BOTANICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893
VOLUME XIII
FLORA OF PERU
PART I, No. 3
BY
J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE
ASSISTANT CURATOR OP THE HERBARIUM, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
B. E. DAHLGREN
CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
EDITOR
PUBLICATION 363
CHICAGO, U.S.A.
AUGUST 26, 1936
BOTANICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893
VOLUME XIII
FLORA OF PERU
PART I, No. 3
BY
J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE
ASSISTANT CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
B. E. DAHLGREN
CURATOR. DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
EDITOR
PUBLICATION 363
CHICAGO, U.S.A.
AUGUST 26, 1936
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS
F73
FLORA OF PERU
J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE
17. CYCLANTHACEAE. Cyclanthus Family
By Paul C. Standley
Plants herbaceous or somewhat woody and with long jointed
rhizomes; petioles sheathing at base; leaf blades flabellate-nerved
or pinnate-nerved, the blades usually biparted or flabellately parted,
rarely entire; flowers borne on spadices, these pedunculate, globose
or oblong, arising within the leaf sheaths; flowers of the two sexes
arranged in whorls or spirals, provided with a rudimentary perianth
or naked; ovaries deeply immersed in the spadix and coherent,
forming a syncarp; placentae 2 or 4, multiovulate; seeds numerous,
small.
In appearance the plants of this family are palm-like, and they
are likely to be mistaken for palms by the uninitiated. The epiphytic
and scandent species are unlike any palms of similar habit in having
usually bifid leaves. The terrestrial plants of the family are wholly
herbaceous, in that respect differing from most palms. The fruiting
spadices, of course, are quite different from the fruits of any of the
palms.
Staminate flowers grouped in clusters of 4, with a pistillate flower
between them; staminate flowers with a perianth; fruiting spadix
oblong or globose, not screw-like. Plants terrestrial or epiphytic,
the leaves various 1. Carludovica.
Staminate flowers numerous, confluent, forming whorls or spirals,
these alternating with whorls or spirals of pistillate flowers;
staminate flowers without a perianth; fruiting spadix elongate,
resembling in general appearance a screw. Plants terrestrial;
leaf blades bifid almost or quite to the base 2. Cyclanthus.
1. CARLUDOVICA R. & P.
Plants terrestrial and herbaceous, or often epiphytic and with
elongate, somewhat woody, jointed, creeping or scandent stems; leaf
blades membranaceous-coriaceous, variable in form; spadix simple,
subtended by 1-several concave spathes, these densely imbricate
before anthesis; rachis cylindric or ellipsoid, fleshy, densely covered
421
422 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
with the flowers; staminate perianth stipitate, the margin oblique,
dentate; stamens numerous from a fleshy disk, the filaments thick,
the anthers erect, 2-celled; pistillate perianth 4-angulate, somewhat
4-lobate; staminodia 4, opposite the sepals and adnate to them,
greatly elongate and filiform; stigmas 4 on the apex of the ovary,
broadly sessile, confluent by pairs, forming a cross.
Leaf blades flabelliform-parted, the 4 segments broadened at the
apex and cleft or dentate. Plants terrestrial, tall . . . C. palmata.
Leaf blades bifid or rarely entire.
Leaf segments broadened upward and oblique at the apex, some-
times truncate, erose or cleft.
Plants epiphytic, scandent; spadix about 13 cm. long.
C. latifrons.
Plants terrestrial, acaulescent; spadix about 5 cm. long.
C. humilis.
Leaf segments acuminate, entire.
Leaf blades 60-120 cm. long C. angustifolia.
Leaf blades mostly 20-50 cm. long.
Blades cleft less than halfway to the base. Plants epiphytic,
with elongate stems C. trigona.
Blades cleft more than halfway to the base.
Spadix stipitate. Leaf segments narrowly linear, 1.5 cm.
wide C. Williamsii.
Spadix sessile; leaf segments lance-linear, 2-5 cm. wide or
broader.
Leaf blades triplinerved, both the central and lateral
nerves emitting secondary nerves . . . C. tetragonopus.
Leaf blades 1-nerved, the nerves all arising from the costa.
C. chelidonura.
Carludovica acuminata R. & P. Syst. Veg. 293. 1798; Drude in
Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: 239. pi. 57, /. 2. 1881. Ludovia acuminata
Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 576. 1807. Salmia acuminata Willd. Ges. Naturf.
Freund. Berlin Mag. 5: 401. 1811.
The species was described by Ruiz and Pavon from Posuso and
Muna (Huanuco). The brief description reads: Caudex repent,
flexuous; fronds furcate to below the middle, the segments linear-
lanceolate, acuminate. Evidently it, like the other descriptions of
the same authors in the same work, is altogether too incomplete for
FLORA OF PERU 423
determination of the plant concerned, without reference to speci-
mens on which the name was based . Poeppig and Endlicher described
at length under the name acuminata a plant growing "in forests from
the foot of the Andes to the mouths of the Amazon." Drude (loc.
cit.) states that Poeppig's plant is not C. acuminata R. & P., and
describes it as new, under the name C. divergens. The plant described
and figured by Drude seems to me to be the same as that listed below
under the name C. trigona. I believe it rather probable that Drude's
C. divergens really is C. acuminata. Drude's C. acuminata has leaves
bifid less than halfway to the middle, while Ruiz and Pavon make
scarcely a single definite statement regarding their plant other than
that its leaves are bifid to below the middle. As matters stand, the
name C. acuminata must remain doubtful until a Ruiz and Pavon
specimen can be examined and described.
Carludovica angustifolia R. & P. Syst. Veg. 292. 1798;
P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 37. 1838. Ludovia angustifolia Pers.
Syn. PI. 2: 576. 1807. Salmia angustifolia Willd. Ges. Naturf. Freund.
Berlin Mag. 5:401. 1811.
Terrestrial; leaves very numerous, 2-2.5 meters high; petioles
subterete, obtusely tetragonous above; blades deeply bifid, the seg-
ments linear-lanceolate, short-acuminate, 50-120 cm. long, bright
green, rigid; inflorescences erect, 15 cm. long, the spadix cylindric;
spathes distant, pink; fruit purple.
Huanuco: Described from Muna and Chinchao. Poeppig reports
the plant from Cerro de San Cristobal near Cochero.
The description is taken from that of Poeppig; the one given
by Ruiz and Pavon is too brief to be of service. Whether Poeppig
had any good reason for assuming his plant to be the same as that
originally named, I do not know. He states that the plant, with its
stiff leaves and woody but elastic petioles, forms dense and impene-
trable thickets, like those of some dwarf palms, in rocky places of the
drier mountains. The leaves are said to be one of the most satis-
factory materials for thatching huts. The vernacular names are
reported as "yacha pifia" and "pina brava."
Carludovica chelidonura Drude in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt.
2:238. pi. 57, f.l. 1882.
Plants either epiphytic or terrestrial, acaulescent or with stout
elongate stems; leaves short-petiolate, the blades furcate almost
to the base, the broad segments acuminate, entire, many-nerved;
spadix stalked, subtended by 2 or more broad spathes, 2-6 cm. long.
424 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Junin: Cahuapanas, epiphytic in dense forest, 340 meters, Killip
& Smith 26808. Loreto: Iquitos, moist land, Williams 7989; Killip &
Smith 27043. Puerto Arturo, in forest, Williams 5267. Balsa-
puerto, on rocks in stream bed, Killip & Smith 20468. Pebas, Wil-
liams 1667. San Martin: Tarapoto, in water, Williams 6317. San
Roque, edge of water, Williams 7715. Also in Brazil. "Yacu sisa."
Carludovica divergens Drude in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: 241.
1881. C. acuminata P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 37. 1838, non R.
& P. (?)
Stems short and rooting along tree trunks or climbing high on
trees, slender; leaves small, mostly 20-30 cm. long, the slender
petioles 3-7 cm. long; blades bifid almost to the base, rather thin,
plicate, the segments broadly linear, usually 1-1.5 cm. wide, evenly
long-attenuate; peduncles short, bearing several short spathes;
spadix 1.5-2.5 cm. long, many-flowered, subglobose or ellipsoid;
blades of leaves on sterile branches sometimes entire, 10-20 cm.
long and 2-2.5 cm. wide.
Junin: Rio Masamerich, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer 6661. Loreto:
Reported by Drude from Prov. Mainas, presumably collected by
Poeppig. According to Drude, ranging to the mouth of the Amazon.
According to Poeppig, the stems were used for tying together
the framework of huts, a purpose for which they are well suited
because of their strength and pliability. He records the vernacular
name as tamschi.
Huber (Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4: 538. 1906) refers doubtfully to this
species a plant known by the name tamshi, growing abundantly
along the Rio Ucayali, and climbing on high trees. Its stems are
used as cordage. Concerning the plant Huber makes the following
statement: Regarding the tamshi there exists in all cisandine Peru
a curious belief. They say that the tamshi is generated from the
issula ant (Dinoponera grandis). The basis for this belief is probably
the fact that this ant often is attacked by certain fungi of the Hypo-
creaceae (Cordiceps). Before dying the issula attaches itself to the
bark of some tree, and the fruiting body that arises from it has some-
what the appearance of a plant in germination. The natives, finding
these ants with fruiting bodies of Cordiceps projecting from their
heads, assured me that this was the tamshi springing from the issula.
Carludovica elegans Dammer ex Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4:
538. 1906. This name is practically a nomen nudum, although
the description is scarcely inferior to those given by Ruiz and
FLORA OF PERU 425
Pa von: "A scandent plant with large broad leaves bifid one-third
the distance to the base." The name was based upon Huber 1524
from Pampa del Sacramento.
Carludovica humilis P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 37. 1838.
Salmia humilis Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 501. 1841.
Plant terrestrial, acaulescent; leaves numerous, 1.2 meters long;
leaf blades deltoid, many-nerved, cuneate at the base, plicate
between the nerves, thin, bright green, paler beneath, bifid, the
segments truncate, erose and often irregularly cleft; petioles semi-
terete, as long as the blades; spadix cylindric, 5 cm. long, borne on a
stalk about 15 cm. long.
Loreto: Type collected at Yurimaguas by Poeppig.
Carludovica latifolia R. & P. Syst. Veg. 292. 1798. Ludovia
latifolia Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 576. 1807. Salmia latifolia Willd. Ges.
Naturf. Freund. Berlin Mag. 5: 401. 1811.
Described by Ruiz and Pavon from Chinchao, Muria, Posuso,
and Cochero (Huanuco), in tropical forests. The description is too
brief for recognition of the plant, affording only the following data:
Caudex an ell long, rooting; leaf blades bifid to beyond the middle,
the segments lanceolate; petioles canaliculate.
Carludovica latifrons Drude in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: 237.
pi. 58 J.I. 1881.
Plant epiphytic, with a thick caudex; leaves about 120 cm. long;
blades equaling the petiole, bifid almost to the middle, the segments
broadened upward, very oblique, obtuse, the costa 3-parted at the
base, the lateral nerves remote from the margin; spadix 13 cm. long,
1.5 cm. thick, the peduncle compressed, 10 cm. long; spathes 3.
Junin: Puerto Yessup, 400 meters, Killip & Smith 26240.
Cahuapanas, 340 meters, Killip & Smith 26810. Near La Merced,
800-1,300 meters, Killip & Smith 23984 Loreto: Santa Rosa, 135
meters, Killip & Smith 28788. Reported by Huber (Bol. Mus.
Goeldi 4: 537. 1906) from Cerros de Contamana, Canchahuayo, etc.
Amazon Valley of Brazil.
Carludovica palmata R. & P. Syst. Veg. 291. 1798; Drude in
Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: 234. pis. 54, 55. 1881. Ludovia palmata
Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 576. 1807. Salmia palmata Willd. Ges. Naturf.
Freund. Berlin Mag. 5: 401. 1811.
Plants terrestrial, acaulescent, densely cespitose and stolon-
iferous, the slender petioles subterete, 3-5 times as long as the
426 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
blades; leaf blades parted into 4 segments, those broadly cuneate,
many-nerved, deeply laciniate at the broad apex; spadix oblong,
acutish, about 12 cm. long, many-flowered, borne on a short thick
peduncle; spathes 3, concave, 12 cm: long, acute.
Amazonas: Rioja, Moyobamba, Williams 7599. Huanuco:
Described from forests of Posuso and Cochero, Ruiz & Pavon.
Cochero, Poeppig. Loreto: Puerto Arturo, Yurimaguas, Williams
5091. Cerro de Canchahuayo (Huber}. Extending north through
Central America.
"Bombonaje," "appi-ttara." Ruiz and Pavon state that walking
sticks were made from the petioles; that the leaves were used for
thatching; and that oil could be obtained from the seeds of this and
other species. The most important use of the -plant, of course, is
the utilization of the fine fiber of the young leaves for plaiting
the so-called "Panama" or "Jipijapa" hats, most of which are
manufactured in Ecuador. In some regions of Peru fine hats are
made from this plant, but in Central America, for instance, where
it is abundant, little or no use is made of the fiber.
Carludovica tetragonopus Mart, ex Drude in Mart. Fl. Bras.
3, pt. 2: 238. pi. 4. 1882.
Plants epiphytic and with long stout stems, or terrestrial and
acaulescent or with short stems; leaves on rather long and slender
petioles, the large blades cleft nearly to the base, the segments entire,
acuminate, many-nerved, rather stiff; spadix stout, about 4-5 cm.
long, many-flowered, subtended by 4 or more large spathes.
Junin: Puerto Yessup, terrestrial, with an erect caudex 30 cm.
high or less, 400 meters, Killip & Smith 26242. Enefias, 1,700
meters, dense forest, Killip & Smith 25657. Santa Rosa, 625-900
meters, epiphytic, Killip & Smith 26156. Loreto: Paraiso, in forest,
Williams 3248. Santa Rosa, Williams 4814- Between Yurimaguas
and Balsapuerto, 150 meters, epiphytic, Killip & Smith 28139.
Balsapuerto, 150-350 meters, terrestrial, Killip & Smith 28384-
Santa Rosa, Killip & Smith 28905 (epiphytic). Brazil.
Carludovica trigona R. & P. Syst. Veg. 293. 1798; P. & E. Nov.
Gen. & Sp. 2: 36. pi. 151. 1838. Ludovia trigona Pers. Syn. PL 2:
576. 1807. Salmia trigona Willd. Ges. Naturf. Freund. Berlin Mag.
5: 401. 1811.
Plants usually epiphytic and with much elongate, more or less
woody stems, sometimes, however, terrestrial (according to notes),
FLORA OF PERU 427
but apparently then also with long creeping stems; leaves mostly
at the tips of the branches, chiefly 45-60 cm. long, rather thin,
somewhat paler beneath, the blades long-cuneate at the base, bifid
less than halfway to the middle, the segments evenly or abruptly
long-attenuate or acuminate; petiole usually much shorter than the
blade; peduncles shorter than the petioles; spathes 4, elliptic,
acuminate, concave, about 7 cm. long, whitish outside, pinkish within;
spadix cylindric, densely many-flowered, 5 cm. long or sometimes
shorter.
Huanuco : Type from Mufia, Ruiz & Pawn. Forests of Cochero,
Poeppig. Loreto: Puerto Arturo, Yurimaguas, Williams 5083, 5281 ;
Killip & Smith 27784- Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, Killip
& Smith 29915. Balsapuerto, Killip & Smith 28503, 28677, 28579,
28440,28380. Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27331 . Santa Rosa, Killip
& Smith 28958. San Antonio, Killip & Smith 29430.
The plants listed above are the same as that described by Poeppig
and Endlicher under the name trigona, but there is less certainty that
they are the one so named by Ruiz and Pa von.
Carludovica Williamsii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 146.
1936.
Plants terrestrial, acaulescent, 45 cm. high or somewhat taller;
leaf blades long-tapering to the base, bifid almost to the base, the
segments linear, long-attenuate, about 1.5 cm. wide, strongly
plicate between the nerves; peduncles 20 cm. long or more, very
slender; spathes about 3, narrow, 7-8 cm. long, very long-tapering;
spadix ellipsoid, 3 cm. long or more, many-flowered, conspicuously
stipitate. "Yacu-sisa."
San Martin: San Roque, on stream bank, 1,400 meters, Williams
7477, type.
