BOTANICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893
VOLUME XIII
FLORA OF PERU
PART I, No. 3
BY
J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE
ASSISTANT CURATOR OP THE HERBARIUM, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
B. E. DAHLGREN
CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
EDITOR
PUBLICATION 363
CHICAGO, U.S.A.
AUGUST 26, 1936
BOTANICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893
VOLUME XIII
FLORA OF PERU
PART I, No. 3
BY
J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE
ASSISTANT CURATOR OF THE HERBARIUM, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
B. E. DAHLGREN
CURATOR. DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
EDITOR
PUBLICATION 363
CHICAGO, U.S.A.
AUGUST 26, 1936
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS
F73
FLORA OF PERU
J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE
17. CYCLANTHACEAE. Cyclanthus Family
By Paul C. Standley
Plants herbaceous or somewhat woody and with long jointed
rhizomes; petioles sheathing at base; leaf blades flabellate-nerved
or pinnate-nerved, the blades usually biparted or flabellately parted,
rarely entire; flowers borne on spadices, these pedunculate, globose
or oblong, arising within the leaf sheaths; flowers of the two sexes
arranged in whorls or spirals, provided with a rudimentary perianth
or naked; ovaries deeply immersed in the spadix and coherent,
forming a syncarp; placentae 2 or 4, multiovulate; seeds numerous,
small.
In appearance the plants of this family are palm-like, and they
are likely to be mistaken for palms by the uninitiated. The epiphytic
and scandent species are unlike any palms of similar habit in having
usually bifid leaves. The terrestrial plants of the family are wholly
herbaceous, in that respect differing from most palms. The fruiting
spadices, of course, are quite different from the fruits of any of the
palms.
Staminate flowers grouped in clusters of 4, with a pistillate flower
between them; staminate flowers with a perianth; fruiting spadix
oblong or globose, not screw-like. Plants terrestrial or epiphytic,
the leaves various 1. Carludovica.
Staminate flowers numerous, confluent, forming whorls or spirals,
these alternating with whorls or spirals of pistillate flowers;
staminate flowers without a perianth; fruiting spadix elongate,
resembling in general appearance a screw. Plants terrestrial;
leaf blades bifid almost or quite to the base 2. Cyclanthus.
1. CARLUDOVICA R. & P.
Plants terrestrial and herbaceous, or often epiphytic and with
elongate, somewhat woody, jointed, creeping or scandent stems; leaf
blades membranaceous-coriaceous, variable in form; spadix simple,
subtended by 1-several concave spathes, these densely imbricate
before anthesis; rachis cylindric or ellipsoid, fleshy, densely covered
421
422 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
with the flowers; staminate perianth stipitate, the margin oblique,
dentate; stamens numerous from a fleshy disk, the filaments thick,
the anthers erect, 2-celled; pistillate perianth 4-angulate, somewhat
4-lobate; staminodia 4, opposite the sepals and adnate to them,
greatly elongate and filiform; stigmas 4 on the apex of the ovary,
broadly sessile, confluent by pairs, forming a cross.
Leaf blades flabelliform-parted, the 4 segments broadened at the
apex and cleft or dentate. Plants terrestrial, tall . . . C. palmata.
Leaf blades bifid or rarely entire.
Leaf segments broadened upward and oblique at the apex, some-
times truncate, erose or cleft.
Plants epiphytic, scandent; spadix about 13 cm. long.
C. latifrons.
Plants terrestrial, acaulescent; spadix about 5 cm. long.
C. humilis.
Leaf segments acuminate, entire.
Leaf blades 60-120 cm. long C. angustifolia.
Leaf blades mostly 20-50 cm. long.
Blades cleft less than halfway to the base. Plants epiphytic,
with elongate stems C. trigona.
Blades cleft more than halfway to the base.
Spadix stipitate. Leaf segments narrowly linear, 1.5 cm.
wide C. Williamsii.
Spadix sessile; leaf segments lance-linear, 2-5 cm. wide or
broader.
Leaf blades triplinerved, both the central and lateral
nerves emitting secondary nerves . . . C. tetragonopus.
Leaf blades 1-nerved, the nerves all arising from the costa.
C. chelidonura.
Carludovica acuminata R. & P. Syst. Veg. 293. 1798; Drude in
Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: 239. pi. 57, /. 2. 1881. Ludovia acuminata
Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 576. 1807. Salmia acuminata Willd. Ges. Naturf.
Freund. Berlin Mag. 5: 401. 1811.
The species was described by Ruiz and Pavon from Posuso and
Muna (Huanuco). The brief description reads: Caudex repent,
flexuous; fronds furcate to below the middle, the segments linear-
lanceolate, acuminate. Evidently it, like the other descriptions of
the same authors in the same work, is altogether too incomplete for
FLORA OF PERU 423
determination of the plant concerned, without reference to speci-
mens on which the name was based . Poeppig and Endlicher described
at length under the name acuminata a plant growing "in forests from
the foot of the Andes to the mouths of the Amazon." Drude (loc.
cit.) states that Poeppig's plant is not C. acuminata R. & P., and
describes it as new, under the name C. divergens. The plant described
and figured by Drude seems to me to be the same as that listed below
under the name C. trigona. I believe it rather probable that Drude's
C. divergens really is C. acuminata. Drude's C. acuminata has leaves
bifid less than halfway to the middle, while Ruiz and Pavon make
scarcely a single definite statement regarding their plant other than
that its leaves are bifid to below the middle. As matters stand, the
name C. acuminata must remain doubtful until a Ruiz and Pavon
specimen can be examined and described.
Carludovica angustifolia R. & P. Syst. Veg. 292. 1798;
P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 37. 1838. Ludovia angustifolia Pers.
Syn. PI. 2: 576. 1807. Salmia angustifolia Willd. Ges. Naturf. Freund.
Berlin Mag. 5:401. 1811.
Terrestrial; leaves very numerous, 2-2.5 meters high; petioles
subterete, obtusely tetragonous above; blades deeply bifid, the seg-
ments linear-lanceolate, short-acuminate, 50-120 cm. long, bright
green, rigid; inflorescences erect, 15 cm. long, the spadix cylindric;
spathes distant, pink; fruit purple.
Huanuco: Described from Muna and Chinchao. Poeppig reports
the plant from Cerro de San Cristobal near Cochero.
The description is taken from that of Poeppig; the one given
by Ruiz and Pavon is too brief to be of service. Whether Poeppig
had any good reason for assuming his plant to be the same as that
originally named, I do not know. He states that the plant, with its
stiff leaves and woody but elastic petioles, forms dense and impene-
trable thickets, like those of some dwarf palms, in rocky places of the
drier mountains. The leaves are said to be one of the most satis-
factory materials for thatching huts. The vernacular names are
reported as "yacha pifia" and "pina brava."
Carludovica chelidonura Drude in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt.
2:238. pi. 57, f.l. 1882.
Plants either epiphytic or terrestrial, acaulescent or with stout
elongate stems; leaves short-petiolate, the blades furcate almost
to the base, the broad segments acuminate, entire, many-nerved;
spadix stalked, subtended by 2 or more broad spathes, 2-6 cm. long.
424 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Junin: Cahuapanas, epiphytic in dense forest, 340 meters, Killip
& Smith 26808. — Loreto: Iquitos, moist land, Williams 7989; Killip &
Smith 27043. Puerto Arturo, in forest, Williams 5267. Balsa-
puerto, on rocks in stream bed, Killip & Smith 20468. Pebas, Wil-
liams 1667. — San Martin: Tarapoto, in water, Williams 6317. San
Roque, edge of water, Williams 7715. Also in Brazil. "Yacu sisa."
Carludovica divergens Drude in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: 241.
1881. C. acuminata P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 37. 1838, non R.
& P. (?)
Stems short and rooting along tree trunks or climbing high on
trees, slender; leaves small, mostly 20-30 cm. long, the slender
petioles 3-7 cm. long; blades bifid almost to the base, rather thin,
plicate, the segments broadly linear, usually 1-1.5 cm. wide, evenly
long-attenuate; peduncles short, bearing several short spathes;
spadix 1.5-2.5 cm. long, many-flowered, subglobose or ellipsoid;
blades of leaves on sterile branches sometimes entire, 10-20 cm.
long and 2-2.5 cm. wide.
Junin: Rio Masamerich, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer 6661. — Loreto:
Reported by Drude from Prov. Mainas, presumably collected by
Poeppig. According to Drude, ranging to the mouth of the Amazon.
According to Poeppig, the stems were used for tying together
the framework of huts, a purpose for which they are well suited
because of their strength and pliability. He records the vernacular
name as tamschi.
Huber (Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4: 538. 1906) refers doubtfully to this
species a plant known by the name tamshi, growing abundantly
along the Rio Ucayali, and climbing on high trees. Its stems are
used as cordage. Concerning the plant Huber makes the following
statement: Regarding the tamshi there exists in all cisandine Peru
a curious belief. They say that the tamshi is generated from the
issula ant (Dinoponera grandis). The basis for this belief is probably
the fact that this ant often is attacked by certain fungi of the Hypo-
creaceae (Cordiceps). Before dying the issula attaches itself to the
bark of some tree, and the fruiting body that arises from it has some-
what the appearance of a plant in germination. The natives, finding
these ants with fruiting bodies of Cordiceps projecting from their
heads, assured me that this was the tamshi springing from the issula.
Carludovica elegans Dammer ex Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4:
538. 1906. — This name is practically a nomen nudum, although
the description is scarcely inferior to those given by Ruiz and
FLORA OF PERU 425
Pa von: "A scandent plant with large broad leaves bifid one-third
the distance to the base." The name was based upon Huber 1524
from Pampa del Sacramento.
Carludovica humilis P. & E. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 37. 1838.
Salmia humilis Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 501. 1841.
Plant terrestrial, acaulescent; leaves numerous, 1.2 meters long;
leaf blades deltoid, many-nerved, cuneate at the base, plicate
between the nerves, thin, bright green, paler beneath, bifid, the
segments truncate, erose and often irregularly cleft; petioles semi-
terete, as long as the blades; spadix cylindric, 5 cm. long, borne on a
stalk about 15 cm. long.
Loreto: Type collected at Yurimaguas by Poeppig.
Carludovica latifolia R. & P. Syst. Veg. 292. 1798. Ludovia
latifolia Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 576. 1807. Salmia latifolia Willd. Ges.
Naturf. Freund. Berlin Mag. 5: 401. 1811.
Described by Ruiz and Pavon from Chinchao, Muria, Posuso,
and Cochero (Huanuco), in tropical forests. The description is too
brief for recognition of the plant, affording only the following data:
Caudex an ell long, rooting; leaf blades bifid to beyond the middle,
the segments lanceolate; petioles canaliculate.
Carludovica latifrons Drude in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: 237.
pi. 58 J.I. 1881.
Plant epiphytic, with a thick caudex; leaves about 120 cm. long;
blades equaling the petiole, bifid almost to the middle, the segments
broadened upward, very oblique, obtuse, the costa 3-parted at the
base, the lateral nerves remote from the margin; spadix 13 cm. long,
1.5 cm. thick, the peduncle compressed, 10 cm. long; spathes 3.
Junin: Puerto Yessup, 400 meters, Killip & Smith 26240.
Cahuapanas, 340 meters, Killip & Smith 26810. Near La Merced,
800-1,300 meters, Killip & Smith 23984— Loreto: Santa Rosa, 135
meters, Killip & Smith 28788. Reported by Huber (Bol. Mus.
Goeldi 4: 537. 1906) from Cerros de Contamana, Canchahuayo, etc.
Amazon Valley of Brazil.
Carludovica palmata R. & P. Syst. Veg. 291. 1798; Drude in
Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: 234. pis. 54, 55. 1881. Ludovia palmata
Pers. Syn. PI. 2: 576. 1807. Salmia palmata Willd. Ges. Naturf.
Freund. Berlin Mag. 5: 401. 1811.
Plants terrestrial, acaulescent, densely cespitose and stolon-
iferous, the slender petioles subterete, 3-5 times as long as the
426 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
blades; leaf blades parted into 4 segments, those broadly cuneate,
many-nerved, deeply laciniate at the broad apex; spadix oblong,
acutish, about 12 cm. long, many-flowered, borne on a short thick
peduncle; spathes 3, concave, 12 cm: long, acute.
Amazonas: Rioja, Moyobamba, Williams 7599. — Huanuco:
Described from forests of Posuso and Cochero, Ruiz & Pavon.
Cochero, Poeppig. — Loreto: Puerto Arturo, Yurimaguas, Williams
5091. Cerro de Canchahuayo (Huber}. Extending north through
Central America.
"Bombonaje," "appi-ttara." Ruiz and Pavon state that walking
sticks were made from the petioles; that the leaves were used for
thatching; and that oil could be obtained from the seeds of this and
other species. The most important use of the -plant, of course, is
the utilization of the fine fiber of the young leaves for plaiting
the so-called "Panama" or "Jipijapa" hats, most of which are
manufactured in Ecuador. In some regions of Peru fine hats are
made from this plant, but in Central America, for instance, where
it is abundant, little or no use is made of the fiber.
Carludovica tetragonopus Mart, ex Drude in Mart. Fl. Bras.
3, pt. 2: 238. pi. 4. 1882.
Plants epiphytic and with long stout stems, or terrestrial and
acaulescent or with short stems; leaves on rather long and slender
petioles, the large blades cleft nearly to the base, the segments entire,
acuminate, many-nerved, rather stiff; spadix stout, about 4-5 cm.
long, many-flowered, subtended by 4 or more large spathes.
Junin: Puerto Yessup, terrestrial, with an erect caudex 30 cm.
high or less, 400 meters, Killip & Smith 26242. Enefias, 1,700
meters, dense forest, Killip & Smith 25657. Santa Rosa, 625-900
meters, epiphytic, Killip & Smith 26156. — Loreto: Paraiso, in forest,
Williams 3248. Santa Rosa, Williams 4814- Between Yurimaguas
and Balsapuerto, 150 meters, epiphytic, Killip & Smith 28139.
Balsapuerto, 150-350 meters, terrestrial, Killip & Smith 28384-
Santa Rosa, Killip & Smith 28905 (epiphytic). Brazil.
Carludovica trigona R. & P. Syst. Veg. 293. 1798; P. & E. Nov.
Gen. & Sp. 2: 36. pi. 151. 1838. Ludovia trigona Pers. Syn. PL 2:
576. 1807. Salmia trigona Willd. Ges. Naturf. Freund. Berlin Mag.
5: 401. 1811.
Plants usually epiphytic and with much elongate, more or less
woody stems, sometimes, however, terrestrial (according to notes),
FLORA OF PERU 427
but apparently then also with long creeping stems; leaves mostly
at the tips of the branches, chiefly 45-60 cm. long, rather thin,
somewhat paler beneath, the blades long-cuneate at the base, bifid
less than halfway to the middle, the segments evenly or abruptly
long-attenuate or acuminate; petiole usually much shorter than the
blade; peduncles shorter than the petioles; spathes 4, elliptic,
acuminate, concave, about 7 cm. long, whitish outside, pinkish within;
spadix cylindric, densely many-flowered, 5 cm. long or sometimes
shorter.
Huanuco : Type from Mufia, Ruiz & Pawn. Forests of Cochero,
Poeppig. — Loreto: Puerto Arturo, Yurimaguas, Williams 5083, 5281 ;
Killip & Smith 27784- Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, Killip
& Smith 29915. Balsapuerto, Killip & Smith 28503, 28677, 28579,
28440,28380. Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27331 . Santa Rosa, Killip
& Smith 28958. San Antonio, Killip & Smith 29430.
The plants listed above are the same as that described by Poeppig
and Endlicher under the name trigona, but there is less certainty that
they are the one so named by Ruiz and Pa von.
Carludovica Williamsii Standl. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 146.
1936.
Plants terrestrial, acaulescent, 45 cm. high or somewhat taller;
leaf blades long-tapering to the base, bifid almost to the base, the
segments linear, long-attenuate, about 1.5 cm. wide, strongly
plicate between the nerves; peduncles 20 cm. long or more, very
slender; spathes about 3, narrow, 7-8 cm. long, very long-tapering;
spadix ellipsoid, 3 cm. long or more, many-flowered, conspicuously
stipitate. "Yacu-sisa."
San Martin: San Roque, on stream bank, 1,400 meters, Williams
7477, type.
2. CYCLANTHUS Poit.
Large acaulescent perennial herbs; leaves few, sheathing, dicho-
tomously binerved, at maturity deeply bifid; spadix terminal, long-
pedunculate, the rachis ellipsoid, subtended by several spathes, the
flowers of either sex densely verticillate and confluent; staminate
flowers without a perianth; stamens 6, the filaments united at the
base, the anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent; staminate flowers
connate, the perianth connate and multidentate; ovaries immersed
in the rachis in a common cavity; fruiting spadix composed of
distinct swollen disks, the disks sulcate and bearing the seeds within.
428 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Cyclanthus bipartitus Poit. Me"m. Mus. Hist. Nat. 9: 36. pi.
2. 1822; Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 38. pi. 152, 15^. 1838.
Discanthus odoratus Spruce, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3: 196. 1859.
Plants large and coarse, 1-2 meters high; petioles slender, 50-100
cm. long, subterete or somewhat angled; blades of about the same
length, rather thin, bifid almost or quite to the base, the segments
acute at each end, lance-linear, usually 5-10 cm. wide, with a con-
spicuous stout median nerve; scapes 45 cm. long or more; spathes
4-5, convolute before anthesis, later spreading; spadix about
10 cm. long.
Huanuco: Reported from Cochero by Poeppig. — Loreto: Caballo-
cocha on the Amazon, in forest, Williams 2355. La Victoria on
the Amazon, in forest, Williams 2984- Agua Blanca, Alto Rio
Nanay, Williams 1187. Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, in
forest, King 1018. Reported by Poeppig from Yurimaguas. — San
Martin: Reported by Huber from Cerro de Canchahuayo, growing
chiefly along streams. Ranging from the Amazon Valley to the
Guianas and Central America.
"Sangapillo." The flowers have a pleasing fragrance, described
by Poeppig as being between those of cinnamon and vanilla. The
large bifid leaves are distinctive, also the curious fruiting spadix,
which resembles a large screw.
18. ARAGEAE. Arum Family
Aroids as a group, comprising herbs, lianas and shrubs, epiphytes,
and even aquatics, are among the most beautiful and curious of
plants. Some are strange or, both strange and beautiful, approach
the fantastic. Others, if lacking in magnificence, are often glorious
in the vigor and luxuriousness of their development. Consequently
they have long been popular in conservatories, especially species of
Caladium and Dieffenbachia for their often colored foliage, and most
other genera, to some extent, for their interest or beauty. The
foliage of some species is entirely different when the plants are young;
many of the small vines on forest trees with leaves tightly pressed
against the tree trunks are juvenile forms of aroids. Some tribes of
the family are distinguishable from others by the presence of calcium
oxalate crystals in the watery sap. These are readily detected upon
chewing by a burning sensation, since their needle-like form enables
them to penetrate the tongue. The economic importance of aroids,
except in horticulture, although various, is not particularly great,
FLORA OF PERU 429
but often of local significance. Some of the plants found useful in
Peru and other parts of South America are:
Monstera pertusa, whose leaves, like those of similar species,
serve as compresses for wounds; M. deliciosa and related forms have
some reputation for their fruit; Spathiphyllum cannifolium is used
to flavor tobacco; the roots of Urospatha caudata (ape* or caa ape"),
when roasted in ashes, are sweet but cause an itching sensation
(Peckolt) ; the tubers of Dracontium polyphyllum (jararaca or jiraca)
serve as food, boiled or roasted; the leaves of various Philodendrons
are used as ointments; the rhizomes of Caladium sororium and other
species, and the tubers of Xanthosoma, etc., are eaten after cooking;
the leaves of species of Dieffenbachia, chewed, result in speechlessness
for a time, but unfortunately also in a swelling of the mouth; and
many other remedial uses have been or are in vogue where the plants
grow (cf. Engler, from whose compilation of uses I have drawn).
A. Plants not characteristically aquatic.
Flowers typically hermaphrodite, the spadix, as a result, uniform
in thickness.
Leaves distichous; calcium oxalate crystals present, except in
Heteropsis.
Leaves relatively remote and evidently alternate, the petioles
only to 6 mm. long 1. Heteropsis.
Leaves usually densely crowded and the petioles elongate.
Spathe more or less promptly deciduous; lianas.
Leaf nervation (principally) entirely parallel.
2. Rhodospatha.
Leaf nervation reticulate, except the primary lateral
nerves 3. Monstera.
Spathe persistent; herbs 4. Spathiphyllum.
Leaves spirally arranged; calcium oxalate crystals often lacking;
spathe persistent.
Leaf nervation principally parallel 7. Anthurium.
Leaf nervation principally reticulate.
Leaves much divided (ours), or never as in the next.
5. Dracontium.
Leaves sagittate, the two lower lobes about as long as or
longer than the upper 6. Urospatha.
Flowers typically monoecious, the female and male portions of the
spadix more or less distinctly marked by the varying thickness.
430 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Male and female portions of the spadix obviously intercepted
by a remotely flowered sterile or barren portion.
Completely intercepted; principal leaf nerves reticulate.
16. Ulearum.
Incompletely intercepted by remote sterile flowers; principal
leaf nerves parallel 8. Dieffenbachia.
Male and female portions of the spadix contiguous but often
with sterile intermediate flowers.
Spathe not much longer than the spadix or shorter, its limb
convolute or cymbiform; leaves never subequally 3-
parted, the lateral lobes eared.
Spathe not constricted at the throat or, if so, the limb
strongly convolute.
Spadix subequaling or shorter than the spathe.
Scandent plants; spadix partly sterile.
9. Philodendron.
Herbs; spadix usually entirely fertile.
Leaves entire 10. Homalomena.
Leaves pinnate 14. Asterostigma.
Spadix soon far exceeding the spathe 15. Taccarum.
Spathe tube well defined, constricted at the throat, the
limb cymbiform.
Style a fleshy disk; leaves sagittate, hastate, or dis-
sected ;....!!. Xanthosoma.
Style none; leaves often peltate .12. Caladium.
Spathe distinctly and often much longer than the spadix, its
open limb spreading; leaves 3-parted, the lateral divi-
sions usually ear-appendaged 13. Syngonium.
A. Plants aquatic 17. Pistia.
1. HETEROPSIS Kunth
High-climbing lianas with slender branches and heavy, oblong-
lanceolate, very shortly petioled leaves with many parallel nerves.
Spathe ovate-oblong, convolute, exceeding the spadix, deciduous.
Ovary 2-celled above, the ovules 2, attached near the base. Flowers
hermaphrodite, or the stamens of a few aborted. — The leaves are
suggestive of those of the Guttiferae. Besides the following, H.
FLORA OF PERU 431
Spruceana Schott, with spathe scarcely 2 cm. long, and H. longi-
spathacea Engler, with spathe 7 cm. long, are to be expected, since
both are Amazonian. "Timbo-titica."
Heteropsis peruviana Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 9:
270. 1925.
Slender, the slightly flexuous branchlets 2-4 mm. thick; inter-
nodes 2-5 cm. long; petioles 4-6 mm. long, 2 mm. thick, grooved
above throughout; leaves subcoriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, narrowly
acuminate, acute at base, 1-1.5 dm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. broad; lateral
nerves equally distinct on both sides; peduncle terete, 1 cm. long;
spathe drying black, oblong-elliptic, 3.5-4.5 cm. long, with a narrow
acute acumen 1 cm. long; spadix stipitate, oblong, acutish, 2.5-3
cm. long, 5-7 mm. thick (in flower); fruit subobovoid, obtuse, 5-6
mm. long. Neg. 11833.
Junin: La Merced, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 1819.
Heteropsis Jenmanii Oliv. in Hook. Icon. 20: pi. 1949. 1890.
Differs from H. peruviana in the stouter stems, distinctly reticu-
late-veined, heavier leaves, not infrequently broader, and in the
longer (to 8 cm.) spathe and larger spadix. — According to Jenman,
the original collector, the plant "sends down long aerial roots which,
split into thin strips, form the most useful tying material the Indians
employ." Tessmann, apparently, did not observe this use, but
recorded in a note accompanying his specimens the following super-
stition, "believed by nearly all Loretians, even the most intelligent";
namely, that the plant never blooms but is in fact a fungus that
grows from the head of the black ant called "ishula." The fungus
is a long string-like plant known as "tamishi" (as also the Heteropsis
itself).
Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, King 713 (det. Krause). Mouth
of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4448 (det. Krause). British Guiana;
Colombia. "Tamishi," "tamishi delgado."
2. RHODOSPATHA Poepp.
Reference: Engler & Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B. 1908.
Suffrutescent and often scandent, with long-vaginate petioles
and oblong-elliptic or lanceolate leaves. Spicular crystals numerous.
Ovary 2-celled, the ovules affixed basally or laterally. — Several
Ecuadorean species are to be expected. Stenospermatium Schott.
432 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaves mostly about 1 dm. long.
Spadix about 3 cm. long; leaves acutely cusped R. flavescens.
Spadix finally about 6 cm. long; leaves long-acuminate.
R. Mathewsii.
Leaves 1.5-4.5 dm. long.
Leaves 3-7 cm. broad.
Stipe 3-5 mm. long.
Spadix 3 cm. long, 5 mm. thick R. Weberbaueri.
Spadix 4-6 cm. long, 7 mm. thick R. Spruceana.
Stipe about 1 cm. long.
Spadix about 8 cm. long . . R. amomifolia.
Spadix about 6 cm. long R. Mathewsii.
Leaves 1-2 dm. broad.
Peduncles 6 dm. long, about equaling the leaves.
R. crassifolia.
Peduncles 1.5-2.5 dm. long, much shorter than the leaves.
Leaves broadly elliptic, 1.5-2 dm. broad R. latifolia.
Leaves oblong-elliptic, 1-1.5 dm. broad R. oblongata.
Rhodospatha amomifolia (Poepp.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot.
11: 7. 1931. Stenospermatium amomifolium Schott, Prodr. 348. 1860;
90. Monstera amomifolium Poepp. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 88. 1845.
Petioles 7-10 cm. long, three-fourths vaginate; leaves little
oblique, lanceolate-oblong, very acute at each end, 1.5-2.5 dm. long;
peduncles about 1.5 dm. long; spathe oblong, acuminate; spadix
2.5-3.5 cm. long, to 1 cm. thick, the stipe up to 1 cm. long. Neg.
12162.
Huanuco: Pampayacu, Poeppig. — Junin: Colonia Perene", Killip
& Smith (det. Krause).
Rhodospatha crassifolia (Engler) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11:
7. 1931. Stenospermatium crassifolium Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 114.
1905; 89.
Slender, with petioles to 3 dm. long, vaginate to 2 cm. below the
coriaceous oblong-elliptic acute blades, these obtuse at base,
3-4.5 dm. long; peduncles 6 dm. long; spathe 2-2.5 dm. long, 6 cm.
wide, pale green or yellowish; spadix to 2.5 dm. long and 2 cm. thick,
the stipe 1 cm. long.— Illustrated, loc. cit. Neg. 12164.
FLORA OF PERU 433
Huanuco: South of Monzon, 1,700 meters, Weberbauer 3512.—
Junin: La Merced, Schunke 283 (det. Krause). Chanchamayo
Valley, 1,200 meters, Schunke 429 (det. Krause).
Rhodospatha flavescens (Engler) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11:
7. 1931. Stenospermatium flavescens Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 111.
1905; 82.
Petioles slightly shorter than the leaves and vaginate nearly
their entire length; leaves 8-10 cm. long, 2.5-3 cm. broad; peduncles
to 1.5 cm. long; spathe 5 cm. long, greenish, with a point 6 mm.
long; spadix stipe 5 mm. long. — Illustrated, op. cit. 83. Doubtfully
distinct from R. Mathewsii.
Huanuco: South of Monzon, 1,700 meters, Weberbauer 3506.
Rhodospatha latifolia Poepp. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 91. pi. 300.
1845; 92.
Petioles 3.5 dm. long, broadly (3 cm.) vaginate to within 1 dm.
of the thin, nearly opaque, elliptic blade, this 3-4.5 dm. long and 1.5-
2.5 dm. broad, rounded or truncate at base, shortly cuspidate; ped-
uncles 1.5-2 dm. long, mostly included in the leaf sheath; spathes
fleshy, pale rose, ovate, acute, 15-18 cm. long, 5-7 cm. broad;
spadix 1 to nearly 2 dm. long, short-stiped; flowers all hermaphrodite,
violet. — R. picta Nicholson, said to be much cultivated and possibly
Peruvian, has leaves subacute at base and a spadix 2 dm. long. —
Illustrated, op. cit. 94.
San Martin: Tocache (Poeppig). — Huanuco: Pampayacu (Poep-
pig). — Puno: Sangaban (Lechler 2490, 2491). — Loreto: Cerro de
Cumbaso, Ule 6694. Brazil.
Rhodospatha Mathewsii (Schott) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot.
11: 7. 1931. Stenospermatium Mathewsii Schott, Gen. Aroid. 70.
1858; 83.
Similar to R. flavescens, but the leaves somewhat longer, the
peduncles longer, and the spadix 2-3 mm. long (or, in an Ecuadorean
form, 1 cm. long). — Flowers rose (Klug). Neg. 12169.
Huanuco: Casapi (Mathews). — Loreto: Near Iquitos, Klug 1200
(det. Krause). — Junin: Pichis Trail, Killip & Smith. Ecuador.
Rhodospatha oblongata Poepp. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 91. 1845;
93.
Similar to R. latifolia; petiole sheath to 4 cm. broad at base but
narrowed above to scarcely 2 cm. broad; leaves 1-1.5 dm. broad;
434 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
peduncles 2-2.5 dm. long; spathe abruptly long-cuspidate, greenish
without; spadix sterile below, its stipe 1-2 cm. long. — Illustrated,
Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: pi. 17.
San Martin: Tocache (Poeppig). Brazil.
Rhodospatha Spruceana (Schott) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11:
7. 1931. Stenospermatium Spruceanum Schott, Gen. Aroid. 70.
1858; 85.
Vaginate petioles of the lower leaves to 2.5 dm. long; leaves
coriaceous, oblong-elliptic-lanceolate, oblique, 2-2.5 dm. long;
peduncles very slender; spathe to 11 cm. long; spadix 4-6 cm. long,
7 mm. thick, on a stipe 5 mm. long. — R. popayanensis (Schott)
Macbr. has a spadix stipe 1-1.5 cm. long. — Illustrated, Mart. Fl.
Bras. 3, pt. 2: pi. 18.
Loreto: Pongo de Cainarache, Vie 6324- — Junin: La Merced,
5527. Iquitos, King 516. La Victoria, Williams 2624. (all det.
Krause). Brazil to Guiana and Colombia.
Rhodospatha Weberbaueri (Engler) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot.
11: 7. 1931. Stenospermatium Weberbaueri Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37:
110. 1905; 87.
Stems about 5 dm. long; petioles vaginate two-thirds their length;
leaves acuminate, acute at base; peduncles 1.5-2.5 dm. long; spathe
cusp 6-7 mm. long; spadix 3 cm. long, 5 mm. thick, the stipe 3 mm.
long.— Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 86. Neg. 12175.
Huanuco: Near the Monzon, 600 meters, Weberbauer 3653.—
Junin: La Merced, 1,200 meters, Schunke 283 (det. Krause).
3. MONSTERA Adans.
Reference: Engler & Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B. 1908.
Vigorous lianas with long-vaginate petioles and broad or narrow
leaves, often perforated, less frequently entire or pinnatifid. Spi-
cular crystals numerous. Ovary usually 2-celled, the ovules com-
monly 2 in each cell. — Besides the following, the Amazonian and
somewhat aberrant species, M. occidentalis (Poeppig) Schott, with a
solitary ovule, may be found. It has pinnately dissected leaves,
with the petioles (3-6 dm. long) a meter long or longer, and an
obtuse spathe, white without and rose within. The leaves of M.
pertusa and related forms serve as compresses for wounds. The
species, or probably often mere races, are distinguishable with
difficulty.
FLORA OF PERU 435
Leaves of mature plants entire, small to medium-sized.
Leaves deeply cordate to rounded or truncate at base, 10-13 cm.
wide M. acuminata.
Leaves acute at base, 5-6 cm. wide M. falcifolia.
Leaves of mature plants with 1 to many perforations or with more or
less interrupted margins, often large.
Leaves never regularly pinnatifid.
