THE UNIVERSITY
OF ILLINOIS
LIBRARY
OCT 7 1939
PUBLICATIONS
OF
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL
HISTORY
BOTANICAL SERIES
VOLUME XIII
PART II
THE LIBRARY OF THE
MAR 151939
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
CHICAGO, U.S.A.
1936-1938
THE LIBRARY OF THE
JUL 1-1936
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
BOTANICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893
VOLUME XIII
FLORA OF PERU
PART II, No. 2
BY
J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE
ASSOCIATE CURATOR, HERBARIUM, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
THE LIBRARY OF THE
MAR 3 1937
B. E. DAHLGREtfNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
EDITOR
PUBLICATION 379
CHICAGO, U.S.A.
MARCH 15, 1937
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS
58 0.
FB
V. ) 2>,
J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE
41. CHLORANTHAGEAE. Chloranthus Family
Reference: Solms in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 479-485. 1869.
Not only the articulate branchlets, enlarged at the nodes, but
also the agreeable fragrance which Ruiz and Pavon describe accu-
rately as seemingly emanating from the entire shrub, identify at
once the members of this small family. The resin exuded appears
as tear-shaped drops, with the color and odor of grains of the alma-
; ciga; in some places it is collected for the preparation of comforting
poultices (Ruiz and Pavon).
1. HEDYOSMUM Sw.
Tafalla R. & P. Syst. 269. 1798.
jfc Shrubs or small trees, always readily known by the opposite
/branchlets jointed at the nodes and by the more or less elongate,
-.sheath-like, connate stipules. Flowers monoecious or dioecious,
the staminate in ebracteate aments, the pistillate bracteate and
"^capitate or cymose, the cymes often branched. Several of the species
|are doubtfully distinct, but most of them are meagerly known.
Some forms of H. racemosum are questionably separable from H.
^arborescens Sw., a species typically West Indian. It is a pity that
-<|lhe name Tafalla has not been conserved to commemorate the artist
' \flof the Ruiz and Pavon expedition, who collected so many of the
*" specimens.
^ Aments and cymules small, 1-2 sessile in the axils of small leaves;
leaves conspicuously scabrous beneath H. scabrum.
Aments and cymules well developed, the latter several, spicate,
paniculate, or capitate-congested.
Pistillate flowers in cymules, not capitate-congested.
Petioles 7-20 mm. long; leaves mostly 10 cm. long.
Cymules 6-8 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide H. Dombeyanum.
Cymules smaller H. racemosum.
Petioles 3-8 mm. long; leaves mostly smaller.
Leaves ovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, bluntly pointed.
Branchlets scurfy; drupes 1.5-2 mm. long . . H. Kanehirae.
257
258 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Branchlets glabrous; drupes 3-3.5 mm. long . H. Huascari.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate H. Lechleri.
Pistillate flowers capitately congested; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
coarsely serrate H. glaucum.
Hedyosmum Dombeyanum Solms in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1:
482. 1869.
Petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; leaf blades ovate-oblong, 7-10 cm. long,
2-3 cm. broad, subacuminate, obtusely callous-serrate, glabrous but
somewhat scabrous and distinctly punctate above; cymules loosely
paniculate, about 3-flowered, the bracts subequaling the ovate,
trigonous drupes.
Huanuco: Cochero (Dombey}.
Hedyosmum glaucum (R. & P.) Cordem. Adansonia 3: 303.
1863. Tafalla glauca R. & P. Syst. 271. 1798.
Branches stout, obtusely angled; leaves acuminate, 10-15 cm.
long, rarely 3 cm. broad, glabrous; aments terminal, at first ovoid
and 1.5-2 cm. long, becoming cylindric and 3 cm. long; fruiting in-
florescence fleshy, to 3 cm. long and 2 cm. broad, the bracts linear,
shorter than the lustrous, ovate, trigonous drupes. Neg. 8537.
Huanuco: Cochero and Acomayo, Pavon. "Aitacupi," "alma-
ciga."
Hedyosmum Huascari Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 15. 1931.
Similar in foliage to H. Kanehirae but the cymules crowded in a
spike 6-8 mm. long, and the slightly exserted, light brown drupes
to 3.5 mm. long. Named for one of the last kings of the Incas,
Huascar.
Cajamarca: Above Tabaconas, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 6113,
type. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Weberbauer 4353.
Hedyosmum Kanehirae Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 14. 1931.
A tree about 5 meters high with densely scurfy-punctate branch-
lets having short internodes; leaves crowded, thick, the veins rather
prominent beneath, the blades closely and minutely callous-crenate,
dull, glabrous, oblong-elliptic-lanceolate, bluntly narrowed at the
apex, up to 7 cm. long and 3 cm. wide but mostly smaller; petioles
3-6 mm. long; cymules approximate in short racemes, many of them
sessile or nearly so, 4-5 mm. long and 3-4 mm. broad, the bracts
nearly enclosing the finally black, subtrigonous, acute drupes, these
FLORA OF PERU 259
scarcely 2 mm. long. The leaves are employed as a remedy for
rheumatism (Kanehira).
Huanuco: Pan de Azucar, Sawada 64, type. Monzon, Weberbauer
3388. Pampayacu, Kanehira 115, 204-
Hedyosmum Lechleri Solms in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 484. 1869.
Leaves glabrous, thinnish, oblong-lanceolate, acutely acuminate,
remotely crenate-serrulate, 5-7 cm. long, 1.2 cm. broad, the veins
obscure, even beneath; cymules in a contracted raceme or spike,
about 5 mm. long; drupes pale brown, 3 mm. long, little exserted.
Puno: Talaxara (Lechler 2632, 2660). Sangaban, Lechler 2279.
Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,500 meters, Killip & Smith 22403.
The Killip and Smith specimen, from a tree 7.5 meters high, is
perhaps a distinct species, the cymules being 7-8 mm. long, the
drupes included, 4 mm. long.
Hedyosmum racemosum (R. & P.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 434.
1834. Tafalla racemosa R. & P. Syst. 271. 1798.
A glabrous shrub or small tree with ample, chartaceous, more or
less serrulate leaves; petioles in the type 7-10 mm. long but often
2 cm. long or longer; leaf blades lance-elliptic, acuminate, mostly
10-15 cm. long and 5-7 cm. wide; cymules in simple or nearly simple
racemes or spikes; drupes in the type trigonous, rather bright (or
reddish) brown, about 2 mm. long, exserted. Solms recognizes H.
integrum Cordem. Adansonia 3: 302. 1863, and H. Sprucei Solms in
DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 483. 1869 (Neg. 7831). The former is distin-
guished by exactly trigonous, well exserted drupes; the leaves are
lustrous and the cymules paniculate. H. Sprucei is similar but the
leaves are nearly dull and the pale drupes are well exserted. Possibly
these are distinct species but they may be variants, their apparent
differences being due, at least in part, to the degree of maturity.
My No. 5798 was a slender tree 7 meters high with a bushy top.
An infusion of the leaves in alcohol is used as a remedy for rheuma-
tism (Weberbauer). The odor is that of bergamot (Raimondi)
Neg. 7830.
San Martin: Zepelacio, 1,200 meters, King 3273, 3746. Tara-
poto, Spruce 4436 (H. Sprucei Solms!). Tarapoto, Spruce 4311.
San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7006, 7500. Junin: Chancha-
mayo Valley, Schunke 421, 481, 524, 525. La Merced, 1,400 meters,
5798. Pichis Trail, 1,500-1,900 meters, Killip & Smith 25956.
Loreto : Pumayacu, 600-1,200 meters, Klug 31 75. Cerro de Escalera,
Ule 6583. Without locality: Mathews 1994. Huanuco: Haenke
260 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
(det. Pilger). Monzon, Weberbauer 3549; 256. Rio Posuso, 1,800
meters, Weberbauer 6738 (det. Mansfeld). Cajamarca: Cutervo,
Raimondi (det. Krause). Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 1112 (det.
Krause); 278. Ayacucho: Near Quillomito, 1,500 meters, Weber-
bauer 7544- Bolivia. "Anis," "supinum," "carpales," "asar guiru."
Hedyosmum scabrum (R. & P.) Solms in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1:
480. 1869. Tafalla scabra R. & P. Syst. 270. 1798. H. latifolium
Cordem. Adansonia 3: 308. 1863.
Petioles 1-2 cm. long or longer; leaves elliptic-ovate, shortly
obtuse-pointed, 8-12 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, coarsely callous-serrate,
glabrous above, definitely scabrous and more or less hirsutulous
beneath ; aments and cymules in pairs, sessile, both in fruit to 10 mm.
long. Var. Pavonii Solms (Neg. 8535) has glabrous, acuminate
leaves 3-4 cm. wide and shorter cymules. H. Mandoni Solms of
Bolivia is to be expected. Its narrower leaves are densely and sharply
callous-dentate. Neg. 7828.
Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Raimondi (det. Krause). Cajamarca:
Cutervo, Jelski 101; Raimondi. Chugur, Weberbauer 4070, 4075
(det. Krause); 259, 260. Cuzco: Prov. Convention, Weberbauer
5894, 5893. Huanuco: Chinchao (River o). Muna and Pati, Pavon.
Mufia, 1,950 meters, 4111. "Aytacupi." Colombia.
Doubtful Species
Hedyosmum angustifolium (R. & P.) Solms and H. laciniatum
(R. & P.) Solms, DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 485. 1869 (under Tafalla
R. & P. Syst. 272. 1798) are essentially nomina nuda; no specimens
have been found. Probably both are referable to H. racemosum.
42. SALICACEAE. Willow Family
Cultivated members of the family include, according to Herrera,
Populus tremula L. as "alamo chileno" or "alamo temblon," for
ornament or for the making of charcoal, and Salix babylonica L.,
the weeping willow, "sauce lloron," which, according to him, "has
acclimated itself well in canyons of the Department of Cuzco, where
it is used for decorations at funerals and religious fetes." S. chilensis
develops into a stately tree in Cuzco and Apurimac (Weberbauer).
1. SALIX L. Willow
Apparently only two willows are native in Peru.
Salix chilensis Molina, Sagg. Nat. Chil. 169. 1782. S. Hum-
boldtiana Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 657. 1805.
FLORA OF PERU 261
Becoming a tree 10 meters tall or higher: leaves linear, acuminate,
serrulate; stipules deciduous; catkins appearing with the leaves, the
woolly bracts deciduous; capsules ovate, glabrous, the glabrous
pedicels longer than the gland. Ascending to more than 3,000
meters, cultivated only (Weberbauer 85). Illustrated, Mart. Fl.
Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 71.
Cuzco: Particularly in the provinces of Urubamba, Calca, and
Quispicanchi (Herrera). Huasao, 3,200 meters, Herrera 3023.
Arequipa: Region of Mt. Misti (Weberbauer 128, 129). Ancash:
Puccha Valley (Weberbauer 173). Huaraz (Weberbauer 172).
Junin: Tarma (Weberbauer 177). Cajamarca: Ocros (Weberbauer
162). Maranon Valley (Weberbauer 174; 190). Amazonas: Utcu-
bamba (Weberbauer 192). Lima: Barranco (Weberbauer 148). San
Lorenzo Island near Callao, in 1852, Andersson. Huara, Ruiz &
Pawn; Dombey. Piura: (Weberbauer 150). Huanuco, 2,100 meters,
3232. Argentina and Chile to Texas and the West Indies. "Sauce."
Salix Martiana Leybold in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 227. pi. 72.
1885.
Similar to S. chilensis but the catkins looser, the scales of the
staminate linear-lanceolate and entire instead of ovate, the capsules
oblong, and the pedicels villous. "Much less common on the Rio
Ucayali than on the Amazon; found only on the main stream and
some of the chief tributaries. Nevertheless I found a few isolated
examples in the great canyon of the Cerro de Canchahuaya" (Huber).
This is probably the species reported by Ule, Bot. Jahrb. 40: 121-123,
as S. Humboldtiana.
Loreto: Quebrada Grande del Cerro de Canchahuaya (Huber
1 328, 1 564) Florida, Rio Putumayo, 200 meters, in forest, Klug 2075;
a tree of 5 meters. Fortaleza, 200 meters, Williams 4447. Lower
Rio Nanay, river banks, Williams 460. Brazil. "Paharbubu."
43. MYRICACEAE. Bayberry Family
Reference: Chevallier, Me"m. Soc. Sci. Nat. Math. Cherbourg
32: 85-340. 1901.
The pungent aroma that the resinous-glandular leaves or at least
the berry-like, crowded fruits yield on slight pressure is a well-known
character of this family, which is represented best in the northern
hemisphere. The fragrant, whitish wax covering the fruits of certain
northern species is sometimes largely replaced by or mixed with
pubescence in the Peruvian species.
262 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
1. MYRICA L.
Nothing about these ament-bearing shrubs serves to distinguish
them more readily, even at first glance, from other Peruvian amentif-
erous plants than the extraordinarily crowded and numerous leaves.
Leaves nearly oblong, about 1 cm. wide; plants dioecious.
M. Pavonis.
Leaves lance-obovate, about 2 cm. wide; plants monoecious.
M. pubescens.
Myrica Pavonis C. DC. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 2: 151. 1864; 287.
M. Pavonis var. glandulosa Chev. op. cit. 288.
A slenderly branched shrub or small tree, the youngest parts
canescent-pilose or puberulent; leaves scarcely narrowed to the obtuse
tip, 5-7 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, short-attenuate to the slender
petiole, more or less denticulate, resinous-glandular beneath; aments
1 cm. long; flower bracts ovate, acute, pubescent-margined, shorter
than the flowers. The type was from Guayaquil, by Ruiz and
Pavon, who assigned an unpublished specific name referring to the
Salix-like leaves, which simulate those of the common South Ameri-
can willow. Neg. 8538.
Lima: Canta (Simm 88), Cuzco: Pillahuata, 2,400 meters,
Pennell 14026, Moquehua: Above Moquehua, 3,200 meters, Weber-
bauer 7391, 7390 (det. Markgraf). "Huacan timbu."
Myrica pubescens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 746.
1806; 289.
Robustly branched, the virgate branchlets and leaves more or
less permanently pilose (rarely glabrous or glabrate), the latter
resinous beneath; leaves 7-10 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, coarsely and
sharply serrate or denticulate, acute or acuminate; aments often
3-6 cm. long; bracts awl-shaped, acuminate, pilose, exceeding the
flowers; fruits nearly 5 mm. thick, wax-covered, tomentose (var.
tomentosa Chev.) or glabrous (var. glabra Chev.). Var. glandulosa
Chev. is glabrous or nearly so, but the young fruits are tomentose,
becoming waxy. The young fruits of my No. 3484 were citrous-
aromatic. "When one takes a bit of the pulverized bark of this shrub
in place of tobacco, one sneezes 10 or 12 times; the powder does not
irritate or damage the nose, and after cleaning with the handker-
chief the sting and the sneezing cease; experiment has shown that
this cleans out the head and relieves migraine" (Ruiz & Pavon).
Weberbauer determinations by Markgraf. Illustrated, Denkschr.
Akad. Wiss. Wien 15: pi. 4 (as "tinctoria"). Negs. 11553, 25097.
FLORA OF PERU 263
Cajamarca: Huambos, 3,000 meters, Weberbauer 4160, 4187; 260
(under an unpublished name). Libertad: Chicama, 1,600 meters,
Weberbauer 6986 (var. tomentosa}. Ancash: Huaraz, 3,200 meters,
Weberbauer 3245 (var. glandulosa) . Tallenga, Prov. Cajatambo,
3,600 meters, Weberbauer 2890 (var. glandulosa); 179 (under an
unpublished name). Junin: Huacapistana, 2,500 meters, Weber-
bauer 2192; Killip & Smith 24519 (3-5 meters high). Huanuco:
Cani, near Mito, dense shrub or tree of grassy slopes, 2,550 meters,
3484 (det. Killip as a glabrate form). Lima: Canta (Rivero; var.
tomentosa). Ayacucho: Between Tambo and Rio Apurimac, 2,900
meters, Weberbauer 5587. Cuzco: Urubamba, 1,800 meters, Weber-
bauer 5057; 245 (det. Schellenberg). Marcapata, 3,200 meters, Weber-
bauer 7784- Convencion, Weberbauer 5057 (fruits white- waxy).
