
4. R.catharticus {L.\x\n.): er«ct ; branches thorny at the summit; leaves
•ovate, denticulate-serrate; (lowers fascicled, polygimous-dio-cious, mostly
tetrandrous ; Iruit subglobose, 4-seeded.— £;n"-. bot. t. 1629 ; Torr > fl I v
263 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 24:. •■ J ■ - f
Mountains and in woods ; in the most retired parts of the Highlands of
New-York, Dr. Barratt ! Near WiUiamstown, Massachusetts^ Dewey !
and about Boston and Salem, Mr. Oakes ! Probably introduced.— A larcre
shrub, with spreading branches and grayish Ixirk. Leaves fascicled and
somewhat opposite, about li inch long, nearly glabrous; the laro-er veins
nearly longitudinal. Pedicels 3-4 lines long. Flowers sometimes trTandrous*
sepals at length reflexed. Petals erect, entire. Stamens a little lonc^er than
the calyx. Fruit black, nauseous and cy^ihaxiic— Buck-thorn. "
5. R. lanceolatiis (Pursh): erect, unarmed; leaves oblong, or ovate-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, acute at the base, serrulate, more or less pubescent be-
neath ; flowers sohtary or 2-3 together, axillary, tetrandrous ; petals minute
2-lobed, enclosing the stamens; styles united; stigmas 2, divergino-; fruit 2-
seeded, globose-obovate ; seed plano-convex, with a deep furrow on' the out-
siAe.—Pursh.fl. 1 p. 166; DC. prodr. 2. p. 27. R. Shortii, Nutt.! in
jour. acad. Fhilad. 7. p. 91. Cardiolepis nigra, rubra, & spinosa, Raf.
neo^en. (1825) no. 2. r j j
Cihrs of Kentucky River, Short! Missouri, Baldwin,' Tennessee Pursh
May.— A shrub, with smooth grayish bark. Leaves 2-2i inches long' usuaUy
pubescent beneath, but when old sometimes nearly glabrous • petioles 2-3
lines long. Flowers perfect, on short pedicels at the base of the youncr
shoots. Petals broad, folded round the short stamens, and partly enclosing
them. Styles exserted, united the greater part of their length, distinct and
somewhat recurv ed above. Fruit as large as a pepper-corn, red or black, usu-
ally 2-sided.— Our plant does not exactly agree with Pursh's description, as
2G2 RHAMNACEiE. Rhamnus.
the leaves are seldom so narrow as to be called lanceolate; but there can be
little doubt of its being the same species.
6. R. parvifoUus : unarmed ; leaves ovate, serrulate, pubescent (in the
young state), acute or emarginate; flowers solitary or 2-3 together, axillary,
on ve'ry short pedicels, tetrandrous (rarely pentandrous) ; petals mmute, 2-
lobed, partly surrounding the very short stamens ; styles 2, united below,
very short and conical. . , , • i
Harper's Ferry, Virginia, Pursh ! (v. s. in herb. Barton).— K shrub with
smooth gray bark. Leaves (immature) half an inch long, pubescent, particu-
larly onlhe lower surface, acute at the base. Tube of the calyx narrow, at-
tenuated dowmvard. Petals about as long as the stamens. Ovary (abortive)
oblong, shorter than the tube of the calyx.— We have only seen immature
specimens of this plant, in the herbarium of the late Dr. Barton. They
were labeDed in the hand-writing of Pursh " Rhamnus franguloides, mihi.—
Michx. 7 Harper's Ferry." We cannot refer it to any other species describ-
ed in this work. It may be the R. franguloides of Pursh's Flora, but it is
certainly not the plant of Michaux.
+t Flowers pentandrous.
7. R. alnifolius (L'Her.) : erect, unarmed ; leaves oval, acuminate, ser-
rate, pubescent on the veins beneath; flowers solitary or aggregated, pen-
tandrous (rarely tetrandrous), apetalous; styles 3, very short, united nearly to
the summit; disk somewhat fleshy ; fruit roundish-turbinate.— L'//er. serf.
« 5 ; Torr. ! fl. 1. p. 263 ; DC. prodr. 2. ji. 25 ; Hook. ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p.
122,' t. 42. R. franguloides, Mich.v. fl. 1. p. 153; P^irsh, fl. 1. p. 166?
Sphaf^nous swamps, Hudson's Bay, New England ! and northern part of
New- York! to Pennsylvania (Muhlenberg). May -June.— A shrub 2-4 feet
high. Leaves 1-3 inches long, acute at the base ; the lateral veins oblique
anli rather prominent. Flowers produced on the lower part of the young
shoots ; pedicels 2-3 lines long. Tube of the calyx hemispherical ; sepals
spreading. Fruit black, rather fleshy, about the size of a currant, 3-seeded.
Seeds plano-convex, without a furrow.
8. R. Carolinianus (Walt.) : erect, unarmed ; leaves oval-oblong, obscure-
ly serrate, nearly glabrous (or rarely pubescent beneath); umbels axillary, on
peduncles' much shorter than the petioles ; flowers perfect, pentandrous (some-
times tetrandrous), petals minute, embracing the very short stamens; styles
united to the summit ; stigmas 3 ; fruit globose, rather dry, 3-4-seeded.—
Walt. Car. p. 101 ; Mich.v..' fl. 1. p. 153; Pursh, fl. 1. p. 166 ; Ell. sk. .
1. p. 289; DC. prodr. 1. p. 27. , ■ „ , ,t
Banks of rivers, North Carolina ! to Florida ! west to the Rocky Moun-
tains '.—Usually a shrub, but sometimes (as in Palmetto Creek, Laurens
County, Georgia, Croo77i) it becomes a tree 30-40 feet high. Leaves 3-6
inches long, and 1-2 inches wide, sometimes acuminate, irregularly serrate,
the serratuTes often very indistinct ; sometimes the margin is waved ; lateral
veins (10-12) rather distant. Umbels 5-15-flowered. Petals 2-lobed. Style
rather short : stigmas minute. Fruit as large as a smaU pea, mostly 3-seed-
ed. Seeds plano-convex, without a groove on one side.
9. R. Purshianus (DC): erect, unarmed; leaves broadly elliptical, den-
ticulate-serrate, pubescent beneath ; umbels axillary, on peduncles longer than
the petioles, pubescent ; flowers perfect, pentandrous ; petals minute, embrac-
ino- the very short stamens ; styles united to the summit ; stigmas 3 ; fruit
turbinate, 3-seeded.— I>C. prodr. 2. p. 25; Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 123,
t. 43. R. alnifolius, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 166, not of L'Her.
Woods, Oregon, Dr. Scolder ! Nuttall ! Nootka, Menzies.—A shrub or
small tree', 10-20 feet, with a trunk 9 inches in diameter. Leaves 3-5 inches
Sageretia. RHAMNACEiE. 2G3
luiifj and li-2 inches in diameter, sometimes slightly cordate at the base,
rarely acute or with a slight acuniination ; the lower surface strongly pulies-
cent; the lateral veins (14-lG) prominent. Umbels 10-20-(iowcred. Petals
2-lobed. Styles rather short. Fruit the size of a large pea, black. Seeds
plano-convex, shining, without a groove.— Resembles R. Carohnianus but
differs in its broader leaves, more numerous veins, longer peduncles, and
larger pyriform fruit.
10. R. ferrugineus (Nutt.) : leaves oblong-elliptical, acute, entire, the
younger ones and calyx ferrugineous-tomentose ; umbels axillary, sessile ;
Howers perfect, pentandrous; petals minute; style short; stigmas 3. ISutl.
in jour. acad. PhUad. 7. p. 90.
Near Key West, Florida, Mr. T. R. Penh, (ex NuU.).—A shrub or small
tree. Leaves about 2 inches long, slightly pubescent beneath in the adult
state. Umbels 10-20-flowered in the axils 'of the petioles towards the end ot
the branches: pedicels 2-3 lines long. Calyx thickly clothed with rusty
down. Petals at first involving the stamens. NuU.—Vv'q have not seen this
plant. Some of our specimens of R. Carolinianus agree very well with the
description.
11. R. CaUfornicus (Eschs.) : branches angular, grayish-tomentose ;
leaves oval, serriilate, mostly acute, reticulately veined, glabrous on both sides ;
flowers fasciculate-umbelled ; pedicels tomcntose, as long as the petioles;
calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5, scale-like ; style 5-cleft ; fruit 2-seeded. EschschoUz,
in mem. acad. St. Petersb. 10. /;. 281.
In bushy places, California, ^.^c/isc/io/^^;.— A shrub about 12 feet high:
stem terete, fuscpus, nearly glabrous. Leaves li inch long : petioles tomen-
tose. Fascicles about 3-flowered. Petals yellowish-green. Eschscholtz.
12. R.? Texensis: much branched and straggling ; branches pubescent;
leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, somewhat acute, villous-pubescent on both sides,
denticulate-serrulate, the veins prominent and very oblique (flowers solita-
ry ?) ; fruit broadlv turbinate, 2-3-seeded ; seeds tumid, without a furrow.
Texas, Drummond! (coll. 2. no. 67.) —Branches whitish, flexuous.
Leaves about ^ of an inch long, somewhat coriaceous, obtuse or a little acute
at the base : petioles 1-2 lines "long. Fruit 3-4 lines in diameter, wuh a very
thin black pulp, obscurely lobed. Seed very smooth and shming.— AVe have
not seen the flowers, but'ihe plant appears to be a Rhammis,and is very dis-
tinct from any species with which we are acquainted.
3. SAGERETIA. Brongn. in ann. sci. nat. 10. p. 359, t. 13. / 2.
Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft. Petals convolute or cucuUate. Stamens 5: an-
thers ovate, 2-celled. Ovary partly immersed in the slightly concave and
entire disk, 3-ceUed : style short and thick, 3-lobed at the summit. Fruit
somewhat baccate, indehiscent, 3-celled.— Shrubs with slender often spines-
cent branches. Leaves somewhat opposite, on short petioles. FloAvers in
simple or branched interrupted rigid spikes.
The charncter of the fruit (which was unknown to Brongniart) is drawn solely
from E. Michauxii, and may not apply to all the species.
1. S. Michauxii (Bwn^n.): branches thorny when old; leaves opposite,
membranaceous, ovate or oblong-ovate, nearly sessile, remotely denticulate-
serrate, shining; flowers very minute, in paniculate spikes; petals mmute,
enclosing the stamens ; stigmas nearly sessile ; fruit 3-seeded.—Bro7igri. 1. c.
Rhamnus minutiflorus, Mic/ix. ! f. 1. p. 154 ; Pnrsh,fi. 1. p. 166 ; Ellsk..
1. p. 289 J DC. prodr. 2. p. 28. .
264 RHAMNACE^. Ceanothus.
Along the coast from North CaroUna to East Florida, Michav.v! Bald-
win! Oct.-Nov.— A shrub (6-8 feet high, EIL). Leaves about an inch
Ions, pub2scent when young, at length nearly glabrous, acuminate ; the lateral
veins few. Petals entire. 'Fruit as large as a pepper-corn : endocarp rather
thin and coriaceous. Seeds plano-convex, obcordate, smooth and even on
both sides. — Our specimens are rather imperfect.
4. CEANOTHUS. Lhin. (in part) ; Gcertn. fr. t. 106 ; Brongn. I'c. p. 369.
Calyx campanulale, 5-clcft ; the upper portion at length separating by a
transverse line ; the tube adhering to the base of the ovary. Petals 5, long-
er than the calyx, saccate and arched, on long claws. Stamens exserted :
anthers ovate, 2-celled. Disk fleshy at the margin, surrounding the ovary.
Styles 3 (sometimes 2), united to the middle, diverging above. Fruit dry
and coriaceous, mostly 3-ceiled (rarely 2-4- or by abortion 1-celled), obtusely
triangular, girt below by the persistent tube of the calyx, tricoccous ; the cells
at length opening by the inner suture. Seeds obovate, without a lateral fur-
row.— Shrubs, or somewhat shrubby plants, not thorny. Roots large, red-
dish, astringent. Leaves alternate, commonly ovate or eUiptical, serrate or
entire, persistent or deciduous. Flowers (perfect) white, blue, or yellowish
(the calyx and pedicels often colored), in umbel-like fascicles, which are ag-
gregated at the extremity of the branches into small dense thyrsoid panicles
or corymbs.
* Leaves 2-ribbcd from the base.
1. C. Am^ricanns (Linn.) : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate, nearly
glabrous above, canescently tomentose beneath, the petioles and veins be-
neath villous-pubescent ; peduncles axillary, elongated ; thyrsus oblong, leaf-
less — Walt. Car. p. 101 ; MiclKv. ! p. 1. p. 154 ; Bot. mag. t. 1479 ; Pvr.sh.,
J. 1. p. 167; Ell. sk. 1. p. 290; DC. prodr. 2. p. 31 ; Hook. Jl. Bor.-Am.
1, p. 124; Darlingt. fl. Cest. p. 148. C. tardiflorus, Hornem.?
p. Pitcheri: leaves ovate, commonly obtuse, minutely canescent above,
velvety-tomentose beneath, the veins of both surfaces hairy ; peduncles of-
ten somewhat leafy.— C. Pitcheri, Pickering ! viss.
y. herbaceus: leaves oval, serrulate, nearly glabrous.— C. herbaceus, Raf.
in Desv. jour. bot. 1. p. 227. C. perennis, Pitrsh, I. c. C. ovatus, Desf.
arb. 2. p. 3S1 7; DC. I. c.1 ,,,,.•
<5. intermedius : leaves small, ovate-oblong or oval, serrulate (otherwise as
in a.) ; thyrus rather loose.— C. intermedius, i^ri^A, /. c. ?; DC. I. c? ; EIL
sk. 1. p. 290, not of Hook.
Woods and copses, Canada ! to Florida ! and Louisiana ! /?. Arkansas
and Missouri, Dr. Pitcher! Nuttall ! Texas, Drummoml ! Alabama,
Dr. Gates ! y. Southern States. S. Georgia ! to Florida ! and west to Ar-
kansas ! June-July.— Root dark red. Stem shrubby or suffruticose, 1-3
feet high; the younger branches pubescent. Leaves 2-3 inches long (in J.
much smaller), rounded or rarely acutish, or sometimes a little cordate at the
base, either acute, or slightly acuminate, or obtusish at the apex ; the pubes-
cence of the veins and petioles somewhat rusty-colored. Calyx, corolla, and
pedicels (3-6 lines long) white. Claws of the petals filiform. Disk with a
10-toothed border. Seeds convex externally, deeply concave Avithin ; the
cavity marked by an elevated longitudinal ridge. In (i. & 5. the seeds are
convex on both sides, and without a rid^e : the difference is perhaps ow-
ing to their greater maturity in our specimens of the IdiXax.—Xeu'-Jersey
Tea.
Ceanothus. RHAMNACEiE. 265
2. C orflr/Af (Bigrl.): leaves narrowly ohlonn or elliptical^Ianccolate, ser-
rulate, with the teeth glandular, nearly glabrous ; thyrsus umbel-like, the
pedicels elongated and closely approximated ; peduncles and branches gla-
brous or slightly pubescent.— ^/ge/./. Host. eii. 2. p. 92; dray ! in ann.
lyc. New-York; 3. p. 224. C. intermedius, Hook. f. Bor.-Am. 1. /;. 1. 24,
not of Pursh ?
p.l leaves (especially on the veins), young branches, and peduncles pu-
bescent.
In barren rocky places, Canada ! and Northern part of New-York ! Michi-
gan, Dr. Pitcher! Vermont along Lake Champlain, Boott ! Dr. Rob-
bins ! i^c. M^ine, Mr. Oakes ! 0. Arkansas, A'lit I all! Dr. Leareiiworth !
Texas, Drummond! May.— Shrub 2-3 feet high. Leaves l-2i inches
long, varying from oval to almost linear, acute at both ends, sometimes ob-
tuse at the apex, membranaceous, smooth and shining, or slightly pu-
bescent on the veins beneath, usually pubescent when very young ; the ser-
ratures tipped with black glands. Peduncles 1-2 inches long, naked or often
with one or two leaves just below the flowers. Thyrsus almost hemispheri-
cal, an inch and a half in diameter. Flowers white, lars^or than in C. Ameri-
canus : pedicels 8-10 lines long, white. "Fruit blackish", Uigelow ; in/?,
scarcely half as large as in C. Americanus, globose-turbinate, nearly the
lower lialf invested with the adherent calyx-tube. In /?.? the leaves are
usually smaller, and the pubescence of the veins, &c. is somewhat ferrugineous.
3. C. sangninens (Pursh) : leaves obovate, pubescent beneath ; panicles
axillary, thyrsoid, on very short peduncles ; pedicels aggregated. Pursh, Jl.
1. p. 167 ; Kutt. gen. 1. p. 153 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 32.
IJanks of the Missouri, abundant below the confluence of the Platte, Nut-
tall ; near the Rocky Mountains, Lewis. — Branches reddish. — A much
larger plant than C. Americanus, which it considerably resembles. Nutt.
4. C. Oreganus (Nutt. ! mss.): "leaves broadly ovate, subcordate, mostly
obtuse, serrate, membranaceous, somewhat pubescent beneath ; thyrsoid
corymbs in lateral panicles ; fruit small, globose, obtusely 3-lobed, without
pulp. — C. sanguineus, Hook. ! Jl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 125, not of Pursh."
Woods of the Oregon, from the Blue Mountains to the Sea, Douglas,
Nuttall ! Fort Vancouver, Dr. Scolder ! — A shrub 4-12 feet high ; the
stem and branches glabrous, reddish. Young leaves nearly obovate ; the
adult ones narrow at the summit, but scarcely acute, li-2i inches long, I-IJJ
inch wide, thin ; veins moderately prominent. Panicles large, many-flower-
ed, about 3 inches long, the lower divisions compound. Flowers larger than
in C. Americanus, white. Fruit smaUer than a peper-corn. — Very distinct
from the preceding, according to NuttaU.
5. C. V el utimis (Douglas): branches somewhat pendulous ; leaves orbicu-
lar-elliptical or eUiptical-ovate, obtuse, subcordate, glandularly crenate-serru-
late, coriaceous, glabrous and shining (as if varnished) above, velvety-canes-
cent and strongly 3-ribbed beneath ; panicles axillary, elongated, on rather
long peduncles. — Hook. ft. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 125, t. 45.
Subalpine hills near the sources of the Oregon, and at the "Kettle Falls",
Douglas ; hills of Bear River, near the ' Seltzer Springs', Nuttall! — A
shrub 3-8 feet high, Douglas (scarcely more than knee-high, Nutt. ; some-
times covering the whole declivity of a hill, forming a thicket ver^^ difficult
to penetrate, Nidt.) ; branches nearly glabrous. Leaves 2-3 inches long,
sometimes much larger, the lower surface almost velvety when young, but
smoother when mature : petioles half an inch or more in length. Panicles
thrice compound. Flowers white. " Fruit dry, 2-3-seeded ; cocculi charta-
ceous", Hooker. — The leaves abound with an aromatic resin.
