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FLORA OF PERU
D
H
V
U
i
BY
J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE
CURATOR, PERUVIAN BOTANY
BOTANICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME XIII, PART VC, NUMBER 1
OCTOBER 18, 1961
PUBLICATION 930
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FLORA OF PERU
BY
J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE
CURATOR, PERUVIAN BOTANY
BOTANICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME XIII, PART VC, NUMBER 1
OCTOBER 18, 1961
PUBLICATION 930
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 86-10^6
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS
. /3
5d -
' FLORA OF PERU
J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE
BIGNONIACEAE [Juss.] Persoon. Bignonia or
Trumpet Vine Family
References: Bureau & K. Schumann in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2.
1896; Sandwith, Fl. Suriname 4, pt. 2: 1-86. 1938.
Erect or scandent, rarely herbs, ordinarily ligneous, the usually
lenticellate branches often closely glandular in vicinity of nodes, the
leaves often immersed glandular, these commonly opposite or nearly,
rarely spiralled, simple or frequently and variously compound, but
mostly conjugate or ternate. Axillary buds (outer scales) if obvious
stipuliform, small or more or less foliaceous, sometimes seriate. In-
florescence terminal or /and axillary, a raceme or thyrse, somewhat
compound or now and then 1-few-flowered. Flowers hermaphrodite,
little or rarely distinctly zygomorphic; calyx truncate, denticulate to
lobed or spathe-like, then early or tardily split; corolla in general
funnelform, tube more or less defined, lobes rarely valvate. Fertile
, stamens 4, didymous, the staminode sometimes reduced or obsolete,
the anther cells parallel or divaricate, one rarely imperfect. Disk if
present annulate, cupulate or solid. Ovary bicelled or 1-celled, the
few to usually many ovules on 2 (rarely 1) commonly axial placentae.
v Fruit if capsular with 2 valves either parallel or at right angles to the
septum, sometimes baccate and indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous,
clearly or little compressed, thinly or stoutly alate, infrequently not
alate, sometimes marginate, and included in a pulp.
For convenience the bud scales that, developed, simulate stipules
may be so termed hereafter to avoid the accurate but clumsy name
"pseudo-stipules;" anyone wishing to emphasize the obvious may
read "bud scales."
It is fortunate that the studies of Sandwith see, especially, be-
sides Fl. Suriname, I.e., Recueil Trav. Bot. Neerl. 34: 205-232. 1937,
i.e. Meded. Bot. Mus. Rijksuniv. Utrecht, and Kew Bulletin 1932-
1959 have permitted the preparation of the following synopsis with
many problems of nomenclature and classification clarified; it is un-
fortunate that he himself declined to present an account. However,
except for my own phrasing, his published work has been copied or
at least his judgments. I am indebted also to the considerate pre-
4 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
sentation of the family as it occurs in the Mayan area by Russell J.
Seibert, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Misc. pap., no. 21: 377-434. 1940,
and for his paper on glands, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 35: 123-136.
1937. A morphological study of the various types of staminodia was
made by Josef Rohrhofer (under Wettstein), Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr.
80: 1-30. 1931, with many drawings and a bibliography; he found
the sterile stamen similar in genera considered related. Significant
studies of the pollen grains were done by Urban (Berichte Deutsch.
Gesellsch. 34. 1916), by Pichon (Bull. Soc. Bot. France 92: 1946),
by J. C. Gomes, Jr. (Rodrigu<sia 32 (20): 112-118. 1957), and by
others, as cited. Pichon, I.e. by proposing a number of genera
based especially on character of pollen has pointed up the contra-
dictory evidence or interpretation of relationships within the family.
Especially important in relation to the taxonomy for this group
may be the anatomy; in realization of this, Bureau & Schumann
made, I.e. 6-10, an anatomical key to the Brazilian genera which
Dr. S. Carlquist of the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden plans
to translate and devise to include the Peruvian species. Metcalfe
& Chalk, Anat. Dicot. 2: 1002-1013. 1950, give an outline of the
previous research in this field: there are several types of anomalous
secondary thickening; wedge-shaped masses of phloem in the xylem
occur (first) and variations in the anomalous structure are a valu-
able aid to the identification of at least some genera; for instance,
in Peru, Amphilophium, Anemopaegma, Clytostoma, Cydista, Lundia,
Phryganocydia, Pyrostegia, Tynnanthus and Distictella have similar
structure but combined successive rings of growth. As regards the
few trees, Record & Hess, "Timbers of the New World," is a use-
ful work.
Perhaps the classification here following the acceptance of the
ideas of Miers, Bureau and Schumann has proceeded too consist-
ently or /and expediently on a basis of tradition and logic. For one
over-all picture as regards generic considerations see Sandwith, Kew
Bull. 1953: 466. 1954, in reference to Chodanthus Miers and Mansoa
P. DC.; these apparently are not yet known within Peru but allied
to Pseudocalymma Sampaio & Kuhlmann, a segregate from Adeno-
calymma Mart, and to Onohualcoa Lundell, an alliance that may be
emphasized for study when evaluating the presence or absence of
pubescence, of gland fields at the nodes (and elsewhere), of tubercles
on capsules, the number of rows of ovules in the cells or the charac-
teristics of the pollen grains as criteria for generic definition. As to
pollen the grains may be furrowed or not but rarely not clearly; as
in the Brazilian genus Gardnerodoxa Sandw., Kew Bull. 1954: 611-
FLORA OF PERU 5
614. 1955, they may be a basic clue in association with the more
usual characters of tendrils, gland fields, number of ovules, etc. It
must take a good deal of personal spoofing to argue seriously about
the validity of many of the hundred or so genera currently keyed out,
not a few only negatively, and on characters developed in varying
degrees in this family, all of them together with probably not many
more species valid ones, that is. However, the careful and sensible
interpretations of the present specialist as regards specific variables
suggests that he is adding and has added greatly to an understand-
ing of the group relationships so that one may infer that eventually
many names can be applied even in horticulture with confidence.
Bignonia L., Gen. PI. 179. 1763, commended the Abbe* Jean Paul
Bignon, court librarian to Louis XIV, and until it became the mode
to emphasize dissimilarities more than similarities as evidence of
natural relationship the name included besides B. radicans L., now
Campsis radicans Seem., a majority of the known species. Ever-
accumulating information and new methods of acquiring it have
also resulted in the present dissociation, apparently to an extreme
degree destroying the general usefulness of the taxonomy, to little
if any purpose.
Sandwith has observed that Anemopaegma Mart., Distictella
Kuntze, and Martinella Baillon have veinlets so intricately impressed
that under a lens the leaflets appear shagreened. A majority of Pe-
ruvian species darken, even blacken, in drying; discoloration unless
merely brownish has generally not been indicated in the descriptions.
These mostly tropical vines and trees are notably ornamental;
Edwin A. Menninger, to his great credit, has succeeded in intro-
ducing a number, known in Peru, at Stuart, Florida, while Catalpa
Scop, and the Trumpet Vine (Campsis), sometimes north temperate,
are found in gardens in Peru; a useful synopsis of the former has
been made by Paelt (Candollea 3: 241-285. 1952).
Dr. Humberto A. Fabris, Museo de La Plata, merits special ac-
knowledgment for his useful account of the species known to be in
cultivation in Argentina (Inst. Bot. Agric. 10, fasc. 173: 1-57. 1959);
a number of the plants described and illustrated may be used as
ornamentals also in Peru. Dr. Fabris' excellent synopsis, with a
practical generic key, descriptions, illustrations and extensive bibli-
ography, is part of a series pertaining to horticulture started in 1950
but which, unfortunately, only recently has been brought to my
attention.
A generic key, after that of Bureau and Schumann, Pflanzenfam.,
I.e., and Mart. Fl. Bras., I.e., and an artificial one have been devised,
6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
following the example of both Seibert and Sandwith for other areas.
An anatomical key would be desirable also. Since most herbarium
material is only in flower and many specimens show only uppermost
branchlets it has been necessary to make secondary, when possible,
the probably important characters of mature branches, nodal glands.
The tenuous demarcation of many generic concepts results even with
complete materials in a correspondingly weak key, often only sug-
gestive, burdened with exceptions. However, Bureau wrote in 1864,
in his monograph of Bignoniaceae: "I could not overemphasize the
importance for the study of Bignons of collecting with care the fruits
at the same time as the flowers; it is on the structure of the fruits that
one is forced to establish the basic classification."
Preparation of this account as for many other families has been
tremendously aided by the cooperation of Ira Wiggins and associates
at the Natural History Museum, Stanford University, and by Phillip
Munz and associates at the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden,
Claremont, California; in both institutions the special botanical li-
braries are outstanding and usable because of ready availability. In
recent years the work has benefited too by the friendly help of Mrs.
Dorothy M. Halmos, able librarian at the University of Southern
California, Hancock Library, where, it is not generally known, are
many rare botanical books obtained from the collection of the Boston
Museum of Natural History. My indebtedness to my contem-
poraries at the University of California and at our National Herbar-
ium, Smithsonian, has been recorded in other numbers of this work.
KEY (cf. Pflanzenfam.; after Bureau and Schumann)
Ovary perfectly 2-celled; fruit capsular, seeds winged.
Septum parallel to valves; plants usually scandent.
Tribe Bignonjae.
Septum contrary to valves; plants rarely twining, hardly ever
scandent Tribe Tecomeae.
Ovary usually 1-celled; fruit baccate or if dry not dehiscent; seeds
exalate, often marginate; shrubs, trees, rarely epiphytes as
Campsis Tribe Crescentieae.
Exceptions: 43. Eccremocarpus; 44. Calampelis, 1-celled capsule,
dehiscent base to tip, seeds alate; 45. Tourrettia, ovary 4-celled, cap-
sule apically dehiscent, seeds alate. First two half shrubs in age,
scandent by tendrils, as sometimes the third, but annual.
FLORA OF PERU 7
Tribe BIGNONIAE
Tendrils filiform, sometimes stout, sometimes in a disk terminating,
never clearly compressed-uncate.
Leaves ternate or conjugate or simple (rarely biternate, Arrabidaea
inaequalis, or only lower leaves, as A. bracteolata).
Disk developed except Tynnanthus with clearly bilabiate corolla.
Corolla aestivation descending-imbricate.
Calyx not at all inflated.
Calyx simple.
Calyx truncate, dentate, lobate but lobes not at all
elongate-subulate.
Corolla infundibuliform-campanulate, rarely clavate,
not elongate or bilabiate.
Corolla ventrally not at all saccate.
Tendrils simple unless Pseudocalymma, only gar-
lic-scented genus.
Capsules narrow; valves coriaceous, plane;
calyx eglandular.
Calyx narrowly campanulate or rarely tub-
ular; anthers glabrous (cf. Saldanhaed).
1. Arrabidaea.
Calyx patelliform or lax; buds apically pu-
berulent; anthers pubescent.
2. Petastoma.
Capsules broader or stouter, exalate (cf . Xylo-
phragma).
Valves smooth or unevenly tubercled; calyx,
bracts often glandular; stipules small.
Anthers glabrous; corolla not seriately
glandular.
Nodal glands obvious; flowers purplish.
3. Pseudocalymma.
Nodal glands obsolete; flowers yellow,
white or pink . . 4. Adenocalymma.
Anthers villous; corolla seriately gland-
ular.
Gland areas obsolete; stipules obsolete
or foliaceous . . . . 2. Petastoma.
8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Gland areas prominent; stipules subu-
late, seriate 5. Pachyptera.
Valves smooth, broadly elliptic, acute both
ends; stipules often large.
Branches angled; calyx eglandular as stem
nodes 6. Anemopaegma.
Branches not angled; calyx sometimes,
stem nodes always, glandular.
7. Pseudopaegma.
Valves echinate-tuberculate; flowers few-
many; stipules usually foliaceous.
Calyx broadly campanulate, rarely 1-cleft.
8. Clytostoma.
Calyx long-tubular, cleft . . 9. Scobinaria.
Tendrils trifid; inflorescence very lax; nodal
glands none 10. Martinella.
Corolla not at all saccate, often curved.
Branches angled with paler lines or ribs; capsule
echinate 11. Pithecoctenium.
Branches terete, not striate; capsule tomentose.
12. Distictella.
Corolla ventrally saccate, not curved; capsule very
slender, valves convex 13. Paragonia.
Corolla elongate, subregular, tube elongate, lobes
relatively short.
Flowers (Peru) from old wood, tube cylindric; cap-
sules very broad, valves ligneous.
14. Tanaecium.
Flowers with leaves, tube graduated from base;
capsule narrow, valves coriaceous.
15. Macranthosiphon.
Corolla bilabiate as in Labiatae.
Corolla 6-7 mm. long; pollen grains exine smooth.
16. Tynnanthus.
Corolla 1.5-2 cm. long; pollen grains reticulate.
17. Mussatia.
Calyx lobes subulate from tubular base.
Calyx glandular; vix in Peru Mansoa.
FLORA OF PERU 9
Calyx eglandular; vix in Peru Setilobus.
Calyx double, 3-lobed within 18. Amphilophium.
Calyx inflated.
Leaves clearly pellucid punctate; capsule very narrow.
19. Stizophyllum.
Leaves not at all obviously pellucid punctate.
20. Callichlamys.
Corolla aestivation valvate; corolla subulate.
Tendrils filiform 21. Pyrostegia.
Tendrils ending in a disk; vix in Peru Glaziovia.
Disk none (cf. Tynnanthus with bilabiate corolla).
Calyx truncate or dentate; anthers pilose 22. Lundia.
Calyx as above; anthers glabrous.
Tendrils simple; pollen not sulcate 23. Cydista.
Tendrils trifid; pollen multisulcate 24. Roentgenia.
Calyx spathe-like, cleft 25. Phryganocydia.
Leaves 5-digitate in part; capsule linear, tuberculate; flowers from
old wood.
Calyx short, about 4 mm. long; capsule linear. .26. Saldanhaea.
Calyx long, about 1 cm.; capsule broad 27. Xylophragma.
Leaves biternate or more composite (cf. Arrabidaea inaequalis,
maybe in Peru).
Calyx rarely inflated ; branches terete 28. Memora.
Calyx not at all inflated ; branches quadrate .... 29. Pleonotoma.
Tendrils uncate.
Calyx spathe-like, 1-clef t 30. Macfadyena.
Calyx truncate or dentate 31. Doxantha.
Tribe TECOMEAE
Leaves bipinnate; fruit disk-like or ellipsoid; staminode elongate.
32. Jacaranda.
Leaves with incised-pinnatifid leaflets; erect herb; staminode short.
33. Argylia.
Leaves pinnate at least in part, if leaflets only 3, middle one much
larger; staminode short 34. Campsis, 35. Tecoma.
Leaves palmately divided or simple; staminode short.
Flowers yellow or green; alate seeds entire.
10 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Capsule smooth; flowers yellow 36. Tabebuia.
Capsule costate; flowers green, yellow or orange.
Stamens glabrous; flowers green 37. Cybistax.
Stamens pilose; flowers orange, yellow-spotted.
38. Godmania.
Flowers white or tinted; seed wing lacerate. . .39. Sparattosperma.
Leaves all simple; flowers red -purple or roseate; fruit valves some-
what excavated 40. Delastoma.
Tribe CRESCENTIEAE
Calyx campanulate or subtubular, truncate or lobulate; corolla not
at all plicate; ovary 2-celled; leaves decussate. . .41. Schlegelia.
Calyx biparted or 1-cleft; corolla transverse plicate; ovary 2-celled;
leaves spiralled 42. Crescentia.
Exceptions: see beginning of key.
SUPPLEMENTARY KEY
Herbs, annual or perennial.
Erect perennial 33. Argylia.
Sprawling, or scandent by tendrils, annual 45. Tourrettia.
Scandent by tendrils, half shrubs in age.
Anther cells parallel to tip; calyx ampliate. .43. Eccremocarpus.
Anther cells divaricate above; calyx small 44. Calampelis.
Ligneous unless toward tips.
Fruit indehiscent; seeds not alate; plants not scandent unless by
rootlets; leaves (Peru) simple.
Trees, shrubs; fruit gourd -like; calyx not cleft; corolla orange-
yellow, ample 42. Crescentia.
Aerial rootlets more or less developed; calyx cleft; fruit berry-
like; corolla small, not yellow 41. Schlegelia.
Fruit dehiscent, capsular, septifragal; plants erect or scandent by
tendrils (often caducous), rarely by rootlets, then leaves pin-
nate, fruit loculicidal (Campsis) .
Lianas, sometimes herbaceous above (rarely erect early or as
habitat forms, or appressed as juveniles to trunks).
Calyx obviously campanulate, not at all or little longer than
broad, then, especially, coriaceous, truncate, entire, den-
FLORA OF PERU 11
ticulate, or rather tardily tabulate, a few to many mm.
long.
Corolla bilabiate; calyx a few mm. long, simple.
Corolla 6-7 mm. long; pollen grains smooth; leaves
eglandular 16. Tynnanthus.
Corolla 1.5 cm. long; pollen reticulate; leaves glandular
beneath 17. Mussatia.
Corolla not bilabiate unless Amphilophium with double
calyx; calyx except in Saldanhaea and Arrabidaea di-
varicata, florida, rarely brachypoda, longer than 4 mm.
Calyx membranous or firm-membranous at least margin-
ally.
Corolla yellow or white (lilac-lined, Roentgenia) except
Lundia.
Disk developed; bracts caducous or small.
Inflorescence rather ample; leaflets ovate, to about
1 dm. long; gland areas obvious; calyx mar-
gined; anthers pilose 22. Lundia.
Inflorescence short; anthers glabrous; leaflets to
1.5 dm. long or longer, except Doxantha.
Calyx lobulate, pubescent; no gland areas; pol-
len not sulcate 19. Stizophyttum.
Calyx entire or denticulate.
Tendrils finely trifid, evanescently uncate.
No gland areas; branches angled; pollen not
sulcate 6. Anemopaegma.
Gland areas; branches terete; pollen 6-
sulcate 7. Pseudopaegma.
Tendrils coarsely claw-like, trifid.
31. Doxantha.
Disk obsolete; persisting linear bracts conspicuous.
24. Roentgenia.
Corolla not yellow or white (normally).
Corolla buds not apically tomentose.
Calyx small, rarely 6 mm. long.
Flowers, leaves castaneous, part.l. Arrabidaea.
Flowers from old wood; calyx about 3 mm. long;
capsule narrow, rugulose; pollen tetrads.
26. Saldanhaea.
12 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Calyx 1 cm. long, deeply or broadly campanulate
or lax.
Gland fields none; branches subquadrate; cap-
sides echinate 8. Clytostoma.
Gland fields; branches striate; garlic-scented;
capsules smooth 3. Pseudocalymma.
Corolla buds tomentulose apically; calyx often open,
lax; gland fields none; capsules smooth.
2. Petastoma.
Calyx coriaceous, rigid or double-lobed.
Corolla not yellow.
Calyx not double; corolla white or purple or roseate.
Disk none; flowers in part white, few; pollen not
sulcate; capsules smooth 23. Cydista.
Disk developed; flowers rose-pink, many; pollen 3-
sulcate; capsules tuberculate . 13. Paragonia.
Calyx double; corolla red; pollen multisulcate; cap-
sules smooth or rugulose 18. Amphilophium.
Corolla yellow, cream or white, velvety.
Leaves conjugate or ternate.
Branches angled with paler lines, ribs; capsules
echinate 11. Pithecoctenium.
Branches terete, not striate; capsules tomentose.
12. Distictella.
Leaves biternate, in part.
Branches terete or subterete 28. Memora.
Branches acutely quadrate 29. Pleonotoma.
Calyx not campanulate, usually clearly longer than broad,
subcylindric to obconic, ordinarily membranous at least
above, rarely coriaceous or gland-dotted (as Adenocalym-
ma), often truncate-denticulate, sometimes unevenly
short-lobulate, also spathe-like and 1-cleft, rarely inflated.
Corolla entirely yellowish or whitish to orange unless Calli-
chlamys; stamens included, anthers glabrous (cf. Pa-
chyptera, Lundia, anthers pilose).
Leaves conjugate or ternate.
Calyx several cm. long, inflated, glabrate as corolla.
20. Callichlamys.
FLORA OF PERU 13
Calyx smaller, not or not obviously inflated, unless
Stizophyllum.
Corolla elongate-subhypocrateriform, glabrous be-
low, 8-16 cm. long; nodal glands none or some;
capsule oblong-ellipsoid, ligneous, smooth.
14. Tanaecium.
Corolla funnelform, at most about 8 cm. long.
Inflorescence short, rather dense or flowers few;
leaves rather pellucid-punctate; capsules
smooth.
Flowers glabrous; nodal glands; tendrils un-
cately trifid 30. Macfadyena.
Flowers pubescent; glands obsolete; tendrils not
uncate 19. Stizophyllum.
Inflorescence long or open; corolla pubescent;
leaves obscurely or not pellucid.
Nodal glands; calyx glands none; capsule tuber-
culate 27. Xylophragma.
Nodal glands none; calyx glands; capsule
(known, Peru) smooth or rugulose, oblong;
part 4. Adenocalymma.
Leaves unless uppermost pinnate or bipinnate; nodal
glands none; corolla glabrous.
Branches terete or subterete or deciduously ribbed;
calyx 12 mm. long or longer 28. Memora.
Branches acutely quadrate; calyx to 9 mm. long.
29. Pleonotoma.
Corolla red or orange-red, tubular-funnelform; stamens
more or less exserted.
Leaflets acute or rounded at base; corolla, anthers
glabrous.
Stamens visible between the early imbricate corolla
lobes; stipules foliaceous . . .15. Macranthosiphon.
Stamens extended above the apically imbricate corolla;
stipules obscure 21. Pyrostegia.
Leaflets cordate; corolla, anthers pubescent; one aberrant
species 22. Lundia.
Corolla not at all or only partly yellow, never orange-red;
stamens included (Martinella, tendrils early uncate-
trifid).
14 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Anthers glabrous; calyx various but not entire or truncate-
denticulate after anthesis.
Corolla glabrous; nodal glands usually none.
Racemes lax, rarely branched; disk obvious.
Calyx 3-lobed; capsule smooth. . . .10. Martinella.
Calyx cleft, early denticulate; capsule echinate;
part 8. Clytostoma.
Cymes 2-3-branched; calyx cleft, apex calloused;
disk obsolete; capsule asperous.
25. Phryganocydia.
Corolla pubescent; disk developed; capsule more or less
tuberculate-echinate; flowers few.
Calyx baccate, membranous; nodal glands obvious;
capsule narrow; pollen? 9. Scobinaria.
Calyx dull, firm or soft, canescent or yellowish; pollen
monads; capsule broad 27. Xylophragma.
Anthers glabrous; calyx entire or dentate, then evenly;
corolla puberulent; nodal glands often obvious; cap-
sule smooth; flowers usually crowded. . 1. Arrabidaea.
Anthers pilose; calyx thin-margined; nodal glands ob-
vious.
Stipules obscure; corolla yellowish-white, broadly fun-
nelform above short tube, lobes eglandular; part.
22. Lundia.
Stipules seriate; corolla purple or white, narrowly fun-
nelform above long tube, seriate-glandular.
5. Pachyptera.
Trees, shrubs (except Campsis) ; capsule loculicidal or fruit inde-
hiscent.
Leaves bipinnate; fruit disklike or ellipsoid; staminode elon-
gate 32. Jacaranda.
Leaves pinnate at least in part, if leaflets only 3 the middle one
largest; staminode short 34. Campsis, 35. Tecoma.
Leaves palmately divided or simple; staminode short.
Flowers yellow or green; alate seeds entire.
Capsules smooth; flowers yellow 36. Tabebuia.
Capsules costate; flowers green, yellow or orange.
Stamens glabrous; flowers green (Peru) . . 37. Cybistax.
FLORA OF PERU 15
Stamens pilose; flowers orange, yellow-spotted.
38. Godmania.
Flowers white or tinted; seed wing lacerate.
39. Sparattosperma.
Leaves all simple (Peru).
Flowers red -purple, long- tubular; fruit valves more or less
excavated 40. Delostoma.
Flowers small, to 1 cm. long; fruit indehiscent.
Calyx truncate or lobulate; leaves decussate; scandent by
rootlets 41. Schlegelia.
Calyx 1-2-parted; leaves spiralled; erect. .42. Crescentia.
1. ARRABIDAEA DC.
Scandent (Peru), the terete or subterete branchlets striate or
sulcate, always or usually(?) glandular at or near the nodes. Leaves
tri- or bi-foliolate (sometimes simply ternate), the tendril com-
monly developed, simple; pseudostipule none or minute. Inflor-
escence ordinarily ample, lax, much branched, rarely reduced to
one or two axillary flowers, these often small, campanulate to funnel-
form, densely pubescent. Calyx obconic or tubular-campanulate,
truncate, denticulate. Disk pulvinate, annulate or cupulate. An-
thers glabrous, cells somewhat to strongly divaricate. Ovary lepi-
dote, ovules 2- (rarely 4-) seriate. Capsule linear, compressed,
valves parallel, smooth, medial nerve strongly developed, the oblong
seeds hyaline-alate.
KEY (after Bureau & Schumann)
Ovules biseriate per cell.
Ovules not more than 5; flowers small, to 1.5 cm. long.
A. platyphylla.
Ovules more than 10; flowers larger, except A. divaricata.
Adult foliage and branches glabrous or glabrate (see A. corallina),
sometimes pale-lepidote beneath.
Leaves more or less concolor, not biternate.
Flowers precocious, rather closely disposed.
A. Schumanniana.
Flowers typically in ample panicles.
Corolla 3^4 cm. long, calyx 4 mm. long. . .A. brachypoda.
Corolla 10 mm. long, calyx 2 mm. long. . . .A. divaricata.
16 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Corolla 14-16 mm. long, calyx 4 mm. long. . . . A. florida.
Flowers pseudospicate A. spicata.
Leaves more or less pallid-lepidote beneath or lower biternate.
Leaves in part conjugate, leaflets 5-nerved; stipules obscure.
A. quinquenervia.
Leaves ternate, lower biternate, leaflets many-nerved; stip-
ules seriate A. bracteolata.
Adult foliage with some simple or branched trichomes.
Leaves concolor; inflorescence often lateral A. corallina.
Leaves discolor, paler beneath; inflorescence usually terminal.
Leaves white beneath A. Orbignyana.
Leaves greenish-white beneath A. tuberculata.
Ovules 4-seriate.
Leaves ternate.
Calyx about 5 mm. long, campanulate; leaves glabrate in age.
A. rubrinervis.
Calyx 4-8 mm. long, narrow; leaves (types) pubescent beneath.
Calyx teeth minute A. Pearcei, A. Weberbaueri.
Calyx teeth obvious A. cinnamomea.
Leaves, unless uppermost, biternate A. inaequalis.
VEGETATIVE KEY
Flowers to about 1.5 cm. long; leaves in part simple and conjugate;
trichomes more or less obvious.
Leaf nerves opposite or nearly from base; capsules often 1.5 dm.
long; flowers corymbose.
Leaflets acuminate; calyx 2, corolla 10 mm. long. .A. divaricata.
Leaflets obtuse or obtusely cuspidate; calyx 4, corolla to 16 mm.
long A. florida.
Leaf nerves 3-5 from base, upper subopposite; capsules to 1 dm.
long; flowers subspiciform .A. platyphylla.
Flowers 2-5 cm. long or longer; leaves (lower) ternate or biternate,
upper conjugate.
Leaf nerves 3-5 from near or at base, stronger than upper, all
ascending.
Leaves even in age more or less canescent beneath.
A. quinquenervia, A. Orbignyana.
FLORA OF PERU 17
Leaves green or greenish beneath, glabrate or glabrous unless
nerves A. tuberculata, A. brachypoda.
Leaf nerves all subopposite, subequal, arcuate-spreading.
Inflorescence short, paniculate or subumbellate.
A. Schumanniana.
Inflorescence more or less openly paniculate; flowers 2.5-5 cm.
long.
Panicles in flower canescent; corolla to 3 cm. long; dried leaves
reddish-brown or tomentose.
Leaves conjugate or ternate.
Leaves glabrate; anther cells parallel A. rubrinervis.
Leaves tomentulose; anther cells arcuate.
A. Weberbaueri, A. Pearcei.
Leaves, except uppermost, biternate A. inaequalis.
Panicles glabrous or nearly; flowers 4-5 cm. long; dried leaves
green or dark.
Sepals seriate; dried green leaves and crowded flowers cas-
taneous A. bracteolata.
Sepals not seriate; leaves, at least younger, dark; flowers
lax, often precocious. .A. Schumanniana, A. corallina.
Panicles rusty tomentose; corolla 3 cm. long; dried leaves dark
brown A. cinnamomea.
Inflorescence spiciform-paniculate; flowers 2.5-3 cm. long.
A. spicata.
Arrabidaea bracteolata (DC.) Sandw. Recueil Trav. Bot. N4erl.
34: 215. 1937. Bignonia bracteolata DC. Prodr. 9: 157. 1845. A. biter-
nata Huber, Bol. Mus. Paraense 4: 607. 1906, fide Sandwith, Kew
Bull. 1953: 459. 1954.
Well-marked by the biternate leaves (uppermost often simply
ternate), flaky corky covering of the branchlets, petioles and peti-
olules, acutely acuminate seriate stipules, oblong-elliptic long-atten-
uate thin leaflets (many main lateral nerves) with plate-shaped glands
near midrib beneath; the small tomentulose calyx often with longi-
tudinal gland-areas, the corolla narrowly funnelform. After Sand-
with, who notes also that there is a curious superficial resemblance
to Pachyptera kerere (Aublet) Sandw. ; the fruit is unknown. Corolla
white, lilac-tinged or clear lilac (Schunke); used for lashings, the
native name meaning "poor youth." Determinations by Sandwith.
18 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaflets in Brazilian type 1 dm. long, a fourth as wide, rigid, reticu-
late-veined both sides; panicles axillary and terminal, congested,
bracts acuminate, corolla 5 cm. long; fide Huber, panicles ferrugi-
nous tomentulose, pedicels 5-7 mm. long, calyx 5 mm. long, egland-
ular, corolla white, glabrous except lobes, 5.5 cm. long.
Loreto: Sarayacu, Rio Ucayali, Pampa del Sacramento, (Huber
1495, type, A. (?) biternata). Itaya near Iquitos, Asplund 14307;
Mexia 6479 (det. Standley, Adenocalymma spec. nov. ined.). Rio
Mazan, Jose Schunke 230; 48. Mishuyacu, Klug 903. Rio Ucayali,
Seibert 1892. Colombia; Brazil. "Huacchamosa" (Mexia).
Arrabidaea brachypoda (DC.) Bur. Vidensk. Meddels. Naturh.
Foren. 98, 1213. 1893. Bignonia brachypoda DC. Prodr. 9: 145. 1845.
A. platyphylla (Cham.) Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: 38.
1896, not DC. I.e. 186, fide Sandwith. Bignonia platyphylla Cham,
in Linnaea 679. 1837.
Stems early puberulent as nerves of the often simple or conjugate
leaves beneath, the leaflets finely reticulate both sides, obovate or
oblong-elliptic, acute or rounded, often about a dm. long, half as
wide, also larger or smaller, finally glabrate, more or less lepidote,
pubescence varying beneath as also on the terminal or axillary py-
ramidal panicles; bracts scarcely 2 mm. long, pedicels 2-7 mm. long;
calyx truncate, obscurely dentate (4) 6-7 mm. long, glandular; corolla
violet or roseate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, softly puberulent as lobes within;
capsules linear, 1.5-2 dm. long, 12-14 mm. wide, seeds 3 cm. long,
11 or 12 mm. wide, wing gradually extended. Very different from
A. platyphylla DC. (Sandwith). A. tuberculata P. DC. ex char, has
the principal leaf nerves puberulent as the somewhat smaller calyx;
scarcely significant differences, rather probably usual variations.
The Killip and Smith collections were referred by Killip to A. Or-
bignyana, perhaps correctly another glabrate form. Type, Silva
Manso, Cuyaba, Mato Grosso. Seibert plant decumbent, clearing
edge, flowers lavender.
San Martin : Moyobamba, Osgood & Anderson 39;- 40. Tarapoto,
Spruce 3968. Junin: Vitoc, 13 km. from San Ramon, Soukup 2454
(det. Sandwith). Colonia Perene", Killip & Smith 25008; 25135.
San Ramon, Killip & Smith 24801. Loreto: Yurimaguas, Killip &
Smith 27940; 28174; 28324. Cuzco: Santa Ana, Cook & Gilbert 1420.
Madre de Dios: Rio Acre drainage, Seibert 2050 (det. Sandwith).
