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FLORA OF PERU 



BY 

J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE 

CURATOR, PERUVIAN BOTANY 




BOTANICAL SERIES 

FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY 

VOLUME XIII, PART III, NUMBER 3 

NOVEMBER 17, 1950 



FLORA OF PERU 



BY 

J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE 

CURATOR, PERUVIAN BOTANY 




BOTANICAL SERIES 

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 

VOLUME XIII, PART III, NUMBER 3 

NOVEMBER 17, 1950 

PUBLICATION 663 

ii-ii- i.,3RARY OF I HE 



PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS 



s 



v, 



FLORA OF PERU 



J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE 



co ... 

MALPIGHIACEAE Juss. 

Reference: Niedenzu, Pflanzenreich IV. 141. Hefte 91-94. 1928. 

Lianas or sometimes erect shrubs, rarely arborescent, always 

Lnmore or less suffruticose, the usually opposite mostly petioled and 

I? entire pinnately nerved leaves abundantly glanduliferous, the tri- 

chomes most often brachiate, bifurcate. Stipules usually present, 

inmost often small, variously placed. Inflorescence terminal or 

2: axillary, simple or compound, rarely reduced to a single flower, the 

^ articulate peduncles mostly bracted and bibracteolate. Flowers 

hermaphrodite, rarely apetalous, the 5 sepals rarely connate at 

v base, nearly always with 1 (2) glands, the 5 petals commonly clawed 

r and diverse, often crenulate to ciliate. Stamens 10 and all fertile 

or ordinarily in part staminodia, the filaments usually more or less 

| connate, the 3 styles usually free, obtuse, capitellate or dilated at 

tip, sometimes acute, the gynaecium usually 3-carpellate. Ovules 

solitary, pendulous. Fruit 3(2-4)-parted, capsular, drupiform or 

nuciform, often more or less, and irregularly, winged or samaroid, 

and simulating some Sapindaceae. Seeds without endosperm. 

The family is known particularly for the highly narcotic alkaloid 
furnished especially by Banisteria caapi, which see below; omitted 
is the related Amazonian (Para) genus Cabi Ducke, Arquivos Serv. 
Florestal 2, No. 1: 13. pi. 1. 1943, perhaps also narcotic but unique 
because the flowers are yellow, fruits not winged. 

My indebtedness to the kindness of Dr. Jose* Cuatrecasas in 
listing most of the negative numbers is noted with thanks. In most 
instances I did not see the prints. 

Fruit more or less winged, usually 3 samaras affixed to an elevated 

torus; plants infrequently suberect, rarely entirely upright. 
Samaras laterally (and variously) alate, dorsally merely carinate 

or shortly alate unless in Diplopteris. 
Sepals (as bracts) spathulate to oblong or oblanceolate, the 

aestivation valvate; styles curved 4. Diplopteris. 

Sepal aestivation quincuncial; styles nearly straight unless in 
Hiraea. ^ 

781 



782 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 

Lateral wings 1 (continuous) or parted top and base, thus 2. 
Stipules basal; peduncle medially articulate and bibracteo- 

late 1. Mascagnia. 

Stipules petiolar, sometimes apical; bractlets basal, the 

peduncle not articulate 2. Hiraea. 

Lateral wings biparted or deeply bilobate 3. Tetrapteris. 

Samaras dorsally alate, laterally inconspicuously if at all. 
Stamens all fertile; style tips obtuse or uncinate. 
Stigmas lateral; upper (ventral) margin of samara wing thin 

(wing rarely equally thick) 5. Heteropteris. 

Stigmas orbicular-capitellate on clavate or truncate styles; 
samara wing thinner at lower (dorsal) margin. 

6. Banisteria. 
Stamens usually in part sterile; styles more or less dilated with 

lateral stigmas 7. Stigmaphyllon. 

Fruit drupaceous, nut-like or capsular, the torus flat or concave; 

plants erect except Dicella and sometimes Spachea. 
Flowers 2 or more on each little branch of the nodding racemiform 

inflorescence; bracts glandular, at least the sterile. 
Bracts glandular; styles short; cocci smooth; stipules united, 

caducous 8. Spachea. 

Bracts eglandular except the sterile; styles exserted; cocci cari- 

nate; stipules subulate, nearly free 10. Lophanthera. 

Flowers solitary in racemes or corymbs; bracts eglandular except 

Bunchosia. 
Flowers in terminal more or less elongate racemes; bractlets 

eglandular; styles subulate apically. 
Petals of the showy flower persisting; leaves small, thin. 

9. Galphimia. 
Petals of the medium or small flowers deciduous; leaves mostly 

firm. 

Petals subequal, usually eglandular; styles straight; torus 
hirsute; stipules usually minute or small. 

14. Byrsonima. 
Petals dissimilar, the fifth glandular; styles early uncinate; 

torus glabrous; stipules conspicuous, persistent. 

15. Burdachia. 

Flowers in corymbs or axillary racemes or panicles, these often 
short; styles obtuse (dilated apically, Dicella). 



FLORA OF PERU 783 

Petals glabrous; sepals not accrescent. 

Bractlets eglandular; flowers not yellow; pyrenes rough. 