6. C. incanus : branches short and very thick, minutely canescent ; leaves
broadly ovate, obtuse, mostly subcordate, coriaceous, crenate-serrulate, mi-
34
266 RHAMNACE^. Ceanothcs.
nutely velvety above, whitish and canescent beneath ; clusters subsessile,
axillary and terminal.
California, Douglas ! — Branches numerous, whitish with an exceedingly
minute hoariness. Leaves an inch or more in length, rather crowded. Flow-
ers white, in dense subglobose clusters, from very short and thick spurs or
axillary branches.
7. C. oliganthris (Nutt. mss.): "stem and branches villous; leaves ellip-
tical-ovate, nearly glabrous above, villous beneath, glandularly serrulate, rath-
er obtuse ; panicles lateral and terminal, very short, few-flowered, naked, or
leafy towards the base, persistent ; disk pentangular; ovary Avith 3 protuber-
ances at the angles nearly as large as itself.
" Bushy woods on the hills of St. Barbara, California. — A shrub. Leaves
on moderately long petioles. Clusters of flowers scarcely longer than the
leaves. Flowers white, rather large". NiUtall.
8. C.hirsutns {^uXi.m?,^.): "somewhat spiny and almost hirsute, parti-
cularly the young branches; leaves cordate-ovate, glandularly serrulate, r.early
sessile, rather obtuse; panicle terminal, elongated, leafy ; disk obscurely pent-
angular; protuberances of the ovary small.
'in thickets, with the preceding, to which it is nearly allied. — A strag-
gling shrub. Young branches, leaf-buds, and bracts very hairy ; the upper
surface of the leaves also almost villous. Fruit rather smaU." Nuttall.
9. C. thyrsi/lorvs (Eschs.) : stem straight and erect, with angular branch-
es; leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, rather thick, strongly veined beneath, glandu-
larly serrate, glabrous or slightly hairy above, canescent beneath and mi-
nutely pubescent on the veins ; flowers in ovate or oblong very dense clus-
ters, on long more or less leafy axillary and terminal peduncles. — Eschs. in
mem. acad. St. Petersb. (1826) ; Hook. Ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 125; Hook. ^
Am. in hot. Beechey, p. 136.
Monterey, Upper California, EschschoUz, Dov.gJas ! Nuttall ! North
West Coast, Menzies. — A small tree, with a stem sometimes as thick as a
man's arm : branches strongly angular. Leaves 12-15 lines long, 4-6 lines
wide, narrowed at the base ; petioles about 2 lines long. Clusters 1-2 inches
long ; the flower-buds at first surrounded by numerous ovate woolly bracts,
most of which at length fall ofl'. Calyx and corolla bright blue even when
dry.
10. C. microphyllus (Michx.) : stem much branched from the root ; leaves
minute, obovate, rigid, fascicled, glabrous above, strigose below, entire or
sparingly denticulate ; peduncles slender ; thyrsus short, nearly simple, rath-
er loose.— M?:c;i.r. .' ^. l.p. 154; Pursh,fl. \.p. 167; Nutt.! gen. I. p. 154;
Ell. sk. 1. p. 292 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 32.
Sandy pine forests, Georgia ! to East Florida ! April.— Stems 1-2 feet
high, rather rigid, glabrous, yellowish. Leaves 2-3 lines long. Peduncles
1-2 inches long. Flowers white.
11. C. serpyllifolius (Nutt.): decumbent, diffusely branched; branches
fiUform ; leaves very small, ovate-elliptical, serrulate, obtuse, the lower sur-
face, as well as the petioles, strigose ; peduncles axillary ; flowers few, in a
simple corymbose head.— Nutt..' gen. l.p. 154; DC. prodr. 2. p. 32.
Near St. Mary's, Georgia, Bakhcin ! — A very small slender species.
Leaves 3-5 lines long ; the upper surface nearly glabrous ; the early ones
somewhat crowded ; later ones rather distant. Peduncles 1-li inch long,
12-15-flowered. Flowers white.
12. C. divaricatus (Nutt. ! mss.) : " somewhat thorny, nearly glabrous ;
leaves elliptical-oblong or oblong-ovate, lucid, somewhat obtuse, minutely
and glandularly serrulate, pubescent (particularly on the nerves) beneath ;
Ceanothcs. RHAMNACE^. 2C7
flowering branches divaricate ; leafy thyrsus interrupted ; rather loose ; ovary
sub2;lobo>e, withoat protuberances.
"Mountains of St. Barbara, California, and also near the town. April. —
A stragglinfT shrub. Tlic abortive branchlets at lenjTth become spinose.
Leaves 8-12 lines long, somewhat coriaceous, 3-ncrved from the base, the
lateral nerves obscure : petioles about 2 lines long. Tliyrsus oblong, with
several remote fascicles in the axils of the leaves. Flowers blue. Fruit
about the si'/e of a peper-corn." Nut tall.
* * Leaves \-ribbed, pinnalehj reined,
13. C. spinoifua (Nutt. ! mss.) : "glabrous ; branches thorny ; leaves cune-
ate-oblong, or oblong, obtu-e or emarginate, lucid, entire, or obscurely glnn-
dularly serrulate towards the apex; flowering branchlets divaricate, leafy ;
thyrsus oblong; ovary subglobose, without protuberances.
Mountains of St. Barbara. — A straggling shrub. Leaves somewhat cori-
aceous, obscurely veined, pubescent beneath in the young state, 8-10 lines
long. Flowers white or blue : pedicels 2-3 lines long." Nuttall. — Nearly
allied to the preceding species. There is a pair of obscure nerves from the
base of the leaf; but they are scarcely as large as the veins which proceed
from each side of the midrib.
14. C. cune.atus (J:^\iX\..\ mss.): "branchlets pubescent; leaves fascicled
from numerous very short lateral branches, and apparently opposite, thick
and coriaceous, narrowly oblong-cuneiform, entire, obtuse, glabrous above,
"whitish and minutely tomontose-canesccnl beneath ; flowers in lateral
pedunculate nearly simple umbels; fruit with 3 projecting appendages at the
summit." — Rhamnus ? cuneatus, Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 124 ; Hook. ^
Am. in hot. Beechey, p. 136.
Dry gravelly islands and bars of the Wahlamet above the Falls, Nuttall !
Douglas. California, Beechey. March.— A ^'..lCjo 6-in feet high, with
somewhat thorny grayish terete branches, very closely interwoven, sometirnes
forming thickets. Leaves half an inch or more in length, and about 2 lines
wide, very rarely with one or two teeth near the extremity ; the numerous
regular simple and oblique veins rather conspicuous on the lower surface.
Flowers in small axillary umbels: the peduncles and pedicels increasing in
length as the fruit ripens. Calyx and corolla white : petals cucuUate, un-
guiculate. Styles united above the middle, and then spreading. Fruit as
large as an ordinary pea, subglobose ; the exocarp somewhat pulpy, Avith 3
rather soft horn-like projections from the summit of the angles: the coherent
base of the calyx unusually large. Seeds even on both sides, black, polished.
— The whole plant (like several succeeding species) exhales a balsamic odor,
and the mature fruit is covered with a bitter varnish. Hooker describes the
branches as ferrugineous, which is not the case in our specimens : they are
so, however, in the C. macrocarpus, which, judging from our specimen, we
were certainly inclined to unite with the present species ; but Mr. Nuttall
assures us that it is perfectly distinct.
15. C. macrocarpus (Nutt. ! mss.) : "branchlets canescent with a rusty-col-
ored pubescence ; leaves alternate, rather crowded, sometimes a little fascicled
in the axils, thick and coriaceous, obovate-cuneate, entire, often emarginate
glabrous above, whitish and minutely tomentose-canescent beneath ; flowers
in lateral pedunculate nearly simple umbels ; fruit very large, with three pro-
jecting horn-like appendages at the summit."
Mountains of St. Barbara, California, Nuttall.'— A shrub 3-6 feet high.
Fruit twice or thrice as large as in the preceding.
16. C. verrucosus (Nutt. ! mss.): "branches verrucose, and (as also the
viens of the lower surface of the leaves) somewhat canescent with a rusty-
268 RHAMNACEiE. Ceanothus.
colored pubescence ; leaves alternate, approximate or crowded, very thick and
coriaceous, roundish-obovate or cuneate-oval, often eniarginate, the younger
ones sometimes obscurely serrulate, glabious above, minutely tomentose-canes-
cent beneath ; mribels axillary, few-flowered, naked ; fruit with minute pro-
tuberances at the angles.
" Low hills near the coast, St. Diego, California. — Leaves about half an
inch long, and 4-5 lines wide, similar to the preceding in texture, venation,
&c. Flowers white. Fruit the size of a large pea.'* Null. — Very near C.
cuneatus /?., and perhaps only another variety of that species ; from which
it differs, however, in its broader leaves and tuberculate stems, as well as in
the minute tubercles of the fruit.
17. C rigidus (Nutt. ! mss.) : " young branches pubescent ; leaves oppo-
site and crowded, cuneate-obovate, mostly retuse, thick and coriaceous, mu-
cronately crenate-loothed, glabrous above, somewhat canescent beneath ;
umbels axillary and terminal, few-flowered, sessile; pedicels at length elonga-
ted ; ovary with 3 protuberances.
" Bushy woods near Monterey, California. March. — A shrub about 6 feet
high, rigid, intricately branched, almost spinose. Leaves about half an inch
long, sometimes nearly obcordate ; teeth conspicuous ; the veins, &c. as in
the preceding. Clusters of flowers composed of several small crowded um-
bels ; the pedicels gradually elongating to the length of 3-4 lines. Calyx and
corolla bright blue." Nuttall. — Resembles the last two species in many
respects.
18. C. dentatus : branches (and veins of the leaves beneath) tomentose
with rusty hairs; leaves much crowded and fascicled, coriaceous, oblong-
cuneiform, retuse, toothed, with revolute margins, more or less hairy on
both sides ; peduncles elongated, nearly terminal ; thyrsus oblong, of nu-
merous umbel-like fascicles ; ovary with three protuberances at the summit.
California, Douglas ! — Leaves scarcely half an inch long, strongly and
remotely feather-veined, pitted beneath, irregularly and obtusely toothed.
Peduncles an inch or more in length. Flowers crowded, white.
19. C. papillosus : branches tomentose ; leaves narrowly oblong, much
crowded, fascicled in the axils, densely and softly tomentose beneath, gland-
ularly denticulate on the margin ; peduncles aggregated ; clusters somewhat
capitate ; ovary triangular, the angles projecting at the summit.
California, Douglas! — Branches terete. Leaves 1-1 i inch long (those
fascicled in the axils smaller), fringed on the margin with numerous capitate
glandular teeth ; the upper surface conspicuously papillose and somewhat
hairy. Peduncles numerous at the summit of the branches ; the flower-buds
at first invested with ovate woolly bracts: pedicels 2-3 lines long. Flowers
blue.
Order XLVIII. LEGUMINOS^. Juss.
Sepals united into a 5-cleft or 5-toothed calyx ; the segments often
unequal or variously combined, the odd one inferior. Petals 5 (some-
times by abortion fewer or wanting), perigynous or hypogynous, ir-
regular and unequal (papilionaceous), or sometimes regular, distinct or
variously cohering ; the odd petal superior. Stamens definite or in-
definite, inserted with the petals, distinct, or monadelphous, or diadel-
phous, or very rarely triadelphous : anthers versatile. Ovary simple,
ViciA. LEGUMINOS^. 2G9
solitary (very rarely 2 or more), free from the calyx : ovules solitary
or several : style proceeding from the upper or ventral suture : stig-
ma simple. Fruit a legume, or sometimes a drupe. Seeds solitary or
several, heterotropous or anatro[)ous, sometiiries with an aril or lari^e
caruncle : albumen none. Embryo straight, or witli the radicle bent
back along the edge of the cotyledons : cotyledons either thin and
somewhat foliaceous, or thick and fleshy. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees.
Leaves alternate, stipulate, usually compound, sometimes reduced to a
solitary leaflet: the margin of the leaves or leaflets almost always en.
tire. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or commonly racemose,
paniculate, spicate, or capitate : pedicels usually articulated.
Suborder I. PAPILIONACEiE. Linn.
Sepals imbricated (or sometimes slightly valvate) in aestivation.
Corolla papilionaceous or more or less irregular, rarely wanting. Sta-
mens 10, or occasionally fewer, inserted with the petals into the bot-
tom of the calyx, or perigynous. Radicle bent back upon the edge of
the cotyledons, or straight. — Leaves simple or simply compound (in
Cassieae sometimes bipinnate). Flowers usually perfect.
Tribe I. VICIE^. Bronn ; DC.
Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume
continuous (not articulated), dehiscent. Radicle inflexed. Cotyle-
dons thick, farinaceous, remaining under ground unchanged in germi-
nation. — Herbs, with abruptly pinna(e leaves ; the common petiole
not articulated with the stem, produced at the apex into a bristle or
tendril.
1. VICIA. Tourn. inst. t. 221; DC. prodr. 2. p. 354.
Calyx tubular, 5-cleft or 5-toothed ; the two upper teeth shortest. Style
fiUforra, bent at a right angle with the ovary, villous at the apex, particularly
on the outside (next the keel). Legume oblong, several-seeded. — Mostly
climbing herbs. Leaflets several pairs. Petioles produced into branching
tendrils. Peduncles axillary. — Vetch.
* Peduncles elongated.
j-'l. V. Americana (Muhl.) : glabrous; leaflets numerous (10-14), elliptical-
lanceolate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or retuse, mucronate ; stipules semisagit-
tate, deeply toothed; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 4-8-flowered, lower
teeth of the calyx broadly lanceolate ; style very villous at the apex ; legumes
linear-oblong, compressed, reticulated, glabrous. — Muhl. in Willd. sp. 3. p.
1096 ; Pursh, fl. 2. o. 471 ; DC. I. c. p. 355 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. Vol.
p. leaflets elTiplical-lanceolate, somewhat rigid, strongly reticulated ; pedun-
cles 2-5-flowered. — Hook. ! I. c. V. sylvatica, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 97?
270 LEGUMINOS^. Vicia.
Canada! (as far north as Bear Lake) to the Western part of New- York !
and west to the Rocky Mountains! P. Sa'^katchawan, &c. Hooker! Mis-
souri!— 2/ Stem 1-3 feet long. Leaflets 8-14 lines long : tendrils 3- many-
parted. Flowers about three-fourths of an inch long, purplish-blue. Upper
teeth of the calyx very short. — Very near V, sylvatica.
J. 2. V. Oregana (Nutt.! mss.) : "pubescent; stem weak; leaflets 4-8
pairs, elliptical-oblong, somewhat serrate at the summit, cuspidate, rarely
emarginate; stipules lunate, semisagittate, incisely serrate ; peduncles 3-5-
flowered, rather shorter than the leaves ; teeth of the calyx ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, the 2 upper nearly as long as the lateral ones ; style shghtly pubes-
cent ; legume broadly sabre-shaped, glabrous, about 5-seeded.
"Plains of the Oregon.— y Stem 1-2 feet long, angular. Leaflets about
I of an inch long : tendrils many-parted. Flowers one-third smaller than in
the preceding species." Nuttall.
-' 3. V. truncata (Nutt.! mss.): " somewhat pubescent; leaflets 5-6 pairs,
oblong-linear, usually truncate, serrate or tridentate at the apex; stipules lu-
nate, incisely serrate ; peduncles 4-7-flowered, rather shorter than the leaves;
lower teeth of the calyx lanceolate, acuminate, the upper ones very short ;
style very villous at the apex.
Plains of the Oregon. June.— 2| Stem 1-2 feet high, weak. Leaflets
about an inch long, 1-2 lines wide ; theloAvest ones simply acute and apicu-
late; the upper ones strongly serrate or toothed at the apex'." Nuttall.
4. V. sparsifolia (Nutt.! mss.): slightly pubescent; leaflets 5-6 pairs,
narrowly linear, nearly acute, mucronulate ; stipules bifid, entire, or sparingly
toothed ; peduncles 4-7-flowered, about as long as the leaves ; lower teeth of
the calyx acuminate; upper ones much shorter; style very villous at the sum-
mit.
" Plains of the Oregon, with the preceding ; to which it is very nearly al-
lied." Nuttall. y ^ : . 3
5. V. gigantea (Hook.) : somewhat pubescent ; stem sulcate ; leaflets
10-13 pairs, oblong, petiolulate, obtuse, mucronate; stipules large, semisagit-
tate, deeply toothed at the base ; peduncles much shorter than the leaves,
5-18-flowered, the flowers crowded ; lower teeth of the calyx long and nar-
row ; style slightly bearded ; legume broadly oblong, glabrous, obscurely re-
ticulated.— i/ooA'. .' fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 157. V. Sitchensis, Bong. ! veg.
Sitcha, in mem. acad. St. Petersb. (6. ser.) 2. p. 129.
Woods of the Oregon, ^cozi/er .' Nuttall! Sitcha, Bongard !—li Stem
stout, long and trailing. Leaves 6-9 inches long: leaflets 1-2 inches in length.
Flowers nearly as large as in V. Americana, pale dull purple. Legumes
about 2i inches long. Seeds as large as small peas, tolerably good eating
when young. — Plant blackish when dry.
.^- 6. V. Cracca (Linn.): stem branching; leaflets numerous (20-24), ob-
long, minutely pubescent, mucronate ; stipules lanceolate-linear, semisagit-
tate ; peduncles many-flowered, about as long as the leaves, flowers crowded,
retrorsely imbricated ; teeth of the calyx shorter than the tube, the upper
ones very short ; style hairy at the summit ; legume oblong, coriaceous, reti-
culated, glabrous ; seeds globose, black.— Mic/ivr. .' fl. 2. p. 69 ; Picrsh, fl.
1. p. 472 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 357 ; Bigel. Jl. Bost. p. 269; Hook. fl. Bor.-
Am. 1. p. 157.
Borders of woods, &c. Canada ! to Pennsylvania ! west to Kentucky I—
AprQ-June.— 1( Stem 2-3 feet long. Leaflets 6-8 lines in length. 'Ra-
cemes 12-30-flowered. Flowers nearly half an inch in length, usually bright
blue, but sometimes rather pale. Legume about an inch long, 4-6-seeded. —
Agrees in every respect with the European plant.
ViciA. LEGUMINOS^. 271
>— 7. V. Caroliniana (Walt.) : stem branrhin?; loaHcts 8-12, lincar-oblonjj,
nearly glabrous, rather obtuse, scarcely rnucroiiate ; stipules lanceolate, mi-
nute; peduncles many-flowered ; racemes rather loose; teeth of the ralyx
shorter than the tube, the upper ones very short; style hairy at the summit;
letjuiue oblong, coriaceous, not reticulated ; seeds subglobose, blackish. —
Jfal/. Car. p. IS2; Pursh, f. 2. p. 472; Ell. ak. 2. p. 224; DC. prodr.
