THE UNIVERSITY
OF ILLINOIS
LIBRARY
OCT 7 1939
PUBLICATIONS
OF
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL
HISTORY
BOTANICAL SERIES
VOLUME XIII
PART II
THE LIBRARY OF THE
MAR 151939
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
CHICAGO, U.S.A.
1936-1938
THE LIBRARY OF THE
JUL 1-1936
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
BOTANICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893
VOLUME XIII
FLORA OF PERU
PART II, No. 2
BY
J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE
ASSOCIATE CURATOR, HERBARIUM, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
THE LIBRARY OF THE
MAR 3 1937
B. E. DAHLGREtfNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
EDITOR
PUBLICATION 379
CHICAGO, U.S.A.
MARCH 15, 1937
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS
58 0.
FB
V. ) 2>,
J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE
41. CHLORANTHAGEAE. Chloranthus Family
Reference: Solms in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 479-485. 1869.
Not only the articulate branchlets, enlarged at the nodes, but
also the agreeable fragrance which Ruiz and Pavon describe accu-
rately as seemingly emanating from the entire shrub, identify at
once the members of this small family. The resin exuded appears
as tear-shaped drops, with the color and odor of grains of the alma-
; ciga; in some places it is collected for the preparation of comforting
poultices (Ruiz and Pavon).
1. HEDYOSMUM Sw.
Tafalla R. & P. Syst. 269. 1798.
jfc Shrubs or small trees, always readily known by the opposite
/branchlets jointed at the nodes and by the more or less elongate,
-.sheath-like, connate stipules. Flowers monoecious or dioecious,
the staminate in ebracteate aments, the pistillate bracteate and
"^capitate or cymose, the cymes often branched. Several of the species
|are doubtfully distinct, but most of them are meagerly known.
Some forms of H. racemosum are questionably separable from H.
^arborescens Sw., a species typically West Indian. It is a pity that
-<|lhe name Tafalla has not been conserved to commemorate the artist
' \flof the Ruiz and Pavon expedition, who collected so many of the
*" specimens.
^ Aments and cymules small, 1-2 sessile in the axils of small leaves;
leaves conspicuously scabrous beneath H. scabrum.
Aments and cymules well developed, the latter several, spicate,
paniculate, or capitate-congested.
Pistillate flowers in cymules, not capitate-congested.
Petioles 7-20 mm. long; leaves mostly 10 cm. long.
Cymules 6-8 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide H. Dombeyanum.
Cymules smaller H. racemosum.
Petioles 3-8 mm. long; leaves mostly smaller.
Leaves ovate-elliptic or oblong-elliptic, bluntly pointed.
Branchlets scurfy; drupes 1.5-2 mm. long . . H. Kanehirae.
257
258 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Branchlets glabrous; drupes 3-3.5 mm. long . H. Huascari.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate H. Lechleri.
Pistillate flowers capitately congested; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
coarsely serrate H. glaucum.
Hedyosmum Dombeyanum Solms in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1:
482. 1869.
Petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; leaf blades ovate-oblong, 7-10 cm. long,
2-3 cm. broad, subacuminate, obtusely callous-serrate, glabrous but
somewhat scabrous and distinctly punctate above; cymules loosely
paniculate, about 3-flowered, the bracts subequaling the ovate,
trigonous drupes.
Huanuco: Cochero (Dombey}.
Hedyosmum glaucum (R. & P.) Cordem. Adansonia 3: 303.
1863. Tafalla glauca R. & P. Syst. 271. 1798.
Branches stout, obtusely angled; leaves acuminate, 10-15 cm.
long, rarely 3 cm. broad, glabrous; aments terminal, at first ovoid
and 1.5-2 cm. long, becoming cylindric and 3 cm. long; fruiting in-
florescence fleshy, to 3 cm. long and 2 cm. broad, the bracts linear,
shorter than the lustrous, ovate, trigonous drupes. Neg. 8537.
Huanuco: Cochero and Acomayo, Pavon. "Aitacupi," "alma-
ciga."
Hedyosmum Huascari Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 15. 1931.
Similar in foliage to H. Kanehirae but the cymules crowded in a
spike 6-8 mm. long, and the slightly exserted, light brown drupes
to 3.5 mm. long. Named for one of the last kings of the Incas,
Huascar.
Cajamarca: Above Tabaconas, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 6113,
type. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Weberbauer 4353.
Hedyosmum Kanehirae Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 14. 1931.
A tree about 5 meters high with densely scurfy-punctate branch-
lets having short internodes; leaves crowded, thick, the veins rather
prominent beneath, the blades closely and minutely callous-crenate,
dull, glabrous, oblong-elliptic-lanceolate, bluntly narrowed at the
apex, up to 7 cm. long and 3 cm. wide but mostly smaller; petioles
3-6 mm. long; cymules approximate in short racemes, many of them
sessile or nearly so, 4-5 mm. long and 3-4 mm. broad, the bracts
nearly enclosing the finally black, subtrigonous, acute drupes, these
FLORA OF PERU 259
scarcely 2 mm. long. The leaves are employed as a remedy for
rheumatism (Kanehira).
Huanuco: Pan de Azucar, Sawada 64, type. Monzon, Weberbauer
3388. Pampayacu, Kanehira 115, 204-
Hedyosmum Lechleri Solms in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 484. 1869.
Leaves glabrous, thinnish, oblong-lanceolate, acutely acuminate,
remotely crenate-serrulate, 5-7 cm. long, 1.2 cm. broad, the veins
obscure, even beneath; cymules in a contracted raceme or spike,
about 5 mm. long; drupes pale brown, 3 mm. long, little exserted.
Puno: Talaxara (Lechler 2632, 2660). Sangaban, Lechler 2279.
Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,500 meters, Killip & Smith 22403.
The Killip and Smith specimen, from a tree 7.5 meters high, is
perhaps a distinct species, the cymules being 7-8 mm. long, the
drupes included, 4 mm. long.
Hedyosmum racemosum (R. & P.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 434.
1834. Tafalla racemosa R. & P. Syst. 271. 1798.
A glabrous shrub or small tree with ample, chartaceous, more or
less serrulate leaves; petioles in the type 7-10 mm. long but often
2 cm. long or longer; leaf blades lance-elliptic, acuminate, mostly
10-15 cm. long and 5-7 cm. wide; cymules in simple or nearly simple
racemes or spikes; drupes in the type trigonous, rather bright (or
reddish) brown, about 2 mm. long, exserted. Solms recognizes H.
integrum Cordem. Adansonia 3: 302. 1863, and H. Sprucei Solms in
DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 483. 1869 (Neg. 7831). The former is distin-
guished by exactly trigonous, well exserted drupes; the leaves are
lustrous and the cymules paniculate. H. Sprucei is similar but the
leaves are nearly dull and the pale drupes are well exserted. Possibly
these are distinct species but they may be variants, their apparent
differences being due, at least in part, to the degree of maturity.
My No. 5798 was a slender tree 7 meters high with a bushy top.
An infusion of the leaves in alcohol is used as a remedy for rheuma-
tism (Weberbauer). The odor is that of bergamot (Raimondi)
Neg. 7830.
San Martin: Zepelacio, 1,200 meters, King 3273, 3746. Tara-
poto, Spruce 4436 (H. Sprucei Solms!). Tarapoto, Spruce 4311.
San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7006, 7500. Junin: Chancha-
mayo Valley, Schunke 421, 481, 524, 525. La Merced, 1,400 meters,
5798. Pichis Trail, 1,500-1,900 meters, Killip & Smith 25956.
Loreto : Pumayacu, 600-1,200 meters, Klug 31 75. Cerro de Escalera,
Ule 6583. Without locality: Mathews 1994. Huanuco: Haenke
260 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
(det. Pilger). Monzon, Weberbauer 3549; 256. Rio Posuso, 1,800
meters, Weberbauer 6738 (det. Mansfeld). Cajamarca: Cutervo,
Raimondi (det. Krause). Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 1112 (det.
Krause); 278. Ayacucho: Near Quillomito, 1,500 meters, Weber-
bauer 7544- Bolivia. "Anis," "supinum," "carpales," "asar guiru."
Hedyosmum scabrum (R. & P.) Solms in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1:
480. 1869. Tafalla scabra R. & P. Syst. 270. 1798. H. latifolium
Cordem. Adansonia 3: 308. 1863.
Petioles 1-2 cm. long or longer; leaves elliptic-ovate, shortly
obtuse-pointed, 8-12 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, coarsely callous-serrate,
glabrous above, definitely scabrous and more or less hirsutulous
beneath ; aments and cymules in pairs, sessile, both in fruit to 10 mm.
long. Var. Pavonii Solms (Neg. 8535) has glabrous, acuminate
leaves 3-4 cm. wide and shorter cymules. H. Mandoni Solms of
Bolivia is to be expected. Its narrower leaves are densely and sharply
callous-dentate. Neg. 7828.
Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Raimondi (det. Krause). Cajamarca:
Cutervo, Jelski 101; Raimondi. Chugur, Weberbauer 4070, 4075
(det. Krause); 259, 260. Cuzco: Prov. Convention, Weberbauer
5894, 5893. Huanuco: Chinchao (River o). Muna and Pati, Pavon.
Mufia, 1,950 meters, 4111. "Aytacupi." Colombia.
Doubtful Species
Hedyosmum angustifolium (R. & P.) Solms and H. laciniatum
(R. & P.) Solms, DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 485. 1869 (under Tafalla
R. & P. Syst. 272. 1798) are essentially nomina nuda; no specimens
have been found. Probably both are referable to H. racemosum.
42. SALICACEAE. Willow Family
Cultivated members of the family include, according to Herrera,
Populus tremula L. as "alamo chileno" or "alamo temblon," for
ornament or for the making of charcoal, and Salix babylonica L.,
the weeping willow, "sauce lloron," which, according to him, "has
acclimated itself well in canyons of the Department of Cuzco, where
it is used for decorations at funerals and religious fetes." S. chilensis
develops into a stately tree in Cuzco and Apurimac (Weberbauer).
1. SALIX L. Willow
Apparently only two willows are native in Peru.
Salix chilensis Molina, Sagg. Nat. Chil. 169. 1782. S. Hum-
boldtiana Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 657. 1805.
FLORA OF PERU 261
Becoming a tree 10 meters tall or higher: leaves linear, acuminate,
serrulate; stipules deciduous; catkins appearing with the leaves, the
woolly bracts deciduous; capsules ovate, glabrous, the glabrous
pedicels longer than the gland. Ascending to more than 3,000
meters, cultivated only (Weberbauer 85). Illustrated, Mart. Fl.
Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 71.
Cuzco: Particularly in the provinces of Urubamba, Calca, and
Quispicanchi (Herrera). Huasao, 3,200 meters, Herrera 3023.
Arequipa: Region of Mt. Misti (Weberbauer 128, 129). Ancash:
Puccha Valley (Weberbauer 173). Huaraz (Weberbauer 172).
Junin: Tarma (Weberbauer 177). Cajamarca: Ocros (Weberbauer
162). Maranon Valley (Weberbauer 174; 190). Amazonas: Utcu-
bamba (Weberbauer 192). Lima: Barranco (Weberbauer 148). San
Lorenzo Island near Callao, in 1852, Andersson. Huara, Ruiz &
Pawn; Dombey. Piura: (Weberbauer 150). Huanuco, 2,100 meters,
3232. Argentina and Chile to Texas and the West Indies. "Sauce."
Salix Martiana Leybold in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 227. pi. 72.
1885.
Similar to S. chilensis but the catkins looser, the scales of the
staminate linear-lanceolate and entire instead of ovate, the capsules
oblong, and the pedicels villous. "Much less common on the Rio
Ucayali than on the Amazon; found only on the main stream and
some of the chief tributaries. Nevertheless I found a few isolated
examples in the great canyon of the Cerro de Canchahuaya" (Huber).
This is probably the species reported by Ule, Bot. Jahrb. 40: 121-123,
as S. Humboldtiana.
Loreto: Quebrada Grande del Cerro de Canchahuaya (Huber
1 328, 1 564) Florida, Rio Putumayo, 200 meters, in forest, Klug 2075;
a tree of 5 meters. Fortaleza, 200 meters, Williams 4447. Lower
Rio Nanay, river banks, Williams 460. Brazil. "Paharbubu."
43. MYRICACEAE. Bayberry Family
Reference: Chevallier, Me"m. Soc. Sci. Nat. Math. Cherbourg
32: 85-340. 1901.
The pungent aroma that the resinous-glandular leaves or at least
the berry-like, crowded fruits yield on slight pressure is a well-known
character of this family, which is represented best in the northern
hemisphere. The fragrant, whitish wax covering the fruits of certain
northern species is sometimes largely replaced by or mixed with
pubescence in the Peruvian species.
262 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
1. MYRICA L.
Nothing about these ament-bearing shrubs serves to distinguish
them more readily, even at first glance, from other Peruvian amentif-
erous plants than the extraordinarily crowded and numerous leaves.
Leaves nearly oblong, about 1 cm. wide; plants dioecious.
M. Pavonis.
Leaves lance-obovate, about 2 cm. wide; plants monoecious.
M. pubescens.
Myrica Pavonis C. DC. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 2: 151. 1864; 287.
M. Pavonis var. glandulosa Chev. op. cit. 288.
A slenderly branched shrub or small tree, the youngest parts
canescent-pilose or puberulent; leaves scarcely narrowed to the obtuse
tip, 5-7 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, short-attenuate to the slender
petiole, more or less denticulate, resinous-glandular beneath; aments
1 cm. long; flower bracts ovate, acute, pubescent-margined, shorter
than the flowers. The type was from Guayaquil, by Ruiz and
Pavon, who assigned an unpublished specific name referring to the
Salix-like leaves, which simulate those of the common South Ameri-
can willow. Neg. 8538.
Lima: Canta (Simm 88), Cuzco: Pillahuata, 2,400 meters,
Pennell 14026, Moquehua: Above Moquehua, 3,200 meters, Weber-
bauer 7391, 7390 (det. Markgraf). "Huacan timbu."
Myrica pubescens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 746.
1806; 289.
Robustly branched, the virgate branchlets and leaves more or
less permanently pilose (rarely glabrous or glabrate), the latter
resinous beneath; leaves 7-10 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, coarsely and
sharply serrate or denticulate, acute or acuminate; aments often
3-6 cm. long; bracts awl-shaped, acuminate, pilose, exceeding the
flowers; fruits nearly 5 mm. thick, wax-covered, tomentose (var.
tomentosa Chev.) or glabrous (var. glabra Chev.). Var. glandulosa
Chev. is glabrous or nearly so, but the young fruits are tomentose,
becoming waxy. The young fruits of my No. 3484 were citrous-
aromatic. "When one takes a bit of the pulverized bark of this shrub
in place of tobacco, one sneezes 10 or 12 times; the powder does not
irritate or damage the nose, and after cleaning with the handker-
chief the sting and the sneezing cease; experiment has shown that
this cleans out the head and relieves migraine" (Ruiz & Pavon).
Weberbauer determinations by Markgraf. Illustrated, Denkschr.
Akad. Wiss. Wien 15: pi. 4 (as "tinctoria"). Negs. 11553, 25097.
FLORA OF PERU 263
Cajamarca: Huambos, 3,000 meters, Weberbauer 4160, 4187; 260
(under an unpublished name). Libertad: Chicama, 1,600 meters,
Weberbauer 6986 (var. tomentosa}. Ancash: Huaraz, 3,200 meters,
Weberbauer 3245 (var. glandulosa) . Tallenga, Prov. Cajatambo,
3,600 meters, Weberbauer 2890 (var. glandulosa); 179 (under an
unpublished name). Junin: Huacapistana, 2,500 meters, Weber-
bauer 2192; Killip & Smith 24519 (3-5 meters high). Huanuco:
Cani, near Mito, dense shrub or tree of grassy slopes, 2,550 meters,
3484 (det. Killip as a glabrate form). Lima: Canta (Rivero; var.
tomentosa). Ayacucho: Between Tambo and Rio Apurimac, 2,900
meters, Weberbauer 5587. Cuzco: Urubamba, 1,800 meters, Weber-
bauer 5057; 245 (det. Schellenberg). Marcapata, 3,200 meters, Weber-
bauer 7784- Convencion, Weberbauer 5057 (fruits white- waxy).
Peru to Venezuela and Costa Rica. "Laurel," "tuppassaire,"
"ssaire."
44. JUGLANDACEAE. Walnut Family
Only the black walnut or "nogal" represents this economically
important family in Peru.
1. JUGLANS L. Walnut
Reference: Dode, Bull. Soc. Dendr. France 4: 165-215. 1909.
Georges H. Barrel, Trop. Woods 10: 51-53, has given an account
of his personal observation of "nogal" in Peru. He noted it as
rather common on the upper reaches of the Rio Ucayali, along the
Pichis Trail and in the Chanchamayo Valley, as the following cita-
tions bear witness. He found that the native people recognized a
"nogal bianco" and a "nogal negro." Weberbauer and later Williams
recorded it from the Department of Amazonas, the former giving its
altitudinal range in the valleys of the north as 1,600-2,000 meters,
and on the eastern slopes in the rain forest as between 800 and 1,000
meters. Herrera has recorded it from Cuzco. Barrel found the
individual trees rarely clustered, often scattered, which in spite of
their great timber value (the wood is highly prized for fine construc-
tion) makes their lumbering expensive. Botanists have reported
the tree as "plentiful" near Chachapoyas, but probably not from a
lumberman's standpoint. Apparently the tree usually branches at
3-5 meters though trees have been reported to 30 meters high that
branched at 10 meters with a trunk 1 meter in diameter below.
Walnut is valued locally not only for its wood but also for a dye made
from a decoction of the bark, leaves, and fruit. According to He-
rrera, Juglans regia L., the English walnut, is cultivated in Cuzco,
264 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
the nuts being known as "nueces de Chile." The "nogal de la tierra"
identified by Ruiz and Pa von as J. nigra L., cultivated at Chancai
for its timber and nuts, has been determined by Markgraf as J.
neotropica Diels. Williams, Trop. Woods 27: 16-17, has added his
observations to those of Barrel and Weberbauer, upon which I have
drawn in part.
I have not seen Dode's types, and separate the Peruvian material
studied on the basis of the following key with great misgiving, feeling
that the differences noted represent only individual variations or
races. The problem can be solved only by abundant flowering and
fruiting material from marked trees, since examination of the types
alone cannot prove much. Practically, there is one acceptable
name for the walnut of Peru (sens, lat.), Juglans neotropica Diels.
The other names and descriptions are given for reference conven-
ience, as the opportunity for further study of the problem may
present itself.
Bractlet (staminate) 3-3.5 mm. long, borne under the perianth;
leaves (at least at flowering time) densely pilose beneath;
stigmas fleshy, short; young fruits densely pubescent; fruit
cells 6-8 J. neotropica.
Bractlet reduced to a woolly tuft on the pedicel ; leaves at flowering
time densely pubescent, especially beneath; stigmas slender;
young fruits densely pubescent; lateral fruit cells 4 . . . J. Honorei.
Bractlet minute, at the base of the receptacle; leaves soon glabrous or
nearly so, the youngest minutely granular-puberulent; stigmas
slender; young fruits sparsely pubescent; fruit cells 6-8.
J. peruviana.
Juglans Honorei Dode, Bull. Soc. Dendr. France 4: 205. 1909.
Leaflets 6-15 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, unequally rotund-sub-
cordate at the base, more or less abruptly acuminate, regularly
serrate, scabrous-pubescent on both sides, the rough, branched hairs
more numerous beneath (in youth densely velvety beneath); stami-
nate aments to 20 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide; perianth 6-8-lobed, with
a 2-lobed involucre; anthers 60-70, pubescent at the tip; bractlet
reduced to a rusty tuft of wool at about the middle of the pedicel;
pistillate flowers 5-8; stigmatic branches slender; fruit subglobose-
subconic, 4-5 cm. long, densely villous; nut rather remotely and
obtusely rugose-costate, depressed at the base, subconic, scarcely
compressed, to 3.5 cm. high. A tree of 25 meters or taller. The
native name of "tocte" is recorded by Spruce. In Peru known only
FLORA OF PERU 265
from cultivation, but the cultivated specimen by Pavon in Herb.
Madrid is determined by Markgraf as J. neotropica and, though
sterile, probably is; the leaves are not truly scabrous but densely
pubescent, especially on the veins beneath. Fruit illustrated, Dode,
op. cit. pi. opp. p. 178, from nuts supplied by M. Honore" of Lima;
leaves in plate on p. 169.
Lima: Cultivated (Pavon). Ecuador; Colombia.
Juglans neotropica Diels, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 398. 1906.
A tree to 30 meters high, the stout young branchlets, especially
at tip, and the leaf rachis at flowering time conspicuously rusty-
pubescent; leaflets 7-8 pairs (-14 according to Dode), at first above
sparsely, beneath densely velvety-pubescent, the largest middle
leaflets about 12 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, gradually long-acuminate,
minutely and evenly serrate; staminate aments 20-25 cm. long,
the flowers partly remote, partly approximate; bractlets 2-3.5 mm.
long, yellowish-brown-pilose; anthers apically pubescent; pistillate
flowers 3-10; calyx urceolate, rusty- tomentose, 18 mm. long, 6-7 mm.
broad, the narrow, reflexed teeth unequal, the larger 5 mm., the
smaller 2 mm. long; perianth segments 4, reflexed, irregularly den-
tate, 6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; stigmatic branches broadly lingu-
late, densely papillose, 8-9 mm. long, 4 mm. broad. Dode associates
somewhat doubtfully with this species nuts collected by Ruiz and
Pavon at Huanuco and figures them, op. cit. opposite p. 180. They
are ovoid, about 4 cm. high, 3.5 cm. thick, moderately rugose, pointed,
at base rounded, with 8 subelliptic cells. The Raimondi specimen is
much less pubescent than the type. See also J. peruviana. Illus-
trated, Weberbauer, pi. 13 opposite p. 199. Neg. 18254.
Amazonas: Moyabamba, 2,700-3,300 meters, Williams 7606.
Chachapoyas, 2,700 meters, Williams 7563. Utcubamba, near
Chachapoyas, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer 4304, type. Lima: Culti-
vated at Lima and Chancai, Ruiz & Pavon (det. Markgraf); "nueces
de la Trexna," "nogal." Cajamarca: Chirinos, Raimondi (det.
Markgraf). Huanuco: Posuso, 900 meters, Weberbauer 6753.
Ayacucho: Rio Perene", 900 meters, Weberbauer 5632 (det. Nagel).
Cuzco: Prov. Convention, Santa Ana and Marcapata (Herrera).
"Nogal."
Juglans peruviana Dode, Bull. Soc. Dendr. France 4: 208. 1909.
Separated by the author from J. Honorei by the larger fruits,
these globose-subconic, at least 5.5 cm. thick, and especially by
the more numerous fruit cells, these 6-8 and occupying a very large
266 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
space, particularly the basal ones; other characters given in the
above key are taken from Weberbauer 6753, with no ripe fruits.
This collector's 5632 may be the same. In view of the known
variation in walnut fruits, J. peruviana is probably only a form
of J. Honor ei, as Dode suggests; in this case the aberrant Weber-
bauer material is to be taken merely as showing the range of variation
in the unit J. neotropica, which compare for citation of above col-
lections. Very similar is J. boliviano, (C. DC.) Dode (J. nigra L.
var. C. DC.), the strongly ribbed nuts to 6 cm. high and the leaflets
of the large leaves acuminate and unequal at base.
Lima: Apparently collected by M. Honor (type).
45. JULIANIACEAE. Juliania Family
One of the two genera that constitute this interesting family,
a group placed by Hemsley between the Juglandales and the Fagales,
is exclusively Peruvian. In foliage, in the presence of resin, in
the exalbuminous seed, and anatomically it resembles the Anacardia-
ceae, but its resemblances with the Juglandaceae may be more
fundamental, as for example the dissimilarity of the staminate and
pistillate flowers. Rendle in his Classification of Flowering Plants
follows Hemsley, but some botanists, as Standley in his Trees and
Shrubs of Mexico, place it next to the Anacardiaceae.
1. ORTHOPTERYGIUM Hemsl.
Reference: Hemsley, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B.
199: 169-197. 1907.
A shrub or small tree with dioecious flowers borne rather densely
at the tips of the stout branchlets before or with the leaves. Leaves
unequally pinnate. Fruit a samara, consisting of the persistent
involucre borne on the solitary, wing-like stalk of the inflorescence,
the wing straight and equal-sided. Asa Gray aptly likens the fruit
to that of the ash (Fraxinus) inverted.
Orthopterygium Huaucui (Gray) Hemsl. op. cit. 190. Juliania
Huaucui Gray, Bot. U. S. Expl. Exped. 1: 371. 1854.
Leaves at first tomentose, becoming glabrate above, usually
7-foliolate; petioles several cm. long; leaflets crenulate, oblongish,
about 1 cm. long; samaras pendulous, 11 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide.
The species name records incorrectly the vernacular name.
Seldom seen without leaves, and always black as if burned or blasted
(MacLean). The Weberbauer collections determined by Schellen-
berg. Illustrated, Hemsley, op. cit. pi. 24-
FLORA OF PERU 267
Lima: Covering the sides of the base of the Cuesta de Purru-
chuca, Prov. Canta, in 1831 (Mathews 591, type); (MacLean,
presumably the type locality). Yanga (Wilkes Exped.). Chosica,
1,600-1,900 meters, Weberbauer 5362, 5719, 5721, 5681, 5681 a; at
900 meters, rocky hillside, 2866. Rio de Lomas, 1,000 meters,
Weberbauer 5741- lea: Above Pisco, Huauyanga-Pampano, Weber-
bauer 5371, 5372, 5373. Ayacucho: Coracora, 2,800 meters, Weber-
bauer 5818. "Huancui," "huanarpu."
46. BETULACEAE. Birch Family
Reference: Winkler, Pflanzenreich IV. 61. 1904.
1. ALNUS L. Alder
The alder is one of the most important trees of the Peruvian
Andes because it ascends to altitudes (3,500-3,800 meters, according
to Weberbauer) where it is especially valuable for fuel and for
small construction. It is sometimes planted. Herrera has recorded
some form (erroneously as A. acuminata HBK.) as "cultivated
in great abundance in all the quebradas of the Department of Cuzco,
its wood greatly valued for all construction purposes." Ruiz and
Pavon found Betula alba L. cultivated about the convent at Huerta
de Ocopa near Tarma, one example having nine very tall trunks.
Weberbauer has reproduced a good photograph of the Peruvian
alder, showing it in a typical situation Pflanzenw. Peru. Anden,
opposite p. 295.
Alnus jorullensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 20. 1817; 126.
Typically Mexican, var. typica Regel having elliptic-oblong
leaves 5-10 cm. long and 2.5-5 cm. wide, pale rusty-pubescent be-
neath, this variable species is represented in Peru by several varia-
tions, two of which are well marked: var. castaneifolia (Mirb.)
Regel (castaneaefolia) with glabrous (or pubescent in the nerve
axils), ovate-lanceolate leaves 8-10 cm. long and 1.5-3 cm. wide,
or larger on the sterile shoots; and var. ferruginea (HBK.) Kuntze,
with ovate leaves 10 cm. long and 3-6 cm. wide, or twice as large
on young branches, these and the prominent leaf nerves beneath
rusty-pilose. Scarcely distinguishable from the last are vars. Mirbelii
(Spach) Winkl. and acutissima Winkl., the former with coarsely
serrate leaves, glaucous and pale rusty-pubescent beneath, the latter
with ovate, acutely acuminate, denticulate leaves having the 13-18
nerves impressed above but prominent and pilose beneath.
268 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Ruiz and Pavon collected the tree at Pillao and Chacahuasi,
noting that an infusion of the inner bark tans leather and dyes
cotton and wool a cinnamon-brown; the leaves crushed with butter
cicatrize wounds and without fat protect against inflammation;
applied to recent wounds the leaves stop bleeding. Illustrated,
Me"m. Mus. Paris 14: 463. pi. 21, 22; vars. castaneifolia and Mirbelii,
Sargent, Sylva N. Amer. 9: pi. 457. Neg. 11652.
Cajamarca: Huaraz, 2,200 meters (Weberbauer 172, 179).
Ancash : Caracha, 1,200 meters, Weberbauer 2650; 162, 168. Samanco
(Weberbauer 171). Amazonas: Utcubamba (Weberbauer 192).
Huanuco: Fifteen miles southeast of Huanuco, 2083. Huanuco,
Kanehira 34- Mito, 2,700 meters, 1527, 1907. Pillao, Ruiz & Pavon
(var. castaneifolia, det. Mildbraed). Chancai, Huanuco, and Cochero,
Ruiz & Pavon (var. ferruginea, det. Mildbraed). Huanuco Valley,
Poeppig (var. acutissima'} . Lima: Matucana, 2,400 meters, 561;
Weberbauer 182 (var. acutissima). Junin: Tarma, Esposto; at 3,600
meters (Weberbauer 177, 183); at 2,100 meters, 1021. Huancayo,
Esposto. Carpapata, edge of forest, 2,700-3,200 meters, Killip &
Smith 24480; a tree of 4.5-7.5 meters. Ocopa, 3,300 meters, Killip
& Smith 22008; a tree of 6-12 meters, by roadside. Cuzco: Rio
Apurimac, 2,800 meters, Weberbauer 5892 (det. Schellenberg). Uru-
bamba, 2,800 meters (Weberbauer 174, 182, 243). Prov. Quispi-
canchi, 3,200 meters, Herrera 650 (var. acutissima, det. Mansfeld).
Calca, Valle del Urubamba, 3,000 meters, Herrera 2092. Libertad :
Valley of Rio Mixiollo, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 7040. Puno:
Sandia, 3,200 meters (Weberbauer 184). Tabina, Lechler 1891 (var.
Mirbelii, fide Winkler). Without locality, Weberbauer 7040.
Argentina and Bolivia to Mexico. "Aliso," "ramram," "lambran."
47. ULMACEAE. Elm Family
By Charles Baehni
The Peruvian plants of this family all belong to the Celtideae,
a group in which the fruit is a drupe containing a curved embryo, a
character not found in the rest of the family.
Stamens as many as the perianth segments.
Leaves alternate.
Stamens deciduous, included in the minute flowers; leaves
precocious.
Staminate flower segments induplicate-valvate, the pistillate
deciduous.. . .1. Trema.
FLORA OF PERU 269
Staminate flower segments imbricate, the pistillate persistent.
2. Celtis.
Stamens persistent; leaves appearing after the flowers.
3. Plagioceltis.
Leaves opposite 4. Lozanella.
Stamens twice as many as the perianth segments 5. Ampelocera.
1. TREMA Lour.
Sponia Comm. ex Lam. Encycl. 4: 139. 1797.
Scarcely distinct from Celtis, the flowers sometimes perfect and
with somewhat imbricate segments. Perianth persisting around
the drupe. Species poorly understood or very variable in pubes-
cence and size and discoloration of leaves; cf. Planchon in DC.
Prodr. 17: 203, under Sponia.
Trema micrantha (L.) Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 58. 1853.
Rhamnus micranthus L. Syst. ed. 10. 937. 1759. Celtis micranthus
Sw. Prodr. 53. 1788. Sponia micrantha Dene. Nouv. Ann. Mus.
Paris 3: 498. 1834. C. Lima Sw. loc. cit., non Lam. C. canescens
HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 28. 1817. C. canescens Dene. op. cit.
C. macrophylla HBK. op. cit. 30. S. macrophylla Dene. op. cit.
T. canescens Blume, op. cit. S. peruviana Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 536.
1847. S. Chichilea Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 10: 334. 1849 (not
1848 as usually cited). T. Chichilea Blume, op. cit.
An unarmed tree, usually a few meters tall; trunk sometimes
20-40 cm. in diameter; leaves usually lanceolate, acuminate, minutely
serrulate, 3-nerved, more or less scabrous above, merely scabrous or
glabrate to densely and softly pilose beneath, about 10 cm. long;
flowers greenish white, red to fiery red (Weberbauer). The above
synonymy is partial, applying to Peruvian specimens cited or found
in herbaria. Illustrated, Fawc. & Rendle, Fl. Jamaica 1 : 39. Negs.
25569 (T. Chichilea), 11238 (T. canescens).
Cuzco: Santa Ana, 1,200 meters, Weberbauer 5038. Rio Pachaca,
1,100 meters, Weberbauer 5887. Machupicchu, 2,200 meters, Herrera
3240. Huanuco: Monzon, 900 meters, Weberbauer 3433. Casapi,
Mathews 2038. Cochero, Poeppig 155, 1247. Pampayacu, Kane-
hira192. Vilcabamba, 1,800 meters, 5132. Lima(?): Quebrada de
Pariahuanca (Mathews 829, var. of canescens ace. to Planchon).
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4242. Near Moyobamba, 1,110
meters, Klug 3261 (det. Standley). Lamas, 840 meters, Williams
6446. Cumbasa, Williams 5765. San Roque, Williams 7376.
270 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Loreto: Florida: Rio Putumayo, 180 meters, King 2144 (det.
Standley). Lower Rio Huallaga, Williams 5006. Mouth of Rio
Santiago, Tessmann 4431. Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 3227 (glabrate),
3227a (pilose). Rio Nanay, Williams 368, 366. Rio Santiago, 200
meters, Mexia 6308, 6238. La Victoria, Williams 3088, 2591 . For-
taleza, 200 meters, Williams 4225. Rio Masana, Williams 194, 80.
Puerto Arturo, 135 meters, Killip & Smith 27860; Williams 5152.
Pebas, Williams 1759. Pinto-cocha, Williams 811. Soledad, 110
meters, Killip & Smith 29778. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 1314.
Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27387. Punchana, Williams 3755. Junin:
Colonia Perene", 680 meters, Killip & Smith 25021. Chanchamayo
Valley, 1,500 meters, Schunke 201. Above San Ramon, 1,400-1,700
meters, Killip & Smith 24621. La Merced, 600 meters, 5229.
Without locality; Ruiz & Pavon (type of T. Chichilea); Dombey;
Pavdn. Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical America.
"Aisegerina" (Huitoto name), "atadijo," "y ana - cas pi-"
2. CELTIS L.
References: Planchon, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 10: 309, 1849; Miquel
in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4,pt. 1: 173. 1853; Planchon in DC. Prodr. 17: 186.
1873; Baehni, Candollea 7: 189. 1936.
Trees, shrubs, or lianas, usually armed with small, inconspicuous
flowers in axillary clusters or cymes. Perianth 4-5-lobed, deciduous.
Stigma divided into 2 branches to the base, sometimes each branch
again 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe. The number of described species is
rather high. It seems, however, that they all belong to a few well
defined groups which are considered here as species. Ruiz and
Pavon record the name "chichillica" for an unindentified species
from Muna, the bark of which was used for coarse basketry and for
cords. This reference may well refer to Trema micrantha.
Adult leaves (except on the nerves) glabrous or practically so.
Fruit large (6-12 mm. in diam.); young leaves sericeous.
C. triflora.
Fruit small (4-6 mm. in diam.) ; young leaves pilose C. iguanea.
Adult leaves pubescent.
Inflorescence well developed (3 cm. long or more) C. dichotoma.
Inflorescence short or glomerulous C. pubescens.
Celtis dichotoma (Klotzsch) Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1:
182. 1853. Momisia dichotoma Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 539. 1847. C.
Pavonii Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 10: 313. 1849.
FLORA OF PERU 271
Branchlets, petioles, and young leaves beneath densely covered
with an indument of golden yellowish (sometimes rusty) hairs;
spines wanting or very short; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or
acuminate, cordate, entire or coarsely dentate toward the apex,
glabrate in age beneath; staminate inflorescences many-flowered,
many times longer than the petioles. Fruits large, globose, glabrous,
yellow and sweet, and (according to Ruiz and Pavon) eaten by the
Indians. Negs. 11739, 25566 (C. Pavonii).
Huanuco: Chacahuasi, Posuso, etc., Ruiz & Pavon.
Celtis iguanea (Jacq.) Sarg. Silva 7: 64. 1895. Rhamnus
iguaneus Jacq. Enum. PL Carib. 16. 1760. C. aculeatus Sw. Prodr.
53. 1788. Mertensia laevigata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 31. 1817.
A small tree, a shrub, or a liana, glabrous or essentially so except
for some evanescent pubescence on the young branchlets and leaves
beneath, usually armed, the spines well developed, geminate; leaves
ovate or oval-elliptic, entire or remotely serrate toward the tip, the
young ones pilose, glabrous in age; cymes short, rarely two or three
times longer than the petioles; fruit small, 4-6 mm. in diameter.
Illustrated, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: pi. 103.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4236. Alto Rio Huallaga, Williams
6756. Near Moyobamba, King 3303. Tarapoto, Williams 6666.
Juan Guerra, 720 meters, Williams 6846. Lamas, 840 meters,
Williams 6357. Rumizapa, Williams 6784- Loreto: Yarina-cocha,
Tessmann 3428. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 1435. Paraiso, 145
meters, Williams 3365. Junin: La Merced, 700 meters, Killip &
Smith 24079. Piura: Serran, Weberbauer 6000. Tumbez : Between
Ricaplaya and Casa Blanqueada, Weberbauer 7741- A species
widely distributed in South and Central America, West Indies, and
north to Mexico and Florida. "Palo bianco," "meloncito bianco."
Geltis pubescens (Humb. & Bonpl.) Spreng. Syst. 1: 931. 1825.
Mertensia pubescens Humb. & JBonpl. in Schult. Syst. 6: 312. 1820.
Mertensia brasiliensis Gardn. Lond. Journ. Bot. 2: 339. 1843.
Momisia brevifolia Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 538. 1847. C. boliviensis
Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 10: 310. 1849. C. velutina Planch, op.
cit. 313. Momisia flexuosa Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 194. 1852.
M. crenata Wedd. op. cit. 195.
A tree, a shrub, or a liana, with flexuous branchlets, the young
twigs puberulous or velvety, armed with straight or slightly curved,
paired spines; leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, acute or acuminate,
cordate or rounded at the base, entire or serrate toward the tip, the
272 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
young ones often with golden hairs, in age glabrous above, softly
pubescent beneath; cymes short, not much longer than the petioles;
fruit small, glabrescent, rough when dry. The synonymy above is
partial, applying to Peruvian specimens only. Negs. 29617 (crenata),
29664 (pubescens).
Junin: Huancayo, Raimondi 9177. Between Sandia and Chun-
chusmayo, Azalaya, Weberbauer 1126. Chanchamayo, Isern 2322.
La Merced, 600 meters, 5438, 5280; Killip & Smith 24042, 23406.
San Martin: Juan Guerra, 720 meters, Williams 6871. Rio Acre: Ule
9334. Lima(?): Quebrada de Pariahuanca, Mathews 826. Huan-
cavelica: On the Montaro, upstream from Colcabamba, Weberbauer
6437. Cajamarca: Prov. Contumaza, Cascas, Raimondi 7973.
Tropical South America, widely distributed.
Celtis triflora (Klotzsch) Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 181.
1853. Momisia triflora Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 537. 1847. C. glycy-
carpa Mart, ex Miq. op. cit. 174.
Branches and branchlets glabrous or evanescently pilose, brown-
ish, the stout spines mostly solitary, slightly curved ; leaves ovate or
oblong-elliptic, acuminate, subcordate or cordate, entire or serrate
toward the tip, asperous above, glabrescent beneath; fruit large,
globose, smooth. A tree, up to 12 meters high.
Huanuco: Posuso, Ruiz & Pavon. Loreto: Mouth of Rio
Santiago, Pongo de Manseriche, Tessmann 4274- Bolivia; Brazil;
Venezuela.
3. PLAGIOCELTIS Mildbr., gen. nov.
A stoutly branched shrub with light yellowish brown bark.
Leaves appearing with the flowers, or immediately after. Racemes
terminal or nodal on the leafless branches of the preceding year.
Plagioceltis dichotoma Mildbr. in Herb. Madrid, sp. nov.
Frutex racemis atque ramulis novellis exceptis glaber; folia
juvenilia 5 mm. longe petiolata tenuia subelliptica remotissime
dentata acuta basi attenuata ad 7 cm. longa et ultra; racemi saepe
1-ramosi, bracteolis subrotundis; flores circa 2 mm. longi, sepalis
rotundatis, staminibus persistentibus; ovarium pilosum, stylo
staminibus longiore.
Glabrous except for the evanescently puberulent growing branch-
lets and racemes, the latter often once branched, 1-1.5 cm. long;
petioles 5 mm. long; leaves (young) thin, very remotely toothed,
subelliptic, attenuate at the base, acute, to 7 cm. long or longer;
FLORA OF PERU 273
bractlets roundish; flowers about 2 mm. long, the pilose ovary soon
exserted with the conspicuous style from the persistent stamens and
roundish petals. Description from type in Herb. Madrid.
Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon.
4. LOZANELLA Greenm.
Unarmed trees or shrubs with opposite, serrate leaves and dioe-
cious inflorescences; fruit a small drupe containing a curved embryo
with oblong-rotund, scarcely curved cotyledons. The two species
of this genus are readily distinguished from all other members of the
Ulmaceae on account of their opposite leaves.
Adult leaves not densely pubescent beneath; pistillate inflorescence
conspicuously branched L. enantiophylla.
Adult leaves densely pubescent beneath ; pistillate inflorescence with
short lateral branches L. permollis.
Lozanella enantiophylla (Bonn. Smith) Killip & Morton,
Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21: 14: 339. 1931. Trema enantiophylla
Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 33: 339. 1902. L. trematoides Greenm. Proc.
Amer. Acad. 41:236. 1905.
A small tree, 3-7 meters high, or a shrub, with long-petioled,
ovate to oblong-ovate, leaves, united, deciduous stipules, and open,
much branched cymes.
Libertad: Prov. Pataz, Rio Mishiolla Valley, 2,000 meters,
Weberbauer 7049. Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia.
Lozanella permollis Killip & Morton, Journ. Wash. Acad.
Sci. 21:338. 1931.
A tree up to 8 meters high, the young branchlets covered with
densely matted hairs; leaves oblique at the base, elliptic, densely
covered on the veins beneath with long, appressed hairs; fruit a
small drupe, the styles persistent.
Cuzco: Lucumayo Valley, Cook & Gilbert 1376. This species has
been collected several times in Bolivia.
5. AMPELOCERA Klotzsch
Reference: Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 542. 1847.
An unarmed shrub with remotely serrate, pinnately nerved
leaves. Flowers articulate, in axillary racemes, mostly geminate,
corymbose, polygamous, perfect, or staminate by the abortion of
the ovary. Filaments filiform, exserted. Ovary ovate, the stigma
274 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
deeply 2-parted, the subulate branches divaricate; ovule pendulous,
the micropyle superior. Seed arcuate. The following species is the
type of the genus, to which Grisebach added a Cuban species, with
some doubt accepted by Urban, Repert. Sp. Nov. 15: 109. Both
Bentham and Hooker in Genera plantarum and Engler in Pflanzen-
familien have questioned the disposition of the genus in this family,
from which Planchon in DC. Prodr. 17: 152 definitely excludes it.
However, so far as I know, no one has yet placed it elsewhere, and
Kuhlmann, Arch. Jard. Rio Janeiro, has described two Brazilian
species which seem to establish it. It may not be Peruvian. The
genus is placed in Ulmaceae on anatomical grounds by Priemer (?),
Bot. Jahrb. 17: 466. 1893. The specimen he saw presumably was
the original from the Lambert Herbarium, but no specimen has
been found by me in Madrid material, Delessert Herb., or Berlin.
Ampelocera Ruizii Klotzsch, loc. cit.
Branches robust, squarrose, the branchlets slender, erect, evanes-
cently pubescent; leaves short-petioled, oblong or obovate, attenu-
ate at both ends, glabrous above, glabrate beneath, 5-9 cm. long,
2.5-3.5 cm. wide; stipules very thin, 2 mm. wide, 6 mm. long;
racemes 2.5 cm. long, evanescently pubescent; perianth divisions
obovate, dentate, persistent; style white-tomentose.
Without locality: (Ruiz & Paron).
48. MORACEAE. Mulberry Family
A family of great economic importance, especially in Central
America, where one member, Castillo,, is a source of rubber. In
Peru several trees are, at least potentially, of value for their timber,
notably the tupag or guariuba (Clarisia) with fine-grained, yellowish
wood and the aita (several species of Brosimum), the wood white,
on exposure reddish brown. Most of the trees exude a milky latex
more or less elastic when dried, and discoloring. It has often some
local use in medicine or otherwise.
At least two trees of the family are in cultivation: the mulberry
(Morns') in the coastal valley, and occasionally the breadfruit, arbol
de pan (Artocarpus incisa), as for example at La Merced.
The taxonomy of the family is in need of revision. Ducke,
Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 4: 6-8. 1925, and in previous and sub-
sequent volumes of the same publication, has given discriminating
diagnoses and helpful observations on which I have freely drawn.
In Arch. Inst. Biol. Veg. 2: 29. 1935, he indicates that he considers
FLORA OF PERU 275
as excessive the number of genera in the Olmedieae. In the following
synopsis of Peruvian forms the present day grouping is followed for
convenience but not in approval, for it results in wide separation of
similar trees and is absurdly impractical, especially in an economi-
cally important family. To facilitate determination and especially
to make clear the dovetailing of characters, the key for genera having
completely staminate or completely pistillate receptacles is divided,
one part being exclusively for staminate inflorescences, the other
for the pistillate, much herbarium material showing only one sort.
At the end of the general key is one keying all these genera as though
they pertained to one group. See Field Mus. Bot. 11: 62-63. 1931,
and remarks under some generic descriptions regarding possible
relationships.
Low herbs 1. Dorstenia.
Trees or shrubs.
Leaves palmately lobed or divided.
Leaves somewhat peltate; flowers spicate 2. Cecropia.
Leaves not peltate; flowers cymose 3. Pourouma.
Leaves entire, serrate, or lobed but not palmately.
Flowers on the inner surface of a hollow receptacle open only at
the top of the receptacle, i.e., a fig. . . . 5. Ficus.
Flowers not so disposed.
Flowers spicate or racemose, at least one sort.
Staminate flowers spicate, the spikes dense; pistillate capi-
tate or, in Trophis, in short spikes.
Trees often spiny; leaves never much longer than 10
cm., often much shorter.
Filaments exserted; pistillate flowers capitate.
8. Chlorophora.
Filaments included or barely exserted; pistillate
flowers spicate 6. Trophis,
Trees unarmed, the leaves ample, often 20 cm. long or
longer; pistillate flowers capitate. 11. Anonocarpus.
Staminate and pistillate flowers in aments, or the latter
rarely capitulate but few, or even solitary (Clarisia).
Staminate perianth present; leaves often somewhat
toothed.
Filaments not inflexed; aments lax; pistillate perianth
tubular or ovoid . . . . 9. Sorocea.
276 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Filaments in bud inflexed; aments dense, at least
the pistillate, these fleshy in fruit.
Pistillate perianth tubular, accrescent; staminate
segments valvate; leaves usually entire.
6. Trophis.
Pistillate perianth segments distinct, the staminate
imbricate; fruit juicy; leaves serrate. .7. Moras.
Staminate perianth absent; leaves strictly entire.
10. Clarisia.
Flowers not in aments (cf. also Clarisia, sometimes, and
Chlorophora as to pistillate flowers).
Petioles mostly under 1 cm. long or if some to about 1.5
cm., these in the minority; ovules pendulous.
Receptacles head-like, composed of many stamens and
1-4 pistils, these deeply inserted.
Stamens exserted, crowded at throat of the receptacle
about the exserted style 20. Trymatococcus.
Stamens separated in all the receptacles by peltate
bracts 12. Brosimum.
Receptacles often capitate but completely staminate or
pistillate.
Pistillate receptacles (see below for key to staminate).
Receptacle 1-flowered; styles filiform (cf. Olmedi-
operebea under Pseudolmedia).
Ovary inferior, fixed to the perianth.
17. Pseudolmedia.
Ovary superior, free in the perianth . . 18. Olmedia.
Receptacle many-flowered; styles thick to filiform
(cf. Olmedioperebea) .
Styles thick, short, the stigma compressed or
capitate-cushion-like.
Perianth truncate, compressed, in aggregate
forming an Anona-like fruit.
11. Anonocarpus.
Perianth 4-toothed, the fruit fleshy, but scarcely
Anona-like (here also Olmedioperebea) .
14. Perebea.
Styles or at least stigmas slender or filiform.
FLORA OF PERU 277
Perianth lacking; bracteoles peltate (probably
in Peru) Brosimopsis.
Perianth present, sometimes pseudobracteolate.
Perianth segments divided to the base, the
parts thus bracteole- or scale-like in the
receptacle 13. Ogcodeia.
Perianth merely lobed or parted.
Perianth segments imbricate; receptacles
and young parts of plant reddish-
tomentose 19. Helicostylis.
Perianth segments various; pubescence, if
present, not characteristically reddish-
tomentose.
Perianth 4-lobed, the lobes not perfor-
ated; bracts all small. .15. Castillo,.
Perianth segments perforated; inner
bracts elongate 16. Noyera.
Staminate receptacles.
Perianth absent but the bracteoles may form a
pseudoperianth .
Bracts seriate, the inner not elongate; leaves
hirsute above or beneath 15. Castillo,.
Bracts toward the interior often longer than the
outer; leaves often smooth or, if hirsutulous,
only sparsely.
Bracteoles obvious, spatulate or peltate.
17. Pseudolmedia.
Bracteoles (or divided perianths) scalelike; see
Naucleopsis mentioned under 13. Ogcodeia.
Perianth present (deeply parted perianths may
simulate bracteoles).
Stamens interspersed with peltate bracteoles.
Brosimopsis.
Stamens and bracteoles not so intermixed, the
latter, if not wanting, not peltate.
Bracts all small, the interior little longer than
the outer.
Plant pubescence reddish brown.
19. Helicostylis.
278 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Plant pubescence, if present, not at all or not
very reddish.
Leaves usually scabrous above.
17. Olmedia.
Leaves not scabrous above . . 14. Perebea.
Bracts unequal, the interior longer than the
outer, closely seriate.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so; receptacles
shortly pediceled or sessile . . 13. Ogcodeia.
Leaves harshly hirsute above; receptacles
long-pediceled 15. Noyera.
Petioles mostly 2 cm. long or longer; ovule erect.
Flowers cymose or the staminate capitulate and cymose;
stamens 3-4; stigma peltate 3. Pourouma.
Flowers globose-capitate, the heads single or cymose;
stamens 1-2; stigma penicillate 4. Coussapoa.
Aggregate Key to the Species of Genera 13-19, Inclusive
Leaves scabrous-puberulent, at least on one side.
Leaves scabrous on both sides.
Leaves entire; staminate peduncles 5-7 mm. long.
17. Pseudolmedia scabra.
Leaves generally undulate-serrate; staminate receptacles sessile
or subsessile 18. Olmedia aspera.
Leaves scabrous only beneath.
Leaves undulate-serrate; staminate receptacle sessile or sub-
sessile 18. Olmedia Poeppigiana.
Leaves entire; staminate peduncles to 6 mm. long.
14. Perebea Chimiqua.
Leaves glabrous to variously pubescent but not scabrous only.
Leaves strictly glabrous.
Leaves mostly or all narrower than 3 cm.
Leaves caudately acuminate; ovary superior.
18. Olmedia angustifolia.
Leaves obtusely acuminate; ovary inferior.
17. Pseudolmedia laevigata.
Leaves mostly or all 3.5-6 cm. wide or wider.
Branchlets spreading-hirsute 17. Pseudolmedia laevis.
FLORA OF PERU 279
Branchlets glabrous or puberulent.
Petioles to 3 mm. long; leaves somewhat acuminate.
17. Pseudolmedia Mildbraedii.
Petioles mostly or all much longer; leaves caudate.
Leaves rarely 6.5 cm. wide, the lateral nerves 15-20.
Petioles rarely 1 cm. long; nerves beneath rather
inconspicuous.
Leaves 3-4 cm. wide, cuneate at the base.
13. Ogcodeia ternstroemiiflora.
Leaves 5-6 cm. wide, rounded at the base.
13. Ogcodeia Tamamuri.
Petioles often longer; nerves beneath conspicuous.
Leaves rarely 5 cm. wide, the acumen often 2 cm.
long 13. Ogcodeia Tessmannii.
Leaves often 6-7 cm. wide, the acumen rarely 1.5
cm. long 13. Ogcodeia glabra.
Leaves mostly 8-12 cm. wide, the lateral nerves 25-30.
13. Ogcodeia Ulei.
Leaves more or less pubescent, at least on the nerves beneath.
Pubescence, at least on the midnerve beneath, setulose or
hirsute.
Leaves acute at base or, if subcordate, not at all pseudo-
peltate.
Petioles 2-5 mm. long.
Leaves strongly pubescent on both sides; interior bracts
of both sorts of receptacles elongate.
16. Noyera mollis.
Leaves glabrous (except Castillo) or finally glabrate
above; interior bracts little or not at all longer than
the outer.
Leaves, unless in age, harshly pubescent above; pistil-
late receptacles several-flowered . . 15. Castilla Ulei.
Leaves glabrous or glabrate above; pistillate receptacle
1-flowered.
Pubescence of plant appressed.
17. Pseudolmedia macrophylla.
Pubescence of plant hirtellous, sparse.
17. Pseudolmedia laevis.
280 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Petioles 8-12 mm. long.
Leaves gradually acuminate, 3-5 cm. wide; staminate
perianth lacking 17. Pseudolmedia multinervis.
Leaves subcaudate-acuminate, 10-20 cm. wide.
Leaves not oblique at base; stigmas cushion-like.
14. Perebea australis.
Leaves oblique at base; stigmas Ungulate.
14. Perebea Tessmannii.
Leaves appearing peltate at the subcordate base.
14. Perebea pseudopeltata.
Pubescence merely a puberulence, or a reddish tomentum.
Pubescence not a reddish tomentum.
Petioles 2-5 mm. long; staminate receptacle yellowish-
pubescent, a perianth present.
17. Pseudolmedia macrophylla.
Petioles 5-7 mm. long, the receptacles not so pubescent.
Leaves about 5 cm. wide .14. Perebea elegans.
Leaves about twice as wide 14. Perebea Standleyi.
Pubescence a reddish tomentum. . .19. Helicostylis tomentosa.
1. DORSTENIA L.
Stemless or subprostrate herbs from thick, tuber-like rootstocks.
Receptacles large, rounded or lobed, on long or short peduncles.
Plants stemless; receptacles 4-sided.
Peduncles and petioles elongate, subequal D. Contrajerva.
Peduncles shorter than the short petioles D. tubicina.
Plants caulescent, subprostrate; receptacles orbicular . .D. umbricola.
Dorstenia Contrajerva L. Sp. PI. 121. 1753.
Leaves varying from entire to deeply lobed, ovate to suborbi-
cular, glabrous to pubescent, often 10 cm. long; petioles often
nearly as long or longer; receptacles green, entire or lobed, borne on
slender, erect peduncles usually 10-30 cm. long. Known as "contra-
hierba" in Central America, where in some places the thick rootstocks
are used to flavor cigarettes (Standley). Illustrated, Bailey, Cycl.
Hort. 1067.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6509; Williams 5905. Rumizapa,
Williams 6832. Extending to Mexico and the West Indies.
FLORA OF PERU 281
Dorstenia tubicina R. & P. Fl. 1: 65. pi. 102. 1798.
Leaves cordate-ovate or cordate-oblong, doubly serrate, rough
above, soft-pubescent beneath; receptacles violet in flower, white
in fruit, recurving on peduncles shorter than the short petioles.
The fragrant roots are used as "contrahierba." Illustrated, Bot.
Mag. pi. 2804, from specimens presumably from Trinidad. Neg.
11614.
Huanuco: Chinchao and environs, Ruiz. Argentina. "Carpales."
Dorstenia umbricola A. C. Smith, Bull. Torrey Club 58: 87.
1931.
Leaves green, oblong-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, cuneate
or truncate at the base, acute, entire or undulate-crenate, glabrous
above, sparsely pilose on the nerves beneath, 8-10 cm. long, on
slender petioles 5-13 mm. long; peduncles at maturity 2.2 cm.
long; receptacles (mature) 1.5 cm. broad, the staminate and pistillate
flowers separated. Perhaps a variety of D. argentata Hook, f.,
with variegated leaves and fleshier receptacles, more definitely
tuberculate marginally.
Loreto: Soledad on Rio Itaya, Killip & Smith 29639, type.
2. CECROPIA L.
Beautiful and common trees of the montana, immediately recog-
nizable by their smooth, light-colored trunks and branches supporting
open crowns that bear abundantly large or even huge, long-stalked,
palmately divided leaves that are usually dark green above and
silvery or gray-tomentose beneath. Ruiz and Pavon observed that
the handsome leaves follow the course of the sun, the position of the
upper surface at night becoming partly reversed. Parts, at least,
of the hollow trunks and branches appear to be regularly inhabited
by black ants that rush out almost instantly upon the slightest dis-
turbance in countless hordes to defend their home. Ruiz and Pavon
noted, however, that sometimes the hollow, articulated branches or
trunks are filled with clear, perfectly tasteless sap which the Indians,
when other water lacked, drank to quench their thirst. The trunks
are said to be used for tibias or trumpets in the Amazon region, and
the fiber of the bark has been employed in making mats and coarse
cloth. The usual common name for the tree in Peru seems to be
"tacuna," written also "tacuma" and "tacona," or "setico," but
Spruce found "imbauba" used on the Amazon, and Wallace, who
observed the Indians using the leaves as a head-dress, recorded the
282 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
term as "umbooba." Weberbauer, 275, gives a good photograph of
slender Cecropia trees. It may be helpful to call attention to Pou-
rouma cecropiaefolia, which in foliage alone simulates Cecropia.
Leaves with many, usually 12-16, lobes or leaflets.
Leaflets distinctly petioled or entirely separate, paler but not
white-pubescent beneath C. sciadophylla.
Leaflets more or less joined (or the leaves merely lobed), at least
at the very base, and white- or grayish-pubescent beneath,
at least between the veins.
Leaves white-tomentose, pilose, or sericeous-pubescent above,
not scabrous or not scabrous only.
Leaves typically 10-11-lobed, greenish above.
Leaves divided nearly to the base; staminate spikes many.
C. leucophaea.
Leaves often only three-fourths divided; staminate spikes
about 4 C. acutifolia.
Leaves typically 12-13-lobed, white-tomentose above.
C. albicans.
Leaves scabrous above.
Leaves white- or grayish-tomentose beneath.
Leaves typically 11-16-lobed C. angustifolia.
Leaves typically 10-lobed.
Petioles and leaf nerves hirtellous beneath. . . .C. strigosa.
Petioles and leaf nerves tomentulose beneath.
C. montana.
Leaves reddish-hirsutulous, somewhat white-pubescent be-
neath C. tubulosa.
Leaves with 5-11 lobes, rarely parted to the base.
Leaf lobes entire or merely undulate-repand.
Leaves more or less pubescent above, usually scabrous.
Lobes of the leaves typically 10 or 11.
Leaves softly pubescent above, the scabrosity, if any,
obscured.
Leaves parted almost to the base C. leucophaea.
Leaves merely deeply lobed C. acutifolia.
Leaves scabrous-pubescent above, other pubescence not
marked.
Petioles and leaves beneath more or less hirtellous.
FLORA OF PERU 283
Leaves shallowly lobed C. strigosa.
Leaves very deeply lobed C. tubulosa.
Petioles and leaves beneath merely white-lanuginose.
C. montana.
Lobes of the leaves typically 8 or 9, or fewer.
Leaf lobes typically 8 or 9.
Leaves corrugated-rugose above.
Leaves concolorous beneath, the nerves villous.
C. nivea.
Leaves with nerves and veins beneath green or brown.
C. Klotzschiana.
Leaves not all or not definitely rugose above.
Leaf nerves many (20-25) and mostly 1 cm. or less
apart.
Staminate spikes many; leaves shallowly lobed.
C. latiloba.
Staminate spikes few; leaves deeply lobed.
Leaves somewhat floccose or more floccose than
scabrous above C. leucocoma.
Leaves obviously scabrous above C. bicolor.
Leaf nerves 12-15 and mostly more than 1 cm. apart.
Staminate spikes many (-50) ; leaves asperous above.
C. multi flora.
Staminate spikes few (-20); leaves often floccose
above.
Leaves hirtellous on the nerves beneath . .C. bicolor.
Leaves tomentose even on the nerves beneath.
C. obtusa.
Leaf lobes typically 5, 6, or 7.
Lobes of the leaves broadly obovate, 10-20 cm. wide.
Petioles, leaf nerves beneath, and peduncles loosely
pilose or hirsutulous.
Leaves asperous above, the lobes obtuse or acute.
C. ficifolia.
Leaves hirsutulous above, the lobes acuminate.
C. Standleyi.
Petioles, leaf nerves beneath, and, usually, peduncles
tomentose . . . . C. obtusa.
284 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Lobes of the leaves oblongish, scarcely at all obovate,
less than 10 cm. wide C. Engleriana.
Leaves glabrous above.
Leaves pubescent beneath.
Petioles white- tomentose; pistillate spikes 6-10 cm. long.
C. Francisci.
Petioles tomentose with soft, white, and setulose, often
brown hairs mixed ; pistillate spikes twice as long.
C. flagellifera.
Leaves glabrous beneath (the nerves mostly minutely puber-
ulent).
Leaves very deeply lobed; staminate spikes few, very
woolly, elongate C. Setico.
Leaves moderately (to three-fourths) lobed; staminate
spikes very many C. Tessmannii.
Leaf lobes, or some of them, dentate, repandly toothed, or pinnat-
ifid.
Leaf divisions dentate-serrate C. dentata.
Leaf divisions more or less pinnately lobed C. polystachya.
Gecropia acutifolia Tre'cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 81. 1847.
A tree with 10-11-lobed leaves, the lobes with rotund sinuses,
elongate and acutely subacuminate, the largest 5-7 cm. wide and
about 20 cm. long; pubescence of the branchlets and leaves beneath
early white- tomentose, later pilose on the former and the nerves;
petioles white- tomentose; staminate peduncles 5-7 cm. long; bracts
acuminate, 11 cm. long; spikes 4, on pedicels 5-10 mm. long; pistillate
spikes 6, nearly 20 cm. long, 8 mm. thick, the fruit verruculose,
oblong-conic, acute.
Peru: (Pavdn).
Cecropia albicans Tre'cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 82. 1847.
Leaves plane, divided halfway to the base, the lobes obtuse or
obtusely acuminate, white-hirtellous beneath between the very
slender, reticulate, rufescent veins; petioles 35 cm. long, white with
a short, dense pubescence; stipules 16 cm. long and 12 cm. broad;
pistillate peduncle thick, 1.5-2 cm. long; bract 5 cm. long, abruptly
attenuate; spikes 3-4. Here seems to belong material at Madrid,
without locality, by Ruiz and Pavon; the staminate spikes are many.
Peru: Pawn.
FLORA OF PERU 285
Cecropia angustifolia Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 83. 1847.
C. digitata Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 534. 1847.
A tall, handsome tree with pale bark and spreading crown; leaves
ample, dark green and scabrous above, deeply lobed, the lobes
oblong-ligulate, the larger about 5 cm. wide and 3-4 times as long;
petioles 30-40 cm. long; staminate spikes many, the pistillate 2-4,
about 4 cm. long; fruit oblong, acute. Neg. 11581.
Junin: La Merced, 1,200 meters, 5741. Above San Ramon, 1,700
meters, Killip & Smith 24737; a tree of 9-12 meters. Huanuco:
Ruiz & Pavon. Puno: Sangaban, Lechler(1}.
Cecropia bicolor Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 531. 1847.
Leaves with elongate-oblong, shortly acuminate lobes, green but
scabrous above, white-tomentose beneath except for the green,
hirsutulous nerves; pistillate peduncle long-villous, about 7 cm.
long, bearing 4 spikes 15 to nearly 20 cm. long. The greatly elongate
spikes are striking. The species may be allied to C. flagellifera.
Neg. 11582.
Huanuco: Mufia, Ruiz.
Cecropia dentata Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 533. 1847.
Very imperfectly known; leaf lobes 9, short, obovate, acute, the
margins dentate-subserrate, green but hirsute-scabrous above, white-
tomentose beneath except for the muricate-hirsute midrib and nerves;
petiole 15-20 cm. long, sparsely pilose.
Huanuco :Muna, (Ruiz & Pavon).
Cecropia Engleriana Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 365.
1923.
Allied to C. ficifolia but the pubescence of the lower leaf surface
entirely lanuginose, the stipules, petioles, and leaves often smaller,
and the latter deeply 7-lobed, the lobes oblongish, 5-7 cm. wide and
with 22-25 lateral nerves; staminate spikes very slender. Neg.
11586.
Rio Acre: Ule 9313.
Cecropia ficifolia Warb. ex Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8:
365. 1923.
A small to tall (30 meters) tree with ample, peltate leaves, greenish
but densely asperous-pubescent above and white-tomentose beneath,
not at all deeply 5-6-lobed, the rotund-obovate lobes (to 45 cm. long
286 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
and 20 cm. wide) obtuse or acute, remote and little narrowed below;
lateral nerves 12-16; petioles 30-45 cm. long; stipules to 15 cm. long,
pubescent also within; staminate peduncle about 7 cm. long, the
pistillate twice as long; staminate spikes 12 or more, 5-7 cm. long,
2-3 mm. thick, the pedicels 1.5-2 cm. long; enveloping hairs 0.5-1
mm. long; filaments unequal; pistillate spikes 4-6, sessile, 8 cm. long,
about twice as long in fruit and 8 mm. thick, lightly tomentose;
stigmas penicillate; fruit 2-3 mm. long, faintly verruculose. Neg.
11587.
Rio Acre: UleOSll; Huber 4245.
Cecropia flagellifera Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 81. 1847.
C. Ruiziana Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 532. 1847.
Apparently very similar to C. Francisci, but with shorter petioles,
smaller leaves, and fewer (4) pistillate spikes, these in fruit 20 cm.
long and 8-9 mm. thick.
Peru: (Pavori).
Cecropia Francisci Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 369.
1923.
A tree as much as 25 meters high, with punctate-asperous branch-
lets, long-pubescent stipules to 20 cm. long, petioles nearly 40 cm.
long, and coriaceous leaves about 9-lobed to the middle, the
largest of the broadly obovate lobes 40 cm. long and 20 cm. broad;
peduncles 10 cm. long or longer; pistillate spikes 5-6, sessile, 7-8.5
cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick, before flowering densely tomentose; stigma
penicillate. C. palmata Willd. has leaf nerves reddish beneath,
finely and minutely pubescent or puberulent rather than tomentose-
hirtellous. Neg. 11588.