Peru to Venezuela and Costa Rica. "Laurel," "tuppassaire,"
"ssaire."
44. JUGLANDACEAE. Walnut Family
Only the black walnut or "nogal" represents this economically
important family in Peru.
1. JUGLANS L. Walnut
Reference: Dode, Bull. Soc. Dendr. France 4: 165-215. 1909.
Georges H. Barrel, Trop. Woods 10: 51-53, has given an account
of his personal observation of "nogal" in Peru. He noted it as
rather common on the upper reaches of the Rio Ucayali, along the
Pichis Trail and in the Chanchamayo Valley, as the following cita-
tions bear witness. He found that the native people recognized a
"nogal bianco" and a "nogal negro." Weberbauer and later Williams
recorded it from the Department of Amazonas, the former giving its
altitudinal range in the valleys of the north as 1,600-2,000 meters,
and on the eastern slopes in the rain forest as between 800 and 1,000
meters. Herrera has recorded it from Cuzco. Barrel found the
individual trees rarely clustered, often scattered, which in spite of
their great timber value (the wood is highly prized for fine construc-
tion) makes their lumbering expensive. Botanists have reported
the tree as "plentiful" near Chachapoyas, but probably not from a
lumberman's standpoint. Apparently the tree usually branches at
3-5 meters though trees have been reported to 30 meters high that
branched at 10 meters with a trunk 1 meter in diameter below.
Walnut is valued locally not only for its wood but also for a dye made
from a decoction of the bark, leaves, and fruit. According to He-
rrera, Juglans regia L., the English walnut, is cultivated in Cuzco,
264 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
the nuts being known as "nueces de Chile." The "nogal de la tierra"
identified by Ruiz and Pa von as J. nigra L., cultivated at Chancai
for its timber and nuts, has been determined by Markgraf as J.
neotropica Diels. Williams, Trop. Woods 27: 16-17, has added his
observations to those of Barrel and Weberbauer, upon which I have
drawn in part.
I have not seen Dode's types, and separate the Peruvian material
studied on the basis of the following key with great misgiving, feeling
that the differences noted represent only individual variations or
races. The problem can be solved only by abundant flowering and
fruiting material from marked trees, since examination of the types
alone cannot prove much. Practically, there is one acceptable
name for the walnut of Peru (sens, lat.), Juglans neotropica Diels.
The other names and descriptions are given for reference conven-
ience, as the opportunity for further study of the problem may
present itself.
Bractlet (staminate) 3-3.5 mm. long, borne under the perianth;
leaves (at least at flowering time) densely pilose beneath;
stigmas fleshy, short; young fruits densely pubescent; fruit
cells 6-8 J. neotropica.
Bractlet reduced to a woolly tuft on the pedicel ; leaves at flowering
time densely pubescent, especially beneath; stigmas slender;
young fruits densely pubescent; lateral fruit cells 4 . . . J. Honorei.
Bractlet minute, at the base of the receptacle; leaves soon glabrous or
nearly so, the youngest minutely granular-puberulent; stigmas
slender; young fruits sparsely pubescent; fruit cells 6-8.
J. peruviana.
Juglans Honorei Dode, Bull. Soc. Dendr. France 4: 205. 1909.
Leaflets 6-15 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, unequally rotund-sub-
cordate at the base, more or less abruptly acuminate, regularly
serrate, scabrous-pubescent on both sides, the rough, branched hairs
more numerous beneath (in youth densely velvety beneath); stami-
nate aments to 20 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide; perianth 6-8-lobed, with
a 2-lobed involucre; anthers 60-70, pubescent at the tip; bractlet
reduced to a rusty tuft of wool at about the middle of the pedicel;
pistillate flowers 5-8; stigmatic branches slender; fruit subglobose-
subconic, 4-5 cm. long, densely villous; nut rather remotely and
obtusely rugose-costate, depressed at the base, subconic, scarcely
compressed, to 3.5 cm. high. A tree of 25 meters or taller. The
native name of "tocte" is recorded by Spruce. In Peru known only
FLORA OF PERU 265
from cultivation, but the cultivated specimen by Pavon in Herb.
Madrid is determined by Markgraf as J. neotropica and, though
sterile, probably is; the leaves are not truly scabrous but densely
pubescent, especially on the veins beneath. Fruit illustrated, Dode,
op. cit. pi. opp. p. 178, from nuts supplied by M. Honore" of Lima;
leaves in plate on p. 169.
Lima: Cultivated (Pavon). Ecuador; Colombia.
Juglans neotropica Diels, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 398. 1906.
A tree to 30 meters high, the stout young branchlets, especially
at tip, and the leaf rachis at flowering time conspicuously rusty-
pubescent; leaflets 7-8 pairs (-14 according to Dode), at first above
sparsely, beneath densely velvety-pubescent, the largest middle
leaflets about 12 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, gradually long-acuminate,
minutely and evenly serrate; staminate aments 20-25 cm. long,
the flowers partly remote, partly approximate; bractlets 2-3.5 mm.
long, yellowish-brown-pilose; anthers apically pubescent; pistillate
flowers 3-10; calyx urceolate, rusty- tomentose, 18 mm. long, 6-7 mm.
broad, the narrow, reflexed teeth unequal, the larger 5 mm., the
smaller 2 mm. long; perianth segments 4, reflexed, irregularly den-
tate, 6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; stigmatic branches broadly lingu-
late, densely papillose, 8-9 mm. long, 4 mm. broad. Dode associates
somewhat doubtfully with this species nuts collected by Ruiz and
Pavon at Huanuco and figures them, op. cit. opposite p. 180. They
are ovoid, about 4 cm. high, 3.5 cm. thick, moderately rugose, pointed,
at base rounded, with 8 subelliptic cells. The Raimondi specimen is
much less pubescent than the type. See also J. peruviana. Illus-
trated, Weberbauer, pi. 13 opposite p. 199. Neg. 18254.
Amazonas: Moyabamba, 2,700-3,300 meters, Williams 7606.
Chachapoyas, 2,700 meters, Williams 7563. Utcubamba, near
Chachapoyas, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer 4304, type. Lima: Culti-
vated at Lima and Chancai, Ruiz & Pavon (det. Markgraf); "nueces
de la Trexna," "nogal." Cajamarca: Chirinos, Raimondi (det.
Markgraf). Huanuco: Posuso, 900 meters, Weberbauer 6753.
Ayacucho: Rio Perene", 900 meters, Weberbauer 5632 (det. Nagel).
Cuzco: Prov. Convention, Santa Ana and Marcapata (Herrera).
"Nogal."
Juglans peruviana Dode, Bull. Soc. Dendr. France 4: 208. 1909.
Separated by the author from J. Honorei by the larger fruits,
these globose-subconic, at least 5.5 cm. thick, and especially by
the more numerous fruit cells, these 6-8 and occupying a very large
266 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
space, particularly the basal ones; other characters given in the
above key are taken from Weberbauer 6753, with no ripe fruits.
This collector's 5632 may be the same. In view of the known
variation in walnut fruits, J. peruviana is probably only a form
of J. Honor ei, as Dode suggests; in this case the aberrant Weber-
bauer material is to be taken merely as showing the range of variation
in the unit J. neotropica, which compare for citation of above col-
lections. Very similar is J. boliviano, (C. DC.) Dode (J. nigra L.
var. C. DC.), the strongly ribbed nuts to 6 cm. high and the leaflets
of the large leaves acuminate and unequal at base.
Lima: Apparently collected by M. Honor (type).
45. JULIANIACEAE. Juliania Family
One of the two genera that constitute this interesting family,
a group placed by Hemsley between the Juglandales and the Fagales,
is exclusively Peruvian. In foliage, in the presence of resin, in
the exalbuminous seed, and anatomically it resembles the Anacardia-
ceae, but its resemblances with the Juglandaceae may be more
fundamental, as for example the dissimilarity of the staminate and
pistillate flowers. Rendle in his Classification of Flowering Plants
follows Hemsley, but some botanists, as Standley in his Trees and
Shrubs of Mexico, place it next to the Anacardiaceae.
1. ORTHOPTERYGIUM Hemsl.
Reference: Hemsley, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B.
199: 169-197. 1907.
A shrub or small tree with dioecious flowers borne rather densely
at the tips of the stout branchlets before or with the leaves. Leaves
unequally pinnate. Fruit a samara, consisting of the persistent
involucre borne on the solitary, wing-like stalk of the inflorescence,
the wing straight and equal-sided. Asa Gray aptly likens the fruit
to that of the ash (Fraxinus) inverted.
Orthopterygium Huaucui (Gray) Hemsl. op. cit. 190. Juliania
Huaucui Gray, Bot. U. S. Expl. Exped. 1: 371. 1854.
Leaves at first tomentose, becoming glabrate above, usually
7-foliolate; petioles several cm. long; leaflets crenulate, oblongish,
about 1 cm. long; samaras pendulous, 11 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide.
The species name records incorrectly the vernacular name.
Seldom seen without leaves, and always black as if burned or blasted
(MacLean). The Weberbauer collections determined by Schellen-
berg. Illustrated, Hemsley, op. cit. pi. 24-
FLORA OF PERU 267
Lima: Covering the sides of the base of the Cuesta de Purru-
chuca, Prov. Canta, in 1831 (Mathews 591, type); (MacLean,
presumably the type locality). Yanga (Wilkes Exped.). Chosica,
1,600-1,900 meters, Weberbauer 5362, 5719, 5721, 5681, 5681 a; at
900 meters, rocky hillside, 2866. Rio de Lomas, 1,000 meters,
Weberbauer 5741- lea: Above Pisco, Huauyanga-Pampano, Weber-
bauer 5371, 5372, 5373. Ayacucho: Coracora, 2,800 meters, Weber-
bauer 5818. "Huancui," "huanarpu."
46. BETULACEAE. Birch Family
Reference: Winkler, Pflanzenreich IV. 61. 1904.
1. ALNUS L. Alder
The alder is one of the most important trees of the Peruvian
Andes because it ascends to altitudes (3,500-3,800 meters, according
to Weberbauer) where it is especially valuable for fuel and for
small construction. It is sometimes planted. Herrera has recorded
some form (erroneously as A. acuminata HBK.) as "cultivated
in great abundance in all the quebradas of the Department of Cuzco,
its wood greatly valued for all construction purposes." Ruiz and
Pavon found Betula alba L. cultivated about the convent at Huerta
de Ocopa near Tarma, one example having nine very tall trunks.
Weberbauer has reproduced a good photograph of the Peruvian
alder, showing it in a typical situation Pflanzenw. Peru. Anden,
opposite p. 295.
Alnus jorullensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 20. 1817; 126.
Typically Mexican, var. typica Regel having elliptic-oblong
leaves 5-10 cm. long and 2.5-5 cm. wide, pale rusty-pubescent be-
neath, this variable species is represented in Peru by several varia-
tions, two of which are well marked: var. castaneifolia (Mirb.)
Regel (castaneaefolia) with glabrous (or pubescent in the nerve
axils), ovate-lanceolate leaves 8-10 cm. long and 1.5-3 cm. wide,
or larger on the sterile shoots; and var. ferruginea (HBK.) Kuntze,
with ovate leaves 10 cm. long and 3-6 cm. wide, or twice as large
on young branches, these and the prominent leaf nerves beneath
rusty-pilose. Scarcely distinguishable from the last are vars. Mirbelii
(Spach) Winkl. and acutissima Winkl., the former with coarsely
serrate leaves, glaucous and pale rusty-pubescent beneath, the latter
with ovate, acutely acuminate, denticulate leaves having the 13-18
nerves impressed above but prominent and pilose beneath.
268 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Ruiz and Pavon collected the tree at Pillao and Chacahuasi,
noting that an infusion of the inner bark tans leather and dyes
cotton and wool a cinnamon-brown; the leaves crushed with butter
cicatrize wounds and without fat protect against inflammation;
applied to recent wounds the leaves stop bleeding. Illustrated,
Me"m. Mus. Paris 14: 463. pi. 21, 22; vars. castaneifolia and Mirbelii,
Sargent, Sylva N. Amer. 9: pi. 457. Neg. 11652.
Cajamarca: Huaraz, 2,200 meters (Weberbauer 172, 179).
Ancash : Caracha, 1,200 meters, Weberbauer 2650; 162, 168. Samanco
(Weberbauer 171). Amazonas: Utcubamba (Weberbauer 192).
Huanuco: Fifteen miles southeast of Huanuco, 2083. Huanuco,
Kanehira 34- Mito, 2,700 meters, 1527, 1907. Pillao, Ruiz & Pavon
(var. castaneifolia, det. Mildbraed). Chancai, Huanuco, and Cochero,
Ruiz & Pavon (var. ferruginea, det. Mildbraed). Huanuco Valley,
Poeppig (var. acutissima'} . Lima: Matucana, 2,400 meters, 561;
Weberbauer 182 (var. acutissima). Junin: Tarma, Esposto; at 3,600
meters (Weberbauer 177, 183); at 2,100 meters, 1021. Huancayo,
Esposto. Carpapata, edge of forest, 2,700-3,200 meters, Killip &
Smith 24480; a tree of 4.5-7.5 meters. Ocopa, 3,300 meters, Killip
& Smith 22008; a tree of 6-12 meters, by roadside. Cuzco: Rio
Apurimac, 2,800 meters, Weberbauer 5892 (det. Schellenberg). Uru-
bamba, 2,800 meters (Weberbauer 174, 182, 243). Prov. Quispi-
canchi, 3,200 meters, Herrera 650 (var. acutissima, det. Mansfeld).
Calca, Valle del Urubamba, 3,000 meters, Herrera 2092. Libertad :
Valley of Rio Mixiollo, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 7040. Puno:
Sandia, 3,200 meters (Weberbauer 184). Tabina, Lechler 1891 (var.
Mirbelii, fide Winkler). Without locality, Weberbauer 7040.
Argentina and Bolivia to Mexico. "Aliso," "ramram," "lambran."
47. ULMACEAE. Elm Family
By Charles Baehni
The Peruvian plants of this family all belong to the Celtideae,
a group in which the fruit is a drupe containing a curved embryo, a
character not found in the rest of the family.
Stamens as many as the perianth segments.
Leaves alternate.
Stamens deciduous, included in the minute flowers; leaves
precocious.
Staminate flower segments induplicate-valvate, the pistillate
deciduous.. . .1. Trema.
FLORA OF PERU 269
Staminate flower segments imbricate, the pistillate persistent.
2. Celtis.
Stamens persistent; leaves appearing after the flowers.
3. Plagioceltis.
Leaves opposite 4. Lozanella.
Stamens twice as many as the perianth segments 5. Ampelocera.
1. TREMA Lour.
Sponia Comm. ex Lam. Encycl. 4: 139. 1797.
Scarcely distinct from Celtis, the flowers sometimes perfect and
with somewhat imbricate segments. Perianth persisting around
the drupe. Species poorly understood or very variable in pubes-
cence and size and discoloration of leaves; cf. Planchon in DC.
Prodr. 17: 203, under Sponia.
Trema micrantha (L.) Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 58. 1853.
Rhamnus micranthus L. Syst. ed. 10. 937. 1759. Celtis micranthus
Sw. Prodr. 53. 1788. Sponia micrantha Dene. Nouv. Ann. Mus.
Paris 3: 498. 1834. C. Lima Sw. loc. cit., non Lam. C. canescens
HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 28. 1817. C. canescens Dene. op. cit.
C. macrophylla HBK. op. cit. 30. S. macrophylla Dene. op. cit.
T. canescens Blume, op. cit. S. peruviana Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 536.
1847. S. Chichilea Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 10: 334. 1849 (not
1848 as usually cited). T. Chichilea Blume, op. cit.