11. Malpighia. 
Bractlets glandular; flowers yellow; pyrenes smooth. 

12. Bunchosia. 
Petals sericeous; sepals accrescent after flowering. 13. Dicella. 

1. MASCAGNIA Bert. 

Mostly scandent shrubs, the leaves reticulate-nerved with small 
stipules affixed laterally to the petiole bases, the flowers in the 
Peruvian species, except those of M . psilophylla, racemose or panicled, 
the fruits variously samaroid. Calyx usually 8-glandular, the ovate- 
lanceolate or oval sepals puberulent without, glabrous within. Petal 
blade above the claw cordate or obovate, sometimes sericeous with- 
out. Stamens usually glabrous, the styles apically rounded to unci- 
nate, rarely somewhat sigmoid. Samara wings often distinct, often 
continuous but the dorsal and intermediate ones, if developed, 
small. Genus named by Bertero for Paolo Mascagni, the famous 
professor of anatomy who died in Florence in 1815. 

Petals sericeous without; anthers glabrous or pulverulent, the 
stamens subequal; samara wing continuous in M. macrodisca 
and M. anisopetala, in others more or less incised, the dorsal 
crest oval. 

Flowers in small panicled umbels, the pedicels clavate; samara 
wings 3, free above and below; leaves glabrate, usually drying 

dark M. psilophylla. 

Flowers in racemes or corymbs, the pedicels not or obscurely 
clavate unless in M. amazonica or M. rigida; samara wings 
1 or 2 unless in former; leaves usually drying green or brown, 
or pubescent. 

Leaves soon glabrate unless the nerves; petals yellow; anthers 
typically puberulent; pedicels somewhat clavate; lateral 
wings 2, separate (M. rigida) . . . . M. amazonica, M. rigida. 
Leaves pilose or sericeous beneath; anthers glabrous (except 
M. pubiflora) ; lateral wings continuous, the 1-many dorsal 
crests about oval. 

Leaves petioled; petals not yellow; pedicels not clavate. 
Sericeous shrub or liana; samara wing 6-8 cm. wide. 

M . macrodisca. 



784 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 

Pilose-tomentose liana; samara wing 2.5-5 cm. wide. 

M. nobilis, M. anisopetala. 

Leaves subsessile; petals yellow-orange; pedicels slightly 
clavate M. pubiflora. 

Petals glabrous; anthers glabrous or pilose, the stamens sometimes 
unequal; samara wing continuous or merely incised once or 
twice except in M. sericans. 

Anthers pilose; stamens as styles, these uncinate, unequal; petals 
not yellow; samara wing orbicular, apically incised; leaves 
glabrate M. ovatifolia. 

Anthers glabrous; stamens as styles (rarely uncinate) subequal 
or the former unequal in M. cordifolia. 

Leaves soon glabrate or glabrous; styles in part except M . sepium 
uncinate. 

Leaves oblong-elliptic or ovate-lanceolate; samara wing deeply 
incised. 

Leaves oblong-elliptic; pedicels and styles elongate, the 
latter exserted M. filipes. 

Leaves ovate; pedicels about 1 cm. long; styles short. 

Flowers yellow M. loretensis. 

Flowers roseate M. tenuifolia. 

Leaves cordate-ovate or broadly elliptic; samara wing emargi- 
nate M. sepium. 

Leaves pubescent, at least beneath, even the mature; styles 
obtuse or acute; dorsal crests oblongish, 1-few. 

Petals yellow (or purple in age); anthers oval; styles subequal, 
obtuse or rounded at least in part; leaf pubescence sparse 
or appressed sericeous. 

Leaves (in Peru) sparsely pubescent; samara with 1 con- 
tinuous wing M. sepium. 

Leaves lustrous sericeous beneath; samara wings 2, distinct. 

M. sericans. 

Petals not typically yellow; anthers oblongish; styles at least 
in part truncate; leaf pubescence soft, usually dense. 

Bracts 2-4 mm. long, the pedicels usually with 1 gland; 
stems often velvety pubescent M. cordifolia. 

Bracts small, the pedicels eglandular; stems soon glabrate. 

M. americana. 



FLORA OF PERU 785 

Mascagnia amazonica Ndz. Arb. Bot. Inst. Lye. Brunsb. 8: 59. 
1926; 114. 

Younger parts sericeous tomentulose, the branches glabrate, 
about 3 mm. thick; stipules at base of the short petioles minute; 
leaves lanceolate, acute at base, acutely acuminate, the acumen 
to 1.5 cm. long, little revolute, soon glabrate or somewhat pubescent 
beneath, eglandular, the 5-7 nerves prominent, the reticulate veins 
scarcely so, to 15 cm. long, 6 cm. wide; leafy panicles of about 5 
racemes to about 3 dm. long, the very acuminate biglandular bracts 
and bractlets 3-5 mm. long, the clavate pedicels 5-7 mm. long; 
sepals acute, revolute at tip; flowers 2 cm. broad, the spreading yellow 
petals sericeous beneath, 8-9 mm. long, the claw 1.5 mm. long; 
styles subequal, nearly straight, obliquely obtuse; samara not known. 
Much like M. rigida but the leaves lanceolate. F.M. Neg. 12685. 