Iberia, Maldonado, Riberalta, Seibert 1951; 2007; 2108 (all det. col-
lector A. platyphylla of Bur. & Sch.). Bolivia; Brazil.
FLORA OF PERU 19
Arrabidaea cinnamomea (DC.) Sandw. Candollea 7: 248. 1936.
Bignonia cinnamomea DC. Prodr. 9: 164. 1845.
Terete younger branches, petioles (to 7.5 cm. long), leaves be-
neath, peduncles and calyces densely pubescent with reddish-brown
stellate trichomes (type) ; leaflets broadly ovate, subcordate, the lat-
eral obliquely, all shortly acuminate, reticulate- veined, 1.5 dm. long,
about half as wide, sparsely and minutely stellulate-scabrous above;
calyx oblong-cylindric, plicately nerved toward tip, denticulate, 8 mm.
long; corolla tubular, appressed velutinous. After DeCandolle; in
Klug material calyx 8-11 mm. long, teeth rather prominent, one
usually longer. Sandwith noted glands near nodes, inflorescence
terminal, pyramidal, densely flowered. Not placed by Schumann
in Mart. Fl. Bras. I.e. 285. Type, Serra da Cuyaba, Mato Grosso;
the Peruvian specimens (also one from Goyaz) have leaflets more
glabrate beneath but are closely allied or seem conspecific, the type
remarkable for brown tomentum of branched trichomes; stem 6 cm.
thick (Tessmann) ; flowers lilac (Klug.)
Loreto: Balsapuerto, Klug 2871 (det. Sandwith). Yarina Cocha,
middle Ucayali, Tessmann 3484 (as to leaves; det. Sandwith, A.
Weberbaueri). Brazil.
Arrabidaea corallina (Jacq.) Sandw. Kew Bull. 1953: 460. 1954.
Bignonia corallina Jacq. Fragm. Bot. 37: pL 42, fig. 1. 1800-1809.
B. boliviana Rusby, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 70. 1900, fide Sandwith,
I.e. 430. 1959. A. obliqua (HBK.) Bur. Vidensk. Meddels. Naturh.
Foren. 99. 1893, fide Sandwith, I.e. 460. B. obliqua HBK. Nov. Gen.
&Sp. 3: 135. 1819.
Usually more or less tomentulose and long-villous, at least the
younger leaves, sometimes merely puberulent or even glabrous unless
the yellow corolla in part, this 4.5-5 cm. long, lobes about 1 cm. long;
leaflets broadly ovate to suborbicular, 5-10 cm. long, often much
more than half as wide, rounded truncate or subcordate, obtuse or
obtusely cuspidate, finally coriaceous, concolor, usually distinctly re-
ticulate-veined beneath; panicles 1-2 dm. long; pedicels with pedun-
cles 8-15 mm. long, the former slender; calyx campanulate, truncate
or dentate, glandular pubescent below; corolla 5 cm. long, papillose
at stamen-insertion, tube otherwise glabrous, limb rigidly pilose; disk
pulvinate; ovules 20 per cell, biseriate; capsule linear, acute to acu-
minate, early puberulent, valves impressed-punctulate. Leaflets
vary in acumination and abundance of long trichomes; the inflo-
rescence is often lateral from leafless old wood (Sandwith); the ex-
20 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
tremes in development of pubescence have been indicated, under
one or another specific name as var. glabra or var. hirsuta, following
DeCandolle for his Bignonia Balbisiana, Prodr. 9: 153. 1845, a Co-
lombian form now apparently correctly interpreted as a part of
A. corallina. Since it has been collected at Rios Beni and Madre
de Dios in Bolivia this species will doubtless be found within adja-
cent Peru as have so many others from this watershed.
Madre de Dios: Iberia, Seibert 2159; 2169 (det. Sandwith). Para-
guay and Bolivia to Colombia; Venezuela.
Arrabidaea divaricata Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2:
33. 1896.
Similar and closely allied to A. florida P. DC. but apparently
differs constantly in the somewhat narrower mostly long-acuminate
leaflets, minutely hirtellous slenderly branched panicles, the smaller
(2 mm. long) calyx and at most, 1 cm. long corolla. Capsule of type
11-18 cm. long, 8-9 mm. broad, suboleaceous, the seeds 2.5 cm. long,
6-7 mm. broad, wing brilliantly white. F.M. Neg. 32854.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4410, type; Woytkowski 35088
(det. Cuatrecasas). Juanjui, Klug 4%46 (det. Standley, A. florida).
Huanuco: Tingo Maria, Allard 22413 (det. L. B. Smith). Loreto:
Rio Paranapura, Klug 3928 (det. Standley, A. florida). Balsapuerto,
Klug 2897 (det. Standley, Tynnanthus myrianthus?). Brazil.
Arrabidaea florida P. DC. Prodr. 9: 184. 1845.
Resembles A. divaricata but glabrous except the more or less
lepidote branchlets, petioles, leaves and capsules and the yellowish-
puberulent many-flowered densely corymbose inflorescence; leaflets
rather firm or subcoriaceous, reticulation beneath not conspicuous;
corolla lilac, rather pink or creamy white, usually 1.5, at most 2 cm.
long; capsule to 1.5 dm. long. Leaflets subobtuse or shortly and
obtusely acuminate; panicle branches rather stout; calyx 4 mm. long
these being the principal contrasting characters. In both species
the dried leaves are castaneous or ferrugineous green.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4210; Woytkowski 35045 (det. Cua-
trecasas). Juanjui, Klug 4257 (det. Standley). Chazuta, Klug 4020
(det. Standley). Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2393 (det. Schu-
mann). Mishuyacu, Klug 951 (det. Sandwith). Rio Zubineta, Klug
2036 (det. Standley). Balsapuerto, Klug 2975 (det. Standley).
Cuzco: Cosnipata, 800 meters, Weberbauer 6945. Paraguay; Bolivia
to Panama; Guiana.
FLORA OF PERU 21
Arrabidaea inaequalis (P. DC.) Baillon, Hist. PI. 10: 28. 1891;
74. Bignonia inaequalis P. DC. Prodr. 9: 170. 1845. Tetrastichella
inaequalis (P. DC.) Pichon, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 92: 223. 1945.
Apparently now as originally unique in the triternate leaves, ex-
cept the uppermost; branchlets terete, finely striate, the glandular
areas dense, tendrils often many, white; leaflets drying dark brown
or purplish black, ovate- or obovate-oblong, to 1 dm. long, 7 cm.
wide, often obliquely rounded at base, cuspidate or acuminate, char-
taceous, usually lustrous, laxly reticulate-veined both sides, some-
times puberulent on nerves as the elongate inflorescences (unless
central rachis), but including the oblongish calyces, these truncate,
denticulate, 4-6 mm. long, and the pink purple corollas, these about
3 cm. long, the indument dense, the limb pubescent within, about
2 cm. across; ovary densely glandular-lepidote, ovules 4-seriate; cap-
sule to 2 dm. long or longer, 1 cm. broad, glabrous but minutely lepi-
dote and with scattered plate-shaped glands (Sandwith). Schu-
mann included this in his section Paracarpaea (ovules 4-seriate),
which Pichon, I.e. raised to generic rank but eliminated this species;
all these have the 3-sulcate pollen of most other species. Illustrated,
Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: pi. 77.
Peru (probably). Amazonian Brazil to Trinidad.
Arrabidaea Orbignyana P. DC. Prodr. 9: 184. 1845. A. pachy-
calyx Sprague, Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2, 6: 373. 1906? A. candicans
(Rich.) DC. I.e. 185, as to western watershed?
Doubtfully distinct genetically from the similar plant (A. candi-
cans) of the Amazonian basin but the broader (to 7 or 8 cm.) leaflets
granular-puberulent above and not or less white pubescent beneath ;
it is possible that this taxon is not more than a geographic form or
subspecies of A. candicans (Sandwith, Kew Bull. 428^429. 1958).
Leaflets in Bolivian type velvety canescent beneath, nearly 1 dm.
long, half as wide, corolla (apparently purple) 16-18 mm. long (to
2.5 cm. long in Sprague's plant, its leaves opaque above, glabrate,
canescent beneath) ; A. candicans has leaves lustrous, glabrous above,
densely fine-tomentose beneath, corolla about 2 cm. long (see note
by I. M. Johnston under A. tuber culata) . Apparently one time col-
lected within Peru, but it almost certainly will be in Madre de Dios
or other eastern areas. F.M. Neg. 39955.
Loreto: Cumaria, upper Ucayali, Tessmann 8881. Bolivia to
Central America.
22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Arrabidaea Pearcei (Rusby) Schum. ex Urban, Repert. Sp. Nov.
14: 302. 1914. Bignonia Pearcei Rusby, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 6:
100. 1906.
Ferrugineous-hirsute or tomentose all over; branchlets short,
very stout, terete, light brown; leaflets 3, ovate to rotund-ovate, very
oblique and subcordate at base, 1-1.5 dm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, rigid-
membranous, sparsely pubescent above, densely beneath, the 5 pairs
of primary nerves as the veins prominent; panicles short, broad,
stoutly peduncled, many-flowered, pedicels 3-5 mm. long; disk cupu-
late; bud obovoid, subacute or rounded; corolla 2-5 cm. long, apex
1.5 cm. across, bright purple, puberulent outside; stamens about as
long as tube, linear anther cells divaricate. Near B. Sieberi (author) ;
type, Bang 1391, between Guanai and Tipuani, Bolivia.
Ica(?): Pala (Pearce). Bolivia; Trinidad?
Arrabidaea platyphylla DC. Prodr. 9: 186. 1845. A. macro-
phylla Schum. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2: 25. 1896. A. elliptica
Bur. & Sch. I.e. 26. A. Bangii Sprague, Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2, 6:
371. 1906, both fide Sandwith, Kew Bull. 1958: 429. 1959.
Climbing by tendrils when finding support, the leaves simple and
2-3-foliolate, the leaflets suborbicular to obovate and oblong-elliptic,
obtuse to acuminate, 1-2 dm. long, about half to three-fourths as
wide, rounded to cuneate at base, reticulate and pilose (rarely only
lepidote) especially beneath, less so above where sometimes rugose-
bullate; panicles terminal, pyramidal, often ample, the many reddish
purple flowers in several branches and innumerable branchlets, these
more or less pulverulent-tomentulose as the calyces, the latter about
2.5-4 mm. long, glandular, minutely to distinctly denticulate; corolla
subtomentose, usually at most 1.5 cm. long, tube little ampliate even
to the ordinarily subequal lobes; disk more or less developed; anther
connective glabrous or puberulous; capsule linear-oblong, acuminate
at both ends, 8-16 cm. long, 9-13 mm. wide, densely lepidote, also
with many scurfy furcate trichomes, valve margins incrassate, mid-
rib very thin, even subobsolete; seeds oblong, body dark gray-brown,
the broad membranous wings whitish-hyaline (fruit described by
Sandwith from Seibert collections; otherwise description compiled to
include the synonyms). Type collected with A. brachypoda (DC.)
with, ex char., simple leaves, pilose beneath, 3-5-nerved from base,
oblong calyx minutely dentate, corolla scarcely twice longer (4-6 mm.,
probably an error for 14-16 mm.). A. Bangii is a form with leaflets
densely lepidote beneath, trichomes none, A. elliptica another form
FLORA OF PERU 23
with acuminate leaflets, according to Sandwith, who also reduces
Kranzlin's A. syringothyrsus of Brazil (corolla lobes unequal, lower
cleft) with a remark questioning that student's judgments (unless in
Orchids?); this widely distributed species is highly variable; see also
A. brachypoda. The description is compiled to include some of these
variants. Illustrated, F.M. Neg. 32856 (A. elliptica) ; Mart. Fl. Bras.
I.e. pi. 71 (A. macrophylla) .
Madre de Dios: Rio Tahuamanu, Iberia, Seibert 1989; 2020; 2153
(det. Sandwith). Paraguay and Bolivia to British Guiana.
Arrabidaea quinquenervia Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8,
pt. 2: 44. 1896.
Branches slender, the terete older notably striate, lenticellate, the
younger lepidote and sparsely puberulent-hirtellous; petioles canalic-
ulate, often flexuose; tendrils caducous; leaflets ovate or broadly
elliptic, acutely 5-nerved from acute base, shortly and obtusely acu-
minate, mucronulate, 5-12 cm. long, 3-10 cm. wide, glabrous above,
beneath under lens cinereous-lepidote, not at all glandular, coria-
ceous, the transverse veins as nerves prominent; panicle terminal,
1.5-2 dm. long, with elongate divaricate branches from axils of upper
leaves, the bracts and branchlets minute; pedicels 2-4 mm. long;
calyx tubular-campanulate, repand-denticulate, lepidote glandular,
membranous; corolla elongate-funnelform, about 3.5 cm. long, puber-
ulent-tomentose as lobes within, these 9-11 mm. long; disk thin,
cupulate-truncate; ovary 2-3 cm. long, lepidote, ovules biseriate, 40
or more per cell. Stipules obscure; distinctive in the acutely 5-nerved
rounded leaves, peculiarly lepidote-cinereous beneath (authors) ; prob-
ably a part of A. Orbignyana and thus of A. candicans sens. lat.
F.M. Neg. 32852.
Huanuco: Tocache, Poeppig 1877, type.
Arrabidaea rubrinervis Miers, Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. 3: 192.
1863. A. subfastigiata Bur. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: 70. 1896,
fide Sprague. A. macrocarpa Ktze. Rev. Gen. 3, pt. 2: 242. 1898, fide
Sandwith. Blepharitheca floribunda (DC.) Pichon, Bull. Soc. Bot.
France, 92: 224. 1946.
Vigorous, becoming nervose-lenticellate, glabrescent or glabrous,
early subtomentulose; leaves ternate or conjugate and the tendrils
sometimes persisting; leaflets ovate-oblong, 4-9 cm. long, 3-6 cm.
wide, shortly or long and obtusely acuminate, firm herbaceous, ob-
scurely puberulent and lepidote, drying pale ashy red, rarely green-
ish; panicles terminal (always?), canescent-puberulent or glabrate, to
24 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
2.5 dm. long, bracts and bractlets to 2 mm. long; pedicels usually
shorter than 5 mm. ; calyx campanulate, evenly denticulate, puberu-
lent, about 5 mm. long; corolla roseate, 2.5 (-4) cm. long (tube
28 mm. long, type), obscurely tomentose, pubescent within near
stamen insertion; anther cells ciliate, medially fertile; disk cupulate;
ovary lepidote, ovules 4-seriate; capsules glabrous, 2.5-4 dm. long
to 1 cm. broad, valves medially sulcate, the seeds uniseriate, white
alate. May be a part of A. chica (HBK.) Verlot, Colombian as to
type, but that is said to have leaflets drying black-purple, flowers
roseate or pale purple with white throat; however, Bureau and Schu-
mann included Miers' plant here. This dries brownish-red, not green-
ish-brown as the sometimes simulating A. brachypoda (DC.) Bur.
The genus of Pichon, I.e. has tetrad pollen, not sulcate grains, the
anthers ciliate; the taxonomic importance of these characters merits
study. Illustrated, Delessert, Icon. 5: pi. 92 (A. chica Verlot as
A. rosea DC.).
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4.925, fide Schumann, A. chica
(HBK.). Arroyo Bravo, Allard 21770. Chazuta, King W46?
Huanuco: Cuchero, Poeppig. Junin: Vitoc, (McLean, det. Sand-
with). Toward Satipo, Seibert 2377 (det. Sandwith). Monterico,
(Pearce, det. Sandwith). Loreto: Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27379.
Madre de Dios: Iberia, Seibert 1993 (det. Sandwith). Bolivia; south-
ern Brazil.
Arrabidaea Schumanniana Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4: 606.
1906.
Glabrous except flowers, the branches obtusely tetragonous, leaves
ternate or conjugate, the simple tendril persisting; leaflets lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, 8-15 cm. long, 3-6 cm.
wide, olivaceous above (dried), paler beneath; inflorescence preco-
cious or shortly paniculate or pseudoumbellate on older branches,
the bracts and bractlets subpersisting, elongate, acute, to 7 mm.
long, the common peduncle 1-2.5 cm. long, bracted below; pedicels
slender, 1.5-2 cm. long; calyx campanulate, 5 mm-, long, densely
minutely glandular especially below the teeth; corolla roseate, 4-5
cm. long, tube elongate-funnelform, the lobes rounded, puberulent
without, at stamen insertion within pubescent; disk subcupulate;
ovary lepidote; ovules biseriate; capsules about 21 cm. long, 11-
12 mm. broad, marginally lightly incrassate; seeds 14 mm. long,
9 mm. wide, alate. Affine the Brazilian A. rhodantha Bur. & Sch.,
also distinguished by the rose-colored flowers in short leafless inflo-
FLORA OF PERU 25
rescences (author), but this apparently less lepidote, calyx much
shorter. It probably is a part of A. corattina (Jacq.) Sandw.
Loreto: Canchahuaya, on the Rio Ucayali, (Huber 1387, type).
Arrabidaea spicata Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: 42.
1896. A. candelabrum Kranzl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 18. 1921, at least
as to Spruce specimen.
Glabrous except the unusual spiciform panicles and the slender
branches, these early and obscurely pulverulent; upper leaves much
smaller than lower, ternate, the conjugate larger with stout simple
tendrils, leaflets of the former oblong, acute or subobtuse, 2.5-
4.5 cm. long, about 1-2.5 cm. wide, sparsely lepidote, the longer to
13 cm. long, half as wide, ovate, acute, cordate at base, subrigid-
coriaceous, lustrous, drying ashy green, rather prominently 5-nerved
both sides, the transverse veins reticulate; bracts and bractlets
minute, caducous; pedicels 3-4.5 mm. long, subtomentose as the
campanulate calyces, these lepidote below the minute teeth, trun-
cate, 4-4.5 mm. long; corolla campanulate, laterally gibbous, 2.5 (3)
cm. long, tomentose or puberulent, strongly enlarged and puberulent
at the stamen insertion; disk cupulate; ovary lepidote, biseriate
ovules many. Flowers violet, fasciculate in bracteate axils as in
Labiatae and thus easily recognized (authors). F.M. Negs. 26168;
32851.
San Martin: Near Tarapoto, Spruce ^535, type. Chazuta, Klug
4061. Brazil?
Arrabidaea tuberculata P. DC. Prodr. 9: 184. 1845.
Liana, the terete lenticellate young branchlets (nodal glands usu-
ally obvious), petioles and immature leaves more or less finely and
densely puberulous, glabrate in age except often the principal nerves
beneath, these also barbellate in the axils, the venation finally intri-
cately reticulate, the surface not punctate; leaflets ovate- or oblong-
lanceolate, rounded or cuneate at base, notably acuminate, to 13.5
cm. long, 6.5 cm. wide, discolored, chartaceous; thyrses showy, py-
ramidal, the cymes shortly pedunculate along the ascending closely
puberulous branches; calyx campanulate, truncate, 3.5-5 mm. long,
puberulous-tomentulose, now and then with a few patulous sub-
marginal glands; corolla reddish-purple, subfunnelform, normally
2-3 cm. long, limb 1-2.5 cm. across, pubescent within; disk cupulate;
capsule at least 2 cm. long, 7.5-8.5 cm. broad, sharply acuminate,
glabrous but with many deeply set glands, the midrib sharply raised.
26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
After Sandwith; related species of wide range and to be expected
include A. candicans (L. C. Rich.) DC. (leaflets glabrous above ex-
cept nerves, a compact fine indument beneath; Johnston, Sargentia
8: 269. 1949); A. pachycalyx Sprague, i.e. A. Orbignyana DC., very
closely allied, perhaps not distinct (Sandwith); and A. florida DC.
A fine pale tomentum persists on the leaves beneath of the first, the
capsules to 27 cm. long, attenuate, while the last has leaves glabrous
beneath in age, lepidote-punctate, the capsules less than 2 dm. long,
merely attenuate apically; corollas of these species attain about 2 cm.
Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: pi. 75.
Huanuco: Pueblo Nuevo, Ruiz & Pavon, fide Schumann.
Loreto: Balsapuerto, Klug 2973. To Colombia and Guiana.
Arrabidaea Weberbaueri Sprague, Bot. Jahrb. 42: 175. 1908.
Branches subterete, minutely puberulent at the compressed nodes,
interfoliar areas densely glandular; petioles as panicles (to 3 dm. long)
pubescent, petiolules reddish tomentulose, 13-17 mm. long; leaflets
broadly ovate or elliptic, rather rounded at base and apex or obtusely
short-acuminate, 9-15 cm. long, 5.5-10.5 cm. wide, subcoriaceous,
early softly puberulent above (nerves obscure), tomentulose beneath,
the 6-7 pairs of lateral nerves prominent, veins little obvious; calyx
narrow, denticulate, 4-5 mm. long, ribs little excurrent, tomentulose,
pulverulent inside only above; corolla funnelform, in type 23-27 mm.
long, roseate (or violet and white), lightly arcuate above the 6-8
mm. long tube, puberulent except near base, within only at sub-
basal stamen insertion and sparsely above, the trichomes capitate;
lobes puberulent within, 6.5-7.5 mm. long, about as wide, subequal;
ovary stipitate; ovules 4-seriate, about 40 per cell. Differs from
the velvety A. rubrinervis in indument and size of leaflets (author) ;
these become glabrate above. Species well marked by its indument,
narrowly tubular campanulate calyx, the ribs extended as teeth, nar-
row corolla, short arcuate anther cells, the much-produced connective
apically retuse (Sandwith). A. Pearcei (Rusby) Schum. ex Urban,
Repert. Sp. Nov. 14: 302. 1914 (Bignonia Pearcei Rusby, Mem.
Torrey Bot. Club 6: 100. 1906) may be the earlier name but incom-
pletely described; Pearce got it at Pala, perhaps Dept. lea or Lima,
but type by Bang (1391}, adjacent Bolivia, near Tipuani. F.M.
Neg. 26177.
San Martin: Juanjui, Klug 4179 (det. Sandwith). Lake Rikuri-
cocha, Woytkowski 35127 (det. Cuatrecasas, affine A. florida).
Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer 1934, type; 283. Colombia; Brazil.
FLORA OF PERU 27
2. PETASTOMA Miers
Resembles in general Paragonia but the tendrils if present simple,
the stipules obsolete or falcately subfoliaceous. Thyrse sometimes
axillary. Calyx patulous or campanulate, entire, denticulate or
lobed, more or less membranous as the corolla, this with narrow
often elongate tube, pubescent to tomentulose or quite glabrous, the
lobes in bud notably tomentulose without. Disk pulvinate. Ovary-
glabrous or lepidote. Capsule smooth, midrib slightly raised. This
was included in Arrabidaea by Bureau and Schumann (Pflanzen-
fam.) but accepted by them (Mart. Fl. Bras., 8, pt. 2: 75-85), as
here defined.
Corolla puberulent to glabrous, eglandular; calyx not 3-lobed.
Calyx patelliform, truncate, wavy-margined, glabrate; leaflets
more or less pilosulous P. patelliferum.
Calyx depressed-globose or -campanulate, minutely denticulate or
lobulate; corolla tube included or somewhat exserted.
Calyx basally puberulent as leaflets beneath at least early on
nerves P. Poeppigii.
Calyx as leaves glabrous P. pentstemonoides.
Corolla glandular-puberulent; calyx 3-lobed P. Whitei.
Petastoma patelliferum (Schlecht.) Miers, Proc. Roy. Hort.
Soc. 3: 195. 1863; 19. Bignonia patettifera Schlecht. Linnaea 8: 516.
1833. Cuspidaria mollis Kranzl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 376.
1915 (fide Sandwith, forma dense pilosa).
Younger branchlets early compressed toward tips, costate, lepi-
dote, lenticellate, infrequently somewhat pilose, the petioles, peti-
olules, leaflets and thyrse always more or less so; stipules usually un-
developed; leaflets subelliptic or obovate-oblong, narrowly rounded
at base, acuminate or cuspidate, to 11 cm. long, 8 cm. wide, rather
faintly reticulate-veined on both sides; calyx glabrate, red when
fresh, truncate, unevenly wavy, often flattened outward, to 5 mm.
long; corolla dark purple, white-tipped (always? Sandwith), 2.5-4 cm.
long, the tube glabrous, the lobes pubescent without, the limb (2-
2.5 cm. across) within; anthers divergent or arcuate-divaricate; ovary
sparsely if at all lepidote; ovules 20 or more in each row; capsule
1.5-2 dm. long, to 1.25 cm. broad, glabrous, lenticellate; seeds 1 cm.
long, about 3.5 cm. broad. Material seen appears, ex char., to be-
long to other species; however, P. patelliferum sens. lat. may occur
of course and indeed may rightly include species now regarded as
28 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
distinct. Illustrated, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 80. pi. 1, figs. 8, 9
(flower).
Peru (fide Sandwith). To Mexico and French Guiana.
Petastoma pentstemonoides (Kranzl.) Sandw. Kew Bull. 43:
7. 1959. Arrabidaea pentstemonoides Kranzl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 6: 370. 1915.
Branchlets lightly sulcate, densely lenticellate; tendrils early ca-
ducous; leaflets ovate, obtusely acuminate, type to 1 dm. long, 6.5
cm. wide, coriaceous, the 5 principal nerves usually somewhat
membranously joined; panicles (also terminal) more than 2.5 dm.
long, pedicels 3-6 mm. long; calyx ellipsoid-campanulate, glabrous,
membranous, (6) 11 mm. long, (3-4) 7 mm. wide, lobes 1-1.3 mm.
long, broadly deltoid-acute; corolla (violet) scarcely to 3 cm. long,
limb about 2 cm. across, cylindric portion of tube 7 mm. long, upper
portion 1.5 cm. long, glabrous without (pulverulent), the lobes less
than (6-7 mm.) 1 cm. long; anther cells curved-divergent, 2 mm.
long; staminode 4.5 mm. long; ovary cylindric-oblong, lepidote,
ovules about 20 in each series. Description of flower from Schultes'
collection, by Sandwith (parenthetical, from type), who notes, I.e.:
closely related (large glabrous calyx) to the Brazilian P. leucopogon
(Cham.) Bur. with a characteristic dense indument, the nearest ally,
geographically. One of many examples of a Bolivian species found
in Peru.
San Martin: Chazuta, King 4098 (det. Standley, P. patelliferum) .
Zepelacio, Klug 3631 (det. Standley, P. reticulatum). Loreto: Rio
Putumayo, Klug 2037 (distr. P. reticulatum?). Balsapuerto, Klug
2989 (distr. P. reticulatum?). Rio Napo, Mexia 6466 (det. Standley,
P. patelliferum). Puno: Prov. Sandia, W. H. Hodges 6007. Madre
de Dios: Iberia, Inapari, Schultes 6474- Rio Acre: Cobija, Ule 9780;
type. Bolivia. "Huachamosa?"
Petastoma Poeppigii (DC.) Sandw. Candollea 7: 249. 1937.
Anemopaegma(1] Poeppigii DC. Prodr. 9: 190. 1845. P. reticulatum
[Poeppig] Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: 82. 1896.
Branches terete, striate, riodally dilated, early as petioles and
peduncles finely velutinous pubescent; leaflets long-petiolulate, ellip-
tic, obtuse at base, obtusely acuminate, about 7.5-11 cm. long,
3-6 cm. wide, membranous, glabrous above unless midnerve, puber-
ulent-hirsutulous beneath and obsoletely puncticulate, concolor, the
5 nerves and transverse veins prominently reticulate; stipules rotund
FLORA OF PERU 29
or falcate, 6-15 mm. long, 2-12 mm. wide; panicles many-flowered,
bracts filiform, caducous; calyx campanulate, unevenly lobulate-
sub truncate, 6 mm. long, scarcely pubescent; corolla glabrescent
(lobes pulverulent), purplish, about 4 cm. long (Schumann); anther
cells recurved-erect; ovary sparsely lepidote, ovules 22, biseriate.
Sandwith's paper is a fine example of an unselfish contribution to
taxonomic work. F.M. Neg. 32871; 7661.
Huanuco: Cuchero, and Pampayacu, Poeppig 1688, type.
Petastoma Whitei (Rusby) Sandw. Kew Bull. 1953: 462. 1954.
Anemopaegma Whitei Rusby, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Card. 7: 353. 1927.
Branchlets, new leaves all over and leaflets in age densely pilose
beneath on nerves, particularly on midnerve; leaflets (type) to 8 cm.
long, 4.5 cm. wide, broadly rounded or subtruncate at base, acutely
short-acuminate, lateral nerves 6-8 pairs, slender; thyrses axillary,
the rose-violet flowers beautiful; pedicels 2-3 mm. long; calyx thin-
membranous, lax, 3-lobed (Rusby), plicate, 8-10 mm. long, the tube
depressed-globose, 8 mm. wide (Rusby). Indument of corolla con-
sists entirely of gland-tipped trichomes, the entire length without
(Sandwith) the tube (type) 5 mm. long, the expanded part campan-
ulate, about 2 cm. long to the base of the lobes (Rusby) ; ovules in
each of the 2 series according to Sandwith (as description in part),
who contrasts it by the larger, lobed not disk-like calyx, corolla in-
dument, more ovules, with the well-named P. discocalyx Bur. & Sch.
0. E. White was an energetic member of the Mulford Expedition to
Bolivia (Rusby). Type from Huachi, at bend of Rio Beni and there-
fore species to be expected in southeastern Peru.
Peru (see above). Bolivia.
3. PSEUDOCALYMMA A. Sampaio & Kuhlmann
Similar in general to Petastoma and Paragonia but with conspicu-
ous areas of immersed glands at nodes and usually at apex of petioles.
Leaves bifoliate, the tendril if present trifid (always? Sandwith).
Inflorescence an axillary raceme or thyrse, with conspicuously flat-
tened rachis. Bracts and bractlets subulate (in Peru caducous?).
Calyx without large plate-shaped glands. Corolla lilac or purple,
funnelform, tube glabrous (or early minutely lepidote), limb as in
Petastoma. Disk annular or pulvinate. Ovary, capsule and seeds as
in Arrabidaea. See Sandwith, Meded. Bot. Mus. Rijks. Univ.
Utrecht 40: 208-213. 1937, for definitive disposition of this group
and Adenocalymma Mart. Seibert, Mo. Bot. Card. 35: 123-136.
30 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
1948, attributed the petiolar glands only to this genus and Pachyptera
DC. Herbarium leaves brown. Pollen 3-sulcate, reticulate.
Pseudocalymma alliaceum (Lam.) Sandw. Recueil Trav. Bot.
Ne*erl. 34: 210. 1937. Bignonia alliacea Lam. Encycl. 1: 421. 1785.
P. pachypus (Schum.) Sandw. I.e. 211, fide Sandwith, Kew Bull.
1953: 467. 1954. Anemopaegma pachypus Schum. Pflanzenfam. 4.
3b: 215. 1894. Adenocalymma pachypus (Schum.) Bur. & Sch. in
Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: 110. 1896.
Garlic-scented liana with terete (drying yellowish-gray) finely
costulate branchlets; leaflets elliptic to obovate or oblanceolate,
acutely long-cuneate to the apically as basally swollen petiolules,
acutely cuspidate-acuminate, at least 2 dm. long, 8 cm. wide,
papery, drying green, pale beneath, not obviously punctate, ob-
scurely 3-nerved at base, the 10 lateral nerves and reticulations
rather prominent; inflorescence (var. macrocalyx} a long thyrse with
a few long 3-flowered branchlets; rachis as pedicels (about 1.5-4.5 cm.
long) strongly compressed, glabrate or minutely puberulent and
lepidote, 3 dm. long or longer, the elongate branches terminating in
a simple 3-flowered cyme; calyx laxly campanulate, early membra-
nous, 1-2 cm. long, to 2 cm. across at the uneven frilly margin (var.
macrocalyx; or 4-7.5 mm. long, dried, var. microcalyx), venose, punc-
tate-lepidote or verruculose, rarely with an odd immersed gland;
corolla lilac (Klug), about 5 cm. long, tube thin-membranous, limb
pubescent and somewhat ciliate, lobes without rows of distinct
glands; disk fleshy, annular; capsule to 4 dm. long, 1.1-2.1 cm.
broad, much compressed. After Sandwith, who describes inflores-
cence from similar material of British Guiana and Peru "which may
well be conspecific;" probably it is the plant of Lamarck (type,
French Guiana) ; in Kew Bull. I.e. 467, 468 he proposed as typical, var.
macrocalyx (Lam.) Sandw., and as aberrant, var. microcalyx Sandw.
Illustrated, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 80. pi. 1 (stamen, staminode).
San Martin : Klug 4138 (var. macrocalyx) . Tarapoto, Spruce 4475
(var. microcalyx). Loreto: Balsapuerto, Klug 3096 (var. macrocalyx).