2. p. 355. V. parviflora, Mich.r.! fl. 2. p. 69, not of Cav.
0. ? Te.j-anii : very slender; leailets S-10, nearly linear; stipules unequal-
ly bifid at the base; peduncles 6-10-ilowered, longer than the leaves ; flowers
crowded.
Borders of woods and banks of rivers, Canada! to Georgia ! west to Ken-
tucky ! April-May. — U Stem 3-6 or 8 feet long, slender, climbing. Leaf-
lets usually scattered, 6-10 lines long. Racemes 6-15-llowered ; the flowers
Avhite, or pale blue, with the top of the keel deep blue, commonly smaller
than in the preceding species, and more loosely arranged on the peduncle. —
The most certain distinguishing character is found in the shorter and broader
teeth of the calyx of this species. The Texan variety may prove to be dis-
tinct ; but we have not seen the legumes.
-/-8. V. Ludoviciana (Nutt, mss.): glabrous (except the young shoots);
leaflets 10-12, elliptical or obovate, obtuse or emarginate; stipules subulate,
simple or semisagittate ; peduncle 2-6-flowered, at hngth longer than the
leaves ; flowers (minute) closely approximated ; teeth of the calyx broad, acu-
minate, shorter than the tube ; legume broadly sabre-shaped, glabrous, 5-6-
seeded ; seeds compressed, dark brown.
Grassy places on the Red River, and in Texas, Dr. T^eax-enworth! "In
Louisiana, Mr. Tainlnrier,'''' Nutt all. May. — U Stem 2-3 feet long, rather
stout, strongly angled, climbing. Leaflets 6-S lines long, 2 lines wide, com-
monly emarginate. Stipules very small. Flowers blue, smaller than in V.
Cracca, rarely solitary, often 2-6 on a peduncle. Calyx hairy. Keel marked
Avith a deep blue spot at the summit. Legume J of an inch long and 3 lines
wide. — Mr. Nuttall in his manuscript describes the peduncles as i-2-flovvered,
Avhich is the case in some of our specimens ; but the peduncles are more com-
monly at least 4-flowered.
9. V. Learenu-orthii: pubescent; leaflets 10-14, oblong-linear, obtuse or
emarginate; stipules minute, semisagittate, entire; peduncles shorter than
the leaves, 2-4-rtowered (flowers minute) ; teeth of the calyx subulate, some-
Avhat equal, all longer than the tube; style slightly pubescent at the summit;
legume oblong, 6-seeded.
Arkansas, Dr. Leavenworth ! — If ? Stem 1-2 feet long, strongly angled.
Leaflets approximated, half an inch long and li line wide. Flowers as
large as in V. tetrasperma, pale blue ? — Resembles the last two species, but
is easily distinguished by the long and narrow teeth of the calyx.
10. V. micrantha (Nutt.! mss.): glabrous ; leaflets 4-7, linear, obtuse or
acute ; stipules lanceolate, semisagittate ; peduncles shorter than the leaves,
1-2-flowered (flowers minute); teeth of the calyx lanceolate, shorter than
the tube ; legume sabre-shaped, 7-10-seeded.
Prairies and woods of Arkansas, Nuttall! Louisiana and Texas, Dr.
Learenworth! on the Red River, Dr. Hale ! April-May .^(5)1 Stem
slender, 2-3 feet long. Leaflets about an inch long; in the lower leaves trun-
cate and often toothed at the summit. Flowers as large as in the preceding
species (pale blue?) ; the peduncles at first scarcely one-third the length of the
leaves. Style very short. Legumes an inch in length, slightly pubescent.
Seeds blackish, compressed ; the hilum extending 1 of its circumference,
J— 11. V. acutifolia (Ell.): glabrous ; leaflets 3-6, linear, usually acute ; sti-
pules linear-lanceolate, semisagittate, entire ; racemes longer than the leaves,
273 LEGUMINOS^. Vicia.
*-7 flowered ; lower teeth of the calyx ovate-lanceolate, shorter than the
tube, the upper ones very short ; legume slightly falcate, 4-8-seeded. — Ell. sk.
2. p. 225; DC. prodr. 2. p. 357. V. lutescens, Muhl. cat. fide Leconte.
V. paucifolia, Nutt. ! ms,s.
p. leaflets elliptical, obtuse ; peduncles shorter, about 2-flowered.
Low grounds, Georgia, Le Conte ! Middle Florida, Z^r.C7io/j???o?7/ Nnttall!
Near St. Marks, Dr. LeaTe7ivorth! &t. John's, Florida, Mr. Donbled ay !
— (X)'? Stem 2-3 feet long, climbing very slender. Leaflets 6-10 lines
long, scarcely a line wide. Tendrils usually undivided. Flowers half as
large as in V. Cracca, white, tinged with blue.
JU-12. V. tetrasperma (Loisel.) : stem somewhat csespitose, glabrous ; leaf-
lets 4-6, oblong ; stipules lanceolate, semisagittate ; peduncles usually 2-
(somctimes 1- or 3-4-) flowered ; teeth of the calyx lanceolate, shorter than
the tube, the sinuses acute ; legume oblong, glabrous, usually 4-seeded. —
Loisel. fl. Gall. 1. p. 460. V. pusilla, Muhl. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 1106;
Pursli, jl. 2. p. 471 ; Big-el. fl. Bost. p. 270. Ervum tetraspermum, Linn.;
DC. prodr. 2. p. 367 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 158.
Banks of rivers, Canada ! to New Jersey ! Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg.
July. — (T) Stem 1-2 feet long, very slender. Leaflets 5-10 lines long, and
one line Avide, mostly obtuse. Tendrils divided. Peduncles filiform. Flow-
ers very small, white, often with a tinge of blue. Legumes half an inch long,
somettmes 5-seeded. Seeds subglobose.
13. V. exigua (Nutt. ! mss.) : "pubescent ; leaflets 6-8, linear-oblong, rath-
er obtuse; stipules narrow, semisagittate, entire or incisely serrate; pedun-
cles filiform, 1- (sometimes 2-) flowered, shorter than the leaves; teeth of the
calyx lanceolate, broad at the base, shorter than the tube, the sinuses obtuse;
legume oblong, glabrous, 4-5-seeded.
" Plains of the Oregon and Upper California. Very much resembling the
preceding species. — The plant from Oregon is more slender and the leaflets
narrower." Nidtall.
* Floioers nearly sessile.
,* 14. F. saizva (Linn.) : somewhat pubescent; stem simple, decumbent or
climbing; leaflets 10-12, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, retuse, mu-
cronulate ; stipules semisagittate, somewhat toothed ; tendrils branched ;
flowers solitary or in pairs ; calyx cylindrical ; the segments as long as the tube,
lanceolate-subulate, nearly equal; style short, bearded at the apex; legumes
compressed, torulose, erectish, reticulated ; seeds orbicular, somewhat com-
pressed.— !:«§■. hot t. 334; Mich.v. ! fl. 2. p. 69 ; Pvrsh. fl. 2. p. 270; DC.
prodr. 2. p. 360 ; Bigel. /?. Bost. p. 270 ; Hook. I. c. ; Darlingt. fl. Cest.
p. 425. V. Canadensis, ^uccagni ; DC. I. c. ?
j^. ^. angustifolia (Seringe, in DC. 1. c. ): leaflets narrowly linear and
' 'elongated, obtusish or shghtly retuse, mucronate; seeds nearly globose. V.
sativa /?. Linn. V. angustifolia, Roth.
Cultivated fields and waste places; common: introduced from Europe.
i. Bordentown, New Jersey, Mr. Durand! June- July. — Q~) Corolla about
half an inch long, pale violet-purple. Legume 1-2 inches long, usually mi-
nutely hairy. — Common Vetch. Tare.
X Doubtful species.
15. V. trid entaf a (Schwein): stem sulcate, somewhat pubescent; leaf-
lets numerous, narrowly oblong, entire, obtuse, mucronulate, sparingly hairy
above, densely hairy beneath ; lower stipiiles cuneiform, broadly 3-cleft, 3-
Lathyrus. LEGUMlNOSiE. 273
nerved, pubescent; the upper ones lanceolate, acuminate, villous ; calyx and
pedicels pubescent. Sclrwtiin. in Loughs 2iid cuped. upp.
Upper Mississippi, Mr. Keating.
2. ERVUM. Linn.; Juss. gen. p. 360.
Calyx deeply 5-clcft ; the segments nearly equal, linear, acute, about the
length of the corolla. Style filiform : stigma glabrous. Legume oblong, 2-
4-seeded. Seeds orbicular or globose. — Annuals. Leaflets usually nume-
rous. Petioles produced into tendrils. Peduncles axillary.
1. E. hir.tutum (Linn.): stem branching, diffuse; leaflets 8-20, linear,
tapering at the base, truncate or retuse at the apex, mucronulale; stipules
subulate, semi^agittate, entire or cleft; peduncles 3-G-tlowered, about the
length of the leaves ; calyx hairy, tiie subulate segments rather shorter than
the corolla ; legumes obiong, obliquely truncate, torulose, hirsute, 2-seeded,
drooping. — Torr. ! compend. p. 264; DC. prodr. 2. p. 366; Darlingt. ft.
Cesl. p. 426 ; Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 15S. Vicia Mitchelli, Ruf. ])rec.
decouv. p. ?/]; Ell. sk. 2. p. 224 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 360.
Thickets and banks of streams, New-York! Pennsylvania, S. Carolina:
probably introduced. May-Tune. — Stem 1-3 feet long, very slender, climb-
ing. Flowers very small, bluish-while. Seeds subglobose, somewhat com-
pressed.
3. LATHYRUS, Linn.; DC. prodr. 2. p. 369.
Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft ; the two upper segments somewhat shortest.
Style usually somewhat flattened, and dilated above, bent nearly at a right
angle with the ovary, pubescent or villous along the inside (next the free sta-
men). Legume oblong, several-seeded. — Mostly climbing herbs. Leaflets
1-several pairs. Petioles produced into tendrils. Peduncles axillary,
§ 1. Annual : peduncles l-3-Jlo%oered.
-X.1. L. pnsiUus (E\\.) : glabrous; stem branching from the base, winged;
■^leaflets a single pair, linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, slightly rnucronate ;
stipules rather large, sagittate, slightly falcate ; peduncles elongated, 1-2-
flowered ; tendrils branching; segments of the calyx subulate-setaceous,
'' nearly equal; legume elongated, slightly falcate, 10-15-seeded.— £//. sk. 2.
p. 223.
S. Carolina, Elliott : common also in Arkansas, Nuttall ! Dr. Pitcher !
Dr. Leavenworth! Texas and Western Louisiana, Dr. Leavcmcorth !
April-May.— A small slender vine. Leaflets li-2 inches long. Stipules un-
equally sagittate, nearly an inch in length.
§ 2, Perennial: peduncles several-Jiowered.
-/-2. L. marilimns (Bigel.) : mostly glabrous; stem stout^ angled, at length
decumbent ; leaflets 4-6-pairs, oval or slightly obovate ; stipules cordate-has-
tate, nearly the size of the leaflets ; peduncles many- (6-10-) flowered, rather
shorter than the leaves ; segments of the calyx hairy on the margin, the two
upper ones triangular and shorter, the others lanceolate ; corolla purple ; le-
gumes oblong, at length rather turgid, slightly falcate. — Bigel. ! fl. Bost. ed.
2. p. 268. L. venosus, Brit. ft. gard. {ser. 2.) t. 37; Bigel. I. c. ed. 1. L.
Californicus, Doiisl. ; Lindt hot. reg. t. 1144, fide Hook. L. pisiformis,
35
274 LEGUMINOS^. Lathyrcs.
Hook. ! ji. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 158; Hook. ^ Am. ! hot. Beechey, p. 123. Pi-
sura maritimum, Linn.; Eng. hot. t. 1047 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 368 (p. gla-
brum, Ser.) ; Bong. veg. SUcha, I. c. p. 130.
Sandy or stony shores, from Labrador to New- York! and from Kotzebue's
Sound! to Oregon! and California: also around the shores of the Great
Lakes ! and along the rivers, &c. to the shores of the Arctic Sea (Richard-
son). May-July. — The whole plant has a somewhat glaucous aspect, and
much the habit of a Pea. The leaflets (often scattered) are commonly from
li to 2 inches in length, and |-1 inch wide, with reticulated veins ; in shady
situations the stem is more slender, less leafy, and the leaflets rather smaller.
Stipules usually toothed below, cordate-hastate, the lower angle or lobe acute,
often more or less inequilateral. Peduncles 6-10-flowered. Flowers large
and showy, purple; the wings and keel paler. Lower segment of the calyx
linear, a little narrower, and slightly exceeding the lateral ones. The speci-
mens from Arctic America are smaller and fewer-flowered. — Our specimen
of L. pisiformis from Altaic Siberia, communicated by Prof. Fischer, dif-
fers from our various forms of the plant above described in having a narrow-
ly winged stem, much larger and semisagittate stipules, and somewhat ovate-
oblong leaflets. We perceive no other diff"erence of any importance ; but, as
these may be expected to prove nearly constant, we have thought it best to
retain the specific name of Bigelow for the present, since our plant is doubt-
less the same as the Pisum maritimum of the North of Europe.
3. L. polyphijlhis (Natt.l mss.): "glabrous; stem nearly erect; angled,
leaflets 5-8 pairs, oval-oblong, obtusish, the tendrils very short ; stipules as
large as the leaflets, semicordate, angularly crenate at the base, sometimes
acuminate; peduncles 7-10-flowered ; shorter than the leaves ; segments of
the calyx hairy on the margin, the two upper ones triangular and much
shorter than the lanceolate lateral ones, the inferior one subulate-setaceous,
rather longest ; corolla purple ; legume smooth, acuminated, long and flat.
" /?. angles of the stem acute ; stipules broadly semisagittate.
" Forests of the Oregon to the sea ; in shady places.— Stem about 2 feet
high. Leaflets 1^ inch long, and half an inch or more wide. Flowers ra-
ther large. — Considerably allied to L. pulchellus of Altai, but with more flow-
ers on the peduncle." Niitt. — This plant is probably included by Hooker
among the "more lax and flaccid forms of L. pisiformis apparently inhabit-
ing woody districts ;" and we should incline to take the same view of it ;
but the setaceous inferior segment of the calyx, and the rather shorter supe-
rior teeth wiU perhaps prove a constant distinction.
■ 4. L. venosus (Muhl.) : glabrous or somewhat pubescent ; stem erect or
'reclined, strongly 4-angled ; leaflets 5-7 pairs, ovate-oblong or broadly ovate-
elliptical, obtuse ; stipules very small, lanceolate or oval, semisagittate (the
deflexed lobe about as long as the superior portion) ; peduncles many-(8-16-)
flowered, rather shorter than the leaves; calyx pubescent or nearly glabrous;
the 2 upper segments very broad and short (not half the length of the lateral
ones) ; corolla purple ; legumes linear-oblong, compressed. — Muhl. in Willd.
sp. 3. p. 1092, I cat. p. 68 ; Pursh, Ji. 2. p. 471; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 96; DC.
prodr. 2. p. 371.
/?. robust ; leaflets larger (2-3 inches long), oblong-ovate ; stipules linear-
lanceolate ; peduncles 10-20-flowered.
y. minutely downy-pubescent ; leaflets rather broadly elliptical or ovate-
elliptical; stipules linear-lanceolate; peduncles 10-20-floAvered ; calyx and
pedicels densely pubescent. — L. decaphyllus. Hook. ! ji. Bor.-Avi. 1. p. 159,
<^ in hot. mag. t. 3123; Hook. ^ Am. hot. Beechey, p. 138, not of Pursh.
L. multiflorus, Nutt. ! mss.
&.1 smaller, finely pubescent ; leaflets 3-5 pairs, ovate-elliptical, smaller;
stipules linear-lanceolate ; peduncles 5-7-flowered. — L. pubescens, Nutt. .'
mss. L. decaphyllus P. minor. Hook. <^ Am. I. c. ?
Latiiyrus. LEGUMINOS/E. 275
Shady phcps, and alona streams, Canada to the Western part of Geortria!
Western Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworlh ! 0. Georgia, JJr. IJoyhiu! y. Sas-
katchawan, {/hchardson, Dnunmmid) to the shore of Lake Superior, Dr.
Houirhton! and Illinois, ex Nnttall : also N. W. Coast and California, ex
Honker, f,. Bushy woods of the Oregon, NuUall! June-July.— Stem ahout
3-4-angled and striate, 2-3 feet high. Petioles channelled above. Lealhts
in o. & Y- about li-2 inches long; in fi. larger, somewliat conspicuously reti-
culate-veined above when old. Flowers smaller than in the two preceding
species, racemose, crowded. Lateral segments of the calyx triangular-lan-
ceolate, a little shorter than the somewhat narrower lower segrnent; the
upper ones broadly triangular and extremely short.— A widely diffused spe-
cies, if we are correct in joining with it the L. decaphyllus of Hooker, &t ,
readily distinguished by its very small stipules, These are however a little
variable in the ordinary form, even in the same specimen ; the upper ones
being often larger and broader.
■j^b. L. ochroleucus (Hook.) : glabrous, pale and a little glaucous ; stem slen-
der; leaflets about 3 pairs, broadly oval or ovate; stipules semicordate;
smaller than the leaflets, entire or obtusely toothed below ; peduncles 7-10-
flovvered, shorter than the leaves; calyx somewhat truncate above ; the up-
per segments broadly triangular, scarcely half the length of the oblong lateral
ones; the lower lanceolate and a little longest ; corolla yellowish-white ; le-
gumes linear-oblong, compressed, glabrous.— //oo/r..' fi. Bor.-Am. L p. 159 ;
(h'ay ! in ann. lye. New-York, 1. p. 225. L. glaucifolius, Beck, bot. p. 90.
L. piriformis, Richards. .' in app. Frankl. journ. ed. 2. p. 28.
Shady hill-sides and banks of streams &c., from the Arctic circle. Dr.
Richax'dson! (Bear Lake) to the Western and Northern part of New-
York! and New Jersey! June-July. — A smaller and more delicate plant
than tiie preceding, straggling or somewhat climbing. Leaflets 1-li inch
in length, thin and membranaceous. Stipules either rounded at the base, or
with a^n acute angle, somewhat variable in size ; the lower ones considerably
smaller than the leaflets ; the uppermost often nearly their size, particularly
in the subarctic forms. In the latter, also, the peduncles are nearly as long
as the leaves. Segments of the calyx minutely hairy on the margin. Flow-
ers about as large as in L. venosus.