2. CYCLANTHUS Poit.
Large acaulescent perennial herbs; leaves few, sheathing, dicho-
tomously binerved, at maturity deeply bifid; spadix terminal, long-
pedunculate, the rachis ellipsoid, subtended by several spathes, the
flowers of either sex densely verticillate and confluent; staminate
flowers without a perianth; stamens 6, the filaments united at the
base, the anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent; staminate flowers
connate, the perianth connate and multidentate; ovaries immersed
in the rachis in a common cavity; fruiting spadix composed of
distinct swollen disks, the disks sulcate and bearing the seeds within.
428 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Cyclanthus bipartitus Poit. Me"m. Mus. Hist. Nat. 9: 36. pi.
2. 1822; Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 38. pi. 152, 15^. 1838.
Discanthus odoratus Spruce, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3: 196. 1859.
Plants large and coarse, 1-2 meters high; petioles slender, 50-100
cm. long, subterete or somewhat angled; blades of about the same
length, rather thin, bifid almost or quite to the base, the segments
acute at each end, lance-linear, usually 5-10 cm. wide, with a con-
spicuous stout median nerve; scapes 45 cm. long or more; spathes
4-5, convolute before anthesis, later spreading; spadix about
10 cm. long.
Huanuco: Reported from Cochero by Poeppig. Loreto: Caballo-
cocha on the Amazon, in forest, Williams 2355. La Victoria on
the Amazon, in forest, Williams 2984- Agua Blanca, Alto Rio
Nanay, Williams 1187. Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, in
forest, King 1018. Reported by Poeppig from Yurimaguas. San
Martin: Reported by Huber from Cerro de Canchahuayo, growing
chiefly along streams. Ranging from the Amazon Valley to the
Guianas and Central America.
"Sangapillo." The flowers have a pleasing fragrance, described
by Poeppig as being between those of cinnamon and vanilla. The
large bifid leaves are distinctive, also the curious fruiting spadix,
which resembles a large screw.
18. ARAGEAE. Arum Family
Aroids as a group, comprising herbs, lianas and shrubs, epiphytes,
and even aquatics, are among the most beautiful and curious of
plants. Some are strange or, both strange and beautiful, approach
the fantastic. Others, if lacking in magnificence, are often glorious
in the vigor and luxuriousness of their development. Consequently
they have long been popular in conservatories, especially species of
Caladium and Dieffenbachia for their often colored foliage, and most
other genera, to some extent, for their interest or beauty. The
foliage of some species is entirely different when the plants are young;
many of the small vines on forest trees with leaves tightly pressed
against the tree trunks are juvenile forms of aroids. Some tribes of
the family are distinguishable from others by the presence of calcium
oxalate crystals in the watery sap. These are readily detected upon
chewing by a burning sensation, since their needle-like form enables
them to penetrate the tongue. The economic importance of aroids,
except in horticulture, although various, is not particularly great,
FLORA OF PERU 429
but often of local significance. Some of the plants found useful in
Peru and other parts of South America are:
Monstera pertusa, whose leaves, like those of similar species,
serve as compresses for wounds; M. deliciosa and related forms have
some reputation for their fruit; Spathiphyllum cannifolium is used
to flavor tobacco; the roots of Urospatha caudata (ape* or caa ape"),
when roasted in ashes, are sweet but cause an itching sensation
(Peckolt) ; the tubers of Dracontium polyphyllum (jararaca or jiraca)
serve as food, boiled or roasted; the leaves of various Philodendrons
are used as ointments; the rhizomes of Caladium sororium and other
species, and the tubers of Xanthosoma, etc., are eaten after cooking;
the leaves of species of Dieffenbachia, chewed, result in speechlessness
for a time, but unfortunately also in a swelling of the mouth; and
many other remedial uses have been or are in vogue where the plants
grow (cf. Engler, from whose compilation of uses I have drawn).
A. Plants not characteristically aquatic.
Flowers typically hermaphrodite, the spadix, as a result, uniform
in thickness.
Leaves distichous; calcium oxalate crystals present, except in
Heteropsis.
Leaves relatively remote and evidently alternate, the petioles
only to 6 mm. long 1. Heteropsis.
Leaves usually densely crowded and the petioles elongate.
Spathe more or less promptly deciduous; lianas.
Leaf nervation (principally) entirely parallel.
2. Rhodospatha.
Leaf nervation reticulate, except the primary lateral
nerves 3. Monstera.
Spathe persistent; herbs 4. Spathiphyllum.
Leaves spirally arranged; calcium oxalate crystals often lacking;
spathe persistent.
Leaf nervation principally parallel 7. Anthurium.
Leaf nervation principally reticulate.
Leaves much divided (ours), or never as in the next.
5. Dracontium.
Leaves sagittate, the two lower lobes about as long as or
longer than the upper 6. Urospatha.
Flowers typically monoecious, the female and male portions of the
spadix more or less distinctly marked by the varying thickness.
430 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Male and female portions of the spadix obviously intercepted
by a remotely flowered sterile or barren portion.
Completely intercepted; principal leaf nerves reticulate.
16. Ulearum.
Incompletely intercepted by remote sterile flowers; principal
leaf nerves parallel 8. Dieffenbachia.
Male and female portions of the spadix contiguous but often
with sterile intermediate flowers.
Spathe not much longer than the spadix or shorter, its limb
convolute or cymbiform; leaves never subequally 3-
parted, the lateral lobes eared.
Spathe not constricted at the throat or, if so, the limb
strongly convolute.
Spadix subequaling or shorter than the spathe.
Scandent plants; spadix partly sterile.
9. Philodendron.
Herbs; spadix usually entirely fertile.
Leaves entire 10. Homalomena.
Leaves pinnate 14. Asterostigma.
Spadix soon far exceeding the spathe 15. Taccarum.
Spathe tube well defined, constricted at the throat, the
limb cymbiform.
Style a fleshy disk; leaves sagittate, hastate, or dis-
sected ;....!!. Xanthosoma.
Style none; leaves often peltate .12. Caladium.
Spathe distinctly and often much longer than the spadix, its
open limb spreading; leaves 3-parted, the lateral divi-
sions usually ear-appendaged 13. Syngonium.
A. Plants aquatic 17. Pistia.
1. HETEROPSIS Kunth
High-climbing lianas with slender branches and heavy, oblong-
lanceolate, very shortly petioled leaves with many parallel nerves.
Spathe ovate-oblong, convolute, exceeding the spadix, deciduous.
Ovary 2-celled above, the ovules 2, attached near the base. Flowers
hermaphrodite, or the stamens of a few aborted. The leaves are
suggestive of those of the Guttiferae. Besides the following, H.
FLORA OF PERU 431
Spruceana Schott, with spathe scarcely 2 cm. long, and H. longi-
spathacea Engler, with spathe 7 cm. long, are to be expected, since
both are Amazonian. "Timbo-titica."
Heteropsis peruviana Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 9:
270. 1925.
Slender, the slightly flexuous branchlets 2-4 mm. thick; inter-
nodes 2-5 cm. long; petioles 4-6 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, grooved
above throughout; leaves subcoriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, narrowly
acuminate, acute at base, 1-1.5 dm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. broad; lateral
nerves equally distinct on both sides; peduncle terete, 1 cm. long;
spathe drying black, oblong-elliptic, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, with a narrow
acute acumen 1 cm. long; spadix stipitate, oblong, acutish, 2.5-3
cm. long, 5-7 mm. thick (in flower); fruit subobovoid, obtuse, 5-6
mm. long. Neg. 11833.
Junin: La Merced, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 1819.
Heteropsis Jenmanii Oliv. in Hook. Icon. 20: pi. 1949. 1890.
Differs from H. peruviana in the stouter stems, distinctly reticu-
late-veined, heavier leaves, not infrequently broader, and in the
longer (to 8 cm.) spathe and larger spadix. According to Jenman,
the original collector, the plant "sends down long aerial roots which,
split into thin strips, form the most useful tying material the Indians
employ." Tessmann, apparently, did not observe this use, but
recorded in a note accompanying his specimens the following super-
stition, "believed by nearly all Loretians, even the most intelligent";
namely, that the plant never blooms but is in fact a fungus that
grows from the head of the black ant called "ishula." The fungus
is a long string-like plant known as "tamishi" (as also the Heteropsis
itself).
Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, King 713 (det. Krause). Mouth
of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4448 (det. Krause). British Guiana;
Colombia. "Tamishi," "tamishi delgado."
2. RHODOSPATHA Poepp.
Reference: Engler & Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B. 1908.
Suffrutescent and often scandent, with long-vaginate petioles
and oblong-elliptic or lanceolate leaves. Spicular crystals numerous.
Ovary 2-celled, the ovules affixed basally or laterally. Several
Ecuadorean species are to be expected. Stenospermatium Schott.
432 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaves mostly about 1 dm. long.
Spadix about 3 cm. long; leaves acutely cusped R. flavescens.
Spadix finally about 6 cm. long; leaves long-acuminate.
R. Mathewsii.
Leaves 1.5-4.5 dm. long.
Leaves 3-7 cm. broad.
Stipe 3-5 mm. long.
Spadix 3 cm. long, 5 mm. thick R. Weberbaueri.
Spadix 4-6 cm. long, 7 mm. thick R. Spruceana.
Stipe about 1 cm. long.
Spadix about 8 cm. long . . R. amomifolia.
Spadix about 6 cm. long R. Mathewsii.
Leaves 1-2 dm. broad.
Peduncles 6 dm. long, about equaling the leaves.
R. crassifolia.
Peduncles 1.5-2.5 dm. long, much shorter than the leaves.
Leaves broadly elliptic, 1.5-2 dm. broad R. latifolia.
Leaves oblong-elliptic, 1-1.5 dm. broad R. oblongata.
Rhodospatha amomifolia (Poepp.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot.
11: 7. 1931. Stenospermatium amomifolium Schott, Prodr. 348. 1860;
90. Monstera amomifolium Poepp. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 88. 1845.
Petioles 7-10 cm. long, three-fourths vaginate; leaves little
oblique, lanceolate-oblong, very acute at each end, 1.5-2.5 dm. long;
peduncles about 1.5 dm. long; spathe oblong, acuminate; spadix
2.5-3.5 cm. long, to 1 cm. thick, the stipe up to 1 cm. long. Neg.
12162.
Huanuco: Pampayacu, Poeppig. Junin: Colonia Perene", Killip
& Smith (det. Krause).
Rhodospatha crassifolia (Engler) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11:
7. 1931. Stenospermatium crassifolium Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 114.
1905; 89.
Slender, with petioles to 3 dm. long, vaginate to 2 cm. below the
coriaceous oblong-elliptic acute blades, these obtuse at base,
3-4.5 dm. long; peduncles 6 dm. long; spathe 2-2.5 dm. long, 6 cm.
wide, pale green or yellowish; spadix to 2.5 dm. long and 2 cm. thick,
the stipe 1 cm. long. Illustrated, loc. cit. Neg. 12164.
FLORA OF PERU 433
Huanuco: South of Monzon, 1,700 meters, Weberbauer 3512.
Junin: La Merced, Schunke 283 (det. Krause). Chanchamayo
Valley, 1,200 meters, Schunke 429 (det. Krause).
Rhodospatha flavescens (Engler) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11:
7. 1931. Stenospermatium flavescens Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 111.
1905; 82.
Petioles slightly shorter than the leaves and vaginate nearly
their entire length; leaves 8-10 cm. long, 2.5-3 cm. broad; peduncles
to 1.5 cm. long; spathe 5 cm. long, greenish, with a point 6 mm.
long; spadix stipe 5 mm. long. Illustrated, op. cit. 83. Doubtfully
distinct from R. Mathewsii.
Huanuco: South of Monzon, 1,700 meters, Weberbauer 3506.
Rhodospatha latifolia Poepp. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 91. pi. 300.
1845; 92.
Petioles 3.5 dm. long, broadly (3 cm.) vaginate to within 1 dm.
of the thin, nearly opaque, elliptic blade, this 3-4.5 dm. long and 1.5-
2.5 dm. broad, rounded or truncate at base, shortly cuspidate; ped-
uncles 1.5-2 dm. long, mostly included in the leaf sheath; spathes
fleshy, pale rose, ovate, acute, 15-18 cm. long, 5-7 cm. broad;
spadix 1 to nearly 2 dm. long, short-stiped; flowers all hermaphrodite,
violet. R. picta Nicholson, said to be much cultivated and possibly
Peruvian, has leaves subacute at base and a spadix 2 dm. long.
Illustrated, op. cit. 94.
San Martin: Tocache (Poeppig). Huanuco: Pampayacu (Poep-
pig). Puno: Sangaban (Lechler 2490, 2491). Loreto: Cerro de
Cumbaso, Ule 6694. Brazil.
Rhodospatha Mathewsii (Schott) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot.
11: 7. 1931. Stenospermatium Mathewsii Schott, Gen. Aroid. 70.
1858; 83.
Similar to R. flavescens, but the leaves somewhat longer, the
peduncles longer, and the spadix 2-3 mm. long (or, in an Ecuadorean
form, 1 cm. long). Flowers rose (Klug). Neg. 12169.
Huanuco: Casapi (Mathews). Loreto: Near Iquitos, Klug 1200
(det. Krause). Junin: Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith. Ecuador.
Rhodospatha oblongata Poepp. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 91. 1845;
93.
Similar to R. latifolia; petiole sheath to 4 cm. broad at base but
narrowed above to scarcely 2 cm. broad; leaves 1-1.5 dm. broad;
434 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
peduncles 2-2.5 dm. long; spathe abruptly long-cuspidate, greenish
without; spadix sterile below, its stipe 1-2 cm. long. Illustrated,
Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: pi. 17.
San Martin: Tocache (Poeppig). Brazil.
Rhodospatha Spruceana (Schott) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11:
7. 1931. Stenospermatium Spruceanum Schott, Gen. Aroid. 70.
1858; 85.
Vaginate petioles of the lower leaves to 2.5 dm. long; leaves
coriaceous, oblong-elliptic-lanceolate, oblique, 2-2.5 dm. long;
peduncles very slender; spathe to 11 cm. long; spadix 4-6 cm. long,
7 mm. thick, on a stipe 5 mm. long. R. popayanensis (Schott)
Macbr. has a spadix stipe 1-1.5 cm. long. Illustrated, Mart. Fl.
Bras. 3, pt. 2: pi. 18.
Loreto: Pongo de Cainarache, Vie 6324- Junin: La Merced,
5527. Iquitos, King 516. La Victoria, Williams 2624. (all det.
Krause). Brazil to Guiana and Colombia.
Rhodospatha Weberbaueri (Engler) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot.
11: 7. 1931. Stenospermatium Weberbaueri Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37:
110. 1905; 87.
Stems about 5 dm. long; petioles vaginate two-thirds their length;
leaves acuminate, acute at base; peduncles 1.5-2.5 dm. long; spathe
cusp 6-7 mm. long; spadix 3 cm. long, 5 mm. thick, the stipe 3 mm.
long. Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 86. Neg. 12175.
Huanuco: Near the Monzon, 600 meters, Weberbauer 3653.
Junin: La Merced, 1,200 meters, Schunke 283 (det. Krause).
3. MONSTERA Adans.
Reference: Engler & Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B. 1908.
Vigorous lianas with long-vaginate petioles and broad or narrow
leaves, often perforated, less frequently entire or pinnatifid. Spi-
cular crystals numerous. Ovary usually 2-celled, the ovules com-
monly 2 in each cell. Besides the following, the Amazonian and
somewhat aberrant species, M. occidentalis (Poeppig) Schott, with a
solitary ovule, may be found. It has pinnately dissected leaves,
with the petioles (3-6 dm. long) a meter long or longer, and an
obtuse spathe, white without and rose within. The leaves of M.
pertusa and related forms serve as compresses for wounds. The
species, or probably often mere races, are distinguishable with
difficulty.
FLORA OF PERU 435
Leaves of mature plants entire, small to medium-sized.
Leaves deeply cordate to rounded or truncate at base, 10-13 cm.
wide M. acuminata.
Leaves acute at base, 5-6 cm. wide M. falcifolia.
Leaves of mature plants with 1 to many perforations or with more or
less interrupted margins, often large.
Leaves never regularly pinnatifid.
Spadix rarely as long as 5 cm.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly to moderately perforated.