Rio Acre: Seringal San Francisco, Ule 9478, type. Brazil. 

Mascagnia americana Bert, in Colla Hort. Ripul. 85. 1824; 99. 

Liana, the terete branches and branchlets slender, at most 2 mm. 
in diameter, the latter as the 5 cm. long racemes densely velutinous 
with rufous rigid trichomes about 0.5 mm. long; leaves ovate or 
obovate, more or less cordate, acutely acuminate, to 1 dm. long, half 
as wide, revolute-margined, membranous, densely orange or yellow- 
ish rigid-pubescent beneath, the 4-6 prominent nerves rufous 
sericeous and with 1 or 2 obscure glands at base, glabrate and eglan- 
dular above; petioles about 1 cm. long, rufous sericeous and with 
2-4 small glands; stipules lanceolate or subulate, 10-13 mm. long; 
racemes to 16-flowered, the peduncle in fruit to 2 cm. long, disposed 
in pyramidal panicles to 13 cm. long; bracts and bractlets little shorter 
than flowering peduncles (minute in Peruvian specimen), 1-2.5 mm. 
long; flowers unknown in type; samara puberulent, the wing 3-5 
mm. wide, excised at apex, to 2.5 cm. long, oblong dorsal crest 
to 1.5 cm. long. The Weberbauer plant referred here by Niedenzu 
had lilac flowers; petals equal, glabrous, minutely crenulate, 5 mm. 
long; styles rounded or truncate; anthers glabrous. F.M. Neg. 8021. 

Piura: At Quiros between LaRosa and Olleros, 1,400 meters, 
Weberbauer 6353 (may be doubtful). Colombia; Venezuela. 

Mascagnia anisopetala (Juss.) Griseb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, 
pt. 1: 95. 1858; 106. Hiraea anisopetala Juss. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 
3: 15. 1832. 



786 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 

Ashy pilose-sericeous liana, usually only the leaves glabrate in 
age above; stipules subulate, barely 1 mm. long; petioles stout, 
7-20 mm. long, evanescently glandular; leaves ovate-elliptic (often 
broadly elliptic in Peru) or oblong, acute or obtuse at base, acuminate 
or obtuse and apiculate, to 13(15) cm. long, 6.5(10) cm. wide, 
membranous-chartaceous, smooth and lustrous above, rarely more 
or less glabrate beneath, the 5-6(8) primary nerves prominent and 
with the secondary reticulate, the basal marginal glands 2-5; racemes 
usually many in panicles; floriferous pedicels none to 2 mm. long, 
bibracteolate 4-7 mm. below the apex, pedicels 3-6 mm. long, bracts 
and bractlets ovate or lanceolate, often recurved, 3-5 mm. long and 
with none or as many as 4 glands; flowers 10-12.5 mm. wide, lilac 
or rose, sepals lanceolate with 8 glands free and recurved at tip; 
petals extremely unequal, the fifth at least twice as long as the rest, 
all minutely and closely denticulate, sericeous; styles equal, com- 
pressed, acute; samara wings suborbicular, 3.5-5 cm. wide, cleft to 
subglobose nut and overlapping at top, the many (type) dorsal crests 
1-1.5 cm. high, 6 mm. wide; ventral areole broad as long (4 mm.). 
The material placed here has 1-few crests. Illustrated, Pflanzen- 
reich, I.e. page 93 (fruit and flower). F.M. Neg. 24285. 

San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 5504; 5619. Loreto: Mishu- 
yacu, King 522. Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 27557. Aguaitia, 
(Woytkowski 34453, det. Cuatrecasas). To Paraguay and Brazil. 

Mascagnia cordifolia (Juss.) Griseb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, 
pt. 1: 95. 1858; 97. Hiraea cordifolia Juss. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 3: 
19. 1832. 

Apparently very much like M. sepium but the pubescence 
typically velutinous (however the leaves are sometimes, it seems, 
glabrate in Peru), the bractlets provided with a large gland, the 
petals roseate or lilac (sulphureous, subsp. thianiha), and the stamens 
rather unequal with often oblongish anthers. The var. fusca Sus- 
senguth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 42: 46. 1937 differs from the type, accord- 
ing to its author, in the brown-velvety stems and petioles, the leaves 
to 12 cm. long, 11 cm. wide with much looser pilosity and with 2-4 
glands beneath about 1 cm. remote from the margin; much more 
aberrant, and perhaps not correctly placed here, is Klug 25 with 
strigose pubescence, sparse on the leaves but with the inflorescence 
(including glands, flower color and anthers) of M. cordifolia rather 
than of M. sepium, to which I at one time referred it, with query; 
it may be designated M. cordifolia var. peruviana Macbr., var. nov., 



FLORA OF PERU 787 

foliis ovato-ellipticis ad 2 dm. longis, 1 dm. latis supra demum 
glabris subtus sparse strigosis. F.M. Neg. 12687 (subsp. ihiantha). 

Loreto: Liana in clearing with bright lilac flowers, Mishuyacu, 
Klug 25 (type, var. peruviana). Rio Acre: Rio Macauhan, Krukoff 
5781 (type, var. fusca). Middle Brazil; Colombia. 