Rio Acre: Ule 9312.
Cecropia Klotzschiana Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 151.
1853. C. scabra Ruiz ex Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 531. 1847, non Mart.
1831.
Apparently too near C. nivea, but the pubescence beneath between
the veins felt-like, the peduncles sparsely hispid, and the pedicels
hirtellous. Neg. 11591.
Peru: Ruiz.
Cecropia latiloba Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 147. 1853.
Branchlets glabrate; leaves rather similar to those of C. obtusa
but with many (about 25) lateral nerves 0.5-1 cm. apart; staminate
FLORA OF PERU 287
spikes 25-30, about 8 cm. long, the pedicels 5 mm. long, hirsute;
pistillate spikes sessile, finally 15 cm. long; fruits 3 mm. long, tomen-
tose at the tip. Neg. 18838.
Loreto: Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 3467, 3466 (det. Snethlage).
Rio Masana, Williams 96. Lower Ucayali, Tessmann 3307 (var. ; det.
Snethlage). Cumaria, Tessmann 3253 (det. Snethlage). Brazil;
Bolivia.
Cecropia leucocoma Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 142. 1853.
Petioles, peduncles, and young leaves above greenish but lightly
and loosely lanuginose; leaves thin, deeply (even to the base) divided,
the elongate-obovate lobes apiculate or rounded, white-tomentose
beneath or merely araneose; lateral nerves about 1 cm. apart or less,
usually about 20; staminate spikes fewer than 12, about 7 cm. long,
the pedicels to 5 mm. long; pistillate spikes about 4, to 15 cm. long,
5-8 mm. thick, subsessile, the slender peduncle 6-8 mm. long. Tess-
mann 4058 has been given a subspecific herbarium name by Sneth-
lage, but it has the close, parallel nerves of C. leucocoma and could be
treated as a variety of the latter with longer, thicker (20 cm. long,
9 mm. thick), distinctly pediceled pistillate spikes or, more probably,
as a distinct species. C. adenopus Mart, and C. scabra might be
sought here. The former may be known by its hispidulous petioles
and peduncles; the latter by its reduced (asperous and hirtellous)
leaf pubescence and its merely ternate staminate spikes. Neg. 11592.
Illustrated, Wawra, Bot. Ergebn. Reise Bras. pi. 85.
Loreto: Middle Ucayali, Tessmann 3306, 3455 (one a glabrate
form, det. Snethlage). Yurimaguas, 200 meters, Williams 4173.
Bolivia; Brazil. "Setico," "siari chal."
Cecropia leucophaea Poepp. ex Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt.
1:151. pi. 50. 1853.
Probably allied to C. multiflora, but the more numerous acute
leaf lobes not more scabrous above than otherwise pubescent; nerves
beneath green but hirsute- villous; staminate spikes very numerous,
5-7.5 cm. long, on hirsute pedicels 4 mm. long.
Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig.
Cecropia montana Warb. ex Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
8: 368. 1923.
A small tree (to 10 meters) with short, white-pilose branchlets,
rather small stipules (about 5 cm. long) glabrate within, petioles 35
cm. long, and deeply 10-lobed leaves white-tomentose beneath, the
288 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
lobes oblong, the largest 30 cm. long and a little less than a third as
wide; lateral nerves 15-25; peduncle 2.5-4 cm. long; pistillate spikes
4, becoming 3.5-6 cm. long and 6-10 mm. thick; fruit oblong, 2 mm.
long, minutely tubercled. Neg. 11599.
Loreto: Cerro de Escalera, 1,300 meters, Ule 6845.
Cecropia multiflora Snethl. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 367.
1923.
A small tree (10 meters, so far as known) with minutely pilose
branchlets and rather deeply lobed leaves, the largest obovate, acutish
lobes about 30 cm. long and scarcely half as broad, the pubescence
above merely asperous, beneath white-tomentose, the midrib and
12-14 nerves minutely pilose; peduncle 5-8 cm. long, finely pilose;
staminate spikes as many as 50 and 10-15 cm. long, 2-3 mm. thick,
on pedicels 1-2 cm. long; perianth 1-1.5 mm. long, minutely pubes-
cent; filaments nearly equal, the anthers before anthesis ecaudate.
Similar to C. nivea and C. Klotzschiana, but from herbarium material
distinguishable by the even upper leaf surfaces. Neg. 11600.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 800 meters, Weberbauer 1837, type.
Cecropia nivea Poepp. ex Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 532. 1847.
Leaves large, deeply 9-parted, the acute, obovate lobes green but
scabrous-hispid above, loosely and densely white-tomentose beneath ;
staminate peduncle 3.5-5 cm. long, densely hispid-villous, bearing
many slender spikes 7 cm. long, their subulate pedicels 6 mm. long.
Suggests C. multiflora, but the leaves are noticeably rugose. Neg.
11601.
Peru: Poeppig.
Cecropia obtusa Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 79. 1847.
Branchlets strigose; leaf lobes obovate-rotund, very obtuse,
tomentulose above at first, finally asperous, often 20 cm. long and
half as broad or larger, the lateral nerves 1-2 cm. apart, about 15;
staminate peduncle about 20 cm. long, bearing 12-15 shortly pedi-
celed spikes only 4-5 cm. long; perianth tubular, subentire, minutely
hirtellous; pistillate spikes 8-9 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, on pedicels 2-4
mm. long; fruit obovate, verruculose, white-tomentose-punctate.
C. palmata Willd. has leaves glabrate above and pistillate spikes 13-15
cm. long. Neg. 25536.
Loreto: La Victoria, Williams 2557. Caballo-cocha, Williams
2068. Without locality: (Pavdri). Brazil ; British Guiana. "Setico."
FLORA OF PERU 289
Cecropia polystachya Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 80. 1847.
C. pinnatiloba Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 533. 1847.
Well marked (if the character is constant) by the lobed middle
leaflets; lobes 9-10, ovate, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, the
larger 7.5 cm. broad, about 20 cm. long; staminate peduncle tomen-
tose, 7.5 cm. long, the 20 pediceled spikes 5-10 cm. long; pistillate
spikes about 4 and 6 cm. long, the peduncle a little longer. Neg.
25538.
Huanuco: Mufia, Ruiz.
Cecropia sciadophylla Mart. Flora 24, pt. 2: Beibl. 93. 1841.
Immediately recognizable by its petioled or entirely disjoined
leaflets that are glabrous or merely puberulent-tomentulose in the
areoles, even beneath. Snethlage has distinguished var. decurrens
Snethl. and var.Juranyiana (A.Richt.) Snethl.,the latter the extreme
variation with the leaflets actually sessile. This is a medium to tall
tree with huge leaves (the largest leaflets about 50 cm. long and nearly
10 cm. wide or wider), glabrate petioles several dm. long, 4-6 pistil-
late spikes about 10 cm. long, and several staminate spikes, the
filaments somewhat unequal. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1:
pi. 46.
Loreto: Lower Rio Napo, Tessmann 3718 (det. Snethlage).
Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4717, 4278 (det. Snethlage).
Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2130. Brazil. "Setico."
Cecropia Setico Snethl. in herb., sp. nov.
Folia inter maxima, ad 60 cm. lata et ultra, subtus ad nervos
fere microscopice pulverulenta; pedunculi leviter spinuloso-ciliati
vel glabrati ad 10 cm. longi; spicae 4 dense lanatae fere sessiles in
statu fructifero circa 20 cm. longae.
Leaves very large, at least 60 cm. wide, almost microscopically
pulverulent on the nerves beneath; peduncles lightly spinulose-
ciliate or glabrate, to about 10 cm. long; spikes 4, very woolly,
becoming about 20 cm. long, nearly sessile. Neg. 11608.
Loreto: Unanana, Lower Rio Napo, 100 meters, Tessmann 3713.
"Setico."
Cecropia Standleyi Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 61. 1931.
A small, slender tree of 3-6 meters, similar to C. ficifolia but
easily distinguishable by the soft, scattered trichomes of the upper
leaf surfaces and the short-acuminate, broadly obovate leaf lobes;
290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
pubescence beneath not at all lanuginose; staminate aments 8-10,
9 cm. long, 3 mm. thick, the pedicels 1 cm. long, the filaments
equal; pistillate spikes 4, subsessile, 18 cm. long, 1 cm. thick, lightly
tomentose.
Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 399, type.
Iquitos, 100 meters, Kittip & Smith 27033. "Setico."
Cecropia strigosa Tre'cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 82. 1847.
Similar to C. angustifolia, but the leaf lobes fewer and the pubes-
cence more hirtellous, in this respect approaching C. tubulosa; stami-
nate spikes about 60; pistillate spikes about 7.
Peru: (Pawn).
Cecropia Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 9:
260. 1925.
Leaves large, glabrous, deeply (three-fourths their length) 9-
lobed; spikes similar to those of C. multiflora but not distinctly
pediceled; filaments very short. Fruit edible. C. laetevirens Huber,
Bol. Mus. Goeldi 6: 63. 1910, and C. bifurcata Huber, op. cit. 62,
would be sought here. The leaves of both are broadly and obtusely
lobed, more or less fulvous-pilose beneath but green and glabrous
to the eye. Williams 1*313 (part of a leaf) from Yurimaguas is per-
haps C. Tessmannii. Neg. 11609.
Loreto: Yarina-cocha, 150 meters, Tessmann 3454- Fortaleza,
in forest, 200 meters, Williams 4313. Santa Rosa, 200 meters,
Williams 4949. "Setico," "pungara."
Cecropia tubulosa Ruiz ex Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 534. 1847.
Probably only a form or possibly a variety of C. angustifolia, but
the leaves beneath more conspicuously reddish-hirsutulous than
white-tomentulose. C. angustifolia may be rubescent on the nerves.
Neg. 11610.
Huanuco: Chinchao, Mufia, Ruiz & Pavon.
3. POUROUMA Aubl.
Trees with entire or 3-5-lobed leaves, or one species with 8-12-
parted leaves simulating those of Cecropia, but the inflorescence
always cymose and the rather large, often densely velvety-tomentose
fruits borne distinctly. See Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 123-132, for
a number of Amazonian species to be expected, particularly several
with entire leaves. Other extra-Peruvian species published more
FLORA OF PERU 291
recently, and possibly occurring, are mentioned below. Spruce
found the name "cocura" used for an Amazonian species.
Leaves not parted or deeply lobed.
Pubescence fulvous or brown P. phaeotricha.
Pubescence white or gray P. folleata.
Leaves palmately parted or lobed, at least typically and some of
them.
Leaves 8 (6)-12-parted P. cecropiaefolia.
Leaves 3-5-lobed.
Leaves deeply cordate at base, harshly hairy on both sides.
P. substrigosa.
Leaves little if at all cordate, or not pubescent.
Leaves not distinctly, if at all, cordate.
Branchlets glabrous or puberulent, the leaves white-hairy
beneath.
Petioles glabrous or early granulose P. Tessmannii.
Petioles tomentose, glabrate only in age ... P. Jussieuana.
Branchlets yellowish-hairy, like the leaves beneath.
Leaves strigose or scabrous above P. palmata.
Leaves glabrous above P. triloba.
Leaves deeply cordate at the base P. Ulei.
Pourouma cecropiaefolia Mart, ex Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4,
pt. 1: 123. pi. 36. 1853. P. multifida Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8:
107. 1847(7).
The only Peruvian species with Cecropia-like leaves that are
cordate-rotund and radiately parted; segments obovate-oblong-
lanceolate, velvety and ashy- or white-tomentose beneath, the
largest middle ones sometimes 15-30 cm. long and 10-20 cm. broad,
all more or less connate toward the base; petioles glabrous; peduncles
puberulent; inflorescence in flower dense, reddish purple with a close
puberulence, the fasciculate or capitulate staminate flowers sessile
or nearly so, their minutely setulose segments entirely free. Accord-
ing to Martius, a tree of 10-15 meters with the habit of a Cecro-
pia but with juicy fruits that have a pleasant, sweetish-sour taste.
Sometimes cultivated. The Martius name (Reise 3: 1130. 1831) is
essentially a nomen nudum until taken up by Miquel. There is no
doubt, however, as to its application, and Martius gave the common
names and described the fruit. Lacking positive proof that P. multi-
292 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
fida Tre"cul is the same, I retain the well-known name. A specimen
by Killip and Smith (27932) from Puerto Arturo, Loreto, has been
determined in Herb. Berlin by Mildbraed as P. sapida Karst. It is
not clear to me that the latter species is distinct. Its leaves have 9
lobes. In the Field Museum specimen they are separate nearly to
the base.
Loreto: Above Pongo de Manseriche, 200 meters, in forest,
Mexia 6257. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in clearing, Klug 1185, 1326.
Mouth of Rio Blanco, Tessmann 3054- Alto Rio Itaya, Williams
3347. Iquitos, Ducke 7581; Killip & Smith 27381, 29839 (both det.
by A. C. Smith). Huanuco: Huamalies District, Weberbauer 3705.
Rio Acre: Ule 9314. Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, 5446. Brazil.
"Ambauba mansa," "ambauba do vinho," "mapaty," "cucura,"
"uvilla."
Pourouma folleata Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 114. 1930.
Branchlets glabrous; petioles evanescently appressed-setulose,
2-3 cm. long; leaves entire or repand-undulate, elliptic, acute at the
base, very shortly acuminate, the larger 12 cm. long, 6 cm. wide,
glabrous above or the midnerve strigillose, shortly white-tomentulose
beneath between the 15 nerves, these densely strigillose; stipules
yellowish-villous, 2.5 cm. long; peduncles 1.5 cm. long; compound
cymes grayish-brown-hirsutulous, open, the slender-pediceled stami-
nate flowers not at all capitulate; segments linear-subulate, acumi-
nate. P. apiculata Spruce and P. tomentosa Mart, have entire
leaves arachnoid-tomentose beneath, the former distinguished from
the latter by the apiculate leaf acumination. Its large fruits are
velvety. P. crassivenosa Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 419.
1928, is glabrous beneath to the eye except on the nerves. P. pa-
raensis Huber is hirtellous on the veins beneath, appressed-lanate in
the areoles.
Junin: La Merced, 1,300-1,700 meters, Schunke 416, A95.
Pourouma Jussieuana Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 106. 1847.
A tree with angled, verruculose, finally glabrous branchlets and
palmately 3-5-lobed, not at all cordate leaves; leaf lobes glabrous
above, oblong or the middle ovate, repand, acuminate, the larger 12
cm. wide and 15-25 cm. long, with 17-22 nerves, these conspicuous
beneath; petioles pubescent, 5-6 cm. long; pistillate inflorescence
cymose-paniculate, the puberulent peduncle 5 cm. long; fruit ovate,
densely pale-rusty-puberulent; seed depressed-ovate. P. cuspidata
FLORA OF PERU 293
Warb. of Amazonian Brazil is recognizable by the scabrosity of its
leaves beneath and its small staminate flowers, less than 1 mm. long,
the branchlets of the inflorescence thick.
Peru: Buena Vista (Jussieu). "Amandier de Buena- Vista."
Pourouma palmata Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 29.
pi 141. 1838.
Young branchlets densely yellow-scabrous; leaves rounded or
subcordate, with 3-5 oblong or ovate, acute lobes, harshly scabrous
above but silky-pubescent beneath, especially on the prominent
nerves (the lateral about 30) ; petioles subterete, the upper 8 cm. long,
shortly pubescent; staminate flowers glomerate, the inflorescence
much branched; perianth segments shortly united, oblong, hirsutu-
lous at the apex, equaled by the dense filaments; immature fruiting
inflorescence velvety in appearance, with a dense, reddish brown
pubescence; pedicels thick, 3-5 cm. long; young fruits ovate, con-
spicuously capped by the peltate stigma. Fruits edible. Neg.
11622.
San Martin: Tocache, Poeppig 2881, Addenda 153. Huanuco:
Huamalies, Weberbauer 3639. Loreto: Pampa del Sacramento
(Huber). "Uvilla."
Pourouma phaeotricha Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
10: 193. 1927.
Young branches, petioles, and inflorescence rusty puberulent-
tomentose, with paler, rigid hairs intermixed; leaves very regularly
oblong-elliptic, obtuse at the base, very acutely acuminate, often to
20 cm. long and 8-9 cm. broad, the mature ones glabrate above,
beneath on the midrib and 8-10 lateral nerves more or less hirsutulous
and rusty puberulent-tomentose, the areoles ashy green and under a
lens white-araneose; fruiting inflorescence with few short branchlets,
the pedicels 5-8 mm. long; stigma greenish white, pulvinate, densely
brown-tomentose and white-hirsute; immature fruit 12 mm. long,
8-9 mm. thick, bright green. A tree of 7 meters, the trunk 8 cm. in
diameter, with few branches 2 meters above the base. P. aurea
Mildbr. op. cit. 10: 418, has obovate-oblong leaves broadest at the
upper third, with 15-17 lateral nerves. Neg. 11624.
Loreto: Iquitos, Tessmann 5364-
Pourouma substrigosa Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
10: 192. 1927.
A tree of about 15 meters with rather harshly strigose-hirsute
foliage and growing parts; petioles densely and shortly hirsute, to
294 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
25 cm. long; leaves 3-5-lobed, with narrow, deep sinuses, the seg-
ments short-acuminate, elliptic, the largest middle one 25-35 cm.
long and 15 cm. wide; staminate inflorescence 2-many times irregu-
larly branched, reddish brown with dense pubescence of granular
and club-shaped hairs intermixed, the flowers sessile and glomerulate,
their linear, more or less dilated segments ciliate at the apex, barely
1.5 mm. long, exceeding the filaments. Trunk about 17 cm. in
diameter, with few branches at 6 meters. Fruit edible. Neg. 11625.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, 160 meters, Tessmann 4642, type.
Streamlet near mouth of Rio Santiago, 400 meters, Mexia 6201; a
tree of 14 meters, the leaves and twigs inhabited by small ants.
"Uvilla."
Pourouma Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
10: 192. 1927.
Glabrous or lightly pubescent except for the more or less deeply
3-lobed leaves, these silvery beneath with an appressed tomentum;
petioles sulcate, to 15 cm. long; stipules 8 cm. long, acuminate;
leaves acuminate, 3-nerved from the base, 20 cm. long; staminate
inflorescence 7 cm. long, the peduncle as long, the branches and
branchlets chestnut-brown, with a dense covering of clavate hairs;
flower glomerules dense, the perianth segments subulate-linear,
closely white-pubescent, about 1.5 mm. long, the filaments half as
long. A tree of 20 meters, branching at 12 meters, with a trunk
25 cm. in diameter. Inflorescence early greenish yellow, in anthesis
bright brown, becoming dark brown. Neg. 11626.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, 160 meters, Tessmann 4236, type.
Yurimaguas, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 4688. "Setico."
Pourouma triloba Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 104. 1847. P.
triloba Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 526. Oct., 1847.
Perhaps only a less pubescent variety of P. palmata; pistillate
flowers pubescent; staminate glomerules numerous, with the stamens
about 5 mm. thick; fruit oblong-obovate,. crustaceous, dehiscent by
two valves. Neg. 11623.
Huanuco: Macora, Ruiz, type. Pampayacu, Sawada 21.
Pourouma Ulei Warb. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 132. 1907.
A tree, the branches and petioles slightly tomentose or glabrate;
leaves long-petiolate, deeply cordate at the base, with usually over-
lapping basal lobes, smooth and glabrous above, closely and minutely
FLORA OF PERU 295
white-tomentose beneath, the broad lobes abruptly short-acuminate.
Neg. 11627.
Loreto: In pasture, El Recreo, 200 meters, Williams 3984- Ama-
zonian Brazil. "Uvilla."
4. COUSSAPOA Aubl.
Rather similar to Pourouma, but both sorts of flowers capitate,
the pistillate heads solitary or often few. Leaves entire, the petioles
often about half as long. Stigma capitate-penicillate. Tall trees
with the name "chichillica," the trunks thick, the foliage abundant,
the fibers of the bark serving for the manufacture of coarse baskets,
sacks for the collection of coca and fruits, and various other articles;
it is used also to fasten and join timbers and beams (Ruiz & Pa von).
Species very similar and the characters accepted as definitive may
be variable.
Some of the following names by Tre"cul are in conflict with those
of Klotzsch for the same year (1847), but the former were published
in August while the latter probably appeared toward the last of the
year. Linnaea for this year consists of 12 numbers, the correction
page at the end of vol. 20 being signed as written only in August and
a much earlier article is signed also as written at this date (Nelly
Dubugnon, Conservatoire Botanique, Geneva).
Branchlets, especially apically, very villous or setose.
Leaves broadly rounded and emarginate at the apex.
C. emarginata.
Leaves acute or obtuse at the apex, not emarginate.
Branchlets long-setose; leaves glabrate or lightly tomentose
beneath C. hirsuta.
Branchlets hirsute- villous.
Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath C. villosa.
Leaves minutely hirsutulous and cobwebby beneath.
C. vellerea.
Branchlets glabrate or shortly pubescent.
Leaves acute, smooth and glabrous above.
Branchlets puberulent-hirsutulous; leaves 8-17 cm. long.
Leaves glabrous beneath or the nerves puberulent.
C. ovalifolia.
Leaves araneose-tomentulose beneath C. Tessmannii.
Branchlets glabrous; leaves 20-30 cm. long C. acutifolia.
296 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaves rounded or retuse apically, often more or less asperous.
Pistillate heads solitary.
Leaves scabrous on the upper surface C. asperifolia.
Leaves smooth on the upper surface C. grandiceps.
Pistillate heads cymose.
Leaves finely short-hirsutulous beneath C. magnifolia.
Leaves white-lanuginose beneath, as well as sparsely hirsutu-
lous C. Standleyi.
Coussapoa acutifolia Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 529. 1847.
With the large leaves of C. magnifolia Tre'cul, but these obviously
acute and glabrous except for the puberulent nerves beneath; in
these respects apparently like C. ovalifolia Tre'cul, with much smaller
and crowded leaves. Neg. 11555.
Huanuco: Cochero, Ruiz & Pawn.
Coussapoa asperifolia Trecul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 96. 1847.
Branchlets soon glabrate or glabrous; leaves often almost square-
sided, about 15 cm. long or smaller, typically very scabrous above
and rather softly short-pubescent beneath and finely reticulate;
petioles 1.5-2 cm. long; staminate heads cymose; perianth oblong,
with short, glabrous teeth; filaments about as long as the flower;
pistillate flowers in a solitary head, tubular-urceolate; style very
short, the stigma capitate, villous; fruits very numerous, oblong,
exteriorly somewhat fleshy. Both the Peruvian specimens are
essentially glabrous but are typical in the obtuse or retuse leaves.
C. Martiana Miq. has broadly ovate, somewhat acute leaves, often
larger and white-arachnoid beneath, in which respect it resembles
C. subincana Mart, with the leaves somewhat peltate. Neg. 11556.
Amazonas: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4472 (det. Mildbraed).
Junin: La Merced, 55-47. British Guiana.
Coussapoa emarginata Killip, sp. nov.
Arbor 12-15-metralis, ramulis crassis densissime pilis longis fulvis
mollibus pilosis dense foliatis; stipulae lineari-lanceolatae 6.5 cm.
longae attenuatae extus dense longipilosae; folia mediocria longi-
petiolata coriacea, petiolo crasso 4.5-5.5 cm. longo dense piloso;
lamina late obovato-ovalis vel rotundato-ovalis 13-17.5 cm. longa
9-12 cm. lata apice late rotundata et leviter vel profunde emarginata,
basi rotundata, supra in sicco fusca ad costam et interdum ad nervos
pilosa, aliter glabra, nervis non elevatis, subtus pallida ubique sub-
FLORA OF PERU 297
sparse adpresse tomentulosa, ad costam nervosque pilis longis ochra-
ceis sericeo-pilosa, costa crassa elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque
latere circa 15 rectis elevatis angulo semirecto obliquis in marginem
desinentibus, nervulis obscuris numerosissimis rectis arete parallelis;
iniflorescentia (immatura tantum visa) paucicapitata densa, capitulis
parvis dense paucifloris breviter pedunculatis, pedunculo petiolo
aequilongo.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 29955
(U. S. Nat. Herb., type; duplicate in Herb. Field Mus.).
Coussapoa grandiceps Killip, sp. nov.
Arbor, ramulis crassis sparse in statu juvenili hirtello-puberulis
cito glabratis; stipulae magnae circa 7 cm. longae pallido-tomentosae;
folia magna coriacea, petiolo crasso 6-10 cm. longo striato glabrato;
lamina ovali-ovata 24-32 cm. longa 16-19 cm. lata versus apicem
rotundatum paullo angustata, basi late rotundata brevissime cor-
data, supra glabra laevis, subtus minute arete pallido-tomentella,
nervis lateralibus utroque latere circa 18 rectis elevatis, venulis
ultimis creberrimis prominentibus arete parallelis; capitula feminea
geminata, pedunculis simplicibus crassis 5-6.5 cm. longis leviter
tomentulosis glabrescentibus, capitulis densissimis subglobosis multi-
floris 1.5 cm. diam.
Loreto: Yanon, wooded banks of lower Rio Huallaga, 135 meters,
W. J. Dennis (Killip & Smith 29246; type in U. S. Nat. Herb.);
a tree of 12-15 meters. Puerto Arturo, Yurimaguas, 200 meters, in
forest, Williams 5349. Apparently conspecific is Williams 4179
from Yurimaguas. "Renaco caspi."
Coussapoa hirsuta Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 97. 1847.
C. setosa Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 528. 1847.
Branchlets conspicuously long-setose toward the tips; petioles
to 3 cm. long, evanescently pilose; leaves obovate, rounded at the
base, acute, about 15 cm. long, 10 cm. wide or narrower, slightly
floccose on the nerves beneath; pistillate heads cymose-corymbose,
the urceolate flowers thin and including the subdrupaceous fruit;
seed irregular. Mildbraed (in herb. Madrid) maintains the Klotzsch
name. Neg. 11560.
Huanuco: Macora, Ruiz & Pawn.
Coussapoa magnifolia Trecul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 98. 1847.
C. Ruizii Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 529. 1847.
Suggesting C. asperifolia Tre"cul, but the leaves often 30 cm.
long and nearly as wide; lateral nerves 6-7; petioles glabrate, to 10
298 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
cm. long; pistillate heads several; ovary subobovate. Mildbraed
employs the Klotzsch name. Neg. 11557.
Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1371; Ruiz & Pavon, type.
Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, 5447.
Coussapoa ovalifolia Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 95. 1847.
C. puberula Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 529. 1847.
Petioles 4-6 cm. long; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded
at the base, mostly 8-12, rarely 15, cm. long, half as wide; lateral
nerves 13-15, the veins obvious; pistillate heads umbellate-cymose,
the flowers puberulent only at the tip; stigma penicillate; ovary
oblong. Smoothish forms of C. asperifolia may be distinguished by
their obtuse leaves and solitary pistillate heads. C. trinervia Mildbr.
is glabrous, with strongly 3-nerved leaves. C. nitida Miq. is sparsely
hirtellous and the pistillate flowers glabrous. Neg. 11559.
Junin: Rio Paucartambo Valley, 700 meters, Killip & Smith
25341; a tree of 9-12 meters. La Merced, 600 meters, 5594.
Huanuco: Chinchao, Pillao, Posuso, etc., /fou'z. Loreto: Puerto
Metendez, Tessmann 3922 (det. Mildbraed). Rio Acre: Vie 9316?
(det. Mildbraed). Without locality: Ruiz.
Coussapoa Standleyi Macbr., sp. nov.
C. magnifoliae affinis; petiolis (12 cm. longis), nervis venisque
minutissime parceque hispidulis; foliis apice rotundato-obtusis ad
40 cm. longis supra glabris subtus dense arachnoideis, margine valde
undulato-repandis; nervis lateralibus circa 16 prominentibus; pedun-
culis dense ferrugineo-tomentuloso-hirsutulis; capitulis fern, circa
15 plerumque geminato-connatis, dense hirsutulis. Seemingly well
distinct in character of pubescence, and the numerous pistillate heads
(these are undeveloped). Mildbraed referred the specimen to C.
magnifolia with a query. The pubescence suggests that of the
different C. vellerea. Neg. 29511.
Huanuco: Huamalies, 700-800 meters, Weberbauer 3702, type
(Hb. Berlin).
Coussapoa Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
10:413. 1928.
Youngest branchlets rusty-hirsutulous; leaves ovate, nearly
truncate at the base, triangular-acute at the apex, 13-17 cm. long,
9-12 cm. wide, on stout petioles a third as long; lateral nerves about
11, the veins and veinlets beneath densely reticulate and prominent,
the areoles thereby sunken; pistillate inflorescence many-headed,
FLORA OF PERU 299
on peduncles 1.5-2 cm. long, the short, thick branchlets somewhat
hirsute and granular; heads 5 to nearly 10 mm. thick, sometimes
geminate-connate; flowers 3 mm. long, glabrous, the shorter bracts
filiform or slightly widened at the apex. Differs from C. puberula
in the pubescence. C. intermedia Mart, has very fine, scarcely at all
reticulate or obvious veins. Neg. 11562.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4673, type. "Renaco."
Coussapoa vellerea Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 527. 1847.
Similar to C. villosa, but the leaf pubescence not at all tomentose,
the arachnoid hairs evanescent; leaves to 40 cm. long, 30 cm. wide;
peduncles 5 cm. long, to 11 cm. in fruit, geminate, the fruiting peri-
anth reddish-brown-hirsute, 3 mm. long.
Huanuco: Macora, Ruiz & Pavon, type.
Coussapoa villosa Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 33. pi. 147.
1838.
Branches, petioles, bracts, and peduncles villous-hirsute, often
even shaggy; leaves ample, sometimes 30 cm. long and a third as
broad or larger, broadly ovate and more or less cordate, acute or
obtuse; staminate heads few to rather many, corymbose-paniculate;
bractlets spatulate, often emarginate; perianth turbinate, trifid,
pubescent; pistillate heads solitary or geminate; perianth contracted
below the apex, oblong; style slender; fruit ovate-oblong. C. Sprucei
Mildbr. has oval-oblong leaves, subvelvety-pubescent beneath. Neg.
11564.
Huanuco: Casapi, Poeppig, type. Loreto: Mouth of Rio
Santiago, Tessmann 4696 (det. Mildbraed). Santa Rosa, Lower Rio
Huallaga, 135 meters, Kittip & Smith 28800 (det. A. C. Smith).
Ecuador.
5. FICUS L. Fig
By Paul C. Standley
Small or large trees with milky sap; leaves entire in the native
American species; easy of recognition among all American trees
by the form of the fruit, similar to that of the cultivated fig, but in the
wild trees much smaller, consisting of a hollow, more or less fleshy
receptacle, with a small apical opening (ostiole), this closed by
small, overlapping scales; flowers minute, densely inserted all over
the interior wall of the receptacle. A large genus in tropical America,
doubtless with more Peruvian representatives than are listed here.
A few other Peruvian species, in fact, are represented in the herba-
300 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
rium by fragmentary material, insufficient for their diagnosis. The
plants often or usually begin life as epiphytes, the seeds germinating
upon a branch of some host tree. The seedlings send down aerial
roots that develop into long, cord-like stems which finally envelop
and strangle the host. The wood is soft and of no economic
importance. The larger fruits are fleshy, sweet, and edible (espe-
cially in the subgenus Pharmacosycea} . They are seldom eaten by
people but are much sought by birds and other animals. The latex
yields a kind of rubber. From the bark the ancient Mexicans pre-
pared paper upon which some of their manuscripts were written.
Receptacles solitary in the leaf axils; leaves often scabrous; involucre
3-lobate. Subgenus Pharmacosycea.
Leaf blades deeply emarginate at the base F. Macbridei.
Leaf blades not emarginate at the base.
Leaves gradually acute or acuminate, or cuspidate-acuminate.
F. glabrata.
Leaves obtuse or acutish, sometimes abruptly short-acute.
Leaves with very numerous, close lateral nerves.
F. anthelmintica.
Leaves with few distant lateral nerves F. radula.
Receptacles geminate; leaves never scabrous; involucre 2-lobate.
Subgenus Urostigma.
Branches hirsute with long, spreading, brown hairs. Fruit sessile.
Fruits large, about 12 mm. in diameter, densely hirsute.
F. juruensis.
Fruits about 6 mm. in diameter, glabrate F. Llewelyni.
Branches not hirsute, usually glabrous or nearly so.
Receptacles small, mostly 4-6 mm. in diameter.
Leaves large, about 35 cm. long, attenuate to the base, nar-
rowly oblanceolate-oblong F. caballina.
Leaves much smaller, chiefly 5-14 cm. long.
Young branches and petioles glabrous. Fruit glabrous.
Leaves 3-nerved at the base, commonly about 6 cm. long.
F. nitida.
Leaves not 3-nerved at the base, mostly 7-12 cm. long.
F. Matthewsii.
Young branches and petioles, at least at first, strigose or
appressed-pilose.
FLORA OF PERU 301
Receptacles strigose at first, becoming glabrate.
F. Killipii.
Receptacles glabrous from the first.
Nerves of the leaves very oblique, salient on the lower
surface F. Weberbaueri.
Nerves divergent at an angle of more than 60 degrees,
not elevated on the lower surface. .F. casapiensis.
Receptacles large, 8-20 mm. in diameter or even larger.
Fruits sessile.
Leaves rounded at the apex; involucre about half as long
as the fruit F. Urbaniana.
Leaves abruptly cuspidate-acuminate; involucre small and
inconspicuous F. paraensis.
Fruits pedunculate.
Leaves narrowed to the acute or obtuse base. . .F. gemina.
Leaves broad toward the truncate or shallowly cordate base.
F. Ruiziana.
Ficus anthelmintica Mart. Syst. Mat. Med. Bras. 88. 1843.
Pharmacosycea anthelmintica Miq. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 66. 1848.
A large tree, glabrous throughout; stipules narrow, long-attenuate,
as much as 11 cm. long; leaves long-petiolate, the blades elliptic-
oblong or elliptic, 13-23 cm. long, 5.5-10 cm. wide, acute or acutish,
subacute to rounded at the base, the lateral nerves close together,
prominent beneath, slender, 15-25 or more on each side, diverging
at a wide angle; receptacles pedunculate or almost sessile, globose,
commonly 2-2.5 cm. in diameter. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4,
pt. 1 : pi. 25, f. 2.
Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, 5295; a large tree with widely
spreading, dense crown. Loreto: Iquitos, in 1932, W. G. Scherer:
at 100 meters, Killip & Smith. Pebas, in forest, Williams 1867.
Widely distributed in Brazil. "Oje," "huito."
The sap (leche de oje) and bark (corteza de oje") are used medicin-
ally in the region of Iquitos, particularly as a local remedy for
tertian fevers.
Ficus caballina Stand!., sp. nov.
Omnino glabra, ramulis crassis ut videtur dense foliatis ochraceis;
stipulae non visae; folia inter maxima subcoriacea breviter petiolata,
petiolo crasso 1.5 cm. tantum longo; lamina anguste oblanceolato-
302 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
oblonga circa 36 cm. longa et 11 cm. lata obtusa basin versus longe
sensim attenuata, basi ipsa attenuato-cuneata, supra in sicco brun-
nescens, costa nervisque prominentibus, costa gracili subtus elevata,
nervis lateralibus utroque latere circa 15 gracilibus prominentibus
angulo lato divergentibus fere rectis versus marginem inaequaliter
conjunctis; receptacula numerosa ut videtur ex axillis defoliatis
nascentia globosa 5-6 mm. diam. glabra, ostiolo plus minusve
elevato, involucre bilobo, lobis brevibus late rotundatis vix 2.5 mm.
longis; pedunculi graciles 6-8 mm. longi.
Loreto: Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2075 (type in Herb.
Field Mus. No. 608,842). "Renaquillo."
A species easily recognized by the very large, long and narrow
leaves and remarkably small receptacles.
Ficus Carica L. Sp. PI. 1059. 1753.
The common fig ("higo"), native of the Mediterranean region,
is cultivated frequently in various parts of Peru. It differs from all
American species in its deeply lobate leaves.
Ficus casapiensis Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3: 298.
1867. Urostigma casapiense Miq. Lond. Journ. Bot. 6: 548. 1847.
Branchlets thick, sparsely pilose or glabrate; stipules 2 cm. long
or less, acuminate, dorsally sericeous-pilose with long, pale hairs;
leaves petiolate, coriaceous, the blades oblong to oblong-obovate,
very abruptly short-acuminate, very obtuse to subacute at the base,
sparsely pilose beneath along the costa, elsewhere glabrous, the
lateral nerves about 17 pairs, divergent at a wide angle, very slender;
receptacles sessile, glabrous, globose, "slightly larger than a pea.
The specimens from Loreto are referred here with some doubt.
Huanuco: Casapi, Mathews, type. Loreto: Santa Rosa, 135
meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 27846. Puerto Arturo, 135 meters,
in forest, Killip & Smith 27846.
Ficus gemina Ruiz ex Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 98, in
syn. 1853. Urostigma geminum Miq. loc. cit.
A tree of 5-8 meters or more, glabrous throughout, the branches
relatively slender; stipules small and narrow, about 1 cm. long;
leaves slender-petiolate, subcoriaceous, the blades ovate-elliptic to
oblong-elliptic, commonly 6-12 cm. long and 2-5 cm. wide, acuminate
or abruptly acute, obtuse or subacute at the base and rather con-
spicuously triplinerved, the lateral nerves 8-15 on each side, very
slender, divergent at a rather wide angle; receptacles short-peduncu-
FLORA OF PERU 303
late, globose, generally 7-8 mm. in diameter, often spotted with red,
the ostiole plane or conspicuously elevated. Neg. 11713. Illustrated,
Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 27, f. 3.
Huanuco: Pampayacu, Sawada 13, 17. Posuso, Ruiz, probably
type material. Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, along stream, 5484,
a large tree with spreading crown, the bark white; Killip & Smith
23463, fruits yellow to orange with darker spots. Loreto: Mishu-
yacu, 100 meters, Killip & Smith 29899. Moyobamba, Weberbauer
4523. San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6510; Williams 5502; Spruce
4274. Chazuta, 260 meters, in forest, Klug 3972. Also in Colombia,
and reported from Brazil and Surinam. "Renaco," "higo silvestre."
Ficus glabrata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 47. 1817.
A large tree, glabrous throughout; stipules narrow, usually not
more than 2 cm. long, often much smaller; leaves petiolate, the
blades elliptic-oblong to elliptic-oval, 12-25 cm. long, 5-10 cm. wide,
abruptly acute or acuminate, sometimes caudate-acuminate, acute
to obtuse at the base and 3-5-nerved, pale green when dried, the
lateral nerves remote, usually 8-15 on each side, rather stout,
divergent at a wide angle; receptacles pedunculate, globose, 1.5-4
cm. in diameter, glabrous or obscurely scaberulous, the ostiole
prominent, the involucre very small.
Junin: Chanchamayo, Isern 2329. Loreto: Lower Rio Huallaga,
135 meters, Killip & Smith 29009, fruit rich purple. San Antonio,
145 meters, Williams 3548; Killip & Smith 29458, fruit deep and
pale green mottled. Iquitos, 120 meters, edge of forest, Williams
3747. Rio Masana, Williams 100. Balsapuerto, 150-350 meters,
Killip & Smith 28381. San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 6311,
5463. San Roque, Williams 7628. Extending to Brazil and north-
ward through Central America. "Oje"." Called "higueron" in Ecuador.
Ficus juruensis Warb. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 140. 1907, nomen.
A small or medium-sized tree, the branchlets densely brownish-
hirsute with spreading hairs; stipules brown-hirsute, often long-
persistent; leaves short-petiolate, the blades obovate-oblong to
elliptic or almost oval, mostly 7-15 cm. long and up to 6.5 cm. wide,
acuminate or sometimes obtuse and abruptly short-pointed, coria-
ceous, rounded or obtuse at the base, scabrous and somewhat pilose
on the upper surface or finally glabrate, beneath densely short-pilose
with soft, brownish hairs, the lateral nerves about 10 pairs, very
prominent beneath, almost straight, ascending at a rather wide
angle; receptacles sessile, globose, about 12 mm. in diameter, densely
304 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
brown-hirsute. Negs. 11706, 11710 (determined by Warburg as a
new species; Ule 5271).
Junin: Huacapistana, 1,800 meters, 5819; Weberbauer 2321.
Loreto: Lower Rio Huallaga, 200 meters, Williams 4702. Without
locality, Ule 5271. Amazonian Brazil.
Ficus Killipii Standl., sp. nov.
Arbor 6-30-metralis, ramulis crassiusculis griseis vel fuscis
rimosis primo sparse strigosis cito glabratis dense foliatis; stipulae
circa 1 cm. longae anguste triangulares longiattenuatae puberulae vel
glabratae; folia petiolata coriacea, petiolo crassiusculo 1-1.5 cm. longo
glabrato; lamina oblonga vel obovato-oblonga 6-12.5 cm. longa 2.5-5
cm. lata obtusa vel breviter abrupte obtuso-acuminata, basi obtusa
vel anguste rotundata atque 5-nervia, costa utrinque prominente,
nervis lateralibus utrinque prominentibus utroque latere 9-11
tenuibus angulo latiusculo divergentibus prope marginem arcuato-
conjunctis fere rectis; receptacula geminata sessilia parva globosa
5 mm. diam. primo sparse strigosa cito glabrata, ostiolo paullo
prominente, involucre brevi, lobis late rotundatis.
Junin : Rio Paucartambo Valley, near Perene" Bridge, 700 meters,
in forest, Kittip & Smith 25252 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 616,750,
type). Ayacucho: Choimacota Valley, 700 meters, Weberbauer 7538.
Weberbauer reports the local name of the latex as "aceite Maria,"
and states that it is taken by women as a remedy for sterility.
Ficus Llewelyni Standl., sp. nov.
Arbor, ramulis crassis ochraceis vel brunnescentibus primo
pilis longis brunneis dense paten ti-hirsutis; stipulae circa 1 cm.
longae dense brunneo-hirsutae; folia mediocria petiolata subcoriacea,
petiolo crasso vel subgracili 8-15 mm. longo hirsuto vel glabrato;
lamina obovato-elliptica vel oblongo-elliptica 7.5-12 cm. longa 4-6.5
cm. lata apice obtusa vel rotundata et abrupte breviter acutata, basi
obtusa vel anguste rotundata, supra in sicco fuscescens glabra,
costa nervisque impressis, subtus praesertim ad nervos brunneo-
pilosa vel subhirsuta, costa gracili elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque
latere 8-12 gracilibus prominentibus fere rectis obliquis marginem
fere attingentibus; receptacula geminata sessilia globosa circa 6 mm.
diam. primo strigosa cito glabrata, ostiolo prominente, involucro
parvo bilobo extus strigoso.
Loreto: Caballo-cocha on the Amazon, in forest, Williams 2308
(Herb. Field Mus. No. 608,283, type). San Martin: Chazuta, 260
FLORA OF PERU 305
meters, in forest, epiphytic, Klug 4049. Huanuco: Vitoc, Ruiz
& Pawn. Junin : Chanchamayo, Isern 2231 .
Ruiz and Pavon assigned to the plant an unpublished specific
name now untenable.
Ficus Macbridei Standl., sp. nov.
Arbor 10-metralis, ramulis crassissimis primo albido-pilosis cito
glabratis, internodiis brevibus vel elongatis; stipulae angustae attenu-
atae circa 5.5 cm. longae glabrae; folia inter maxima petiolata sub-
coriacea, petiolo crasso circa 7 cm. longo glabrato; lamina obovato-
elliptica circa 30 cm. longa et 17 cm. lata apice obtusa et abrupte
breviter acutata, basin versus paullo angustata, basi ipsa anguste
rotundata et profunde (6 mm.) emarginata, supra glabra costa
venisque vix elevatis, subtus praesertim ad nervos scaberula vel ad
costam breviter hirtella, costa crassa elevata, nervis lateralibus
utroque latere circa 12 crassiusculis remotis angulo lato divergentibus
prope marginem arcuato-conjunctis; receptacula solitaria sessilia (?)
globosa 2 cm. diam. dense pilis albidis hirtello, involucre parvo
breviter trilobo.
Huanuco: Pampayacu, mouth of Rio Chinchao, 1,050 meters,
Macbride 5090 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 536,141, type).
Ficus Matthewsii Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3: 298.
1867. Urostigma Matthewsii Miq. Lond. Journ. Bot. 6: 549. 1847.
F. oblanceolata Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 446. 1907.
A small or medium-sized tree, glabrous throughout; petioles
short or elongate, the blades obovate-oblong to narrowly oblan-
ceolate-oblong, mostly 5.5-12 cm. long and 2.5-4 cm. wide, acute or
obtuse, the extreme tip obtuse, acute or obtuse at the base, coria-
ceous, the costa very prominent beneath, the lateral nerves fine, very
numerous, closely parallel, divergent often at almost a right angle;
receptacles numerous, deep red or pinkish or yellowish dotted with
red, short-pedunculate, globose, 5-6 mm. in diameter, the involucre
minute.
Type collected in Peru by Mathews. Huanuco: Huacachi, 1,950
meters, the trunk attached to a rock, 3866. Junin: La Merced,
Weberbauer 1881. Loreto: Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 8012, 3737,
8079, 3694, 3784; Killip & Smith 27077. Timbuchi, Rio Nanay,
Williams 927. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith
29897. Bolivia to Venezuela. "Renaco."
306 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Ficus nitida Thunb. Ficus Diss. 10. 1786.
Glabrous throughout; a small or often a very large tree with
broad crown and numerous aerial roots; stipules narrow, attenuate,
about 1 cm. long; leaves small, petiolate, coriaceous, the blades
obovate, acute at the base, the apex acute or acutish but the tip
obtuse, the lateral nerves fine and inconspicuous; receptacles sessile,
globose, about 6 mm. in diameter.
An Asiatic species, said to be the most frequent street tree of
Lima. It is planted commonly for shade and ornament in many
parts of tropical America.
Ficus paraensis Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3: 298. 1867.
Urostigma paraense Miq. Lond. Journ. Bot. 6: 534. 1847.
A small or medium-sized tree, glabrous throughout; stipules 3 cm.
long or less, narrow, attenuate, caducous; leaves medium-sized, sub-
coriaceous, petiolate, the blades oblong to oval-oblong, mostly 10-18
cm. long and 6-8 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate or sometimes cau-
date-acuminate, subacute to broadly rounded and often emarginate
at the base, the lateral nerves numerous, divergent at a wide angle;
receptacles sessile or nearly so, globose, about 1.5 cm. in diameter,
the ostiole elevated, the involucre small and inconspicuous. Illus-
trated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 28, f. 1. Neg. 18826.
Huanuco: Pampayacu, Sawada 4- Junin: La Merced, 600 meters,
river bank, 5571; Killip & Smith 23711, the fruit green striped with
purple. Pichis Trail, 500 meters, Killip & Smith 26213. Rio Perene,
600 meters, Killip & Smith 25237. Loreto: Yurimaguas, 200 meters,
edge of forest, Williams 3803. Puerto Arturo, 200 meters, Williams
503 If. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2171. Manfinfa, Williams 1141.
Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 27484- Amazonian
Brazil; reported from British Guiana. "Renaco," "sacha-oje."
Ficus radula Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 1144. 1806. Pharmacosycea
radula Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrift. V. 2: 330. 1851.
A large or medium-sized tree, glabrous or the branches and leaves
sometimes minutely puberulent; stipules narrow, attenuate, mostly
1-1.5 cm. long, caducous; leaves petiolate, coriaceous, the blades
oblong to obovate or oval, 8-16 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide, rounded or
obtuse at the apex and abruptly short-pointed, obtuse or acutish at
the 5-nerved base, often somewhat emarginate, the lateral nerves
prominent beneath, 7-12 on each side, divergent at a wide angle;
receptacles short-pedunculate, globose, 1.5-3 cm. in diameter, sca-
brous, the involucre very small.
FLORA OF PERU 307
Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Weberbauer 4309. Junin: La Merced,
700 meters, Kittip & Smith 23534. Rio Perene", 600 meters, in forest,
Killip & Smith 25166. Loreto: Florida, 200 meters, in forest, Klug
2099. Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon. Ranging northward to
southern Mexico. "Zauchama caspi" (Klug).
Klug reports that the Indians prepare from the bark a kind of
cloth that they use for their clothing. In various parts of the earth
numerous Moraceae are or have been employed in much the same
manner.
Ficus Ruiziana Standl., sp. nov.
Arbor alta fere omnino glabra, ramulis crassiusculis cinnamomeis
vel ochraceis; stipulae anguste triangulares attenuatae caducae
extus puberulae; folia mediocria vel majuscula subcoriacea longi-
petiolata, petiolo gracili glabro 3.5-10 cm. longo; lamina oblongo-
ovalis vel ovali-elliptica 9-25 cm. longa 5.5-12 cm. lata apice rotun-
data vel obtusa et abrupte in acumen angustum acuminatum brevem
contracta, basi late rotundata vel breviter cordata, glabra, in sicco
viridescens vel brunnescens, costa nervisque supra prominentibus,
costa subtus elevata gracili, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 8-16
remotis gracilibus prominentibus fere rectis angulo lato divergentibus
prope marginem arcuato-conjunctis; receptacula globosa 12-15 mm.
diam. pedunculata glabra geminata, ostiolo prominente, involucro
bilobo, lobis patentibus late rotundatis vix ultra 2.5 mm. longis;
pedunculi crassi 3-5 mm. longi.
Junin: La Merced, 1,200 meters, Macbride 5795 (Herb. Field
Mus. No. 536,824, type). Huanuco: Cochero and Posuso, Ruiz (a
tracing of a leaf in Herb. Berlin, apparently referable here). Loreto:
Santa Rosa, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 4877. Iquitos, 120
meters, Williams 7998. Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2114.
Cuzco: Santa Rosa, Urubamba Valley, 1,200 meters, Cook & Gilbert
1722. Probably also in Amazonian Brazil. "Renaco."
Ficus Urbaniana Warb. in Urban, Symb. Ant. 3: 459. 1903.
An almost glabrous tree, the branchlets very thick; stipules
broadly lanceolate, glabrous; leaves large, petiolate, the blades
rounded-obovate to obovate or oblong-obovate, 14-22 cm. long, 7-14
cm. wide, broadly rounded at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base,
the lateral nerves 7-9 pairs, remote, ascending at a wide angle;
receptacles sessile or nearly so, globose, 1.5-2.5 cm. in diameter or
even larger, densely velutinous-pubescent, the large ostiole promi-
308 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
nent; involucre at first enclosing the young fruit, in age sometimes
2 cm. long, sericeous-puberulent.
Libertad: Below Hacienda Membrillal, 1,400 meters, Weberbaucr
6984- Ecuador, Venezuela, and the West Indies.
Ficus Weberbaueri Standl., sp. nov.
Ramuli crassi ochracei sparse strigosi densiuscule foliati, inter-
nodiis brevibus; stipulae triangulares attenuato-acuminatae 5-6 mm.
longae extus dorso strigosae; folia inter minora coriacea petiolata,
petiolo 10-17 mm. longo gracili sparse strigoso; lamina elliptico-
oblonga 6-10 cm. longa 2.5-4.5 cm. lata acuta vel subacuta, basi
paullo angustata obtusa, glabra vel glabrata, in sicco brunnescens,
costa supra elevata, nervis non elevatis, costa subtus elevata gracili,
nervis lateralibus utroque latere 8-10 arete elevatis fere rectis valde
obliquis angulo fere semirecto adscendentibus juxta marginem
arcuato-conjunctis; receptacula sessilia geminata parva globosa
glabra 5 mm. tan turn diam., ostiolo depresso, involucro bilobo extus
sparse strigoso, lobis late rotundatis vix 2 mm. longis.
Cuzco: Casnipata, Prov. Paucartambo, 700-800 meters, Weber-
bauer 6954 (Herb. Field Mus. No. 628,234, type). Loreto: Iquitos,
125 meters, Williams 8138. "Renaco."
6. TROPHIS L.
Similar to Chlorophora but the pistillate flowers borne in short,
dense racemes, tubular and 4-dentate. Fruit globose, scantily fleshy,
edible.
Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 195. 1905.
Bucephalon racemosum L. Sp. PI. 1190. 1753.
Leaves oblong-elliptic, 8-10 cm. long, entire; staminate aments
5-10 cm. long, the pistillate about 1 cm. long. The Peruvian tree,
sometimes 10-15 meters high, may have serrulate leaves, var. meri-
dionalis (Bur.) Macbr., comb. nov. (T. americana L. var. meri-
dionalis Bur. in DC. Prodr. 17: 253. 1873). The leaves and branch-
lets of the species are said to serve as a nutritious cattle food
(Standley). Illustrated, Fawc. & Rendle, Fl. Jam. 3, pt. 1: 41.
San Martin: Juanjui, 400 meters, in forest, Klug 3794. Tarapoto,
Spruce 4521 (the var.); Williams 6573, 6542. Loreto: Mouth of
Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4083. Yurimaguas, 135 meters, in forest,
Killip & Smith 27685. Puerto Arturo, 200 meters, in forest, Williams
5243 (narrow-leaved form). Florida, 200 meters, Klug 2079. Near
mouth of Rio Tigre, 115 meters, Killip & Smith 27531. Caballo-
FLORA OF PERU 309
cocha, in forest, Williams 2086. Rio Masana, Williams 201. Sole-
dad, 110 meters, Killip & Smith 29576. Huallaga, Yurimaguas, 200
meters, Williams 4658. Above Pongo de Manseriche, 210 meters,
Mexia 6303, 6262. Ranging to Mexico and the West Indies. "Cu-
chara-caspi, ' ' ' 'uspai-manchinga. ' '
7. MORUS L. Mulberry
Reference: Bureau in DC. Prodr. 17: 237-249. 1873.
Flowers green, monoecious, each kind in separate aments. Seeds
included in the succulent fruiting perianths which, borne densely
in spikes, form the well known mulberry or "mora," M. nigra L.
or M. alba L., both of which, Asiatic in origin, are sometimes culti-
vated in Peru. In addition, according to Bureau, there are the two
following American species. Perhaps Herrera's reference in Contr.
Fl. Dep. Cuzco, ed. 2. 65. 1921, to M. nigra as "growing wild in
abundance in the Province of Convencion, from Huiro to Echarati,"
should apply rather to one of the following.
Morus celtidifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 33. 1817; 246.
Branches and branchlets slender, glabrous or somewhat pubes-
cent; leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, acuminate, sca-
brous above, hirtellous on the nerves beneath; stipules 1-10 mm.
long; spikes laxly flowered, both the staminate and pistillate peduncu-
late, the peduncle at least 5 mm. long. A tree to 9 meters tall, the
wood valued in Ecuador for building purposes. Illustrated, Sarg.
Man. Trees N. Amer. 305.
Peru: (Mathews). Extending north to Mexico.
Morus insignis Bureau in DC. Prodr. 17: 247. 1873.
Branchlets at first whitish-tomentose, the branches glabrous,
flexuous; leaves broadly ovate, unequal at the subcordate base,
acuminate, very scabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath,
densely so in youth; stipules 2 cm. long; staminate spikes 4-8 cm.
long, the peduncles 3-4 mm. long; fruiting spikes often greatly elon-
gate, subsessile.
Peru: Ruiz & Pavon. Colombia; Costa Rica.
8. CHLOROPHORA Gaud. Fustic
Small trees or shrubs, variable vegetatively, spiny to unarmed,
with entire to coarsely serrate or 3-lobed leaves, glabrate or hirtellous,
but distinctive by its unisexual inflorescences, the staminate ament-
like spikes or sometimes globose heads, the pistillate globose heads;
310 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
fruit many-seeded and semifleshy. Perianth 4-parted, that of the
pistillate flower cupulate, thickened at the apex.
Branches armed with stout, recurved spines; staminate flowers
capitate C. brasiliensis.
Branches unarmed or with straight spines; staminate flowers in
slender aments C. tinctoria.
Chlorophora brasiliensis (Mart.) Standl., comb. nov. Brous-
sonetia brasiliensis Mart. Flora 24: Beibl. 10. 1841. Madura bra-
siliensis Endl. Gen. Suppl. 4: 34. 1847.
A shrub or small tree, almost glabrous, the branches armed with
numerous long, abruptly recurved spines; leaves slender-petiolate,
elliptic or broadly ovate, abruptly short-acuminate, obtuse at the
base, thin, glabrous, entire or nearly so; staminate heads 5-6 mm.
in diameter. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 54.
San Martin: Juan Guerra, 720 meters, Williams 6855. Brazil.
Described by the collector as a vine. The generic position of the
plant is somewhat doubtful but for the present, at least, it may be
placed in Chlorophora.
Chlorophora tinctoria (L.) Gaud. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 508. 1826.
Morus tinctoria L. Sp. PI. 986. 1753. Madura affinis Miq. in Mart.
Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 155. 1853. Madura tinctoria (L.) D. Don, var.
affinis (Miq.) Bureau in DC. Prodr. 17: 230. 1873; var. chlorocarpa
Bureau, op. cit. 229.
Leaves varying from lanceolate to elliptic, usually about 10 cm.
long and several cm. wide, entire or serrate, on petioles 1 cm. long;
staminate aments 3 to several cm. long, pedunculate as also the
globose pistillate heads.- This tree is well known as the source of
fustic dye-wood, furnishing the olive-drab of khaki and other tones
in greens, browns, and yellows. Its light yellow wood, close-grained,
durable and taking a high polish, is used in the manufacture of
furniture, wheels, etc., in some parts of its range. Variable in leaf
form. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: pi. 51, 52.
Amazonas (?): (Mathews 1981}. Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2384.
Without locality, Ruiz & Pavon; (Mathews). Loreto: Rio Ucayali,
Tessmann 3366. Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 8040, 8050, 7217.
Rio Nanay, Williams 501, 672. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2441.
Parana-pura, 200 meters, Williams 2441. San Martin: Pongo de
Cainarachi, 230 meters, Klug 2607. Tarapoto, 750 meters, Williams
5435. Rio Mayo, in forest, Williams 6254. Brazil to Mexico and
the West Indies. "Insira," "insira caspi," "limulana."
FLORA OF PERU 311
9. SOROCEA St. Hil.
Small trees with subentire or spinulose-toothed leaves and laxly
flowered, unisexual racemes or spikes. Staminate perianth present,
4-parted. Otherwise very similar to Clarisia.
Leaves spinulose-dentate S. ilicifolia.
Leaves, if toothed, repandly and bluntly.
Branchlets puberulent or glabrous.
Petioles 8-10 mm. long, or longer.
Leaves bluntly toothed; pedicels 5 mm. long, or longer.
S. Briquetii.
Leaves entire or repandly toothed ; pedicels very short.
Leaves elliptic-obovate, to nearly 10 cm. wide or smaller.
S. Ulei.
Leaves elliptic-oblong, to 6 cm. wide or smaller. .S. opima.
Petioles 2-5 mm. long.
Leaves glabrous S. muriculata.
Leaves finely pubescent beneath S. Sprucei.
Branchlets and especially the leaves beneath hirtellous . . S. hirtella.
Sorocea Briquetii Macbr. Candollea 4: 311. 1931.
Glabrous except for a minute puberulence on the pistillate
peduncle and pedicels; leaves firm-membranaceous, ovate-oblong-
lanceolate, acute at the base, obtusely acuminate, mostly 10 cm. long
and 3.5 cm. wide, irregularly serrate, especially above the middle,
lustrous above and rather prominently net-veined, paler beneath,
the about 10 principal lateral nerves arcuately joined before the
margin; peduncle 5-7 mm. long; pedicels to 10 mm. long; fruit sub-
globose, 5 mm. thick; stigmas apparently acute. Neg. 11637.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4220, type. Rumizapa, 800
meters, Williams 6803.
Sorocea hirtella Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 183.
1927.
Young branchlets and leaf nerves beneath short-hirsute with
spreading hairs; petioles 1 cm. long; leaves often slightly unequal
at the rounded base, long-acuminate, mostly 10-13 cm. long and
6 cm. wide, glabrous above, the lateral nerves 10-12; rachis and
peltate bracts hirtellous; perianth segments glabrate, to 2.5 mm.
long and nearly 2 mm. broad. A tree of 13 meters growing in upland
woods, the trunk 21 cm. in diameter. Probably here belongs a Ruiz
312 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
and Pavon fruiting collection in Herb. Boissier with original label
"Clarisia gen. nov.," on the basis of which the name Clarisia nitida
(Allem.) Macbr. was proposed (see Clarisia racemosa). Its largest
elliptic-acuminate leaves are over 20 cm. long, and 10-12 cm. wide.
The axillary fruiting spikes are minutely pilose, 2-4 cm. long, the
sessile, crowded, puberulent, globose fruits 5-6 mm. in diameter.
Neg. 11640.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, 160 meters, Tessmann 4016,
type. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, King 739. Caballo-cocha,
Williams 2092. Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon (?).
Sorocea ilicifolia Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 114. 1853.
Distinctive because of the spinulose leaf serration; a glabrous
shrub or small tree with oblong-elliptic or broadly elliptic, sharply
acuminate leaves on petioles 1 cm. long or often shorter and with
racemes 4-6 cm. long. S. Klotzschiana Baill. (S. castaneifolia Huber,
Bol. Mus. Goeldi 5: 333. 1909) of the Amazon is not obviously
different. Neg. 18810.
Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer 1858. Brazil.
Sorocea muriculata Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 113. pi.
34. 1853.
A densely leafy, slender, often flexuously branched shrub or
small tree, the young branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences puberu-
lent; leaves thin, oblong-elliptic, bluntly caudate-acuminate, acute
at the base, mostly 8-10 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, paler and reticulate
beneath; staminate spikes to 4 cm. long, the shorter pistillate ones
often fasciculate; stigmas obtuse; fruit muricate-scabrous, thick-
pediceled. S. Steinbachii Mildbr., with mostly broader leaves, some
with a tooth or two, might be sought here. Its fruits are mostly
sessile. S. amazonica (Mart.) Miq. is scarcely distinguishable from
S. muriculata except by its acute stigmas and smooth fruits.
San Martin: Near Moyobamba, Klug 3566 (probably, in flower).
Loreto: Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 8010. Mishuyacu, 100
meters, Klug 153. Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4059, 4111
(det. Mildbraed), 5251.
Sorocea opima Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 64. 1931.
A shrub with sparsely puberulent branchlets, densely puberulent
pistillate racemes, and glabrous leaves; petioles 8 mm. long; leaves
chartaceous, gray-green, subopaque, rather obscurely veined above,
conspicuously reticulate beneath, the primary lateral nerves 10-12,
FLORA OF PERU 313
subrotund to the acutish or obtuse base, caudate-acuminate, the
apex very broad (about 5 mm. at the middle) and up to 2 cm. long,
entire or undulate-margined, the largest to 20, the smallest 10 cm.
long; racemes extra-axillary, in fruit to 5 cm. long; fruit sessile or
subsessile on the strongly thickened rachis, finally glabrous, 1.5 cm.
long and 1 cm. thick, distinctly beaked.
Loreto: Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2357, type. San
Martin: Zepelacio 1,200-1,600 meters, mountain forest, Klug 3566.
Sorocea Sprucei (Baill.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 16. 1931.
Pseudosorocea Sprucei Baill. Adansonia 11: 296. 1875.
Apparently glabrous but under a lens the branchlet tips, petioles,
and leaf nerves beneath more or less puberulent; branchlets short
and stiff; petioles scarcely 5 mm. long; leaves subcoriaceous, lustrous
above, paler beneath, mostly about 8 cm. long and 3 cm. wide, short-
acuminate, entire; staminate spikes subsessile, 1-2 cm. long, the
flowers about 2 cm. wide, minutely pubescent; pistillate inflorescence
unknown. Described as entirely glabrous.
San Martin: Near Tarapoto, Spruce 4483, type.
Sorocea Ulei Warb. ex Ule, Bot. Jahrb. 40: 141. 1907, nomen.
Glabrous, with thin, green or grayish leaves, all entire or more
usually somewhat repand-toothed, elliptic-obovate, to 20 cm. long
and nearly half as broad but mostly smaller, rather abruptly caudate,
acuminate, the obtuse point about 1 cm. long, subobliquely and little
narrowed, or even subrotund, to the acutish base; petioles to 1.5 cm.
long, somewhat hirsutulous; petals glabrous, about 1 cm. long.
Described from Ule 5871, from Brazil. S. Steinbachii Mildbr. is appar-
ently similar but its leaves are more nearly entire, much more
cuneate below, and on usually shorter petioles. Neg. 25563.
Loreto: Rio Ucayali, Ule. Cultivated, from the Ucayali, Ducke
17044; Huber 6977. Brazil.
10. CLARISIA R. & P.
Reference: Lanjouw, Recueil Trav. Bot. Ne"erl. 33: 254-276. 1936.
Trees or shrubs with alternate, bistipulate, petiolate, entire or
dentate leaves. Flowers dioecious. Staminate spikes peduncled,
axillary or in short racemes. Perianth none, the 1-staminate flowers
intermixed with usually peltate bractlets. Pistillate flowers racemose
or 1-several in small heads, the ovoid perianth adnate to the inferior
or semi-inferior ovary. Style short, the exserted stigmas short or
314 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
long. Tall, thick- trunked trees, the wood valuable. On incision,
the trunk yields abundantly a white resin that in the air is brownish
and somewhat elastic; it is excellent for water-proofing, and the
Indians cover their blow guns, etc., with it (Ruiz & Pavon).
Leaves 2-4 cm. wide, abruptly short-acuminate C. racemosa.
Leaves 5-7 cm. wide, long caudate-acuminate C. biflora.
Clarisia biflora R. & P. Syst. 255. 1798.
A tree with numerous short, very leafy branchlets; petioles sul-
cate above, minutely appressed-pubescent; leaves oblong-obovate
to obovate, rounded at the base, abruptly long-cuspidate, the acumen
nearly 1.5 cm. long, 5-7 cm. wide, the blades 10-15 cm. long or longer,
chartaceous, conspicuously reticulate and laterally nerved beneath,
somewhat lustrous above, paler or often reddish brown beneath;
stipitate pistillate flowers apparently binate at the base of the
petiole; pedicels 2-3 mm. long, in fruit thick, 7 mm. long; perianth
4-bracted, 1 bract smaller than the others, suborbicular, subpeltate,
fimbriate; perianth subglobose, about 5 mm. in diameter, the apical
opening with a short, cylindric, irregularly lobed collar; styles 7
mm. long; fruit globose, 2 cm. in diameter. Neg. 29482.
Huanuco: Cochero, Chinchao, Posuso, Pillao, Chacahuasi, Ruiz
& Pavdn. San Martin: Zepelacio, 1,100 meters, in forest, Klug
3698; a tree of 15 meters. Without locality: Weberbauer 7057.
"Yasmich," "piamich."