An unarmed tree, usually a few meters tall; trunk sometimes
20-40 cm. in diameter; leaves usually lanceolate, acuminate, minutely
serrulate, 3-nerved, more or less scabrous above, merely scabrous or
glabrate to densely and softly pilose beneath, about 10 cm. long;
flowers greenish white, red to fiery red (Weberbauer). The above
synonymy is partial, applying to Peruvian specimens cited or found
in herbaria. Illustrated, Fawc. & Rendle, Fl. Jamaica 1 : 39. Negs.
25569 (T. Chichilea), 11238 (T. canescens).
Cuzco: Santa Ana, 1,200 meters, Weberbauer 5038. Rio Pachaca,
1,100 meters, Weberbauer 5887. Machupicchu, 2,200 meters, Herrera
3240. Huanuco: Monzon, 900 meters, Weberbauer 3433. Casapi,
Mathews 2038. Cochero, Poeppig 155, 1247. Pampayacu, Kane-
hira192. Vilcabamba, 1,800 meters, 5132. Lima(?): Quebrada de
Pariahuanca (Mathews 829, var. of canescens ace. to Planchon).
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4242. Near Moyobamba, 1,110
meters, Klug 3261 (det. Standley). Lamas, 840 meters, Williams
6446. Cumbasa, Williams 5765. San Roque, Williams 7376.
270 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Loreto: Florida: Rio Putumayo, 180 meters, King 2144 (det.
Standley). Lower Rio Huallaga, Williams 5006. Mouth of Rio
Santiago, Tessmann 4431. Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 3227 (glabrate),
3227a (pilose). Rio Nanay, Williams 368, 366. Rio Santiago, 200
meters, Mexia 6308, 6238. La Victoria, Williams 3088, 2591 . For-
taleza, 200 meters, Williams 4225. Rio Masana, Williams 194, 80.
Puerto Arturo, 135 meters, Killip & Smith 27860; Williams 5152.
Pebas, Williams 1759. Pinto-cocha, Williams 811. Soledad, 110
meters, Killip & Smith 29778. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 1314.
Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27387. Punchana, Williams 3755. Junin:
Colonia Perene", 680 meters, Killip & Smith 25021. Chanchamayo
Valley, 1,500 meters, Schunke 201. Above San Ramon, 1,400-1,700
meters, Killip & Smith 24621. La Merced, 600 meters, 5229.
Without locality; Ruiz & Pavon (type of T. Chichilea); Dombey;
Pavdn. Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical America.
"Aisegerina" (Huitoto name), "atadijo," "y ana - cas pi-"
2. CELTIS L.
References: Planchon, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 10: 309, 1849; Miquel
in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4,pt. 1: 173. 1853; Planchon in DC. Prodr. 17: 186.
1873; Baehni, Candollea 7: 189. 1936.
Trees, shrubs, or lianas, usually armed with small, inconspicuous
flowers in axillary clusters or cymes. Perianth 4-5-lobed, deciduous.
Stigma divided into 2 branches to the base, sometimes each branch
again 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe. The number of described species is
rather high. It seems, however, that they all belong to a few well
defined groups which are considered here as species. Ruiz and
Pavon record the name "chichillica" for an unindentified species
from Muna, the bark of which was used for coarse basketry and for
cords. This reference may well refer to Trema micrantha.
Adult leaves (except on the nerves) glabrous or practically so.
Fruit large (6-12 mm. in diam.); young leaves sericeous.
C. triflora.
Fruit small (4-6 mm. in diam.) ; young leaves pilose C. iguanea.
Adult leaves pubescent.
Inflorescence well developed (3 cm. long or more) C. dichotoma.
Inflorescence short or glomerulous C. pubescens.
Celtis dichotoma (Klotzsch) Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1:
182. 1853. Momisia dichotoma Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 539. 1847. C.
Pavonii Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 10: 313. 1849.
FLORA OF PERU 271
Branchlets, petioles, and young leaves beneath densely covered
with an indument of golden yellowish (sometimes rusty) hairs;
spines wanting or very short; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or
acuminate, cordate, entire or coarsely dentate toward the apex,
glabrate in age beneath; staminate inflorescences many-flowered,
many times longer than the petioles. Fruits large, globose, glabrous,
yellow and sweet, and (according to Ruiz and Pavon) eaten by the
Indians. Negs. 11739, 25566 (C. Pavonii).
Huanuco: Chacahuasi, Posuso, etc., Ruiz & Pavon.
Celtis iguanea (Jacq.) Sarg. Silva 7: 64. 1895. Rhamnus
iguaneus Jacq. Enum. PL Carib. 16. 1760. C. aculeatus Sw. Prodr.
53. 1788. Mertensia laevigata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 31. 1817.
A small tree, a shrub, or a liana, glabrous or essentially so except
for some evanescent pubescence on the young branchlets and leaves
beneath, usually armed, the spines well developed, geminate; leaves
ovate or oval-elliptic, entire or remotely serrate toward the tip, the
young ones pilose, glabrous in age; cymes short, rarely two or three
times longer than the petioles; fruit small, 4-6 mm. in diameter.
Illustrated, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: pi. 103.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4236. Alto Rio Huallaga, Williams
6756. Near Moyobamba, King 3303. Tarapoto, Williams 6666.
Juan Guerra, 720 meters, Williams 6846. Lamas, 840 meters,
Williams 6357. Rumizapa, Williams 6784- Loreto: Yarina-cocha,
Tessmann 3428. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 1435. Paraiso, 145
meters, Williams 3365. Junin: La Merced, 700 meters, Killip &
Smith 24079. Piura: Serran, Weberbauer 6000. Tumbez : Between
Ricaplaya and Casa Blanqueada, Weberbauer 7741- A species
widely distributed in South and Central America, West Indies, and
north to Mexico and Florida. "Palo bianco," "meloncito bianco."
Geltis pubescens (Humb. & Bonpl.) Spreng. Syst. 1: 931. 1825.
Mertensia pubescens Humb. & JBonpl. in Schult. Syst. 6: 312. 1820.
Mertensia brasiliensis Gardn. Lond. Journ. Bot. 2: 339. 1843.
Momisia brevifolia Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 538. 1847. C. boliviensis
Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 10: 310. 1849. C. velutina Planch, op.
cit. 313. Momisia flexuosa Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 194. 1852.
M. crenata Wedd. op. cit. 195.
A tree, a shrub, or a liana, with flexuous branchlets, the young
twigs puberulous or velvety, armed with straight or slightly curved,
paired spines; leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, acute or acuminate,
cordate or rounded at the base, entire or serrate toward the tip, the
272 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
young ones often with golden hairs, in age glabrous above, softly
pubescent beneath; cymes short, not much longer than the petioles;
fruit small, glabrescent, rough when dry. The synonymy above is
partial, applying to Peruvian specimens only. Negs. 29617 (crenata),
29664 (pubescens).
Junin: Huancayo, Raimondi 9177. Between Sandia and Chun-
chusmayo, Azalaya, Weberbauer 1126. Chanchamayo, Isern 2322.
La Merced, 600 meters, 5438, 5280; Killip & Smith 24042, 23406.
San Martin: Juan Guerra, 720 meters, Williams 6871. Rio Acre: Ule
9334. Lima(?): Quebrada de Pariahuanca, Mathews 826. Huan-
cavelica: On the Montaro, upstream from Colcabamba, Weberbauer
6437. Cajamarca: Prov. Contumaza, Cascas, Raimondi 7973.
Tropical South America, widely distributed.
Celtis triflora (Klotzsch) Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 181.
1853. Momisia triflora Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 537. 1847. C. glycy-
carpa Mart, ex Miq. op. cit. 174.
Branches and branchlets glabrous or evanescently pilose, brown-
ish, the stout spines mostly solitary, slightly curved ; leaves ovate or
oblong-elliptic, acuminate, subcordate or cordate, entire or serrate
toward the tip, asperous above, glabrescent beneath; fruit large,
globose, smooth. A tree, up to 12 meters high.
Huanuco: Posuso, Ruiz & Pavon. Loreto: Mouth of Rio
Santiago, Pongo de Manseriche, Tessmann 4274- Bolivia; Brazil;
Venezuela.
3. PLAGIOCELTIS Mildbr., gen. nov.
A stoutly branched shrub with light yellowish brown bark.
Leaves appearing with the flowers, or immediately after. Racemes
terminal or nodal on the leafless branches of the preceding year.
Plagioceltis dichotoma Mildbr. in Herb. Madrid, sp. nov.
Frutex racemis atque ramulis novellis exceptis glaber; folia
juvenilia 5 mm. longe petiolata tenuia subelliptica remotissime
dentata acuta basi attenuata ad 7 cm. longa et ultra; racemi saepe
1-ramosi, bracteolis subrotundis; flores circa 2 mm. longi, sepalis
rotundatis, staminibus persistentibus; ovarium pilosum, stylo
staminibus longiore.
Glabrous except for the evanescently puberulent growing branch-
lets and racemes, the latter often once branched, 1-1.5 cm. long;
petioles 5 mm. long; leaves (young) thin, very remotely toothed,
subelliptic, attenuate at the base, acute, to 7 cm. long or longer;
FLORA OF PERU 273
bractlets roundish; flowers about 2 mm. long, the pilose ovary soon
exserted with the conspicuous style from the persistent stamens and
roundish petals. Description from type in Herb. Madrid.
Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon.
4. LOZANELLA Greenm.
Unarmed trees or shrubs with opposite, serrate leaves and dioe-
cious inflorescences; fruit a small drupe containing a curved embryo
with oblong-rotund, scarcely curved cotyledons. The two species
of this genus are readily distinguished from all other members of the
Ulmaceae on account of their opposite leaves.
Adult leaves not densely pubescent beneath; pistillate inflorescence
conspicuously branched L. enantiophylla.
Adult leaves densely pubescent beneath ; pistillate inflorescence with
short lateral branches L. permollis.
Lozanella enantiophylla (Bonn. Smith) Killip & Morton,
Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21: 14: 339. 1931. Trema enantiophylla
Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 33: 339. 1902. L. trematoides Greenm. Proc.
Amer. Acad. 41:236. 1905.
A small tree, 3-7 meters high, or a shrub, with long-petioled,
ovate to oblong-ovate, leaves, united, deciduous stipules, and open,
much branched cymes.
Libertad: Prov. Pataz, Rio Mishiolla Valley, 2,000 meters,
Weberbauer 7049. Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia.
Lozanella permollis Killip & Morton, Journ. Wash. Acad.
Sci. 21:338. 1931.
A tree up to 8 meters high, the young branchlets covered with
densely matted hairs; leaves oblique at the base, elliptic, densely
covered on the veins beneath with long, appressed hairs; fruit a
small drupe, the styles persistent.
Cuzco: Lucumayo Valley, Cook & Gilbert 1376. This species has
been collected several times in Bolivia.
5. AMPELOCERA Klotzsch
Reference: Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 542. 1847.
An unarmed shrub with remotely serrate, pinnately nerved
leaves. Flowers articulate, in axillary racemes, mostly geminate,
corymbose, polygamous, perfect, or staminate by the abortion of
the ovary. Filaments filiform, exserted. Ovary ovate, the stigma
274 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
deeply 2-parted, the subulate branches divaricate; ovule pendulous,
the micropyle superior. Seed arcuate. The following species is the
type of the genus, to which Grisebach added a Cuban species, with
some doubt accepted by Urban, Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 109. Both
Bentham and Hooker in Genera plantarum and Engler in Pflanzen-
familien have questioned the disposition of the genus in this family,
from which Planchon in DC. Prodr. 17: 152 definitely excludes it.
However, so far as I know, no one has yet placed it elsewhere, and
Kuhlmann, Arch. Jard. Rio Janeiro, has described two Brazilian
species which seem to establish it. It may not be Peruvian. The
genus is placed in Ulmaceae on anatomical grounds by Priemer (?),
Bot. Jahrb. 17: 466. 1893. The specimen he saw presumably was
the original from the Lambert Herbarium, but no specimen has
been found by me in Madrid material, Delessert Herb., or Berlin.
Ampelocera Ruizii Klotzsch, loc. cit.
Branches robust, squarrose, the branchlets slender, erect, evanes-
cently pubescent; leaves short-petioled, oblong or obovate, attenu-
ate at both ends, glabrous above, glabrate beneath, 5-9 cm. long,
2.5-3.5 cm. wide; stipules very thin, 2 mm. wide, 6 mm. long;
racemes 2.5 cm. long, evanescently pubescent; perianth divisions
obovate, dentate, persistent; style white-tomentose.
Without locality: (Ruiz & Paron).
48. MORACEAE. Mulberry Family
A family of great economic importance, especially in Central
America, where one member, Castillo,, is a source of rubber. In
Peru several trees are, at least potentially, of value for their timber,
notably the tupag or guariuba (Clarisia) with fine-grained, yellowish
wood and the aita (several species of Brosimum), the wood white,
on exposure reddish brown. Most of the trees exude a milky latex
more or less elastic when dried, and discoloring. It has often some
local use in medicine or otherwise.
At least two trees of the family are in cultivation: the mulberry
(Morns') in the coastal valley, and occasionally the breadfruit, arbol
de pan (Artocarpus incisa), as for example at La Merced.
The taxonomy of the family is in need of revision. Ducke,
Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 4: 6-8. 1925, and in previous and sub-
sequent volumes of the same publication, has given discriminating
diagnoses and helpful observations on which I have freely drawn.
In Arch. Inst. Biol. Veg. 2: 29. 1935, he indicates that he considers
FLORA OF PERU 275
as excessive the number of genera in the Olmedieae. In the following
synopsis of Peruvian forms the present day grouping is followed for
convenience but not in approval, for it results in wide separation of
similar trees and is absurdly impractical, especially in an economi-
cally important family. To facilitate determination and especially
to make clear the dovetailing of characters, the key for genera having
completely staminate or completely pistillate receptacles is divided,
one part being exclusively for staminate inflorescences, the other
for the pistillate, much herbarium material showing only one sort.
At the end of the general key is one keying all these genera as though
they pertained to one group. See Field Mus. Bot. 11: 62-63. 1931,
and remarks under some generic descriptions regarding possible
relationships.
Low herbs 1. Dorstenia.
Trees or shrubs.
Leaves palmately lobed or divided.
Leaves somewhat peltate; flowers spicate 2. Cecropia.
Leaves not peltate; flowers cymose 3. Pourouma.
Leaves entire, serrate, or lobed but not palmately.
Flowers on the inner surface of a hollow receptacle open only at
the top of the receptacle, i.e., a fig. . . . 5. Ficus.
Flowers not so disposed.
Flowers spicate or racemose, at least one sort.
Staminate flowers spicate, the spikes dense; pistillate capi-
tate or, in Trophis, in short spikes.
Trees often spiny; leaves never much longer than 10
cm., often much shorter.
Filaments exserted; pistillate flowers capitate.
8. Chlorophora.
Filaments included or barely exserted; pistillate
flowers spicate 6. Trophis,
Trees unarmed, the leaves ample, often 20 cm. long or
longer; pistillate flowers capitate. 11. Anonocarpus.
Staminate and pistillate flowers in aments, or the latter
rarely capitulate but few, or even solitary (Clarisia).
Staminate perianth present; leaves often somewhat
toothed.
Filaments not inflexed; aments lax; pistillate perianth
tubular or ovoid . . . . 9. Sorocea.
276 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Filaments in bud inflexed; aments dense, at least
the pistillate, these fleshy in fruit.
Pistillate perianth tubular, accrescent; staminate
segments valvate; leaves usually entire.
6. Trophis.
Pistillate perianth segments distinct, the staminate
imbricate; fruit juicy; leaves serrate. .7. Moras.
Staminate perianth absent; leaves strictly entire.
10. Clarisia.
Flowers not in aments (cf. also Clarisia, sometimes, and
Chlorophora as to pistillate flowers).