Mascagnia filipes Macbr., sp. nov. 

M. loretensis differt stipulis vix 1 mm. longis, petiolis ad 12 mm. 
longis fere 2 mm. crassis, foliis oblongo-ellipticis apice breviter 
obtuseque acuminatis 13 cm. longis, 5-6.5 cm. latis, basi biglandu- 
losis; pedunculis paniculorum 4-5 cm. longis, minute puberulis, 
floriferis vix 2 mm. longis, haud incrassatis; pedicellis circa 15 mm. 
longis; petalis suboblongis 4 mm. longis tenue carinatis; staminibus 
inequalibus ad 2 mm. longis. It is for convenience that I compare 
this liana here (perhaps new only to Peru), as its relationship is 
probably elsewhere; the long-peduncled leafless axillary and terminal 
panicles, the latter about 1.5 dm. long and broad, are further distinc- 
tions, but without fruit its generic position for that matter, of 
course, its family position can only be surmised. The collector 
noted the flowers as pale lilac and yellow. 

Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, Klug 815 (type, U. S. Nat. 
Mus.). 

Mascagnia loretensis Morton, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 45: 49. 
1932. 

Branchlets slender, 2 mm. thick, elenticellate, glabrous; stipules 
persistent, cartilaginous margined, 2 mm. long; petioles slightly 
canaliculate, eglandular, to 9 mm. long; leaves ovate, rounded at 
base, gradually acuminate, to 9 cm. long, half as wide, concolor, 
lustrous above, plane, equally membranous to margin, the 5-6 
nerves and reticulation equally prominent both sides; racemes to 
12-flowered in terminal sessile leafy panicles about 6 cm. long, 
these leaves lanceolate, sparsely pubescent both sides; raceme 
peduncles 1 cm. long or so, densely strigose, floriferous peduncles 
to 2 mm. long, strongly clavate, medially bracteolate, the small 
ovate bracts and bractlets pubescent; flowers about 12 mm. wide, 
sepals oval, rounded, 3 mm. long, 8-glandular; petals yellow, gla- 
brous, 4 mm. long, wing-carinate; anthers glabrous; anterior style 
truncate, 2 posterior uncinate; ovary hirsute; samara glabrous, 
obovate, nut ovoid, the areole linear-lanceolate, 5 mm. long, 1 mm. 
wide; lateral wings continuous at base, distinct at apex where both 



788 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 

are incised into lanceolate or ovate lobes, 15 mm. broad and high, 
margins irregular, the dorsal semiovate, 13 mm. long, 5 mm. wide, 
connate at base with lateral, the acute tip much longer than nut, 
intermediate wings none. Allied by author to M. violacea and 
M. nervosa, the former with violet or roseate flowers, the petals 
scarcely carinate, lateral wings distinct base and apex, these in the 
latter continuous, both species with revolute margined leaves, 
larger in M. nervosa, and both species with narrower stipules and 
bracts. 

Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, Klug 907, type. Puente Arturo, 
Williams 5231 (distr. as M. tenuifolia). 

Mascagnia macrodisca (Tr. & PI.) Ndz. Arb. Bot. Inst. Lye. 
Brunsb. 3: 16. 1908; 105. Hiraea macrodisca Tr. & PI. Ann. Sci. 
Nat. se"r. 4. 18: 326. 1862. M. anisopetala (Juss.) Griseb. var. 
macrodisca (Tr. & PI.) Kosterm. Med. Bot. Mus. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 
25: 5. 1936. 

Like M. anisopetala but appressed sericeous, the trichomes sub- 
sessile, leaves to 17.5 cm. long, 9 cm. wide, lower petioles 2-3 cm. 
long, glabrous; sepal tips little longer than the glands; samara wing 
6-8 cm. wide. According to the collector the Peruvian plant was 
a liana; apparently it is referable here but the related species seems 
to be similar. The Williams specimen, unfortunately, like the type, 
has undeveloped flowers; therefore Kostermans' treatment of this 
plant as a variant marked merely by the leaves slightly sericeous 
beneath, while probably correct, remains to be proved. F.M. 
Neg. 24290. 

Loreto: La Victoria, Williams 2741- Colombia; Surinam. 

Mascagnia nobilis Morton, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 45: 51. 
1932. 

Striate branches 4.5 mm. thick, the densely yellowish sericeous 
internodes about 1.5 dm. long; stipules thick, persistent, scarcely 
0.5 mm. long; petioles about 2-2.5 cm. long, canaliculate, densely 
sericeous; leaves broadly ovate, rounded at base, rarely 4 mm. long- 
apiculate, usually 8-9 cm. wide, 10-15 cm. long, membranous, gla- 
brous above except midnerve, densely pubescent beneath with slender 
stiped medially bifurcate trichomes and with a few glands, the 
eglandular margin scarcely revolute, the 5-6 nerves prominent 
beneath; panicles axillary, 2 dm. long in fruit, peduncles 7 cm. long, 
pubescent at internodes, the leaves similar to the lower but often 



FLORA OF PERU 789 

3 cm. long, 2 cm. wide; racemes about 10-flowered, lower peduncle 
21 mm. long, upper shorter, floriferous, 2.5-4 mm. long, basally 
bracted with 2 bractlets about 2 mm. below the tip, 2 mm. long, 
Bglandular, pedicels 4.5 mm. long; sepals glandular, recurved; 
samara densely sericeous, ventral areole ovate, about 4 mm. long, 
nut subglobose, 6 mm. long, lateral wings oval, membranous, 2.5 cm. 
wide, 4-4.5 cm. long, subentire, dorsal suborbicular, 4 mm. wide, 
much exceeding nutlet. In Peru most like M. sericans, said to be 
erect with short internodes, coriaceous leaves and no stipules (Mor- 
ton). 