Rio Mazan, Schunke 48. Mishuyacu, Klug 777. Iquitos, Mexia
6417. Boqueron Padre Abad, Woytkowski 34473 (var.). To Mexico
and the Guianas. "Sucho-ajo," "ajo-sacha."
4. ADENOCALYMMA Mart.
Scandent, the tendrils trifid (in Peru usually simple), the leaves,
unless the uppermost, bi- or trifoliolate, the terete branches without
FLORA OF PERU 31
nodal gland areas. Stipules subulate or obsolete. Inflorescence a
narrow axillary raceme or thyrse. Bracts usually conspicuous.
Calyx campanulate, truncate, more or less lobed or denticulate or,
if tubular, split. Corolla yellow, white or pink (not in Peru?), fun-
nelform, more or less pubescent or glabrous without, sometimes
black glandular. Anthers glabrous, connective not or not much
produced, the cells spreading. Disk pulvinate-cupulate, prominent.
Ovary lepidote or glabrous (ovules biseriate), oblong as the thick
capsule, this with parallel ligneous valves, smooth, the midnerve
often obscure. Seeds subtrapezoid, subcircular or oblong, usually
alate with membranous hyaline or corky wings, the nucleus always
very thick. After Sandwith, Fl. Suriname 4, pt. 2: 55. 1938, as most
descriptions; see discussion, as noted under Pseudocalymma. Pollen
globose, esulcate. Leaflets often lead-colored, thicker margins pale
in A. impressum; green-colored, A. bilabiatum; dark or black in
A. inundatum, A. bracteolatum. Key includes Memora.
Corollas puberulent; leaves bi- or trifoliolate.
Leaflets marginally yellow-cartilaginous A. inundatum.
Leaflets not margined or merely discolored.
Calyx glabrous or nearly.
Calyx coriaceous, denticulate.
Leaves blackening, dried; calyx about 8 mm. long.
A. bracteolatum.
Leaves gray-green or brown, dried; calyx to 1.5 cm. long.
A. impressum.
Calyx membranous, cleft, 1.5 cm. long or longer.
A. bilabiatum.
Calyx densely yellow-puberulent, impressed glandular.
A. Uleanum, A. latifolium.
Corollas glabrous; leaves (at least lower) pinnate or bipinnate.
Calyx truncate-denticulate, subcoriaceous; leaves glabrous above.
M. flavida.
Calyx unevenly lobed or cleft.
Calyx usually coriaceous; leaflets glabrate or glabrous.
Venation obscure or impressed above; corolla 6-9 cm. long,
tube elongate, slender M. Schomburgkii.
Venation raised above (in Peru) ; corolla usually shorter, tube
short, ampliate M. patula.
Calyx membranous; leaflets pubescent (type) . . . .M. magnifica.
32 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Adenocalymma bilabiatum (Sprague) Sandw. Recueil Trav.
Bot. Ne"erl. 34: 213. 1937. Memora bilabiata Sprague, Bull. Herb.
Boiss. s<r. 2, 6: 375. 1906.
Branchlets brown, lenticellate, early puberulous as the lateral
leaf-nerves (8-13 pairs) beneath and the short thyrses or racemes
(to 7 cm. long), the corolla conspicuously; leaflets lanceolate to ovate,
rounded at base, obtuse to acuminate, to 2 dm. long, half as wide,
often much smaller, sometimes larger, chartaceous to coriaceous,
opaque or little lustrous, nerves nearly plane on upper surface,
raised on the lower, the veins notably anastomosing some distance
from margin (Sandwith); pedicels to 14 mm. long, bracts narrowly
lanceolate, to 3 mm. long; calyx membranous, often yellowish, tubu-
lar-campanulate, deeply split, about 1.5-2.5 cm. long, very minutely,
closely lepidote (as ovary) and more or less black-dotted glandular;
corolla whitish (throat yellow), to 6.5 cm. long, limb 3-4.5 cm. across,
pubescent within, villous at stamen insertion; capsule 16 cm. long,
2 cm. broad, obtuse but scarcely attenuate, valves smooth (lepidote),
midnerve obscure; seeds subsemicircular, entirely brown, 13 mm.
long, 3-3.7 cm. broad, the wings corky (from fruit of Venezuela
specimen, fide Sandwith).
Loreto: Near Iquitos, King 1590 (det. Sandwith). To the Guianas.
Adenocalymma bracteolatum DC. Prodr. 9: 200. 1845; 97.
Branches slender, flowering about 2.5 mm. in diameter, dark
(dried); stipules not obvious; leaflets broadly elliptic to oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse or mucronate, 2-3.5 cm. long, about 1-1.5 cm.
wide, subnitid above, densely lepidote beneath, lateral nerves 5 or 6,
transverse veins prominent; racemes lateral, to 6 cm. long, bracts
and bractlets 1-1.5 mm. long; calyx coriaceous, subturbinate-tubular,
minutely denticulate, sparsely glandular, pilosulous above, 8 mm.
long; corolla yellow, 3-3.5 cm. long, subtomentose as rounded lobes,
pubescent within at stamen insertion; ovary glabrous, ovules 32 per
cell. Marked by the minute bractlets.
San Martin: Juanjui, Klug 1+269 (det. Sandwith). Bolivia.
Adenocalymma impressum (Rusby) Sandw. Recueil Trav.
Bot. Ne'er!. 34: 212. 1937. Bignonia impressa Rusby, Mem. Torrey
Bot. Club 6: 100. 1896. A. auristellae Kranzl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 6: 371. 1915.
Glabrous, the branches lenticellate; leaflets broadly oblong, mostly
acute, concolor but lustrous only above, 3-5-nerved, to 13 cm. long,
FLORA OF PERU 33
8 cm. wide, tendril deciduous; inflorescence to 2 dm. long; calyx thick
coriaceous, cylindric, 1.5 cm. long, tube minute; corolla moderately
ampliate, 5.5 cm. long, base 8-10 mm. broad, 2.5 cm. across above,
yellow, fleshy coriaceous as the excavated disk; ovary glabrous.
Flowers orange-yellow; well worth cultivating (Seibert). To be con-
sidered, as near and the earlier name, is the Venezuelan A. apurense
(HBK.) Sandw. Lilloa 3: 461. 1938, calyx glabrous, few if any glands;
corolla 5-7 cm. long, limb about 3 cm. wide (type; Kranzlin's plant,
Alto Acre, Seringal Auristella). F.M. Neg. 26186 (A. auristellae).
Huanuco: Near Tingo Maria, Asplund 1384.8. Madre de Dios:
Maldonado, Seibert 2011 (det. Sandwith). Bolivia; Brazil. "Huan-
gana huasca" (Seibert).
Adenocalymma inundatum Mart, in DC. Prodr. 9: 201.
1845; 94.
Glabrous or essentially, the striate branchlets (drying dark) mi-
nutely papillose and yellowish lenticellate, dark-spotted, the tendrils
simple at least in the variety surinamense; leaflets ovate to ovate-
oblong, rounded or subcordate at base, abruptly and obtusely cuspi-
date, often 1-1.5 dm. long, to 1 dm. wide, coriaceous in age, drying
olive or dark, lustrous, minutely lepidote, marginally cartilaginous
and discolored, lateral nerves 5-8, reticulation rather prominent;
inflorescence sometimes 3-furcate, rarely 1 dm. long, puberulous or
the corollas glabrous in age; bracts 3-4 (-10) mm. long; calyx also (as
corolla) black-glandular above, sometimes short-tubular, and 1 cm.
long, subentire; corolla yellow, 5.5-7 cm. long, limb to 5 cm. across,
the linear-oblong anther connectives conspicuously produced; ovary
sparsely lepidote. The variant surinamense Bur. & Sch. has corollas
early scurfy puberulent, oblong capsules 2 dm. long, 4-4.5 cm. broad,
shortly attenuate at tip, valves lenticellate and rugulose (longitudi-
nally), the midnerve thick but not raised; seeds entirely brown,
about 28 mm. long, 4-5 cm. wide, the narrow wings corky. A. bilabi-
atum (Sprague) Sandw., similar in extra-Peruvian range and thus to
be expected, has emarginate leaflets, longer split calyces, whitish
corollas. Flowers sulphur yellow; determined by Sandwith.
Loreto: Rio Mazan, Jose Schunke 229. Rio Maquia, Seibert 1889.
To the Guianas.
Adenocalymma Uleanum Kranzl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
6: 372. 1915. A. latifolium Rusby, Descr. S. Am. PI. 121. 1920, at
least as to Peru.
34 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Multilenticellate branches terete, glabrous; stipules oblong, to
I cm. long, puberulent as the densely reticulate leaf veins beneath;
leaflets 2, ovate-oblong, obtuse or obtusely acute, to 2 dm. long,
II cm. wide; racemes elongating, the rachis after anthesis to 2.5 dm.
long, yellowish puberulent-tomentulose as the promptly caducous
cymbiform bracts (these to 1.5 cm. long) and the immersed gland-
ular calyces (in herb, bibracteolate) ; calyx subcylindric-campanulate,
shortly denticulate, 12 mm. long, 5-7 mm. across; corolla campan-
ulate, scarcely bilabiate, yellowish (to orange), to 4 cm. long, 13 mm.
broad, puberulent, sometimes glandular as calyx. After author, who
notes that type was referred by Sprague to A. bracteatum P. DC. of
southern Brazil with usually much smaller leaves, those of A. Ule-
anum suggesting A. macrophyllum P. DC.; the former has included
stamens in the 7 cm. long corolla, the latter has visible stamens, the
corolla 4-4.5 cm. long. However, Sandwith has distinguished in
herb, also A. latifolium Rusby, which compare. F.M. Neg. 18466
(Ule 9784).
Junin: Puerto Bermudez, Killip & Smith 264.10 (det. Killip,
A. bracteatum DC.). Loreto: Yurimaguas, Ule 6280, type. Madre
de Dios: Maldonado, Seibert 2009 (det. Sandwith, A. latifolium).
Rio Acre, Brazil, (Ule 9784). Bolivia.
5. PACHYPTERA DC.
Distinctive by peculiarly seriate subulate-lanceolate acute stip-
ules and by prominent gland areas both nodal between the petioles
and at apex of each of the latter. Branchlets costate, sulcate. Leaf-
lets 2-3-foliolate; the tendrils trifid. Flowers in axillary racemes,
the subcampanulate truncate calyx sometimes unevenly lobulate or
denticulate, the narrowly funnelf orm corolla puberulous without, the
lobes with 2 rows of glands. Anthers densely white villous, the cells
incurved upwardly; staminode apically villous. Ovary 4-costate,
densely ferrugineous-papillate; ovules biseriate. Capsule oblong-
linear, valves parallel, scattered immersed glandular, margins sepa-
rating and forming a filiform septum. Seeds oblong, pale brown, their
corky wings same texture and color as body except for a paler mem-
branous and hyaline apex, this apparently deciduous (Sandwith).
Pachyptera kerere (Aubl.) Sandw. Recueil Trav. Bot. Ne"erl.
34: 219. 1937; 59. Bignonia kerere Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 644, pi. 260.
1775 (excl. fruit). P. foveolata DC. Prodr. 9: 175. 1845. Adeno-
calymma foveolatum (DC.) Baillon, Hist. PI. 10: 7. 1891.
FLORA OF PERU 35
The only species; leaflets about ovate, subcordate at base, long
and usually acutely acuminate, a dm. or two long, often less than
half as wide, thin-chartaceous, only the venation puberulous, this
extremely intricate both sides, the ultimate veinlets always distinctly
raised; racemes to 5 cm. long, soon prominently scarred; corolla typ-
ically milk-white (apparently purplish or crimson in other countries),
6-8 cm. long, the limb half as wide, lepidote within; capsule 8-15
(25) cm. long, about 1.5 to nearly 4 cm. broad, puberulent; seeds
3.6-6 cm. broad. Sandwith, I.e., showed the identity of the plant
of Aublet and P. foveolata, and called attention to Splitgerber's de-
scription correcting that of Aublet, who associated other fruit. Since
it is known from only about 300 kilometers east of the Brazilian
boundary it doubtless occurs in the same watershed within Peru. Illus-
trated, Contr. Arnold Arb. 5: 140, pi. 19. 1933 (Tanaecium Zetekii
Standley, named for James Zetek, long devoted custodian of the
Barro Colorado Natural History Preserve, who, with the aid of the
famous zoologist and delightful writer, Thomas Barbour, was largely
responsible for the preservation of this tropical island, representative
of all American, as Peruvian tropics, at least as to genera; may be
a variant).
Madre de Dios (cf. note above). Bolivia; to Central America
and Guiana.
6. ANEMOPAEGMA Mart.
In Peru similar in habit and vegetatively to Pleonotoma but the
striking ribs (obscure in Peru) only more or less quadrately angling,
the branches and the leaves tri- or bifoliate, the tendrils simple or
finally bifid. Calyx entire. Corolla not coriaceous, glabrous, lepi-
dote or pubescent. Ovary ellipsoid or ovoid-ellipsoid, usually much
contracted into the pulvinate disk; ovules few in each of the 2-6 series.
Capsule shortly ellipsoid, stipitate, valves smooth, the midrib scarcely
raised or clearly impressed. Seeds broadly oblong with wide mem-
branous hyaline wings or these opaque, corky, at least young seeds
of A. paraense (Sandwith). The variation in several characters, es-
pecially those of the ovary and fruit, suggest that the genus either
should be interpreted to include species now considered as distinct
groups or should itself be divided. Pollen 5-7-sulcate (Gomes, Rod-
rigue*sia20: 130, fig. 21>).
Stipules often foliaceous; leaflets cusped, rather opaque, strongly
nervose A. chrysoleucum.
36 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Stipules never foliaceous; leaflets acuminate, lustrous, slender-nerved.
A. floridum.
Anemopaegma chrysoleucum (HBK.) Sandw. Kew Bull. 1953:
470. 1954. Bignonia chrysoleuca HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 134. 1819.
A. paraense Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: 131. 1896, fide
Sandwith.
Branchlets in age lacquered with a yellowish-brown cortex that
ultimately cracks along the prominent ribs (Sandwith), sometimes
puberulous only at nodes; pseudostipules, if developed, may attain
2 cm., are usually much smaller, pubescent, venose, punctate to
densely scutellate-glandular; leaflets ovate or obovate- or elliptic-
oblong, or on young branchlets even lanceolate, rounded or obtuse
at base (rarely subcuneate), shortly cuspidate or subacuminate, the
lower to nearly 2 dm. long, at least half as wide, firm chartaceous to
coriaceous, in age often lustrous, somewhat bullate, puberulous or
glabrate on nerves above, punctate lepidote especially beneath, the
6 or more pairs of nerves raised above, reticulation rather open be-
neath; axillary inflorescences scarcely or little longer than stipules;
calyx campanulate, to 12 mm. long (type 6 mm. long), occasionally
split, ciliolate at truncate apex, minutely lepidote, usually glabrous;
corolla yellow or yellow and white, thick in bud, 4-8 cm. long, tube
quite glabrous without, limb to 4.5 cm. across, ciliolate and closely
lepidote within, eglandular or at least without regular series without;
disk to 2.5 mm. high, often much shorter; ovary lepidote, ovules
6-seriate; capsule valves coriaceous, lustrous, glabrous (minutely lepi-
dote), smooth, midrib very thin, scarcely raised, attenuate to tip,
8 cm. long. After Sandwith, Fl. Suriname, 35, who noted: extremely
variable in texture and size of leaflets, corolla length, the diagnostic
features being roundish stipules, short indument, 6 or more lateral
nerves (each side rib), glabrous corolla tube. A. Parkeri Sprague,
also Amazonian, has conspicuously impressed venation, the corolla
tube densely lepidote without. Type (HBK. species) from Rio Mag-
dalena. Determinations by Sandwith.
Loreto: Fortaleza near Yurimaguas, Klug 2827. Florida, Rio
Zubineta, Klug 2005. Balsapuerto, Klug 2973? (may be Petastoma
Poeppigii).
Anemopaegma floridum Mart, ex DC. Prodr. 9: 1845; 134.
Flowering branches rather stout, terete or subtetragonous, gla-
brous as the leaves and inflorescence except for minute lepidosity,
FLORA OF PERU 37
this conspicuous even on corollas under a lens; tendrils rarely per-
sisting and trifid; leaflets oblong or ovate-oblong, shortly but very
acutely acuminate or subcaudate, 5-15 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, rigid-
membranous or subcoriaceous, lustrous above, opaque beneath, cas-
taneous or dark in drying, usually with 5 nerves prominent on both
sides as the transverse veins; stipules small or obscure; racemes axil-
lary or from old wood, rachis scarcely more than a cm. long, 4-6-flow-
ered; peduncles, pedicels, calyces 5-7 mm. long, the last coriaceous,
cupulate, truncate; corolla 5 cm. long, campanulate-funnelform, pu-
berulent within near stamen insertion; disk shallow (2.5 mm. high),
narrowed into ovary stipe, ovules in 4 series.
Loreto: Near Iquitos, Klug 1098 (det. Sand with). Balsapuerto,
King 3 101.
7. PSEUDOPAEGMA (Bur. & Sch.) Urban
Similar to Anemopaegma and also probably with both simple and
trifid tendrils but pollen grains 5-10-sulcate (Urban) ; branches not
angled and nodal glands present, sometimes hidden by indument,
according to Sandwith, who, I.e. 610, has given a key to the six known
species and remarked: "presence, absence and quality of indument is
likely ... to prove only of varietal significance, while length of calyx
teeth is suspect as a specific character." This statement may be
found to apply also to glandular development.
Pseudopaegma insculptum Sandw. Kew Bull. 1954: 608.
1955.
Branchlets, petioles (3-5 cm. long), and petiolules puberulous;
stipules not foliaceous; leaflets ovate (not broadly), rounded or sub-
truncate at base, acute or cuspidate, about 1-1.5 dm. long, 6.5-
8.5 cm. wide, coriaceous, glabrous (unless midrib above), punctate-
lepidote especially beneath, the 7-9 primary nerves prominent be-
neath, several with veinlets intricately impressed above giving a
smooth shagreened appearance; inflorescence short, many-flowered,
densely crisped puberulous; calyx 5-6 mm. long, 9 mm. across at
apex, papillose, puberulous and glandular, minutely denticulate; co-
rolla yellow, 4.5 cm. long, tube 1.5 cm. long, apex 1.6 cm. across,
glabrous except glandular papillose at insertion of filaments, limb
2-2.5 cm. across, lobes, especially marginally, pubescent and gland-
ular; ovary ellipsoid, compressed, densely lepidote; ovules about 6-
seriate. Near P. oligoneuron Sprague & Sandw. I.e. 88. 1932, of
east-central Colombia, with broadly ovate leaflets, veinlets not im-
38 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
pressed, corolla lobes glabrous (author). Type from Rio Caqueta,
Colombia, an area with many species also found in adjacent
Peru.
Peru (probably). Colombia; Brazil.
8. CLYTOSTOMA Miers
Scandent, the leaves simple or trifoliate, or bifoliate and the ten-
dril simple; flowering or younger branchlets with conspicuous cata-
phylls toward base; gland areas none. Stipules small, usually
subulate-lanceolate. Inflorescence ordinarily small (2 to few flow-
ers), in one species abundantly floriferous and terminal. Calyx
broadly campanulate, distinctly ribbed and venose, unevenly lobed
or subulate-denticulate, the teeth from below the margins, rarely
cleft. Corolla funnelform, thin, delicate, lepidote or (and) crisped
pubescent. Anthers glabrous. Disk platter-shaped, sinuate. Ovary
obtusely tuberculate or lepidote, ovules 2-4-seriate. Capsule short,
oblong-ellipsoid, not alate, densely echinate, the valves parallel.
Seeds broadly oblong, rather corky, the somewhat thinner wings
same color but not membranous. Pollen not sulcate (Gomes, Rodri-
gue"sia20: 130,.%. 25).
Flowers few.
Flowers decussate-paniculate, 5.5-6 cm. long; calyx cleft or (and)
minutely dentate C. sciuripabalum.
Flowers 2-5-umbellate, rarely peduncle 3-flowered; calyx teeth
minute, conical C. binatum.
Flowers many in terminal panicles; calyx teeth minute, membranous
at base C. Uleanum.
Clytostoma binatum (Thunb.) Sandw. Recueil Trav. Bot.
Ne"erl. 34: 231. 1937; 37. Bignonia binata Thunb. PI. Bras. 35.
1821. B. purpurea Lodd. Hook. Bot. Mag. ser. 3, 25: pi. 5800. 1869.
C. noterophilum (DC.) Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: 153.
1896.
Quite glabrous except corolla, the short flowering branches tetrag-
onous, older nodes lenticellate; leaves simple or the upper bifoliolate,
the tendrils long, flexuose, the oblong-elliptic shortly petioled leaflets
obtuse or shortly cuspidate, rounded at base where somewhat 3-
nerved, 8-13 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide; flowers binate or ternate in
FLORA OF PERU 39
axils or terminal, the 1-3 cm. long peduncles with minute basal
bractlets; calyx tubular-campanulate, obscurely denticulate or un-
evenly lobulate, 5-8 mm. long, slightly lepidote; corolla mauve with
white eye, 5.5-6.5 cm. long, tube funnelform, 2.5 cm. long or longer,
sparsely pilosulous, sometimes puberulous at base of included sta-
mens; ovary muricate, the ovules biseriate; capsule ligneous, 7 cm.
long, 4.5 cm. broad, densely conico-setulose. Similar to C. callistegi-
oides Bur. of Brazil, the calyx teeth subfiliform, more than half as
long as the tube. Perhaps not this species, generic determination
by Standley; flowers lilac, rose and yellow (Klug). Illustrated, Bot.
Mag. pi. 5800.
San Martin: Chazuta, Klug ^138? Paraguay to Venezuela and
Guianas.
Clytostoma sciuripabalum Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8,
pt. 2: 149. 1896.
Terete branches striate, the older subquadrate copiously lenti-
cellate; tendrils often weak and caducous; leaflets oblong or sub-
oblong, shortly and subobtusely acuminate, sparsely lepidote both
sides, herbaceous, 6-9 cm. long, about half as wide, nerves 6-8, not
at all clearly 3-nerved from base; panicles sessile, bracts caducous;
calyx cleft on one side, 8-9 mm. long, teeth 1 mm. long, coriaceous;
corolla lilac, campanulate-funnelform, minutely lepidote, 5.5-6 mm.
long, puberulent within at stamen insertion; disk scarcely 0.5 mm.
high; ovary linear-oblong, muricate, ovules 2-4-seriate; style pilos-
ulous below. Collection det. Sandwith with remark "apparently,
but fruits are needed; flowers pure lavender" (Seibert).
Loreto: Reddish sandy clay, 330 meters, Iberia, Seibert 19^9.
Brazil (Sao Paulo).
Clytostoma Uleanum Kranzl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 374.
1915. Macfadyena violacea Rusby, Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 356.
1927, fide Sandwith.
Glabrous; leaves bifoliolate, the tendril (to 14 cm. long) often
fallen, the leaflets oblong-elliptic, obtuse or acute, lustrous, espe-
cially beneath, in type 10-13 cm. long, 8 cm. wide; panicles terminal,
large, purplish in drying, pedicels 5-8 mm. long; calyx membra-
nous between the minute teeth, 6-7 mm. wide and long, lightly
squamulose; corolla violet, funnelform from base, puberulent, bi-
labiate, 5.5-6 cm. long, the tube 3.5 cm. across above, the throat
oblique; longer stamens half as long as tube; disk crenulate.
40 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Seems very distinct on account of the large terminal panicles (to
4 dm. long), showy light violet or lilac flowers, large leaflets; calyx
with a purplish truncate membrane (this pubescent like corolla with-
out) between the thick shortly deltoid acuminate teeth; capsule
oblong, echinate, 1.5-2 dm. long, excluding the prickles, these 6-9
mm. long, 5-8 mm. broad at base; seeds 2-2.5 cm. long, 5-6.5 cm.
broad, pale brown, the wing on one side reduced (subevanescent;
embryo appears placed at one end), the other wing very broad, firm-
membranous with a narrow membranous whitish hyaline margin,
according to Sandwith, Kew Bull. 1954: 605. 1955, who also observes
that Sandeman's plant has much smaller calyx teeth, corollas and
conspicuously cordate leaflets; he suggests it may be at least a dis-
tinct variety.
San Martin: Juanjui, King 3818 (det. Standley, as ined. Adeno-
calymma). Huanuco: Tingo Maria, (Asplund 122^3). Ganso Azul,
Rio Pachetea, (Sandeman 3376?}. Bolivia; Brazil (Rio Acre).
9. SCOBINARIA Seibert
Scandent shrub, the subterete slender lenticellate branches am-
pliate and complanate at nodes with many interpetiolar glands.
Leaves bifoliolate, marked by terminal scar of caducous tendril.
Thyrse axillary or terminal, few-flowered. Calyx narrowly tubular-
campanulate, membranous, sub-bilabiate or lobulate-serrate. Corolla
purple, funnelform, pilose. Stamens included, cells divaricate, nar-
row. Disk annular. Ovary oblong, 4-angled. Capsule compressed,
elongate-linear, densely verrucose-tuberculate; seeds suboblong, the
broad membranous wings hyaline-margined. The capsules of other
genera which are compressed-linear are quite smooth; Adenocalymma
and Martinella have no interpetiolar glands; Arrabidaea has smooth
capsules, a short-pubescent more or less coriaceous calyx (author).
The leading characteristics are the large tubular-campanulate bilabi-
ately split calyx and the remarkable long compressed linear closely
prickly capsule (Sandwith).
Scobinaria japurensis (DC.) Sandw. Kew Bull. 440. 1959.
Tabebuia japurensis DC. Prodr. 9: 214. 1845. Arrabidaea japuren-
sis (DC.) Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: 65. 1896. A. lenti-
cellosa Bur. & Sch. I.e. 64, at least as to Peru. Adenocalymma verru-
cosum Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 323. 1929. Martinella verrucosa
Standl. Contr. Arnold Arb. 5: 138. 1933. Arrabidaea belizensis
FLORA OF PERU 41
Standl. I.e. 8: 48. 1930. A. nicotianaeflora Kranzl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 6: 369. 1915.
Upper branches soon glabrous and smooth above, dark, more or
less lenticellate-tuberculate below, a few simple trichomes early pres-
ent as on the petioles, petiolules (1-3 cm. long) and leaflets, these
elliptic-oblong or subovate, shortly and obtusely or acutely acumi-
nate, or subobtuse, often 7-10 (15) cm. long, 3-5 (7) cm. wide,
sparsely lepidote, papillose, lustrous, especially above, more or less
obviously reticulate-veined, concolor and opaque beneath where bar-
bellate in the axils of the 4-5 larger nerves; racemes shorter than
leaves, axillary or terminal, few-flowered, the bracts minute; pedi-
cels (with peduncles) 10-18 mm. long (shorter in Peru); calyx in
Peru early 6-8 mm. long, in type to 1.5 cm. (DeCandolle), 2.5-3 cm.
long (Schumann), finally to 1.5 cm. across above, subevenly bilabiate
or often later cleft, coriaceous and dark at base, membranous and
paler above; corolla roseate (Schunke), dark violet, white within or
deep red-wine (Klug), 5- nearly 8 cm. long including the rounded
lobes (3 cm. long, DeCandolle), puberulent tomentulose also within
near stamen-insertion; disk solid, to 17 mm. long; ovules 24 per cell,
biseriate; capsule prickly, drying dark; seeds pale brown except the
sordid white narrow hyaline wing margin. The fruit, rough like a
wood rasp, and the seeds, agree exactly with those of S. verrucosa
(Standl.) Seibert, type of the genus from Central America (Sand-
with).
The plant resembles Phryganocydia Mart, to which Martius in
herb, referred it, but the disk is well-developed. A. lenticettosa Bur.
& Sch. seems to be material with closely tuberculate branches, smaller
leaflets, subcoriaceous calyx, 25-28 mm. long, orange (?) corolla (type
from Mato Grosso, Brazil); to it Seibert referred the Schunke collec-
tion; the species is probably variable. The extra-Peruvian synon-
ymy, after Seibert, is given in deference to the final decision of
Standley which seems to suggest that he questioned the logical but
probably unnatural classification in the family. A photo of the Vitoc
specimen in the U. S. National Herbarium has been seen, courtesy
of the staff. Illustrated, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 522: 434, pi. 5
(S. verrucosa).
Junin: Vitoc, Ruiz & Pavon, fide Schumann. Loreto: Balsa-
puerto, Klug 1143 (det. Sand with). Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tess-
mann 4347. Rio Mazan, Jose Schunke 86. Madre de Dfos: Rio
Tahuamanu, Iberia, Seibert 1953 (det. Sandwith). Bolivia to Cen-
tral America; Venezuela.
42 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
10. MARTINELLA Baillon
Trichomes (if present) of branchlets, often petioles, racemes, mi-
nutely glandular; immersed nodal glands and lenticels usually none.
Leaves bifoliolate, tendril trifid, the short branches recurved but
often caducous (or tendril simple), stipules obsolete. Racemes rarely
branched toward base. Flower buds obovoid, apiculate. Calyx un-
evenly (slightly bilabiately) 2-3-lobed. Corolla more or less funnel-
form, the tube glabrous as the divaricate-celled anthers. Ovary
sparsely if at all lepidote, ovules 4-seriate (biseriate, Sampaio).
Capsule linear, attenuate both ends, compressed, the parallel valves
thickened marginally, the middle nerve obscure. Seeds oblong,
broadly membranous-alate. The Peruvian liana may be referable
to the entity of Sampaio, who distinguished two species as follows;
but the characters may not be constant.
Corolla 2.8-3 cm. long, lilac; tendrils trifid; leaflets herbaceous,
9-13 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide; calyx glabrous M. obovata.
Corolla 4.5-5 cm. long, dark purple; tendril simple; leaflets coria-
ceous, 14-17 cm. long, 8-9 cm. wide; calyx (lens) densely scaly
and sparsely pilosulous M. iquitosensis.
Martinella iquitosensis Sampaio, Ann. Acad. Bras. Sci. 7: 122.
1935.
Branches stout, glabrous but immersed dark glandular at base of
nodes; leaves conjugate; leaflets yellowish-green, concolor, ovate-
elliptic, acute or obtusely acuminate, acute at base, glabrous, sparsely
black glandular beneath, the principal nerves usually 5; inflorescence
lax, few-flowered, 8-12 cm. long, dark glandular at nodes, the ped-
icels strongly pilosulous; calyx drying black, in bud obconic-elliptic,
becoming 3-lobulate, glabrous within, lepidote and sparsely pilose
without, 16-18 mm. long; corolla arcuate, glabrous about two-thirds
below, the lobes puberulous, 4-8 mm. long, the tube 1.5 cm. long; sta-
mens subequal, pollen trisulcate, exine reticulate; disk 1 mm. high;
ovary narrowed at both ends, glabrous; ovules biseriate, about 36.
If this is distinct from M. obovata, as seems probable on the basis
of the biseriate ovules (accurately observed?), probably all the Peru-
vian specimens, at least those from the region of Iquitos, belong to it.
Loreto: In high woods near Iquitos, (Kuhlmann 11+92, type).
Martinella obovata (HBK.) Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8,
pt. 2: 161, pi. 84. 1896. Spathodea obovata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3:
FLORA OF PERU 43
(115) 147. 1819. Anemopaegma leptosiphon Rusby, Mem. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 7: 354. 1927, fide Sandwith.
Glabrous, glabrate or puberulent, often some of the minute
trichomes gland-tipped; branchlets striate; leaflets ovate- to rounded-
elliptic, or lanceolate, rounded to subcordate at base, cuspidate-
acuminate, to about 1.5 dm. long, usually more than half as wide,
firm-chartaceous, slender; lateral nerves 6 or more, rather noticeable as
the venation especially on the paler under surface; racemes lax, about
a dm. long (sometimes much longer), flexuose as often the slightly
reflexed short or elongate pedicels; calyx 12-17 mm. long, the broad
lobes 3-9 mm. long; corolla 3.5-7 cm. long, obscurely lepidote; ovary
constricted-stipiform above the pulvinate disk; capsule brown, 4-8
dm. long, about 1.5 cm. broad; seeds 10-14 mm. long, 4-6 cm. wide,
yellowish as the wings. Flowers said to be dark purple north of Peru
but Klug noted them as pale and dark violet or white; these collec-
tions, violet and yellow, determined by Standley may be distinct as
M. iquitoensis Sampaio, Ann. Acad. Bras. Sci. 7: 122. 1935.
San Martin: Chazuta, Klug ^128. Juanjui, Klug ^3^8. Loreto:
Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 29073 (det. Seibert). Balsapuerto,
Klug 8106. Bolivia to Central America; Trinidad.