Spadix rarely as long as 5 cm.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly to moderately perforated.
M. obliqua.
Leaves ovate, abundantly perforated M . Killipii.
Spadix usually 1 dm. long or longer.
Leaves acute at the rounded base.
Leaves acute or shortly and broadly acuminate . M. pertusa.
Leaves narrowly long-acuminate M. dilacerata.
Leaves cordate or at least truncate at base.
Divisions of the leaf extending halfway to midrib.
M. maxima.
Divisions extending nearly to midrib M. acreana.
Leaves regularly pinnatifid, at least comparatively so.
Divisions of the leaf 4-6 cm. wide, broadly oblong.
Divisions at least twice longer than broad.
Few (2-4); peduncle much longer than the spadix.
M. peruviana.
Several (4-6); peduncle about equal to or much shorter
than the spadix M. Spruceana.
Divisions scarcely twice longer than broad .... M . latiloba.
Divisions of the leaf 1-3 cm. wide.
Spadix usually 1 dm. long or longer M. subpinnata.
Spadix 8 cm. long or shorter M. Uleana.
Monstera acreana Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 114.
1914.
Similar to M. maxima, but the leaves much more divided and the
slender peduncles only 8-9 cm. long. Neg. 12176.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9212.
436 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Monstera acuminata C. Koch, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App.
4. 1855; 99.
The only known Peruvian species with entire leaves, cordate to
truncate at base. — In the juvenile state the leaves are closely
appressed to tree trunks.
Loreto: Cerro de Canchahuayo (Huber 1342). Iquitos, Killip &
Smith (det. Krause). — Huanuco: Posuso, 600 meters, 4583. Ranging
northward to Guatemala.
Monstera dilacerata C. Koch, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App.
5. 1855; 110.
Most easily recognized by the narrowly acuminate tips of both
the young and old leaves or of their segments; largest leaves 2.5-4
dm. long, 2-2.5 dm. broad, often smaller; peduncle about 1.5 dm.
long, the yellow spathe little shorter; spadix 5-6 cm. long, sessile.—
17. Neg. 12179.
Loreto: Leticia, Williams 3044. Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27372
(det. Krause). Colombia to Central America.
Monstera falcifolia Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 117. 1905; 101.
Petioles slender, 1-1.5 cm. long, obscurely vaginate nearly to the
blade; blades oblique, acuminate, narrowly oblong, about 2 dm.
long and 5 cm. wide or, in var. lalifolia Krause, to 10 cm. wide ;
peduncle 5-6 cm. long; spathe oblong, shortly acuminate, 4 cm. long;
spadix 2.5-3 cm. long. — Illustrated, loc. cit.
Junin: La Merced, 1,200 meters, 5743. — Loreto: Rio Nanay, Wil-
liams 730. Yurimaguas, Williams 4662. Iquitos, Killip & Smith
(all det. Krause). Brazil; Bolivia.
Monstera Killipii Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 614.
1932.
Similar to M. obliqua but the leaves becoming nearly 2 dm. broad
and 3 dm. long; petioles to 2.2 dm. long; perforations numerous even
to the leaf margins; peduncle 1 dm. long; spathe and spadix pale
yellow, the latter 4 cm. long, few-flowered. — 8a.
Loreto: Iquitos (Killip & Smith 27372).
Monstera latiloba Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 615.
1932.
Leaves ovate-oblong, cuspidate-acuminate, 3-4.5 dm. long,
about 2 dm. wide, pinnatifid with 3-4 broadly oblong lobes each side
FLORA OF PERU 437
of the midnerve; fruiting spadix orange. — Distinctive among species
with pinnately divided foliage in the few and broad leaf divisions.
-17a.
Loreto: Balsapuerto (Killip & Smith 28421; 28620}.
Monstera maxima Engl. & Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 107.
1908.
The only Peruvian species with distinctly cordate or rounded-
truncate leaves that are irregularly laciniate; leaves 4-7 dm. long and
3-4 dm. broad, the short divisions broadly oblong, truncate and
often slightly dilated at the apex; peduncles usually 1 dm. long or
more; spathe oblong, to 3.5 dm. long.
Puno: Chunchosmayo, 900 meters, Weberbauer 1182. — Huanuco:
Huamalies, 700 meters, Weberbauer 3602. — San Martin: Tarapoto,
Williams 5673 (det. Krause). — Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9214. Ecuador.
Monstera obliqua Miq. Linnaea 18: 79. 1844; 103.
Slender, climbing, with oblong-lanceolate, beautifully perforated
leaves (or rarely the holes only 1 or 2); perforations often large;
leaves about 2 dm. long. — The related M. coriacea Engler has a
spadix 6 cm. long, spathe 8 cm. long, and longer leaves and petioles
(to 3 dm.).— Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: pi. 19.
Junin: La Merced, 1,200 meters, 5812 (det. Krause). — Loreto:
Rio Itaya, Williams 236 (det. Krause). Rio Acre, Ule 9204- Brazil
to the Guianas.
Monstera pertusa (L.) de Vriese, Hort. Spaarn. Bergens. 40.
1839; 103. Dracontium pertusum L. Sp. PI. 968. 1753.
Very variable, but the leaves more or less cleft or perforated. —
The Peruvian form is sometimes var. Jacquinii (Schott) Engler, with
indistinctly auricled sheaths. Fruit orange (Klug). — Illustrated,
Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: pi. 20.
Huanuco: Pampayacu (Poeppig). Tingo Maria, Raimondi
(det. Krause). — Junin: La Merced, 5403. — Loreto: Near Iquitos,
Klug 515. Rio Acre, Ule 9242. Brazil; Colombia.
Monstera peru viana Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 117. 1905; 112.
Petioles narrowly vaginate; leaves fleshy-coriaceous, oblong,
4-5 dm. long and 2.5 dm. broad, their divisions 2-4; spadix 8-10 cm.
long, greenish, much shorter than the peduncle. Neg. 12187.
Huanuco: On the Monzon, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 3575.
438 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Monstera Spruceana (Schott) Engler in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3,
pt. 2: 115. 1878; 113. Tornelia Spruceana Schott, Oesterr. Bot.
Zeitschr. 9: 40. 1859.
Petioles broadly vaginate, 3 to several dm. long; leaves to 3.5
dm. wide; peduncle stout, about 1 dm. long; spadix finally almost
3 dm. long or often a third shorter. — Spathe white; spadix orange
(Tessmann).
Loreto: Santa Rosa, below Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith. Mouth
of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4522. Rio Acre, Ule 9222 (all det.
Krause).
Monstera subpinnata (Schott) Engler in DC. Monogr. 2: 267.
1879; 113. Tornelia subpinnata Schott, Prodr. 357. 1860.
Leaves 2.5-3.5 dm. long, with 3-6 divisions about 12 cm. long and
2-3 cm. wide; peduncle stout, 7-8 cm. long; spathe broadly ovate, 1
dm. broad when expanded, acuminate; spadix 10-12 cm. long, 16-
20 mm. thick.— 22.
Huanuco: Pampayacu (Poeppig). — Junin: La Merced, 1,000
meters, Weberbauer 1873; 282. — San Martin: Rio Huallaga, Williams
6582 (det. Krause). — Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 4694 (vel aff.,
det. Krause; has the narrow leaf segments of M. Uleana, but sterile).
Rio Acre, Ule 9239, 9230. — Ayacucho: Rio Apurimac Valley,
Killip & Smith 2249 (det. Krause).
Monstera Uleana Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 118. 1905; 113.
Similar, but divisions 6-7, falcate, 1-2 cm. wide; peduncle 1 dm.
long; spathe ovate-oblong, white, 5 cm. broad; spadix about 8 cm.
long, 1.5 cm. thick. — Doubtfully distinct from M. subpinnata.
Loreto: Pampas de Ponasa, Ule.
4. SPATHIPHYLLUM Schott
Reference: Engler & Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B. 1908.
Stemless or short-stemmed herbs with long-petioled ovate-oblong
leaves, and peduncles about as long or longer, bearing a leaf-like
persistent spathe. Spicular crystals few. Ovary 2-4-celled.
Petioles about 6 dm. long, nearly twice as long as the blades.
S. Huberi.
Petioles about 2 dm. long, or about equaling the blades.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate.
Spadix 2-5 cm. long, the stipe 4-8 mm. long.
FLORA OF PERU 439
Leaves 4-5 cm. broad; spadix about 4 cm. long. S. tenerum.
Leaves mostly under 3 cm. broad; spadix 2-2.5 cm. long.
S. Lechlerianum.
Spadix 7-12 cm. long, the stipe often 12-15 mm. long.
S. cannaefolium.
Leaves broadly ovate-elliptic S. juninense.
Spathiphyllum cannaefolium (Dryand.) Schott, Gen. Aroid. 1:
1. 1858; 132. Pothos cannaefolia Dryand. Bot. Mag. pi. 603. 1803.
Larger than the other species, the leaves sometimes several dm.
long and 1 dm. wide or wider; sepals truncate. — 25.
Loreto: Pebas, Williams 1706 (det. Krause). Colombia; Vene-
zuela; British Guiana.
Spathiphyllum Huberi Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 120. 1905; 128.
Petioles narrowly vaginate to the middle; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acute at base, long-acuminate, 1.5 dm. broad, with very many
lateral nerves; spathe green, acuminate, nearly 2 dm. long, 6 cm.
broad; spadix stipe 3-3.5 cm. long; spadix 12 cm. long, 8 mm. thick;
sepals free, subtruncate; ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell
near the base. — Illustrated, op. cit. 129.
Loreto: Cerro de Canchahuayo ( Huber 1403).
Spathiphyllum juninense Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
11: 615. 1932.
Petioles about 4 dm. long, vaginate nearly to the node but very
narrowly; leaves obtusely rounded at base, acuminate, 3 dm. long
and about half as broad; primary lateral nerves 14-16; peduncle 6
dm. long; spathe white or green, oblong, 15 cm. long, the acumen
about 1 cm. long; spadix 11 cm. long, the stipe nearly 2 cm. long. — 6 a.
Junin: Santa Rosa, Pichis Trail, 800 meters, Killip & Smith 26157.
Spathiphyllum Lechlerianum Schott, Prodr. 425. 1860; 131.
Petioles very slender, 1.5 dm. long or longer, narrowly vaginate to
about the middle; leaves narrowly lanceolate, narrowed at each end,
long-acuminate, 2.5-4 cm. broad; primary lateral nerves 6-7; ped-
uncle 3-4 dm. long; stipe 2 cm. long; spathe white, cuneately long-
decurrent; sepals connate, 6-lobed; ovules 6-8 in each cell.
Puno: Sangaban (Lechler). — San Martin: Tarapoto (Spruce
4496). — Loreto: Camboso, Ule. Puerto Mele"ndez, Tessmann 4837.
440 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Spathiphyllum tenerum Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 120. 1905;
131.
Petioles long-vaginate; leaves thin, light green above, paler
beneath, obtuse at base, acuminate, 1.5-2 dm. long, 3-4 cm. broad;
primary lateral nerves about 9, strongly arcuate; peduncle about
4 dm. long; spathe 5-7 cm. long, the acumen 1-1.5 cm. long; stipe
4-5 mm. long; sepals free. Neg. 12197.
Loreto: Cerro de Ponasa, 1,200 meters, Vie 6851.
5. DRACONTIUM L.
The species known within Peru are distinguishable from the
related genus Urospatha by their large dissected leaves. Members of
the scarcely distinct genus Cyrtosperma Griff, will, no doubt, be found
sooner or later in Peru. It is usually distinguishable from Dracontium
by its hastate-sagittate leaves, although those of C. Spruceanum are
3-parted. The elongate spathe of Cyrtosperma is usually straight,
the seeds albuminous, and the caudex short or tuberous.
Leaves irregularly pinnate; spathe green D. loretense.
Leaves 3-parted, the divisions pinnate; spathe white D. Ulei.
Dracontium loretense Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11:
617. 1932.
Petioles unknown; leaves multiparted, the lateral divisions
oblong or obovate-oblong, 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-6 dm. broad, the
terminal deeply bilobed; spathe narrowly lanceolate, nearly 2.5
dm. long; spadix stipe about 1 cm. long, the spadix 4 cm. long, 12
mm. thick. — Similar to D. costaricense Engler but with different
measurements, especially in the length of the spadix stipe. Other
aroids known from Peru, for instance species of Anthurium and
Philodendron, are similar to or identical with specimens collected in
Costa Rica. — 4a.
Loreto: In forest, Yurimaguas, Rio Huallaga, Williams 5144-
Dracontium Ulei Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 115.
1914.
Petioles minutely roughened, 4 dm. long or longer; leaves about
5 dm. long, deeply 3-parted, the primary divisions equally biparted,
the others irregularly pinnate, the ultimate oblong-lanceolate seg-
ments 4-8 cm. long; peduncles 3-5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. thick; spathe
incurved at the cucullate apex, 6 cm. long, spadix stipe very short,
FLORA OF PERU 441
the spadix 3-4 cm. long, 14 mm. thick; ovary incompletely 3-4-
celled; fruit 4-5 mm. long. — In its white spathe unique. Neg. 12192.
Peru: Probably, but the type from Sao Francisco on the Alto
Acre and Alto Xapury, Brazil, Ule 9215.
6. UROSPATHA Schott
Reference: Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23C. 1911.
The Peruvian species readily known by the greatly prolonged
spathe, the caudate portion above the spadix 2-3 dm. long, or by the
greatly prolonged lower leaf lobes, these equaling or longer than
the upper ones.
Spathe elongate to 4.5 dm.
Lower leaf lobes ovate U. caudata.
Lower leaf lobes oblong-lanceolate U. angusta.
Spathe not elongate.
Midnerve of lower lobes exposed for 2-3 cm. . . . U. Langsdorffiana.
Midnerve of lower lobes exposed for about 1 cm. . . . U. decipiens.
Urospatha angusta Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11 : 616.
1932.
Petioles 3.5 dm. long; leaves subcoriaceous, narrowly hastate,
about 4.5 dm. long and to 2.5 cm. wide at the base, the upper, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate lobe 2.8 dm. long; peduncle 3 dm. long; spathe
deep green without, 2 dm. long; spadix reddish green, shortly stiped,
5 cm. long. — lOa.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, 135 meters (Killip & Smith 27965).
Urospatha caudata (Poepp. & Endl.) Schott, Gen. Aroid. 1:
3. pi. 8. 1853; 34. Spathiphyllum caudatum Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. & Sp. 3: 85. pi. 296. 1845.
A tall herb, the long-petioled leaves triangular-hastate, their
lower lobes to 3 dm. long and 14 cm. wide, the upper lobe somewhat
longer and nearly 2 dm. wide; spadix to about 1 dm. long.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Capanahua, Tessmann 3031 (det. Krause).
Brazil.
Urospatha decipiens Schott, Bonplandia 5: 128. 1857; 34.
Petioles 5-14 cm. long, verruculose-roughened below; leaves
sagittate, to 4 dm. long but usually much smaller, the lobes about
442 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII
equal in length, the upper broader, to 6 cm. broad; peduncle 1.5-9
cm. long; spathe 2.5-3 dm. long, the spadix as long or much shorter,
its stipe 7-8 mm. long.
Loreto: Caballo-cocha, Williams 2226 (det. Krause). Brazil.
Urospatha Langsdorffiana Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl.
7: 253. 1857; 35.
Petioles and leaves often several dm. long, the petioles and
peduncles slightly muriculate; lower leaf lobes to 3 dm. long, strongly
oblique; spadix very shortly stipitate. — Spathe dark green, paler
within, the spadix greenish pink (Killip & Smith}.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 27965 (det. Krause). Brazil.
7. ANTHURIUM Schott
Reference: Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B. 1905.
Perennials, various in habit, but most often with short assurgent
stems, less frequently scandent. Venation parallel. Spicular crys-
tals lacking. Ovules solitary or two. Seeds albuminous. — There
are upward of 100 Ecuadorian species, many of which may well
be expected to occur in northern Peru, but mention of them even
incidentally has seemed impractical. The recent discovery of
A. cuspidijolium Schott, hitherto known only from Costa Rica, is a
further indication of the probable incompleteness of the following list.
A. Leaves entire or essentially so.
B. Petioles usually shorter than the leaf blades or the leaves neither
cordately nor hastately lobed at base.
C. Lower lateral nerves, at least, free to the margins or appar-
ently so.
Lateral nerves all or nearly all free.
Peduncle and leaves subequal A. tarapotense.
Peduncle much shorter than the leaves.
Peduncle 2.5-3.5 dm. long A. Tessmannii.
Peduncle about 1 dm. long A. Ernesti.
Only the lower lateral nerves free.
Leaves very rigid-coriaceous.
Leaves ovate, not much longer than the petiole.
A. Weberbaueri.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, much longer than the petiole.
Leaves about 1 dm. wide or narrower . . A. Dombeyanum.
Leaves about 1.5 dm. wide or wider. . . A. rigidissimum.
FLORA OF PERU 443
Leaves thin or, if coriaceous, not rigid.
Leaves 2-7 cm. wide.
Spathe and spadix subequal; leaves 5-6 cm. wide.
A. tenuispadix.
Spathe much shorter than the spadix; leaves narrower.
A. linearifolium.
Leaves about 1-3.5 dm. wide.
Leaves small or medium-sized, the petioles 1.5-2 dm.
long.
Leaves long-acuminate; petiole callus 1 cm. long.
A. cuspidifolium.
Leaves acute; petiole callus 0.5 cm. long.
A. Uleanum.
Leaves very large, the petioles to 4 dm. long.
A. latissimum.
C. All the lateral nerves joined before the margin into a longi-
tudinal nerve.
D. Leaves membranous or subcoriaceous, the intramarginal
nerve remote.
Spadix distinctly stipitate, or the petioles and leaves
subequal.
Stipe 3-3.5 cm. long A. gracilipedunculatum.
Stipe 0.5-2 cm. long.
Stipe 8 mm. long, or rarely obscure; petioles and blades
usually subequal.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 7-8 cm. wide.
A. amoenum.
Leaves suboblong, 5-7 cm. wide A. idmense.
Stipe about 2 cm. long; petioles often much shorter
than the blades A. decurrens.
Spadix sessile or subsessile, the petioles rarely equaling the
blades.
Leaves linear-oblong, rarely 2.5 cm. wide, finally very
many times longer than broad. . .A. vittariifolium.
Leaves usually broader, always only a few times longer
than broad A. scandens.
E. Leaves not black-dotted; petioles usually several cm.
long.
444 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate, or broader (6-7
cm.) but distinctly calloused at the shortly
cuneate base.
Spadix exceeding the spathe.
Leaves less than 2 cm. wide, rarely 1.5 dm. long.
A. gracile.
Leaves usually 2.5 cm. wide and often longer
(cf. also A. linearifolium) .
Lateral nerves irregular, 5-10 mm. apart.
A. scolopendrinum.
Lateral nerves parallel, 2-3 mm. apart.
A. gracillimum.
Spadix and spathe subequal A. huanucense.
Leaves elliptic-obovate, often 1 dm. wide or, if
oblong-lanceolate, long-decurrent on the ob-
scurely calloused petiole.
Leaves 3.5-6 dm. long, 6 cm. wide above.
A. tenuispadix.
Leaves generally much shorter and wider.
Petioles much shorter than the leaves.
Peduncles about twice longer than the
petioles A. oxycarpum.
Peduncles many times longer than the petioles.
A. strictum.
Petioles and blades subequal. . . .A. flavescens.
E. Leaves black-dotted; petioles about 1 cm. long,
deeply grooved A. Pohlianum.
D. Leaves heavy-coriaceous, the intramarginal nerve near
the margin A. Weberbaueri.
B. Petioles usually about equaling, or exceeding, the distinctly
cordate or hastate leaves.
F. Primary basal nerves (i.e. lobate nerves) few (3-5).
G. Leaves more or less deeply cordate at base.
H. Spathe about 2.5 cm. wide or narrower.
Spathe about 1 dm. long or longer.
Spathe about 1 (-1.5) dm. long; spadix stipitate (at
least shortly).
FLORA OF PERU 445
Stipe 1.5-2 cm. long; leaves acuminate.
Basal sinus closed or partly closed. A. corallinum.
Basal sinus rounded, open, the lobes divergent.
A. carneospadix.
Stipe about 5 mm. long; leaves shortly acute or
obtuse.
Leaves acute, small, to 13 cm. wide.
A. indecorum.
Leaves rounded at tip, to 2 dm. wide.
A. Lechlerianum.
Spathe about 1.5-2 dm. long; spadix sessile.
Basal lobes roundish, 6-7 times shorter than upper,
divergent, the sinus shallow. .A. cainarachense.
Basal lobes semiovate, about 4 times shorter than
the upper, little divergent, the sinus deep.
A. huamaliesense.
Spathe about 5 cm. long or shorter.
Leaves large, the basal sinus several cm. deep.
Lobal nerves 4; peduncle 2-2.5 dm. long.
A. terrestre.
Lobal nerves 5; peduncle 1.5-2 dm. long.
A. sororium.
Leaves small, the sinus 1.5-2 cm. deep.
A. oblongo-cordatum.
H. Spathe about 6 cm. wide.
Spadix stipe less than 1 cm. long.
Leaves broadly cordate, 4 dm. wide at base.
A. consimile.
Leaves sagittate-cordate, 2.5 dm. wide at base.
A. Schunkei.
Spadix stipe 1.5 cm. long A. Macbridei.
G. Leaves triangular-hastate, the lobes strongly divergent.
Apex of leaf rounded or obtuse or apiculate.
Leaves nearly 2 dm. wide at lobes; spadix stipitate.
A. peruvianum.
Leaves nearly 1 dm. wide at lobes; spadix sessile.
A. nervosum.
Apex of leaf shortly acuminate A. siccisilvarum.
446 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
F. Primary lateral basal nerves 6-9.
Basal lobes divergent, the lobes often pandurate-hastate.
Basal lobes oblong or rounded but always widely spreading.
Leaf tip rounded or shortly acuminate.
Spathe linear-oblong, less than 1 cm. wide.
A. siccisilvarum.
Spathe oblong, 2 cm. wide A. breviscapum.
Leaf tip 2 cm. long A. huallagense.
Basal lobes obliquely ovate and merely divergent.
Leaves 2.5-4 dm. broad.
Spadix stipitate A. alienatum.
Spadix sessile.
Spathe about 2.5 cm. wide A. huamaliesense.
Spathe about 1 cm. wide A. cainarachense.
Leaves about 1.5 dm. broad A. indecorum.
Basal lobes convergent, the leaves often cordiform.
Upper lobe obviously contracted at middle. .A. Macleanii.
Upper lobe little contracted, the leaf ovate-cordate.
Acumen conspicuous, 1.5 cm. long A. lutescens.
Acumen lacking or reduced to a cusp ... .A. monzonense.
A. Leaves, at least some of them, more or less deeply dissected.
The principal divisions more or less lobed.
Peduncle about 6 dm. long, the spadix half as long.
A. Burchellianum.
Peduncle about 3 dm. long, the spadix twice as long.
A. clavigerum.
The principal divisions entire or merely repand.
Leaf segments 3.
Some of the leaves entire, the leaf or leaflets abruptly caudate.
A. yurimaguense.
All the leaves divided, the leaflets acuminate . .A. triphyllum.
Leaf segments more than 3 in at least some leaves.
Leaf segments mostly 5-9 (3-13).
Spathe and usually the spadix less than 1 dm. long.
Peduncles and petiole subequal, 4 dm. long. . .A. Martini.
Peduncles a third to two-thirds as long as the petiole
(1-2 dm.) or shorter.
FLORA OF PERU 447
Petioles 4-sided; segments (1.5-) 3-4 dm. long.
A. Kunthii.
Petioles subterete; segments 1-2 dm. long.
Segments not very unequal at base. A. pentaphyllum.
Segments, in part, very unequal ...... A. undatum.
Spathe and especially the spadix much more than 1 dm.
long ................................ A. Wittianum.
Leaf segments 15-20 ......................... A. eminens.
Anthurium alienatum Schott, Prodr. 507. 1860; 125.
Leaves cordiform, 5-6 dm. long, 3.5-4 cm. wide at the middle,
the subovate basal lobes about a fourth as long, their lateral nerves
7, those of the upper lobe 13-15 and definitely joined near the margin;
peduncle shorter than the leaves, about 5.5 dm. long; spathe reflexed,
5 cm. long; spadix stipe 1 cm. long, the spathe 6 cm. long.
Puno: Sangaban (Lechler 2425). — Cuzco: Valle de San Miguel,
2,000 meters., Hen era 2038 (aff., det. Krause). — Huanuco: Panao,
3,000 meters, 2225 (det. Krause). — Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago,
Tessmann
Anthurium amoenum Kunth ex Schott, Prodr. 442. 1870; 107.
Petioles terete or sulcate, 1.5-3 dm. long; leaves pale green,
punctate, oblong-lanceolate-elliptic, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, long-cuspidate-
acuminate; lateral nerves 15-18, joined 5 mm. within the margin;
peduncle 2-3 dm. long; spathe linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 4-5
cm. long, the sessile or subsessile spadix as long or shorter; sepals
rose-purple. — The Peruvian plant is var. humile (Schott) Engler,
with longer, long-acuminate, oblong leaves. Illustrated, Engler, Icon.
Autog. 66.
Loreto: Near Iquitos, King 316, 207 (det. Krause). — Huanuco:
Pampayacu (Poeppig). — Puno: (Lechler). Venezuela; Colombia.
Anthurium breviscapum Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3:
84. 1845; 229.
Petioles about 3 dm. long; leaves 3-4 dm. long, 2-4 dm. broad
below, arcuately narrowed to the middle, shortly acuminate, the
divaricate basal lobes oblong; peduncles 2.5-3 dm. long; spathe 6-8
cm. long, 2 cm. broad, erect, oblong, acuminate, green; spadix 5-7
cm. long, 6-7 mm. thick, the stipe to 5 mm. long.
Huanuco : Pampayacu (Poeppig 1511). Near Cochero (Poeppig) .
— Puno: Sangaban (Lechler).
448 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Anthurium Burchellianum (Engler) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot.
11: 7. 1931. A. panduratum Mart. var. Burchellianum Engler,
Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 279. 1905. A. panduratum Mart, ex Schott,
Prodr. 545. 1860, not Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 182. 1858.
Similar to A. clavigerum, but the leaf divisions often fewer and
the petioles shorter; segments sinuately few-lobed or (in the Martius
plant) deeply 2-lobed. — Leaves to 1 meter wide (Huber). — Illus-
trated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: pi. 14.
Loreto: Cerro de Canchahuayo (Huber). La Victoria, Williams
2939. Yurimaguas, Williams 4630 (det. Krause). Brazil.
Anthurium cainarachense Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 192.
1905.
Scandent, with thin leaves 6 dm. long and 3.5 dm. wide, the sinus
rounded; peduncle slender; spathe long-acuminate, to 2 dm. long and
1.5 cm. wide; lateral basal nerves 4; spadix sessile, 2-2.5 dm. long,
7 mm. thick below, attenuate, reddish. Neg. 11876.
Loreto: Pongo de Cainarache, Ule 6326.
Anthurium carneospadix Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 194.
1905.
Petiole equaling or a little exceeding the blade, 4-4.5 dm. long;
blades oblong-cordate, the subreniform basal lobes about 3.5 times
shorter than the upper; basal lateral nerves 6; peduncles 1.5 dm. long;
spathe 1.5-3 cm. broad, purplish; spadix stipe 1.5-2 cm. long, the
spadix finally 1 dm. long and 8 mm. thick; sepals red. — Perhaps not
separable from A. corallinum Poepp. Neg. 11881.
Junin: East of Huacapistana, 2,300 meters, Weberbauer 2115,
2271; 250.— Cajamarca: Chugar, 2,700 meters, Weberbauer 4080.
Anthurium clavigerum Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3:
84. 1845; 280.
Scandent, with 9-parted leaves on petioles to 1 meter long; leaf
divisions long-cuneate at base, the intermediate ones 5-6 dm. long
and pinnatifid, free; peduncle only 3 dm. long; spadix twice longer
than the spathe, 6-7 dm. long, the fruit purple. — Var. subpedati-
partitum Engler has the leaf segments coherent below.
Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig). Near the Monzon, 600 meters,
Weberbauer 3664; 286. — Loreto: Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith
(det. Krause). Rio Acre, Ule 9221.
FLORA OF PERU 449
Anthurium consimile Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7:
294. 1857; 211.
Leaves broadly cordate, about 4 dm. wide below and only 5-5.5
dm. long; basal lobes oblique, a quarter as long; basal nerves 5;
spathe long-cuspidate, 1.5 dm. long, the short-stipitate spadix
12 cm. long and 1 cm. thick.
Peru: (Poeppig}.
Anthurium corallinum Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3:
84. 1845; 190.
Similar to A. carneospadix; petioles shorter; leaves with a point
2 cm. long; basal nerves 4; spadix stipe 1 cm. long; spathe linear-
lanceolate.
Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig}.
Anthurium cuspidifolium Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 180.
1858; 158.
Among Peruvian species most nearly allied to A. flavescens, but
the petioles much shorter than the blades (about 1.5 dm. long), the
blades oblong and to 1 dm. wide, the lower lateral nerves obscure,
and the peduncle only 5-6 cm. long.
Junin: La Merced, 1,200 meters, 5622 (det. Krause). Chancha-
mayo Valley, 1,500 meters, Schunke 572. Costa Rica.
Anthurium decurrens Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen.
&Sp. 3:83. pi. 293. 1845; 93.
Stems short; leaves glaucous green, oblong-obovate, shortly and
acutely acuminate, long-cuneate to base, to 2 dm. long and 5-6 cm.
broad; lateral nerves 14-19; spathe abruptly apiculate, decurrent
on the peduncle nearly to the middle, to 1 dm. long and more than
1 cm. broad; spadix 6 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, its thickened fruiting
rachis violet, the fruits scarlet; stipe 2 cm. long.
Loreto: Yurimaguas (Poeppig}; Killip & Smith. Puerto Arturo,
Killip & Smith 27928. — Junin: Rio Paucartambo Valley, Killip &
Smith (all det. Krause).
Anthurium Dombeyanum Brongn. ex Schott, Prodr. 477.
1860; 81.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, attenuate to the apex, green above,
paler beneath, about 3.5 dm. long; peduncles shorter; spathe decur-
rent at base, 8-9 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. broad; spadix about as long,
450 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
less than 1 cm. thick, shortly stipitate. — Illustrated, Saund. Ref.
Bot. 4: pi. 269.
Junin: Stony shrubby places above Huacapistana, 1,800 meters,
Weberbauer 1975. — Huanuco: Rock outcrops, Mufia, 3668 (det.
Krause). — Without locality (Dombey).
Anthurium eminens Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 5: 273.
1855; 291.
Arborescent, about 2 meters high; leaf segments 4-6 dm. long,
1 dm. wide, lance-oblong, long-cuneate to the base, narrowed above
to a lanceolate cuspidate point; intramarginal nerve 3-4 mm. remote;
peduncle 2 dm. long; spathe red, the longer spadix 5 dm. long.—
Imperfectly known.
Peru : Junction of the Huallaga and the Rio de Chiechas (Poeppig).
Anthurium Ernesti Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 80. 1895.
Stems short; petioles slender, to 2 dm. long, 5-carinate on the
back, grooved above; lateral nerves of the leaves 7-8, ascending at
an angle of 40 degrees; spathe white, to 2.5 cm. broad; spadix to 1.5
cm. thick; sepals linear; otherwise similar to A. Tessmannii. Neg.
11918.
Loreto: Falls of the Cainarache, Ule 6325. San Isidro, Tess-
mann 4997 (det. Krause). — San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 5721
(det. Krause). Brazil.
Anthurium flavescens Poepp. in Poepp. & Engl. Nov. Gen.
&Sp. 3:83. 1845; 155.
Leaves obovate-elliptic, arcuately narrowed to the cuspidate tip
and to the base, about 1.5 dm. long and 5 cm. broad, with 15-20
lateral nerves; peduncles 2-3 dm. long; spathe lanceolate, little
decurrent, reflexed, 5 cm. long and 12 mm. wide; spadix sessile,
white, 3.5 cm. long and 6-7 mm. thick.
Huanuco: Near Cochero (Poeppig}. Pampayacu 1,050 meters,
5078 (det. Krause). — San Martin: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4726.
Anthurium gracile (Rudge) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 19: pi. 1635.
1833; 89. Pothos gracilis Rudge, PL Guian. 1: 23. pi. 32. 1805.