-7^ 6. L. myrtifolius (Muhl.) : dabrous ; stem slender, acutely quadrangular
and often slightly winged ; leaflets 2-3 pairs, oval-elliptical or oblong, obtuse
at each end ; stipules ovate-semisagittate, smaller than the leaflets, nearly
entire ; peduncles 3-6-flowered, longer than the leaves ; upper segments of
the calyx broad and shortest, the others triangular-lanceolate; corolla pale
purple '(the wings and keel whitish); legumes (immature) oblong-Hnear,
compressed, glabrous.— M'i/i/. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 1091 ; Pursh, f. 2. p. 471 ;
DC. prodr. 2. p. 371 ; Hook. I. c. L. stipulaceus, Le Conte ! in cat. pi.
New- York, p. 92; DC. I. c; Hook. I. c.
Banks of rivers, &c., Canada ! Vermont ! to New- York ! and Pennsylva-
nia. July -Aug.— More or less climbing. Stem 2-4 feet long. Flowers the
size of the preceding.— We have drawn up the character from the ordinary
and well-marked forms of this species; but we have varieties which so nearly
approach to L. palustris that we arc unable to point out any certain and con-
stant mark of distinction. The leaflets are ordinarily an mch and a half in
length and about half an inch wide, veiny, and rather rigid. The stipules
are'extremely variable in size, being sometimes half the size of the leaflets,
but often (especially the lowermost) very smaU : their base is sometimes
rounded and sometimes acute. We have not seen the ripe fruit.
S-1.L. palustri-f (h'mn.): mostlv glabrous ; stems somcAvhat erect, winged;
leaflets 3 pairs, oblong-lanceolate,' obtusish, mucronate. rather rigid ; stipules
very small, lanceolate, semisagittate, acuminate, the deflexed lobe also acurai-
276 LEGUMINOSJ]: Lathyrcs.
nate ; peduncles 3-5-flowcred ; legumes broadly mear, compressed, acumi-
nate, pubescent. Hook. — Linn. sp. p. 1034 ; Eng. hot. t. 169 ; Mich.r. ! fi.
2. p. 66 ; Pursh, ji. 2. p. 471 ; Bigel.Ji. Bast. p. 209; DC. I. c. ; Hook. !
f. Bor.-Ani. 1. p. 161.
a. glabrous ; lateral and inferior segments of the calyx lanceolate (the
inferior one narrowest), about the length ol the tube; peduncles equalling or
exceeding the leaves; leaflets 3-4 pairs, varying from lanceolate to narrowly
elliptical.
0. glabrous, rather flaccid ; lateral and inferior segments of the calyx linear-
subulate, longer than the tube.— L. occidentalis, Nuit.! mss.
y. glabrous ; lateral segments of the calyx oblong, obtuse, shorter than the
tube.
S. glabrous; lateral segments of the calyx triangular-subulate, much shorter
than the tube; stipules minute, linear-subulate.
£. minutely pubescent; lateral segments of the calyx triangular-oblong, ob-
tuse, much shorter than the tube ; leaflets 4-5 pairs, rigid ; stem scarcely
winged.
^. finely pubescent; lateral and inferior segments of the calyx narrowly
triangular-lanceolate, very acute, shorter than the tube ; peduncles 3-10-flow-
ered. — L. hydrophilus, Nutt. ! mss.
r). pubescent ; lateral and inferior segments of the calyx linear- lanceolate or
linear, very acute, as long as the tube ; leaflets elliptical ; stipules much larger,
oblong.
Swampy places and along streams, Canada ! (lat. 55°) to Pennsylvania !
west to Oregon, p. mouth of the Oregon, NvUaU ! &. Saskatchawan Riv-
er, ex Hook.! £. California, Douglas! g. Marshes, Massachusetts, Mr.
Oakes! Western part of New- York ! r,. Dry soil, Uuoddy Head, Mame,
Mr. Oakes ! July-Aug.— Flowers rather large, bright purple.
8. L. vestitiis (Nutt. ! mss.) : " erect and rigid or a little climbing, silky-
canescent; leaflets 5-7-pairs, small, elliptical or oval, cuspidate; tendrils
mostly pinnated; stipules broadly semisagittate, acuminata, slightly toothed
below, about the size of the leaflets ; racemes about the length of the leaves.
4-6-flowered ; flowers large, purple ; lower segments of the calyx narrowly lan-
ceolate, acuminate, rather longer than the tube ; legume flat, pubescent, atten-
uate at each end; style villous along the inside for about one-third its length.
" Plains of the Oregon towards the sea. June.— A very distinct species.
a foot or more high, clothed with an appressed silky pubescence, except the
upper surface of the leaves, which is nearly glabrous. Stem erect in open
places, decumbent in shady situations. Leaflets half an inch or a little more
in length, and 2-3 lines wide. Calyx attenuate at the base." Nuttall.
9. L. strictiis (Nutt. mss.) : "pubescent, rather rigid ; stem slender, angled;
leaflets 2-5 pairs, linear, acute; tendrils bifid; stipules semicordate, acumi-
nate, serrate ; peduncle about 4-flowered, longer than the leaf; flowers large ;
lower segments of the calyx acuminate, as long as or longer than the tube.
"Busby places around St. Diego, California. April.— A small species, near-
ly allied to the preceding, of which it may perhaps be only a variety. Leaflets
remote, about 1-2 lines wide." Nuttall.— This species we have not seen.
10. L. /mearr.? (Nutt. ! mss.) : "nearly glabrous; stem decumbent, slen-
der, angled ; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets 5-6 pairs, narroAvly linear, mostly
obtuse, apiculate, rigid ; tendrils short, simple or bifid ; stipules small, lan-
ceolate, semisagittate, laciniate-toothed or incised below; peduncles 3-4-
flowered, shorter than the leaves ; flowers rather large, pale purple; segments
of the calyx triangular-subulate, shorter than the tube ; legunie attenuated at
each end; style nearly filiform, villous all round at the summit.
"Plains of the Platte. April. — A low decumbent species. Leaflets an
inch or more long, and about half a line wide. Stipules with 2-5 very sharp
Lathyrus. LEGUMINOSiE. 277
slendtT teeth. Flowers pale, the tip of the keel deep purple. [Corolla about
X of an inch in length, hut very narrc .v, 4 times lontfcr than the ealyx.J —
More of a Vicia than a Lathyrus ; but in habit, «tc. this and the succeeding
species are inseparable frtni the following species." Nvllull.
11. /y. cii.s:<titif()li7is (Nutt. mss.) : '• somewhat pubescent, climbing ; U aflcfs
4-6 pairs, narrowly linear, rather obtuse, apiculate, scattered, the petiole thick
and channelled, terminating in apinnatihd tendril ; stipules linear, semisat;it-
tate, entire; peduncles 4-6-liowered, much shorter than the leaves; seg-
ments of the calyx short, the uppermost obtuse.
" With the preceding, to which it is nearly allied ; but with a long weak
scandent stem and smaller entire stipules. Flowers smaller, pale purple.
Stigma tiattish, villous all round." NultaJI. — We have seen no specimen of
this plant ; but we fear it is not sufficiently distinct from the preceding. In
our specimen of L. linearis, the leatlets are more or less scattered (as is very
common in the genus), and the stipules occasionally have only one or two
teeth.
12. L. ornatus (Nutt. ! mss.) : " erect, glabrous, often glaucous ; stem
quadrangular ; leaflets 3-4 pairs, lanceolate-linear, rather acute, mucronate,
rigid and strongly veined, tendril scarcely any ; stipules linear-lanceolate and
slender, semisagittate, entire; peduncles about 4- [or 6-8-] Howercd,
much longer than the leaves : flowers very large, purple ; segments of the
calyx subulate, slightly unequal, rather shorter than the tube ; legume sn colh
and flat, acuminate at each end, about 10-seeded ; style minutely pubescent
along the upper side." — L. polymorphus, Torr. ! in ami. lye. New- York, 2.
p. ISO, excl. syn.
Kamassa prairies, common, A»«o//.' On the Missouri and Platte, Dr.
James! May-June. — Scarcely a foot high, sometimes branched. "Root
long and black", Nutt. Petioles very short, terminated with a small brittle.
Leaflets an inch or more in length, 1-2 lines wide. Stipules almost subu-
late, resembling the leaflets, f of an inch in lenjrth. Flowers very showy, an
inch long (as large as those of the cultivated Sweet Pea, A?//^), the vexil-
lum and winars broad. Calyx very smaU. The immature pods, in the spe-
cimen of Dr. James, are about 2 inches long, and nearly half an inch wide,
reticulated, tapering below into a distinct stipe. The seeds, according to
Dr. James, are as large as the Common Pea. — This species and L. polymor-
phus are (as the genera are characterized) rather species of Orobus than of
Lathyrus : they are clearly congeners of O. varius, O. albus, and others of the
same section ; but on the other hand they can hardly be separated with pro-
priety from L. linearis, Nittt.. which has tendrils and more the habit of the
present genus. The pubescence of the style in the species of Orobus we
have examined is the same as in Lathyrus.
13. L. fohjmorplms (Nutt.) : mostly glabrous ; stem erect, a little woody
at the base, much branched; branches quadrangular; leaflets 2-5 pairs
(mostly scattered), elliptical-lanceolate or linear-oblong, somewhat glaucous,
rigid and very strongly veined ; petioles terminated by a smaU bristle ; sti-
pules lanceolate, subfalcate, minutely semisagittate at the base; peduncles
3-5-flowered, a little longer than the leaves ; flowers very large, purple ; seg-
ments of the calyx lanceolate-subulate, somewhat unequal, nearly as long as
the tube ; legumes . . . — Nutt. gen. 2. p. 97 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 371. L.
decaphyllus, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 471, not oi Jlook. Vicia stipulacea, Pursh !
I. c. snppl. 2. p. 739!
Grassy alluvial plains of the Missouri, Nuttall, Bradbury ! Dr. James!
June. — Stems short. Leaves crowded, especially on the lower part of the
stem ; the lowermost 2-4-foliolate, the upper 6-1 0-foliolate. Leaflets l-2i inch-
es long, variable in width, mostly obtuse at each end, mucronate, stronirly
longitudinally veined. Stipules very variable in size, very acute, sometimes
278 LEGUMINOS^. Phaseolcs.
almost subulate. Flowers about as large as the preceding species. Style
narrowly linear, pubescent nearly the whole length of the upper surface.
Legume large, glabrous. — Allied to the preceding, but quite distinct.
4. ASTROPHIA. Nuti. mss.
Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft; the 2 upper segments a little shorter. Style
flat, linear, pubescent along the inside. Legume broadly oblong, compressed,
few-seeded. — A perennial herbaceous silky-villous plant. Stem erect, branch-
ing. Leaves pinnately 4-6-foliolate ; the petiole terminated by an abortive
leaflet. Peduncles axillary, few-flowered,
A. Uttni-alis (Nutt. ! mss.)
"Sand hills near the estuary of the Oregon. — Roots slender, horizontal.
Plant thickly clothed with a soft silky gray pubescence, branching from the
base, with numerous infertile axillary branchlets. Stipules more than twice
the size of the leaflets, oblong, inequilateral and somewhat produced at the
base on one side, but scarcely semihastate. Leaves small. Leaflets 2-3
pairs, Unear-spatulate, about half an inch long and li line wide ; the termi-
nal leaflet scarcely one-fourth the size of the others (appearing like a slight
expansion of the apex of the petiole). On some of the branches the lowest
leaves are 3-cleft, instead of pinnate. Racemes pedunculate, about 5-flower-
ed. Perfect flowers not seen. Segments of the calyx lanceolate, acute,
about as long as the tube. Ovary S-10-ovuled. Legume about li inch long
and half an inch wide, villous, with 2-3 perfect seeds. Seeds globose, brown,
with a linear semicircular hilum. — The plant has somewhat the habit of
Orobus, but the pod is flat and broad." NuttalL
Tribe II. PHASEOLE^. Bro7in ; Benth.
Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1), or rarely
somewhat rnonadelphous. Disk usually a membranous sheath sur-
rounding the base of the ovary. Legume continuous, never separat-
ing into joints, but often torose and with cellular partitions between
the seeds, dehiscent. Seeds usually reniform, convex or compressed.
Radicle incurved. — Twining (sometimes erect or prostrate) herbace-
ous or shrubby plants. Leaves usually pinnately trifoliolate (rarely
reduced to a single leaflet), sometimes unequally pinnate, stipellate.
Inflorescence axillary, seldom terminal, racemose or somewhat pani-
cled.
Subtribe 1. Euphaseoleje, Benth, — Ovary with several ovules. Inflo-
rescence racemose with the pedicels usually aggregated on alternate knobs.
Vexillum usually biappendiculate at the base. Style often indurated above
the middle. Cotyledons thick, nearly unchanged in germination, and either
rising out of the ground or remaining beneath the surface.
1. Leaves pinnately trifoliolate.
5. PHASEOLUS. Linn. ; DC. proclr. 2. p. 390 ; Benth. Leg. geii. p. 73.
Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-cleft ; the 2 upper teeth often more or
less united. Keel with the stamens and style spirally twisted or circinate.
PHASE0LU9. LEGUMINOS^. 279
Legume linear or falcate, more or less compressed, or somewhat terete, many-
seeded. Hilum small, oval-oblong, naked, or rarely with a small membran-
aceous caruncle. — Herbaceous or suCfrutescent, twining or trailing plants.
Leaflets manifestly stipellate. Pedicels usually in pairs. — Kidnf.y-Bean.
§ 1. Slipnles not produced at the base: teeth of the cahj.r broad, mvrh
shorter than the tube: legume compressed, broad and Jalcate. — Dhk-
PANOSPRON, Benth.
y^l. P. perennis (Walt.): perennial; leaflets ovate, acuminate, palmately
3-veined; racemes solitary or somewhat clustered, simple or a little branch-
ed, longer than the leaves; legumes pendulous. — ]l'alt. Car. p. 182; Pirrsh,
fi. 2. p. 469; Darliufft. ft. Cest. p. 429. P. perennis & macrostachyus, Ell.!
in jour. acad. Philad. 1. p. 384 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 391. P. paniculatus,
Mich.T.! Jl. 2. p. 60. Dolichos polystachyos, Linn. ; U'iUd. .fp. 3. p. 1049.
Rocky woods and borders of swamps, Canada ! to Florida ! and west to
Louisiana ! July-Aug. — Stem 4-10 feet long, pubescent, climbing over
small shrubs or trailing on the ground. Leaflets 2-4 inches in h-ngth. and
often as broad as long ; the terminal one usually subcordate ; the lateral ones
inequilateral, pubescent beneath. Stipules small, lanceolate. Racemes 4-
12 inches long, slender, loosely flowered : pedicels 2-4 lines long, with 3 mi-
nute hairy bracts at the base. Calyx somewhat bilabiate ; teeth broad and very
short, the upper ones rounded. Corolla purple. Legume li-2j inches long
and 4-5 lines wide, somewhat tumid, strongly falcate. Seeds oblong-reni-
form, dark purple. — Elliott considered the Northern plant as distinct from the
Southern one ; but we find no constant difie-rence between them.
2. P. sinuatus (Nuttl mss.): perennial, nearly glabrous, prostrate; leaf-
lets reticulated, 2-3-lobed; the lobes obtuse; peduncles longer than the
leaves, mostly solitary, simple; legumes pendulous.
East Florida, Mr. Ware! (Nuttall) Tampa Bay, Dr. Burrows! —
Stem 4-6 feet long. Leaflets 1-1 i inch long, somewhat coriaceous, some-
times obtusely triangular, but usually almost equally 3-lobed. Stipules small,
lanceolate. Racemes 6-8 inches long ; the flowers rather distant and chief-
ly produced on the upper portion of the peduncle. Flowers and legume as
in the preceding species, from which it is at once distinguished by its lobed
and much smaller leaves; but it is possibly a mere variety of that plant.
§ 2. Stipules adnate to the petiole, produced and free at the base : lower
tooth of the calyx- as long or longer than the tube: legume linear ^
straight, somewhat terete. — Strophostyles, Elliott.
'f' 3. P. diversifolius (Pers.) : annual; stem usually prostrate; diffiise, re-
trorsely and roughly hirsute; leaflets broadly ovate, angular or 2-3-lobed,
sometimes entire, about the length of the petioles; stipules lanceolate; pe-
duncles longer than the leaves ; flowers few, capitate ; lower tooth of the
calyx narrow, longer than the tube; legume slightly pubescent, broadly lin-
ear, nearly terete, 6-7-seeded ; seeds oblong-cylindrical, woolly. — Pers. syn.
2. p: 296 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 394. P. trilobus. Michx. ! ft. 2. p. 60, not of
Roth ; Pursh. Jl. 2. p. 470 ; J5?Ve/. fl. Bo.-^t.' p. 268. P. angulosus. Ort. ;
DC. I.e.? Glycine angulosa, A/HTi/. in Willd. sp. 3. p. 1056. Stropho-
styles angulosa. Ell. sk. 2. p. 229. Dolichos ? angulosus, DC. I. c. p. 399,
excl. syn. Walt.
Sandy shores, particularly near the sea, Canada ! to Florida ! west to
Louisiana ! Aug.-Oct. — Roots often bearing numerous small tubers. Stem
280 LEGUMINOS^. Phaseolus.
2-6-8 feet long, rather stout, usually spreading on the ground, but sometimes
climbing. Leaflets li-2i inches long, sparsely hirsute beneath, with the
lobes commonly distinct and rounded. Peduncles when in liower 2-4 inches
long, in fruit 6 inches or more, 6-10-flowered. Calyx with 2 lanceolate
lateral bracteoles ; upper tooth minutely bihd ; the lower one lanceolate-subu-
late, one-third longer than the tube. Corolla purplish: keel with a very long
curved beak, without a horn at the base. Legume about 3i inches long and
I of an inch wide, black when ripe. Seeds twice as long as wide, covered
with a gray mealy pubescence: hilum linear.
4. P. heh'Olus (h'mn.) : perennial ; stem slender, retrorsely hirsute ; leaflets
ovate-oblong, oblong, or oblong linear, usually entire, about the length of the
petiole ; stipules lanceolate ; peduncles slender, 3-6 times as long as the leaves ;
flowers few, capitate ; lower lip of the calyx lanceolate, scarcely longer than
the tube; legume straight, terete, narrowly linear, 10-11-seeded, slightly pu-
bescent; seeds pubescent, reniform. — Linn. sp. 1017 ; Piirsh, jl. 2. p. 470 ;
Michx.! fl. 2. p. 60 ; DC. ■prodr. 2. p. 395. P. vexillatus, Linn. I. c.7 ;
Pnrsh, i. c. ; DC. I. c. ?; DarUngt. fi. Cest. p. 430. P. peduncularis,
Bart. jl. Philad. 2. p. 81. Strophostyles peduncularis. Ell. sk. 2. p. 230.
Glycine peduncularis, Muhl. cat. p. 67. G. umbellata, Muhl. in Willd. sp.
3.p. 105S?
a. leaflets mostlv ovate-oblong, obtuse at the base, thin, sparingly hirsute
beneath, glabrous above, entire, sometimes a little dilated or angular at the
base.