11. PITHECOCTENIUM Mart.
Scandent by trifid tendrils replacing the terminal leaflet of some
of the trifoliate leaves, the foliose branchlets strongly fibrous, the
prominent fibrous ribs effaceable. Nodal gland areas obsolete; pseu-
dostipules often obvious. Inflorescence terminal. Calyx coriaceous,
campanulate, truncate. Corolla funnelform or rather so, densely
tomentose or furfuraceous. Anthers glabrous; cells divaricate. Ovary
contracted above the conspicuous pulvinate disk, ellipsoid, softly
appressed spinulose; ovules pluriseriate. Capsule ligneous, flattened-
ellipsoid, densely echinate with a subquadrangular apical appendage,
the prickles more or less persisting; seeds oblong, the body thin, the
hyaline wings very broad. Sandwith well describes the pod; sterile
part of septum thin, flattened and with broad margins flattened at
right angles; these are formed by the seminiferous borders bent at
right angles to the septum proper, thus coming to be in the same
plane so that the entire structure resembles two shallow trays back
to back. Pollen not sulcate (Gomes, Rodrigue"sia 20: 130, fig.
25).
44 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Pithecoctenium echinatum (Jacq.) Schum. Pflanzenfam. 4,
Abt. 3b: 218. 1894; 45. Bignonia echinata Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib.
25. 1760.
Lepidote with lustrous white scales and more or less pubescent
with simple trichomes on younger branchlets, petioles and leaflets;
pseudostipules (if evident) oblong-spatulate; leaflets ovate, some-
times suborbicular, basally rounded to clearly cordate, cuspidate,
5-13.5 cm. long, 4-10 cm. wide, thin-papery (drying greenish), lateral
nerves 4 at or near base on each side of midrib, intricate reticulation
often scarcely apparent; calyx 7-10 mm. long, obscurely denticulate,
tomentulose and with gland areas on upper half; corolla white or
yellowish, frequently curved, 4-6 cm. long, tomentose with simple
trichomes, the limb to 4 cm. across, very pubescent within, the seri-
ate glands below lobes not visible; capsule 10-22 cm. long, 4.5-6.5 cm.
broad, prickles deltoid-subulate, acute, to 4 mm. long; seeds 2.5-
3 cm. long, 6-8 cm. broad, nitid, the embryo yellowish, the hyaline
wings whitish. Clambering, forming large leafy masses at forest
edge (Vargas, etc.). P. cynanchoides DC. of Argentina, much culti-
vated, has a denticulate calyx, a shortly echinate smaller capsule.
Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: pi. 86; Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 80.
pi. 2, fig. 8 (staminode) .
Cuzco: Valle de Santa Ana, 1,250 meters, Herrera 985. Conven-
tion, Soukup 898. Echarate, Goodspeed Exped. 10^66 (det. Standley).
Paraguay to Colombia and some of the West Indies. "Espiguilla."
12. DISTICTELLA Kuntze
Vegetatively resembles Pithecoctenium but the branchlets terete,
without detachable fibrous ribs. Inflorescence terminal or axillary,
often a thyrse. Corolla with a villous-tomentose ring below the in-
sertion of the stamens. Disk pulvinate or annular-cupulate. Ovary
tomentose, the ovules in 4 rows on each of the 2 distinct placentae
in each cell. Capsule smooth, oblong-ellipsoid, attenuate both ends,
not appendiculate, the valves with a distinctly raised midrib; seeds
of the related genus. Was included by Bureau and Schumann at least
more conveniently in Distictis Bur. with paniculate inflorescence.
Leaves in herbaria brown or greenish-brown.
Distictella racemosa (Bur. & Sch.) Urban, Repert. Sp. Nov.
14: 310. 1916; 42. Distictis racemosa Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras.
FLORA OF PERU 45
8, pt. 2: 179. 1896. B. Rusbyi Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 71.
1900, fide Sandwith.
Branchlets finely striate, early densely pulverulent or pubescent,
usually glabrate and lenticellate in age; leaflets ovate- or elliptic-
oblong, obtuse or rounded at base, shortly acuminate, a dm. or two
long, about half as wide, finally coriaceous, glabrous but punctate-
lepidote, often slightly shagreened and lustrous above, dull below,
the 4-5 lateral nerves typically arcuate-ascending, the veinlet-reticu-
lation impressed on both surfaces; thyrses or racemes narrow, 1-2 dm.
long, branches 1- or 3-flowered; calyx subcampanulate, 9-14 mm.
long, minutely tomentulose, often purplish (dried) and with large
gland areas above; corolla white, campanulate-funnelform, 5-6 cm.
long, limb about 5 cm. across; style pubescent; capsule tomentulose
and with many impressed platiform glands, 12-14.5 cm. long, 4-5 cm.
broad. After Sandwith (as most descriptions), who notes (as Brit-
ton) Spruce 1721 as conspecific but leaves more oblong, broadly
rounded at base, the nerves more spreading. Collected in Bolivia
on the Rio Madre de Dios it is to be expected within Peru on the
same river. Similar, but less likely to be encountered is D. magno-
liifolia (HBK.) Sandw. Lilloa 3: 460. 1938, the veinlets elevated both
surfaces (Sandwith, Kew Bull. 1953: 477-479. 1954); if this charac-
ter does not hold, this is the older name. D. pulverulenta Sandw.
Brittonia 3: 91. 1938, found as near as Paulo Olivenca, has leaflets
pulverulent beneath.
Loreto: Rio Ucayali, Seibert 1891; 2233 (det. Seibert). Mishu-
yacu, King 707; 758 (det. Sandwith). Rio Mazan, Jost Schunke 79
(det. Killip). Bolivia to Colombia and Guiana.
13. PARAGONIA Bur.
Scandent by bifid or trifid tendrils that consistently replace the
terminal leaflet of the ternately compound leaves. Branchlets sub-
terete, obviously lenticellate as capsules but immersed nodal glands
obsolete. Stipules subulate, lanceolate, usually striate in age. Thyrse
terminal, many-flowered. Calyx campanulate, subtruncate or lobed
unevenly. Corolla funnelform, in bud velvety, in anthesis more or
less scurfy tomentose. Anthers glabrous, cells divaricate, connective
produced. Disk cupulate. Ovary lepidote, thick- walled ; ovules bi-
seriate. Capsule elongate-linear, acuminate, the parallel valves
densely tuberculate, the midrib raised, the broadly and thinly alate
seeds narrowly oblong. One of the black sheep, so to speak, in the
46 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
taxonomic setup; it appeared in litt. in at least four different groups
and was logically in any case placed by Bureau in a genus by itself,
following the redefinition of Bignonia L. Sprague observed that in
flower it may be identifiable by the velvety corolla, the large cupular
disk and the very thick walls and small chambers of the ovary. Her-
barium leaves dry unevenly gray-greenish brown or rarely darken,
usually only in part, somewhat lustrous or subopaque.
Paragonia pyramidata (L. C. Rich.) Bur. Vidensk. Meddels.
Naturh. Foren. 104. 1894. Bignonia pyramidata L. C. Rich. Act.
Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 110. 1792.
Branchlets finely striate, minutely lepidote as leaflets, those sub-
oblong to elliptic, obovate or ovate, obtuse or rounded basally,
shortly acuminate or cuspidate, often 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-8 cm. wide,
thin-coriaceous, closely reticulate both sides, often as branchlets and
calyces drying darker unevenly or grayish-brown; lateral nerves 5-7;
thyrse 1.5-2 dm. long or longer, densely puberulent and lepidote;
calyx 6-10 mm. long, coriaceous, usually (rarely obscurely) obtusely
papillate or beneath tuberculate; corolla pink or purple, 3-7 cm. long,
limb 2.5-^4 cm. across, pubescent within; capsule obtusely tubercu-
late, strongly attenuate, to about 2.5 cm. thick, 4 dm. long or longer;
seeds to 1 cm. long, 3.5 cm. broad, the wings sordid white to dark
brown. The var. tomentosa Bur. & Sch. has leaves merely lepidote
or glabrous only above. After Sandwith, who, curiously, in listing
the range does not include Peru; he notes that Urban erred in sug-
gesting that the fruit illustrated by Hooker (pi. 2772} does not be-
long here; he adds three names to Sprague's synonymy in Hooker's
Icones PI. pis. 2771, 2772. Flowers blue-pink (Mexia); all parts of
corolla within white, without purplish or wine-red, calyx red-dotted,
leaf nerves pale (Woytkowski).
Stems used for lashings (Mexia).
San Martin: Near Tarapoto, Woytkowski 35010; 35164. Zepela-
cio, King 3^09. Pongo de Cainarachi, King 2623 (det. Sandwith).
Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer; 283. Loreto: Rio Pachitea,
Killip & Smith 26825 (det. Killip). Rio Ucayali at Rio Maquia,
Seibert 1890 (det. Seibert). Mazan, Jose Schunke 31; Mexia 6^71.
Florida, Rio Zubineta, King 1996. Rio Itaya, Killip & Smith 29535.
Yurimaguas, Mexia 6077. Pongo de Manseriche, Mexia 6181; 6369
(det. Sandwith). Madre de Dios: Maldonado, Seibert 2010 (versus
var. tomentosum Bur. & Sch., Sandwith). Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia
to Mexico and the West Indies. "Huachamosa" (Mexia).
FLORA OF PERU 47
14. TANAEGIUM Sw.
Branchlets subterete, with or without nodal glands, the leaves
trifoliate or bifoliolate and terminating in a simple tendril. Stipules
not foliaceous. Calyx tubular-campanulate, truncate, sometimes
slightly lobed or split and denticulate. Corolla white or sordid yel-
low, more or less hypocrateriform, the narrow cylindric tube gradu-
ally enlarged near the apex into the limb. Stamens inserted above
the middle of the tube, the glabrous anthers usually somewhat ex-
serted from the throat, the cells divaricate to arcuate. Disk pulvi-
nate-cupulate. Ovary ovoid-oblong, lepidote; ovules pluriseriate.
Capsule ellipsoid-subcylindric, ligneous, the smooth very convex
valves sometimes with a well-defined longitudinal groove; septum
margins flattened at right angles; seeds oblong, thick, corky, the
wings as thick as the nucleus for a distance but apparently with a
membranous hyaline deciduous margin. After Sand with (as most
generic descriptions), who aptly describes the capsule as almost sau-
sage-shaped, although Ducke notes that it is fat and woody; striking
in the long corollas (Peru).
Tanaecium nocturnum (Barb. Rodr.) Bur. & Sch. in Mart.
Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: 185. 1896-7. Osmohydrophora nocturna Barb.
Rodr. Vellosia ed. 2, 1: 49. 1891.
Glabrous except minutely lepidote on the finely striate nitid
branchlets, leaves and the long (to 1.5 dm.) terminal thyrse of white
or dull yellow flowers; leaflets mostly about ovate, some suborbicu-
lar, rounded or slightly cordate at base, acutely cuspidate-acuminate,
to about 1.5 dm. long, a dm. or so wide, mostly much smaller, papy-
raceous, prominently 3-5-nerved at or close to the base, the very fine
intricate venation visible both sides; lower thyrse branches 3-, upper
1-flowered; calyx 13-18 mm. long (Sandwith), early truncate, finally
lobed or split, copiously lepidote and with narrow vertical gland-
areas on the lower half; corolla 8 or 10 cm. long (Sandwith), to
16 cm. (Schumann), the strongly arcuate tube glabrous, the limb
4-5 cm. across, covered within with small raised glands, stamens in-
serted above the middle, exserted from the throat, the cells falcate-
divaricate; ovary costate, the ovules 4-6-seriate, the 4-6 series of
ovules on two widely separated placentas. T. cyrtanthum (Mart.)
Bur. & Sch. of Brazil and Paraguay has few greenish-white flowers,
the corolla tube little curved, stamens included (illustrated, Miers,
Contr. Bot. 2: 88, pi. 6D). Illustrated, Vellosia, I.e. 3, pt. 2: pis. 8, 9,
48 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
flowers from old wood in contrast to those of the common T. jaroba
Sw. of the West Indies.
Peru (fide Sandwith). To Surinam.
15. MACRANTHOSIPHON (Baillon) Bureau
Pyrostegia sect. Macranthosiphon Baillon, Hist. PI. 10: 31. 1891.
Similar to Pyrostegia but calyx coriaceous, 5-costate, obtusely
dentate, and, especially, aestivation of corolla lobes evidently imbri-
cate. Baillon's disposition seems to be more useful.
Macranthosiphon longiflorus (Cav.) Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8,
pt. 2: 188. 1896. Bignonia longiflora Cav. Icones 6: 58, pi. 581. 1799.
Early more or less lepidote, including leaves both sides and
truncate calyx without, this about 6 mm. long; leaflets oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse, obtusely and shortly narrowed, not pellucid but
puncticulate-glandular, 5-10 cm. long, 1.5^4 cm. wide; stipules folia-
ceous; corolla gradually long-funnelform, glabrous, 7-9 cm. long, tube
1.5-2 cm. long, lobes 12-17 mm. long; capsule 1.5 dm. long, 10-12
mm. broad, seeds 3 cm. long, membranous wing often lacerate.
Type from Guayaquil. F.M. Neg. 18486.
Piura: Amotape Hills, Haught 122. Ecuador.
16. TYNNANTHUS Miers
Schizopsis Bur. Monogr. Bignon. 44. 1864; Adansonia 5: 369.
1865, fide author.
Scandent, the branchlets subterete, striate, interpetiolar ribs V-
shaped (Seibert), the leaves 3-2-foliolate, the latter with simple ten-
dril, the stipule (caducous) often foliaceous. Panicles, rather thyrses
(or dichasia), axillary or terminal, the small (less than 1 cm. long)
flowers distinctly bilabiate; calyx turbinate, campanulate, truncate,
denticulate, sometimes bilabiate; corolla funnelform, arcuate, tomen-
tulose. Stamens visible, anthers glabrous, ovary conical, pubescent;
capsule elongate linear with smooth valves, midrib nerves small,
hyaline, alate (known) ; seeds thus, according to Sandwith, substan-
tiating the validity of the genus. Bureau, Adansonia 8: 271-274.
1868, in accepting the generic description of Miers, Proc. Roy. Hort.
Soc. 3 : 179. 1863, adopted the name as feminine, listing examples by
Linnaeus. Sandwith, Kew Bull. 1953: 464. 1954, followed Schumann
FLORA OF PERU 49
in treating Miers' spelling Tynanthus as an orthographic error (name
derived from Greek "small") ; in courtesy this correction may be ac-
cepted but simplification in spelling rather than indication of deriva-
tion should be the desire of all; word origins are rightly destined to
become a specialized study or hobby for minds so interested.
Glabrous except inflorescence T. Weberbaueri.
Puberulent, at least upper stems, leaf-nerves.
Leaves drying light; indument of stems canescent; calyx bi-
labiate T. polyanthus.
Leaves drying dark; indument obscure, fulvous; calyx not
bilabiate T. myrianthus.
Tynnanthus myrianthus [Poeppig] Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl.
Bras. 8, pt. 2: 197. 1896.
Resembles T. polyanthus; indument rather obscure or fulvous;
stipules 1-1.5 cm. broad and long; leaflets somewhat ovate, often
larger, darkening; panicles ample, divaricately branched, sometimes
2 dm. long, pedicels finally 5 mm. long, calyx about 1.5 mm. long,
hypocrateriform, scarcely curved, denticulate; corolla 6 mm. long.
Flowers white (Klug 4065) or violet-striped or bright blue (Klug).
San Martin: Chazuta, Klug 4065 (det. Standley). Loreto: Yuri-
maguas, Poeppig 2388, type; Klug 2778 (det. Sandwith). Balsa-
puerto, Klug 2886. Madre de Dios: Seibert 1899. Bolivia.
Tynnanthus polyanthus (Bur.) Sandw. Kew Bull. 1953: 465.
1954. T. laxiflorus Miers, nomen nudum, Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. 3:
1. 1863; 193. Schizopsis polyanthus Bur. Adansonia 5: 378. 1865.
Slender (finally quadrate) branches, especially at the complanate
nodes, as the leaves, at least on the nerves beneath, and the often
ample narrowly pyramidal panicles including the corollas more or
less grayish or slightly fulvous puberulent-tomentulose; stipules 7-8
mm. across, suborbicular; leaflets rather inequilateral, oblong-elliptic,
obtusely acuminate, mucronate, mostly about 8-10 cm. long, half
as wide, with scattered minute trichomes both sides and pellucid-
punctate, concolor, the 6 larger nerves and transverse veins prom-
inent; bracts, bractlets persisting; calyx clearly bilabiate, 2.5 mm.
long; corolla 6.5-7 mm. long, puberulent also within except at stamen
insertion, the stamens basally pilosulous; disk none; ovary sub-
tomentose, ovules 4-seriate, 24-28 (Schumann). Schumann in def-
erence to his collaborator accepted Miers' ined. name (also another),
50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
realizing the action unjust. Dr. Sand with admirably commented, I.e.
Flowers yellow or red-yellow (Klug). F.M. Negs. 22126; 26214
(both Spruce 4895).
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 1+895, type. Juanjui, Klug
+ Huanuco: Tingo Maria, Allard 21811 (det. L. B. Smith).
Tynnanthus Weberbaueri Sprague, Bot. Jahrb. 42: 176. 1908.
Glabrous except puberulent inflorescence including calyx and
corolla without, the branchlets densely lenticellate; leaflets elliptic-
oblong (terminal obovate), rounded to acute or cuneate at base,
obtuse or shortly and acutely acuminate, 8-12 cm. long, 4.5-6 cm.
wide, subcoriaceous, densely reticulate both sides, the 5-7 lateral
nerves arcuate-ascending; panicles axillary in branchlet tip, shorter
than leaves (drying dark) ; pedicels to 4 mm. long; calyx campanulate,
obliquely truncate (posterior teeth obvious); filaments pubescent
at base, staminode glabrous; corolla pale yellow, to 6.5 mm. long,
glabrous within except simply pilose at stamen insertion and ante-
riorly with capitate trichomes from there to lobes; disk obsolete;
ovary ovoid, tomentulose, style glabrous, ovules 4-seriate, about 20
per cell. In Peru differs from T. myrianthus in its glabrous not at
all cordate leaves; from T. Goudotianus in the glabrous staminode
and pilose (anteriorly) corolla tube (author).
Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer 1896, type; 283.
17. MUSSATIA Bureau
Scandent, the tendrils simple and the acutely quadrate branchlets
with thick ribs, these separating, gland areas lacking. Leaves bi-
foliolate; stipules foliaceous (always?). Flowers usually crowded,
many in a terminal thyrse, the very short calyx unevenly lobed or
split, the funnelform corolla clearly bilabiate, with yellowish, brown,
red or blue marks or stripes (purple-lined within dried), thin, only
glandular and lepidote without and at stamen insertion toward
base; anthers glabrous, short arcuate cells finally subdivaricate.
Disk fleshy, shallow, undulate-crenulate. Ovary broadly oblong,
grooved, lepidote, the 4-6-seriate ovules on 2 distinct placentae;
capsule thick-oblong, ligneous, the parallel valves compressed, gla-
brous or scaly, rugulose to rugose-warty (not tuberculate or echinate) ;
seeds 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 6-8.5 cm. broad, glabrous, brown, except
the narrow pale hyaline membranous margin of the wings (Sand-
with, Kew Bull. 1953: 464. 1954). Pollen grains have the same
FLORA OF PERU 51
form as those of Tynnanthus but the exine is uniformly reticulate
(Pichon, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 92: 229. 1945) instead of smooth
(Urban) as in the other genus, and the grains are trisulcate, which
character together with distinctly bilabiate corolla, short disk, curved
anther cells favors alliance with Tynnanthus to which Schumann,
Standley and Sprague at different times referred specimens, but
branchlets, pseudostipules, lack of indument within, peculiarly col-
ored lepidote corolla (except on limb), and shorter calyx make actual
identification with Miers' group inadvisable (Sandwith). In many
families, may I venture to remark, the four characters mentioned
first would be considered as more indicative of natural generic char-
acterization than the latter.
Mussatia hyacinthina (Standley) Sandw. Recueil Trav. Bot.
Ne"erl. 34: 218. 1937. Tynnanthus hyacinthinus Standley, Carnegie
Inst. Wash. Publ. 461: 87. 1935.
Stipules (i.e. bud scales) ovate, about 1.5 cm. long, 1 cm. wide;
leaflets ovate-oblong to elliptic, rounded or truncate at base, acute
or shortly acuminate, mostly 1-1.5 dm. long, about half as wide,
papyraceous, many suboviform glands beneath, the nerve axils bar-
bellate; calyx broadly campanulate, spreading, truncate or obscurely
lobulate, glandular-lepidote to sparsely pubescent, 1.5-2.2 mm. long;
corolla 1.5-2 cm. long, stipitately glandular-lepidote, the tube ab-
ruptly expanded at base; capsule (immature?) 17.5 cm. long, 5.5 cm.
broad, broadly attenuate-acuminate, thin valves lustrous, smooth
but obviously undulate-rugulose (Sandwith from Philipson 21 -40,
probably this species). Well-developed corollas scarcely to 2 cm.
long, often much shorter, longer stamens less than 1.5 cm. long,
anther cells hardly 1.5 mm. long; the Peruvian record is by Pav6n
without data in Herb. Dunant, Paris, according to Sandwith, who,
I.e. 217, observes that the species may prove to be a small-flowered
variant of M . Prieurei (DC.) Bur. of Suriname and British Guiana,
corollas 3.5-5 cm. long, but leaflets tend to be more ovate, thyrse
laxer. However, there may be a difference in capsules at least
as to size (see Sandwith, I.e.), that of the eastern ranging plant
apparently being much larger, roughly and conspicuously rugose-
warty (Krukoff 5080, Rio Jurua Basin, Brazil, M . Prieurei?, Sand-
with). The Philipson collection was from Sierra de La Macarena,
Colombia, directly north of Loreto, Peru. Illustrated, Oesterr. Bot.
Zeitschrift. 80. pi. 2, figs. 11>, 15 (flower).
Peru (cf. note above). Bolivia to Central America, Venezuela.
52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
18. AMPHILOPHIUM HBK.
Scandent shrubs, the leaves trifoliolate, or bifoliolate and with a
simple tendril, the branchlets strongly 6-costate, the ribs finally
separating. Calyx limb somewhat doubled, the outer slightly 3-5-
lobed, the inner appressed bilabiate. Corolla subcoriaceous, the tube
short, the large throat ventricose, the limb bilabiate. Staminode
rudimentary. Anther cells divaricate. Ovary tomentose or glabrous.
Capsule ovate or oblong, more or less ligneous, smooth or rugose-
tuberculate, the seeds seriately imbricate, membranous-alate.
Handsome plant, the limb of the corolla more or less curled ; species
not understood or tenuous.
Leaflets pubescent at least beneath, often concolor; sub-basal nerves
usually 5-7, widely arcuate.
Inner calyx lobules (epicalyx) enlarged, reflexing as a collar; leaves
pilose-hirsute; ovary glabrous A. Aschersonii.
Inner calyx appendages various, less enlarged; ovary hirsute-
tomentose.
Leaflets scabrous (sometimes also subhirsutulous) above, tri-
chomes minute or few, often branched; calyces tomentose
or little hirsute A. macrophyllum.
Leaflets pilose-hirsute, trichomes mostly long, simple; calyx
densely hirsute A. Jelskii.
Leaflets glabrate or glabrous (types), lepidote, cinereous or greenish
beneath; nerves often many and more crowded toward base,
ascending A. Mutisii, A. paniculatum.
Amphilophium Aschersonii Ule in Urb. & Graebn. Festschr.
Aschers. 549. 1904.
Conspicuously hirsute-pilose, especially the flowering branches
and leaves beneath, the latter at maturity bullate and sparsely
hirsute above, a dm. or so long, 8-10 cm. wide, shortly acutely cus-
pidate, cordate, subcoriaceous, the 5-7 principal nerves connected
by many transverse and reticulate veins; stipules foliaceous or ob-
scure or caducous; panicles often 3-4 dm. long, the peduncles and
pedicels about 1 cm. long or longer; calyx 3-lobed, 12-15 mm. long,
the undulate bullate appendages finally recurved like a collar; corolla
glabrous, viscid, about 3 cm. long, tube 16 mm. long, limb 9 mm.
long; ovary glabrous, style tomentulose, stigma lobes oblong, 4 mm.
wide; capsule 10-12 cm. long, 3-4 cm. broad, strongly rugose.
The pubescence, the large cordate leaflets and the extraordinary
FLORA OF PERU 53
calyx appendages are the notable characters; the corollas, as in all
species, are closed at tip and cleistogamous (Ule). Named, of course,
to honor the highly revered co-author of a flora of Europe. F.M.
Neg. 18445.
Loreto: Fortaleza near Yurimaguas, Klug 2818 (det. Sand with).
Iquitos, (Ule 6813, type). Mishuyacu, Klug 767; 1280 (both det.
Killip, A. macrophyllum).
Amphilophium Jelskii Zahlbr. Ann. Naturh. Hofm. Wien 7:
9. 1892.
Branches, leaves above, peduncles, pedicels (both to about 1 cm-
long) densely more or less softly hirsute; leaflets cordate, acuminate*
to 13 cm. long, 6-10 cm. wide, basally 5-nerved, lateral nerves 4,
veins lineate, coriaceous, densely stellate-floccose beneath, nerves
ochraceous hirsute; panicles ample; calyx hirsute, 7-8 mm. long,
8-10 mm. across, the lobes rounded, undulate, the 2 inner lobes
broadly rounded, forming a short cylinder little exceeding the calyx
limb; corolla red, glabrous or sparsely hirsute, about 2.5 cm. long,
the tube cylindric, the broader posterior lobe of limb minutely cleft,
anterior acutely 3-lobed; ovary densely hirsute, style less so, stigma
lobes broadly triangular, subcordate at base; capsule oblong-elliptic,
sulcate, acuminate, tuberculate and densely hirsute, 1 cm. long, 3 cm.
broad; seeds hirsutulous, amply alate. After author, who regarded
indument and short lobes of limb as notable. This is one of the
four types in the National Herbarium at Washington which I have
seen, thanks to the courtesy of Lyman B. Smith and associates; and
much other material has been sent me, selected by C. V. Morton.
F.M. Neg. 32843.
Cajamarca: Tambillo, Jelski 9b, type.
Amphilophium macrophyllum HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3:
150. 1819.
Younger branches sulcate-angled ; leaflets 2, rounded-ovate, cor-
date, acuminate, longer (medial) nerves 5, reticulate-veined, mem-
branous, lustrous both sides, above hirtellous, softly so beneath
(stellate-tomentose), and the nerves and veins prominent, 1.5 dm.
long or longer, 1 dm. wide; panicles fuscous-tomentose, axillary and
terminal; flowers pedicellate, 3.5 cm. long or longer, the pedicels
and calyces tomentose, the latter 10-12 mm. long, bi- (-4) lobed,
appendages crisped-undulate, 4-5 mm. long, lepidote; corolla gla-
brous, at least 3 cm. long, reddish, tube to 7 mm. long, limb bilabi-
54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
ate, inner lobe trifid, upper bidentate (after authors). Leaves above
scabrous, often also with some scattered trichomes, floccose tomen-
tose beneath. A. pannosum Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2:
209. 1896, from Guayaquil, Pavon, type, "leaves manifestly bullate"
(entire description), is, according to authors themselves, probably the
same. F.M. Neg. 26184 (A. pannosum).
Junin: Near La Merced, Killip & Smith 23882 (det. Killip).
Cuzco: Santa Ana, Cook & Gilbert 1557; 1558; 1565. Turbaco,
Colombia; Ecuador. "Tsarqui sacjta," "espejilla" (both Cook &
Gilbert).
Amphilophium Mutisii HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 116, pi.
219. 1819.
Branches early lepidote-tomentulous; tendrils slender, usually
caducous; leaflets ovate, rounded or acute at base, acutely acumi-
nate, 6-10 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide, lustrous above, opaque and paler
beneath, lepidote both sides, veins and nerves puberulent, basal
nerves 4-6, impressed above; panicles terminal, strict, 1-1.5 dm.
long, lepidote and puberulent including flowers; bracts 4 or 5 mm.
long; pedicels 3 mm. long; calyx 11 mm. long, acutely 3-lobed, mar-
gin scarcely labiate, the appendages about 3 mm. long; corolla 3 cm.
long, deeply bilabiate, sparsely lepidote, puberulent within near base;
disk pulvinate, pilose as style; ovary subtomentose, sulcate. Scarcely
differs from A. paniculatum (Schumann, from whom description is
taken), a suggestion worthy of investigation; possibly it represents
A. paniculatum as to Peru, the latter, distinguished by Schumann in
his key as 5-nerved, cinereous or subferrugineous beneath.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4420 (det. Schumann); det. Bureau,
A. paniculatum. Colombia.
Amphilophium paniculatum (L.) HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3:
149. 1819. Bignonia paniculata L. Sp. PI. 869. 1753.
Vigorous, densely and minutely glandular lepidote laxly branched
liana, the branchlets early brownish-puberulent (ribs ciliate) as at
least the nerves of the broadly rounded or cordate-ovate acuminate
leaflets (both sides), these to a dm. long, often smaller; panicles ter-
minal or reduced, axillary; calyx shortly campanulate or nearly glo-
bose, to 13 mm. long, with a spreading undulate or crisped limb,
lobulate within; corolla purple (whitish-blue or fading white), gla-
brous or limb and lobes pulverulent, about 3-4 cm. long; capsule
usually about 1 dm. long or longer, at least 3 cm. broad. The vari-
FLORA OF PERU 55
ety molle (Schlecht. & Cham.) Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 18: 1114.
1938 (type, Vera Cruz, Mexico) is marked by more or less developed
stellate indument, the variations in indument sometimes occurring on
the same plant (Standley) ; but at least some West Indies specimens
(Linnaeus' type from the Caribbean, Plumier) are not at all stellate;
see A. Mutisii and the diverse opinion of Bureau and Schumann.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Woytkowski 3511$ (det. Cuatrecasas).
Juanjui, Klug 4310 (det. Standley). Huanuco: Tingo Maria, Sou-
kup 2199 (det. Killip). Junin: Colonia Peren6,Killip & Smith 25^15
(det. Seibert). Cuzco: Valle de Santa Ana, Hacienda Potrero, Her-
rera 949 (var. molle) ; Klug 2956; 8975. Charate, Prov. Convencion,
Goodspeed Exped. 1 0^60 (det. Standley). Cultivated (?). West Indies.
19. STIZOPHYLLUM Miers
In part scandent with terete finely costulate branchlets (no gland-
areas) that early are densely tomentulose as the petioles and petio-
lules. Stipules if apparent not large. Leaflets 3 or 2 (tendril simple
or none), sometimes dentate, always conspicuously lepidote-punctate
beneath. Inflorescence a short raceme, axillary or terminal. Calyx
campanulate, membranous, more or less pubescent and inflated, cos-
tate, unevenly lobate. Corolla bright to pale yellow (Peru), purple
or white, campanulate-funnelform, pubescent and lepidote without.
Anthers glabrous, connective extended above the spreading cells.
Disk shallowly cupulate-pulvinate. Ovary oblong, lepidote, ovules
2-4-seriate. Capsule very narrowly elongate-linear, valves parallel,
smooth, long-attenuate, faintly ribbed. Seeds narrowly oblong,
broadly membranous-alate. Adenocalymma Mart., which is simi-
lar, may occur; it has yellow to white more or less pubescent flowers,
the calyx in Peru, except A. bracteolatum, coriaceous, entire or split,
usually glandular, connective sometimes little produced, ovules bi-
seriate, capsule oblong-linear, thick, the ligneous valves smooth or
tubercled, seeds rather round, more or less corky or oblong and mem-
branously alate but nucleus always very thick (Sandwith).
Stizophyllum riparium (HBK.) Sandw. Lilloa 3: 462. 1938.
Bignonia riparia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 138. 1819; 220. B. per-
forata Cham. Linnaea 667. 1832. S. inaequilaterum Bur. & Sch. in
Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: 221. 1896? S. perforatum (Cham.) Miers,
Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. 3 : 197. 1863, form or variety, sens. lat. (Sand-
with). B. brevipes Rusby, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 72. 1900, fide
Sandwith.
56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Branches (subtetragonous or terete) more or less densely but often
evanescently fulvous tomentose as the petioles and leaflets early be-
neath where punctate, glabrate above, finally also beneath except
the nerves and the subparallel little reticulate veins, membranous,
mostly not tendril-bearing, broadly ovate, obliquely rounded at base,
rounded to the apiculate tip, the larger to about 1-1.5 dm. long, to
nearly a dm. wide; racemes at most a few (-7) cm. long, terminal
and axillary (Peru); pedicels to 9 mm. long; bracts linear, lacerate
(type), villous, about 1-1.5 cm. long, acutely lobed about a third;
corolla to 5 cm. long, scarcely 2-lipped, limb about 1.5 cm. wide or
wider, somewhat villous; capsule 3-6 dm. long, hardly 6 mm. wide.