Petioles mostly under 1 cm. long or if some to about 1.5
cm., these in the minority; ovules pendulous.
Receptacles head-like, composed of many stamens and
1-4 pistils, these deeply inserted.
Stamens exserted, crowded at throat of the receptacle
about the exserted style 20. Trymatococcus.
Stamens separated in all the receptacles by peltate
bracts 12. Brosimum.
Receptacles often capitate but completely staminate or
pistillate.
Pistillate receptacles (see below for key to staminate).
Receptacle 1-flowered; styles filiform (cf. Olmedi-
operebea under Pseudolmedia).
Ovary inferior, fixed to the perianth.
17. Pseudolmedia.
Ovary superior, free in the perianth . . 18. Olmedia.
Receptacle many-flowered; styles thick to filiform
(cf. Olmedioperebea) .
Styles thick, short, the stigma compressed or
capitate-cushion-like.
Perianth truncate, compressed, in aggregate
forming an Anona-like fruit.
11. Anonocarpus.
Perianth 4-toothed, the fruit fleshy, but scarcely
Anona-like (here also Olmedioperebea) .
14. Perebea.
Styles or at least stigmas slender or filiform.
FLORA OF PERU 277
Perianth lacking; bracteoles peltate (probably
in Peru) Brosimopsis.
Perianth present, sometimes pseudobracteolate.
Perianth segments divided to the base, the
parts thus bracteole- or scale-like in the
receptacle 13. Ogcodeia.
Perianth merely lobed or parted.
Perianth segments imbricate; receptacles
and young parts of plant reddish-
tomentose 19. Helicostylis.
Perianth segments various; pubescence, if
present, not characteristically reddish-
tomentose.
Perianth 4-lobed, the lobes not perfor-
ated; bracts all small. .15. Castillo,.
Perianth segments perforated; inner
bracts elongate 16. Noyera.
Staminate receptacles.
Perianth absent but the bracteoles may form a
pseudoperianth .
Bracts seriate, the inner not elongate; leaves
hirsute above or beneath 15. Castillo,.
Bracts toward the interior often longer than the
outer; leaves often smooth or, if hirsutulous,
only sparsely.
Bracteoles obvious, spatulate or peltate.
17. Pseudolmedia.
Bracteoles (or divided perianths) scalelike; see
Naucleopsis mentioned under 13. Ogcodeia.
Perianth present (deeply parted perianths may
simulate bracteoles).
Stamens interspersed with peltate bracteoles.
Brosimopsis.
Stamens and bracteoles not so intermixed, the
latter, if not wanting, not peltate.
Bracts all small, the interior little longer than
the outer.
Plant pubescence reddish brown.
19. Helicostylis.
278 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Plant pubescence, if present, not at all or not
very reddish.
Leaves usually scabrous above.
17. Olmedia.
Leaves not scabrous above . . 14. Perebea.
Bracts unequal, the interior longer than the
outer, closely seriate.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so; receptacles
shortly pediceled or sessile . . 13. Ogcodeia.
Leaves harshly hirsute above; receptacles
long-pediceled 15. Noyera.
Petioles mostly 2 cm. long or longer; ovule erect.
Flowers cymose or the staminate capitulate and cymose;
stamens 3-4; stigma peltate 3. Pourouma.
Flowers globose-capitate, the heads single or cymose;
stamens 1-2; stigma penicillate 4. Coussapoa.
Aggregate Key to the Species of Genera 13-19, Inclusive
Leaves scabrous-puberulent, at least on one side.
Leaves scabrous on both sides.
Leaves entire; staminate peduncles 5-7 mm. long.
17. Pseudolmedia scabra.
Leaves generally undulate-serrate; staminate receptacles sessile
or subsessile 18. Olmedia aspera.
Leaves scabrous only beneath.
Leaves undulate-serrate; staminate receptacle sessile or sub-
sessile 18. Olmedia Poeppigiana.
Leaves entire; staminate peduncles to 6 mm. long.
14. Perebea Chimiqua.
Leaves glabrous to variously pubescent but not scabrous only.
Leaves strictly glabrous.
Leaves mostly or all narrower than 3 cm.
Leaves caudately acuminate; ovary superior.
18. Olmedia angustifolia.
Leaves obtusely acuminate; ovary inferior.
17. Pseudolmedia laevigata.
Leaves mostly or all 3.5-6 cm. wide or wider.
Branchlets spreading-hirsute 17. Pseudolmedia laevis.
FLORA OF PERU 279
Branchlets glabrous or puberulent.
Petioles to 3 mm. long; leaves somewhat acuminate.
17. Pseudolmedia Mildbraedii.
Petioles mostly or all much longer; leaves caudate.
Leaves rarely 6.5 cm. wide, the lateral nerves 15-20.
Petioles rarely 1 cm. long; nerves beneath rather
inconspicuous.
Leaves 3-4 cm. wide, cuneate at the base.
13. Ogcodeia ternstroemiiflora.
Leaves 5-6 cm. wide, rounded at the base.
13. Ogcodeia Tamamuri.
Petioles often longer; nerves beneath conspicuous.
Leaves rarely 5 cm. wide, the acumen often 2 cm.
long 13. Ogcodeia Tessmannii.
Leaves often 6-7 cm. wide, the acumen rarely 1.5
cm. long 13. Ogcodeia glabra.
Leaves mostly 8-12 cm. wide, the lateral nerves 25-30.
13. Ogcodeia Ulei.
Leaves more or less pubescent, at least on the nerves beneath.
Pubescence, at least on the midnerve beneath, setulose or
hirsute.
Leaves acute at base or, if subcordate, not at all pseudo-
peltate.
Petioles 2-5 mm. long.
Leaves strongly pubescent on both sides; interior bracts
of both sorts of receptacles elongate.
16. Noyera mollis.
Leaves glabrous (except Castillo) or finally glabrate
above; interior bracts little or not at all longer than
the outer.
Leaves, unless in age, harshly pubescent above; pistil-
late receptacles several-flowered . . 15. Castilla Ulei.
Leaves glabrous or glabrate above; pistillate receptacle
1-flowered.
Pubescence of plant appressed.
17. Pseudolmedia macrophylla.
Pubescence of plant hirtellous, sparse.
17. Pseudolmedia laevis.
280 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Petioles 8-12 mm. long.
Leaves gradually acuminate, 3-5 cm. wide; staminate
perianth lacking 17. Pseudolmedia multinervis.
Leaves subcaudate-acuminate, 10-20 cm. wide.
Leaves not oblique at base; stigmas cushion-like.
14. Perebea australis.
Leaves oblique at base; stigmas Ungulate.
14. Perebea Tessmannii.
Leaves appearing peltate at the subcordate base.
14. Perebea pseudopeltata.
Pubescence merely a puberulence, or a reddish tomentum.
Pubescence not a reddish tomentum.
Petioles 2-5 mm. long; staminate receptacle yellowish-
pubescent, a perianth present.
17. Pseudolmedia macrophylla.
Petioles 5-7 mm. long, the receptacles not so pubescent.
Leaves about 5 cm. wide .14. Perebea elegans.
Leaves about twice as wide 14. Perebea Standleyi.
Pubescence a reddish tomentum. . .19. Helicostylis tomentosa.
1. DORSTENIA L.
Stemless or subprostrate herbs from thick, tuber-like rootstocks.
Receptacles large, rounded or lobed, on long or short peduncles.
Plants stemless; receptacles 4-sided.
Peduncles and petioles elongate, subequal D. Contrajerva.
Peduncles shorter than the short petioles D. tubicina.
Plants caulescent, subprostrate; receptacles orbicular . .D. umbricola.
Dorstenia Contrajerva L. Sp. PI. 121. 1753.
Leaves varying from entire to deeply lobed, ovate to suborbi-
cular, glabrous to pubescent, often 10 cm. long; petioles often
nearly as long or longer; receptacles green, entire or lobed, borne on
slender, erect peduncles usually 10-30 cm. long. Known as "contra-
hierba" in Central America, where in some places the thick rootstocks
are used to flavor cigarettes (Standley). Illustrated, Bailey, Cycl.
Hort. 1067.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6509; Williams 5905. Rumizapa,
Williams 6832. Extending to Mexico and the West Indies.
FLORA OF PERU 281
Dorstenia tubicina R. & P. Fl. 1: 65. pi. 102. 1798.
Leaves cordate-ovate or cordate-oblong, doubly serrate, rough
above, soft-pubescent beneath; receptacles violet in flower, white
in fruit, recurving on peduncles shorter than the short petioles.
The fragrant roots are used as "contrahierba." Illustrated, Bot.
Mag. pi. 2804, from specimens presumably from Trinidad. Neg.
11614.
Huanuco: Chinchao and environs, Ruiz. Argentina. "Carpales."
Dorstenia umbricola A. C. Smith, Bull. Torrey Club 58: 87.
1931.
Leaves green, oblong-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, cuneate
or truncate at the base, acute, entire or undulate-crenate, glabrous
above, sparsely pilose on the nerves beneath, 8-10 cm. long, on
slender petioles 5-13 mm. long; peduncles at maturity 2.2 cm.
long; receptacles (mature) 1.5 cm. broad, the staminate and pistillate
flowers separated. Perhaps a variety of D. argentata Hook, f.,
with variegated leaves and fleshier receptacles, more definitely
tuberculate marginally.
Loreto: Soledad on Rio Itaya, Killip & Smith 29639, type.
2. CECROPIA L.
Beautiful and common trees of the montana, immediately recog-
nizable by their smooth, light-colored trunks and branches supporting
open crowns that bear abundantly large or even huge, long-stalked,
palmately divided leaves that are usually dark green above and
silvery or gray-tomentose beneath. Ruiz and Pavon observed that
the handsome leaves follow the course of the sun, the position of the
upper surface at night becoming partly reversed. Parts, at least,
of the hollow trunks and branches appear to be regularly inhabited
by black ants that rush out almost instantly upon the slightest dis-
turbance in countless hordes to defend their home. Ruiz and Pavon
noted, however, that sometimes the hollow, articulated branches or
trunks are filled with clear, perfectly tasteless sap which the Indians,
when other water lacked, drank to quench their thirst. The trunks
are said to be used for tibias or trumpets in the Amazon region, and
the fiber of the bark has been employed in making mats and coarse
cloth. The usual common name for the tree in Peru seems to be
"tacuna," written also "tacuma" and "tacona," or "setico," but
Spruce found "imbauba" used on the Amazon, and Wallace, who
observed the Indians using the leaves as a head-dress, recorded the
282 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
term as "umbooba." Weberbauer, 275, gives a good photograph of
slender Cecropia trees. It may be helpful to call attention to Pou-
rouma cecropiaefolia, which in foliage alone simulates Cecropia.
Leaves with many, usually 12-16, lobes or leaflets.
Leaflets distinctly petioled or entirely separate, paler but not
white-pubescent beneath C. sciadophylla.
Leaflets more or less joined (or the leaves merely lobed), at least
at the very base, and white- or grayish-pubescent beneath,
at least between the veins.
Leaves white-tomentose, pilose, or sericeous-pubescent above,
not scabrous or not scabrous only.
Leaves typically 10-11-lobed, greenish above.
Leaves divided nearly to the base; staminate spikes many.
C. leucophaea.
Leaves often only three-fourths divided; staminate spikes
about 4 C. acutifolia.
Leaves typically 12-13-lobed, white-tomentose above.
C. albicans.
Leaves scabrous above.
Leaves white- or grayish-tomentose beneath.
Leaves typically 11-16-lobed C. angustifolia.
Leaves typically 10-lobed.
Petioles and leaf nerves hirtellous beneath. . . .C. strigosa.
Petioles and leaf nerves tomentulose beneath.
C. montana.
Leaves reddish-hirsutulous, somewhat white-pubescent be-
neath C. tubulosa.
Leaves with 5-11 lobes, rarely parted to the base.
Leaf lobes entire or merely undulate-repand.
Leaves more or less pubescent above, usually scabrous.
Lobes of the leaves typically 10 or 11.
Leaves softly pubescent above, the scabrosity, if any,
obscured.
Leaves parted almost to the base C. leucophaea.
Leaves merely deeply lobed C. acutifolia.
Leaves scabrous-pubescent above, other pubescence not
marked.
Petioles and leaves beneath more or less hirtellous.
FLORA OF PERU 283
Leaves shallowly lobed C. strigosa.
Leaves very deeply lobed C. tubulosa.
Petioles and leaves beneath merely white-lanuginose.
C. montana.
Lobes of the leaves typically 8 or 9, or fewer.
Leaf lobes typically 8 or 9.
Leaves corrugated-rugose above.
Leaves concolorous beneath, the nerves villous.
C. nivea.
Leaves with nerves and veins beneath green or brown.
C. Klotzschiana.
Leaves not all or not definitely rugose above.
Leaf nerves many (20-25) and mostly 1 cm. or less
apart.
Staminate spikes many; leaves shallowly lobed.
C. latiloba.
Staminate spikes few; leaves deeply lobed.
Leaves somewhat floccose or more floccose than
scabrous above C. leucocoma.
Leaves obviously scabrous above C. bicolor.
Leaf nerves 12-15 and mostly more than 1 cm. apart.
Staminate spikes many (-50) ; leaves asperous above.
C. multi flora.
Staminate spikes few (-20); leaves often floccose
above.
Leaves hirtellous on the nerves beneath . .C. bicolor.
Leaves tomentose even on the nerves beneath.
C. obtusa.
Leaf lobes typically 5, 6, or 7.
Lobes of the leaves broadly obovate, 10-20 cm. wide.
Petioles, leaf nerves beneath, and peduncles loosely
pilose or hirsutulous.
Leaves asperous above, the lobes obtuse or acute.
C. ficifolia.
Leaves hirsutulous above, the lobes acuminate.
C. Standleyi.
Petioles, leaf nerves beneath, and, usually, peduncles
tomentose . . . . C. obtusa.
284 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Lobes of the leaves oblongish, scarcely at all obovate,
less than 10 cm. wide C. Engleriana.
Leaves glabrous above.
Leaves pubescent beneath.
Petioles white- tomentose; pistillate spikes 6-10 cm. long.
C. Francisci.
Petioles tomentose with soft, white, and setulose, often
brown hairs mixed ; pistillate spikes twice as long.
C. flagellifera.
Leaves glabrous beneath (the nerves mostly minutely puber-
ulent).
Leaves very deeply lobed; staminate spikes few, very
woolly, elongate C. Setico.
Leaves moderately (to three-fourths) lobed; staminate
spikes very many C. Tessmannii.
Leaf lobes, or some of them, dentate, repandly toothed, or pinnat-
ifid.
Leaf divisions dentate-serrate C. dentata.
Leaf divisions more or less pinnately lobed C. polystachya.
Gecropia acutifolia Tre'cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 81. 1847.
A tree with 10-11-lobed leaves, the lobes with rotund sinuses,
elongate and acutely subacuminate, the largest 5-7 cm. wide and
about 20 cm. long; pubescence of the branchlets and leaves beneath
early white- tomentose, later pilose on the former and the nerves;
petioles white- tomentose; staminate peduncles 5-7 cm. long; bracts
acuminate, 11 cm. long; spikes 4, on pedicels 5-10 mm. long; pistillate
spikes 6, nearly 20 cm. long, 8 mm. thick, the fruit verruculose,
oblong-conic, acute.
Peru: (Pavdn).
Cecropia albicans Tre'cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 82. 1847.
Leaves plane, divided halfway to the base, the lobes obtuse or
obtusely acuminate, white-hirtellous beneath between the very
slender, reticulate, rufescent veins; petioles 35 cm. long, white with
a short, dense pubescence; stipules 16 cm. long and 12 cm. broad;
pistillate peduncle thick, 1.5-2 cm. long; bract 5 cm. long, abruptly
attenuate; spikes 3-4. Here seems to belong material at Madrid,
without locality, by Ruiz and Pavon; the staminate spikes are many.