M. obliqua.
Leaves ovate, abundantly perforated M . Killipii.
Spadix usually 1 dm. long or longer.
Leaves acute at the rounded base.
Leaves acute or shortly and broadly acuminate . M. pertusa.
Leaves narrowly long-acuminate M. dilacerata.
Leaves cordate or at least truncate at base.
Divisions of the leaf extending halfway to midrib.
M. maxima.
Divisions extending nearly to midrib M. acreana.
Leaves regularly pinnatifid, at least comparatively so.
Divisions of the leaf 4-6 cm. wide, broadly oblong.
Divisions at least twice longer than broad.
Few (2-4); peduncle much longer than the spadix.
M. peruviana.
Several (4-6); peduncle about equal to or much shorter
than the spadix M. Spruceana.
Divisions scarcely twice longer than broad .... M . latiloba.
Divisions of the leaf 1-3 cm. wide.
Spadix usually 1 dm. long or longer M. subpinnata.
Spadix 8 cm. long or shorter M. Uleana.
Monstera acreana Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 114.
1914.
Similar to M. maxima, but the leaves much more divided and the
slender peduncles only 8-9 cm. long. Neg. 12176.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9212.
436 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Monstera acuminata C. Koch, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App.
4. 1855; 99.
The only known Peruvian species with entire leaves, cordate to
truncate at base. In the juvenile state the leaves are closely
appressed to tree trunks.
Loreto: Cerro de Canchahuayo (Huber 1342). Iquitos, Killip &
Smith (det. Krause). Huanuco: Posuso, 600 meters, 4583. Ranging
northward to Guatemala.
Monstera dilacerata C. Koch, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App.
5. 1855; 110.
Most easily recognized by the narrowly acuminate tips of both
the young and old leaves or of their segments; largest leaves 2.5-4
dm. long, 2-2.5 dm. broad, often smaller; peduncle about 1.5 dm.
long, the yellow spathe little shorter; spadix 5-6 cm. long, sessile.
17. Neg. 12179.
Loreto: Leticia, Williams 3044. Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27372
(det. Krause). Colombia to Central America.
Monstera falcifolia Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 117. 1905; 101.
Petioles slender, 1-1.5 cm. long, obscurely vaginate nearly to the
blade; blades oblique, acuminate, narrowly oblong, about 2 dm.
long and 5 cm. wide or, in var. lalifolia Krause, to 10 cm. wide ;
peduncle 5-6 cm. long; spathe oblong, shortly acuminate, 4 cm. long;
spadix 2.5-3 cm. long. Illustrated, loc. cit.
Junin: La Merced, 1,200 meters, 5743. Loreto: Rio Nanay, Wil-
liams 730. Yurimaguas, Williams 4662. Iquitos, Killip & Smith
(all det. Krause). Brazil; Bolivia.
Monstera Killipii Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 614.
1932.
Similar to M. obliqua but the leaves becoming nearly 2 dm. broad
and 3 dm. long; petioles to 2.2 dm. long; perforations numerous even
to the leaf margins; peduncle 1 dm. long; spathe and spadix pale
yellow, the latter 4 cm. long, few-flowered. 8a.
Loreto: Iquitos (Killip & Smith 27372).
Monstera latiloba Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 615.
1932.
Leaves ovate-oblong, cuspidate-acuminate, 3-4.5 dm. long,
about 2 dm. wide, pinnatifid with 3-4 broadly oblong lobes each side
FLORA OF PERU 437
of the midnerve; fruiting spadix orange. Distinctive among species
with pinnately divided foliage in the few and broad leaf divisions.
-17a.
Loreto: Balsapuerto (Killip & Smith 28421; 28620}.
Monstera maxima Engl. & Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 107.
1908.
The only Peruvian species with distinctly cordate or rounded-
truncate leaves that are irregularly laciniate; leaves 4-7 dm. long and
3-4 dm. broad, the short divisions broadly oblong, truncate and
often slightly dilated at the apex; peduncles usually 1 dm. long or
more; spathe oblong, to 3.5 dm. long.
Puno: Chunchosmayo, 900 meters, Weberbauer 1182. Huanuco:
Huamalies, 700 meters, Weberbauer 3602. San Martin: Tarapoto,
Williams 5673 (det. Krause). Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9214. Ecuador.
Monstera obliqua Miq. Linnaea 18: 79. 1844; 103.
Slender, climbing, with oblong-lanceolate, beautifully perforated
leaves (or rarely the holes only 1 or 2); perforations often large;
leaves about 2 dm. long. The related M. coriacea Engler has a
spadix 6 cm. long, spathe 8 cm. long, and longer leaves and petioles
(to 3 dm.). Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: pi. 19.
Junin: La Merced, 1,200 meters, 5812 (det. Krause). Loreto:
Rio Itaya, Williams 236 (det. Krause). Rio Acre, Ule 9204- Brazil
to the Guianas.
Monstera pertusa (L.) de Vriese, Hort. Spaarn. Bergens. 40.
1839; 103. Dracontium pertusum L. Sp. PI. 968. 1753.
Very variable, but the leaves more or less cleft or perforated.
The Peruvian form is sometimes var. Jacquinii (Schott) Engler, with
indistinctly auricled sheaths. Fruit orange (Klug). Illustrated,
Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: pi. 20.
Huanuco: Pampayacu (Poeppig). Tingo Maria, Raimondi
(det. Krause). Junin: La Merced, 5403. Loreto: Near Iquitos,
Klug 515. Rio Acre, Ule 9242. Brazil; Colombia.
Monstera peru viana Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 117. 1905; 112.
Petioles narrowly vaginate; leaves fleshy-coriaceous, oblong,
4-5 dm. long and 2.5 dm. broad, their divisions 2-4; spadix 8-10 cm.
long, greenish, much shorter than the peduncle. Neg. 12187.
Huanuco: On the Monzon, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 3575.
438 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Monstera Spruceana (Schott) Engler in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3,
pt. 2: 115. 1878; 113. Tornelia Spruceana Schott, Oesterr. Bot.
Zeitschr. 9: 40. 1859.
Petioles broadly vaginate, 3 to several dm. long; leaves to 3.5
dm. wide; peduncle stout, about 1 dm. long; spadix finally almost
3 dm. long or often a third shorter. Spathe white; spadix orange
(Tessmann).
Loreto: Santa Rosa, below Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith. Mouth
of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4522. Rio Acre, Ule 9222 (all det.
Krause).
Monstera subpinnata (Schott) Engler in DC. Monogr. 2: 267.
1879; 113. Tornelia subpinnata Schott, Prodr. 357. 1860.
Leaves 2.5-3.5 dm. long, with 3-6 divisions about 12 cm. long and
2-3 cm. wide; peduncle stout, 7-8 cm. long; spathe broadly ovate, 1
dm. broad when expanded, acuminate; spadix 10-12 cm. long, 16-
20 mm. thick. 22.
Huanuco: Pampayacu (Poeppig). Junin: La Merced, 1,000
meters, Weberbauer 1873; 282. San Martin: Rio Huallaga, Williams
6582 (det. Krause). Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 4694 (vel aff.,
det. Krause; has the narrow leaf segments of M. Uleana, but sterile).
Rio Acre, Ule 9239, 9230. Ayacucho: Rio Apurimac Valley,
Killip & Smith 2249 (det. Krause).
Monstera Uleana Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 118. 1905; 113.
Similar, but divisions 6-7, falcate, 1-2 cm. wide; peduncle 1 dm.
long; spathe ovate-oblong, white, 5 cm. broad; spadix about 8 cm.
long, 1.5 cm. thick. Doubtfully distinct from M. subpinnata.
Loreto: Pampas de Ponasa, Ule.
4. SPATHIPHYLLUM Schott
Reference: Engler & Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B. 1908.
Stemless or short-stemmed herbs with long-petioled ovate-oblong
leaves, and peduncles about as long or longer, bearing a leaf-like
persistent spathe. Spicular crystals few. Ovary 2-4-celled.
Petioles about 6 dm. long, nearly twice as long as the blades.
S. Huberi.
Petioles about 2 dm. long, or about equaling the blades.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate.
Spadix 2-5 cm. long, the stipe 4-8 mm. long.
FLORA OF PERU 439
Leaves 4-5 cm. broad; spadix about 4 cm. long. S. tenerum.
Leaves mostly under 3 cm. broad; spadix 2-2.5 cm. long.
S. Lechlerianum.
Spadix 7-12 cm. long, the stipe often 12-15 mm. long.
S. cannaefolium.
Leaves broadly ovate-elliptic S. juninense.
Spathiphyllum cannaefolium (Dryand.) Schott, Gen. Aroid. 1:
1. 1858; 132. Pothos cannaefolia Dryand. Bot. Mag. pi. 603. 1803.
Larger than the other species, the leaves sometimes several dm.
long and 1 dm. wide or wider; sepals truncate. 25.
Loreto: Pebas, Williams 1706 (det. Krause). Colombia; Vene-
zuela; British Guiana.
Spathiphyllum Huberi Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 120. 1905; 128.
Petioles narrowly vaginate to the middle; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acute at base, long-acuminate, 1.5 dm. broad, with very many
lateral nerves; spathe green, acuminate, nearly 2 dm. long, 6 cm.
broad; spadix stipe 3-3.5 cm. long; spadix 12 cm. long, 8 mm. thick;
sepals free, subtruncate; ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell
near the base. Illustrated, op. cit. 129.
Loreto: Cerro de Canchahuayo ( Huber 1403).
Spathiphyllum juninense Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
11: 615. 1932.
Petioles about 4 dm. long, vaginate nearly to the node but very
narrowly; leaves obtusely rounded at base, acuminate, 3 dm. long
and about half as broad; primary lateral nerves 14-16; peduncle 6
dm. long; spathe white or green, oblong, 15 cm. long, the acumen
about 1 cm. long; spadix 11 cm. long, the stipe nearly 2 cm. long. 6 a.
Junin: Santa Rosa, Pichis Trail, 800 meters, Killip & Smith 26157.
Spathiphyllum Lechlerianum Schott, Prodr. 425. 1860; 131.
Petioles very slender, 1.5 dm. long or longer, narrowly vaginate to
about the middle; leaves narrowly lanceolate, narrowed at each end,
long-acuminate, 2.5-4 cm. broad; primary lateral nerves 6-7; ped-
uncle 3-4 dm. long; stipe 2 cm. long; spathe white, cuneately long-
decurrent; sepals connate, 6-lobed; ovules 6-8 in each cell.
Puno: Sangaban (Lechler). San Martin: Tarapoto (Spruce
4496). Loreto: Camboso, Ule. Puerto Mele"ndez, Tessmann 4837.
440 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Spathiphyllum tenerum Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 120. 1905;
131.
Petioles long-vaginate; leaves thin, light green above, paler
beneath, obtuse at base, acuminate, 1.5-2 dm. long, 3-4 cm. broad;
primary lateral nerves about 9, strongly arcuate; peduncle about
4 dm. long; spathe 5-7 cm. long, the acumen 1-1.5 cm. long; stipe
4-5 mm. long; sepals free. Neg. 12197.
Loreto: Cerro de Ponasa, 1,200 meters, Vie 6851.
5. DRACONTIUM L.
The species known within Peru are distinguishable from the
related genus Urospatha by their large dissected leaves. Members of
the scarcely distinct genus Cyrtosperma Griff, will, no doubt, be found
sooner or later in Peru. It is usually distinguishable from Dracontium
by its hastate-sagittate leaves, although those of C. Spruceanum are
3-parted. The elongate spathe of Cyrtosperma is usually straight,
the seeds albuminous, and the caudex short or tuberous.
Leaves irregularly pinnate; spathe green D. loretense.
Leaves 3-parted, the divisions pinnate; spathe white D. Ulei.
Dracontium loretense Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11:
617. 1932.
Petioles unknown; leaves multiparted, the lateral divisions
oblong or obovate-oblong, 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-6 dm. broad, the
terminal deeply bilobed; spathe narrowly lanceolate, nearly 2.5
dm. long; spadix stipe about 1 cm. long, the spadix 4 cm. long, 12
mm. thick. Similar to D. costaricense Engler but with different
measurements, especially in the length of the spadix stipe. Other
aroids known from Peru, for instance species of Anthurium and
Philodendron, are similar to or identical with specimens collected in
Costa Rica. 4a.
Loreto: In forest, Yurimaguas, Rio Huallaga, Williams 5144-
Dracontium Ulei Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 115.
1914.
Petioles minutely roughened, 4 dm. long or longer; leaves about
5 dm. long, deeply 3-parted, the primary divisions equally biparted,
the others irregularly pinnate, the ultimate oblong-lanceolate seg-
ments 4-8 cm. long; peduncles 3-5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick; spathe
incurved at the cucullate apex, 6 cm. long, spadix stipe very short,
FLORA OF PERU 441
the spadix 3-4 cm. long, 14 mm. thick; ovary incompletely 3-4-
celled; fruit 4-5 mm. long. In its white spathe unique. Neg. 12192.
Peru: Probably, but the type from Sao Francisco on the Alto
Acre and Alto Xapury, Brazil, Ule 9215.
6. UROSPATHA Schott
Reference: Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23C. 1911.
The Peruvian species readily known by the greatly prolonged
spathe, the caudate portion above the spadix 2-3 dm. long, or by the
greatly prolonged lower leaf lobes, these equaling or longer than
the upper ones.
Spathe elongate to 4.5 dm.
Lower leaf lobes ovate U. caudata.
Lower leaf lobes oblong-lanceolate U. angusta.
Spathe not elongate.
Midnerve of lower lobes exposed for 2-3 cm. . . . U. Langsdorffiana.
Midnerve of lower lobes exposed for about 1 cm. . . . U. decipiens.
Urospatha angusta Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11 : 616.
1932.
Petioles 3.5 dm. long; leaves subcoriaceous, narrowly hastate,
about 4.5 dm. long and to 2.5 cm. wide at the base, the upper, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate lobe 2.8 dm. long; peduncle 3 dm. long; spathe
deep green without, 2 dm. long; spadix reddish green, shortly stiped,
5 cm. long. lOa.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, 135 meters (Killip & Smith 27965).
Urospatha caudata (Poepp. & Endl.) Schott, Gen. Aroid. 1:
3. pi. 8. 1853; 34. Spathiphyllum caudatum Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. & Sp. 3: 85. pi. 296. 1845.
A tall herb, the long-petioled leaves triangular-hastate, their
lower lobes to 3 dm. long and 14 cm. wide, the upper lobe somewhat
longer and nearly 2 dm. wide; spadix to about 1 dm. long.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Capanahua, Tessmann 3031 (det. Krause).
Brazil.
Urospatha decipiens Schott, Bonplandia 5: 128. 1857; 34.
Petioles 5-14 cm. long, verruculose-roughened below; leaves
sagittate, to 4 dm. long but usually much smaller, the lobes about
442 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
equal in length, the upper broader, to 6 cm. broad; peduncle 1.5-9
cm. long; spathe 2.5-3 dm. long, the spadix as long or much shorter,
its stipe 7-8 mm. long.
Loreto: Caballo-cocha, Williams 2226 (det. Krause). Brazil.
Urospatha Langsdorffiana Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl.
7: 253. 1857; 35.
Petioles and leaves often several dm. long, the petioles and
peduncles slightly muriculate; lower leaf lobes to 3 dm. long, strongly
oblique; spadix very shortly stipitate. Spathe dark green, paler
within, the spadix greenish pink (Killip & Smith}.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 27965 (det. Krause). Brazil.
7. ANTHURIUM Schott
Reference: Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B. 1905.
Perennials, various in habit, but most often with short assurgent
stems, less frequently scandent. Venation parallel. Spicular crys-
tals lacking. Ovules solitary or two. Seeds albuminous. There
are upward of 100 Ecuadorian species, many of which may well
be expected to occur in northern Peru, but mention of them even
incidentally has seemed impractical. The recent discovery of
A. cuspidijolium Schott, hitherto known only from Costa Rica, is a
further indication of the probable incompleteness of the following list.
A. Leaves entire or essentially so.
B. Petioles usually shorter than the leaf blades or the leaves neither
cordately nor hastately lobed at base.
C. Lower lateral nerves, at least, free to the margins or appar-
ently so.
Lateral nerves all or nearly all free.