/?. leaflets elliptical-ovate, acute at the base, entire, sparingly hirsute on
bath sides.
y. leaflets linear-oblong, obtuse at the base, entire, somewhat coriaceous,
sparingly hirsute on both sides.
5. leaflets oblong-lanceolate, acute, dilated at the base, entire, strongly hir-
sute benealh, nearly glabrous above.
c. leaflets 3-lobed.
a. Sandy fields, New-York ! and New Jersey ! P. y. & S. Virginia ! to
Florida! west to Kentucky! and Louisiana! e. Georgia! and Florida!
Aug.-Sept. — Stem 3-5 feet long, much more slender than in the preceding
species. Leaflets very variable in size and form, but always smaller than
in P. diversifolius. Peduncles nearly as slender as the petioles, sometimes
8- 10 inches long, 3-5- rarely 7-flowered. Flowers much resembling those
ol the preceding species. Beak of the keel with a tooth at the base. Le-
gume about 2^ inches long and scarcely 2 lines wide. Seeds clothed with a
mealy pubescence : hilum linear-oblong. — We have not seen the fruit of aU
the forms described above : some of them possibly may not belong to this
species. We are unable to find any difference between P. helvolus and P.
vexillatus of North American botanists ; but the West Indian plant may be a
distinct species.
5. P. leiospermus : (perennial?) stem slender, retrorsely hirsute; leaflets
linear-oblong, rather obtuse, entire, somewhat coriaceous, as long as the peti-
oles, reticulated and hirsute on both surfaces ; stipules subulate ; peduncles
slender, much longer than the leaves ; heads few-flowered ; teeth of the
calyx lanceolate, as long as the tube ; legume broadly linear, compressed,
very hirsute, about 5-seeded ; seeds oval, glabrous.
Red River, Louisiana, Dr. Hale ! Arkansas, Dr. Leavenworth! — Stem
twining. Leaflets li inch long, and 3-5 lines wide, somewhat dilated at the
base, hirsute, with short rigid hairs. Peduncles usually 2-3 times as long as
the leaves. Flowers smaller than in the two preceding species, but resembling
them in structure. Legume scarcely more than an inch long, and 2i lines
wide, with a very short abrupt acuraination. Seeds li line long, purple,
polished.
Erythrina. LEGUMINOS.^. 281
6. VIGNA. Savi ; Benth. comm. Leg. gen. p. 49.
Calyx somewhat bilabiate; upper lip entire, Vexillum with 2 callosities
near the base of the limb. Keel not spirally twisted. Stigma lateral. Le-
gume terete. — Twining herbs.
^/-l. V. glabra 7 (Savi) : glabrous [pubescent, Ell.'\ ; upper lip of the calyx
'obtuse. DC. prodr. 2. p. 401. Donchos luteolus, Jacq. hort. Vind. 1. p.
39, t. 90 ?; Parsh, fl. 2. p. 470; Nutt.! gru. 2. p. 112; Ell. sk.2. p. 231.
Borders of rice-fields, (ieorgia, Pitrsh, Elliull. — (f) Stem running over
small shrubs. Leaflets ovate, tapering to a very acute point, very slightly
acuminate: petioles 1-2 inches long. Peduncles 2-4 inches long, with 3-5
flowers at the summit. Lower tooth of tlie calyx longer than the others.
Corolla pale yellow. Keel rather longer than the vexillum. Legume some-
what compressed, a little hairy. Ell. — We have only seen the flowers of this
plant. They are nearly as large as those of the common Pea. Vexillum
very broad. Mr. Nuttall thinks it is distinct from the West Indian species.
7. DOLICHOS. Linn. ; Benth. comm. Leg. gen. p. 49.
Calyx with 2 bracteoles at the base, campanulate, more or less bilabiate ;
the upper lip 2-cleft or 2-toothed, rarely entire ; lower lip 3-cleft or 3-toothed.
Vexillum furnished near the base of the limb with 2-4 callosities: keel more
or less falcate. Style not compressed: stigma terminal. Legume compressed.
Seeds oval, more or less compressed ; hilum small, oval. — Herbaceous or
suffrutescent usually twining plants. Pedicels 1-2 together.
1. D. multijlorus: perennial; stem twining, pubescent ; leaves orbicular,
with a very short acumination, when young velvety-pubescent, in the adult
state almost glabrous ; racemes axillary, densely spiked, many-flowered, about
as long as the petioles; upper lip of the calyx entire; lateral teeth short and
obtuse ; lowest one longest, lanceolate; vexillum obovate, with minute linear
callosities ; keel scarcely falcate ; legume broad, straight, much compressed,
obtuse, 4-5-seedcd.
AUuvial banks of the Oconee River, Georgia, Dr. Boykin ! Arkansas,
Dr. Leavenworth ! June-July. — Stem 5-10 feet long, retrorsely pubescent
Leaflets longer than the petioles, 2-3 (and sometimes 5-6) inches in diameter,
often wider than long. Stipules minute, lanceolate. Racemes pedunculate,
elongated, 20-30-flowered, many of the flowers abortive : pedicels fasciculate
about one lino in length. Vexillum and wings purple and striated internally
Keel nearly white. Legume 2-2J inches long, and half an inch wide, nearly
glabrous when mature, rounded at the summit, with a short incurved point.
Seeds separated by cellular partitions, oval, purplish brown, compressed.
8.? ERYTHRINA. Linn, s Lam. ill. t. 608; W. ^ Am. prodr. Jnd. Or.
1. p. 260.
Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, truncate, or bilabiate, or spathaceous.
Corolla with a very long lanceolate or obovate vexillum, without callosities at
the base, much larger than the very small wings and keel. Stamens straight,
nearly as long as the vexillum, diadelphous or more or less monadelphous.
Style straight, glabrous. Legume (indehiscent ?) stipitate, elongated, torulose,
several-seeded, compressed between the seeds, which are rather distant,
36
282 ^''PS' LEGUMINOS^. Apios.
pointed with the indurated subulate style. — Trees or shrubs, rarely herbace-
ous plants; the stem and petioles often prickly. Leaves pinnately trifolio-
late. Stipules small, free from the petiole : partial stipules gland-like. Ra-
cemes elongated : pedicels usually two or three together.
Mr. Bentham, who suspects tlie legume of Erythriiia tobe indehiscent, inclines to
separate it, with Mucuiia and Butea, as a subtribe. We have not examined the ma-
ture fruit.
"7 1. E. herbacea (Linn.) : branches herbaceous, somewhat prickly, rising
from a very thick subterranean trunk or cormus ; leaflets broadly rhomboidal
and somewhat hastately 3-lobed, mostly glabrous; racemes terminal; calyx
truncate, obscurely toothed or nearly entire; vexillum lanceolate, 4 or 5 times
longer than the calyx; keel-petals (distinct) and wings scarcely exserted ; sta-
mens monadelphous with the sheath entire at the base, thence diadelphous. —
Walt. Car: p. ISO ; IVllld. sp. 3. p. 912 ; Bot. mag. t. 887 ; Michx. ! fl. 2.
p. 61 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 92 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 190 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 411. Co-
rallodendron, &c., Trew. ehret. t. 58 ; Catesb. Car. t. 49.
In rich light soil, S. Carolina and Georgia ! to Florida ! and Louisiana.
March-May. — Cormus irregular, often branched, frequently rising a httle
above the surface of the ground, " yellow and esculent," Dr. Boykin. Stems
2-4: feet high, with a short hooked prickle at the base of the petioles, which
are also a little prickly. Racemes very long and spicate : the flowers deep
scarlet, 2 inches long. Seeds about the size of the common bean, bright
scarlet.
E. Corallodendron stands in Muhlenberg's Catalogue as a doubtful native of
Florida. No other writer has noticed it as a native of the United States.
2. Leaves pinnately b-lb-foliolate, exstipellate.
9. APIOS. Boerh.; MoencJi, meth. p. 165 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 113.
Calyx campanulate, obscurely bilabiate ; the upper lip of 2 very short round-
ed teeth ; the lower lip with the lateral teeth nearly obsolete, the inferior one
lanceolate-subulate and longer. Vexiflum very broad, with a longitudinal
fold in the centre, reflexed : keel long, falcate, and with the stamens and
style at length spirally twisted. Stigma emarginate. Legume rather terete,
slightly falcate, many-seeded. — A perennial twining nearly glabrous herb.
Root bearing numerous edible tubers. Leaves 5-7-foliolate, minutely stipu-
late. Racemes axillary, sometimes compound: pedicels short, 3 or 4 together
on approximated knobs. Calyx with 2 minute caducous bracteoles at the
base. Flowers brownish-purple.
J\ 'A. tuberosa (Moench, 1. c.)—Pursh, fl. 2. p. 273 ; Nutt. I c. ; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 235 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 390. Glycine Apios, Liim. ; Bot. mag. t. 1198 ;
Michx.! Jl. 2. ;p. 83; Hook. ! jl. Bor.-Avi. 1. p. 161; Darlingt.fi. Cast.
p. 428.
a. nearly glabrous ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate.
P. pubescent ; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate. — A. pubescens, Nutt. mss.
Moist shady places, Canada ! to Florida ! west to Missouri ! P. Woods of
the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall. July. — Stem slender, scabrous* Racemes
dense, shorter than the leaves. Flowers odorous.
Rhynchosia. LEGUMINOSiE. 283
10. WISTARIA. Nutt. gen. 2. p. 115 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 3S9.
Thyrsanthus, Elliotl.
Calyx campanulato, somewhat bilabiate ; upper lip of 2 short teeth ; lower
of 3 triangular-lanceolate teeth. Vexillum with 2 callosities decurrent along
the claw : keel and wings falcate. Legume nearly terete, torulose, stipitate
many-seeded. Seeds reniform. — Twining shrubby plants. Stipules minute.
Racemes large, axillary and terminal, with large colored deciduous bracts.
Flowers lilac-colored, beconaing resupinate by the twisting of the pedicels
after flowering.
1. W. frufescena (DC.) : younger shoots pubescent, at length glabrous ;
wings with 2 auricles ; ovary glabrous ; leatlets ovate-lanceolate, acute.
— DC. prodr. 2. p. 390. W. speciosa, Nutt. I. c. Glycine frutescens, Linn. ;
Michr. ! ft. 2. p. 63 ; Sims. bat. mag. t. 2103. Apios frutescens, Pursh,
fl. 2. p. 474. Thyrsanthus frutescens, Ell. sk. 2. p. 237.
0. macrostachxja: leaflets elliptical-lanceolate ; raceme very long and
flowers large; calyx lanuginous, glandular. — W. macrostachya, Null. mss.
Damp rich alluvial soils, Virginia ! to Florida ! Illinois, Michaiuv ! p. Lou-
isiana, j\f. Teinturier fide Nuttall. April.-May. — Stem long, climbing
over bushes and small trees. Leaves 6-8 inches long ; leatlets 4-6 pairs, 1-2
inches long, slightly pubescent. Racemes oblong, 3-6 inches long (often
9 inches in 13.) and about two inches in diameter, before the expansion of
the flowers appearing like aments, from the conspicuous bracts. Pedicels
3-4 lines long. Calyx pubescent, often purplish ; upper lip very obtuse and
obscurely 2-toothcd : teeth of the lower lip much shorter than the tube. Vex-
illum nearly orbicular ; callosities broad and free at the apex. Wrings as
long as the keel ; the auricle on the upper side subulate, almost as long as the
claw ; inferior one very short. Keel-petals cohering at the summit, each
furnished with a long subulate tooth at the base of the limb. — A highly orna-
m«ntal plant, now common in gardens.
Subtribe 2. Rhyncmcsie^e, Benth. — Ovary 1-2-ovuled. Inflorescence ax-
illary: flowers solitary or racemose, with the pedicels seldom aggregated.
Vexillum usually biappendiculate at the base. Upper portion of the style
usually indurated.
IL RHYNCHOSIA.* {Lour.1) DC. (parfly); IF. ^ Am. prodr. Ind.
Or. 1. p. 238.
Arcyphyllum, £«.— Glycine, ^TuU. ; H. B. if- K.
Calyx ebracteolate, somewhat bilabiate, with the lower lip 3-parted, and
the upper bifid and about equal to the lower ; or deeply and almost equally
4-parted (rarely 5-parted) nearly to the base, the upper segment 2-cleft. Co-
rolla deciduous : vexillum without callosities : keel falcate. Style glabrous.
♦ From a remark in Mr. Bentliam's late memoir, De Les^uminosnrnm generihus,
p. 49, we perceive that E. Meyer considers the orif^inal Rhynchosia of Loureiro to
be different from the Rhvnchosia of De CandoUe ; and he has therefore applied the
name of Copisma to the latter. But if this view be correct, the name Arcyphyllum
of Elliott has the priority.
284 LEGUMINOS^. Rhynchosia.
Legume obliquely ovate or oblong, often falcate, compressed, 1-2-seeded.
Seeds commonly more or less carunculate. — Usually twining or trailing
perennial herbs, or rarely shrubby plants. Leaves pinnately trifoliolate,
sometimes reduced to a single leaflet, commonly sprinkled (especially be-
neath) with resinous atoms. Flowers yellow, racemose, sometimes solitary.
§ 1. Calyx (marcescent) soviewhat bilabiate, deeply A-cleft ; segments
subulate, the lowest one longest: hilum and caruncidus small: stem
Ucining. — Eurhyncosia, Am.
1. R. Caribcea (DC): slightly pubescent; stipules setaceous; leaflets
roundish-rhombic, rather acute, membranaceous, nearly glabrous above,
dotted with resinous glands beneath ; racemes filiform, rather longer than
the leaves, 7-15-flowered ; flowers (minute) reflexed, remote ; legumes scimi-
tar-shaped, narrowed at the base, reflexed. — DC. prodr. 2. p. 384. R. mi-
nima, DC. I. c. (according to Nutt.) Glycine Caribaea, '"'■ Jarq. ic. rar. t.
146"; Kunth, syn. 4. jj. 95. G. reflexa, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 115; Ell. sk. 2.
V- 236.
Damp alluvial soils, S. Carolina to Florida, and west to Louisiana ! and
Texas ! — Stem long and slender, climbing over shrubs. Leaflets longer than
the petiole ; the terminal one very broadly and obtusely rhomboidal, about 2
inches wide ; the lateral ones dilated and roundish on the outside. Racemes
3-5 inches long. Calyx about half the length of the expanded corolla: upper
lip cleft half-way down, the sinus obtuse : middle segment of the lower lip
longest. VexiUum obovate, without gibbous projections. Legume f of an
inch long, 2i lines wide. — The Texan plant has smaller leaves and smaller
and less falcate legumes than our specimens from Louisiana.
§ 2. Calyx i-parted nearly to the base, persistent and foliaceous ; seg-
ments linear or oblong-lanceolate, ac^iminate, nearly equal, about the
length of the corolla: legume much longer than the calyx: hilum and
caruncidus small : stem erect, or commonly twining or trailing. —
Arcyphyllum, Ell,
2. i?. menispermoidea (DC.) : stem twining or prostrate, retrorsely pubes-
cent; stipules ovate; leaflet solitary, reniform, canescent beneath; pedun-
cles very short, 1-3-flowered; segments of the calyx lanceolate. DC. in cmn.
sci. nat. 4. p. 102, <^ mem. Leg. t. 55, ^ prodr. 2. p. 384.
Texas, Drummond! — Stem 2-3 feet long, slender, branching from the
base. Leaflets 1-li inch in diameter, pubescent on both surfaces. Racemes
usually shorter than the petioles. Calyx with the upper lip cleft one-third
of the way down. VexiUum obovate, with a very slight callosity near the
base of the limb. "Legume oval-lanceolate, acute, 1-2-seeded scarcely pubes-
cent." DC. — This well-marked species was described by De CandoUe from
specimens sent from Acapulco, Mexico.
3. R. tomentosa : stem angular ; stipules linear-lanceolate ; leaves trifo-
liolate, or sometimes reduced to a single leaflet; leaflets roundish or ovate;
racemes spicate ; legumes oblong, somewhat falcate. — Glycine tomentosa,
Linn.; Willd. sp. 3. p. 1061; Michx. ! f. 2. p. 63.
o. monophylla : pubescent; stem erect, dwarfish (3-6 inches high) ; leaflet
mostly solitary, orbicular or reniform, rugosely veined; racemes axillary or
aggregated at the summit of the stem. — R. reniformis, DC. prodr. 2. p.
384. Trifolium sunpUcifolium, Walt. Car. p. 184. Glycine tomentosa a.
PiTCHERiA. LEGUMINOS^. 285
monophylla, TV/tV/j.r. / I.e. G. reniforrnis, PursJi, f. 2. p. 86. G. mono-
phylla, A'«/^ ^'^'«. 2. p. \\5, not ol' Li trn. G. siiiiplicifolia, A7/. sk. 2. p.
234. Arcyphyllum siinplicifoliuin, Ell. in jour. acad. Pliilad. 1. j). 371.
p. intermedia : pubescent; stem erect; leaves all liifuliolate; leaflets
strongly ruifose, middle one roundiNh, lateral ones ovate.
y. volubili.s\- pubescent; stem twining (2-4 feet long); upper leaves tri-
foliolate ; lowest ones unifoliolale; leaflets roundish or broadly ovate, some-
times rather acute, rugosely veined ; racemes iew-flowered, shorter than the
leaves. — R. dillormis, DC. I. c. Glycine tomentosa p. volubilis, Michx.! I.e.
G. tomentosa, Pumh, I. e. (excl. /?.) ; Null. I. c. ; Ell. sk. I.e.
i.erecta: velvety-pubescent; stem erect (1-2 feet high) ; leaves trifolio-
late ; leaflets oval or oblong, nearly acute, slightly rugose ; racemes usually-
shorter but often longer than the petioles. — R. erecta, DC. I. c. Trifolium
erectum, M'alt. Car. p. 114. Glycine erecta. Null. I.e.; Ell.sk. I.e. G.
tomentosa a. erecta, Mich.v. ! I. c. ; Pursh ! I. c.
£. ? moUissima: velvety-pubescent; (stem erect?) leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets
oval ; racemes elongated (5-7 inches long), many-flowered, terminal. Ell.
— Glycine mollis ^iraa, Ell. I. r.
Dry sandy soils, a. South Carolina! to Florida ! and Alabama ! p. Tampa
Bay, Florida, Dr. Bnrroics ! y. North Carolina! to Georgia. <5. Maryland!
to Florida! and Louisiana ! c. Si. Mary's, Florida, Baldwin. — Leaflets,
particularlv on the lower surface, and the calyx, sprinkled with minute yel-
lowish resinous dots, w^hich are very distinct in the more glabrous varieties,
but are concealed by the pubescence in 6. and probably also in c. Calyx two-
thirds the length of the corolla ; segments lanceolate, strongly veined ; upper
segment deeply 2-cleft. Vexiilum orbicular or broadly obovate, generally
(particularly in y. and i.) with 2 very minute gibbous projections near the
base of the limb. Wings a little longer than the keel. Legume about J of
an inch long and 3 lines Avide. Seeds mottled. — From a careful examina-
tion of an extensive series of specimens, Ave are persuaded that all the varie-
ties described above are merely forms of one species, as indeed they were
regarded by Michaux. The var. monophylla sometimes bears trifoliolate
leaves, and late in the season produces long axillary branches, which are
sometimes twining. The racemes are extremely variable in length; but we
have never seen them so long as they are said to occur in the var. moUissima.