The Poeppig specimen is densely pellucid punctate; the taxon is
well characterized by the long soft golden brown hairs on all parts,
becoming woolly on branchlets, tendrils, inflorescences, calyx and
corolla; quite possible that it is not more than an indumentum vari-
ety of a very variable collective species (S. riparia), including S. per-
foratum (Sandwith, Kew Bull. 1954: 607. 1955); most of the Peru
collections are glabrate except Seibert's. Determinations, except
Schunke, by Sandwith.
San Martin: Chazuta, Klug 4H5. Juanjui, Klug 4274. Loreto:
Yurimaguas, Poeppig 1827 (type, S. inaequilaterum) . Rio Mazan,
Jose Schunke 315. Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, Klug 1092 (flowers
bright yellow) ; Klug 1458 (flowers white, both det. Sandwith). Chio,
toward Aquaitia, Seibert 1907. Madre de Dios: Iberia, Seibert 1950;
2165. Maldonado, Seibert 2016. Bolivia to Panama and Vene-
zuela.
20. CALLICHLAMYS Miq.
Distinctive by the axillary shortly racemose (clustered) flowers
with somewhat inflated calyces, these thin, glabrous and yellow (in
part violet) as the funnelform corollas. Branchlets subterete, nodal
glands none. Leaves trifoliolate or with simple tendril. Stipules un-
developed. Anthers glabrous. Ovary constricted above the broadly
depressed pulvinate disk, ovules pluriseriate on each of the 2 pla-
centae in each cell. Stigmas oblong-ligulate, acute. Capsule ellip-
soid, minutely granular, medial nerve obsolete. Seeds oblong, the
very wide membranous wings as body cinnamon in color.
Callichlamys latifolia (Rich.) Schum. in Pflanzenfam. 4, Abt.
3b: 223, pi. 88. 1894; 226. Bignonia latifolia Rich. Act. Soc. Hist.
Nat. Paris 110. 1792.
FLORA OF PERU 57
Variable, tomentulose to glabrous or essentially, except puberu-
lous racemes, the lenticellate branchlets more or less striate; leaflets
ovate to ovate-oblong-elliptic, rounded, obtuse or acute at base,
somewhat cuspidate-acuminate, 9-19 cm. long, 5-11 cm. wide, char-
taceous, rather lustrous, minutely lepidote, finely and openly reticu-
late especially beneath, where granular punctate, the 6-8 pairs of
nerves rather obvious; pedicels about 1 cm. long; calyx 3-4 cm. long,
not or a little puberulous and with a few immersed glands; corolla
7-10 cm. long, bright yellow, sometimes crimson or violet, secund,
the limb to 8 cm. across; capsule ligneous, about 2 (-3) dm. long, to
8 cm. broad, the seeds 2.5 cm. long, 6 cm. broad.
San Martin: Juanjui, Klug 4208 (det. Standley). Bolivia to Pan-
ama and Trinidad.
21. PYROSTEGIA Presl
Scandent, the upper leaves mostly 1-2-foliolate and with apically
trifid tendrils. Stipules obscure. Calyx campanulate, entire or den-
ticulate. Corolla tubular-funnelform, lightly curved, the subequal
lobes valvate. Stamens exserted from corolla throat. Disk conspic-
uous, fleshy, subpulvinate. Ovary linear, ovules many. Capsule
acute, glabrous, the nerve of the coriaceous valves obscure. Seeds
elliptic, the membranous wings hyaline-edged. Herbarium leaves
paler beneath, brown or dark above.
Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl) Miers, Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. 3:
188. 1863. Bignonia venusta Ker-Gawl, Bot. Reg. pi. 2^9. 1818; 159.
P. dichotoma Miers, Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. I.e.
Flowering branches obscurely striate-angled, glabrous or essen-
tially (Peru) except for slight pulverulence on younger parts, the
leaves distinctly punctate beneath; lower leaves 3-foliolate, the
mostly bifoliolate upper often with a long medial tendril, rather
stout, shortly trifid at apex; leaflets ovate- or oblong-elliptic, rounded
or slightly acute at base, rather abruptly subcaudately and acutely
acuminate, the larger about 7 cm. long, 3 cm. wide (petiolules 8-
14 mm. long), paler green beneath, drying dark, subcoriaceous, the
venation little prominent; calyx 5 mm. long, subtruncate, minutely
denticulate, glabrous or nearly (in type, as corolla lobes, marginally
villosulous ex char.); corolla narrowly tubular-funnelform, scarcely
bilabiate, about 6 cm. long, the spreading suboblong acute lobes
(aestivation valvate, DeCandolle) about 1 cm. long, half as wide,
58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
finally exceeded by stamens and style. P. dichotoma Miers was
maintained by Bureau and Schumann, 230, on the basis of apically
undulate calyx, ovules about 25 per cell, leaves rostrate, the panicle
lax, 13-15 cm. long; in type P. venusta the dense panicles about 1 dm.
long; it is not clear that these differences are more than a variation.
The anthers, reflexed, are shown by Gomes, Rodrigue'sia 32: 130,
fig. 4- Corolla brilliant pale orange-red, stigma white (Woytkowski).
Branches serve as piola, i.e. soguilla (rope), Ferreyra. Illustrated,
Argent. Inst. Bot. Agric. 10, fasc. 173: 33; Bot. Mag. pi. 2050.
F.M. Neg. 26203 (Spruce).
San Martin: Tarapoto, Woytkowski 35089 (det. Cuatrecasas) ;
Spruce 26203 (type, P. dichotoma}', Ferreyra 5070. Loreto: Balsa-
puerto, King 2969 (det. Standley, P. dichotoma). Madre de Dfos*
Iberia, Seibert 1927; 1952 (det. collector). Paraguay; Brazil, and
widely cultivated.
22. LUNDIA P. DC.
Scandent, the terete branches (subterete branchlets) often nodally
glandular, the leaves trifoliate on the terminal leaflet or simple or
trifid tendril. Pseud ostipules scarcely obvious. Calyx campanu-
late, denticulate-truncate, sometimes split. Corolla pubescent or
tomentose, campanulate-funnelform, the lobes often subequal. An-
thers villous, cells spreading. Disk obsolete. Ovary as style and
stigma pubescent or villous; ovules 2-6-seriate. Capsules linear,
compressed, the smooth valves strongly 1-nerved, parallel to sep-
tum, the narrowly oblong thin seeds hyaline-alate (Sandwith).
Lund was a Danish botanist and entomologist who collected in Brazil.
Stamens included, but calyx sometimes split.
Calyx scarious-margined, entire; filaments glabrous.
L. corymbifera.
Calyx not scarious above, often subdenticulate, rarely split.
Flowers 5 cm. long; calyx lobed or truncate; filaments glabrous.
L. puberula.
Flowers shorter than 5 cm.; calyx denticulate; filaments puber-
ulent L. Spruceana.
Stamens exserted, or more or less visible L. cordata.
Lundia cordata P. DC. Prodr. 9: 180. 1845; 243. Bignonia longa
Veil. Fl. Flum. 6. pi. 37; text, ed. Netto, 249. 1824, not L. longa
FLORA OF PERU 59
P. DC., I.e. Exsertanthera longa (Veil.) Pichon, Bull. Soc. Bot.
France 92: 226. 1945.
Slender younger branchlets more or less glandular at nodes and,
as the inflorescence, leaves puberulent especially beneath; leaflets
ovate or ovate-oblong, cordate at base, obtusely acuminate, about
1 dm. long, half as wide or smaller, rarely twice as large, usually
drying dark, the 5-6 nerves and reticulate veins more prominent be-
neath; calyx cupulate-campanulate, yellow, 6-10 mm. long, subcori-
aceous and puberulent below the unevenly splitting margin, this early
minutely denticulate; corolla elongate-funnelform, crimson-red, sub-
tomentose, 5.5-6 cm. long, longer stamens unequal, 3 cm. long,
affixed 23-27 mm. above the base; filaments glabrous, anthers bar-
bate; ovules 4-seriate. An aberrant species in the presence of nodal
glands, exserted stamens and extraordinarily reticulate pollen, the
segregation of M. Pichon perhaps justifiable, at least logically. How-
ever, as to glands, areas of these are usually developed near nodes of
specimens referred to L. Spruceana Bur. Capsule, according to Pichon,
11.5-42 cm. long, 9-25 mm. wide, valves acute, plane, coriaceous,
smooth except the prominent midnerve; seeds large, broadly hyaline
alate. Apparently unknown from Amazonian Brazil, the identifica-
tion therefore rather questionable or the specimen incorrectly labeled.
Illustrated, Rohrhofer, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 80. pi. 3, figs. 5, 6
(anther, staminode).
Loreto: Yurimaguas, (Poeppig 2008, det. Bureau). Southern
Brazil.
Lundia corymbifera (Vahl) Sandw. Recueil Trav. Bot. Ne"erl.
34: 229. 1937. Bignonia corymbifera Vahl, Eclog. Amer. 2: 45, pi. 17.
1798. L. umbrosa (HBK.) Bur. Adansonia 8: 282. 1868. B. umbrosa
HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 138. 1819.
Branches sulcate, strongly compressed at nodes, finally glabrous,
the younger terete, appressed fulvous puberulent as the axes, bracts,
petioles these striate, 4-6 cm. long and calyces of the inflores-
cences; petioles 2-4 cm. long, sulcate above, tendril simple, often
caducous; leaflets cordate-ovate (sometimes obtuse at base), long-
acuminate, also subcaudate (acumen obtuse, mostly apiculate), 8-
13 cm. long, 5-6.5 cm. wide, basally 5-plinerved, margin and nerves
both sides more or less puberulent or the latter hirtellous beneath,
sometimes glabrate; calyx scarious above, in anthesis transversely
split, finally campanulate or shortly obconic and 5-7 mm. long;
corolla white, 3-5 cm. long, velvety puberulent, the tube abruptly
60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
dilated above the calyx, posteriorly convex, anteriorly 2-sulcate, gla-
brous within except around stamen insertion (this 6 or 7 mm. above
base), lobes obovate, acuminate, puberulent both sides, the 2 poste-
rior connate; fertile filaments glabrous, arcuate, anthers very hirsute;
style glabrate or glabrous above; fruit (immature) 5 dm. long, 2 cm.
broad, velutinous, the 4 or 6 ribs stout, rugose, obtuse, 2 acute; seeds
complanate, 1 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide, the pellucid wing 1.5 cm. long.
After Bureau. Leaves exceedingly soft, thin, velvety (Woytkow-
ski). Most determinations by Standley. Illustrated, Bureau, I.e.
293, pi 6. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 80. pi. 3, figs. 7, 8 (flower).
San Martin : Zepelacio, King 3562. Tarapoto, Woytkowski 35087
(det. Cuatrecasas). Loreto: Fortaleza, Yurimaguas, Klug 2796 (det.
Sandwith). Cuzco: Hacienda Santa Rosa, Soukup 777. Echarate,
Goodspeed Exped. 10505. Brazil; Colombia.
Lundia puberula Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 258. 1917.
L. dicheilocalyx Blake, Contr. Gray Herb. 52: 94. 1917, fide Sandwith.
Enlarged nodes and leaves (especially beneath on nerves) more
or less puberulous; petioles 2-3 cm. long, petiolules 1.5-2 cm. long;
leaflets 2, ovate, obliquely subcordate or emarginate at base, rather
abruptly acuminate, 6-9 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, glabrate and
sparsely glandular above or glabrous, finely reticulate; panicles ter-
minal and axillary, many-flowered, puberulous as stems; calyx tubu-
lar, truncate, 5-6.5 mm. long, sometimes cleft; corolla pilose without,
glabrous within (tube glandular, Blake), to 4.5 cm. long, lobes sub-
equal; filaments glabrous, anthers barbate; anther cells long-ciliate,
divaricate; ovary puberulent or tomentose, the ovules multiseriate.
Flowers bright lilac (Klug) ; tube white, lobes pale pink (Killip &
Smith) ; latter specimen is in flower but complete.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, Klug 45 (det. Sandwith, probably, spec,
poor). Iquitos, Killip & Smith 271^9. To Central America.
Lundia Spruceana Bur. Adansonia 8: 279. 1868.
Branches and slender rachises of thyrse subquadrate, glabrous but
multiglandular at the compressed nodes; petioles 2.5 cm. long, gla-
brous as the bifoliate leaves and the apically trifid tendrils, the peti-
olules these 1.5 cm. long and the leaflets hirtellous, the latter
marginally and on the nerves, especially above, the nerve axils bar-
bate beneath; leaflets cordate-ovate, obtusely but apiculately acu-
minate, membranous, 5-plinerved at base, densely reticulate-veined
beneath, 8 cm. long, 5 cm. wide; inflorescence lax, about equaling
FLORA OF PERU 61
the leaves, sometimes with a pair of branches at base; calyx long-
campanulate, subtubular, 5-10-nerved, only the truncate minutely
denticulate throat hirtellous; corolla white or yellowish or throat
yellow, subcampanulate, appressed velutinous without, the oval lobes
both sides, the tube below the stamens glandular puberulent, around
them barbate, otherwise glabrous within; ovules 4-seriate in each
cell. With the tendrils of L. densiflora DC. with pilose leaves (ovules
6-seriate), the glabrate leaves of L. erionema DC. (ovules 4-seriate),
its tendrils simple, both Amazonian species, possibly occurring in
Peru. Most determinations by Standley. F.M. Neg. 32868.
San Martin: Zepelacio, Klug 3589. Juanjui, King 3885. Tara-
poto, Spruce 4-489, type. Huanuco: Tingo Maria, Soukup 2200 (det.
Killip). Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer, 283. Loreto: Balsapuerto,
Klug 2865. Pongo de Manseriche, Mexia 6227, 6372 (det. Sandwith) .
Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4.286. Bolivia.
23. GYDISTA Miers
Scandent by simple tendrils, the more or less quadrate branchlets
without nodal gland area. Leaves bifoliate; ultimate veins obvious;
stipules if present foliaceous. Calyx campanulate, truncate, scarcely
denticulate, sometimes unevenly lobed. Corolla funnelform, thinly
lepidote. Anthers glabrous; cells divaricate. Disk obsolete. Ovary
densely lepidote; style glabrous; ovules biseriate. Capsule com-
pressed linear, the parallel valves smooth with thick raised margins,
the medial nerve not prominent. Seeds semi-ellipsoid, much com-
pressed, brown as the equally firm broad wings. Corolla dorsally
plicate longitudinally (Miers). Pollen grains not sulcate (Urban,
Berichte Deutsch. Gesellsch. 34. 1916).
Cydista aequinoctialis (L.) Miers, Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. 3: 191.
1863; 28. Bignonia aequinoctialis L. Sp. PI. 623. 1753.
Glabrous except more or less lepidote including the flowers with-
out and the capsules; branchlets lenticellate, finely striate and with
4 distinctly paler ribs; stipules rarely obvious, then subfoliaceous,
spatulate; leaflets drying dark, ovate to oblong, elliptic or lanceolate,
rounded (sometimes obtuse or subcordate) at base, acutely acumi-
nate to cuspidate, then sometimes obtusely, to about 1.5 dm. long,
half as wide, firm-chartaceous, lustrous above, minutely lepidote,
the 6-8 pairs of lateral nerves as the intricate reticulation rather
prominent (the former raised) both sides; racemes (or thyrse branches)
62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
3-flowered at end branchlets, to 1.5 dm. long, the pedicels to 1.5 cm.
long; bracts subulate, caducous, or calyx immersed glandular above
the middle, 5-8 mm. long; corolla lilac or rose, the veins darker or
white with mauve streaks, 4.5-8 cm. long, limb 4-6 cm. across,
pubescent within; capsule 3-^4 dm. long, 2-2.5 cm. broad, the seeds
2 cm. long, 3.5-4.5 cm. broad. Illustrated, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr.
80. pi. 3, figs. 1, 2 (flower).
San Martin: Tarapoto, Woytkowski 35009; 35013; 35018; 35022.
Juanjui, Klug 4268 (det. Standley). Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iqui-
tos, Klug 594 (det. Sandwith, sens. lat.). To Central America and
the West Indies. "Huacho-camote," "pacha-huasca," "machacu-
huasca" (Woytkowski).
24. ROENTGENIA Urban
Like Cydista Miers but tendrils shortly trifid, veinlets (ultimate)
impressed, seed wings membranous or papery, pollen grains pluri-
sulcate, reticulate. In several families (as Gentianaceae) the char-
acter of the pollen grains alone as a significant generic indicator has
been disputed; it may be noted that the few other differences are
relative or inconstant elsewhere in this family; this genus agrees with
Cydista in the lepidote corolla and ovary and in the absence of disk,
as noted by Sandwith; Urban based it chiefly on the trifid tendrils,
many sulcate pollen grains, following a suggestion of Sprague.
Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen was a Nobel Prize winner, 1901
(Roentgen rays), also a humanitarian (Urban).
Roentgenia bracteomana (Schum.) Urban, Berichte Deutsch.
Gesellsch. 34: 748. 1916. Cydista bracteomana Schum. Verh. Bot.
Ver. Brandenb. 50: 121. 1908.
Upper stems and branchlets subquadrate, early and obscurely
lepidote; tendrils coarse, several cm. long; leaves ovate to broadly
elliptic, rounded or shortly acute at base, acuminate or rounded at
apex, glabrous, drying brown, the 5 or 6 lateral nerves and veins
prominent beneath, the larger 5-13 cm. wide, to 2 dm. long; inflores-
cences to 1.5 dm. long; bracts linear-apiculate, to 1 cm. long; calyx
about 6 mm. long, lepidote as the funnelform corolla, this 5-6 cm.
long, to 2 cm. across at apex, the rounded lobes about 1 cm. long.
Flowers white or lilac streaked; determinations by Sandwith.
Loreto: Florida, Rio Zubineta, Klug 2043; 2176. Pongo de Man-
seriche, Mexia 6320. Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 28169. "Goguio-o"
(Klug). Brazil.
FLORA OF PERU 63
25. PHRYGANOGYDIA Mart.
Liana with bifoliolate leaves, these in younger branchlets with a
simple tendril; adult stems quadrate, the younger often sparsely
puberulent; tendrils filiform or stout, simple. Cymes 2-3-branched,
bracted, glabrous in age including the flowers. Calyx clavate, large,
soon spathaceously split and shortly somewhat inflexed cornute at
apex, not at all lepidote. Corolla rosy-purple, funnelform-campan-
ulate, lobes slightly unequal, imbricate, tube puberulent within.
Disk obsolete. Stamens glabrous; anthers divaricate. Ovary lepi-
dote, ovules many. Capsule linear-oblong, asperulous, valves coria-
ceous. Seeds oblong-linear, membranous wings white.
Phryganocydia corymbosa (Vent.) Bur. ex Schu. Pflanzenfam.
4, Abt. 3b: 224. 1894. Spathodea corymbosa Vent. Choix 40. 1803.
Macfadyena Bangii Rusby, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 72. 1900, fide
Sandwith. M. corymbosa Griseb. Bonplandia 6: 10. 1858.
Glabrous or glabrate, early hirtellous at nodes; leaflets lanceolate
to ovate, acute to rounded to subcordate at base, somewhat acumi-
nate, 7-15 cm. long, 3-9 cm. wide, lustrous, concolor, coriaceous,
7 pairs of nerves; tendril stout, elongated; flowers few to abundant,
borne laxly along branchlets near ends; bracts filiform or narrow;
calyx obliquely truncate, 2-2.5 cm. long, split laterally, tipped with
short, very thick, incurved beak; corolla pink or blue, 6 or 7 cm. long,
tube yellow, 5-5.8 cm. long, 1 cm. broad at apex, the limb strongly
nerved, lobes 3 cm. long and broad; capsule 3-5 dm. long, 1.5-2 cm.
broad. Rusby's plant was collected at Rios Beni and Madre de Dfos
in Bolivia and, as many specimens obtained there, doubtless occurs in
adjacent Peru. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: pi. 100; Oesterr.
Bot. Zeitschrift. 80. pi. 3, jigs. 11,18 (flower).
Madre de Dios (probably). Bolivia to Panama and Trinidad.
26. SALDANHAEA Bur.
Scandent, the branches subterete, the leaves mostly 3 (-5) folio-
late, or conjugate and tendriled, the flowers many in short panicles
on leafless branches. Calyx campanulate, dentate. Corolla funnel-
form, lobes subequal, imbricate. Disk fleshy, lobulate or subentire.
Ovary (Peru) glandular-lepidote. Ovules 2-many-seriate. Style
terete; filiform (Peru). Capsule elongate, valves convex, ligneous,
rugose, dehiscing from base to apex. Seeds compressed, lacerately
alate at each end. Pollen nearly smooth and in tetrads.
64 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Saldanhaea lateriflora (Mart.) Bur. Adans. 8: 355, pis. 11, 12.
1867-68. Tecoma lateriflora Mart, in Flora 24. Beibl. 2: 51. 1841.
Cuspidaria? lateriflora (Mart.) DC. Prodr. 9: 179. 1845.
Branchlets lenticellate, early puberulent as leaves, at least on the
nerves beneath, the membranous bracts these 3-4 mm. long and
calyces, these 4 mm. long with shallow sinus between narrow teeth
about 1 mm. long; leaflets ovate-oblong to elliptic, rounded, truncate
or subcordate at base, acutely and shortly acuminate, the lateral
4-5 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide, papyraceous or firmer, drying olive-
green, fulvous-margined, usually with 5 rather prominent nerves;
peduncles slender or filiform, a cm. long or longer; calyx subrubes-
cent, glabrous within except at apex; corolla narrowly funnelform,
purple-violet (Brazil), about 2.5-3 cm. long, tomentulose as crisped
lobes within, pubescent near insertion of included stamens, the an-
ther cells curving; capsule somewhat rugose; seeds oblong-linear.
The young pods are quadrate, mature 4.5 dm. long or longer, 13 mm.
wide, medially sulcate. Flowers lavender, shrubby tree or liana (Sei-
bert). Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: pi 101; Oesterr. Bot.
Zeitschrift. 80. pi. 3, figs. 14, 15 (flower).
Madre de Dios: Iberia, Rio Tahuamanu, (Seibert 1922). Brazil.
27. XYLOPHRAGMA Sprague
Scandent, branches subterete, leaves mostly trifoliate. Panicles
typically on older leafless branchlets. Calyx tubular, truncate, more
or less unevenly lobed or cleft in age. Corolla funnelform, puberu-
lent within at stamen insertion. Anther cells nearly horizontally
divaricate. Style quadrate. Disk cupulate. Ovules 6-8-seriate.
Fruit valves ligneous, thick, broad, finally longitudinally parting.
The fruit is thus quite different from that of Saldanhaea; besides,
the anther cells are straight, young style quadrate, ovules many.
As in Stizophyllum the flowers may be yellow. Pollen grains
monads with three colpae distinguishing this genus sharply from
Saldanhaea, whose pollen grains are united into tetrads (author).
This, as many genera, rests on the interpretation of the salient char-
acters whether of generic or sectional import. Similar pollen charac-
ters are present in other families, as in Gentianaceae.
Indument, especially younger parts, yellow, as corolla.
X. xanthophylla.
Indument canescent; corolla not yellow X. pratense.
FLORA OF PERU 65
Xylophragma pratense [Poepp.] Sprague, Hook. Icones 28.
pi. 2770. 1903. Saldanhaea pratensis [Poepp.] Bur. & Sch. in Mart.
Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: 256. 1896. Bignonia pratensis [Poepp.] ex Bur. &
Sch. I.e. Tecoma pratensis [Poepp.] Schum. in Pflanzenfam. 3, Abt.
43b: 229. 1891.
Branches defoliate, nodally dilated, puberulent early, obscurely
lenticellate; leaflets 3, ovate or elliptic, obtuse at base, shortly ob-
tusely acuminate, glabrous, coriaceous, subconcolor, larger about
12 cm. long, 7.5-8.5 cm. wide, 8-9 nerves prominent on both sides;
panicles 1-1.5 dm. long, cinereous puberulent; calyx to 1 cm. long,
medially cleft on one side, puberulent; corolla canescent without,
sparsely puberulous within near stamen insertion, 5 cm. long, lobes
7 mm. long; disk cupulate; ovary sparsely lepidote; style quadrate;
capsules oblong, subtuberculate, to about 13 cm. long, 3 cm. broad.
Flowers lilac and cream-colored (Klug) ; purple (Spruce) with scent
of Primrose, the stem 4 dm. in diameter. F.M. Neg. 3287.
San Martin: Juanjui, Klug 3847 (det. Standley). Tarapoto,
(Spruce 4232). Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2316, type. Bolivia;
Brazil.
Xylophragma xanthophylla (Bur. & Sch.) Macbr., comb. nov.
Arrabidaea xanthophylla Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: 70.
1896. Tabebuia? xanthophylla [Mart.] DC. Prodr. 9: 214. 1845.
Phryganocydia xanthophylla Mart, in herb, fide P. DC.
Trunk to 6.5 cm. thick, much branched, high-ascending, early
puberulent, overall color yellowish-orange, glabrate or glabrous ex-
cept the leaves beneath, and the large terminal lax panicles tomentu-
lose; leaflets ovate or broadly elliptic, the lateral ordinarily oblique,
all acute or cordate at base, shortly or long-acuminate, or rostrate,
more or less conspicuously 5-nerved with subreticulate transverse
veins prominent especially beneath, discolored, herbaceous, often
5-9 cm. wide, 9-11 cm. long; panicles 1.5-2.5 dm. long; bracts and
bractlets to 18 mm. long; calyx tubulo-turbinate, unequally 2-3-
lobed, not at all laccate (varnished), 10-12 mm. long; corolla yellow,
funnelform, pilosulous at stamen insertion; disk subcupular; ovary
lepidote, ovules many, often 4(?) or many-seriate; capsule com-
pressed, tuberculate-rugose (Martius). Thought to be related to
A. rubrinervis Miers; Pichon, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 92: 224. 1945,
observed that this species, known to him only from description, is
distinct generically by the yellow indument, trifid tendrils, tubercu-
66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
late capsules; it may belong to Scobinaria Seibert. Klug determina-
tions by Standley. Type from near Rio Japura, Brazil.
San Martin : Zepelacio, Klug 3507. Juanjui, Klug 3910. Loreto :
Rio Mazan, Jose Schunke 127 (det. Seibert). Florida, Klug 2007.
Near Iquitos, Klug 606. Rio Santiago, Mexia 6315. Echarate,
900 meters, Vargas 10456. Upper Amazonian Brazil.
28. MEMORA Miers
Branchlets terete, without nodal glands or impermanent ribs.
Petioles and petiolules tumid at both ends. Leaves (unless upper-
most) pinnate to tripinnate or biternate, the simple or trifid tendril
often developed instead of the third basal or terminal pinnae; upper-
most leaves sometimes bi-trifoliolate (former with tendril) ; compare
observation below. Stipules minute or obsolete (Miers) or (others)
usually f oliaceous, patellate-glandular. Calyx coriaceous or membra-
nous, if campanulate, truncate-denticulate, if subtubular, variously
split and lobed. Corolla yellow, funnelform or rather campanulate
and long-cylindric below, glabrous as the divaricate celled anthers.
Disk thick, annular-pulvinate. Ovary glabrous or lepidote, ovules
biseriate. Capsule elongate-linear, compressed, the parallel valves
smooth. Seeds oblong, membranous with whitish hyaline wings or
almost entirely corky (Miers) . At present the only satisfactory char-
acters by which Memora can be separated from Adenocalymma are
the pinnate or bipinnate leaves (except the uppermost!) and the
glabrous (without) corolla, and the latter character breaks down in
the instance of A. impressum (Sandwith, I.e. 212, cf. note under
Pseudocalymma) who also observes (and renames to Adenocalymma)
a Suriname species (A. bilabiatum (Sprague) Sandw.) with all leaves
bi-trifoliolate, pollen exine discolored in those areas just where the
furrows of a trisulcate pollen grain would be expected!
The late A. J. Sampaio, Anais Prim. Sul-Amer. Bot. Rio de
Janeiro 3: 149-170. 1938, gave a key and synopsis of Brazilian spe-
cies, especially helpful for his discussion of generic definition and
relationship.
Calyx truncate-denticulate, subcoriaceous; leaves glabrous above.
M. flavida.
Calyx unevenly lobed or cleft.
Calyx usually coriaceous; leaflets glabrate or glabrous.
Venation obscure or impressed above; corolla 6-9 cm. long, tube
elongate, slender M. Schomburgkii.
FLORA OF PERU 67
Venation raised above (in Peru); corolla usually shorter, tube
short, ampliate M. patula.
Calyx membranous; leaflets pubescent (type) M. magnified.
Memora flavida (P. DC.) Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2:
264. 1896. Bignonia flavida P. DC. 9: 168. 1845. Pleonotoma flavida
(P. DC.) Miers, Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. 3: 185. 1863. M. Duckei
A. Samp. Anais Prim. Sul-Amer. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 3: 169. 1938.
Scandent or decumbent, the slender subquadrate branches strongly
dilated at nodes, early lepidote as the younger racemes or panicles,
these 6 cm. long, often from older wood, with complanate peduncles,
pedicels (1 cm. long), minute subulate bracts, bractlets; tendril when
present shortly trif urcate (on the conjugate leaves) ; leaflets oblong
(terminal subovate-oblong, petiolulate), acute, 3-11 cm. long, 2.5-
5 cm. wide or larger, glabrous above, impressed glandular punctate
beneath; stipules oblong-subulate, obtuse, to 6 mm. long; calyx trun-
cate, coriaceous, glandular, 8 or 9 mm. long; corolla subcampanulate,
4-5.5 cm. long, tube 1.5 cm. long, lobes 15-17 mm. long, glabrous or
within pilosulous, without typically glandular above, coriaceous; disk
cupulate; ovary lepidote; ovules 9 per cell. Corolla of M. Duckei
described as eglandular; Mexia 6417 referred by Standley in herb,
to Adenocalymma, n. sp., named after collector.
San Martin: Juanjui, Klug 4353 (det. Standley); King 3878 (det.
Standley, n. sp., named after collector). Loreto: Mishuyacu, Klug
403 (det. Seibert). Rancho Indiana, Iquitos, Mexia 6417. Brazil.
Memora magnifica (Mart.) Bur. Vidensk. Meddels. Naturh.
Foren. 106. 1893. Adenocalymma magnificum Mart, ex DC. Prodr.
9: 202. 1845.
Stout, teretely branched, vegetatively puberulent at least early,
especially the leaflets beneath; leaflets shortly petiolulate, rounded
at base, shortly and acutely acuminate, 7-10 cm. long, 3-7.5 cm.
wide, or those of pinnate leaves sometimes twice as large or larger,
nerves 6-9, immersed above, joined with reticulate veins beneath,
not punctate-pellucid, subconcolor; stipules often foliaceous, 5-6 mm.
long, sparsely glandular; racemes terminal, subcorymbose; bracts
oblong, acuminate, tomentulose, glandular as the unevenly 3-4-
lobed and cleft calyces, these 13-15 mm. long; corolla orange-yellow,
5.5-7 (-10) cm. long, tube 2.5-3 cm. long, lobes short, crisped, pubes-
cent only within at stamen insertion; ovary tetragonous, glabrous;
ovules 24 per cell. Differs from M. Schomburgkii (DC.) Miers in
68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
its pubescent leaflets and short corolla lobes (Sandwith) ; the Peru-
vian specimen not seen.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, (Poeppig 2128, fide Schumann). Amazo-
nian Brazil.
Memora pa tula Miers, Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. 4: 161. 1864.
Obscurely quadrate branches rugulose, leaves conjugate pinnate,
sometimes with tendril 1 dm. long or longer; primary petioles (as
petiolules) nodose at both ends; leaflets 2-3 pairs, narrowly oblong,
sublinear at apex, about 1 dm. long, 3-4 cm. wide, glabrous, subcori-
aceous, light green above, paler beneath, granulate-rugose, nerves
and veins prominent, reticulate; racemes subequaling petiole, or
about 4 cm. long; pedicels 4-6 mm. long, the 2 bracts 6-8 mm. long;
calyx tubular, 12 mm. long, 8 mm. in diameter, oblique, cleft and
denticulate; corolla glabrous in and out, the tube about 3 cm. long,
lobes 18 mm. long, 14 mm. broad; filaments pilose- tufted at base;
anther cells reflexing. Differs, fide Sandwith, from M. Schomburgkii
in raised leaf venation; fide author, in its longer acuminate leaflets
more acute at base, more nodose petioles, smaller flowers. Most of
the specimens referred by me to M. Schomburgkii have been deter-
mined by Sandwith as a form of this species.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, King 51; 539 (form or variety with larger
bracts, bracteoles, calyces, Sandwith). Rio Mazan, Schunke 78.