Clarisia racemosa R. & P. Syst. 255. 1798. Soaresia nitida
Allem. Arch. Palestr. Scien. Rio Jan. 1 : 142. 1858. C. nitida Macbr.
Field Mus. Bot. 11:15. 1931.
A tree to 30 meters, the ultimate branches numerous, slender;
petioles glabrous or sparsely puberulous, 4-15 mm. long; leaves
oblong-elliptic, rounded at the base, abruptly and obtusely acumi-
nate, the acumen about 5 mm. long, lustrous above, olivaceous and
paler beneath, the about 16 lateral nerves scarcely more prominent
than the reticulate veins; staminate aments usually several in 1-2
axillary, racemosely arranged inflorescences, the common peduncle
pubescent, 2-4 cm. long; spike peduncle 3 mm. long, the spikes 2-6
cm. long, linear-cylindric; stamens intermixed with variously shaped
bracts, these sometimes coherent basally as a pseudoperianth, the
rows of stamens bordered by subpeltate bractlets; pistillate flowers
in racemiform panicles, often 2-3 in the leaf axils, the rachis pilose,
5-10 cm. long; pedicels 5-10 mm. long, densely pubescent; perianth
FLORA OF PERU 315
subtended by 4 broad, membranous-edged bracts, dentate and
pubescent; perianth cupulate, glabrous except at the thin, obscurely
lobed opening; stigmas 4-5 mm. long; fruit to 22 mm. long, 16 mm.
broad, woody, the bracts persisting. C. ilicifolia (Spreng.) Lanj.
& Rossb., with acute-based, remotely dentate leaves, and C. Spruceana
Lanj., with congested staminate spikes, the pubescence of the pedun-
cles reflexed and uncinate, may be expected in Amazonian Peru. Ruiz
and Pavon found the very durable and highly desirable wood already
known and appreciated, describing the cortex as blood-red, the roots
so red that they appeared to have bled. Ducke has observed that
the leaves vary in size and acumination. He has described the bark
as brown, verrucose, intensely red within as also the branchlets, the
wood as yellow, finally becoming brown-yellow, the grain fine. Ruiz
and Pavon recorded the vernacular name as "tulpay," Tessmann as
"mashonasti," but the usual Brazilian term is "guariuba." Illus-
trated, Allem. op. cit. Neg. 29483.
Huanuco: Chinchao, Posuso, Ruiz & Pavon. Pampayacu, Poep-
pig. Cochero, Poeppig 1087. Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer 1885,
1912. Loreto: Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 5433 (det. Mildbraed).
La Victoria, Williams 3097, 2684. Rio Acre: Ule 9317. Cultivated
from the Ucayali (Ducke; Huber 6977). Brazil. "Capinuri."
11. ANONOCARPUS Ducke
A dioecious tree, the staminate flowers in long spikes, the pistillate
in elliptic heads forming at maturity a fleshy, subglobose, anona-like
fruit. Staminate perianth 2-4-parted. Pistillate perianth fleshy,
strongly compressed, obliquely tubular, the truncate apex with an
elongate cleft from which are exserted the 2 subsessile stigmas.
Anonocarpus amazonicus Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan.
3: 39. 1922.
A tree, the youngest branchlets and petioles somewhat puberu-
lent, as also the leaf nerves beneath; petioles to 1 cm. long; leaves
obovate-oblong, commonly 10-15 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, charta-
ceous; staminate spikes about 1 cm. long or shorter, the white-puberu-
lent peduncles 1 cm. long; perianth and bractlets ciliate, about 1.5
mm. long; pistillate peduncle stout, about 1 cm. long, pubescent like
the head, the latter to 5 cm. long and 4 cm. thick. Neg. 11628.
Loreto: Puerto Arturo, Yurimaguas, 200 meters, in forest,
Williams 5334. Amazonian Brazil. "Mashunaste."
316 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
12. BROSIMUM Sw.
Reference: Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 3: 29-30. 1922.
Shrubs or trees, marked among the Peruvian genera by the
globose receptacles that are composed of numerous crowded, round-
ish, thin-edged bractlets intermixed with the sometimes exserted
stamens, and contain one or more deeply imbedded pistillate flowers.
Brosimopsis S. Moore is similar in aspect but the receptacles are
completely staminate or pistillate, the latter containing several
flowers; it is allied to Olmedia. There are a number of Amazonian
species, mostly very well marked in contrast to the Peruvian one,
which seem, except B. echinocarpum, to center around B. guianense
(Aubl.) Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 5: 337. 1909, cf. Ducke. Apparently
nearest ours is B. Lecointei (B. Le Cointei) Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot.
Rio Jan. 3: 28. 1922, "aita." It has the small leaves ofB.Tess-
mannii, but they are bluntly short-acuminate. Its heartwood is
white, finally brownish rose instead of reddish purple as that of
typical B. guianense ("bois de lettre" or "nuirapinima"), to which
B. Aubletii has been referred. The former, however, has thicker,
scarcely (and obtusely) pointed leaves. B. discolor Schott has, appar-
ently, no clear difference, but the wood appears to be unknown.
From herbarium material and descriptions it seems probable that our
Brosimums, as here named, are distinct from B. guianense, to which
Poeppig, Miquel, and Huber referred them, unless, in fact, there is
but one variable specific entity, as Ducke suggests, for this particular
group. He has transferred all the Brazilian species to the earlier
name Piratinera Aubl., but Brosimum Sw. was already conserved.
Pittier, however (Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 99. 1918), retains the
Aublet name for those species with 2 or more pistillate flowers, the
staminate being provided with a perianth, a logical segregation in
view of the acceptance of the presence or absence of a perianth as
indicating generic demarcation elsewhere in the family. Ducke
with reason rejects the character in this instance, although accepting
it elsewhere.
Leaves faintly and remotely serrate, the largest 7 cm. wide.
B. echinocarpum.
Leaves entire.
Leaves pubescent beneath.
Leaves obtusely acuminate, about 3 cm. wide. . . .B. Aubletii.
Leaves acutely acuminate, usually 1.5-2.5 cm. wide.
B. Tessmannii.
FLORA OF PERU 317
Leaves glabrous beneath.
Leaves mostly 5-6.5 cm. wide, pale when dried, oval-elliptic,
gradually acuminate B. Uleanum.
Leaves mostly 3-4 cm. wide, brownish when dried, oblong-oval,
abruptly caudate-acuminate B. paraense.
Brosimum Aubletii P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 34. 1838. B.
guianense (Aubl.) Huber, as to synonymy only.
A small tree (as known) with many oblong-obovate, obtusely and
shortly acuminate leaves mostly about 7 cm. long, lustrous above,
grayish-puberulent beneath; staminate flowers unknown; pistillate
peduncle nodding, only equaling the short petiole; bractlets thin at
the margins; flowers 2 (always); fruit red, succulent, edible, the 2
seeds globose, smooth. Neg. 11654.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 24-13. Guianas.
Brosimum echinocarpum P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 34. pi.
148. 1838.
A shrub or tree with oblong-ovate leaves, subcuneate at the base
and rather gradually long caudate-acuminate, distinctly but remotely
serrate, thin, glabrous, to 15 cm. long and 7 cm. wide; heads axillary,
peduncled, the pistillate rigidly setose, the pubescent setae 4-5 mm.
long; fruit tuberculate-asperous, orange. Neg. 11656.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2255, type.
Brosimum paraense Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 6: 67. 1910.
A large tree, glabrous throughout; stipules very narrow, elongate,
as much as 1.5 cm. long, brown; petioles short, the blades mostly
oblong-elliptic and 4.5-10 cm. long, coriaceous, usually lustrous,
the numerous lateral nerves diverging at a wide angle; fruiting heads
about 12 mm. in diameter, short-stalked. Neg. 11662.
Loreto: Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2252. Forest near
Kokamas, Rio Nanay, Williams 725. Forest between Rio Nanay
and Rio Napo, Williams 683. Encanto, Fox 93. Amazonian Brazil
and the Guianas. "Palo de sangre."
There is some doubt regarding the proper determination of the
Peruvian tree, but the specimens agree rather well with authentic
material of B. paraense, and are probably conspecific. The tree
furnishes a valuable timber, used for furniture and other purposes.
Brosimum Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
10: 190. 1927.
318 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Much \ikeB. discolor, according to the author, but the papery
leaves (mostly 6 cm. long) gradually long-acuminate, the lateral
nerves about 10; staminate receptacle borne on a slender peduncle
1 cm. long, subglobose, the yellow, peltate bracts numerous above,
few below. A tree 25 meters high, the trunk diameter 55 cm., the
branches much branched. A "magic tree," eaten by the magicians
(Tessmann). Neg. 11667.
Loreto: Middle Rio Ucayali, 155 meters, Tessmann 3268, type.
Puerto Mele"ndez, Tessmann 4860. "Waira caspi."
Brosimum Uleanum Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
191. 1927.
Glabrous except for the very minutely puberulent young branch-
lets, stipules, petioles (5 mm. long), peduncles (scarcely 1 cm.),
and tips of the 2 large bracts; leaves usually oval-elliptic, obtuse
at the base, short-acuminate, about 8 cm. long and 4-6.5 cm. wide,
the 16 lateral nerves prominent beneath; receptacles green, sub-
globose, mostly staminate, 1 cm. broad, a few of the peltate bracts
1 mm. wide; stamens numerous, exserted, to over 2 mm. long;
style branches puberulent, nearly 2 cm. long. A tree 40 meters
high with a trunk diameter of 1.25 meters. In upland forest. Neg.
11688.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4523, type. Rio
Acre: Ule 9324.
13. OGCODEIA Bureau
Acanthosphaera Warb. Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 150. pi. 2.
1907.
Pistillate receptacles more or less "spiny" in appearance by the
accrescence of the subulate bracteoles; staminate receptacles with
broad, seriately arranged bracts. Branchlets usually conspicuously
provided with large, stiff stipules. See Mildbraed, Notizbl. Bot.
Gart. Berlin 10: 186. 1927; 11: 418. 1932, for a redefinition of
the genus and its relationship with Naucleopsis macrophylla Miq.,
which apparently is unknown from Peru unless 0. Ulei is a synonym
(cf. Ducke, Arch. Inst. Biol. Veg. 2: 30. 1935). It is not clear to
me that Ogcodeia is soundly separated; there is too much stress
placed perhaps on presence or absence of perianth in one sort of
flower and in bract development, especially when the bracteoles
here as elsewhere, or the perianth segments when completely divided,
may separate the flowers indiscriminately, thus morphologically
serving the same purpose. Besides the following there is 0. amara
FLORA OF PERU 319
Ducke with leaves 5-10 cm. broad, the lateral nerves 15-18, and the
bractlets of the mature receptacle aculeate-linear and 3-5 cm. long.
It has a very little latex, and is used as a remedy for fevers under the
names "quina" or "balsamo," terms applied also to Quassia amara
and Myroxylon peruiferum respectively (Ducke). Another Amazo-
nian species has been indicated, 0. caloneura (Huber) Macbr. It
suggests 0. Tessmannii, but the young parts and the bracts are
puberulent-tomentulose.
Leaves mostly 3-6.5 cm. wide, with 15-20 lateral nerves.
Petioles rarely 1 cm. long; nerves rather inconspicuous beneath.
Leaves cuneate at the base, 3-4 cm. wide. .O.ternstroemiiflora.
Leaves rounded at the base, 5-6 cm. wide 0. Tamamuri.
Petioles often longer; nerves conspicuous beneath.
Leaves rarely 5 cm. wide, the acumen often 2 cm. long.
0. Tessmannii.
Leaves often 6-7 cm. wide, the acumen rarely 1.5 cm. long.
0. glabra.
Leaves mostly 8-12 cm. wide, the lateral nerves 25-30. . . .0. Ulei.
Ogcodeia glabra (Spruce) Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
11: 418. 1932. Naucleopsis glabra Spruce in herb.
Branchlets and leaves glabrous, the latter coriaceous, with a very
prominent costa beneath; lateral nerves 12-14, the veins reticulate;
petioles 2-2.5 cm. long; leaf blades 4-6 cm. wide, about 15 cm. long,
the acumen 1 cm. long; pistillate inflorescence 2 cm. wide; bracts
recurving, oblong-lanceolate, acutish, very minutely puberulent,
nearly 1.5 cm. long, or the innermost longer; perianth segments
puberulent, linear-clavate, 5 mm. long; style 2 mm. long, the
branches twice as long. Description of pistillate inflorescence from
the following collection, from a tree of 6 meters with brownish
yellow flowers. Neg. 11649.
Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 257.
Amazonian Brazil.
Ogcodeia Tamamuri Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 64. 1931.
Similar to 0. ternstroemiiflora, but the leaves often 16-17 cm.
long and 5-6 cm. wide, and the staminate receptacles geminate.
0. caloneura (Huber) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 17. 1931, if sought
here, is distinguishable by its rusty-tomentulose branchlets.
Loreto: Timbuchi on the Rio Nanay, in forest, Williams 992,
type. "Tamamuri."
320 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Ogcodeia ternstroemiiflora Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
10: 188. 1927.
Youngest branchlets minutely puberulent; leaves oblongish, cune-
ate at the base, with an acumen 1-1.5 cm. long, with this mostly
12-13 cm. long and 3-4 cm. wide, drying pale brown beneath,
densely but not conspicuously reticulate- veined ; staminate receptacles
axillary, to 4-fasciculate, on peduncles 5 mm. long, the spiraled
bracts about 9, puberulent, oval to orbicular, 5 mm. long; bractlets
1-1.5 mm. long, 0.75 mm. broad, the blade plicate; filaments 1.5 mm.
long, the anthers scarcely 1 mm. long. A small tree, to 5 meters
high, or larger, the trunk 20 cm. thick; inflorescences greenish or
white or dirty white. Fruit eaten. In upland areas (Tessmann}.
Neg. 11650.
Loreto: Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 5467, 3228. Iquitos, Tessmann
5358. Rio Maranon near mouth of Rio Tigre, 115 meters, Killip
& Smith 27525. San Antonio, 110 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith
29305. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, King 1131. Soledad, Killip &
Smith 29810. "Lana." Amazonian Brazil.
Ogcodeia Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
189. 1927; 11: 420. 1932.
Similar to 0. ternstroemiiflora but quite glabrous; leaves thinner,
with large, conspicuous nerves and veins beneath and glabrous bracts
about 7 mm. long; pistillate heads nearly 2.5 cm. wide; bracts and
bractlets very minutely puberulent, the larger inner bracts triangular-
ovate, acuminate, about 1 cm. long, the perianth segments 4 mm.
long, rigid-aculeate; style base 2 mm. long, the branches 6 mm. long.
A tree about 8 meters high, the trunk diameter 8 cm.; bracts
yellowish. Neg. 11651.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4109, type. Alto
Rio Itaya, Williams 3511. "Naccho-huasu."
Ogcodeia Ulei (Warb.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 16. 1931.
Acanthosphaera Ulei Warb. Verh. Bot.Ver. Brandenb. 48: 150. pi. 2.
1907. Naucleopsis Ulei Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 3: 38.
1922.
A small to tall tree with conspicuous, persistent stipules 1.5-2.5
cm. long, acuminate from a broad base, and heavy, oblong-elliptic,
glabrous leaves on short, thick petioles 0.5-1.5 cm. long, the blades
with many (25-30) parallel lateral nerves and reticulate- veined,
especially beneath, several dm. long and 8-15 cm. wide; inflores-
cences axillary, sessile, the staminate 7 mm. long, 4 mm. broad;
FLORA OF PERU 321
stamens with their anthers and acute bractlets prominent, the
former 3 mm., the latter 2 mm. long; pistillate inflorescences 5 mm.
broad and long, the bractlets rounded at the tip, subasperous; style
2 mm. long, the branches longer; fruit globose, the aculeate bractlets
3.5 cm. broad, 3 cm. long, the bractlets themselves 8 mm. long and
2 wide. Mature fruit pale yellow, sweet, edible (Ducke). The
Killip and Smith numbers were determined by Smith as N. macro-
phylla, "probably identical with N. Ulei, the specific status of which
is doubtful."
Loreto: Iquitos, Ule 6257; (Ducke}. Yurimaguas, 200 meters,
Williams 5194; Killip & Smith 28179, 28244. San Antonio, 110
meters, Killip & Smith 29300. Amazonian Brazil.
14. PEREBEA Aubl.
Trees with usually thick leaves and unisexual, flattish to sub-
globose, many-flowered receptacles, the pistillate conspicuously
pedunculate. Staminate perianth 4-parted, the pistillate 4-toothed.
Ovary semi-inferior or completely free. Style very short, bidentate.
The rubber trees, Castillo,, to which one of the following species has
been referred, are very similar but the style is typically longer and
the stamens are mixed with scales. Filiform stigmas and elongate
bracts, the inner exceeding the perianth, are characters that serve
to distinguish Noyera. Olmedioperebea Ducke, to be expected,
differs in having only 1-4 pistillate flowers, these coalescent; the
staminate perianths, too, are very short. In all these characters,
other related plants considered, one may see degrees of development
rather than fundamental distinctions. Olmedia calophylla P. & E.,
which probably will be found, may well belong to Perebea (P. calo-
phylla Benth. & Hook.). It has heavy, callous-margined leaves,
obviously scabrous beneath. P. guianensis Aubl. has already been
found on the upper Amazon; its nearly glabrous, very large, and
thin leaves are somewhat serrate and its ovary is completely superior
(Ducke).
Leaves distinctly pseudopeltate P. pseudopeltata.
Leaves acute at base or merely subcordate.
Leaves 20 cm. long or longer.
Pubescence neither scabrous nor stellate; leaves subcordate or
emarginate at the base.
Leaves oblique at the base; stigmas Ungulate. P. Tessmannii.
Leaves not oblique; stigmas cushion-shaped P. australis.
322 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Pubescence of the leaves beneath scabrous or stellate-puberu-
lent; leaves rounded to an acute base.
Leaves scabrous beneath P. Chimiqua.
Leaves stellate-puberulent beneath P. Standleyi.
Leaves 10 cm. long or shorter P. elegans.
Perebea australis (Hemsl.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 17.
1931. Castillo, australis Hemsl. in Hook. Icon. IV. 7: pi. 2676. 1901.
Young branchlets and leaves silky-tomentose or the latter gla-
brous above and hirsute beneath mostly on the costa and lateral
nerves; petioles 1 cm. long; blades coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate,
30-40 cm. long and 10-20 cm. wide, slightly emarginate at the base,
abruptly acuminate; primary nerves 17-19, joined before the undu-
late margin, prominent only beneath; pistillate receptacles axillary,
solitary, on stipes 2-2.5 cm. long; bracts in several series, acuminate,
free or nearly so; perianth free(?), lobed, pubescent; style short,
thick, hairy, the stigmas cushion-like. Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat.
Herb. 13: 258-260. 1910, cites this species as the only Castilla with
cushion-shaped stigmas. The species, as apparently well illustrated,
seems to be a typical Perebea. Probably the well known name Cas-
tilla, later than Perebea, should be conserved to include the latter
group and several other segregates, as remarked elsewhere. "Com-
mon in woods," according to the collector, at 1,300-1,700 meters,
in January, 1866, but apparently never collected since and the
staminate flowers unknown.
Cuzco(?): Moro Zungo (Pearce). Junin: Near La Merced, 800-
1,300 meters, Killip & Smith 23877; a tree of 15-20 meters, the trunk
45 cm. in diameter.
Perebea Chimiqua Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 63. 1931.
Leaves distinctly although finely scabrous-puberulent beneath,
shortly caudate-acuminate, not at all cordate at the base, to 25 cm.
long and 12 cm. wide, often less than half as large, on petioles 1 cm.
long, thinnish; staminate receptacles 2-4 in the axils, short-peduncu-
late, 5 mm. wide; bracts broadly ovate, 1.5 mm. wide, scarcely acute,
strigose; perianth segments 4, little thickened at the apex; fila-
ments very short; anthers subrotund. Near P. guianensis Aubl.,
with leaves slightly cordate and nerves more or less hirsute.
Loreto: San Antonio, Alto Rio Itaya, 145 meters, Williams 3412,
type. "Chimiqua."
FLORA OF PERU 323
Perebea elegans Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 63. 1931.
A tree of 20 meters; young branchlets rusty- tomentulose; petioles
5-7 mm. long; leaves oblong-elliptic, slightly oblique at the acute
base, short-acuminate, to 5 cm. wide, slightly puberulent on the reticu-
late veins and nerves beneath, the latter about 12; staminate recep-
tacles in 3's (mostly), globose, 7 mm. thick, the peduncles nearly 5
mm. long; bracts scale-like; perianth segments 4 mm. long, strongly
fleshy-cucullate at the apex, puberulent; filaments 4, thick, 2 exserted.
Perhaps nearest P. laurifolia.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 603, type.
Perebea pseudopeltata Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
10: 184. 1927.
A tree, readily known by its foliage, the lobes, of its deeply cordate
leaves so closely investing the petiole apex that is sunken in the leaf
base that the leaves appear to be peltate; they are oval-oblong,
abruptly acuminate, about 50 cm. long and nearly 25 cm. wide,
glabrous above, but appressed setose-pilose and puberulent on the
obvious (20-23) lateral nerves and the finely reticulate venation
beneath; stipules densely long-silky-pubescent; staminate recep-
tacles 6-12-fasciculate on short branchlets, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide (young),
the many marginal bracts in 2-3 irregular series, about 2.5 mm. long,
the outer broader, fewer; perianth segments 4, widened and thickened
below the tip. Greenish yellow heads unpleasantly scented. A
tree about 15 meters high, branching at 8 meters, the trunk 22 cm.
in diameter. In upland woods. Neg. 11680.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, in upland forest, Tessmann 4552,
type.
Perebea Standleyi Macbr., sp. nov.
Arbor; ramulis junioribus pedunculisque fulvo-stellato-tomen-
tulosis; petiolis circa 6 mm. longis; foliis circa 30 cm. longis 12 cm.
latis, membranaceis, basi rotundato-acutis, apice ignoto, ubique
costa subtus excepta minute parceque stellato-puberulenta glabris,
nervis lateralibus circa 18 solum subtus cum venis reticulatis promi-
nulis; pedunculis circa 1 cm. longis; receptaculis 2 cm. crassis; fructi-
bus angulatis obovoideis 1 cm. longis, ad apicem exceptis glabris,
apice dense fulvo-stellato-tomentosis 7 mm. crassis.
A tree, the branchlet tips and peduncles rusty stellate-tomentu-
lose; petioles 6 mm. long; leaves nearly 30 cm. long, 12 cm. wide,
rounded to the acute base, the apex unknown, membranous, glabrous
324 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
except the minutely and sparsely stellate-puberulent costa beneath;
lateral nerves about 18, with the reticulate veins prominent only
beneath; peduncles 1 cm. long; fruiting receptacles 2 cm. thick, the
angled fruits obovoid, 1 cm. long, glabrous except at the 7 mm.
broad apex which is velvety rusty-tomentose.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 28340 (Herb. Field Mus.
No. 615,971, type).
Perebea Tessmannii Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
185. 1927.
A tree 25 meters tall, with few branches, the young ones chestnut-
colored and appressed-setulose; petioles to 12 mm. long; leaf blades
ovate or elliptic-ovate, 25-30 cm. long and usually 12-15 cm. wide,
more or less markedly oblique at the base, with an acute acumen as
much as 2.5 cm. long, at first somewhat appressed-setulose above,
beneath laxly sericeous-setulose on the costa and conspicuous (about
20) lateral nerves and veins; pistillate receptacle 1.5 cm. in diameter,
the squamate bracts passing from rotund-ovate to narrowly triangu-
lar; perianth urceolate, 5 mm. long, pubescent, the Ungulate stigma
1.5 mm. long, glabrous; staminate receptacles 3-5 in the axils, on
peduncles 1.5 cm. long, somewhat hispid-pilose, 8-12 mm. broad, the
bracts similar but fewer than in the pistillate; perianth segments
rounded at the tip, tomentose, 2 of them broader; filaments rigid,
connate at the base. Var. Ulei Mildbr. (Rio Acre) has smaller
leaves with 15-16 nerves, the midrib pubescence beneath spreading.
Trunk diameter to 31 cm.; branching at 12 meters. In upland
forests. The Klug specimen has leaves to 40 cm. long, distinctly
cordate at the base, the basal lobes overlapping, and suggests P.
pseudopeltata. Neg. 11681.
San Martin: Pongo de Cainarachi, Klug 2719 (det. Standley).
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4174, 4601. Rio Acre:
Ule 9325.
15. GASTILLA Cervantes
Reference: Pittier, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13: 247-279. 1910.
Very similar to Perebea, but the single Peruvian species distin-
guished by the short, harsh pubescence on the upper surface of at
least all but the oldest leaves. Ducke has remarked that the foliage
of P. guianensis, as yet not known from Peru, is, however, similar
to that of C. Ulei, and this similarity probably substantiates the
suggestion that the genera are not natural (see remarks under Pere-
FLORA OF PERU 325
bea}. In Central America the genus is a source of rubber. The
name has been written Castilloa.
Castilla Ulei Warb. Bot. Jahrb. 35: 674. 1905.
Branchlets more or less rusty-hispid, glabrous in age; petioles
5 mm. long; leaves oblong-elliptic, short-acuminate or apiculate,
10-25 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, appressed-tomentose beneath; fruit
solitary, axillary, subglobose, 2 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide, the 3-5
seeds 12 mm. long, 6 mm. wide. Illustrated, loc. cit.; Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 13: pi. 22.
Loreto: Pebas, Williams 1802. Rio Acre: Ule 9318. Brazil.
"Caucho negro," "caucho."
16. NOYERA Trecul
A tree with the foliage of the Peruvian species of Castilla, but the
interior bracts of both sorts of receptacles much longer than the
outer and the staminate receptacles long-peduncled. Style branches
(stigmas) long and slender.
Noyera mollis (Poepp.) Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 3:
37. 1922. Olmedia mollis Poepp. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 31. pi 144- 1838.
Branchlets hirsute; leaves subsessile, oblong, acute, about 20 cm.
long, 7 cm. wide, pustulate-setulose above, hirsute beneath; staminate
receptacles several, fasciculate, with linear interior bracts; perianth
3-4-parted; stamens 2-4; pistillate receptacles sessile, 8-12-flowered;
ovary semi-inferior. A tree as much as 20 meters high, with an
abundant, grayish yellow latex, the pale yellow wood worthless;
mature fruits greenish yellow, the drupes separating easily (Ducke).
At Obidos called "muiratinga da terra firma" (Ducke). Neg. 11687.
Loreto: Tessmann 5465 (det. Mildbraed). Amazonian Brazil.
"Caucho-rana."
17. PSEUDOLMEDIA Trecul
Small to large trees with smooth, puberulent, or sparsely hir-
tellous leaves and small, unisexual, bracteate receptacles, the pistil-
late 1 (-3) -flowered, and the bracts of these all tiny, those of the
staminate often elongate, at least the interior. Ovary adherent to
the perianth. Olmedioperebea Ducke is similar to this and Olmedia
but the pistillate flowers if more than 1 (1-4) are concrescent, the
stigmas are short and thick, and bracteoles are lacking in both sorts
of receptacles. It is nearly Perebea except for its few-flowered pistil-
late receptacles, and its existence suggests that Perebea must naturally
326 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
include all the Olmedieae, including Castilla, which well-known name
ought to be conserved for the genus, sens. lat. The latter, as well
denned by Pittier, illustrates the great variation in characters else-
where accepted as of generic import. There is no sound distinction
between these small groups. The recently redefined Ogcodeia may
have some merit as a segregate because of its exaggerated bracteole
development and divided perianths, but these are relative develop-
ments, as is illustrated in the case of the former by Perebea acantho-
gyne Ducke.
Petioles 2-5 mm. long; leaf areoles shallow.
Branchlets and leaves glabrous, the latter mostly 2-4 cm. wide.
Leaves thin, 2-3 cm. wide P. laevigata.
Leaves thick, mostly 4-4.5 cm. wide P. Mildbraedii.
Branchlets and leaves (5-10 cm. wide) somewhat pubescent, not
distinctly scabrous.
Pubescence of appressed puberulence P. macrophylla.
Pubescence sparse, hirtellous, evanescent P. laevis.
Branchlets and leaves distinctly scabrous P. scabra.
Petioles 8-10 mm. long; leaf areoles very deep P. multinervis.
Pseudolmedia laevigata Tre"cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 131.
1847.
Similar to P. laevis but glabrous and with thinnish, much smaller,
oblong-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate leaves with an acute, slightly
oblique base, 5-9 cm. long; lateral nerves 15-18, not prominent;
staminate receptacles sessile, 2-several, the roundish bracts appressed-
puberulent, with scarious, ciliate-subfimbriate margins. P. Huberi
Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 16. 1931 (P. obliqua [Huber] Ducke, not
[Karst.] Benth. & Hook.) has broader leaves, very oblique at the
rounded or truncate base.
Peru: (Pawn?}, Herb. Webb (type). Loreto: Iquitos, Ducke
751 3 (?). Without locality: Weberbauer 6965.
Pseudolmedia laevis (R. & P.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11:
16. 1931. Olmedia laevis R. & P. Syst. 258. 1798.
Young branchlets subcompressed, hirsute with spreading hairs,
the leaves beneath on the conspicuous lateral nerves (15-18) sparsely
so but subappressed or finally glabrous; leaves subcordate or rotund
at the base, gradually acuminate, rather thick, about 15 cm. long and
half as wide; pistillate receptacles sessile in the leaf axils, the bract-
FLORA OF PERU 327
lets strigose, the perianth densely soft-pubescent. Perhaps only a
single variable species is concerned with this, together with P.
laevigata and P. macrophylla. P. ferruginea (P. & E.) Tre'cul, to be
expected, is similar to P. laevis, but the branchlets are hirsute and
the leaves are very oblique at the base. The trunk of P. laevis on
incision yields abundantly a white latex which on exposure to the
air condenses into an elastic resin, reddish chestnut in color (Ruiz &
Pavon). Neg. 11670.
Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer 1899. Huanuco: Posuso region,
Ruiz & Pavon. San Martin: Juanjui, 400 meters, in forest, King
3819; a tree of 15 meters.
Pseudolmedia macrophylla Tre'cul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 132.
1847.
A tree or shrub with densely appressed-pubescent branchlets
(eventually glabrate) prominently marked by the stipular scars;
leaves oblong-elliptic, subrotund at the base, rather abruptly acumi-
nate, with a linear, obtuse tip, appressed-pubescent beneath on the
nerves, 15-20 cm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, the lateral nerves 17-18;
staminate receptacles geminate, 7-8 mm. broad, the roundish bracts
densely yellowish appressed-pubescent. Neg. 18815.
Peru: (Pavdn).
Pseudolmedia Mildbraedii Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 61.
1931.
A tree about 15 meters high, the staminate receptacles star-like,
the light yellow stamens and several narrow bracts spreading as
points; leaves 8-9 cm. long, the 15 lateral nerves conspicuous, as
also the reticulate venation above, not at all oblique at the acute
base, obtusely and broadly caudate at the apex or shortly obtuse-
acuminate; bracts thin but not scarious and obscurely ciliate on the
margins.
Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Klug
633, type.
Pseudolmedia multinervis Mildbr. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
10: 189. 1927.
A tree sometimes 60 meters high, with a trunk diameter of 1
meter, the densely leafy branchlets closely and persistently hirsute;
leaves ovate-oblong-lanceolate, mostly obliquely rounded at the
base, more or less gradually acuminate, usually 9-14 cm. long, 3-5
cm. wide, above glabrous except on the sunken costa, which is strongly
328 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
hirsute beneath, the 17-22 conspicuous nerves less so, the areoles
between the numerous veins deeply granulate-rugulose; staminate
receptacles 1-1.5 cm. wide, the principal bracts broadly triangular,
sericeous-pubescent, as also the tips of the (2-3 mm. long) spatulate
bractlets; anthers 1.5-2 mm. long, apiculate, glabrous. In upland
forest. Fruit eaten. Neg. 11671.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4697. Soledad, 110
meters, Killip & Smith 29809. Fortaleza, Lower Rio Huallaga,
Williams 4379. Rio Acre: Ule 9322. "Chimicua," "itauba amarilla."
Pseudolmedia scabra Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 62. 1931.
A tree of 4 meters, readily recognizable by the dense and fine but
"sticky," scabrous puberulence that covers the leaves on both sides;
leaves oblong-elliptic, equal and acute at the base, obtuse or nearly
so at the apex, finally 11 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide, paler beneath, the
9 lateral nerves and veins prominent; staminate receptacles axillary,
2-3, on peduncles 5-7 mm. long, globose, 5 mm. thick; bractlets
little thickened at the apex, 1 mm. long; filaments slender, nearly
1.5 mm. long, the anthers nearly 1 mm. long.
Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, King 384,
type.
18. OLMEDIA R. & P.
Very much like Pseudolmedia in aspect, but the staminate flowers
ebracteolate and the ovary free. 0. calophylla P. & E. (possibly a
Perebea) is well marked by its large, thick leaves, lustrous above,
opaque and scabrous beneath, and with a definite cartilaginous
margin.
Leaves glabrous, 1-2.5 cm. wide '. 0. angustifolia.
Leaves scabrous, at least beneath, mostly wider.
Leaves somewhat scabrous-pubescent, even above 0. aspera.
Leaves smooth above 0. Poeppigiana.
Olmedia angustifolia P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 30. pi. 143.
1838.
A small tree with slender, flexuous branchlets, the youngest
strigose-puberulent, and with numerous thin, oblong, entire (or
with 1 or 2 remote teeth toward the tip) leaves mostly 8-10 cm. long,
acute at the base, caudately acuminate, the tip often 1.5 cm. long;
receptacles with ovate-deltoid, sparsely strigillose bracts and many
silky-pubescent flowers.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2270, type.
FLORA OF PERU 329
Olmedia aspera R. & P. Syst. 257. 1798.
Very well marked by the extremely scabrous leaves and, to a
less extent, the younger branchlets; leaves thinnish, obscurely
and remotely toothed, often 15 cm. long and 4-6 cm. wide or larger;
staminate receptacles sessile or nearly so. A shrub or tree of 3-10
meters (Ule) . Incised, the trunk emits copiously a white latex similar
to that of Pseudolmedia laevis (Ruiz & Pavon). A large tree; the
inner bark, beaten and washed, used for making mats in which the
Indians carry their baggage on journeys, to serve them in place of
beds (Huber). Neg. 11674.
Huanuco: Posuso and Chinchao, Ruiz & Pavon. Cochero,
Poeppig 1267. Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, 5269; Weberbauer
1916, 1871; Killip & Smith 23464, 23816. Chanchamayo Valley,
1,500 meters, Schunke 273, 272. Colonia Perene*, 680 meters, Killip &
Smith 25057. Rio Paucartambo Valley, 700 meters, in forest, Killip
& Smith 25369. Colonia Perene, Weberbauer 91. San Martin:
Rio Chipurana, Huber 1548. San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams
7195, 7082. Tarapoto, 750 meters, Williams 6022, 6019, 6544.
Juanjui, 400 meters, in forest, Klug 3787. Without locality: Weber-
bauer 7059. Ecuador to Bolivia. "Llanchama," "minshi-pata."
Olmedia Poeppigiana Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 525. 1847.
Probably only a variety or form of the above. Of greater interest
is the related gigantic tree, 0. maxima Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio
Jan. 3: 32. pi. 3. 1922, "muiratinga" of the Amazon, with a yellowish
white wood, said to be valueless. Its rather abruptly acuminate
leaves are minutely pilose or glabrate beneath and the staminate
receptacles are pedunculate, with a few small, tomentulose bracts
at the base. Neg. 11677.
Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1267. Loreto: Puerto Mele"ndez,
Tessmann 3914-
19. HELICOSTYLIS Trecul
A tree similar to Perebea, but the stigmas long and slender and
somewhat contorted. The typical and Peruvian species is dis-
tinguishable, however, by the characteristic reddish brown tomentum
of the receptacles and growing parts, which is at least less markedly
present in other Moraceous genera.
Helicostylis tomentosa (P. & E.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot.
11: 16. 1931. Olmedia tomentosa P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 32.
pi. 145. 1838. H. Poeppigiana Trecul, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 8: 134. 1847.
330 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Typically a large tree, the petioles, leaves beneath (on the
prominent nerves and veins), peduncles, and receptacles reddish
velvety-pubescent; leaf blades oblong, acute at the base, acuminate,
glabrous above except on the 11-16 nerves, 8-18 cm. long, 4-6 cm.
broad; petioles 6-10 mm. long; staminate receptacles 3-10-fascicu-
late, the peduncles 5-13 mm. long; pistillate receptacles solitary,
globose. The Rivero plant is a variety with puberulent branchlets,
elliptic-oblong leaves subrotund at the base, abruptly acuminate,
glabrous above and shortly hirtellous or glabrate beneath, 12-25
cm. long, 5.5-9 cm. broad, on petioles 1.5 cm. long. The specimen
may be rather a Perebea.
Loreto: Florida, Rio Putumayo, 180 meters, in forest, a tree of
5 meters, King 2295(1}. Without locality: (Rivero]. Brazil;
British Guiana.
20. TRYMATOCOCCUS P. & E.
Reference: Lanjouw, Recueil Trav. Bot. Neerl. 32: 262-272. 1935.
Generally a small tree with oblongish, acuminate, undulate,
very shortly petioled leaves and solitary, short-pediceled, subglobose,
nodding receptacles. Pistillate flowers deeply immersed, the perianth
wanting, the staminate 3-lobed, with 3 stamens. Ducke has
recorded an abundant latex, which Poeppig did not find, perhaps
testing only young, fertile branches.
Trymatococcus amazonicus P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 30.
pi 142. 1838.
Leaves rigid, glabrous, or slightly lepidote above, to 15 cm. long
and 7 cm. broad, or often smaller, conspicuously yellowish net-
veined beneath; stamens included, the filaments coalescent below;
style exserted, bifid; fruit hard, 1-seeded, about 2 cm. thick. T.
turbinatus (Baill.) Ducke, Archiv. Jard. Bot. Rio Jan. 3: 73. 1922, has
tomentose branchlets and petioles and much larger (2.5-3 cm.
across in fruit) receptacles that are velvety-pubescent. The thickly
veined, obovate-elliptic leaves of T. paraensis Ducke, Archiv. Jard.
Bot. Rio Jan. 3: 22. 1922, are mostly smaller, being only 4-5 cm.
long and 3 cm. wide, and the latex is greenish.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 3895. Pongo de Cainarachi, 230
meters, Klug 2718. Loreto: Iquitos, Tessmann 5350, 5354 (det.
Mildbraed); (Ducke 7537); Killip & Smith 26997. Yurimaguas,
Poeppig 2630, type; at 135 meters, Killip & Smith 29052, 29114;
in forest, Williams 4525, 3875. Punchana, 120 meters, in forest,
FLORA OF PERU 331
Williams 3767. Pebas, Williams 1882. San Juan, Williams 3735.
La Victoria, edge of forest, Williams 2965. Brazil.
49. URTICACEAE. Nettle Family
By E. P. Killip
References: Weddell, Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 197-232. 1852; IV.
1: 173-212. 1854; Arch. Mus. Paris 9. 1856-1857; DC. Prodr. 16,
pt. 1: 32-235. 1869; Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 43-170. 1852-
1856; Killip, "Notes on Peruvian Urticaceae of the Marshall Field
Exploration," Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 48-56. 1925.
Monoecious or dioecious herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes armed
with stinging hairs and often bearing cystoliths; leaves simple,
alternate, with those of the adjacent nodes often unequal, or opposite,
with those of a pair often unequal, entire, toothed, or rarely lobed,
stipulate; flowers small, greenish or greenish white, in unisexual or
androgynous clusters, the perianth 2-5-lobed or parted, or sometimes
wanting; fruit an achene.
Leaves opposite, those of a pair often unequal; plants mostly herba-
ceous.
Plants armed with stinging hairs; perianth of pistillate flowers 4-
parted 1. Urtica.
Plants without stinging hairs; perianth of pistillate flowers 3-parted,
or tubular and 2-4-dentate.
Stigma short-penicillate; inflorescence paniculate, cymose, or
capituliform; plants usually herbaceous 2. Pilea.
Stigma filiform; flowers in sessile clusters in the leaf axils or in
spikes; plants woody 3. Boehmeria.
Leaves alternate.
Perianth of pistillate flowers none.
Flowers in axillary glomerules 4. Phenax.
Flowers in long, slender spikes 5. Myriocarpa.
Perianth of pistillate flowers present.
Plants woody.
Stigma sessile, penicillate; plants usually armed with stinging
hairs 6. Urera.
Stigma filiform; plants without stinging hairs.
Pistillate perianth strongly nerved ; achenes crustaceous, light
brown to white; leaves entire (toothed in one Peruvian
species), those of the adjacent nodes subequal.
7. Pouzolzia.
332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Pistillate perianth nerveless; leaves toothed, those of the
adjacent nodes often very unequal 3. Boehmeria.
Plants herbaceous.
Leaves toothed ; plants armed with stinging hairs; inflorescence
paniculate 8. Fleurya.
Leaves entire; plants unarmed; inflorescence glomerulate.
9. Parietaria.
1. URTICA L. Nettle
Annual or perennial herbs armed with stinging hairs; leaves
petiolate, toothed or incised; plants monoecious or dioecious, the
flowers in androgynous or unisexual clusters, axillary and subsessile,
or forming elongate spikes or panicles, 4-parted.
Leaves flabellate-incised, the segments lobed U. flabellata.
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, or cordate.
Inflorescences unisexual; leaves rufo-hirsutulous beneath.
U. Macbridei.
Inflorescences androgynous; leaves glabrous, or pilose or pilosulous
with pale hairs.
Achenes not more than 1 mm. long, very slightly flattened;
leaves thick, usually rugose-bullate U. echinata.
Achenes 1.2-2 mm. long, strongly flattened; leaves thin, flat.
Leaves incised-dentate; flowers in glomerules; plants annual.
U. urens.
Leaves coarsely dentate or serrate; flowers in glomerules or
elongate spikes; plants perennial U. magellanica.
Urtica echinata Benth. PI. Hartw. 252. 1846. U. andicola
Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 198. 1852.
An annual herb up to 40 cm. high, usually densely covered
throughout with stinging hairs; stem pilosulous; leaves ovate or
ovate-orbicular, 0.5-3 cm. long, coarsely dentate, acute, usually
rugose-bullate and pubescent beneath; flowers in sessile, androgyn-
ous clusters shorter than the petioles; achenes 0.8-1 mm. long,
apiculate, very slightly compressed.
Huanuco: Bafios, Wilkes Expedition. Junin: At 4,000 meters,
Mackenzie in 1924. Arequipa: Nevado de Chachani, 4,200 meters,
Pennell 13289. Tacna: Volcan Tacora, 4,000-4,500 meters, Weddell
4440 (type of U. andicola); Werdermann 1147. Cuzco: Cordilleras
del Pachatusan, 4,400 meters, Herrera 2578. Also in Ecuador and
Bolivia.
FLORA OF PERU 333
Urtica flabellata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 40. 1817.
An annual, branched from the base, sparingly bristly on the
stem, densely so on the foliage; leaves thick, flabellate-incised, with
the segments sub trilobate, rugose-bullate; panicles androgynous,
densely flowered, shorter than the petioles; achenes 1.5-2 mm. long,
acute, strongly flattened.
Huanuco: Pampas de Bombon, Ruiz & Pavon. Junin: Raimondi
1186. Huancayo, 3,400 meters, Killip & Smith 22118. Cuzco:
Paucartambo Valley, 3,600 meters, Herrera 2321. Puno: San
Antonio, Lechler 1802. Sandia, Weberbauer 969. Without locality:
Ruiz & Pavon; Gay 979. Also in southern Colombia, Ecuador, and
Bolivia.
Urtica Macbridei Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 49. 1925.
An erect herb, about 1.5 meters high, armed with a few weak
bristles; leaves sparse, cordate-ovate, 6-12 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide,
acuminate, crenate, densely hirsutulous on the nerves and veins
beneath; plants monoecious, the flower spikes unisexual, the stami-
nate spikes 12-15 cm. long, in the upper axils, the pistillate 3-3.5
cm. long, in the lower axils; achenes 1 mm. long.
Huanuco: Mufia, 2,400 meters, 4271 (type).
Urtica magellanica Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 223. 1816.
A perennial herb, up to 80 cm. high, the stem glabrous or pubes-
cent, sparingly or sometimes densely armed with bristles; leaves
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. wide, acuminate,
cordate or rounded at the base, coarsely serrate or dentate; flowers
in androgynous glomerules or slender spikes, the staminate flowers
about 2 mm. wide; achenes 1.2-1.5 mm. long, strongly compressed.
Cajamarca: Cutervo, Raimondi 4101. Tambillo, Raimondi
4340, 4392, 7053. Lima: Rio Blanco, 3,300 meters, Killip & Smith
21629. Huanuco: Llata, 2,100 meters, 2268. Junin: La Oroya,
Rose 1 8699. Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 3,000 meters, Cook & Gilbert
636, 798, 1204. Cuzco, Herrera 533, 679. Puno: Puno, Soukup
12. Dept. uncertain: San Damian, 2,400-3,000 meters, Hrdlicka
in 1913. Without locality: Gay 589, 2159. Also in Bolivia, Chile,
and Argentina. "Apiquisa," "eelula quisa," "quisa," "mula-quisa,"
"yana-quisa."
These specimens show much variation in the length of the
inflorescences, and perhaps more than a single species is represented.
U. ballotaefolia, a common plant of Colombia, is similar to U.
334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
magellanica, and some of the Peruvian material listed above has been
referred to it. Other specimens have been cited in literature as U.
bracteata Steud.
Urtica urens L. Sp. PI. 984. 1753.
An erect or ascending annual, 15-50 cm. high, with a simple or
few-branched stem; leaves crowded, oval, 2-5 cm. long, 0.6-3 cm.
wide, rarely larger, rounded or acute at the ends, incised-dentate;
panicles androgynous, subsessile, usually shorter than the petioles;
achenes 1.5-2 mm. long.
Lima: Matucana, 2,400 meters, 11 '4. Surco, 1,500 meters, Killip
& Smith 21534. Rio Blanco, 3,000-3,500 meters, Killip & Smith
21627, 21709. Junin: La Oroya, 3,650 meters, 974. Tarma, 3,100
meters, Killip & Smith 21781. Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 3,000 meters,
Cook & Gilbert 778, 788, 1202. Cuzco, Hen era 305. Without
locality: Humboldt & Bonpland; Lechler 1803; Savatier; Gay 2285.
Introduced from Europe and widely distributed in the New World.
"Quisa," "cohuiquisa," "ortiga menor."
2. PILEA Lindl.
Reference: Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 367-394. 1936.
Annual or perennial, monoecious or dioecious, usually succulent
herbs, sometimes suffrutescent; leaves opposite, entire or toothed,
trinerved or triplinerved, occasionally penninerved, those of a pair
sometimes unequal and dissimilar; flowers in clusters, rarely solitary,
forming dense heads, cymes, panicles, or umbels, which are andro-
gynous or unisexual; staminate flowers 4 (rarely 2-3)-parted, the
pistillate normally 3-parted, the segments unequal, the stigma short-
penicillate, sessile; achenes compressed.
Leaves all entire, usually less than 1 cm. long.
Leaves faintly 1-nerved.
Cymes sessile or subsessile; leaves, at least the larger one of a
pair, obovate or oblong, cuneate.
Cystoliths not elevated, very faint on under surface of the
leaves; plant suberect, up to 30 cm. high . . P. microphylla.
Cystoliths strongly elevated on both surfaces of the leaves;
plant lax, the branches 50 cm. or more long . . P. foliosa.
Cymes pedunculate; leaves nearly globular, appearing orbicular
when dry P. serpyllacea.
Leaves trinerved.
Staminate flowers borne singly or in pairs; leaves cordiform;
plant prostrate, much branched P. nerteroides.
FLORA OF PERU 335
Staminate flowers in sessile, androgynous heads; plant erect,
unbranched P. nitida.
Leaves (at least the larger one of a pair) toothed, sometimes sub-
entire in P. marginata.
A. Leaves of a pair dissimilar or very unequal, the larger more
than twice as long as the smaller.
Plants with densely pubescent branches and petioles; stipules
more than 2 mm. long, subpersistent.
Leaves less than 7 mm. long, the cystoliths conspicuous.
P. pulegifolia.
Leaves 1-3 cm. long, the cystoliths faint beneath.
P. ramosissima.
Plants glabrous throughout.
Foliar cystoliths none P. Weberbaueri.
Foliar cystoliths present.
Larger leaves at a node not more than 4 mm. wide.
P. diversifolia.
Larger leaves at a node more than 4 mm. wide.
Leaves appearing to be in fours at the nodes, owing to
the presence of a short branchlet bearing a pair of
leaves P. nutans.
Leaves otherwise.
Smaller leaf of a pair oblique, subentire; pistillate cymes
sessile.
Larger leaves very oblique, more than 7 cm. long,
fully 7 times longer than the smaller ones.
P. Bassleriana.
Larger leaves symmetrical or nearly so, less than
7 cm. long, and proportionately shorter.
P. imparifolia.
Smaller leaf symmetrical, toothed; pistillate cymes
peduncled.
Cystoliths all punctiform P. pichisana.
Cystoliths linear or fusiform, occasionally puncti-
form ones intermingled.
Achenes longitudinally costate; larger leaves not
more than 3.5 cm. long P. costata.
336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Achenes, as far as known, ecostate; larger leaves
more than 3.5 cm. long.
Larger leaves more than 3.5 cm. wide, more
than 5 times longer than the smaller ones.
P. Haenkei.
Larger leaves not more than 3.5 cm. wide, less
than 5 times longer than the smaller ones.
P. macrocystolithica.
A. Leaves of a node similar and equal or, if unequal, the larger
one not more than twice as long as the smaller.
B. Leaves averaging not more than 2 cm. long, usually massed
at the end of the stem or branches; plants slender, usually
prostrate or repent, the branches scarcely 10 cm. long.
Cymes androgynous; leaves coarsely crenate-dentate; stem
unbranched P. lamioides.
Cymes usually unisexual; leaves serrulate or crenate-ser-
rulate; stem usually branched.
Pistillate cymes sessile P. Dombeyana.
Pistillate cymes peduncled.
Stem long-repent and rooting at most of the nodes, the
leaves rather evenly spaced out . . P. nummularifolia.
Stem repent only in the lower part, the leaves massed at
the end of the stem and branches.
Stem densely pubescent P. strigosa.
Stem glabrous.
Cystoliths on lower surface of leaves linear or fusi-
form.
Leaves broadly ovate or suborbicular, toothed
nearly to the base, the cystoliths inconspicu-
ous P. dauciodora.
Leaves spatulate, rhombic, or suborbicular,
toothed only in the upper half, the
cystoliths conspicuous P. Fendleri.
Cystoliths on lower surface of leaves punctiform.
Achenes less than 1 mm. wide; leaves suborbicular
or subreniform ; plants monoecious . . P. pusilla.
Achenes more than 1 mm. wide; leaves ovate-
lanceolate; plants apparently dioecious.
P. delicatula.
FLORA OF PERU 337
B. Leaves averaging more than 2 cm. long; plants erect, more
than 10 cm. high, usually leafy throughout.
C. Plants glabrous throughout.
Leaves coarsely and sharply serrate-dentate; inflorescence
androgynous, sessile, much shorter than the petioles;
plants annual, with a simple stem P. hyalina.
Leaves not coarsely and sharply serrate-dentate; inflores-
cence unisexual, pedunculate.
Staminate flowers in dense, globose heads, these solitary
and long-peduncled or forming a once or twice
branched cyme.
Plants dioecious; pistillate inflorescences diffuse, longer
than the petioles P. minutiflora.
Plants monoecious; pistillate inflorescences compact,
short-peduncled P. Macbridei.
Staminate flowers in cymes or panicles.
Cystoliths stellate, 3-rayed; leaves subentire or denti-
culate only toward the apex P. marginata.
Cystoliths simple; leaves definitely toothed.
Stem verrucose-roughened, woody; leaves averaging
less than 3 cm. long P. verrucosa.
Stem smooth, usually herbaceous; leaves longer.
Leaves sessile or subsessile, sometimes clasping.
P. subamplexicaulis.
Leaves distinctly petioled, never clasping.
Leaves ovate, triplinerved well above the base;
inflorescences usually shorter than the
petioles P. punctata.
Leaves trinerved or subtriplinerved near the
base; inflorescences longer than the petioles.
Cystoliths of upper surface of leaves more
than 0.5 mm. long, coarse, all fusiform;
leaves thick-carnose P. suffruticosa.
Cystoliths of upper surface of leaves shorter
and finer, linear, fusiform, or punctiform;
leaves usually of a thinner texture.
Achenes minute, about 0.5 mm. long;
leaves cordulate . . .P. citriodora.
338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Achenes 1-1.5 mm. long; leaves narrowed
at the base.
Stipules 3-10 mm. long, persistent.
P. Poeppigiana.
Stipules less than 3 mm. long, soon
deciduous P. multiflora.
C. Plants pubescent throughout, or at least with some
indument on either the stem, leaves, or inflorescence.
Leaves of nearly equal size at all the nodes, the internodes
subequal, the inflorescence not confined to the upper
axils.
Plant annual, slender, with a pellucid stem; cymes
androgynous; leaves sharply serrate-dentate.
P. hyalina.
Plant perennial, with a coarse stem.
Stem succulent, essentially glabrous ... P. cushiensis.
Stem ligneous or subligneous, densely rufo-hirsute.
Leaves short-acuminate; plants monoecious, the
staminate flowers in a dense, globose head.
P. Pavonii.
Leaves caudate-acuminate; plants dioecious, the
staminate flowers in panicles P. hirsuta.
Leaves massed at the end of the stem and branches, or a
few, much smaller, at the lower nodes; inflorescence
mainly in the upper axils.
Staminate inflorescence borne at the rooting, leafless
nodes, the perianth lobes about 2 mm. long.
P. submissa.
Staminate inflorescence borne with the pistillate at the
upper nodes, or the flowers mixed with the pistillate
ones.
Cystoliths on upper surface of leaves all linear or fusi-
form, not elevated P. pubescens.
Cystoliths on upper surface of leaves punctiform or a
few fusiform, elevated.
Leaves acuminate, densely hirsute above.
P. ceratocalyx.
Leaves obtuse or subacute, glabrous above.
P. Spruceana.
FLORA OF PERU 339
Pilea Bassleriana Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 381. 1936.
A coarse, succulent, glabrous herb, up to 50 cm. high, terrestrial
or on tree trunks; leaves of a node very unequal and dissimilar, the
larger elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long,
2.5-7 cm. wide, caudate-acuminate, subsessile or short-petioled,
coarsely crenate-serrate, the smaller ones orbicular-reniform, 5-15
mm. long, strongly oblique, sessile; plants monoecious or dioecious;
staminate cymes borne along the naked rooting portion of the stem,
pedunculate; pistillate cymes sessile in the axils of the leaves.
Loreto: Balsapuerto, 150-300 meters, Killip & Smith 28429,
28467, 28471 (type); King 2870. Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith
28993. Pongo de Manseriche, Killip, Smith & Dennis, 29145;
Mexia 6355, 6360; Tessmann 4603. Mouth of Rio Pastaza (Killip,
Smith & Dennis, 29196).
Pilea ceratocalyx Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 148. 1869.
A low herb, densely grayish-hirsute throughout; leaves oblong
or elliptic-ovate, 3-7 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, acuminate, narrowed
at the base, sharply serrate, the cystoliths fusiform and punctiform;
plants monoecious, the cymes apparently unisexual, the staminate
compact, subsessile, the pistillate pedunculate, much longer than the
adjacent petiole.
Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1032. Without locality: Poeppig
3046 (type). These specimens are variously labeled "Peru" and
"Brazil" in herbaria. The general relationship is with the Peruvian
species.
Pilea citriodora Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 216. 1852.
Urtica limoniodora Pavon ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym. P. tar-
mensis Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 51. 1925.
An erect, glabrous herb up to 60 cm. high, the stem un-
branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 6-14 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide,
obtuse or short-acuminate, cordulate, crenate-serrate, the cystoliths
fusiform, linear, and punctiform; plants dioecious, both the staminate
and pistillate flowers borne in diffuse, long-peduncled panicles.
Huanuco: Casapi, Poeppig 1260. Junin: Huacapistana, Province
of Tarma, 2,800 meters, 5822 (type of P. tarmensis); Weberbauer
1776a. Chanchamayo, Raimondi 2398. Without locality: Ruiz
& Pavon (type).
Pilea costata Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 382. 1936.
A succulent, glabrous herb about 50 cm. high, branched toward
the apex; leaves of a node unequal and dissimilar, crenate-serrate
340 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
nearly to the base, the cystoliths linear, the larger leaf lance-elliptic,
2.5-3.5 cm. long, 1.2-1.5 cm. wide, acuminate, the smaller one ovate,
1.5-2 cm. long, obtuse or subacute; plants dioecious, the pistillate
cymes 3-4 mm. wide, sessile or nearly so; achenes longitudinally
costate.
Junin: Enenas, Pichis Trail, 1,700 meters, Killip & Smith
25638 (type).
Pilea cushiensis Killip, sp. nov.
Herba dioica, caule foliato, infra glabro, ad apicem sparse rufo-
hirsutulo; folia elliptico-ovata, crenato-serrata, triplinervia, supra
glabra, subtus in costis sparse rufo-hirsutula, cystolithis linearibus,
creberrimis; inflorescentiae paniculiformes, in axillis fere omnibus.
A succulent, perennial herb 1-1.5 meters high; stem sparsely
rufo-hirsutulous toward the apex, otherwise glabrous; stipules ovate,
about 3 mm. long, obtuse, soon deciduous; leaves of a node similar
and subequal, elliptic-ovate, 7-15 cm. long, 3.5-6 cm. wide, acumi-
nate, nan-owed to a cordulate base, coarsely crenate-serrate, tri-
plinerved (lateral nerves extending to the upper quarter of the blade),
the cystoliths linear, dense, faint beneath, the petioles 2-12 cm. long,
those at a node often very unequal; plants dioecious, the staminate
inflorescences borne in most of the axils, paniculiform, about 3 cm.
long (not fully developed), rufo-hirsutulous, the perianth segments
suborbicular.
Huanuco: Cuschi, about 1,500 meters, June 19-23, 1923, on forest
floor, Macbride 4826 (type, Field Mus. No. 535,863).
In the key to the Andean species of Pilea (Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
26: 368-376. 1936) this species would be placed at the very end, being
differentiated from the Colombian P. Castronis by the shape of the
leaves and the cystolithic marking, and by having a more diffuse
inflorescence.
Pilea dauciodora (R. & P.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 223.
1852. Urtica dauciodora R. & P. ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym. P.
uncidens Wedd. op. cit. 224. P. dauciodora var. uncidens Wedd. in
DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 138. 1869.
A slender plant, often forming mats, glabrous throughout; leaves
broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, averaging 1.5 cm. long and 1 cm.
wide, crenate-serrate, densely covered with linear and fusiform
cystoliths; plants monoecious or dioecious, the clusters unisexual,
though often both kinds borne at the same axils, rarely androgynous,
slender-peduncled .
FLORA OF PERU 341
Huanuco: Muna, 2,000 meters, 4117. Junin: Huacapistana,
1,800-2,700 meters, Kittip & Smith 24160, 24408. Acobamba, Rai-
mondi 2800. Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,200 meters, Killip & Smith
22439. Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 753. Without locality : "Andes,"
Ruiz & Pavdn (type) ; Spruce. Also in Central America, Colombia,
Venezuela, and Bolivia.
Pilea delicatula Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 51. 1925.
A slender, glabrous herb, up to 10 cm. high; leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, 1-1.5 cm. long, acute, sharply mucronate-serrate, the cystoliths
of the upper surface linear, faint, those of the lower surface puncti-
form; plants apparently dioecious; pistillate flowers in small, globose,
short-peduncled cymes.
Huanuco: Tambo de Vaca, 4,000 meters, 4400 (type).
Pilea diversifolia Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 212. 1852.
A lax, much branched, glabrous herb, the stem up to 1.5 meters
long; larger leaves of a node narrowly cuneate-oblong, 5-10 mm.
long, 1-4 mm. wide, coarsely 3-7-toothed, 1-nerved, the smaller
leaves suborbicular, 3-5 mm. wide, entire or few-toothed, faintly
triplinerved; cystoliths linear; plants dioecious; pistillate flowers in
short-peduncled cymes.
Huanuco: Muna, 2,100 meters, 3984- Junin: Dos de Mayo,
Pichis Trail, 1,800 meters, Killip & Smith 25885. Ayacucho:
Carrapa, 1,500 meters, Kittip & Smith 22357. Without locality:
Ruiz & Pavon (type).
Pilea Dombeyana Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 221. 1852. P.
orbiculata Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 53. 1925.
A low, succulent herb; stipules broadly ovate, persistent; leaves
borne mostly near the ends of the branches, nearly orbicular, 7-25
mm. wide, short-petiolate, the cystoliths faint, fusiform; plants
monoecious or dioecious, the inflorescences unisexual, the staminate
flowers sessile in globose clusters in a few-branched panicle, the
pistillate in small, densely flowered, sessile cymes.
Huanuco: Chasqui, 3289 (type of P. orbiculata). Dept. uncer-
tain: Between Callcan and Pelechuco, 3,600 meters, Pearce in 1864;
"Andes," Dombey (type). Without locality: MacLean; "Herb.
Hooker 2031."
Pilea Fendleri Killip, nom. nov. Urtica dichroa Poepp. ex Wedd.
in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 61. 1869, as synonym. P. dauciodora var.
342 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
crenata Wedd. op. cit. 139, not P. crenata Britt. & Wils. P. daucio-
dora var. pilosula Wedd. loc. cit. P. leptophylla Killip, Contr. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 26: 387. 1936, not Urban.
A very slender plant, with the stem repent toward the base, at
length ascending and few-several-branched ; leaves rotund-spatulate,
rhombic-orbicular or nearly orbicular, 5-20 mm. long, subequal at a
node, cuneate, crenate or crenate-serrate above the middle, thin,
glabrous or sparsely pilosulous with hyaline hairs, the cystoliths
linear or fusiform, conspicuous; plants monoecious or dioecious, the
heads unisexual or androgynous, peduncled in the upper axils.
Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1552. Without locality: Poeppig
1383. Also in Venezuela and Colombia.
In a list in the Prodromus of species excluded from Urtica Weddell
gives U. dichroa Poepp., an herbarium name apparently, as equaling
Pilea nummularifolia. He does not, however, cite the name in the
synonymy of the latter. Poeppig's No. 1552, in the Vienna herbarium,
bears this name in Poeppig's handwriting, though the specimen is
clearly not P. nummularifolia.
Pilea foliosa Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 377. 1936.
A glabrous, succulent herb with lax branches 50-150 cm. long;
leaves of a node unequal and dissimilar, the longer obovate, 5-10
mm. long, entire or obscurely undulate, the smaller subreniform,
1.5-3 mm. wide, entire; cystoliths linear, strongly elevated; plants
monoecious, the staminate flowers usually solitary, the pistillate
solitary or in small, subsessile clusters.
Junin: Carpapata, 3,000 meters, Killip & Smith 24400 (type).
Huacapistana, 1,900 meters, Killip & Smith 24281. Chanchamayo
Valley, Schunke 498, 678, 992.
Pilea Haenkei Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 384. 1936.
A glabrous herb 25 cm. high or more; leaves of a node similar but
very unequal, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cordulate, crenate-
serrate to the base, triplinerved, densely covered with fusiform and
punctiform cystoliths above and fusiform ones beneath, the larger
leaves 9-13 cm. long, 3.5-4 cm. wide, petiolate, the smaller ones
1.5-2 cm. long, subsessile; plants dioecious, the staminate cymes
sessile or short-peduncled, densely flowered.
Peru, collected in the montana, but the precise locality unknown,
Haenke 1870 (type).
FLORA OF PERU 343
Pilea hirsuta (Pavon) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 220. 1852.
Urtica hirsuta Pavon ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym.
An erect, robust herb, the stem ferruginous- villous; leaves ovate-
elliptic, 7-15 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, coarsely serrate, rugulose, fer-
ruginous-hirsute on the nerves and veins, the cystoliths fusiform;
plants dioecious, the staminate and pistillate inflorescences similar,
paniculate, slightly longer than the adjacent petiole.
Peru, without locality, Ruiz (type).
Pilea hyalina Fenzl, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Math. Naturw.
(Wien) 1: 256. 1850. Urtica arvensis Poepp. ex Fenzl, loc. cit., as
synonym.
A slender, erect annual, the stem unbranched, pellucid, glabrous;
leaves rhombic-elliptic or ovate, 1-6 cm. long, 0.8-4.5 cm. wide,
acute, cuneate, coarsely serrate-dentate, thin-membranous, glabrous,
or sparsely hyaline-strigillose above, the cystoliths linear, faint;
plants monoecious, the inflorescences androgynous, cymose-pani-
culate, much shorter than the petioles.
Amazonas: Moyobamba, Mathews 1555, San Martin: San
Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7149. Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig
1539. Jum'n: La Merced, 800 meters, Killip & Smith 23593. San
Ramon, 1,600 meters, Killip & Smith 24676. Yapas, Pichis Trail,
1,400 meters, Killip & Smith 25580. Ayacucho: Aina, 750-1,000
meters, Killip & Smith 22746. Without locality: Mathews 2032;
Gay; Ruiz & Pavon. Widely distributed in the American tropics,
from Mexico to Chile, Brazil, and Argentina, at elevations up to
1,500 meters.
Pilea imparifolia W T edd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 212. 1852. P.
dendrophila Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1 : 202. 1853.
A decumbent, glabrous herb with numerous suberect branches;
larger leaf rhombic-ovate to elliptic-oblong, rarely obovate, 2-6
cm. long, 0.8-2 cm. wide, crenate-serrate above the middle, oblique,
sessile or short-^etioled, the smaller leaf obovate-orbicular or
orbicular-reniform, 0.8-1.5 cm. long, very asymmetrical, subentire;
plants dioecious, the cymes sessile or subsessile, few-flowered.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4434- Loreto: Rio Itaya, Killip
& Smith 29308, 29515, 29572. Mouth of Rio Napo, Tessmann 3721.
Mouth of Rio Santiago, Mexia 6365. Maucallacta, Klug 3950.
Between Rio Ucayali and Rio Huallaga, Huber 1519. Junin: San
Nicolas, Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 26038. Colombia to northern
344 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Peru, eastward to the Guianas and Amazonian Brazil; at low
elevations.
Pilea lamioides Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 213. 1852.