4. R. latifolia (Nutt. ! mss.) : softly hirsute ; stem angular, twining, sti-
pules subulate-lanceolate; leaves trifoliolate; leaflets somewhat rhomboidal,
dilated, u?uallv obtuse ; racemes longer than the leaves, many-flowered ;
flowers rather distant, on very short pedicels; segments of the calvx at length
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; vexiilum obovate; legume oval-oblong.
p.l more glabrous ; leaflets smaller, orbicular-obovate, with a short abrupt
acumination. and conspicuously mucronate; racemes about as long as the
leaves; vexiilum orbicular, with minute gibbous projections on the inside.
Forests of Arkansas, Nultall ! Dr. Ijeaveinrorth ! Red River, Louisi-
ana, Dr. Hale ! — Stem 3-4 feet long, clothed with a soft pubescence. Leaf-
lets li inch (in P. scarcely 1 inch) in diameter, canescent, minutely dotted
beneath; the terminal one nearly orbicular; the lateral ones more or less
rhomboidal-ovatc. Raceme 4-8 mches long, 10-14-flowered ; the flowers
scattered, nearly half an inch long. Corolla bright yellow. Legume three-
fourths of an inch long, and one-third of an inch wide. — Scarcely distinct
from an unnamed West Indian species in our herbarium.
12. PITCHERIA. Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 93.
Calyx (marcescent) shorter than the corolla, deeply and about equally 4-
cleft, or very slightly bilabiate ; segments subulate, the inferior one a little
286 LEGUMINOSJi:. Pitcheria.
longest ; the upper one bifid at the apex. Corolla deciduous : vexillum (gla-
brous) obovate or nearly orbicular, without callosities, the margins of the
short spurs and of the claw folded in : wings smaller than the keel-petals,
narrowly oblong, somewhat falcate, with a subulate tooth at the base nearly
the length of claw : the keel conspicuous, rounded, a little falcate, rather shorter
than the veKillum. Stamens diadelphous ; the free filament articulated at
the base. Ovary semi-oval, compressed, hairy, 2-ovuled : style filiform, the
lower portion hairy, the upper half indurated : stigma small, subcapitate,
glabrous. Legume oblong, tapering at the base, sessile, several times longer
than the calyx, compressed, 1-2-seeded. Seeds roundish, somewhat carun-
culate. — Erect and rigid perennial herbs, with numerous slender and simple
branches. Leaves small, pinnately trifoliolate, on very short petioles : leaflets
elliptical or oval, the lower surface copiously dotted with resinous atoms.
Stipules minute, setaceous, deciduous. Flowers solitary or nearly so in the
axils of the upper leaves, rather large, "yellow, the vexillum marked with
numerous red lines" {Chapman, in lilt.), on short pedicels.
The genus Pitcheria is very nearly allied to Rhyncbosia, rather than to Galactia,
as will be seen from the detailed cliaracter given above. Indeed, supposing that
genus to comprise the subgenera indicated by Arnolt, we find it nearly impossible
to distinguish Pitcheria by any absolute character. Our plant should also be com-
pared with several species of De Candolle's section (or genus) Eviosema, from
Mexico and Central America, with which it appears to agree in habit, &c. The
genus is dedicated to Dr. Z. Pitcher, late of the United States Army, whose name
so frequently appears as a contributor on the pages of this work.
P. galactoides (Nutt. 1. c.)
a. petioles shorter than the lateral leaflets ; peduncles 1-3-flowered.
p. 7 parvifolia : leaves much smaller, subsessile ; peduncles ]-flowered.
In dry soil, Alabama, Dr. Gates ! Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman !
]V[ay._^Stem about 3 feet high, virgately branched ; the branches angled,
and (as well as the calyx and veins of the leaves) minutely pubescent.
Leaves very numerous, sprinkled beneath with rather conspicuous yellow
dots : petioles 4-5 lines long: leaflets h-'x of an inch in length (in p. smaller),
usually rather obovate-oval, glabrous and someAvhat reticulately veined above ;
the terininal one a little distant from the others ; the lateral ones smaller,
almost sessile. Flowers solitary or in pairs, on pedicels rather shorter than
lire calyx, rising from the axils of the leaves, or in a short 2-3-flowered ra-
ceme. Flowers 5-6 lines long: vexillum partly folded round the other petals :
keel-petals slightly connected, very broad. Mature legumes nearly an inch
long, and \ of an inch wide, pointed with the base of the style, straight
Seeds mottled.— -The specimens of our var. /?., which perhaps belong to a
distinct species, were sent from Alabama by Dr. Gates, and are not very
complete. The leaflets (of the rameal leaves) are only 3 or 4 lines long, and
the petioles being short in proportion, the leaves appear to be nearly sessile. —
The flowers are stated by Nuttall to be red, and they appear reddish in dried
apecimens.
Subtribe 3. Glycineje, Benth.— Ovary with several ovules. Inflores-
cence racemose, with the pedicels often more or less aggregated on small
alternate knobs. Bracteoles very small, often deciduous. Vexillum usually
biappendiculate. Style not indurated. Cotyledons flat, foliaceous in germi-
nation. — Flowers small.
Galactia. LEGUMINOSiE. 287
13. GALACTIA. P. Browne; Michx.fi. 2. p. 61 ; Iie7ilh. Leg. gen. p. 62.
Calyx 4-cleft; segments acute, of nearly equal length, the upper one broad-
est. Vexillum incumbent, without callosities, broad: keel petals slightly
cohering at the apex. Legume compressed, linear, many-seeded. — Twining
or prostrate herbaceous (as are all the N. American species) or somev.liat
shrubby plants. Leaves pinnately trifoliolate (in G. ? EUiottii, pinnate), rarely
reduced to a single leaflet. Racemes axillary, usually loosely-flowered.
- 1. G. glabella (Michx.): stem prostrate, somewhat twining, nearly gla-
brous; leaflet? elliptical-oblong or ovate-obloiij. obtuse, emarginate, glabrous
above, slightly hirsute beneath ; racemes a little longer than the leaves ; flow-
ers approximated, distinctly pedicellate ; calyx nearly glabrous ; lecjumes some-
what hinutc.—Mich.v..' fi. 2. p. 62; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 117; Elt.sk. 2. p.
239; DC. prodr. 2. p. 238.
(j. leaflets ovate, rather acute.
Scerile sandy soils, New-Jersey! to Florida! P. Florida, Dr. Chapman!
Aug.-Sept. — Stem 2-4 feet long, spreading on the ground, or sometimes
twining around other plants. Leaflets variable in size and form, usually about
an inch long and half an inch broad. Racemes at first rather shorter, but at
length somewhat longer than the leaves. Pedicels 2 lines long. Segments
of the calyx acuminate. Corolla reddish-purple. Anthers linear-oblong.
Legume slightly falcate, 4-6-seeded. — The New-Jersey plant is regarded by
Nuttall as a distinct species from Elliott's.
-f-^% G. pilosa (Nutt.) : stem twining, minutely and retrorsely hirsute ; leaf-
lets oblong-ovate, finely hirsute on both surfaces, paler beneath ; racemes
much longer than the leaves ; flowers on short pedicels, scattered and remote ;
legume villous.— Aw<<. gen. 2. p. 116 ?; Ell. sk. 2. p. 238 ; DC. prodr. 2.
p. 237.
/?. MacrcBi : plant very slender and more glabrous; peduncles 4-6 times
longer than the leaves ; flowers distinctly pedicellate. — G. Macrsei, Curtis!
in Host. jour. nat. hist. 1. p. 120, excl. syn. Nutt.
y. ansc'i'if i folia : plant very slender ; stem pubescent; leaflets linear-ob-
long; peduncles 3-4 times longer than the leaves; flowers distinctly pedicel-
late.
Dry sandy soils, North Carolina ! to Florida! west to Louisiana! and Ar-
kansas! 3. N. Carolina, Curtis! S. Middle Florida, Croom ! East Florida,
Lieut. Alden! — Leaflets larger and more acute than in G. glabella; the ra-
cemes much more slender, and the flowers smaUer and scattered along the
peduncle. Anthers linear-oblong.
■^■r- 3. G. mollis (Michx.) : stem prostrate or twining, retrorsely and softly
' pubescent ; leaflets oval, obtuse, canescently villous and paler beneath ; ra-
cemes much longer than the leaves; fascicles of flowern approximated
toward the summii of the peduncle; pedicels ver^' short ; calyx and legumes
very villous.— Mc/ij:. .' ft. 2. p. 61; Nutt. gen. 2. p. Ill 1; Ell. sk. 2. p.
238; DC. prodr. 2. p. 237.
Dry soils, Maryland ! to Florida! August.— Leaflets conspicuously vein-
ed, about an inch long. Peduncles about twice as long as the leaves. Calyx
half as long as the reddish-purple corolla. Anthers oval. Legume straight. —
Differs from the preceding species in being more pubescent, the fascicles of
flowers more approximated, and in the shorter pedicels. The flowers are
scarcely more than half as large as in G. glabella. — Mr. Nuttall refers G. pi-
osa of Elliott to this species; and G. mollis of Michaux he is inclined to re-
gard as a distinct plant from his own of that name, which he proposes to call
G. pallida. G. mollis, Pursh, probably includes two species.
288 LEGUMINOSvE. Galactu.
. ■ 4. G. Flon'dana : prostrate ; whole plant tomentose with a whitish pu-
bescence ; leaflets oval, very obtuse ; racemes a little longer than the leaves ;
fascicles of tlowers approximated ; pedicels half the length of the calyx ;
legume villous.
Sandy places about Tampa Bay, Florida, Dr. Burrows ! — Stem shorter
than in any of the preceding species. Leaflets li inch long, obtuse at each
end, strongly veiny. Calyx less than half the length of the corolla. Petals
pale reddish-purple. Anthers oblong-linear. — Remarkable for the copious
soft whitish pubescence, and also for the size of the flowers, which are larg-
er than those of G. glabella.
.- 5. G. canescens (Benth.) : creeping, somewhat twining, canescent; leaf-
lets broadly ovate, retuse, slightly hirsute above, silky -pubescent beneath ;
peduncles fasciculate, elongated, interruptedly few-flowered; calyx silky-vil-
lous. Benth. I comm. Leg. gen. p. 62.
Texas, Drxmimond! — Leaflets 1^ inch long, and more than an inch wide.
Peduncles slender, some of them abortive and changed into roots. Flowers
small, 2-3 together, often abortive, as is very frequently the case in this ge-
nus.
6. G. spiciformis : stem nearly glabrous ; leaflets ovate-oblong; coriace-
ous, rather acute, indistinctly veined, glabrous above, minutely hirsute be-
neath ; racemes (or spikes) much longer than the leaves ; flowers approxi-
mated and nearly sessile; legume slightly falcate, pubescent.
Key West, Florida, Rev. Alva Bennett ! — Leaflets about U inch long,
and 7-8 lines wide, finely reticulated above ; the veins on the lower surface
much less distinct than in any of the preceding species. Peduncles 3-4
times as long as the leaves, in pairs or solitary. Bracteoles lanceolate.
Calyx nearly glabrous ; segments lanceolate, the lowest one acuminate.
Corolla purphsh-red. Vexillum broadly obovate : wings shorter than the
keel. Anthers linear-oblong. Legume li inch long, 5-6-seeded.
7. G. brachypoda : nearly glabrous ; stem not twining ; leaflets oblong or
linear-oblong, somewhat coriaceous, reticulated, paler beneath, obtuse or
eraarginate ; petioles longer than the leaflets ; racemes shorter than the peti-
oles, few- (4-6-) flowered ; calyx villous.
Dry pine barrens, Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman! — Stem about 2 feet
long, flexuous. Leaflets about 15 lines long, and 3-6 lines wide ; the termiii-
al one with a partial petiole about one-fourth of an inch long : common peti-
ole li inch or more in length. Flowers purphsh, half as large as in G. gla-
bella. Segments of the calyx lanceolate, half as long as the corolla.
, ' S. G. sessili flora: glabrous; stem erect, flexuous; leaflets shorter than
• the petiole, oblong-linear, or linear, somewhat coriaceous, glaucous beneath,
the terminal one subsessile ; racemes very short, sessile.
Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman J Alabama, Dr. Gates .'—Stems some-
times several from one root, about a foot high. Petioles 1-2 inches long.
Leaflets 1-1 ^ inch long, usually about 3-4 lines wide, but sometimes much
narrower. Racemes, or fascicles, 3-5-flowered: pedicels very short. Calyx
brownish, hairy ; segments lanceolate, acute. Petals purplish. Vexillum
nearly orbicular, longer than the other petals. Anthers oblong. Legume
falcate, villous, about an inch long, 4-5-seeded. — A very distinct species, but
allied to G. brachystachys, Benth., of Mexico.
9. G. marginalis (Benth.): suffiuticose ; branches prostrate, somewhat
silky-pubescent, at length glabrous ; leaves 1-foliolate ; leaflet oblong-lanceo-
late or linear, narrowed at the base, coriaceous, glabrous, wuh a marginal
nerve beneath ; peduncles very short, axillary, 1-3 flowered ; calyx pubes-
cent ; segments as long as the tube. Benth. comm. Leg. gen. p. 62.
Clftoria. LEGUMINOS^. 289
Texas, Drummond ! — Branches somewhat ligneous, slender. Leaflets
2-3 inches long. Flowers red, about as large as in G. glabella. Keel fal-
cate, larger than the wings. Legume villous, 1-li inch long. Benih.
§ Upper lip of the calyx ovate, subulate-mncronate : style short and rath-
er thick : Icguine oblong-linear ; leaves unequally pinnate.
9. G.? ElUoltii (Nutt.) : leaflets 3-4 pairs, elliptical-oblong, nearly gla-
brous and lucid above, pubescent beneath; racemes longer than the leaves,
interrupted, few-flowered.— .V«^^ gen. 2. p. 117; Ell, sk. 2. p. 240; DC,
prodr. 2. p. 239. G. pinnata, Muhl. cat. p. 67, not of Pers.
South Carolina, Elliott. Georgia, Le Conle ! Miss E. C. Clay I Near
St. John's, Florida, Mr. Doitbltday ! Pensacola, Mr. F. Cozzens ! May-
July. — Stem long and twining, slightly pubescent. Leaves 4-6 inches long:
leaflets 1-1^ inch long, mostly retuse, finely reticulated. Stipules minute,
subulate. Racemes usually much longer than the leaves ; the flowers 3-4
in a fascicle, rather larger than in G. glabella. Calyx hirsute; upper seg-
ment lanceolate, acuminate, about one-third longer than the lateral ones.
Corolla white tin:ied with red : vexillum orbicular, with scarcely any claw.
Wings and keel-petals equal, oblong ; the former with a subulate tooth at
the base of the limb. Legume about 2 inches long, and 4-5 lines wide,
villous. " Seeds 3-5, reniform, glabrous and speckled." Ell.
Subtribe 4. ClitoriEjE, Benth. — Ovary with several ovules. Inflores-
cence axillary : peduncles 1-2-flowered at the summit, or many-flowered,
with the racemes often somewhat cymose-fasciculate or branching. Bracts
(except in Amphicarpaea) and bracteoles opposite, striate, either one or the
other often large (rarely small or wanting), Vexillum large, not appendicu-
late at the base. — Flowers commonly large.
IL CLITORIA. Linn, (in part) ; GcBrtn. fr. t. 149 ; Benth, conim. Leg^
gen. p. 50,
Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the summit ; the upper and lateral segments tri-
angular-ovate, acuminate (the upper pair usually united a little higher than the
others), the inferior segment narrower. Vexillum large, somewhat orbicular,
emarginate or bifid, not spurred on the back : keel small, shorter than the
wings, incurved, acute, on very long claws. Stamens monadelphous below
the middle, the tenth filament usually free upwards. Style longitudinally
bearded or hairy, more or less dilated at the apex. Legume stipitate, linear
or linear-oblong, flattish, torulose, pointed with the base of the style, thicken-
ed along the sutures ; the valves nerveless and wingless. — Mostly twininf
perennial herbs. Leaves pinnately 3- (rarely 5-7-) foholate. Stipules some-
what persistent, sometimes striate : partial stipules setaceous. Peduncles
1-2- (or many-) flowered. Bracts similar to the stipules : bracteoles larger.
Flowers very large.
The somewhat cyme-like inflorescence in Clitoria and the allied genera is very
frequently reduced to "2 flowers risins; from the apex of the peduncle : if the exterior
one be suppressed, as is sometimes the case, the solitary flower of course is resupi%.
Tiate, or stands with the keel (instead of the vexillum) looking towards the stem.
37
290 LEGUMINOS^. Centrosema.
1. C.Mariana (Linn.): glabrous; stem somewhat twining or trailing;
leaves 3-foliolate, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate ; peduncles short, 1-3-
flovvered; bracteoles lanceolate-subulate, much shorter than the calyx, simi-
lar to and scarcely larger than the bracts ; legumes linear-oblong, about 4-seed-
ed, torulose, glabrous.— Tra/^. Car. p. 186 ; WiUd. sp. 3. p. 1070; Michx. !
f. 2. p. 62 ; Nutt.! gen. 2. p. 18 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 240 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 234.
Dry soils, particularly along rivers, New-Jersey ! to Florida and Alabama !
July-Aug.— Stem 2 feet or more in length. Leaflets variable in breadth,
sometimes subcordate at the base. Bracteoles scarcely one-fourth the length
of the calyx. Corolla 2 inches or a little more in length, pale blue. Stipe of
the mature fruit about the length of the peduncle. Legume IJ inch in length.
12. CENTROSEMA. DC. (sub Clitoria) ; Benth. conim. Leg. gen. p. 53.
Calyx short, broadly campanulate, 5-cleft, or 4-cleft by the union of the
two upper segments; the lower segment longest. Vexillum large, broadly
orbicular, with a short obtuse spur behind : keel semi-orbicular, scarcely short-
er than the wings, incurved, obtuse, on very short claws. Stamens mona-
ddphous or partly diadelphous. Style glabrous, dilated at the apex: stigma
barhulate. Legume nearly sessile, linear, compressed, subulate with the
style, somewhat thickened along the sutures ; the valves marked on each
side with a longitudinal nerve next the margin. — Twining herbs or shrubby
plants. Leaves pinnately 3- (rarely 5-) foliolate. Stipules often persistent,
acuminate or subulate, striate : partial stipules setaceous. Peduncles 1-2-
few-flowered. Lowermost bracts similar to the stipules ; the upper usually
orbicular and clasping : bracteoles larger than and appressed to the calyx.