Peduncle and leaves subequal A. tarapotense.
Peduncle much shorter than the leaves.
Peduncle 2.5-3.5 dm. long A. Tessmannii.
Peduncle about 1 dm. long A. Ernesti.
Only the lower lateral nerves free.
Leaves very rigid-coriaceous.
Leaves ovate, not much longer than the petiole.
A. Weberbaueri.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, much longer than the petiole.
Leaves about 1 dm. wide or narrower . . A. Dombeyanum.
Leaves about 1.5 dm. wide or wider. . . A. rigidissimum.
FLORA OF PERU 443
Leaves thin or, if coriaceous, not rigid.
Leaves 2-7 cm. wide.
Spathe and spadix subequal; leaves 5-6 cm. wide.
A. tenuispadix.
Spathe much shorter than the spadix; leaves narrower.
A. linearifolium.
Leaves about 1-3.5 dm. wide.
Leaves small or medium-sized, the petioles 1.5-2 dm.
long.
Leaves long-acuminate; petiole callus 1 cm. long.
A. cuspidifolium.
Leaves acute; petiole callus 0.5 cm. long.
A. Uleanum.
Leaves very large, the petioles to 4 dm. long.
A. latissimum.
C. All the lateral nerves joined before the margin into a longi-
tudinal nerve.
D. Leaves membranous or subcoriaceous, the intramarginal
nerve remote.
Spadix distinctly stipitate, or the petioles and leaves
subequal.
Stipe 3-3.5 cm. long A. gracilipedunculatum.
Stipe 0.5-2 cm. long.
Stipe 8 mm. long, or rarely obscure; petioles and blades
usually subequal.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 7-8 cm. wide.
A. amoenum.
Leaves suboblong, 5-7 cm. wide A. idmense.
Stipe about 2 cm. long; petioles often much shorter
than the blades A. decurrens.
Spadix sessile or subsessile, the petioles rarely equaling the
blades.
Leaves linear-oblong, rarely 2.5 cm. wide, finally very
many times longer than broad. . .A. vittariifolium.
Leaves usually broader, always only a few times longer
than broad A. scandens.
E. Leaves not black-dotted; petioles usually several cm.
long.
444 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate, or broader (6-7
cm.) but distinctly calloused at the shortly
cuneate base.
Spadix exceeding the spathe.
Leaves less than 2 cm. wide, rarely 1.5 dm. long.
A. gracile.
Leaves usually 2.5 cm. wide and often longer
(cf. also A. linearifolium) .
Lateral nerves irregular, 5-10 mm. apart.
A. scolopendrinum.
Lateral nerves parallel, 2-3 mm. apart.
A. gracillimum.
Spadix and spathe subequal A. huanucense.
Leaves elliptic-obovate, often 1 dm. wide or, if
oblong-lanceolate, long-decurrent on the ob-
scurely calloused petiole.
Leaves 3.5-6 dm. long, 6 cm. wide above.
A. tenuispadix.
Leaves generally much shorter and wider.
Petioles much shorter than the leaves.
Peduncles about twice longer than the
petioles A. oxycarpum.
Peduncles many times longer than the petioles.
A. strictum.
Petioles and blades subequal. . . .A. flavescens.
E. Leaves black-dotted; petioles about 1 cm. long,
deeply grooved A. Pohlianum.
D. Leaves heavy-coriaceous, the intramarginal nerve near
the margin A. Weberbaueri.
B. Petioles usually about equaling, or exceeding, the distinctly
cordate or hastate leaves.
F. Primary basal nerves (i.e. lobate nerves) few (3-5).
G. Leaves more or less deeply cordate at base.
H. Spathe about 2.5 cm. wide or narrower.
Spathe about 1 dm. long or longer.
Spathe about 1 (-1.5) dm. long; spadix stipitate (at
least shortly).
FLORA OF PERU 445
Stipe 1.5-2 cm. long; leaves acuminate.
Basal sinus closed or partly closed. A. corallinum.
Basal sinus rounded, open, the lobes divergent.
A. carneospadix.
Stipe about 5 mm. long; leaves shortly acute or
obtuse.
Leaves acute, small, to 13 cm. wide.
A. indecorum.
Leaves rounded at tip, to 2 dm. wide.
A. Lechlerianum.
Spathe about 1.5-2 dm. long; spadix sessile.
Basal lobes roundish, 6-7 times shorter than upper,
divergent, the sinus shallow. .A. cainarachense.
Basal lobes semiovate, about 4 times shorter than
the upper, little divergent, the sinus deep.
A. huamaliesense.
Spathe about 5 cm. long or shorter.
Leaves large, the basal sinus several cm. deep.
Lobal nerves 4; peduncle 2-2.5 dm. long.
A. terrestre.
Lobal nerves 5; peduncle 1.5-2 dm. long.
A. sororium.
Leaves small, the sinus 1.5-2 cm. deep.
A. oblongo-cordatum.
H. Spathe about 6 cm. wide.
Spadix stipe less than 1 cm. long.
Leaves broadly cordate, 4 dm. wide at base.
A. consimile.
Leaves sagittate-cordate, 2.5 dm. wide at base.
A. Schunkei.
Spadix stipe 1.5 cm. long A. Macbridei.
G. Leaves triangular-hastate, the lobes strongly divergent.
Apex of leaf rounded or obtuse or apiculate.
Leaves nearly 2 dm. wide at lobes; spadix stipitate.
A. peruvianum.
Leaves nearly 1 dm. wide at lobes; spadix sessile.
A. nervosum.
Apex of leaf shortly acuminate A. siccisilvarum.
446 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
F. Primary lateral basal nerves 6-9.
Basal lobes divergent, the lobes often pandurate-hastate.
Basal lobes oblong or rounded but always widely spreading.
Leaf tip rounded or shortly acuminate.
Spathe linear-oblong, less than 1 cm. wide.
A. siccisilvarum.
Spathe oblong, 2 cm. wide A. breviscapum.
Leaf tip 2 cm. long A. huallagense.
Basal lobes obliquely ovate and merely divergent.
Leaves 2.5-4 dm. broad.
Spadix stipitate A. alienatum.
Spadix sessile.
Spathe about 2.5 cm. wide A. huamaliesense.
Spathe about 1 cm. wide A. cainarachense.
Leaves about 1.5 dm. broad A. indecorum.
Basal lobes convergent, the leaves often cordiform.
Upper lobe obviously contracted at middle. .A. Macleanii.
Upper lobe little contracted, the leaf ovate-cordate.
Acumen conspicuous, 1.5 cm. long A. lutescens.
Acumen lacking or reduced to a cusp ... .A. monzonense.
A. Leaves, at least some of them, more or less deeply dissected.
The principal divisions more or less lobed.
Peduncle about 6 dm. long, the spadix half as long.
A. Burchellianum.
Peduncle about 3 dm. long, the spadix twice as long.
A. clavigerum.
The principal divisions entire or merely repand.
Leaf segments 3.
Some of the leaves entire, the leaf or leaflets abruptly caudate.
A. yurimaguense.
All the leaves divided, the leaflets acuminate . .A. triphyllum.
Leaf segments more than 3 in at least some leaves.
Leaf segments mostly 5-9 (3-13).
Spathe and usually the spadix less than 1 dm. long.
Peduncles and petiole subequal, 4 dm. long. . .A. Martini.
Peduncles a third to two-thirds as long as the petiole
(1-2 dm.) or shorter.
FLORA OF PERU 447
Petioles 4-sided; segments (1.5-) 3-4 dm. long.
A. Kunthii.
Petioles subterete; segments 1-2 dm. long.
Segments not very unequal at base. A. pentaphyllum.
Segments, in part, very unequal ...... A. undatum.
Spathe and especially the spadix much more than 1 dm.
long ................................ A. Wittianum.
Leaf segments 15-20 ......................... A. eminens.
Anthurium alienatum Schott, Prodr. 507. 1860; 125.
Leaves cordiform, 5-6 dm. long, 3.5-4 cm. wide at the middle,
the subovate basal lobes about a fourth as long, their lateral nerves
7, those of the upper lobe 13-15 and definitely joined near the margin;
peduncle shorter than the leaves, about 5.5 dm. long; spathe reflexed,
5 cm. long; spadix stipe 1 cm. long, the spathe 6 cm. long.
Puno: Sangaban (Lechler 2425). Cuzco: Valle de San Miguel,
2,000 meters., Hen era 2038 (aff., det. Krause). Huanuco: Panao,
3,000 meters, 2225 (det. Krause). Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago,
Tessmann
Anthurium amoenum Kunth ex Schott, Prodr. 442. 1870; 107.
Petioles terete or sulcate, 1.5-3 dm. long; leaves pale green,
punctate, oblong-lanceolate-elliptic, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, long-cuspidate-
acuminate; lateral nerves 15-18, joined 5 mm. within the margin;
peduncle 2-3 dm. long; spathe linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 4-5
cm. long, the sessile or subsessile spadix as long or shorter; sepals
rose-purple. The Peruvian plant is var. humile (Schott) Engler,
with longer, long-acuminate, oblong leaves. Illustrated, Engler, Icon.
Autog. 66.
Loreto: Near Iquitos, King 316, 207 (det. Krause). Huanuco:
Pampayacu (Poeppig). Puno: (Lechler). Venezuela; Colombia.
Anthurium breviscapum Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3:
84. 1845; 229.
Petioles about 3 dm. long; leaves 3-4 dm. long, 2-4 dm. broad
below, arcuately narrowed to the middle, shortly acuminate, the
divaricate basal lobes oblong; peduncles 2.5-3 dm. long; spathe 6-8
cm. long, 2 cm. broad, erect, oblong, acuminate, green; spadix 5-7
cm. long, 6-7 mm. thick, the stipe to 5 mm. long.
Huanuco : Pampayacu (Poeppig 1511). Near Cochero (Poeppig) .
Puno: Sangaban (Lechler).
448 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Anthurium Burchellianum (Engler) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot.
11: 7. 1931. A. panduratum Mart. var. Burchellianum Engler,
Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 279. 1905. A. panduratum Mart, ex Schott,
Prodr. 545. 1860, not Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 182. 1858.
Similar to A. clavigerum, but the leaf divisions often fewer and
the petioles shorter; segments sinuately few-lobed or (in the Martius
plant) deeply 2-lobed. Leaves to 1 meter wide (Huber). Illus-
trated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: pi. 14.
Loreto: Cerro de Canchahuayo (Huber). La Victoria, Williams
2939. Yurimaguas, Williams 4630 (det. Krause). Brazil.
Anthurium cainarachense Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 192.
1905.
Scandent, with thin leaves 6 dm. long and 3.5 dm. wide, the sinus
rounded; peduncle slender; spathe long-acuminate, to 2 dm. long and
1.5 cm. wide; lateral basal nerves 4; spadix sessile, 2-2.5 dm. long,
7 mm. thick below, attenuate, reddish. Neg. 11876.
Loreto: Pongo de Cainarache, Ule 6326.
Anthurium carneospadix Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 194.
1905.
Petiole equaling or a little exceeding the blade, 4-4.5 dm. long;
blades oblong-cordate, the subreniform basal lobes about 3.5 times
shorter than the upper; basal lateral nerves 6; peduncles 1.5 dm. long;
spathe 1.5-3 cm. broad, purplish; spadix stipe 1.5-2 cm. long, the
spadix finally 1 dm. long and 8 mm. thick; sepals red. Perhaps not
separable from A. corallinum Poepp. Neg. 11881.
Junin: East of Huacapistana, 2,300 meters, Weberbauer 2115,
2271; 250. Cajamarca: Chugar, 2,700 meters, Weberbauer 4080.
Anthurium clavigerum Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3:
84. 1845; 280.
Scandent, with 9-parted leaves on petioles to 1 meter long; leaf
divisions long-cuneate at base, the intermediate ones 5-6 dm. long
and pinnatifid, free; peduncle only 3 dm. long; spadix twice longer
than the spathe, 6-7 dm. long, the fruit purple. Var. subpedati-
partitum Engler has the leaf segments coherent below.
Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig). Near the Monzon, 600 meters,
Weberbauer 3664; 286. Loreto: Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith
(det. Krause). Rio Acre, Ule 9221.
FLORA OF PERU 449
Anthurium consimile Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7:
294. 1857; 211.
Leaves broadly cordate, about 4 dm. wide below and only 5-5.5
dm. long; basal lobes oblique, a quarter as long; basal nerves 5;
spathe long-cuspidate, 1.5 dm. long, the short-stipitate spadix
12 cm. long and 1 cm. thick.
Peru: (Poeppig}.
Anthurium corallinum Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3:
84. 1845; 190.
Similar to A. carneospadix; petioles shorter; leaves with a point
2 cm. long; basal nerves 4; spadix stipe 1 cm. long; spathe linear-
lanceolate.
Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig}.
Anthurium cuspidifolium Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 180.
1858; 158.
Among Peruvian species most nearly allied to A. flavescens, but
the petioles much shorter than the blades (about 1.5 dm. long), the
blades oblong and to 1 dm. wide, the lower lateral nerves obscure,
and the peduncle only 5-6 cm. long.
Junin: La Merced, 1,200 meters, 5622 (det. Krause). Chancha-
mayo Valley, 1,500 meters, Schunke 572. Costa Rica.
Anthurium decurrens Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen.
&Sp. 3:83. pi. 293. 1845; 93.
Stems short; leaves glaucous green, oblong-obovate, shortly and
acutely acuminate, long-cuneate to base, to 2 dm. long and 5-6 cm.
broad; lateral nerves 14-19; spathe abruptly apiculate, decurrent
on the peduncle nearly to the middle, to 1 dm. long and more than
1 cm. broad; spadix 6 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, its thickened fruiting
rachis violet, the fruits scarlet; stipe 2 cm. long.
Loreto: Yurimaguas (Poeppig}; Killip & Smith. Puerto Arturo,
Killip & Smith 27928. Junin: Rio Paucartambo Valley, Killip &
Smith (all det. Krause).
Anthurium Dombeyanum Brongn. ex Schott, Prodr. 477.
1860; 81.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, attenuate to the apex, green above,
paler beneath, about 3.5 dm. long; peduncles shorter; spathe decur-
rent at base, 8-9 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. broad; spadix about as long,
450 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
less than 1 cm. thick, shortly stipitate. Illustrated, Saund. Ref.
Bot. 4: pi. 269.
Junin: Stony shrubby places above Huacapistana, 1,800 meters,
Weberbauer 1975. Huanuco: Rock outcrops, Mufia, 3668 (det.
Krause). Without locality (Dombey).
Anthurium eminens Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 5: 273.
1855; 291.
Arborescent, about 2 meters high; leaf segments 4-6 dm. long,
1 dm. wide, lance-oblong, long-cuneate to the base, narrowed above
to a lanceolate cuspidate point; intramarginal nerve 3-4 mm. remote;
peduncle 2 dm. long; spathe red, the longer spadix 5 dm. long.
Imperfectly known.
Peru : Junction of the Huallaga and the Rio de Chiechas (Poeppig).
Anthurium Ernesti Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 80. 1895.
Stems short; petioles slender, to 2 dm. long, 5-carinate on the
back, grooved above; lateral nerves of the leaves 7-8, ascending at
an angle of 40 degrees; spathe white, to 2.5 cm. broad; spadix to 1.5
cm. thick; sepals linear; otherwise similar to A. Tessmannii. Neg.
11918.
Loreto: Falls of the Cainarache, Ule 6325. San Isidro, Tess-
mann 4997 (det. Krause). San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 5721
(det. Krause). Brazil.
Anthurium flavescens Poepp. in Poepp. & Engl. Nov. Gen.
&Sp. 3:83. 1845; 155.
Leaves obovate-elliptic, arcuately narrowed to the cuspidate tip
and to the base, about 1.5 dm. long and 5 cm. broad, with 15-20
lateral nerves; peduncles 2-3 dm. long; spathe lanceolate, little
decurrent, reflexed, 5 cm. long and 12 mm. wide; spadix sessile,
white, 3.5 cm. long and 6-7 mm. thick.
Huanuco: Near Cochero (Poeppig}. Pampayacu 1,050 meters,
5078 (det. Krause). San Martin: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4726.
Anthurium gracile (Rudge) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 19: pi. 1635.