An unbranched herb up to 12 cm. high; leaves ovate, 1-2 cm.
long, 6-12 mm. wide, coarsely crenate-dentate, obtuse; plants
monoecious, the cymes androgynous, borne in the upper axils, the
staminate flowers short-pediceled in sessile clusters, the pistillate
sessile in short-peduncled clusters.
Lima: San Geronimo, 150 meters, 5910. Atocongo, Pennell
14751. Amancais, Weberbauer 1594- Without locality: Dombey
(type) ; Pavon.
Pilea Macbridei Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 52. 1925.
A glabrous plant about 1 meter high, the stem slightly woody,
much branched; leaves ovate or orbicular-ovate, 3-5 cm. long, 1.5-
2.5 cm. wide, acuminate, cordulate, serrate, the cystoliths linear
above, punctiform beneath; plants monoecious, the staminate flowers
in a subglobose, slender-peduncled head or in glomerules forming a
once branched panicle, the pistillate in short-peduncled cymes.
Huanuco: Rio Chinchao, 2,800 meters, 5179 (type). Junin:
Carpapata, 3,000 meters, Killip & Smith 24457.
Pilea macrocystolithica Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
384. 1936.
A glabrous, unbranched herb about 30 cm. high; leaves of a node
dissimilar and unequal, the larger one ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
4-6 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, obtuse or obtusely acuminate, short-
petiolate, serrulate, the smaller one suborbicular, 1.5-2 cm. wide,
subsessile, the cystoliths of the upper surface very numerous, linear,
elevated, 0.7-0.8 mm. long, those of the lower surface shorter and
obscure; plants apparently dioecious, the staminate cymes sub-
globose, on very slender peduncles about 2 cm. long.
Peru, collected in the montana, the precise locality unknown,
Haenke 1860 (type).
In the original account of this species a line in the description of
the cystoliths was accidentally omitted, so that the reason for the
selection of the specific name was not at all apparent.
Pilea marginata (Poepp.) Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 238.
1856-57. Urtica marginata Poepp. ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym.
An erect, glabrous herb 80 cm. or more high; leaves oblong or
elliptic-oblong, 10-20 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide, attenuate-acuminate,
FLORA OF PERU 345
undulate, subentire or denticulate toward the apex, coriaceous, the
cystoliths stellate, 3-rayed; plants apparently dioecious, the stami-
nate flowers in small glomerules in a short, narrow panicle.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6508. Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig
3045. Pampayacu, 1,100 meters, 5086. Junin: San Nicolas, Pichis
Trail, 1,100 meters, Killip & Smith 26032. Dept. uncertain: Rio
Amazonas, Poeppig 1088 (type), 2088.
Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrift. V. 2:
296. 1851. Parietaria microphylla L. Syst. ed. 10. 1308. 1759. Pilea
muscosa Lindl. Coll. Bot. pi. 4- 1821.
A glabrous, succulent herb, 4-30 cm. high, variable in size and
habit; leaves usually crowded, thick, short-petioled, obtuse or sub-
acute, entire, those of a pair unequal, the larger usually obovate, up
to 1 cm. long, the smaller orbicular or obovate-orbicular, up to 3
mm. long, the cystoliths linear, transverse across the blade; plants
monoecious, rarely dioecious, the flower clusters androgynous or
unisexual, sessile or subsessile.
Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews. San Martin: Tarapoto,
Williams 6071; Spruce 4028; Ule 6657. San Roque, Williams 7233.
Rio Huallaga, Williams 4082, 6662. Zepelacio, King 3719,Loreto:
Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27500. Puerto Mele*ndez, Tessmann 4742.
Huanuco: Piedra Grande, 1,500 meters, 3690. Cochero, Poeppig in
1830. Junin: La Merced, 700 meters, Killip & Smith 24073. Rio
Paucartambo, Killip & Smith 25329. Without locality: Ruiz &
Pawn. Throughout the American tropics. Often cultivated as a
border plant or in pots.
Pilea minutiflora Krause, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 529. 1906.
A glabrous herb 30-40 cm. high; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate-
elliptic, 3-8 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded or cordu-
late at the base, crenate-serrate, the cystoliths few and faint; plants
usually dioecious, the flowers in small clusters, the staminate ones
forming a once branched panicle, the pistillate forming subdichoto-
mcus cymes up to 7 cm. long.
Junin: Huacapistana, 1,900-2,000 meters, Weberbauer 2027 (type).
Huariaca, 2,900 meters, 3126. Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 575.
The Indians are said to use this as a remedy for unrequited love.
Pilea multiflora (Poir.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 218.
1852, in part. Urtica multiflora Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4:
223. 1816. Pilea anomala Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 217. 1852.
346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
An erect, glabrous herb up to 1 meter high, the stem simple or
few-branched; leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 4-15
cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, suboblique, long-acuminate, sharply ser-
rulate, the cystoliths linear and punctiform, faint; plants monoecious
or dioecious, the inflorescences unisexual, both kinds cymose-pani-
culate, diffuse.
Huanuco: Pampayacu, 2,100 meters, Weberbauer 6812. Junin:
Pichis Trail, about 1,700 meters, Kittip & Smith, 25775, 25801,
25913, 25929. Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 6521. Cuzco: Cerro de
Cusilluyoc, Pennell 14013. Without locality: Jussieu (type). Also
in Bolivia.
Pilea nerteroides Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 377. 1936.
P. cordifolia Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 50. 1925, not Benth.
A slender, prostrate herb, leafy throughout; stem villosulous;
stipules ovate, persistent; leaves cordate, up to 4 mm. long and 5 mm.
wide, villosulous, covered with punctiform cystoliths; staminate
flowers borne singly or in pairs, the peduncles 3-6 mm. long; pistil-
late flowers in 4-6-flowered, pedunculate umbels.
Huanuco: Tambo de Vaca, 4,000 meters, 4395 (type).
Pilea nitida Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 211. 1852.
A very slender, glabrous plant, up to 10 cm. high; leaves elliptic-
ovate, obtuse at both ends, 4-15 mm. long, 2.5-8 mm. wide, entire
or rarely subcrenulate, obscurely 3-nerved, bearing linear cystoliths
on the upper surface; plants monoecious, the flowers in compact,
androgynous heads shorter than the petioles.
Cajamarca: San Pablo, 2,300 meters, Weberbauer 3872. Lima:
San Agustin, Weberbauer 5244- Without locality: Dombey (or Ruiz
& Pawn[1}; type).
Pilea nummularifolia (Sw.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18:
225. 1852. Urtica nummularifolia Sw. Act. Holm. 1787: 63. pi. 1,
f. 2. 1787.
A repent or trailing plant, with a slender, villosulous or glabres-
cent stem; leaves orbicular, 5-12 mm. wide, crenate, strigillose with
stiff, hyaline hairs; plants monoecious or dioecious, the inflorescences
apparently unisexual, sessile, the staminate subumbellate, the pistil-
late cymose.
Loreto: Pebas, on the Rio Amazonas, Williams 1917. Also in
Venezuela and the West Indies.
FLORA OF PERU 347
Pilea nutans (Poepp.) Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 196. pi. 7,
f. 11-13. 1856-57. Urtica nutans Poepp. ex Wedd. loc. cit., as
synonym. Pilea Herrerae Mildbr. ex Herrera, Anal. Univ. Cuzco 1 :
147. 1926, name only.
A diffuse, much branched, glabrous herb; leaves appearing in
4's (rarely in 3's) due to the presence at each node of 1 or 2 borne on
very short branchlets, serrate or crenate-serrate, triplinerved, the
cystoliths linear, the larger leaves of a node rhombic-ovate or
rhombic-lanceolate, 8-25 mm. long, 4-15 mm. wide, the smaller ones
rhombic or broadly ovate, up to 5 mm. long; plants dioecious, the
staminate flowers in small, 8-12-flowered, globose heads.
Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1565 (type). Junin: Huacapistana,
1,800 meters, Kittip & Smith 24274- Dos de Mayo, Pichis Trail,
Killip & Smith 25789. Porvenir, Pichis Trail, Kittip & Smith
25895. Pasla, Raimondi 9290. Cuzco: Rio Yanamayo, Pennell
14049. Urubamba Valley, Cook & Gilbert 1095. Cosnipata Valley,
Herrera 6. Puno: Ollachca, Raimondi 9649. Without locality:
Dombey. Also in Bolivia. "Chia-chia," "quisa," "yuncaquisa."
Pilea Pavonii Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 219. 1852. Urtica
cymosa Pavon ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym.
An erect herb, 40-60 cm. high, with a stout, quadrangular, rufo-
villosulous stem; leaves broadly ovate, 6-10 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide,
short-acuminate, crenate-serrate, subcoriaceous, appressed-pilosu-
lous above, densely ferruginous-hirsute beneath, the cystoliths fusi-
form and punctiform beneath; plants monoecious, the staminate
inflorescences borne in the upper axils on stout peduncles, globose,
compact, the pistillate sessile or subsessile in the middle axils, cymose-
paniculate, much shorter than the adjacent petiole.
Huanuco: Muna, 2,000 meters, -4075. Without locality: Pavon
(type).
Pilea pichisana Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 383. 1936.
A slender, glabrous, subrepent herb, with lax branches up to 20
cm. long; leaves of a node unequal but similar, ovate-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, petiolate, crenate-serrate nearly to the base, the
cystoliths all punctiform, the larger leaf 2-2.8 cm. long, the smaller
one 0.5-1.2 cm. long; plants dioecious, the pistillate flowers in sub-
sessile cymes.
Junin: Dos de Mayo, Pichis Trail, 1,800 meters, Kittip & Smith
25876 (type).
348 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Pilea Poeppigiana Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 225. 1852.
A glabrous plant, with the stem repent, at length erect, 30-50
cm. high; stipules broadly ovate, persistent; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
rarely oblanceolate, up to 15 cm. long and 7 cm. wide, acuminate,
cuneate at the base, coarsely crenate-serrate, the petioles up to 7
cm. long, the cystoliths fusiform and punctiform; plants dioecious,
the pistillate inflorescence cymose-paniculate, borne in the upper
axils, long-peduncled.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6844. Huanuco: Yanano, 1,800
meters, 3770. Cochero, Poeppig 1032, 1539B.Pichis Trail, 1,800
meters, Killip & Smith 25826, 25902. Department uncertain:
"Subandean region," Poeppig (type). Also in the Amazon basin of
Colombia and Ecuador.
Pilea pubescens Liebm. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skrift. V. 2: 302.
1851.
Stem repent, at length erect and usually with several erect or
ascending branches, strigillose; leaves massed at the end of the stem
or branches, wanting or much reduced below, broadly ovate or
elliptic-ovate, up to 7 cm. long and 6 cm. wide, crenate-serrate,
sparingly strigillose above with hyaline hairs, or nearly glabrous,
hirsutulous beneath on the nerves and veins, the cystoliths linear
and fusiform above; plants monoecious or dioecious, the staminate
flowers in a sessile cluster at the base of the cymose-paniculate,
peduncled pistillate inflorescences, or scattered among the pistillate
flowers.
San Martin: San Roque, 1,350-1,500 meters, Williams 6957,
7695. Tarapoto, Spruce 4455. Widely distributed in the American
tropics.
Pilea pulegifolia (Poir.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 218.
1852. Urtica pulegifolia Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 224. 1816.
An herb with an elongate stem and numerous densely tomen-
tellous, leafy branches; leaves appearing in 4's due to the presence
at each node of a pair borne on a very short branchlet, ovate, 3-6
mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide (those of a node similar but slightly un-
equal), obtuse, crenate-serrulate, the petioles tomentellous, the
cystoliths linear, conspicuous; plants dioecious, the staminate flow-
ers in small, pedunculate cymes in the upper axils.
Peru: Churugallana, Dombey (type).
FLORA OF PERU 349
Pilea punctata (HBK.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 222.
1852. Urtica punctata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 38. 1817.
An erect or ascending, glabrous herb, 20-40 cm. high; leaves
ovate, 3-8 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded at the base,
coarsely crenate-serrate, triplinerved well above the base, black-
punctate beneath, the cystoliths fusiform; plants monoecious or
dioecious, the inflorescences androgynous or unisexual, cymose,
longer than the adjacent petioles.
Cajamarca: Zaulaca, Humboldt & Bonpland (type). Amazonas:
Chachapoyas, 1,600 meters, Weberbauer 1+307. Without locality:
Ruiz & Pawn.
Pilea pusilla Krause, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 530. 1906.
A slender herb up to 10 cm. high, the stem filiform; leaves sub-
orbicular or subreniform, up to 1 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide, obtuse,
subtruncate at the base, sharply serrulate, the cystoliths all puncti-
form; plants monoecious, the flower clusters forming slender-
peduncled panicles.
Junin: Palca, 1,900-2,000 meters, Weberbauer 2023 (type).
Pilea ramosissima Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 380. 1936.
A diffuse herb, the stem slightly woody, with numerous lateral,
pubescent branches; leaves appearing in 4's, unequal and slightly
dissimilar, crenate-serrate, essentially glabrous except for the pubes-
cent petioles, the larger leaves rhombic-ovate, 1-3 cm. long, 7-15
mm. wide, obtuse, the smaller ones orbicular or ovate-orbicular,
4-5 mm. long, the cystoliths faint on the under surface; plants
dioecious, the pistillate flowers in small, 10-flowered, compact cymes,
their peduncles 1-1.3 cm. long.
Huanuco: Chaglla, 2,800 meters, 3650 (type).
Pilea serpyllacea (HBK.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 205.
1852. Urtica serpyllacea HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 37. 1817. U.
thymifolia HBK. loc. cit. Pilea globosa Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III.
18 : 208. 1852. P. thymifolia Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2 : 44. 1855.
A glabrous, very succulent herb, red-tinged throughout; leaves
nearly globular, 1-5 mm. in diameter, entire or shallowly crenate,
transversely striate with linear cystoliths; plants monoecious, or the
staminate flowers sometimes wholly wanting, the pistillate flowers
in peduncled cymes.
Cajamarca: Hualgayoc, Weberbauer 4054; Raimondi 2209.
Callacate, Raimondi 5639. Huanuco: Huacachi, 2,000 meters,
350 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
3868, 4087. Huanuco, 2,200 meters, 3512; Pearce 118. Casapi,
Poeppig 1381. Lima: Matucana, 2,500 meters, 447. Rio Blanco,
3,200 meters, Killip & Smith 21601. Junin: Carpapata, 2,400
meters, Killip & Smith 24334- Tambo de Viso, Weberbauer 158.
Cuzco: Cuzco, Herrera 51; Weberbauer 4892. Urubamba Valley,
1,800 meters, Cook & Gilbert 262, 1035; Herrera 2288. Apurimac
Valley, Herrera 3065. Ollantaitambo, Pennell 1 3657. Without
locality: Ruiz & Pavon (type) ; Jussieu. Western Venezuela to Peru
and Bolivia, 2,000-3,500 meters altitude. "Accoicarpa," "quisa,"
"kkuru-quisa."
Pilea Spruceana Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 161. 1869.
A low herb, the stem repent, at length erect, sparsely villous;
leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, 2-8 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, obtuse
or subacute, crenate-serrate, sparingly ciliate, strigillose above,
villous beneath, the cystoliths punctiform and fusiform, the latter
more numerous at the margin; plants monoecious or dioecious, the
pistillate flowers in short-peduncled cymes, the staminate flowers
subsessile at the base of the pistillate inflorescence.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4376 (type). Loreto: Cumbasa,
Ule 6843. Huanuco: Posuso, Pearce 284- Also in Bolivia.
Pilea strigosa Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 225. 1852. P.
repens var. strigosa Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 156. 1869.
A low herb, the stem ferruginous-hirsute, repent at the base, with
lax branches; leaves suborbicular to broadly ovate, 8-25 mm. long,
rounded or subacute at the apex, crenate-serrate, strigose above,
ferruginous-hirsutulous on the nerves beneath; plants usually
monoecious, the cymes unisexual, pedunculate, the staminate sub-
globose, the pistillate paniculiform.
Loreto: Santa Rosa, 135 meters, Killip & Smith 28835, 28843.
Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1552 in part. Junin: Dos de Mayo,
Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 25795. Without locality: Mathews
2031 (type). Also in Bolivia.
Pilea subamplexicaulis Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26:
390. 1936.
A glabrous plant 35 cm. high or more; leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, 7-20 cm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide, acuminate or attenuate-
acuminate, cordate or slightly clasping at the base, with numerous
fusiform and fewer punctiform cystoliths; plants dioecious; stami-
FLORA OF PERU 391
nate flowers in loose cymes up to 2 cm. long, the pistillate in short,
sessile cymes.
San Martin: Tarapoto, 1,100 meters, Ule 6588 (type). San
Roque, 1,350-1,500 meters, Williams 7425.
Pilea submissa Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 151. 1869.
Plant terrestrial, or repent on tree trunks, the erect or ascending
portion of the stem less than 10 cm. long, pubescent; leaves rhombic-
elliptic, 4-9 cm. long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide (extremes up to 15 cm. long
and 5 cm. wide), narrowed at both ends, short-petioled, crenate-
serrulate, glabrous above, hispidulous on the nerves and veins
beneath, the cystoliths fusiform, faint; plants monoecious or dioe-
cious, the cymes unisexual, the staminate borne at the rooting,
leafless nodes, their peduncles 4-8 cm. long, the pistillate at the upper
axils, their peduncles 2.5-3 cm. long.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4155 (type). Loreto: Pongo de
Manseriche, 250 meters, Mexia 6359. Pumuyacu, King 3186.
Junin: San Nicolas, Pichis Trail, 1,100 meters, Kittip & Smith 26023.
Pilea suffruticosa Krause, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 529. 1906.
An erect, glabrous, suffrutescent plant, about 2 meters high, the
stem unbranched; leaves narrowly elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 5-8
cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, acute, serrulate, the cystoliths fusiform,
prominent; plants apparently dioecious, the staminate inflorescences
cymose-paniculate, much longer than the adjacent petiole.
Amazonas: Chachapoyas, 2,500 meters, Weberbauer 4387 (type).
Pilea verrucosa Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 53. 1925.
A few-branched, glabrous shrub, about 1 meter high, the stem
verrucose-roughened; leaves ovate or subrhombic, 2-3.5 cm. long,
1-2.5 cm. wide, acute, crenate-serrate, the cystoliths punctiform;
plants monoecious, the inflorescences unisexual, the staminate
flowers in much branched panicles in the upper axils, the pistillate in
subsessile cymes in the lower axils.
Huanuco: Rio Chinchao, 2,800 meters, 5201 (type).
Pilea Weberbaueri Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 380. 1936.
A branched, glabrous herb, up to 30 cm. high; leaves opposite or
sometimes appearing in 3's or 4's due to the presence at a node of a
pair of leaves on very short secondary branches, without cystoliths,
the larger leaves oblong-oblanceolate, 7-12 mm. long, 3-6 mm.
wide, obtusely acuminate, petiolate, 3-5-toothed near the apex, the
352 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
smaller ones orbicular-reniform, 3-5 mm. long, 4-6 mm. wide,
sessile or subsessile; plants apparently dioecious, the pistillate
flowers in dense clusters in a compact cyme, the peduncles filiform.
Junin: Between Palca and Huacapistana, 1,900-2,000 meters,
Weberbauer 2022 (type).
Species doubtfully occurring in Peru
Pilea angustata Killip, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 26: 378. 1936.
This is based upon a Grisar collection in the Paris Herbarium, said
to have come from Ecuador or Peru. In view of other specimens in
this collection, it is probable that most, if not all, came from Ecuador.
3. BOEHMERIA Jacq.
Trees, shrubs, or perennial herbs, unarmed; leaves opposite or
alternate, toothed, 3-nerved, those of the adjacent nodes sometimes
unequal and dissimilar; plants monoecious or dioecious, the flowers
in globose, usually unisexual clusters in the leaf axils or forming a
spike; staminate flowers 4 (rarely 3 or 5) -parted; pistillate flowers
tubular, contracted at the throat, 2-4-toothed or entire, the stigma
filiform; achene enclosed in the persistent perianth.
Flower clusters forming long spikes. Leaves opposite . . .B. caudata.
Flower clusters in the leaf axils.
Leaves opposite B. Mathewsii.
Leaves alternate.
Under surface of leaves appressed-silvery-sericeous. .B. Pavonii.
Under surface of leaves not sericeous.
Leaves coriaceous, strongly bullate, the larger usually nar-
rowly lanceolate B. aspera.
Leaves membranous, flat or slightly rugulose, the larger
ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate.
Styles about 1 mm. long; leaves of the adjacent nodes
similar and subequal J5. brevirostris.
Styles 1.5-2 mm. long; leaves of the adjacent nodes very
dissimilar and unequal.
Leaves coarsely crenate-serrate, pale and pilosulous
beneath B. fallax.
Leaves closely serrulate, concolorous, appressed-hispid-
ulous beneath . . . B. anomala.
FLORA OF PERU 353
Boehmeria anomala (Wedd.) Killip, sp. nov. B. Pavonii
var. anomala Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 199. 1869.
A slender, open shrub, or a tree, about 4 meters high, the branches
flexuose, appressed-hirsutulous; leaves alternate, those of the adja-
cent nodes very unequal and dissimilar, the larger ovate-lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, 6-15 cm. long, 1.5-6 cm. wide, attenuate-
acuminate, often strongly oblique, closely serrulate, short-petioled,
membranous, appressed-hispidulous on both surfaces, concolorous,
the smaller leaves (rarely present in herbarium specimens) ovate or
suborbicular, 3-5 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, sessile; plants apparently
dioecious, the flower clusters about 5 mm. wide.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 3962 (type). Junin: La Merced,
600 meters, 5268. Ayacucho: Choimacota Valley, 1,400 meters,
Weberbauer 7529.
This is more closely related to B. fallax than to B. Pavonii.
Boehmeria aspera Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 349. pi. 11, f.
24-28. 1856-57. B. diversifolia Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 202.
1854, not Miquel, 1851. B. Pavonii var. diversifolia Wedd. in DC.
Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 199. 1869, in part.
A shrub 1-3 meters high, densely leafy throughout, the branch-
lets grayish- or blackish-hirsute; leaves alternate, those of the adja-
cent nodes very unequal and somewhat dissimilar, the larger lanceo-
late, usually narrowly so, 4-13 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, long-acuminate,
crenate-serrate, short-petioled, coriaceous, strongly bullate, smooth
or hispid above, densely cano-hirsute beneath, the smaller leaves
ovate, 1-3 cm. long, 0.8-1.5 cm. wide, acute, subsessile; plants
monoecious, the flower clusters up to 8 mm. wide, predominately
pistillate, sometimes with a few staminate flowers intermingled.
Huanuco: Piedra Grande, 1,500 meters, 3698. Muiia, Pearce
120. Junin: Palca, Dombey (type of B. diversifolia Wedd.). Hua-
capistana, 1,800-2,400 meters, Killip & Smith 24109, 24352; Weber-
bauer 1994. Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,500 meters, Killip & Smith
22324- Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon. Also in Colombia.
Boehmeria brevirostris Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 201. 1854.
A shrub about 3 meters high, the branchlets cano-hirsute; leaves
of the adjacent nodes similar and subequal, ovate or broadly ovate-
lanceolate, 3-15 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, attenuate-acuminate,
usually cordate, coarsely crenate-serrate, membranous, flat, ap-
pressed-hispid above, softly pubescent beneath; plants monoecious
354 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
or dioecious, the flower clusters 4-6 mm. wide, unisexual or
with a few staminate flowers in the pistillate heads; styles about
1 mm. long.
Junin: Rio Perene", near Colonia Perene", 600 meters, Killip &
Smith 25168. Without locality: Mathews 2039 in part (type).
Boehmeria caudata Sw. Prodr. 34. 1788. B. peruviana Blume,
Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 224. 1856.
A shrub or a small tree, up to 8 meters high; leaves opposite,
large, broadly ovate to elliptic, up to 25 cm. long and 10 cm. wide,
acute or acuminate, finely serrate to crenate-serrate, membranous,
flat or rugulose, hispid above, sparingly to densely pubescent beneath ;
plants dioecious, the flowers in dense clusters forming elongate
spikes; fruiting perianth at length broadly obovate, compressed.
Junin: Alcotanga, Raimondi 9199. Ayacucho: Carrapa, Killip
& Smith 22338. Cuzco: Urubamba Valley, Cook & Gilbert 886.
Santa Ana, Cook & Gilbert 1644- Cedrobamba, Herrera 2008.
Machupicchu, Herrera 3214, 3216, 3244, 3245. Puno: Sandia,
Weberbauer 649. Without locality: Gay 636. Widely distributed in
tropical America. "Quisa-quisa" (Cuzco).
Boehmeria fallax Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 346. 1856-57. B.
fallax var. cordata Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 198. 1869.
A much branched shrub 2-5 meters high, with slender, hir-
sutulous or puberulent branches; leaves alternate, those of the
adjacent nodes very unequal and dissimilar, the larger ovate-
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-15 cm. long 1-6 cm. wide, long-
acuminate, short-petioled, coarsely crenate-serrate, membranous,
flat or slightly rugulose, scaberulous and more or less hispidulous
above, pilosulous and pale beneath, the smaller leaves suborbicular-
reniform, about 5 mm. wide, few- toothed, sessile, soon deciduous;
plants monoecious or rarely dioecious, the flower clusters androgy-
nous or unisexual, up to 5 mm. wide.
Huanuco: Casapi, Mathews 2036 (type). Junin: La Merced, 700
meters, Killip & Smith 23662, 23712. Between San Nicolas and
Azupizu, Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 26113. Ayacucho: Carrapa,
1,500 meters, Killip & Smith 22954- Aina, 1,000 meters, Killip &
Smith 22765. Estrella, 500 meters, Killip & Smith 23087. Cuzco:
Urubamba Valley, 1,800 meters, Cook & Gilbert 1118. Without
locality: Pavon (type of B. fallax var. cordata); Poeppig 1623;
Mathews 2037. Also in Bolivia.
FLORA OF PERU 355
Boehmeria Mathewsii Killip, nom. nov. Boehmeria hirta Wedd.
Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 202. 1854, not Swartz, 1788. B. Weddelliana
Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 55. 1925, not Vidal, 1886.
A compact shrub 1.5-2 meters high, the branches densely hir-
sute; leaves opposite, broadly ovate, 6-10 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide
(extremes up to 21 cm. long and 13 cm. wide), acuminate, rounded
at the base, crenate-serrate, membranous, rugulose, hispid above,
cano-tomentose beneath, becoming glabrescent; plants apparently
dioecious, the flower clusters axillary, 8-10 mm. wide, the perianth
of the pistillate flowers about 2 mm. long.
Huanuco: Mufia, 2,200 meters, 4012. Without locality: Matheivs
2039 in part (type of B. hirta Wedd.).
Boehmeria Pavonii Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 202. 1854.
Procris longifolia Pavon ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym. Boehmeria
Pavonii var. diversifolia Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 199. 1869,
in part. Phenax pallidus Rusby, Mem. Torrey Club 4: 259. 1895.
B. pallida Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21: 347. 1931, excluding
synonym "B. diversifolia Wedd."
A shrub or a tree, 2-6 meters high, the branchlets nearly straight,
finely appressed-pubescent; leaves alternate, those of the adjacent
nodes similar but usually very unequal, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic-
lanceolate, serrulate or crenate-serrulate, strongly trinerved, dis-
tinctly petioled, subcoriaceous, flat or slightly rugulose, appressed-
hispidulous above, pale and closely appressed-short-silvery-sericeous
beneath, the hairs pointing toward the middle of the areoles, the
larger leaves 4-16 cm. long, 1.5-4.5 cm. wide, attenuate-acuminate,
the smaller ones 1-3 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 cm. wide, sessile or short-
petioled; plants dioecious, rarely monoecious, the flower clusters
6-8 mm. wide, unisexual, rarely androgynous.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4029, 4951; Williams 5772.
Zepelacio, 1,200-1,600 meters, King 3572. Alto Rio Huallaga,
Williams 6314, 6781. Loreto: Balsapuerto, 220 meters, King
2915. Junin: La Merced, 700 meters, 'Killip & Smith 23442.
Ayacucho: Aina, 800 meters, Killip & Smith 23125. Without
locality: Ruiz & Pav6n (type). Also in Bolivia. "Ishanga."
There has been much confusion regarding this species and B.
diversifolia Wedd., due to Weddell's varying interpretations in his
three surveys of the genus, and to the misidentification of historic
collections of Boehmeria in several European herbaria. Many of the
specimens cited above were distributed as B. pallida.
356 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
4. PHENAX Wedd.
Unarmed shrubs or suffrutescent herbs; leaves alternate, toothed,
rarely entire, 3-5-nerved; plants monoecious or dioecious, the flow-
ers in dense, sessile, axillary clusters, the staminate usually 4-lobed,
the pistillate without a perianth, subtended by several bractlets, the
stigma elongate-filiform, persistent.
Plants dioecious; leaves usually narrowly lanceolate, attenuate-
acuminate P. angustifolius.
Plants monoecious; leaves ovate or ovate-elliptic (lanceolate in one
species), acute, acuminate, or obtuse.
Leaves entire or with 1 or 2 coarse teeth.
Inflorescence densely flowered; leaves lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long,
quintuplinerved P. integrifolius.
Inflorescence loosely flowered; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
less than 1 cm. long, trinerved P. Weddellianus.
Leaves with several teeth.
Flower clusters unisexual, loosely flowered; leaves coarsely and
unequally crenate P. laxiflorus.
Flowers clusters androgynous; leaves serrate or crenate-serrate.
Leaves essentially glabrous, usually drying light green.
P. laevigatus.
Leaves pubescent, at least beneath, drying darker.
Stem slender, deeply angled, pilosulous; leaves membra-
nous; staminate and pistillate flowers subequal in num-
ber to a cluster P. hirtus.
Stem stout, subangular, hirsute; leaves coriaceous or sub-
coriaceous; staminate and pistillate flowers often very
unequal in number to a cluster P. rugosus.
Phenax angustifolius (HBK.) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1:
193. 1854. Boehmeria angustifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 34.
1817. Procris longifolia Poepp. ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym.
Phenax Ulei Krause, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 151. 1906.
A slender shrub or suffrutescent herb, up to 3 meters high, with
several branches; leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5-15 cm.
long, 0.5-5 cm. wide, gradually attenuate-acuminate, minutely
serrulate, glabrous above, sparingly strigillose on the nerves and
veins beneath, the nerves impressed above; plants dioecious; achenes
minute, granular, the style 4-5 mm. long.
FLORA OF PERU 357
Loreto: Raimondi 2203. Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27446. Near
Pongo de Manseriche, 100-200 meters, Killip, Smith & Dennis
29146; Mexia 6323. Cerro de Escolar (Escalera), 1,200 meters, Ule
6842 (type of P. Ulei). Junin: Colonia Perene", 700 meters, Killip
& Smith 24911, 25336. La Merced, Killip & Smith 23568. Aya-
cucho: Aina, Killip & Smith 22513. Without locality: Poeppig
1315. Costa Rica to Colombia, Bolivia, and Brazil.
Phenax Ulei appears to be merely a variant with proportion-
ately broader leaves.
Phenax hirtus (Sw.) Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 235 38 .
1869. Boehmeria hirta Sw. Prodr. 34. 1788. P. urticaefolius Wedd.
Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 192. 1854, in part. P. petiolaris Wedd. loc. cit.
A shrub or suffrutescent herb, 0.5-2.5 meters high, the stem and
branches slender, deeply angled, pilosulous; leaves ovate or rarely
ovate-lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, 1.5-7 cm. wide, acute or acuminate,
dentate-serrate, thin, flat or slightly rugulose, sparingly hispid above,
hirtellous on the nerves beneath; plants monoecious, the glomerules
androgynous with the staminate and pistillate flowers nearly equal
in number; achenes verruculose.
San Martin: San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7161. Caja-
marca: Cajamarca, Raimondi 1765. Hualgayoc, Raimondi 4176.
Chorrillos, Raimondi 7204. Tambillo, Raimondi 4630, 6039. Ca-
llacate, Raimondi 4227. Junin: Alcotanga, Raimondi 9198. Aya-
cucho: Carrapa, 1,200 meters, Killip & Smith 22436. Aina, Killip
& Smith 23176. Without locality: Ruiz & Pawn. This species is
widely distributed in tropical America. Some of the specimens
cited above have proportionately longer leaves than in typical
Jamaican material, and may represent a variety.
Phenax hirtus var. minor Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1:
235 39 . 1869. P. urticaefolius var. minor Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris
9: 496. 1856-57.
Leaves 0.8-3 cm. long, 0.5-2 cm. wide; flower clusters usually
smaller than in the typical form.
Loreto: Near Yurimaguas, 135 meters, Killip & Smith 27863,
28849. Cajamarca: Chorrillos, Raimondi 7760. Lima: Matucana,
233, 2883. Obrajillo, Wilkes Expedition. Lima, Raimondi 12894-
Phenax integrifolius Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. Bot. 1: 193. 1854.
Plant suffrutescent, the stem repent, at length procumbent or
ascending, diffusely branched, villous; leaves crowded, lanceolate,
358 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
1-2 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide, entire, quintuplinerved, pilose; plants
monoecious, the glomerules densely flowered, androgynous; achenes
minutely granular.
Type a Peruvian plant collected by Pavon.
Phenax laevigatus Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 192. 1854;
Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 497. pi 16 A. 1856-57.
A shrub 1-2.5 meters high, with spreading branches, the younger
ones pilosulous; leaves ovate, 3-9 cm. long, 1.5-4 cm. wide, acute or
acuminate, coarsely crenate-serrate or serrate, coriaceous, essentially
glabrous, sublustrous; plants monoecious, the glomerules androgy-
nous, 5-8 mm. in diameter.
Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews 1556. Huanuco: Mito,
2,700 meters, 1503. Huacachi, 2,000 meters, 4153. Pillao, Ruiz &
Pavon. Junin: Huasa-huasi, Dombey (type). Huacapistana, Killip
& Smith 24099. Palca, Weberbauer 1775. Lima: Above Lima,
Raimondi 12548. Ayacucho: Carrapa, 2,200 meters, Killip &
Smith 22312. Cuzco: Valle del Apurimac, Herrera. Also in Ecua-
dor and Bolivia.
Phenax laxiflorus Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 499. 1856-57.
Plant suffrutescent, the branches slender, puberulent; leaves
ovate or elliptic, 1.5-4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, obtuse, coarsely and
unequally crenate with 2-4 crenations to a side, pilosulous above,
finely pubescent beneath; plants monoecious, the glomerules loosely
flowered, unisexual, the staminate in the lower axils, the pistillate
in the upper.
Huanuco: Pillao, Ruiz & Pavon (type). Muna, 2,500 meters,
4282, referred here doubtfully.
Phenax rugosus (Poir.) Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 235 38 .
1869. Procris rugosa Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 5: 628. 1804. Boehmeria
ballotaefolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 35. 1817. Phenax ballotae-
folius Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1: 192. 1854.
A shrub 2-3.5 meters high, the stem stout, subangular, densely
hirsute; leaves ovate, 4-12 cm. long, 2.5-7 cm. wide, crenate-ser-
rate, coriaceous or subcoriaceous, rugose, usually villous-tomentose
beneath ; plants monoecious, the glomerules very dense, the staminate
and pistillate flowers often very unequal in number in a glomerule;
achenes verruculose.
Huanuco: Muna, Pearce 158. Junin: Carpapata, 3,000 meters,
Killip & Smith 24420. Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 3,000 meters, Cook
FLORA OF PERU 359
& Gilbert 588. Urubamba Vallay, Herrera 2248. Vilcanota Valley,
H err era 1077. Dept. uncertain: Panahuanca, Mathews 931.
Without locality: Jussieu (type); Mathews 2033; Gay 360, 1661.
Mexico to Venezuela and Bolivia. "Monte-pespeta" (Cuzco).
Phenax rugosus var. minor Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1:
235 38 . 1869.
Leaves elliptic-ovate, 1.5-2 cm. long, 0.8-1 cm. wide, subsessile,
serrate, thick-coriaceous, bullate, lustrous, glabrous above, tomentel-
lous beneath.
Junin: Tarma, Mathews 669 (type).
Phenax Weddellianus Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24: 43.
1934.
Plant suffrutescent, with a slender, glabrescent stem, diffusely
branched; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 5-18 mm. long, 3-8
mm. wide, entire or with 1-2 coarse teeth on either side, trinerved,
sparingly strigillose above, pilosulous beneath; plants monoecious,
the clusters loosely flowered, androgynous or rarely unisexual;
achenes narrowly ovoid.
Cuzco: Gay (type).
5. MYRIOCARPA Benth.
Unarmed trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, petiolate, toothed or
rarely subentire, trinerved, bearing cystoliths; plants dioecious,
rarely monoecious; staminate flowers in glomerules forming slender,
dichotomous spikes, the perianth 4-parted; pistillate flowers in
slender, elongate, dichotomous, sub-unilateral spikes, rarely in pani-
cles, without a perianth, the achenes compressed, stipitate or sessile,
often setose at the margin, the stigma lateral, semilunate.
Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, conspicuously toothed nearly to
the base, membranous, the cystoliths of the upper surface
conspicuous M. stipitata.
Leaves prevailingly obovate, undulate-serrulate in the upper half,
coriaceous, the cystoliths obscure M. laevigata.
Myriocarpa laevigata Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 15: 55.
1925.
A compact tree or shrub, up to 5 meters high, essentially glabrous
throughout; leaves obovate, rarely ovate, 7-14 cm. long, 4-8 cm. wide,
abruptly acuminate or acute, shallowly undulate-serrulate above the
middle, coriaceous, the cystoliths obscure; plants dioecious or some-
360 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
times monoecious, the spikes unisexual, once or twice forked near the
base, 6-15 cm. long; staminate flowers sessile in contiguous clusters;
achenes ovate-elliptic, setose at the margin, stipitate.
Huanuco: Muna, 2,300 meters, 3925 (type). Yanano, 1,800
meters, 3783. Rio Posuso, 1,900-2,000 meters, Weberbauer 6735,
6743. Junin: Huacapistana, 1,800 meters, Killip & Smith 24186.
Myriocarpa stipitata Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 168. pi. 55. 1844.
M. densiflora Benth. op. cit. 169. M. Dombeyana Wedd. Ann. Sci.
Nat. III. 18: 232. 1852. M. densiflora var. Dombeyana Wedd.
Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 487. 1856-57.
A tree 3-9 meters high, with a slender trunk, the branchlets
usually hirsute- tomentose; leaves broadly ovate to ovate-oblong,
10-25 cm. long, 6-12 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded or cordulate at
the base, crenate to crenate-serrulate, rugulose with age, bearing on
the upper surface conspicuous cystoliths which radiate from the
center of the areoles, membranous, essentially glabrous above,
sparingly pilosulous to densely tomentose beneath; spikes 1-3 times
forked near the base, the staminate shorter than the leaves, the
pistillate often much longer, up to 30 cm. long; achenes elliptic,
1-1.5 mm. long, subsessile or usually stipitate, generally setose at
the margin.
Piura: Prov. Huancabamba, 1,300 meters, Weberbauer 601 4-
San Martin: Tarapoto, 750 meters, Spruce 4286; Ule 6507; Williams
6145. Pongo de Cainarachi, 230 meters, Klug 2748. Zepelacio, Klug
3536. Loreto: Balsapuerto, 220 meters, Klug 2898. Pongo de
Manseriche, Mexia 6252. Rio Nanay, Williams 414' Cuschi,
1,600 meters, 4838. Pampayacu, Sawada 16. Junin: Huasa-huasi,
Dombey (type of M. Dombeyana). Carpapata, 2,700 meters, Killip
& Smith 24374- Huacapistana, 2,000 meters, Killip & Smith
24139. La Merced, 600 meters, 5454; Killip & Smith 23475, 24059,
24064, 24075, 24077, 25386. Dos de Mayo, Pichis Trail, Killip &
Smith 25837, 25856. Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,000 meters, Killip &
Smith 22467, 22487. Aina, 900 meters, Killip & Smith 22687.
Estrella, 500 meters, Killip & Smith 23073. Kimpitiriki, 400 meters,
Killip & Smith 22952. Cuzco: Urubamba Valley, 1,800 meters, Cook
& Gilbert 937, 1047, 1147. Without locality: Mathews 2040 (type of
M. densiflora). Colombia to Venezuela and Ecuador. "Ishanga"
(Tarapoto), "tigre-tigre" (Cuzco).
M. densiflora was differentiated from M. stipitata on the basis of
the leaves being softly tomentose beneath and the achenes sub-
FLORA OF PERU 361
sessile rather than stipitate, and the two species have always been
considered distinct. The large number of specimens now available
fail to show a correlation of these or any other characters; the degree
of indument is highly variable and, even in a single spike, there is
variation in the relative length of the stipe to the body of the achene.
6. URERA Gaud.
Trees or shrubs, usually with stinging hairs; leaves alternate,
stipulate, petiolate, the cystoliths punctiform, linear, or wanting;
plants usually dioecious, the flowers small, in axillary, dichotomous
or irregularly branched cymes, the staminate with a 4-5-parted
perianth and 4-5 stamens, the pistillate with 4 equal or unequal
segments; stigma penicillate persistent; achene straight or oblique,
at least partially surrounded by the fleshy, enlarged perianth.
Leaves incised-lobed usually more than halfway to the midnerve.
U. laciniata.
Leaves not lobed, dentate, crenate, or subentire.
Achenes more than 2 mm. long; leaves coarsely dentate or sinuate-
dentate U. baccifera.
Achenes less than 2 mm. long; leaves crenate-dentate.
U. caracasana.
Urera baccifera (L.) Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. Uran. Bot. 497.
1826. Urtica baccifera L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1398. 1763.
A coarse, erect, subligneous herb, or a shrub, 1-4 meters high, the
stem densely covered with short, stout, stinging prickles; leaves
broadly ovate or round-ovate to oblong-ovate, up to 35 cm. long and
15 cm. wide, rounded or cordate at the base, coarsely dentate or
irregularly sinuate-dentate, glabrescent, rarely densely pubescent,
or with hairs or prickles, especially on the nerves; plants dioecious,
the flowers in much branched cymes; fruit succulent, white or rose-
colored, 3-5 mm. long.
San Martin: Chazuta, 260 meters, Klug 4029. Loreto: Rio
Maranon Valley, 150 meters, Killip, Smith & Dennis 29169. Rio
Itaya, 110 meters, Killip & Smith 29376, 29465, 29579; Williams
3423. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 1085. Lower Rio Huallaga,
Williams 4350. Huanuco: Muna, 2,200 meters, 3910. Monzon,
Weberbauer 3497, 3498. Junm: Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith 25904,
26105, 26356. Ayacucho: Aina, 900 meters, Killip & Smith 22794.
Madre de Dios: Seringal, Ule 9330. Widely distributed in
tropical America.
362 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Gaud, ex Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind.
154. 1859. Urtica caracasana Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. 3: 71. pi. 396.
1798. Urera Jacquini Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 200. 1852. U.
subpeltata Miq. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 1: 189. pi. 66. 1853. U.
acuminata Miq. op. cit. 190, not Gaud. U. Jacquini var. subpeltata
Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 145. 1856-57. U. Jacquini var. Miqueli
Wedd. loc. cit. U. caracasana var. subpeltata Wedd. in DC. Prodr.
16, pt. 1: 90. 1869. U. caracasana var. Miqueli Wedd. loc. cit. U.
capitata var. Pavonii Wedd. op. cit. 92.
A shrub 1-6 meters high, with elongate branches, the young
twigs, petioles, inflorescence, and leaf veins usually armed with
stinging hairs; leaves broadly ovate or sometimes ovate-lanceolate,
variable in size, up to 30 cm. long and 25 cm. wide, acuminate, cor-
date at the base, usually with an open sinus but sometimes with a
closed sinus and overlapping basal lobes, crenate-dentate, scabrous
above, more or less pubescent beneath; plants dioecious, the cymes
regularly dichotomous, shorter than the petioles or often much
longer, the staminate flowers sessile in distinct, compact glomerules,
the pistillate flowers usually ternate, sometimes single or in dense
clusters, pedicellate or subsessile.
San Martin: Zepelacio, Klug 3554- Tarapoto, Spruce 4305.
Loreto: Lower Rio Huallaga, Williams 4288, 4308, 4796, 4945.
Iquitos, Tessmann 3584; Williams 8041- Rio Maranon, Killip &
Smith 27518, 29230; Tessmann 3857, 4118. Pumayacu, Klug 3174.
Mishuyacu, Klug 441, 1071. Rio Putumayo, Klug 1639. Rio
Napo, Mexia 6469. Rio Amazonas, Williams 1861, 2005, 2673,
2789. Rio Nanay, Williams 490, 505, 802, 1256. Cerro de Escalera,
Ule 45 in part. Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 3198. Huanuco: Casapi,
Mathews 2030. Monzon, Weberbauer 3704. Junin: La Merced,
Killip & Smith 23929. Rio Perene", Killip & Smith 25151. Ayacu-
cho: Kimpitiriki, Killip & Smith 22935. Madre de Dios: Seringal,
Ule 9332. Dept. uncertain: Pampa del Sacramento, Castelnau.
Without locality: Ruiz & Pavdn (type of U. capitata var. Pavonii);
Gay; Poeppig; Fox 32. Widely distributed in tropical America.
"Ishanga," "ishangu del agua."
Urera caracasana is here interpreted in its widest sense. Many
of the specimens from northern Peru cited above have proportion-
ately narrower leaves than in the typical form and represent the
variety subpeltata. If further study proves that U. capitata, with
the pistillate flowers sessile in dense heads, is specifically distinct
from U. caracasana, some of this material, including the type of U.
FLORA OF PERU 363
capitata var. Pavonii, should be placed in that species. At present
it seems best to treat these as representing a young stage of U.
caracasana.
Urera laciniata (Goudot) Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 203.
1852. Urtica laciniata Goudot ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym.
An erect, tree-like herb or often truly arborescent, 1-4 meters
high, the branches densely covered with stout bristles or spines;
leaves 15-35 cm. long and wide, deeply incised-lobed (lobes acumi-
nate, entire or few-toothed), membranous, spiny on the nerves
beneath, glabrescent; plants dioecious, the cymes up to 20 cm. long,
the staminate flowers in glomerules, the pistillate in glomerules or
distinct; achenes suborbicular, nearly 2 mm. long.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4140. Alto Rio Huallaga, Wil-
liams 6799. San Roque, 1,350-1,500 meters, Williams 7785.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 1079. Rio Nanay, Williams
451. Yurimaguas, 200 meters, Williams 4937. Rio Ucayali, Tess-
mann 3177. Huanuco: Posuso, 600 meters, 4703. Junin: La
Merced, 600 meters, 5315. Puerto Yessup, 400 meters, Killip &
Smith 26319. Ayacucho: Estrella, 500 meters, Killip & Smith
22645. Without locality: Haenke 1730; Ruiz & Pawn. Costa Rica
to Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia. "Ishanga."
7. POUZOLZIA Gaud.
Low shrubs, rarely woody vines; leaves alternate, entire, toothed
in only a few American species, petiolate, 3-nerved, the upper sur-
face densely covered with punctiform cystoliths; plants monoecious,
rarely dioecious, the flowers in small, axillary clusters or in leafless
spikes; staminate perianth 4-5-parted or lobed, the stamens 3-5;
pistillate perianth tubular, 2-4-toothed, usually costate, the ovary
included, the stigma filiform, at length deciduous, the achenes
crustaceous, shiny.
Leaves entire.
Flower clusters in leafless spikes; plants scandent, dioecious,
glabrescent P. formicaria.
Flower clusters in the leaf axils; plants monoecious, densely
pubescent.
Under surface of the leaves hirtellous on the nerves, compactly
white-lanate between the nerves P. Poeppigiana.
Under surface of leaves densely brown-hirsute P. obliqua.
Leaves coarsely crenate-serrate P. longipes.
364 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Pouzolzia formicaria (Poepp.) Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9:
407. 1856-57. Boehmeria formicaria Poepp. ex Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat.
IV. 1:201. 1854.
A woody vine or a scandent shrub; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 4-
12 cm. long, 2-6 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded or cordulate at the
base, entire, subcoriaceous, concolorous, scabrid above, essentially
glabrous; plants dioecious, the flower clusters borne in spikes 8-15
cm. long; pistillate perianth about 2 mm. long, hispidulous; achenes
conical, about 1.5 mm. long, brownish white, the style about 3 times
longer, densely pubescent.
Loreto: Mainas, Poeppig 2287 (type). Rio Paranapura, 200
meters, Klug 3944- Rancho Indiana, 110 meters, Mexia 6411.
Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 930. Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams
8117; Tessmann 3585, 3897, 3898. Rio Ucayali, Tessmann 3336.
Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 557. Florida, Rio Putumayo, 200
meters, Klug 1998, 2030, 2354.
Pouzolzia longipes Killip, sp. nov. P. procridioides var. hirsuta
Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 231. 1869(?).
Herba monoica; folia late ovata, acuminata, grosse crenato-ser-
rata, supra setulosa, subtus in nervis puberula; glomeruli axillares,
androgyni vel unisexuales, perianthio masc. 4-lobato; achaenia
conica.
An herb 60-75 cm. high, woody below, the stem sparingly pilo-
sulous, at length glabrous, angulate; leaves broadly ovate, 5-10
cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded and abruptly narrowed
at the base, coarsely crenate-serrate, membranous, sparingly setulose
above, puberulent on the nerves beneath, otherwise glabrous, the
petioles 2-5 cm. long; plants monoecious, the flower clusters axillary,
5-8 mm. wide, androgynous or unisexual; staminate perianth about
2.5 mm. long, deeply 4-lobed; pistillate perianth 1-1.5 mm. long,
scaberulous; achenes conical, nearly 1 mm. long, light brown, the
styles 3 mm. long, pubescent.
Junin: Enefias, Pichis Trail, 1,700-1,900 meters, dense forest,
July 2, 1929, Killip & Smith 25753 (type, U. S. Nat. Herb. No.
1,359,857; Field Mus. No. 632,801).
This species, one of the few American ones with toothed leaves, is
nearest the African P. procridioides (E. Mey.) Wedd., and agrees
well with the Bonpland specimen at Paris, labeled merely "Amer.
Trop.," which Weddell referred to P. procridioides. In addition to
the improbability of the African species occurring in Peru, there are
FLORA OF PERU 365
slight differences in the toothing of the leaves, the indument, and the
size of the achenes which suggest that another species is represented.
The type of P. procridioides var. hirsuta, a Pavon specimen in the
Boissier Herbarium, not examined in connection with the present
studies, may be P. longipes, though the description of the indument
does not well apply to the specimen cited above.
Pouzolzia obliqua (Poepp.) Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 405.
1856-57. Margarocarpus obliquus Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. IV. 1:
204. 1854. Boehmeria obliqua Poepp. ex Wedd. loc. cit., as synonym.
A shrub or a small tree, 2-5 meters high, densely hirsute nearly
throughout; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2-14 cm. long, 1-5
cm. wide, attenuate-acuminate, rounded or cordulate at the base,
oblique, short-petioled, hispid above; plants monoecious or dioecious,
the flower clusters axillary, androgynous or unisexual; achenes light
brown or white, the styles 8-10 mm. long.
San Martin: Juanjui, Klug 1+169. Loreto: Mainas, Poeppig 2032
(type). Guatemala to Venezuela and Peru, evidently uncommon
in Peru.
Pouzolzia Poeppigiana (Wedd.) Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad.
Sci. 21: 347. 1931. Margarocarpus Poeppigianus Wedd. Ann. Sci.
Nat. IV. 1 : 204. 1854. M. asper Wedd. loc. cit. Boehmeria discolor
Poepp. ex Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 206. 1856. B. aspera
Blume, loc. cit., footnote, not Wedd. Pouzolzia discolor Wedd.
Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 408. pi. 13B, f. 18-24- 1856-57. P. aspera
Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 233. 1869, not Wight.
A shrub 1-5 meters high, with elongate, villous branches; leaves
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-15 cm. long, 1-4.5 cm. wide,
acuminate, rounded at the base, symmetrical or nearly so, entire,
above scabrous and hirsutulous, beneath rufo-hirtellous on the
nerves and compactly white-lanate between them; plants monoe-
cious, the flower clusters axillary, androgynous or unisexual, the
styles up to 1.5 cm. long, the achenes light brown or white, about
1 rnm. long.
San Martin: Lamas, 840 meters, Williams 6442; Spruce. Alto
Rio Huallaga, Williams 6683. Zepelacio, 1,400 meters, Klug 3437.
-Loreto: Rio Amazonas, Poeppig 3044- Huanuco: Rio Huallaga
Canyon, 1,200 meters, 4328. Junin: La Merced, 700 meters, Killip
& Smith 23386, 23528, 23586, 23938. Colonia Perene", Killip
& Smith 25024- Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,000 meters, Killip & Smith
22471. Cuzco: Bues in 1930. Without locality: "Peru subandina,"
366 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Poeppig 1284 (type; also type of P. discolor); Ruiz & Pawn; Gay;
Mathews 2036, 2037. Also in Bolivia.
8. FLEURYA Gaud.
Annual herbs, usually with stinging hairs; leaves alternate,
petiolate, toothed, trinerved; plants monoecious or dioecious, the
flowers in clusters in large panicles, the staminate 4-5-parted, the
pistillate with 4 imbricate perianth segments, the stigma papillose,
at length hooked; achenes oblique, compressed.
Fleurya aestuans (L.) Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. Uran. Bot. 497.
1826. Urtica aestuans L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1397. 1762. F. glandulosa
Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 18: 205. 1852. F. aestuans var. glandu-
losa Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 112. 1856-57. F. aestuans var. race-
mosa Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16, pt. 1: 72. 1869.
An erect, simple or few-branched herb, up to 1.2 meters high, the
stem sometimes glandular; leaves broadly ovate, 7-17 cm. long, 2.5-
12 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, coarsely and sharply dentate,
slender-petioled, membranous, usually with a few stinging hairs
on the upper surface; panicles usually androgynous; achenes
1-1.5 mm. long.
Loreto: Fortaleza, Williams 4462. Puerto Arturo, 135 meters,
Killip & Smith 27755; Williams 5130, 5195. Iquitos, 100 meters,
Kittip & Smith 27074; Williams 1340, 1348, 8099, 8193. Lower
Rio Nanay, Williams 353. La Victoria, Williams 2603. Nauta,
Raimondi 2173. Without locality: Poeppig 2086; Ruiz & Pawn.
Throughout tropical America.
9. PARIETARIA L.
Diffuse or tufted, slender herbs, without stinging hairs; leaves
alternate, entire, trinerved; flowers in small, axillary glomerules, the
staminate, pistillate, and perfect intermixed; perianth tubular,
4-parted; achenes straight, ovoid, lustrous.
Parietaria debilis Forst. Fl. Ins. Austr. Prodr. 73. 1786. P.
debilis var. ceratosantha Wedd. Arch. Mus. Paris 9: 515. 1856-57.
An erect or diffuse, pilosulous or glabrescent, annual herb; leaves
ovate, rhombic-ovate, or orbicular-ovate, 5-20 mm. long, obtuse or
rounded at the apex; clusters few-flowered.
Cajamarca: Cascas, Raimondi 8174. Tambillo, Raimondi 7995.
Lima: Matucana, 2,500 meters, 262. Lima, 5870; Rose 18581.
Lurin, 5968. Atocongo, Pennell 14795. Arequipa: Mollendo,
FLORA OF PERU 367
Hitchcock 22391, 22410; Johnston 3552. Tiabaya, 2,000 meters,
Pennell 13072. Arequipa, 2,600 meters Pennell 1 3194. Locality
uncertain: Dombey; Weddell. Widely distributed in the warmer
parts of the world.
50. PROTEACEAE. Protea Family
Besides the following genera of this family, which is best repre-
sented in Australia, the silk-oak of Australia, Grevillea robusta Cunn.,
is doubtless cultivated, as in all warm regions, for shade. It may be
known by its fern-like leaves, silky-pubescent beneath.
Flowers showy, conspicuous above the leaves; hypogynous glands
large, or the disk entire or obscurely 3-lobed ... 1. Embothrium.
Flowers rather small, often inconspicuous; hypogynous glands or
scales 3-4 or the disk 4-lobed.
Inflorescence axillary, at least in part, 1-5 cm. long; hypogynous
glands 3; style laterally expanded 2. Lomatia.
Inflorescence usually terminal, often longer than the leaves;
hypogynous scales or glands 4.
Leaves conspicuously net-veined; fruit tardily dehiscent.
Leaves entire 3. Panopsis.
Leaves pinnate 4. Euplassa.
Leaves inconspicuously net- veined; fruit early dehiscent.
5. Roupala.
1. EMBOTHRIUM Forst.
Oreocallis R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 10: 196. 1811.
Tall shrubs with long, willow-like branches, the ultimate ter-
minated by dense racemes of showy, strap-shaped, 1-petaled flowers.
Style oblong-fusiform or oblique at the tip. The herbarium name
Catas Dombey is mentioned in synonymy by Lamarck, Encycl.
2: 355. 1786.
Inflorescence more or less reddish-pubescent E. grandiflorum.
Inflorescence glabrous, often pruinose-glaucous.
Leaves mostly 3-3.5 cm. wide, rarely 10 cm. long.
E. mucronatum.
Leaves mostly 4-5 cm. wide, usually 10-15 cm. long.
E. Weberbaueri.
Embothrium grandiflorum Lam. Encycl. 2: 354. 1786. E.
emarginatum R. & P. Fl. 1 : 62. pi. 95. 1798. Oreocallis grandiflora
R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 10: 197. 1811.
368 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Branchlets dark-barked, the youngest reddish-tomentose as the
new leaves beneath; petioles 1-2 cm. long; leaves coriaceous, gla-
brous and lustrous above, elliptic, acutish at the base, rounded and
mucronate or somewhat emarginate at the apex, about 10 cm. long
and half as wide; racemes often finally 10 cm. long; pedicels 1 cm.
long in flower, 3 cm. in fruit; flowers reddish, curved, 4-5 cm. long,
the perianth deeply 4-parted; anthers ovate, sessile; styles as long
as the perianth, persisting with the obliquely directed, peltate
stigma on the oblong-cylindric capsule; seeds winged, orbicular,
compressed. A shrub or tree of 1-6 meters. Meisner in DC. Prodr.
14: 445. 1856, distinguished, under the name Oreocallis grandiflora:
var. emarginata. (R. & P.) Meisn., the leaves beneath and the branch-
lets pubescent; var. obtusifolia Meisn., the leaves glabrate; and
var. acutifolia Meisn., similar to the last but the leaves acute. Web-
erbauer (86) notes that the species is a widely spread east-Andean
type which, however, occurs in the inter- Andean valleys of the Hua-
llaga, etc., even to the western slopes in Cajamarca. Ruiz and Pavon
found the crushed leaves applied to bruises and to aching teeth, and
the flowering branches used to adorn altars and the arches carried
in processions. Illustrated, Weberbauer, 160.
Cajamarca: San Pablo, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 3826; 256.
Huambos, 2,600-3,000 meters (Weberbauer 260). Toward Hual-
gayoc, 2,200 meters (Weberbauer 189). Ancash: Huaraz (Weber-
bauer 179). Pichiu, 3,500 meters, Weberbauer 2922. Huanuco:
Mito, 1380. Fifteen miles northeast of Huanuco, 3,000 meters,
2149. Yanano, 1,800 meters, 4936. Palca and Huasa-huasi, Ruiz
& Pavdn. Between Huanuco and Pampayacu, Kanehira 66.
Junin: Huacapistana, 1,700 meters, Weberbauer 1742; 246. Chan-
chamayo, Isern 2179, 2302,Cuzco: Valle de Lares (Hen era 788).
Santa Ana, 1,900 meters, Weberbauer 5000; 281. Without locality,
Diehl 2523. Pillahuata, 2,800 meters, Pennell 14084- Ecuador.
"Salta-perico," "tsacpa," "cucharilla," "zacpa," "llamas," "chappa,"
"cocaniro," "picahua," "catas," "machinparrani," "mastimpanrani."
Embothrium mucronatum Willd. ex R. & S. Syst. 3: 33. 1818.
Oreocallis Ruizii Klotzsch, Linnaea 20: 474. 1847.
Apparently very similar to E. grandiflorum but glabrous or nearly
so and the leaves often much smaller, oblongish, mucronate, some-
what lustrous above; terminal thyrse lax, the bracts sparsely pilose.
A small shrub, perhaps only a variety of E. grandiflorum. Neg.
11772.
FLORA OF PERU 369
Huanuco: Ruiz (type). Pampayacu, Sawada P41- Amazonas:
Chachapoyas, Raimondi (det. Diels); at 2,700 meters, Williams
7551. Ecuador. "Picahuay."
Embothrium Weberbaueri Perk. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 434. 1911.
A shrub of 3-5 meters, resembling E. mucronatum in lack of
pubescence but perhaps distinguishable by the larger, mostly
emarginate, obscurely mucronulate leaves and the terminal, racemose
inflorescence; racemes 20 cm. long or longer, the slender pedicels
2 cm. long; flowers rose-colored, 3.5-4 cm. long; fruits 4 cm. long,
the beak 2.5-3 cm. long, on stipes to nearly 4 cm. long. Neg. 11773.
Huanuco: Monzon, Prov. Huamalies, 1,000-1,500 meters,
Weberbauer 3464. (type). San Martin: East of Moyobamba, 1,100
meters, Weberbauer 4762 (det. Perkins). Near Moyobamba, Klug
3417. San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7820, 7668.
2. LOMATIA R. Br.
A shrub allied to Embothrium, but the axillary racemes rela-
tively short and few-flowered. Style expanded laterally at the
tip. The generic name has been conserved.
Lomatia hirsuta (Lam.) Diels, comb. nov. Embothrium hirsu-
tum Lam. Encycl. 2: 355. 1786. E. obliquum R. & P. Fl. 1: 63. pi.
97. 1798. L. obliqua R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 10: 196. 1811.
A glabrous-leaved shrub 2-3 meters high with reddish-villous
racemes about as long as the leaves, these coriaceous, lustrous above,
often colored beneath, ovate, very unequally serrate, 5-12 cm.
long, 2-5 cm. broad; perianth 1 cm. long, white; fruits pedicellate,
2.5-3.5 cm. long. Some part of the plant is said to supply a dye.
Cajamarca: San Miguel, 2,600 meters, Weberbauer 3890. Cu-
tervo, Jelski. Piura: At 3,000 meters, Weberbauer 6053. Rio Piura
and Nancho, Raimondi (det. Diels). Libertad: East of the Mara-
fion, Raimondi (det. Diels). Chile. "Raral," "andaga," "garo,"
"shiapash."
3. PANOPSIS Salisb.
Andriapetalum Pohl, PI. Bras. Icon. 1: 113. 1827.
Shrubs or small trees with entire, often verticillate leaves.
Racemes axillary and terminal. Filaments obvious, borne below the
middle of the perianth lobes. Disk cupulate, 4-lobed. Fruit a hard,
1-seeded drupe. The later name of Pohl was accredited to Schott
by Endlicher as Andripetalum.
370 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Pedicels rigid, 10-12 mm. long, glabrous P. acuminata.
Pedicels lax, 5-6 mm. long, pubescent P. rubescens.
Panopsis acuminata (Meisn.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 66.
1931. Andriapetalum rubescens Pohl, var. acuminatum Meisn. in
DC. Prodr. 14: 346. 1856.
Leaves subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute to long-acuminate,
2.5-4 cm. wide, finely reticulate-veined on both sides, glabrous;
racemes glabrous, the stiff pedicels divaricate; flowers cream-colored.
Perhaps better regarded as a variety of the next. A tree of
8 meters (Klug). Neg. 7445.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 1540. Brazil.
Panopsis rubescens (Pohl) Pittier, Contr. Fl. Venez. 21. 1923.
Andriapetalum rubescens Pohl, op. cit. 114. pi. 91.
Similar to the above, but the young branchlets, leaves, and
racemes rusty-tomentulose; leaves narrowed to both ends, obtusish,
glabrous in age, beautifully reticulate-veined and suffused with red
from the midnerve. Flowers pure white, with the odor of vanilla;
fruit 4-6 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick, densely tomentose, indehiscent
(Ducke). The Peruvian form, var. simulans Macbr. Field Mus.
Bot. 11: 67. 1931, has acute or acuminate leaves. Neg. 19067.
Loreto: Timbuchi, Rio Nanay, Williams 1044 (type of var.
simulans}. Manfmfa, upper Rio Nanay, Williams 1121. Brazil;
British Guiana.
4. EUPLASSA Salisb.
Pinnately leaved shrubs or trees with racemes or narrow, raceme-
like panicles of rather small flowers. Otherwise like Panopsis but
perianth oblique in bud, anthers subsessile, and disk entire.
Euplassa Isernii Cuatrecasas, sp. nov.
Ramis ignotis; foliis petiolatis, petiolo 8-9 cm. longo tereti
inferne applanato minute puberulento; foliolis 8-jugis breve petio-
lulatis paullo alternantibus, petiolulo 3-4 mm. longo tereti striato
puberulento, oblongo-ellipticis, acuminatis basi late acutis margine
repando-serratis vel subintegris 8-12 cm. longis, circa 4 cm. latis,
chartaceo-coriaceis conspicue reticulatis utrinque subnitidulis supra
viridibus glabris subtus castaneis ad nervum medianum minute
sparseque puberulentis; floribus paniculam angustam spurie race-
mosam referentibus; paniculis cum pedunculo 6 cm. longo 30 cm.
longis cum pilis adpressis minutis paullo fulvis parce pubescentibus;
FLORA OF PERU 371
pedicellis ad mediam connatis circa 7 mm. longis; petalis 10 mm.
longis; ovario glabro. Apparently, by reason of its many leaflets
and glabrous ovary, very well marked, and the second species west
of the Andes, the other being E. occidentalis I. M. Johnston of Ecua-
dor, with 4 pairs of obovate leaflets. Included here with Dr. Cua-
trecasas' permission, the description supplied by me.
Junin: Chanchamayo, Isern 2283, type, Herb. Madrid.
5. ROUPALA Aubl.
Stoutly branched shrubs with alternate leaves. Racemes or
spikes slender, often more or less tomentose, the rather small flowers
often divaricate on short pedicels. Anthers subsessile on the upper
part of the perianth lobes. A fruiting specimen (Williams 7439,
San Roque) has entire, ovate, long-acuminate, long-petioled leaves
exactly simulating those of R. macropoda Karst. of Colombia, but
the fruits are cylindric, 1 cm. long, 2 mm. thick; in the absence of
flowers the generic identity is uncertain. The Aublet name has been
written Rhopala, Ropala, and Rupala and, at least by typographical
error, still otherwise, using the same letters.
Flowers sessile, the spikes much exceeding the leaves . . . R. spicata.
Flowers always more or less pedicellate.
Mature leaves glabrous except the midnerve beneath, the trichomes
not distinct, usually forming a gray indument.