Flowers very large ; the vexillum pubescent or villous on the outside.
1. C. Virginiana (Benth. \. c): glabrous or somewhat pubescent; stem
very slender, angled, twining; leaves trifoholate; leaflets varying from oblong-
ovate to linear, reticulalely veined ; pe<luncles rather shorter than the leaves,
1-4-flowered ; segments of the calyx Hnear-subulate. much longer than the
tube, somewhat exceeding the ovate acuminate bracteoles, the 2 upper united
at the base ; legumes narrowly linear, very long. — Clitoria Virginiana, Linn.;
Walt. Car. p. 186; Willd. sp. 3. p. 1069; Michx.! fl. 2. p. 62; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 240; DC. I. c. C. trifolius, flore minora &c., Dill. hort. Elth. t. 76. C.
calcarigera, Salish. par ad. Lond. t. b\.
Dry soils, Virginia! to Florida ! and Louisiana! July-Aug.— Leaflets thin
but rather firm in texture, scabrous-pubescent with minute uncinate hairs,
or glabrous, variable in breadth. Bracteoles and calyx pubescerit with mi-
nute uncinate hairs. Flowers scarcely half the size of those of Clitoria Mari-
ana: corolla violet, pubescent externally. Legume nearly 6 inches long,
2-3 lines wide, subulate with the slender persistent style.— It appears from a
specimen examined by Mr. Bentham, that the upper segments of the calyx
are occasionally connate above the middle ; but this is not the case in any of
our specimens.
2. C. Plmnieri (Benth.) : stem frutescent, the branches puberulent ;
leaflets broadly ovate, with a short obtuse acumination, broadly rounded at
the base, rather coriaceous, glabrous ; pejluncles 2-3-flowered, shorter than
the petiole; bracteoles coriaceous, obtuse, entire, about twice the length of
the calyx ; upper segments of the calyx very short; legume thick (6 inches
long, about 6 lines broad). Benth. comm. Leg. gen. p. 54. Clitoria Plu-
mieri, Turpin, in Pers. sy7i. 2. p. 303 ; Bot. reg. t. 268; DC. I.e.; Nutt.
gen. I. c?
Amphicarpjea. LEGUMINOS^. 291
Around New Orleans, Nuttall. — "Corolla large, sericeous ; keel particu-
larly tomentose. Legume very long and narrow." Nittt. — C Plumieri is a
South American and i:*erhaps VV'est Indian species: if the plant of Mr. Nut-
tall be really the same, it is probably introduced. We have taken the spe-
cific character from Bentham.
13. AMPIIICARP^A.* Ell in jour. acad. Philad. 1. p. 372 ; Nutt.
gen. 2. p. 213 ; DC. mem. Leg., <^ prodr. 2. p. 383.
Flowers of two kiuds ; those of the upper many-flowered racemes perfect
and petaliferous, but seldom maturing fruit ; those near the base of the stem
or on prostrate branches imperfect, but usually fertile. Perkect Fl. Calyx
tubular-campauulate, about equally 4-toothed (the two upper teeth being
united; sometimes 5-toothed), ebractcolate and slightly gibbous at the base.
Vexillum broadly obovate-oblong, subsessile, slightly auricled at the base, in-
cumbent and partly folded round the other petals: keel and wing-petals simi-
lar, nearly straight, a little shorter and much narrower than the vexillum, on
very long claws, the lamina oblong, that of the wing-petals with a very small
callous or saccate spur at the base. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary 4-ovuled
raised on a short stipe which is surrounded by a fleshy sheathing disk : style
filiform, glabrous : stigma smaU, capitate. Legume linear-oblong, compressed,
somewhat scimitar-shaped, 3-4-seeded. Lmperfect or ApetalousFl. Calyx
nearly as in the petaliferous flowers. Petals none, or with the rudiment of
a vexillum. Stamens either wanting, or often 5-10, shorter than the ovary,
three or four of them with p rfect anthers, the others rudimentary : filaments
distinct. Ovary nearly sessile, shorter than the calyx, 1-3-ovuled, tipped
with a very short recurved style, elongating and protruded beyond the calyx
after impregnation. Legumes obovate or pyiiform, 1-2-seeded. usuaUy ma-
turing beneath the surface of the ground. — Annual twining or sarmentose
herbs. Stems slender, much branched, retiorsely pubescent or hirsute with
brownish hairs. Leaves pinnately trifoliolate : leaflets rhombic-ovate, mi-
nutely stipeUate. Stipules striate, similar to the bracts. Racemes of the
petaliferous flowers solitary or in pairs, often somewhat compound, with the
flowers clustered or in pairs from the axils of the bracts : the bracts per-
sistent, orbicular, partly clasping, appressed, alternate (but each formed by
the union of the pair). Inflorescence of the imperfect or radical flowers
similar, but with the filiform peduncles few-flowered, and the bracts distinct
This genus is manifestly correctly referred by Bentham to his subtribe Clitorieae ;
although thepeculiar inflorescence which appears to exist in the whole group is some-
what masked by the apparently alternate bracts (a deviation, however, wliicii is evi-
dently caused by the union of each pair of bracts into one) ; but in A. moiuiica the
vexillum is sliglitly appendiculate at the base, with the margins of the auricles fold
ed in, and the upper portion of the style is somewhat indurated, as in Euphaseoleae.
1. A. Tnonoica : racemes of the petaliferous flowers nodding; teeth of the
calyx short and broad, somewhat triangular; bracts shorter than the pedi-
• This genus was established under the name of Amphicarpa, which De Can-
dolle, for the sake of a substantive termination, changed to AmphicarpcEa.
292 LEGUMINOS^. Agati.
eels. — A. monoica & sarmentosa, Ell. I. c, ^ sk. 2. p. 233 ; NtiU. ! I. c. ;
DC. I. c; Darlingt. ft. Cest. p. 427. Glycine monoica, comosa, & bracte-
ata, Linn.; Willd.sp. 3. p. 1058 (also G. sarmentosa); Pursh, fl. 2. p.
485. G. monoica, Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 64 ; Bigel. fl. Bast. p. 276. Crypto-
lobus Americanus & sarmentosus, Spreng. syst. 3. p. 218.
Woodlands and thickets, Canada ! to Florida ! and New-Orleans ! west
to Red River, Louisiana! Aug.-Sept. — Stems very slender, 3-6 or 8 feet
m lenc^th, retrorsely pubescent or villous. Leaflets glabrous or more or less
hairy, rhombic-ovate or sometimes rather oblong-ovate, a little oblique. Ra-
cemes short, on filiform peduncles : bracts somewhat pubescent, rhombic-
orbicular. Flowers pale purple or violet, or nearly white. Legumes of the
upper racemes nearly glabrous (except the sutures) •, seeds rather reniform,
dark purple. Hypogffian legumes hairy : " seeds ol a motley reddish-brown."
JDarlhigt. — A. sarmentosa is the more prostrate form, bearing few petali-
ferous flowers.
2. A. Pitcheri : racemes of the petaliferous flowers mostly branching ;
teeth of the calyx (sometimes 5) lanceolate-subulate, nearly as long as the
tube; bracts very broad, silky-canescent, rather longer than the pedicels.
Red River, Arkansas, Dr. Pitcher ! — Stem, petioles, and peduncles dense-
ly hirsute with brownish reflexed hairs. Leaves broadly rhombic-ovate, acute.
Bracts large, much broader than wide. Vexillum obscurely auricled at the
base. Claws of the wings and keel scarcely longer than the lamina. Ovary
4-ovuled. Fruit not seen. — We know not whether this species produces
apetalous flowers.
Tribe III. GALEGEiE. Bronn. (partly)
Corolla papilionaceous (or otherwise irregular). Stamens diadel-
phous (9 & 1), or sometimes monadelphous. Legume continuous, de-
hiscent, 1-celled, several. seeded (rarely with transverse celhdar parti-
tions between the seeds, hut never separating into joints) ; or 1-2-seed-
ed and indehiscent. Radicle incurved or inflexed. — Erect herb?, shrubs,
or trees. Leaves usually unequally pinnate, seldom stipellate. Inflo-
rescence axillary or terminal, racemose or spicate.
1. Leaves abruptly pinnate.
All the N. American genera of this section (except Glottidium) have the legumes
contracted between the seeds, which are separated by transverse cellular partitions ;
they are not, however, truly jointed, as in HedysarcK, to which they nearly ap-
proach. They should perhaps be excluded from this tribe.
14. AGATL Adans.; Rheede, Malah. t. 51; W. <^ Am. prodr. Lid. Or.
2. p. 215.
Calyx carapanulate, truncate, slightly bilabiate ; the upper lip with 2, the
under With 3 short obtuse broad teeth. Vexillum oval-oblong, shorter than
the oblong wings: keel large, falcate, obtusely acuminate, its petals distinct
at the base and apex. Stamens diadelphous, slightly protruded ; the sheath
with large auricles at the base. Legume attenuated at the base into a short
stipe, linear, elongated, a little compressed, many-seeded, much contracted
and with transverse partitions between the seeds, but not jointed. Seed
Qval. — Small trees of rapid growth and short duration. Leaves abruptly
Daubentonia. LEGUMINOS^. 293
pinnate, with numerous leaflets. Stipules lanceolate, caducous. Racemes
axillary, 2-4-flo\vered. Flowers very large. Legumes pendulous, a toot or
more long.
A. grandijlora (Desv.)— If', f Ar7i. I. c.
a. albijlora: flowers white. W. f Am. I. c.—A. grandiflora, DC. prodr.
2, p. 2(36, iEschynomene grandiflora, Linn.
(i. coccinea : flowers red. \V. d^ Am. I. c. — A. coccinea, Desv. ; DC. I. c.
.ffischynomene coccinea, lAnn.
Southern Florida Dr. Perrine! Key West, Mr. Bennett! Doubtless
introduced : originally natives of the East Indies.— Flowers 3-4 inches long,
very showy.
15. SESBANIA. Pers.; Desv. jour. hot. 3. t. 4; DC. prodr. 2. p. 264.
Species of ^schynomene, Linn.
Calyx with 2 caducous bracteoles at the base, campanulate, 5-toothed ; the
teeth nearly equal. Vexillum larger than the keel, roundish, with one or two
adnate callous slightly folded appendages on its claw : keel obtuse, the petals
distinct at the base. Stamens diadelphous, the sheath slightly auricled at
the base. Legume linear, very long and slender, cylindrical or compressed,
many-seeded, much contracted and with transverse partitions between the
seeds, but not truly jointed. Seeds cylindrical-oblong, with a little albumen.
— Shrubs or herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate, with numerous leaflets; the
petioles ending in a setaceous point. Stipules small, caducous. Peduncles
1-several-flowered: flowers usually yellow,
1. S. macrocarpa (Muhl.) : herbaceous, annual, glabrous ; leaflets linear-
elliptical (15-25 pairs), obtuse, mucronulate, slightly glaucous beneath ; ra-
cemes 1-4-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; legume compressed, somewhat
■quadrangular (8-12 inches long), subulate with the narrowly cnsiformbase of
the style.— Muhl. cat. p. 68 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 265 ; Null. gen. 2. p. 112; Bart.
Ji. Am. Sept. 1. p. 99, t. 28 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 265.
Wet places, S. Carolina, Louisiana! Arkansas! and Texas! Aug.-Oct.
— Stem 2-4 (-12, Ell.) feet high. Leaves 6-12 inches long. Corolla yel-
lowish, dotted with purple externally : vexillum reflexed. Legume about 2
lines wide; the margins nearly even (not narrowed between the seeds).
16. DAUBENTONIA. DC. mem. Leg., f prodr. 2. p. 267.
Calyx campanulate, somewhat truncate, with 5 minute teeth. Vexillum
roundish, stipitate : keel very obtuse. Stamens diadelphous, with the free
stamen and the sheath as if geniculate at the base. Style filiform, glabrous.
Legume on a long stipe, oblong, compressed, coriaceous [indehiscent], Avith
4 wings rising from the margins of the valves and produced beyond the
sutures, the seeds separated by transverse partitions.— Mexican shrubs. Sti-
pules oblong. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Racemes simple. DC.
1. D. longifolia? (DC): leaflets 11-12 pairs; racemes rather shorter
than the leaf. DC. I. c. — .^schynomene longifolia, Cav. ic. 4. t. 315. Pisci-
dia longifolia, Willd.
294 LEGUMINOS/E. Robinia.
Texas, Driimmond ! — Not being able at present to consult the figure of
Cavanilles, we are in doubt whether the Texan plant be the D. longifolia, DC.
The leaflets are for the most part obtuse and mucronate. The keel, moreover,
is not " very obtuse", and the seeds are subglobose.
17. GLOTTIDIUM. Desv.jour. hot. 3. p. 119, t.l; DC. prodr. 2. p. 266.
Calyx campanulate, somewhat obliquely truncate, 5-toothed; teeth small,
rather obtuse, nearly equal. Vexillum reniform, very short and broad, slightly
unguiculate: wings oval-oblong: keel-petals coherent above the middle.
Stamens diadelphous. Style short, incurved at the summit. Legume ellip-
tical-oblong, compressed, acute at each end, stipitate, cuspidate with the
style, l-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded ; valves at length separating into an exte-
rior rather coriaceous membranous portion, and an internal membrane which
encloses the seeds. Seeds compressed, transversely oblong : radicle thick,
inflexed. — An annual glabrous herb. Leaves abruptly pinnate, with nume-
rous leaflets; the petiole ending in a bristle : primordial leaves simple, ovate.
Racemes axillary, few-flowered. Flowers small, yellow.
G. Floridanum (DC. 1. c.) — Robinia vesicaria, Jacq. ic. rar. 1, t. 148.
Phaca Floridana, Willd. sp. 3. p. 1252. Sesbania platycarpa, Pers. syn. 2.
p. 316; Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 112. S. disperma, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 485. S. vesi-
caria. Ell. sk. 2. p. 222. ^schynomene platycarpa, Michx. ! jl. 2. p. 75.
Damp soils, S. Carolina to Florida I Louisiana! and Texas! Aug.-Sept.
— Plant 4-6 feet high. Leaflets linear-oblong, mucronate. Peduncles fili-
form, shorter than the leaves, 4-8-flowered. Calyx very short. Legume
about 2 inches long, on a slender stipe ; the outer coriaceo-membranaceous
portion at length falling away, leaving the seeds enclosed in the thin white
inner membrane.
2. Leaves unequally pinnate (in Psoralea various).
A. Corolla truly papilionaceoiis : Jloiccrs in racemes.
18. ROBINIA. Linn, (in part) ; DC. mem. Leg. p. 273, ^ prodr. 2. p. 261.
Calyx short and somewhat campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-cleft ; the 2 upper
segments shorter, approximated or cohering. Vexillum broad and large :
keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous, deciduous. Style bearded along the in-
side (next the free stamen). Legume many-seeded, compressed, nearly ses-
sile, the seminiferous suture margined ; valves flat and thin. Seeds flat. —
Trees or shrubs (N. American), usually bearing stipular spines. Leaves
unequally pinnate : leaflets petiolulate, stipellate. Flowers showy, white or
rose-color, in simple usually pendant axillary racemes. — Locust-tree.
1. R. Pseudacacia (Linn.) : branches virgate, armed with stipular prickles ;
racemes loose, droopmg, and (with the legumes) smooth; leaflets ovate and
oblong-ovate.— Lam. ill. t. 606 ; Michx. ! fl. 2. p. 65 ; Pursh, Jl. 2. p. 487 ;
EU. sk. 2. p. 242 ; Michx. f. sylv. 2. p. 1, t. 76 ; DC. I. c. ; Darlingl. fl.
Cest. p. 410. Pseudacacia, Tourn. inst. t. 417.
Fertile soils, particularly west of the Alleghany Mountains to Arkansas!
not indigenous north of Pennsylvania, or near the sea-coast in the Southern
States. May-June. — Tree 20-70 or 90 feet high: wood yellowish, compact
Tepiirosia. LEGUMINOS^. 295
and very durable. Leaflets 4-8 pairs, with minute rigid setaceous partial
stipules. Racemes 3-5 inches long. Flowers as larire as a Pea-blossom,
Aviiite, fragrant. Legumes 2-3 inches long, about half an inch wide, 4-6-seed-
ed. — Common Locust-tree.
2. 7?. v/.s-co.s-a (Vent.) : stipular spines very short ; branchlets, petioles, and
legumes glandular-viscid; leaflets ovate; racemes crowded.— Tf-J^^. hort.
Cels. t.i. Dnham. arh. 2, t. 17 ; ;V/r/(.r. / Jl. 2. p. 65; Ell. I. c. ; Michx.f.
sylv. 2. J). 15, t. 77 ; DC. I. r. 11. slutinosa, Bot. mag. t. 560.
Mountains of Georgia and Carolina. May-June.— Tree 20-40 feet high.
Leaflets 5-7 pairs. Racemes rather ovate. Bracts lanceolate, with a long
setaceous point, caducous. Flowers white tinged with rose-color, inodorous.
Legumes linear-lanceolate, 2-3 inches \or\g.— Clavimy Locust.— R. dubia,
Drsv. jour. bot. (DC. I. c.) is doubtless, as De CandoUe suspects, a garden
hybrid between this species and R. Pseudacacia.
3. f{. hispida (Linn.): stipular spines scarcely any ; racemes (loose),
branchlets, calyx, and legumes hispid.— Ca/es6. Car. t. 20 ; Michx.! ft. 2. p.
65 ; Bot. mag. t. 311 ; Pursh, ft. 2. p. 487; Ell. I. c; DC. I. c. R. mon-
tana, Bartr. R. rosea, Duham,. arb. 2, t. 18.
/?. rosfa (Pursh, 1. c.) : leaflets mostly scattered ; branchlets and petioles
not hispid.— R. hispida, var. rosea. Ell. I. c. 7 R. hispida y. macrophylla, DC.1
J. 7?o«a (Ell. 1. c): plant scarcely a foot high.
Mountains of Georgia ! and S. Carolina, /j. High mountains of Virginia
and Carolina, Pursh. y. Pine barrens, near Columbia, S. Carolina, Elliott.
April-May.— Shrub 4-8 feet high (or in cultivation larger) : young branches
reddish, very hispid. Leaflets oval or roundish, 5-6 pairs. Flowers about
twice the size ot those of R. Pseudacacia, deep rose-color, inodorous. — The
R. hispida, var. rosea of Elliott is said to have spiny stipules, and the branch-
lets, petioles, and lower surface of the leaves pubescent. Can it be a form of
R. viscosa 1
19. TEPHROSIA. Pers. syn. 2. p. 328 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 248.
Calyx without bracteoles, about equally 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Vexillum
large, roundish, spreading or reflexed, usually silky or pubescent on the out-
side: keel obtuse, cohering with the wings. Stamens monadelphous or
sometimes diadelphous ; the tenth filament sometimes half united with the
others. Style filiform, bearded longitudinafly, or glabrous : stigma terminal.