Peru: Pawn.
FLORA OF PERU 285
Cecropia angustifolia Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 83. 1847.
C. digitata Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 534. 1847.
A tall, handsome tree with pale bark and spreading crown; leaves
ample, dark green and scabrous above, deeply lobed, the lobes
oblong-ligulate, the larger about 5 cm. wide and 3-4 times as long;
petioles 30-40 cm. long; staminate spikes many, the pistillate 2-4,
about 4 cm. long; fruit oblong, acute. Neg. 11581.
Junin: La Merced, 1,200 meters, 5741. Above San Ramon, 1,700
meters, Killip & Smith 24737; a tree of 9-12 meters. Huanuco:
Ruiz & Pavon. Puno: Sangaban, Lechler(1}.
Cecropia bicolor Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 531. 1847.
Leaves with elongate-oblong, shortly acuminate lobes, green but
scabrous above, white-tomentose beneath except for the green,
hirsutulous nerves; pistillate peduncle long-villous, about 7 cm.
long, bearing 4 spikes 15 to nearly 20 cm. long. The greatly elongate
spikes are striking. The species may be allied to C. flagellifera.
Neg. 11582.
Huanuco: Mufia, Ruiz.
Cecropia dentata Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 533. 1847.
Very imperfectly known; leaf lobes 9, short, obovate, acute, the
margins dentate-subserrate, green but hirsute-scabrous above, white-
tomentose beneath except for the muricate-hirsute midrib and nerves;
petiole 15-20 cm. long, sparsely pilose.
Huanuco :Muna, (Ruiz & Pavon).
Cecropia Engleriana Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 365.
1923.
Allied to C. ficifolia but the pubescence of the lower leaf surface
entirely lanuginose, the stipules, petioles, and leaves often smaller,
and the latter deeply 7-lobed, the lobes oblongish, 5-7 cm. wide and
with 22-25 lateral nerves; staminate spikes very slender. Neg.
11586.
Rio Acre: Ule 9313.
Cecropia ficifolia Warb. ex Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8:
365. 1923.
A small to tall (30 meters) tree with ample, peltate leaves, greenish
but densely asperous-pubescent above and white-tomentose beneath,
not at all deeply 5-6-lobed, the rotund-obovate lobes (to 45 cm. long
286 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
and 20 cm. wide) obtuse or acute, remote and little narrowed below;
lateral nerves 12-16; petioles 30-45 cm. long; stipules to 15 cm. long,
pubescent also within; staminate peduncle about 7 cm. long, the
pistillate twice as long; staminate spikes 12 or more, 5-7 cm. long,
2-3 mm. thick, the pedicels 1.5-2 cm. long; enveloping hairs 0.5-1
mm. long; filaments unequal; pistillate spikes 4-6, sessile, 8 cm. long,
about twice as long in fruit and 8 mm. thick, lightly tomentose;
stigmas penicillate; fruit 2-3 mm. long, faintly verruculose. Neg.
11587.
Rio Acre: UleOSll; Huber 4245.
Cecropia flagellifera Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 81. 1847.
C. Ruiziana Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 532. 1847.
Apparently very similar to C. Francisci, but with shorter petioles,
smaller leaves, and fewer (4) pistillate spikes, these in fruit 20 cm.
long and 8-9 mm. thick.
Peru: (Pavori).
Cecropia Francisci Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 369.
1923.
A tree as much as 25 meters high, with punctate-asperous branch-
lets, long-pubescent stipules to 20 cm. long, petioles nearly 40 cm.
long, and coriaceous leaves about 9-lobed to the middle, the
largest of the broadly obovate lobes 40 cm. long and 20 cm. broad;
peduncles 10 cm. long or longer; pistillate spikes 5-6, sessile, 7-8.5
cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick, before flowering densely tomentose; stigma
penicillate. C. palmata Willd. has leaf nerves reddish beneath,
finely and minutely pubescent or puberulent rather than tomentose-
hirtellous. Neg. 11588.
Rio Acre: Ule 9312.
Cecropia Klotzschiana Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 151.
1853. C. scabra Ruiz ex Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 531. 1847, non Mart.
1831.
Apparently too near C. nivea, but the pubescence beneath between
the veins felt-like, the peduncles sparsely hispid, and the pedicels
hirtellous. Neg. 11591.
Peru: Ruiz.
Cecropia latiloba Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 147. 1853.
Branchlets glabrate; leaves rather similar to those of C. obtusa
but with many (about 25) lateral nerves 0.5-1 cm. apart; staminate
FLORA OF PERU 287
spikes 25-30, about 8 cm. long, the pedicels 5 mm. long, hirsute;
pistillate spikes sessile, finally 15 cm. long; fruits 3 mm. long, tomen-
tose at the tip. Neg. 18838.
Loreto: Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 3467, 3466 (det. Snethlage).
Rio Masana, Williams 96. Lower Ucayali, Tessmann 3307 (var. ; det.
Snethlage). Cumaria, Tessmann 3253 (det. Snethlage). Brazil;
Bolivia.
Cecropia leucocoma Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 142. 1853.
Petioles, peduncles, and young leaves above greenish but lightly
and loosely lanuginose; leaves thin, deeply (even to the base) divided,
the elongate-obovate lobes apiculate or rounded, white-tomentose
beneath or merely araneose; lateral nerves about 1 cm. apart or less,
usually about 20; staminate spikes fewer than 12, about 7 cm. long,
the pedicels to 5 mm. long; pistillate spikes about 4, to 15 cm. long,
5-8 mm. thick, subsessile, the slender peduncle 6-8 mm. long. Tess-
mann 4058 has been given a subspecific herbarium name by Sneth-
lage, but it has the close, parallel nerves of C. leucocoma and could be
treated as a variety of the latter with longer, thicker (20 cm. long,
9 mm. thick), distinctly pediceled pistillate spikes or, more probably,
as a distinct species. C. adenopus Mart, and C. scabra might be
sought here. The former may be known by its hispidulous petioles
and peduncles; the latter by its reduced (asperous and hirtellous)
leaf pubescence and its merely ternate staminate spikes. Neg. 11592.
Illustrated, Wawra, Bot. Ergebn. Reise Bras. pi. 85.
Loreto: Middle Ucayali, Tessmann 3306, 3455 (one a glabrate
form, det. Snethlage). Yurimaguas, 200 meters, Williams 4173.
Bolivia; Brazil. "Setico," "siari chal."
Cecropia leucophaea Poepp. ex Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt.
1:151. pi. 50. 1853.
Probably allied to C. multiflora, but the more numerous acute
leaf lobes not more scabrous above than otherwise pubescent; nerves
beneath green but hirsute- villous; staminate spikes very numerous,
5-7.5 cm. long, on hirsute pedicels 4 mm. long.
Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig.
Cecropia montana Warb. ex Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
8: 368. 1923.
A small tree (to 10 meters) with short, white-pilose branchlets,
rather small stipules (about 5 cm. long) glabrate within, petioles 35
cm. long, and deeply 10-lobed leaves white-tomentose beneath, the
288 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
lobes oblong, the largest 30 cm. long and a little less than a third as
wide; lateral nerves 15-25; peduncle 2.5-4 cm. long; pistillate spikes
4, becoming 3.5-6 cm. long and 6-10 mm. thick; fruit oblong, 2 mm.
long, minutely tubercled. Neg. 11599.
Loreto: Cerro de Escalera, 1,300 meters, Ule 6845.
Cecropia multiflora Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 367.
1923.
A small tree (10 meters, so far as known) with minutely pilose
branchlets and rather deeply lobed leaves, the largest obovate, acutish
lobes about 30 cm. long and scarcely half as broad, the pubescence
above merely asperous, beneath white-tomentose, the midrib and
12-14 nerves minutely pilose; peduncle 5-8 cm. long, finely pilose;
staminate spikes as many as 50 and 10-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick,
on pedicels 1-2 cm. long; perianth 1-1.5 mm. long, minutely pubes-
cent; filaments nearly equal, the anthers before anthesis ecaudate.
Similar to C. nivea and C. Klotzschiana, but from herbarium material
distinguishable by the even upper leaf surfaces. Neg. 11600.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 800 meters, Weberbauer 1837, type.
Cecropia nivea Poepp. ex Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 532. 1847.
Leaves large, deeply 9-parted, the acute, obovate lobes green but
scabrous-hispid above, loosely and densely white-tomentose beneath ;
staminate peduncle 3.5-5 cm. long, densely hispid-villous, bearing
many slender spikes 7 cm. long, their subulate pedicels 6 mm. long.
Suggests C. multiflora, but the leaves are noticeably rugose. Neg.
11601.
Peru: Poeppig.
Cecropia obtusa Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 79. 1847.
Branchlets strigose; leaf lobes obovate-rotund, very obtuse,
tomentulose above at first, finally asperous, often 20 cm. long and
half as broad or larger, the lateral nerves 1-2 cm. apart, about 15;
staminate peduncle about 20 cm. long, bearing 12-15 shortly pedi-
celed spikes only 4-5 cm. long; perianth tubular, subentire, minutely
hirtellous; pistillate spikes 8-9 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, on pedicels 2-4
mm. long; fruit obovate, verruculose, white-tomentose-punctate.
C. palmata Willd. has leaves glabrate above and pistillate spikes 13-15
cm. long. Neg. 25536.
Loreto: La Victoria, Williams 2557. Caballo-cocha, Williams
2068. Without locality: (Pavdri). Brazil ; British Guiana. "Setico."
FLORA OF PERU 289
Cecropia polystachya Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 80. 1847.
C. pinnatiloba Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 533. 1847.
Well marked (if the character is constant) by the lobed middle
leaflets; lobes 9-10, ovate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, the
larger 7.5 cm. broad, about 20 cm. long; staminate peduncle tomen-
tose, 7.5 cm. long, the 20 pediceled spikes 5-10 cm. long; pistillate
spikes about 4 and 6 cm. long, the peduncle a little longer. Neg.
25538.
Huanuco: Mufia, Ruiz.
Cecropia sciadophylla Mart. Flora 24, pt. 2: Beibl. 93. 1841.
Immediately recognizable by its petioled or entirely disjoined
leaflets that are glabrous or merely puberulent-tomentulose in the
areoles, even beneath. Snethlage has distinguished var. decurrens
Snethl. and var.Juranyiana (A.Richt.) Snethl.,the latter the extreme
variation with the leaflets actually sessile. This is a medium to tall
tree with huge leaves (the largest leaflets about 50 cm. long and nearly
10 cm. wide or wider), glabrate petioles several dm. long, 4-6 pistil-
late spikes about 10 cm. long, and several staminate spikes, the
filaments somewhat unequal. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1:
pi. 46.
Loreto: Lower Rio Napo, Tessmann 3718 (det. Snethlage).
Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4717, 4278 (det. Snethlage).
Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2130. Brazil. "Setico."
Cecropia Setico Snethl. in herb., sp. nov.
Folia inter maxima, ad 60 cm. lata et ultra, subtus ad nervos
fere microscopice pulverulenta; pedunculi leviter spinuloso-ciliati
vel glabrati ad 10 cm. longi; spicae 4 dense lanatae fere sessiles in
statu fructifero circa 20 cm. longae.
Leaves very large, at least 60 cm. wide, almost microscopically
pulverulent on the nerves beneath; peduncles lightly spinulose-
ciliate or glabrate, to about 10 cm. long; spikes 4, very woolly,
becoming about 20 cm. long, nearly sessile. Neg. 11608.
Loreto: Unanana, Lower Rio Napo, 100 meters, Tessmann 3713.
"Setico."
Cecropia Standleyi Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 61. 1931.
A small, slender tree of 3-6 meters, similar to C. ficifolia but
easily distinguishable by the soft, scattered trichomes of the upper
leaf surfaces and the short-acuminate, broadly obovate leaf lobes;
290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
pubescence beneath not at all lanuginose; staminate aments 8-10,
9 cm. long, 3 mm. thick, the pedicels 1 cm. long, the filaments
equal; pistillate spikes 4, subsessile, 18 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, lightly
tomentose.
Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 399, type.
Iquitos, 100 meters, Kittip & Smith 27033. "Setico."
Cecropia strigosa Tre'cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 82. 1847.
Similar to C. angustifolia, but the leaf lobes fewer and the pubes-
cence more hirtellous, in this respect approaching C. tubulosa; stami-
nate spikes about 60; pistillate spikes about 7.
Peru: (Pawn).
Cecropia Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 9:
260. 1925.
Leaves large, glabrous, deeply (three-fourths their length) 9-
lobed; spikes similar to those of C. multiflora but not distinctly
pediceled; filaments very short. Fruit edible. C. laetevirens Huber,
Bol. Mus. Goeldi 6: 63. 1910, and C. bifurcata Huber, op. cit. 62,
would be sought here. The leaves of both are broadly and obtusely
lobed, more or less fulvous-pilose beneath but green and glabrous
to the eye. Williams 1*313 (part of a leaf) from Yurimaguas is per-
haps C. Tessmannii. Neg. 11609.
Loreto: Yarina-cocha, 150 meters, Tessmann 3454- Fortaleza,
in forest, 200 meters, Williams 4313. Santa Rosa, 200 meters,
Williams 4949. "Setico," "pungara."
Cecropia tubulosa Ruiz ex Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 534. 1847.
Probably only a form or possibly a variety of C. angustifolia, but
the leaves beneath more conspicuously reddish-hirsutulous than
white-tomentulose. C. angustifolia may be rubescent on the nerves.
Neg. 11610.
Huanuco: Chinchao, Mufia, Ruiz & Pavon.
3. POUROUMA Aubl.
Trees with entire or 3-5-lobed leaves, or one species with 8-12-
parted leaves simulating those of Cecropia, but the inflorescence
always cymose and the rather large, often densely velvety-tomentose
fruits borne distinctly. See Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 123-132, for
a number of Amazonian species to be expected, particularly several
with entire leaves. Other extra-Peruvian species published more
FLORA OF PERU 291
recently, and possibly occurring, are mentioned below. Spruce
found the name "cocura" used for an Amazonian species.
Leaves not parted or deeply lobed.
Pubescence fulvous or brown P. phaeotricha.
Pubescence white or gray P. folleata.
Leaves palmately parted or lobed, at least typically and some of
them.
Leaves 8 (6)-12-parted P. cecropiaefolia.
Leaves 3-5-lobed.
Leaves deeply cordate at base, harshly hairy on both sides.
P. substrigosa.
Leaves little if at all cordate, or not pubescent.
Leaves not distinctly, if at all, cordate.
Branchlets glabrous or puberulent, the leaves white-hairy
beneath.
Petioles glabrous or early granulose P. Tessmannii.
Petioles tomentose, glabrate only in age ... P. Jussieuana.
Branchlets yellowish-hairy, like the leaves beneath.
Leaves strigose or scabrous above P. palmata.
Leaves glabrous above P. triloba.
Leaves deeply cordate at the base P. Ulei.
Pourouma cecropiaefolia Mart, ex Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4,
pt. 1: 123. pi. 36. 1853. P. multifida Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8:
107. 1847(7).
The only Peruvian species with Cecropia-like leaves that are
cordate-rotund and radiately parted; segments obovate-oblong-
lanceolate, velvety and ashy- or white-tomentose beneath, the
largest middle ones sometimes 15-30 cm. long and 10-20 cm. broad,
all more or less connate toward the base; petioles glabrous; peduncles
puberulent; inflorescence in flower dense, reddish purple with a close
puberulence, the fasciculate or capitulate staminate flowers sessile
or nearly so, their minutely setulose segments entirely free. Accord-
ing to Martius, a tree of 10-15 meters with the habit of a Cecro-
pia but with juicy fruits that have a pleasant, sweetish-sour taste.