Leaves rotund-cordate; pubescence beneath grayish.
R. cordifolia.
Leaves not cordate, or at least the pubescence not a gray
indument.
Leaves simple, at least those of the flowering branchlets.
Leaves rounded-truncate at the base . . . R. dolichopoda.
Leaves cuneate at the base or at least acute.
Racemes distinctly pubescent; leaves 3.5-4 cm. wide.
Leaves finally glabrous beneath . . . . R. complicata.
Leaves pubescent beneath on the costa . . R. ferruginea.
Racemes glabrous; leaves mostly wider.... R. Dielsii,
Leaves pinnate, but only the sterile branchlets known.
R. Raimondii.
Mature leaves more or less pubescent beneath, the trichomes dis-
tinct, often red or fulvous.
372 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Pubescence red-brown, very dense on the leaf nerves beneath;
pedicels often only 1-2 mm. long R. monosperma.
Pubescence grayish-fulvous, moderate; pedicels 3-5 mm. long.
R. pinnata.
Roupala complicata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 153. pi 119. 1817.
A slender shrub or tree with thick, subglabrous, glaucescent
leaves and pallidly rusty-tomentose racemes that about equal them;
leaf blades entire or remotely and obtusely few-dentate, decurrent
into the petiole, this 2-3 cm. long; leaf nerves more or less elevated
or subimmersed, the veins obscurely and laxly reticulate; racemes
about 10 cm. long; pedicels 2-3 mm. long; ovary rusty-tomentose;
stigma scarcely clavate. Variable; the specimens by Killip and
Smith were determined by the latter as R. Gardneri Meisn., a form
typically of interior Brazil with more elevated leaf nervation. See
Field Mus. Bot. 11: 66. 1931. Neg. 11749.
San Martin: Morales, Alto Rio Huallaga, 900 meters, Williams
5703. Zepelacio, 1,100 meters, Klug 3742; a tree of 4 meters, the
flowers light yellow. San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7439.
Moyobamba, 800 meters, Weberbauer 4480; 290. Junin: Chan-
chamayo Valley, 1,200 meters, Schunke 426; Isern 2327. San
Ramon, 900-1,300 meters, Killip & Smith 24782, 24891. Rio
Perene", 600 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 25114; a slender shrub
of 1.5-2 meters; flowers creamy white. Colonia Perene", 680 meters,
Killip & Smith 25035. Loreto: Along the Rio Ucayali, Tessmann
3431. Cuzco: Santa Ana, 800 meters, Weberbauer 5024; also Uru-
bamba (280). North to the Guianas and Costa Rica. "Ingaina,"
"arellan."
Roupala cordifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 152. pi. 118. 1817.
Much branched, the branchlets glabrous; petioles to 2.5 cm.
long; leaves to about 10 cm. long, remotely and coarsely dentate
or subentire, fleshy-coriaceous, soon glabrous, the laxly reticulate
veins subimmersed; racemes reddish-pubescent, very much longer
than the leaves; flowers 8-10 mm. long, white, the slender, rusty-
tomentose pedicels 2-3 times longer; stigma clavate.
Cajamarca: Jae"n de Bracamoros (Humboldt, type). Huambos,
Weberbauer 4192. Ecuador; Colombia.
Roupala Dielsii Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 65. 1931.
A glabrous shrub with slender, few-branched, densely leafy
branchlets; leaves elliptic-oblong or somewhat obovate, basally
FLORA OF PERU 373
attenuate to the (3-5 mm. long) petiole, shortly and broadly acu-
minate, 10 cm. long, 4 cm. broad, somewhat lustrous above but
scarcely veiny, opaque beneath, the lateral veins elevated but
obscurely reticulate, finally subcoriaceous, entire below but more
or less denticulate above the middle; racemes with flowers about
2 cm. wide, as long as the leaves, glabrous or glabrescent, only the
ovary reddish-tomentose; flowers 3.5 mm. long, a little longer than
the pedicels; style 6 mm. long, the stigma distinctly clavate.
Loreto: Rio Itaya, Williams 114 (type).
Roupala dolichopoda Diels, Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 117: 35.
1916.
A shrub of 2 meters; petioles 4-9.5 cm. long, slightly pilose
basally; leaves coriaceous, finally glabrous, ovate, short-acuminate,
nearly truncate at the base, appressed callous-serrate, 10-15 cm.
long, 6.5-11 cm. wide; racemes sessile, rusty-pilose, becoming gla-
brate, about 10 cm. long; pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm. long; perianth yellow-
ish, rusty-pilose, 7-8 mm. long; ovary rusty-tomentose, the glabrous
style obovate apically. Allied by the author with R. complicate/,.
Neg. 11752.
Piura: Above Ayavaca, 1,700 meters, Weberbauer 6364 (type).
Roupala ferruginea HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 152. 1817.
Apparently too near R. complicate, HBK., but the leaves obovate-
oblong, entire, the costa beneath pubescent, even in age, otherwise
glabrous, reticulate-veined, about 7 cm. long; stigma clavate.
A shrub of 2 meters.
Huanuco: Mito, 2,550 meters, 3447 (det. Johnston). Caja-
marca(?): Chamay, Bracamoros (Humboldt, type).
Roupala monosperma (R. & P.) I. M. Johnston, Contr. Gray
Herb. 73: 42. 1924. Embothrium monospermum R. & P. Fl. 1: 63.
pi. 98. 1798. R. peruviana R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 10: 192. 1811.
Branchlet tips, leaves, especially beneath, and racemes densely
pubescent with a more or less evanescent, nearly bright red or red-
brown tomentum; petioles 2-2.5 cm. long; leaf blades glabrous above
in age, obscurely toothed, somewhat obliquely elliptic, shortly acute
at both ends, finally about 10 cm. long and 6 cm. wide; racemes
10 cm. long; pedicels 1-2 mm. long; flowers glabrate, 6 mm. long,
the tube about three times longer than the limb; fruit 3 cm. long,
long-necked at the base, acute. Flowers greenish yellow or yellow
(Weberbauer). R. Varelana Diels (named for the Director of the
374 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Madrid Bot. Garden), from Ecuador by Ruiz and Pavon, differs
in its smaller, oblong-oval leaves and congested racemes, 3-5 cm.
long. Negs. 11759, 27824.
Junin: Huacapistana, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer 2168; 246.
Mantaro Valley, 2,500 meters, Weberbauer 6587. Huanuco: Pam-
payacu, Sawada P. 28. Near Panao, Ruiz & Pavon. "Paco-paco
de la sierra."
Roupala pinnata (R. & P.) Diels in herb., comb. nov. Embo-
thrium pinnatum R. & P. Fl. 1 : 163. pi. 97. 1798. R. diversifolia R.
Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. 10: 193. 1810.
Branchlets, racemes, and younger leaves beneath more or less
rusty-tomentose; petioles 1.5 cm. long, rarely 2.5 cm.; leaves of
young shoots more or less coarsely serrate or lobed or even pinnate,
these with 5 pairs of leaflets, softly pubescent on both sides, strongly
oblique, the twice larger terminal one to 8 cm. long and 4 cm. wide;
normal leaves coarsely serrate, oval or roundish, almost equally
attenuate at the base, sharply acute or cuspidately acuminate, about
6 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, lustrous above; racemes 10 cm. long;
pedicels 3-5 mm. long; fruits short-necked at the base, acute, 2.5 cm.
long. A compact tree of 5 meters (my specimen) with creamy
white flowers. Bark fetid (Ruiz & Pavon). Leaves of the Jelski
specimen very heavy, nearly round. Negs. 11765, 27822.
Huanuco: Muna, Ruiz & Pavdn; at 2,100 meters, 3948. Posuso,
1,200 meters, Weberbauer 6777. Cajamarca : Cutervo, Jelski 97(1}.
"Paco-paco."
Roupala Raimondii Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 65. 1931.
Glabrous except the slender, densely leafy branchlet tips, these
evanescently reddish-pubescent; petioles to 4 cm. long; leaves finally
20-25 cm. long, the 4-7 pairs of ovate-lanceolate leaflets strongly
unequal at the entire, cuneate base, medially spinescent-serrate,
apically entire, long-acuminate, to 14 cm. long and 4 cm. wide,
often smaller or the terminal a little larger; veins and veinlets
obscurely and laxly reticulate on both sides; upper leaf surface
slightly lustrous, the lower opaque, reddish; teeth mostly 4 mm.
long, 2.5 mm. broad at the base, a few larger, all straight or nearly
so, apiculate, the sinus acute. Type sterile and possibly, but not
at all certainly, the juvenile leaves of R. complicata or some other
species, but those of R. complicata (rarely pinnate) are not at all
spinescent-serrate, the teeth short. Neg. 11786.
FLORA OF PERU 375
San Martin: Crown of sierras, Tarapoto, 750 meters, Williams
5997 (type). Between Moyobamba and Tarapoto, Raimondi.
Roupala spicata Baehni, sp. nov.
Frutex vel arbor; ramuli petiolique leviter puberulo-tomentosi.
Laminae (in sicco conduplicatae) ovatae, basi et apice acutae, margine
indistincte dentatae, supra glabrescentes, subtus puberulae. Spicae
axillares, ferrugineo-pilosae. Flores sessiles; sepala semper ad basin
libera et medio coalescentia; antherae filamenta brevia; stylus glaber
apice clavatus, ovarium uniloculare (semina 2) lanatum, glandulae
hypogynae 4, liberae. Petioli 1.5-2.5 cm. longi; laminae 4-5 cm.
latae, 5-6 cm. longae. Perianthium 8 mm. longum. Neg. 29570.
Branches, petioles, and leaves beneath lightly puberulent-
tomentose; petiole 1.5-2.5 cm. long; leaf blades broadly ovate, shortly
acute at base and apex, obscurely dentate, 4-5 cm. broad, 5-6 cm.
long; spikes rusty-pilose, 2-3 times longer than the leaves; perianth
segments coalescent at the middle, 8 mm. long; anthers subsessile;
style clavate. Dr. Charles Baehni of the Conservatoire Botanique,
Geneva, has studied this plant, which had been determined, obvi-
ously in error, as R. cordifolia HBK. with pedicellate flowers (as all
other species!).
Cajamarca: Huambos, 2,300-2,500 meters, Weberbauer 1+192,
type in Cons. Bot. Geneva.
51. LORANTHACEAE. Mistletoe Family
Reference: Engler & Krause, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 98-203.
1935.
Traditionally known for the romantically and economically
important mistletoe, this family in recent times has acquired addi-
tional interest in the discovery that it contains a drug that affects
blood pressure (see Gautier, Semaine Me"dicale 513. 1907) and rubber
in important quantities, this from several members including
Peruvian species (see Warburg, Tropenpflanzer 9: 633. 1905 and
Engler & Krause, op. cit. 131 for additional references on both these
subjects). Many of the Peruvian species, notably in the genera
Phrygilanthus, Psittacanthus, and Gaiadendron, supply in flower
brilliant patches of color in the green mass of vegetation along
forest trails or river banks open to the sun.
The family is very closely knit. The forms with a calyx or
calyculus have been sorted into two groups, one comprising those
with a 1-celled ovary, the other those with the ovary 2-several-
celled. The segregation of these main divisions is based principally
376 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
on the presence or absence of endosperm in the seed, supplemented
by stamen characters. These characters occur in both Old and New
World forms and, significantly, are not associated concomitantly or
with other diagnostic features, not repetitive in some other com-
bination. It may be questioned, therefore, whether they show a
common origin and indicate a natural relationship; the genera
resulting do not suggest it. Perhaps there have been similar parallel
developments affording different combinations of the same characters
in this very homogeneous family. However this may be, it seems
possible to recognize the recently accepted genera so far as Peruvian
species are concerned, but if one were to include the genus Loranthus
L., only since Eichler restricted to the Old World, it would be appar-
ent that only the presence of endosperm distinguishes the Peruvian
group Aetanthus; if this establishes correctly a precedent, taxonomy
of a family may be chiefly chemical. As a practical matter and as a
matter of fact(!), there is a single highly natural genus, Loranthus
L., world-wide in distribution, divisible into sections that may indi-
cate the theoretical relationship of the species and groups of species.
Those who believe that the presence or absence of endosperm is
fundamental may thus express their judgment without depriving
the phytogeographer, ecologist, pharmacist, traveler, to mention a
few other than the professional taxonomist, of a group name for a
group obviously and reasonably self-contained in nature. The
extremes to which segregation must be carried logically have been
shown recently by Danser. It is noteworthy that the segregate
genera have been maintained mostly on characters, such as endo-
sperm and ovary cells, completely different from those on which
their authors founded them.
In the following treatment the receptacle and its more or less
developed edge are called the calyx, for which there is good prece-
dent, inasmuch as it is unknown whether the edge of this structure is
a reduced calyx or the edge of the blossom axil (receptacle); cf.
Engler & Krause, op. cit. 119. It may be remarked that those who
use the word calyculus for this edge, in practice nearly always apply
the name to the entire structure, as evidenced in giving the length ;
the term calyx, therefore, will be understood by everyone. The
bracteal development that results in a cupula, so called, more or less
enclosing the calyx and ovary, is mentioned here simply as cup.
Flowers minute, more or less immersed in a fleshy rachis or borne in
axillary clusters and strobiles, then sometimes tiny; calyx
obsolete, except more or less evident in Oryctanthus.
FLORA OF PERU 377
Flowers clustered and strobilate.
Leaves alternate.
Filaments elongate, free 1. Antidaphne.
Filaments short, mostly united to the perianth segments.
2. Eremolepis.
Leaves opposite 3. Lepidoceras.
Flowers spicate.
Flower parts 3; calyx wanting; spikes articulate.
Anther cells confluent, 1-pored ; leaves often small or wanting.
4. Dendrophthora.
Anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally; leaves well de-
veloped 5. Phorandendron.
Flower parts 6; calyx present; spikes not articulate.
6. Oryctanthus.
Flowers small to very large, or rarely tiny but never inserted in the
rachis; calyx present.
Anthers basifixed; ovary 1-celled; endosperm lacking.
7. Aetanthus.
Anthers versatile; ovary 1-several-celled.
Ovary 2-several-celled ; endosperm ruminate; leaves more or less
punctate beneath; flowers in 3's, each calyx subtended by
a persistent, spreading bractlet 8. Gaiadendron.
Ovary 1-celled; characters other than above, at least in part.
Flowers showy, usually 1 cm. long to much longer.
Endosperm present; calyx not enclosed in a cup but if
obviously bracteolate (bractlets often promptly cadu-
cous or minute), the bractlet sometimes foliaceous
but the flowers then not ternate. . .9. Phrygilanthus.
Endosperm lacking; each calyx more or less enclosed in a
cup, this sometimes shallow, or the calyces, borne in
3's, often subtended by one concave bractlet, this
sometimes foliaceous 10. Psittacanthus.
Flowers small, rarely 6 mm. long.
Crowded inflorescences basally white-bracteolate.
11. Peristethium.
Open or simple inflorescences not white-bracteolate.
12. Struthanthus.
378 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
1. ANTIDAPHNE P. & E.
A small shrub with alternate, roundish-obovate leaves and small,
clustered, strobile-like spikes, their imbricate bracts caducous at
anthesis. Staminate flowers apetalous; perianth segments of the
pistillate flower 3. The Peruvian species grows especially on
Lauraceae.
Antidaphne viscoidea P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 70. pi. 199.
1838.
Leaves on flowering branchlets obovate, about 5 cm. long, 3
cm. wide, the terminal and those on older branches rotund-obovate,
to 6 cm. wide and 9 cm. long, the reticulate venation prominent;
flowers cream-colored. Weberbauer found it between 2,700 and
3,000 meters. Neg. 11822.
Cajamarca: San Miguel, Weberbauer 3929; 258. Chugur, Weber-
bauer 4099; 259. San Martin: Zepelacio, 1,200-1,600 meters, Klug
3594.. Huanuco: Cochero and Pampayacu, Poeppig 1308. Bolivia
to Colombia.
2. EREMOLEPIS Griseb.
Shrubs allied to Antidaphne, but the perianth segments often
4 and present also in the staminate flowers. Leaves 3-5-nerved.
No Peruvian specimens found cited, but in the Pflanzenfamilien
it is stated that there are 6 species in "Chile, Peru, Brazil, and
Cuba." Perhaps most to be expected is
Eremolepis punctulata (Clos) Griseb. emend. Benth. in Benth.
& Hook. f. Gen. PI. 3: 215. 1880. Lepidoceras punctulata Clos in
Gay, Fl. Chile 3: 165. 1847.
Pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants; perianth
segments deciduous from the fruit. E. Schottii (Eichl.) Engler has
the two sorts of flowers on different branches of the same shrub and
perianth segments persistent; E. Glazioui (van Tiegh.) Engler has
both sorts of flowers together, the perianth segments concrete with
the pistil, and fruits borne at the base of short, leafy branchlets.
Peru: (Possibly). Chile.
3. LEPIDOCERAS Hook. f.
Much branched shrubs with opposite leaves and axillary racemes,
the tiny flowers dioecious. Unlike the two preceding related genera,
the seeds are without endosperm. Grows on Myrtaceae. Author-
itatively (see Pflanzenfam.) but surely not unquestionably Peruvian.
FLORA OF PERU 379
Lepidoceras Dombeyi Hook. f. Fl. Ant. 2: 293. 1846.
Branches very slender; leaves elliptic-obovate, typically sharply
apiculate; staminate flowers closely bracteate, the pistillate bracts
soon foliaceous. Isern 2136, "Chanchamayo," but without original
label, the leaves obtuse or mucronulate, is L. Kingii Hook. f. As
Chanchamayo, Peru, is a region totally different phytogeographically
from the known range of the genus, the Isern locality is almost
surely an error.
4. DENDROPHTHORA Eichl.
Leafy plants, similar in appearance to Phoradendron, from which
they must be distinguished as indicated in the key, except that in
general they are less robust or smaller, with the flowers in single rows
on each side of the rachis.
Leaves developed.
Leaves mostly or all of them 2 cm. long or longer.
Petioles obvious.
Leaves 4-6 cm. long.
Petioles 1-2 cm. long; pistillate spikes 4-5 cm. long.
D. leucocarpa.
Petioles 1 cm. long; pistillate spikes 2 cm. long. .D. nodosa.
Leaves 1.5-4 cm. long.
Internodes terete; staminate flowers 50-100.
D. hexasticha.
Internodes (upper) compressed; staminate flowers rarely 60.
Dioecious; petioles 5-12 mm. long. . . .D. chrysostachya.
Monoecious; petioles 1.5-2.5 mm. long D. clavata.
Petioles lacking; leaves linear D. linearifolia.
Leaves, or at least most of them, 1.5 cm. long or shorter.
Petioles obvious.
Leaves acuminate; flowers monoecious D. Negeriana.
Leaves obtuse; flowers dioecious.
Leaves linear-spatulate D. Urbaniana.
Leaves obovate-orbicular D. crassuloides.
Petioles obsolete.
Leaves 6-14 mm. long, nerveless.
Leaves 6-10 (15) mm. long; spikes pistillate above, stam-
inate below . . D. mesembryanthemifolia.
380 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaves 8-14 mm. long; spikes entirely staminate.
D. ferruginea.
Leaves 5 mm. long, the lateral nerves obvious on both sides.
D. ramosa.
Leaves wanting or reduced to scales.
Branches terete or quadrate; flowers 4-seriate. .D. fasciculata.
Branches complanate; flowers 2-seriate D. Pavoni.
Dendrophthora chrysostachya (Presl) Urban, Ber. Deutsch.
Bot. Ges. 14: 285. 1896; 68. Viscum chrysostachyum Presl, Epim.
Bot. 254. 1849. V. globuliflorum Presl, op. cit. 134. Phoradendron
chrysostachyum Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 107. 1868.
Dioecious; internodes 2-5 cm. long; petioles 1.5-2.5 mm. long;
leaves elliptic-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base, 2-4 cm. long,
7-20 mm. broad, basally 3-5-nerved; staminate spikes pedunculate,
4-7 mm. long; fruit globose, nearly smooth.
Huanuco: (Haenke). Muna, 2,100 meters, 3950. Vilcabamba,
1,800 meters, 5135.
Dendrophthora clavata (Benth.) Urban, Ber. Deutsch. Bot.
Ges. 14: 285. 1896. Viscum clavatum Benth. PI. Hartw. 189. 1845.
Phoradendron clavatum Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 107. 1868.
Allied to D. crassuloides but monoecious; leaves 1.5-4 cm. long,
7-20 mm. wide; peduncles 5-15 mm. long; flowers 6-7-seriate in
1-3- jointed spikes 0.5-2 cm. long, the lower staminate joint 24-66-
flowered, the upper pistillate 18-42-flowered. Apparently not col-
lected in Peru, but certainly occurring there. Neg. 29151.
Peru: (Probably). Bolivia to Ecuador and Venezuela.
Dendrophthora crassuloides (Presl) Urban, Ber. Deutsch.
Bot. Ges. 14: 285. 1896; 62. Viscum crassuloides Presl, Epim. Bot.
252. 1849. Phoradendron crassuloides Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5,
pt. 2: 107. 1868.
Internodes soon terete, very shortly pilose, 2.5-5 cm. long;
petioles 3-5 mm. long; leaves rounded at the apex, gradually nar-
rowed to the petiole, 1-1.5 cm. long, nearly as broad, basally incon-
spicuously 3-5-nerved; pistillate spikes to 1 cm. long, 1-2-articulate,
the 4-8 flowers 4-5-seriate; peduncles 4-10 mm. long. Closely
allied is D. portulacoides (Presl) Urban, with subcordate leaves and
staminate spikes with 50-120 flowers in each joint, about 10-seriate.
Huanuco: (Haenke). Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 737, 6124; 240-
FLORA OF PERU 381
Dendrophthora fasciculata Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 441. 1911.
Densely and fasciculately branched; spikes fasciculate, 4-5 cm.
long, 5-7-articulate, the superior flowers often staminate, the lower
pistillate, 8-12 in each joint; fruit white, to 1 cm. long, 3 mm.
thick. On Euphorbia.
Ancash: Prov. Huari, 2,700-2,800 meters, Weberbauer 3300 (type).
Dendrophthora ferruginea Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 441. 1911.
A slender, branching shrub, the internodes 2-2.5 cm. long;
leaves linear, acuminate, 2 mm. wide; spikes solitary, 3-9 mm.
long, 1-2-articulate, the peduncle 5 mm. long; flowers dioecious,
ferruginous, 4-seriate, about 20 in each joint.
Huanuco: Monz6n, 3,300-3,500 meters, Weberbauer 3382 (type).
Dendrophthora hexasticha van Tiegh. Bull. Soc. Bot. France
43: 182. 1896; 67.
Similar to D. chrysostachya; young branchlets papillose-scabrous;
petioles 3-10 mm. long; staminate spikes with 3-4 joints, the lower
6-seriate, sometimes 10-seriate, with 50-100 flowers, the pistillate
2-3-articulate, 6-seriate, the flowers 20-36. On Vaccinium. Neg.
29152.
Puno: Tabma,Lechlerl927. Without locality: Dombey.
Dendrophthora leucocarpa (Patsch.) Trel. Gen. Phor. 218.
1916. Phoradendron leucocarpum Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 438. 1911.
A papillose-scabrous shrub, similar to D. nodosa; internodes
3-5 cm. long; leaves 2-2.5 cm. broad; pistillate spikes 5-7-jointed,
each joint 30-34-flowered. Neg. 18189.
Junin: Huacapistana, 2,500-3,100 meters, Weberbauer 2193, 2439.
Dendrophthora linearifolia Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 440. 1911.
Glabrous, the branches terete or somewhat angled, the internodes
3 cm. long; leaves obtuse, 3-5.5 cm. long, 4 mm. broad; spikes soli-
tary, sessile, not articulate, 5 mm. long, the upper flowers staminate,
the lower pistillate, 4-seriate ; fruit white, 5 mm. long, 3 mm. thick.
On Croton.
Puno: Sandia, at 2,100-2,300 meters, Weberbauer 539 (type); 238.
Dendrophthora mesembryanthemifolia Urban, Ber; Deutsch.
Bot. Ges. 14: 285. 1896; 70.
Monoecious, the younger branches definitely striate-pilose and,
like the leaf margins, minutely papillose-pilose; leaves oblong- or
382 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
linear-spatulate, the tip acute, recurved or obtuse and mucronulate,
gradually narrowed to the base, 1-3 mm. broad; spikes mostly 2-
jointed, the joints 3-12 mm. long, 6-seriate, 8-50-flowered. On Salvia.
Cuzco: Valle del Apurimac, Herrera. Cuyocuyo, Weberbauer 868
(det. Patschovsky). Pillahuata, 2,800 meters, Pennell 14098. Mo-
llepata, Herrera 1228 (det. Patschovsky). Puno: Agapata, Lechler
1893. Ayacucho: Totorabamba, 3,500 meters, Weberbauer 5465.
Huanuco: Tambo de Vaca, 3,900 meters, 4383. Mito, 2,700 meters,
1606. Cani, 2,550 meters, 3477.
Dendrophthora Negeriana Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 440. 1911.
A slender shrub, the younger branches compressed, somewhat
scabrous, the internodes 3 cm. long; leaves lance-ovate, narrowed
to the (2 mm. long) petiole, 8-15 mm. long, 3-5 mm. broad; spikes
long-peduncled, solitary, 2-5 cm. long, 3-articulate, the flowers in
each spike ferruginous, 2-seriate, 2-8 in each joint.
Junin: Huacapistana, 2,500 meters, Weberbauer 2138 (type).
Dendrophthora nodosa Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 439. 1911.
Branches slender, papillose-scabrous, the internodes 2-2.5 cm.
long; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed to the petiole, prominently
nerved, 1-2 cm. broad; spikes solitary, the very slender staminate
ones 4 cm. long, 3-articulate, on a peduncle 6 mm. long; flowers
dioecious, 6-seriate, about 42 to each joint; pistillate spikes 2-articu-
late, the 2-5-seriate flowers 4-15 in each joint.
Puno: Toward Chunchosmayo, 1,800-2,600 meters, Weberbauer
1078 (type).
Dendrophthora Pavoni van Tiegh. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 43:
182. 1896; 71.
Leafless; flowers 1-2-seriate. Allied by the author to D. Man-
cinellae Eichl. of Cuba. D. Poeppigii van Tiegh., of the upper
Amazon, is monoecious, the 2-5-jointed spikes staminate above,
pistillate below, the lower joint 4-6-flowered.
Peru, the locality unknown.
Dendrophthora ramosa Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 440. 1911.
A strongly branched shrub, the internodes 2 cm. long; leaves
spatulate, narrowed toward the tip, 2 mm. wide; spikes solitary,
the peduncle 10-13 mm. long, with 1 or rarely 2 joints 10-27 mm.
long; staminate flowers ferruginous, 4-seriate, 40-82 on each joint.
Huanuco: Near Monzon, 3,400 meters, Weberbauer 3369 (type).
FLORA OF PERU 383
Dendrophthora Urbaniana Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 440. 1911.
A slender, much branched, often pilose shrub, drying yellow;
branches terete, the internodes 2-3.5 cm. long; leaves 8-14 mm.
long, 3 mm. broad, rarely pilose, finely nerved, narrowed to the
(3 mm. long) petiole; spikes mostly solitary, the staminate 1-2
cm. long, the 2-seriate flowers 12-18 in the 1-2 joints; peduncle
3-5 mm. long; pistillate spikes 7 mm. long, each joint 4-flowered;
fruit globose, drying yellow, plicate-rugose, 4 mm. long, 3 mm. thick.
Neg. 27825.
Amazonas: Near Chachapoyas, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 4404,
4388; 263.
5. PHORADENDRON Nutt.
Reference: Trelease, Gen. Phorad. 1916.
The key characters may serve to identify this well known genus.
It contains species that are harmful on account of their parasitic
habit on useful plants, notably in the Amazonian region on planta-
tions of young Hevea rubber trees (Warburg). The following com-
pilation is almost wholly drawn from the monograph by Trelease.
Three new species by him, kindly communicated by Mr. Ellsworth
P. Killip, are included, for which I have supplied Latin diagnoses.
Scales present only on the basal joint of each branch.
Leaves 2-5 mm. wide, 1-3 cm. long.
Leaves 3 cm. long, 3-nerved P. Ernestianum.
Leaves 1 cm. long, enervose P. virgatum.
Leaves about 1 cm. wide, 12-13 cm. long P. angustifolium.
Leaves much broader.
Leaves basinerved.
Nerves fine; leaves rather thin P. semiteres.
Nerves coarse; leaves fleshy P. obliqua.
Leaves pinnately nerved.
Spikes scarcely 2 cm. long, very slender P. Mathewsii.
Spikes mostly longer, in any case rather stout.
Spikes clustered, at least at some nodes . . P. Englerianum.
Spikes solitary P. peruvianum.
Scales present on all nodes.
Stems continuous or prevailingly not branching at all nodes;
flowers in 4-10 series.
384 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaves obscurely pinnate- veined beneath; flowers 4 (-6).
P. piperoides.
Leaves basinerved; flowers in (4-) 6 or more series.
Flowers in 6 or fewer series, the spikes 2-5 cm. long.
Spikes often clustered; leaves rather obscurely nerved.
Leaves broadly elliptic, 3-10 cm. wide; scales several.
P. crassifolium.
Leaves nearly orbicular, 7-12 cm. wide; scales a single pair.
P. Albert-Smithii.
Spikes mostly or all solitary; leaves heavily nerved beneath.
Scales a solitary pair; leaves 5-7 cm. wide.
P. Urbanianum.
Scales several; leaves 3-5.5 cm. wide. . . P. ayacuchanum.
Flowers in 8(6)-10 series, the spikes about 6 cm. long.
Leaf nerves obvious at the base; scales about 1 cm. above
the node P. Lindavianum.
Leaf nerves completely lacking; scales nodal. P. Macbridei.
Stems normally forking at each node; flowers in 2-4 series; leaves
basally nerved P. huallagense.
Phoradendron Albert-Smithii Trelease, sp. nov.
Internodiis gracilibus, 3-4 mm. crassis, 15 cm. longis, teretibus;
vaginis cataphyllaribus 2 ad omnia internodia, paullo supra basin
abeuntibus; foliis 7-12 cm. latis fere rotundatis, ad basin longe
(1 cm.) angustatis, vix coriaceis basinerviis, nervis tenuibus;
spicis plerumque 3-5.3 cm. longis, 5-articulatis; floribus circa 22 in
quovis articulo in seriebus 4 (2)-6 dispositis. Aequatoriales-
Percurrentes.
Glabrous, the long, slender internodes 3-4 mm. thick, 15 cm.
long, terete, with an annular pair of cataphylls shortly above the
base of each; leaves 7-12 cm. broad, drying rather thin, dull green
and finely basinerved on both sides, cuneately tapered at the base
for about 1 cm.; spikes yellow, before flowering 3 cm. long, with
about 5 joints, these about 22-flowered, the flowers in 4 (2) or 6 series.
Ayacucho: Aina, 750-1,000 meters (Killip & Smith 11598;
type in U. S. Nat. Herb.).
Phoradendron angustifolium (HBK.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl.
Bras. 5, pt. 2: 115. 1868; 65. Loranthus angustifolius HBK. Nov.
Gen. & Sp. 3: 442. 1820.
FLORA OF PERU 385
Not forked, the rather thin, basally finely nerved leaves about
10 cm. long; scales a single pair 5-10 mm. above the base of the
joint, spreading; spikes somewhat clustered, 2 cm. long, slender,
with 3-6 oblong joints, these 30-40-flowered, the pistillate flowers
in about 4 series; peduncle 4-6 mm. long, the scales narrowly white-
margined; fruit 4 cm. thick, smooth, the sepals inflexed. Allied is
P. parietioides Trel., to which Tessmann 4880 from the Maranon
may possibly belong; it has somewhat falcate, finely nerved, veiny
leaves 1.5-2 cm. wide; fruit ellipsoid, 3 mm. thick, 4.5 mm. long, the
sepals spreading. Illustrated, Trelease pi. 79.
Cajamarca(?) : Olleras to Mt. Aipate (Bonpland 3508). With-
out locality: Pavon (scales ciliate; pistillate spikes 30 mm. long,
about 12-flowered at the end of the joint). Bolivia.
Phoradendron ayacuchanum Trelease, sp. nov.
Internodiis 3-4 mm. latis 13 cm. longis teretibus sed versus nodos
paullo dilatatis; vaginis cataphyllaribus ad omnia internodia, 2 ad
infimum internodium tantum obviis, 3 vel 4 alteris supra basin
insertis; foliis falcato-lanceolatis, basi apiceque cuneato-angustatis,
obtusis, 3-5.5 cm. latis, 15-17 cm. longis, nervis e basi conspicuis;
spicis plerumque solitariis 2 cm. longis 4-5-articulatis, floribus
4-seriatis circa 10 in quovis articulo; perianthio clause. Aequa-
toriales-Crassifoliae.
Glabrous, dark green, the leaves drying coriaceous and dull
brown; internodes 3-4 mm. thick, 13 cm. long or longer, terete
except at the slightly flattened nodes; cataphylls a sterile basal pair
and 3 or 4 subequally spaced, fertile pairs between each 2 leaf nodes,
broad and pointed; leaves falcately lanceolate, gradually blunt-
acuminate, 15-17 cm. long, cuneately subsessile, heavily basinerved;
spikes subsolitary, 2 cm. long, with 4 or 5 round-turbinate joints,
these about 10-flowered, the flowers in 4 (2) series; sepals closed.
Ayacucho: Aina, 750-1,000 meters (Killip & Smith 22713; type
in U. S. Nat. Herb.).
Phoradendron crassifolium Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt.
2: 125. pi 48. 1868; 144.
Occasionally pseudodichotomous; scales several pairs, only the
upper (often soon deciduous) fertile; leaves very thick and dull,
more or less lanceolately or elliptically ovate, obtuse or bluntly
pointed, 3-10 cm. wide, 8-16 cm. long, rounded or attenuate at the
base; spikes occasionally forming a compound, terminal inflorescence;
386 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
joints about 5, scarcely 10-flowered; peduncle 5 mm. long, often
with several pairs of crowded scales; fruit yellowish, slightly granular,
4 mm. thick, the sepals closely inflexed. The Mathews specimen is
ascribed by Trelease to "Martens," presumably an error. Illus-
trated, Trelease pi. 213-214.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 6126, 6588. Moyobamba
(Mathews 1622; leaves 9 cm. wide, 16 cm. long, acuminate).
Junin : Chanchamayo Valley, 1,500 meters, Schunke 215. La Merced,
600 meters, 5531; Weberbauer 1860; 283. Cuzco: Valle de Santa
Ana, Herrera 992. Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 420, 42.
Bolivia to Central America and the West Indies.
Phoradendron Englerianum Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 439.
1911; 133.
Similar to P. peruvianum, the internodes sometimes somewhat
quadrangular; scales often 2 or even 3 pairs, within 10 mm. of the
base; leaves 2.5-6 cm. wide, 9-15 cm. long, cuneate to the petiole,
this 5 cm. long; spikes more or less clustered, subsessile. Illustrated,
Trelease pi. 196.
Junin: Tarma, Weberbauer 1903, 1904; 283.
Phoradendron Ernestianum Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 439.
1911; 121.
Somewhat pseudodichotomous, the upper internodes rhombically
4-angled; scales a single pair, nearly basal; leaves lanceolate, acute,
3-nerved, cuneately subsessile; spikes mostly solitary, subsessile,
10-25 mm. long, the 3-5 rounded joints about 6-flowered, the
flowers in about 4 series; scales scarcely ciliate; fruit granular,
nearly 3 mm. thick, the erect sepals separated. Illustrated, Tre-
lease pi. 177.
Cajamarca: Balsas to Celedin, Weberbauer 4251.
Phoradendron huallagense Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48:
158. 1906; 155.
Cymosely dichotomous; scales a solitary, nearly basal pair;
leaves ovate, lustrous, mucronate, acuminate to very obtuse, 2-2.5
cm. wide, 5-6 cm. long, cuneately subsessile; spikes solitary, 1 to
finally 3 cm. long, with about 4 short, 4-flowered joints; peduncle
scarcely 2 cm. long; fruit white, granular, roughened, 2 mm. thick,
4 mm. long, the slightly parted sepals erect. Illustrated, Trelease
pi. 267.
FLORA OF PERU 387
Loreto: Huallaga, Ule 6664, type. Mishuyacu, 100 meters,
King 1123. Florida, 180 meters, King 21 75. "Beguefide" (Huitoto
name).
Phoradendron Lindavianum Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 438.
1911; 155.
Not dichotomous or scarcely so, the long, thick branches some-
what flattened below the nodes, the elliptic-ovate leaves drying
golden yellow; scales one pair, sharply deltoid, keeled, borne about
1 cm. above the base of the joint; leaves more or less mucronate,
obtuse to emarginate, 4-9 cm. wide, 10-15 cm. long, decurrent on
the petiole, this 10 mm. long; joints about 4, often over 100-flowered,
the granular peduncle 5-10 mm. long; fruit (immature) 3 mm.
thick, 5 mm. long, the sepals closely inflexed. Illustrated, Trelease
pi 235.
Puno: On Aralia, Weberbauer 1288 (type). Huanuco: Cochero,
Poeppig.
Phoradendron Macbridei Standl., sp. nov.
Kami crassissimi subcompressi, internodiis valde elongatis infra
nodos dilatatis, cataphyllis ad basin internodii infimi tantum insertis;
folia magna crassissima, petiolis crassissimis vix ultra 6 mm. longis;
lamina oblonga vel oblanceolato-oblonga 8-15 cm. longa 3.5-7 cm.
lata, apice late rotundata vel breviter emarginata, basi acuta vel
basin versus sensim angustata, utrinque profunde dense rugulosa;
spicae solitariae sessiles circa 4 cm. longae crassae, nodis circa 6,
floribus numerosis circa hexastichis. Berries white.
Huanuco: Muna, 2,100 meters, Macbride 3954 (type in Herb.
Field Mus.).
Phoradendron Mathewsi Trelease, Gen. Phorad. 133. 1916.
Allied to P. peruvianum, and similar; leaves somewhat obliquely
elliptic-lanceolate, 2-4 cm. wide, 16 cm. long, cuneately decurrent on
the petiole, this less than 1 cm. long; spikes clustered, 1.5-2 cm. long,
the 3-4 very Blender joints sometimes 8-flowered, the flowers in
about 4 series; peduncle 2 mm. long; fruit (immature) 2 mm. thick.
Illustrated, Trelease pi. 197.
Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews, type. San Martin: San
Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 6979. "Pishcuisman."
Phoradendron obliquum (Presl) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5,
pt. 2: 134. 1868; 86. Viscum obliquum Presl, Epim. Bot. 225. 1849.
388 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Thick-stemmed, the nearly basal scales sometimes 2 pairs and
ordinarily another pair 2-3 cm. higher, tubular; leaves lanceolate,
often falcate, very obtuse, 4-8 cm. wide, 10-23 cm. long, basally
attenuate to the thick petiole; spikes 5-6 cm. long, the short, swollen
joints sometimes 30-40-flowered, the flowers in 4-6 series; peduncle
stout, scarcely 5 mm. long, with about 3 pairs of scales; fruit smooth,
3 mm. thick (immature), the sepals closed. Illustrated, Trelease
pi. 117.
Huanuco: Huanuco Mountains (Haenke, type). Yanano, 1,800
meters, 3811. San Martin: San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams
7008. Ecuador.
Phoradendron peruvianum Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt.
2: 123. 1868; 131.
Scarcely dichotomous, the internodes ancipitally compressed;
scales a single pair, nearly basal, white-margined; leaves broadly
lanceolate, sometimes falcate, acute to obtuse, 3-5 cm. wide, 6-12
cm. long, basally acute, the petiole 5-7 mm. long; spikes solitary,
finally 4-5 cm. long, the 3-5 stout, oblong joints about 50-flowered,
the flowers in 6 series; peduncle stout, 3-4 mm. long; fruit wide,
smooth, 4 mm. thick, the sepals closed. Illustrated, Trelease pi. 193.
Without locality, Ruiz & Pavdn. Huanuco: Muna, 2,100
meters, 3970.
Phoradendron piperoides (HBK.) Trelease, Gen. Phorad.
145. 1916. Loranthus piperoides HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 443. 1820.
Rather frequently pseudodichotomous or dichotomous; scales
1-5 pairs toward the base of the lowest joint or 10-15 mm. above
the base of the other joints, white-margined; leaves lanceolate to
round-ovate, mucronately subacute to bluntly acuminate, 2.5-5
cm. wide, 6-10 cm. long; spikes slender, mostly clustered, usually
reddish, 3-6 cm. long, with about 6 joints, these 10-15-flowered;
peduncle 2-3 cm. long; fruit yellow or orange, warty to smooth,
about 4 mm. thick, 5 mm. long, the ascending sepals slightly parted.
Illustrated, Trelease pi. 217, 222.
Loreto: Along Rio Ucayali, Tessmann 3345, 3052. El Recreo,
200 meters, Williams 3943. Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 615.
Near mouth of Rio Tigre, 115 meters, Killip & Smith 27523.
Without locality: Ruiz & Pavdn. Huanuco: Rio Huallaga Canyon,
1,200 meters, 4246. Yanano, 1,800 meters, 3720. San Martin:
Rio Mayo, Williams 6284- Juan Guerra, 720 meters, Williams
FLORA OF PERU 389
6915. San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 6980. Juanjui, 400
meters, Klug 3868. Argentina to Mexico. "Suelda con suelda."
Phoradendron platycaulon Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2:
108. pi. 33. 1868.
Branches with scales on all the joints, strongly compressed and
much dilated, striate, bright green; leaves oblong or linear-oblong,
3-5 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, obtuse; spikes clustered, 25 mm. long
or less, the joints about 3, 4-6-flowered. Easily recognized by the
rather slender and strongly compressed branches.
Loreto: Caballo-cocha, Williams 2342. Amazonian Brazil and
French Guiana.
Phoradendron quadrangulare (HBK.) Krug & Urban, Bot.
Jahrb. 24: 35. 1898. Loranthus quadrangularis HBK. Nov. Gen.
&Sp. 3:444. 1820.
Plants rather slender, the branches conspicuously 4-angulate,
only the basal joints with cataphylls; leaves narrowly oblong or
elliptic-oblong, conspicuously petiolate, 4-6 cm. long, obtuse, cune-
ately narrowed at the base; spikes clustered, 3-4 cm. long, the 3-5
slender joints 12-26-flowered; berries white, subglobose, 3 mm. in
diameter, the sepals closely inflexed. Illustrated, Trelease pi. 154,
155.
Loreto: Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 8026. San Martin:
Tarapoto, 800 meters, Williams 5496, 6307. Ecuador and Colombia.
"Pishco isman."
Phoradendron semiteres Trelease, Gen. Phorad. 69. pi. 85.
1916.
Somewhat pseudodichotomous; scales a single pair, tubular-
bifid, scarious-margined ; leaves obliquely or subfalcately lanceolate,
obtuse, about 3 cm. wide, 10 cm. long, 5-7-nerved, cuneately decur-
rent for 10-15 mm.; spikes more or less clustered, to 3 cm. long in
fruit, the usually 3 ellipsoid joints 10-23-flowered, the flowers in
about 4 series; peduncle 2 mm. long, the scarious-margined scales
eciliate; fruit red, nearly smooth, 3 mm. thick, the sepals closed.
Peru: Without locality (Ruiz & Pavori). Bolivia.
Phoradendron Urbanianum Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb.
48: 157. 1906; 155.
Very sparingly forked, drying olive; scales a single pair, about
5 mm. above the base of the joint, sharply deltoid, keeled; leaves
390 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
elliptic-lanceolate, mucronately acuminate to obtuse, 5-7 cm. wide,
8-13 cm. long, cuneately wing-petioled for about 10 cm.; joints
about 4 and 30-flowered, the slightly granular peduncle 3 cm. thick,
4 cm. long. Illustrated, Trelease pi. 234.
Loreto(?): Cerro de Escalera, Vie 6681 (type).
Phoradendron virgatum Trelease, sp. nov.
Ramis elongatis, internodiis 2-4 cm. longis teretibus; vaginis
cataphyllaribus ad basin ramorum, ad internodia caetera nullis;
foliis oblongis 2 mm. latis 10 mm. longis obtusis sessilibus, nervis
obsoletis; spicis 1-5 ad 3 cm. longis circa 3-articulatis; floribus in
articulo 9 vel 11, 4-seriatis; baccis in statu juvenili globosis, sepalis
inflexis. Aequitoriales-Virgatae.
Dark green, glabrous, the long, virgate branches with short
(2-4 cm.), terete internodes; cataphylls (not seen) evidently limited
to the basal joints; leaves oblong, 2 mm. wide, reflexed, obtuse, sessile,
drying concave, coriaceous, not evidently nerved; spikes commonly
clustered, about 3 cm. long, with about 3 swollen joints, these
9-11-flowered, the flowers in 4 (2) ranks; peduncle 3 mm. long, the
scales blunt, connate; fruit (immature) globose, with inflexed or
meeting sepals.
Junin: Carpapata, 2,400 meters (Killip & Smith 24350; type in
Herb. Field Mus.). Huanuco: Mito, 2,700 meters, 3343.
6. ORYCTANTHUS (Griseb.) Eichl.
Reference: Eichler in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 87-92. 1868.
Plants parasitic on shrubs and trees, usually with aerial roots
and short, axillary racemes of small flowers, the flowers of the
Peruvian species perfect. Closely allied to Struthanthus, but the
calyx throat barely developed and the bractlets greatly reduced or
obsolete. The genus is well illustrated in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b:
174 (0. ruficaulis Eichl.). The species or the forms so recognized
are defined very indefinitely, even the presence or absence of the
very minute bractlets, often promptly caducous, being of question-
able worth as a specific character.
Leaves broad and somewhat clasping 0. amplexicaulis.
Leaves broadly ovate to lanceolate, not clasping.
Spikes pedunculate; leaves often 3 cm. wide or wider.
Spikes mostly in a terminal raceme; bractlets obvious.
0. amazonicus.
FLORA OF PERU 391
Spikes, at least many of them, axillary.
Leaves opposite 0. botryostachys.
Leaves alternate 0. ovalifolius.
Spikes sessile or subsessile, all axillary; leaves 2-2.5 (-3) cm. wide.
0. florulentus.
Oryctanthus aniazonicus Ule, Verb. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48:
152. 1907.
Similar to 0. botryostachys Eichl., but the spikes in the upper leaf
axils passing into a terminal raceme 10-25 cm. long, and with
tooth-like but caducous bractlets present; branchlets, petioles, and
spikes rusty-red-furfuraceous; leaves ovate, 7-10 cm. long, 3-5 cm.
broad, nerved and reticulately veined ; flowers crowded, yellowish.
Doubtfully distinct. Neg. 11818.
Loreto: Iquitos, Ule 6252 (type). Pisco, Rio Nanay, Williams
1284.
Oryctanthus amplexicaulis (HBK.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras.
5, pt. 2: 88. 1868. Loranthus amplexifolius HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp.
3: 445. 1820.
Nearly glabrous, with subrotund or oval, obsoletely nerved
leaves several cm. wide that are subamplexicaul ; spikes mostly in
a terminal raceme, the peduncles 5-12 mm. long, the spikes little
longer. Well marked by its bluntly rounded, sessile leaves.
Loreto: San Isidro, Tessmann ^951 (det. Krause). Colombia
to the Guianas. "Suelda con suelda."
Oryctanthus botryostachys Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt.
2: 89. pi. 29. 1868.
Terete branchlets, petioles (2-4 mm. long), and peduncles more
or less rusty-furfuraceous, becoming glabrate; leaves broadly ovate
or oblong-ovate, rounded at the apex or rather acuminate, 5-8 cm.
long, 2.5-5 cm. broad, rounded to the acute juncture with the
petiole; nervation obvious but faint; spikes in several leaf axils and
in a terminal raceme several cm. to 10 cm. long or longer; peduncles
about 1 cm. long, the spikes often twice as long; flowers 2-3 mm.
distant; bractlets rudimentary, caducous. The Weberbauer plant
is more than usually reddish and scurfy, and the determination
perhaps questionable. The name is sometimes written by recent
authors bothryostachys. 0. spicatus (Jacq.) Eichl. has no (or
poorly developed) terminal inflorescence, the flowers 4-5 mm. distant.
Neg. 19045.
392 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
San Martin: Moyobamba, 1,500 meters, Weberbauer 4766;
290 (det. Patschovsky). San Roque, Williams 7290. Junin:
Hacienda Schunke, 1,600 meters, Killip & Smith 24829 (toward 0.
florulentus). Chanchamayo Valley, Schunke 248.- Loreto: Iquitos,
on Siparuna, Killip & Smith 27218 (det. Smith). Yurimaguas,
Williams 3819 (form with subsessile spikes). Contamana, 150
meters, on Anona, Killip & Smith 26875. Brazil to the Guianas.
"Pishcu isman," "suelda con suelda," "pishcumicuna."
Oryctanthus florulentus (Rich.) Urban, Bot. Jahrb. 24: 31.
1897. Loranthus florulentus Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 107.
1792. L. ruficaulis P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 61. pi. 185. 1838. 0.
ruflcaulis Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 90. pi. 30. 1868.
Branches more or less compressed-angulate and, with the young
leaves, reddish-scurfy, becoming glabrous; petioles 3-5 mm. long;
leaves ovate to oblong-elliptic, usually 3-4.5 cm. long, 2-3 cm.
broad, most often rounded at each end, or subacute; spikes 1-3 cm.
long; flowers red, bracteolate. 0. spicatus (Jacq.) Eichl. has been
mistaken for this species; it resembles more 0. botryostachys, which
compare. Neg. 21396.
San Martin: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4490; 290 (det. Patschov-
sky). San Roque, Williams 7288. Huanuco: Monzon, Weberbauer
3545; 256 (det. Patschovsky as 0. spicatus; cf. also 0. botryostachys).
Loreto: Iquitos, Williams 3596, 1407. Pebas, on Citrus, Williams
1764- Brazil; Guianas.
Oryctanthus ovalifolius (R. & P.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot.
11: 17. 1931. Loranthus ovalifolius R. & P. Fl. 3: 50. pi. 177. 1802.
Struthanthus ovalifolius G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 411. 1834.
Simple-stemmed, glabrous, very fleshy; leaves short-petioled,
oval, about 2.5 cm. long; spikes solitary or geminate, 1 cm. long;
flowers sessile in the fleshy rachis, crowded; calyx none or minute;
fruit oval, purplish. Referred by Eichler to 0. botryostachys with a
query; perhaps a Struthanthus.
Huanuco: Pillao; Chacahuasi (Ruiz & Pavdn).
7. AETANTHUS (Eichl.) Engler
Nodosely jointed, dichotomously branched plants with heavy
leaves and short, axillary racemes of showy flowers. The group could
be retained, as by Eichler, in Psittacanthus, but the anthers are very
slender and basifixed as in Loranthus of the Old World, which it
resembles except for the lack of endosperm ; see remark at beginning
FLORA OF PERU 393
of family. The nearly related Psathyranthus amazonicus Ule, Verb.
Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 156. pi. 2. 1907, to be expected, has fleshy
anthers. The following names represent, probably, in reality only
about three variable species.
Anthers cross-celled.
Petioles slender, 1-2.5 cm. long.
Leaves obovate, long-attenuate at the base, 4-8 cm. wide.
A. cauliflorus.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 4-5 cm. wide A. coriaceus.
Petioles stout, rarely as long as 12 mm.
Flowers 7.5-10 cm. long; leaves about 6 cm. wide .... A. nodosus.
Flowers 5-6 cm. long; leaves to 4.5 cm. wide. . .A. subandinus.
Anthers not cross-celled.
Leaves 3-4.5 cm. wide, obscurely veined A. ornatus.
Leaves 5-6 cm. wide, obviously veined A. Paxianus.
Aetanthus cauliflorus Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 153.
1907.
Leaves 3-5-verticillate, 12-20 cm. long, long-attenuate to the
petiole, this 1.5-2 cm. long, often attenuate also to the obtusish
apex; flowers 6-7 cm. long; filaments sharply papillose. Otherwise
apparently very similar to A. subandinus. Neg. 3293.
Loreto: Cerro de Escalera, 1,400 meters, Ule 6908 (type).
Aetanthus coriaceus Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 437. 1911.
Petioles 1.5-2.5 cm. long; leaves obtuse, 7-8.5 cm. long, the lateral
nerves slender; calyculus 5 mm. long; flowers to 8 cm. long, red below,
orange above; fruit 2 cm. long, 7 mm. thick.
Cajamarca: Above San Miguel, Weberbauer 3938 (type); 258.
Aetanthus nodosus (Desr.) Engler, Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. 3,
pt. 1: 136. 1897. Loranthus nodosus Desr. in Lam. Encycl. 3: 601.
1792. L. dichotomus R. & P. Fl. 3: 45. pi. 274. 1802. Psittacanthus
dichotomus Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 27. 1868.
Branches often ternate; petioles short or 10-12 mm. long; leaves
verticillate, 6-10 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, lightly nerved, the lateral
nerves about 7 ; peduncles about equaling the petioles, 4-6-flowered ;
flowers tubular, pendulous, red below, yellow above; fruit greenish
yellow, oval, 2 cm. long, 12 mm. thick. In Herb. Madrid the Ruiz and
Pavon specimen is identified by Krause as Psittacanthus dichotomus!
394 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Huanuco: Muna, Ruiz & Pavdn; (Jussieu, type). Pampayacu,
Sawada 34. Tambo de Vaca, 3,900 meters, 4900. "Mocma,"
"mucma."
Ae tan thus ornatus Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 206.
1922.
Petioles 10-13 mm. long; leaves narrowly elliptic or obovate,
narrowed at the base, 5-8 cm. long; pedicels 5-8 mm. long; flowers
scarlet, with orange limb, the tube 14-18 mm. long, 3 mm. thick
at the base to 6 mm. at the apex, the lobes 3.5-4.5 cm. long, 1-1.5
mm. broad; filaments 14-16 mm. long, the anthers 12-15 mm. long.
Nearly A. Mutisii (HBK.) Engler, of Ecuador, but the leaves and
flowers smaller and the petioles a little longer. Neg. 3295.
Piura: Above Palambla, Weberbauer 6057 (type).
Aetanthus Paxianus Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 437. 1911.
Not apparently distinguishable from A. ornatus except by the
broader, ovate leaves, 8-10 cm. long, the flowers 6-8.5 cm. long,
and the filaments 2-2.5 cm. long; fruit ovate, 2 cm. long, 13 mm.
thick. Neg. 3296.
Huanuco: Near Monzon, 2,500 meters, Weberbauer 3390 (type);
255.
Aetanthus subandinus Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48:
154. 1907.
Branches terete, rarely trichotomous; leaves ternate, obovate
or broadly oblong, 7-9 cm. long, 3.5-4.5 cm. wide, narrowed to the
(3-5 mm. long) petiole, coriaceous, indistinctly nerved; pedicels
2-3 mm. long; calyculus 2-3 mm. long; flowers scarlet; filaments
4 mm. long, epapillose. Neg. 3297.
San Martin: Cerro de Cumbasa, 1,000 meters, Vie 6318, type.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4367. Pumayacu, 600-
1,200 meters, King 3164 (det. Standley). Florida, 200 meters, Klug
2106; flowers brick-red and yellow. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2072.
Florida, Klug 2254- "Ucuguifise" (Huitoto Indian name).
8. GAIADENDRON G. Don
Typically well marked as indicated in the key; also the original
species becomes a tree and subsists then independently. However,
two of the Peruvian species are, so far as known, parasitic shrubs,
and have been determined in Herb. Madrid by Krause as Phrygi-
lanthus sp., following Eichler who, however, reduced the genus Gaia-
FLORA OF PERU 395
dendron to Phrygilanthus, although Krause himself accepts it; cL
Pflanzenfam. loc. cit. Dr. Charles Baehni has kindly verified my
assumption from appearance that these parasitic shrubs must be
associated with the original Gaiadendron, if the genus is maintained,
and the transfer of the species is here made for him, with his permis-
sion. G. Don included Phrygilanthus eugenioides (HBK.) Eichl.
here on the basis of its punctate leaves and sometimes terrestrial
habit, but it lacks the persistent bractlets and, presumably, has a
1-celled ovary.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate; flowers white or yellowish white.
G. Tagua.
Leaves rounded at the apex or merely acute, often obovate; flowers
yellow.
Leaves more or less obovate, rounded or blunt, densely punctate
beneath; terrestrial trees.
Bracts not foliaceous.
Flowers about 2 cm. long; ovary 1-1.75 mm. wide.
G. puracense.
Flowers about 3 cm. long; ovary 2 mm. wide. .G. punctatum.
Bracts foliaceous G. macranthum.
Leaves not obovate, acutish, with few or obscure punctations;
parasitic shrubs.
Leaves lance-oblong, to 7 cm. long, less than half as broad.
G. lanceolatum.
Leaves elliptic, mostly 2.5-4 cm. long G. ellipticum.
Gaiadendron ellipticum (R. & P.) Baehni, comb. nov.
Loranthus ellipticus R. & P. Fl. 3: 47. pi. 276. 1802. Phrygilanthus
ellipticus Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 48. 1868.
Apparently too similar to P. lanceolatus, but the leaf blades
somewhat shorter, the longest about 5 cm. long, on petioles 4-6
mm. long; racemes densely flowered, 3 cm. long. The leaves of both
species are sparsely punctate beneath. Neg. 29469.
Huanuco: Posuso, Ruiz & Pavon. Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 2,800
meters, Herrera 683. Calca, 3,000 meters, Herrera 2091. Ollan-
taitambo, 3,000 meters, Pennell 13666. "Matapalo."
Gaiadendron lanceolatum (R. & P.) Baehni, comb. nov.
Loranthus lanceolatus R. & P. Fl. 3: 47. pi. 278. 1802. L. lancifolius
396 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Poir. ex R. & S. Syst. 7: 142. 1829. Phrygilanthus lanceolatus Eichl.
in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 48. 1868.
A brown-barked shrub with yellow flowers borne ternately in
axillary and terminal racemes 4-7 cm. long; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
2-3 cm. broad, slightly lustrous above, punctate and drying brown
beneath, obsoletely veined; petioles 7-10 mm. long; pedicels 2-3
mm. long; bracts ovate, 4 mm. long, reflexed, persistent; flowers
about 12 mm. long, the 7-8 divisions nearly filiform; fruit oblong.
Neg. 29460.
Huanuco: Pillao, Ruiz & Pavon (type).
Gaiadendron macranthum Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci.
24: 44. 1934.
Leaves obovate, 3.5-5 cm. long, 1.5-2.3 cm. wide; bracts similar
to the leaves, 10-25 mm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, persistent; bractlets
ovate, 5-7 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide; flowers in 3's, the lateral short-
pediceled; calyx cylindric, 4 mm. long, the margin flaring, entire;
petals 7, orange, 3-3.5 cm. long. Not clearly distinct from G.
punctatum, but the author separates it on "the large leaf -like bracts,
larger bractlets, and longer petals." A shrub about 2 meters high
(Weberbauer).
Ayacucho: Putis, Choimacota valley, 3,400 meters, Weberbauer
7523 (type).
Gaiadendron punctatum (R. & P.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3:
432. 1834. Loranthus punctatus R. & P. Fl. 3: 47. pi. 277. 1802.
Taguaria punctata Raf. Sylva Tell. 125. 1838. Phrygilanthus punc-
tatus Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 48. 1868.
A tall shrub or small tree with very erect, terete branches;
petioles 4-5 mm. long; leaf blades oval or somewhat obovate, acutish
at the base, rounded at the blunt apex, to 7 cm. long and 4 cm. wide,
slightly lustrous above, dull and densely punctate beneath ; flowers
in dense, terminal and upper-axillary racemes, these 10 cm. long or
longer; peduncles 3-4 mm. long, 2-3-flowered, the elliptic bractlets
7 mm. long; petals 3 cm. long. Often a tall tree that at flowering
time is brilliant because of the myriads of bright yellow flowers,
borne so profusely that they seem to clothe all the upper crowded
branchlets. Petals 6 in the original specimen, but this scarcely con-
stant. My collection was from a tree more than 20 meters tall.
Cajamarca: Huambos, 2,600 meters (Weberbauer 260).
Huanuco: Pampayacu, Sawada 59, 40; Kanehira 35. Playapampa,
FLORA OF PERU 397
2,700 meters, 4894. Vilcabamba, 1,800 meters, 4971. Pan de
Azucar, Sawada 61. Rio Monzon (Weberbauer 255). Tambo de
Vaca, 4458. Junin: Huasa-huasi, Ruiz & Pavon. Above Huacapis-
tana, 3,000 meters, Killip & Smith 24456; (Weberbauer 246).
Ayacucho: Carrapa, 1,200 meters, Killip & Smith 23234, 22296.
Cuzco: Pillahuata, 2,800 meters, Pennell 14086 (det. Krause).
Urubamba (Herrera). Bolivia; Colombia. "Matapalo."
Gaiadendron puracense (HBK.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 432.
1834. Loranthus puracensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 437. 1820.
Perhaps only a variety of G. punctatum, but slenderer and smaller
in all its parts; leaves lance-oblong, slightly obovate, 4-6 cm. long,
2 cm. wide; flowers in terminal, rather long racemes; petals 6-8.
The shorter, slenderer flowers, slender ovary, and smaller bracts are
at once apparent in the following Weberbauer material, in contrast
to cotype specimens of G. punctatum.
Cajamarca: Huambos, 3,000 meters, Weberbauer 4164 (det.
Baehni, ex char.). Junin: Huacapistana, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer
2119 (det. Baehni, ex char.). Colombia.
Gaiadendron Tagua (HBK.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 431. 1834.
Loranthus Tagua HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 436. 1820.
Leaves oblongish, fleshy-coriaceous, minutely punctate beneath,
to nearly 10 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide; racemes 2-3 cm. long, axillary,
solitary; bractlets about as long as the calyx; petals 7, 2 cm. long;
flowers yellowish white, fragrant. Peru to Costa Rica, British
Guiana, and Venezuela, according to Krause.
Peru: Apparently. Colombia.
9. PHRYGILANTHUS Eichl.
Half parasitic shrubs or rarely terrestrial trees, with mostly
opposite leaves and conspicuous, red, yellow, or white flowers.
Calyx rim obvious. Filaments definitely narrowed beneath the
versatile anthers in contrast to those of Aetanthus. Besides the
following, P. heterophyllus (R. & P.) Eichl., P. tetrandrus (R. & P.)
Eichl., and P. aphyllus (Miers) Eichl. have been reported in Peru
in literature as recently as in the new edition of the PflanzenJ "ami-
lien but I have seen no specimens or definite citations that are
not highly questionable, as for example Dombey material given as
Peruvian. A "P. Lehmanianus" mentioned by Weberbauer, 162, "to-
ward Ocros," Cajamarca, seems to be an unpublished name for a
specimen probably referred to one of the following.
398 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Flowers 6-8-parted; inflorescences mostly axillary.
Pedicels of the flowers subequal.
Leaves about 3 cm. long or shorter P. ligustrinus.
Leaves 5-10 cm. long.
Parasitic shrubs; bracts promptly deciduous.
Leaves 5-7 cm. long; pedicels 1-3-flowered . P. acutifolius.
Leaves 8-10 cm. long; pedicels 3-flowered P. repens.
Trees; bracts rather tardily deciduous P. eugenioides.
Pedicels unequal, the middle much shorter, or the flowers sessile.
P. suaveolens.
Flowers 5-parted; inflorescences mostly terminal.
Flowers about 10 cm. long or longer.
Bracts conspicuously exceeding the calyculus.
Leaves attenuate at the base, narrowly lanceolate.
P. monzoniensis.
Leaves rounded at the base, broadly ovate or elliptic.
P. grandiflorus.
Bracts small, little if at all longer than the calyculus.
Leaves short-petioled P. Chodatianus.
Leaves sessile P. peruvianus.
Flowers 2-5 cm. long.
Leaves opposite; bracts conspicuous P. longebracteatus.
Leaves often ternate; bracts small P. verticillatus.
Phrygilanthus acutifolius (R. & P.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras.
5, pt. 2: 49. 1868. Loranthus acutifolius R. & P. Fl. 3: 48. pi. 274.
1802. Psittacanthus acutifolius G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 417. 1834.
Very similar to P. eugenioides, but perhaps always parasitic;
leaves lanceolate, acutely long-acuminate, obscurely veined, dull
on both sides, 5-10 cm. long, about 2 (-2.5) cm. broad; racemes 3
cm. long; ternations and flowers pedicellate, the pedicels of each
about 3 mm. long; bracts promptly deciduous; flowers white, 12 mm.
long; fruit oval, black, the size of a pea. The bracts are not "tardily
deciduous" on the type specimen. Loranthus albiflorus Hook. Icon.
pi. 683 is the same, according to Eichler. Neg. 29457.
Huanuco: Ruiz & Pavdn. Ayacucho: Rocky cliffs, Weberbauer
5518. Ecuador.
FLORA OF PERU 399
Phrygilanthus Chodatianus Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 435. 1911.
Internodes 1-2 cm. long; leaves obovate, strongly cuneate to
the base, 3-4.5 cm. long, about 0.7 cm. broad; racemes secund, 4.5
cm. long; bracts 4-5 mm. long; calyx 2-3 mm. long; flowers 4 cm.
long, scarlet; fruit 1 cm. long, scarlet. On Polylepis. Negs. 3286.
27827.
Ancash: Pichiu, 4,000-4,100 meters, Weberbauer 2934 (type);
217, 225. lea: Above Pisco, Weberbauer 5434 (det. Krause).
Phrygilanthus eugenioides (HBK.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras.
5, pt. 2: 50. 1868. Loranthus eugenioides HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp.
3: 435. 1820. Gaiadendron eugenioides G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 431.
1834.
Branches rugose; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sometimes narrowly
so, basally attenuate to the slender petiole, long-acuminate, usually
about 10 cm. long, lustrous above, more or less obviously veiny
and punctate beneath; racemes axillary and terminal, often several
cm. long; bracts promptly caducous; flowers pedicellate, 12-16 mm.
long, greenish white; calyx scarcely 1 mm. high; fruit black, 8 mm.
long. Variable in shape and size of leaves; very doubtfully distinct
from P. acutifolius. Half parasitic on trees or growing independently.
Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: pi. 12.
Huanuco: Huariaca, 2,850 meters, 2402. San Rafael, Sawada
115. Ambo, 2,100 meters, 3198. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Weber-
bauer 4386; 263 (det. Patschovsky). Piura: Huancabamba (Hum-
boldt, type). Negritos, Haught. Argentina to Brazil.