1833; 89. Pothos gracilis Rudge, PL Guian. 1: 23. pi. 32. 1805.
Very much like A. scolopendrinum and with the same concolorous
foliage, but the petioles always much shorter than the blades (to one-
quarter their length), and the blades linear-lanceolate, narrowed
to both ends, and long-acuminate.
FLORA OF PERU 451
Loreto: Mainas (Poeppig); Killip & Smith (det. Krause). San
Isidro, Tessmann 5030 (det. Krause). Ranging to the Guianas and
Central America.
Anthurium gracillimum Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 91. 1905.
A more or less scandent plant, in aspect like A. scolopendrinum,
but the caudex elongate, the petioles definitely sheathed, and the
lateral nerves very numerous and nearly parallel.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, King 1272 (det. Krause).
Colombia.
Anthurium gracilipedunculatum Krause, Field Mus. Bot.
8: 78. 1930.
Scandent, the internodes 3-6 cm. long; petioles slender, vaginate
at base, grooved above, 5-7 cm. long; blades thick, oblong-lanceo-
late, cuspidulate, 8-11 cm. long, 4 cm. broad; lateral nerves prominent
beneath, joined 3-4 mm. from the margin; peduncles scarcely 5
mm. thick, often curved, 12-16 cm. long; spathe and spadix reddish,
the former narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate, 4-5 cm. long, 5
mm. wide, the spadix 4-7 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, on a stipe 3-3.5
cm. long. Nearly A. pukhellum Engler, of Colombia, but differing
in color and proportionate size of petioles, leaves, and spathes.
Huanuco: Yanano, 1,800 meters, sprawling on forest floor, 3734,
type.
Anthurium huallagense Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 132. 1905.
A scandent epiphyte with short internodes and thin hastate
leaves; petioles broadly grooved above; basal lobes divergent, oblong,
obtuse, half shorter than the ovate-lanceolate long-acuminate upper
lobe, the latter 2.5 dm. long and 1-2 dm. broad; peduncle about 2
dm. long; spathe linear, long-acuminate, 8-9 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide;
spathe 1.5-2 dm. long, 5 mm. thick, the stipe 3-6 mm. long; sepals
purplish. Neg. 11943.
Huanuco: Near the Monzon, 600 meters, Weberbauer 3660, 3661.
Anthurium huamaliesense Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 193.
1905.
Like A. cainarachense ; petioles to 3.5 dm. long; leaves narrower,
about 2.5 dm. wide; spathe finally 1.5 dm. long and 2.5 cm. broad;
spadix 1 cm. thick, light brown. Neg. 11944.
Huanuco: Between the Monzon and the Huallaga, 600 meters,
Weberbauer 3666; 286. Junin: Paucartambo Valley and Pichis
452 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Trail, Killip & Smith (det. Krause). La Merced, 1,200 meters,
5650.
Anthurium huanucense Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 165. 1905.
Petioles 4-7 cm. long; leaves pale green, cuneately narrowed to
the base, acutish, 2.5 dm. long and 4-5 cm. broad; lateral nerves
about 15; peduncle equaling the leaves; spathe linear, shortly acu-
minate, 5 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide; spadix as long, 3 mm. thick;
sepals reddish, white-punctate. Neg. 11945.
Huanuco: By the Monzon, 900 meters, Weberbauer 3449.
Junin: La Merced, 5650 (det. Krause).
Anthurium indecorum Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 350.
1858; 246.
Allied to A. Macleanii but the leaves merely elongate-cordate,
3-3.5 dm. long, the retrorse basal lobes oblong, 7-8 cm. long; petioles
2.5-3 dm. long; peduncle 7-11 cm. long; spathe green, about 1 dm.
long and 2 cm. wide; spadix 12 cm. long and 1 cm. thick, violet-
purple.
Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig). Casapi (Mathews). Cuzco: Mar-
capata, 2,900 meters, Weberbauer 7799 (det. Krause). Piura: East
of Huancabamba, Weberbauer 6317. Colombia.
Anthurium idmense Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 608.
1932.
Among Peruvian species well marked by the thin, crowded,
suboblong leaves about 5-7 cm. wide and 2 dm. long or somewhat
longer, broadly narrowed to the shortly acuminate tip, shortly and
broadly cuneate at base; petioles 1 dm. long or longer, the peduncles
about as long; spadix slender, twice as long as the lanceolate spathe,
this 4-5 cm. long; stipe 5-6 mm. long. The entire plant dries reddish.
Neg. 11948.
Cuzco: Hacienda Idma, Prov. Convencion, 1,700 meters, Weber-
bauer 5036.
Anthurium Kunthii Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 84.
1845; 286.
Slender stems climbing; petioles (1-) 3-5 dm. long; leaf segments
5-13, elongate-lanceolate, cuneate at base and subabruptly acuminate
at apex; lateral nerves joined to an intramarginal one; spathe pur-
plish, narrow, 1.5 dm. long; spadix 3 cm. long in flower; berries
globose, blue. Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 287.
FLORA OF PERU 453
Loreto: Caballo-cocha, Williams 2408 (det. Krause). Pongo de
Cainarache, Ule 6330. La Victoria, Williams 2784 (det. Krause).
Mainas (Poeppig). Cerro de Canchahuayo (Huber} Puno: San-
gaban (Lechler}. San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 6543, 6210 (det.
Krause). Cuzco: Prov. Calca (Herrera}. Brazil.
Anthurium latissimum Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 292. 1905.
Caudex short; petioles grooved above, carinate; leaves broadly
oblanceolate, 5 dm. long and 3.5 dm. broad; lateral nerves about 12;
peduncles somewhat 4-sided, 5.5 dm. long; spathe decurrent, lanceo-
late, 1 dm. long, 2.5 cm. wide; spadix subsessile, in fruit to 17 cm.
long and 2 cm. thick. Neg. 11960.
Junin: La Merced, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 1939; 282.
Anthurium Lechlerianum Schott, Prodr. 534. 1860; 261.
In general similar to A. breviscapum; petioles shorter; leaves
abruptly rounded-obtuse at apex, retuse and minutely apiculate;
spathe shorter, narrowly lanceolate; spadix to 1 dm. long and 1.5
cm. thick in fruit. Neg. 11961.
Puno: Sangaban (Lechler 2203). Cachicachi, Weberbauer 1312a.
Huanuco: South of Monzon, 1,600 meters, Weberbauer 3513
Junin: San Ramon, 57.47 (det. Krause). Bolivia.
Anthurium linearifolium Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 88. 1905.
Resembling greatly A. scolopendrinum, but a few of the lateral
nerves near the leaf base to the margin or apparently so. Neg. 11966.
Loreto: Caballo-cocha, Williams 2422 (det. Krause). Ranging
northward to Colombia and Panama.
Anthurium lutescens Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 293. 1905.
Petioles broadly and acutely grooved above, about 5 dm. long;
leaves deeply cordate, 5 dm. long and 3.5 dm. wide below, the lobes
2.5 times shorter than the upper part of the leaf; peduncle angled,
about 6 dm. long; spathe green, lanceolate, nearly 2 dm. long, 3.5
cm. wide; spadix sessile, 12 cm. long, 13 mm. thick at base. Peduncle
and sepals yellow-spotted, from a yellow crystal soluble in KOH
and HN0 3 . A similar plant collected by Killip and Smith near La
Merced has a longer and slender, purple spadix and purplish spathe.
Neg. 11976.
Huanuco: Pampayacu, 1,050 meters, 5084- Junin: La Merced,
Weberbauer 1838.
454 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Anthurium Macbridei Krause, Field Mus. Bot. 8: 79. 1930.
A magnificent plant allied to A. corallinum; petioles to 1.5 meters
long; leaves elongate-cordiform, to 9 dm. long and 7 dm. broad, the
upper lobe twice as long as the rounded lower ones; peduncle 6-8 dm.
long, 1.5 cm. thick at base; spathe narrowly oblong, subacuminate,
1.5-2 dm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, the brownish purple spadix 2-3 dm.
long or in fruit longer, on a stipe 1.5 cm. long.
Huanuco: Huacachi, near Muiia, in woods, 2,150 meters, 4110,
type.
Anthurium Macleanii Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 350.
1858; 250.
Well marked by the unusual shape of the leaves, the lower two-
thirds rounded-ovate or almost round, the upper third oblong, the
width between the two dissimilar parts nearly 3 dm.; basal lobes
oblong-ovate, incurved; basal nerves 8; peduncle 2 dm. long; spathe
and spadix 1.5 dm. long; spadix stipe 3-4 cm. long. Neg. 11977.
Huanuco: Yanano, 3764 (det. Krause). (Maclean). Amazonas:
Chachapoyas, Weberbauer 4439.
Anthurium Martini Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7: 325.
1857; 279.
Leaf divisions 7, 2 dm. long and 6 cm. wide, cuneate at base,
the 2 outer connate, rounded or abruptly linear-cuspidate at apex,
subrepand; spathe 2 dm. long, 1 cm. wide; spadix slender, 2.5 dm.
long.
Loreto: Cerro de Canchahuaya (Huber 1405). Balsapuerto,
Killip & Smith. French Guiana.
Anthurium monzonense Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 264. 1905.
Caudex about 5 dm. long; petioles nearly 9 dm. long, vaginate for
5-6 cm; leaves ovate-cordate, about 6.5 dm. long and 4 dm. broad,
the subovate basal lobes 4 times shorter than the upper; peduncle 5
dm. long; spathe coriaceous, oblong, green, nearly 1.5 dm. long,
equaled by the brown sessile spadix. Engler places this in his group
Cavispathacea, characterized by purple spathes. Neg. 11996.
Huanuco: Monzon, 1,600 meters, Weberbauer 3562, type.
Anthurium nervosum Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11:
608. 1932.
In aspect suggesting A. peruvianum, but much smaller, the leaves
only 1.5-1.8 dm. long, on slender petioles 2-3 dm. long; peduncles
FLORA OF PERU 455
a little longer; spathe brownish green, oblong-lanceolate, 3.5 cm.
long and scarcely 1 cm. wide, the spadix 4.5 cm. long, sessile or
nearly so. The one known plant was terrestrial. Neg. 12002.
Amazonas: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4648.
Anthurium oblongo-cordatum Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B:
110. 1905.
Scandent, the internodes long or short; petioles a few cm. to
1.5 dm. long; leaves sharply acuminate, at base lightly cordate, 1.5 dm.
long and 6-7 cm. wide; peduncles exceeding the petioles; spathe 5 cm.
long, 5-8 mm. wide, the slender spadix somwhat longer.
Amazonas: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4755. Colombia.
Anthurium oxycarpum Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen.
&Sp. 3:83. 1845; 94.
Similar to A. decurrens, but the leaves scarcely cuspidate, the
spathe shorter than the spadix, and the fruit violet. A. guayaquil-
ense Engler, with compressed petioles grooved above and 1 dm.
long, will probably be found.
Loreto: Yurimaguas (Poeppig). Tierra Blanca, Tessmann 4975.
Brazil.
Anthurium pentaphyllum (Aubl.) G. Don in Sweet, Hort.
Brit. ed. 3. 633. 1839; 290. Dracontium pentaphyllum Aubl. PL
Guian. 2: 837. pi. 326. 1775.
Resembling A. Kunthii, but leaf segments fewer, 5-9; spathe
green, reflexed; fruits green.
Junin: La Merced, 1,000 meters, 5564, 5679 (det. Krause);
Weberbauer 1866, 1874; 282; Schunke 330 (det. Krause). Loreto:
Cuillacaca, Rio Huallaga (Huber 1544)- Yurimaguas, Williams 4191
(det. Krause). Iquitos, Klug 514 (det. Krause). Brazil to British
Guiana and Trinidad.
Anthurium peruvianum Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 262. 1905.
A close ally of A. Lechlerianum, differing chiefly in the fewer
nerves and more widely spreading, narrower basal lobes. Neg.
12034.
Puno: Above Cachitachi, 1,800 meters, Weberbauer 1312, type.
Anthurium Pohlianum Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 152. 1905.
Among Peruvian species with all the lateral nerves joined, this
plant resembles most A. scandens, from which its short caudex
456 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
readily distinguishes it; petioles scarcely 1 cm. long, grooved above;
blades about 1.5 dm. long and 3 cm. wide, apiculate at the scarcely
acute or rounded apex and little narrowed to the base; peduncles
about 3 cm. long, bearing a spadix 3-4 cm. long in a spathe half as
long and about 1 cm. wide.
Tumbes: Hacienda Chicama, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 7632,
7632a (det. Krause). Brazil.
Anthurium rigidissimum Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 292.
1905.
Much more robust than A. Dombeyanum, the larger glaucescent
leaves more strongly narrowed to the base; spathe green, to
1.5 dm. long; spadix nearly as long or, in var. mutatum Engler,
the spathe foliaceous and to 3.5 dm. long and the spadix to 2.5 dm.
long. Neg. 12058.
Junin: Above Huacapistana, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer 2007,
2158. Cuzco: Valle de San Miguel, Herrera 2034 (det. Krause).
Anthurium scandens (Aubl.) Engler in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3,
pt. 2: 78. 1878; 57. Dracontium scandens Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 836.
1775.
Well marked among Peruvian species with a definite intra-
marginal nerve by its scandent habit, short petioles a fifth to half
as long as the ovate-lanceolate blades, and shortly peduncled and
short spadix. Var. latifolium Krause has roundish leaves 6-7 cm.
wide. Var. angustifolium (Engler) Macbr. (f. angustifolium Engler)
is a striking variant with leaves 8-9 cm. long and only 1-2 cm. wide.
A. trinerve Miq. is very similar to A. scandens, but the peduncles
usually well exceed the petioles. Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 57,
Puno: Sangaban (Lechler 2464}. Junin: La Merced, 4249, 5746.
Chanchamayo Valley, 1,500 meters, Schunke 374, 373. Cuzco:
Quispicanchi, Weberbauer 7845. Loreto: Puerto Mele*ndez, Tess-
mann 4765. Amazonas: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4644- Brazil to
Central America and the West Indies.
Anthurium Schunkei Krause, Field Mus. Bot. 8: 77. 1930.
Caudex and petioles stout, the latter about 2.5 dm. long; leaf
blades glabrous, sagittate, subcoriaceous, to 4 dm. long and 2.5 cm.
broad, triangular and shortly acuminate above, the basal lobes
rounded, the sinus broad; lateral nerves 4-5 from the base, above
about 8-10; peduncles 3.5 dm. long, 12 mm. thick at base, narrowed
to below the spathe, there enlarged; spathe narrowly oblong, acu-
FLORA OF PERU 457
minate, 1.5 dm. long, to 3.8 cm. broad, drying brownish; spadix
narrowly cylindric, 1.4 dm. long, 6-9 mm. thick, on a stipe 7-8 mm.
long; sepals obtuse. Allied to A. cabrerense Engler, a species with
an elliptic-lanceolate spathe.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, Schunke 293, type.
Anthurium scolopendrinum (Ham.) Kunth, Enum. 3: 68.
1841; 89. Pothos scolopendrinus Ham. Prodr. 16. 1825.
Very near A. vittariifolium, but the leaves as green on one side
as on the other, and the nerves about equally prominent on both
sides except that the reticulate veins are more noticeable beneath.
The var. contractum Engler has leaves contracted above the base,
12-15 cm. long, 4-5 cm. broad, on petioles 6-8 cm. long. The var.
Poiteauanum (Kunth) Engler is the broad-leaved form. Illustrated,
Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 90.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1,200-1,500 meters, Schunke 890,
1464- La Merced, Schunke 382 (det. Krause). Huanuco: Monzon,
Weberbauer 3628; 286. Loreto: La Victoria, Williams 2924. Near
Iquitos, Williams 8147 (det. Krause). San Martin: Tarapoto,
Williams 6657. Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4483. Brazil to Trinidad
and Costa Rica. "Uvo."
Anthurium siccisilvarum Krause, Field Mus. Bot. 8: 78. 1930.