Sometimes cultivated. The Martius name (Reise 3: 1130. 1831) is
essentially a nomen nudum until taken up by Miquel. There is no
doubt, however, as to its application, and Martius gave the common
names and described the fruit. Lacking positive proof that P. multi-
292 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
fida Tre"cul is the same, I retain the well-known name. A specimen
by Killip and Smith (27932) from Puerto Arturo, Loreto, has been
determined in Herb. Berlin by Mildbraed as P. sapida Karst. It is
not clear to me that the latter species is distinct. Its leaves have 9
lobes. In the Field Museum specimen they are separate nearly to
the base.
Loreto: Above Pongo de Manseriche, 200 meters, in forest,
Mexia 6257. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in clearing, Klug 1185, 1326.
Mouth of Rio Blanco, Tessmann 3054- Alto Rio Itaya, Williams
3347. Iquitos, Ducke 7581; Killip & Smith 27381, 29839 (both det.
by A. C. Smith). Huanuco: Huamalies District, Weberbauer 3705.
Rio Acre: Ule 9314. Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, 5446. Brazil.
"Ambauba mansa," "ambauba do vinho," "mapaty," "cucura,"
"uvilla."
Pourouma folleata Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 114. 1930.
Branchlets glabrous; petioles evanescently appressed-setulose,
2-3 cm. long; leaves entire or repand-undulate, elliptic, acute at the
base, very shortly acuminate, the larger 12 cm. long, 6 cm. wide,
glabrous above or the midnerve strigillose, shortly white-tomentulose
beneath between the 15 nerves, these densely strigillose; stipules
yellowish-villous, 2.5 cm. long; peduncles 1.5 cm. long; compound
cymes grayish-brown-hirsutulous, open, the slender-pediceled stami-
nate flowers not at all capitulate; segments linear-subulate, acumi-
nate. P. apiculata Spruce and P. tomentosa Mart, have entire
leaves arachnoid-tomentose beneath, the former distinguished from
the latter by the apiculate leaf acumination. Its large fruits are
velvety. P. crassivenosa Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 419.
1928, is glabrous beneath to the eye except on the nerves. P. pa-
raensis Huber is hirtellous on the veins beneath, appressed-lanate in
the areoles.
Junin: La Merced, 1,300-1,700 meters, Schunke 416, A95.
Pourouma Jussieuana Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 106. 1847.
A tree with angled, verruculose, finally glabrous branchlets and
palmately 3-5-lobed, not at all cordate leaves; leaf lobes glabrous
above, oblong or the middle ovate, repand, acuminate, the larger 12
cm. wide and 15-25 cm. long, with 17-22 nerves, these conspicuous
beneath; petioles pubescent, 5-6 cm. long; pistillate inflorescence
cymose-paniculate, the puberulent peduncle 5 cm. long; fruit ovate,
densely pale-rusty-puberulent; seed depressed-ovate. P. cuspidata
FLORA OF PERU 293
Warb. of Amazonian Brazil is recognizable by the scabrosity of its
leaves beneath and its small staminate flowers, less than 1 mm. long,
the branchlets of the inflorescence thick.
Peru: Buena Vista (Jussieu). "Amandier de Buena- Vista."
Pourouma palmata Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 29.
pi 141. 1838.
Young branchlets densely yellow-scabrous; leaves rounded or
subcordate, with 3-5 oblong or ovate, acute lobes, harshly scabrous
above but silky-pubescent beneath, especially on the prominent
nerves (the lateral about 30) ; petioles subterete, the upper 8 cm. long,
shortly pubescent; staminate flowers glomerate, the inflorescence
much branched; perianth segments shortly united, oblong, hirsutu-
lous at the apex, equaled by the dense filaments; immature fruiting
inflorescence velvety in appearance, with a dense, reddish brown
pubescence; pedicels thick, 3-5 cm. long; young fruits ovate, con-
spicuously capped by the peltate stigma. Fruits edible. Neg.
11622.
San Martin: Tocache, Poeppig 2881, Addenda 153. Huanuco:
Huamalies, Weberbauer 3639. Loreto: Pampa del Sacramento
(Huber). "Uvilla."
Pourouma phaeotricha Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
10: 193. 1927.
Young branches, petioles, and inflorescence rusty puberulent-
tomentose, with paler, rigid hairs intermixed; leaves very regularly
oblong-elliptic, obtuse at the base, very acutely acuminate, often to
20 cm. long and 8-9 cm. broad, the mature ones glabrate above,
beneath on the midrib and 8-10 lateral nerves more or less hirsutulous
and rusty puberulent-tomentose, the areoles ashy green and under a
lens white-araneose; fruiting inflorescence with few short branchlets,
the pedicels 5-8 mm. long; stigma greenish white, pulvinate, densely
brown-tomentose and white-hirsute; immature fruit 12 mm. long,
8-9 mm. thick, bright green. A tree of 7 meters, the trunk 8 cm. in
diameter, with few branches 2 meters above the base. P. aurea
Mildbr. op. cit. 10: 418, has obovate-oblong leaves broadest at the
upper third, with 15-17 lateral nerves. Neg. 11624.
Loreto: Iquitos, Tessmann 5364-
Pourouma substrigosa Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
10: 192. 1927.
A tree of about 15 meters with rather harshly strigose-hirsute
foliage and growing parts; petioles densely and shortly hirsute, to
294 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
25 cm. long; leaves 3-5-lobed, with narrow, deep sinuses, the seg-
ments short-acuminate, elliptic, the largest middle one 25-35 cm.
long and 15 cm. wide; staminate inflorescence 2-many times irregu-
larly branched, reddish brown with dense pubescence of granular
and club-shaped hairs intermixed, the flowers sessile and glomerulate,
their linear, more or less dilated segments ciliate at the apex, barely
1.5 mm. long, exceeding the filaments. Trunk about 17 cm. in
diameter, with few branches at 6 meters. Fruit edible. Neg. 11625.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, 160 meters, Tessmann 4642, type.
Streamlet near mouth of Rio Santiago, 400 meters, Mexia 6201; a
tree of 14 meters, the leaves and twigs inhabited by small ants.
"Uvilla."
Pourouma Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
10: 192. 1927.
Glabrous or lightly pubescent except for the more or less deeply
3-lobed leaves, these silvery beneath with an appressed tomentum;
petioles sulcate, to 15 cm. long; stipules 8 cm. long, acuminate;
leaves acuminate, 3-nerved from the base, 20 cm. long; staminate
inflorescence 7 cm. long, the peduncle as long, the branches and
branchlets chestnut-brown, with a dense covering of clavate hairs;
flower glomerules dense, the perianth segments subulate-linear,
closely white-pubescent, about 1.5 mm. long, the filaments half as
long. A tree of 20 meters, branching at 12 meters, with a trunk
25 cm. in diameter. Inflorescence early greenish yellow, in anthesis
bright brown, becoming dark brown. Neg. 11626.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, 160 meters, Tessmann 4236, type.
Yurimaguas, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 4688. "Setico."
Pourouma triloba Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 104. 1847. P.
triloba Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 526. Oct., 1847.
Perhaps only a less pubescent variety of P. palmata; pistillate
flowers pubescent; staminate glomerules numerous, with the stamens
about 5 mm. thick; fruit oblong-obovate,. crustaceous, dehiscent by
two valves. Neg. 11623.
Huanuco: Macora, Ruiz, type. Pampayacu, Sawada 21.
Pourouma Ulei Warb. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 132. 1907.
A tree, the branches and petioles slightly tomentose or glabrate;
leaves long-petiolate, deeply cordate at the base, with usually over-
lapping basal lobes, smooth and glabrous above, closely and minutely
FLORA OF PERU 295
white-tomentose beneath, the broad lobes abruptly short-acuminate.
Neg. 11627.
Loreto: In pasture, El Recreo, 200 meters, Williams 3984- Ama-
zonian Brazil. "Uvilla."
4. COUSSAPOA Aubl.
Rather similar to Pourouma, but both sorts of flowers capitate,
the pistillate heads solitary or often few. Leaves entire, the petioles
often about half as long. Stigma capitate-penicillate. Tall trees
with the name "chichillica," the trunks thick, the foliage abundant,
the fibers of the bark serving for the manufacture of coarse baskets,
sacks for the collection of coca and fruits, and various other articles;
it is used also to fasten and join timbers and beams (Ruiz & Pa von).
Species very similar and the characters accepted as definitive may
be variable.
Some of the following names by Tre"cul are in conflict with those
of Klotzsch for the same year (1847), but the former were published
in August while the latter probably appeared toward the last of the
year. Linnaea for this year consists of 12 numbers, the correction
page at the end of vol. 20 being signed as written only in August and
a much earlier article is signed also as written at this date (Nelly
Dubugnon, Conservatoire Botanique, Geneva).
Branchlets, especially apically, very villous or setose.
Leaves broadly rounded and emarginate at the apex.
C. emarginata.
Leaves acute or obtuse at the apex, not emarginate.
Branchlets long-setose; leaves glabrate or lightly tomentose
beneath C. hirsuta.
Branchlets hirsute- villous.
Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath C. villosa.
Leaves minutely hirsutulous and cobwebby beneath.
C. vellerea.
Branchlets glabrate or shortly pubescent.
Leaves acute, smooth and glabrous above.
Branchlets puberulent-hirsutulous; leaves 8-17 cm. long.
Leaves glabrous beneath or the nerves puberulent.
C. ovalifolia.
Leaves araneose-tomentulose beneath C. Tessmannii.
Branchlets glabrous; leaves 20-30 cm. long C. acutifolia.
296 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaves rounded or retuse apically, often more or less asperous.
Pistillate heads solitary.
Leaves scabrous on the upper surface C. asperifolia.
Leaves smooth on the upper surface C. grandiceps.
Pistillate heads cymose.
Leaves finely short-hirsutulous beneath C. magnifolia.
Leaves white-lanuginose beneath, as well as sparsely hirsutu-
lous C. Standleyi.
Coussapoa acutifolia Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 529. 1847.
With the large leaves of C. magnifolia Tre'cul, but these obviously
acute and glabrous except for the puberulent nerves beneath; in
these respects apparently like C. ovalifolia Tre'cul, with much smaller
and crowded leaves. Neg. 11555.
Huanuco: Cochero, Ruiz & Pawn.
Coussapoa asperifolia Trecul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 96. 1847.
Branchlets soon glabrate or glabrous; leaves often almost square-
sided, about 15 cm. long or smaller, typically very scabrous above
and rather softly short-pubescent beneath and finely reticulate;
petioles 1.5-2 cm. long; staminate heads cymose; perianth oblong,
with short, glabrous teeth; filaments about as long as the flower;
pistillate flowers in a solitary head, tubular-urceolate; style very
short, the stigma capitate, villous; fruits very numerous, oblong,
exteriorly somewhat fleshy. Both the Peruvian specimens are
essentially glabrous but are typical in the obtuse or retuse leaves.
C. Martiana Miq. has broadly ovate, somewhat acute leaves, often
larger and white-arachnoid beneath, in which respect it resembles
C. subincana Mart, with the leaves somewhat peltate. Neg. 11556.
Amazonas: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4472 (det. Mildbraed).
Junin: La Merced, 55-47. British Guiana.
Coussapoa emarginata Killip, sp. nov.
Arbor 12-15-metralis, ramulis crassis densissime pilis longis fulvis
mollibus pilosis dense foliatis; stipulae lineari-lanceolatae 6.5 cm.
longae attenuatae extus dense longipilosae; folia mediocria longi-
petiolata coriacea, petiolo crasso 4.5-5.5 cm. longo dense piloso;
lamina late obovato-ovalis vel rotundato-ovalis 13-17.5 cm. longa
9-12 cm. lata apice late rotundata et leviter vel profunde emarginata,
basi rotundata, supra in sicco fusca ad costam et interdum ad nervos
pilosa, aliter glabra, nervis non elevatis, subtus pallida ubique sub-
FLORA OF PERU 297
sparse adpresse tomentulosa, ad costam nervosque pilis longis ochra-
ceis sericeo-pilosa, costa crassa elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque
latere circa 15 rectis elevatis angulo semirecto obliquis in marginem
desinentibus, nervulis obscuris numerosissimis rectis arete parallelis;
iniflorescentia (immatura tantum visa) paucicapitata densa, capitulis
parvis dense paucifloris breviter pedunculatis, pedunculo petiolo
aequilongo.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 29955
(U. S. Nat. Herb., type; duplicate in Herb. Field Mus.).
Coussapoa grandiceps Killip, sp. nov.
Arbor, ramulis crassis sparse in statu juvenili hirtello-puberulis
cito glabratis; stipulae magnae circa 7 cm. longae pallido-tomentosae;
folia magna coriacea, petiolo crasso 6-10 cm. longo striato glabrato;
lamina ovali-ovata 24-32 cm. longa 16-19 cm. lata versus apicem
rotundatum paullo angustata, basi late rotundata brevissime cor-
data, supra glabra laevis, subtus minute arete pallido-tomentella,
nervis lateralibus utroque latere circa 18 rectis elevatis, venulis
ultimis creberrimis prominentibus arete parallelis; capitula feminea
geminata, pedunculis simplicibus crassis 5-6.5 cm. longis leviter
tomentulosis glabrescentibus, capitulis densissimis subglobosis multi-
floris 1.5 cm. diam.
Loreto: Yanon, wooded banks of lower Rio Huallaga, 135 meters,
W. J. Dennis (Killip & Smith 29246; type in U. S. Nat. Herb.);
a tree of 12-15 meters. Puerto Arturo, Yurimaguas, 200 meters, in
forest, Williams 5349. Apparently conspecific is Williams 4179
from Yurimaguas. "Renaco caspi."
Coussapoa hirsuta Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 97. 1847.
C. setosa Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 528. 1847.
Branchlets conspicuously long-setose toward the tips; petioles
to 3 cm. long, evanescently pilose; leaves obovate, rounded at the
base, acute, about 15 cm. long, 10 cm. wide or narrower, slightly
floccose on the nerves beneath; pistillate heads cymose-corymbose,
the urceolate flowers thin and including the subdrupaceous fruit;
seed irregular. Mildbraed (in herb. Madrid) maintains the Klotzsch
name. Neg. 11560.
Huanuco: Macora, Ruiz & Pawn.
Coussapoa magnifolia Trecul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 98. 1847.
C. Ruizii Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 529. 1847.
Suggesting C. asperifolia Tre"cul, but the leaves often 30 cm.
long and nearly as wide; lateral nerves 6-7; petioles glabrate, to 10
298 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
cm. long; pistillate heads several; ovary subobovate. Mildbraed
employs the Klotzsch name. Neg. 11557.
Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1371; Ruiz & Pavon, type.
Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, 5447.
Coussapoa ovalifolia Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 95. 1847.
C. puberula Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 529. 1847.
Petioles 4-6 cm. long; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded
at the base, mostly 8-12, rarely 15, cm. long, half as wide; lateral
nerves 13-15, the veins obvious; pistillate heads umbellate-cymose,
the flowers puberulent only at the tip; stigma penicillate; ovary
oblong. Smoothish forms of C. asperifolia may be distinguished by
their obtuse leaves and solitary pistillate heads. C. trinervia Mildbr.
is glabrous, with strongly 3-nerved leaves. C. nitida Miq. is sparsely
hirtellous and the pistillate flowers glabrous. Neg. 11559.
Junin: Rio Paucartambo Valley, 700 meters, Killip & Smith
25341; a tree of 9-12 meters. La Merced, 600 meters, 5594.
Huanuco: Chinchao, Pillao, Posuso, etc., /fou'z. Loreto: Puerto
Metendez, Tessmann 3922 (det. Mildbraed). Rio Acre: Vie 9316?
(det. Mildbraed). Without locality: Ruiz.
Coussapoa Standleyi Macbr., sp. nov.
C. magnifoliae affinis; petiolis (12 cm. longis), nervis venisque
minutissime parceque hispidulis; foliis apice rotundato-obtusis ad
40 cm. longis supra glabris subtus dense arachnoideis, margine valde
undulato-repandis; nervis lateralibus circa 16 prominentibus; pedun-
culis dense ferrugineo-tomentuloso-hirsutulis; capitulis fern, circa
15 plerumque geminato-connatis, dense hirsutulis. Seemingly well
distinct in character of pubescence, and the numerous pistillate heads
(these are undeveloped). Mildbraed referred the specimen to C.
magnifolia with a query. The pubescence suggests that of the
different C. vellerea. Neg. 29511.