Phrygilanthus grandiflorus (R. & P.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl.
Bras. 5, pt. 2: 46. 1868. Loranthus grandiflorus R. & P. Fl. 3: 45.
pi. 273. 1802.
Branches more or less pendent, bearing terminally several
scarlet flowers 10-15 cm. long; leaves usually opposite, oval or elliptic,
blunt, slightly lustrous above, somewhat veiny; bracts persistent,
foliaceous, well exceeding the calyx; fruit oval, bluish, the size of
an olive.
Huanuco: Posuso, Muna, Pillao (Ruiz & Pavdn). Monzon,
Weberbauer 3366 (det. Patschovsky). Cajamarca: Nancho, Rai-
mondi. "Hatun-mocma," "hatun-mucma," "moma."'
Phrygilanthus ligustrinus (Willd.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras.
5, pt. 2: 48. 1868. Loranthus ligustrinus Willd. ex R. & S. Syst.
7: 136. 1829. L. ligustrifolius Willd. op. cit. 135.
400 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Similar in general to P. acutifolius, but the leaves only about
half as large and the flowers corymbose or racemosely congested.
In Peru according to Engler & Krause, Pflanzenfam. Neg. 11820.
Peru(?): (Haenke, type of L. ligustrifolius) . "Middle America"
(Humboldt).
Phrygilanthus longebracteatus (Desr.) Macbr. Field Mus.
Bot. 11: 17. 1931. Loranthus longebracteatus Desr. in Lam. Encycl.
3: 599. 1792. L. glaucus R. & P. Fl. 3: 45. pi. 275. 1802. L. corym-
bosus Dietr. Gaert. Lex. Nachtr. 4: 468. 1815-21. P. corymbosus
Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 46. 1868.
Allied to P. verticillatus, but v/ith showy, reddish flowers, medially
yellow, 3.5-5 cm. long, and conspicuous bracts 1 cm. long; leaves
glaucous, opposite, ovate-lanceolate, obtusely subacuminate; inflo-
rescences terminal, few-flowered; fruit deep purple, ovate-oval.
Flowers scarlet, according to Weberbauer. Neg. 29458 (P. glaucus}.
Huanuco: Yanano, 1,800 meters, 3737. Mito, 2,700 meters,
3344. Huasa-huasi, Pillao, Muna,. Chinchao, Ruiz & Pavdn.
Cajamarca: Cutervo, Raimondi (det. Krause). Ancash: Chiquian,
Weberbauer 2849 (det. Krause). Junin: Huancayo, Raimondi.
Chile to Colombia. "Pupa."
Phrygilanthus monzoniensis Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 436. 1911.
Branches papillose-verrucose, the internodes 2 cm. long; leaves
lanceolate, acuminate, about 4 cm. long, 4-8 mm. broad, the nar-
rowed petiolar base 3-5 mm. long; flowers 8 cm. long, the foliaceous
bracts 2 cm. long; calyx dentate, 6 mm. long; fruit ellipsoid, 12 mm.
long, black. Flowers bright red, orange-zoned. Negs. 3288, 27828.
Huanuco: Near Monzon, 3,400 meters, Weberbauer 3342 (type).
Phrygilanthus peruvianus Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 435. 1911.
A shrub of 2 meters, the internodes 6-9 cm. long; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, acute, 4-5.5 cm. long, 3-4 cm. broad; flowers to 9 cm.
long, red, in terminal, secund racemes; bracts acute, 4-5 mm. long,
2 mm. broad; calyx twice as long; fruit red, 1 cm. long. Neg. 3287.
Ancash: Ocros, 2,400-3,500 meters, Weberbauer 2117, 3147.
Lima: San Buenaventura, 2,800 meters, Pennell 14545; flowers
scarlet-red.
Phrygilanthus repens Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 436. 1911.
A parasitic shrub with long adventitious roots; internodes 3-4
cm. long; leaves lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. broad, acutely acuminate,
FLORA OF PERU 401
narrowed into a petiole 2 cm. long; racemes about 8 cm. long, the
pedicels 3-flowered; petals 6, white; calyx 3 mm. long, dentate;
fruit 7 mm. long. Perhaps not a Phrygilanthus; parasitic on Schinus
Molle, the white flowers very fragrant. Neg. 3289.
Ancash: Valley of the Puccha, Weberbauer 3733 (type).
Phrygilanthus suaveolens (HBK.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras.
5, pt. 2: 49. 1868. Loranthus suaveolens HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3:
435. 1820.
Branches terete, smooth; leaves ovate-oblong, rounded at the
base, acuminate, lustrous above, about 5 cm. long, half as wide;
petioles 4-5 mm. long; racemes 2-4 in the axils; flowers white, short-
pediceled, the middle subsessile, 6-8 mm. long, ebracteate; calyx
obsoletely dentate. Neg. 3290.
Cajamarca(?) : Gonzanama (Humboldt).
Phrygilanthus verticillatus (R. & P.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl.
Bras. 5, pt. 2: 47. 1868. Loranthus verticillatus R. & P. Fl. 3: 47.
1802. L. Poeppigii DC. Prodr. 4: 308. 1830; P. & E. Nov. Gen. &
Sp. 2: 61. pi. 184. 1838.
A half parasitic shrub with verticillate, erect branchlets and
subverticillate, lanceolate, enervose leaves; flowers crowded, grena-
dine red, mostly borne ternately, 3-5 cm. long; bracts shorter than
the calyx; fruit oval, purplish black.
Cuzco: Urubamba (Weberbauer 4901); (Herrera 2271; det.
Krause). Chile; Bolivia. "Ictriho," "itiu," "ictrigo," "bela-bela."
10. PSITTACANTHUS Mart.
Reference: Eichler in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 23-45. 1868.
Except for the negative character, "endosperm lacking," the
genus can not be distinguished, all species considered, from Phrygi-
lanthus. The majority of species, however, may be recognized by
the presence of a cup-like bracteal development in which the ovary
is partly concealed and which may represent the complete union of
the bractlets; it is hereafter referred to as a "cup."
Flowers solitary or few, axillary or nodose; nodes not or little
enlarged.
Leaves about 1 cm. long P. cuneifolius.
Leaves about 10 cm. long or longer.
Petioles often 1 cm. long; leaves cuneate or acute at the base;
flowers red.
402 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Pedicels verruculose; flowers acute P. crassifolius.
Pedicels smooth; flowers truncate P. peculiaris.
Petioles to 7 mm. long; leaves not at all acute at the base;
flowers red or yellow P. Krausei.
Flowers racemose, the racemes often short, or in branched inflores-
cences, the nodes enlarged in many cases.
Leaves opposite or ternate (see also P. calcaratus).
Leaves cordate-amplexicaul.
Leaves auricled at the base P. amplexifolius.
Leaves merely slightly clasping the stems P. cardiphyllus.
Leaves little if at all cordate.
Leaves narrowly oblong or, if ovate, round-obtuse at the apex.
Cup cyathiform; leaves 3-6 cm. wide P. Cordiae.
Cup patelliform; leaves rarely as wide as 3 cm.
Leaves subsessile; peduncles 6-8 mm. long. . . P. obovatus.
Leaves sessile; peduncles 15 mm. long P. tumbecensis.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or at least narrowed to
the apex.
Calyx much exceeded by a foliaceous bract .... P. cucullaris.
Calyx not so subtended.
Leaves 10 cm. long or much longer.
Flowers pedicellate P. subalatus.
Flowers sessile P. cupulifer.
Leaves 3 cm. long or shorter P. coccineus.
Leaves alternate or not strictly opposite.
Flowers usually 8-10 cm. long P. calcaratus.
Flowers 1-4 cm. long.
Leaves roundish, not at all narrowed at the base.
P. Weberbaueri.
Leaves cuneate at the base, narrow.
Leaves petioled; calyx twice longer than the cup.
P. divaricatus.
Leaves sessile; calyx slightly longer than the cup.
P. linearis.
Psittacanthus amplexifolius (van Tiegh.) Engler, Pflanzen-
fam. Nachtr. 1: 136. 1897. Arthraxon amplexifolius van Tiegh.
Bull. Soc. Bot. France 42: 353. 1895.
FLORA OF PERU 403
Allied to P. cardiphyllus, but the leaves auricled at the pro-
nouncedly amplexicaul base, as in P. cordatus, but rounded at the
apex; perianth in bud not enlarged apically.
Cajamarca: Jae"n (Vidal Senege).
Psittacanthus calcaratus A. C. Smith, Bull. Torrey Club 58:
89. 1931.
Branches stout, subquadrate; leaves veiny, rather thin, blunt
or rounded at the apex, cuneate to the base, subelliptic, mostly 11-12
cm. long, 5 cm. broad; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; inflorescence terminal,
crowded; peduncles to 4 cm. long, the stout pedicels about half as
long; cup 2 mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide at the rim, subpatellif orm ;
calyx 4 mm. long, truncate, minutely denticulate or entire; perianth
blunt, 7-9.5 cm. long, each interior margin of the 6 linear lobes
triangularly spurred near the tip; filaments attached 11 mm. below
the tip of the perianth, 5-6 mm. long, equaling the pubescent an-
thers. Flowers red and yellow. The related P. clusiifolius (Willd.)
Eichl., with leathery leaves and stamens attached near the tip of the
perianth segments, may occur.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 694 (type).
Psittacanthus cardiphyllus (Willd.) Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras.
5, pt. 2: 27. 1868. Loranthus cardiphyllus Willd. ex R. & S. Syst. 7,
pt. 1:162.1829.
Like P. Cordiae, but the leaves distinctly cordate at the base;
terminal racemes many-flowered, with about 10 nodes, the pedicels
3-4 mm. long. Of this affinity are P. bicalyculatus (Mart.) G. Don
and L. cordatus (Hoffm.) G. Don, the former with longer pedicels,
2-4 inflorescence nodes, and oblongish leaves, the latter with lan-
ceolate, acuminate leaves, hastately cordate at the base.
Peru(?) : Probably. Brazil.
Psittacanthus coccineus Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 436. 1911.
Glabrous; leaves opposite, sessile, lanceolate, 3 cm. long, 4-8 mm.
broad, subcoriaceous, the nervation evident; flowers in terminal
racemes, on pedicels 4 mm. long; cup 2 mm. long, the usually dentate
calyx 3 mm. long; perianth segments free, red, nearly 3 cm. long,
the filiform filaments attached below the middle; fruit elliptic-
oblong, black, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. thick. On Salix and Schinus
Molle. Neg. 3299.
Ancash: Near Ocros, Weberbauer 2643 (type).
404 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Psittacanthus Cordiae Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8:
206. 1922.
Branchlets terete; leaves sessile or nearly so, rigid-coriaceous,
ovate or roundish, rarely slightly emarginate at the base, 5-8 cm.
long, 3-6 cm. wide; nerves many, obvious; flowers short-pediceled,
in terminal racemes; bracts broadly ovate, 2-2.5 mm. long, about as
long as the cyathiform cup, this scarcely equaling the ovary; perianth
scarlet, the linear-lanceolate lobes usually free to the base, 3-3.4
cm. long, sparsely and very shortly pilose without; filaments about
medially inserted; anthers 2-2.5 mm. long. P. chanduyensis Eichl.
and P. obovatus Benth., both Ecuadorian, may be expected; the former
has smaller leaves, rarely 3.5 cm. long, and very short racemes;
the latter obovate leaves, more or less attenuate basally, distinctly
nervose, 2.5-5 cm. long. Neg. 3298. P. cinctus (Mart.) G. Don
with scurfy inflorescence and orange-tomentose flowers would also
be sought here.
Piura: On Cordia rotundifolia, near Serran, 200-300 meters,
Weberbauer 5996 (type). La Brea, 150 meters, Weberbauer 7766.
Without locality, Raimondi. "Piiia."
Psittacanthus crassifolius (Mart.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3:
417. 1834. Loranthus crassifolius Mart, ex R. & S. Syst. 7, pt. 1:
123. 1829.
Young parts obsoletely reddish-scurfy; branches terete; leaves
broadly ovate or elliptic, fleshy-coriaceous, opaque, 8-12 cm. long,
5-7 cm. broad or exceptionally half again as large; flowers mostly
ternately arranged in the axils, the common peduncle 4-6 mm. long;
perianth to 9 cm. long, the filaments attached to about 1 cm. below
the apex, the anthers 5-6 mm. long. A. C. Smith, from whom this
description, in part, is drawn, observed 1 or 2 spurs on each perianth
lobe. Neg. 19056.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 119 (det. Smith). Brazil.
Psittacanthus cucullaris (Lam.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3 :416. 1834.
Loranthus cucullaris Lam. Journ. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 444. pi. 23. 1793.
Completely glabrous, drying black; petioles 2-6 mm. long; leaves
elliptic-oblong or linear-lanceolate, acute, to 10 cm. long, 1.5-4
cm. broad, subcoriaceous, with 5-7 nerves; flowers terminally
paniculate, the peduncle of the ternations to 12 mm. long; bracts
cucullate-concave, foliaceous, 12-20 mm. long; perianth segments
yellow, orange, or reddish, the filaments medially inserted; fruit
ellipsoid. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: pi. 7.
FLORA OF PERU 405
Loreto: Mishuyacu, Klug 1317 (det. Smith). Brazil to the
Guianas.
Psittacanthus cupulifer (HBK.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 417.
1834. Loranthus cupulifer HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 438. 1820.
Allied toP.cucullaris; branches terete; leaves subsessile, obliquely
ovate-oblong, narrowed to the obtuse apex, reticulate, 2.5-5 cm.
broad; inflorescences densely flowered, 3-6 cm. long, the flowers
sessile or subsessile, 4 cm. long, subtended by a concave bract 5 mm.
long; calyx 6-8 mm. long; filaments medially adnate; fruit ellipsoid.
Weberbauer noted the flowers as scarlet below, golden yellow
medially, orange toward the tips; Klug as yellowish green and red,
yellow and red, and yellow. Here as elsewhere G. Don has been
accepted as second authority for the name instead of Blume, who in
R. & S. Syst. 7, pt. 2: 1730. 1830, indicated the transfer without
actually making it.
San Martin: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4718 (det. Patschovsky).
Loreto: Maucallacta, 200 meters, Klug 3955. Pebas, Williams
1871. Florida, 180 meters, Klug 2189, 2325. Fortaleza, 140 meters,
Williams 4315; Klug 2804- Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 614, 531.
Yurimaguas, 180 meters, Williams 7875, 7874- Caballo-cocha,
Williams 244%- Rio Nanay, Raimondi. Middle Rio Apaga, Tess-
mann 3838 (det. Krause). Lower Rio Blanco, Tessmann 3076 (det.
Krause). Ecuador to Bolivia. "Pishcu-isman," "jucu-gui-o"
(Huitoto name), "suelda con suelda."
Psittacanthus cuneifolius (R. & P.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3:
416. 1834. Loranthus cuneifolius R. & P. Fl. 3: 46. pi. 276. 1802.
Phrygilanthus cuneifolius Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 49. 1868.
Densely branched, the slender branches spreading; leaves oblong-
cuneate or narrowly obovate, subsessile, 1.5-2 cm. long, about 5
mm. broad, apically rounded, mucronate, faintly 3-nerved; flowers
solitary or 3-5 in axillary fascicles or racemes scarcely 1 cm. long, the
pedicels 5-7 mm. long; cup 2.5 mm. deep, the teeth marked, the
calyx nearly twice as long; flowers about 3 cm. long, yellowish red;
petals coalescent; filaments filiform, subulate; fruit 8-10 mm. long.
Subsp. peruanus Engler is apparently the typical, i.e. the Peruvian,
form. A shrub of 5 meters on Rhamnaceae (Killip & Smith). The
fruits are used for the making of bird lime, which boys smear on the
branches of trees to catch small birds, particularly the "chchainas"
(jilgueros)', the gum is employed also as a plaster for fractures, etc.
(Herrera). Neg. 29462.
406 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Huanuco: Cheuchin, Ruiz & Pawn. Chulki, Sawada 57. Mito,
2,700 meters, 1781. Huanuco, 2,100 meters, 2046. Junin: Between
Viques and Ingahuasi, 3,150 meters, Killip & Smith 22173. Cuzco:
Capana, Prov. Paucartambo (Herrera 635). Parcocella, 3,600
meters, Herrera 1144- Arequipa: Yura, 2,700 meters, Weberbauer
1415. Above Pampa Redonda, Weberbauer 5767. Ayacucho:
Ayacucho, 3,100 meters, Weberbauer 5530. Chile to Brazil. "Pupa,"
"liga," "suelda con suelda."
Psittacanthus divaricatus (HBK.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3:
417. 1834. Loranthus divaricatus HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 433. 1820.
Branches spreading; leaves subsessile, elliptic-oblong, rounded
at the apex, coriaceous, 2-3 cm. long, 10-18 mm. wide; peduncles
3-flowered, paniculately disposed; flowers 2.5 cm. long or longer,
on pedicels to 4 mm. long; calyx obsoletely dentate. The original
locality is given as perhaps the Rio Orinoco, but the species is
accredited in literature to Chile.
Cajamarca: Nancho, Raimondi. Brazil (?); Chile(?).
Psittacanthus Krausei Macbr. Candollea 5: 349. 1934.
Branches terete, markedly nodose; petioles 6-7 mm. long; leaves
ovate, attenuately and acutely acuminate, to 10.5 cm. long, about
3.5 cm. broad; flowers 2-3 in corymbs and umbels, the common
peduncle 12-15 mm. long; pedicels glabrous, 10-12 mm. long; flowers
lustrous, 6-6.5 cm. long; anthers 3 mm. long, with a mucro 2
mm. long. P. peronopetalus Eichl., with larger leaves, puberulent
inflorescence, shorter pedicels, and short-mucronulate anthers, may
be expected. P. biternatus (Hoffm.) G. Don, similar, has elliptic
leaves rounded at both ends.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, King 1323 (type).
Psittacanthus linearis (Killip) Macbr., comb. nov. Phrygi-
lanthus linearis Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24: 45. 1934.
Glabrous, with terete branches and linear, obtuse leaves, slightly
narrowed at the base, sometimes subopposite, 2-3.5 cm. long, 1.5-5
mm. wide, obscurely 1-nerved; inflorescence compactly subcorym-
bose, the spreading pedicels of the ternately arranged flowers 3-5
mm. long; bractlets triangular-ovate, 2-3 mm. long; cup 2-2.5
mm. deep, denticulate, slightly exceeded by the subentire calyx;
petals 6, bright red or scarlet, 2-2.5 cm. long; filaments about 2
cm. long, thus attached toward the base. This plant, from descrip-
tion, must be a Psittacanthus, apparently similar to P. coccineus.
FLORA OF PERU 407
According to Haught, it is slender, semi-trailing, almost always on
"algarroba," the branches 2 meters long or longer, flowering all the
year and broken off with long poles by goat herders for their animals
that seem to prefer this to any other plant. On Acacia and Prosopis
limensis.
Piura: Prov. Paita (Haught 9, type). Negritos, Haught F21.
La Brea, Weberbauer 7765. Prov. Paita (Townsend 823?; "but
leaves to 6 cm. long, 15 mm. wide"). "Pina."
Psittacanthus obovatus Benth. ex Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras.
5, pt. 2: 27. 1868. Loranthus obovatus Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 103.
1844.
Slightly scabrous; branches dichotomous or verticillate; leaves
subsessile, obovate, obtuse, rounded or cuneate at the base, faintly
reticulate- veiny, 2.5-5 cm. long, 12-25 mm. wide; racemes with
5-6 short nodes; peduncles 6-8 mm. long, finely puberulent; flowers
in 3's, the pedicels 4-6 mm. long; cup a little shorter than the calyx;
petals 6, 3.5-4 cm. long. Allied by Eichler with P. chanduyensis
Eichl. with sessile, not at all obovate leaves.
Piura: Negritos, Haught F 22. Ecuador. "Pina."
Psittacanthus peculiaris A. C. Smith, Bull. Torrey Club
58: 90. 1931.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, falcate to broadly ovate, cuneate at the
base, narrowly acuminate or sometimes only acute, 4-8 cm. wide,
mostly 10-12 cm. long; petioles about 1 cm. long; flowers red, usually
2 or 3, the common peduncle and pedicels 2-3 mm. long; cup sub-
patelliform, 0.8 mm. long, 2 mm. wide at the rim; corolla finally to
5 cm. long, very slender toward the base, the throat narrowed, the
linear lobes each partly obscured by a fleshy, oblong, horizontal spur
nearly 2 mm. long; filaments scarcely 1 mm. long.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Killip & Smith 29967 (type);
King 118, 1206. Pefia Blanca, Rio Itaya, 110 meters, Killip &
Smith 29653. Leticia, Williams 3147. Lower Rio Nanay, Wittiams
593, 646.
Psittacanthus subalatus Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
8: 207. 1922.
Branchlets stout, 4-angled and wing-margined; petioles 1-3 mm.
long; leaves coriaceous, rarely cordate-emarginate at the base,
mostly subfalcate, to 20 cm. long, 4-9 cm. wide; lateral nerves dis-
tinct on both sides; flowers pedicellate; bracts broadly ovate, con-
408 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
cave, 2-3 mm. long, the subpatelliform cup 2-3 mm. long, the calyx
2 cm. long; ovary 5-6 mm. long; perianth lobes roseate, free to the
base; filaments medially attached, 3-4 cm. long; style 7-8.5 cm.
long. Differs from P. cupulifer (HBK.) Eichl. in its larger and
broader leaves and much smaller cup. P. fakifrons (Mart.) G. Don,
with golden yellow flowers and oblong-lanceolate leaves 1-4 cm.
wide, may be expected. Neg. 3300.
Piura: Above Palambla, 1,400 meters, Weberbauer 6030 (type).
Psittacanthus tumbecensis (Killip) Macbr., comb. nov.
Phrygilanthus tumbecensis Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24: 45.
1936.
Leaves narrowly oblong, subfalcate, 5-10 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm.
wide, obtuse, narrowed at the base, with many obscure nerves;
inflorescence loosely corymbose; bractlets 2-3 mm. long; cup 2-2.5
mm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, the calyx slightly longer; petals 6, 3-4
cm. long, "fiery red with yellow point." Apparently allied to
P. obovatus.
Tumbez: Mountains east of Hacienda Chicama, 500-700 meters,
Weberbauer 7668, type.
Psittacanthus Weberbaueri Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 437. 1911.
Glabrous, erect; leaves sessile, oblong-ovate, obtuse or rounded
at the apex, 3-3.5 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. broad, the lateral nerves
reticulate; flowers in terminal racemes on pedicels 3-4 mm. long; cup
cucullate, the calyx 3 mm. long; perianth 2.3-3.5 cm. long; filaments
filiform, medially attached; fruit oblong, 5 mm. long, 3 mm. thick.
Neg. 3301.
Cajamarca: Llallan, 600-700 meters, Weberbauer 3796 (type).
11. PERISTETHIUM van Tiegh.
Reference: van Tiegh. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 42: 175. 1895.
A segregate of Phrygilanthus, but as well marked as any genus
by virtue of its small flowers crowded in axillary inflorescences and
basally subtended by white bracts that on falling leave a little collar,
to which peculiarity the generic name refers. No Peruvian specimen
appears to exist, but the plant is included here because definitely
stated to occur in Peru by all authorities!
Peristethium leptostachyum (HBK.) van Tiegh. loc. cit.
Loranthus leptostachyus HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 440. 1820.
FLORA OF PERU 409
Petioles 10-12 mm. long; leaf blades ovate-elliptic, acuminate,
net-veined, about 10 cm. long and half as wide; axillary spikes
2-several, much shorter than the leaves; flowers scarcely 4 mm. long.
Peru: (Occurrence doubtful). Colombia.
12. STRUTHANTHUS Mart.
Phthirusa Mart. Flora 13, pt. 1: 110. 1830.
Reference: Eichler in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 52-87. 1868.
Erect or not infrequently scandent shrubs, often developing
adventitious roots. Flowers tiny, in simple or branched, axillary or
terminal spikes, racemes, or panicles, or rarely solitary or subsoli-
tary, usually dioecious or perfect. Stamens often unequal, the fila-
ments of the longer then sometimes scalloped at each side, appar-
ently by pressure of the anthers of the shorter ones. Filaments in
varying degree thin and slender, short and thick, or even lacking,
even in staminate flowers. Except in treating Lor anthus L. sensu lat.,
this group must be maintained as distinct. Even though its char-
acter of small flowers is intangible, this is obviously a natural genus
or, in the former case, subgenus. Here, as elsewhere in the family,
G. Don is given as second authority in place of Blume in R. & S.
Syst. 7, pt. 2: 1731. 1830, where the combinations are only indicated.
Rubber has been produced commercially from two of the species
found in Peru, S. aduncus and S. pyrifolius, the fruits having yielded
as high as 7 per cent rubber on an average. The practicability of
cultivation is highly questionable (Krause), so that no economic
significance can be envisaged, the exploitation of wild plants for this
purpose surely being very limited.
Plants glabrous; filaments (except in 2 species) slender.
Leaves 5-7.5 cm. wide, at least most of them, or the filaments
thick, often scalloped.
Filaments thin, straight; leaves all or most of them wider than
5 cm.
Verticels bracteolate, pedicellate, more or less paniculate.
S. retroflexus.
Verticels spicate, ebracteolate or the bractlets promptly
caducous S. polystachyus.
Filaments thick, often laterally scalloped; leaves mostly 4-5
cm. wide.
All the flowers panicled; anthers acuminate. . . .S. aduncus.
410 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
All or nearly all the flowers spicate or racemose; anthers
mucronate S. Eichleri.
Leaves regularly narrower, rarely if ever some of them about 5
cm. wide.
Verticels ebracteolate or the bractlets very promptly caducous,
free; leaves little longer than broad.
Racemes several cm. long S, orbicularis.
Racemes less than 1 cm. long S. lucarquensis.
Verticels bracteolate, the bractlets more or less united; leaves
usually distinctly longer than broad.
Flower clusters all in corymbs or pseudocymes, the inflores-
cence rarely longer than 2 cm., usually shorter.
Leaves obovate-suborbicular S. retusus.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate S. dichotrianthus.
Flower clusters in spikes or racemes often longer than 2 cm.,
the terminal inflorescence rarely paniculate.
Flower clusters borne in spikes (typically).
Spikes 2-5 cm. long; flowers to about 6 mm. long; leaves
nearly nerveless S. concinnus.
Spikes 1 cm. long; flowers to 3 mm. long; leaves nerved.
S. tennis.
Flower clusters pedicellate, that is, racemose (cf. S. tennis).
Leaves fleshy, veinless S. acuminatus.
Leaves thin, veiny on both sides S. sarmentosus.
Plants more or less reddish-furfuraceous; filaments thick.
Inflorescence branchlet not conspicuously compressed; fruit
reflexed S. pyrifolius.
Inflorescence branchlet strikingly compressed; fruit spreading.
S. platycladus.
Struthanthus acuminatus (R. & P.) Blume ex R. & S. Syst.
7, pt. 2: 1731. 1830. Loranthus acuminatus R. & P. Fl. 3: 49. 1802.
Slender, with long, virgate, slightly angled branches, the narrowly
ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate leaves remote; petioles 3-5 mm.
long; leaf blades 6-7 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, rounded or scarcely
acute at the base, dull; racemes solitary, about 4 cm. long, the
slender rachis sharply quadrate; ternation pedicels 2 mm. long, the
flowers sessile; bracteoles tardily caducous, nearly free, subequal,
shorter than the calyx; flowers pale yellowish, 4 mm. long, the
FLORA OF PERU 411
medially attached filaments very short; fruit oval. In aspect similar
to some forms of S. thyrsiflorus (C. & S.) Blume (S. syringifolius
Mart.), with short-acuminate and somewhat veiny leaves and one
bractlet longer than the other. Neg. 29464.
Huanuco: Pillao, Chinchao, Panao, Ruiz & Pavon.
Struthanthus aduncus (Meyer) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 414.
1834. Loranthus aduncus Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 149. 1818. L. pani-
culatus HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 442. 1820. L. conduplicatus HBK.
op. cit. 441. L. Theobromae Willd. ex R. & S. Syst. 7: 132. 1829.
Phthirusa Theobromae Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 56. pi. 14.
1868. P. paniculata Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 17. 1931.
Glabrous, erect or scandent, the bark grayish; petioles 5-10 mm.
long; leaf blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat acute, 3-10
cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, coriaceous; flowers usually white, 4-6 mm.
long, the perianth segments spreading, paniculate or the lower
axillary spikes simple, the ternations sessile or subsessile; calyx mem-
branous, truncate; fruit red, oblong. Not at all clearly distinct and
more or less typically represented by some of the following col-
lections is var. orinocensis (Spreng.) Baehni & Macbr., comb. nov.
(Phthirusa orinocensis [Spreng.] Eichl. op. cit. 60), with the terna-
tions more or less pediceled and the racemes not at all panicled.
San Martin: Morales, Williams 5693. Zepelacio, 1,200-1,600
meters, Klug 3605. San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7064.
Loreto: Iquitos, Tessmann 3530, 5068; Williams 7976, 8095. Mishu-
yacu, 100 meters, Klug 3937. Florida, 200 meters, Klug 2134,
2047. Mainas, Poeppig 2383,Cuzco: Urubamba, Weberbauer 5063
(flowers yellow). Widely distributed in tropical America. "Suelda
con suelda," "pishco isman," "rochido-ey" (Huitoto name).
Struthanthus concinnus Mart, ex G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 411.
1834.
Branches long, slender, terete; petioles 3-6 mm. long; leaf blades
lanceolate, acute at the base, gradually and acutely acuminate,
4-7 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. broad, nearly nerveless, thin, dull beneath;
ternations sessile or subsessile; flowers greenish yellow, the stami-
nate to 6 mm., the pistillate to 4 mm. long; filaments affixed below
the middle of the linear perianth segments; calyx denticulate; fruit
ellipsoid. S. rubens Mart, ex G. Don has coriaceous leaves lustrous
on both sides, the lateral nerves obvious. The Peruvian specimens
may be rather S. sarmentosus; at any rate, they are aberrant here by
412 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
reason of the pediceled flowers. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt.
2: pi. 24-
Junin: Huacapistana, Weberbauer 2157 (det. Patschovsky).
Colonia Perene", 680 meters, Killip & Smith 25058. La Merced,
700 meters, Killip & Smith 23507. Chanchamayo Valley, 1,200
meters, Schunke 331. Above San Ramon, 1,300-1,700 meters,
Schunke A93. Carpapata, 2,400 meters, Killip & Smith 24366.
Huacapistana, 1,800-2,400 meters, Killip & Smith 24314- Huanuco:
Yanano, 1,800 meters, 3724- Ayacucho: Carrapa, 2,200 meters,
Killip & Smith 22310. Brazil; Surinam.
Struthanthus dichotrianthus Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5,
pt. 2: 75. 1868.
Densely branched, the branches more or less scandent; petioles
3-10 mm. long; leaf blades oblong-lanceolate, obviously nervose
beneath, attenuate at both ends, 2.5-7 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide;
ternations pedicellate, the pedicels 2-5 mm. long, in 2-3-chotomous,
axillary umbels; bracts minute; flowers white, the larger staminate
ones 5-6 mm. long; calyculus entire; fruit oblong, 5-6 mm. long,
3 mm. thick. The Peruvian collection was determined apparently
by Patschovsky.
Loreto: Puerto Limon, Tessmann 4886. Surinam and British
Guiana; Venezuela.
Struthanthus Eichleri Baehni & Macbr., nom. nov. Phthirusa
polystachya Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 57. pi. 19. 1868, not S.
polystachyus (R. & P.) G. Don.
Nearly S. aduncus, but the leaves rather less coriaceous, about 10
cm. long, the flowers all in simple, axillary spikes and, especially, the
filaments slightly glandular, the anthers shortly produced. Flowers
purple (Ule). S. nitens (Mart.) Baehni & Macbr. would be sought
here; its lustrous, narrowly ovate-lanceolate leaves are attenuately
acuminate, its spikes solitary, the filaments eglandular, the anthers
apiculate.
Rio Acre: Ule 9337 (det. Krause). Brazil.
Struthanthus lucarquensis (HBK.) Macbr., comb. nov. Lor-
anthus lucarquensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 440. 1820. Phthirusa
lucarquensis G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 421. 1834.
Much branched, the branchlets terete; leaves somewhat mem-
branous and veiny, 2.5 cm. long, 18-20 mm. broad; flowers sub-
sessile, 3 mm. long, whitish yellow; racemes only 6 mm. long; petals
FLORA OF PERU 413
4, oblong, acute, slightly concave; filaments membranous, nearly
free; berry ovoid. Because of the slender filament, this plant must
belong to the group Struthanthus.
Peru(?) : Lucarque ( Humboldt}. Ecuador.
Struthanthus orbicularis (HBK.) Blume ex R. & S. Syst. 7,
pt. 2: 1731. 1850. Loranthus orbicularis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3:
434. 1820.
A shrub with long, flexuous branches, these often pendent and
twining, the young leaves prehensile; petioles 8-12 mm. long; blades
more or less approaching orbicular, 2.5-5 cm. long, attenuate or
contracted to the petiole, coriaceous; ternations subsessile in axillary
spikes 2.5-10 cm. long, the rachis sharply quadrate; flowers yellowish
green, to nearly 6 mm. long, more or less pediceled; bracts free, cadu-
cous; fruit oval, red, 1 cm. long. Here would key Tessmann 3248
with more elliptic leaves, from the Ucayali; the ternations are
pedicellate, the racemes only 1-2 cm. long.
San Martin: Rioja, west of Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4702;
290 (det. Patschovsky). Brazil, north to Central America.
Struthanthus platycladus (Ule) Baehni & Macbr., comb. nov.
Phthirusa platyclada Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 153. 1907.
Similar to S. pyrifolius, to which it could be joined as a variety;
leaves coriaceous, rounded-obtuse, mucronate; flowers 2-3 mm.
long, yellowish green; fruit ascending-spreading. Perhaps all the
Peruvian material is rather referable to S. pyrifolius.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Wittiams 5711. Loreto: Yurimaguas,
Williams 4984- Middle Rio Blanco, Tessmann 3141- Brazil.
"Pishco isman."
Struthanthus polystachyus (R. & P.) G. Don, Gen. Syst.
3: 410. 1834. Loranthus polystachyus R. & P. Fl. 3: 50. 1802.
Branches long, terete, the branchlets more or less compressed
at the nodes; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; blades broadly ovate, acumi-
nate, acute at the base, to 15 cm. long, 7 cm. wide, perfectly opaque,
coriaceous, cartilaginous-margined, obviously finely reticulate- veined
on both sides; spikes 2 or more together, to 6 cm. long, the rachis
angled; ternations 5-7 mm. apart; bractlets inconspicuous; flowers
tiny, purple; fruit oval, brownish yellow, 6 mm. thick. Flowers
lacking in the Madrid material. Neg. 29465.
Huanuco: Muna, Pillao, Panao, Pati, Chinchao, Ruiz & Pawn.
414 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Struthanthus pyrifolius (HBK.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 413.
1834. Loranthus pyrifolius HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 441. 1820.
Phthirusa pyrifolia Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 5, pt. 2: 63. pi. 17. 1868.
Branchlets compressed, more or less reddish-scurfy but soon
glabrous; petioles rarely 10 mm. long; blades ovate-lanceolate,
often acuminate, scarcely coriaceous, distinctly nervose, about 10
cm. long and half as wide or smaller; ternations of red-brown perfect
flowers sessile or subsessile in axillary spikes or rarely in a terminal
panicle (var. terminalis Macbr., comb, nov.; P. pyrifolia var.
terminalis Macbr. Candollea 5: 349. 1934); calyx obsoletely dentic-
ulate; perianth segments 6, narrowly lanceolate, 1.5-2 mm. long;
filaments short; fruit oblong, red. The name is sometimes modern-
ized or corrected to read "pirifolius." S. rufus (Mart.) Macbr.
(comb, nov.; Loranthus rufus Mart.) has dioecious flowers 5-6 mm.
long, borne in a terminal panicle. Also to be expected are S. micran-
thus (Eichl.) Baehni & Macbr. (comb, nov.; Phthirusa micrantha
Eichl.) and S. phaeoclados (Eichl.) Baehni & Macbr. (comb, nov.;
Phthirusa phaeoclados Eichl.), both with usually 4-merous flowers
and sessile anthers, the former with them in axillary glomerules, the
latter in axillary spikes, the leaves emarginate and 5-7-plinerved. S.
santaremensis (Eichl.) Baehni & Macbr. (comb, nov.; Phthirusa
santaremensis Eichl.), similar, has pinnately nerved leaves.
San Martin: San Roque, 1,400 meters, Williams 7482 (type of var.
terminalis Macbr.). Morales, Williams 5711. Rumizapa, Williams
6790 (toward S. platydadus}. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Weber-
bauer 4458. Junin: Colonia Perene", 680 meters, Killip & Smith
24996,25071. Rio Peren<, 600 meters, Killip & Smith 25716. La
Merced, 600 meters, 5337. Loreto: Iquitos, Ule 6249 (flowers
purple); Williams 3584; Killip & Smith 27310. Caballo-cocha,
Williams 2257. La Victoria, Williams 2695. Puerto Arturo,
Williams 4984. Tropical South America to Central America.
"Suelda con suelda," "pishco isman."
Struthanthus retroflexus (R. & P.) G. Don, Gen. Syst. 3:
415. 1834. Loranthus retroflexus R. & P. Fl. 3: 49. pi 279. 1802.
Stoutly branched, the branches terete; petioles nearly 1.5 cm.
long; leaves broadly elliptic or oval, about 10 cm. long, dull or nearly
so, coriaceous, cartilaginous-margined, very faintly veiny on both
sides, acute at both ends; panicles axillary and terminal, to 15 cm.
long, the ternation pedicels scarcely 2 mm. long; rachis minutely
papillose, angled; bractlets persistent, broadly ovate; flowers sessile,
FLORA OF PERU 415
tiny; fruit oval, nearly 10 mm. long, 6 mm. thick. The type at
Madrid has been referred by Krause, following Eichler's suggestion,
to S. marginatus (Desr.) Blume, var. paniculatus Eichl. That Brazil-
ian species, however, seems to be uniformly a much more slenderly
branched plant, with typically narrower, thinner leaves. Neg. 29466.
Huanuco: Chinchao, Macora, Ruiz & Pavon.
Struthanthus retusus (Gham. & Schlecht.) Blume ex R. & S.
Syst. 7, pt. 2: 1731. 1830. Loranthus retusus Cham. & Schlecht.
Linnaea 3: 215. 1828. L. polyrrhizos Mart, ex R. & S. Syst. 7, pt.
1: 139. 1829. S. polyrrhizos Mart, ex Don, Gen. Syst. 3: 412. 1834.
Scandent, flexuous, branched; petioles 8-12 mm. long; leaves
obovate-suborbicular, 2.5-3 (-5) cm. long, 0.5-3 cm. broad, usually
marginate, sometimes deeply so, coriaceous; ternations in axillary,
peduncled corymbs, more or less pedicellate; flowers greenish yellow,
4-6 mm. long, the pedicels of the pistillate ones as long, those of the
staminate shorter; fruit ovoid-oblong, under 6 mm. long. The
Peruvian collection is apparently determined by Patschovsky, as
"aff. polyrrhizus" ; but see remark under S. orbicularis.
Loreto: Middle Rio Ucayali, Tessmann 3298. Brazil.
Struthanthus sarmentosus (R. & P.) Blume ex R. & S. Syst.
7, pt. 2: 1731. 1830. Loranthus sarmentosus R. & P. Fl. 3: 49. pi.
278. 1802.
Similar to S. acuminatus, but the shorter branchlets nearly terete,
the leaves more shortly acuminate, thin and distinctly veiny, dull
beneath, lustrous above, clearly acute at the base or slightly decur-
rent on the slender petiole, this about 1 cm. long; terminal racemes
panicled. The Killip and Smith material has been referred to S.
concinnus Mart., but as its flower clusters are pedicellate, it rather
belongs here or to S. tennis Patsch., but the petioles are only 4-5
mm. long. Neg. 27839.
Huanuco: Muna, Ruiz & Pavon; at 2,100 meters, 401 9. Junin:
Huacapistana region, Killip & Smith 24314, 24366. Loreto:
Caballo-cocha, Williams 2144- Ayacucho: Carrapa, Killip &
Smith 22310. "Liga."
Struthanthus tenuis Patsch. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 438. 1911.
Slender-stemmed, the internodes to 10 cm. long; petioles 1 cm.
long; leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 5-6 cm. long,
3.5 cm. wide; bractlets lanceolate, 2 mm. long; filaments medially
416 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
adnate to the greenish perianth segments. This is probably to be
included in S. sarmentosus (R. & P.) Blume.
Junin: La Merced, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 1948, type; 283.
52. SANTALACEAE. Sandalwood Family
Reference: Pilger, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 52-91. 1935.
The source of sandalwood and oil, the family is outstanding in
Peru in no respect unless by the contrast between its representatives
there: a genus of small trees strikingly reddish-pubescent, and two
genera of inconspicuous herbs.
Woody plants with oval, more or less pubescent leaves.
1. Cervantesia.
Herbs.
Bractlets not united; plants diminutive, creeping, the hidden
stems yellow 2. Arjona.
Bractlets united to form a cup; erect or ascending plants.
3. Quinchamalium.
1. CERVANTESIA R. & P.
Casimiroa Dombey ex Baill. Adansonia 3: 126. 1862-3.
Small trees with elliptic leaves that are pubescent, especially
beneath, as well as the branchlets and the terminal or subterminal
flower clusters. Tube of the perianth shortly campanulate above
the ovary. Named for Vicente Cervantes, Mexican botanist.
Cervantesia bicolor Cav. Icon. 5: 49. pi. 475. 1799.
Similar to C. tomentosa, but the branchlets and leaf pubescence
beneath a dense tomentum of reddish, crisped or crinkly hairs; leaves
5-8 cm. long, mostly 5-6 cm., 2-2.5 cm. broad; perianth segments
rounded or subacute.
Lima: Obrajillo and San Buenaventura, Nee. Ecuador.
Cervantesia tomentosa R. & P. Prodr. 39. pi 7. 1794; Fl. 3:
19. pi 24. 1802.
Branchlets and leaves beneath yellowish or somewhat rusty,
pilose or lanuginose with long, more or less flexuous hairs, especially
those of the leaves; leaves soon lustrous and glabrous above, mostly
9-10 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. broad; young leaves and inflorescences
densely red-pilose, the small flower parts hidden in the abundant
pubescence; perianth segments acute, persistent and nearly enclos-
ing the acorn-like fruits, these about 1 cm. long, 8 mm. thick. A
FLORA OF PERU 417
shrub of 8 meters, with fiery red fruits (Weberbauer). C. glabrata
Stapf, Kew Bull. 1906: 76. 1906, of Ecuador, has glabrate, elliptic
leaves only 3-4 cm. long. Neg. 27874.
Junin: (Ruiz & Pavori). Huasa-huasi, Ruiz & Pavdn, type; also,
according to Ruiz & Pavon, at Huarocheri and Canta. Chancha-
mayo, Isern 2395. Lima: Chorrillos, Raimondi. Libertad: Otuza,
Weberbauer 6989.
2. ARJONA Cav.
Reference: Skottsberg, Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 10: 520-528. 1916.
Herbs with underground stems or rhizomes, alternate, linear or
linear-lanceolate leaves, and one to several terminal or subterminal,
white, lilac, or purplish red flowers. Tube of the perianth elongate
above the ovary. Placenta thick and short. The name has been
written variously since its publication as above, in honor of Francisco
Arjona, a teacher of botany at Cadiz.
Arjona glaberrima Pilger, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 398. 1906.
Rhizomes branching, remaining attached to the original plant
from which rise the 1-2-flowered branches, these scarcely more than
2 cm. long or much shorter; leaves 2-3 mm. long; flowers glabrous,
purplish, the tube 6 mm. long, the lanceolate lobes 1.5-2 mm. long.
In wet cushions of Distichia, etc. Neg. 14343.
Lima: At 4,500 meters, Weberbauer 5157.
3. QUINCHAMALIUM J uss .
Low herbs, often branched at the caudex, from thick roots.
Flowers mostly terminally aggregate, yellowish green to brown or
reddish brown. Regarding the name see Pilger, op. cit. 90, in foot-
note. As this author remarks, "The species are nearly related, difficult
to separate"; perhaps, it may be added, the species are in reality
rather forms or races of fewer variable or unstabilized specific entities.
Anthers barely exserted from the tube Q. brevistaminatum.
Anthers well exserted to at least a third the length of the lobes.
Leaves 3-4 (-5) mm. long; perianth tube 5-6 mm. long.
Q. Stuebelii.
Leaves mostly longer; flowers often 7-8 mm. long.
Perianth segments cucullate at the tip.
Leaves 5-9 mm. long; flowers apparently reddish from
anthesis . . Q. Raimondii.
418 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaves mostly 1-2 cm. long; flowers at anthesis yellowish
green .Q. procumbens.
Perianth segments plane at the tip or merely curved-apiculate.
Leaves 1.5-2.5 mm. broad Q. lomae.
Leaves scarcely 1 mm. broad.
Stems several dm. long Q. elongatum.
Stems rarely 20 cm. long Q. Hoppii.
Quinchamalium brevistaminatum Pilger, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 10: 1030. 1930.
Stems ascending, about 10 cm. long, sparsely leafy; leaves linear
or narrowly lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long, 1-3 mm. broad; calyculus
subglobose, 2 mm. across; perianth tube narrow, 4-6 mm. long, the
divisions scarcely longer than 2 mm.; style slightly, the stamens
scarcely exserted from the tube; anthers nearly 1 mm. long, subsessile.
Flowers at first greenish yellow, later reddish brown.
Lima: Loma formation, railway to San Agustin, 300-400 meters,
Weberbauer 5718, type.
Quinchamalium elongatum Pilger, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 10: 1031. 1930.
Similar to a robust plant of Q. procumbens, but the leaves nearly
filiform and the fruiting racemes to 3 cm. long; perianth tube 8.5-10
mm. long, the divisions 3-4 mm. long; anthers 1.5-2 mm. long. Neg.
14352.
Ancash: Ocros, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 2661, type. Between
Samanco and Huaras, 3,000-3,400 meters, Weberbauer 3122; 171.
Quinchamalium Hoppii Pilger, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
1030. 1930.
Not clearly distinct from Q. elongatum unless somewhat smaller
in all its parts; stamens attaining three-fourths the length of the
perianth divisions. Neg. 14354.
Arequipa: At 3,000-3,500 meters, Hopp 56.
Quinchamalium lomae Pilger, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
1030. 1930.
Branches to 30 cm. long, the leaves finally attaining 2 cm.;
perianth tube 7-10 mm. long, the divisions at least 3 mm. long;
anthers 1.5 mm. long. Allied by the author with Q. majus Brongn.
FLORA OF PERU 419
(Q. chilense var. majus Speg.) with shorter perianth divisions in
proportion to the tube. Neg. 14356.
Arequipa: Loma formation, between Atiquipa and Chala, 280
meters, Weberbauer 7187, type.
Quinchamalium procumbens R. & P. Fl. 2: 1. pi. 107b. 1799.
Q. linifolium Meyen ex Walp. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. 19: Suppl. 1:
1412. 1843, fide Pilger.
Stems few to many, a few cm. to 20-30 cm. long, procumbent-
ascending to suberect from a woody caudex surmounting the stout
taproot; leaves 1-2 or sometimes 3 cm. long, about 1 cm. wide,
glabrous; calyculus scarcely 2 mm. thick; flowers soon reddish
brown, the tube 5-6 mm. long, the anthers reaching to about one-
half the length of the (2 mm. long) perianth divisions, these apically
cucullate; anthers 1.5 mm. long. An earlier name may be Q. chilense
Lam. Encycl. 111. 2: 142. pi. 125. 1797, or a more suitable, var.
procumbens (R. & P.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3: 284. 1893, but to judge
from the Lamarck illustration of the type by Jussieu, the name might
as well apply to some other species, as for instance to Q. brevista-
minatum. Other names which may apply to the Peruvian forms
include Q. ericoides Brongn., Q. Dombeyi Brongn., and Q. gracile
Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. Coq. Bot. 231. pi. 52. 1826-1829, the
last Latin name used repeatedly by Weberbauer for the Peruvian
plant. It has been treated also as Q. chilense var. gracile (Brongn.)
Hook, (fide Kuntze). The Ruiz and Pa von localities were given
as Huarocheri, Canta, Tarma, and Conception. The above descrip-
tion is drawn from the Madrid type, without locality.
Ayacucho: Below Coracora, 2,600 meters, Weberbauer 5793.
Chavina, 3,300 meters, Weberbauer 5783. Ayacucho, Weberbauer
5524- Lima: Chilca, Casapalta (Ball, as Q. ericoides). Obrajillo,
Nee. Canta, 3,100 meters, open bank, Pennell 14599. San Buena-
ventura, 2,700 meters, open slopes, Pennell 14501. Quebrada de
San Mateo, Isern 2077. Piura: Huaitara, 2,700 meters, Weberbauer
5412. Cuzco: Herrera. Urubamba, 3,500-3,700 meters (Weber-
bauer 181). Puno: Pisacoma (Meyen, type of Q. linifolium). Bolivia.
"Quinchamoli," "chinchimali," "chinchinami."
Quinchamalium Raimondii Pilger, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
10: 1031. 1930.
Branches divaricately spreading; leaves less than 1 mm. broad;
calyculus 2 mm. thick; perianth divisions 3 mm. long, apically
short-cucullate, the stamens reaching to about three-fourths their
420 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
length, the anthers 1.75 mm. long. This seems to be the same as
Q. procumbens or possibly Q. gracile Brongn. Neg. 14360.
Lima: Raimondi.
Quinchamalium Stuebelii Hieron. Bot. Jahrb. 21: 306. 1896.
Annual, the branches to 2.5 cm. long; leaves papillose, puberulent,
mucronate; calyculus 2 mm. long, the larger teeth nearly 0.5 mm.
long; perianth divisions 2 mm. long, scarcely half as wide, the stamens
shorter, the style equaling the latter. Neg. 14361.
Puno(?): Tomarape", 4,200 meters, Stuebel 112a. Bolivia.
53. OPILIACEAE. Opilia Family
By Paul C. Standley
Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, without stipules; flowers very
small, racemose or paniculate, perfect or unisexual; calyx none or
poorly developed, not accrescent in fruit; perianth segments 4-5,
free or more or less united; stamens as many as the petals and usually
opposite them, inserted upon the disk or at the base of the petals;
disk 4-5-lobate; ovary free or sunk in the disk, 1-celled, 1-ovulate;
fruit drupaceous. Only one other genus of the family is known in
America, in Venezuela.
1. AGONANDRA Miers
Slender shrubs or trees, usually glabrous or nearly so; flowers
minute, dioecious, greenish, racemose, the racemes axillary or borne
at defoliate nodes; calyx minute, cupular, 4-lobate; petals 4 in the
staminate flower, the stamens 4, the filaments filiform, exserted;
petals none in the pistillate flower; ovary glabrous, the stigma sessile,
discoid.
Agonandra brasiliensis Miers, Ann. Nat. Hist. II. 8: 172.
1851, nomen; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 1: 349. 1862.
A slender tree of 4-8 meters or more, the branches and leaves
glabrous, the bark pale; mature leaves subcoriaceous, on short
or elongate petioles, oblong-elliptic or ovate, 4-9 cm. long, 2-4 cm.
wide, gradually or abruptly acuminate, often long-acuminate, acute
or obtuse at the base or often contracted and decurrent, the nerves
obscure; racemes 1-5 cm. long, few- or many-flowered, slender,
solitary or geminate opposite the leaves, usually densely and minutely
puberulent, the pedicels 1-4 mm. long; petals 1.5-2.5 mm. long, green;
drupes oval, red, about 1 cm. long. Neg. 19070.
FLORA OF PERU 421
Loreto: Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 397. Bolivia
and Brazil to Colombia.
The South American material referred to this species is decidedly
variable in its more obvious characters, and it is quite probable that
a careful revision, with ample material, will show that it is divisible
into several species.
54. OLACACEAE. Olax Family
By Paul C. Standley
Trees or shrubs; leaves usually alternate and entire, penninerved,
without stipules; inflorescence commonly axillary and few-flowered,
the flowers solitary, fasciculate, cymose, or racemose, small, greenish
or white, regular, perfect or unisexual; calyx small, with 4-6 teeth
or lobes, sometimes accrescent in fruit; petals 4-6, free or more or
less united, valvate or slightly imbricate; stamens 4-12, inserted
with the petals and more or less adnate to them, all fertile or partly
sterile, the filaments free or rarely monadelphous, the anthers 2-
celled; disk various; ovary free, 1-celled or imperfectly 3-5-celled;
ovules usually 2 or 3; fruit drupaceous, commonly 1-celled and
1-seeded.
Calyx in fruit becoming greatly enlarged and brightly colored, often
flat and rotate. Stamens twice as many as the petals; flowers
fasciculate in the leaf axils 1. Heisteria.
Calyx little or not at all enlarged in fruit, not brightly colored.
Stamens free, fewer than the petals. Petals 5-6 2. Liriosma.
Stamens united to form a tube, of the same number as the petals.
Stamens united to form a tube about the style. . . .3. Schoepfia.
Stamens united with the petals 4. Aptandra.
1. HEISTERIA Jacq.
Glabrous trees or shrubs with entire, membranaceous or coria-
ceous, short-petiolate leaves; flowers minute, short-pedicellate or
sessile, fascicled in the leaf axils; calyx minute, 5-6-dentate or lobate,
in fruit greatly enlarged and persistent, erect and enclosing the fruit
or often reflexed and exposing it, usually red or purple, subentire
to deeply lobate; petals small, more or less villous within; stamens
usually 10-12, rarely 5-6, hypogynous or adnate at the base to the
petals; ovary depressed-globose, 3-celled; fruit a drupe, globose or
oblong, the flesh thin, the endocarp crustaceous.
422 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Fruiting calyx lobate almost to the base, much longer than the
drupe H. cauliflora.
Fruiting calyx subentire or only very shallowly lobate, usually
shorter than the drupe, often reflexed or at least not enclosing
the fruit.
Fruit globose or depressed-globose, as broad as long or broader.
Calyx spreading in fruit; leaves acute at the base. . . H. pallida.
Calyx abruptly reflexed in fruit; leaves obtuse or rounded at
the base H. eurycarpa.
Fruit ellipsoid or oval, conspicuously longer than broad.
Fruiting calyx conspicuous, spreading, more than half as long
as the fruit H. cyanocarpa.
Fruiting calyx inconspicuous, erect, less than one-third as long
as the fruit H. densifrons.
Heisteria cauliflora Smith in Rees, Cycl. 17: No. 2. 1819.
A shrub or tree 3-10 meters high ; leaves short-petiolate, coria-
ceous, blades variable, chiefly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 8-25 cm.
long, acute to obtuse or narrowly rounded at the base, long-attenuate
to the apex, lustrous; flowers clustered in the leaf axils or on naked
branches below the leaves, short-pedicellate or subsessile; pedicels
in fruit usually short but sometimes much elongate; calyx in flower
minute, dentate; petals whitish, 2.5 mm. long; fruiting calyx pink
or red, usually 2 cm. long or more, spreading or rather closely en-
closing the fruit, lobed almost to the base, the lobes obtuse; drupe
oval or rounded-oval, about 1 cm. long, longer than broad. Neg.
27860.
Junin: Chanchamayo, Isern 2171. Loreto: Rio Itaya, Mexia
6477. Timbuchi, Alto Rio Nanay, in forest, Williams 996, 1034.
Rio Masana, Williams 18, 98, 25, 26, 27, 8160. Mishuyacu, near
Iquitos, 100 meters, King 385, 326, 1363, 906. Pinto-cocha on the
Rio Nanay, Williams 834, 798, 836, 834- Iquitos, 100 meters, in
forest, Williams 8058; Killip & Smith 27188, 27190. La Victoria,
on the Amazon River, Williams 2957. Forest between Rio Nanay
and Rio Napo, Williams 698. Puerto Arturo, Yurimaguas, edge
of forest, Williams 5191. Fortaleza, Yurimaguas, in forest, Williams
4248. Recreo, Yurimaguas, in forest, Williams 4161. Yurimaguas,
135 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 27696. Without locality: Ruiz
& Pavdn 14-52. San Martin: Zepelacio, King 3305. Also in the
Guianas and doubtless in Amazonian Brazil. "Platina-caspi,"
"huangana caspi."
FLORA OF PERU 423
The numerous specimens exhibit remarkable variation in the
form of their leaves, but they appear to be uniform in fruit charac-
ters, and these alone seem to be dependable for limitation of species.
One or two of the numbers listed perhaps do represent distinct
species, so far as one may judge from leaf form, but unfortunately
they do not bear fruits.
Heisteria cyanocarpa P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 35. pi. 241.
1845 ; Engl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2 : 17. pi. 5, f. 2. 1872. H. nitida
Engl. op. cit. 18. 1872.
A shrub or tree 3-9 meters high; leaves short-petiolate, the
blades somewhat coriaceous, lance-oblong to narrowly elliptic,
mostly 10-20 cm. long but often larger, obtuse to acute at the
base, long-attenuate to the apex, usually lustrous; flowers clustered
in the leaf axils, the pedicels about 2 mm. long, in fruit equaling or
shorter than the calyx; calyx in flower 1 mm. long, 5-dentate;
petals whitish, lanceolate, 3 mm. long; fruiting calyx red, orbicular,
1 cm. long or less, subentire, usually reflexed; drupe blue, about 1 cm.
long. Negs. 27861, 27865.
Loreto: Balsapuerto, Klug 2899. Rio Putumayo, Klug 1607.
Florida, Klug 2161. Rio Santiago, Mexia 6183. Type from Yuri-
maguas, Mainas, Poeppig. La Victoria, on the Amazon, Williams
2949, 2745, 2805, 2808. Caballo-cocha, on the Amazon, Williams
2038. Leticia, on the Amazon, Williams 3169. Pebas, on the Ama-
zon, in forest, Williams 1572, 1741. Lower Rio Nanay, in jungle,
Williams 477. Rio Masana, in forest, Williams 86. Rio Maranon,
near mouth of Rio Tigre, 115 meters, wooded bank, Killip & Smith
27513, 27536. Huallaga, Yurimaguas, Williams 4661. Mishuyacu,
near Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 1138, 414, 1038; Killip & Smith
29942. Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 27691. Wooded banks of Rio
Itaya, above Iquitos, 110 meters, Killip & Smith 29396. Iquitos,
Kittip & Smith 27399. Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon 14-54- Also
in the Amazon Valley of Brazil. "Cotoma masacey" (Huitoto name).
The type of H. nitida is Spruce 4148 from Tarapoto. I have seen
no material of that number, but the characters upon which the species
was separated from H. cyanocarpa do not appear to be of taxonomic
importance.
Heisteria densifrons Engl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2: 17.
pl.5,f. 1. 1872.
A glabrous tree; leaves short-petiolate, ovate to elliptic-oblong,
7-17 cm. long, 3-6 cm. wide, rather abruptly long-acuminate, acute
424 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
at the base; flowers few, the pedicels very short and thick; calyx
in anthesis minute, urceolate, very shallowly denticulate, in fruit
accrescent and cyathiform, about 3 mm. long; fruit obovoid, broadly
rounded at the apex, almost 1 cm. long. Neg. 19085.
Loreto: Paraiso, Alto Rio Itaya, 145 meters, Williams 3379.
Amazonian Brazil. "Parinari" (perhaps an erroneous name).
Heisteria eurycarpa Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 148. 1936.
A shrub; leaves short-petiolate, the blades subcoriaceous, elliptic
or oblong-elliptic, 5-9 cm. long, rounded or very obtuse at the base,
abruptly narrow-acuminate at the apex, lustrous; flowers densely
clustered in the leaf axils, the pedicels very short; fruit depressed-
globose, much broader than high, about 1 cm. wide; fruiting calyx
apparently green, abruptly reflexed, shallowly lobate, the lobes obtuse.
Loreto: La Victoria, on the Amazon River, in forest, Williams
2719, type.
Heisteria pallida Engl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2: 16. 1872.
A medium-sized tree; leaves short-petiolate, subcoriaceous, the
blades oblong or lance-oblong, 9-13 cm. long, obtuse or acutish at the
base, narrowed to the bluntly short-acuminate apex, lustrous; pedicels
in flower mostly 5-9 mm. long, in fruit longer than the petiole;
fruiting calyx 1 cm. long, spreading, membranaceous, indistinctly
lobate; drupe globose, 1 cm. in diameter, pruinose. Neg. 27865.
San Martin: Type collected near Tarapoto, Spruce 4531. Tara-
poto, in forest, Williams 6719, 5966, 5813. "Chuchuhuasha,"
"huaami chuchu huasha."
2. LIRIOSMA P. & E.
Trees or shrubs with slender branches, glabrous or somewhat
pubescent; leaves at first very thin, becoming membranaceous or
subcoriaceous; flowers very small, in short or somewhat elongate,
simple or branched, axillary racemes; calyx minute, cupuliform,
truncate, the limb somewhat accrescent in fruit; petals 6, connate to
the middle; fertile stamens 3, the filaments lanate, becoming gla-
brate; sterile stamens 6, spatulate, bifid at the apex; ovary 3-celled
at the base, 3-ovulate; fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded.
Leaves finely puberulent beneath, soft to the touch . . . .L. adhaerens.
Leaves glabrous.
Petals glabrous outside L. gracilis.
Petals puberulent or pilosulous outside L. Spruceana.
FLORA OF PERU 425
Liriosma adhaerens Spruce ex Engl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12,
pt. 2:26. pi 6,f.3. 1872.
A slender shrub of 2-3.5 meters, the branches sometimes elongate
and somewhat trailing, minutely puberulent or glabrate, green;
leaves short-petiolate, thin, oblong-ovate to broadly ovate, 5-9 cm.
long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, acutish to rounded at
the base, glabrous above or nearly so, minutely soft-puberulent
beneath; racemes short, longer than the petioles, few-flowered,
flexuous, puberulent throughout, the pedicels 2 mm. long; petals
6 mm. long; fruit apparently oval, red, 2.5 cm. long. Negs. 21938,
19072.
Junin: Puerto Bermudez, 375 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith
26475, 26664; flowers green or white. Loreto : Manfinfa, Alto
Nanay, Williams 1109. Yurimaguas, in forest, Williams 4748.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4207, type collection; Williams 6632,
5520, 6315. Amazonian Brazil, and reported from Rio de Janeiro.
Liriosma gracilis A. C. Smith, Bull. Torrey Club 58: 91. 1931.
A slender shrub or tree 1-5 meters high, sometimes with elongate,
clambering branches, the branchlets glabrous or sparsely puberulent;
leaves short-petiolate, ovate or oblong-ovate, mostly 6-8.5 cm. long
and 2.5^4.5 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, acute to rounded at the
base, rather thick, glabrous or practically so; racemes 3-6-flowered,
little exceeding the petioles, the rachis minutely pilose; petals 6-7
mm. long, glabrous; fruit ellipsoid, about 2 cm. long. The flowers
are described as white, yellow, or orange-yellow, the fruit as orange-
yellow.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, in clearing, 100 meters, Klug 44, type
collection; 848, 851, 1557. Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 659. Iqui-
tos, 100 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith 27320. Morona-cocha, 115
meters, in second-growth, Mexia 6513. Florida, 200 meters, in
forest, Klug 2014, 2242. "Senimoro-ey" (Huitoto name).
Liriosma Spruceana Engl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2: 24. 1872.
A slender shrub or tree, 5.5 meters high or less, the green branches
glabrous or nearly so, often much elongate; leaves thin or rather
thick, short-petiolate, ovate or oblong-ovate, 7-15 cm. long, 3.5-8
cm. wide, acuminate, acute or obtuse at the base; racemes short or
elongate, flexuous, glabrous, mostly 6-8-flowered, the pedicels 4-5
mm. long; flowers 5 mm. long; fruit ellipsoid, 2 cm. long. Neg.
27871.
426 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Loreto: Puerto Arturo, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 5055,
5008, 5304. La Victoria, in forest, Williams 2532. Florida, 180
meters, in forest, King 2293; flowers white. Iquitos, 100 meters,
Killip & Smith 26990; fruit pale orange. San Martin: Mount
Guayrapurina, near Tarapoto, Spruce 4884, type.
3. SCHOEPFIA Schreb.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves glabrous, membranaceous or coria-
ceous; flowers few, in short, axillary racemes; calyx small, cupular,
obscurely 5-denticulate, unchanged in fruit; petals 4-6, inserted on
the margin of the disk, united for most of their length, with a fascicle
of hairs within above the middle; stamens as many as the petals and
opposite them, the filiform filaments adnate to the corolla for almost
their whole length; ovary partially 3-celled, 3-ovulate; fruit dru-
paceous, enclosed except at the apex in the accrescent disk, 1-seeded.
Schoepfia flexuosa (R. & P.) R. & S. Syst. Veg. 5: 160. 1819.
Haenkea flexuosa R. & P. Fl. 3: 8. pi. 231. 1802.
A glabrous shrub or small tree, as much as 5 meters high, with
more or less flexuous branches; leaves somewhat coriaceous when
dry, short-petiolate, narrowly or broadly ovate, about 6 cm. long
and 4 cm. wide, acute, almost rounded to subacute at the base, the
lateral nerves few and distant, the veins obsolete; racemes solitary
or geminate, less than half as long as the leaves, few-flowered, the
flowers almost sessile, each subtended by a small, ovate bract, 4-5-
parted; perianth yellowish, about 6 mm. long, the segments united
for somewhat more than half their length, the lobes spreading or
reflexed, glabrous within; drupe said to be "as large as a chick-pea
(deer)."
Huanuco: Type collected in the mountains of Pillao and near
San Antonio de Playa Grande, Ruiz & Pavon. Without locality,
Ruiz & Pavon. San Antonio de Playa Grande, Ruiz & Pavon 29-
59. Libertad: Hacienda Membrillal, 1,200-1,400 meters, Weber-
bauer 6983.
4. APTANDRA Miers
Small or large trees, glabrous throughout, with slender branches;
leaves rather thin, acuminate; flowers in small, axillary panicles;
calyx very small, patelliform, 4-dentate, fleshy, in fruit slightly
accrescent and cupuliform, partly enclosing the fruit; petals 4, fleshy,
almost linear, inflexed at the apex, finally reflexed and spirally con-
volute; disk composed of squamiform glands; stamens 4, the fila-
FLORA OF PERU 427
ments united to form a fleshy tube; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovulate. One
other species is known from Brazil, and another occurs in western
Africa.
Flowers on long, slender pedicels A. Spruceana.