Colombia (Rio Magdalena).
Memora Schomburgkii (DC.) Miers, Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. 3:
185. 1863; 51. Spathodea Schomburgkii DC. Prodr. 9: 207. 1845.
Tanaecium ovatum [Klotzsch] Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8,
pt. 2: 187. 1896. M. ovata (Bur. & Sch.) Sprague & Sandw. Kew
Bull. 93. 1932, fide Sandwith.
Glabrous or nearly, or glabrate, or the leaf nerves minutely puber-
ulous as the young inflorescence, this shorter than 5 cm.; lenticels not
prominent; pseudostipules to 7 mm. long; leaves usually simple im-
paripinnate, 5-7-foliolate, some biternate, the uppermost mostly
bifoliolate; leaflets of the lower (pinnate) leaves oblong-lanceolate,
cuneate to obtuse or rounded at base, acuminate, to 2 dm. long or
longer, 8 cm. wide or narrower, the uppermost much smaller, all thin-
coriaceous, venation obscure or impressed above, intricate beneath;
bracts and bractlets ovate, small; pedicels usually 5-10 mm. long;
calyx unevenly lobed and split, about 1.5-2.5 cm. long, soon gla-
brate, more or less immersed black-glandular, also often punctate
FLORA OF PERU 69
and lepidote near base; corolla pale yellow, 6-9 cm. long, the nar-
rowly cylindric tube elongate, the glabrous limb to 6 cm. across; disk
conspicuous, pulvinate; ovary sparsely lepidote; capsule longer than
5 dm., nearly 4 cm. broad, the dark (dried) valves obtuse or shortly
acuminate, the medial nerve scarcely defined; seeds trapeziform,
brown, completely corky, 3 cm. long, 4-5 cm. broad. Mention may
be made here of Sandwith's detailed elucidation of the identity of
Memora fulgens Bur. since the var. elongata Bur. is a true Memora,
in the group of forms centered around M . Schomburgkii.
Loreto: Balsapuerto, Klug 2964. (det. Sandwith). Iquitos, Kil-
lip & Smith 27220. Mishuyacu, Killip & Smith 2991*1; Klug 819.
Rio Santiago, Tessmann 1*186 (distr. as M. magnified). To Colom-
bia and Guiana.
29. PLEONOTOMA Miers
Branchlets notably quadrate, the acute angles well-defined as de-
tachable ribs; nodal gland areas obsolete; scandent by trifid tendrils,
these often supplanting the third basal pinnae of the biternate or
ternate-bipinnate leaves; stipules little obvious or foliaceous (type).
Calyx cylindric or campanulate, subcoriaceous, truncate-denticulate,
immersed scutellate glandular. Corolla narrowly campanulate-fun-
nelform or hypocrateriform, the tube quite glabrous without or
glandular, scurfy and lepidote in the upper half, the limb glandular
pubescent and lepidote. Anthers glabrous, cells divergent. Disk
pulvinate to subcupulate. Ovary lepidote or pubescent; ovules bi-
seriate. Capsule linear, compressed, smooth, the nerve usually incon-
spicuous, the oblong seeds with broad membranous wings. Petioles,
petiolules tumid at each end (type). Herbarium leaves light brown.
P. jasminifolium (HBK.) Miers of northern Amazon has in part
triternate leaves and the pinnae compound.
Calyx to 5 mm. long P. clematis.
Calyx to 9 mm. long P. Brittonii.
Pleonotoma Brittonii Rusby, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 27: 72.
1900. P. auriculata Schum. ex Sprague, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb.
50: 122. 1909, fide Sandwith, Kew Bull. 438. 1959.
Glabrous; stipules about 2 cm. long and wide, nervose, leaves
2 dm. long and wide, with 3 pairs of pinnae (one of lowest a tendril) ;
leaflets ovate, rounded at base, abruptly and acutely short-acumi-
nate, 2.5-6 cm. long, about 1-3 cm. wide, the petiolulate terminal
70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
one much larger; venation slender, rather obvious beneath; panicles
(type) 5 or 6 cm. long, loosely flowered, the pedicels to 1 cm. long;
calyx oblong, entire or obscurely denticulate, 8 mm. long; basal part
of corolla tube 1.5 cm. long, 3.5 mm. broad, abruptly expanded to
portion 3 cm. long, 16 mm. broad, the spreading apex 4 cm. across.
Capsule with valves 3.5 dm. long, just over 2.5 cm. broad in La Paz
(Bolivia) specimen, determination by Siebert, P. jasminifolia (HBK.)
Miers; Klug specimen distributed by Standley as P. Uleanum Kranzl.
(Sandwith, I.e.).
San Martin: Juanjui, Klug 8378. Loreto: Balsapuerto, Klug
2996. Bolivia; Brazil.
Pleonotoma clematis (HBK.) Miers, Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. 3:
184. 1863; 31. Bignonia clematis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 141. 1819.
P. Uleanum Kranzl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 378. 1915, fide
Sandwith.
Punctate-lepidote and mostly glabrous except bracts, bractlets
and the leaves on midnerve above puberulous, rarely pilosulous all
over, especially beneath; pseudostipules oblong-spathulate or linear,
shorter than 1 cm., upper half multi-scutellate glandular; leaves
rather ovate or lanceolate, rounded (sometimes cordate) at base,
conspicuously acuminate, a few to 10 cm. long or longer, 1.5-4.5 cm.
wide, chartaceous, lustrous, the intricate reticulation prominent;
racemes often corymbose, rarely with cymose lower branches, 2-
7 cm. long; bracts narrow, 2.5 mm. long or sometimes foliaceous and
compound; pedicels mostly 1-1.5 cm. long; calyx merely ciliolate,
2.5-5 mm. long, to 5 mm. across; corolla yellow, yellowish or white
with yellow or pinkish throat, 2.5-5 cm. long, the tube glabrous
nearly to apex, within at stamen insertion (below middle) pubescent,
lepidote and glandular, the scurfy pubescent and glandular limb (es-
pecially inside) to 3 cm. across; ovary lepidote; style glabrous; cap-
sule linear, long-attenuate, almost 3.5 dm. long, 1 cm. broad, smooth,
minutely lepidote, the midrib scarcely or slightly marked; seeds nar-
rowly oblong, 7-10 mm. long, 3-3.5 cm. broad, entirely gray. After
Sandwith (as most descriptions), who describes the capsule from
apparently conspecific Venezuelan material from near type locality;
the Peruvian material referred, however, by both Standley and Cua-
trecasas to Kranzlin's species. Woytkowski ("fruit like a centavo")
may have had fruit from a similar species (as Pyrostegia?} . Kranzlin
separates his species from P. variabile Miers on the basis of whitish
angles and dark stem. P. clematis has smaller calyx, much narrower
FLORA OF PERU 71
capsule, and often, thrice ternately pinnate leaves; those of Miers'
species all simply biternate (6 foliolate) with or without a tendril
(Sandwith).
San Martin: Tarapoto, Woytkowski 85006. Venezuela, British
Guiana, Brazil. "Sic-sic-huasca," "sacha-centavo," "cortadera-
huasca," (all, Woytkowski).
30. MAGFADYENA A. DC.
Microbignonia Kranzl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 380. 1915?
Slender subterete nodally glandular branchlets supported by
rather stout subclavately 3-hamate tendrils, terminating the nor-
mally bifoliolate leaves. Stipules subulate-lanceolate. Flowers ped-
icellate, one to several in the axils. Calyx spathe-like, cleft about
medially, or more or less bilabiate, the midrib of the posterior sepal
shortly produced. Corolla funnelform, glabrous (also within) as an-
thers, these with connective extended. Disk variously low-pulvinate.
Ovary oblong-linear, ovules 2-4-seriate. Capsule compressed, smooth
valves parallel, medial nerve thin, subelevated. Seeds basally trun-
cate, upper margin curved, wings as body firm. J. Macfadyen, a
physician for whom the genus is named, wrote The Flora of Jamaica
(1837).
The plant described by Kranzlin as M . auristellae from a vegeta-
tive scrap is obviously a juvenile state, possibly in this family and
then most likely this genus; cf. Sandwith, Fl. Suriname 4, pt. 2: 66.
1938, who describes a similar condition (but leaflets lobed) and I. M.
Johnston (many forms of an apparently juvenile state), for the fol-
lowing species. Juvenile states are known also for Doxantha and
Glaziovia, the last from near Rio Janeiro, the small leaves bilobed as
in Bauhinia. Since simple, serrate, lobate-serrate and bifoliate leaves
have been noted it seems herbarium material could be, in Peru, either
Macfadyena or Doxantha.
Macfadyena uncata (Andr.) Sprague & Sandw. Recueil Trav.
Bot. Nerl. 34: 215. 1937; 291. Bignonia uncata Andr. Bot. Rep.
pi. 530. 1808.
Branches finely striate (glabrous or essentially, as entire plant
unless early) ; leaflets typically papyraceous, obtusely subcuneate at
base, acutely caudate, to 14 cm. long, 6 cm. wide, sparsely impressed
glandular beneath as membranous calyx, this to 2.5 cm. long
72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
lepidote-punctate, lateral nerves 6-10 pairs, open venation obvious
(type) ; inflorescence to 2 cm. long; calyx 1.5-2 (2.5) cm. long; corolla
yellow, 5-7.5 cm. long, limb to 3.5 cm. across; ovary sparsely lepi-
dote, ovules biseriate; capsule attenuate at both ends, finally to
about 2.5 dm. long, 2 cm. broad, seeds to 17 mm. long, 4 cm. broad.
(After Sandwith as to the Guiana plant). Amazonian material
seen may have subcoriaceous leaves, obscure venation and perhaps
is distinct at least varietally. Another river-bank species, M. mollis
(Sond.) Seem., known from Brazil to Central America, may be
recognized, if found, by its puberulous capitately glandular leaves.
Junin: Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 255U (det. Killip). Near
Peren Bridge, repent on trees, Killip & Smith 25305 (probably
juvenile state). Loreto: Santa Rosa, appressed on trunks, Killip &
Smith 28930 (probably). Rio Huallaga, Killip & Smith 29249 (det.
Killip). Aguaitia, Woytkowski 3^65 (det. Cuatrecasas with query,
Stizophyllum perforatum). Rio Acre, (type, Microbignonid). To
Mexico and the West Indies.
31. DOXANTHA Miers
Branches terete, leaves conjugate, the entire or serrate leaflets
separated early by a slender trifid tendril, each fork uncate, calloused.
Flowers showy, yellow, solitary or several in the axils. Calyx mem-
branous, campanulate, truncate to crisped crenulate. Corolla short-
funnelform. Stamens included, staminodium linear, elongate. Disk
annular. Ovules many. Style filiform, stigma broad, membranous.
Capsule elongate, linear, the valves coriaceous, the long seeds alate.
Stipules small or obscure; juvenile state with much reduced leaves
sometimes puberulent; similar forms have been observed for Mac-
fadyena and apparently they are not surely recognizable as to genus.
This species was retained by Bureau and Schumann in Bignonia.
Doxantha unguis-cati (L.) Miers, Proc. Roy. Hort. Soc. 3:
190. 1863. Bignonia unguis-cati L. Sp. PL 623. 1753. Batocydia
unguis (L.) Mart, ex Britton, Mem. Brooklyn Bot. Gard. 1 : 90. 1918.
Leaves about ovate-elliptic, obtuse or acute, to 5 or 6 cm. long;
peduncles slender, 1-3 cm. long; calyx 1-1.5 cm. long, smooth or
nearly; corolla 5-8 cm. long; capsules several dm. long, 12-14 mm.
broad; seeds 2-3 cm. long, alate at each end. D. exoleta (Veil.)
Miers, Brazilian, has puberulent or glabrate slightly serrulate leaflets,
many flowers, calyx crisped. Apparently established (or native) as
FLORA OF PERU 73
found in groups on rising ground (Schunke). Lima Botanical Gar-
den (Seibert). Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: pi 105.
Loreto: Gamitanacocha, Rio Mazan, Jos6 Schunke 817. Aguai-
tia, Woytkowski 31+1+65 (distr. as Stizophyllum perforatum). South
and Central America. "Una de Gato," "mashuricra," "mashushio"
(Schunke).
32. JACARANDA Juss.
Handsome shrubs or trees, attractive in outline and foliage
leaves in Peru abruptly bipinnate with many leaflets and in flower
often strikingly colorful, the widely funnelform bluish-mauve blos-
soms in Peruvian species the tints softened by a grayish indument
usually borne abundantly and gracefully in terminal (or also
axillary) panicles on many leafy or leafless branchlets. Pseudostipules
obsolete or not apparent. Calyx subtubular or cupulate, truncate
or openly cupulate and acutely dentate. Corolla sometimes glabrous.
Stamens (fertile) short, the anthers in most species with only one
fertile cell, the staminode elongate. Disk pulvinate or stoutly stipi-
form. Ovary ovoid-ellipsoid, usually glabrous as the style, the ovules
pluriseriate. Capsule ligneous, compressed, loculicidal, the valves
at right angles to the narrow septum, this parting longitudinally.
Seeds broadly elliptic or suborbicular, the hyaline wings usually
incomplete at point of attachment to flattened placenta processes
(Sandwith).
Leaflets very numerous, small (to 2 cm. long), the leaves thus rather
fern-like; anther cells unequal.
Leaflets ovate-oblong; ovary (type) tomentose; capsule suboblong.
J. obtusifolia.
Leaflets oblong-linear; ovary glabrous; capsule disciform.
J. acutifolia.
Leaflets about 20 or fewer, mostly 3 cm. long or longer; capsules
suboblong.
Anther cells unequal ; panicles terminal J. copaia.
Anther cells equal; panicles usually at leafless nodes. . . .J. glabra.
Jacaranda acutifolia Humb. & Bonpl. PI. Aequin. 1: 59,
pi. 17. 1806 (fide Journ. Bot. 39: 203. 1901); 391.
Glabrous or essentially except the more or less sericeous corollas;
petioles canaliculate, partially alate; pinnae 6-12 pairs, the lance-
74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
olate acuminate entire leaflets many, reticulation indistinct above
(dried) ; calyx 2.5-3.5 mm. long, with subequal teeth, these 0.5-2 mm.
long; corolla with a white stripe within, the tube straight; capsule
rounded-ovate, shortly and acutely cuspidate, 2.5 (3.5) -4 cm. long;
seeds to 1.1 cm. long, 2-2.3 cm. broad. Bark smooth, 12 meters
or more. Flowers appear after the leaves fall (Weberbauer) as
shown by my collections; corolla purplish with 2 white stripes
within, the tree on barren rocky slopes ( Woytkowski) .
Ruiz and Pavon found the bark used in anti-venereal decoctions*
vessels made from the wood to supply anti-rheumatic drinking water,
and the leaves powdered to heal cleansed sores. Mathews found it
cultivated as a medicinal plant in the valley of Lima; Nation col-
lected fruits on the Rio Huallaga. J. mimosifolia D. Don of Argen-
tina, often cultivated in the tropics, while similar has leaves (ex-
cept the uppermost) with more than 12 pinnae, leaflet reticulation
very obvious, calyx at most 2.5 mm. long, teeth often less than
1 mm. long and the capsule 4.5-6 cm. broad (Sandwith, Kew Bull.
1953: 456. 1954). F.M. 39402.
Amazonas: Valley of the Maranon, Weberbauer 109; 109.
Huanuco: Near Huanuco, Dombey; Ruiz & Pavon; Woytkowski 103;
Seibert 1826 (det. Seibert); 1363 (flowers); Sandeman 3495 (det.
Sandwith). Junin: Western rocky slope, Huertas, 1 344 (fruit,
leaves). "Yaravisco" (Dombey), "paravisco."
Jacaranda copaia (Aublet) D. Don, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 9:267.
1823; 76. Bignonia copaia Aublet, PI. Guian. 2: 650, pis. 262, 265.
1775.
Glabrous or glabrescent, the leaflet midrib beneath slightly pu-
berulent, the candelabra-like inflorescence pubescent and lepidote
as the calyx, the corolla stellate pubescent, especially without;
branchlets abundantly and minutely lenticellate; leaf-rachis merely
angled, that of the pinnae (5 pairs or fewer) not alate; leaflets few,
to 20 or more on each pinna, obliquely elliptic, oblong or somewhat
obovate, cuneate at base, often unequally (typically) obtusely rounded,
usually 2.5-7 (10) cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide, firm-chartaceous,
ordinarily nitid, punctate-lepidote, subconcolor, the prominent lat-
eral nerves 5-7 on each side; panicles borne among the leaves;
calyx 4-6 mm. long, truncate or obtusely and broadly lobed; corolla
2.5-4.5 cm. long, the limb to 2.5 cm. across; staminode with apical
tuft of long trichomes, densely long-pilose below a short glabrous
area; disk pulvinate; capsule rounded apically, 10-16 cm. long,
FLORA OF PERU 75
5.5-9 cm. broad, nearly smooth or closely rugulose; seeds rather
suborbicular, to 2.5 cm. long, 4 cm. wide. Often taller than 30
meters (Sandwith); develops an unbranched trunk. Compare J.
rhombifolia G. F. W. Meyer (J. filicifolia D. Don; fide Sandwith),
to which the following collections may belong. (Klug 1469, det.
Sandwith), Mishuyacu, has 8-12 pairs of pinnae, lateral leaflets
rarely longer than 1.5 cm., calyx shallowly cupulate, acutely deltoid-
dentate, corolla glabrous without; ovary glabrous. Williams, Field
Mus. Bot. 15: 446. 1936, referred with query specimens 4.140, 4345,
6488 to J. filicifolia D. Don. The var. spectabilis (Aublet) Bur.
has more rhombic, obtusely cuspidate leaflets, stamens glabrous
at base. Illustrated, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschrift. 80, pi. 6, figs. 3, 4
(staminode).
San Martin: Lamas, Williams 6488. Moyobamba, Weberbauer,
289. Zepelacio, Klug 3732 (det. Seibert, var. spectabilis). Huanuco:
Valley of the Monzon, Weberbauer, 285. Boqueron, Woytkowski
34414 (det. Cuatrecasas). Loreto: Lower Itaya, Williams 220 (distr.
as J. filicifolia). Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 29118; Williams 4140?
Near Iquitos, Klug 3732 (det. Seibert, var. spectabilis). Fortaleza,
Williams 4$45? Klug 114- Nicaragua, Panama and rain forests
of northern South America. "Amchiponga" (Williams), "aspingo,"
"ishtapi," "paravisco," "soliman de monte" (Record).
Jacaranda glabra (DC.) Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2:
394. 1896; 434. Pteropodium glabrum DC. Prodr. 9: 239. 1845.
J. caulifiora Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: 373. 1896. J.
rachidoptera Bur. & Sch. I.e. 374. J. intermedia Huber, Bol. Mus.
Goeldi 4: 608. 1906 (not Sender, 1849). J. longiflora Britton ex
Rusby, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 27: 73. 1900. J. atropurpurea Rusby,
Mem. N. Y. Bot. Card. 7: 357. 1927 (last two names, fide Sandwith,
KewBull. 434. 1959).
Type with petioles of glabrous leaves partially alate between the
leaflets, in other forms scarcely or not at all; panicles lateral from
leafless older branchlets, short and few-flowered to a dm. long or
longer; leaflets sessile or subsessile, oblong to subrhombic, obtuse
to acuminate, glabrous to glandular and puberulent, the lateral
often several cm. long, sometimes smaller or strongly unequal;
calyx tubular campanulate, more or less and unevenly denticulate
to lobulate, 6-9 mm. long, pilosulous to glabrate; corolla 5-7 cm.
long; capsules oblong, stiped, 5-12 cm. long, 3-5 cm. broad, valves
plane or carinate especially below; seeds 2-3.5 cm. long, 12-16 mm.
76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
wide, the wings pale or castaneous. Sandwith, I.e., noted that when
variability within the species is proven by ample material, all six
species will probably be united. However, Cuatrecasas, as Dugand,
referred Colombian specimens to J. rachidoptera. Huber indicated
that J. cauliflora might include the Peruvian trees; indument,
winged to wingless rachis, flower color and constancy of inflores-
cence on old wood are characters variable in many groups. F.M.
Negs. 26193; 32863; 39968.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 26192; 4893 (type, J. rachidoptera).
Juanjui, King 3763 (J. intermedia, fide Standley). Huanuco: Po-
zuzo, Ruiz & Pavon (det. Schumann, J. cauliflora). Loreto: Yuri-
maguas, Poeppig 1987 (type, J. cauliflora); Seibert 194-1- Inchua,
Soukup 3007. "Paraivisco," "carruagero."
Jacaranda obtusifolia Humb. & Bonpl. PI. Aequin. 1: 62,
pi. 18. 1805. J. lasiogyne Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2:
385. 1896, probably, fide Sandwith, Kew Bull. 1953: 458. 1954.
Glabrous except the nodally axillary precocious panicles, these
obscurely pulverulent unless the corollas, the staminode villous at
base and apex, the ovary tomentose; branches dark with flavescent
lenticels; rachis of the many pinnae more or less continuously alate,
the innumerable sessile lateral leaflets obliquely oblong or ovate-
oblong, obtuse or subobtuse, 7-12 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide below
the middle, 3-5-nerved, pallid beneath, the terminal 1.5-2 cm. long,
3-5 mm. wide; rachis of panicles 2-2.5 cm. long, pedicels 2-4 mm.
long (to 8 mm. in fruit), bracts and bractlets 1 mm. long; calyx
broadly cupulate, repand (ex char.), 1-1.5 mm. long; corolla cam-
panulate-funnelform, curved at contracted base, globose-inflated
below, about 4 cm. long; capsule oblong, impressed-punctate, obtuse-
or retuse-cuspidate, 5-6 cm. long, 2- nearly 3 cm. broad; seeds
15-22 mm. broad, 8-10 mm. long, equally or somewhat unequally
alate. J. obtusifolia Humb. & Bonpl., said by Schumann to be sim-
ilar to J. lasiogyne, has, ex char., colored 5-dentate calyces. The
description is after Bureau and Schumann for their species; the lat-
ter's determination of J. Trianae Kranzl. as J. lasiogyne (photograph
therefore distributed as that, fide Schumann, naturally not as to type!)
was an error, for it was J. caucana Pittier, calyx 5-lobed (Sandwith,
Kew Bull. 1953: 457. 1954). Sandwith concludes: I very strongly
suspect that J. lasiogyne is only a form of J. obtusifolia with glabrous
leaflets; the var. rhombifolia (G. F. W. Meyer) Sandwith, I.e., has
the ovary glabrous! Some of these proposed species, it seems, have
FLORA OF PERU 77
few constant characters. Cowan discovered that the ovary of J.
obtusifolia (type, Paris) is also tomentose. The Klug specimen was
from an 8-meter tree with light to dark blue flowers, the ovary
tomentose!
Loreto: Rio Zubineta, Klug 2288 (det. Seibert). Colombia.
33. ARGYLIA D. Don
Perennial herbs from thick fleshy roots, the alternate petioled
leaves distinctively radiately digitate with 7-9 incised-pinnatifid
leaflets. Peduncles axillary, terminating in a bracteate raceme of
yellow or purple flowers. Calyx equally 5-parted. Corolla tubular
at base, ventricose at throat, the slightly bilabiate limb with broadly
rounded lobes. Fifth stamen rudimentary. Anthers barbate, cells
spreading. Stigma bilamellate. Capsule compressed, 2-celled, ovules
biseriate, valves at right angles, seeds membranous-margined, ob-
scurely alate.
Argylia radiata (L.) D. Don, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 9: 261. 1823.
Bignonia radiata L. Sp. PI. 871. 1753. A. Feuillei DC. Prodr. 9:
235. 1845. A. eremophila Phil. Linnaea 33: 180. 1864. A. puberula
of Phil. Fl. Atacam. 36. 1860; Viage Des. Atacam. 12, 16, 38, 210.
1860, fide Johnst. Contr. Gray Herb. 85: 117. 1929.
The only species; the leaflets that are borne together at the apex
of petioles 1-1.5 dm. long are suboblong and vary in each leaf
from 4-8 cm. long or longer, about 2 cm. wide or narrower; calyx
glandular hirsutulous, about 8 mm. long; corolla yellow, 5 cm. long,
early puberulent, the tube scarcely 3 mm. thick, the abruptly dilated
throat to 2 cm. across; capsules acuminate, about 6 cm. long, 5 mm.
wide. A very variable plant; forms or similar species occur in Chile;
FeuilleVs, the basis of A. radiata as well as A. Feuillei DC. was
collected at a latitude about that at Ilo, Peru, according to Feuille'e,
Journ. Obs. Phys. 2: 731, pi. 22. 1714 (Johnston). Illustrated,
Weberbauer, 140. F.M. Neg. 26181.
Arequipa: Mollendo, Weberbauer, 144; Guenther & Buchtien 76;
Eyerdam 25161. Lomas de Camand, Ferreyra 2548. In loose rocks
south of Mollendo, Mexia 01*171*; 7772 (det. Killip). Atiquipa, Worth
& Morrison 15626. Chile.
34. CAMPSIS Lour.
Deciduous stems terete, climbing by aerial rootlets, the leaves
imparipinnate, the orange-red flowers in terminal clusters or panicles.
78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Calyx tubular campanulate, coriaceous. Stamens 4, 2 longer, anthers
divaricate. Disk large. Fruit loculicidally dehiscent, the 2 valves
separating from the seed-bearing septum, the many seeds with 2 large
hyaline wings. Perhaps Tecoma; yet the original Bignonia L. was
largely based on this plant; it is one of the popular Trumpet Vines
of horticulture.
Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. Journ. Bot. 5: 372. 1867. Bignonia
radicans L. Sp. PL 871. 1753.
Leaflets 9-11, acuminate, serrulate, pale and pubescent beneath;
flowers in terminal racemes, tubular-funnelform, 7 cm. long with 5
spreading lobes, usually orange with scarlet limb; calyx denticulate;
fruit cylindric, oblong, keeled, restate, 1 dm. long or longer.
Illustrated, Bot. Mag. pi. 485; Bailey, Cycl. Hort. 1: 651, fig. 773.
Lima: Botanical Garden, Seibert 2332. Eastern United States
to Texas and Florida.
35. TECOMA Juss.
Stenolobium D. Don, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 9: 267. 1823.
Like Tabebuia but in Peru shrubs or trees expediently separable
by imparipinnate leaves, rarely on young shoots, in part or all simple,
if with 3 leaflets the lateral smaller. Racemes or panicles terminal
or upper-axillary. Corolla pubescent or papillate within. As sug-
gested by DeCandolle, Prodr. 9: 212. 1845, seems quite arbitrarily
restricted and the earlier name, this abbreviated from the usual
native one of Mexico. Unlike Jacaranda in the short inconspicuous
staminode, the much longer stamens (both anther cells fertile) gla-
brous or pilose, included or exserted.
The more common Andean species are medium-sized trees char-
acteristic, with Schinus molle and Caesalpinia tinctoria, of the dryer
coastal and inter-Andean regions and with the same range (Weber-
bauer). Spruce noted native names "Tauari" and "Carajuru" and
"Carajuru piranga," while Poeppig in his famous Reise mentioned
probable species as "Ambira;" Williams interpreted the first name
as "Ta huari" (amarillo y negro).
Melchior, Berichte. Deutsch. Gesellsch. 59: 18-31. 1941, defined
section Eutecoma Melch., I.e., corolla tube laterally somewhat in-
flated, cylindric only slightly above the calyx, that rather abruptly
but definitely broader, bell-like above, the difference notable; sta-
mens included, anther cells pilose, glandular pubescence at base of
FLORA OF PERU 79
filaments. In Peru this section includes the first four species of the
following key, which is nevertheless expedient, the often obvious
distinctions being apparently questionable as to constancy and true
significance.
Leaves simple or in part 3-foliolate, ample; leaflets acuminate; sta-
mens included; calyx 3-4 mm. long.
Corollas about 2.5-4 cm. long, 1 cm. wide at apex.
T. Weberbaueriana.
Corollas (3) 3.5-4 cm. long, 12-15 mm. wide. T. castanifolia.
Leaves normally all pinnate except T. tanaeciiflora, the leaflets sev-
eral to many (T. stans, T. rosaefolia often have 1 or few simple
leaves).
Leaflets several, somewhat to much longer than wide.
Corollas broadly funnelform, more or less abruptly expanded
above short tube, often 2-3 cm. wide or wider at apex; sta-
mens included.
Leaves rather ovate to lanceolate-linear, usually acutely acu-
minate T. stans.
Leaves (at least lateral) oblong or elliptic.
Leaflets usually acute, at least half as wide as long.
T. sambucifolia.
Leaflets (lateral) often obtuse, usually narrow.
T. rosaefolia.
Corollas tubular or narrowly funnelform; anthers usually visible.
Calyx subcampanulate.
Leaflets clearly serrulate, often pubescent . . . . T. rosaefolia.
Leaflets subentire or crenulate, glabrous T. guarume.
Calyx cylindric, suboblong.
Puberulence lacking.
Leaflets truncate or obtuse T. arequipensis.
Leaflets acute to acuminate T. cochabambensis.
Puberulence uniform T. tanaeciiflora.
Leaflets many, small, rounded T. fulva.
Tecoma arequipensis (Sprague) Sandw. Kew Bull. 1953: 454.
1954. Stenolobium arequipense Sprague, Bot. Jahrb. 42: 177. 1909.
Erect glabrous shrub or small tree to 8 meters tall (Balls), the
quadrate (dark) branchlets 2-3 mm. thick, internodes to 1 dm. long;
80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
leaf rachis narrowly alate, internodes 7-15 mm. long, leaflets (2-4)
6-9 pairs, sessile or alately petiolulate, oblong-obovate, 1-2.5 cm.
long, 5-10 mm. wide (the single terminal one larger), rather coarsely
5-8-serrate, as to type subtruncate or rounded at apex, impressed
punctate, glaucous both sides, the 4-6 nerves obscure; racemes 1-
2 dm. long, puberulent or glabrescent; pedicels 5-8 mm. long; calyx
6-9 mm. long, ciliate, acuminate lobes 1-1.5 mm. long; corolla tubu-
lar-funnelform, scarlet (Balls) or orange-scarlet (Seibert), brownish-
red or orange, 5-7 cm. long; style slightly exserted, filaments for
2 cm. adnate, part glandular villous, free, 2-2.5 cm.; ovary lepidote,
ovules 21-22 per series. Specimens by Lord Colchester and Warsze-
wicz referred by Seemann to T. fulva Cav. belong here, from which
arequipensis differs in its larger obovate leaflets (author) . F.M. Neg.
26210.
lea: Near lea, (Maclean). Cuzco: Limatambo, Abancay, Balls
6839 (det. McVaugh). Prov. Anta, 2,700 meters, Vargas 129 (culti-
vated). Arequipa: Mt. Chiwata, Eyerdam & Beetle 22127 (det.
Johnston). Port Lomas, Weberbauer 5731. Tingo, Pennell 13125.
Chancani, 2,300 meters, Weberbauer 1430, type; 128; 129. Lower
slopes of Mt. Misti, Sandeman 3750; Hinkley 31 (det. Sandwith,
distr. as T. garrocha Hieron.). Moquehua: Near Moquehua, 1,400
meters, Weberbauer 7448. Cultivated, Lima Botanic Garden, Seibert
2093; 2327 (det. collector). "Pichus" (West), "cabuato" (Weber-
bauer).
Tecoma castanifolia (D. Don) Melchior, Berichte Deutsch.
Gesellsch. 59: 26. 1941. Stenolobium castanifolium D. Don, Edinb.
Phil. Journ. 9: 264 (not 263). 1823. Bignonia castaneaefolia (D. Don)
DC. Prodr. 9 : 145. 1845. T. Gaudichaudii DC. I.e. 223, fide Melchior.
S. stans (L.) Juss. var. castaneaefolium (D. Don) Seem. Journ. Bot. 1:
88. 1863.
Glabrous or the leaves especially when young weakly to densely
pubescent beneath with stellate trichomes; leaves oblong-elliptic,
acute or the leaflets of trifoliate leaves acuminate, the lateral typi-
cally smaller than the medial, this often 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 6-9 cm.
wide; panicles typically spiciform (Don) or branched (in Peru sim-
ple or subsimple); calyx 3-4 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. broad (Melchior),
equally 5-dentate; corolla 3.5 to 3.8 cm. long, width (in herb.) 12 mm.