Loreto: Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 27557, type. 

Mascagnia ovatifolia (HBK.) Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 121. 
(1859) 1864; 101. Hiraea ovatifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5: 170. 
1822. H. elegans Juss. Ann. Sci. Nat. se>. 2. 13: 261. 1840. M. 
elegans (Juss.) Griseb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 1: 95. 1858, fide Ndz. 

Liana, the slender branchlets and laxly many-flowered racemes 
ashy puberulent, the glabrate striate branches to 5 mm. thick; 
petioles canaliculate above, slender, to 2 cm. long, glabrate to 
sericeous, eglandular or the glands minute, stipules triangular to 
subulate, less than 1 mm. long; leaves typically lanceolate-ovate, 
obtuse or rounded at base, more or less acuminate, to 12.5 cm. long, 
5-7.5 cm. wide, plane, membranous-chartaceous, in Peru eglandular 
except for 2 glands on base beneath, early sericeous both sides, the 
adult glabrate, the 4-5 nerves slender; floral leaves to 1.5 cm. long; 
racemes disposed in ample panicles, the floriferous peduncles about 
medially bibracteolate, 2-4 mm. long, the bractlets minute, eglan- 
dular; flowers about 12 mm. wide, the oblong or oval sepals glandular, 
the limb of broad glabrous petals subdenticulate, 3-4 mm. long, the 
straight claw 3 mm. long; styles acute or uncinate, the 2 posterior 
sigmoid; stamens long-exserted, the oval anthers pilose at base; 
samaras sparsely long-pubescent, the mostly entire orbicular wings 
sometimes excised 3 mm., often 2.5-3 cm. wide, glabrous, mem- 
branous, strongly veined, the semicordate dorsal crest keel-like, 
4-6 mm. long, 2-4 mm. wide. The leaves are sometimes cordate, 
forma cordata Ndz. Type was from Cumana. The R. & P. specimen 
is B. flabelliformis of their journal. Illustrated, Pflanzenreich, I.e. 
page 93. F.M. Negs. 12694; 35630 (M. elegans}. 

Huanuco: Pozuzo, Ruiz & Pavdn. Junin: Vitoc, Ruiz & Pavdn. 
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4954,' Williams 6789. Mount 
Chilcayo, Vie 6707; 6708; Mathews 3124. Loreto: Yurimaguas, 



790 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 

Poeppig 2233; 1233, fide Juss., type, H. elegans; "H. cyclocarpa 
Poeppig" mss. On the Ucayali, Tessman 3442; Killip & Smith 
26883. Near Iquitos, Tessmann 4660. Pongo de Manseriche, 
Tessmann 6314 (det. Standley); Williams 7898; 8218. San Isidro, 
Tessmann 4974. Cuzco: Valle de Santa Ana, (Herrera). Rio Acre: 
? Ule 9481 . Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 502. Fortaleza, King 
2810. Argentina and Paraguay to Ecuador and Trinidad. "Noja- 
rilla" (Williams). 

Mascagnia psilophylla (Juss.) Griseb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, 
pt. 1: 94. 1858; 120. Hiraea psilophylla Juss. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 
3: 20. 1832. Banisteria antifebrilis Ruiz ex Griseb. Linnaea 22: 15. 
1849. M. psilophylla (Juss.) Griseb. var. antifebrilis (Griseb.) Ndz. 
I.e. 121. 

Scandent or subscandent shrub with alutaceous or cinereous 
branches about 5 mm. thick and yellow flowers mostly in 4-flowered, 
often corymbose or paniculate umbels; petioles nearly glabrous, 
sometimes biglandular below the tip, to 2 cm. long; stipules glanduli- 
form or tuberculiform at each side of petiole base; leaves revolute, 
ovate or elliptic to subrotund, acute or obtuse at the often inequi- 
lateral base, often with acumen 2-3 cm. long, membranous-charta- 
ceous, soon glabrate, 1-1.5 dm. long, 5-10 cm. wide, with 4-5 
prominent nerves and 1-2 marginal glands on each side above the 
base; flowering peduncles 3-7 mm. long, the pedicels more than twice 
as long; bracts and bractlets minute, rounded; flowers 15 mm. broad, 
the sepals glandular, orbicular, the petal limb typically rounded, 
dentate, rarely glandular, sericeous without; anthers orbicular; styles 
recurved-divergent, sericeous; samara wings coriaceous, 3, the lateral 
sinuate, excised to the subglobose nut at base and apex, the whole 
3-5 cm. wide, the middle dorsal wing oval, 5-7.5 mm. wide. The 
Peruvian plant is said to be M. psilophylla var. peruviana Ndz. 
Arb. Bot. Inst. Lye. Brunsb. 3: 28. 1908, the leaves to 3 cm. caudate- 
acuminate, umbels many in lateral panicles, petal limb spathulate, 
acute and glandular-fimbriate at base. Illustrated, Pflanzenreich, 
I.e. page 119. F.M. Neg. 12695. 