Flowers short-pedicellate or almost sessile A. tubicina.
Aptandra Spruceana Miers, Ann. Nat. Hist. II. 7: 202. 1851.
A small or medium-sized tree, reported to reach a height of 16
meters, with long, slender branches; leaves short-petiolate, oblong
or elliptic-oblong, mostly 9-12 cm. long and 4-5 cm. wide, abruptly
and narrowly obtuse-acuminate, acutish at the base; panicles broad,
shorter than the leaves, the very numerous white flowers umbellate
at the ends of the branches, the pedicels sometimes 2 cm. long but
mostly much shorter; petals 3 mm. long; drupe globose, as much as
2 cm. in diameter. Illustrated, Miers, Contr. Bot. 1: pi. 1; Mart.
Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2:pl.l,f. 2. Neg. 19075.
Loreto: Santa Rosa, 200 meters, edge of forest, Williams 4798.
San Ramon, Yurimaguas, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 4550.
Timbuchi, edge of forest, Williams 964- San Martin: Pongo de
Cainarachi, 230 meters, in forest, Klug 2698. Amazonian Brazil.
"Pamashto," "trompo huayo."
Aptandra tubicina (Poepp.) Benth. ex Miers, Ann. Nat. Hist.
III. 4: 360. 1859. Heisteria tubicina Poepp. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 35.
pi. 251. 1845.
A small tree with slender, green branches; leaves short-petiolate,
elliptic, 10-13 cm. long, 5-6 cm. wide, linear-attenuate at the apex;
panicles one-fourth or one-third as long as the leaves, the flowers
on pedicels only 1 mm. long, subracemose, the pedicels in fruit
elongate and thickened; fruit blackish, ovoid-globose, 2.5 cm. long.
Illustrated (flower), Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 2: pi. 1 J.I.
Loreto: Type collected in forest near Yurimaguas, Poeppig.
Amazonian Brazil.
55. BALANOPHORACEAE. Balanophora Family
Reference: Harms, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 296-339. 1935.
Fleshy, yellowish or red root parasites that at least superficially
suggest some strange fungus rather than a flowering plant. A
Brazilian species, Lophophytum mirabile Schott & Endl. (illustrated,
Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 325), that reminds one of a sea-anemone
as much as of a plant, and is represented in Peru by a variety, has
428 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
the local reputation of endowing with magical power (Harms). The
rhizomes often bear or are more or less enveloped in gall-like struc-
tures of symbiotic character; cf. Strigl, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss.
Wien 1127-1172. 1908.
Rhizomes scaly, with deciduous bracts, the elongate flower body
basally bracteate; perianth lacking 1. Lophophytum.
Rhizomes ebracteate.
Flower body without imbricate bracts.
Flowers borne externally; perianths lacking.
Staminate flowers on the upper part of the flower body.
2. Ombrophytum.
Staminate flowers on the lower part of the flower body or
absent 3. Juelia.
Flowers sunk in hair-like paleae, the staminate with a perianth.
Perianth 3-parted; flower body often oval 5. Helosis.
Perianth tubular; flower body often elongate. . .6. Corynaea.
Flower body bracteate, the bracts imbricate 4. Langsdorffia.
1. LOPHOPHYTUM Schott & Endl.
Flower body devoid of a cup-like base, whitish to reddish violet.
Some medicinal use of the Brazilian species has been made, par-
ticularly in the treatment of rhachitis (Peckolt).
Lophophytum bolivianum Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 14: 185.
pi. 10. 1850.
Rhizomes lobed, the cone-like inflorescences 10-30 cm. long,
sometimes half buried; staminate flowers red, hidden by the sharp,
erect, brown bracts, the pistillate ebracteolate, 4-5 mm. long; styles
exserted but deciduous in age. Doubtfully distinct from L. mirabile
Schott & Endl.; cf. Hook. f. Trans. Linn. Soc. 22: 48. 1856. Tess-
mann noted the color of the plants as reddish below, shading to light
brown or white toward the tip.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4202 (det. Harms).
Bolivia.
2. OMBROPHYTUM Poepp.
Allied to Lophophytum, but the stamens and pistils separately
borne around a disk or knob-like structure, the flower body basally
enclosed in a deep cup or volva; lacking the cone-like scales of the
related genera, the plants are totally different in appearance, these
suggesting an ear of maize. Styles short, falling promptly. The
FLORA OF PERU 429
plants develop rapidly after a shower, enduring only a short time
(the author therefore called them "rain plants"), or they are soon
killed, like fleshy fungi, by insect larvae (Poeppig). The authority
for the generic name is as given!
Anthers many.
Volva cup-like, 3-lobed 0. peruvianum.
Volva entire, tube-like 0. zamioides.
Anthers few, about 7 0. Ulei.
Ombrophytum peruvianum P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 40.
pi. 155. 1838.
Yellowish, 10 cm. tall or taller, the broad volva more or less
3-lobed and as much as 10 cm. deep. Illustrated, Pflanzenfam. 327.
Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig). Loreto: Upper Maranon (Tess-
mann 3994, det. Harms). Rio Acre: ( Ule, fide Harms). Brazil.
"Maiz del monte."
Ombrophytum Ulei Harms, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 328.
/. 165. 1935.
Distinguished especially by the low staminate disk and the few
stamens; volva narrow, entire. Illustrated, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b:
327.
Rio Acre: (Ule). Loreto: Rio Maranon above Pongo de Man-
seriche, 200 meters, Mexia 6337a, on floor in dense forest.
Ombrophytum zamioides Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 14: 184.
pi. 10. 1850.
Apparently like 0. peruvianum, but smaller, the tubular volva
entire. Perhaps here belongs a similar violet-colored plant from
Tocache which Poeppig mentions. Hooker f. suggests, Trans. Linn.
Soc. 22: 50, that the plate of 0. peruvianum by Poeppig and End-
licher is partly from memory, the differences of the Weddell plant,
therefore, more apparent than real, and reduces the latter name.
Only further collections can prove this assumption.
Peru(?): Prov. de las Cordilleras (Weddell).
3. JUELIA Asplund
Fleshy, the tuberous rhizome without scales. Flowers ebracteo-
late, chiefly pistillate, with staminate intermixed toward the base of
the flower body. Stamens 2. Ovary 1-celled, destitute of free pla-
centae as in Ombrophytum at first.
430 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Juelia subterranea Asplund, Svensk. Bot. Tidskr. 22: 274. 1928.
Rhizome about 5 cm. thick; peduncular portion of the plant equal-
ing or exceeding the volva; flowers rosaceous or pale rose; filaments
1-1.5 mm. long, the linear anthers twice as long; styles 1 mm. long.
The bracts are stiped, with a one-sided, pointed, peltate upper end.
In the type only one per cent of 100-150 flowers were staminate. As
the original locality is near the boundary of the Department of
Puno, the plant in all probability grows also in Peru, with Lepi-
dophyllum quadrangulare (Meyen) Benth. & Hook., the host plant.
Peru: (Probably). Bolivia.
4. LANGSDORFFIA Mart.
Rhizomes at first tomentulose, more or less contorted, bearing
1-3 egg-shaped inflorescences subtended by several imbricate rows
of pointed bracts. Pistillate flowers imbedded in tissue, the free
staminate ones with a 2-3-parted perianth. Candles prepared from
the rhizomes, which are rich in wax, are sold in the markets of Colom-
bia under the name "siejos" (Harms).
Langsdorffia hypogaea Mart, in Eschwege, Journ. Bras. 2: 178.
pi. 5. 1818.
Plants to several cm. high, the flower bodies 2-4 cm. in diameter;
staminate flowers many, 8-12 mm. long. On roots of palms and fig
trees (Ficus). Illustrated, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 336. The cita-
tion has not been verified.
Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig). Mexico to southern Brazil.
5. HELOSIS L. C. Rich.
Stipes of the roundish flower bodies raised from a short, cup-like
base of the branching rhizomes. Staminate perianth 3-parted. The
name has been conserved.
Helosis cayennensis (Sw.) Spreng. Syst. 3: 765. 1826. Cyno-
morium cayenense Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 13. 1797. H. guyanensis
Rich. Me"m. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 8: 416. pi. 20. 1822.
Flowering stipes 5-30 cm. long, the basal cup very short; flower
body ovoid, 2-4 cm. long, the flowers blood-red and more or less
exserted. Plants bright yellowish or reddish yellow, or the stems
purplish red. On Myrtaceae. Illustrated, Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp.
3: pi. 298, 300.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4402. Lower Rio
Napo, Tessmann 3714. Cumaria, Tessmann 5077. (All det. Harms.)
FLORA OF PERU 431
6. CORYNAEA Hook. f.
Similar to Helosis except as indicated. Besides the following,
the Colombian and Ecuadorian C. Sprucei Eichl. may occur in Peru;
it may be known by its unisexual flower bodies. The genus is illus-
trated, Trans. Linn. Soc. 22: pi. 13, 14.
Corynaea Purdiei Hook. f. Trans. Linn. Soc. 22: 55. 1856.
Rhizome broad, flattened, lobed, sometimes several dm. long;
stipes white, 2-2.5 cm. high, 12 mm. thick, bearing a subglobose or
ovoid, bisexual flower body about 3.5 cm. thick, this at first white
but soon covered with brown-red, hexagonal, peltate scales. On
Cinchona roots. The related species being Colombian, the locality
as Peruvian may be questioned.
Peru(?): San Juan del Oro (Weddell). Colombia.
56. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. Birthwort Family
Reference: 0. C. Schmidt, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 204-242.
1935.
The penguin flower, A. brasiliensis Mart. & Zucc., with blossoms
15 cm. long, the lower lip as broad Pflanzenfam. /. 122c is
cultivated at the Lima Botanic Garden (Killip) and may possibly be
found in Peru.
1. ARISTOLOCHIA L.
References: Duchartre in DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 1: 432-498. 1864;
Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 23: 282-299. 1927; 292-293. 1930; 30:
65-75. 1932.
The determinations of practically all recent collections are by
Schmidt or have been verified by him. The reference numbers after
the citations are to the treatment by Duchartre.
Leaves truncate at the base or very shallowly cordate.
Leaves subrotund, mostly more than 11 cm. wide (cf. A. bicolor).
Pubescence of the 5-nerved leaves beneath cobwebby.
A. maranonensis.
Pubescence of the 7-nerved leaves beneath merely crisped.
Flowers purple and blotched about the edge, yellow within,
about 2 cm. wide at the tip A. Pilgeriana.
Flowers twice or thrice larger, purple-blotched within.
A. Ruiziana.
432 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaves deltoid-ovate, mostly narrower than 10 cm. (cf. A. bicolor).
Leaves mostly very lightly cordate at the base, glabrous or the
pubescence minute.
Stipules present (that is, here as elsewhere, pseudo-stipules).
Leaves glabrous, not sculptured beneath. . . .A. physodes.
Leaves pubescent, subcircularly sculptured beneath.
A. deltoidea.
Stipules none.
Leaf nerves 7; leaves 11 cm. wide A. bicolor.
Leaf nerves 5; leaves 6-7 cm. wide A. putumayensis.
Leaves rounded- truncate at the base, crisp-pubescent beneath.
A. Guentheri.
Leaves distinctly cordate, usually cordately lobed, at the base.
Leaves glabrous beneath or the pubescence microscopic or con-
fined, as in A. Weberbaueri, to the nerves.
Leaves ovate, pandurate or hastate.
Leaves pandurate; flowers large A. pandurata.
Leaves not pandurate, often ovate or subovate; flowers
medium-sized.
Leaves deltoid-cordate; petioles to 4 cm. long.
A. Weberbaueri.
Leaves broadly hastate; petioles 5.5-7 cm. long.
A. mishuyacensis.
Leaves subrotund.
Leaf blades 10-20 cm. long.
Leaves concolorous; flowers about 5 cm. long.
Perianth lip wide and flaring, purple A. floribunda.
Perianth lip narrow, yellowish A. cauliflora.
Leaves glaucous beneath; flowers about twice as long.
A. didyma.
Leaf blades 4-8 cm. long.
Perianth lip rounded, flaring A. elegans.
Perianth lip split, narrow A. lingulata.
Leaves distinctly but often finely pubescent all over beneath.
Stems glabrous.
Width of leaves usually less than 8 cm. (4.5-8 cm.); flowers
solitary.
FLORA OF PERU 433
Leaves oblongish, 15-18 cm. long; perianth limb bifid.
A. iquitensis.
Leaves ovate-cordate, 7-10 cm. long; perianth limb entire.
A. Rimbachii.
Width of leaves usually more than 8 cm. (6-18 cm.); flowers
several.
Leaves gradually acuminate ; flowers roseate. A . peruviana.
Leaves short-acuminate; flowers yellowish.
A. maranonensis.
Stems pubescent.
Trichomes of the stems 1.2-2 mm. long, spreading.
Leaf pubescence beneath short, dense; perianth lip 2-3 cm.
wide.
Leaves to 5 cm. long or longer, broadly ovate; perianth
lip about 2 cm. wide A. amazonica.
Leaves often larger, ovate-deltoid; perianth lip wider.
A. truncata.
Leaf pubescence beneath hirsutulous; perianth lip 8 mm.
wide A. pilosa.
Trichomes appressed or short.
Trichomes subappressed; leaves sometimes pandurate.
Leaves pandurate A. Burelae.
Leaves not pandurate A. Macbrideana.
Trichomes spreading; leaves not pandurate.
Leaves velvety beneath, the sinus under 1 cm. wide;
flowers several A. asperifolia.
Leaves more or less pubescent beneath, the sinus often
broader; flowers solitary or binate.
Leaves 5 (-T)-nerved, scabrous or pubescent above;
perianth limb short-acuminate.
Leaves deltoid, subobtuse A. Killipiana.
Leaves ovate, acuminate A. fragrantissima.
Leaves 3-5-nerved, glabrous above; perianth limb
I typically long-acuminate A. Mathewsii.
Aristolochia amazonica Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47:
122. 1905.
434 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Stems herbaceous, setose-pilose; petioles 3-5 cm. long; leaves
sometimes 7 cm. long and nearly as wide, acute, glabrous above,
shortly and densely tomentose beneath; flowers axillary, solitary,
the pedicel with ovary 5-6 cm. long; perianth densely pilose, about
7 cm. long; tube slightly curved above the middle, cylindric, finally
broadened and expanded to the one-lobed limb, this 2-2.5 cm. long;
lip broadly elliptic, rounded-obtuse, to nearly 3 cm. long, pubescent
within, with subulate processes. Remarkable for the long (to 3 cm.)
utricle. Flowers purple or olive with dark markings, the lip in the
middle bright brown-yellow, at the tip thickly flecked with purple.
Neg. 4896.
Loreto: Cainarachi, Ule 6406, type. Yurimaguas, 135 meters,
in forest, Kittip & Smith 27583, 27996. El Recreo, 200 meters, edge
of forest, Williams 3957. Balsapuerto, 220 meters, in forest, Klug
3042.
Aristolochia asperifolia Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47:
121. 1905.
A high-climbing vine with round and forking stems; petioles 3-4
cm. long, that is, little longer than the depth of the leaf sinus;
leaves to 16.5 cm. long and 9 cm. broad, ovate-oblong, acuminate,
above rough-pubescent, indistinctly 5-nerved; flowers 6-7 cm. long,
green, in short racemes; tube 2.5 cm. long, pubescent without, ventri-
cose-ovoid at the base, refracted, recurved, expanding above the
middle to the cordate-ovate, acutely cuspidate limb, above densely
glandular; capsule to 6.5 cm. long and 3.2 cm. thick; seeds tri-
angular, broadly margined, verruculose. Near A. Sprucei Mast.,
but distinguished by its rough leaves, narrowly cordate at the base.
Neg. 4899.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6502 (type). Alto Rio Huallaga,
Williams 5653. Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, in thicket, 5459.
Rio Acre: Ule 9340. "Canastilla."
Aristolochia bicolor Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47: 124.
1905.
Herbaceous, glabrous except for the grayish white, finely pubes-
cent leaves beneath; petiole 5-7 cm. long; leaves triangular-acute,
thin, dark green above, nearly silvery beneath (but the 7 nerves
glabrous), 12-13.5 cm. long, 11-12.5 cm. wide; capsule rugose,
ellipsoid, 5-6 cm. long; seeds 6 mm. long and 3 mm. broad, minutely
pubescent, acute at the base, incised at the apex. Neg. 4900.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Ule. Brazil.
FLORA OF PERU 435
Aristolochia Burelae Herzog, Medd. Rijks Herb. Leiden 40:
2. 1921.
Slender, the youngest stems, leaves on both sides, and flowers
tomentose; petioles 1.5-2 cm. long or somewhat longer; leaves
oblong-lanceolate or narrowly deltoid, acute, 5.5-12 cm. long, 3.5-
8.5 cm. wide, 5-7-nerved; flowers axillary, solitary; tube 2 cm. long,
the lip 3 cm. long, 8 mm. wide at the lightly cordate base, narrowly
oblong-lanceolate, acute, black-hirsute and glandular-punctate with
yellow-bordered, black spots about the opening. Neg. 4903.
Rio Acre: Ule 9342. Bolivia.
Aristolochia cauliflora Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47:
120. 1905,
A thick-stemmed, high-climbing liana with cordate-acuminate,
thick leaves; petioles about 15 cm. long; leaves blunt, with a broad,
deep sinus, 13.5-22 cm. long, 11-20 cm. broad; flowers few, in
fascicles, yellowish with lilac-red veins, to 10 cm. long; tube 2-2.5
cm. long; limb 1-lobed, lanceolate, sparsely pubescent within; lip
4-6 cm. long but only 2 cm. broad; capsule long-beaked, cylindric.
The tube throat is yellow at the edge, toward the mouth lilac or
brown-purple, from the middle to the tip yellow, the tip itself
flecked with dark purple and black-purple-papillate. Neg. 4904.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6634 (type). Chazuta, 260 meters,
King 4125. Loreto: Almeria, Middle Rio Ucayali, Tessmann 3516.
Aristolochia deltoidea HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 146. pi. 112.
1817. Howardia deltoidea Klotzsch, Monatsb. Akad. Berlin 1859:
611. 1859.
Stems sulcate, puberulent above and at the nodes; leaves deltoid,
5-nerved, somewhat pubescent on the nerves beneath but not silvery,
6-9 cm. long and 5-6 cm. broad; pseudo-stipules orbicular-reniform,
sessile; flowers axillary, small, greenish without, with brown veins,
within yellowish, the tip of the lip pale green with dark brown veins;
utricle ovoid, puberulent, 3 mm. long; tube to 10 cm. long, strongly
infundibuliform, with one rounded lobe only 3 mm. long, the other
1.5 cm. long.
Cajamarca: Maranon Valley, Humboldt 3645 (type). Tabaconas
Valley in half -xerophy tic shrub, 1,200 meters, Weberbauer 6166.
Bellavista, in evergreen shrub, 500 meters, Weberbauer 6210. Jaen,
Raimondi. Amazonas: Bagua, Raimondi. Brazil.
436 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Aristolochia didyma S. Moore, Journ. Bot. 53: 7. pi. 535. 1915.
Stems angled, glabrous; petioles 5-10 (-25) cm. long; leaves
cordate-suborbicular, 5-nerved, glabrous, papyraceous, 10 cm. wide
and 12 cm. long or sometimes twice as large; flowers 8-10 cm. long,
purplish, red-lineate, axillary, solitary, the peduncles 6-10 cm.
long; utricle 3-3.5 (-5) cm. long, the tube 2.5 cm. long, the limb nearly
twice as long; lower lip densely long-ciliate within, the upper, erect
lip 2-lobed, the ovate, obtuse segments glabrous without, ciliate
within; capsule 3.5 cm. long, nearly 3 cm. thick. Emits, as so many
species, the odor of carrion. Flowers pale yellow, with purple stripes
and margins (Ule).
Rio Acre: Uk 9338. Brazil. "Zapato difunto."
Aristolochia elegans Mast. Card. Chron. n. ser. 24: 301. /. 64.
1885.
Flowers solitary from the herbaceous shoots; petioles to 5.5 cm.
long; blades ovate-reniform, openly but evidently cordate at the base,
obtuse, glabrous, beneath glaucescent, to 8.5 cm. long and 9.5 cm.
broad; flowers long-stalked, the slightly distended (2 cm. long) tube
abruptly bent upward, cream-colored with many purplish brown
markings within, the golden-yellow throat (6.3 cm. long) surrounded
by a deep purple blotch, velvety in texture; limb obliquely cordate-
ovate, 7.5-8 cm. long, 5 cm. wide; utricle 3.4 cm. long, 12 mm.
thick, within at the base arachnoid-pubescent; gynostemium 6 mm.
long, the anthers 4 mm. long. Widely cultivated and naturalized
in tropical lands.
Junin: In hedge at La Merced, 600 meters, 5322. Santa Rosa,
Killip & Smith 28923.
Aristolochia floribunda Lem. 111. Hort. 15: pi. 568. 1868. A.
juruana Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 7: 118. 1905.
Allied to A. cauliflora, but the thinner, cordate-reniform, acumi-
nate leaves with a shallow sinus; flowers large, greenish yellow,
the throat within dark carmine, with white veins, the tube mouth
greenish yellow, the tube itself 1 cm. long, the throat 4 cm. long
and nearly as wide; limb cordate-ovate, peltate; peduncles 4 cm. long,
fasciculate-racemose, the flowers few or as many as 12. Neg. 4919.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4193. Brazil.
Aristolochia fragrantissima Ruiz, Mem. Virt. Bejuco Estrella
46. 1805. Howar dia fragrantissima Klotzsch, Monatsb. Akad. Berlin
1859: 615. 1859.
FLORA OF PERU 437
High climbing or procumbent and diffuse, the very long, sulcate-
angled branchlets rusty-pubescent; leaves ovate-cordate, with a deep
sinus, acuminate, above scabrous, beneath densely pubescent, to
nearly 20 cm. long and half as broad, on petioles 2-5 cm. long;
peduncles axillary, rarely geminate or ternate; calyx villous within;
utricle to about 1.5 cm. long, the tube 2 cm. long, broad and little
ampliate, the lip 3.5 cm. long; capsule oblong, obtusely hexagonous.
Leaves all only 5-nerved in 3 sheets comprising the type at Madrid,
the 2 lateral basal nerves much fainter, so the leaves at base are
prominently only 3-nerved. The measurements are from Ruiz's
illustration, loc. cit. The illustration in Lambert, Cinchona 173,
shows the tip of the lip with numerous small warts, placing the
species (Schmidt) in the Papillatae. The flowers are said to be
brown-red. Neg. 4914.
Huanuco: Posuso, Ruiz. "Bejuco de estrella," "contrayerba."
Aristolochia Guentheri 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 27:
292. 1930.
Stems, especially the older ones, erose; stipules none; petioles
3-4.5 cm. long; leaves 10-15 cm. long, 5.5-9 cm. wide, gradually
acuminate, 5-7-nerved; flowers 4-5, glabrous, the peduncles 3-6
cm. long; utricle ellipsoid, 2 cm. long, 8 mm. thick, arachnoid within,
the tube about 1.5 cm. long, the limb peltiform, spotted with deep
purple, 2.5-3 cm. wide. Allied with A. Pilgeriana. The flowers of
the Peruvian specimen are larger, the limb about 4 cm. long and
more than 3 cm. wide (Schmidt). Neg. 4917.
Junin : Chanchamayo Valley, 1,200 meters, Schunke 392. Bolivia.
Aristolochia iquitensis 0. C. Schmidt, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 10: 196. 1927.
Stipules none; leaves sublanceolate, 15-17 cm. long, 5.5-8 cm.
wide, the sinus of the cordate base broad; bracts narrowly oblong-
cordate, 1-1.5 mm. long; pedicels 2.5-3.5 cm. long; flower base
obovoid, 7-9 mm. long, glabrous without, the obliquely truncate tip
transitional to the erect, cylindric tube 7-8 mm. long, the upper
lip of the dilated limb consisting of 2 lobes 1.2-1.6 cm. long and
6-8 mm. wide, these rounded and dilated at the apex; capsule
narrowly elliptic, 7 cm. long; seeds narrowly oblong-cordate, 5 mm.
long. Similar to A. lingulata Ule, but the flowers different, these
bright yellow and red-brown (Klug), basally green, purplish red
above.
438 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Loreto: Iquitos, Tessmann 5120 (type). Mishuyacu, 100 meters,
in forest, Kittip & Smith 29905; King 66, 1388.
Aristolochia Killipiana O. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 38:
111. 1935.
Stems slender, more or less sparsely pilose; petioles pilose, to
2.5 cm. long; leaf blades to 9.4 cm. long, 5 cm. wide, the sinus to
12 mm. deep and 15 mm. broad, thin, short-pubescent above, pilose
beneath, especially on the 5-7 prominent nerves; flowers solitary,
pilose, the utricle obovate-elliptic, the nearly erect tube apically
dilated and almost bilabiately expanded, the subovate limb acumi-
nate. Allied to A. triangularis Cham., with glabrous, scarcely
cordate leaves, the perianth lip not abruptly expanded. Only young
flowers are known, for which the author gives the measurements:
peduncle 3 cm. long; utricle 1 cm. long; tube 5 mm. long; lip 13 mm.
long, 12 mm. broad.
Cuzco: Machupicchu, about 2,100 meters (Cook & Gilbert 841,
type).
Aristolochia lingulata Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47:
123. 1905.
Herbaceous, glabrous, with slender, round branchlets; leaves
cordate-orbicular, acute, glaucous beneath, thick, 8-10 cm. long,
7.5-9 cm. broad, on petioles 5-6 cm. long; flowers solitary, axillary,
12-14 cm. long, the pedicel about as long, straw-colored with dark
purple markings; tube base ventricose, the tube 2 cm. long; limb
2-lobed, the upper lobe lanceolate, acute, 4.5 cm. long, the lower
8-9 cm. long, lanceolate-lingulate, constricted toward the tip and
there expanded; capsule elliptic, 8 cm. long. Neg. 4921.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6581 (type). Chazuta, 260 meters,
Klug 3988. Loreto: Iquitos, Tessmann 5157. Santa Rosa, 135
meters, in forest, Kittip & Smith 28923.
Aristolochia Macbrideana Standl., sp. nov.
Scandens herbacea, caulibus crassiusculis subteretibus pilis
minutis brunnescentibus adpressis vel valde adscendentibus pilo-
sulis; folia mediocria membranacea, petiolo gracili 3-3.5 cm. longo
minute adpresso-pilosulo; lamina late triangulari-ovata 7-12.5 cm.
longa 4.5-8 cm. lata acute acuminata, basi profunde (ad 2.5 cm.)
cordata, sinu lato aperto, lobis basalibus late rotundatis, in sicco
fusca, supra subsparse pilis brevissimis subadpressis brunnescentibus
conspersa, subtus concolor, undique sed sparse minutissime adpresso-
FLORA OF PERU 439
pilosula, basi 5-nervia, nervis elevatis, venulis prominentibus laxe
reticulatis; flores laxe racemosi, racemis paucifloris, rhachi plus
minusve elongata, subsessiles, ovario clavato-lineari pilis minutis
brevissimis patentibus vel subreflexis induto; utriculus obovoideus
circa 1.8 cm. longus sordide minute adpresso-puberulus, abrupte in
tubum 18 mm. longum medio 3 mm. crassum constrictus, labio
(perfecto non viso) ut videtur ovato-oblongo apice obtuso vel
rotundato extus minute adpresso-puberulo intus sparsissime villoso.
Flowers violet, green, and yellow.
San Martin: Chazuta, Rio Huallaga, altitude 260 meters, April,
1935, G. King 4079; type in Herb. Field Mus.
Aristolochia maranonensis 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov.
23: 296. 1927.
Slender stems and petioles glabrous, the latter 3-7 cm. long;
leaf blades glabrate above, densely arachnoid-pilose beneath and
reticulate, 9.5-18 cm. long, 10-18 cm. wide, the sinus to 18 mm.
deep; flowers 6 or fewer, greenish yellow, 8-10 cm. long; utricle
obovoid, 3-3.5 cm. long, puberulent within and without as also the
(1.5 cm. long) tube; limb broadly ovate, short-acuminate, 8.5-10.5
cm. long, with 2 brown-purple spots; gynostemium 5 mm. long, the
lobes lanceolate, the anthers linear; capsule narrowly elliptic, 8 cm.
long; seeds short-acuminate, 5 mm. long. Neg. 4922.
Loreto: Puerto Mele"ndez, Tessmann 4865 (type).
Aristolochia Mathewsii Duchartre in DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 1:
497. 1864. A. reticulata Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 193. 1852, not Nutt.
Branches pubescent; leaves oblong, cordate at the base, 3-5-
nerved, obtuse or short-cuspidate, 5-12 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide,
glabrous above, pubescent and reticulate beneath; flowers solitary;
perianth about 8 cm. long, the cordate limb villous without; capsule
3.5 cm. long. By error Seemann's name has been written "utricu-
lata" by Duchartre and later students. A. Buchtienii 0. C. Schmidt,
Repert. Sp. Nov. 27: 292. 1830, from northwestern Bolivia, has
leaves 12-20 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, narrowed to the tip, densely
short-pilose beneath, and flowers about 6.5 cm. long.
San Martin: Tarapoto (Mathews).
Aristolochia mishuyacensis 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov.
32: 96. 1933. A. Williamsii 0. C. Schmidt, op. cit. 30: 70. 1932,
not Rusby, 1910.
440 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Stems slender, glabrous; petioles 5.5-7 cm. long; leaves broadly
hastate, 12-18.5 cm. long, 8-10 cm. wide, usually acute, reniform-
cordate at the base, the broadly rounded lobes 1.5-3 cm. long,
glabrous, thin; stipules ovate, cordate at the base, acuminate, 25
mm. long, 18 mm. wide; flowers solitary, axillary, glabrous without,
the peduncle with the ovary about 9 cm. long; utricle 5 cm. long,
2.2 cm. thick, glabrous within; upper (outer) part of the limb curved-
cymbiform, the base truncate, to 5 cm. long, the apex subabruptly
cordate, the appendage about 14 cm. long; ovary attenuate at the
base; gynostemium 6.5 mm. long, the stipe 1.5 mm. long. Flowers
green and red-brown or greenish yellow, and dark violet (Klug).
Loreto: Fortaleza, Rio Huallaga, 200 meters, Williams 4314
(type). Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 1177, 1302.
Aristolochia pandurata Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. 4: 49. pi. 497.
1804; 475.
Stems sulcately angled; lower leaves mostly pandurate-hastate,
the upper hastate, acuminate, the deeply cordate base with oblong-
ovate, obtuse, divergent lobes, 7-nerved, 8-16 cm. long, 3.5-6
cm. wide; peduncles longer than the petioles, these 3-4.5 cm. long;
flowers within lineate or reticulate with white or yellow; utricle 22
mm. long, the tube 10-15 mm. long, the limb 7 cm. long; capsule
oblong, beaked, 7.5 cm. long. Flowers yellow and whitish with
black-purple markings (Ule).
Rio Acre: Ule 9339. Bolivia to Central America and Venezuela.
Aristolochia peruviana 0. C. Schmidt, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 9: 136. 1924.
Stems below corky-ridged, to 1 cm. thick; petioles slender,
tortuous, glabrous, 4-5 cm. long; leaves chartaceous, finely silvery-
pubescent beneath, glabrous above, 5-nerved at the base, cordate-
ovate, 8-17 cm. long, 6-11.5 cm. wide, the sinus rarely as much
as 2 cm. deep; flowers glabrous, developing fasciculately from the
lower stem, 6-10 together, the inflorescence to 6 cm. long; peduncles
to 2.5 cm. long; limb peltate, 2.5-3.2 cm. long, 1.8-2.5 cm. broad, the
tube slender, 7 mm. long, 4 mm. thick; utricle oblong-cylindric,
rounded at the base, 12-15 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide; perianth within
deep red with black and white spots, the throat of the tube white,
without spotted with pale lilac-red, the throat orange; gynostemium
5 mm. long, with 6 spreading lobes; anthers stipitate, 2 mm. long;
ovary glabrous. Neg. 4925.
Loreto: Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 3459, type.
FLORA OF PERU 441
Aristolochia physodes Ule, Verb. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47:
119. 1905.
Similar to A. deltoidea, but the leaves often constricted medially
and therefore subtrilobate, and somewhat silvery-glaucescent
beneath; utricle 18 mm. long; tube strongly inequilateral, 6-7 mm.
long; throat 3-3.5 cm. long, about 2 cm. broad; limb peltate, ovate,
long-mucronate, the base bilobate-emarginate. Ground color green-
ish white but the lip within reddish with dark purple marks and
orange at the throat, the tube itself greenish white. Here would
key A. pseudotriangularis 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 38: 110.
1935, with glabrous leaves. Neg. 4927.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6582 (type).
Aristolochia Pilgeriana 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 23:
297. 1927.
Similar to A. peruviana but the leaves 7-nerved and with no
marked sinus; leaf nerves beneath densely and finely pilose; utricle
pink with purple nerves, purple-pubescent within, usually 2.5 cm.
long, obovoid; tube to 14 mm. long, 5-6 mm. thick, glabrous; limb
ovate-suborbicular, cordate at the base, obtuse, mucronate, to 3.5
cm. long; gynostemium obconic, to nearly 4 mm. long, the linear
anthers 1.8 mm. long; ovary glabrous. By slip of the pen A. Pilgeri
0. C. Schmidt, op. cit. 27: 293. 1930. Neg. 4926.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4374 (type).
Aristolochia pilosa HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 146. pi 113.
1817; 454.
Stems slender, spreading-hirsute with brown hairs; petioles 2.5
cm. long; leaf blades ovate, cordate or subhastate-cordate, the deep
sinus with nearly parallel, rounded lobes, glabrous above, 7 cm.
long, 4-4.5 cm. wide at the base; peduncles 1.5 cm. long; flowers
sparsely pilose; utricle 22 mm. long, the tube 3 cm. long, the lip 18
mm. long.
Peru: (Surely). Bolivia to Central America.
Aristolochia putumayensis 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov.
38: 112. 1935.
Slender-stemmed and glabrous except the leaves beneath and the
flowers within; petioles to 5 cm. long; leaves oblong-ovate or deltoid-
ovate, to 14.5 cm. long, truncate, angulately rounded, short-acumi-
nate, chartaceous, shortly grayish-silvery-pilose beneath ; flowers few,
442 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
reddish brown and orange, the peduncles about 6 cm. long; utricle
narrowly obovoid, arachnoid within, to nearly 3 cm. long and 2
cm. wide, the suberect tube to over 4 cm. long, its oblique limb over
2 cm. long; ovary pilose; capsule narrowly elliptic, about 6.5 cm.
long, very thin. Related to A. Pilgeriana, according to the author.
A. KlugiiO.C. Schmidt, op. cit. 30: 66, is smaller, the tube only 3
cm. long but the limb to 7 cm. long and flaring, as in A. iquitensis.
Loreto: Florida, Rio Putumayo, 200 meters (King 2032).
Aristolochia Rimbachii 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov. 23:
287. 1927.
Stems slender; petioles 3.5-4.5 cm. long; leaves narrowly cordate,
the sinus nearly 2 cm. deep, 4 cm. wide, short-cuspidate, chartaceous,
5(-7)-nerved, more or less densely but very shortly pilose beneath;
flowers whitish without, glabrescent; utricle obovoid, 10-12 mm.
long; tube about 12 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, the opening yellow; limb
narrowly peltiform, 5-7.5 cm. long, 3 cm. broad, glabrous, reddish
brown with pale reddish nerves; capsule oblong-ovoid, acuminate,
6 cm. long, 2.5 cm. thick. Near A. odoratissima L., widely dis-
tributed in South America, and to be expected; its utricle is about
twice as long, the flowers violet and purple, like those of A. pandurata,
the capsule 12 mm. thick.
Peru: (Probably). Ecuador; Bolivia.
Aristolochia Ruiziana Duchartre in DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 1: 476.
1864. A. Duchartrei Andre", Le Mouvem. Hortic. 61. 1867; Fl.
Serres 18: 35. 1869.
Stem smooth and lustrous; petioles stout, to 12 cm. long; leaf
blades coriaceous, green and lustrous above, very glaucous, shortly
crisped-puberulent, and conspicuously reticulate-veined beneath,
15 cm. long or longer and nearly as wide, short-acuminate, the base
angled-truncate, scarcely cordate; flowers large, the connate limb
12 cm. long or longer, the obovoid utricle 7.5 cm. long and 3 cm.
thick, the tube 3.5 cm. long, the throat 12-18 cm. long. The meas-
urements (as in other descriptions usually) are by Schmidt, in this
instance from Colombian material, the type being imperfect. The
flowers without are yellowish with brown veinlets, the throat within
thickly flecked with black-purple on a whitish ground, the mouth of
the tube white. Klotzsch assigned the name in herbarium under
Howardia. Illustrated, Fl. Serres 18: 35. Neg. 4930.
Huanuco: Chicoplaya, Ruiz & Pavdn. Colombia.
FLORA OF PERU 443
Aristolochia truncata Field. & Gardn. Sert. PL 1: pi 44. 1844.
Howardia truncata Klotzsch, Monatsb. Akad. Berlin 1859: 610. 1859.
A. tarapotina Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47: 123. 1905.
Closely allied to A. amazonica, but the leaves often 10-14 cm.
long and 7-8 cm. wide; flowers yellowish green, the oval-ovate lip
purple-splotched within and sparsely papillose with fleshy processes.
Negs. 4937, 27818.
San Martin: Tarapoto, 750 meters, Ule 6501; Williams 5454,
5560, 5570. Brazil. "Oreja de perro."
Aristolochia Weberbaueri 0. C. Schmidt, Repert. Sp. Nov.
23:294. 1927.
A vine with somewhat angled branches; petioles 1.5-4 cm. long;
leaf blades deltoid-cordate, 4.5-10.5 cm. long, 3-6 cm. broad, the
sinus 8-12 mm. deep, 7-nerved, glabrescent above, pilose on the
nerves beneath; stipules ovate, 6-12 mm. long; flowers axillary,
solitary, glabrous without, 4.5 to nearly 6 cm. long, reddish brown;
utricle broadly ovate, 12-18 mm. long, sparsely arachnoid within;
tube 1.5-2.5 cm. long; limb lanceolate, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, about 1.5
cm. wide, mucronate, lightly pilose at the base; gynostemium 5.5 mm.
long, the narrowly linear anthers 3 mm. long; ovary puberulent.
Distinguished by the author from A. fragrantissima by the absence
of papillae on the lip (but cf. descr.).
Huancavelica: In grasslands above Colcabamba, 2,200 meters,
Weberbauer 6444 (type).
57. RAFFLESIACEAE. Rafflesia Family
Reference: Harms: Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 243-281. 1935.
Among the most singular plants in the world, these parasites,
practically without vegetative development other than the flower
which is produced directly from the roots or stems of the host plant,
are represented in Peru only by a small-flowered plant on the branches
of Casearia, or of other shrubs, possibly. It is surprising to learn
that these tiny flowers, like elongate knobs projecting horizontally
from branches of the host, are closely related to the strangely formed
and colored Rafflesias that may measure 1 meter across (see Pflan-
zenfam. 262 for a photograph of one).
Besides the following genus, the scarcely distinct Pilostyles Guill.
may be expected, especially on Leguminosae inhabiting the grass
steppes. It is separated by having the perianth lobes broadened
at the base and the placentae indefinitely or poorly developed.
444 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
1. APODANTHES Poit.
Little plants that practically are only small flowers borne directly
and divaricately on the trunks and branches of Casearia. Perianth
divisions free, narrowed at the base, subtended by 2 opposite, tiny,
scale-like leaves. Placentae 4, broad.
Apodanthes Caseariae Poit. Ann. Sci. Nat. 3: 422. pi. 26. 1824.
Flowers about 5 mm. long, waxy white or reddish, often many
close together. Curiously enough, only the pistillate plants have
ever been observed. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 4, pt. 2: pi. 27.
Loreto: Sierra de Ponasa, Ule 6937b. Guianas and Brazil.
58. POLYGONACEAE. Buckwheat Family
By Paul C. Standley
Reference: Meisner in DC. Prodr. 14: 1-186. 1857.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes scandent; leaves mostly alter-
nate and penninerved, entire or essentially so; stipules represented
by tubular, membranaceous to coriaceous structures (ocreae), these
persistent or deciduous, sometimes wanting; flowers usually small,
sometimes large and showy, perfect or unisexual, most often race-
mose, the racemes simple or paniculate, the flowers clustered in
distinct nodules; bractlets, if present, more or less connate to form
ocreolae; pedicels articulate; perianth segments 5-6, free or connate,
equal or unequal, often accrescent in fruit; stamens 5-10, the fila-
ments free or connate at the base, the anthers longitudinally dehis-
cent; ovary free, 1-celled, 1-ovulate; styles 1-3, free or partially
connate; fruit a lenticular or 3-4-angulate achene, usually enclosed
in the perianth.
Plants with tendrils, these terminating the inflorescence.
1. Antigonon.
Plants without tendrils.
Plants herbaceous or merely suffrutescent.
Perianth segments 6, in 2 series, the inner ones accrescent in
fruit and enveloping the achene, sometimes with granules
on the outer surface 2. Rumex.
Perianth segments 3-5, equal or nearly so, never with granules.
Flowers perfect; perianth not fleshy 3. Polygonum.
Flowers dioecious or polygamo-dioecious; perianth fleshy in
fruit . . . 4. Muehlenbeckia.
FLORA OF PERU 445
Plants woody, trees or shrubs, rarely scandent.
Flowers perfect; perianth segments 5 5. Coccoloba.
Flowers dioecious; perianth segments 6.
Inner perianth segments enlarged in fruit, not red; stamens
numerous 6. Symmeria.
Outer perianth segments enlarged in fruit, red; stamens 9.
Achenes obtusely trigonous 7. Ruprechtia.
Achenes very acutely trigonous 8. Triplaris.
1. ANTIGONON Endl.
Plants scandent, herbaceous or suffrutescent, the branches
angulate; leaves petiolate, cordate, entire or nearly so; ocreae oppo-
site the leaves, obsolete and scale-like; flowers racemose, opposite
the leaves, solitary, simple, terminating in a tendril, the flowers
fasciculate in the raceme; sepals 5, colored, unequal, the 3 outer ones
cordate, the 2 inner ones narrower; stamens 8, equal; achene included
in the calyx, 3-angulate. The genus is easy of recognition because
of the tendril-bearing racemes.
Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey Voy. 308. pi.
69. 1839-40.
A large vine, somewhat pubescent; leaves deltoid or broadly
ovate, deeply cordate at the base, acute to obtuse; flowers at first
small and inconspicuous but enlarging and finally 1 cm. long or more,
bright rose-pink.
Loreto: Iquitos, Williams 3549, 1529, 1354- Yurimaguas,
Williams 4046. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2286. La Victoria,
Williams 2818. San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 5949. Native
of Mexico and Central America, cultivated commonly for ornament
in South America, as in most tropical regions, and often becoming
naturalized. "Lazo de amor," "amor enredado."
A very handsome vine because of its great abundance of large,
handsomely colored flowers, which persist for a long time, and are as
showy in fruit as during anthesis.
2. RUMEX L.
By K. H. Rechinger f.
Reference: K. H. Rechinger f., Die slid- und zentralameri-
kanischen Arten der Gattung Rumex, Ark. Bot. 26A, No. 3. 1933.
Flowers dioecious, polygamous, or androgynous; perianth 6-
parted, herbaceous, the 3 inner segments often larger, enlarging
446 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
after flowering and enclosing the nutlet, sometimes developing a
grain on the midrib near the base; anthers 6, inserted in pairs on the
base of the 3 outer perianth lobes; stigmas 3, penicillate; achenes
3-angled.
Flowers dioecious or polygamous; leaves hastate; valves (inner
perianth segments) not enlarged in fruit R. Acetosella.
Flowers usually androgynous; leaves not hastate; valves enlarged in
fruit.
Valves entire.
Valves without grains; plants very tall R. peruanus.
Valves with grains; plants of medium size.
Leaves short, obovate, thick; plants ascending, low.
R. cuneifolius.
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, thin; plants erect, of medium size.
Lower leaves cordate at the base; flower verticels remote,
nearly all with a leaf; pedicels not longer than the fruit.
R. conglomerate.
Leaves narrowed at both ends; flower verticels not or not
all remote, only the lowest sometimes with a leaf;
pedicels about twice as long as the fruit . . . . R. crispus.
Valves toothed.
Lower leaves large, deeply cordate at the base, thin; pedicels
about 2.5 times longer than the fruit, jointed near the base.
R. obtusifolius.
Lower leaves small, slightly cordate at the base, thickish;
pedicels as long as the fruit, jointed at the middle.
R. pulcher.
Rumex Acetosella L. Sp. PI. 338. 1753; 47.
A low, slender perennial with linear or lanceolate, hastate leaves;
valves entire, not enlarged in fruit, not larger than the nutlet, grain-
less. A weed of European origin, naturalized nearly throughout the
world. The subspecies angiocarpus Murbeck, Beitr. Fl. Sudbosn.
46. 1891, is remarkable in the union of the valves and the nutlets
into a single body; it is known from Chile, Prov. Cautin, Werdermann
1254, and from Falkland Islands, Port Stanley, Birger. Illustrated,
Reichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. 24: pi. 192.
Junin: La Quinua, 3,600 meters, clay bank along trail, 2010.
Colombia; Brazil; Argentina; Chile.
FLORA OF PERU 447
Rumex conglomerates Murr. Prodr. Fl. Getting. 52. 1770; 45.
Lower leaves cordate at the base, plane; branches of the panicle
divergent; flower verticels nearly all with a leaf, remote; pedicels
usually not longer than the fruit; valves small, about 2.5 mm. long,
entire, all bearing large grains. A weed of European origin, natural-
ized in extratropic parts of the New World, but not so common as
R. crispus. Illustrated, Reichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. 24: pi. 166.
Huanuco: Mito, abandoned river pasture, 2,700 meters, 1557.
Huanuco, 2,100 meters, ditch banks, 3508. Junin: Tarma, 3,100
meters, shaded stream banks, Killip & Smith 21864- Lima: Aman-
caes, Savatier 1602. San Lorenzo Island, Andersson. Venezuela;
Bolivia; Uruguay; Argentina; Chile. "Acelga."
Rumex crispus L. Sp. PI. 335. 1753; 44.
Stem strict, erect; leaves narrowed at both ends, lanceolate,
acute, crisped; panicle elongate, narrow; pedicels longer than the
fruit; valves round-ovate, somewhat cordate at the base, entire,
4-5 mm. long, usually all grain-bearing, but the grains of the same
perianth often unlike in size or even 2 of them absent. A common
weed of European origin, introduced to most other parts of the world
and naturalized in extratropical regions. A polymorphic species.
Lima: Lima, W. Nation. San Martin: San Roque, 1,400 meters,
Williams 7777. Huanuco: Mito, weed in pasture, 2,700 meters,
1683. Bolivia; Argentina; Chile.
Rumex cuneifolius Campd. Mon. Rum. 95. 1819; 20.
Widely creeping, with somewhat fleshy, obovate leaves and small
fruiting panicles; leaves somewhat crisped marginally, the rather
short petioles and leaf nerves beneath scabrous; branches of the
panicle few, short; flower verticels usually approximate, without
leaves; pedicels thick, shorter than the fruit, usually jointed at the
middle; valves firm, triangular-ovate, entire, 4-5 mm. long, all with
a prominent grain; ripe achenes dark brown, broadest at the middle,
2.5 mm. long. This species of peculiar habit can not be confused
with any other Peruvian one. It is widely spread through a large
part of southern South America and introduced to some ports of
North America and Europe. The height of stem, thickness of leaves,
and size of valves are variable. A hybrid, R. mirabilis Rech. f.
(R. crispus X cuneifolius} op. cit. 48, is known from Bolivia: La Paz,
Buchtien 4488. Illustrated, Rech. f. op. cit. pi. 5.
Arequipa: Arequipa, Holway 766. Viktortal, "La Chorunga,"
1,050 meters, Weberbauer 1447. Cuzco: San Cristobal, 3,450 meters,
448 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Herrera 2175. Below Cuzco, Rose. Puno: Lake Titicaca, Lechler.
Junin: Oroya, 3,600 meters, margin of brook, 985. Tacna: Alto de
Tacora, Isern 2032. Bolivia; Uruguay; Argentina; Chile. "Llague."
Rumex obtusifolius L. Sp. PL 335. 1753; 46.
Lower leaves broad, deeply cordate at the base, flat, the upper
rounded at the base, narrower, lanceolate; branches of the panicle
divergent; only the lower flower verticels with leaves and remote;
pedicels slender, to 2.5 times as long as the fruit, jointed near the
base; valves 5-6 mm. long, usually one of them bearing a grain, with
2 or 3 often very pronounced teeth on each side. A weed of Euro-
pean origin, very polymorphic in Europe, introduced to South
America only as subsp. agrestis (Fries) Danser, Nederl. Kruidk.
Arch. 1925: 424. 1926 (R. obtusifolius ft agrestis Fries, Novit. Fl.
Suec. ed. 2. 99. 1828), to which the following specimens belong. For
a discussion of this variable species see Rechinger f., Vorarbeiten zu
einer Monographic der Gattung Rumex I, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 49,
Abt. 2: 41. 1932. Illustrated, Reichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. 24: pi. 181.
Cuzco: Cuzco, Herrera. Colinas de Sacsahuaman, 3,450 meters,
Herrera 2347. Huanuco: Mito, 2,700 meters, river shore, 1708.
Lima: Rio Blanco, 3,600 meters, grassy river bank, 820. Brazil;
Argentina. "Paico."
Rumex peruanus Rech. f. Ark. Bot. 26A, No. 3: 6. 1933.
Plant completely smooth, vigorous, the simple, strict, trunk-
like stem to 2 meters tall or taller, the internodes elongate, with
short, caducous ocreae; leaves rigid but thin (dried), the radical
rounded or truncate at the base, elongate-elliptic, plane, broadest
at the middle, about 2.5 times as long as wide; lateral nerves
numerous, forming an angle of 60-70 with the midrib; petioles of
basal leaves one-third to one-fourth shorter than the blade, with
very large, pale brown basal ocreae; pedicels thin, 2.5-4 times as
long as the fruit, obscurely jointed near the base; valves truncate at
the base, roundish, entire, finely reticulate, the midnerve somewhat
thicker but never grain-bearing; achene 2.5-3 mm. long, dark brown
when ripe, narrowed at both ends. This species was first described
from an incomplete specimen in the Berlin Herbarium, consisting
of three basal leaves, a fragment of stem, and some ripe fruits.
The upper leaves, inflorescence, and flowers are thus unknown. In
the form, consistency, and nervation of the basal leaves and the
grain-bearing valves it is similar to R. tolimensis Wedd. Ann. Sci.
Nat. III. 13: 262. 1849, from Colombia, which differs especially by
FLORA OF PERU 449
its short internodes, stouter stems, and leaves covered by a dense,
yellowish or brownish pubescence beneath. Illustrated, Rechinger
f. op. cit. /. 1.
Peru: Without locality, Weberbauer 5473 (type). Ancash: Pomo-
pampa, 4,200 meters, in patches in bog holes of dryish flats, 2492.
Cuzco: Valle de Paucartambo, Hacienda Churu, Herrera 2313.
Rumex pulcher L. Sp. PI. 336. 1753; 46.
Lower leaves small, somewhat crisped marginally, cordate at the
base, often pubescent; branches of the panicle very divergent, often
intricate in fruit; flower verticels partly with leaves, all remote;
pedicels thick, not longer than the fruit, jointed at the middle;
valves toothed, 4.5-6 mm. long, 2.5-4.5 mm. wide, usually all
bearing a grain, but the grains often unequal in size; achenes 3-4
mm. long, broadest a little below the middle. A weed originally
from the Mediterranean Basin, naturalized in regions of the New
World climatically suitable. A variable species, especially as regards
shape of the valves; the subsp. eu-pulcher Rech. f. Vorbarbeiten
Monogr. Rumex I, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 49, Abt. 2: 25. 1932, with
usually fiddle-shaped and relatively narrow but long, toothed valves,
and the subsp. divaricatus (L.) Murb. Beitr. Fl. Siidbosn. 45. 1891
(R. divaricatus L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 478. 1762), with leaves nearly ovate
and relatively broad but short, toothed valves, are known from
South America and almost surely will be found in Peru. Illustrated,
Reichenb. Icon. Fl. Germ. 24: pi. 183.
Peru: Probably. Brazil; Uruguay; Argentina; Chile.
3. POLYGONUM L.
Plants herbaceous, erect or prostrate, sometimes scandent;
ocreae membranaceous or with a green, herbaceous border, some-
times scarious; flowers small, perfect, green or colored, axillary and
solitary or aggregate or in racemes or spikes, the pedicels articulate;
calyx normally 5-parted, the lobes subequal, often gland-dotted;
stamens usually 8, the filaments subulate; achene included in the
calyx, lenticular or 4-angulate.
Flowers axillary, solitary or fasciculate.
Ocreae very large and conspicuous, deeply lacerate; upper leaves
linear P. lacerum.
Ocreae small, inconspicuous, not deeply lacerate; upper leaves
oblong P. aviculare.
450 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Flowers in long-pedunculate racemes or spikes.
Leaf blades shallowly cordate at the base P. Meisnerianum.
Leaf blades acute to long-attenuate at the base.
Stems hirsute or hispid.
Ocreae with a large, green, spreading, herbaceous border.
P. hispidum.
Ocreae membranaceous throughout, not green.
P. peruvianum.
Stems glabrous.
Ocreae glabrous throughout, not with marginal bristles.
P. portoricense.
Ocreae often strigose, with long marginal bristles.
Perianth with numerous small, dark glands . . P. punctatum.
Perianth not gland-dotted P. hydropiperoides.
Polygonum aviculare L. Sp. PI. 362. 1753.
Plants glabrous, annual, prostrate and much branched, often
forming dense mats; leaves short-petiolate, oblong or narrowly
oblong, mostly 2-3 cm. long, obtuse or acutish, pale green; flowers
green or whitish, sometimes tinged with pink.
Lima: Matucana, 2,400 meters, steep, rocky slope, 91. Native
of the Old World, naturalized almost throughout the cooler regions
of America.
The single Peruvian collection is referable here at least in the
broad concept of the species. It seems better referable to P. avicu-
lare than to any of the several South American species that are
closely related but presumed to be indigenous.
Polygonum hispidum HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 178. 1817.
A large, coarse perennial, often a meter high, with stout, hispid
stems; ocreae 1-3 cm. long, densely hispid, with large, spreading,
green borders; leaves long-petiolate, lanceolate to narrowly ovate,
8-20 cm. long, long-acuminate, sparsely or densely hispid; racemes
thick and dense, often paniculate, 2-10 cm. long or larger, the flowers
pink or deep red; achene lenticular, 4 mm. long, black and shining.
Reported from Peru (Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 122) upon the
basis of a Ruiz collection, the locality not known. To be expected
in the eastern lowlands. Widely distributed in South America,
ranging northward to Guatemala; growing usually in swampy places.
FLORA OF PERU 451
Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1:
239. 1803.
Plants erect or ascending, annual or perennial, the slender stems
glabrous, less than a meter high; ocreae 1-3 cm. long, appressed,
strigose, with long bristles on the margin; leaves almost sessile,
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 5-15 cm. long, long-attenuate,
strigose at least on the margins and costa; racemes erect, dense,
10 cm. long or less, the flowers usually deep pink; achene more
or less trigonous, sometimes almost lenticular. Illustrated, Mem.
Dept. Bot. Columb. Coll. 1: pi. 27.
Cajamarca: Celendin, 2,625 meters, Woytkowski 10; a common
weed, filling ditches and marshy spots on plain. Cuzco: Valle del
Paucartambo, 3,000 meters, Herrera 3861 ; at 3,400 meters, Hacienda
Churu, Herrera 2330. Huanuco: Mito, 2,700 meters, between rocks
along river, 1545. Lima: Chosica, 900 meters, edge of ditch, 2861.
Widely distributed in the cooler regions of America, also in the tropics.
Polygonum lacerum HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 179. 1817.
Plants apparently erect and perennial, inclined to be suffrutescent
at the base, glabrous, pale, the stems branched, striate; ocreae often
equaling the upper internodes, very conspicuous, whitish, scarious;
upper leaves linear, fleshy-coriaceous, the lower ones linear-oblong,
obtuse or acutish, short-petiolate, mostly 2-3 cm. long; flowers
axillary, inconspicuous. Neg. 4977.
Cajamarca: Type collected at hot springs near Cajamarca,
Humboldt. Bolivia and Argentina.
Polygonum Meisnerianum Cham. & Schlecht. Linnaea 3:
40. 1828.
Plants very slender, perennial, subscandent, the stems sparsely
glandular-hispidulous and with larger, recurved, prickle-like hairs
at the nodes; leaves sessile or nearly so, linear or lance-linear, 5-15
cm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, attenuate, aculeolate beneath along the
costa, elsewhere glabrous or nearly so; ocreae naked at the margin;
inflorescences dichotomous, the racemes few, few-flowered, the
peduncles glandular; perianth pink; achenes 3-angulate, lustrous.
San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1,200-1,600 meters,
Klug 3580; flowers cream-colored. Argentina to Mexico and south-
eastern United States.
Polygonum peruvianum Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 122. 1857.
Plants erect, slender, the stems glandular-hispid below the nodes,
finally glabrate; ocreae 2.5 cm. long, strigose; leaves oblong-lanceo-
452 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
late, acuminate, subsessile, appressed-pilose, 7-10 cm. long, acute
to rounded at the base; racemes geminate, oblong, 2.5-3.5 cm. long,
the flowers large; achene lenticular.
Type collected at some unspecified locality in Peru, Mathews
3120. Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Weberbauer 4436 (fide Macbride).
Polygonum portoricense Bert, ex Small, Mem. Bot. Columb.
Coll. 1: 46. 1895. P. glabrum Cham. & Schlecht. Linnaea 3: 46.
1828, non Willd. 1799.
A stout, glabrous perennial, sometimes 1.5 meters high; ocreae
very large, often as long as the nodes; leaves slender-petiolate,
the blades lanceolate, 15-30 cm. long, long-acuminate, with con-
spicuous lateral nerves; racemes slender, 5-13 cm. long, dense,
erect, the flowers white or pink; achenes lenticular or 3-angulate,
black and shining.
Loreto: Pebas, Williams 1994- Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams
8086. Caballo-cocha, aquatic, Williams 2455. Rio Masana,
Williams 3. Extending to Argentina, the West Indies, and southern
United States. "Tabaco de lagarto."
Polygonum punctatum Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 455. 1817.
P. acre HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 179. 1817, non Lam. 1778.
Plants slender, annual or perennial, glabrous or nearly so, erect
or ascending, usually less than 1 meter high; ocreae appressed,
fringed with long bristles; leaves short-petiolate, linear-lanceolate,
mostly 5-10 cm. long, acuminate; racemes very slender, 2-8 cm.
long, the nodes remote, the flowers greenish white; achene lenticular
or 3-angulate, black and lustrous. Illustrated, Mem. Bot. Columb.
Coll. I: pi. 31.
Junin: Puerto Bermudez, 375 meters, in thickets, Killip & Smith
26682. Loreto: Yurimaguas, 200 meters, edge of small stream,
Williams 3842. Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in clearing, Klug 338.
Iquitos, 120 meters, Williams 1410, 7984. San Martin: San Roque,
in pasture, 1,400 meters, Williams 7691. Tarapoto, Williams 5657.
Widely distributed in tropical America, often a common weed,
extending northward to the United States. "Yacu shutiri."
4. MUEHLENBECKIA Meisn.
Shrubs or suffrutescent plants, the stems usually scandent or
prostrate, angulate or sulcate, the ocreae membranaceous, obliquely
truncate, cylindric, usually soon deciduous; leaves petiolate, often
cordate or sagittate; flowers small and inconspicuous, dioecious or
FLORA OF PERU 453
polygamo-dioecious, whitish or greenish, solitary or fasciculate in
the leaf axils or racemose or paniculate, the pedicels articulate;
calyx herbaceous, 5-parted, the lobes subequal or the 2 inner ones
smaller, in fruit more or less accrescent, sometimes thick and suc-
culent; stamens 8 in the staminate flower, about equaling the sepals;
styles 3 and short or none; achene 3-angled, enclosed in the fleshy
perianth or more or less exserted. The oldest name for the genus
is Calacinum Raf., and the name Muehlenbeckia is not conserved.
Since the latter has been in general use for the group, it seems
preferable to continue its use, in the confident expectation that it
will be conserved.
Flowers in sessile glomerules; leaves mostly acute or attenuate at
the base, never cordate or hastate-lobate.
Plants usually prostrate and matted; leaves small, mostly less
than 15 mm. long and acute or acutish, sometimes obtuse
or rounded M. volcanica.
Plants erect or scandent; leaves mostly larger and 2 cm. long
or more, but sometimes small, broadly rounded to very
obtuse at the apex.
Plants erect; leaf blades mostly conspicuously longer than broad.
M. fruticulosa.
Plants scandent; leaf blades mostly as broad as long.
M. Nummularia.
Flowers in simple or paniculate racemes; leaves cordate at the base
or more or less evidently hastate-lobate.
Leaves not cordate at the base, more or less hastate-lobate;
racemes simple, often greatly reduced M. hastulata.
Leaves cordate at the base; racemes simple or paniculate.
Racemes simple; leaves often puberulent beneath . .M. peruviana.
Racemes paniculate; leaves glabrous or puberulent beneath.
Leaves densely puberulent or tomentulose beneath; achenes
often semi-exserted M. tiliifolia.
Leaves glabrous; achenes covered by the sepals . . M. tamnifolia.
Muehlenbeckia fruticulosa (Walp.) Standl., comb. nov. Poly-
gonum fruticulosum Walp. Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. 19: Suppl. 1:
407. 1843. M. rupestris Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 13: 256. 1850.
Sarcogonum fruticulosum Rusby, Mem. Torrey Club 4: 251. 1895.
Calacinum fruticulosum Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 115. 1927.
454 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
A glabrous, rather densely branched, erect shrub about a meter
high; ocreae small, often rather long-persistent; leaves petiolate,
the blades thick and fleshy or coriaceous, elliptic-oblong to broadly
oval, the larger ones 1.5-2.5 cm. long, rounded or very obtuse at
the apex, cuneately narrowed at the base; flowers short-pedicellate,
few or numerous at each node; achene included in the perianth.
Neg. 4981 (M. rupestris).
Arequipa: Yura near Arequipa, 2,600 meters, Weberbauer 6840.
Moquehua: Carumas, 3,100 meters, Weberbauer 7483. Puno:
Puno, 4,000 meters, Soukup 372. Lake Titicaca, Meyen. Sandia(?) :
Pascomayo to Moyobamba (Stuebel 37a). Bolivia.
It is doubtful whether this is more than an ecological form
of M. vokanica, and it should probably be reduced to varietal rank
under that species.
M uehlenbeckia hastulata (Smith) Standl., comb. nov. Rumex
hastulata Smith in Rees, Cycl. 29. 1802-20. M. chilensis Meisn.
in DC. Prodr. 14: 148. 1856. M. chilensis var. fascicularis Meisn.
loc. cit. Sarcogonum chilense Rusby, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 128.
1900. Calacinum chilense and C. hastulatum Macbr. Field Mus.
Bot. 4: 116. 1927.
Plants woody, scandent, pale green when dried, glabrous; ocreae
large and brown, conspicuous, rather long-persistent; leaves fleshy-
coriaceous, rather long-petiolate, the blades broadly hastate-ovate
to linear-hastate, truncate to attenuate at the base, obtuse to
acuminate; flowers short-pedicellate, in axillary and terminal, short
or somewhat elongate racemes, the pedicels short; achene included
in the perianth or somewhat exserted. Negs. 7431, 27770.
Arequipa: Above Arequipa, open, rocky slopes, 2,800 meters,
Pennell 13246. Near Arequipa, Lechler 2746.- Cuzco: Pachar, bushy
bank, 2,900 meters, Pennell 13691. Urubamba, Weberbauer 4914-
Junin: Yanahuanca, 3,000 meters, 1221. Bolivia and Chile.
"Huano negro."
The plant is extremely variable in leaf form, and some of the
forms are perhaps worthy of varietal rank.
Muehlenbeckia Nummularia H. Gross, Bot. Jahrb. 49: 346.
1913.
A much branched, scandent, glabrous shrub; ocreae rather long-
persistent; leaves petiolate, the blades coriaceous, broadly oval to
orbicular, 8-20 mm. long, 8-17 mm. wide, broadly rounded and
FLORA OF PERU 455
sometimes apiculate at the apex, abruptly decurrent into the petiole;
flowers densely fasciculate in the leaf axils; achene enclosed in the
perianth.
Ancash: Below Hacienda Cajabamba, between Samanco and
Caraz, 3,000-3,500 meters, Weberbauer 3172.
This is probably only a form or variety of M. fruticulosa or M.
volcanica. There is known only the type collection, of which I have
seen fragmentary material.
Muehlenbeckia peruviana Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 150. 1856.
Calacinum peruvianum Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 117. 1927.
A scandent shrub, the branches glabrous or somewhat tomentu-
lose; ocreae conspicuous and long-persistent; leaves slender-petio-
late, the blades subcoriaceous, ovate or oval-oblong, mostly 3.5-5
cm. long, obtuse or subacute, puberulent beneath or almost glabrous,
shallowly cordate at the base; racemes short and dense, usually
shorter than the leaves, sometimes greatly reduced; achenes more
or less exserted. Neg. 4980.
Junin: Huasa-huasi, Dombey210 (type); Ruiz&Pavdn. Cuzco:
Paso de Tres Cruces, 3,500-3,800 meters, in thickets, Pennell 13894.
Yanamanche, 3,500 meters (Weberbauer 4951).
Muehlenbeckia peruviana var. cuspidata Standl., var. nov.
M. cuspidata H. Gross in herb.
A forma typica foliis solemniter acuminatis vel longiacuminatis
differt. Apparently differentiated from the typical form only by
the conspicuously acuminate leaves.
Ancash: Pichin, Weberbauer 2929 (type, a fragment of this num-
ber in Herb. Field Mus., received from Herb. Berlin). Huanuco:
Monzon, Weberbauer 3373. Without locality: Ruiz & Pawn 13-95.
Also in Ecuador (Loja-Zamora, Andre 4521).
Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia (HBK.) Meisn. Comm. 2: 227.
1840. Polygonum tamnifolium HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 180. 1817.
M. tamnifolia var. laxiflora Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 149. 1856.
M. leptobotrys Meisn. loc. cit. Sarcogonum tamnifolium Rusby,
Mem. Torrey Club 6: 111. 1896. Calacinum tamnifolium and C.
leptobotrys Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 116. 1927.