Huanuco: Huamalies, 700-800 meters, Weberbauer 3702, type
(Hb. Berlin).
Coussapoa Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
10:413. 1928.
Youngest branchlets rusty-hirsutulous; leaves ovate, nearly
truncate at the base, triangular-acute at the apex, 13-17 cm. long,
9-12 cm. wide, on stout petioles a third as long; lateral nerves about
11, the veins and veinlets beneath densely reticulate and prominent,
the areoles thereby sunken; pistillate inflorescence many-headed,
FLORA OF PERU 299
on peduncles 1.5-2 cm. long, the short, thick branchlets somewhat
hirsute and granular; heads 5 to nearly 10 mm. thick, sometimes
geminate-connate; flowers 3 mm. long, glabrous, the shorter bracts
filiform or slightly widened at the apex. Differs from C. puberula
in the pubescence. C. intermedia Mart, has very fine, scarcely at all
reticulate or obvious veins. Neg. 11562.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4673, type. "Renaco."
Coussapoa vellerea Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 527. 1847.
Similar to C. villosa, but the leaf pubescence not at all tomentose,
the arachnoid hairs evanescent; leaves to 40 cm. long, 30 cm. wide;
peduncles 5 cm. long, to 11 cm. in fruit, geminate, the fruiting peri-
anth reddish-brown-hirsute, 3 mm. long.
Huanuco: Macora, Ruiz & Pavon, type.
Coussapoa villosa Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 33. pi. 147.
1838.
Branches, petioles, bracts, and peduncles villous-hirsute, often
even shaggy; leaves ample, sometimes 30 cm. long and a third as
broad or larger, broadly ovate and more or less cordate, acute or
obtuse; staminate heads few to rather many, corymbose-paniculate;
bractlets spatulate, often emarginate; perianth turbinate, trifid,
pubescent; pistillate heads solitary or geminate; perianth contracted
below the apex, oblong; style slender; fruit ovate-oblong. C. Sprucei
Mildbr. has oval-oblong leaves, subvelvety-pubescent beneath. Neg.
11564.
Huanuco: Casapi, Poeppig, type. Loreto: Mouth of Rio
Santiago, Tessmann 4696 (det. Mildbraed). Santa Rosa, Lower Rio
Huallaga, 135 meters, Kittip & Smith 28800 (det. A. C. Smith).
Ecuador.
5. FICUS L. Fig
By Paul C. Standley
Small or large trees with milky sap; leaves entire in the native
American species; easy of recognition among all American trees
by the form of the fruit, similar to that of the cultivated fig, but in the
wild trees much smaller, consisting of a hollow, more or less fleshy
receptacle, with a small apical opening (ostiole), this closed by
small, overlapping scales; flowers minute, densely inserted all over
the interior wall of the receptacle. A large genus in tropical America,
doubtless with more Peruvian representatives than are listed here.
A few other Peruvian species, in fact, are represented in the herba-
300 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
rium by fragmentary material, insufficient for their diagnosis. The
plants often or usually begin life as epiphytes, the seeds germinating
upon a branch of some host tree. The seedlings send down aerial
roots that develop into long, cord-like stems which finally envelop
and strangle the host. The wood is soft and of no economic
importance. The larger fruits are fleshy, sweet, and edible (espe-
cially in the subgenus Pharmacosycea} . They are seldom eaten by
people but are much sought by birds and other animals. The latex
yields a kind of rubber. From the bark the ancient Mexicans pre-
pared paper upon which some of their manuscripts were written.
Receptacles solitary in the leaf axils; leaves often scabrous; involucre
3-lobate. Subgenus Pharmacosycea.
Leaf blades deeply emarginate at the base F. Macbridei.
Leaf blades not emarginate at the base.
Leaves gradually acute or acuminate, or cuspidate-acuminate.
F. glabrata.
Leaves obtuse or acutish, sometimes abruptly short-acute.
Leaves with very numerous, close lateral nerves.
F. anthelmintica.
Leaves with few distant lateral nerves F. radula.
Receptacles geminate; leaves never scabrous; involucre 2-lobate.
Subgenus Urostigma.
Branches hirsute with long, spreading, brown hairs. Fruit sessile.
Fruits large, about 12 mm. in diameter, densely hirsute.
F. juruensis.
Fruits about 6 mm. in diameter, glabrate F. Llewelyni.
Branches not hirsute, usually glabrous or nearly so.
Receptacles small, mostly 4-6 mm. in diameter.
Leaves large, about 35 cm. long, attenuate to the base, nar-
rowly oblanceolate-oblong F. caballina.
Leaves much smaller, chiefly 5-14 cm. long.
Young branches and petioles glabrous. Fruit glabrous.
Leaves 3-nerved at the base, commonly about 6 cm. long.
F. nitida.
Leaves not 3-nerved at the base, mostly 7-12 cm. long.
F. Matthewsii.
Young branches and petioles, at least at first, strigose or
appressed-pilose.
FLORA OF PERU 301
Receptacles strigose at first, becoming glabrate.
F. Killipii.
Receptacles glabrous from the first.
Nerves of the leaves very oblique, salient on the lower
surface F. Weberbaueri.
Nerves divergent at an angle of more than 60 degrees,
not elevated on the lower surface. .F. casapiensis.
Receptacles large, 8-20 mm. in diameter or even larger.
Fruits sessile.
Leaves rounded at the apex; involucre about half as long
as the fruit F. Urbaniana.
Leaves abruptly cuspidate-acuminate; involucre small and
inconspicuous F. paraensis.
Fruits pedunculate.
Leaves narrowed to the acute or obtuse base. . .F. gemina.
Leaves broad toward the truncate or shallowly cordate base.
F. Ruiziana.
Ficus anthelmintica Mart. Syst. Mat. Med. Bras. 88. 1843.
Pharmacosycea anthelmintica Miq. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 66. 1848.
A large tree, glabrous throughout; stipules narrow, long-attenuate,
as much as 11 cm. long; leaves long-petiolate, the blades elliptic-
oblong or elliptic, 13-23 cm. long, 5.5-10 cm. wide, acute or acutish,
subacute to rounded at the base, the lateral nerves close together,
prominent beneath, slender, 15-25 or more on each side, diverging
at a wide angle; receptacles pedunculate or almost sessile, globose,
commonly 2-2.5 cm. in diameter. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4,
pt. 1 : pi. 25, f. 2.
Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, 5295; a large tree with widely
spreading, dense crown. Loreto: Iquitos, in 1932, W. G. Scherer:
at 100 meters, Killip & Smith. Pebas, in forest, Williams 1867.
Widely distributed in Brazil. "Oje," "huito."
The sap (leche de oje) and bark (corteza de oje") are used medicin-
ally in the region of Iquitos, particularly as a local remedy for
tertian fevers.
Ficus caballina Stand!., sp. nov.
Omnino glabra, ramulis crassis ut videtur dense foliatis ochraceis;
stipulae non visae; folia inter maxima subcoriacea breviter petiolata,
petiolo crasso 1.5 cm. tantum longo; lamina anguste oblanceolato-
302 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
oblonga circa 36 cm. longa et 11 cm. lata obtusa basin versus longe
sensim attenuata, basi ipsa attenuato-cuneata, supra in sicco brun-
nescens, costa nervisque prominentibus, costa gracili subtus elevata,
nervis lateralibus utroque latere circa 15 gracilibus prominentibus
angulo lato divergentibus fere rectis versus marginem inaequaliter
conjunctis; receptacula numerosa ut videtur ex axillis defoliatis
nascentia globosa 5-6 mm. diam. glabra, ostiolo plus minusve
elevato, involucre bilobo, lobis brevibus late rotundatis vix 2.5 mm.
longis; pedunculi graciles 6-8 mm. longi.
Loreto: Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2075 (type in Herb.
Field Mus. No. 608,842). "Renaquillo."
A species easily recognized by the very large, long and narrow
leaves and remarkably small receptacles.
Ficus Carica L. Sp. PI. 1059. 1753.
The common fig ("higo"), native of the Mediterranean region,
is cultivated frequently in various parts of Peru. It differs from all
American species in its deeply lobate leaves.
Ficus casapiensis Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3: 298.
1867. Urostigma casapiense Miq. Lond. Journ. Bot. 6: 548. 1847.
Branchlets thick, sparsely pilose or glabrate; stipules 2 cm. long
or less, acuminate, dorsally sericeous-pilose with long, pale hairs;
leaves petiolate, coriaceous, the blades oblong to oblong-obovate,
very abruptly short-acuminate, very obtuse to subacute at the base,
sparsely pilose beneath along the costa, elsewhere glabrous, the
lateral nerves about 17 pairs, divergent at a wide angle, very slender;
receptacles sessile, glabrous, globose, "slightly larger than a pea.
The specimens from Loreto are referred here with some doubt.
Huanuco: Casapi, Mathews, type. Loreto: Santa Rosa, 135
meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 27846. Puerto Arturo, 135 meters,
in forest, Killip & Smith 27846.
Ficus gemina Ruiz ex Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 98, in
syn. 1853. Urostigma geminum Miq. loc. cit.
A tree of 5-8 meters or more, glabrous throughout, the branches
relatively slender; stipules small and narrow, about 1 cm. long;
leaves slender-petiolate, subcoriaceous, the blades ovate-elliptic to
oblong-elliptic, commonly 6-12 cm. long and 2-5 cm. wide, acuminate
or abruptly acute, obtuse or subacute at the base and rather con-
spicuously triplinerved, the lateral nerves 8-15 on each side, very
slender, divergent at a rather wide angle; receptacles short-peduncu-
FLORA OF PERU 303
late, globose, generally 7-8 mm. in diameter, often spotted with red,
the ostiole plane or conspicuously elevated. Neg. 11713. Illustrated,
Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 27, f. 3.
Huanuco: Pampayacu, Sawada 13, 17. Posuso, Ruiz, probably
type material. Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, along stream, 5484,
a large tree with spreading crown, the bark white; Killip & Smith
23463, fruits yellow to orange with darker spots. Loreto: Mishu-
yacu, 100 meters, Killip & Smith 29899. Moyobamba, Weberbauer
4523. San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6510; Williams 5502; Spruce
4274. Chazuta, 260 meters, in forest, Klug 3972. Also in Colombia,
and reported from Brazil and Surinam. "Renaco," "higo silvestre."
Ficus glabrata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 47. 1817.
A large tree, glabrous throughout; stipules narrow, usually not
more than 2 cm. long, often much smaller; leaves petiolate, the
blades elliptic-oblong to elliptic-oval, 12-25 cm. long, 5-10 cm. wide,
abruptly acute or acuminate, sometimes caudate-acuminate, acute
to obtuse at the base and 3-5-nerved, pale green when dried, the
lateral nerves remote, usually 8-15 on each side, rather stout,
divergent at a wide angle; receptacles pedunculate, globose, 1.5-4
cm. in diameter, glabrous or obscurely scaberulous, the ostiole
prominent, the involucre very small.
Junin: Chanchamayo, Isern 2329. Loreto: Lower Rio Huallaga,
135 meters, Killip & Smith 29009, fruit rich purple. San Antonio,
145 meters, Williams 3548; Killip & Smith 29458, fruit deep and
pale green mottled. Iquitos, 120 meters, edge of forest, Williams
3747. Rio Masana, Williams 100. Balsapuerto, 150-350 meters,
Killip & Smith 28381. San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 6311,
5463. San Roque, Williams 7628. Extending to Brazil and north-
ward through Central America. "Oje"." Called "higueron" in Ecuador.
Ficus juruensis Warb. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 140. 1907, nomen.
A small or medium-sized tree, the branchlets densely brownish-
hirsute with spreading hairs; stipules brown-hirsute, often long-
persistent; leaves short-petiolate, the blades obovate-oblong to
elliptic or almost oval, mostly 7-15 cm. long and up to 6.5 cm. wide,
acuminate or sometimes obtuse and abruptly short-pointed, coria-
ceous, rounded or obtuse at the base, scabrous and somewhat pilose
on the upper surface or finally glabrate, beneath densely short-pilose
with soft, brownish hairs, the lateral nerves about 10 pairs, very
prominent beneath, almost straight, ascending at a rather wide
angle; receptacles sessile, globose, about 12 mm. in diameter, densely
304 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
brown-hirsute. Negs. 11706, 11710 (determined by Warburg as a
new species; Ule 5271).
Junin: Huacapistana, 1,800 meters, 5819; Weberbauer 2321.
Loreto: Lower Rio Huallaga, 200 meters, Williams 4702. Without
locality, Ule 5271. Amazonian Brazil.
Ficus Killipii Standl., sp. nov.
Arbor 6-30-metralis, ramulis crassiusculis griseis vel fuscis
rimosis primo sparse strigosis cito glabratis dense foliatis; stipulae
circa 1 cm. longae anguste triangulares longiattenuatae puberulae vel
glabratae; folia petiolata coriacea, petiolo crassiusculo 1-1.5 cm. longo
glabrato; lamina oblonga vel obovato-oblonga 6-12.5 cm. longa 2.5-5
cm. lata obtusa vel breviter abrupte obtuso-acuminata, basi obtusa
vel anguste rotundata atque 5-nervia, costa utrinque prominente,
nervis lateralibus utrinque prominentibus utroque latere 9-11
tenuibus angulo latiusculo divergentibus prope marginem arcuato-
conjunctis fere rectis; receptacula geminata sessilia parva globosa
5 mm. diam. primo sparse strigosa cito glabrata, ostiolo paullo
prominente, involucre brevi, lobis late rotundatis.
Junin : Rio Paucartambo Valley, near Perene" Bridge, 700 meters,
in forest, Kittip & Smith 25252 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 616,750,
type). Ayacucho: Choimacota Valley, 700 meters, Weberbauer 7538.
Weberbauer reports the local name of the latex as "aceite Maria,"
and states that it is taken by women as a remedy for sterility.
Ficus Llewelyni Standl., sp. nov.
Arbor, ramulis crassis ochraceis vel brunnescentibus primo
pilis longis brunneis dense paten ti-hirsutis; stipulae circa 1 cm.
longae dense brunneo-hirsutae; folia mediocria petiolata subcoriacea,
petiolo crasso vel subgracili 8-15 mm. longo hirsuto vel glabrato;
lamina obovato-elliptica vel oblongo-elliptica 7.5-12 cm. longa 4-6.5
cm. lata apice obtusa vel rotundata et abrupte breviter acutata, basi
obtusa vel anguste rotundata, supra in sicco fuscescens glabra,
costa nervisque impressis, subtus praesertim ad nervos brunneo-
pilosa vel subhirsuta, costa gracili elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque
latere 8-12 gracilibus prominentibus fere rectis obliquis marginem
fere attingentibus; receptacula geminata sessilia globosa circa 6 mm.
diam. primo strigosa cito glabrata, ostiolo prominente, involucro
parvo bilobo extus strigoso.
Loreto: Caballo-cocha on the Amazon, in forest, Williams 2308
(Herb. Field Mus. No. 608,283, type). San Martin: Chazuta, 260
FLORA OF PERU 305
meters, in forest, epiphytic, Klug 4049. Huanuco: Vitoc, Ruiz
& Pawn. Junin : Chanchamayo, Isern 2231 .
Ruiz and Pavon assigned to the plant an unpublished specific
name now untenable.
Ficus Macbridei Standl., sp. nov.