Huanuco: Pueblo Nuevo, Ruiz & Pavdn, type. North of Tingo 
Maria, Stork & Horton 9543 (det. Standley). Chicoplaya, Ruiz & 
Pav6n. San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6441. Chazuta, King 4052 
(det. Morton). Loreto: Fortaleza, Williams 4219. Pongo de Man- 
seriche, Tessmann 5454; Mexia 6330 (det. Standley, Banisteria 
cinerascens, var.; Morton, B. peruviana}. Bolivia to Uruguay and 
Brazil. "Shillinto" (Klug), "lejuco de Calentuxas" (Ruiz & Pavon). 



FLORA OF PERU 791 

Mascagnia pubiflora (Juss.) Griseb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 1: 

91. 1858; 115. Hiraea pubiflora Juss. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 3: 14. 
1832. 

All younger parts velutinous, the branchlets ancipital, the 
branches finally terete and glabrate; petioles subcylindrical, 3-5 mm. 
long, the subulate stipules only 0.5 mm. long; leaves cordate at 
base, ovate, acutely acuminate, 1-2 dm. long, 4-9 cm. wide, in age 
glabrate above except the nerves, these impressed or beneath 
prominent; racemes elongating to even 40 flowers, lax, the pedicels 
typically articulate medially, the ovate lanceolate very acute bracts 
and bractlets 5 and 3.5 mm. long or longer and pedicels little en- 
larged; flowers to 2.5 cm. wide; sepals broadly ovate, often revolute 
and glandular; petals densely sericeous, crenulate; stamens and 
styles subequal, the puberulent anthers oval, the styles especially 
the curved anterior acuminate; samaras velutinous, the broad wings 
to 2 cm. long. Morton questions his determination but it seems to 
be correct. Illustrated, Niedenzu, I.e. page 109 (flower). F.M. 
Negs. 3561; 32415; 24292; 12696 (var.). 

San Martin: Juanjui, Klug 4259 (det. Morton). Central Brazil. 

Mascagnia rigida (Juss.) Griseb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 1: 

92. 1858; 108. Hiraea rigida Juss. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 3: 14. 1832. 

Younger parts (including the leaves beneath at least sometimes) 
appressed yellowish or greenish-orange, sericeous-strigose, the terete 
glabrate branches to 6 mm. thick; stipules deciduous, 1 mm. long; 
petioles canaliculate above, 1-1.5 cm. long; adult leaves elliptic or 
obovate, acute or narrowed at base, shortly acuminate, more or less 
sericeous beneath on the 4-5 nerves, otherwise sparsely pubescent 
or glabrate, densely reticulate, thin-chartaceous to rigid-coriaceous, 
to 13 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide; racemes axillary to 4-5 mm. long, 
leafy bracted, disposed in close panicles, the rachises more or less 
persistently sericeous, the pedicels 3-6 mm. long, the bracts and 
bractlets glandular or eglandular; flowers about 13 mm. wide, yellow 
or orange, the acutish or rounded sepals glandular, the short-clawed 
cordate petals subentire to denticulate, early densely sericeous; 
anthers oval to obovoid, usually puberulent both ends; styles sub- 
equal, nearly straight, obtuse; lateral samara wings to 2.75 cm. long, 
1.75 cm. wide, the dorsal crest 1-1.25 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, the nut 
rounded or little produced at base. Illustrated, Pflanzenreich, I.e. 
page 109 (flower and fruit). F.M. Neg. 35633. 



792 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 

San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4227. Juanjui, King 3881 (det. 
Morton). Madre De Dios: Decumbent shrub, Iberia, Seibert 2171. 
Bolivia to Ecuador and Brazil. 

Mascagnia sepium (Juss.) Griseb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 12, pt. 1: 
96. 1858; 94. Hiraea sepium Juss. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 3: 19. 1832. 

More or less persistently and sericeously pubescent liana with 
subsessile (typically) straight-branched or forked trichomes, the 
younger parts and axillary corymbs densely so, the branches glabrate, 
to 5 mm. thick, lenticellate; stipules minute (or apparently sometimes 
to 10 mm. long) ; petioles about 2 cm. long, sometimes much shorter 
or much longer; leaves ovate, often broadly, obtuse, rounded or 
cordate at base, more or less acuminate, usually about 10 cm. long, 
8-9 cm. wide, the adult glabrate or puberulent, even densely so 
(the Peruvian form sparsely pilose), membranous to coriaceous, 
often with a number of impressed glands beneath, the margins 
revolute, the 4-6 primary nerves prominent; common peduncles 
5-15 mm. long, floriferous bibracteolate below the apex or at least 
above the middle, 4-11 mm. long, pedicels velutinous, slender, 
5-20 mm. long; bracts and bractlets mostly subulate-lanceolate, the 
latter often with 1 small basal gland and 1.5 mm. long, the former 
twice as long; flowers yellow, 10-13 mm. wide, sepals ovate, obtuse, 
3-4 mm. long, petals incurved, nearly wing-carinate, glabrous; 
anthers ellipsoid, epipetalous stamens equal as the short nearly 
straight styles, the posterior more or less rounded dorsally; samara 
nut puberulent, wing ovate or orbicular, apex little produced, 
(2)2.5-3.5 cm. wide, dorsal crests to about 1 cm. long. The material 
cited is not typical; but species is variable as interpreted. F.M. 
Neg. 32416. 

Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, Killip & Smith 29909; Klug 55. 
Near Iquitos, Williams 3711; 3569. Argentina to Tobago and 
Honduras. 

Mascagnia sericans Ndz. Arb. Bot. Inst. Lye. Brunsb. 3: 21. 
1908; 111. 

Allied by the author to M. rigida but apparently not similar, 
the appressed sericeous pubescence mostly persisting and the anthers 
glabrous; petioles sometimes biglandular at base; leaves broadly 
obtuse to rounded or cordulate at base, usually much larger and with 
7-8 nerves sometimes heavy-coriaceous; stipules none; pedicels 3-3.5 
mm. long; bracts and bractlets acute, usually 1-2 glanduliferous; 



FLORA OF PERU 793 

sepals oblong, revolute at tip; petals glabrous, the oval or ovate 
limb 4, the claw 2 mm. long; samara sericeous or glabrate, the wings 
to 12 mm. wide, the semiorbicular dorsal crests 1.5-6 mm. wide. 
The author referred the Tessmann collections to his var. paraguari- 
ensis with rather more rounded leaves, samara wings sinuate- 
margined, the crests to 6 mm. high. Morton has given an herbarium 
name (after the senior collector) to Kittip & Smith 27035; there is 
indeed either considerable variation or more than one species con- 
cerned. F.M. Negs. 12697; 24293. 

Loreto: Marshy wood near Iquitos, Tessmann 3979; 5031; Killip 
& Smith 27035; Williams 3646. Mishuyacu, King 887. Rio Acre: 
Seringal San Francisco, flowers yellow, then purple, Ule 9482. To 
Paraguay and Brazil. 

Mascagnia tenuifolia Ndz. Arb. Bot. Inst. Lye. Brunsb. 3: 10. 
1908; 99. 

Allied by author to M. americana and rather similar but the 
compressed canaliculate branchlets and inflorescence peduncles 
sparsely puberulent, the branches glabrate, mostly only 1.5 mm. 
thick; younger leaves sparsely sericeous, the adult soon glabrate 
both sides, acute or rarely cordate at base, mostly 8-10 cm. long, 
about half as wide, often shortly acuminate, with 6-8 nerves; petioles 
glabrate, 4-5 mm. long, the subulate stipules scarcely 1 mm. long; 
corymbiform racemules 8-12-flowered, disposed in leafy panicles; 
flowers rose-colored, hardly 1 cm. across, the orbicular subdenticu- 
late limb 3 mm. long, claw 2 mm. long; samara wings orbicular 2-2.5 
cm. wide or smaller, dorsal crests semiovate, acuminate, to 1 cm. 
high, about 3 mm. wide, the ventral barely 1 mm. wide. The 
Peruvian variant is at least in part var. amazonica Ndz. I.e. page 100, 
leaves rounded at base, hardly 5 cm. wide, 12 cm. long, acumen 
to 2 cm. long, finally chartaceous; styles distinctly uncinate at tips; 
samara puberulent, the oval wings as much as 3 cm. high, 2-2.5 cm. 
wide. M. hippocrateoides (Tr. & PI.) Ndz., 116, of Ecuador and 
north bears a superficial resemblance but has long-fimbriate fifth 
petal, elongate unequal styles, lateral samara wings divaricate. 
F.M. Negs. 12698; 21344 (vars.). 

San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4607; 4958; Williams 6084; 6085; 
6592; 6292 (leaves cordulate). Brazil; Venezuela. 

2. HIRAEAJacq. 

Lianas in most respects resembling Mascagnia but the leaves 
areolate, not only the primary nerves but also the secondary parallel, 



794 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 

the stipules rather large, sometimes at base, sometimes at tip of 
petioles affixed; umbels always truly axillary or terminating short 
branches, now single, now disposed in panicles, more or less peduncled. 
Cotyledons very unequal, the inner one many times smaller than 
the thick plicate outer. Samaras variously cristate dorsally, the 
lateral wings membranous to coriaceous. The involved treatment 
by Niedenzu of this group has been more bewildering to me, if 
possible, than his obviously labored efforts of cataloging elsewhere. 
Named for Jean Nicolas De La Hire, French physician of the early 
eighteenth century. 

Stamens as styles subequal and straight; peduncle often conspic- 
uously bracted below much shorter umbel H. Spruceana. 

Stamens as styles somewhat unequal (former subequal, H. fagifolia, 
H. crassipes), the latter exserted and slightly curved; peduncle 
not elongate. 
Leaves villous beneath all over, at least finely. 