A large, scandent shrub, glabrous throughout or nearly so;
ocreae large, scarious, deciduous; leaves on short or elongate petioles,
the blades firm-membranaceous, broadly ovate or oval, mostly
5-9 cm. long, acuminate to rounded and abruptly cuspidate-acumi-
456 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
nate, usually deeply cordate at the base; racemes mostly elongate
and arranged in lax panicles, densely or sparsely flowered; achene
included in the perianth. Negs. 4983, 4979.
Arequipa: Quequena, Isern 2036. Cajamarca(?) : Palco, Ruiz &
Pavdn. Above San Pablo (Weberbauer 3806). Huanuco: Ambo,
2,100 meters, 3166. Huanuco, Ruiz. Without locality: Ruiz &
Pavdn 13-97. Junin: Huacapistana, Weberbauer 2175 (determined
by H. Gross as a new species). Sandia: (Weberbauer 648, 835).
Ancash: Chiquian (Weberbauer 2826). Ancash (Weberbauer 3164).
Northwestern Argentina and Bolivia to Colombia and Venezuela;
Mexico and Central America.
M. leptobotrys (type collected near Huanuco by Ruiz; Coccoloba
carinata Ruiz in herb, ex Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 150. 1856) is
merely a form with lax inflorescences. It may be called M. tamnifolia
var. laxiflora Meisn., although it scarcely seems to deserve special
designation.
Muehlenbeckia tiliifolia Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 13: 255.
1850. Calacinum tiliifolium Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 117. 1927.
A large, more or less woody vine; ocreae very large and con-
spicuous, often long-persistent; leaves thin, slender-petiolate, the
blades ovate or ovate-oval, mostly 5-13 cm. long, rounded and
mucronate to abruptly cuspidate-acuminate at the apex, deeply
cordate at the base, green and glabrate on the upper surface, densely
puberulent or tomentulose beneath and often grayish; racemes
elongate, usually very dense, in large or small panicles; achene often
exserted from the perianth.
Ancash: Ocros, Weberbauer 2733. Pampa Ramos (Weberbauer
3187). Cuzco: Marcapata, 3,100 meters, Weberbauer 7777, flowers
white; 7778.' Huanuco: Huacachi, 1,950 meters, in clearing, 4165,
4189; fruits red. Lima: Viso, 2,700 meters, trailing over rocks and
shrubs, 754' Near Viscas, 2,100 meters, thickets along river, fruit
purple-black, Pennell 14447. Bolivia.
Muehlenbeckia volcanica (Benth.) Endl. Gen. Suppl. 4, pt. 2:
51. 1847. Polygonum volcanicum Benth. PI. Hartw. 81. 1841. Sarco-
gonum volcanicum Rusby, Mem. Torrey Club 4: 252. 1895. Cala-
cinum volcanicum Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 4: 115. 1927.
Plants depressed and forming small, dense mats, or sometimes
ascending, the branches usually 30 cm. long or less, woody, glabrous
throughout; ocreae small and soon deciduous; leaves subsessile,
FLORA OF PERU 457
fleshy-coriaceous, mostly rhombic-elliptic, acute or obtuse, cuneate-
attenuate at the base, mostly 7-14 mm. long; flowers small, green,
fasciculate in the upper leaf axils, short-pedicellate; achene enclosed
in the perianth. Illustrated, Wedd. Chlor. And. 2 : pi. 89. Neg. 7432.
Ayacucho: Pampalca, 3,200 meters, open hillside, Killip & Smith
23253. Ancash : Tallenga, 3,600 meters (Weberbauer 2870) . Huaraz
(Weberbauer 3228). Cuzco: Colinas del Sacsahuaman, 3,500 meters,
Herrera 2350. Paso de Tres Cruces, 3,900 meters, rocky banks,
edge of paramo, Pennell 13837; fruit black. Huanuco: Six miles
south of Mito, 3,000 meters, stony, open slope, 1834. Tambo de
Vaca, 3,900 meters, mossy, rocky upland, 4406. Junin: Carpapata,
2,400 meters, open hillside, Killip & Smith 24344', stems as much
as 60 cm. long, prostrate. La Quinua, 3,600 meters, 2022. Lima:
Rio Blanco, 4,500 meters, 3002. Canta, 2,700-3,200 meters, Pennell
14339. Huaros, 3,400 meters, rock slide, Pennell 14714. Rio
Blanco, 3,000-3,500 meters, creeping over rocks, Killip & Smith
21546. Matucana, 2,400 meters, 245. Puno: Araranca, 4,200
meters, ledges of siliceous rock, Pennell 13453. Asangaro, Lechler
1748. Sandia: Cuyocuyo (Weberbauer 849). Without locality:
Ruiz & Pavon. Bolivia to Ecuador. "Mullaca," "pasamullaca,"
"zoczocma."
5. COCCOLOBAL.
Reference: Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. 13: 106-229. 1890.
Trees or shrubs, usually glabrous or nearly so; ocreae coriaceous-
membranaceous, cylindric, eciliate, truncate, deciduous; leaves often
deciduous, usually coriaceous; flowers perfect, in spike-like, axillary
or terminal, simple or rarely branched racemes, the bracts ocreiform,
subtending several flowers, the pedicels short or elongate, articulate
at the apex; calyx green or whitish, small, the 5 subequal segments
united at the base, the tube or the lobes accrescent and enclosing
the fruit, usually becoming much thickened and succulent; stamens
8, equal; achene subtrigonous-globose, small or large. The genus
is in need of critical revision in the light of recently accumulated
material. Many of the species seem to be based upon vague or
variable characters. The fleshy calyces at maturity are often very
juicy and edible.
Flowers in panicled racemes C. mollis.
Flowers in simple racemes.
Calyx tube accrescent and enclosing the achene, the calyx lobes
very small.
458 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaves conspicuously short-pilose beneath, at least when
young, short-acuminate, more or less cordate at the base.
C. excelsa.
Leaves glabrous beneath, or barbate along the costa in the axils
of the nerves.
Bracts and ocreolae 0.5 mm. long. Leaves large, obovate,
cordate at the base C. nutans.
Bracts and ocreolae more than 1 mm. long.
Veinlets conspicuously elevated and closely reticulate on
the upper leaf surface C. sphaerococca.
Veinlets inconspicuous on the upper leaf surface.
C. Barbeyana.
Calyx lobes accrescent and enclosing the achene.
Leaves glabrous beneath, rounded at the apex, 4-7 cm. long.
C. Ruiziana.
Leaves more or less pubescent beneath, at least on the costa,
or barbate in the axils of the nerves.
Leaves large, mostly 7-12 cm. wide C. Williamsii.
Leaves smaller, chiefly 2-5 cm. wide.
Leaves narrowly lance-oblong, long-acuminate.
C. acuminata.
Leaves elliptic to obovate, obtuse or acute.
Rachis of the inflorescence glabrous or nearly so; leaves
mostly acute C. peruviana.
Rachis of the inflorescence short-pilose; leaves obtuse.
C. gracilis.
Coccoloba acuminata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 176. 1817.
A slender shrub or tree 2-6 meters high, reported to attain a
height of 10 meters, the elongate branchlets glabrous or ferruginous-
pubescent; leaves short-petiolate, the blades narrowly lance-oblong,
long-acuminate, 12-20 cm. long, acute or acutish at the base, more
or less puberulent beneath in the axils of the nerves, otherwise
glabrous; racemes slender, spike-like, longer than the leaves, the
rachis puberulent, the pedicels very short; fruits 6 mm. long, pink
or bright red. Neg. 4939.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 4651, 4606.
Portal, 135 meters, Kittip & Smith 29263. Puerto Arturo, 135
meters, Killip & Smith 27879; edge of forest, Williams 5271.
FLORA OF PERU 459
Santa Rosa, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 4804- Contamana, 150
meters, dense forest, Killip & Smith 26879. Extending northward
to Central America.
A well marked species because of the narrow, relatively thin,
long-acuminate leaves. A handsome shrub when in fruit because of
the great profusion of bright red racemes.
Coccoloba Barbeyana Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. 13: 185. 1890.
A shrub or tree, sometimes 8 meters high, glabrous throughout,
with stout branches; leaves short-petiolate, coriaceous, the blades
obovate-oblong to elliptic-oblong or obovate, mostly 9-27 cm. long,
obtuse to acuminate or rounded and abruptly short-acuminate at
the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base and sometimes shallowly
emarginate, the lateral nerves very oblique, the veinlets promi-
nulous and closely reticulate beneath; racemes rather slender,
shorter or longer than the leaves, the pedicels slightly longer than
the ocreolae, or sometimes more elongate; fruit subglobose, almost
1 cm. long. Flowers described as cream-colored, white, or green.
Type collected in Peru by Ruiz and Pavon, the locality unknown.
Loreto: Puerto Arturo, 200 meters, in forest, Williams 5138.
Florida, 180 meters, in forest, King 2260. Mishuyacu, 100 meters,
in forest, Klug 1077. Yurimaguas, 200 meters, Williams 4528.
Iquitos, 100 meters, Killip & Smith 27494- Rancho Indiana,
overflowed creek bank, 110 meters, Mexia 6426. Rio Huallaga,
135 meters, Killip & Smith 29006. San Martin: Chazuta, 260
meters, in forest, Klug 4127. "Nemono-o" (Huitoto name).
Goccoloba excelsa Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4:
624. 1845.
A scandent shrub, the young branches ferruginous-puberulent
or glabrous; leaves short-petiolate, the blades coriaceous, broadly
ovate to oval or rounded-obovate, 15-22 cm. long, obtuse to rounded
at the apex and usually abruptly acuminate, slightly narrowed to
the shallowly cordate base, glabrous above or nearly so, short-pilose
beneath, at least when young, the veinlets prominent beneath and
closely reticulate; racemes slender, shorter than the leaves, the
rachis usually puberulent, the nodes 1-3-flowered, the pedicels
equaling or longer than the ocreolae; fruit globose, 9 mm. long.
Neg. 4958.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, edge of forest, 200 meters, Williams 4538.
Amazonian Brazil, Surinam, and British Guiana.
460 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Coccoloba gracilis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 176. 1817. C.
peruviana Willd. ex Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. 13: 214. 1890, in syn.
A shrub or tree of 3.5-6 meters, the branchlets stout, glabrous;
leaves short-petiolate, coriaceous, the blades oblong-elliptic to ellip-
tic, 5-7 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, obtuse, rounded or obtuse at the
base, the veinlets scarcely prominent beneath, closely reticulate;
racemes lax or dense, slightly longer than the leaves, the rachis
short-pilose or puberulent, the nodes mostly 1-2-flowered, the pedi-
cels 2 mm. long. Neg. 4945.
Loreto: Rio Cachiyaco, Humboldt, type. Without locality:
Weberbauer 6982.
Coccoloba mollis Casar. Nov. Stirp. Bras. Dec. 8: 72. 1842-45.
C. polystachya Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 13: 261. 1850.
A small or medium-sized tree, the branches glabrous; leaves
short-petiolate, subcoriaceous, broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, 12-25
cm. long, acuminate or long-acuminate, cordate to truncate at the
base, minutely puberulent or glabrate; racemes slender, paniculate,
the panicles often very large, the rachis tomentulose, the nodes
1-flowered; flowers white; fruit ovoid, 1 cm. long. Neg. 21412.
Loreto: Florida, 200 meters, in forest, Klug 1991. Brazil,
Ecuador, and the Guianas. "Tangarana" (Klug; signifying ant tree,
and presumably indicating that the tree is inhabited by biting ants).
On young, sterile plants, as indicated by Ecuador material, the
leaves are often extremely large, as much as 60 cm. long and 50
cm. wide.
Coccoloba nutans HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 175. 1817.
A tree, the branchlets glabrous; leaves petiolate, subcoriaceous,
the blades obovate, 20 cm. long and 13 cm. wide, short-acuminate,
cordate at the base, glabrous, the veinlets prominulous and closely
reticulate; racemes dense, nutant, the nodes 1-flowered, the flowers
in bud almost sessile. Known to the writer only from the
descriptions.
Libertad: Trujillo, Bonpland (type).
Coccoloba peruviana Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. 13: 213. 1890.
A rather slender shrub or small tree, the branchlets somewhat
puberulent; leaves short-petiolate, chartaceous, the blades oblong-
obovate, 5.5-12 cm. long, acute or acuminate, narrowed to the acute
base, tomentose or barbate beneath along the nerves, the venation
closely reticulate but not conspicuous; racemes dense, shorter than
FLORA OF PERU 461
the leaves, the rachis glabrous or nearly so, the nodes 1-flowered,
the pedicels 1.5 mm. long. Neg. 4960.
Loreto: Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2482. San Martin:
Juan Guerra, 720 meters, in forest, Williams 6847, 6852. Without
locality: Ruiz & Pavon 229 (type), 13-89. "Cunchu-caspi."
Coccoloba Ruiziana Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. 13: 215. 1890.
A shrub or tree, as much as 5 meters high, the branchlets obscurely
puberulent or glabrate; leaves short-petiolate, chartaceous, the
blades subovate to oblong or more often rounded-obovate, 3-7 cm.
long, 2-5 cm. wide, broadly rounded to obtuse at the apex, shallowly
cordate at the base, glabrous, the venation prominulous, laxly retic-
ulate; racemes usually much longer than the leaves, dense, the
rachis puberulent, the nodes 1-5-flowered, the pedicels 1.5-2 mm.
long; fruits globose, scarcely 5 mm. long. Neg. 27791.
Lambayeque: Supo, 1,450 meters, Townsend A1S5; a form with
very small leaves. Piura: Between Frias and Chulucanas, 300-400
meters, Weberbauer 6435. Negritos, Haught F15. Tumbez : Between
Haciendas Casitas and Ricaplaya, 100 meters, dry river bed, Weber-
bauer 7738. Without locality, Ruiz & Pavdn (type) . Also in Ecuador.
"Liquanco" (Ruiz & Pavon), "analque."
Coccoloba sphaerococca Lindau, Bot. Jahrb. 13: 185. 1890.
Reported as a shrub, a tree, or a woody vine, the stout branchlets
glabrous; leaves on short, thick petioles, coriaceous, the blades oblong-
ovate to broadly elliptic or rounded-obovate, 7-20 cm. long, 4-11
cm. wide, rounded or very obtuse at the apex, sometimes obtuse-
acuminate, rounded or obtuse at the base, often very lustrous,
glabrous, the venation closely reticulate and prominent; racemes
dense, usually longer than the leaves, the rachis glabrous, the
pedicels slightly longer than the ocreolae; fruit globose, 7 mm. in
diameter.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, in pasture, 200 meters, Williams 3805;
in forest, Killip & Smith 29027, 27958. San Martin: Tarapoto,
Spruce (type).
Coccoloba Williamsii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 148. 1936.
A shrub or tree, said to be sometimes scandent, the branchlets
stout, glabrous; ocreae as much as 3 cm. long; leaves petiolate,
coriaceous, the blades oval, oblong-oval, or oblong-elliptic, 12-20
cm. long, 7-12 cm. wide, obtuse or rounded at the apex and some-
times short-acuminate, more or less oblique at the rounded base,
462 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
sometimes shallowly emarginate, puberulent beneath along the
costa and nerves, elsewhere glabrous; racemes 20-25 cm. long,
the rachis densely puberulent or pilose, the nodes 1-3-flowered, the
pedicels in anthesis shorter than the ocreolae; fruit purple, ovoid-
globose, 5-6 mm. in diameter.
Loreto: Lower Rio Huallaga, 200 meters, Williams 4803 (type).
Yurimaguas, in forest, Williams 4597; Killip & Smith 28304- Lower
Rio Nanay, Williams 673. Caballo-cocha, in forest, Williams 2423.
Florida, 180 meters, in forest, Klug 2240. "Palo meta-caspi,"
"tangarana mashau," "eseri-ey" (the last a Huitoto name).
6. SYMMERIA Benth.
Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, coriaceous, the petiole
subvaginate, no true ocreae present; flowers small, dioecious, panic-
ulate, the staminate small, subsessile and glomerate, the pistillate
larger, pedicellate; staminate calyx 6-parted, spreading, the seg-
ments orbicular, the 3 outer ones smaller; stamens numerous, the
filaments very short; pistillate calyx 6-parted, the outer segments
small, oblong, not accrescent, the inner ones cordate-ovate, erect-
connivent, accrescent and closely investing the 3-angulate achene.
The genus consists of a single species.
Symmeria paniculata Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4:
630. 1845.
A shrub or small tree, sometimes 8 meters high, the young
branches and inflorescence somewhat ferruginous-tomentulose, other-
wise glabrous or nearly so; leaves short-petiolate, coriaceous, the
blades oval to oblong, mostly 10-20 cm. long and 2.5-10 cm. wide,
obtuse or acutish, rounded or cordate at the base; staminate panicles
large, open, with slender branches, the pistillate panicles smaller;
fruiting bracts 12-18 mm. long. Flowers described as yellowish,
brown-yellow, and golden yellow. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 5,
pt. 1: pi. 23.
Loreto: Rio Masana, Williams 8, 101, 8150, 8145. Mishuyacu,
100 meters, in forest, Klug 727, 457, 1181. Iquitos, 120 meters,
Williams 7993. Amazonian Brazil, Guianas, and Colombia. "Tan-
garana" (ant tree; presumably inhabited by ants, like Triplaris).
Sometimes called "manguirana" in Amazonian Brazil.
7. RUPRECHTIA C. A. Mey.
Shrubs or trees; ocreae deciduous; flowers dioecious, fasciculate
within small bracts, arranged in simple or paniculate racemes;
FLORA OF PERU 463
perianth 6-parted ; stamens 9; outer segments of the pistillate perianth
erect, narrow, greatly enlarged in fruit and bright-colored, the 3
inner ones small, linear, sometimes minute or obsolete; achene
obtusely 3-angulate, pyramidal, 3- or 6-sulcate.
Leaves acute or acuminate; inner segments of the pistillate perianth
obsolete R. apeiala.
Leaves obtuse or rounded at the apex; inner segments of the pistillate
perianth developed R. Jamesonii.
Ruprechtia apetala Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 13: 268. 1849.
A shrub; leaves short-petiolate, subcoriaceous, the blades ovate
to oblong or obovate, 2.5-6.5 cm. long, acute or acuminate, obtuse or
subacute at the base, entire or undulate, soft-pilose beneath or
glabrate; staminate racemes slender, lax, longer than the leaves, the
flowers short-pedicellate; fruiting perianth 2.5 cm. long, pubescent,
the segments oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved. Neg. 7414.
Cajamarca: Between Ja6n and Bellavista, 600 meters, Weber-
bauer 6206. Without locality: Ruiz & Pavdn 33-98. Bolivia; a
variety reported from Amazonian Brazil.
The Weberbauer collection is staminate. It is not certain that the
Ruiz and Pavon collection is really conspecific with Weddell's type.
Ruprechtia Jamesonii Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 179. 1857.
A shrub 1.5-4 meters high; leaves short-petiolate, coriaceous,
the blades oblong to oval or broadly obovate, mostly 3-7.5 cm.
long and 1.5-5 cm. wide, obtuse or rounded at the apex, obtuse at
the base, glabrate above, densely velutinous-pilose beneath with
short hairs or finally glabrate, the venation very prominent beneath
and closely reticulate; racemes very dense, usually longer than the
leaves; fruiting perianth 2.5-3 cm. long, the outer segments glabrate,
bright red or purplish red, linear-oblong or oblong-spatulate, obtuse
or rounded at the apex, the 3 inner segments very short, subulate.
Piura: Cerro Viento, 30 miles east of Talara, H aught F 29, 13 la.
Cana Dulce, about 30 miles east of Cabo Blanco, Haught F29.
Tumbez: North of Tumbez, Oleson; (Haught 131). Also in Ecuador.
8. TRIPLARIS Loefl.
Trees, the branches usually hollow and septate; ocreae deciduous;
leaves large, short-petiolate, often with 3-6 longitudinal, distant
lines on each side of the costa, these indicating folds of the blade in
bud; flowers dioecious, racemose, the racemes paniculate or fas-
464 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
ciculate, dense, the bracts small, ovate, acute, the ocreolae larger,
long-acuminate, deeply slit on the anterior side; staminate perianth
segments 6, subequal; stamens 9; segments of the pistillate perianth
6, the 3 outer ones connate into a short or elongate tube, in fruit
greatly enlarged and colored with red, the 3 inner segments free
or partially adnate to the tube, small and narrow, little if at all
exceeding the tube, usually shorter; achene trigonous, the angles
usually acute. The genus is a difficult one because of the apparent
inconstancy of most of the characters usually depended upon for
separating species. The best characters for separation of species
probably are those of the fruiting calyx, but since the majority of
the Peruvian specimens are staminate, fruit characters alone are
unsatisfactory for separating the forms. The genus is greatly in
need of critical and careful revision. Several Peruvian specimens
probably represent species additional to those recognized here, but
material of them is insufficient for description. The branches of
Triplaris trees practically always are inhabited by small ants that
bite severely and painfully.
Branchlets hirsute or hispid, at least about the nodes.
Leaves rather densely and evenly hirsute on both surfaces.
T. fulva.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so except for a few very long and stiff,
appressed hairs along the costa T. Poeppigiana.
Branches glabrous or nearly so, the hairs, if any, appressed or
strongly ascending.
Bracts of the inflorescence sparsely short-hispid near the apex,
otherwise glabrous. Fruiting calyx 5-6 cm. long, glabrous;
leaves oblong, acute or attenuate at each end, conspicuously
black-punctate beneath T. punctata.
Bracts densely sericeous or pilose; fruiting calyx shorter, usually
abundantly pilose.
Inner perianth lobes in fruit longer than the tube; pubescence
of the inflorescence very short, mostly appressed, of silky
or very stiff hairs; leaves usually oblong.
Outer lobes of the fruiting perianth little longer than the
tube, with a large, rounded or emarginate lobe in each
sinus; inner lobes spatulate-linear, not auriculate at
the base T. peruviana.
Outer lobes of the perianth much longer than the tube, with
only minute and inconspicuous lobes in the sinuses; inner
lobes linear, auriculate at the base T. auriculata.
FLORA OF PERU 465
Inner perianth lobes in fruit shorter than the tube; pubescence
of the inflorescence of long, spreading, silky hairs; leaves
mostly elliptic to oval, conspicuously broadest at or near
the middle.
Sinuses of the perianth tube naked T. Pavonii.
Sinuses bearing small lobes T. Bonplandiana.
Triplaris auriculata Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 174. 1857.
Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, 15-20 cm. long, short-acuminate,
rounded or acute at the base, sparsely appressed-pilose or almost
wholly glabrous; inflorescence densely grayish-sericeous; fruiting
perianth (immature) as much as 3.5 cm. long, densely sericeous on
both surfaces, the outer lobes lanceolate, 4-6 mm. wide, obtuse, the
inner lobes linear, adnate to the tube for more than half their length.
The original locality is given as "In Nova-Granata? et Mexico
(Pavon! in herb. Shuttlew.). T. Americana Pavon! mss." The
specimens are unlike those of the only species known from Mexico,
and are probably of South American origin. There is at hand a
specimen from the Madrid Herbarium (Ruiz & Pavon 33-99),
labeled as from Peru (or Chile). I suspect that the plant is the
same as T. guayaquilensis Wedd. of Ecuador, and therefore to be
excluded from the Peruvian flora, but it is included here because
of the possibility of its Peruvian origin.
Triplaris Bonplandiana Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 13:
262. 1849.
Branchlets glabrous; leaves unknown; tube of the fruiting
perianth subglobose, subappressed-pilose on both surfaces, the
sinuses dentate, 18 mm. long, the outer lobes oblong, obtuse, the
inner segments linear, adnate at the base to the tube, much shorter
than the achene.
The type was collected by Bonpland in "prov. Marannon"
(Maranon), presumably somewhere in eastern Peru. Meisner (in
DC. Prodr. 14: 174) associates with it "T. americana Bonpl. mss.
n. 3599! in herb. Kunth." The type was without leaves, but the
leaves of this specimen are described by Meisner as follows: Leaves
oblong, 10-12.5 cm. long, 4-7.5 cm. wide, attenuate-acuminate at
each end, glabrous above, puberulent beneath, the lateral lines
obsolete. I have seen nothing to represent the species, and have
been unable to associate any of the available material with it.
466 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Triplaris fulva Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4: 560. 1906.
Petioles only 5 mm. long, the blades oblong, acutely acuminate,
unequal at the base and rounded or subcordate, membranaceous,
hirsute on both sides with fulvous hairs; petioles and branchlets
densely fulvous-hirsute.
Loreto: Paca, Rio Ucayali, Huber 1565, type.
The species, strangely enough, was based upon a sterile branch,
apparently taken from a young plant. I have seen a portion of a
leaf of the original material, which shows that the leaf pubescence
is distinctive for the specimen, but it may not be characteristic
for mature material. It is probable that the proper treatment of
the name will remain obscure until the type locality is revisited.
As a matter of fact, it is not altogether certain that the plant belongs
to the genus Triplaris.
Triplaris Pavonii Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14: 172. 1857. T.
boliviana Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 27: 130. 1900.
A small or medium-sized tree, 5-16 .meters high, the stout
branchlets glabrous or nearly so, the much branched, ample in-
florescence densely sericeous-villous with soft, spreading, long, pale
hairs; leaves large, short-petiolate, usually subcoriaceous, glabrous
or nearly so in age, mostly elliptic and acute at each end or abruptly
short-acuminate at the apex, the lateral nerves numerous and close
together; fruiting perianth about 3.5 cm. long, densely pilose on
both surfaces, the tube ovoid, the outer lobes obtuse, narrowly
oblanceolate, obtuse or rounded at the apex, red or purple-red,
the inner lobes lance-linear, shorter than the tube.
Cuzco: Cuquipata, Diehl 2436 (determination very doubtful;
perhaps undescribed, but material unsatisfactory; vernacular name
Palo santo). Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, on river cliff, 5448.
Loreto: Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 424- Yurimaguas, 200 meters,
Williams 4176. Cachipuerto, 250 meters, in forest, Klug 3134
(very doubtful, perhaps new; staminate, the large, thin leaves
densely and softly pubescent beneath). Mishuyacu, 100 meters,
Klug 947; staminate flowers cream-colored. Pongo de Manseriche,
Killip & Smith 29124- Florida, 200 meters, riverside forest, Klug
2162, 2087. San Martin: Zepelacio, 1,100 meters, Klug 3656
(leaves rounded or subcordate at the base; perhaps a different
species). Without locality: Ruiz & Pavon 34-1 (probably type
material; fruiting perianths only), 33-94, 33-98. Bolivia and
Amazonian Brazil. "Tangarana," "maicharo-ey" (Huitoto name).
FLORA OF PERU 467
Like other species of the genus, this is a handsome and ex-
ceedingly showy tree when covered with the mature pistillate
inflorescences, which are brightly colored in various shades of red,
and remain upon the tree for a long time.
Triplaris peruviana Fisch. & Mey. Mm. Acad. St. Pe'tersb.
VI. 6: 149. 1845.
A tree 3-16 meters high, the stout branchlets glabrous; leaves
coriaceous, on short, stout petioles, the blades oblong, acuminate,
acute to obtuse at the base, glabrous or nearly so, the lateral nerves
rather few and distant; fruiting perianth about 3.5 cm. long, sparsely
appressed-pilose or almost glabrous, the tube tubular-campanulate,
the outer segments little longer than the tube, narrowly oblong,
obtuse or rounded at the apex, each sinus with a large, ovate lobe.
Neg. 8490.
Loreto: Timbuchi, Williams 1008. Florida, 200 meters, in forest,
Klug 2057 (uncertain, perhaps somewhat abnormal; if not referable
here, the species must be undescribed). Rio Huallaga, Stuebel 1.
Mishuyacu, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 1451; staminate flowers
white. San Martin: Chazuta, in forest, 260 meters, Klug 4153.
Without locality: Mathews 1620 (type). Amazonian Brazil. "Tan-
garana," "tangarana blanca."
Triplaris Poeppigiana Wedd. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 13: 265.
1849. Blochmannia peruviana Poepp. ex Meisn. in DC. Prodr. 14:
173. 1857, in syn. T. hispida Britton, Mem. Torrey Club 6: 111.
1896. T. longifolia Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4: 559. 1900.
A shrub or tree, sometimes 20 meters high, the stout branchlets
sparsely hispid with very long, spreading, stiff, brownish hairs;
leaves large, oblong, acuminate or cuspidate-acuminate, usually
rounded or obtuse at the base, sometimes cordate, the lateral nerves
numerous and rather close together, sparsely hispid or appressed :
hispid beneath along the costa, otherwise glabrous or nearly so, or
sometimes sparsely hispid over almost the whole lower surface;
branches of the broad inflorescence more or less hispid with long,
stiff, fulvous hairs; fruiting perianth about 5 cm. long, the tube
sparsely or densely hirsute, the outer segments linear-oblong, twice
as long as the tube, obtuse, the inner lobes lanceolate, short, adnate
at the base to the tube. Negs. 27773, 4972.
Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, in forest, 5401. Puerto Yessup,
400 meters, in forest, Kittip & Smith 26392, 26342. Rio Pichis,
350 meters, Kittip & Smith 26700. Rio Paucartambo Valley, 700
468 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
meters, Killip & Smith 25244- Loreto: Cerro de Canchahuaya,
Huber 1458, type material of T. longifolia. San Martin: Tocache,
Poeppig 1957 (type). Without locality: Ruiz & Pavdn 33-97. Also
in Bolivia and doubtless in Amazonian Brazil.
T. longifolia was based upon sterile material taken, apparently,
from a young shoot. I have seen a leaf of the original material,
and this shows along the costa a few of the long, stiff hairs that are
so characteristic for this species.
Triplaris punctata Standl., sp. nov.
Arbor 10-18-metralis, ramulis crassis glabris brunneo-puncticu-
latis; folia breviter petiolata crasse membranacea in sicco olivaceo-
viridia, petiolo crasso 1-1.5 cm. longo; lamina anguste lanceolato-
oblonga 18-30 cm. longa 4.5-8 cm. lata anguste attenuato-acumi-
nata, basi plus minusve inaequali acuta, glabra, subtus ubique dense
puncticulis nigrescentibus notata, costa gracili elevata, nervis
lateralibus numerosis approximatis angulo acuto adscendentibus,
striis obsoletis; racemi masculi fasciculati densissimi 7-17 cm.
longi, rhachi glabra vel obscure puberula, bracteis latis tantum
prope apicem hispidulis, aliter glabris, sepalis strigosis, staminibus
bene exsertis; racemi fructiferi breves densi, rhachi glabra; peri-
gonium fructiferum in sicco pallidum omnino glabrum circa 5.5 cm.
longum, tubo late campanulato vix ultra 1 cm. longo, sinu lobulo
ovato brevi acuminate onusto, alis oblongis tubo triple longioribus
obtusis 10-12 mm. latis arete reticulato-venosis, lobis interioribus
lineari-subulatis tubo brevioribus media longi tudine tubo adnatis;
achaenium 13 mm. longum ovoideum profunde 3-sulcatum, angulis
valde compressis alariformibus.
Loreto: Balsapuerto, 220 meters, in forest, Klug 3009; staminate
flowers cream-colored. Brazil: Near mouth of Rio Macauhan, a
tributary of Rio Yaco, Territory of Acre, on terra firma, Krukoff
5277 (Herb. Field Mus., type; in fruit), 5333 (staminate).
The species is well marked because of its long, narrow leaves,
glabrate inflorescence, and large, glabrous fruiting perianths. The
conspicuous dark dots of the lower leaf surface are not confined to
this species, but they are more noticeable than in any other I have
observed. The leaves are strikingly like those of T. longifolia Huber,
but in that there are no black dots, and this plant does not have the
distinctive, long hairs found on the lower leaf surface in T. longifolia,
i.e., T. Poeppigiana.
FLORA OF PERU 469
59. CHENOPODIACEAE. Goosefoot Family
By Paul C. Standley
Herbs or shrubs, the pubescence often of minute, inflated hairs,
the stems sometimes jointed; leaves opposite or alternate, without
stipules, never regularly serrate; flowers perfect or unisexual, usually
small and greenish, solitary or glomerate, often arranged in spikes
or cymes; perianth simple, herbaceous or membranaceous, normally
of 2-5 segments, these united below, often enlarged in fruit; stamens
usually 2-5, the filaments slender, the anthers dorsifixed, 4-celled;
ovary superior, 1-celled; stigma capitate, or the styles 2-3, or the
stigmas 2-5 and sessile; ovule solitary; fruit a utricle, containing a
single small seed.
Besides the species and genera listed below, the beet (remolacha;
Beta vulgaris L.) and spinach (espinaca; Spinacia oleracea L.) some-
times are cultivated as edible vegetables in Peru.
Stems jointed, fleshy; leaves reduced to minute scales; flowers
sunken in groups of 3-5 in the joints of the stem . . 1. Salicornia.
Stems not jointed; leaves usually well developed; flowers not sunken
in the stem.
Embryo spirally coiled; leaves terete or semiterete, very fleshy;
flowers all axillary 2. Suaeda.
Embryo not spirally coiled; leaves flat; flowers often spicate or
cymose.
Flowers perfect, not bracteolate 3. Chenopodium.
Flowers unisexual, the pistillate ones subtended by 2 bracteoles,
these enlarging with age and enclosing the fruit.
4. Atriplex.
1. SALICORNIA L.
Annuals or perennials, sometimes suffrutescent, fleshy, glabrous,
with jointed branches, the joints dilated at the apex into a short
sheath; flowers perfect or polygamous, immersed in groups of 3-7
on opposite sides of the joints, the flowering joints forming cylindric,
terminal spikes; perianth obpyramidal, fleshy, 3-4-dentate; stamens
1-2; fruit a minute utricle, included in the perianth; seed erect,
compressed, minutely hairy.
Salicornia fruticosa L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 5. 1762. S. pemviana
HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 193. 1817. S. Gaudichaudiana Moq.
Chenop. Enum. 115. 1840. S. biloba Kunze ex Fenzl in Mart. Fl.
470 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Bras. 5, pt. 1: 158. 1864, in syn. S. Neei Lag. Mem. PI. Barrill. 51.
1817. S. equisetifolia Willd. ex Moq. loc. cit. as syn.
An erect or prostrate perennial, suffrutescent at the base, much
branched, the secondary branches ascending or erect, usually
branched, the joints mostly 1-2 cm. long; sheaths rounded or with
acutish lobes; flower spikes about 2 cm. long and 3 mm. thick, the
flowers in groups of 3; seed yellowish brown, covered with short,
conic hairs. Neg. 7354 (S.Gaudichaudiana).
Arequipa: Mollendo, R. S. Williams 2543. Lima: Lurin, in salt
marsh, 5931. Callao, Wilkes Expl. Exped. Type of S. peruviana
collected by Humboldt and Bonpland near Huarmei (Dept. Lima).
Widely distributed on seashores of both hemispheres.
2. SUAEDA Forsk.
Annuals or perennials, erect or prostrate, glabrous or pubescent,
herbaceous or suffrutescent; leaves alternate, terete or semiterete,
rarely flat, entire, fleshy; flowers minute, chiefly perfect, solitary or
glomerate in the leaf axils; perianth fleshy, 5-lobed; stamens 5; fruit
a compressed or depressed utricle, enclosed in the perianth; seed
horizontal or erect, smooth or roughened.
Suaeda foliosa Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2: 156. 1849.
Apparently perennial, glabrous or nearly so, much branched,
the stout branches roughened by the persistent leaf bases of fallen
leaves; leaves mostly 5-8 mm. long, glaucous, very thick and fleshy,
obtuse or acutish, semiterete, glabrous; flowers minute, green,
solitary or in clusters of 3. Neg. 7356.
Lima: Lima and Callao, Wilkes Expl. Exped. Lima, Rose 18576.
Type said to have been collected somewhere in Peru by Gaudichaud.
Also in Chile.
Suaeda foliosa var. tenuifolia (Phil.) Standl., comb. nov. S.
tenuifolia Phil. Anal. Univ. Chile 91: 432. 1895. S. divaricata Moq.
var. tenuifolia Reiche, Fl. Chil. 6: 175. 1911.
Leaves longer and proportionately narrower, as much as 18 mm.
long; flowers in clusters of 3-5.
Arequipa: Tingo, 2,200 meters, open, rocky places, Pennell
13104- Lima: Chorrillos, near Lima, 150 meters, loose, stony,
seaside slopes, 5867. Also in Chile.
3. CHENOPODIUM L.
Annual or perennial herbs, often strong-scented, usually either
glandular or covered with a mealy pubescence of small, white,
FLORA OF PERU 471
inflated hairs; leaves alternate; flowers perfect or rarely unisexual,
chiefly 5-parted; perianth calyx-like, herbaceous, with usually 5
lobes, these often keeled dorsally, persistent; stamens 5 or fewer;
fruit a utricle, erect or depressed, free from or adherent to the seed;
seed horizontal or vertical, the embryo completely or incompletely
annular.
Seed vertical. Plants white- villous when young; leaves deeply
pinnatifid C. multifidum.
Seed horizontal.
Embryo not completely encircling the endosperm; leaves and
inflorescence glandular.
Pericarp gland-dotted; flowers in spikes C. ambrosioides.
Pericarp not gland-dotted; inflorescence dichotomous, some of
the flowers pediceled C. incisum.
Embryo completely encircling the endosperm; plants without
glands.
Leaves lustrous on the upper surface, rhombic. Inflorescences
chiefly axillary C. murale.
Leaves dull on the upper surface.
Seeds white or nearly so C. Quinoa.
Seeds black or blackish.
Inflorescence naked or almost so, usually with many slender,
spreading branches. Plants tall and much branched,
slender; seed about 1 mm. broad.... C. petiolare.
Inflorescence usually very leafy, dense, the branches stout,
chiefly erect.
Plants low and spreading; leaves small, 1-2 cm. long and
wide, fleshy; seed about 1.2 mm. broad.
C. pallidicaule.
Plants tall, erect, stout; leaves much larger, thin; seed
about 1.8 mm. broad C. hircinum.
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753. C. anthel-
minticum L. Sp. PI. 220. 1753.
Plants evil-scented, erect or ascending, 1 meter high or usually less,
annual or perennial, glabrous or puberulent, usually glandular-
villous about the inflorescence; lower leaves petiolate, the blades
oblong to ovate or lanceolate, 3-12 cm. long, coarsely sinuate-
dentate or sinuate-pinnatifid, conspicuously gland-dotted; flowers
472 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
glomerate, forming short or elongate, leafy or naked spikes; upper-
most leaves narrow, frequently spatulate or linear, often entire;
seed 0.6-0.8 mm. broad, black.
Cuzco: San Sebastian, 3,300 meters, Herrera 557 (reported by
Aellen). Cuzco, Herrera 142 (ex Aellen). Huanuco: Mito, 2,700
meters, a weed in corral, 1703. Lima: Lima, 150 meters, roadsides,
70. Loreto: Iquitos, Williams 3556, 7914- Lower Rio Nanay,
Williams 339. Yurimaguas, 200 meters, Williams 4048. Mishu-
yacu, in clearing, Klug 117. Fortaleza, Yurimaguas, in garden,
Williams 4499. Aripari, 150 meters, Killip & Smith 29178. Santa
Rosa, 135 meters, in clearing, Killip & Smith 28868. San Martin :
Tarapoto, Williams 6247, 6189. Generally distributed in tropical
America, and naturalized in the United States and many regions of
the Old World.
"Paico" (Amazon Valley), "camatai," "cashiva" (Mito). The
plant has an exceedingly offensive odor, which is retained in dried
specimens. Although widely dispersed in tropical America, this
species seldom is abundant, and is confined chiefly to the vicinity of
dooryards and barnyards. In Peru it sometimes is cultivated as a
medicinal plant, being employed locally as a remedy for intestinal
parasites and for affections of the stomach. The seeds are the worm-
seed or Mexican wormseed of the pharmacopoeia, being considered
a highly efficient vermifuge.
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. subsp. chilense (Schrad.)
Aellen, Repert. Sp. Nov. 26: 36. 1929. C. chilense Schrad. Ind. Sem.
Hort. Goett. 1832: 2. 1832. C. vagans Standl. N. Amer. Fl. 21:
26. 1916.
Similar to the species, frequently suffrutescent; stems often more
or less white- villous; leaves chiefly smaller than in the typical form
and more deeply pinnatifid, the uppermost leaves commonly coarsely
dentate or deeply pinnatifid.
Ancash: Recuai, 2,700 meters, rock cliffs, forming clumps,
2518. Puno: Azangaro, 4,000 meters, Weberbauer (ex Aellen).
Puno, 4,000 meters, Soukup 222. Ranging to Chile, Argentina, and
Brazil, and adventive in California.
Macbride reports the vernacular name as "amush," and states
that the plant is employed as a remedy for insect bites.
Chenopodium hircinum Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. 1833:
2. 1833. C. hircinum subsp. eu-hircinum Aellen, var. andinum
Aellen, Repert. Sp. Nov. 26: 122. 1929.
FLORA OF PERU 473
Plants tall and coarse, erect, the pale stems more or less striate;
leaves long-petiolate, broadly rhombic, coarsely sinuate-dentate or
often somewhat 3-lobate, green but sparsely and minutely mealy;
inflorescence dense, narrow, leafy, loosely mealy.
Junin: Tarma, 2,100 meters, along trail, 1024 (type of var.
andinum). Huancayo, 3,400 meters, Weberbauer 6597. The species
in its various subspecies, varieties, and forms has been reported from
most of the South American countries. In general appearance the
plant is similar to the common C. album of the United States and
Europe. Called "sacha-quinua" in Ecuador.
Chenopodium incisum Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 1: 392.
1811. C. incisum var. Bangii Murr, f. rotundifolium Aellen, Repert.
Sp. Nov. 26:40. 1929.
An erect annual, 60 cm. high or less, strong-scented, often much
branched, sparsely pubescent or glabrate, glandular; leaves petiolate,
the blades deltoid to oblong or rounded, sinuate-pinnatifid or laciniate-
pinnatifid, bright green, bearing many yellow glands on the lower
surface; inflorescence of numerous loosely few-flowered, axillary
cymes; flowers sessile in the forks of the cymes and solitary at the
ends of the slender lateral branches, the pedicellate flowers chiefly
abortive, their pedicels becoming spinose; seed 0.5-0.8 mm. broad,
dark brown. "Arcapaico" (Cook).
Arequipa: Tingo, 2,200 meters, open, rocky slope, Pennell 13128.
Arequipa, 2,500 meters, open, gravelly soil, Pennell 13166. Cuzco:
Ollantaitambo, 3,000 meters, Cook & Gilbert 807. Temple of Vira-
cocha, near Tinta, 3,500 meters, among volcanic rocks, Cook & Gil-
bert 208 (type of f. rotundifolium). In its various forms the species
ranges to Argentina and northward to southwestern United States.
One of the Peruvian collections has been referred to C. graveolens
Lag. & Rodr. That is an older name than C. incisum, and may
pertain to the same plant, but its identity is doubtful.
Chenopodium multifidum L. Sp. PI. 220. 1753. Roubieva
multifida Moq. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 1: 293. 1834.
A prostrate perennial, strong-scented, much branched, the
branches usually short and more or less villous; leaves oblong,
1-4.5 cm. long, sparsely villous and glandular, deeply pinnatifid or
the lowest merely coarsely lobed ; flowers green, solitary or clustered
n the leaf axils, sessile; seed 1 mm. in diameter, black and shining.
474 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Reported by Aellen (Repert. Sp. Nov. 26: 41. 1929) from Peru,
Dombey 217. The record is doubtful. The species occurs in Chile,
Argentina, and Brazil, and is adventive occasionally in other parts
of the world.
Chenopodium murale L. Sp. PI. 219. 1753.
An erect or ascending annual, rarely more than 50 cm. high,
bright green but somewhat mealy, usually much branched from the
base; leaves slender-petiolate, the blades chiefly ovate-rhombic,
3-8 cm. long, irregularly sinuate-dentate; flowers mealy, sessile, the
small glomerules arranged in lax or dense, chiefly leafless cymes or
panicles; seed 1.2-1.5 mm. broad, finely puncticulate.
Arequipa: Tingo, 2,200 meters, open, rocky slopes, Pennell
13145- Arequipa, Rose 19007. Junin: Tarma, 2,100 meters, mud
wall of old house, 1019; moist ditch, Killip & Smith 21880. Lima:
Chorrillos, near Lima, 150 meters, along trail on seaside hill, 5876.
Lima, 150 meters, roadside, 67. A native of the Old World, but
naturalized as a weed in many parts of America. " Yerba de gallinazo' '
(Cook).
Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen, Repert. Sp. Nov. 26:
126. 1929.
Plants low and much branched, 50 cm. high or less, sparsely and
coarsely mealy, pale; leaves long-petiolate, the blades 2 cm. long or
less, thick and fleshy, shallowly trilobate, attenuate at the base to
the petiole, the uppermost leaves sagittate or entire; flower spikes
shorter than the leaves, axillary; seed minutely and irregularly
punctate.
Puno: Santa Rosa, south side of La Raya Pass, 400 meters, Cook
& Gilbert 161 (type). Between Santa Rosa and Araranca, Cook &
Gilbert 170. Junin: Oroya, Kalenborn 129 (determination uncer-
tain). Also in Bolivia.
Aellen names also a forma purpureum (based on part of the type
number), in which the plant is more or less tinged with red.
Chenopodium petiolare HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 191. 1817.
C. paniculatum Hook. Bot. Misc. 2: 237. 1831. C. paniculatum var.
reniforme Murr, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 994. 1904. C. paniculatum
var. incanum Murr, Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 12: 54. 1906. C. petiolare
f. incanum Aellen, Repert. Sp. Nov. 26: 150. 1929. C. petiolare f.
Hookeri Aellen, loc. cit. C. petiolare f. hastatum (Phil.) Aellen, loc.
cit. C. petiolare f. scutatum Aellen, Repert. Sp. Nov. 26: 151. 1929.
FLORA OF PERU 475
C. petiolare f . trilobum Aellen, loc. cit. C. petiolare f . reniforme Aellen,
loc. cit.
Plants erect or spreading, slender, much branched, pale, the
branches rather densely mealy; leaves slender-petiolate, the blades
thin, densely farinose or sometimes green and glabrate, very variable
in outline, small, usually more or less deltoid and distinctly hastate-
lobate at the base, otherwise entire or remotely sinuate-dentate;
inflorescence large and open, much branched, the spikes slender and
much interrupted, naked or with few reduced leaves.
Arequipa: Arequipa, Rose 19006; gravel ridges along stream bed,
2,800 meters, Pennell 13252. Posco, 550 meters, Cook & Gilbert 41a.
Mollendo, on benches and sheltered places, Johnston 3561; sandy
desert hills, Hitchcock 22363. Ayacucho: Coracora, 2,900 meters,
Weberbauer 5797. Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 3,000 meters, a weed in
cultivated ground, Cook & Gilbert 432. Junin: Tarma, 3,600 meters,
along trail, 1072. Lima: Matucana, 2,400 meters, gravelly river
canyon slope, 242. Chorrillos, near Lima, 150 meters, in rocks on
upper slopes of seaside hills, 5873. San Geronimo, Lima, 150 meters,
rocky slope, 5901. Rio Chillon, near Viscas, 1,900 meters, bare,
open, loam slopes, Pennell 14453. Lima, Rose 18590. Moquehua:
Torata, 3,200 meters, Weberbauer 7465. The species ranges from
Ecuador to Bolivia and Chile. "Lipcha" (Cook).
The forms named by Aellen are based upon variations in leaf
form, which are of slight importance.
Chenopodium Quinoa Willd. Sp. PL 1: 1301. 1797. C. pur-
purascens Jacq. var. punctulatum Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2: 67.
1849. C. Nuttalliae Safford, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 8: 523. 1918.
C. Canihua Cook, in herb. C. Quinoa f. purpureum Aellen, Repert.
Sp. Nov. 26: 124. 1929.
A coarse, erect annual, frequently 1 meter high or more, sparsely
and finely mealy, green or somewhat purplish (f . purpureum) ; leaves
slender-petiolate, the blades large, broadly rhombic, sinuate-dentate,
sometimes obscurely lobate at the base; inflorescences erect, leafy,
very dense and compact; seeds whitish, about 1.5 mm. broad.
Cuzco: Tinta, Cook & Gilbert 232. Santa Rosa, 4,000 meters,
Cook & Gilbert 231 . Cuzco, 3,400 meters, in market, Cook & Gilbert
84- Junin: Tarma, 3,100 meters, Killip & Smith 21907. Puno:
Pomata, 3,820 meters, Weberbauer 7964- Without locality: Ruiz &
Pavon. Also in Ecuador, Bolivia, and Argentina, and in Mexico.
"Quinoa," "quinua," "canihua."
476 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
The plant has long been an important food staple in the Andes,
where it is planted extensively for its nutritious seeds. Most com-
monly the fresh flower spikes are cooked and the whole is eaten, or
else the seeds are stripped from the spikes with the teeth.
4. ATRIPLEX L.
Shrubs or herbs, more or less furfuraceous, farinose, or canes-
cent with inflated hairs; leaves alternate or opposite; flowers monoe-
cious or dioecious, usually glomerate, the glomerules axillary or dis-
posed in solitary or panicled spikes; staminate perianth 3-5-parted;
stamens 3-5; pistillate flowers bibracteolate, the bractlets accres-
cent, free or united, enclosing the fruit, the perianth usually none;
seed erect or inverted, rarely horizontal. The genus is most
abundantly represented in arid regions, and there are numerous
species in Chile and Argentina.
Plants prostrate, herbaceous; leaves small, mostly 4-8 mm. long.
A. serpyllifolia.
Plants erect or ascending, often shrubby; leaves large, chiefly 1.5-6
cm. long.
Bracts foliaceous, dentate, usually 6-9 mm. long or longer; leaves
mostly dentate or crispate A. rotundifolia.
Bracts not foliaceous, entire or nearly so, usually about 5 mm. long.
A. peruviana.
Atriplex peruviana Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2: 102. 1849.
Chenopodium cinereum Moq. Chenop. Enum. 27. 1840.
A shrub 1-2 meters high, much branched, grayish or whitish and
densely farinose or furfuraceous throughout, the branches slender,
pale; leaves slender-petiolate, the blades rhombic or broadly ovate to
rounded, mostly 1.5-3 cm. long, entire or nearly so but often cris-
pate; flowers monoecious, the staminate glomerules forming large
and rather open, terminal panicles, the pistillate solitary or clustered
in the leaf axils; fruiting bracts rhombic or broadly triangular, obtuse
or acutish, densely furfuraceous. Neg. 7355.
Arequipa: Rio de Lomas and Rio Yanca, 1,900 meters, Weber-
bauer 5757. Rio de Lomas, 700 meters, Weberbauer 5747. Rio de
Lomas, Acari, 900 meters, Weberbauer 5735. Tiabaya, 2,100 meters,
rocky river bank, Pennell 13088. Tacna: Candarave, 2,900 meters,
Weberbauer 7366, 7367. The type is Gaudichaud 68 from some
unknown locality of Peru, and Moquin reports also a collection by
Mathews. The species is reported by the same author from Chile.
FLORA OF PERU 477
It is uncertain whether the specimens cited really are referable
to A. peruviana, since they do not agree quite satisfactorily with
Moquin's descriptions. It is questionable, also, whether the speci-
mens cited are specifically distinct from A. rotundifolia.
Atriplex rotundifolia (Moq.) Dombey ex Moq. Chenop. Enum.
70. 1840, in syn. Obione rotundifolia Moq. loc. cit. A. Espostoi
Speg. Physis 2: 241. /. 1916.
Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent, coarse and stout, 50 cm. high
or more, minutely farinose or more often green and glabrate, sparsely
branched, the branches angulate; leaves slender-petiolate, the blades
rather thin but sometimes thick and crispate, rounded-deltoid to
broadly rhombic or ovate, commonly 4-6 cm. long, very obtuse or
rounded at the apex, often coarsely dentate; flowers monoecious, the
staminate heads in small but lax panicles, often blackish when dried,
the pistillate solitary or clustered in the upper leaf axils; fruiting
bracts variable but most of them large and greenish, finely farinose,
deltoid or broadly rhombic, commonly tuberculate near the base.
Lima: San Lorenzo Island, 400 meters, Weberbauer 5923; Wilkes
Expl. Exped. Near Lima, Rose 18588. Without locality: Weber-
bauer 5710. Type collected in Peru by Dombey. Moquin reports
also a specimen collected by Mathews. Type of A. Espostoi collected
on the coast of Peru by Nicolas E. Esposto.
If all the collections cited above really belong to this species
some of them are incomplete it is a remarkably variable one.
Atriplex Herzogii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 125. 1931. A.
serpyllifolia Herzog, Med. Rijks Herb. 27: 11. 1915, not Bunge, 1877.
Perennial from a woody root, much branched, the branches 30
cm. long or less, pale, prostrate, forming dense mats; leaves subsessile,
oblong to obovate, minute, whitish, obtuse or rounded at the apex
and usually mucronate, entire, narrowed to the base; flowers monoe-
cious, the staminate in few terminal heads scarcely exceeding the
leaves, the pistillate axillary; fruiting bracts broadly rhombic or
rounded, about 2 mm. long, finely dentate and usually tuberculate
dorsally.
Junin: Tarma, 2,100 meters, dry wash on hillside, 1000.
Arequipa: Tingo, 2,200 meters, Pennell 13106. Also in Bolivia.
This probably is the species reported by Moquin (in DC. Prodr.
13, pt. 2: 110. 1849) from Peru, collected by Pavon, provided that the
specimen so reported was Peruvian. Another Pavon collection
reported by Moquin (p. 113) likewise is probably A. Herzogii, if
478 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
really Peruvian. The Pennell collection was determined by Ulbrich
as A. prostrata Phil., a Chilean species. The specimen is unsatis-
factory, but may well be referable to A. Herzogii.
60. AMARANTHACEAE. Amaranth Family
By Paul C. Standley
Reference: Schinz, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16c: 7-85. 1934.
Herbs or shrubs; leaves simple, opposite or alternate, without
stipules; flowers small, usually inconspicuous and green, sometimes
white or colored, perfect, monoecious, polygamous, or dioecious,
usually spicate or capitate, the bracts and bractlets scarious; petals
none; sepals 0-5, distinct or slightly united at the base, equal or the
inner ones smaller; stamens 1-5, opposite the sepals, the filaments
free or connate or united with the intervening pseudostaminodia;
anthers 1-2-celled; ovary 1-celled, containing 1 or few ovules, the
style short or elongate, the stigmas 1-5; fruit usually a utricle,
sometimes baccate or capsular, circumscissile, irregularly dehiscent,
or indehiscent.
There are few families in which characters for separating genera
and species are so nearly confined to the flowers, foliage characters
being usually of slight or no importance. The genera and in some
cases the species can be determined only after careful and often
difficult dissection of the flowers.
Ovules 2 or more. Anthers 4-celled ; plants herbaceous or suffrutes-
cent, never scandent; leaves alternate.
Fruit somewhat baccate; perianth segments more or less spreading
in age 1. Pleuropetalum.
Fruit dry; perianth segments erect 2. Celosia.
Ovule solitary.
Leaves alternate. Anthers 4-celled.
Seeds arillate; plants often scandent and frequently more or
less woody; filaments connate at the base. . .3. Chamissoa.
Seeds not arillate; plants never scandent, herbaceous; filaments
distinct 4. Amaranthus.
Leaves opposite.
Anthers 4-celled; segments of the sterile flowers with uncinate,
spine-like tips 5. Cyathula.
Anthers 2-celled; segments of the flowers never with uncinate
tips.
FLORA OF PERU 479
Perianth segments united into a tube, this indurate in fruit
and bearing spine-like appendages or dentate crests.
6. Froelichia.
Perianth segments usually distinct, never with spines or crests
in age.
Stamens perigynous; flowers glomerate in the leaf axils,
sessile. Plants perennial, the prostrate, much branched
stems forming dense mats; plants densely lanate.
7. Guilleminea.
Stamens hypogynous; flowers in heads or spikes, these sessile
or more often pedunculate.
Stigma capitate or sometimes shallowly bilobate.
Stamen tube 5-lobate, without pseudostaminodia, the
lobes 3-lobate, dentate, or laciniate. . .8. Pfaffia.
Stamen tube 4-10-lobate, the antheriferous lobes
alternating with pseudostaminodia, or the tube
5-lobate but with entire lobes. . .9. Alternanthera.
Stigma 2-3-lobate, the lobes subulate or filiform.
Stamen tube with broad lobes, these usually trilobate,
dentate, or laciniate; flowers in broad, dense heads
or spikes, these often subtended at the base by
leaves; flowers perfect 10. Gomphrena.
Stamen tube with entire, subulate lobes; flowers in
slender spikes, these naked at the base; flowers
often dioecious 11. Iresine.
1. PLEUROPETALUM Hook. f.
Glabrous shrubs; leaves alternate, petiolate; flowers perfect,
pedicellate, racemose or paniculate, greenish; perianth segments sub-
equal, striate-nerved, obtuse, spreading in fruit; stamens 5-8, the
subulate filaments connate at the base into a short cup; stigmas 2-4,
short, subulate; fruit baccate, rupturing irregularly, containing few
or numerous seeds.
Pleuropetalum Sprucei (Hook, f.) Standl. N. Amer. Fl. 21:
96. 1917. Melanocarpum Sprucei Hook. f. in B. & H. Gen. PI. 3:
24. 1880.
A slender shrub with elongate, sometimes subscandent branches;
leaves blackish when dried, short-petiolate, the blades oblong-
lanceolate to ovate-elliptic, 10-18 cm. long, long-acuminate, acumi-
480 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
nate to subobtuse at the base; flowers paniculate, the panicles 3-6
cm. long, dense; sepals greenish, or becoming orange-red in fruit,
2.5-4 mm. long; fruit red or finally black, globose, 5 mm. in diameter.
Illustrated, Curtis's Bot. Mag. pi. 6674.
Ayacucho: Near Kimpitiriki, 400 meters, dense forest, Killip
& Smith 23002. Ranging to southern Mexico.
2. CELOSIA L.
Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate, usually
petiolate; flowers perfect, in dense, terminal or axillary spikes,
or fascicled along the branches; perianth 5-parted, the segments
scarious; stamens 5, the filaments connate at the base into a short
cup; style elongate, short, or none; stigmas 2-3, subulate or capitate;
ovules 2 or more; utricle included or exserted, usually circumscissile,
containing 2 to many seeds.
Sepals 3-4 mm. long, brownish when dried; leaves narrowly oblong-
lanceolate C. Persicaria.
Sepals 5-9 mm. long; leaves mostly ovate.
Flower spikes about 7 mm. thick, brownish when dried; sepals
5-6 mm. long C. virgata.
Flower spikes 1.5-2 cm. thick, white, red, purple, or yellow; sepals
6-9 mm. long C. argentea.
Celosia argentea L. Sp. PI. 205. 1753. C. cristata L. loc. cit.
A coarse, erect annual; leaves long-petiolate, the blades linear to
rounded-ovate, acute or acuminate, often tinged with purple; flowers
forming dense, thick spikes terminating the branches, variable in
color from white to red, purple, or yellow; sepals 6-9 mm. long; seeds
3-8.
Loreto: Caballo-cocha, Williams 2396. Near Iquitos, Williams
1349, 3535. Pebas, Wittiams 1832. Puerto Arturo, in chacara,
Williams 5133. San Martin : Rumizapa, Williams 6806. San Roque,
Williams 7300. Tropics of both hemispheres.
The form or variety cristata of this species, a form with fasciate
inflorescence, is the common cockscomb ("cresta de gallo") of
gardens, a favorite ornamental plant of tropical American gardens.
It is probably a native of tropical America, but is not known in a
wild state, although it sometimes persists or escapes from gardens.
Cockscomb is cultivated for ornament in most tropical and temperate
regions of the earth.
FLORA OF PERU 481
Celosia Persicaria Schinz, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 3: 4. 1903.
Plants herbaceous, 50 cm. high; leaves glabrous, petiolate, the
blades narrowly oblong-lanceolate, about 13 cm. long and 2.5 cm.
wide, acute or acuminate, long-attenuate to the base; flower spikes
simple or branched, the flowers densely glomerate, the glomerules
sessile, remote along the slender rachis; sepals elongate-oval, obtuse.
Neg. 27888.
San Martin: Near Tarapoto, Spruce 4929 (type).
Celosia virgata Jacq. Coll. Bot. 2: 279. 1788. C. virgata var.
paniculata Suesseng. Repert. Sp. Nov. 39: 5. 1935.
Plants erect, a meter high or less, glabrous, herbaceous or suf-
frutescent; leaf blades broadly ovate to lanceolate or elliptic, 4-15
cm. long, acuminate or cuspidate-acuminate, at the base abruptly
contracted and long-decurrent upon the petiole; spikes sessile or
pedunculate, short or elongate, in terminal or axillary panicles.
Cajamarca: Ja6n, Raimondi 637, type of var. paniculata. Palmal,
Prov. Santa Rosa, Raimondi 1131. Ranging northward to the West
Indies and southern Mexico.
3. CHAMISSOA HBK.
Erect or scandent herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate, petiolate,
with broad blades; flowers perfect or monoecious, each subtended by
usually 3 bracts, spicate, the spikes axillary or terminal, simple or
paniculate; sepals 5; stamens 5, connate at the base; staminodia
none; ovule 1; style short or elongate, the 2 stigmas short or elongate;
utricle thin-walled, circumscissile, surrounded by the persistent
calyx; seed involved in an aril, or the aril minute.
Aril minute; style elongate. Fruit subtruncate at the apex.
1. C. Maximiliani.
Aril well developed, involving the seed; style short.
Fruit rounded at the apex 2. C. macrocarpa.
Fruit truncate and emarginate at the apex, or conspicuously
areolate 3. C. altissima.
Chamissoa altissima (Jacq.) HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 197.
1817. Celosia paniculata L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 298. 1762, not L. 1753.
Achyranthes altissima Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 17. 1760. A. baccata
Pavon ex Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13, pt. 2: 250. 1849, in syn. Kokera
paniculata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 542. 1891.
482 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Plants herbaceous or suffrutescent, stout, often much elongate
and scandent, sometimes lower and suberect, glabrous or nearly so;
leaves slender-petiolate, the blades oval to lanceolate, 6-18 cm.
long, acute or acuminate, often rather thick; panicles naked or leafy,
the spikes usually dense and thick; flowers greenish white or green,
the sepals 3-4 mm. long, ovate or broadly ovate, acute or acuminate;
utricle equaling or slightly exceeding the sepals; seed black, 2-2.5
mm. in diameter.
Loreto: Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 432, 489, 521, 520, 510, 504,
498. Pebas, in forest, Williams 1852. La Victoria, edge of forest,
in pasture, or along stream, Williams 2670, 2666, 2650, 2523.
Caballo-cocha, in forest or cleared land, Williams 2417, 2295.
Iquitos, Williams 8196, 8028. San Martin: Lamas, 840 meters,
Williams 6486. Pongo de Cainarachi, 230 meters, Klug 2648.
Without locality, Weberbauer 6964> Generally distributed in the
lowlands of tropical America.
The plant is abundant in many regions, growing usually in clear-
ings or thickets. In some plants all or most of the flowers are sterile,
the inflorescence then being much more lax and slender than in
fertile plants.
Chamissoa macrocarpa HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 197. 1817.
Celosia tomentosa Willd. ex R. & S. Syst. Veg. 5: 531. 1819.
Plants low, herbaceous or suffrutescent, often scandent; leaves
usually bright green when dried, slender-petiolate, the blades oblong-
ovate or ovate-elliptic, 15 cm. long or less, acute or acuminate,
glabrous or nearly so; panicles rather lax and open, the flowers 4 mm.
long, green; sepals ovate-oblong; utricle usually surpassing the
calyx, circumscissile below the middle.
Loreto: Balsapuerto, 220 meters, Klug 2997 (determination
uncertain). San Martin: Morales, near Tarapoto, in forest, Williams
5666. Tarapoto, Williams 6577. Juanjui, 400 meters, in forest,
Klug 3859. Ranging to Brazil and Colombia, and perhaps also to
Mexico.
Chamissoa Maximiliani Mart, ex Moq. in DC. Prodr. 13, pt.
2: 251. 1849.
Plants rather slender, herbaceous or suffrutescent, erect or sub-
scandent, usually 1 meter long or less; leaves slender-petiolate,
commonly drying bright green, the blades ovate or ovate-oblong,
4-8 cm. long, acuminate, acute to rounded at the base, puberulent
on the veins or almost glabrous; inflorescence usually rather lax and
FLORA OF PERU 483
open; sepals 3 mm. long, acuminate; utricle shorter than the calyx,
areolate at the apex; seed black, 1.5 mm. in diameter. Neg. 7358.
Junin: Colonia Perene", 600 meters, in forest, Killip & Smith
25163. San Martin: Chazuta, 260 meters, in forest, King 4077.
Juanjui, 400 meters, in forest, Klug 3782. Paraguay to Surinam
and Costa Rica.
All the Peruvian species of Chamissoa are almost identical in
general appearance, and can be distinguished only by fruit char-
acters. Specimens of C. Maximiliani usually are bright green when
dried, and the inflorescence is more lax and open than is usual in C.
altissima.
4. AMARANTHUS L.
Annuals; leaves alternate, petiolate; flowers usually green,
monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous, bracteate and bibracteolate,
glomerate, the glomerules axillary or disposed in spikes, the spikes
often paniculate; sepals usually 5, sometimes 1-3; stamens normally
5, the subulate or filiform filaments distinct; ovary 1-ovulate; style
short or wanting, the style branches 2-3; utricle usually included in
the perianth, indehiscent, cirsumscissile, or bursting irregularly,
2-3-dentate at the apex. There is considerable doubt regarding the
validity of some of the forms listed here as species. The forms re-
lated to A. hybridus are variable, and authors are not in agreement
as to their status.
Plants armed with axillary spines A. spinosus.
Plants unarmed.
Flowers all in axillary clusters A. peruvianus.
Flowers chiefly in terminal spikes.
Utricle indehiscent.
Utricle rugose A. gracilis.
Utricle smooth A. deflexus.
Utricle circumscissile.
Sepals of the pistillate flowers spatulate, contracted into a
claw, urceolate in age, pinnate-nerved .... A. Haughtii.
Sepals of the pistillate flower oblong to obovate, not con-
tracted into a claw or, if somewhat spatulate, not
urceolate.
Seeds white or whitish A. caudatus.
Seeds black.
484 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Bracts conspicuously longer than the sepals.
Bracts green, usually twi 