Very much like A. scolopendrinum and with the same concolorous
foliage, but the petioles always much shorter than the blades (to one-
quarter their length), and the blades linear-lanceolate, narrowed
to both ends, and long-acuminate.
FLORA OF PERU 451
Loreto: Mainas (Poeppig); Killip & Smith (det. Krause). San
Isidro, Tessmann 5030 (det. Krause). Ranging to the Guianas and
Central America.
Anthurium gracillimum Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 91. 1905.
A more or less scandent plant, in aspect like A. scolopendrinum,
but the caudex elongate, the petioles definitely sheathed, and the
lateral nerves very numerous and nearly parallel.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, King 1272 (det. Krause).
Colombia.
Anthurium gracilipedunculatum Krause, Field Mus. Bot.
8: 78. 1930.
Scandent, the internodes 3-6 cm. long; petioles slender, vaginate
at base, grooved above, 5-7 cm. long; blades thick, oblong-lanceo-
late, cuspidulate, 8-11 cm. long, 4 cm. broad; lateral nerves prominent
beneath, joined 3-4 mm. from the margin; peduncles scarcely 5
mm. thick, often curved, 12-16 cm. long; spathe and spadix reddish,
the former narrowly lanceolate, long-acuminate, 4-5 cm. long, 5
mm. wide, the spadix 4-7 cm. long, 3-4 mm. thick, on a stipe 3-3.5
cm. long. — Nearly A. pukhellum Engler, of Colombia, but differing
in color and proportionate size of petioles, leaves, and spathes.
Huanuco: Yanano, 1,800 meters, sprawling on forest floor, 3734,
type.
Anthurium huallagense Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 132. 1905.
A scandent epiphyte with short internodes and thin hastate
leaves; petioles broadly grooved above; basal lobes divergent, oblong,
obtuse, half shorter than the ovate-lanceolate long-acuminate upper
lobe, the latter 2.5 dm. long and 1-2 dm. broad; peduncle about 2
dm. long; spathe linear, long-acuminate, 8-9 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide;
spathe 1.5-2 dm. long, 5 mm. thick, the stipe 3-6 mm. long; sepals
purplish. Neg. 11943.
Huanuco: Near the Monzon, 600 meters, Weberbauer 3660, 3661.
Anthurium huamaliesense Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 193.
1905.
Like A. cainarachense ; petioles to 3.5 dm. long; leaves narrower,
about 2.5 dm. wide; spathe finally 1.5 dm. long and 2.5 cm. broad;
spadix 1 cm. thick, light brown. Neg. 11944.
Huanuco: Between the Monzon and the Huallaga, 600 meters,
Weberbauer 3666; 286. — Junin: Paucartambo Valley and Pichis
452 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Trail, Killip & Smith (det. Krause). La Merced, 1,200 meters,
5650.
Anthurium huanucense Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 165. 1905.
Petioles 4-7 cm. long; leaves pale green, cuneately narrowed to
the base, acutish, 2.5 dm. long and 4-5 cm. broad; lateral nerves
about 15; peduncle equaling the leaves; spathe linear, shortly acu-
minate, 5 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide; spadix as long, 3 mm. thick;
sepals reddish, white-punctate. Neg. 11945.
Huanuco: By the Monzon, 900 meters, Weberbauer 3449.—
Junin: La Merced, 5650 (det. Krause).
Anthurium indecorum Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 350.
1858; 246.
Allied to A. Macleanii but the leaves merely elongate-cordate,
3-3.5 dm. long, the retrorse basal lobes oblong, 7-8 cm. long; petioles
2.5-3 dm. long; peduncle 7-11 cm. long; spathe green, about 1 dm.
long and 2 cm. wide; spadix 12 cm. long and 1 cm. thick, violet-
purple.
Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig). Casapi (Mathews). — Cuzco: Mar-
capata, 2,900 meters, Weberbauer 7799 (det. Krause). — Piura: East
of Huancabamba, Weberbauer 6317. Colombia.
Anthurium idmense Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 608.
1932.
Among Peruvian species well marked by the thin, crowded,
suboblong leaves about 5-7 cm. wide and 2 dm. long or somewhat
longer, broadly narrowed to the shortly acuminate tip, shortly and
broadly cuneate at base; petioles 1 dm. long or longer, the peduncles
about as long; spadix slender, twice as long as the lanceolate spathe,
this 4-5 cm. long; stipe 5-6 mm. long. — The entire plant dries reddish.
Neg. 11948.
Cuzco: Hacienda Idma, Prov. Convencion, 1,700 meters, Weber-
bauer 5036.
Anthurium Kunthii Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 84.
1845; 286.
Slender stems climbing; petioles (1-) 3-5 dm. long; leaf segments
5-13, elongate-lanceolate, cuneate at base and subabruptly acuminate
at apex; lateral nerves joined to an intramarginal one; spathe pur-
plish, narrow, 1.5 dm. long; spadix 3 cm. long in flower; berries
globose, blue.— Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 287.
FLORA OF PERU 453
Loreto: Caballo-cocha, Williams 2408 (det. Krause). Pongo de
Cainarache, Ule 6330. La Victoria, Williams 2784 (det. Krause).
Mainas (Poeppig). Cerro de Canchahuayo (Huber}— Puno: San-
gaban (Lechler}.— San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 6543, 6210 (det.
Krause).— Cuzco: Prov. Calca (Herrera}. Brazil.
Anthurium latissimum Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 292. 1905.
Caudex short; petioles grooved above, carinate; leaves broadly
oblanceolate, 5 dm. long and 3.5 dm. broad; lateral nerves about 12;
peduncles somewhat 4-sided, 5.5 dm. long; spathe decurrent, lanceo-
late, 1 dm. long, 2.5 cm. wide; spadix subsessile, in fruit to 17 cm.
long and 2 cm. thick. Neg. 11960.
Junin: La Merced, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 1939; 282.
Anthurium Lechlerianum Schott, Prodr. 534. 1860; 261.
In general similar to A. breviscapum; petioles shorter; leaves
abruptly rounded-obtuse at apex, retuse and minutely apiculate;
spathe shorter, narrowly lanceolate; spadix to 1 dm. long and 1.5
cm. thick in fruit. Neg. 11961.
Puno: Sangaban (Lechler 2203). Cachicachi, Weberbauer 1312a.
—Huanuco: South of Monzon, 1,600 meters, Weberbauer 3513—
Junin: San Ramon, 57.47 (det. Krause). Bolivia.
Anthurium linearifolium Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 88. 1905.
Resembling greatly A. scolopendrinum, but a few of the lateral
nerves near the leaf base to the margin or apparently so. Neg. 11966.
Loreto: Caballo-cocha, Williams 2422 (det. Krause). Ranging
northward to Colombia and Panama.
Anthurium lutescens Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 293. 1905.
Petioles broadly and acutely grooved above, about 5 dm. long;
leaves deeply cordate, 5 dm. long and 3.5 dm. wide below, the lobes
2.5 times shorter than the upper part of the leaf; peduncle angled,
about 6 dm. long; spathe green, lanceolate, nearly 2 dm. long, 3.5
cm. wide; spadix sessile, 12 cm. long, 13 mm. thick at base. — Peduncle
and sepals yellow-spotted, from a yellow crystal soluble in KOH
and HN03. A similar plant collected by Killip and Smith near La
Merced has a longer and slender, purple spadix and purplish spathe.
Neg. 11976.
Huanuco: Pampayacu, 1,050 meters, 5084- — Junin: La Merced,
Weberbauer 1838.
454 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Anthurium Macbridei Krause, Field Mus. Bot. 8: 79. 1930.
A magnificent plant allied to A. corallinum; petioles to 1.5 meters
long; leaves elongate-cordiform, to 9 dm. long and 7 dm. broad, the
upper lobe twice as long as the rounded lower ones; peduncle 6-8 dm.
long, 1.5 cm. thick at base; spathe narrowly oblong, subacuminate,
1.5-2 dm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, the brownish purple spadix 2-3 dm.
long or in fruit longer, on a stipe 1.5 cm. long.
Huanuco: Huacachi, near Muiia, in woods, 2,150 meters, 4110,
type.
Anthurium Macleanii Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 350.
1858; 250.
Well marked by the unusual shape of the leaves, the lower two-
thirds rounded-ovate or almost round, the upper third oblong, the
width between the two dissimilar parts nearly 3 dm.; basal lobes
oblong-ovate, incurved; basal nerves 8; peduncle 2 dm. long; spathe
and spadix 1.5 dm. long; spadix stipe 3-4 cm. long. Neg. 11977.
Huanuco: Yanano, 3764 (det. Krause). (Maclean). — Amazonas:
Chachapoyas, Weberbauer 4439.
Anthurium Martini Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7: 325.
1857; 279.
Leaf divisions 7, 2 dm. long and 6 cm. wide, cuneate at base,
the 2 outer connate, rounded or abruptly linear-cuspidate at apex,
subrepand; spathe 2 dm. long, 1 cm. wide; spadix slender, 2.5 dm.
long.
Loreto: Cerro de Canchahuaya (Huber 1405). Balsapuerto,
Killip & Smith. French Guiana.
Anthurium monzonense Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 264. 1905.
Caudex about 5 dm. long; petioles nearly 9 dm. long, vaginate for
5-6 cm; leaves ovate-cordate, about 6.5 dm. long and 4 dm. broad,
the subovate basal lobes 4 times shorter than the upper; peduncle 5
dm. long; spathe coriaceous, oblong, green, nearly 1.5 dm. long,
equaled by the brown sessile spadix. — Engler places this in his group
Cavispathacea, characterized by purple spathes. Neg. 11996.
Huanuco: Monzon, 1,600 meters, Weberbauer 3562, type.
Anthurium nervosum Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11:
608. 1932.
In aspect suggesting A. peruvianum, but much smaller, the leaves
only 1.5-1.8 dm. long, on slender petioles 2-3 dm. long; peduncles
FLORA OF PERU 455
a little longer; spathe brownish green, oblong-lanceolate, 3.5 cm.
long and scarcely 1 cm. wide, the spadix 4.5 cm. long, sessile or
nearly so. — The one known plant was terrestrial. Neg. 12002.
Amazonas: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4648.
Anthurium oblongo-cordatum Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B:
110. 1905.
Scandent, the internodes long or short; petioles a few cm. to
1.5 dm. long; leaves sharply acuminate, at base lightly cordate, 1.5 dm.
long and 6-7 cm. wide; peduncles exceeding the petioles; spathe 5 cm.
long, 5-8 mm. wide, the slender spadix somwhat longer.
Amazonas: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4755. Colombia.
Anthurium oxycarpum Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen.
&Sp. 3:83. 1845; 94.
Similar to A. decurrens, but the leaves scarcely cuspidate, the
spathe shorter than the spadix, and the fruit violet. — A. guayaquil-
ense Engler, with compressed petioles grooved above and 1 dm.
long, will probably be found.
Loreto: Yurimaguas (Poeppig). Tierra Blanca, Tessmann 4975.
Brazil.
Anthurium pentaphyllum (Aubl.) G. Don in Sweet, Hort.
Brit. ed. 3. 633. 1839; 290. Dracontium pentaphyllum Aubl. PL
Guian. 2: 837. pi. 326. 1775.
Resembling A. Kunthii, but leaf segments fewer, 5-9; spathe
green, reflexed; fruits green.
Junin: La Merced, 1,000 meters, 5564, 5679 (det. Krause);
Weberbauer 1866, 1874; 282; Schunke 330 (det. Krause).— Loreto:
Cuillacaca, Rio Huallaga (Huber 1544)- Yurimaguas, Williams 4191
(det. Krause). Iquitos, Klug 514 (det. Krause). Brazil to British
Guiana and Trinidad.
Anthurium peruvianum Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 262. 1905.
A close ally of A. Lechlerianum, differing chiefly in the fewer
nerves and more widely spreading, narrower basal lobes. Neg.
12034.
Puno: Above Cachitachi, 1,800 meters, Weberbauer 1312, type.
Anthurium Pohlianum Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 152. 1905.
Among Peruvian species with all the lateral nerves joined, this
plant resembles most A. scandens, from which its short caudex
456 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
readily distinguishes it; petioles scarcely 1 cm. long, grooved above;
blades about 1.5 dm. long and 3 cm. wide, apiculate at the scarcely
acute or rounded apex and little narrowed to the base; peduncles
about 3 cm. long, bearing a spadix 3-4 cm. long in a spathe half as
long and about 1 cm. wide.
Tumbes: Hacienda Chicama, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 7632,
7632a (det. Krause). Brazil.
Anthurium rigidissimum Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 292.
1905.
Much more robust than A. Dombeyanum, the larger glaucescent
leaves more strongly narrowed to the base; spathe green, to
1.5 dm. long; spadix nearly as long or, in var. mutatum Engler,
the spathe foliaceous and to 3.5 dm. long and the spadix to 2.5 dm.
long. Neg. 12058.
Junin: Above Huacapistana, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer 2007,
2158. — Cuzco: Valle de San Miguel, Herrera 2034 (det. Krause).
Anthurium scandens (Aubl.) Engler in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3,
pt. 2: 78. 1878; 57. Dracontium scandens Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 836.
1775.
Well marked among Peruvian species with a definite intra-
marginal nerve by its scandent habit, short petioles a fifth to half
as long as the ovate-lanceolate blades, and shortly peduncled and
short spadix. — Var. latifolium Krause has roundish leaves 6-7 cm.
wide. Var. angustifolium (Engler) Macbr. (f. angustifolium Engler)
is a striking variant with leaves 8-9 cm. long and only 1-2 cm. wide.
A. trinerve Miq. is very similar to A. scandens, but the peduncles
usually well exceed the petioles. — Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 57,
Puno: Sangaban (Lechler 2464}. — Junin: La Merced, 4249, 5746.
Chanchamayo Valley, 1,500 meters, Schunke 374, 373. — Cuzco:
Quispicanchi, Weberbauer 7845. — Loreto: Puerto Mele*ndez, Tess-
mann 4765. — Amazonas: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4644- Brazil to
Central America and the West Indies.
Anthurium Schunkei Krause, Field Mus. Bot. 8: 77. 1930.
Caudex and petioles stout, the latter about 2.5 dm. long; leaf
blades glabrous, sagittate, subcoriaceous, to 4 dm. long and 2.5 cm.
broad, triangular and shortly acuminate above, the basal lobes
rounded, the sinus broad; lateral nerves 4-5 from the base, above
about 8-10; peduncles 3.5 dm. long, 12 mm. thick at base, narrowed
to below the spathe, there enlarged; spathe narrowly oblong, acu-
FLORA OF PERU 457
minate, 1.5 dm. long, to 3.8 cm. broad, drying brownish; spadix
narrowly cylindric, 1.4 dm. long, 6-9 mm. thick, on a stipe 7-8 mm.
long; sepals obtuse. — Allied to A. cabrerense Engler, a species with
an elliptic-lanceolate spathe.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, Schunke 293, type.
Anthurium scolopendrinum (Ham.) Kunth, Enum. 3: 68.
1841; 89. Pothos scolopendrinus Ham. Prodr. 16. 1825.
Very near A. vittariifolium, but the leaves as green on one side
as on the other, and the nerves about equally prominent on both
sides except that the reticulate veins are more noticeable beneath. —
The var. contractum Engler has leaves contracted above the base,
12-15 cm. long, 4-5 cm. broad, on petioles 6-8 cm. long. The var.
Poiteauanum (Kunth) Engler is the broad-leaved form. — Illustrated,
Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 90.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1,200-1,500 meters, Schunke 890,
1464- La Merced, Schunke 382 (det. Krause). — Huanuco: Monzon,
Weberbauer 3628; 286. — Loreto: La Victoria, Williams 2924. Near
Iquitos, Williams 8147 (det. Krause). — San Martin: Tarapoto,
Williams 6657. Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4483. Brazil to Trinidad
and Costa Rica. "Uvo."
Anthurium siccisilvarum Krause, Field Mus. Bot. 8: 78. 1930.
Assurgent, the internodes 3-5 cm. long; petioles grooved above,
3.5-4.5 dm. long, 5-7 mm. thick at base, the node 1.5 cm. long;
leaves thick, hastate, 3 dm. long or longer, the spreading oblong
rounded basal lobes 5-6 cm. wide, the upper lobe obovate-lanceolate,
narrower toward base; lateral nerves many, joined near the margin;
peduncles 2-3 dm. long; spathe linear-oblong, little decurrent, acute,
6-7 cm. long, 7-8 mm. broad, the narrow spadix 3-4 mm. longer,
on a stipe 1.5 cm. long. — Between rocks in dry woods. Similar to
A. denudatum Engler of Colombia, with the upper leaf lobe lanceolate,
not narrowed at base.
Huanuco: Muna, 2,300 meters, 4048, type.
Anthurium sororium Schott, Prodr. 522. 1860; 198.
Caudex ascending; petioles 2-3 dm. long, the suboblong blades
about 2.5 dm. long and 12 cm. broad, the oblong basal lobes incurved
and 7 cm. long; spathe broadly lanceolate, long-acuminate, 4 cm.
long, 1.5 cm. wide; spadix slender, short-stiped, 6 cm. long. Neg.
12079.
458 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Huanuco: Near the Monzon, 600 meters, Weberbauer 3612;
285. — Junin: La Merced, 571 9 (det. Krause). — Loreto: Mainas
(Poeppig).
Anthurium strictum N. E. Br. in DC. Monogr. 2: 638. 1879; 75.
A pale green plant with thin blades 2-3 dm. long and about 6-10
cm. wide at the middle, shortly acuminate, rather long-cuneate
below to a petiole 2-6 cm. long; peduncles slender, somewhat shorter
than the leaves; spathe and sessile spadix subequal, both green or
white, about 5 cm. long (longer in Peruvian material). Neg. 12085.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 28014 (det. Krause). Rio
Acre, Ule 9228. Brazil.
Anthurium tarapotense Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 74. 1905.
Petioles 3 times shorter than the leaves, rounded on the back and
flat above; leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate, very acute, about 4.5
dm. long and 1.5 dm. broad; spathe linear-lanceolate, nearly 6 cm.
long and 1 cm. wide, lurid red; spadix a little longer, attenuate.—
A. Uleanum Engler, loc. cit. (Jurua Miry, Ule 5731), is related, but
the leaves are long and cuneately narrowed, the base itself sub-
obtuse, and the spathe and spadix are 1-3 dm. long, the latter the
longer. Neg. 12095.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule.
Anthurium tenuispadix Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 73. 1905.
Related to A. tarapotense but foliage very similar to A. oxycarpum;
petioles grooved above, 5-10 cm. long; leaves elongate-oblanceolate,
to 4 dm. long and 6 cm. broad. — In all probability within Peru.
Neg. 12099.
Brazil: Jurua Miry, Ule 5597.
Anthurium terrestre Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 196. 1905.
Like A. sororium, but the broader leaves 1.5-2 dm. wide, with a
broad sinus; spathe to 5 cm. long and 1 cm. wide; spadix subsessile,
1 dm. long, 5 mm. thick. — A. amazonicum Engler, op. cit. 194
( Ule 5599, Jurua Miry), would be sought here. It is near A. carneo-
spadix, but has oblong-sagittate leaves and a spadix stipe 4-5 mm.
long. Neg. 12100.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Ule 6808.
Anthurium Tessmannii Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 9:
260. 1925.
FLORA OF PERU 459
An epiphyte; petioles 2-2.2 dm. long, 1-1.2 cm. thick, vaginate
for one-fifth their length; blades thin-coriaceous, lanceolate, shortly
and broadly acuminate, subcuneately narrowed for a third of the
length toward a subobtuse base, 5-6 dm. long, 2 dm. wide, or
larger, the lateral nerves about 10, prominent; peduncle asperate
below, 1 cm. thick; spathe green, linear-lanceolate, about 1 dm. long,
to 1.5 cm. broad; spadix pale red, scarlet-lilac in fruit, 1 to nearly
2 dm. long, 6-10 mm. thick; sepals oblong, obtuse; ovary oblong-
ovoid. — Near A. Uleanum. Neg. 12101.
Loreto: Cumaria on the upper Ucayali, Tessmann 3351. Ca-
ballo-cocha, Williams 2465 (det. Krause).
Anthurium triphyllum Brongn. ex Schott, Prodr. 548. 1860;
285.
The only known species with all the leaves trifid. — Illustrated,
Pflanzenr. IV.23B:286.
Puno: Isilluma, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 1212. Bolivia.
Anthurium Uleanum Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 74. 1905.
Caudex short; petioles 1-1.5 dm. long; leaves lanceolate, acute,
long and narrowly cuneate to base, several dm. long and 1-1.5 dm.
wide; peduncles twice as long as the petioles or longer; spathe oblong-
lanceolate, usually 1-1.5 dm. long, much exceeded by the sessile or
subsessile spadix. Neg. 12109.
Loreto: Cumaria, Tessmann 3350 (?). Brazil.
Anthurium undatum Schott, Melet. 1: 22. 1832; 288.
Similar to A. pentaphyllum, but the shorter and narrower seg-
ments very unequal. — Illustrated, Engler, Icon. Autog. 301.
Huanuco: Near the Monzon, Weberbauer 3691. Brazil.
Anthurium vittariifolium Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 88. 1905.
Petioles rounded dorsally, plane above; leaves 6-15 cm. long,
acute at base, narrowed to apex, to 3 cm. wide; intramarginal nerve
2-2.5 mm. remote from the margin; peduncle 2-3 cm. long; spathe
linear-lanceolate, 5 cm. long, 5 mm. wide; spadix 1.5 dm. long.
Neg. 12116.
Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer 1892. Brazil.
Anthurium Weberbaueri Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23B: 81. 1905.
Related to A. Dombeyanum, but the much shorter leaves about
2 dm. long, obtuse at base, greenish yellow beneath, exceeded by the
460 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
peduncle, this 4-4.5 dm. long; spathe 5-6 cm. long, 1.5 cm. broad,
equaled by the thick spadix, this 18 mm. broad in fruit. Neg. 12219.
Puno: Sandia, 2,200 meters, Weberbauer 543.
Anthurium Wittianum Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 40: 143. 1907,
nomen.
From other species with several leaflets distinguishable at once
by the greatly elongate spadix and spathe, the former 2-4 dm. long,
the latter 1.5-3 dm. — The spathe has been recorded as purple or
green; the spadix as pink or purple. Neg. 12121.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 28294- Mouth of Rio
Santiago, Tessmann 3985.
Anthurium yurimaguense Engler, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
11:613. 1932.
Distinctive in its almost round, deeply cordate leaves, to 17 cm.
wide, abruptly caudate-acuminate; petioles about 2 dm. long; spathe
2 cm. long, the spadix nearly 3 cm. long; peduncle about 1 cm. long.
Neg. 12125.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Ule 6307.
88. DIEFFENBAGHIA Schott
Reference: Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Dc. 1915.
Low, thick-stemmed, shrub-like or prostrate plants with more or
less vaginate petioles and oblong leaves with many lateral nerves.
Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Spathe persistent, a little longer
than the spadix, which furnishes the most easily recognizable charac-
ter for the genus in the remoteness of the flowers, particularly the
sterile ones. — Besides the following, the widely distributed and highly
variable D. Seguina (L.) Schott and D. picta (Lodd.) Schott probably
occur. The former in general resembles D. olbia, but the leaves are
lustrous glaucescent beneath. It is questionable if many of the
plants recognized as species are more than races. The leaves of
some, chewed, result in speechlessness for a time, due to swelling
of the mouth.
Petioles, at least the upper, vaginate nearly to the blade base.
Petioles less than 1 dm. long.
Leaves elongate-lanceolate; peduncles 5-6 cm. long.Z). cannifolia.
Leaves obovate-oblong; peduncles finally about 1 dm. long.
D. obliqua.
FLORA OF PERU 461
Petioles 2 to 2.5 dm. long D. macrophylla.
Petioles vaginate for a quarter to two-thirds their length.
Petioles half as long as the blades or less than half as long.
Petioles usually 1-1.5 dm. long and blades always 2-6 dm. long.
Leaves 1.5-3 dm. wide.
Leaves lustrous green above, yellow-green beneath.
D. imperialis.
Leaves spotted with yellow and white D. olbia.
Leaves 5-10 cm. wide.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, rounded-obtuse or rounded-
acutish at base D. Weirii.
Leaves lanceolate-oblong, basally more or less cuneate-acute.
D. humilis.
Petioles 5-8 cm. long and blades only 1.5 dm. long . . D. gracilis.
Petioles equaling or longer than the leaves.
Leaves about 1 dm. wide.
Spathe about 1 cm. wide, long-acuminate D. Weberbaueri.
Spathe 3-4 cm. wide, acuminate D. humilis.
Leaves about 2-3 dm. wide.
Leaves distinctly cordate D. cordata.
Leaves cuneate at base D. costata.
Dieffenbachia cannifolia Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Dc: 40. 1915.
Caudex to 2 meters long; blades 3.5-4.5 dm. long, four times
longer than the petioles, to 1.5 dm. wide, cuneately narrowed to base
and subabruptly and shortly acuminate; primary lateral nerves about
12, prominent beneath ; spathe pale green, 1.5 dm. long, the open part
2.5 cm. broad, cuspidate-acuminate; spadix white, the stipe 1 cm.
long, the pistillate portion 5 cm. long, the sterile 1.5 cm., the staminate
4.5 cm. long. — Illustrated, op. cit. 41.
Loreto: Leticia, Ule 6183.
Dieffenbachia cordata Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 135. 1905; 58.
Petioles vaginate to above the middle, about 4 dm. long and
equaling the opaque blades; blades oblong-ovate, cordate at base,
acuminate; primary lateral nerves 20-25; peduncles 2 dm. long;
spathe elongate-lanceolate, not constricted, over 2 dm. long; spadix
462 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
short-stiped, the pistillate portion 1 dm. long, the shorter staminate
portion separated.
Junin: La Merced, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 1807.
Dieffenbachia costata Klotzsch ex Schott, Syn. Aroid. 128.
1856; 44.
Stout, the caudex to over 1 meter high and 5 cm. thick; petioles
narrowly vaginate to the middle or higher; leaves rigid, pale green,
not at all lustrous, ovate or broadly elliptic, oblique, 3.5-4 dm. long,
merely acute; lateral nerves 9-15; spathe 2-3 dm. long, the expanded
part 2.5-3 cm. broad with an acumen 1.5 cm. long; spadix sessile,
under 2 dm. long, the pistillate part 6-8 cm., the staminate 5-6 cm.,
the sterile 3-4 cm. long. — A native remedy for rheumatism; a
warmed leaf is applied. The sap is used as a skin astringent
(Weberbauer).— Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23 DC: 37.
Huanuco: Posuso (Ruiz). — Amazonas: Moyobamba, 800 meters,
Weberbauer 4583. Colombia. "Patquina".
Dieffenbachia gracilis Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4: 540. 1906; 59.
Slender, densely clothed with the leaf sheaths; sheaths 2-3 cm.
long, with round, scarious-margined auricles; petioles slender, 3-5
cm. long; blades oblong-obovate, falcate-acuminate, decurrent at
base to the petiole, about 1.5 dm. long and 3.5-4 cm. broad; peduncle
in fruit deflexed, the spadix 3 cm. long, the spathe thin, pale green.
Loreto: Leche, Pampa del Sacramento, Huber 1536.
Dieffenbachia humilis Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. &
Sp. 3:90. 1845; 59.
Similar to D. cor data, but petioles vaginate scarcely to the
middle, the blades green and white-variegated, acute at base, and
spathe and spadix shorter. — Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Dc: 58.
Loreto: Yurimaguas (Poeppig 2401). Brazil.
Dieffenbachia imperialis Lind. & Andre", 111. Hort. pi. 85.
1871; 54.
Stout, with petioles to 6 dm. long, broadly vaginate to the middle,
the edges white and rugose; blades thick, except for the pale midrib,
intense green splotched with yellow, obtuse or subcordate at base,
shortly acuminate, the lateral nerves 14-15.
Peru: (Barraquin).
FLORA OF PERU 463
Dieffenbachia macrophylla Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. & Sp. 3: 90. 1845; 42.
Differs from D. costata most obviously in its oblong-ovate, con-
siderably larger leaves with 12-15 prominent lateral nerves.
Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig 1559}. Posuso, 600 meters, 4662
(det. Krause).
Dieffenbachia obliqua Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. &
Sp. 3:90. 1845; 42.
Resembles D. cannifolia, but the leaves 3-3.5 dm. long and
scarcely 1.5 dm. wide, the lateral nerves about 15, and the pistillate
portion of the spadix about 7 cm. long.
Loreto: Mainas, Poeppig. Puerto Mele"ndez, Tessmann 4793
(det. Krause).
Dieffenbachia olbia Lind. & Rod. 111. Hort. 39: 31. pi. 148.
1892; 52.
Inflorescence unknown, but apparently related to D. imperialis,
from which species its ovate-lanceolate green leaves with numerous
yellowish spots and dots appear to distinguish it.
Peru: (Introduced into cultivation in 1890).
Dieffenbachia Weberbaueri Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 135.
1905; 57.
A slender plant with oblong, opaque blades, deep green above;
petioles vaginate about a quarter of their length; blades obtuse at
base, acute, 2.5-3 dm. long; lateral nerves about 15; spathe elongate-
lanceolate, 1.5 dm. long, the tip 1 cm. long; spadix stipitate, the
pistillate and staminate parts 6 cm. long.
Huanuco: Prov. Huamalies, Weberbauer 3634.
Dieffenbachia Weirii Berkl. Journ. Hort. Soc. n. ser. 1: 201.
1866; 54.
Petioles half as long as the greenish and white or yellowish-
spotted blades, and vaginate half their length; blades elliptic or
oblong-lanceolate, 6-8 cm. broad; lateral nerves about 10; spathe
pale green, 7 cm. long, the tip 6-8 mm. long; spadix stipe 4 mm. long.
—Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Dc: 55 (flower).
Peru(?): Buenaventura (Wallis).
464 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
9. PHILODENDRON Schott
Reference: Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db. 1913.
Usually scandent, with great variation in foliage. Staminate
flowers below in part sterile. Spathe usually colored, at least below,
persistent. Ovary 2-many-celled, the ovules many and laterally
attached or few and near the base. — The monotype Phylonotion
Spruceanum Schott may occur. It has a 1-celled ovary and a soli-
tary ovule and is recognizable by the spadix, which has a much
thinner, i.e., strongly contracted, sterile portion 2 cm. long. Also
Thaumatophyllum Spruceanum Schott, with pedately dissected
leaves, peculiar because the upper staminate portion of the spadix is
produced as a naked conical appendage. Both these curious plants
have been found but once, but in adjacent Amazonian Brazil. Huber
has recorded the native name "moronga" for some unidentified
species of Philodendron, and Williams the name "patquina." The
following key, as in Anthurium, attempts to account for most
species, but only for the single specimens by which mostly they are
known and not for probable variations, especially in matters of size.
There are undoubtedly many more species, as yet uncollected or
undescribed.
A. Leaves entire, never definitely cordate or hastate (compare also
P. variifolium).
Petioles conspicuously vaginate and usually for more than half
their length.
Petioles 2-10 cm. long, rarely 10 cm. long.
Petioles 2-3.5 cm. long and acutely vaginate about half their
length; pistil with a curved beak P. longistilum.
Petioles 3-10 cm. long, often vaginate to the leaf base; pistil
short or straight.
Leaves distinctly herbaceous, 5-9 cm. long. . .P. pteropus.
Leaves firm or coriaceous, 1-2.5. dm. long.
Scarcely at all oblique, the lateral nerves ascending.
Leaves ovate, the lateral nerves not prominent.
P. gutti/erum.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, the lateral nerves prominent.
P. Tessmannii.
Strongly inequilateral, the lateral nerves subhorizontal.
Leaves oblong, 3-6 cm. wide P. chanchamayense.
Leaves ovate-oblong, 9-10 cm. long. . P. heteropleurum.
FLORA OF PERU 465
Petioles 1-3 dm. long.
Leaves 10-28 cm. wide, rounded, truncate, or subcordate at
base.
Leaves 15-28 cm. wide, the nerves spreading ... P. alatum.
Leaves 10-12 cm. wide, the nerves ascending . P. divaricatum.
Leaves 5-8 cm. wide, subacute at base or, if wider, cuneate
to base.
Leaves 2-4 dm. long, the primary nerves 8-14.
Spathe about 5 cm. long P. leucanthum.
Spathe about 1 dm. long P. acreanum.