Assurgent, the internodes 3-5 cm. long; petioles grooved above,
3.5-4.5 dm. long, 5-7 mm. thick at base, the node 1.5 cm. long;
leaves thick, hastate, 3 dm. long or longer, the spreading oblong
rounded basal lobes 5-6 cm. wide, the upper lobe obovate-lanceolate,
narrower toward base; lateral nerves many, joined near the margin;
peduncles 2-3 dm. long; spathe linear-oblong, little decurrent, acute,
6-7 cm. long, 7-8 mm. broad, the narrow spadix 3-4 mm. longer,
on a stipe 1.5 cm. long. Between rocks in dry woods. Similar to
A. denudatum Engler of Colombia, with the upper leaf lobe lanceolate,
not narrowed at base.
Huanuco: Muna, 2,300 meters, 4048, type.
Anthurium sororium Schott, Prodr. 522. 1860; 198.
Caudex ascending; petioles 2-3 dm. long, the suboblong blades
about 2.5 dm. long and 12 cm. broad, the oblong basal lobes incurved
and 7 cm. long; spathe broadly lanceolate, long-acuminate, 4 cm.
long, 1.5 cm. wide; spadix slender, short-stiped, 6 cm. long. Neg.
12079.
458 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Huanuco: Near the Monzon, 600 meters, Weberbauer 3612;
285. Junin: La Merced, 571 9 (det. Krause). Loreto: Mainas
(Poeppig).
Anthurium strictum N. E. Br. in DC. Monogr. 2: 638. 1879; 75.
A pale green plant with thin blades 2-3 dm. long and about 6-10
cm. wide at the middle, shortly acuminate, rather long-cuneate
below to a petiole 2-6 cm. long; peduncles slender, somewhat shorter
than the leaves; spathe and sessile spadix subequal, both green or
white, about 5 cm. long (longer in Peruvian material). Neg. 12085.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 28014 (det. Krause). Rio
Acre, Ule 9228. Brazil.
Anthurium tarapotense Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 74. 1905.
Petioles 3 times shorter than the leaves, rounded on the back and
flat above; leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate, very acute, about 4.5
dm. long and 1.5 dm. broad; spathe linear-lanceolate, nearly 6 cm.
long and 1 cm. wide, lurid red; spadix a little longer, attenuate.
A. Uleanum Engler, loc. cit. (Jurua Miry, Ule 5731), is related, but
the leaves are long and cuneately narrowed, the base itself sub-
obtuse, and the spathe and spadix are 1-3 dm. long, the latter the
longer. Neg. 12095.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule.
Anthurium tenuispadix Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 73. 1905.
Related to A. tarapotense but foliage very similar to A. oxycarpum;
petioles grooved above, 5-10 cm. long; leaves elongate-oblanceolate,
to 4 dm. long and 6 cm. broad. In all probability within Peru.
Neg. 12099.
Brazil: Jurua Miry, Ule 5597.
Anthurium terrestre Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 196. 1905.
Like A. sororium, but the broader leaves 1.5-2 dm. wide, with a
broad sinus; spathe to 5 cm. long and 1 cm. wide; spadix subsessile,
1 dm. long, 5 mm. thick. A. amazonicum Engler, op. cit. 194
( Ule 5599, Jurua Miry), would be sought here. It is near A. carneo-
spadix, but has oblong-sagittate leaves and a spadix stipe 4-5 mm.
long. Neg. 12100.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Ule 6808.
Anthurium Tessmannii Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 9:
260. 1925.
FLORA OF PERU 459
An epiphyte; petioles 2-2.2 dm. long, 1-1.2 cm. thick, vaginate
for one-fifth their length; blades thin-coriaceous, lanceolate, shortly
and broadly acuminate, subcuneately narrowed for a third of the
length toward a subobtuse base, 5-6 dm. long, 2 dm. wide, or
larger, the lateral nerves about 10, prominent; peduncle asperate
below, 1 cm. thick; spathe green, linear-lanceolate, about 1 dm. long,
to 1.5 cm. broad; spadix pale red, scarlet-lilac in fruit, 1 to nearly
2 dm. long, 6-10 mm. thick; sepals oblong, obtuse; ovary oblong-
ovoid. Near A. Uleanum. Neg. 12101.
Loreto: Cumaria on the upper Ucayali, Tessmann 3351. Ca-
ballo-cocha, Williams 2465 (det. Krause).
Anthurium triphyllum Brongn. ex Schott, Prodr. 548. 1860;
285.
The only known species with all the leaves trifid. Illustrated,
Pflanzenr. IV.23B:286.
Puno: Isilluma, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 1212. Bolivia.
Anthurium Uleanum Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 74. 1905.
Caudex short; petioles 1-1.5 dm. long; leaves lanceolate, acute,
long and narrowly cuneate to base, several dm. long and 1-1.5 dm.
wide; peduncles twice as long as the petioles or longer; spathe oblong-
lanceolate, usually 1-1.5 dm. long, much exceeded by the sessile or
subsessile spadix. Neg. 12109.
Loreto: Cumaria, Tessmann 3350 (?). Brazil.
Anthurium undatum Schott, Melet. 1: 22. 1832; 288.
Similar to A. pentaphyllum, but the shorter and narrower seg-
ments very unequal. Illustrated, Engler, Icon. Autog. 301.
Huanuco: Near the Monzon, Weberbauer 3691. Brazil.
Anthurium vittariifolium Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 88. 1905.
Petioles rounded dorsally, plane above; leaves 6-15 cm. long,
acute at base, narrowed to apex, to 3 cm. wide; intramarginal nerve
2-2.5 mm. remote from the margin; peduncle 2-3 cm. long; spathe
linear-lanceolate, 5 cm. long, 5 mm. wide; spadix 1.5 dm. long.
Neg. 12116.
Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer 1892. Brazil.
Anthurium Weberbaueri Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 81. 1905.
Related to A. Dombeyanum, but the much shorter leaves about
2 dm. long, obtuse at base, greenish yellow beneath, exceeded by the
460 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
peduncle, this 4-4.5 dm. long; spathe 5-6 cm. long, 1.5 cm. broad,
equaled by the thick spadix, this 18 mm. broad in fruit. Neg. 12219.
Puno: Sandia, 2,200 meters, Weberbauer 543.
Anthurium Wittianum Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 40: 143. 1907,
nomen.
From other species with several leaflets distinguishable at once
by the greatly elongate spadix and spathe, the former 2-4 dm. long,
the latter 1.5-3 dm. The spathe has been recorded as purple or
green; the spadix as pink or purple. Neg. 12121.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 28294- Mouth of Rio
Santiago, Tessmann 3985.
Anthurium yurimaguense Engler, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
11:613. 1932.
Distinctive in its almost round, deeply cordate leaves, to 17 cm.
wide, abruptly caudate-acuminate; petioles about 2 dm. long; spathe
2 cm. long, the spadix nearly 3 cm. long; peduncle about 1 cm. long.
Neg. 12125.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Ule 6307.
88. DIEFFENBAGHIA Schott
Reference: Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Dc. 1915.
Low, thick-stemmed, shrub-like or prostrate plants with more or
less vaginate petioles and oblong leaves with many lateral nerves.
Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Spathe persistent, a little longer
than the spadix, which furnishes the most easily recognizable charac-
ter for the genus in the remoteness of the flowers, particularly the
sterile ones. Besides the following, the widely distributed and highly
variable D. Seguina (L.) Schott and D. picta (Lodd.) Schott probably
occur. The former in general resembles D. olbia, but the leaves are
lustrous glaucescent beneath. It is questionable if many of the
plants recognized as species are more than races. The leaves of
some, chewed, result in speechlessness for a time, due to swelling
of the mouth.
Petioles, at least the upper, vaginate nearly to the blade base.
Petioles less than 1 dm. long.
Leaves elongate-lanceolate; peduncles 5-6 cm. long.Z). cannifolia.
Leaves obovate-oblong; peduncles finally about 1 dm. long.
D. obliqua.
FLORA OF PERU 461
Petioles 2 to 2.5 dm. long D. macrophylla.
Petioles vaginate for a quarter to two-thirds their length.
Petioles half as long as the blades or less than half as long.
Petioles usually 1-1.5 dm. long and blades always 2-6 dm. long.
Leaves 1.5-3 dm. wide.
Leaves lustrous green above, yellow-green beneath.
D. imperialis.
Leaves spotted with yellow and white D. olbia.
Leaves 5-10 cm. wide.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, rounded-obtuse or rounded-
acutish at base D. Weirii.
Leaves lanceolate-oblong, basally more or less cuneate-acute.
D. humilis.
Petioles 5-8 cm. long and blades only 1.5 dm. long . . D. gracilis.
Petioles equaling or longer than the leaves.
Leaves about 1 dm. wide.
Spathe about 1 cm. wide, long-acuminate D. Weberbaueri.
Spathe 3-4 cm. wide, acuminate D. humilis.
Leaves about 2-3 dm. wide.
Leaves distinctly cordate D. cordata.
Leaves cuneate at base D. costata.
Dieffenbachia cannifolia Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Dc: 40. 1915.
Caudex to 2 meters long; blades 3.5-4.5 dm. long, four times
longer than the petioles, to 1.5 dm. wide, cuneately narrowed to base
and subabruptly and shortly acuminate; primary lateral nerves about
12, prominent beneath ; spathe pale green, 1.5 dm. long, the open part
2.5 cm. broad, cuspidate-acuminate; spadix white, the stipe 1 cm.
long, the pistillate portion 5 cm. long, the sterile 1.5 cm., the staminate
4.5 cm. long. Illustrated, op. cit. 41.
Loreto: Leticia, Ule 6183.
Dieffenbachia cordata Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 135. 1905; 58.
Petioles vaginate to above the middle, about 4 dm. long and
equaling the opaque blades; blades oblong-ovate, cordate at base,
acuminate; primary lateral nerves 20-25; peduncles 2 dm. long;
spathe elongate-lanceolate, not constricted, over 2 dm. long; spadix
462 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
short-stiped, the pistillate portion 1 dm. long, the shorter staminate
portion separated.
Junin: La Merced, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 1807.
Dieffenbachia costata Klotzsch ex Schott, Syn. Aroid. 128.
1856; 44.
Stout, the caudex to over 1 meter high and 5 cm. thick; petioles
narrowly vaginate to the middle or higher; leaves rigid, pale green,
not at all lustrous, ovate or broadly elliptic, oblique, 3.5-4 dm. long,
merely acute; lateral nerves 9-15; spathe 2-3 dm. long, the expanded
part 2.5-3 cm. broad with an acumen 1.5 cm. long; spadix sessile,
under 2 dm. long, the pistillate part 6-8 cm., the staminate 5-6 cm.,
the sterile 3-4 cm. long. A native remedy for rheumatism; a
warmed leaf is applied. The sap is used as a skin astringent
(Weberbauer). Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23 DC: 37.
Huanuco: Posuso (Ruiz). Amazonas: Moyobamba, 800 meters,
Weberbauer 4583. Colombia. "Patquina".
Dieffenbachia gracilis Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4: 540. 1906; 59.
Slender, densely clothed with the leaf sheaths; sheaths 2-3 cm.
long, with round, scarious-margined auricles; petioles slender, 3-5
cm. long; blades oblong-obovate, falcate-acuminate, decurrent at
base to the petiole, about 1.5 dm. long and 3.5-4 cm. broad; peduncle
in fruit deflexed, the spadix 3 cm. long, the spathe thin, pale green.
Loreto: Leche, Pampa del Sacramento, Huber 1536.
Dieffenbachia humilis Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. &
Sp. 3:90. 1845; 59.
Similar to D. cor data, but petioles vaginate scarcely to the
middle, the blades green and white-variegated, acute at base, and
spathe and spadix shorter. Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Dc: 58.
Loreto: Yurimaguas (Poeppig 2401). Brazil.
Dieffenbachia imperialis Lind. & Andre", 111. Hort. pi. 85.
1871; 54.
Stout, with petioles to 6 dm. long, broadly vaginate to the middle,
the edges white and rugose; blades thick, except for the pale midrib,
intense green splotched with yellow, obtuse or subcordate at base,
shortly acuminate, the lateral nerves 14-15.
Peru: (Barraquin).
FLORA OF PERU 463
Dieffenbachia macrophylla Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. & Sp. 3: 90. 1845; 42.
Differs from D. costata most obviously in its oblong-ovate, con-
siderably larger leaves with 12-15 prominent lateral nerves.
Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig 1559}. Posuso, 600 meters, 4662
(det. Krause).
Dieffenbachia obliqua Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. &
Sp. 3:90. 1845; 42.
Resembles D. cannifolia, but the leaves 3-3.5 dm. long and
scarcely 1.5 dm. wide, the lateral nerves about 15, and the pistillate
portion of the spadix about 7 cm. long.
Loreto: Mainas, Poeppig. Puerto Mele"ndez, Tessmann 4793
(det. Krause).
Dieffenbachia olbia Lind. & Rod. 111. Hort. 39: 31. pi. 148.
1892; 52.
Inflorescence unknown, but apparently related to D. imperialis,
from which species its ovate-lanceolate green leaves with numerous
yellowish spots and dots appear to distinguish it.
Peru: (Introduced into cultivation in 1890).
Dieffenbachia Weberbaueri Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 135.
1905; 57.
A slender plant with oblong, opaque blades, deep green above;
petioles vaginate about a quarter of their length; blades obtuse at
base, acute, 2.5-3 dm. long; lateral nerves about 15; spathe elongate-
lanceolate, 1.5 dm. long, the tip 1 cm. long; spadix stipitate, the
pistillate and staminate parts 6 cm. long.
Huanuco: Prov. Huamalies, Weberbauer 3634.
Dieffenbachia Weirii Berkl. Journ. Hort. Soc. n. ser. 1: 201.
1866; 54.
Petioles half as long as the greenish and white or yellowish-
spotted blades, and vaginate half their length; blades elliptic or
oblong-lanceolate, 6-8 cm. broad; lateral nerves about 10; spathe
pale green, 7 cm. long, the tip 6-8 mm. long; spadix stipe 4 mm. long.
Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Dc: 55 (flower).
Peru(?): Buenaventura (Wallis).
464 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
9. PHILODENDRON Schott
Reference: Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db. 1913.
Usually scandent, with great variation in foliage. Staminate
flowers below in part sterile. Spathe usually colored, at least below,
persistent. Ovary 2-many-celled, the ovules many and laterally
attached or few and near the base. The monotype Phylonotion
Spruceanum Schott may occur. It has a 1-celled ovary and a soli-
tary ovule and is recognizable by the spadix, which has a much
thinner, i.e., strongly contracted, sterile portion 2 cm. long. Also
Thaumatophyllum Spruceanum Schott, with pedately dissected
leaves, peculiar because the upper staminate portion of the spadix is
produced as a naked conical appendage. Both these curious plants
have been found but once, but in adjacent Amazonian Brazil. Huber
has recorded the native name "moronga" for some unidentified
species of Philodendron, and Williams the name "patquina." The
following key, as in Anthurium, attempts to account for most
species, but only for the single specimens by which mostly they are
known and not for probable variations, especially in matters of size.
There are undoubtedly many more species, as yet uncollected or
undescribed.
A. Leaves entire, never definitely cordate or hastate (compare also
P. variifolium).
Petioles conspicuously vaginate and usually for more than half
their length.
Petioles 2-10 cm. long, rarely 10 cm. long.
Petioles 2-3.5 cm. long and acutely vaginate about half their
length; pistil with a curved beak P. longistilum.
Petioles 3-10 cm. long, often vaginate to the leaf base; pistil
short or straight.
Leaves distinctly herbaceous, 5-9 cm. long. . .P. pteropus.
Leaves firm or coriaceous, 1-2.5. dm. long.
Scarcely at all oblique, the lateral nerves ascending.
Leaves ovate, the lateral nerves not prominent.
P. gutti/erum.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, the lateral nerves prominent.
P. Tessmannii.
Strongly inequilateral, the lateral nerves subhorizontal.
Leaves oblong, 3-6 cm. wide P. chanchamayense.
Leaves ovate-oblong, 9-10 cm. long. . P. heteropleurum.
FLORA OF PERU 465
Petioles 1-3 dm. long.
Leaves 10-28 cm. wide, rounded, truncate, or subcordate at
base.
Leaves 15-28 cm. wide, the nerves spreading ... P. alatum.
Leaves 10-12 cm. wide, the nerves ascending . P. divaricatum.
Leaves 5-8 cm. wide, subacute at base or, if wider, cuneate
to base.
Leaves 2-4 dm. long, the primary nerves 8-14.
Spathe about 5 cm. long P. leucanthum.