(or broader); tube 1-1.5 mm. broad, two and a half to three times
longer than calyx (Melchior); capsules 2 cm. long (Don). The gla-
brous state (T. Gaudichaudii) is part of type collection by Tafalla
FLORA OF PERU 81
(Ruiz & Pavon Exped.) from Guayaquil (Melchior). F.M. Neg.
26207.
Piura: Talara, Haught 102 (det. Melchior, T. Weberbaueriana).
Chulucanas, Soukup 4196. Ecuador.
Tecoma cochabambensis (Herzog) Sandw. Kew Bull. 1953:
455. 1954. Stenolobium cochabambense Herzog, Meded. Bot. Mus.
Rijksuniv. Utrecht 29: 42. 1916.
Similar to T. arequipensis and T. guarume and perhaps with the
former correctly a part of the latter but the leaflets (in type, 4 pairs)
distinctly acute or acuminate, closely and minutely serrate, to 4.5 cm.
long, scarcely 1 cm. wide; calyx (type) 5 mm. long, teeth scarcely
longer than 1 mm.; corolla to 5 cm. long. Distinctly separated from
T. arequipensis by the small elongate leaflets (author), a scarcely
constant character. Illustrated, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschrift. 80. pi. 7,
figs. 1-5 (flower).
lea: Pompanos, 1,200 meters, Vargas 9301 (det. Johnston, T. are-
quipensis}. Ayacucho: Toward Huanta, Weberbauer 5666. Near
Ayacucho, West 3676 (det. Johnston, T. arequipensis, vel valde aff.).
Bolivia. "Cahuato" (Vargas), "pichus" (West).
Tecoma fulva (Cav.) D. Don, Gen. Syst. 4: 224. 1838. Bignonia
fulva Cav. Icones 6: 672, pi. 580. 1799. Tecomaria fulvum (Cav.)
Seem. Journ. Bot. 1: 19. 1863. Stenolobium fulvum (Cav.) Sprague,
Fl. Capensis 4, pt. 2: 448. 1904. Bignonia Meyeniana Schauer, Nov.
Act. Leop. Nat. Cur. 19, suppl. 1: 363. 1843.
Subtetragonous, younger branchlets and leaves villous hirtellous,
purpurescent, glabrous in age; leaves with alate rachis, the many
(8-10 pairs) leaflets subsessile, cuneate-ovate, rounded, 4-6 mm. long
or longer, serrate toward apex; racemes terminal or axillary, 7-9-
flowered; pedicels puberulous; calyx glabrous or villous (Cavanilles),
acutely dentate; corolla to about 5 cm. long, red in part, yellow, and,
at base, villosulous within, the tube slender, somewhat curved, the
limb little bilabiate, marginally puberulent; stamens, style, slightly
exserted, spurred or mucronate (Hooker) ; capsule similar to that of
T. stans (DeCandolle). T. arequipensis (Sprague) has larger obovate
leaflets (author) ; type from Arica by N6e. Shrub 3-4 meters tall,
the basally deep red corollas passing into orange above (Metcalf).
Illustrated, Bot. Mag. pi. 4896.
Tacna: In the mountains at 700 meters, Meyen (type, B. Meyen-
iana). Near Tacna, (Metcalf). Bolivia. "Chuv<" (Nee).
82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Tecoma guarume DC. Prodr. 9: 224. 1845.
Glabrous shrub, branches purpurescent, petioles alate; leaves 5
pairs of oblong dentate leaflets nearly 2.5 cm. long, 10-16 mm. wide,
the terminal little larger, sometimes confluently 2-3-1 obed; pedun-
cles axillary in a lax terminal many-flowered panicle; calyx glabrous,
acutely 5-lobed. In open inflorescence and alate leaf rachis, this
plant in Herb. Delessert per label on Negative 26210 is type rather
than the Herb. Prodromus specimen (Negative 7675) by Dombey,
which appeared to me to be the form of T. rosaefolia HBK. with
obtuse leaflets. Sandwith does not refer to this specimen in his use-
ful paper, Candollea 7: 243-254. 1936, on some Candollean types.
The following collection, which may prove to be a variant, has acute
obscurely serrate leaflets, corollas 3.5-6 cm. long, calyces campanu-
late. Really, unless the calyx shape is significant, the recorded dif-
ferences between this and T. arequipensis and similarly distinguished
plants seem tenuous and probably within a normal range of variation.
F.M. Neg. 26210.
lea: Rio de Pisco, Vargas 930 (det. Johnston, T. arequipensis).
"Cabuato" (Vargas).
Tecoma rosaefolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 112 (144). 1819.
T. azaleiflora HBK. I.e. fide Seemann, I.e. B. tenuiflora DC. Prodr.
9: 166. 1845, fide Seemann. Tecomaria roseifolia (HBK.) Seem.
Journ. Bot. 1: 20. 1863. Gelseminum amoenum Ktze. Rev. Gen. 3,
pt. 2: 245. 1898 (fide Sandwith with query). Stenolobium huanca-
bambae Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 119: 23. 1916.
More or less pubescent to nearly glabrous shrub, the brown bark
fragile; leaflets 2-4 pairs, oblong, obtuse or acute, serrate, partly
pilose beneath only, lateral to 3 cm. long, half as wide, terminal to
1 dm. long; rachis sometimes compressed, glabrous or as petioles,
puberulent; calyx nearly minute, 3X3 mm. (type), usually some-
what longer but campanulate, denticulate; corolla outside red, nar-
rowly short-tubular at base (where villous within), funnelform, bilab-
iate, 5.5 cm. long, 1 cm. across at top; stamens to 6 cm. long; disk
fleshy, crenate; capsule 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-6 mm. broad. Type from
Ecuador, the flowers 2.5 cm. long, those of T. azaleiflora 3.5 cm. long,
filaments glabrous in both these types. Sandwith, Kew Bull. 432.
1959, remarked that material seen in Peru and Ecuador suggests that
this is a very variable species, especially in the indumentum; he indi-
cates he is inclined to believe the synonymy of Seemann and to add
the plants of Kuntze and Kranzlin (this ex char.), and perhaps others
FLORA OF PERU 83
(Bolivian). The Dombey specimen in Herb. Prodromus under the
name T. guarume DC. is, ex char., rather T. rosaefolia HBK., while
Neg. 26210, if a Pavon specimen, Herb. Conservatoire, is, ex char.,
the type of T. guarume. The unequal yellowish to brownish-red
color of the flowers is difficult to describe (Weberbauer).
Pi ura: Sondrillo, Rio Huancabamba, (Bonpland, type, T. azalei-
flora. Rio Huancabamba, Weberbauer 6279 (type, S. huancabambae) .
Cajamarca: Chota to Hualgayoc, 1,300-2,300 meters, Weberbauer,
188. Socota, Stork & Horton 10096. Amazonas: Utcubamba Val-
ley, Weberbauer, 191. Chachapoyas, (Mathews 1339}. Arequipa:
Chuqarapi, (Guenther & Buchtien 565, det. Bruns). Bolivia to Ecua-
dor. "Fresno," "fresnillo," "hada."
Tecoma sambucifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 143. 1819.
Stenolobium sambucifolium (HBK.) Seem. Journ. Bot. 1: 88. 1863.
Glabrous tree, the branches compressed; leaves imparipinnate,
terminal, simple, intermixed, the leaflets (2) 3-5 pairs, oblong (acute
or obtuse), acuminate, serrate, reticulation venose, nerves prominent
beneath, lustrous above, lateral leaflets 3.5 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide;
panicles terminal, simple, less than 1 dm. long (type); calyx campan-
ulate, acutely dentate; corolla funnelform, 2.5-3.5 cm. long; anthers
puberulent (Melchior); ovary glabrous; capsule 1 dm. long, com-
pressed, verruculose, glabrous; seeds flat, membranous-margined.
Rather distinct from T. stans in the form of the leaves (HBK.), a
questionable distinction; no specimens seen by me at this time (1960).
The acuminate leaflets contrast with T. rosaefolia HBK. (Sandwith).
Killip & Smith 21780 shows rounded or obtuse leaflets and acutely
acuminate ones. New shoots may have simple leaves (Melchior).
There is a var. multijugum R. E. Fries, type from Argentina; this
plant is certainly a part of T. stans (Herzog), an opinion shared by
me. Type from Montan, Peru (Bonpland). Flowers yellow with
orange tinge (Seibert 2092, cultivated at Lima Botanic Garden). At
its northern limit ascends to 3,000 meters, while found at 1,600 me-
ters in the south (Weberbauer). Illustrated, Weberbauer, page 157.
La Libertad: Santiago de Chuco, Lopez 0431 (distr. as T. gua-
rume). Cajamarca: Huaraz, Weberbauer, 172, 173. Lima: Matu-
cana, Stork & Horton 9181; Soukup 2068; Mexia 04081. Canta
Valley, below Obrajillo, (Cruckshank) . Hudnuco: Ambo, (Asplund
18506, det. Asplund). Junin: Tarma, Killip & Smith 21780; Weber-
bauer, 177; Seibert 2198 (det. Seibert). Cuzco: Vilcanota Valley,
(Herrera 1079, det. Killip). Valle de Urubamba, Weberbauer, 175;
84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
243. Ollantaitambo, (Cook & Gilbert 300; 808). At 2,750 meters,
Herrera 949. Arequipa: Mejia, (Guenther & Buchtieri). "Huaran-
huai," ( Weberbauer) .
Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. Gen. PI. 139. 1789; 79. Bignonia stans
L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 871. 1763. Stenolobium stans (L.) Seem. Journ. Bot.
1:88. 1863.
Flowers without, except branchlets, petioles and subterete leaf
rachis glabrous (except variety), unevenly, remotely and minutely
lepidote; leaves punctate beneath, the midrib pilose; leaflets 1-3
pairs, lanceolate, acutely serrate and acuminate, cuneate at base,
several cm. to a dm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, the veins impressed above,
lateral nerves prominent beneath, chartaceous; racemes (panicles,
also) usually 0.5-1.5 dm. long; calyx 4.5-7 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 wide,
the upper half impressed glandular, only the short deltoid acute lobes
ciliate; corolla yellow, 3.5-5 cm. long, the tube 2-3 mm. broad, at
most twice as long as calyx (Melchior), the limb to 3.5 cm. across;
stamens included, anther cells (ex char.) pilosulous; capsule glabrous
but often densely yellow-lenticellate and a dm. or so long, to 7 mm.
broad. Variable in degree of indument, none to dense when worthy
of recognition as var. velutina DC. Prodr. 9: 224. 1845 (T. mollis
HBK. I.e.), fide Seibert. However, Melchior, Berichte Deutsch.
Gesellsch. 59: 26. 1941, suggested that lightly pubescent shrubs have
inflorescence of T. stans (simple or nearly), tomentose ones that of
T. castanifolia (as T. sorbifolia HBK.) and so are probably distinct.
Originally from Mexico, may be not native in Peru or should include
several variants described as distinct species. A shrub or small tree
(rarely 8 meters) commonly cultivated, as at Lima, for the beauty
of its bright yellow flowers over long periods, the flexible branches
used in basketry. Jussieu did not give the source of the name (not
required in his day), so I consider the transfer as by him (as did Schu-
mann, Hooker, DeCandolle and others) rather than by Humboldt,
Bonpland and Kunth. Illustrated, Bot. Mag. pi. 8191; Bureau,
Monogr. Bignon. pi. 13 (1864).
Cajamarca: Huambos, Prov. Cutervo, Stork & Horton 10200 (var.
velutina, det. Standley, T. mollis). Lima: Lima, Soukup 2927. Surco,
Soukup 3742. Huanuco: Conchamarca, Soukup 133. Tingo Maria,
Attar d 21619 (det. L. B. Smith). Junin: Tarma, Ruiz & Pavon; Ochoa
638 (det. L. B. Smith). Huancavelica: Shrubland, Mejorada, Stork
& Horton 10897 (det. Standley). Apurimac: Pincos, Stork & Horton
1 0684. Oropeza Valley, (Vargas 9761 ) . At 2,500 meters, Weberbauer
FLORA OF PERU 85
5846 (var. velutina). Cuzco: Valle de Urubamba, near Calca, Her-
rera 788; 1089; Soukup 62 (var. velutina). Abancay, Balls 6883 (det.
McVaugh). Florida to Mexico and Argentina. "Ciarhirachero"
(Ruiz & Pavon), "huaranhua" (Herrera).
Tecoma tanaeciiflora (Kranzl.) Sandw. Kew Bull. 1953: 455.
1954. Stenolobium tanaeciiflorum Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 119:
22. 1916.
Much branched, about 3 meters tall, the dark gray branchlets
short-pilose as the short racemes and leaves, these pinnate or simple,
the latter cuneate-oblong, acute, dentate, about 1-5 cm. long, 10-
13 mm. wide; calyx oblong, 5-costate, 5 mm. long, pilosulous as the
lobes marginally of the glabrous corolla, this to 6 cm. long, gradually
ampliate from very slender base, slightly curved, the lobes 6 or 7 mm.
wide, 4-5 mm. long; stamens on pilose part of tube 1 cm. long, fila-
ments glabrous; ovary 5-6 mm. long; capsule smooth, arcuate, to
7 cm. long, attenuate into disk 1 cm. long. Stafford collections agree
with original description; pinnate and simple leaves on the same
branchlets. Weberbauer noted a form with pinnate leaves; these
have 3-7 leaflets. Some simple leaves are 7 cm. long, 3 cm. wide.
It is clear that the taxonomy of the Peruvian and Bolivian species
of Tecoma can be understood only from field studies (Sandwith).
Arequipa: Below Chuquibamba, (Stafford 1174); toward same
locality, Weberbauer 6844, type. Quebrada Molle, north of Are-
quipa, (Stafford 1145). Aplao, 1,400 meters, Hafen von Lomas,
Weberbauer 5731?; 6844.
Tecoma Weberbaueriana (Kranzl.) Melchior, Berichte Deutsch.
Gesellsch. 59: 26. 1941. Stenolobium Weberbauerianum Kranzl. Bot.
Jahrb. 54, Beibl. 119: 23. 1916.
Type a 3 meter high shrub with densely lenticellate bark and,
fide author, very much like T. stans but differs in the leaves and
smaller flowers; all of the former seen by him were trifoliolate, not
truly pilosulous but puberulent, the larger middle one to 1.5 dm.
long, 4-6 cm. wide, the 2 lateral 6-8 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, all
coarsely dentate; flowers in racemes or in few-branched panicles to
12 cm. long, sometimes with a few small leaves below; bracts minute,
linear; pedicels 5 mm. long; calyx shortly campanulate, deeply parted,
the triangular acute teeth 2-3 mm. long; corolla to 4 cm. long (author),
2.5 cm. long in specimen seen, abruptly expanded from narrow base,
86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
straight, the equal rounded lobes pilosulous only within, marginally
fimbriolate; anther cells strongly divergent, the larger 2 cm. long;
style 2 cm. long; disk minute. There are also simple leaves. If dis-
tinct from T. castanifolia (D. Don) Melchior it must be on the basis
of much narrower flowers, much less inflated, and rarely more than
3 cm. long; it is probably a pubescent state of T. Gaudichaudii and
correctly included with it in T. castanifolia (D. Don) Melchior.
Piura: East of Piura, in rain-shrub area, 300 meters, Weberbauer
6005, type.
36. TABEBUIA Gomes
Trees with simple, 1-foliolate or digitately and subequally 3-5-
foliolate leaves (no pseudostipules) and short terminal or axillary
dichasia or racemes. Calyx campanulate to elongate-tubular, clearly
lobed, often bilabiately, lepidote, stellate pubescent or tomentulose.
Corolla about funnelform, rarely subhypocrateriform, the lobes usu-
ally ciliate, frequently pubescent within. Anthers glabrous, cells
divaricate, the sterile one much shorter. Disk patelliform or cupu-
late. Ovary rather oblong, usually lepidote, the ovules commonly
pluriseriate, sometimes biseriate. Capsule elongate-linear or nar-
rowly oblong-ellipsoid, attenuate both ends, often beaked at apex,
the smooth valves at right angles to septum. Seeds oblong, the hya-
line wings whitish or suborbicular and entirely coriaceous. The
name is a native one for the species first known (from Rio Janeiro) ;
several species are cultivated in Argentina. Unless for convenience,
a part of Tecoma Juss.
To this genus Williams, Field Mus. Bot. 15: 447. 1936, referred,
without specific determination, from Tarapoto, his 5736, 6617, from
Yurimaguas, 4435, Pebas, 1881, and La Victoria, 3176, collections
not seen. Dugand, Mutisia 25: 1-22. 1956, has given a helpful key
and notes to the species of Colombia, with references to the wood.
If "T. pentaphylla" (cf. authors, not L., nom. illegit., Sandwith) is
in Peru it must be called T. rosea (Bertol.) DC. Prodr. 9: 215. 1845
(Tecoma rosea Bertol. Fl. Guatimal. 25. 1840), famous for its wood
known as "Roble morado;" the 5-digitate leaves and calyx are densely
lepidote. It is in Ecuador! (Sandwith, Kew Bull. 1953: 454. 1954).
Tecomaria capensis (Spach) Seem., the exserted stamens with an-
ther cells connate for the upper third may be cultivated (as elsewhere
in South America), from Africa; leaflets 7-9, serrate, pubescent, 1.5-
3 cm. long, corolla orange-red or scarlet, glabrous, 4-5 cm. long;
FLORA OF PERU 87
Seibert collected it at the Lima Botanic Garden (2094) and at Forta-
leza, Loreto (2178} as an ornamental.
Leaves closely stellate-canescent and reticulate beneath; corolla pi-
losulous ventrally within T. heteropoda.
Leaves soon glabrate or greenish beneath, not strongly reticulate.
Corolla weakly long-pilosulous within; leaflets 3, ultimate veinlets
not raised beneath (typically) T. serratifolia.
Corolla pubescence coarser; leaflets usually 5-7, ultimate veins
raised.
Leaflets early pubescent; corolla indument within subscurfy.
T. obscura.
Leaflets early glabrate; corolla indument softer (type).
T. capitata.
Tabebuia capitata (Bur. & Sch.) Sandw. Recueil Trav. Bot.
Nerl. 34: 226. 1937. Tecoma capitata Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras.
8, pt. 2: 337. 1896.
Ex. char, similar to T. obscura but according to authors inflores-
cence precocious; leaflets sometimes 3, sometimes acute; calyx about
1 cm. long, subtomentose floccose, apically incrassate, 5-dentate;
corolla 4.7-5 cm. long (type), ventrally pubescent within; disk cupu-
late, 0.6 mm. high; ovary lepidote. Probably will be found to vary
in character of indument sufficiently to include T. obscura. A river
shore tree 30-40 meters high, flowers bright reddish-lilac according
to Asplund, who referred his collection to the Argentinian T. Avel-
lanedae Lorentz & Griseb. Goeth. Abh. 24: 258. 1879, i.e. T. ipe
(Mart.) Standley.
Huanuco: Tingo Maria, Asplund 12620. Divisoria, 1,700 meters,
Woytkowski 3^566 (det. Cuatrecasas). Amazonian Brazil.
Tabebuia heteropoda (DC.) Sandw. Kew Bull. 1953: 452. 1954;
333. Tecoma heteropoda DC. Prodr. 9: 219. 1845. Tecoma grandiceps
Kranzl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 17: 216. 1921.
Branches terete, soon glabrate, the younger as petioles and leaves
beneath canescently stellate-tomentose; leaflets 5, oval, elliptic or
subobovate, often 8-12 cm. long, 4-9 cm. wide, coriaceous, glabres-
cent and impressed punctate above except hirsute midnerve, reticu-
late, the 2 lateral subsessile; flowers densely racemose-corymbose at
tip of older branchlets; bracts and bractlets subulate, 4 mm. long;
88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
calyx tomentose or glabrate, slightly lepidote, teeth puberulous or
villous; corolla tube glabrous, the limb puberulent apically and with-
in ventrally sparsely short- or long-pilosulous; ovary lepidote.
Kranzlin's type was from a leafless tree, branches torulose-cicatrose,
glabrous, corolla sparsely paleaceous-pilose within, to 8 cm. long,
6-7 cm. across apically; ovary sulcate, glabrous. The inflorescence
is separate on Pavon's type, also on duplicate sheet at Geneva; the
calyx is lepidote, and Sandwith wondered if the material belongs to
one species, the branches and leaflets densely pubescent with branched
trichomes; perhaps type in fact is T. capitata, but the flowers, often
precocious, are then on separate twigs. T. Hassleri Sprague, Bull.
Herb. Boiss. 2. 5: 87. 1905, appears to be comparable if not a variant.
P.M. Neg. 26212.
Cajamarca: Rio Llaucan, Prov. Cutervo, Weberbauer 7166
Huanuco: Pozuzo, Ruiz & Pavdn (type, without data). Cuzco:
Pomachaca, Urubamba Valley, 1,200 meters, Weberbauer 5050 (type,
Tecoma grandiceps). "Guayacan" (Weberbauer).
Tabebuia obscura (Bur. & Sch.) Sandw. Recueil Trav. Bot.
Ne'er!. 34: 226. 1937. Tecoma obscura Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras.
8, pt. 2: 343. 1896.
Branches compressed quadrate at dilated nodes, early subtomen-
tulose as petioles, leaf nerves beneath and terminal subsessile umbel-
late inflorescence; leaflets 5, oblong, obtuse or obtusely acuminate,
stellate pubescent and impressed lepidote on both sides, subcoria-
ceous, subnitid above, often 8-10 cm. long, 3.5-4 cm. wide, lateral
nerves 9-11, transverse veins prominent; bractlets linear-subulate,
acuminate; calyx rusty, 1-2 cm. long, tube campanulate, splitting
unequally, usually 3-dentate; corolla about 6-6.5 cm. long, glabrous
without, ventrally puberulous within, lobes rounded, 14 mm. long;
disk low; ovary glabrous. Inflorescence accompanied by leaves
(Schumann), perhaps not constantly; also said to be distinguished
from T. capitata (Bur. & Sch.) Sandw. I.e. (to be expected in south-
eastern Peru) by the clearly stellate pubescent younger leaflets (both
sides), very rusty calyx, and, especially, shorter almost scurfy rigid
trichomes on anterior inner side of corolla tube; the also similar
T. serratifolia (Vahl) Nicholson has corollas less densely and weakly
long-pilose within; the ovary of T. capitata (perhaps T. obscura) may
lack the flat glands very obvious on that of Vahl's plant (Sandwith) .
All these characters, from the few specimens seen, may, it seems to
me, prove variable.
FLORA OF PERU 89
Loreto: La Chorrera, (Fox 41, det. Sandwith). Iquitos, Tess-
mann 5144; Klug 476 (det. Sandwith). Boqueron, Padre Abad,
Woytkowski 34417 (det. Cuatrecasas, T. longiflora Bur. ined.).
Northern Amazonian Brazil.
Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) Nicholson, Diet. Card. 4: 1. 1888;
73. Bignonia serratifolia Vahl, Eclog. Amer. 2: 46. 1798.
Branchlets and foliage glabrous or nearly, somewhat puberulous
when young and the leaflets pilose in the nerve axils beneath, mi-
nutely lepidote but with no scaly coat; leaflets 3 (always?), rather
ovate, mostly cuneate at base, acuminate, highly variable in size,
the larger terminal one often a dm. long or longer, usually somewhat
less than half as wide, sometimes crenate, papery to coriaceous, ulti-
mate veinlets scarcely raised above, not at all beneath, extremely
intricately reticulate; inflorescences ordinarily on leafless branchlets,
the cymes or 1-flowered pedicels in umbelliform fascicles; calyx finely
stellate pubescent; corolla 6-8 cm. long, yellow, glabrous, but some-
what and weakly long-pilose within; ovary grooved, sparsely lepidote,
more or less tubercled with patelliform glands, ovules pluriseriate;
capsule linear, attenuate to apex, attains at least 4.5 dm. in length,
2 cm. in width. Earliest name for several similar trees, perhaps dis-
tinct; apparently no illustration has been published! A plant from
Guayaquil is said to have corolla glabrous within. T. ecuadoriensis
Standley, Trop. Woods 45: 17. 1936 (type, Guayaquil), ex char., with
3 leaflets, corollas 5-6.5 cm. long, villous within, calyx stellate-
tomentose, capsule 3.5 dm. long, 1 cm. wide, may occur; an her-
barium name by Bureau may refer to one of these.
Loreto (probably). Colombia to Bolivia and Trinidad. "Chonta."
37. CYBISTAX Mart.
Yangua Spruce, Journ. Linn. Soc. 3: 197. 1859.
Branchlets terete or subtetragonous, the younger lenticellate.
Leaves opposite, the lower bipinnate (Martius), the upper digitately
5-9-foliolate, the petiolulate leaflets elliptic, acuminate both ends,
submembranous. Panicles terminal, subcorymbose, many-flowered.
Calyx ventricose-campanulate, 5-nerved, the broadly ovate lobes
cuspidate. Corolla tubular, limb expanded. Staminode rudimen-
tary. Anther cells linear, obtuse, divergent. Disk fleshy. Ovary
striate, conical-cylindric, stigma bilamellate. Capsule linear-oblong,
acuminate, valves contrary to septum fide Martius, costate seeds
90 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
subelliptic, alate all around, 3-seriate. Green- or greenish-flowered
trees scattered in the half-xerophytic tropical savannahs up to 1,300
meters; with the maturing of the fruit the leaves fall (Weberbauer) ;
easily detached in drying, to which probably the name alludes
(DeCandolle).
Cybistax quinquefolia (Veil.) Macbr., comb. nov. Bignonia
quinquefolia Veil. Fl. Flum. 252. 1825; 6: pi. 50. C. antisyphilitica
Mart, ex DC. Prodr. 9: 199. 1845. B. viridiflora Lodd. Bot. Cat. 11:
pi. 1026. 1825 (nomen nudum). Yangua tinctoria Spruce, Journ.
Linn. Soc. 3: 198. 1859.
Sometimes many meters tall, the trunk deeply sulcate; leaflets
5-9 (often 7 in Peru), lanceolate or subobovate, more or less acute,
pellucid-punctate, glabrous (see remarks below), the younger ser-
rate; panicles short; calyx long-persisting, whitish, membranous, lax,
5-plicate, much broader than corolla base, this tubular and a little
longer (16 mm.); calyx lobes short ovate, abruptly cusped; corolla
pale green, pulverulent without, tomentulose within, about 7 cm.
long, the subequal lobes short-ovate, subrecurved; filaments shortly
stipitate, glandular; capsule linear-fusiform, acute, about 2.5 dm.
long, 5 cm. broad, 2.5 cm. thick, acutely 12-angled, 12-sulcate; seeds
about 2.5X4-5 cm. Commonly planted, never seen truly wild
(Spruce).
Calyx shown by Gomes, Rodrigue'zia 32: 130, fig. 9; fruit, fig. 14-
The plant of Peru probably distinct, may be (Y. tinctoria Spruce)
C. Sprucei Schum. Pflanzenfam. 4, Abt. 3b: 240. 1894, properly
requiring the use of Spruce's name. Unlike the Brazilian plant
the corolla is apparently not papillose, is tomentulose within, the
stamens only half as long as corolla, the capsule 12-angled, 12-sul-
cate, but, even so, perhaps the species is variable in these characters
as in pubescence, this a puberulence more or less developed, some-
times lacking. It may also be significant that no examples outside
of the influence of some cultivation have been recorded.
Sometimes cultivated (as on the Rio Huallaga, Weberbauer 6819)
for its leaves, which are used as a substitute for the blue dye of indigo.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4.267 (type, Y. tinctoria). Rio
Huallaga, Weberbauer 6819; 316. Loreto: Yurimaguas, (Spruce).
Cuzco: Urubamba Valley, Weberbauer, 277. Santa Ana, Cook &
Gilbert 1465. Bolivia; Brazil. "Yangu tinctoria," "Yangua" (both
Spruce), "orcco-huoranhuay" (Cook & Gilbert).
FLORA OF PERU 9 1
38. GODMANIA Hemsley
Tree resembling Tabebuia and Cybistax but the small flowers with
pilose stamens, and the fruit costate as in the latter. Leaves mostly
7-foliolate. Fl owers many, corymbosely crowded. Kranzlin remarked
the apparent weakness of this segregate. This is, obviously, as so
often in this family, an arbitrary genus, proposed by the author,
surely, as a courtesy; F. Ducane Godman (with Osbert Sabin) edited
the Biologia Centrali-Americana; the botanical part was written by
Hemsley.
Godmania aesculifolia (HBK.) Standley, Lista Prelim. PL St.
Salvador 200. 1925. Bignonia aesculifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3:
140. 1819. G. Uleana Kranzl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 379. 1915,
fide Sandwith.
Early puberulent at tips; leaflets ovate or suboblong, acute or
acuminate at both ends, often 1-1.5 dm. long, pilose or glabrate and
glandular-lepidote beneath; calyx 1 mm. long, puberulent as corolla,
this 10-13 mm. long, campanulate-ventricose, barbate within; cap-
sule to 7 dm. long, 1.5 cm. broad, regularly 16-costate.
Peru (probably). Bolivia and Amazonian Brazil to Mexico and
British Guiana.
39. SPARATTOSPERMA Mart.
Erect shrubs or trees with digitately foliolate leaves and terminal
subcorymbose panicles of white or tinted funnelform flowers. Calyx
tubular, more or less parted. Ovary in a fleshy conical disk. Stig-
mas linear, erect. Capsule subterete, elongate. Valves contrary to
septum, only medially subquadrate. Seeds linear, long-alate, the
wings finely lacerate simulating a pappus. Pollen brokenly alveo-
late, not sulcate (Gomes, Rodrigue"sia 20: 130, fig. 27).
Sparattosperma leucanthum (Veil.) Schum. Pflanzenfam. 4,
Abt. 3b: 235. 1894. Bignonia leucantha Veil. Fl. Flum. text 251. 1825.
Spathodea vernicosa Cham, in Linnaea 7: 661. 1832. S. vernicosum
(Cham.) Bur. & Sch. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 8, pt. 2: 354, pi. 116. 1896.
S. lithontripticum Mart, ex DC. Prodr. 9: 203. 1845.
Quite glabrous including the corollas in anthesis (these funnel-
form-campanulate above the narrow short tube) and, except the
flowers, lustrous as if with varnish or lacquer; petioles (1.5 dm. long
or longer) and petiolules (1-4 cm. long in each leaf) canaliculate, the
92 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
lower with 5 leaflets, the upper 3 oblong-elliptic caudate- (and acutely)
acuminate, obliquely rounded at base, the larger 1.5 dm. long, to
6 cm. wide, the outer much smaller, membranous, the 8-12 pairs of
slender nerves impressed above, raised beneath; calyx tubular-sub-
conic, 2 cm. long, unevenly lobed; corolla 6 cm. long, limb 3 cm.
across; capsule elongate, sub terete, the seeds 2.5 cm. long, scarcely
2 mm. broad. Calyx drawing in Gomes, Rodrigue'sia 32: 130, fig. 12.
Nodes of the soon subterete branches enlarged. Attains 10 meters,
the flowers white and lilac (Klug).
San Martin: Chazuta, Klug 3964 (det. Standley). Loreto: Mish-
uyacu, Klug 1019 (det. Sandwith). Madre de Dios: Maldonaldo,
Seibert 1898 (det. Sandwith). Brazil. "Quinilla" (Seibert).
40. DELOSTOMA D. Don
Shrubs with opposite simple pinnately nerved leaves, the terminal
nearly bractless, few-flowered (often 1-2) racemes between opposite
branchlets. Calyx coriaceous, ribbed, early obovate, acutely closed,
later bi- (tri-) labiate, the acuminate lobes teretely calloused, or
double. Corolla tubular, little incurved, slightly bilabiate, the lobes
rounded. Filaments hirtellous basally, the sterile ones short or obso-
lete. Style filiform, stigma bilamellate. Capsule oblong, compressed,
attenuate at least to base, apically calloused, the oval transverse
seeds apically shortly, otherwise broadly alate. Calyx allies it to
Tabebuia but valves are parallel and seeds many seriate (DeCandolle,
Prodr. 9: 197. 1845).
Calyx simple; leaves entire or subentire.
Corolla 2.5-3.5 cm. across at apex; calyx subscurfy.
D. Weberbauerianum.
Corolla usually about 2 cm. across at apex; calyx glabrous or
glabrate D. integrifolium.
Calyx more or less double; leaves rarely subentire.
Flowers on maturely f oliose branchlets . . .D. dentatum.
Flowers on leafless branchlets or leaves not fully developed, or few.
D. Lobbii.
Delostoma dentatum D. Don, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 18: 263.
1823; 351.