Leaves 5.5 dm. long, the primary nerves about 20.
P. acutifolium.
Petioles not conspicuously vaginate or only at base, sometimes
winged.
Petioles 1 dm. long or usually shorter and leaves 1 dm. broad or
usually narrower.
Leaves ovate-elliptic, about 1 dm. wide and 2 dm. long.
P. membranaceum.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate or pandurate, proportionately
narrower.
Leaves pandurate, to 3 dm. long and 7 cm. wide, on winged
petioles 8 cm. long P. angustialatum.
Leaves oblong-obovate-lanceolate, not constricted, or the
petioles not wing-margined.
Principal lateral nerves few, 7-14.
Leaves cuneate at base, acuminate P. juninense.
Leaves subpandurate, abruptly acuminate.
Petioles 1-1.5 dm. long P. heterophyllum.
Petioles 3-7 cm. long P. elaphoglossoides.
Principal lateral nerves many, nearly equally distinct.
Petioles vaginate for at least a third their length.
Leaves dull; primary nerves not marked.
P. longistilum.
Leaves lustrous; primary nerves obvious.
P. chanchamayense.
Petioles vaginate at base for scarcely 1 cm.
P. basivaginatum.
466 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Petioles 12 cm. long or usually longer and leaves usually
broader, 8-18 cm. or wider.
Lateral nerves very numerous, equally distinct but obscure.
Petioles fleshy, not winged.
Leaves 8-12 cm. wide, 4-6 dm. long. . . .P. stenophyllum.
Leaves 14-18 cm. wide or wider, 6-7 dm. long or longer.
P. Ruizii.
Petioles narrowly winged, vaginate below .... P. cruentum.
Lateral nerves 7-12 (the principal ones).
Peduncle 2-6 cm. long.
Leaves truncate at the subpandurate base.
Nerves 10-12; leaves rarely 10 cm. wide or 3 dm. long.
P. heterophyllum.
Nerves 7-9; leaves to 13 cm. wide and 3.5 dm. long.
P. Uleanum.
Leaves never subpandurate.
Leaves cuneate to base P. juninense.
Leaves broadly rounded at base P. divaricatum.
Peduncle 2-3 dm. long P. fibrillosum.
A. Leaves definitely cordate or sagittate at base or some of them
at least deeply lobed or dissected.
B. None of the leaves divided, sometimes sagittately lobed at
base.
C. Leaves often shorter than 3 dm. and few if any longer than
3.5 dm.
Leaves not cordate but oblong-sagittate or deltoid.
Leaves deltoid, the upper and lower lobes subequal.
P. deltoideum.
Upper lobe much longer than the lower.
Lower lobes about 5 cm. long P. variifolium.
Lower lobes much longer P. deflexum.
Leaves cordate, at least at base, sometimes shallowly.
Leaves only 4 cm. wide and 4 times longer ... P. Mathewsii.
Leaves 6-20 cm. wide.
Petioles not wing-margined.
Petioles shortly vaginate.
Leaves shallowly cordate.
FLORA OF PERU 467
Peduncles 2-3 cm. long; spathe pale . P. variifolium.
Peduncles 4-5 cm. long; spathe green or red below.
Petioles to 7 dm. long; leaves caudate.
P. Poeppigii.
Petioles to 2.5 dm. long; leaves cuspidate.
P. Killipii.
Leaves deeply cordate P. densivenium.
Petioles vaginate about one-third their length.
P. Bertae.
Petioles wing-margined to the blade base.
P. Lechlerianum.
C. Leaves often longer than 5 dm. and never or rarely shorter
than 3.5 dm.
Pistillate portion of the spadix about one-third as long as
the staminate.
Primary lateral nerves rib-like.
Secondary nerves very indistinct P. maximum.
Secondary nerves conspicuous P. megalophyllum.
Primary lateral nerves not rib-like, scarcely prominent.
Basal lobes not widely divaricate.
Petioles lightly verruculose P. Muschlerianum.
Petioles smooth P. tarmense.
Basal lobes widely divaricate.
Leaves not caudate-acuminate P. deflexum.
Leaves caudate-acuminate P. Poeppigii.
Pistillate portion of the spadix about one-half as long as the
staminate, or subequaling it or even longer.
Lateral primary nerves above the basal lobes 8-13.
Lateral nerves more or less prominent but not rib-like.
Basal lobes not widely spreading.
Basal lobes longer than broad, to 4 dm. long.
P. maculatum.
Basal lobes scarcely longer than broad, 6 dm. long.
P. Devansayeanum.
Basal lobes widely spreading P. deflexum.
Lateral nerves prominent and rib-like . P. megalophyllum.
468 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Lateral nerves above the base lobes 4-7.
Petioles densely setose P. discolor.
Petioles smooth.
Basal lobal nerves joined, 5-7.
Spathe nearly 2 dm. long P. huanucense.
Spathe a few cm. long P. Weberbaueri.
Basal lobal nerves partly distinct, about 3 . P. cordatum.
B. At least some of the leaves divided.
Earlier leaves all elongate-lanceolate, entire, the later trifid;
spathe and spadix subequal P. micranthum.
Most or all leaves lobed or divided, if trifid, the spathe much
longer than the spadix.
Leaf divisions 3.
Leaf divisions subpinnate, the larger about 1.5 dm. wide.
P. latilobum.
Leaf divisions trifid, the divisions 4-7 cm. wide.
P. tripartitum.
Leaf divisions 5-10.
Lobes 5 P. quinquelobum.
Lobes about twice as many P. distantilobum.
Philodendron acreanum Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 22.
1913.
Similar to P. cruentum, but the -petioles long-vaginate or mar-
gined, the spathe white or yellowish, its tube 3-4 cm. long, and the
ovary cells many-ovuled. Neg. 12198.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Vie 9213, 9238.
Philodendron acutifolium Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
11: 617. 1932.
Petioles thick, vaginate, 1.5 dm. long; leaves lustrous, scarcely
inequilateral, elongate-oblanceolate, to 12 cm. wide, gradually nar-
rowed to base, acuminate with acumen nearly 3 cm. long; peduncle
stout, about 1 dm. long, 5-6 mm. thick; spathe 9 cm. long; pistillate
inflorescence in fruit ellipsoid, 5-5.5 cm. long, the subclavate stam-
inate 3-4 cm. long. — 37a.
Junin: Puerto Bermudez. 375 meters (Killip & Smith 26578).
FLORA OF PERU 469
Philodendron alatum Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. &
Sp. 3: 87. 1845; 15.
A vigorous high-climbing plant, the caudex often 5-6 cm. thick;
petioles 2.5-3 dm. long, vaginate, 2-3 cm. wide; leaves rounded to
the shortly cuspidate tip, 2.5-3.5 dm. long; primary nerves 10-14,
widely spreading; peduncle very short; spathe tumid, greenish
yellow; fruit red. — P. macropodum Krause is distinguishable by its
narrowly (to 1.5 cm. wide) vaginate petioles only 1-1.5 dm. long.
Huanuco: Pampaycu (Poeppig 1298). — San Martin: Moyobamba,
Weberbauer 4630(1).
Philodendron angustialatum Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 131.
1905; 92.
Upper internodes to 1 dm. long; leaves truncate or very slightly
cordate at base, abruptly short-acuminate; primary nerves about 9;
peduncles 3-4 cm. long; spathe white, oblong, 5 cm. long; spadix
rose-color, the stipe 6 mm. long, the pistillate part 5 cm., the staminate
nearly 6 cm. long; ovules solitary. — P. pukhellum Engler (Jurua
Miry, Ule 5728) is similar but the leaves are less pandurate and the
petioles are terete above. Both species illustrated, Pflanzer. IV.
23Db: 92, 93.
Huanuco: Near the Monzon, 600 meters, Weberbauer 3589.
Philodendron basivaginatum Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 11: 619. 1932.
Internodes 12-15 cm. long; petioles 4-5 cm. long; leaves oblong,
15-17 cm. long, 7-7.5 cm. wide, the slightly oblique acumen about
1 cm. long; peduncle 2-3 cm. long; spathe 5-6 cm. long; pistillate
inflorescence slightly attenuate, about 3 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. thick,
the staminate narrowly clavate, 2.5 cm. long or longer. — Only the
juvenile spadix known. — 28a.
Loreto: Iquitos (Killip & Smith 27424)-
Philodendron Bertae Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 48. 1913.
Leaves deeply cordate-sagittate, the upper lobe about 3 dm.
long and nearly as wide, with a tip 2.5 cm. long, the roundish basal
lobes about 1 dm. long and broad; upper lateral nerves 7-8; peduncles
1 dm. long, 6-8 mm. thick; spathe light brown, the ovoid tube 5-6
cm. long, to 2 or 2.5 cm. broad, the blade 12 cm. long, with a cusp
nearly 4 cm. long, to 3 dm. broad ; spadix sessile, the pistillate part
4.5 cm. long, the staminate over twice as long; ovules many. —
P. Ernesti Engler, allied to P. Lechlerianum, may be found in Peru.
470 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
It has shorter petioles vaginate to above the middle, shorter leaves,
shortly cuspidate, and a stipitate spadix ( Vie 5770, Jurua Miry).
Neg. 12206.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9218.
Philodendron chanchamayense Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 125.
1905; 13.
Very well marked by its oblong one-sided leaves, one side being
half to two-thirds wider than the other, the total width 3.5-5.5 cm.;
peduncles 2.5-3 cm. long; spathe green, 8-9 cm. long; spadix yellow,
shortly stiped; pistillate inflorescence nearly twice shorter than the
staminate. — Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 14. Through an error,
the specific name appeared originally as chinchamayense.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, Weberbauer 1864-
Philodendron cordatum (Veil.) Kunth, Enum. 3: 52. 1841;
82. Arum cordatum Veil. Fl. Flum. 9: pi 111. 1827.
Petioles slender, sulcate above; leaves elongate oblong-cordate,
3-4 dm. long and half as wide; lobes semi-oblong, 8-10 cm. long, to
7 cm. wide, introrse; peduncle 2-3 cm. long; spathe tube 4-7 cm.
long; pistillate spadix 4-5 cm. long, half as long as the staminate.
Loreto: Pampas de Ponasa, Ule. Brazil.
Philodendron cruentum Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. &Sp. 3:86. 1845; 30.
Petioles 1.5-2 dm. long, subterete, flat above; leaves rigid, ellip-
tic-oblong, shortly cuspidate, narrowed to base, somewhat oblique,
3-4 dm. long and 8-10 cm. broad; peduncles in 2's, 3-4 cm. long;
spathe about 1.5 dm. long, white without, beautifully red within,
the tube 5-6 cm. long, the blade to nearly 1 dm. long, with a slender
cusp 7-8 mm. long; spadix subsessile; ovules 2. Neg. 12213.
Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1561. — Junin: La Merced, 5528
(det. Krause).
Philodendron deflexum Poepp. ex Schott, Syn. 101. 1856; 87.
Perhaps the earlier name for P. Muschlerianum, but very im-
perfectly known; basal lobes of the leaves oblique, oblong, 1.5 dm.
long and 1 dm. wide, about 4 times shorter than the gradually nar-
rowed upper lobe; lateral basal nerves 4-5 cm. long; lateral upper
nerves 10-12, arcuate at the margins; secondary nerves oblique.
Neg. 12216.
Huanuco: Pampayacu (Poeppig 1281).
FLORA OF PERU 471
Philodendron deltoideum Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. &Sp. 3:87. 1845; 35.
Petioles subterete, shortly vaginate, 1.5-2 dm. long; leaves
1-1.5 dm. long and nearly as broad, the oblong basal lobes spreading,
nearly horizontal, 5-7 cm. long and 3.5-4 cm. wide; peduncles 3-4,
2-3 cm. long; spathe 3-3.5 cm. long, whitish, the narrow tube and
blade subequal; spadix sessile, 3 cm. long, the pistillate inflorescence
2-3 times shorter than the staminate.
San Martin: Tocache (Poeppig 2029}.
Philodendron densivenium Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 132.
1905; 94.
Leaves lustrous, the basal lobes 4-6 cm. long and nearly as wide,
5-6 times shorter than the strongly arcuate, acuminate terminal one;
basal nerves 3, lateral 4-5, secondary many, little oblique; spathe
yellowish, turning reddish brown, 6 cm. long, little longer than the
peduncle and shortly stiped spadix; pistillate inflorescence 2.5-3 cm.
long, the staminate 4 cm. long; pistil 6-7-celled ; ovule 1. — Illustrated,
Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 95. P. Traunii Engler, related to P. Bertae,
might be sought here. Its leaves are very shallowly cordate and the
ovules many. Also P. scabrum Krause, with rough petioles, primary
nerves scarcely distinguishable, and peduncles 2-3 cm. long; and
P. arcuatum Krause with widely divaricate basal lobes, 8 cm. broad.
Puno: Above Cachicachi, 1,800 meters, Weberbauer 1308.—
Huanuco: Near Monzon, 2,400 meters, Weberbauer 3425.
Philodendron Devansayeanum Linden, 111. Hort. 42: 376.
pi. 48. 1895; 65.
Similar to P. maculatum, but the petioles longer, to 6.5 dm., the
leaves subrotund; peduncles twice as long and stouter, and the
spathe bright red with white edges. Neg. 12218.
Peru: (Introduced into cultivation in 1894).
Philodendron discolor Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 9:
273. 1925.
High-climbing, with numerous adventitious roots; petioles strong,
round, 3-5 dm. long, densely red-brown-setose; leaves herbaceous,
lustrous above, the nerves a paler green, beneath purple, ovate-
cordate, 3-4.5 dm. long, to 3.5 dm. broad, the rounded lobes incurved
over the narrow subrotund sinus and more than twice as long as the
acuminate blade; peduncles 1 dm. long or longer, setose, nearly 1
472 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
cm. thick; spathe fleshy, red-brown, sparsely fibrous, 1.5 dm. long;
pistillate inflorescence 7 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, the staminate sub-
clavate, about 5 cm. long, 1-1.3 cm. thick; pistil 5-6 mm. long, the
stigma little impressed. — Near P. verrucosum, but petioles and leaves
different. Neg. 12219.
Junin: Rio Pantachuelo, 1,500 meters, Weberbauer 6663.
Philodendron distantilobum Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db:
115. 1913.
Leaves ovate-oblong, pinnately parted, with 5-6 spreading
linear-lanceolate acuminate segments, 3-5 cm. distant, the inter-
mediate about 1.5 dm. long and 4 cm. wide; peduncles 1 dm. long
or longer, a little longer than the greenish white spathe; ovules
many, attached a little above the base. — Related are P. angusti-
sectum Engler and P. elegans Krause, with shorter peduncles, the
former with a spathe under 1 dm. long and the latter with one over
1.5 dm. long. Also P. laciniatum (Veil.) Engler, distinguished by
its fewer, more or less incised, and broader divisions and few ovules.
Neg. 12220.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Vie 9236, 9228.
Philodendron divaricatum Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
11: 618. 1932.
Upper internodes 5-10 cm. long; petioles often widely divaricate
from the caudex, 12-16 cm. long; leaves 18-26 cm. long, ovate-oblong
or ovate, broadly and obtusely rounded at base, distinctly inequi-
lateral, shortly acuminate; primary nerves 8-10, prominent beneath;
peduncle 4-5 cm. long; spathe 8-10 cm. long; pistillate inflorescence
3-3.5 cm. long, the staminate little longer. — 22a.
Junin: La Merced (Kittip & Smith 24007). Pichis Trail, 1,100
meters (Killip & Smith 25986). Loreto: Puerto Arturo, Williams
5136.
Philodendron elaphoglossoides Schott, Syn. 80. 1856; 91.
P. heterophyllum Poepp. var. elaphoglossoides Engler in Mart. Fl.
Bras. 3, pt. 2: 132. 1878.
Perhaps better treated as a variety of P. heterophyllum; nerves
12-14; spathe white, 6-8 cm. long; pistillate inflorescence 3-3.5 cm.
long, the staminate little longer; pistil 5-6-celled.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Ule 6306; Williams 3961. Leticia, Ule
6186. Santa Rosa, Wittiams 3827 (det. Krause). Rio Acre, Ule
9219. Brazil.
FLORA OF PERU 473
Philodendron fibrillosum Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. &Sp. 3:86. 1845; 42.
Differs from P. juninense Engler in its elliptic leaves only about
twice longer than broad, longer peduncles, greenish spathe, purple
at base, 6-8 cm. long, and 5-celled pistil. — P. Wittianum Engler has
petioles 2 dm. long, oblong-lanceolate leaves 6 dm. long, and a
spathe 1.5 dm. long.
Huanuco: Pampayacu to Cochero (Poeppig).
Philodendron guttiferum Kunth, Enum. 3: 51. 1841; 11.
Internodes short, the lower to 5 cm. long; petioles obtusely
vaginate nearly to the blade base; blades ovate, acute, 5-8 cm. broad,
the 8-10 primary nerves little pronounced; peduncles 1-2 cm. long;
spathe to 1 dm. long, cusped; pistillate inflorescence about a third
as long as the staminate; ovules mostly in 4 series. — Very similar
is P. ochrostemon Schott, with pistillate inflorescence only a third
shorter than the staminate. — Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 12.
Loreto: Yurimaguas (Poeppig 2292). Iquitos, Vie 6907. Brazil
to Costa Rica.
Philodendron heterophyllum Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. & Sp. 3: 86. pi. 297. 1845; 89.
Petioles terete, 1-1.5 dm. long; leaves very variable, oblong to
obovate, more or less narrowed at base, truncate or narrowed to
apex but long-cusped (1.5-2 cm.), 1.5-2.5 dm. long, to 8 cm. broad;
nerves 10-12; peduncles often geminate, 2-5 cm. long; spathe
greenish white, sometimes purplish at base, 5-6 cm. long; pistillate
inflorescence scarcely 2 cm. long, the staminate twice as long; pistil
4-celled.
Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig 1560). — San Martin: Tocache
(Poeppig 1968). — Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 3864- Santa Rosa,
Williams 4902.
Philodendron heteropleurum Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 11: 618. 1932.
Internodes extremely short; petioles 7-10 cm. long, the blades
twice as long or longer; primary nerves 7-9, spreading, prominent
beneath; peduncle about 1.5 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. thick; spathe
1.5 dm. long, cuspidulate, cylindrical; pistillate inflorescence 6-7
cm. long, equaled by the slenderer, conical staminate. — 20a.
Loreto: Yurimaguas (Killip & Smith 28034)-
474 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Philodendron hu an license Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 127. 1905;
66.
Petioles vaginate for about a third their length; blades cordate-
triangular, about 5.5 dm. long and 3.5 dm. broad, with a rounded
open sinus; peduncles 1 dm. long; spathe green, 2 dm. long; spadix
stipe 1 cm. long; pistillate inflorescence 6 cm. long, the staminate
8-9 cm. long; ovary 5-celled. Neg. 12229.
Huanuco: Near the Monzon, 600 meters, Weberbauer 3647.
Philodendron juninense Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 126. 1905; 42.
Stipules fibrous; petioles 7-10 cm. long, narrowly vaginate;
blades thin, lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed to base, 3-3.5 dm.
long; peduncles 3-4, 4-6 cm. long; spathe white, 4-5 cm. long;
pistillate inflorescence a little shorter than the staminate; pistil
3-celled. Neg. 12232.
Huanuco: Pampayacu to Cochero (Poeppig). — Junin: Weber-
bauer 1823.
Philodendron Killipii Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11:
620. 1932.
Upper internodes 6-8 cm. long; leaves ovate-cordate, about 3
dm. long, to nearly 2.5 dm. broad, the sinus broad, the lower lobes
semi-ovate, 9-12 cm. long, the upper ovate, about 2.5 dm. long,
shortly and obliquely cuspidate-acuminate; primary nerves of the
upper lobe remote, 5-6; peduncle 4 cm. long; spathe oblong, 8-9
cm. long; pistillate inflorescence 3 cm. long, the staminate nearly
5 cm. long. — Separated by the author from P. tarmense Engler
by the more widely cordate-based leaves with much more remote
lateral nerves. — 112a.
Junin: Hacienda Schunke, 1,500 meters (Killip & Smith 24602).
Philodendron latilobum Schott, Syn. 104. 1856; 105.
Leaves coriaceous, ovate-triangular, rounded-subtruncate at
base, 3 dm. long and nearly as wide, the middle lobe broadly ovate,
acute, 2 dm. long, the lateral obtuse; lateral nerves thick, spreading,
about 6, alternating with the secondary nerves in the lateral lobes;
inflorescence unknown. — The primary leaves are entire or subentire.
Loreto: Mainas (Poeppig); Williams 5332. — San Martin: Tara-
poto, Williams 5755 (primary leaves; det. Krause).
FLORA OF PERU 475
Philodendron Lechlerianum Schott, Prodr. 250. 1860; 45.
Leaves elongate-sagittate, gradually narrowed to the acute tip,
deeply cordate at base, about 2 dm. long and 12 cm. wide, the semi-
orbicular basal lobes 2.5-3 cm. long and 5-6 cm. broad; upper nerves
3-4, 2 of the 3 basal ones shortly united; peduncle 6-8 cm. long;
spathe tube 4 cm. long, the apiculate blade a little longer; spadix
sessile, the pistillate inflorescence about 2 cm. long, the staminate
more than twice as long; pistil elongate, 4-5-celled, the ovules
biseriate. — P. pulchellum Engler might be sought here; see P. an-
gustialatum Engler. Neg. 12234.
Puno: (Lechler). Bolivia.
Philodendron leucanthum Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db:
18. 1913.
Similar to P. alatum but much more slender; petioles 1-13 cm.
long, 12-16 mm. wide, vaginate; blades about 2 dm. long, obliquely
acuminate; primary nerves 8-10; peduncle nearly 3 cm. long;
spathe white. Neg. 12288.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9231.
Philodendron longistilum Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db:
127. 1913.
Slender; petioles acutely vaginate a third to a half their length,
shallowly grooved, 2-3.5 cm. long; blades oblong-lanceolate, rounded
to a cuspidate apex, acute at base, 1-2 dm. long, 3.5-6 cm. broad;
nerves numerous; peduncle 12-18 cm. long; spathe 4-5 cm. long;
spadix shortly stiped, about 5 cm. long; pistil obovoid, truncate,
with a long, deeply excavate stigmatic beak. — Unique in its pistillate
development. P. decurrens Krause would be sought here on vegeta-
tive characters. It is well marked by its elongate leaves that are
practically sessile by the long decurrence of the blade.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9210.
Philodendron maculatum Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 64.
1913.
Petioles terete or flattened toward the apex, 2.5 dm. long; leaves
ovate, broadly cordate at base, acuminate, to nearly 3 dm. broad;
rounded basal lobes about 1 dm. long; upper nerves about 10;
peduncle 3-4 cm. long; spathe white with purple spots, 1 dm. long;
spadix stipe nearly 1 cm. long, the pistillate inflorescence 4 cm., the
staminate 5 cm. long. Neg. 12240.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9004.
476 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Philodendron Mathewsii Schott, Bonplandia 7: 29. 1859; 94.
Similar to P. angustialatum, but the petioles terete, the shorter
and narrower leaves distinctly cordate at base and not pandurate,
the spathe and the subsessile spadix each about 3 cm. long. — Illus-
trated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 93.
Huanuco: Casapi (Mathews).
Philodendron maximum Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 49.
1913.
Resembles P. Bertae, but the petioles much longer, the leaves
much larger, to 9 dm. long, and undulate-margined about the deeply
cordate base, and the spathe and spadix shorter. — P. myrmecophyllum
Engler, allied to P. Weberbaueri, would be sought here. Its mature
leaves are 4 dm. long and 3 dm. broad, with an open broad sinus,
and the ovules are solitary. — Illustrated, loc. cit.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9229.
Philodendron megalophyllum Schott, Prodr. 279. 1860; 87.
Like P. deflexum except as indicated, and perhaps a robust form,
to 1.5 meters high; petioles stout; basal lobes oblong, subextrorse,
rounded, to nearly 3 dm. long and 1.5 dm. broad, about half as long
as the upper lobe; lateral upper nerves 12-13; inflorescence white,
14 cm. long, the staminate portion about 8 cm. long.
Puno: Sangaban (Lechler 2495). — Huanuco: Monzon, Weberbauer
3643. — Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, Klug 1519, 245 (det.
Krause).
Philodendron membranaceum Poepp. in Poepp. & Endl.
Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 87. 1845; 19.
Petioles narrowly margined; blades rounded at base, subacute;
peduncle a little shorter than the petiole; spathe convolute to the
middle, acute, 1 dm. long, yellowish; staminate and pistillate
inflorescences very unequal in length and thickness; pistil 5-celled.—
Not known to Engler and Krause, and relationship not determined.
Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig).
Philodendron micranthum Poepp. ex Schott, Oesterr. Bot.
Wochenbl. 5: 17. 1855; 36.
Petioles slender, terete, broadly vaginate at base, to 3 dm. long;
primary leaves elongate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, those of the
peduncles trifid, acute, the middle division to 3 dm. long and 1 dm.
FLORA OF PERU 477
wide, the lateral narrower and shorter; peduncles 4-7 cm. long; spathe
white, about as long; pistillate inflorescence twice shorter than the
staminate.— Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 37.
Loreto: Mainas, Poeppig 2300. Rio Acre, Ule 9216. Brazil.
Philodendron Muschlerianum Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db:
50. 1913.
Apparently similar to P. deflexum; petioles slender, to 5 dm. long,
verruculose-asperous, especially above; peduncles 2-3 cm. long;
spathe white, 12 cm. long; spadix stipe 8 mm. long; pistillate in-
florescence 3 cm. long, the staminate 3 times longer; ovules many.
Neg. 12246.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9226.
Philodendron Poeppigii Schott, Syn. 84. 1856; 50.
Petioles to 7 dm. long, often shorter; blades shallowly and un-
equally cordate, caudate-acuminate, about 2 dm. long, 8 cm. wide,
or finally twice or even thrice as large; basal nerves 3-4, the primary
lateral ones 6-7; peduncles 4-5 cm. long; spathe reddish below, about
1 dm. long. — Flowers white, rose-dotted (Klug). Neg. 12257.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, Klug 1508 (det. Krause).
Brazil.
Philodendron pteropus Mart, ex Schott, Syn. 77. 1856; 6.
Differs from P. guttiferum in its shorter petioles, to 4.5 cm. long,
narrower blades, to only 4 cm. broad, and numerous lateral nerves;
inflorescence unknown. Neg. 12258.
San Martin: Tocache, Poeppig 1948. Brazil.
Philodendron quinquelobum Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db:
111. 1913.
Petioles terete, to about 3 cm. long; terminal lobe of the ovate-
oblong blade subrhombic, acuminate, to 1 dm. long and 6.5 cm.
broad, the lateral narrower, the basal broader; peduncles 7-12 cm.
long; spathe whitish, about 1 dm. long; pistillate inflorescence more
than half as long as the staminate. — The similar P. squamiferum
Poepp. (Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 112) has densely red-scaly
petioles.
Loreto : Rio Acre, Ule 921 7.
Philodendron Ruizii Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4: 418.
1854; 29.
478 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Petioles about 2 dm. long and 1 cm. thick; blades oblong-lance-
olate, contracted below, with the midnerve at base very thick; spathe
to 1 dm. long; pistillate inflorescence 4-5 cm. long, subequaling the
staminate; pistil elongate, 6-celled, the ovules 2, basifixed. — P.
Buchtienii Krause is similar but the leaves are about 2.5 dm. wide
and the pistil is 4-5-celled. Neg. 12265.
Huanuco: Posuso, Ruiz. Pampayacu (Poeppig 1297).
Philodendron stenophyllum Krause, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db:
29. 1913.
Very much like P. Ruizii except for its narrower leaves and 8-9-
celled pistil, with 2-4 ovules in each cell. — Illustrated, op. cit. 25.
P. Paxianum Krause is yet another variant of this group of closely
related "species," with leaves to 4 dm. long and 9 cm. wide and a
4-6-celled ovary with solitary ovules.
Huanuco: Monzon, 900 meters, Weberbauer 3448.
Philodendron tarmense Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 128. 1905; 66.
Closely related to P. huanucense and similar, but the sinus of
the leaves narrow and partially closed; peduncle 4-5 cm. long, the
spathe twice as long; pistillate inflorescence 2 cm. long, the staminate
6-7 cm. long. — Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 67. P. Brandtianum
Krause, allied to P. Bertae, has petioles 5 dm. long, peduncles 2.5 cm.
long, and pistillate inflorescence 2.5 cm. long. P. Poeppigii Schott,
closely related to P. maximum, has long petioles, an open leaf sinus,
and spathe red below. Neg. 12273.
Junin: La Merced, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 1907.
Philodendron Tessmannii Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
11: 617. 1932.
Internodes 5-7 cm. long; petioles 6-8 cm. long, very narrowly
vaginate to the node; blades little oblique, to 2 dm. long, 7-8 cm.
broad, the 9-10 primary nerves marked; peduncles 3-4 cm. long;
spathe light green, 1 dm. long, acuminate; pistillate inflorescence 3
cm. long, the staminate 5 cm. long. — Compared by the author to
P. chanchamayense Engler. — 19a.
Loreto: Mouth of the Santiago (Tessmann 8940).
Philodendron tripartitum (Jacq.) Schott, Wien Zeitschr. 3:
780. 1829; 107. Arum tripartitum Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. 2: 33. 1797.
Petioles terete, thick, 2-3 dm. long; leaf divisions subequal,
1.5-2.5 dm. long, cuspidate; peduncles solitary, 3-5 cm. long; spathe
FLORA OF PERU 479
twice as long; spadix stipe 2-4 cm. long; pistillate and staminate
inflorescences subequal; ovary 7-11-celled, the ovules 1 or 2. —
Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 108. Almost surely within Peru.
Brazil: Jurua Miry, Ule 5792. Brazil to Central America and
Jamaica.
Philodendron Uleanum Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 131. 1905;
89.
Similar to P. heterophyllum, but the leaves longer and broader,
to 13 cm. wide, the peduncles 6 cm. long, the spathe longer, and the
ovary 6-7-celled.— Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23Db: 90. Neg. 12275.
Loreto: Rio Acre: Ule 9211. Brazil.
Philodendron variifolium Schott, Syn. 100. 1856; 36.
Imperfectly known, but apparently a close relative of P. deltoi-
deum, from which it differs chiefly in its elongate leaves but these
very variable, cordate-, hastate-, or sagittate-oblong, 2-2.5 dm. long,
6-7 cm. broad, with a cusp 1-1.5 cm. long; basal lobes very short and
obtuse, or elongate-oblong, the sinus open. — P. quitense Engler, of
Guayaquil, has longer petioles, broader leaves, and spreading basal
lobes.
Huanuco: Pampayacu (Poeppig 1281).
Philodendron Weberbaueri Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 133. 1905;
96.
Similar to P. densivenium; leaves about 4.5 dm. long; peduncle
and spathe 4 cm. long; pistillate and staminate inflorescences sub-
equal, 2 cm. long; pistil 4-celled. Neg. 12279.
Puno: Sandia to Chunchosmayo, 1,500 meters, Weberbauer 1352.
10. HOMALOMENA Schott
Reference: Pflanzenr. IV. 23Da. 1912.
Stout herbs with long petioles vaginate only below and large,
often mottled leaves. Spathe usually green, persistent. Inflores-
cence usually entirely fertile. — Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott, var.
metallica Schott, cultivated at Yurimaguas and Iquitos (Williams'),
has deeply cordate leaves not at all peltate, strongly ribbed beneath,
and a convolute spathe, little constricted.
Homalomena peltata (Poepp.) Mast. Gard. Chron. 7: 273.
/. 46. 1877; 79. Anthurium peltatum Poepp. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 83.
(excl. pi.). 1845.
480 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
A large herb with peltate cordate-ovate acuminate leaves, 5-6
dm. long and 3.5-4 dm. wide, glabrous above and reddish-pubescent
beneath; petioles muricate below and pubescent, vaginate for a third
their length; peduncles about 1.5 dm. long, densely puberulent;
spathe yellow-spotted, the tubular-convolute lower part 5-7 cm. long,
the upper part or blade 13 cm. long, with a cusp 2 cm. long; spadix
sessile, the pistillate inflorescence 4 cm. long, 1.5 cm. thick, the
slenderer staminate portion to 1.5 dm. long. — Other Andean species
to be expected include H. Roezlii (Mast.) Regel and H. Wallisii
Regel with glabrous leaves, those of the former ovate-oblong, 2-4
dm. wide, and of the latter ovate-obovate, 6-7 cm. broad; also
H. crinipes Engler and H. picturata (Lind. & Andre") Regel, the
former with sagittate-hastate leaves and the latter with cordate-
ovate ones.
Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig). Colombia.
11. XANTHOSOMA Schott
Reference: Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23E. 1920.
Herbs, usually huge, with petioles vaginate below and cordate,
hastate, or dissected leaves. Spadix shorter than the persistent
spathe, partly sterile. Ovary 2-4-celled, the ovules many. — The
tubers of some species, boiled or roasted, are edible. Herrera has
recorded for some unknown form the name "uncucha."
Leaves entire or merely cordately lobed at base.
Leaves glabrous.
Cordate-ovate, 3-4.5 dm. long X. Poeppigii.
Cordate-sagittate .
Leaves to 1 meter long; spathe white. . . . X. brevispathaceum.
Leaves to 4 dm. long; spathe purple X. purpuratum.
Leaves pubescent, especially beneath.
Distinctly cordate at base X. pubescens.
Rounded-obtuse at base X, trichophyllum.
Leaves hastately lobed at base or divided.
Merely lobed at base, the lobes divaricate X. tarapotense.
Pedately dissected X. helleborifolium.
Xanthosoma brevispathaceum Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 137.
1905; 53.
A gigantic herb, its great opaque leaves to 1 meter long and 6 dm.
broad, their basal lobes a third to a half as long as the upper one;
FLORA OF PERU 481
spathe tube ovoid, 4-6 cm. long, the white oblong-lanceolate blade
1.5-2 dm. long and 4 cm. wide; spadix about as long, sessile, the
cylindrical pistillate portion 2 cm. long, the sterile little longer, the
staminate 10 times longer. — X. hylaeae Engl. & Krause may be dis-
tinguished by its smaller leaves, their lateral nerves about 2.5-4
instead of 4-6 cm. remote. Neg. 12304.
Junin: La Merced, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 1821; 282.—
Huanuco: Muna, 4267 (det. Krause).
Xanthosoma helleborifolium (Jacq.) Schott, Oesterr. Bot.
Zeitschr. 15: 33. 1865; 61. Arum helleborifolium Jacq. Icon PI.
Rar. 3: pi. 613. 1786-93.
The only Peruvian species with divided leaves. Typically the
spathe is about 1 dm. long. The following Poeppig collection is var.
variegatum (Desf.) Engler with purple-dotted and lined petioles and
peduncles; the Weberbauer number, var. Weberbaueri Engler, robust,
with a spathe 2 dm. long.
Loreto: Yurimaguas (Poeppig}. Iquitos, cultivated, Williams
3554. (det. Krause). — Piura: Hacienda San Antonio, 1,000 meters,
Weberbauer 6007. To Central America and the West Indies. "Mano
abierta."
Xanthosoma Poeppigii Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4:
417. 1854; 51. X. Mafaffa Schott, var. Poeppigii (Schott) Engler
in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: 193. 1878.
Petioles 4-6 dm. long, pale green with violet sheaths; blades
2-3.5 dm. broad, green above, pruinose beneath, subacuminate-
cuspidate, the basal lobes retrorse, 1-1.5 dm. long; principal lateral
nerves 5-6; peduncles 3-4 dm. long; spathe tube green without, deep
purple within, 6-7 cm. long, the blade yellowish green with brown-
purple nerves, to 3 dm. long and half as broad; spadix stipe 2 mm.
long; pistillate inflorescence 3-3.5 cm. long, orange, the sterile 5 cm.
long, violet, the staminate rose-color, twice as long. — The var. Mafaffa
(Schott) Macbride has the basal lobes slightly introrse and the tube
of the spathe yellowish green.
Loreto: Ule 6301 ; Poeppig 1753. Bolivia.
Xanthosoma pubescens Poepp. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 3: 89. pi.
299. 1845; 54.
Well marked by its ashy-puberulent petioles (2.5 dm. long) and
its oblong-ovate, shortly pilose blades (especially beneath), about
2 dm. long and 1-1.5 dm. broad, their basal lobes suborbicular ;
482 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
spathe pubescent, yellowish green, less than 1 dm. long, the tube only
2.5 cm. long. Neg. 12314.
Huanuco: Quebrada de Casapi (Poeppig). — Junin: La Merced,
Schunke 366 (det. Krause).
Xanthosoma purpuratum Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
11: 621. 1932.
Petioles 3-3.5 dm. long; blades subtriangular, deeply sagittate,
nearly 3 dm. broad, the broadly ovate- triangular upper lobe obliquely
acuminate, 2 dm. long or longer, at base to 2.5 dm. broad, the lower
lobes shorter and broadly oblong; spathe deep purple, paler at base.
— Allied to X. hylaeae Engler with broader leaf sinus and whitish
spathe. 14a.
Loreto: Soledad on the Rio Itaya (Killip & Smith 29570').
Xanthosoma tarapotense Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 138. 1905; 58.
Leaves about 4 dm. long and 1 dm. broader, the widely spreading,
oblong basal lobes 2.5 dm. long and 12 cm. wide; spathe tube 5 cm.
long, the oblong blade 7.5 cm. long and 3.5 cm. broad; pistillate
inflorescence 1.5 cm. long, the staminate 9 cm. long. Neg. 12317.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6906.
Xanthosoma trichophyllum Krause, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
11: 622. 1932.
Similar to X. pubescens, but shorter petioles subvillous and leaves
nearly emarginate at base; spathe white, 4-4.5 cm. long. — 15a.
Loreto: Soledad on the Rio Itaya (Killip & Smith 29640).
12. CALADIUM Vent.
Reference: Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23E. 1920.
Large, acaulescent herbs from rhizomes or tubers, the leaves often
mottled and usually peltate-sagittate. — Very similar to Xanthosoma
but style none. The rhizomes of some species are edible when
cooked.
Leaves glabrous, distinctly peltate.
Basal lobes about one-fourth connate or the leaves large.
Leaves sagittate-ovate C. tricolor.
Leaves sagittate-lanceolate C. picturatum.
Basal lobes about one-half connate, the leaves 3 cm. wide.
C. Humboldtii.
Leaves pubescent, little if at all peltate C. pubescens.
FLORA OF PERU 483
Caladium bicolor (Ait.) Vent. Descr. Gels. pi. 30. 1800; 31.
Arum bicolor Ait. Hort. Kew. 3: 316. 1789.
Petioles smooth, 3-4 times longer than the sagittate-ovate or
ovate- triangular blades; blades usually green above and the semi-
ovate basal lobes connate to one-half their length, in var. surinamense
(Miq.) Engler, or variously colored above and almost wholly connate
(mostly cultivated states); peduncle little shorter than the leaves;
spathe tube ovoid, often violet in the throat, little exceeding the
white-cuspidate blade; staminate portion of the spadix twice longer
than either the pistillate or sterile portions. — C. marmoratum Mathieu,
with a subspheric spathe tube, strongly constricted above, from
Guayaquil, may be found in Peru, as also C. sororium Schott, with
ovate leaves, shallowly cordate at base, and an oblong-ellipsoid
spathe tube.
Huanuco: Posuso (Ruiz & Pav6ri). — Junin: Maranioch Valley
(Philippi). — Loreto: Mainas (Poeppig). Rio Acre, Ule 9209. La
Victoria, cultivated, Williams 3181, 3183, 2602. Pebas, in forest,
Williams 1929, 1833. Yurimaguas, cultivated, Williams 4648,
4512, 4511. Iquitos, Williams 3579. Caballo-cocha, in forest,
Williams 2433, 2380, 2020. Brazil. "Tasha," "oreja de perro,"
"patquina."
Caladium Humboldtii Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4:417.
1854; 38.
Chiefly distinctive by its small size, the mottled leaves rarely
7 cm. long, oblong-ovate, with ovate-triangular basal lobes connate
for half their length; petioles very slender, to 17 cm. long, usually
much shorter. Neg. 12320.
Loreto: Along Rio Itaya, Williams 172 (det. Krause). Pebas, in
forest, Williams 1919. Brazil. "Pavoncito," "brasilerina."
Caladium picturatum (Lind.) Koch & Bouche", Ind. Sem. Hort.
Berol. App. 6. 1854; 36.
Very much like C. bicolor, but the leaves of a sagittate-lanceolate
type, with lanceolate basal lobes often connate for less than a quarter
their length; also variable as to coloring, the Peruvian material being
referred to var. porphyroneuron (C. Koch) Engler, more or less violet
and red, with hastate-sagittate leaves, their basal lobes one-sixth
to one-third connate, and the var. Trouletzkoyi (Chantin) Engler,
similar but the nerves above pale or rosy. — The valid publication
of the name of this species is uncertain, but it was designated by
Linden in his catalogues at least in 1852, and the above citation gives
484 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
it precedence, fortunately, over several variants published as species
about the same time. Well marked and also to be expected is C.
macrotites Schott, with hastate-sagittate leaves, the lobes all elongate-
lanceolate.
Loreto: Mainas (Poeppig 2286}', Williams 3956 (det. Krause).
Brazil.
Galadium pubescens N. E. Brown, Bot. Mag. 137: pi. 8402.
1911; 29.
Petioles to 3 dm. long, densely pubescent, as also the pale green
peduncles and cordate-ovate blades, the latter 2-3 dm. long and
1-2.5 dm. broad, their semiorbicular basal lobes 1.5-3 cm. long.—
Unique except for C. puberulum Engler, which has sagittate leaves
with white-pilose nerves. The type locality is uncertain.
San Martin: Moyobamba (Forget}.
14. ASTEROSTIGMA F. & M.
Reference: Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23F. 1920.
Herbs from depressed rounded tubers. Leaves 3-parted, the
middle segment pinnatifid, the lateral irregularly so. Peduncles
spotted. Spathe erect, free. Ovary 3-5-celled, the ovules solitary.
Asterostigma Pavonii Schott, Prodr. 339. 1860; 46.
Petioles 2.5 dm. long; blades about 2 dm. long and 1.5-1.75 dm.
broad, the adult pinnately dissected, the 7-9 oblong-lanceolate
segments long-acuminate; staminodia of the pistillate flowers free.
— The other known species are geographically remote. Neg. 12290.
Huanuco: Posuso, Ruiz. — Huancavelica: Between Huancamayo
and San Gregorio, 1,600 meters, Weberbauer 6567. — Puno: Sandia,
Weberbauer. Bolivia.
15. TACCARUM Brongn.
Reference: Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23F. 1920.
A tuberous herb with dissected leaves. Spathe adnate to the
soon greatly elongate spadix. Ovary 3-celled, the ovules solitary.
Taccarum Weddelianum Brongn. ex Schott, Gen. Aroid. pi.
65. 1858; 43.
The much larger, ovate-triangular, middle division of the leaf
bi- or tri-pinnately parted, the ultimate divisions in the mature
leaf 1 cm. broad; petiole 4-8 dm. long, the blade to 4 dm. long and
FLORA OF PERU 485
5 dm. broad, the lateral segments 2-3 dm. long; spadix finally greatly
exceeding the ovate-ventricose spathe. — Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV.
23F: 44. Other known species are remote geographically.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9208. Brazil; Paraguay.
13. SYNGONIUM Schott
Reference: Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23E. 1920.
Scandent shrubs with divided leaves. Peduncles reflexed in
fruit, shorter than the spathes. Ovary 1-2-celled, the ovules solitary.
—Williams has recently found an additional species, as yet unde-
scribed, that is distinctive in lacking the characteristic lateral ear-like
leaf lobes.
Syngonium Vellozianum Schott, Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4:
418. 1854; 125.
A scandent plant with 3-parted leaves, the lateral divisions each
with an ear-like oblong-elliptic lobe at the base; petioles little longer
than the leaves; peduncles long and slender. — This form is var.
oblongisectum Engler, illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23E: 126.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 1822.—
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 4986. Leticia, Williams 3054- La
Victoria, Williams 2631 (all det. Krause). Brazil.
Syngonium yurimaguense Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 141. 1905;
128.
Petioles about 3 dm. long, 2-3 times longer than the 3 oblong
leaf segments, the lateral ones with a triangular auricle 2-3 cm. long
at base; peduncle scarcely 1 dm. long. — S. amazonicum Engler has
5-parted leaves. Neg. 12302.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Ule. Rio Acre, Ule 9287 (det. Engler).
16. ULEARUM Engler
Reference: Engler, Pflanzenr. IV. 23F. 1920.
A rather small herb from a horizontal rhizome. Spathe adnate
below. Inflorescence strongly interrupted, with a few scattered
sterile flowers, and with a club-shaped appendix. — Appropriately
named for Ernest Ule, in recognition of his wide botanical exploration.
Ulearum sagittatum Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 95. 1905; 66.
Petioles 1.5-2.5 dm. long, the sagittate blades 9-13 cm. long,
7-9 cm. broad, the spreading obtuse triangular lobes to 7 cm. long
486 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
and 3.5-4 cm. wide; peduncles 2-2.5 dm. long; spathe 4 cm. long.—
Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 23F: 65.
Loreto: Pongo de Cainarache, Ule 6323.
17. PISTIA L. Water Lettuce
This curious and widely distributed little plant, floating on the
borders of sunny slow-flowing waters, is too well known to need
description here. It is illustrated in Pflanzenr. IV. 23F: 251. It
naturally suggests a close relationship between the aroids and the
duckweeds, and thereby has given students of classification much
to write about.
Pistia Stratiotes L. Sp. PI. 963. 1753.
The leaves vary from obverse-triangular to obovate-spathulate,
var. obcordata (Michx.) Engler; or to linear-oblong, var. linguifor-
mis Engler.
Lima: Callao and Lurin, Ruiz; Gaudichaud; Lesson (Dombey
189}. — Loreto: Caballo-cocha, Williams 2425. Rio Ampiyaco,
Williams 1988. Iquitos, Killip & Smith 29278. Generally distrib-
uted in tropical America.
19. LEMNACEAE. Duckweed Family
Reference: Hegelmaier, Bot. Jahrb. 21: 268-305. 1895.
The smallest flowering plants are duckweeds, distributed around
the world and well known because of the green scum they form as
thousands of individual plants float together on the surface of quiet
semi-stagnant waters.
1. LEMNA L.
Each little disk-like plant has a solitary rootlet and no vascular
tissue. — Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleid., with several rootlets,
is widely distributed in South America. Three species of Wolffia
(rootlets none) are also to be expected: W. colombiana Karst., W.
brasiliensis Wedd. and W. oblonga (Phil.) Hegelm. The last, known
also as Wolffiella oblonga (Phil.) Hegelm., is oblong-elliptic, the other
species roundish. The first is bright green, the second densely
brown-punctate.
Lemna gibba L. Sp. PL 970. 1753.
Plants somewhat irregular in outline, 2-4 mm. long, usually 3-5-
nerved; spathe sac-like.
FLORA OF PERU 487
Cuzco: Valley of Oropeza, Huambutio, Herrera 2081. — Huanuco:
Llata, 2,100 meters, 2269. Widely distributed in both hemispheres.
Lemna minima Philippi, Linnaea 33: 239. 1864.
Plants oblong-elliptic, thick, papulose, 1-4 mm. long, 1-nerved
or nerveless; spathe open; root cap straight or nearly so. — L. cyclos-
tasa (Ell.) Chev. is thin, epapulose, and has a curved root cap.
Both species are widely distributed in the New World. All three
illustrated, Britton and Brown, 111. Fl. ed. 2. 1: 447, 448. 1913.
20. MAYACACEAE
Moss-like plants bearing near the summit of the densely leafy,
simple stems a small solitary long-peduncled flower. Sepals, petals,
and stamens 3, the latter free. — A single genus.
1. MAYACA Aubl.
Besides the following, M. longipes Mart, and M. fluviatilis Aubl.,
both known from Amazonian Brazil, are to be expected. The former
is about 3 dm. high, and the latter may be known by the lateral
chinks of the anthers. M. longipes is illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras.
Mayaca Endlicheri Poepp. ex Seubert in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3,
pt. 1: 230. 1855.
Stems a few cm. high; anthers with a short tube at the upper end;
flowers lilac.
San Martin: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4670. — Without locality
(Poeppig). Brazil.
21. XYRIDACEAE. Yellow-eyed Grass Family
Reference: Malme, Arkiv Bot. 13, pt. 3: 1-103. 1913.
Besides the following genus, Abolboda H. & B. may be found in
the Amazon region. It has blue flowers. Most likely to occur is
A. Poeppigii Kunth, a little tufted plant with few-flowered heads and
narrow, sharply acuminate bracts. — Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 3,
pt. 1: pi. 30. 1855.
1. XYRIS L.
Small or tall and slender herbs with narrow, rather rigid and often
compressed leaves sheathing the base of a scape that bears a head
of densely imbricated, yellow or white flowers, each flower sub-
tended by a hard scale-like bract. Sepals 3, 2 small, boat-shaped and
488 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
persistent, the third thin or wanting. Petals 3, with a fertile stamen
on each claw, often alternating with a bearded staminodium.
Leaves only a few mm. wide, often shorter than 1 dm.
Leaves usually transversely rugulose; spikes often many-flowered;
some of the bracts with prominent flat backs.
Bracts entire or not lacerate-margined X. savanensis.
Bracts conspicuously lacerate-margined X. lacerata.
Leaves not rugulose; spikes few-flowered, the dark bracts often
carinate below the apex X. subulata.
Leaves about 1 cm. wide, often 2-3 dm. long X. macrocephala.
Xyris lacerata Pohl ex Seubert in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 1: 216.
1855.
Often 3-4 dm. high, the slender stems and leaves (about 1-2 dm.
long, 2 mm. wide) densely but minutely verruculose-rugulose; old
leaf bases very dark, up to 1 cm. wide; heads nearly globose, the pale
green and brown-margined roundish bracts (or finally brown) faintly
carinate but flat-backed. — Illustrated, Pflanzenfam. 15a: 37. fig. 12.
Junin: Enefias, 1,700 meters, open sphagnum bog, Killip &
Smith 25693. Brazil.
Xyris macrocephala Vahl, Enum. 2: 204. 1806.
Readily recognizable from our other species by its much greater
size, the spikes about 1 cm. thick, but simulating exactly X. Jupicai
L. C. Rich., most likely occurring, and distinguishable from it only
by its dense brown beard, the staminodium of the latter with but
few and hyaline hairs.
Loreto: Pebas, Williams 1708 (det. Malme). South America.
Xyris savanensis Miquel, Linnaea 18: 605. 1844.
Typically a pale green annual with leaves (a little tuberculate-
scabrous) 5-8 cm. long and 2-3 mm. broad; spikes 5-8 mm. long,
3.5-4.5 mm. thick; bracts 3-5 mm. long, entire, not at all keeled.—
X. andina Malme, collected by Pearce in Ecuador, perhaps in Peru,
has erugulose leaves 1-1.5 mm. broad. Other species with several-
flowered spikes to be expected in the Amazon region are X. filiscapa
Malme, X. Uleana Malme, and X. eriophylla Reichenb. The last
resembles X. savanensis, but its leaves are often narrower and its
spikes subglobose, with bracts 6-7 mm. long; the other two species
have erugulose leaves, the first with leaves 1 mm. wide and with
FLORA OF PERU 489
cartilaginous margins; the diagnostic feature of the second is its
broader leaves and narrow intermediate bracts, up to 2.5 mm. broad.
San Martin : Moyobamba, edge of savanna, Weberbauer 4571 (det.
Malme); 292. Colombia and Guiana to Paraguay.
Xyris subulata R. & P. Fl. 1: 46. pi. 71. 1798.
Leaves 4-5 cm. long, setaceous, somewhat tuberculate-scabrous;
scapes about twice as long; spikes 5-8 mm. long, less than 4 mm.
thick.
Huanuco: Pillao, Ruiz. Vilcabamba, 5183. — Cuzco: Paso de Tres
Cruces, Pennell 1 3886. Sachapata (Lechler 2548) . — Puno : Sangaban,
Lechler. Ecuador.
Xyris subulata HBK. var. macrotona Nilss. Svensk. Vet. Akad.
Handl. 24, No. 14: 45. pi. 2. 1892.
Leaves glabrous, 8-15 cm. long; scapes to 3.5 dm. high, the
spikes as much as 4 mm. thick.
Junin: Huacapistana, 3,500 meters, Weberbauer 2088; 252. —
Amazonas: Molinopampa, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer 4349; 264. —
Cajamarca: Jae"n, Weberbauer 6142. Ecuador.
22. ERIOCAULACEAE. Pipewort Family
Reference: Ruhland, Pflanzenr. IV. 30. 1903.
Rather rigid, stemless or tufted terrestrials, or the pedicels not solitary.
Stamens 4 or 6; petals glandular 1. Eriocaulon.
Stamens 2 or 3; petals not glandular 2. Paepalanthus.
Laxly growing leafy-stemmed aquatic or subaquatic ... 3. Tonina.
1. ERIOCAULON L.
Apparently stemless (Peruvian species), more or less linear-
leaved, little plants, the minute flowers borne in dense, often whitish
heads at the summit of slender, sometimes elongate peduncles.
Flowers trimerous or dimerous. Stamens 4 or 6. Petals glandular
within at apex, rarely lacking in the pistillate flowers.
Eriocaulon microcephalum HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 253.
1816; 53. E. brachypus Heurck & Muell. Arg. in Heurck, Obs. Bot.
1: 96. 1870.
A tiny plant, the subulately narrowed leaves to 1.5 mm. broad at
the middle and 1-2 cm. long; peduncles sometimes a little longer; heads
laxly flowered, sparsely white-villous; sepals of the pistillate flowers
490 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
slightly winged dorsaly. — The similar E. Spruceanum Koern. (in Mart.
Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 1: 488. 1863), with leaves and peduncles 1-3 dm.
long, is to be expected in eastern Peru.
Junin: Huacapistana, 3,400 meters, Weberbauer 2269 (det. Ruhl-
and); 251. — Cuzco: In mats, Paso de Tres Cruces, 3,800 meters,
Pennell 13864- — Cajamarca: Nancho, Raimondi. Ecuador; Mexico.
Eriocaulon peruvianum Ruhl. Pflanzenr. IV. 30: 58. 1903.
Similar to E. microcephalum, but the leaves 4-4.5 cm. long, the
fasciculate peduncles 1 dm. long or longer, and the sepals rounded on
the back. Neg. 10564.
San Martin: Chachapoyas (Mathews).
2. PAEPALANTHUS Mart.
Small, often tufted or stemless herbs, not infrequently simulating
Eriocaulon in aspect, but the stamens of the same number as the
petals, 2 or 3, and the latter eglandular. The petals of the pistillate
flowers may be free, or somewhat connate at the middle (Syngonan-
thus). — A plant at least vegetatively nearly similar to P. muscosus
Koern. of Colombia was collected by Raimondi at Cutervo, Caja-
marca. It is distinguishable from P. pilosus by its larger (4-5 mm.
thick) heads, with acutish bracts.
Plants with evident stems.
Peduncles many at apex of stems.
Peduncles subapressed-pubescent; leaves oblongish . P, caulescens.
Peduncles glabrous or pilose, or puberulent above; leaves
linear-subacute, at least above.
Involucre green, stellately spreading, the bracts acuminate.
P. bifidus.
Involucre brownish, pilose, the bracts obtuse or, if acuminate,
obscure.
Leaves glabrous or nearly so.
Peduncles glabrous or nearly so, often short ... P. pilosus.
Peduncles pilose, capillary P. polytrichoides.
Leaves conspicuously villous-ciliate P. Weberbaueri.
Peduncles solitary in the leaf axils or one terminal.
Leaves to 1 mm. wide, rigid, pungent, merely ciliate.
P. Stuebelianus.
FLORA OF PERU 491
Leaves to 3 mm. wide, scarcely pungent, hirsute-villous, at
least on edges P. Weberbaueri.
Leaves to 1.5 mm. wide, soft or mucronate, glabrous or the
long hairs sparse and straggling P. pilosus.
Plants apparently stemless.
Leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, mostly more than 3 mm.
wide.
Leaves puberulent or villous, 1-3 cm. wide at the middle.
P. planifolius.
Leaves hirsute (sometimes sparsely), 2-8 mm. wide at the middle.
Leaves subulately acute P. ensifolius.
Leaves obtuse or obtusish P. flavescens.
Leaves linear, less than 2 mm. wide.
Bracts acutish, straw-colored P. peruvianus.
Bracts very obtuse, orange-yellow or brown.
Bracts yellow, as long as the flowers P. nitens.
Bracts brown, shorter than the flowers P. pilosus.
Paepalanthus bifidus (Schrad.) Kunth, Enum. 3: 512. 1841;
153. Eriocaulon bifidum Schrad. in R. & S. Mant. 2: 468. 1824.
Stems several to many cm. long, usually simple; leaves linear-
subulate, pilose, 1 to several cm. long; peduncles spreading-pilose;
heads sordidly white-villous at apex, 3-4 mm. broad; bracts linear-
lanceolate.
San Martin: Moyobamba, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 4607 (det.
Ruhland). Brazil to Colombia and the Guianas.
Paepalanthus caulescens (Poir.) Kunth, Enum. 3: 537. 1841;
267. Eriocaulon caulescens Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 3: 162. 1813.
Syngonanthus caulescens Ruhl. Pflanzenr. IV. 30: 267. fig. 38. 1903.
Green and glabrate or more or less pilose, 1 cm. to 8 dm. high;
leaves mostly 2.5 mm. broad at the middle; heads pale or straw-
colored, like the glabrous or ciliolate, narrowly oblong-ovate, acute
bracts; petals of pistillate flowers united at middle.
San Martin: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4565 (det. Ruhland);
292. — Loreto : Balsapuerto, Killip & Smith. South America generally.
Paepalanthus ensifolius (HBK.) Kunth, Enum. 3: 501. 1841;
208. Eriocaulon ensifolium HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 254. pi. 70.
1816.
492 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaves linear-lanceolate, subulate, shortly hirsute and, especially
toward the base, ciliate, 5-6 mm. broad, 8-9 cm. long; peduncles
near apex spreading-puberulent; bracts very broadly ovate, light
brownish.
San Martin: Chachapoyas (Maihews). Bagua to Chachapoyas,
Raimondi. Colombia.
Paepalanthus flavescens (Bong.) Koern. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3,
pt. 1: 423. 1863; 231. Eriocaulon flavescens Bong. Me"m. Acad.
St. Pe"tersb. VI. 1: 628. 1831. Leiothrix flavescens Ruhl. Pflanzenr.
IV. 30: 231. 1903.
Leaves spreading-hirsute, lanceolate, 5-13 cm. long, 2-8 mm.
broad; peduncles shortly pubescent or glabrous; heads 1 cm. thick;
bracts oblong-obovate, acute, somewhat yellowish.
Puno: Cachicachi, toward Sandia, 1,100 meters, Weberbauer 1292
(det. Ruhland); 242. South America.
Paepalanthus nitens (Bong.) Kunth, Enum. 3: 531. 1841; 254.
Eriocaulon nitens Bong. Me"m. Acad. St. Pe'tersb. VI. 1: 633. 1831.
Syngonanthus nitens Ruhl. Pflanzenr. IV. 30: 254. 1903.
Leaves rigid, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, glabrous or lightly puberulent;
peduncles glabrous, to 4.5 dm. high; heads 5-8.5 mm. thick; petals
joined at middle; bracts obovate-oblong, very obtuse, glabrous,
orange or yellow, as the heads, or paler. — P. gracilis Koern., similar,
has been found at Manaos. The bracts slightly exceed the small
(3-5 mm. thick) heads.
Amazonas: Molinopampa, in sphagnum moor, 2,000 meters,
Weberbauer 4328 (det. Ruhland) ; 264. Brazil.
Paepalanthus peruvianus (Ruhl.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11:
8. 1931; 253. Syngonanthus peruvianus Ruhl. Pflanzenr. IV. 30:
253. 1903.
Similar to P. nitens; leaves pilose above; peduncles shortly
pubescent; heads yellow; bracts curved, rigid, yellowish. — A Rai-
mondi specimen from Cutervo, Cajamarca, would key here. Its
leaves are 2.5-3 cm. long, and the peduncles are slightly viscidulous
below the heads. Neg. 10695.
San Martin: Cuesta de Lejia near Moyobamba, Stuebel 196,
type.
Paepalanthus pilosus (HBK.) Kunth, Enum. 3: 518. 1841;
156. Eriocaulon pilosum HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 251. 1816.
E. dendroides HBK. op. cit. pi. 69, f. 2.
FLORA OF PERU 493
Plants only a few cm. high, often growing in mats or forming
cushions; leaves 1-2 cm. long, linear-lanceolate, more or less pilose;
peduncles puberulent or glabrous above, 3-9 cm. long; heads yellow-
ish, villous, 2-3 mm. thick. — Variable in size and habit. P. um-
bellatus (Lam.) Kunth, a bog plant about 10 cm. high with gray heads
on many lax peduncles, has been found as near as Manaos.
Puno: Sangaban (Lechler}. — Cuzco: Paso de Tres Cruces, 3,800
meters, Pennell 13866. — Amazonas: Chachapoyas, 3,000 meters,
Weberbauer 4416 (det. Ruhland); 264. — Huanuco: Monzon, Weber-
bauer (det. Ruhland). Chinchao region, Weberbauer 6826. Vilca-
bamba, 1,800 meters, sphagnum banks, 5182. Colombia.
Paepalanthus planifolius (Bong.) Koern. in Mart. Fl. Bras.
3, pt. 1: 413. pi. 52. 1863; 208. Eriocaulon planifolium Bong. Me"m.
Acad. St. Pe"tersb. VI. 1: 729. 1831.
Leaves 1.5-5 dm. long; bracts fuscous, ciliate. — The only Peruvian
species with broadly lanceolate leaves.
Huanuco: Pillao (Pawn}. Monzon, 2,500 meters, Weberbauer
3535; 255. — Cajamarca: Cutervo, Raimondi (det. Ruhland). —
Amazonas: Molinopampa, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer 4531 (det.
Ruhland); 264. Brazil.
Paepalanthus polytrichoides Kunth, Enum. 3: 504. 1841;
157.
Slender, 3-4 cm. high; leaves linear from an ovate-dilated base,
6-7.5 mm. long; heads hemispheric, densely white- villous at the tip;
exterior bracts glabrate, all spatulate. Neg. 10637.
Peru: (Henschel). — Amazonian Brazil.
Paepalanthus Stuebelianus Ruhl. Pflanzenr. IV. 30: 174. 1903.
A rigid, densely leafy plant, 1-2 dm. high; leaves linear, 7-9
mm. long; peduncles puberulent, 7-9 cm. long; heads globose,
4-5 mm. thick; bracts broadly ovate or rhombic, shortly acuminate,
ciliate and puberulent. Neg. 10651.
San Martin: Cuesta de Lejia, Moyobamba (Stuebel 19a, type).
Laurel, Raimondi (det. Ruhland). Molinopampa, 2,000 meters,
Weberbauer 4350 (det. Ruhland) ; 264. Chachapoyas, Williams 7571 .
Paepalanthus Weberbaueri Ruhl. Bot. Jahrb. 37: 519. 1906.
Stems 4-20 cm. long; leaves lance-linear, acuminate, mostly
arcuate, 1.5-4 cm. long; peduncles 1-3 dm. high; heads villous,
494 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
5-7 mm. thick; bracts narrowly elliptic or subovate, acute or acutish,
greenish brown, subappressed-villous, thin. Neg. 10662.
Puno: Near Cachicachi, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer 1152. Pamas-
pata, Weberbauer 1326; 242.
3. TONINA Aubl.
A laxly growing, leafy-stemmed, aquatic or subaquatic herb.
Flowers trimerous; staminate shortly tubular; pistillate with free and
conspicuously pilose-ciliate segments. Peduncles seemingly extra-
axillary. — Illustrated, Pflanzenr IV. 30: 239. A rather artificial
genus, but conveniently accepted.
Tonina fluviatilis Aubl. PI. Guian. 2: 857. pi. 330. 1775.
Stems 2 to several dm. long; leaves at base and bracts at base
and apex ciliate, otherwise glabrous; peduncles mostly less than 1 cm.
long, solitary, axillary; flowers greenish.
Loreto: Iquitos, Williams 7995, 3779; Killip & Smith 26908.
Mishuyacu, 100 meters, Klug 305. — San Martin: Moyobamba,
1,200 meters, Weberbauer 4652. Extending to Brazil and Central
America.