Trichomes mostly bifurcate, the umbel mostly 3-radiate. 

H. ternifolia. 

Trichomes mostly simple as also the umbels H. villosa. 

Leaves soon glabrate or glabrous beneath unless the principal 

nerves; species apparently not stabilized, i.e., characters 

either inconstant, noncomitant or intangible. 

Stamens unequal; pubescence of oblong-lanceolate or obovate 

leaves soon restricted to midnerve or sparse; anthers little 

longer than broad . . H. transiens, H. bahiensis, H. Kunthiana. 

Stamens subequal; leaves broadly elliptic, slightly if at all obo- 
vate; anthers oblong. 

Styles sericeous at base; pubescence soon restricted to the 
midnerve or most obviously so H. fagifolia. 

Styles glabrous; pubescence typically persisting, ashy seri- 
ceous, on all the nerves H. crassipes. 

Hiraea bahiensis Moric. PL Amer. Rar. 107. 1830; 139. 

High climbing liana, the branchlets and young leaves yellowish 
sericeous, the terete canaliculate branches glabrate and densely 
lenticellate, 4 (-8) mm. thick, the adult leaves more or less glabrate 
and marginal glands obsolete; petioles 1-13 mm. long, the setaceous 
recurving stipules apical, about 2 mm. long; leaves nearly oblong, 
to 2 dm. long, 7 cm. wide, often narrower, usually acute at base, 



FLORA OF PERU 795 

mostly obtusely acuminate (acumen to 2 cm. long), chartaceous, 
nearly plane, the nerves on both sides prominent, the secondary more 
or less parallel, densely areolate; flowers to 2 cm. broad, pedicels 
1-2 cm. long, bracts ovate, 2 mm. long, bractlets rotund, 1-1.5 mm. 
long; sepals broadly ovate, typically glandular; petal limb 6-8 mm. 
broad, cordate, deeply fimbriate, long-clawed, the fifth smaller; 
stamens unequal and as styles curved, especially the posterior at 
apex pediform-uncinate; samara wings auriculiform, often confluent 
at base 2-3.5 cm. high, 1.5-2 cm. wide, the portion above the globose 
nut (this more puberulent) higher and broader than the basal part, 
the dorsal crest more or less triangular, 4-6 mm. wide, 2-3 mm. high. 
The Peruvian plant is sometimes forma Salzmanniana (Juss.) Ndz. 
I.e. page 140, the calyx without glands. It seems to me probable that 
the specimens cited could be included in H. fagifolia sens. lat. or 
H. Kunthiana. F.M. Negs. 24271; 24272 (forma). 

San Martin: Flowers red and yellow, Zepelacio, Klug 3375 (det. 
Standley, H. transiens). Flowers orange and white, Juanjui, Klug 
3866 (det. Morton, H. transiens?). Loreto: Puerto Mele*ndez, 
(Tessmann 4866). Flowers golden, Fortaleza, Klug 2811 (det. 
Standley). Flowers yellow, Zungarosa, Mexia 6300 (det. Standley, 
H. transiens). Flowers sulphur yellow, Florida, Klug 1994 (det. 
Morton, H. transiens). To Argentina and French Guiana. 

Hiraea crassipes Juss. Ann. Sci. Nat. se'r. 2. 13: 258. 1840; 140. 

Resembles H. bahiensis and H. fagifolia; branches minutely 
lenticellate, the leaves mostly oblanceolate and obtuse and persist- 
ently ashy sericeous on the nerves beneath; petioles 1-3 cm. long, 
the subapical linear lanceolate stipules 3-4 mm. long; leaves rarely 
obovate, rarely acuminate and apiculate, rounded or somewhat 
cordate at base, to 3 dm. long, 12 cm. wide, glabrate in age except 
the 12-15 nerves, eglandular; inflorescence often composed of 3 
umbels, the fruiting pedicels clavate, to 3 mm. thick at apex, 13-20 
mm. long, bracts mostly tricuspidate, the middle cusp 5 mm. long, 
the flowering bracts and bractlets ovate-rotund, 2-3 mm. long; 
flowers 15-17 mm. broad; sepals suborbicular, 8-10-glandular; 
stamens subequal, the styles mostly glabrous and scarcely uncinate 
at the little produced apex; samara wings obliquely oval, 3.5-4 cm. 
high, about 2.5 cm. wide, the back of the subglobose nut completely 
crested to 5 mm. high, scarcely 2 mm. wide. F.M. Neg. 24270. 

San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 4600 (det. Niedenzu, H. fagifolia). 
Junin: Vitoc, Ruiz & Pavdn. Huanuco: Cuchero, Poeppig 1787, 



796 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII 






type. Loreto: Pongo de Manseriche, scandent for 15 meters, Mexia 
6138 (det. Standley, H. fagifolia). Flood-free woods, mouth of the 
Santiago, (Tessmann 4138). Peru-Colombia Boundary: Rio Putu- 
mayo, forest, Klug 1609 (det. Morton, H.fagifolia). Chile? 

Hiraea fagifolia (DC.) Juss. Ann. Sci. Nat. s