Fruiting branchlets scarred, glabrate, the younger as the leaves be-
neath more or less pubescent; leaves elliptic-oblong, closely denticulate,
FLORA OF PERU 93
3.5-7.5 cm. long, about 2-3 cm. wide or larger, rounded-mucronate
or acute, prominently nerved beneath; inflorescences subumbellate,
pedicels about 8 mm. long; calyx turbinate-campanulate, about
1.5 cm. long, inner lobes 5-6, outer 3-4 mm. long, divaricate; corolla
roseate, 6 cm. long, glabrous except puberulent above and near sta-
men insertion; ovary purplish; capsules a dm. long, 2 cm. thick,
black. D. loxense (Benth.) Sandw. Lilloa 14: 136. 1948 (Tabebuia
loxensis Benth. PI. Hartw. 354. 1839) has, according to Sandwith,
the double calyx of this species but the entire leaves of D. integri-
folium, these, however, shorter, broader, ovate-elliptic, rounded or
subcuspidate, corolla densely tomentose, outer calyx lobes obscure,
black tubercles or obsolete as for D. Hookeri Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 54,
Beibl. 119: 25. 1916, also of Ecuador (Bot. Mag. 575-4 as D. dentatum,
not of Don), and indeed the Kranzlin plant may be the same; cer-
tainly a study of the group is in order, and my key thus only sug-
gestive. Bignonia rosea Pavon in herb. (Don) is D. dentatum D. Don,
fide DC. Forms a loose underbrush ( Weberbauer) . Illustrated,
Karsten, Fl. Colombia 2. pi. 119, as Codazzia (fide Schumann); cf.
Lobbii. F.M. Neg. 26208.
Lima: Rio Chillon, Pennell 1M42. Matucana, 75; 218; 293 %;
Asplund 10951. Ayacucho: Coracora, 2,600 meters, Weberbauer
5792 (det. Melchior).
Delostoma integrifolium D. Don. Edinb. Phil. Journ. 18: 264.
1823; 349. D. nervosum [Dombey] DC. Prodr. 9: 198. 1845, fide
Sandwith.
Branches lenticellate, early more or less pubescent as at least the
petioles (2.5 cm. long), leaf-nerves and peduncles; leaves elliptic-
oblong, a dm. or so long, about half as wide, acutely short-acuminate,
the 2 basal nerves almost parallel to the entire margin, the leaves
impressed above, strongly reticulate beneath; thyrse shorter than
leaves, pedicels to 1 cm. long; calyx with 4 or 5 impressed glands,
ellipsoid, pointed in bud, 2-3-lobed at anthesis, the divisions callose-
cuspidate or acuminate; corolla 5 cm. long, tube 3.5 cm. long, lobes
1.5 cm. long; filaments pilose near base; ovary glabrous; capsule
lanceolate, compressed, seeds many-seriate, alate. This is Bignonia
rosea Pavon in herb, fide Don. Seibert 2095, Lima Botanical Garden,
may be this (Sandwith, in herb.). Illustrated, Karsten, Fl. Colom-
bia 2: pi. 120. F.M. Neg. 7650.
Huanuco: Near Huanuco, Ruiz & Pavdn, type; Dombey (type,
D. nervosum). Also at Cheuchin. "Huarama," "huaruma."
94 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Delostoma Lobbii Seem. Bonplandia 10: 72. 1862.
Branchlets, leaves and calyx almost woolly-pilose (the leaves be-
neath) to quite glabrous; leaves vary in shape and size, lacking or
mostly at appearance of the 1-2 terminal flowers; pedicels 5-10 mm.
long; calyx about 1.5 cm. long, the lobes scarcely 5 mm. long;
corolla deep crimson, the indument on tube and lobes variable,
the tube narrowly tubular-funnelform, 4-5 cm. long, the lobes
1-1.5 cm. long; stamens and style exserted; capsule elliptic-oblong,
apparently not beaked-attenuate, 5-5.5 cm. long, about 2 cm.
broad, smooth, drying black, glabrous (except minutely scaly) ; seeds
elliptic, to 17 mm. long, 23 mm. broad, dark brown nitid embryo,
much paler membranous wings (Sandwith).
A Forgotten River by C. Sandeman (1939), wherein (p. 252)
this plant is mentioned, is a readily remembered book; to it Sand-
with refers, Kew Bull. 1954: 598. 1955, in giving some descriptive
notes (included above) . Determinations by Sandwith, who remarks,
with his usual good sense speaking of degree of indument, espe-
cially less or absent in southern part of range that "surely one
must expect a good deal of variation in this shrub, which occurs
between 1,000 and 2,600 meters, no doubt in many kinds of situ-
ations."
Cajamarca: Cajabamba, Velarde 2985. Amazonas: Chachapo-
yas, (Lobb, type). Above Balsas, (Sandeman 20). La Libertad:
Parcay, 2,700 meters, Weberbauer 7086. Otusco, Scolnik 1280 (det.
Sandwith). Ayacucho: Pajonal, West 3675 (det. Johnston). Apuri-
mac: Abancay, Vargas 1270; 9608 (Pearce). Rocky slope, Jesus y
Maria, Prov. Abancay, Vargas 9608 (det. D. dentatum in herb.).
Grass steppes, Prov. Andahuaylas, 1,800-2,600 meters, Weberbauer
5879. Cuzco: Torontoy, Urubamba Valley, Cook & Gilbert 823?
(leaves large). Ecuador. "Pichus" (West), "montetunya."
Delostoma Weberbauerianum Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 54, Beibl.
119: 25. 1916.
Type a 10-meter tree, the branches copiously lenticellate, the
leaves quite entire, to 12 cm. long, 8 cm. wide, obscurely pulverulent
beneath; calyx simple, unevenly 3-dentate, coriaceous, furfuraceous,
1 cm. long, 7-8 mm. across; corolla funnelform, equally puberulent
in and out, 4.5 cm. long, 7-8 mm. broad at base, 2.5-3 cm. across
at top; stamens affixed in pilose base of corolla, the larger 13 mm.
long; style 3.5 cm. long. Flowers of D. roseum Schum. (author).
A specimen from Otusco at 2,860 meters (Ochoa 1452) has been
FLORA OF PERU 95
referred by Sandwith to the Colombian D. roseum (Karst.) Tr.
sens. lat. with query, ex char, perhaps one species concerned.
Piura: Ayavaca to Rio Quiros, Weberbauer 6886, type.
41. SCHLEGELIA Miq.
Scandent, often by rootlets, the smooth pale branchlets without
glandular areas, nitidulous as finally the simple leaves. Pseudo-
stipules early obvious, opposite, subulate. Calyx subtubular to cam-
panulate, truncate or unevenly lobed, obsoletely denticulate. Flow-
ers (Peru) in short axillary panicles or clusters, small, glabrous.
Ovary 2-celled, ovoid, glabrous, divided horizontally by a raised
line, the upper half small, the lower half thicker, roughed (by an
adnate disk? Sandwith); ovules irregularly about 6-seriate, affixed
to an elliptic or semiorbicular placenta, this attached to the septum;
style nearly as long as ovary or shorter. Fruit berry-like but pericarp
crustaceous and somewhat enclosed in the accrescent calyx. Seeds
thick, compressed, oblong, angled, pitted-reticulate or punctate.
Genus has been referred in herbaria to Citharexylum and Aegi-
phila because of superficial resemblance while flowers and seeds
suggest Scrophulariaceae (see Monachino, Phytologia 3: 104-105.
1949); cf. Sandwith, Kew Bull. 210. 1930.
Panicles to 2 dm. long, terminal or also lateral S. scandens.
Panicles to 4 cm. long, lateral S. parviflora.
Schlegelia parviflora (Oersted) Monachino, Phytologia 3: 103.
1949. Dermatocalyx parviflorus Oersted, Vidensk. Meddels. Naturh.
Foren. 29. 1856. S. Ramizii Sandw. Kew Bull. 211. 1930, vars.,
Kew Bull. 303. 1940, fide author, I.e. 440. 1959. S. roseiflora Ducke,
Trop. Woods 76: 29. 1943 (Sandwith).
Robust, glabrous (or inflorescence glabrescent), branchlets (al-
ways?) without rootlets, sparsely lenticellate, the younger angulate;
stipules lanceolate, acuminate, 4-6 mm. long; petioles glandular
within near base; leaves oblong-elliptic or -obovate, obtuse or nar-
rowly round each end, often about 7-10 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide,
rigid-coriaceous, more lustrous above than beneath, lateral nerves
5-7 (10-12, Sandwith), immersed above, veinlets obscure (reticula-
tion prominent, Sandwith); panicles subracemose in axils of fallen
leaves, 1-4 cm. long, sometimes pilosulous unless sub-bilabiate
calyx (this 4-6 mm. long) and corolla, this white or roseate with
96 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
glabrous tube about 8 mm. long, lobes papillose within, 5 mm.
long (or longer); filaments finally about 2 mm. long, villous as
staminodes toward base (Monachino) or papillose (Sandwith, var.) ;
fruit to 12 mm. in diameter (Sandwith). Mostly after Ducke's
description, I.e., where he gave a key to the Amazonian and Guiana
species. Liana or 6-meter tree, the flowers white (Klug); this was
given an herbarium name after Peru by Standley and is var. ma-
crandra Sandw. I.e. 303, glabrescent, corolla lobes to 7.5 mm. long,
filaments glabrous or pilose-papillate, anthers exserted.
Loreto: Rio Zubineta at Rio Putumayo, Klug 23^0 (type, var-
macrandra) ; also 2191. Southern Brazil to Central America. "Ocu-
gui-o" (Klug).
Schlegelia scandens (Briq. & Spruce) Sandw. Kew Bull. 214.
1930. Citharexylum scandens Briq. & Spruce, Bull. Herb. Boiss. 4:
341. 1896. S. albiflora Kuhlm. An. Prim. Reun. Sul-Amer. Bot. 1938,
3: 89. 1940, fide Sandwith, Kew Bull. 1953: 459. 1954.
Leaves elliptic or suboblong, rounded at base, obtuse, shortly
petioled, glabrous, coriaceous, lustrous above, 1-1.5 dm. long, mar-
ginally recurved; racemes to 9 cm. long; pedicels 1-3 mm. long;
calyx 5 mm. long, later 3^4 mm. high, to 8 mm. across, entire or
suberose; corolla cylindric, to 1 cm. long, obliquely lobed, lobes
2 mm. long; stamens inserted lower third of tube, smooth as shortly
bilobed style; drupe fleshy, 10-13 mm. in diameter. After Briquet;
Kuhlmann noted 6-9 nerves, fleshy glands at leaf -base, black gland-
ular pores, inflorescence racemose-paniculate, corolla tube pilose
within as segments and subacute anther cells; Grisebach described a
short terminal corymb, younger leaves powdered with white points,
calyx cylindric, 2-lipped; anther cells blunt. Probably, as Sandwith
suggested, these apparent differences are within the variation range
of a single species. Branches may root at nodes; large plate-shaped
glands are at base of leaves beneath; Kuhlmann's plant I regard
as simply a white-flowered form, and S. scandens should probably
be reduced to S. violacea (Aublet) Griseb. Fl. Brit. West Indies 445.
1864, Sandwith, and as implied by Ducke.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, Klug MS. Northern ^Brazil.
42. CRESCENTIA L.
Small pale-barked trees with gourd-like indehiscent fruits, simple
(Peru) or trifoliolate leaves disposed spirally in alternate fascicles
FLORA OF PERU 97
(2 or 3 leaves) and openly campanulate flowers, 1-3-pedunculate
on the old wood, the very broad tube dilated and transversely
plicate below the middle.
A curious unmistakable ornamental plant, the thin hard shell
of the fruit sometimes used as a container, often carved or decorated
as is the squash; the thick wingless seeds, after removal of the
pulp, are edible when cooked.
The African Kegelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC. with pinnate leaves,
racemose broadly campanulate orange or wine-red flowers, 5-lobed
calyx, and elongate-ellipsoid fruits (similar to Crescentia) was col-
lected by Soukup without data.
Otto Porsch, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 80: 31-44. 1931, gave an
interesting account (with bibliography and illustrations) of Crescentia
as a "Fledermausblume" (visited by bats).
Crescentia cujete L. Sp. PI. 1: 626. 1753; 83.
Leaves more or less oblanceolate, long-attenuate to base, rounded
to shortly cuspidate, chartaceous, lustrous, glabrous, or pilosulous
beneath on the nerves; calyx deeply split; corolla usually yellowish-
or greenish-white with red -purple veins, 4-7 cm. long; disk thick,
yellowish; fruit variable in shape and size, sometimes 3 dm. long.
Widely cultivated and apparently naturalized, as in Loreto where
often in water (Tessmann); sometimes 20 meters tall; Williams,
Field Mus. Bot. 15: 445. 1936, found it as an escape and gave a
description of the hard wood, useful for handles, etc.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Woytkowski 85155. Loreto: Lower Rio
Itaya, Nanay, Williams 192; 545. Iquitos, King 1480; Killip &
Smith 27^28. Yarina Cocha, Tessman 3478. Cuzco: Hacienda Santa
Rosa, Soukup 797. Santa Ana, Cook & Gilbert 1683. Tropical
America. "Pati" (Record), "cayeira" (Spruce), "huingo" (Williams),
"tutumo," "buhango."
43. ECCREMOCARPUS R. & P.
Half-shrubs or scandent, the stems sulcate-angulate, the opposite
leaves finely bi- or tripinnate, the petioles produced into a branched
tendril; peduncles opposite the leaves terminating in a lax few-
flowered pendulous raceme of bicolored flowers. Calyx amply tubu-
lar-campanulate, acutely parted, inflated-persisting. Corolla tubular,
the lobes rounded. Anther cells completely joined; stamen rudi-
mentary. Ovary 1-celled, the 2 valves medially placentiferous. Cap-
98 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
sule ovoid, subquadrate-sulcate. Seeds imbricate, lenticular, with a
membranous radiately striate margin.
Leaves glabrous above, canescent beneath; leaflets 3 pairs; calyx red,
4 cm. long, corolla yellow, 7.5 cm. long E. longiflorus.
Leaves pulverulent above, puberulent beneath; leaflets 2 pairs; calyx
5-8 cm. long, corolla to 12 cm. long, both yellow-green.
E. viridis.
Leaflets pilose, 2-3 pairs; calyx fulvous, 4.5 cm. long, corolla yellow,
6 cm. long E. huainaccapac.
*-
Eccremocarpus huainaccapac Vargas, Bol. Soc. Peru. Bot. 1:
15. 1948.
Pilose slender shrub-liana, the leaves with 2-3 pairs of oval
leaflets; flowers in axillary racemes, the peduncles 2-2.5 cm. long,
often 10 or 12; bracts oval-lanceolate, 2-2.5 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide;
calyx fulvous, 4.5 cm. long, pilose, the segments acute; corolla yellow,
to 6 cm. long, the small glaucous pilose lobes lightly curved; capsules
3 cm. long, the membranous alate seeds 4 mm. long. Apparently
nearest E. longiflorus as suggested by the author, and probably the
Cuzco specimens so determined actually are referable to this southern
representative of the genus. Also, Vargas 5956 from near Penas,
Province of Urubamba, determined by Vargas as E. viridis R. & P.,
is either a rather notable range extension or points up the apparently
tenuous characters between these similar plants. The author's happy
choice of name gives botanical recognition to the last Inca king,
Huainaccapac.
Cuzco: Quesser-huailla, Prov. Cuzco, 3,900 meters, (Vargas 3034,
type). "Chucchucha."
Eccremocarpus longiflorus Humb. & Bonpl. PI. Aequin. 1 : 229,
pi 65. 1808.
High climbing vine; nodes early puberulent-tomentulose as peti-
oles; leaves tripinnate, the oval obtuse leaflets mostly undivided,
the terminal 3-lobed; flowers pendent on long peduncles; calyx red,
campanulate, about 4 cm. long and wide, the ovate finely apiculate
lobes half as long; corolla 7.5 cm. long, the tube subarcuate, yel-
low, little dilated at base at stamen insertion; stigma bifid, the
lobes subulate; capsule 1-celled, oblong-ovoid or -obovoid, sub-
angled; seeds many, imbricate, lentiform, fimbriately margined.
The flowers hang on long thin peduncles, the bladder-like calyx rose-
FLORA OF PERU 99
colored, the corolla throat blue-green (Weberbauer). F.M. Neg.
39401. Type from Mt. Saraguro, southern Ecuador.
Cajamarca: Huambos, Prov. Chota, Weberbauer, 192; 260.
Cuzco: Panticalla Pass, 3,600 meters, Cook & Gilbert 1287; Weber-
bauer 4938; 243, 244. Ecuador.
Eccremocarpus viridis R. & P. Prodr. 90, pi. 18. 1794; Syst.
157. 1798.
Stems and branches acutely quadrate or grooved also between
the angles, about 3 mm. thick, 5 mm. thick at nodes, sparsely puber-
ulent; leaves about 5 cm. long, bipinnate, the leaflets ovate-oblong
or elliptic, entire or the terminal and sometimes a few lateral with a
lobule, the larger 8 mm. long, half as wide, puberulent-villosulous
beneath, pulverulent above; racemes to 3 dm. long, pedicels recurved,
subfiliform, 5-7 cm. long; calyx (in flower) 5 cm. long, about 3 cm.
wide, the lobes ovate, acuminate, about 3 cm. long; corolla to 12 cm.
long, about 1 cm. wide, nearly straight, subtubular, lobes rounded, a
few mm. long, erect, glabrous within and without; staminodes slightly
exserted. Description from negative and my collection; flowers green,
toward base, as calyx, yellowish-green. F.M. Neg. 29234.
Huanuco: Muna, (Ruiz & Pavdn, type). Tambo de Vaca, 4371
(det. Johnston, E. longiflorus).
44. CALAMPELIS D. Don
Similar to Eccremocarpus R. & P. but pedicels short, calyx small,
not inflated, corolla ventricose, anther cells distinct above, divaricate,
capsules stiped, long-ovoid. Flowers orange-red, several to many,
about equaled by the ascending pedicels. Ruiz and Pav6n included
this in their genus but their description of calyx, corollas and anthers
applies to Eccremocarpus viridis R. & P. The genus perhaps merits
recognition as a logical segregate in a family containing many similar
traditionally maintained groups; however, Karl Schumann, Pflanzen-
fam. 4, Abt. 3b: 244, fig. 98. 1894, and apparently all later students
followed DeCandolle in regarding it as representing a section. Dar-
win, in his On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants, used this
plant as one example (Hooker, Bot. Mag. 3: 35, pi. 6408. 1879).
Calampelis scaber (R. & P.) D. Don, Edinb. Phil. Journ. 7: 89.
1829. Eccremocarpus scaber R. & P. Prodr. 90. 1794.
Stems quadrate, sulcate; leaves pulverulent, bipinnate, the leaf-
lets ovate, obliquely cordate at base, acute, entire or serrate, the
100 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
larger 1-2 cm. wide; tendrils 2-3-parted; peduncles with a linear
acute basal bract; racemes spreading-ascending, 1-1.5 dm. long,
pedicels 2-3.5 cm. long; flowers turning to one side; corolla 2-3 cm.
long, ventrally enlarged, contracted below, tube glandular as anthers
and calyx; capsules inflated-membranous, attenuate to the stipe,
4-5 cm. long; seed wings lustrous, sinuate-margined. A popular
and much illustrated ornamental of subtropical gardens; there are
horticultural variants with red or golden flowers. In Chile becomes
ligneous below.
Puno: Uplands above Lake Titicaca, 3,125 meters, Shephard 9
(det. B. L. Robinson). Chile; Argentina.
45. TOURRETTIA Fouger
Dombeya L'He>. Stirp. Nov. 1: 33. 1784.
A glabrous herb forming tangled masses or scandent, dichoto-
mous as to branches. Leaves opposite, ternately pinnate, one of
the two lower pinnae produced into a finely branched tendril; spike
bracteate and largely sterile toward apex, the sterile calyces colored.
Calyx biparted, the narrow acuminate upper lobe entire, sometimes
corniculate posteriorly, the lower 4-crenulate. Corolla purple-violet,
tubular, the upper lip cupulately produced, enveloping the 4 sta-
mens. Ovary reflexed, asperous, early 4-celled, ovules many, uni-
seriate. Capsule ovoid, coriaceous, echinate, 2-celled, the 2 valves
apically dehiscent, alately extended each side, thus nearly 4-celled.
Seeds few, compressed, alate all around. Named for La Tourette,
Lugdavian botanist.
Tourrettia lappacea (L'He>.) Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 263. 1800. Dom-
beya lappacea L'He"r. Stirp. Nov. 1: 33, pi. 17. 1784. T. volubilis
Gmelin, Syst. Veg. 2: 940. 1791.
The only species; leaves unevenly and coarsely serrate or some-
times lobulate, the terminal leaflet to about 3 cm. long, half as wide;
fruits oblong-ovoid, the hard (ligneous?) body to 4 cm. long, 1.5 cm.
thick, apically densely uncinate prickles, otherwise covered with
much shorter, finally straight prickles mixed with echinate ones, the
coarser to 1.5 cm. long. My collection with scarlet bracts, purplish
flowers, was in rocks as Ferreyra's, this with greenish-white corollas.
Illustrated, Bot. Mag. pi. 3749.
Cajamarca: San Miguel, Weberbauer 5246; 188. Lima: Aman-
caes and Chancay, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. Granado Hills, Goodspeed
FLORA OF PERU 101
Exped. 9299; Lurin, 5953. Cerro San Geronimo, Soukup 1290; 1550.
Lomas de Atocongo, (Ferreyra 4018; Verne Grant 7507). Lomas de
Lachay, (Ferreyra 8881). To Mexico.
COLUMELLIACEAE Lindl.
Closely branched shrubs or small trees, the younger parts seri-
ceous-canescent with minute trichomes. Leaves apparently entire
or with a few serrations, petioles somewhat connate at base, stipules
none. Flowers hermaphrodite, slightly irregular, in terminal, often
furcate cymes. Calyx tube adnate to the nearly completely inferior
ovary, the 5 lobes scarcely imbricate. Stamens 2, affixed near base,
the anther cells usually strikingly 2-3-coiled on an irregular dilated
connective. Style short, thick, stigma shortly 2-4-1 obed. Ovary
hemispheric, ovules many on 2 parietal bifid placentae that project
into the axis of the cell, then coalesce to form a partly 2-celled ovary.
Capsule septicidally 2-valved, the valves bifid in the persisting calyx.
Seeds many. Similar to Gesneriaceae.
COLUMELLIA R. & P.
Reference: Schlechter, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 7: 11. 1920.
Character of the family. The hard wood is used for utensils and
an infusion of the bitter leaves is wonderfully effective for tertian
fevers (Ruiz and Pavon).
Leaves oblong-lanceolate or subobovate, mostly 2-5 cm. long.
C. oblonga.
Leaves mostly obovate, larger C. obovata.
Columellia oblonga R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 1: 28, pi. 8, fig. a. 1798.
C. sericea HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 388. 1818, fide Fritsch, Pflanzen-
reich IV: 3: 188. 1897. C. Mathewsii Briq. Ann. Cons. Jard. Bot.
GeneVe 20: 367. 1918. C. Andrei Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 92. 1925.
A small erect much-branched tree, the opposite more or less quad-
rate branches brown-barked, the branchlets minutely and in greater
or less degree sericeous as the younger leaves beneath; leaves oblong
or somewhat obovate, narrowed to a short or obscure petiole, sub-
acute or apiculate, entire or sparsely serrate, 2-5 cm. long, about
half as wide, coriaceous, glabrous and lustrous above; cymes shortly
peduncled, terminal and on short lateral branchlets, laxly 6-10-flow-
102 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
ered, sericeous; pedicels short or to 1.5 cm. long, bracted; calyx lobes
unequal, oblong, subacute; corolla coriaceous, yellow, the suborbic-
ular lobes subconcave; anther cells sinuous to contorted. Schlechter,
I.e. recognized six species, not including that proposed by Briquet,
on the basis of wider and longer (3.5x2 cm.) quite entire leaves,
notably longer (5 mm. long) hypanthium, larger calyx (lobes 4-5 mm.
long, 2 mm. wide), corolla (lobes 7X7 mm.) and capsule (1 cm. long
including upper part); these relative differences are all within the
scope of expected variation and the same remark applies to the plant
described by me. C. sericea HBK. collected near Guayaquil, the
leaves appressed pubescent beneath, was accepted by Mansfeld in
herb, and may be recognizable as a variant. Woytkowski's speci-
men was from a 2-meter tree, the canary yellow flowers with orange
anthers. Illustrated, Fritsch, I.e. 187 (branch, flower parts); Bot.
Mag. pi 6183.
Amazonas: Chachapoyas, (Mathews, type, C. Mathewsii). Hu-
anuco: Pillao, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. Pillao, Rio Chaglia, Woytkowski
34607 (det. Cuatrecasas). Cuzco: Yanamanche, Prov. Urubamba,
2600 meters, Weberbauer 4983; 244, 245. Marcapata, 3300 meters,
Weberbauer 7791.
Columellia obovata R. & P. Fl. Peruv. 1: 28, pi. 8, fig. b. 1798.
Much-branched shrub or tree, in general resembling C. oblonga;
leaves sessile, obovate, glaucous, canescent sericeous beneath, the
larger dentate; flowers 1-3, terminal, yellowish. Perhaps distinct;
type had some leaves remotely denticulate, that is, with 2 or 3 minute
teeth each edge, mostly entire, all about 7 cm. long, 5 cm. wide, de-
ciduously pilose beneath.
Cajamarca: Huaraz, Weberbauer, 179. Junin: Tarma, Ruiz &
Pavdn, type. Ayacucho: Near Ayacucho, 3300 meters, Weberbauer
5482; at 2900 meters, 5584. (leaves denticulate). "Ullux," "ullus,"
"usluss" (Ruiz & Pavon).
Since the above data were assembled a taxonomic introduction
to "a comparative anatomical and taxonomic study" now in progress
by W. L. Stern and G. K. Brizicky has appeared, written by the
latter, Journ. Am. Arb. 42: 363-372. 1961. According to Dr. Brizicky
the usually 5 calyx lobes may be 4, 6, possibly 8; stamens, rarely 3,
and he cites Erdtman, Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy, who
FLORA OF PERU 103
recorded pollen grains as somewhat different in size for C. oblonga,
C. obovata, C. sericea. Finally, as to Peru, Brizicky distinguishes
C. oblonga particularly by the leaves, these obviously inequilateral,
pergamentaceous to subcoriaceous, the lateral nerves distinct, and
recognizes C. sericea (including C. Mathewsii) as a subspecies, in
more or less degree with entire leaves, subcampanulate corolla, well-
adnate filaments; he, no doubt correctly, reduces my C. Andrei to
C. lucida Danguy et Chermezon, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 28: 436.
1922, but remarks that C. lucida may eventually prove to be treated
best as a variety of C. oblonga R. & P., subsp. sericea (HBK.) Bri-
zicky; his morphological synopsis is commendable for the careful
observations.
OROBANGHACEAE
Reference: Giinther, Beck-Mannagetta, Pflanzenreich IV: 261.
1930.
Yellowish-brown, leafless (leaves reduced to scales), stout, bracte-
ate, glandular-pubescent plants with funnelform bilabiate 4-merous
corollas, deeply 5-dentate calyces, the latter, as the former, more or
less persisting in fruit. Stamens affixed below middle of corolla tube.
Ovary 1-celled with 2-4 parietal placentae; style elongate, stigma
conspicuous. Capsule 2-valved, seeds many. Family has been re-
garded as a parasitic development of the Gesneriaceae or the Scroph-
ulariaceae, the ovary of the latter rarely 2-celled.
OROBANCHE L.
Character for Peru mostly as above; bractlets 2, adnate to pedi-
cel or calyx; placentae normally 4.
Flowers sessile (lower subsessile), 2 cm. long 0. tacnaensis.
Flowers long-pedicellate (except upper), 2.5 cm. long . 0. Weberbaueri.
Orobanche tacnaensis Mattfeld, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8:
185. 1922; 59.
Glandular pubescent unless in age, even the flowers, except the
corolla, glabrous below, glandular-pilose above; stem sometimes
branched at strongly clavate base, more or less squamate, to 2.5 dm.
tall; scales ovate-lanceolate, to 2 cm. long; spikes elongate-cylindric,
obtuse, laxly flowered only toward base; bracts lanceolate-elliptic,
acute, to 1.7 cm. long, 5 mm. wide; bractlets linear-lanceolate, about
12 mm. long, 1 mm. wide; calyx scutellate at base, deeply and nearly
104 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
regularly 5-parted, 1.5 cm. long, the tube 4 mm. long, the teeth
12 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, all the outer surface reddish glandular-
pruinose pubescent; corolla strongly constricted above stamen in-
sertion (this about 7 mm. above the base), somewhat incurved and
gradually much ampliate to the throat, the upper lip biparted, the
lower lobe rounded-ovate, glandular pilose; filaments glabrous, 1 cm.
long, anthers 2 mm. long; ovary ellipsoid, glabrous as style, this
1 cm. long, the 2 distinctly free lobes oblong, canaliculate; placentae
sometimes confluent with carpels; capsule 1 cm. long, 2-3-valved to
base; seed reticulation conspicuous. After author, who compared
the species to the Californian 0. balbosa Beck, that with flowers
scurfy, 1.5 cm. long, corolla little constricted, less ampliate and lobes
all elliptic, acute; Beck, I.e., who saw only imperfect specimens, posed
the question without decision; the Peruvian plant, if intermediate
forms are not discovered, may be a stabilized entity.
Tacna: On Artemisia sp. (Woitschach 71, type); also (Meyeri).
Orobanche Weberbaueri Mattfeld, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
8: 185. 1922; 57.
Stem stout and branched above or slenderly from the little in-
crassate base, sparsely squamate, to 1.5 dm. high, glabrate toward
base, early densely ferrugineous glandular pubescent toward apex,
including the upper part of the corollas; scales broadly triangular-
ovate (upper ovate-lanceolate), 5 mm. long; bracts lanceolate-ovate,
to 1.5 cm. long; flowers 2.5 cm. long, the upper subsessile, the lower
on pedicels to 1 cm. long; bractlets linear-lanceolate, obtuse, about
12 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, adnate below to the funnelform calyx, its
tube 7-8 mm. long, 4-5 mm. broad, the 5 linear-lanceolate subequal
teeth as long, 2-2.5 mm. wide; corolla little constricted above stamen
insertion (this 6-7 mm. above base), only slightly curved, gradually
ampliate, the upper lip parted nearly medially, the lobes finally re-
curved, 2.8 mm. wide, rounded-ovate, the lower lip erect, the 2 lateral
lobes ovate-oblong, 3.5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, the medial ovate,
4 mm. long, glandular-pilose; filaments 8 mm. long, hispidulous
toward base, anthers 2 mm. long; ovary ellipsoid-ovoid, glabrous
as style, this 7 mm. long; stigma bilobed, the lobes constricted,
canaliculate; placentae free; capsule 1 cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick,
bivalved to base; seeds deeply reticulate, 0.5 mm. long, 0.2 mm.
wide. After author; some species in the genus may be found to be
based on tenuous characters; type not seen by Beck.
Arequipa: Chala lomas, Weberbauer 7185, type.
INDEX
Synonyms in italic type
Adenocalymma, 30
Amphilophium, 52
Anemopaegma, 35
Argylia, 77
Arrabidaea, 15
Bignoniaceae, 3
Bignoniae, 7
Calampelis, 99
Callichlamys, 56
Campsis, 77
Clytostoma, 38
Columellia, 101
Columelliaceae, 101
Crescentia, 96
Crescentieae, 10
Cybistax, 89
Cydista, 61
Delostoma, 92
Distictella, 44
Distictis, 44
Dombeya, 100
Doxantha, 72
Eccremocarpus, 97
Godmania, 91
Jacaranda, 73
Lundia, 58
Macfadyena, 71
Macranthosiphon, 48
Martinella, 42
Memora, 66
Microbignonia, 71
Mussatia, 50
Orobanchaceae, 103
Orobanche, 103
Pachyptera, 34
Paragonia, 45
Petastoma, 27
Phryganocydia, 63
Pithecoctenium, 43
Pleonotoma, 69
Pseudocalymma, 29
Pseudopaegma, 37
Pyrostegia, 57
Roentgenia, 62
Saldanhaea, 63
Schizopsis, 48
Schlegelia, 95
Scobinaria, 40
Sparattqsperma, 91
Stenolobium, 78
Stizophyllum, 55
Tabebuia, 86
Tanaecium, 47
Tecoma, 78
Tecomeae, 9
Tourrettia, 100
Tynnanthus, 48
Xylophragma, 64
Yangua, 89