23. THURNIACEAE
Thurnia sphaerocephala (Rudge) Hook. f. Icon. 15: 6. pi. 1407.
1883, could occur in Amazonian Peru, since it grows in adjacent
Brazil. It is sedge-like in appearance, with a tight globose head of
small flowers with exserted stamens and style. The original illus-
tration is repeated in Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a: 58. 1930. According
to Ducke, it grows in small streams where the current is swiftest.
24. RAPATEACEAE
These shore plants often resemble certain sedges, such as the
typical group of Dichromena.
1. RAPATEA Aubl.
Scapose herbs with ensiform leaves and a terminal capitate
inflorescence of few to many spikes closely subtended by a spathe of
2 leaf-like bracts. Flowers densely imbricate in many series of
scale-like bracts. Spikelets long-pediceled. — Other genera are to be
expected, as the family is chiefly Amazonian. Spathanthus unilat-
eralis (Rudge) Desv. has been found at Manaos. It has only one
bract and a 1-seeded fruit.
FLORA OF PERU 495
Rapatea spectabilis Pilger, Verb. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47: 101.
1905.
Leaves 4-5 dm. long and 6-7 cm. wide; spathe bracts long-atten-
uate, to 1.5 dm. long; brown bracts of the numerous spikelets
subrotund, 3-5 mm. long; sepals 11-14 mm. long; petals rotund,
yellow. — Other species are smaller plants. Neg. 7556.
Loreto: Iquitos, Vie 6251; Williams 3789; Killip & Smith 27321.
La Victoria, Williams 2916.
25. BROMELIAGEAE J. St. Hil.
By Lyman B. Smith1
References: Mez in DC. Monogr. 9. 1896; Mez, Pflanzenr. IV. 32.
1934-35.
Herbs or rarely shrubby perennials, mostly epiphytic or saxi-
colous. Leaves spirally arranged, usually basal, dilated-sheathing
below, simple, entire or spinose-serrate, at least in youth bearing
peltate scales which serve to collect and hold moisture. Inflorescence
simple or compound, of spikes or racemes, usually bearing brightly
colored, conspicuous bracts. Flowers perfect in all the Peruvian
species. Perianth heterochlamydeous, the segments free or variously
joined. Stamens 6, the filaments free or joined to the petals or to
each other. Style 3-parted. Ovary superior to inferior, 3-celled.
Fruit capsular or baccate. Seeds naked, winged, or plumose. Em-
bryo small, situated at the base of the copious, mealy endosperm.—
About 50 genera and 1,500 species, strictly confined to tropical and
subtropical America.
Ovary partly or wholly superior; fruit capsular.
Seeds winged or caudate-appendaged ; leaves usually spinose-
serrate.
Ovary wholly superior.
Petals naked; herbs.
Seeds with a lateral wing; large, coarse plants with large
flowers 1. Puya.
Seeds caudate-appendaged at both ends; rather delicate
plants with flowers 4-9 mm. long 2. Lindmania.
Petals each with a single large scale at base; woody perennials.
3. Deuterocohnia.
Ovary in large part inferior, or if almost superior the seeds
caudate-appendaged 4. Pitcairnia.
1 By courtesy of the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University.
496 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Seeds plumose; leaves entire.
Coma basal, straight; style usually long and slender.
Petals free; inflorescence of one or more distichous-flowered
spikes or rarely of a single polystichous-flowered spike.
Petals naked or rarely with vertical folds .... 5. Tillandsia.
Petals each bearing 2 scales 6. Vriesia.
Petals more or less joined or conglutinated below; spikes
polystichous-flowered 7. Guzmania.
Coma apical, folded over; style short or none; spikes polystich-
ous-flowered ; sepals asymmetrical 8. Catopsis.
Ovary wholly inferior; fruit baccate; leaves usually spinose-serrate.
Petals with their margins free but centrally fused to the filament
tube, large, fleshy 9. Bromelia.
Petals with their margins free or joined, but not fused centrally
to a filament tube.
Inflorescence sunk in the center of the leaf rosette, or lateral.
Sepals symmetrical; pollen smooth 10. Greigia.
Sepals asymmetrical; pollen with pores 11. Neoregelia.
Inflorescence at the end of a definite scape, central.
Fruits and bracts always remaining distinct.
Petals naked 12. Streptocalyx.
Petals each bearing 2 scales.
Stamens exserted at anthesis by the recurving of the
petals; flowers 8-13 cm. long; pollen with longitu-
dinal folds 13. Billbergia.
Stamens included at anthesis; flowers not more than 4
cm. long in the Peruvian species; pollen with pores.
14. Aechmea.
Fruits and bracts coalescing at maturity to form a compound
fruit; inflorescence simple, crowned with a coma of
sterile foliaceous bracts 15. Ananas.
1. PUYA Molina
Perennial, usually long-caulescent, simple or branching, coarse,
often several meters high. Leaves densely rosulate, spinose-serrate
in all the Peruvian species except P. mitis. Inflorescence various.
Flowers showy. Sepals free, much shorter than the petals. Petals
free, usually spreading at anthesis, naked in the Peruvian species.
FLORA OF PERU 497
Stamens nearly or quite included; filaments free. Ovary wholly
superior, glabrous. Style slender, elongate. Capsule septicidal or
loculicidal or both together forming six divisions. Seeds many,
each with a single dorso-apical wing. — From 80 to 90 species. Chiefly
in the Andes, with outlying species in the mountains of Costa Rica,
Guiana, and northern Argentina. Type species, P. chilensis Mol.
Inflorescence or its branches fertile throughout or with only a slight
tuft of much reduced sterile bracts at apex; flowering plant not
over 4 meters high.
Inflorescence compound.
Branches of the inflorescence elongate, much exceeding the
primary bracts.
Branches of the inflorescence laxly or subdensely flowered,
definitely not strobilate.
Sepals acuminate.
Floral bracts pectinate.
Panicle lax, its branches spreading; sepals not more
18 mm. long 1. P. Roezlii.
Panicle contracted, cylindric; sepals 35 mm. long.
2. P. grandidens.
Floral bracts entire or at most minutely serrulate.
Inflorescence dense; lateral branches not more than
twice as long as the primary bracts . 3. P. densiflora.
Inflorescence laxly paniculate; lateral branches several
times longer than the primary bracts.
4. P. longisepala.
Sepals rounded or abruptly acute and apiculate.
Plants large; leaves 6 dm. long 5. P. glaucovirens.
Plants small; leaves not over 15 cm. long. .6. P. tuberosa.
Branches of the inflorescence densely strobilate.
Floral bracts pectinate 2. P. grandidens.
Floral bracts entire.
Floral bracts nearly equaling the sepals or exceeding
them at anthesis, soon glabrous.
Spikes slender; sepals 30-33 mm. long.
Sepals acuminate . . .7. P. oxyantha.
Sepals obtuse 8. P. ferox.
498 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Spikes broadly ellipsoid; sepals 18 mm. long.
9. P. Weberbaueri,
Floral bracts reaching about the middle of the sepals at
anthesis, persistently lanate.
Spikes sessile or subsessile 10. P. llatensis.
Spikes definitely stipitate 11. P. stipitata.
Branches of the inflorescence abbreviated, shorter than the
primary bracts.
Sepals subglabrous; primary bracts pectinate, laccate.
12. P. laccata.
Sepals densely appressed-lepidote to villous.
Sepals acuminate.
Floral bracts about equaling the sepals; indument ferru-
ginous 13. P. cylindrica.
Floral bracts distinctly shorter than the sepals; indument
whitish.
Axis of the raceme longer than the flowers; floral
bracts denticulate 3. P. densiflora.
Axis of the raceme shorter than the lower flowers;
floral bracts entire 14. P. longistyla.
Sepals obtuse or broadly acute.
Sepals villous.
Primary bracts serrulate 15. P. fastuosa.
Primary bracts entire 16. P. Herrerae.
Sepals appressed-lepidote 17. P. depauperata.
Inflorescence simple, racemose or subspicate.
Bracts coarsely and evenly serrate 18. P. pyramidata.
Bracts entire or with a few weak serrulations.
Leaves entire 19. P. mitis.
Leaves spinose-serrate.
Sepals densely tomentose or villous.
Flowers subsessile and floral bracts much shorter than
the sepals 20. P. lanuginosa.
Flowers distinctly pedicellate or else the floral bracts
equaling the sepals.
Flowers distinctly pedicellate.
Floral bracts mostly shorter than the pedicels.
21. P. Macbridei.
FLORA OF PERU 499
Floral bracts much exceeding the pedicels.
Sepals obtuse or apiculate .... 22. P. reflexiflora.
Sepals acute 23. P. dolichostrobila.
Flowers subsessile.
Floral bracts furfuraceous or glabrous.
Upper floral bracts subobtuse, apiculate, fur-
furaceous 24. P. isabellina.
Upper floral bracts acuminate, glabrous.
25. P. macrura.
Floral bracts lanate 26. P. lanata.
Sepals glabrous or at most stellate- or appressed-lepidote.
Sepals acuminate; floral bracts serrulate. .27. P. gracilis.
Sepals broadly acute or obtuse.
Floral bracts densely appressed-lepidote, dull, purplish.
17. P. depauperata.
Floral bracts soon glabrous, lustrous, brown.
28. P. strobilantha.
Inflorescence with the apical half of each branch sterile; sterile
bracts only slightly smaller than the fertile; flowering plant
9.5 meters high 29. P. Raimondii.
1. Puya Roezli E. Morr. Belg. Hort. 35: 80. 1885. Pitcairnia
megastachya Baker, Brom. 120. 1889. Puya pectinata L. B. Smith,
Contr. Gray Herb. 98: 12. pi. 4, /. 1-2. 1932.
One meter or more high; stem short and stout. Leaves narrowly
triangular, 1 meter long, 3 cm. wide above the sheath, densely white-
tomentulose below, spinose-serrate, the spines mostly straight, 10
mm. long. Scape stout, its bracts dense, foliaceous. Inflorescence
laxly bipinnate, up to 5 dm. long, white-tomentulose; primary
bracts broadly ovate with a narrow lamina, coarsely spinose-serrate,
shorter than the racemes. Racemes spreading, 15 cm. long, densely
15-25-flowered. Floral bracts broadly ovate, pungent, pectinate,
much shorter than the sepals at anthesis. Flowers 3 cm. long, short-
pedicellate; sepals sub triangular, acuminate, 18 mm. long, pale red;
petals blue or dark purple; stamens and pistil included.
Rocky slopes. Lima: Common especially on southeastern expo-
sures, in rock crevices, Matucana, 2,700 meters, 2920. — Indefinite:
Central Peru, western slopes of Andes, Weberbauer 1695; Roezl.
Endemic.
Puya pectinata was based on stunted and immature material.
500 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
2. Puya grandidens Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 10. 1906.
Scarcely 1 meter high; stem branching (Weberbauerl). Leaves
5 dm. long, narrowly triangular, 45 mm. broad, densely white-lepi-
dote below, glabrous and lustrous above, pungent, the spines 7 mm.
long. Scape slender, white-tomentose, becoming glabrous. Inflo-
rescence densely bipinnate, contracted, cylindric, over 25 cm. long,
its branches exceeding the primary bracts. Floral bracts ovate-
elliptic, acute, pectinate, cobwebby-tomentose, exceeding the sepals.
Flowers 4 cm. long, erect, short-pediceled ; sepals triangular, acu-
minate, 35 mm. long, mucronate, cobwebby-tomentose; petals
narrowly ligulate, tubular-erect, glaucous-green.
Ancash: Cajatambo, below Ocros, 3,000-3,200 meters, Weber-
bauer 2788. Endemic.
3. Puya densiflora Harms, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
791. 1929.
One meter or more high. Leaves not known. Scape 4 dm. long,
its bracts dense, scarious, broadly ovate-lanceolate, long-caudate,
spinose-serrate. Inflorescence elongate, densely subcylindric ; racemes
many, 10-flowered, 4-10 cm. long. Primary bracts like the scape
bracts. Floral bracts oblong-lanceolate, aristate, sparingly villous
to glabrous, 2-3 times as long as the pedicel. Sepals 3 cm. long,
lance-acuminate, pungent; petals 4-5 cm. long, the blade narrowly
oblong.
Cuzco : Valle del Apurimac, Province of Anta, Pueblo de Huanca-
calle, 2,500 meters, Herrera 1954- Valle de San Miguel, Media
Naranja, 2,000 meters, Herrera 2019. Ollantaitambo, 3,000 meters,
Cook & Gilbert 569. Endemic. "Aehupalla."
4. Puya longisepala Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 629. 1904.
Conspicuous, 2 meters high. Leaves 75 cm. long, the blade
narrowly triangular, 3 cm. broad, dark brown and lustrous above,
densely white-lepidote below, the spines 8 mm. long. Inflorescence
many-flowered, 5 dm. or more long, laxly bipinnate; axes stout,
angled, soon glabrous; branches elongate, fertile throughout, sub-
erect, 25 cm. long, 20-30-flowered. Primary bracts ovate-elliptic,
pungent, serrate, equaling the lowest flowers. Floral bracts elliptic,
acute, serrulate, shorter than the sepals. Pedicels stout, 1 cm. long;
flowers suberect, 50-55 mm. long; sepals 3 cm. long, acuminate,
appressed-pale-lepidote; petals linear, acute.
Rocky places. Puno: Near Sandia, 2,100 meters, Weberbauer
550. Endemic.
FLORA OF PERU 501
5. Puya glaucovirens Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 9. 1906.
Conspicuous, 2 meters high. Leaves up to 6 dm. long, 2 cm.
wide above the broadly ovate sheath, narrowly triangular, pungent,
glabrous and lustrous above, sparingly lepidote below. Scape stout,
erect, glabrous, its bracts foliaceous. Inflorescence bipinnate, ample,
its branches suberect, 2 dm. long, rather densely flowered but not
strobilate, bearing several sterile bracts at the base. Floral bracts
broadly ovate, apiculate, entire, 9 mm. long, shorter than the pedicels,
cobwebby-tomentose. Flowers erect or nearly so, 4 cm. long, their
pedicels stout, 13 mm. long; sepals subelliptic, thick, 2 cm. long,
rounded, minutely mucronate, tomentulose; petals twice as long as
the sepals, the blade elliptic, glaucous-green.
Rocky places. Cajamarca: Near Huambos, Province of Chota,
2,300-2,500 meters, Weberbauer 4208. Endemic.
6. Puya tuberosa Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 483. 1896.
Less than 3 dm. tall. Rhizome short, tuberous- thickened.
Leaves 15 cm. long, 3.5 mm. wide, furfuraceous below, the apex
filiform, the spines thin, 1 mm. long. Scape glabrous, its bracts
ovate-acuminate, lustrous, about equaling the internodes. Inflo-
rescence few-branched, the branches short but exceeding the primary
bracts. Floral bracts ovate-acuminate, entire, glabrous, slightly
shorter than the pedicels. Pedicels 7-10 mm. long; sepals 9 mm.
long, ovate, acute, glabrous.
Indefinite: Haenke. Endemic.
7. Puya oxyantha Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 631. 1904.
At least 1 meter high. Leaves 7 dm. long, 2 cm. wide, densely
furfuraceous below with long piliform scales, the spines 5 mm. long.
Scape stout, its bracts dense, spinose-serrate, the apex filiform-
subulate. Inflorescence bipinnate, subpyramidal, acute, 5 dm. long,
its branches slenderly strobilate, 13 cm. long, 10-15-flowered, sub-
spreading. Primary bracts entire, glabrous, the apex long-subulate.
Floral bracts ovate, long-aciculose, exceeding the sepals, entire.
Flowers subsessile, erect, 45 mm. long, largely concealed by the
bracts; sepals 33 mm. long, narrowly triangular, lanate, the apex
acicular; petals acute, bluish green.
On rocks. Puno: Between Sandia and Tambo Azalaya, on road
from Sandia to Chunchosmayo, 1,500-2,000 meters, Weberbauer
1058. Endemic.
502 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
8. Puya ferox Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 632. 1904.
Conspicuous, probably over 1 meter high. Leaves more than
1 meter long, 35-40 mm. wide, glabrous and lustrous above, lepidote
between the nerves below, the spines 13 mm. long. Inflorescence
bipinnate, ample; racemes slenderly strobilate, long-stipitate, much
exceeding the primary bracts. Primary bracts somewhat spreading,
thick, coriaceous, entire, glabrous, lustrous. Floral bracts erect,
imbricate, slightly shorter than the sepals, ovate-elliptic, entire,
acute, glabrous, lustrous, the apex short-aciculose. Flowers 5 cm.
long, erect, the pedicels short and thick; sepals subelliptic, 3 cm.
long, carinate, obtuse, short-mucronate, lanate, glabrescent; petals
bluish green, broad, acute.
In open, brushy and rocky places. Puno: On the road from
Sandia to Chunchosmayo, between Tambo Yuncacoya and Ramos-
pata, 2,200-2,400 meters, Weberbauer 1344- Endemic.
9. Puya Weberbaueri Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 633. 1904.
Conspicuous, 1 meter or more high. Leaves 17 mm. wide,
acuminate, obscurely lepidote below, the spines 5 mm. long. Scape
slender, glabrous, its bracts lax, ovate- triangular, produced into a
linear, spinose, stiffly erect blade. Inflorescence amply and laxly
bipinnate, 3 dm. long, acute, densely white-lanate, its branches
ellipsoid-strobilate, 55 mm. long, subsessile, much exceeding the
primary bracts. Primary bracts broadly ovate, acute, reflexed or
spreading, lanate, soon glabrous and lustrous, rigidly coriaceous,
strongly nerved. Floral bracts erect, imbricate, ovate-elliptic,
abruptly acute, entire, exceeding the sepals, soon glabrous and lus-
trous. Flowers 45 mm. long, with short, thick pedicels; sepals white-
lanate, 18 mm. long, carinate, abruptly acute; petals bluish green,
the blade large, elliptic, obtuse.
Common on rocks. Puno: Province of Sandia near Cuyocuyo,
3,100 meters, Weberbauer 847. Endemic. "Tica."
Killip & Smith 22137, a very immature specimen from near
Huancayo, Junin, is doubtfully referred here.
10. Puya llatensis L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 98: 11.
pi 3, f. 14-16. 1932.
Four meters in height. Leaves narrowly triangular, 1 meter long,
evenly pale-appressed-lepidote on both sides, becoming glabrous
above, the spines 7-8 mm. long. Scape 15 cm. thick at the base
(Macbride & Feather stone!}. Inflorescence compound, its branches
FLORA OF PERU 503
densely strobilate, ovoid or ellipsoid, exceeding the primary bracts.
Floral bracts broadly elliptic, acuminulate, entire, densely ferrugi-
nous-lanate, about half as long as the sepals, broadly convex, ecarinate.
Flowers 7-8 cm. long, the pedicels stout, 15 mm. long; sepals broadly
elliptic, 3 cm. long, densely ferruginous-lanate; petals 65 mm. long,
the blade elliptic; stamens and pistil included; ovary pyramidal.
Huanuco: Llata, steep canyon slope, 2,300 meters, 2300.
Endemic.
11. Puya stipitata L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 98: 13.
pi. 4, f. 5-6. 1932.
About 2 meters high. Leaves narrowly triangular, 5-6 dm. long,
18 mm. wide, glabrous above, covered with a thin, even layer of
cinereous scales below, the spines 5-6 mm. long. Scape erect, stout,
its bracts foliaceous, elongate. Inflorescence compound, its racemes
densely strobilate, 9-10 cm. long, 3 cm. thick, spreading or reflexed,
densely pale-lanate throughout, the stipe 20-25 mm. long. Primary
bracts narrowly ovate, acute, slightly exceeding the stipe. Floral
bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acute, about half as long as the sepals,
entire, broadly convex, ecarinate. Flowers 35 mm. long, erect,
obscurely stout-pedicellate for 7 mm. ; sepals broadly elliptic, obtuse,
2 cm. long; petals blue-green, 28 mm. long; stamens and pistil equal-
ing the petals, the ovary pyramidal.
Rocky grass-shrub hillsides. Huanuco: Cani, pueblo 7 miles
northeast of Mito, 2,800 meters, 3436, 3854- Endemic.
12. Puya laccata Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 11. 1906.
Conspicuous, up to 1 meter high. Leaves 4 dm. long, 3 cm.
broad, narrowly triangular, subglabrous above, appressed-cinereous-
lepidote below, the spines straight, 8 mm. long. Scape slender,
glabrous, its bracts dense, broadly ovate, strongly spinose-serrate,
glabrous, lustrous, long-caudate. Inflorescence bipinnate, 4 dm.
long, densely cylindrical, its branches short but slender, shorter than
the primary bracts, laxly 4-flowered. Primary bracts 45 mm. long,
ovate, acuminate, pectinate, glabrous, laccate. Floral bracts broadly
elliptic, acuminulate, much shorter than the sepals. Flowers 38
mm. long, glabrous, the pedicels 3-4 mm. long; sepals 21 mm. long,
linear-elliptic, abruptly acute; petals greenish yellow, the blade
broadly elliptic, acute.
Swampy places. Huanuco: Province of Huamalies, southwest-
ern mountains near Monzon, 3,300-3,500 meters, Weberbauer 3376.
Endemic.
504 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
13. Puya cylindrica Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 66. 1919.
Stout, 1 meter high; stem thick, decumbent, branching. Leaves
narrowly triangular, 5 dm. long, 35 mm. wide, acuminate, pungent,
appressed-gray-lepidote throughout, the spines 1 cm. long. Inflo-
rescence bipinnate, densely cylindrical, 4 dm. long, 7-8 cm. broad,
densely and finely ferruginous-tomentose throughout. Primary
bracts large, broadly ovate, triangular-acute, spinose-serrate, mostly
exceeding the axillary racemes. Racemes densely 5-flowered; rachis
slender. Floral bracts lance-ovate, acuminate, about equaling the
sepals, the lowest ones remotely denticulate. Flowers erect, the
pedicels slender, 1 cm. long; sepals lance-triangular, acuminate, 35
mm. long; petals 45 mm. long, bluish green; stamens and pistil
slightly exserted.
Arequipa: Province of Union, near Cotahuasi, 2,500-2,600
meters, Weberbauer 6873. Endemic.
14. Puya longistyla Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 12. 1906.
Stems short, stout, much branched. Leaves spreading, narrowly
triangular, 8 dm. long, 25 mm. wide, pungent, glabrous above,
appressed-cinereous-lepidote below, the spines 12 mm. long. Scape
stout, ascending, its bracts imbricate, broadly ovate, laciniate-
spinose, long-caudate, farinose-lepidote. Inflorescence bipinnate,
densely cylindric, 5 dm. long, 9 cm. in diameter, finely white-stellate-
tomentose throughout, its branches 6-flowered, slender, shorter than
the primary bracts. Primary bracts 9 cm. long, 45 mm. wide,
broadly ovate, triangular-acute, densely denticulate. Floral bracts
lanceolate, acuminate, much shorter than the sepals, somewhat
carinate, entire. Flowers erect; pedicels slender, 9-20 mm. long;
sepals narrowly triangular, acuminate, 33 mm. long; petals 5 cm.
long, glaucous-green; pistil exserted for 6 mm.
Stony slopes. Cuzco: Province of Urubamba, 3,000 meters,
Weberbauer 4916 (type). Near Yucai, 2,900 meters, Herrera 777.
Endemic. "Achupalla." Used as firewood (F. L. Herrera!).
15. Puya fastuosa Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 12. 1906.
Very conspicuous, 2.5 meters high. Leaves narrowly triangular,
4 dm. long, 3 cm. wide, glabrous above, appressed-gray-lepidote
below, the spines 6 mm. long. Inflorescence densely paniculate,
cylindric, 1 meter long, 1 dm. in diameter, its branches few-flowered,
shorter than the primary bracts, sterile at the extreme apex, the
lowest 8 cm. long. Primary bracts ovate, acute, erect or nearly so,
lacimate-serrulate, glabrescent except for the lanate base. Floral
FLORA OF PERU 505
bracts 3 cm. long, exceeding the sepals, broadly elliptic, acute,
glabrescent, subcoriaceous. Flowers 37 mm. long, the pedicels stout,
7 mm. long; sepals elliptic, subobtuse, thick, 2 cm. long; petals
greenish yellow, obtuse, equaling the stamens.
Swamps. Cajamarca: In the northwestern mountains near
Hualgayoc, 3,700-3,900 meters, Weberbauer 4069. Endemic.
16. Puya Herrerae Harms, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
792. 1929.
Leaves not known. Scape probably 3-4 dm. long. Inflorescence
compound, cylindric, 3-4 dm. long, its branches few-flowered, dense,
5-7 cm. long, covered by the primary bracts. Primary bracts
broadly ovate, entire, acute, imbricate. Floral bracts broadly ovate,
acuminulate, 40-45 mm. long, 25 mm. wide, densely villous. Flowers
with short, thick pedicels; sepals oblong, obtuse or subacute, 25 mm.
long; petals 50-55 mm. long.
Cuzco(?) : Valle del Apurimac, Hacienda Paucarcoto, 3,000 meters,
Herrera 1965. Endemic. "Ccjayara."
17. Puya depauperata L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 98:
10. pi. 3J. 10-11. 1932.
About 5 dm. high. Leaves narrowly triangular, 4 dm. long, 3
cm. broad, glabrous above, very finely appressed-lepidote below, the
spines 6 mm. long. Scape erect, slender, its bracts dense, foliaceous,
coarsely spinose-serrate. Inflorescence dark purple, densely and
finely appressed-lepidote, consisting of a single terminal strobilate
raceme 15 cm. long and two short, almost bud-like branches at its
base. Primary bracts (below the short branches) suborbicular, apicu-
late, largely concealing the axillary raceme, entire. Floral bracts
ovate or elliptic, apiculate, exceeding the sepals. Flowers erect,
40-45 mm. long, the pedicels stout, obconic, up to 1 cm. long; sepals
oblanceolate, acute, 25 mm. long; petals lurid green, fading to purple
(Macbride & Featherstone!), 37 mm. long, the blade not distinct;
stamens and pistil included, the ovary pyramidal.
Shrubby, rocky canyon side. Junin: Cabello, hacienda 9 miles
above Huertas, 2,700 meters, 1339. Endemic.
18. Puya pyramidata (R. & P.) Schult. f. in R. & S. Syst. Veg.
7: 1235. 1830. Pourretia pyramidata R. & P. Fl. 3: 34, pi. 257. 1802.
Pitcairnia pyramidata Pers. Syn. PI. 1: 344. 1805. Bromelia
pyramidata Beer, Brom. 34. 1857.
506 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
One meter or less in height. Leaves narrowly triangular, about
2 dm. long, 2-3 cm. broad, rigid, pungent, glabrous on both sides,
the spines black, 3-4 mm. long, erect. Scape erect, much exceeding
the leaves, glabrescent, its bracts densely imbricate, making a very
gradual transition between the leaves and floral bracts. Inflores-
cence racemose, at first dense and pyramidal, later elongate, cylindric,
glabrous. Bracts ovate, acuminate, spinose-serrate, much exceeding
the sepals. Flowers pedicellate, spreading to reflexed ; sepals ovate,
acute, 18 mm. long; petals yellowish green, acute, more than twice
as long as the sepals.
Clearings, open sphagnum uplands. Huanuco: Mountains,
Chinchao to Macora, Ruiz & Pavdn. Chavin to Monzon, Ruiz &
Pavdn. Playa-pampa, 3,000 meters, 4891. Endemic.
Lechler 3131 collected near Sachapata has been referred to this
species, but the specimen is very old and defective and shows no
spines on the bracts, so that the determination is probably erroneous.
19. Puya mitis Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 10. 1906.
Slender, 7 dm. high. Leaves entire throughout, 15 cm. long;
sheaths persistent, forming an ellipsoid bulb; blade 5 mm. wide,
narrowly triangular, subulate-involute. Scape slender, erect, its
lower bracts long-caudate, entire, its upper bracts ovate-acute,
serrulate. Inflorescence simple, 2 dm. long, 15-flowered, glabrous,
laxly racemose. Bracts broadly ovate-elliptic, entire or the lowest
minutely serrulate, shorter than the sepals. Flowers nodding at
anthesis, later erect, 32 mm. long, the pedicels 15 mm. long; sepals
16 mm. long, elliptic, obtuse; petals greenish yellow, obtuse, tubular-
erect; stamens and pistil included.
Junin: Province of Tarma, in the mountains east of Huacapistana,
3,000-3,100 meters, Weberbauer 209 %. Endemic.
20. Puya lanuginosa (R. & P.) Schult. f. in R. & S. Syst. Veg.
7: 1234. 1830. Pourretia lanuginosa R. & P. Fl. 3: 33. pi. 256. 1802.
Bromelia lanuginosa Beer, Brom. 32. 1857. Pitcairnia crystallina
Pers. Syn. PI. 1: 344. 1805. Puya Ruiziana Mez in DC. Monogr. 9:
491. 1896, as to material cited.
Over 1 meter high. Leaves densely imbricate, narrowly tri-
angular, glabrous, spinulose-serrate. Scape erect, its bracts foli-
aceous. Inflorescence simple, subspicate, large. Bracts broadly
ovate, acute, much shorter than the sepals, lanate, finally reflexed
at the apex. Flowers imbricate, 6 cm. long, subsessile; sepals
FLORA OF PERU 507
broadly ovate, 30-35 mm. long, cinereous-lanate; petals greenish,
purple on withering, spreading to reflexed at the apex.
Woods and hills, or rocky clearings. Huanuco: Posuso, Panao,
Acomayo, Ruiz & Pavdn. — Junin: Pillao, Ruiz & Pawn. Endemic.
21. Puya Macbridei L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 98: 12.
pi. 3, f. 17-18. 1932.
About 1 meter high. Leaves narrowly triangular, 7-8 dm. long,
25 mm. wide, glabrous above, minutely appressed-lepidote below,
the apex long-caudate, the spines stout, dark brown, hooked, 6 mm.
long. Scape erect, terete, glabrous, its bracts deciduous. Inflorescence
elongate, laxly racemose, finely cinereous- tomentose throughout.
Bracts narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, mostly shorter than the pedi-
cels, thick, reflexed. Flowers erect or suberect, the pedicels rather
stout, enlarged upward, 2 cm. long; sepals narrowly lanceolate, 35
mm. long, 7 mm. broad; petals 6 cm. long, spirally twisted.
Gravel river bluffs. Ancash: Recuay, 3,000 meters, 2516.
Endemic.
22. Puya reflexiflora Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 66. 1919. P.
stenostele Harms, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 57. 1930.
About 1 meter high; stem prostrate, branching, thick. Leaves
rigid, narrowly triangular, acuminate, 8 dm. long, 37 mm. wide,
appressed-gray-lepidote below, the spines stout, hooked, dark brown,
5 mm. long. Scape stout, erect, its bracts broadly lanceolate,
acuminate, 4-5 cm. long. Inflorescence racemose, 6 dm. long, 9
cm. in diameter, subcylindric, dense above and lax below; axis,
pedicels, and sepals densely cinereous-lanate. Bracts broadly ovate
or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, at first about equaling the sepals
but at maturity not reaching beyond their mid-point, entire, thick,
coriaceous. Flowers spreading or reflexed at anthesis, the pedicels
stout, 1 cm. long; sepals narrowly ovate, obtuse or apiculate, 25-35
mm. long, 16 mm. broad; petals 6 cm. long, tubular-erect, blue-green,
the blade broadly lanceolate, acute.
Rocky places. Ancash: Below Hacienda Cajabamba, between
Samanco and Caraz, 3,300-3,400 meters, Weberbauer 3148. Endemic.
23. Puya dolichostrobila Harms, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
10:215.1928.
Caulescent, decumbent, branching. Leaves linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, 5-6 dm. long, 4-5 cm. wide, glabrous above, minutely
puberulent below, the spines stout, dark brown. Inflorescence 4
508 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
dm. long, slender, dense. Bracts imbricate, lance-ovate, acuminate,
up to 5 cm. long, 15-20 mm. broad, entire or sparsely denticulate,
villous below, glabrescent above. Flowers ferruginous-tomentose
throughout, the pedicels about 1 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, acute,
33 mm. long; petals 6 cm. long, greenish yellow.
Stony slopes, open xerophytic formation. Libertad: Province
of Otuzco, left bank of the Rio de Chicama below Hacienda Mem-
brillal, 1,400 meters, Weberbauer 6981. Endemic.