Legume commonly sessile and much compressed, linear, many-seeded ;
valves usually flat. Seeds compressed.— Shrubby or herbaceous plants,
erect or procumbent, silky-villous. Leaves unequally pinnate (rarely reduced
to a single leaflet). Stipules free from the petiole, lanceolate or subulate,
never sagittate. Racemes terminal or opposite to the leaves, or axillary.
Flowers white or purplish.
The North American species are all herbaceous plants; with the lobes of the
calvx broad at the base and acuminated; the style longitudinally bearded on the
inside ; and the legumes more or less hispid, villous, or velvety : they belong to the
section Brisso\ia, DC. : but the stamens are mostly diadelphous.
§ 1. Peduncles a.rillary, \-2-ftowered^ often fascicled^ aggregated at the
summit of the stem into a crowded raceme or panicle.
1. T. Virginiana (Pel's.) : villous-pubescent; stem erect ; leaves subses-
sile; leaflets 8-14 pairs, linear-oblong or elliptical, obtuse or rather acute,
296 LEGUMINOSJS. Tephrosia.
mucronate, silky-villous beneath, minutely silky-pubescent above ; raceme
oblong, sessile; calyx very villous, the segments acuminate-cuff idate, about
the length of the tube.— Pers. syn. 2. p. 329 ; Ell. sk. 2. p. 245 ; Nutt. !
gen. 2. p. 119; DC. 1. c. ; Hook. f. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 139. Galega Virginia
ana, Linn.; Mlch.x.! fl. 2. p. 67.
0. glabra (Nutt. mss.): •'leaflets nearly glabrous when old."
y.holosericea: stem and raceme densely villous; leaflets very silky-pubes-
cent on both sides, often sublanceolate and rather acute.— T. holosericea,
Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 105.
Dry sandy soil, Canada! to Florida! and the western part of Louisiana!
^.Georgia, Nuttall. j'. Arkansas, Nuttall, Dr. Pitcher! Illinois, Mr.
Buckley! June-July. Stems simple, 1-2 feet high, growing in patches,
clothed with a whitish villous pubescence. Flowers large. Corolla dull yel-
low tinged with purple: keel-petals very broad. Legumes 2 inches long,
somewhat falcate, villous. — Mr. Nuttall remarks that the wings are calcaiate
at the base as in Indigofera ; but we do not observe this.— Our Arkansan
specimen of Avhat is doubtless T. holosericea, Nutt. has a somewhat diiferent
aspect, and the leaflets are mostly inclining to lanceolate; but the specimen
from Illinois manifestly connects it with the ordinary form of T. Virginiana.
§ 2. Peduncles (few) terminal or opposite to the leaves.
2. T. onohryclioides (Nutt.): pilose with someAvhat rusty hairs; stem
mostly erect and simple; leaves subsessile ; leaflets 8-12 pairs, cuneate-ob-
long, obtuse or retuse, mucronulate, silky-hirsute beneath with brownish
hairs, at length smoothish above ; raceme very long, many-flowered (com-
monly only terminal) ; teeth of the calyx triangular, shorter than the tube,
the lowest subulate and longer than the others ; legumes puberulent. — Nidt!
in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 104.
Plains uf Arkansas, Nuttall! Dr. Pitcher! Red River, Louisiana, Dr.
Hale !—Qtem 2-3 feet high, stout. Leaflets often U inch or more in length,
and half an inch Avide. Stipules subulate, caducous. Raceme 1-2 leet
long, bearing flowers for the greater part of its length: pedicels 2-4 together
on alternate nodes, very short. Calyx villous-hispid. Corolla red mixed
with white. — Very nearly allied to the succeeding species. The pubescence
is sometimes rusty-colored, and sometimes whitish.
3. T.spicata: pilose-hispid with rusty hairs ; stem decumbent ornearly
erect, scarcely branched ; leaves subsessile ; leaflet* 4-7 pairs, oval or oblong^
often slightly cuneale at the base, obtuse or slightly tmarginate, mucronate,
silky-villous beneath, minutely silky-pubescent above ; peduncles long, few-
flowered ; segments of the calyx lanceolate-subulate, longer than the tube ;
legumes minutely hispid.— T. paucifolia, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 119 ; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 246; DC. I. c. T. hispida, DC. I.e.? Galega spicata, Walt. Car. p.
188. G. villosa, Michx.! f. 2. p. 67. G. paucilolia, Curtis, in Bost.jour.
nat. Jiist. 1. p. 121.
Dry soils, Virginia! to Florida! west to the Mississippi! June-Aug. —
Stem about 2 feet long, rather slender. Leaves often few and remote, 4-5
or often more, on each stem : leaflets an inch long. Stipules lanceolate, rather
persistent. Peduncles 8-12 or 18 inches long. 3-6- (rarely 8 or 10-) flower-
ed: pedicels sohtary or in pairs, shorter than the flowers. Calyx hispid; the
lower segment a little longest. Corolla purplish-red. Legume 2 inches
long, slightly falcate. — A very common plant in the Southern States ; and
doubtless the Galega spicata of Walter.
4. T. hispidula (Pursh) : stem erect or procumbent, slender, dichotomous,
slightly pubescent; leaflets 5-9 pairs, elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, gla^
brous above, hirsute beneath, usually more or less acute, often retuse, con--
Glycyrrhiza. LEGUMINOS.T:. 297
spicuously mucronate \ the lowest pair rather di^laiit from the base of the
petiole; racemes as lons^ as the leaves, at length elon-^ated, few-Howered ;
peduncles usually ancipilal; teeth of the calyx lriani,ailar-lanceolate, short ;
legume nearly straight or slightly falcate, minutely hispid.— 7-*'<r.sV(, fl. 2. p.
489; Ell. sk. 2. p. 245; DC. prodr. 2. p. 250. Galega hispidu a, Mich.v. !
k. 2. p. 68 ; Curtis .' in Bost. jour. nat. hist. 1. p. 121. T. gracilis, Nutt.
gen. 2. p. 119; DC. I.e.
0. hirsute with short spreading hairs; IcaHets large, cuneate-oblong; le-
gumes pubescent and whitish.— Galega ambigua, Curtis ! I. c.
y. erect, very hirsute with rusty spreading hairs, scarcely branched ; leaf-
lets 6-8 pairs, linear or linear-lanceolate, reflexed ; the terminal one much the
longest, with a strong marginal vein ; peduncle much longer than the leaves.
— T. flexuosa. Chapman ! mss.
<5. erect, nearly glabrous; leallets 2-3 pairs, linear-lanceolote, slightly hir-
sute beneath, the terminal one much the longest ; marginal veins very dis-
tinct.
Dry sandy soils, Virginia to Florida! and Alabama! /?. North Carolma,
Curtis! y. Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman! i. Alabama, Dr. Gates!
May-August.— Stem 1-2 feet long, usually dichotomous. Leaflets 1-li
inch long (the ter ninal one in y. & -5. nearly 2 inches). Stipules linear-sub-
ulate. Peduncles 3-4-flowered ; 2 of the flowers usually at the summit, and
1-2 remote. Flowers about half an inch long, reddish-purple. Calyx i the
length of the corolla. Vexillinn nearly orbicular. Upper stamen quite free
to the base. Legume 6-12-seeded. Seeds roundish-reniform, dark brown.—
T. elegans, Nutt.* seems to be a form of this difficult and polymorphous
species.
5. T. chrysophylla (Pursh): prostrate, dichotomous, pubescent ; leaves
nearly sessile ; leaflets 2-3 (rarely 4) pairs, cuneate-obovate, very obtuse,
ghbrous above, siluy-hirsute beneath ; peduncles longer than the leaves, usu-
ally 3-flowered ; legume minutely hispid. — Pursh., fl. 2. p. 489; Ell. sk. 2.
p. '247. T. prostrata, Nutt. gen. 2. p. 120 (excl. syn. Michx.) ; DC. prodr.
2. p. 250.
' Sandy soils, near Savannah, Nuttall, Mr. Forbes ! Milledgeville, Geor-
gia, Dr. Hnykin! Middle Florida, Dr. Chapman! May-Aug.— Stems
dichotomous, about a foot long ; pubescence spreading or appressed. Leaves
2-3 inches long; leaflets 6-10 lines long, coriaceous ; the lowest pair close to
the base of thiT petiole. Peduncle a little compressed. Flowers as in the
preceding species. Legume 8-10-seeded. — The whole plant has a yellowish
hue. T.'chrysophylla may be best distinguished from the preceding species
by its nearly sessile leaves and broader and fewer leaflets; but even these
characters appear to be not entirely constant; and we have some forms of
which we are in doubt to which species they should be referred.
23. GLYCYRRHIZA. Tourii. ; Linn. ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 247.
Calyx without bracteoles, tubular, gibbous at the base, 5-cleft, bilabiate ;
the 2 upper segments partly united. Vexillum ovate-lanceolate, straight :
keel-petals and wings straight, acute, the former united above. Stamens
diadelphous. Style filiform. Legume ovate or oblong, compressed, often
* T^. elegans ("S ml): decumbent; slightly pubescent ; leaves subsessile ; leaflets
(15-17) oblong-elliptical, rather acute; peduncles filiform, few-flowered, longer than
the leaf; segments of the calyx acuminate. Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. lf)5. —
Alabama.— Peduncles produciug a few reddish-purple flowers toward their extremity.
Legume villous.
38
298 LEGUMINOS^. Indigofera.
echinate, dehiscent?, 1-4-seeded. — Perennial herbs : roots sweet. Leaves un-
equally pinnate. Racemes spicate, many-flowered. Flowers white, violet,
or blue. — Liquorice.
1. G. lepidota (Nutt.): leaflets oblong-lanceolate, acute, minutely striijose
with glandular scales beneath; stipules linear-subulate ; spikes pedunculate,
nearly the length of the leaves; bracts lanceolate, acuminate; legumes
densely beset with hooked bristles, 2-6-seeded. — Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 106 ; Bot.
mag. t. 2150 ; DC. I. c. ; Hook. f. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 138.
On the Missouri, from near St. Louis ! and Arkansas ! to Oregon ! and
north to the Saskatchawan. — Roots long and creeping, with the taste of
liquorice. Stem 2-5 feet high. Flowers whitish. Legume resembling the
fruit of Xanthium spinosum, but rather smaller. — Mr. Nuttall remarks that
this species is very nearly allied to G. fcetida of Northern Africa; and Hook-
er, on comparing the the two plants, could find no distinguishing character.
2. G. gliitinosa (Nutt. mss.) : "leaflets oblong and oblong-lanceolate, stri-
gose with scaly glands; stems and calyx pubescent with glandular hairs;
spikes pedunculate, much shorter than the leaves ; bracts with a long acumi-
nate point ; calyx nearly equal.
" Banks of Lewis's River, with the preceding, which it closely resembles :
but the calyx and stems, as well as peduncles, are thicklv covered with gland-
lar hairs, and the peduncles are scarcely half the length of the leaves." Nuttall.
24. INDIGOFERA. Linn.; Lam. ill. t. 626; GcBrtn.fr. t. 148; DC.
prodr. 2. p. 221 ; W. ^ Am. prodr. Ind. Or. 1. p. 198.
Calyx 5-cleft ; segments acute. Vexillum roundish, cmarginate : keel
furnished with a subulate spur on each side, at length often bending back
elastically. Stamens diadelphous. Style filiform, glabrous. Legume con-
tinuous, 2-valved, 1-many-seeded. Seeds usually truncated, often separated
by cellular spurious partitions. — Herbaceous or shrubby plants. Leaves va-
rious, usually unequally pinnate or digitate : hairs, either all or some of them,
appressed and attached by their middle. Stipules small, not united with the
petiole. Flowers in axillary racemes, purple, blue, or white ; many of the
upper ones of each raceme frequently becoming abortive. — Indigo-plant.
1. /. Caroliniana (Walt.) : stem herbaceous, erect, with terete branches,
leaves on short petioles, unequally pirmate; leaflets 5-7 pairs, oval-oblong,
petiolulate, clothed with a sparse appressed pubescence ; racemes slender,
longer than the leaves ; legumes pendulous, oblong, turgid, about 2-seeded,
reticulatelv m^o^e.— Walt. fl. Car. p. 187 ; Michx.! Jl. 2. p. 68; Ell. sk. 2.
p. 244 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 229.
Dry sterile soils. North Carolina ! to Florida! July-Sept. — If Stem 3-7
feet high, branched. Leaflets nearly an inch long, obtuse or retuse, mu-
cronate, somewhat glaucous beneath. Racemes 3-6 inches long. Flowers
pediceUate, one-third of an inch long. Calyx very small; teeth short, acute.
Corolla yellowish-brown: vexillum ovate, hairy : keel and wings glabrous.
Legume nearly glabrous, 4-5 lines long, pointed with the base of the style.
2. /. leptosepala (Nutt ! mss.) ; rough and cinereous with appressed hairs;
stem herbaceous, decumbent ; leaves unequaHy pinnate, on short petioles ;
leaflets 3-4 pairs, obovate-oblong or cuneiform, nearly sessile, somewhat gla-
brous on the upper surface ; racemes pedunculate, longer than the leaves,
6-15-flowered, the flowers nearly sessile ; calyx deeply parted ; the segments
attenuate-subulate, equal 5 legumes linear^ reflexed, somewhat quadrangular
PsoHALEA. LEGUMINOS^. 299
or nearly terete, straight and even, 6-9-seeded. — I. n. sp. Torr. .' in ann.
lye. New- York, 2. p. 170.
Plains of Arkansas, Nultall ! Dr. James ! Dr. Tjeavemcorth ! also Geor-
gia, Nnttall! — U " Root penetralini? deeply, flagellate. Stems procumbent.
2-3 feet long. Stipules subulate, minute. Leaves very much like those ot
the Common Indigo; strigose and almost hoary beneath. Flowers pale
scarlet. Legumes pubescent, an inch and a half long, acuminated by the
persistent style." Null,
25. PSORALEA. Linn.; Lam. ill. i. 614 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 21C.
Calyx campanulate, persistent, 5-cleft, often glandular ; segments acumi-
nate, the lowest one somewhat longest. Stamens usually diadelphous, the
tenth filament sometimes united with the others at the base. Legurne about
the length of the calyx, indehiscent, 1-seeded, sometimes beaked. — Shrubby or
perennial herbaceous plants, usually dotted or almost tuberculate with glands.
Leaves various, usually pinnately or palmately 3-5-foliolate. Stipules co-
hering with the base of the petiole. Flowers purple, blue, or white, usually
in axillary spikes or racemes.
In all the North American Psoraleje the filaments (except the upper one) are uni-
ted their whole length, forming a 9-toothed stamineal sheath; the aUernate teeth
shorter ; and often only 5 of the antlicrs are perfect.
♦ Leaves palmately Z-b-foliolate.
1. P. lanceolata (Pursh) : nearly glabrous; stems assurgent. often dicho-
tomous, erect; leaves 3-foliolate, dotted (as likewise the calyx) with black
gland 5 ; leaflets linear-lanceolate or elliptical ob!ong, rather obtuse, slightly
mucronate, sessile ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; spikes capitate, many-
flowered; bracts deciduous; teeth of the calyx minute, acute, nearly equal ;
legumes globose, hirsute. — Pursh! Jl. 2. p. 475 ; Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p.
135, t. 51. P. elliptica, Pursh! I. c. P. arenaria. Null.'! gen. 2. p. 103;
DC. prodr. 2. j>. 219.
Sterile sandy soils above the Platte, and west to the Pacific, Lewis!
(v. s. in herb. Lamb.) Nuttall! Douglas. — Plant slightly hirsute with ap-
pressed hairs. Leaflets about an inch long, variable in breadth, narrowed
downward, the lower ones broader. Raceme 8-10-flowered. Flowers white
tinged with blue. Legume as large as a pea.
2. P. laxiflora (Nutt. mss.) : " sparingly glandular ; young shoots pubes-
cent: stem dichotomous ; stipules minute ; leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets sessile,
long and linear, or somewhat oblong, apiculate ; peduncles longer than the
leaves; spikes short, with the flowers somewhat distant; calyx small and
pulescent, the teeth obtuse.
" Plains of the Platte. — Resembles the preceding, but the spikes are larg-
er, the bracts very minute and the leaves longer." Nuttall.
3. P. tenuiflora (Pursh) : nearly glabrous and conspicuously dotted with
blackish glands; ?tem diffuse, with the branches slender ; leaves 3-foliolate ;
leaflets oblong-elliptical, obtuse ; racemes filiform, lew-flowered, interrupted ;
seo-ments of the calyx nearly equal; brads shorter than the pedicels, persis-
tent.— Pifr-s/i .' /. 2.' p. 475 ; Nutt. gen. 2. p. 103 ; DC. prodr. 2. p. 220.
Plains of the Missouri near the Arikaree village. Nuttall, Lewis ! Brad-
bury ! (v. s. in herb. Lamb.) — Stem 2 feet high. Leaves on short petioles ;
leaflets 4-6 lines long, thick, petiolulate. Racemes 2-3 inches long; the
flowers 3 together, very small, pale purple. — Habit of Baptisia tiuctoria.
300 LEGUMINOS^. Psohalea.
4. P. longifolia (VuTih) : whole plant silky-villous ; leaves 3-foliolate, ob-
scurely glandular ; leaflets linear, elongated ; spikes pedunculate, loose, short-
er than the leaves ; teeth of the calyx and bracts lanceolate. — Pursh,Ji. 2. p.
741; DC.prodr.2. p. 220.
On the Missouri, Bradbury .' (v. s. in herb. Lamb.) — Stem about a foot
high, apparently assurgent. Leaflets an inch long, scarcely one line wide.
Flower small.
5. P. linearifolia: slightly pubescent with appressed hairs; stem tall,
slender, divaricately branched; leaves 3-foliolate, on short petioles; leaflets
narrowly-linear, elongated, mucronate, the upper surface dotted with black
glands; stipules minute, subulate, deciduous; peduncles hi i form ; racemes
loose, few-flowered, much longer than the leaves; calyx glandular, the teeth
lanceolate, acute, the lower one elongated.
Arkansas, Beyrich ! communicated by Dr. Leavenworth. Stem sprink-
led with a few black dots. Leaflets 2-3 inches long, 1-2 lines wide, scarcely
glandular beneath. Racemes 6-8-flowered. Bracts lanceolate. Pedicels
slender, longer than the flower.
6. P. scabra (Nutt. mss.): "much branched, somewhat hirsute when
young; leaves 3-foliolate, glandular ; leaflets all sessile, narrowly-linear, apicu-
late ; stipules minute, deciduous ; racemes few-flowered, on short peduncles ;
calyx glandular, the teeth obtuse.
'' On the Walla-wallah, Mr. John Toxonsend. A slender species, with
small leaves and flowers. — In habit alhed to P. glandulosa of Chili." NuUall.
7. P. cZi'o-ifaia (Nutt. ! mss.) : canescent, diff'usely branche 