Spathe about 1 dm. long P. acreanum.
Leaves 5.5 dm. long, the primary nerves about 20.
P. acutifolium.
Petioles not conspicuously vaginate or only at base, sometimes
winged.
Petioles 1 dm. long or usually shorter and leaves 1 dm. broad or
usually narrower.
Leaves ovate-elliptic, about 1 dm. wide and 2 dm. long.
P. membranaceum.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate or pandurate, proportionately
narrower.
Leaves pandurate, to 3 dm. long and 7 cm. wide, on winged
petioles 8 cm. long P. angustialatum.
Leaves oblong-obovate-lanceolate, not constricted, or the
petioles not wing-margined.
Principal lateral nerves few, 7-14.
Leaves cuneate at base, acuminate P. juninense.
Leaves subpandurate, abruptly acuminate.
Petioles 1-1.5 dm. long P. heterophyllum.
Petioles 3-7 cm. long P. elaphoglossoides.
Principal lateral nerves many, nearly equally distinct.
Petioles vaginate for at least a third their length.
Leaves dull; primary nerves not marked.
P. longistilum.
Leaves lustrous; primary nerves obvious.
P. chanchamayense.
Petioles vaginate at base for scarcely 1 cm.
P. basivaginatum.
466 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Petioles 12 cm. long or usually longer and leaves usually
broader, 8-18 cm. or wider.
Lateral nerves very numerous, equally distinct but obscure.
Petioles fleshy, not winged.
Leaves 8-12 cm. wide, 4-6 dm. long. . . .P. stenophyllum.
Leaves 14-18 cm. wide or wider, 6-7 dm. long or longer.
P. Ruizii.
Petioles narrowly winged, vaginate below .... P. cruentum.
Lateral nerves 7-12 (the principal ones).
Peduncle 2-6 cm. long.
Leaves truncate at the subpandurate base.
Nerves 10-12; leaves rarely 10 cm. wide or 3 dm. long.
P. heterophyllum.
Nerves 7-9; leaves to 13 cm. wide and 3.5 dm. long.
P. Uleanum.
Leaves never subpandurate.
Leaves cuneate to base P. juninense.
Leaves broadly rounded at base P. divaricatum.
Peduncle 2-3 dm. long P. fibrillosum.
A. Leaves definitely cordate or sagittate at base or some of them
at least deeply lobed or dissected.
B. None of the leaves divided, sometimes sagittately lobed at
base.
C. Leaves often shorter than 3 dm. and few if any longer than
3.5 dm.
Leaves not cordate but oblong-sagittate or deltoid.
Leaves deltoid, the upper and lower lobes subequal.
P. deltoideum.
Upper lobe much longer than the lower.
Lower lobes about 5 cm. long P. variifolium.
Lower lobes much longer P. deflexum.
Leaves cordate, at least at base, sometimes shallowly.
Leaves only 4 cm. wide and 4 times longer ... P. Mathewsii.
Leaves 6-20 cm. wide.
Petioles not wing-margined.
Petioles shortly vaginate.
Leaves shallowly cordate.
FLORA OF PERU 467
Peduncles 2-3 cm. long; spathe pale . P. variifolium.
Peduncles 4-5 cm. long; spathe green or red below.
Petioles to 7 dm. long; leaves caudate.
P. Poeppigii.
Petioles to 2.5 dm. long; leaves cuspidate.
P. Killipii.
Leaves deeply cordate P. densivenium.
Petioles vaginate about one-third their length.
P. Bertae.
Petioles wing-margined to the blade base.
P. Lechlerianum.
C. Leaves often longer than 5 dm. and never or rarely shorter
than 3.5 dm.
Pistillate portion of the spadix about one-third as long as
the staminate.
Primary lateral nerves rib-like.
Secondary nerves very indistinct P. maximum.
Secondary nerves conspicuous P. megalophyllum.
Primary lateral nerves not rib-like, scarcely prominent.
Basal lobes not widely divaricate.
Petioles lightly verruculose P. Muschlerianum.
Petioles smooth P. tarmense.
Basal lobes widely divaricate.
Leaves not caudate-acuminate P. deflexum.
Leaves caudate-acuminate P. Poeppigii.
Pistillate portion of the spadix about one-half as long as the
staminate, or subequaling it or even longer.
Lateral primary nerves above the basal lobes 8-13.
Lateral nerves more or less prominent but not rib-like.
Basal lobes not widely spreading.
Basal lobes longer than broad, to 4 dm. long.
P. maculatum.
Basal lobes scarcely longer than broad, 6 dm. long.
P. Devansayeanum.
Basal lobes widely spreading P. deflexum.
Lateral nerves prominent and rib-like . P. megalophyllum.
468 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Lateral nerves above the base lobes 4-7.
Petioles densely setose P. discolor.
Petioles smooth.
Basal lobal nerves joined, 5-7.
Spathe nearly 2 dm. long P. huanucense.
Spathe a few cm. long P. Weberbaueri.
Basal lobal nerves partly distinct, about 3 . P. cordatum.
B. At least some of the leaves divided.
Earlier leaves all elongate-lanceolate, entire, the later trifid;
spathe and spadix subequal P. micranthum.
Most or all leaves lobed or divided, if trifid, the spathe much
longer than the spadix.
Leaf divisions 3.
Leaf divisions subpinnate, the larger about 1.5 dm. wide.
P. latilobum.
Leaf divisions trifid, the divisions 4-7 cm. wide.
P. tripartitum.
Leaf divisions 5-10.
Lobes 5 P. quinquelobum.
Lobes about twice as many P. distantilobum.
Philodendron acreanum Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 22.
1913.
Similar to P. cruentum, but the -petioles long-vaginate or mar-
gined, the spathe white or yellowish, its tube 3-4 cm. long, and the
ovary cells many-ovuled. Neg. 12198.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Vie 9213, 9238.
Philodendron acutifolium Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
11: 617. 1932.
Petioles thick, vaginate, 1.5 dm. long; leaves lustrous, scarcely
inequilateral, elongate-oblanceolate, to 12 cm. wide, gradually nar-
rowed to base, acuminate with acumen nearly 3 cm. long; peduncle
stout, about 1 dm. long, 5-6 mm. thick; spathe 9 cm. long; pistillate
inflorescence in fruit ellipsoid, 5-5.5 cm. long, the subclavate stam-
inate 3-4 cm. long. 37a.
Junin: Puerto Bermudez. 375 meters (Killip & Smith 26578).
FLORA OF PERU 469
Philodendron alatum Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. &
Sp. 3: 87. 1845; 15.
A vigorous high-climbing plant, the caudex often 5-6 cm. thick;
petioles 2.5-3 dm. long, vaginate, 2-3 cm. wide; leaves rounded to
the shortly cuspidate tip, 2.5-3.5 dm. long; primary nerves 10-14,
widely spreading; peduncle very short; spathe tumid, greenish
yellow; fruit red. P. macropodum Krause is distinguishable by its
narrowly (to 1.5 cm. wide) vaginate petioles only 1-1.5 dm. long.
Huanuco: Pampaycu (Poeppig 1298). San Martin: Moyobamba,
Weberbauer 4630(1).
Philodendron angustialatum Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 131.
1905; 92.
Upper internodes to 1 dm. long; leaves truncate or very slightly
cordate at base, abruptly short-acuminate; primary nerves about 9;
peduncles 3-4 cm. long; spathe white, oblong, 5 cm. long; spadix
rose-color, the stipe 6 mm. long, the pistillate part 5 cm., the staminate
nearly 6 cm. long; ovules solitary. P. pukhellum Engler (Jurua
Miry, Ule 5728) is similar but the leaves are less pandurate and the
petioles are terete above. Both species illustrated, Pflanzer. IV.
23Db: 92, 93.
Huanuco: Near the Monzon, 600 meters, Weberbauer 3589.
Philodendron basivaginatum Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 11: 619. 1932.
Internodes 12-15 cm. long; petioles 4-5 cm. long; leaves oblong,
15-17 cm. long, 7-7.5 cm. wide, the slightly oblique acumen about
1 cm. long; peduncle 2-3 cm. long; spathe 5-6 cm. long; pistillate
inflorescence slightly attenuate, about 3 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. thick,
the staminate narrowly clavate, 2.5 cm. long or longer. Only the
juvenile spadix known. 28a.
Loreto: Iquitos (Killip & Smith 27424)-
Philodendron Bertae Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 48. 1913.
Leaves deeply cordate-sagittate, the upper lobe about 3 dm.
long and nearly as wide, with a tip 2.5 cm. long, the roundish basal
lobes about 1 dm. long and broad; upper lateral nerves 7-8; peduncles
1 dm. long, 6-8 mm. thick; spathe light brown, the ovoid tube 5-6
cm. long, to 2 or 2.5 cm. broad, the blade 12 cm. long, with a cusp
nearly 4 cm. long, to 3 dm. broad ; spadix sessile, the pistillate part
4.5 cm. long, the staminate over twice as long; ovules many.
P. Ernesti Engler, allied to P. Lechlerianum, may be found in Peru.
470 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
It has shorter petioles vaginate to above the middle, shorter leaves,
shortly cuspidate, and a stipitate spadix ( Vie 5770, Jurua Miry).
Neg. 12206.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9218.
Philodendron chanchamayense Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 125.
1905; 13.
Very well marked by its oblong one-sided leaves, one side being
half to two-thirds wider than the other, the total width 3.5-5.5 cm.;
peduncles 2.5-3 cm. long; spathe green, 8-9 cm. long; spadix yellow,
shortly stiped; pistillate inflorescence nearly twice shorter than the
staminate. Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 14. Through an error,
the specific name appeared originally as chinchamayense.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, Weberbauer 1864-
Philodendron cordatum (Veil.) Kunth, Enum. 3: 52. 1841;
82. Arum cordatum Veil. Fl. Flum. 9: pi 111. 1827.
Petioles slender, sulcate above; leaves elongate oblong-cordate,
3-4 dm. long and half as wide; lobes semi-oblong, 8-10 cm. long, to
7 cm. wide, introrse; peduncle 2-3 cm. long; spathe tube 4-7 cm.
long; pistillate spadix 4-5 cm. long, half as long as the staminate.
Loreto: Pampas de Ponasa, Ule. Brazil.
Philodendron cruentum Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. &Sp. 3:86. 1845; 30.
Petioles 1.5-2 dm. long, subterete, flat above; leaves rigid, ellip-
tic-oblong, shortly cuspidate, narrowed to base, somewhat oblique,
3-4 dm. long and 8-10 cm. broad; peduncles in 2's, 3-4 cm. long;
spathe about 1.5 dm. long, white without, beautifully red within,
the tube 5-6 cm. long, the blade to nearly 1 dm. long, with a slender
cusp 7-8 mm. long; spadix subsessile; ovules 2. Neg. 12213.
Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1561. Junin: La Merced, 5528
(det. Krause).
Philodendron deflexum Poepp. ex Schott, Syn. 101. 1856; 87.
Perhaps the earlier name for P. Muschlerianum, but very im-
perfectly known; basal lobes of the leaves oblique, oblong, 1.5 dm.
long and 1 dm. wide, about 4 times shorter than the gradually nar-
rowed upper lobe; lateral basal nerves 4-5 cm. long; lateral upper
nerves 10-12, arcuate at the margins; secondary nerves oblique.
Neg. 12216.
Huanuco: Pampayacu (Poeppig 1281).
FLORA OF PERU 471
Philodendron deltoideum Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. &Sp. 3:87. 1845; 35.
Petioles subterete, shortly vaginate, 1.5-2 dm. long; leaves
1-1.5 dm. long and nearly as broad, the oblong basal lobes spreading,
nearly horizontal, 5-7 cm. long and 3.5-4 cm. wide; peduncles 3-4,
2-3 cm. long; spathe 3-3.5 cm. long, whitish, the narrow tube and
blade subequal; spadix sessile, 3 cm. long, the pistillate inflorescence
2-3 times shorter than the staminate.
San Martin: Tocache (Poeppig 2029}.
Philodendron densivenium Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 132.
1905; 94.
Leaves lustrous, the basal lobes 4-6 cm. long and nearly as wide,
5-6 times shorter than the strongly arcuate, acuminate terminal one;
basal nerves 3, lateral 4-5, secondary many, little oblique; spathe
yellowish, turning reddish brown, 6 cm. long, little longer than the
peduncle and shortly stiped spadix; pistillate inflorescence 2.5-3 cm.
long, the staminate 4 cm. long; pistil 6-7-celled ; ovule 1. Illustrated,
Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 95. P. Traunii Engler, related to P. Bertae,
might be sought here. Its leaves are very shallowly cordate and the
ovules many. Also P. scabrum Krause, with rough petioles, primary
nerves scarcely distinguishable, and peduncles 2-3 cm. long; and
P. arcuatum Krause with widely divaricate basal lobes, 8 cm. broad.
Puno: Above Cachicachi, 1,800 meters, Weberbauer 1308.
Huanuco: Near Monzon, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 3425.
Philodendron Devansayeanum Linden, 111. Hort. 42: 376.
pi. 48. 1895; 65.
Similar to P. maculatum, but the petioles longer, to 6.5 dm., the
leaves subrotund; peduncles twice as long and stouter, and the
spathe bright red with white edges. Neg. 12218.
Peru: (Introduced into cultivation in 1894).
Philodendron discolor Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 9:
273. 1925.
High-climbing, with numerous adventitious roots; petioles strong,
round, 3-5 dm. long, densely red-brown-setose; leaves herbaceous,
lustrous above, the nerves a paler green, beneath purple, ovate-
cordate, 3-4.5 dm. long, to 3.5 dm. broad, the rounded lobes incurved
over the narrow subrotund sinus and more than twice as long as the
acuminate blade; peduncles 1 dm. long or longer, setose, nearly 1
472 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
cm. thick; spathe fleshy, red-brown, sparsely fibrous, 1.5 dm. long;
pistillate inflorescence 7 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, the staminate sub-
clavate, about 5 cm. long, 1-1.3 cm. thick; pistil 5-6 mm. long, the
stigma little impressed. Near P. verrucosum, but petioles and leaves
different. Neg. 12219.
Junin: Rio Pantachuelo, 1,500 meters, Weberbauer 6663.
Philodendron distantilobum Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db:
115. 1913.
Leaves ovate-oblong, pinnately parted, with 5-6 spreading
linear-lanceolate acuminate segments, 3-5 cm. distant, the inter-
mediate about 1.5 dm. long and 4 cm. wide; peduncles 1 dm. long
or longer, a little longer than the greenish white spathe; ovules
many, attached a little above the base. Related are P. angusti-
sectum Engler and P. elegans Krause, with shorter peduncles, the
former with a spathe under 1 dm. long and the latter with one over
1.5 dm. long. Also P. laciniatum (Veil.) Engler, distinguished by
its fewer, more or less incised, and broader divisions and few ovules.
Neg. 12220.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Vie 9236, 9228.
Philodendron divaricatum Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
11: 618. 1932.
Upper internodes 5-10 cm. long; petioles often widely divaricate
from the caudex, 12-16 cm. long; leaves 18-26 cm. long, ovate-oblong
or ovate, broadly and obtusely rounded at base, distinctly inequi-
lateral, shortly acuminate; primary nerves 8-10, prominent beneath;
peduncle 4-5 cm. long; spathe 8-10 cm. long; pistillate inflorescence
3-3.5 cm. long, the staminate little longer. 22a.
Junin: La Merced (Kittip & Smith 24007). Pichis Trail, 1,100
meters (Killip & Smith 25986). Loreto: Puerto Arturo, Williams
5136.
Philodendron elaphoglossoides Schott, Syn. 80. 1856; 91.
P. heterophyllum Poepp. var. elaphoglossoides Engler in Mart. Fl.
Bras. 3, pt. 2: 132. 1878.
Perhaps better treated as a variety of P. heterophyllum; nerves
12-14; spathe white, 6-8 cm. long; pistillate inflorescence 3-3.5 cm.
long, the staminate little longer; pistil 5-6-celled.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Ule 6306; Williams 3961. Leticia, Ule
6186. Santa Rosa, Wittiams 3827 (det. Krause). Rio Acre, Ule
9219. Brazil.
FLORA OF PERU 473
Philodendron fibrillosum Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. &Sp. 3:86. 1845; 42.