24. Puya isabellina Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 66. 1919.
Stem decumbent, 8-10 cm. thick. Leaves decurved, rigid, 3
dm. long, 4 cm. wide, acuminate, the spines 8 mm. long. Inflo-
rescence densely cylindric, subspicate, 3 dm. long, 1 dm. in diameter.
Bracts elliptic, acuminate or apiculate, minutely furfuraceous, 35
mm. long, about equaling the sepals, the upper ones subobtuse,
somewhat spreading. Flowers 5 cm. long, short-pedicellate, sub-
erect, isabelline; sepals 24 mm. long, acute, furfuraceous.
Cajamarca: Province of Hualgayoc, below Santa Cruz, Weber-
bauer 4144- Endemic.
25. Puya macrura Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 13. 1906.
Stem 8-10 cm. thick, decumbent, branching. Leaves rosulate,
recurved, rigid, narrowly triangular, 4 dm. long, 35 mm. broad,
appressed-white-lepidote throughout, the spines stout, hooked, dark
brown, 9 mm. long. Scape stout, erect, exceeding the leaves, densely
white-lanate, its bracts glabrous, exceeding the internodes, ovate,
the lower caudate, the upper acute. Inflorescence densely sub-
spicate, attenuate-cylindric, 35 cm. long, 5 cm. in diameter; axis
thick, densely white-lanate. Bracts ovate, acuminate, entire, 4 cm.
long, exceeding the sepals, erect or nearly so, brown, pergamentaceous,
aciculose-pungent, glabrous, strongly nerved. Flowers subsessile,
47 mm. long; sepals 26 mm. long, triangular, acuminate, densely
white-lanate; petals dark violet, tubular-erect, exceeding the pistil
and stamens.
Rocky places. Ancash: Near Caraz, 2,200-2,500 meters, Weber-
bauer 8022. Endemic.
26. Puya lanata (HBK.) Schult. f. in R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7:
1233. 1830. Pourretia lanata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 296. 1816.
Pitcairnia lanata Dietr. Lexicogr. Nachtr. 6: 303. 1820.
Up to 3 meters high. Stem erect, elongate. Leaves 5 dm. long
or longer, narrowly triangular, pungent, about 35 mm. wide, coarsely
FLORA OF PERU 509
spinose-serrate, punctulate-lepidote above, densely white-appressed-
lepidote below. Inflorescence simple, densely cylindric, 4 dm. long,
1 dm. in diameter; rachis stout, densely lanate. Bracts narrow, sub-
lanceolate, entire, about equaling the flowers, ferruginous-lanate,
pungent. Flowers 55 mm. long, suberect, the pedicels very short,
obconic; sepals narrowly triangular, 35 mm. long, aristate, lanate;
petals rounded-apiculate, greenish white; stamens included.
Cajamarca: Between Cajamarca and Magdalena, 350 meters,
Humboldt & Bonpland. Endemic.
27. Puya gracilis L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 98: 11. pi.
3, f, 12-13.1932.
About 8 dm. high. Leaves narrowly triangular, 6-7 dm. long,
18 mm. broad, ferruginous-lepidote, furfuraceous, the spines slender,
hooked, 7 mm. long. Scape erect, glabrous, 5 mm. in diameter, its
bracts remote, ovate, spinulose-serrate, the lowest ones long-caudate.
Inflorescence slenderly racemose, 35 cm. long, minutely stellate-
lepidote throughout. Bracts membranaceous, ovate, apiculate,
mostly shorter than the sepals. Flowers erect or suberect, slender,
the pedicels slender, 5-7 mm. long; sepals narrowly ovate, acuminate,
3 cm. long; petals tubular-erect, about equaling the stamens; pistil
exserted.
Indefinite: Weberbauer 6474- Endemic.
28. Puya strobilantha Mez, Repert Nov. Sp. 3: 13. 1906.
Probably 1 meter high, stout. Leaves rigid, narrowly triangular,
9 dm. long, 25 mm. wide, glabrous and lustrous above, appressed-
lepidote below, the spines 6 mm. long. Inflorescence subspicate,
ellipsoid, strobilate, many-flowered, 14 cm. long, 6 cm. in diameter.
Bracts densely imbricate, broadly ovate, acute, entire, stellate-
puberulent, soon glabrous, lustrous, brown, exceeding the sepals,
4 cm. long, 3 cm. broad. Flowers erect or nearly so, the pedicels
very short and thick; sepals 25 mm. long, linear-elliptic, obtuse,
thick.
Rocky places. Junin: Province of Tarma, near Palca on the
road above Huacapistana, 2,000-2,100 meters, Weberbauer 2050.
Endemic.
29. Puya Raimondii Harms, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
213. 1928. Pourretia gigantea Raimondi, El Peru 1: 297. 1874, not
Puya gigantea Phil. 1865, nor P. gigantea Andre", 1879.
510 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Columnar, 9.5 meters high. Trunk 4 meters high, 6 dm. in
diameter, surmounted by the dense leaf rosette. Leaves many,
1-1.25 meters long, subglabrous; sheath 15 cm. broad; blade narrowly
triangular, pungent, the spines curved, dark brown, 1 cm. long.
Inflorescence compound, scapose, 4.3 meters long, 6 dm. thick,
slenderly cylindric, attenuate, lanate throughout; branches spreading
or reflexed, densely racemose, sterile toward the apex. Floral bracts
densely imbricate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, membranaceous,
subglabrescent, exceeding the sepals. Flowers stout-pedicellate.
Sepals lanceolate, acute, 4 cm. long. Petals 6-8 cm. long, greenish
white, often purplish, the blade broad. Capsule globose-ovoid.
Seed, including its irregular circumferential wing, 3-5 mm. broad.
Steep, rocky slopes. Ancash: Huaraz, vicinity of Aija, 4,000
meters, Weberbauer 2955. Cordillera Negra, vicinity of Huaraz,
3,800 meters, Weberbauer 3746. Western slopes, Pomopampa,
30 miles east of Huaraz, 4,000 meters, 2496. Bolivia. "Cunco,"
"junco," "llakuash." The largest and most striking member of the
Bromeliaceae. Used for timbers in roofs (Macbride!).
EXCLUDED SPECIES
Puya Pearcei (Bak.) Mez was formerly attributed to Peru, but
is now proved to have been collected in Bolivia.
2. LINDMANIA Mez
Slender herbs. Leaves entire or remotely serrate. Scape erect,
slender. Inflorescence a lax panicle, twice or thrice pinnate; floral
bracts small. Flowers minute, whitish or green. Sepals free, scale-
like. Petals twice as long as the sepals, free, naked. Ovary supe-
rior, glabrous, the style slender, equaling the stamens. Capsule
septicidal or loculicidal. Seeds narrowly fusiform, with narrow
dorsal wing caudate-produced at the ends. — Eleven species. Terres-
trial. Chiefly Andean with outlying species in Mexico, Salvador,
Guiana, and Argentina. Type species: L. guianensis Mez.
Flowers neither secund nor nutant 1. L. petiolata.
Flowers secund or nutant, usually both.
Flowers not more than 5 mm. long.
Leaf blades entire 2. L. Weberbaueri.
Leaf blades serrulate toward the base 3. L. Rusbyi.
Flowers 8-9 mm. long 4. L. penduliflora.
FLORA OF PERU 511
1. Lindmania petiolata Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 864. 1904.
Slender, 1 meter high. Leaves many, fasciculate, entire, the
outer scale-like, the inner narrowed into a grooved petiole 35 mm.
long above the short, triangular sheath; blade narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, 4 dm. long, 35 mm. wide, submembranaceous, densely
pale-lepidote below. Scape slender, strict, cobwebby-tomentose
then glabrous, its bracts membranaceous, narrowly lanceolate,
much exceeding the internodes. Inflorescence narrow, tripinnate,
subglabrous, 25 cm. long, 3 cm. in diameter; primary branches
elongate, the ultimate branches in the form of ellipsoid heads in the
axils of large, lanceolate, membranaceous bracts. Floral bracts
broadly lanceolate, acute, slightly exceeding the pedicels. Flowers
greenish white, suberect to spreading, 4 mm. long, glabrous, the
pedicels 1.5 mm. long; sepals elliptic, narrowly obtuse, 2.5 mm. long;
petals broadly elliptic, emarginate; stamens free, the anthers obtuse
at both ends, 1.75 mm. long; style stout, equaling the ovary.
Woods. Puno: Near Tambo Isilluma, on the road between
Sandia and Chunchosmayo, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 1210.
Endemic.
2. Lindmania Weberbaueri Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 417.
1913. Cottendorfia Rusbyi Baker, Bull. Torrey Club 29: 697. 1902,
not Lindmania Rusbyi Mez, 1901.
Up to 9 dm. high. Leaves about 10, laxly rosulate, entire,
constricted above the sheath but not definitely petiolate, broadly
lanceolate, acuminate, 25 cm. long, 4 cm. wide, membranaceous,
glabrous, light green (when dried). Scape slender, erect, glabrous,
its bracts shorter than the internodes, entire. Inflorescence laxly
bipinnate, glabrous, many-flowered, 3 dm. long, 75 mm. in diameter,
its branches curved-ascending, slender, 8 cm. long, laxly flowered.
Floral bracts ovate, acute, 1.5 mm. long, slightly shorter than the
pedicels, erect. Flowers nodding, rather obscurely secund, 5 mm.
long, white; sepals subtriangular, obtuse, half as long as the petals;
petals subelliptic, acute, erect at an thesis; stamens included.
Tropical rain forest. Ayacucho: Province of Huanta, by the
Rio Pieni, Weberbauer 5635 (type). Junin: La Merced, 700 meters,
5352. Rio Paucartambo Valley, near Peren£ Bridge, 700 meters,
Killip & Smith 25326. Bolivia.
3. Lindmania Rusbyi Mez, Bot. Jahrb. 30: Beibl. 67: 6. 1901.
Slender, 5-9 dm. high. Leaves 5 dm. long, constricted above
the sheath but not definitely petiolate, 25 mm. wide, linear-lanceo-
512 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
late, filiform-acuminate, thin, pale green and glabrous above, densely
white-lepidote below, somewhat dimorphic with the narrower leaves
distinctly, the broader ones obscurely serrate just above the sheath.
Scape slender, erect, glabrous, its bracts entire, all but the upper-
most exceeding the internodes and with long, filiform-acuminate
apices. Inflorescence laxly bipinnate or tripinnate, glabrous, many-
flowered, 3 dm. long, its branches curved-ascending, slender, laxly
8-15-flowered. Floral bracts broadly ovate, acute, 1-2 mm. long,
membranous. Flowers nodding, secund, 3-4 mm. long; sepals ovate,
2 mm. long; petals narrowly elliptic, soon recurved.
Cuzco: Pumachaca, Santa Ana Valley, 1,400 meters, Herrera
8316. Bolivia.
4. Lindmania penduliflora (C. H. Wright) Stapf, Bot. Mag.
150: pi. 9029. 1924. Catopsis penduliflora C. H. Wright, Kew Bull.
Misc. Inf. 197. 1910.
Leaves rosulate, linear-lanceolate, with a soft, narrow apex, 25
cm. long, 35 mm. wide, thin, glabrous above, sparingly scurfy below.
Scape slender, glabrous, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, entire, the
upper remote. Inflorescence laxly paniculate, 2 dm. long, its branches
simple, or the lowest branched and 2 dm. long. Primary bracts like
the upper scape bracts, 5-10 mm. long, hyaline. Floral bracts ovate-
acuminate, 1-1.5 mm. long, thin, green. Flowers secund, nodding,
the pedicels 2, rarely 3 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, acute, 3.5 mm.
long, green with white margins; petals lance-oblong, 8-9 mm. long,
over 2 mm. broad, white; stamens included.
Indefinite: Forget, in a lot of living plants from Peru. Argentina,
Bolivia.
3. DEUTEROCOHNIA Mez
Shrubby perennials. Leaves densely rosulate, rigid, narrowly
triangular, coarsely serrate, with a membrane of whitish scales
below or on both sides. Scape woody. Inflorescence paniculate,
2-4-pinnate, its branches polystichous-flowered, developing from the
buds in the axils of the persistent bracts. Flowers sessile or pedicel-
late, showy. Sepals free. Petals erect, regular, each with a single
large scale at the base. Stamens free. Ovary superior, glabrous.
Capsule septicidal. Seeds brown, with a dorsal wing. — Six species.
Xerophytic plants of the eastern slopes of the Andes. Type species,
D. longipetala (Baker) Mez.
1. Deuterocohnia longipetala (Baker) Mez in Mart. Fl. Bras.
3, pt. 3: 507. pi. 95. 1894. Dyckia longipetala Baker, Brom. 135.
FLORA OF PERU 513
1889. D. decomposite Baker, Brom. 136. 1889. Puya flava Willd.
ex Baker, Brom. 135. 1889, nomen.
Leaves 3 dm. long, the apex produced into a long, whip-like,
entire point, the spines 3-4 mm. long. Scape glabrous, its upper
bracts shorter than the internodes. Inflorescence many-flowered,
its branches laxly flowered. Floral bracts broadly ovate, abruptly
acute. Flowers erect, sessile, 25 mm. long; sepals 8-10 mm. long,
strongly asymmetric, obliquely truncate; petals yellow with a green
spot at the apex.
Cajamarca: Between Trembladera and Llallan, on the road from
the coast to Cajamarca, Weberbauer 3781. — Amazonas: Province
of Luya, valley of the Rio Marafion, Tupen, 800 meters, Weberbauer
4798. Brazil, Argentina.
4. PITCAIRNIA L'He"r.
Mostly stemless herbs, but a few species definitely caulescent.
Leaves fasciculate or imbricate and many-ranked along a stem, entire
or spinose-serrate, the sheath small, often bulbous-thickened, the
blade linear to lanceolate or obovate with a definite petiole or nar-
rowly triangular, sometimes dimorphic with some blades reduced
to horny, spinulose-serrate spines. Inflorescence simple or com-
pound. Sepals free. Petals free, usually slightly zygomorphic,
naked or with a single triangular scale at the base or with 2 vertical
or oblique calli. Stamens free, included or rarely exserted, the
anthers linear, versatile. Ovary usually partly inferior, but the
greater part superior, the style filiform. Ovules many. Capsule
septicidal in the Peruvian species. Seeds caudate-appendaged at
both ends or rarely with a dorsal or dorso-apical wing. — About 180
species. Terrestrial or saxicolous, rarely epiphytic. Mexico and the
Antilles south to northern Argentina. Type species, P. bromeliaefolia
L'HeY.
Petals each with a single scale or ligule at the base, or this becoming
2 oblique calli by recession of the point.
Leaf blades 6-10 cm. broad, distinctly petiolate.
Inflorescence pendulous or trailing; flowers secund.
1. P. corallina.
Inflorescence erect; flowers erect.
Sepals mucronulate, carinate; petals violet. 2. P. cyanopetala.
Sepals entire at the apex, ecarinate; petals red.
3. P. Sprucei.
514 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaf blades not more than 45 mm. broad at most, rarely petiolate.
Floral bracts equaling or exceeding the pedicels.
Leaves dimorphic, the outer ones reduced to serrate spines.
Sepals acute; inflorescence simple.
Sepals wing-keeled.
Blades of the functional leaves spinulose-serrate.
4. P. eximea.
Blades of the functional leaves entire . . 5. P. Augusti.
Sepals convex or merely keeled, the keels not produced
into wings.
Blades of the functional leaves entire . . 6. P. pungens.
Blades of the functional leaves spinulose-serrate.
7. P. lanuginosa.
Sepals obtuse-mucronulate; inflorescence paniculate.
8. P. Lechleri.
Leaves all alike.
Sepals acuminate; inflorescence ample. .9. P. cassapensis.
Sepals emarginate; inflorescence simple or few-branched.
10. P. rigida.
Floral bracts much shorter than the pedicels.
Sepals acute or acuminate, lanceolate.
Sepals 15-18 mm. long 11. P. paniculata.
Sepals only 6 mm. long 12. P. pulverulenta.
Sepals obtuse or truncate.
Inflorescence simple 13. P. subpetiolata.
Inflorescence paniculate.
Inflorescence thyrsoid with the primary bracts nearly or
quite equaling the axillary branches . . 14. P. inermis.
Inflorescence pyramidal with the primary bracts much
shorter than the axillary branches.
Pedicels 12 mm. long; sepals glabrous.
15. P. tarapotensis.
Pedicels 6 mm. long; sepals densely white-furfuraceous.
16. P. truncata.
Petals naked, or with 2 vertical calli.
Inflorescence simple, racemose or spicate.
Floral bracts shorter than the pedicels . . 17. P. brevicalycina.
FLORA OF PERU 515
Floral bracts equaling or exceeding the pedicels, or the flowers
sessile.
Flowers definitely pedicellate.
Sepals obtuse or obtuse-mucronate.
Flowers strict, polystichous 18. P. straminea.
Flowers spreading, secund 19. P. viridis.
Sepals acute or acuminate.
Leaves definitely petiolate, 7 cm. wide.
20. P. sceptriformis.
Leaves not petiolate, much narrower.
Leaves all alike, strongly serrate 21. P. grandiflora.
Leaves dimorphic, the broader ones entire.
22. P. scandens.
Flowers sessile; floral bracts nearly equaling the sepals.
23. P. Poeppigiana.
Inflorescence compound, paniculate.
Sepals glabrous or minutely tomentose-lepidote, but not
stellate-lepidote.
Leaves serrate, at least at the base.
Floral bracts much shorter than the pedicels.
Scape stout; sepals 24 mm. long 24. P. puyoides.
Scape slender; sepals 12 mm. long. 15. P. tarapotensis.
Floral bracts about equaling the pedicels . 25. P. cuzcoensis.
Leaves entire 26. P. Ruiziana.
Sepals covered with a dense stellate ferruginous tomentum.
27. P. ferruginea.
1. Pitcairnia corallina Linden & Andre", Belg. Hort. 23: 112.
1873.
Leaves dimorphic, the outer ovate, acute, scale-like, the inner
petiolate, entire except for the petiole, the blade elongate-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, strongly plicate-nerved, up to 1 meter long and
1 dm. wide, glabrous above, densely and finely white-lepidote below.
Scape pendulous, stout, coral-red, its bracts green, ovate, acuminate,
usually exceeding the internodes. Inflorescence simple, racemose,
densely many-flowered, trailing on the ground; axis stout. Bracts
lanceolate, much exceeding the pedicels. Flowers secund, coral-
red, 75 mm. long, the pedicels about 1 cm. long; sepals subtriangular,
516 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
acute, 26 mm. long; petals appendaged, red with a narrow whitish
margin; ovary about one-half superior.
Abundant in open places in the lowlands. Loreto: Balsapuerto,
220 meters, King 3018.— San Martin: Tarapoto, 250 meters, Wil-
liams 6062; Ule 6316. Alto Rio Huallaga, 120-300 meters, Wil-
liams 6564- Colombia.
2. Pitcairnia cyanopetala Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48:
139. 1907.
Up to 8 dm. high. Leaves persistent; sheath short; petiole dis-
tinct, entire, grooved, 5 dm. long; blade 6 dm. long, 8 cm. broad,
narrowly oblanceolate, subglabrous, the apex acuminate, minutely
spinulose. Scape erect, its sheaths acuminate, exceeding the inter-
nodes. Inflorescence laxly racemose, sparingly furfuraceous. Floral
bracts oblanceolate, acuminate, purple, exceeding the pedicels but
much shorter than the sepals. Flowers, including the slender
pedicel 15-18 mm. long, up to 8 cm. long; sepals ovate, acuminate,
25 mm. long, 7 mm. broad, slightly carinate, lepidote; petals nar-
rowly lingulate, acute, violet, bearing a scale at the base; stamens
slightly shorter than the petals; pistil 5 cm. long, the ovary 5 mm.
long.
Terrestrial. Loreto: Cerro de Escalera, 1,400 meters, Ule 6608.
Endemic.
3. Pitcairnia Sprucei Baker, Journ. Bot. 19: 303. 1881.
The Peruvian specimens as here noted are larger throughout
than the type but do not differ in essential form. Leaves dimorphic,
some triangular, scale-like, others elongate and definitely petiolate;
sheath ovate; petiole slender, grooved, sparingly serrate toward the
base; blade up to 5 dm. long and 9 cm. broad, lanceolate, tapering at
both ends, minutely serrate especially toward the apex, glabrous
above, minutely appressed-white-lepidote below. Scape erect, its
bracts narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, sparingly appressed-lepi-
dote. Inflorescence simple, racemose. Floral bracts like the scape
bracts, much exceeding the pedicels. Flowers slender, suberect to
spreading, the pedicels slender, 10-18 mm. long; sepals narrowly
oblong, red, slightly asymmetric, obtuse, glabrous, 18-25 mm. long;
petals red, appendaged, 5-6 cm. long; ovary more than half superior.
Forests. Loreto: Tierra Doble on the Rio Nanay, Williams 1052.
Timbuchi on the Rio Nanay, Williams 1040. Santa Ana on the
upper Rio Nanay, Williams 1241. Manfinfa on the upper Rio
Nanay, Williams 1171. Brazil. "Bijanillo."
FLORA OF PERU 517
4. Pitcairnia eximea Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 5. 1906.
Leaves dimorphic, some reduced to linear, brown, serrate spines,
others foliaceous, linear, scarcely or not at all narrowed above the
sheath, 1 meter long, 3 cm. wide, spinulose-serrate throughout,
cobwebby-tomentose when young, becoming glabrous. Scape stout,
erect, its bracts foliaceous, elongate, spinulose, exceeding the inter-
nodes. Inflorescence simple, racemose, lax, at least at the base,
subcylindric, 4 dm. long, furfuraceous. Bracts elliptic-lanceolate,
much exceeding the pedicels, deflexed with the flowers after anthesis,
pergamentaceous, 4 cm. long, cobwebby-tomentose, becoming gla-
brous. Flowers up to 12 cm. long, the pedicels 1 cm. long; sepals
triangular, acuminate, 46 mm. long, wing-keeled; petals appendaged,,
greenish white, acute; ovary three-fourths superior.
Junin: Province of Tarma, above Huacapistana on the Palca
road, 1,900-2,000 meters, Weberbauer 2025. Endemic.
5. Pitcairnia Augusti Harms, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
211. 1928.
Up to 2 meters high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, about 3 dm.
long and 3 cm. wide, glabrous, pungent, entire. Scape stout, elon-
gate, its bracts long-acuminate, sparingly spinulose or subentire.
Inflorescence simple, racemose, about 3 dm. long. Floral bracts
lanceolate, acuminate, up to 35 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so,
exceeding the pedicels. Pedicels up to 13 mm. long; sepals lanceo-
late, acute, alate-carinate, 33 mm. long; petals 75 mm. long, linear,
appendaged, yellowish white.
Libertad : Province of Pataz, drainage of the Mixiollo, one of the
left tributaries of the Huallaga, 2,200-2,300 meters, Weberbauer
7074. Endemic.
6. Pitcairnia pungens HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 294. 1816.
P. laevis Willd. ex Schult. f. in R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1249. 1830.
P. concolor Baker, Journ. Bot. 19: 269. 1881.
Rarely more than 4 dm. high, the base often appearing somewhat
bulbous. Leaves dimorphic, some persistent and reduced to brown
serrate spines, others deciduous above the sheath, green, linear,
3 dm. long, 15 mm. wide, entire except for the persistent base.
Scape erect, its bracts acuminate, pungent, soon glabrous. Inflores-
cence simple, racemose, usually few-flowered, tomentose-lepidote.
Floral bracts subovate, entire, acuminate-mucronate, exceeding the
pedicels. Flowers erect at anthesis, 55 mm. long, yellowish red, the
518 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
pedicels up to 1 cm. long; sepals 25 mm. long, acuminate, carinate;
petals bearing a large emarginate scale at the base, about equaling
the stamens; ovary almost wholly superior.
Cajamarca: San Pablo, Weberbauer 3853. — Huanuco: Near
Mufia, Pearce 201, 377. Rock outcrop crevices, Piedra Grande,
near Rio Santo Domingo, 1,600 meters, 3669. — Lima: Near Canta,
Maclean. Open hillside, Rio Blanco, 3,000-3,500 meters, Killip &
Smith 21661. Moist eastern slope, Matucana, ca. 2,600 meters,
460. Same, crevices of perpendicular rock cliffs, 2935. Huariquina
to Matucana, Weberbauer 76. Tambo de Viso, Weberbauer 76a.—
Indefinite: Grisar. Colombia, Ecuador.
7. Pitcairnia lanuginosa R. & P. Fl. 3: 35. pi. 258. 1802.
Puya Ruiziana Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 491. 1896, as to synonymy
cited but not as to specimen.
Over 1 meter high. Leaves dimorphic, some reduced to dark
serrate spines, others foliaceous, linear, acuminate, scarcely if at
all narrowed above the base, spinulose-serrate except for the extreme
apex, gray-lanuginose below. Scape erect, stout, its bracts rather
remote, subtriangular, long-caudate. Inflorescence simple, laxly
racemose, incanous-lepidote. Floral bracts lanceolate, acuminate,
equaling or exceeding the pedicels. Flowers pedicellate, suberect;
sepals ovate, acute, convex or slightly carinate; petals linear, append-
aged, pale violet, three times as long as the sepals; stamens and pistil
included; ovary almost wholly superior.
On rocks in woods. Huanuco: Near Posuso, Ruiz & Pav6n.
Endemic.
8. Pitcairnia Lechleri Baker, Journ. Bot. 19: 269. 1881.
Leaves dimorphic, the outer ones dark brown, persistent, almost
spine-like, spinose-serrate, the inner ones deciduous, not at all
narrowed above the base, linear, 4 dm. long, 2 cm. wide, acuminate,
entire above the persistent spinulose base. Scape stout, erect, sub-
glabrous, its bracts narrowly triangular, aciculose-pungent, equaling
or exceeding the internodes, the lower ones spinulose-serrate at the
base. Inflorescence paniculate, pyramidal, glabrous, 4 dm. long or
more, its lower branches about 15 cm. long, with lower half sterile
and upper half densely flowered. Floral bracts narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, exceeding the pedicels or even the lowest flowers.
Flowers somewhat secund, spreading, the pedicels slender, 6 mm.
long; sepals 12 mm. long, obtuse-mucronulate, ecarinate; petals
ligulate-appendaged .
FLORA OF PERU 519
Puno: Eastern slopes of the Andes near Sachapata, Lechler 3132.
Endemic.
9. Pitcairnia cassapensis Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 8. 1919.
Leaves homomorphic, persistent, narrowed above the sheath but
not truly petiolate, linear, 1-1.5 meters long, 45 mm. wide, entire,
white-lepidote below when young, becoming glabrous. Inflorescence
laxly and amply paniculate, gray-pulverulent throughout, its
branches 15 cm. long, laxly 4-12-flowered. Floral bracts elliptic,
acuminulate, 15 mm. long, about equaling the slender pedicels.
Flowers crimson, 55 mm. long; sepals 22 mm. long, triangular,
acuminate, carinate; petals acute, ligulate-appendaged, exceeding
the stamens; ovary more than half superior.
Huanuco: Casapi, near Cochero, Poeppig 1526 (type). — Indefi-
nite: Mathews 2089. Endemic.
10. Pitcairnia rigida Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 625. 1904.
About 5 dm. high. Leaves all alike, fasciculate, deciduous, entire
above the persistent, spinose-serrate base, linear, not at all petiolate,
21 cm. long, 9 mm. wide, glabrous throughout at maturity. Scape
slender, erect, soon glabrous, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, entire,
slightly exceeding the internodes. Inflorescence a depauperate
panicle, 21 cm. long, scantly furfuraceous, its basal branches 2-5-
flowered, subsecund. Floral bracts narrowly triangular, acuminate,
equaling or exceeding the pedicels except near the apex where
reduced. Flowers spreading or reflexed, 4 cm. long, glabrous, the
pedicels slender, 5 mm. long; sepals 12 mm. long, oblong, emarginate,
slightly carinate; petals red, appendaged, exceeding the stamens;
ovary more than half superior.
In shrubby growth. Puno: Above Tambo Cochicachi, Weber-
bauer 1303. Endemic.
11. Pitcairnia paniculata R. & P. Fl. 3: 36. pi. 260. 1802.
Pourretia paniculata R. & P. Syst. 1: 81. 1798. Pitcairnia longifolia
Hook. Bot. Mag. 80: pi 4775. 1854. P. excelsa E. Morr. Belg. Hort.
25: 381. 1875. P. fruticetorum Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 4. 1906.
P. biattenuata Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 457. 1907.
Two meters or more high; stem stout, erect, ringed with leaf
scars. Leaves densely fasciculate, dimorphic or trimorphic, the
outer ones reduced, scale-like or some with setiform, spinose blades,
the inner elongate, contracted above the sheath but not always
petiolate, up to 1.5 meters long, 35 mm. broad, remotely spinulose-
520 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
serrate, acuminate, glabrous above, scantly furfuraceous below.
Scape white-furfuraceous, its bracts narrowly triangular, filiform-
caudate, the uppermost about equaling the internodes. Inflores-
cence laxly paniculate, pyramidal, 5 dm. long or more; axis furfur-
aceous; branches suberect to spreading, secundly many-flowered.
Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, much shorter than the pedi-
cels. Flowers slender, the pedicels 13 mm. long; sepals narrowly
triangular, acuminate, 15-18 mm. long; petals up to 45 mm. long,
red, ligulate-appendaged, exceeding the stamens; ovary almost
wholly superior.
Thickets; open slopes. Huanuco: Chinchao, Ruiz & Pavdn
(type). Pampayacu, hacienda at mouth of Rio Chinchao, 1,200
meters, 5114. Rio Huallaga Canyon, below Rio Santo Domingo,
1,300 meters, 4266. — Junin: Province of Tarma, on the Palca road
above Huacapistana, 1,700-1,900 meters, Weberbauer 1983. La
Merced, Hacienda Schunke, 1,300 meters, 5749; Killip & Smith
24610. Colonia Perene", 680 meters, Killip & Smith 25074. La
Merced, 700 meters, Killip & Smith 23756.— Cuzco: Lares Valley
between Calca and Pasto Grande, Weberbauer 7930. — Indefinite:
Mathews 3132. Bolivia.
12. Pitcairnia pulverulenta R. & P. Fl. 3: 36. pi 259. 1802.
Plant large, probably over 1 meter high. Leaves subdimorphic,
the outer ones distinctly petiolate, the inner merely narrowed between
sheath and blade; sheath ovate, entire; blade linear-lanceolate, 25-
30 mm. wide, plicate, densely serrulate throughout. Scape erect,
stout, pulverulent, its bracts imbricate, ovate, acute, serrulate;
inflorescence amply paniculate; primary bracts like the upper scape
bracts, much shorter than the axillary branches. Racemes spread-
ing, lax. Floral bracts ovate, acuminate, much shorter than the
pedicels. Flowers spreading, the pedicels slender, 1 cm. long; sepals
lance-ovate, acute, 6 mm. long; petals narrow, acute, 4 cm. long,
bearing a truncate scale at the base, red; stamens and pistil about
equaling the petals; ovary two-thirds superior.
Woods. Junin: Vitoc, Ruiz & Pavon. Endemic.
13. Pitcairnia subpetiolata Baker, Journ. Bot. 19: 267. 1881.
P. sessiliflora Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 457. 1907.
Leaves dimorphic, some reduced to serrate spines, others folia-
ceous, narrowed above the sheath but not definitely petiolate, linear,
acuminate, entire except at the base, the blade 6-9 dm. long, 15 mm.
wide, glabrous above, densely whitish-lepidote below. Scape erect,
FLORA OF PERU 521
its bracts triangular, acuminate, much shorter than the internodes.
Inflorescence laxly racemose, scantly furfuraceous to glabrous.
Floral bracts broadly elliptic, apiculate, shorter than the pedicels.
Flowers erect or nearly so, the pedicels stout, straight; sepals 20-22
mm. long, ecarinate, sublinear, emarginate, sparingly lepidote; petals
red, exceeding the stamens, bearing a large, strongly bidentate scale
at the base; ovary more than half superior.
San Martin: Near Tarapoto, Spruce (type). In dry, red, sandy
loam, cliff, Lamas, 840 meters, Williams 6377. — Huanuco: Grassy,
brushy slopes, Posuso, 600 meters, 4624- Bolivia.
14. Pitcairnia inermis Meyer ex Schult. f . in R. & S. Syst. Veg.
7: 1238. 1830. Pourretia inermis Meyer in Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 123.
pi. 23. 1827. Orthopetalum inerme Beer, Brom. 72. 1857.