Arbor 10-metralis, ramulis crassissimis primo albido-pilosis cito
glabratis, internodiis brevibus vel elongatis; stipulae angustae attenu-
atae circa 5.5 cm. longae glabrae; folia inter maxima petiolata sub-
coriacea, petiolo crasso circa 7 cm. longo glabrato; lamina obovato-
elliptica circa 30 cm. longa et 17 cm. lata apice obtusa et abrupte
breviter acutata, basin versus paullo angustata, basi ipsa anguste
rotundata et profunde (6 mm.) emarginata, supra glabra costa
venisque vix elevatis, subtus praesertim ad nervos scaberula vel ad
costam breviter hirtella, costa crassa elevata, nervis lateralibus
utroque latere circa 12 crassiusculis remotis angulo lato divergentibus
prope marginem arcuato-conjunctis; receptacula solitaria sessilia (?)
globosa 2 cm. diam. dense pilis albidis hirtello, involucre parvo
breviter trilobo.
Huanuco: Pampayacu, mouth of Rio Chinchao, 1,050 meters,
Macbride 5090 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 536,141, type).
Ficus Matthewsii Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3: 298.
1867. Urostigma Matthewsii Miq. Lond. Journ. Bot. 6: 549. 1847.
F. oblanceolata Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 446. 1907.
A small or medium-sized tree, glabrous throughout; petioles
short or elongate, the blades obovate-oblong to narrowly oblan-
ceolate-oblong, mostly 5.5-12 cm. long and 2.5-4 cm. wide, acute or
obtuse, the extreme tip obtuse, acute or obtuse at the base, coria-
ceous, the costa very prominent beneath, the lateral nerves fine, very
numerous, closely parallel, divergent often at almost a right angle;
receptacles numerous, deep red or pinkish or yellowish dotted with
red, short-pedunculate, globose, 5-6 mm. in diameter, the involucre
minute.
Type collected in Peru by Mathews. Huanuco: Huacachi, 1,950
meters, the trunk attached to a rock, 3866. Junin: La Merced,
Weberbauer 1881. Loreto: Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 8012, 3737,
8079, 3694, 3784; Killip & Smith 27077. Timbuchi, Rio Nanay,
Williams 927. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith
29897. Bolivia to Venezuela. "Renaco."
306 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Ficus nitida Thunb. Ficus Diss. 10. 1786.
Glabrous throughout; a small or often a very large tree with
broad crown and numerous aerial roots; stipules narrow, attenuate,
about 1 cm. long; leaves small, petiolate, coriaceous, the blades
obovate, acute at the base, the apex acute or acutish but the tip
obtuse, the lateral nerves fine and inconspicuous; receptacles sessile,
globose, about 6 mm. in diameter.
An Asiatic species, said to be the most frequent street tree of
Lima. It is planted commonly for shade and ornament in many
parts of tropical America.
Ficus paraensis Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3: 298. 1867.
Urostigma paraense Miq. Lond. Journ. Bot. 6: 534. 1847.
A small or medium-sized tree, glabrous throughout; stipules 3 cm.
long or less, narrow, attenuate, caducous; leaves medium-sized, sub-
coriaceous, petiolate, the blades oblong to oval-oblong, mostly 10-18
cm. long and 6-8 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate or sometimes cau-
date-acuminate, subacute to broadly rounded and often emarginate
at the base, the lateral nerves numerous, divergent at a wide angle;
receptacles sessile or nearly so, globose, about 1.5 cm. in diameter,
the ostiole elevated, the involucre small and inconspicuous. Illus-
trated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 28, f. 1. Neg. 18826.
Huanuco: Pampayacu, Sawada 4- Junin: La Merced, 600 meters,
river bank, 5571; Killip & Smith 23711, the fruit green striped with
purple. Pichis Trail, 500 meters, Killip & Smith 26213. Rio Perene,
600 meters, Killip & Smith 25237. Loreto: Yurimaguas, 200 meters,
edge of forest, Williams 3803. Puerto Arturo, 200 meters, Williams
503 If. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2171. Manfinfa, Williams 1141.
Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 27484- Amazonian
Brazil; reported from British Guiana. "Renaco," "sacha-oje."
Ficus radula Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1144. 1806. Pharmacosycea
radula Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrift. V. 2: 330. 1851.
A large or medium-sized tree, glabrous or the branches and leaves
sometimes minutely puberulent; stipules narrow, attenuate, mostly
1-1.5 cm. long, caducous; leaves petiolate, coriaceous, the blades
oblong to obovate or oval, 8-16 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide, rounded or
obtuse at the apex and abruptly short-pointed, obtuse or acutish at
the 5-nerved base, often somewhat emarginate, the lateral nerves
prominent beneath, 7-12 on each side, divergent at a wide angle;
receptacles short-pedunculate, globose, 1.5-3 cm. in diameter, sca-
brous, the involucre very small.
FLORA OF PERU 307
Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Weberbauer 4309. Junin: La Merced,
700 meters, Kittip & Smith 23534. Rio Perene", 600 meters, in forest,
Killip & Smith 25166. Loreto: Florida, 200 meters, in forest, Klug
2099. Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon. Ranging northward to
southern Mexico. "Zauchama caspi" (Klug).
Klug reports that the Indians prepare from the bark a kind of
cloth that they use for their clothing. In various parts of the earth
numerous Moraceae are or have been employed in much the same
manner.
Ficus Ruiziana Standl., sp. nov.
Arbor alta fere omnino glabra, ramulis crassiusculis cinnamomeis
vel ochraceis; stipulae anguste triangulares attenuatae caducae
extus puberulae; folia mediocria vel majuscula subcoriacea longi-
petiolata, petiolo gracili glabro 3.5-10 cm. longo; lamina oblongo-
ovalis vel ovali-elliptica 9-25 cm. longa 5.5-12 cm. lata apice rotun-
data vel obtusa et abrupte in acumen angustum acuminatum brevem
contracta, basi late rotundata vel breviter cordata, glabra, in sicco
viridescens vel brunnescens, costa nervisque supra prominentibus,
costa subtus elevata gracili, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 8-16
remotis gracilibus prominentibus fere rectis angulo lato divergentibus
prope marginem arcuato-conjunctis; receptacula globosa 12-15 mm.
diam. pedunculata glabra geminata, ostiolo prominente, involucro
bilobo, lobis patentibus late rotundatis vix ultra 2.5 mm. longis;
pedunculi crassi 3-5 mm. longi.
Junin: La Merced, 1,200 meters, Macbride 5795 (Herb. Field
Mus. No. 536,824, type). Huanuco: Cochero and Posuso, Ruiz (a
tracing of a leaf in Herb. Berlin, apparently referable here). Loreto:
Santa Rosa, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 4877. Iquitos, 120
meters, Williams 7998. Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2114.
Cuzco: Santa Rosa, Urubamba Valley, 1,200 meters, Cook & Gilbert
1722. Probably also in Amazonian Brazil. "Renaco."
Ficus Urbaniana Warb. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 459. 1903.
An almost glabrous tree, the branchlets very thick; stipules
broadly lanceolate, glabrous; leaves large, petiolate, the blades
rounded-obovate to obovate or oblong-obovate, 14-22 cm. long, 7-14
cm. wide, broadly rounded at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base,
the lateral nerves 7-9 pairs, remote, ascending at a wide angle;
receptacles sessile or nearly so, globose, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter or
even larger, densely velutinous-pubescent, the large ostiole promi-
308 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
nent; involucre at first enclosing the young fruit, in age sometimes
2 cm. long, sericeous-puberulent.
Libertad: Below Hacienda Membrillal, 1,400 meters, Weberbaucr
6984- Ecuador, Venezuela, and the West Indies.
Ficus Weberbaueri Standl., sp. nov.
Ramuli crassi ochracei sparse strigosi densiuscule foliati, inter-
nodiis brevibus; stipulae triangulares attenuato-acuminatae 5-6 mm.
longae extus dorso strigosae; folia inter minora coriacea petiolata,
petiolo 10-17 mm. longo gracili sparse strigoso; lamina elliptico-
oblonga 6-10 cm. longa 2.5-4.5 cm. lata acuta vel subacuta, basi
paullo angustata obtusa, glabra vel glabrata, in sicco brunnescens,
costa supra elevata, nervis non elevatis, costa subtus elevata gracili,
nervis lateralibus utroque latere 8-10 arete elevatis fere rectis valde
obliquis angulo fere semirecto adscendentibus juxta marginem
arcuato-conjunctis; receptacula sessilia geminata parva globosa
glabra 5 mm. tan turn diam., ostiolo depresso, involucro bilobo extus
sparse strigoso, lobis late rotundatis vix 2 mm. longis.
Cuzco: Casnipata, Prov. Paucartambo, 700-800 meters, Weber-
bauer 6954 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 628,234, type). Loreto: Iquitos,
125 meters, Williams 8138. "Renaco."
6. TROPHIS L.
Similar to Chlorophora but the pistillate flowers borne in short,
dense racemes, tubular and 4-dentate. Fruit globose, scantily fleshy,
edible.
Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 195. 1905.
Bucephalon racemosum L. Sp. PI. 1190. 1753.
Leaves oblong-elliptic, 8-10 cm. long, entire; staminate aments
5-10 cm. long, the pistillate about 1 cm. long. The Peruvian tree,
sometimes 10-15 meters high, may have serrulate leaves, var. meri-
dionalis (Bur.) Macbr., comb. nov. (T. americana L. var. meri-
dionalis Bur. in DC. Prodr. 17: 253. 1873). The leaves and branch-
lets of the species are said to serve as a nutritious cattle food
(Standley). Illustrated, Fawc. & Rendle, Fl. Jam. 3, pt. 1: 41.
San Martin: Juanjui, 400 meters, in forest, Klug 3794. Tarapoto,
Spruce 4521 (the var.); Williams 6573, 6542. Loreto: Mouth of
Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4083. Yurimaguas, 135 meters, in forest,
Killip & Smith 27685. Puerto Arturo, 200 meters, in forest, Williams
5243 (narrow-leaved form). Florida, 200 meters, Klug 2079. Near
mouth of Rio Tigre, 115 meters, Killip & Smith 27531. Caballo-
FLORA OF PERU 309
cocha, in forest, Williams 2086. Rio Masana, Williams 201. Sole-
dad, 110 meters, Killip & Smith 29576. Huallaga, Yurimaguas, 200
meters, Williams 4658. Above Pongo de Manseriche, 210 meters,
Mexia 6303, 6262. Ranging to Mexico and the West Indies. "Cu-
chara-caspi, ' ' ' 'uspai-manchinga. ' '
7. MORUS L. Mulberry
Reference: Bureau in DC. Prodr. 17: 237-249. 1873.
Flowers green, monoecious, each kind in separate aments. Seeds
included in the succulent fruiting perianths which, borne densely
in spikes, form the well known mulberry or "mora," M. nigra L.
or M. alba L., both of which, Asiatic in origin, are sometimes culti-
vated in Peru. In addition, according to Bureau, there are the two
following American species. Perhaps Herrera's reference in Contr.
Fl. Dep. Cuzco, ed. 2. 65. 1921, to M. nigra as "growing wild in
abundance in the Province of Convencion, from Huiro to Echarati,"
should apply rather to one of the following.
Morus celtidifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 33. 1817; 246.
Branches and branchlets slender, glabrous or somewhat pubes-
cent; leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, acuminate, sca-
brous above, hirtellous on the nerves beneath; stipules 1-10 mm.
long; spikes laxly flowered, both the staminate and pistillate peduncu-
late, the peduncle at least 5 mm. long. A tree to 9 meters tall, the
wood valued in Ecuador for building purposes. Illustrated, Sarg.
Man. Trees N. Amer. 305.
Peru: (Mathews). Extending north to Mexico.
Morus insignis Bureau in DC. Prodr. 17: 247. 1873.
Branchlets at first whitish-tomentose, the branches glabrous,
flexuous; leaves broadly ovate, unequal at the subcordate base,
acuminate, very scabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath,
densely so in youth; stipules 2 cm. long; staminate spikes 4-8 cm.
long, the peduncles 3-4 mm. long; fruiting spikes often greatly elon-
gate, subsessile.
Peru: Ruiz & Pavon. Colombia; Costa Rica.
8. CHLOROPHORA Gaud. Fustic
Small trees or shrubs, variable vegetatively, spiny to unarmed,
with entire to coarsely serrate or 3-lobed leaves, glabrate or hirtellous,
but distinctive by its unisexual inflorescences, the staminate ament-
like spikes or sometimes globose heads, the pistillate globose heads;
310 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
fruit many-seeded and semifleshy. Perianth 4-parted, that of the
pistillate flower cupulate, thickened at the apex.
Branches armed with stout, recurved spines; staminate flowers
capitate C. brasiliensis.
Branches unarmed or with straight spines; staminate flowers in
slender aments C. tinctoria.
Chlorophora brasiliensis (Mart.) Standl., comb. nov. Brous-
sonetia brasiliensis Mart. Flora 24: Beibl. 10. 1841. Madura bra-
siliensis Endl. Gen. Suppl. 4: 34. 1847.
A shrub or small tree, almost glabrous, the branches armed with
numerous long, abruptly recurved spines; leaves slender-petiolate,
elliptic or broadly ovate, abruptly short-acuminate, obtuse at the
base, thin, glabrous, entire or nearly so; staminate heads 5-6 mm.
in diameter. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 54.
San Martin: Juan Guerra, 720 meters, Williams 6855. Brazil.
Described by the collector as a vine. The generic position of the
plant is somewhat doubtful but for the present, at least, it may be
placed in Chlorophora.
Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 508. 1826.
Morus tinctoria L. Sp. PI. 986. 1753. Madura affinis Miq. in Mart.
Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 155. 1853. Madura tinctoria (L.) D. Don, var.
affinis (Miq.) Bureau in DC. Prodr. 17: 230. 1873; var. chlorocarpa
Bureau, op. cit. 229.
Leaves varying from lanceolate to elliptic, usually about 10 cm.
long and several cm. wide, entire or serrate, on petioles 1 cm. long;
staminate aments 3 to several cm. long, pedunculate as also the
globose pistillate heads.- This tree is well known as the source of
fustic dye-wood, furnishing the olive-drab of khaki and other tones
in greens, browns, and yellows. Its light yellow wood, close-grained,
durable and taking a high polish, is used in the manufacture of
furniture, wheels, etc., in some parts of its range. Variable in leaf
form. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 51, 52.
Amazonas (?): (Mathews 1981}. Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2384.
Without locality, Ruiz & Pavon; (Mathews). Loreto: Rio Ucayali,
Tessmann 3366. Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 8040, 8050, 7217.
Rio Nanay, Williams 501, 672. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2441.
Parana-pura, 200 meters, Williams 2441. San Martin: Pongo de
Cainarachi, 230 meters, Klug 2607. Tarapoto, 750 meters, Williams
5435. Rio Mayo, in forest, Williams 6254. Brazil to Mexico and
the West Indies. "Insira," "insira caspi," "limulana."
FLORA OF PERU 311
9. SOROCEA St. Hil.
Small trees with subentire or spinulose-toothed leaves and laxly
flowered, unisexual racemes or spikes. Staminate perianth present,
4-parted. Otherwise very similar to Clarisia.
Leaves spinulose-dentate S. ilicifolia.
Leaves, if toothed, repandly and bluntly.
Branchlets puberulent or glabrous.
Petioles 8-10 mm. long, or longer.
Leaves bluntly toothed; pedicels 5 mm. long, or longer.
S. Briquetii.
Leaves entire or repandly toothed ; pedicels very short.
Leaves elliptic-obovate, to nearly 10 cm. wide or smaller.
S. Ulei.
Leaves elliptic-oblong, to 6 cm. wide or smaller. .S. opima.
Petioles 2-5 mm. long.
Leaves glabrous S. muriculata.
Leaves finely pubescent beneath S. Sprucei.
Branchlets and especially the leaves beneath hirtellous . . S. hirtella.
Sorocea Briquetii Macbr. Candollea 4: 311. 1931.
Glabrous except for a minute puberulence on the pistillate
peduncle and pedicels; leaves firm-membranaceous, ovate-oblong-
lanceolate, acute at the base, obtusely acuminate, mostly 10 cm. long
and 3.5 cm. wide, irregularly serrate, especially above 