Differs from P. juninense Engler in its elliptic leaves only about
twice longer than broad, longer peduncles, greenish spathe, purple
at base, 6-8 cm. long, and 5-celled pistil. P. Wittianum Engler has
petioles 2 dm. long, oblong-lanceolate leaves 6 dm. long, and a
spathe 1.5 dm. long.
Huanuco: Pampayacu to Cochero (Poeppig).
Philodendron guttiferum Kunth, Enum. 3: 51. 1841; 11.
Internodes short, the lower to 5 cm. long; petioles obtusely
vaginate nearly to the blade base; blades ovate, acute, 5-8 cm. broad,
the 8-10 primary nerves little pronounced; peduncles 1-2 cm. long;
spathe to 1 dm. long, cusped; pistillate inflorescence about a third
as long as the staminate; ovules mostly in 4 series. Very similar
is P. ochrostemon Schott, with pistillate inflorescence only a third
shorter than the staminate. Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 12.
Loreto: Yurimaguas (Poeppig 2292). Iquitos, Vie 6907. Brazil
to Costa Rica.
Philodendron heterophyllum Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. & Sp. 3: 86. pi. 297. 1845; 89.
Petioles terete, 1-1.5 dm. long; leaves very variable, oblong to
obovate, more or less narrowed at base, truncate or narrowed to
apex but long-cusped (1.5-2 cm.), 1.5-2.5 dm. long, to 8 cm. broad;
nerves 10-12; peduncles often geminate, 2-5 cm. long; spathe
greenish white, sometimes purplish at base, 5-6 cm. long; pistillate
inflorescence scarcely 2 cm. long, the staminate twice as long; pistil
4-celled.
Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig 1560). San Martin: Tocache
(Poeppig 1968). Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 3864- Santa Rosa,
Williams 4902.
Philodendron heteropleurum Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 11: 618. 1932.
Internodes extremely short; petioles 7-10 cm. long, the blades
twice as long or longer; primary nerves 7-9, spreading, prominent
beneath; peduncle about 1.5 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. thick; spathe
1.5 dm. long, cuspidulate, cylindrical; pistillate inflorescence 6-7
cm. long, equaled by the slenderer, conical staminate. 20a.
Loreto: Yurimaguas (Killip & Smith 28034)-
474 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Philodendron hu an license Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 127. 1905;
66.
Petioles vaginate for about a third their length; blades cordate-
triangular, about 5.5 dm. long and 3.5 dm. broad, with a rounded
open sinus; peduncles 1 dm. long; spathe green, 2 dm. long; spadix
stipe 1 cm. long; pistillate inflorescence 6 cm. long, the staminate
8-9 cm. long; ovary 5-celled. Neg. 12229.
Huanuco: Near the Monzon, 600 meters, Weberbauer 3647.
Philodendron juninense Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 126. 1905; 42.
Stipules fibrous; petioles 7-10 cm. long, narrowly vaginate;
blades thin, lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed to base, 3-3.5 dm.
long; peduncles 3-4, 4-6 cm. long; spathe white, 4-5 cm. long;
pistillate inflorescence a little shorter than the staminate; pistil
3-celled. Neg. 12232.
Huanuco: Pampayacu to Cochero (Poeppig). Junin: Weber-
bauer 1823.
Philodendron Killipii Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11:
620. 1932.
Upper internodes 6-8 cm. long; leaves ovate-cordate, about 3
dm. long, to nearly 2.5 dm. broad, the sinus broad, the lower lobes
semi-ovate, 9-12 cm. long, the upper ovate, about 2.5 dm. long,
shortly and obliquely cuspidate-acuminate; primary nerves of the
upper lobe remote, 5-6; peduncle 4 cm. long; spathe oblong, 8-9
cm. long; pistillate inflorescence 3 cm. long, the staminate nearly
5 cm. long. Separated by the author from P. tarmense Engler
by the more widely cordate-based leaves with much more remote
lateral nerves. 112a.
Junin: Hacienda Schunke, 1,500 meters (Killip & Smith 24602).
Philodendron latilobum Schott, Syn. 104. 1856; 105.
Leaves coriaceous, ovate-triangular, rounded-subtruncate at
base, 3 dm. long and nearly as wide, the middle lobe broadly ovate,
acute, 2 dm. long, the lateral obtuse; lateral nerves thick, spreading,
about 6, alternating with the secondary nerves in the lateral lobes;
inflorescence unknown. The primary leaves are entire or subentire.
Loreto: Mainas (Poeppig); Williams 5332. San Martin: Tara-
poto, Williams 5755 (primary leaves; det. Krause).
FLORA OF PERU 475
Philodendron Lechlerianum Schott, Prodr. 250. 1860; 45.
Leaves elongate-sagittate, gradually narrowed to the acute tip,
deeply cordate at base, about 2 dm. long and 12 cm. wide, the semi-
orbicular basal lobes 2.5-3 cm. long and 5-6 cm. broad; upper nerves
3-4, 2 of the 3 basal ones shortly united; peduncle 6-8 cm. long;
spathe tube 4 cm. long, the apiculate blade a little longer; spadix
sessile, the pistillate inflorescence about 2 cm. long, the staminate
more than twice as long; pistil elongate, 4-5-celled, the ovules
biseriate. P. pulchellum Engler might be sought here; see P. an-
gustialatum Engler. Neg. 12234.
Puno: (Lechler). Bolivia.
Philodendron leucanthum Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db:
18. 1913.
Similar to P. alatum but much more slender; petioles 1-13 cm.
long, 12-16 mm. wide, vaginate; blades about 2 dm. long, obliquely
acuminate; primary nerves 8-10; peduncle nearly 3 cm. long;
spathe white. Neg. 12288.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9231.
Philodendron longistilum Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db:
127. 1913.
Slender; petioles acutely vaginate a third to a half their length,
shallowly grooved, 2-3.5 cm. long; blades oblong-lanceolate, rounded
to a cuspidate apex, acute at base, 1-2 dm. long, 3.5-6 cm. broad;
nerves numerous; peduncle 12-18 cm. long; spathe 4-5 cm. long;
spadix shortly stiped, about 5 cm. long; pistil obovoid, truncate,
with a long, deeply excavate stigmatic beak. Unique in its pistillate
development. P. decurrens Krause would be sought here on vegeta-
tive characters. It is well marked by its elongate leaves that are
practically sessile by the long decurrence of the blade.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9210.
Philodendron maculatum Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 64.
1913.
Petioles terete or flattened toward the apex, 2.5 dm. long; leaves
ovate, broadly cordate at base, acuminate, to nearly 3 dm. broad;
rounded basal lobes about 1 dm. long; upper nerves about 10;
peduncle 3-4 cm. long; spathe white with purple spots, 1 dm. long;
spadix stipe nearly 1 cm. long, the pistillate inflorescence 4 cm., the
staminate 5 cm. long. Neg. 12240.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9004.
476 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Philodendron Mathewsii Schott, Bonplandia 7: 29. 1859; 94.
Similar to P. angustialatum, but the petioles terete, the shorter
and narrower leaves distinctly cordate at base and not pandurate,
the spathe and the subsessile spadix each about 3 cm. long. Illus-
trated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 93.
Huanuco: Casapi (Mathews).
Philodendron maximum Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 49.
1913.
Resembles P. Bertae, but the petioles much longer, the leaves
much larger, to 9 dm. long, and undulate-margined about the deeply
cordate base, and the spathe and spadix shorter. P. myrmecophyllum
Engler, allied to P. Weberbaueri, would be sought here. Its mature
leaves are 4 dm. long and 3 dm. broad, with an open broad sinus,
and the ovules are solitary. Illustrated, loc. cit.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9229.
Philodendron megalophyllum Schott, Prodr. 279. 1860; 87.
Like P. deflexum except as indicated, and perhaps a robust form,
to 1.5 meters high; petioles stout; basal lobes oblong, subextrorse,
rounded, to nearly 3 dm. long and 1.5 dm. broad, about half as long
as the upper lobe; lateral upper nerves 12-13; inflorescence white,
14 cm. long, the staminate portion about 8 cm. long.
Puno: Sangaban (Lechler 2495). Huanuco: Monzon, Weberbauer
3643. Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, Klug 1519, 245 (det.
Krause).
Philodendron membranaceum Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl.
Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 87. 1845; 19.
Petioles narrowly margined; blades rounded at base, subacute;
peduncle a little shorter than the petiole; spathe convolute to the
middle, acute, 1 dm. long, yellowish; staminate and pistillate
inflorescences very unequal in length and thickness; pistil 5-celled.
Not known to Engler and Krause, and relationship not determined.
Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig).
Philodendron micranthum Poepp. ex Schott, Oesterr. Bot.
Wochenbl. 5: 17. 1855; 36.
Petioles slender, terete, broadly vaginate at base, to 3 dm. long;
primary leaves elongate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, those of the
peduncles trifid, acute, the middle division to 3 dm. long and 1 dm.
FLORA OF PERU 477
wide, the lateral narrower and shorter; peduncles 4-7 cm. long; spathe
white, about as long; pistillate inflorescence twice shorter than the
staminate. Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 37.
Loreto: Mainas, Poeppig 2300. Rio Acre, Ule 9216. Brazil.
Philodendron Muschlerianum Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db:
50. 1913.
Apparently similar to P. deflexum; petioles slender, to 5 dm. long,
verruculose-asperous, especially above; peduncles 2-3 cm. long;
spathe white, 12 cm. long; spadix stipe 8 mm. long; pistillate in-
florescence 3 cm. long, the staminate 3 times longer; ovules many.
Neg. 12246.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9226.
Philodendron Poeppigii Schott, Syn. 84. 1856; 50.
Petioles to 7 dm. long, often shorter; blades shallowly and un-
equally cordate, caudate-acuminate, about 2 dm. long, 8 cm. wide,
or finally twice or even thrice as large; basal nerves 3-4, the primary
lateral ones 6-7; peduncles 4-5 cm. long; spathe reddish below, about
1 dm. long. Flowers white, rose-dotted (Klug). Neg. 12257.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, Klug 1508 (det. Krause).
Brazil.
Philodendron pteropus Mart, ex Schott, Syn. 77. 1856; 6.
Differs from P. guttiferum in its shorter petioles, to 4.5 cm. long,
narrower blades, to only 4 cm. broad, and numerous lateral nerves;
inflorescence unknown. Neg. 12258.
San Martin: Tocache, Poeppig 1948. Brazil.
Philodendron quinquelobum Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db:
111. 1913.
Petioles terete, to about 3 cm. long; terminal lobe of the ovate-
oblong blade subrhombic, acuminate, to 1 dm. long and 6.5 cm.
broad, the lateral narrower, the basal broader; peduncles 7-12 cm.
long; spathe whitish, about 1 dm. long; pistillate inflorescence more
than half as long as the staminate. The similar P. squamiferum
Poepp. (Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 112) has densely red-scaly
petioles.
Loreto : Rio Acre, Ule 921 7.
Philodendron Ruizii Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4: 418.
1854; 29.
478 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Petioles about 2 dm. long and 1 cm. thick; blades oblong-lance-
olate, contracted below, with the midnerve at base very thick; spathe
to 1 dm. long; pistillate inflorescence 4-5 cm. long, subequaling the
staminate; pistil elongate, 6-celled, the ovules 2, basifixed. P.
Buchtienii Krause is similar but the leaves are about 2.5 dm. wide
and the pistil is 4-5-celled. Neg. 12265.
Huanuco: Posuso, Ruiz. Pampayacu (Poeppig 1297).
Philodendron stenophyllum Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db:
29. 1913.
Very much like P. Ruizii except for its narrower leaves and 8-9-
celled pistil, with 2-4 ovules in each cell. Illustrated, op. cit. 25.
P. Paxianum Krause is yet another variant of this group of closely
related "species," with leaves to 4 dm. long and 9 cm. wide and a
4-6-celled ovary with solitary ovules.
Huanuco: Monzon, 900 meters, Weberbauer 3448.
Philodendron tarmense Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 128. 1905; 66.
Closely related to P. huanucense and similar, but the sinus of
the leaves narrow and partially closed; peduncle 4-5 cm. long, the
spathe twice as long; pistillate inflorescence 2 cm. long, the staminate
6-7 cm. long. Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 67. P. Brandtianum
Krause, allied to P. Bertae, has petioles 5 dm. long, peduncles 2.5 cm.
long, and pistillate inflorescence 2.5 cm. long. P. Poeppigii Schott,
closely related to P. maximum, has long petioles, an open leaf sinus,
and spathe red below. Neg. 12273.
Junin: La Merced, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 1907.
Philodendron Tessmannii Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
11: 617. 1932.
Internodes 5-7 cm. long; petioles 6-8 cm. long, very narrowly
vaginate to the node; blades little oblique, to 2 dm. long, 7-8 cm.
broad, the 9-10 primary nerves marked; peduncles 3-4 cm. long;
spathe light green, 1 dm. long, acuminate; pistillate inflorescence 3
cm. long, the staminate 5 cm. long. Compared by the author to
P. chanchamayense Engler. 19a.
Loreto: Mouth of the Santiago (Tessmann 8940).
Philodendron tripartitum (Jacq.) Schott, Wien Zeitschr. 3:
780. 1829; 107. Arum tripartitum Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. 2: 33. 1797.
Petioles terete, thick, 2-3 dm. long; leaf divisions subequal,
1.5-2.5 dm. long, cuspidate; peduncles solitary, 3-5 cm. long; spathe
FLORA OF PERU 479
twice as long; spadix stipe 2-4 cm. long; pistillate and staminate
inflorescences subequal; ovary 7-11-celled, the ovules 1 or 2.
Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 108. Almost surely within Peru.
Brazil: Jurua Miry, Ule 5792. Brazil to Central America and
Jamaica.
Philodendron Uleanum Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 131. 1905;
89.
Similar to P. heterophyllum, but the leaves longer and broader,
to 13 cm. wide, the peduncles 6 cm. long, the spathe longer, and the
ovary 6-7-celled. Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 90. Neg. 12275.
Loreto: Rio Acre: Ule 9211. Brazil.
Philodendron variifolium Schott, Syn. 100. 1856; 36.
Imperfectly known, but apparently a close relative of P. deltoi-
deum, from which it differs chiefly in its elongate leaves but these
very variable, cordate-, hastate-, or sagittate-oblong, 2-2.5 dm. long,
6-7 cm. broad, with a cusp 1-1.5 cm. long; basal lobes very short and
obtuse, or elongate-oblong, the sinus open. P. quitense Engler, of
Guayaquil, has longer petioles, broader leaves, and spreading basal
lobes.
Huanuco: Pampayacu (Poeppig 1281).
Philodendron Weberbaueri Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 133. 1905;
96.
Similar to P. densivenium; leaves about 4.5 dm. long; peduncle
and spathe 4 cm. long; pistillate and staminate inflorescences sub-
equal, 2 cm. long; pistil 4-celled. Neg. 12279.
Puno: Sandia to Chunchosmayo, 1,500 meters, Weberbauer 1352.
10. HOMALOMENA Schott
Reference: Pflanzenr. IV. 23Da. 1912.
Stout herbs with long petioles vaginate only below and large,
often mottled leaves. Spathe usually green, persistent. Inflores-
cence usually entirely fertile. Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott, var.
metallica Schott, cultivated at Yurimaguas and Iquitos (Williams'),
has deeply cordate leaves not at all peltate, strongly ribbed beneath,
and a convolute spathe, little constricted.
Homalomena peltata (Poepp.) Mast. Gard. Chron. 7: 273.
/. 46. 1877; 79. Anthurium peltatum Poepp. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 83.
(excl. pi.). 1845.
480 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
A large herb with peltate cordate-ovate acuminate leaves, 5-6
dm. long and 3.5-4 dm. wide, glabrous above and reddish-pubescent
beneath; petioles muricate below and pubescent, vaginate for a third
their length; peduncles about 1.5 dm. long, densely puberulent;
spathe yellow-spotted, the tubular-convolute lower part 5-7 cm. long,
the upper part or blade 13 cm. long, with a cusp 2 cm. long; spadix
sessile, the pistillate inflorescence 4 cm. long, 1.5 cm. thick, the
slenderer staminate portion to 1.5 dm. long. Other Andean species
to be expected include H. Roezlii (Mast.) Regel and H. Wallisii
Regel