Acaulescent, up to 5 dm. high. Leaves all alike, deciduous, not
at all contracted above the broadly ovate, dark sheath; blade entire,
linear, acuminate, 4-9 dm. long, 7-12 mm. broad, white-lepidote
below. Scape stout, soon glabrous, its bracts ovate-lanceolate,
entire, filiform-caudate, much exceeding the internodes. Inflorescence
thyrsoid; axis stout, soon glabrous; branches abbreviated. Primary
bracts almost or quite equaling the axillary branches. Floral
bracts thin, scale-like, shorter than the pedicels. Flowers 30-35
mm. long, the pedicels slender, about 7 mm. long; sepals obtuse,
ecarinate, 11-15 mm. long; petals scarlet, rapidly fading to white,
ligulate-appendaged, exceeding the stamens; ovary more than
three-fourths superior.
Steep, rocky grasslands. Huanuco: Near Casapi, Poeppig
1385. Chinchao Valley, Weberbauer 6804- Huacachi, near Muna,
2,200 meters, .4077. — Indefinite: Haenke (type); Mathews 2088.
Bolivia.
15. Pitcairnia tarapotensis Baker, Brom. 102. 1889.
Stemless, 5-14 dm. high. Leaves dimorphic, all persistent,
some reduced to dark, spinulose-serrate spines, others foliaceous,
narrowed above the sheath but not definitely petiolate, spinose
only at the base, glabrous, linear-lanceolate, 4-10 dm. long, 15 mm.
wide. Scape slender, erect, furfuraceous at first, becoming glabrous,
its bracts narrowly triangular, acuminate, entire, glabrous, the
upper ones shorter than the internodes. Inflorescence laxly bipin-
nate; axis glabrous. Floral bracts narrowly elliptic, apiculate, much
shorter than the pedicels, glabrous. Flowers suberect to spreading,
glabrous, 4 cm. long, the pedicels slender, 12 mm. long; sepals oblong,
522 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
broadly acute or obtuse and apiculate, 12 mm. long, ecarinate;
petals red, naked or with 2 minute, oblique calli, narrow, acute; ovary
three-fourths superior.
Grassy mountain top, mountain forest. San Martin: Near
Tarapoto, Spruce (type). Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1,200-
1,600 meters, King 3281. Endemic.
16. Pitcairnia truncata L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 98:
10. pi 3, f. 8-9. 1932.
Slightly less than 1 meter high. Leaves fasciculate, dimorphic,
some reduced to dark brown, serrate spines, others foliaceous,
somewhat narrowed above the sheath but not at all petiolate, the
blades linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 4-5 dm. long, 2 cm. wide,
remotely and minutely spinulose-serrate, glabrous above, densely
minute-puberulent below. Scape erect, sparingly furfuraceous-
lepidote, its bracts narrowly triangular, filiform-caudate, sub-
membranaceous, entire. Inflorescence laxly paniculate, pyramidal,
white-furfuraceous; branches spreading, straight, up to 7 cm. long
(not fully developed), the sterile base very short. Floral bracts
elliptic, apiculate, shorter than the pedicels and enfolding their bases.
Flowers slender, about 4 cm. long, mostly spreading, the pedicels
slender, 6 mm. long; sepals oblong, truncate, 1 cm. long, carinate,
slightly asymmetric; petals bright red, ligulate-appendaged, about
equaling the stamens; style exserted, the ovary more than half
superior.
Wooded hillsides. Ayacucho: Carrapa, between Huanta and
Rio Apurimac, 1,500 meters, Kittip & Smith 22414- Endemic.
17. Pitcairnia brevicalycina Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 9.
1919.
Leaves persistent, narrowed above the sheath but not petiolate,
lanceolate, 13 dm. long, 4 cm. wide, entire, soon glabrous. Scape
more than a meter high, stout, strict, its bracts triangular, shorter
than the internodes. Inflorescence simple, densely racemose, 4 dm.
long; axis stout, angled. Floral bracts ligulate, shorter than the
pedicels. Flowers erect, 42 mm. long, glabrous, greenish yellow,
the pedicels slender, 8 mm. long; sepals 1 cm. long, oblong, obtuse,
ecarinate; petals naked, obtuse, exceeding the stamens.
Huanuco: Province of Huanuco, valley of Chinchao, Weberbauer
6825a. Venezuela.
FLORA OF PERU 523
18. Pitcairnia straminea Poeppig ex Mez in DC. Monogr.
9: 427. 1896.
Imperfectly known, probably 1 meter high. Leaves narrowed
above the sheath but not definitely petiolate, linear-lanceolate,
filiform-acuminate, 7 dm. long, 20 mm. wide, entire, densely white-
lepidote below. Scape stout, scantly furfuraceous, its bracts remote,
ovate-apiculate, 18 mm. long. Inflorescence laxly racemose, inter-
rupted at the base, 45 cm. long; axis stout, straight. Floral bracts
ovate-elliptic, obtuse, exceeding the pedicels. Flowers erect, the
pedicels 5 mm. long; sepals narrowly triangular, 15 mm. long, obtuse-
mucronulate; petals naked.
Huanuco: Near Cochero, Poeppig 1442. Endemic.
19. Pitcairnia viridis Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 8. 1919.
Giving off low shoots from a short, erect rhizome, densely cespi-
tose, slender, up to 33 cm. high. Leaves all alike, squarrose, rosulate,
persistent, green above, densely appressed-white-lepidote below, 12
cm. long, 8 mm. wide, acuminate, spinulose-serrate. Scape slender,
erect, glabrous, its bracts entire, pale, all but the lowest remote.
Inflorescence up to 5-flowered, racemose; axis glabrous. Floral
bracts broadly ovate, acute, entire, brown, membranaceous, glabrous,
longer than the pedicels and secund with them. Flowers spreading,
secund, 27 mm. long, the pedicels stout, 5 mm. long, densely brown-
tomentose; sepals obtuse, 12 mm. long, densely brown-lepidote;
petals green, naked, obtuse; stamens included; ovary more than
three-fourths superior.
Indefinite: Weberbauer. Endemic.
20. Pitcairnia sceptriformis Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4:
628. 1904.
Caulescent. Leaves not deciduous, glabrous; sheath not known;
petiole 15 cm. long, grooved, spinose-serrate; blade entire, acuminate,
6 dm. long, 7 cm. broad. Scape evident, its bracts thin and mem-
branaceous, not leaf-like. Inflorescence racemose, elongate, densely
cylindric, 4 dm. long, 35 mm. in diameter, glabrous; axis stout.
Bracts ovate, acute, membranaceous, 2 cm. long, exceeded by the
sepals. Flowers erect, 43^48 mm. long, the pedicels 3-8 mm. long;
sepals rigid, coriaceous, subtriangular, acuminate, recurving-mu-
cronate at the apex, 24-30 mm. long; petals red, scaleless but with
two vertical calli each, Ungulate, mucronate, exceeding the stamens
and pistil; ovary pyramidal, superior. Seeds caudate.
524 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Scandent on trees. Loreto: Cerro de Ponasa, 1,300 meters,
Ule 62p. Endemic.
21. Pitcairnia grandiflora Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 5. 1906.
Stems decumbent, branching, 8-9 cm. thick. Leaves 7-8 dm.
long, the blade narrowly triangular, acuminate, 36 mm. wide,
densely cinereous-lepidote on both sides, serrate with spines 1 cm.
long. Inflorescence simple, densely racemose, cylindric, 3 dm.
long, 55 mm. in diameter, glabrous at anthesis; axis stout. Floral
bracts lanceolate, about 45 mm. long and 12 mm. wide, slightly
shorter than the sepals, thick, coriaceous, entire, reflexed or revolute.
Flowers 7 cm. long, erect or nearly so, the pedicels thick, 15 mm.
long; sepals narrowly triangular, acuminate, 35 mm. long, coriaceous
or fleshy; petals oblong, obtuse, reddish brown, naked.
Amazonas: Province of Chachapoyas, eastern slopes of the
valley of the Rio Maranon above Balsas, 1,100-1,200 meters,
Weberbauer 4268. Bolivia.
22. Pitcairnia scandens Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48:
140. 1907. P. riparia Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 416. 1913.
Rhizome elongate, giving off stolons, covered with persistent
leaf bases. Leaves dimorphic, some persistent, reduced to dark,
spinulose-serrate spines, others deciduous, narrowed above the
sheath but not petiolate, entire except for the persistent base, glab-
rous, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 40-45 cm. long, 10-24 mm. wide.
Scape slender, erect, its bracts shorter than or about equaling the
internodes, ovate-elliptic, apiculate. Inflorescence laxly racemose.
Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, much exceeding the
pedicels, entire. Flowers suberect, up to 7 cm. long, the pedicels
10-15 mm. long; sepals triangular, acute, 23-25 mm. long; petals
naked; ovary almost wholly superior.
Scandent on trees. Loreto: Cerro de Escalera, 1,300 meters,
Ule 6687. Cajamarca: Province of Ja£n, dry banks in the valley of
Rio Tabaconas, Weberbauer 6156. Endemic.
23. Pitcairnia Poeppigiana Mez in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 3:
461. 1894.
Leaves strongly petiolate, the blade spinulose-serrate, glabrous,
lanceolate, 1 meter long, 85 mm. wide. Inflorescence simple, densely
spicate, strobiliform, many-flowered. Floral bracts elliptic, rounded-
mucronulate, 28 mm. long, 12 mm. wide, membranaceous, glabrous.
FLORA OF PERU 525
Flowers sessile, 7 cm. long; sepals oblong, abruptly acute, mucronate,
25 mm. long, 6 mm. wide; petals naked, obtuse; ovary half superior.
Swamps in virgin forest. Loreto: Province of Mainas, near
Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2424- Endemic.
24. Pitcairnia puyoides L. B. Smith, Field Mus. Bot. 11: 147.
1936.
Plant stout and like a Puya in habit, probably well over 1 meter
high. Leaves 9 dm. long; sheath broadly ovate, 7 cm. long, dark
castaneous, lustrous, glabrous above, sparsely sordid-flocculose below;
blade linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 33 mm. wide, slightly con-
tracted at the base but not petiolate, densely serrate, the spines
straight, 3 mm. long, soon glabrous. Scape erect, 15 mm. in diameter,
subglabrous, its bracts suberect, foliaceous, densely imbricate.
Inflorescence laxly compound, flocculose, soon glabrous; racemes
laxly flowered, 15-21 cm. long; rachis stout. Floral bracts ovate,
acuminate, about half as long as the pedicels. Flowers suberect or
divergent; pedicels slender, 15-20 mm. long; sepals asymmetrical,
ovate, acute, 24 mm. long, 8 mm. wide, thick, coriaceous; petals
narrow, 6 cm. long, cream-colored; stamens included; ovary two-
thirds superior; ovules caudate.
Epiphytic in forest. San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba,
1,200-1,600 meters, King 3547. Endemic.
25. Pitcairnia cuzcoensis L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb.
98:9. pi. 3, f. 3-5. 1932.
About 9 dm. high. Leaves dimorphic, the outer reduced to dark
brown, scale-like, pungent-mucronate sheaths, the inner green,
narrowed above the sheath but not petiolate, entire except near the
base, linear-lanceolate, 5-6 dm. long, 25 mm. wide, glabrous above,
minutely white-puberulent below. Scape erect, slender, scantly
furfuraceous, its bracts narrowly triangular, acuminate, the upper-
most shorter than the internodes. Inflorescence a depauperate
panicle; axis scantly pale-furfuraceous. Floral bracts elliptic-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, about equaling the pedicels. Flowers
suberect to spreading, 4 cm. long, slender, the pedicels slender,
1 cm. long; sepals narrowly triangular, acuminate, scantly punctu-
late-lepidote; petals scarlet-red, naked; stamens exserted; ovary
three-fourths superior.
Mixed grass and shrub formation. Cuzco: Province of Quis-
picanchi, Chaupichaca, Marcapata Valley, 1,700 meters, Weber-
bauer 7825. Endemic.
526 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
26. Pitcairnia Ruiziana Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 420. 1896.
Up to 5 dm. high. Only the inner leaves known, these not at all
contracted above the narrow sheath, sublinear, acuminate, entire,
with a membrane of subferruginous scales below, 3 dm. long, 8
mm. wide. Scape erect, glabrous, its bracts leaf -like below, ovate-
triangular above, exceeding the internodes, glabrous. Inflorescence
a few-branched panicle, glabrous throughout, lax, narrowly thyrsoid,
its branches 2 cm. long (without the flowers), suberect, 3-6-flowered.
Floral bracts lanceolate, acute, 5 mm. long, hyaline, shorter than
the pedicels. Flowers 42 mm. long, the pedicels slender; sepals
narrowly subtriangular, 2 cm. long, obtuse-mucronulate; petals
naked, white or yellowish when dry, exceeding the stamens, narrow,
acute; ovary more than three-fourths superior.
Indefinite: Ruiz & Pavon. Endemic.
27. Pitcairnia ferruginea R. & P. Fl. 3: 36. 1802. Pourretia
ferruginea Spreng. Syst. Veg. 2: 23. 1825. Pitcairnia asterotricha
Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. 2: 42. pi. 158. 1838. Puya grandiflora
Hook. Bot. Mag. 87: pi. 5234. 1861. Pitcairnia consimilis Baker,
Journ. Bot. 19: 266. 1881. Puya echinotricha Andre", Rev. Hort. 60:
565. 1888. Pitcairnia echinotricha Baker, Brom. 119. 1889. P.
Weberbaueri Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 627. 1904. P. cotahuasiana
Harms, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 788. 1929. P. Herrerae
Harms, op. cit. 789. 1929. P. imperialis Harms, op. cit. 790. 1929.
P. latibracteata Harms, op. cit. 788. 1929. P. laresiana Harms,
Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin. 11: 58. 1930.
A very variable species. Up to several meters high; stem stout,
woody, covered with the remains of dead leaves. Leaves all alike,
densely rosulate, up to 1 meter long and 5 cm. wide, narrowly
triangular, acuminate, pungent, coarsely spinose-serrate, white-
lepidote below. Scape stout, rather woody, ferruginous-furfuraceous,
then glabrous, its bracts ovate, acuminate, serrate. Inflorescence
usually paniculate, pyramidal, covered with ferruginous stellate
scales; branches secundly many-flowered. Floral bracts ovate, acute,
usually shorter than the pedicels. Flowers up to 14 cm. long though
often much smaller, long-pedicellate; sepals oblong, obtuse, densely
stellate-ferruginous-lepidote; petals greenish white to various shades
of purple, usually with 2 vertical calli near the base but varying to
completely naked in a single flower; ovary two-thirds superior.
Open or shrubby, rocky hillsides. Amazonas: Near Chacha-
poyas, Mathews. — Huanuco: Near Casapi, Cochero, Poeppig 1531.
Yanahuanca, ca. 3,300 meters, 1160. Ambo, 2,300 meters, 3148.
FLORA OF PERU 527
Mountains near Huanuco, Haenke. — Lima: Near Lima, Ruiz &
Pavdn; Cuming 976; Wilkes Expedition. Rio Blanco, 3,000-3,500
meters, 711; Killip & Smith 21660.— Junin: Tarma, 3,000-3,200
meters, Killip & Smith 21806. Huacapistana, 1,800-2,400 meters,
Killip & Smith 24209. Province of Tarma, above Huacapistana on
the Palca road, 1,700-1,900 meters, Weberbauer 1989. — Cuzco:
Province of Quispicanchi, Paucartambo Valley, Hacienda Capana,
3,450 meters, Herrera 1075. Province of Calca, Lares Valley above
Mantoc, 2,500 meters, Weberbauer 7915. Urubamba Valley near
Yucai, 3,000 meters, Herrera 1463. Province of Cuzco, Sacsahua-
man, 3,500-3,600 meters, Herrera 857, 1196, 2180, 3085. Vicinity
of Cuzco, 3,300-3,500 meters, Herrera 61, 125, 164, 426. Province
of Cuzco, Valle de Oropeza, Sailla, 3,200 meters, Herrera 1760.
Sicuani, 3,550 meters, Hicken 9. — Arequipa: Province of La Union,
above Alca in the valley of Cotahuasi, 3,000-3,100 meters, Weber-
bauer 6880. — Puno: Near Sandia, 2,100 meters, Weberbauer 570.—
Indefinite: Gay 1921. Ecuador, Bolivia. "Achupalla," "orcco-
achupalla," "ccoe-achupalla," "china-achupalla."
EXCLUDED SPECIES
Pitcairnia odontopoda Baker was formerly attributed to Peru,
but is now proved to have been collected in Bolivia.
5. TILLANDSIA L.
Caulescent or acaulescent herbs of very variable habit. Leaves
rosulate or fasciculate or distributed along a stem, polystichous or
distichous, entire, ligulate or subtriangular. Scape usually distinct.
Inflorescence various, usually of distichous spikes or sometimes
reduced to a single polystichous spike by the reduction of the spikes
to single flowers or rarely the whole inflorescence reduced to a single
flower. Flowers perfect. Sepals usually symmetric, free, or equally
or posteriorly joined. Petals free, naked or rarely with vertical folds.
Stamens of various lengths relative to the petals and to the pistil.
Ovary superior, glabrous. Ovules usually many and caudate.
Capsule septicidal. Seeds erect, narrowly cylindric or fusiform; coma
white, straight, basal. — Dedicated to Elias Tillands, 1640-1693,
Swedish botanist. Over 350 species. Tropical and subtropical
America, from the southeastern United States, Mexico, Central
America, and the Antilles, to northern Argentina and Chile. Type
species, Tillandsia utriculata L.
Spikes with flowers distichous or secund, or else the inflorescence
reduced to a single flower.
528 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Sepals asymmetric, free, oblong or broadest near the apex, not
over 10 mm. long.
Inflorescence simple or few-branched, floral bracts membran-
aceous, nearly twice as long as the sepals.
Leaves straight 1. T. Seemanni.
Leaves undulate-crisped 2. T. crispa.
Inflorescence amply paniculate or the floral bracts shorter than
the sepals.
Floral bracts equaling or longer than the sepals.
Floral bracts even or faintly few-nerved near the margin.
3. T. triticea.
Floral bracts closely and prominently nerved.
4. T. pendulispica.
Most of the floral bracts distinctly shorter than the sepals.
Branches of the inflorescence divided.
Floral bracts and sepals glabrous or sparingly pale-
lepidote.
Scape bracts nearly or quite equaling the internodes.
Flowers more than twice as long as the internodes;
floral bracts sharply carinate . . 5. T. multiflora.
Flowers remote; floral bracts scarcely carinate.
Leaf blade 3 cm. broad .... 6. T. pallidoflavens.
Leaf blade not over 5 mm. broad.
7. T. Weberbaueri.
Scape bracts small, the upper ones less than half as
long as the internodes 8. T. commixa.
Floral bracts and sepals densely ferruginous-lepidote.
9. T.Bakeri.
Branches of the inflorescence simple.
Leaf blade not over 2 cm. broad at the base; sepals 3-5
mm. long.
Leaf blade linear; scape bracts small, remote.
10. T. parvi flora.
Leaf blade narrowly triangular; scape bracts usually
imbricate 11. T. adpressa.
Leaf blade over 2 cm. broad ; sepals up to 9 mm. long.
12. T. tetrantha.
FLORA OF PERU 529
Sepals symmetric, broadest near the base, often more than 10
mm. long.
Inflorescence of a single terminal or pseudo-axillary spike or
reduced to a single flower.
Leaves distichous.
Stem rarely over 2 dm. long, wholly concealed by the
imbricate leaf sheaths.
Leaf blade well over 2 mm. thick, acuminate.
13. T.Gilliesii.
Leaf blade not over 2 mm. thick, obtuse.
Sepals free or equally short-connate; inflorescence
always terminal.
Scape bracts 2 or 3 immediately below the first
floral bract; stem up to 2 dm. long; sepals
lepidote 14. T. Landbeckii.
Scape bract only one immediately below the first
floral bract; stem not over 1 dm. long; sepals
usually glabrous 15. T. recurvata.
Sepals connate posteriorly; inflorescence often becom-
ing pseudo-axillary 16. T. capillaris.
Stem several meters long, exposed between alternating
bunches of leaves; inflorescence 1-flowered, pseudo-
axillary 17. T. usneoides.
Leaves polystichous.
Spike lax with the floral bracts less than twice as long as
the internodes, or reduced to a single flower.
Flowers strict or spike 1-flowered.
Leaves not more than 15 mm. long, strict; spike always
1-flowered 18. T. bryoides.
Leaves 2-4 cm. long; spike usually several-flowered.
19. T. loliacea.
Flowers divergent or spreading.
Plant caulescent; petals blue 20. T. caerulea.
Plant stemless; petals yellow 21. T. aurea.
Spike dense with the floral bracts at least twice as long as
the internodes.
Plant caulescent; leaves distributed along the stem.
530 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaf blades flat, less than 3 times as long as the barely
distinct sheaths.
Inflorescence scapose; petals blue or violet.
22. T. cauligera.
Inflorescence sessile; petals rose . 23. T. Macbrideana.
Leaf blades mostly involute-subulate, many times
longer than the sheaths.
Floral bracts not over 2 cm. long.
Floral bracts carinate 43. T. latifolia.
Floral bracts ecarinate.
Leaves pungent, strict, appressed- or sub-
pruinose-lepidote 24. T. caulescens.
Leaves with soft filiform apices, tomentose-
lepidote.
Plant long-caulescent; leaves shorter than the
stem 25. T. paleacea.
Plant short-caulescent; leaves much longer
than the stem 26. T. streptocarpa.
Floral bracts 4 cm. long 27. T. Werdermannii.
Plant stemless; leaves rosulate or fasciculate.
Sepals rarely over 25 mm. long.
Leaf blades narrowly triangular or linear, long-
acuminate.
Floral bracts much exceeding the sepals.
Floral bracts narrowly lanceolate . . 28. T. patula.
Floral bracts suborbicular . . .29. T. juruana.
Floral bracts equaling or shorter than the sepals.
Leaves strict; floral bracts equaling the sepals;
petal blades narrow 30. T. floribunda.
Leaves recurving; floral bracts shorter than the
sepals; petal blades suborbicular.
26. T. streptocarpa.
Leaf blades ligulate, abruptly acute or obtuse and
apiculate.
Inflorescences several from a single rosette; floral
bracts 15 mm. long 31. T. complanata.
FLORA OF PERU 531
Inflorescence single, terminal; floral bracts 35-45
mm. long. (Fruiting specimens of Vriesia
chrysostachys or of V. heliconioides may be
sought here.)
Sepals 35-40 mm. long.
Floral bracts obtuse, inflated, ecarinate.
32. T. Walteri.
Floral bracts acute, sharply carinate . 33. T. Lindeni.
Inflorescence compound.
Sheaths of the primary bracts shorter than the axillary
branches.
Floral bracts about half as long as the sepals; spikes lax.
Rachis deeply excavated, winged .... 34. T. platyrhachis.
Rachis not excavated nor winged.
Flowers strict; spikes many-flowered, elongate.
35. T. extensa.
Flowers divergent; spikes few-flowered, short.
Petals purple 36. T. humilis.
Petals yellow with brown spots . 37. T. aureobrunnea.
Floral bracts equaling or exceeding the sepals or else the
spikes dense.
Inflorescence digitate.
Leaf blades obtuse and apiculate, broadly ligulate.
38. T. brevilingua.
Leaf blades acuminate, narrowly triangular or linear.
Leaves tomentose-lepidote.
Floral bracts sharply carinate, equaling the sepals;
stem elongate 39. T. tectorum.
Floral bracts ecarinate, shorter than the sepals;
stem short 26. T. streptocarpa.
Leaves appressed-lepidote.
Scape short or none 40. T. heteromorpha.
Scape elongate.
Leaf sheaths suborbicular, inflated.
41. T. disticha.
Leaf sheaths narrowly triangular to elliptic, flat.
532 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaf blades setaceous, strict.
Floral bracts lepidote; stamens exserted.
42. T.juncea,
Floral bracts glabrous; stamens included.
30. T. floribunda.
Leaf blades broader.
Floral bracts not carinate.22. T. cauligera.
Floral bracts carinate.
Floral bracts densely lepidote; leaves
narrowly triangular . . 43. T. latifolia.
Floral bracts glabrous; leaves linear.
44. T. subandina.
Inflorescence pinnately divided.
Floral bracts remote, strict 45. T. adpressiflora.
Floral bracts either imbricate or divergent.
Branches of the inflorescence divided; inflorescence
laxly pyramidal.
Spikes not more than 15 mm. broad.
Floral bracts carinate; spikes not over 11 cm.
long, straight.
Sepals lanceolate, acute 46. T. maculata.
Sepals oblong, obtuse 47. T. Arnoldiana.
Floral bracts ecarinate; spikes up to 22 cm. long,
often curved 48. T. platyphylla.
Spikes up to 5 cm. broad 49. T. rubra.
Branches of the inflorescence simple or else the
inflorescence densely cylindric.
Floral bracts lepidote.
Leaf sheath suborbicular, sharply distinct from
the blade 50. T. Ulei.
Leaf sheath narrower, scarcely distinct from
the blade.
Sepals strongly carinate; petals naked.
43. T. latifolia.
Sepals ecarinate; petals bearing vertical calli.
51. T. Harmsiana.
FLORA OF PERU 533
Floral bracts glabrous.
Inflorescence pendulous, of 3-4 linear spikes.
52. T. cereicola.
Inflorescence erect.
Floral bracts prominently nerved throughout.
Primary bracts lanceolate or elliptic, not
caudate.
Flowers divergent to spreading; bracts
thin.
Primary bracts purple, densely lepi-
dote 53. T. purpurea.
Primary bracts stramineous, glabrous.
54. T. straminea.
Flowers strict; bracts coriaceous.
Stemless; petal blades narrow.
55. T.Gayi.
Caulescent; petal blades suborbicular.
26. T. streptocarpa.
Primary bracts broadly ovate, the lower
ones caudate 56. T. oroyensis.
Floral bracts even or faintly nerved near apex.
Leaves with dark cross bands.
56. T. Roezli.
Leaves concolorous.
Spikes perfectly linear, the rachis not
at all concealed by the floral bracts.
(Imperfect specimens of Vriesia albi-
flora Ule may be sought here.)
Spikes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
the rachis almost wholly concealed
by the floral bracts. . . 49. T. rubra.
Sheaths of the primary bracts exceeding at least the lower
axillary branches.
Inflorescence elongate, interrupted toward base.
Branches of the inflorescence divided; floral bracts
carinate 58. T. pinnato-digitata.
Branches of the inflorescence simple.
534 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaf blades narrowly triangular, acuminate.
59. T. interrupta.
Leaf blades ligulate, acute.
Spikes densely 4-flowered; floral bracts barely
carinate near the apex 60. T. ionochroma.
Spikes laxly 1-3-flowered; floral bracts strongly
carinate 64. T. biflora.
Inflorescence compact, not interrupted.
Floral bracts equaling or exceeding the sepals.
Rachis elongate, more than half the total length of the
spike.
Floral bracts lepidote, nerved 43. T. latifolia.
Floral bracts glabrous, even .... 61. T. Schimperiana.
Rachis abbreviated, much less than half the length of
the few-flowered spike. . . .62. T. sphaerocephala.
Floral bracts shorter than the sepals.
Plant caulescent 63. T. calocephala.
Plant acaulescent.
Leaf blades linear, not over 2 cm. wide.
Floral bracts much shorter than the sepals, not at
all imbricate 64. T. biflora.
Floral bracts but slightly shorter than the sepals,
imbricate 65. T. fusco-guttata.
Leaf blades lance-triangular, 45 mm. wide.
66. T. Wangerini.
Spikes single with flowers many-ranked.
Leaf blades ligulate, often dark-spotted 64. T. biflora.
Leaf blades narrowly triangular or subulate.
Floral bracts coriaceous; stamens exserted 42. T. juncea.
Floral bracts thin; stamens included.
Sepals lanceolate, membranaceous, connate posteriorly.
Scape evident 67. T. pulchella.
Scape none 68. T. nana.
Sepals suborbicular, coriaceous, free 69. T. latisepala.
1. Tillandsia Seemanni (Baker) Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 737.
1896. Guzmania Bulliana Baker, Journ. Bot. 25: 173. 1887, not
Andre1, 1886. Caraguata pulchella Andre", Rev. Hort. 60: 565. 1888,
FLORA OF PERU 535
not Tillandsia pulchella Hook. 1825. G. Seemanni Baker, Brom. 153.
1889. T. Mezii Andr£ ex Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 738. 1896.
Caulescent or acaulescent, 2 dm. high. Leaves 10-15 cm. long,
thin; sheath broadly ovate, dark brown; blade not over 8 mm.
broad, narrowly triangular. Scape slender, erect; scape bracts 3 or
4, suborbicular, clasping the scape, pale-lepidote, shorter than the
internodes. Inflorescence erect, straight or slightly curved, simple
or sometimes of 2 spikes, dense, few-flowered; rachis ferruginous-
tomentose; floral bracts imbricate, 14 mm. long, exceeding the
flowers, suborbicular, broadly subacute or apiculate, membranaceous,
strongly nerved, appressed-pale-lepidote. Flowers erect, subsessile,
12-15 mm. long; sepals 9.5 mm. long, distinctly asymmetrical by a
large wing, obtuse, submembranaceous, few-nerved, appressed-
lepidote; petals obtuse, much longer than the stamens; ovary sub-
globose.
Cuzco: C. Bues in herb.', Herrera 2152. Ecuador.
2. Tillandsia crispa (Baker) Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 739. 1896.
Guzmania crispa Baker, Journ. Bot. 25: 173. 1887. T. undulifolia
Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 740. 1896. T. plicatifolia Ule, Verh. Bot.
Ver. Brandenb. 48: 144. 1907.
Acaulescent, 1-3 dm. high. Leaves many, densely rosulate,
finely appressed-lepidote throughout; sheath large, brown-lepidote;
blade very narrowly triangular, undulate-crisped. Scape erect or
slightly curved, slender; scape bracts elliptic, subinflated, apiculate
to finely caudate, appressed-lepidote. Inflorescence of one or of
several digitate spikes. Spikes oblong, densely 6-36-flowered, 3-8
cm. long, 15-25 mm. wide; rachis brown-lepidote; floral bracts 9-15
mm. long, much exceeding the sepals, suborbicular, inflated, lepidote.
Flowers sessile; sepals 5-8 mm. long, broadly elliptic, asymmetric,
ecarinate, coriaceous, sparingly lepidote or glabrous, even; petals
exceeding the sepals; stamens and pistil included.
Epiphytic. Loreto: Cerro de Escalera, 1,400 meters, Ule 6665.
Panama, Colombia, Ecuador.
3. Tillandsia triticea Burch. ex Baker, Journ. Bot. 26: 42. 1888.
T. Parkeri Baker, Journ. Bot. 26: 42. 1888. T. viridis Baker, Brom.
204. 1889. Vriesia viridis Morr. ex. Baker, Brom 204. 1889. V.
Luschnathii Mez in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 3: 555. pi. 103. 1894.
Acaulescent, 4-7 dm. high. Leaves rosulate, 2-3 dm. long,
densely punctulate-lepidote throughout; sheath broadly ovate-
elliptic, brown; blade ligulate, 30-35 mm. broad, obtuse, apiculate,
536 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
usually with irregular, dark purple mottling. Scape erect, glabrous;
scape bracts imbricate, narrowly ovate, apiculate, dense'y punctu-
late-lepidote. Inflorescence laxly compound with simple branches,
distichous, 2-3 dm. long, glabrous; primary bracts like the scape
bracts, much shorter than the spikes. Spikes 8.5-15 cm. long, linear,
flexuous, spreading, 1 cm. broad, often long-stipitate with several
sterile bracts at the base, 14-36-flowered ; floral bracts broadly ovate,
acute, 7 mm. long, equaling the sepals, ecarinate, glabrous, coriaceous,
even or faintly nerved; rachis angled, flexuous. Flowers suberect to
spreading, normally 3-4 mm. apart, sessile; sepals obovate, glabrous,
coriaceous, even; petals yellowish; stamens included; ovary broadly
ellipsoid; style short. Capsule 23 mm. long, slenderly cylindric.
Epiphytic. Junin: Dense forest, Pichis Trail, San Nicolas,
1,100 meters, Killip & Smith 26055. Trinidad, British Guiana,
Brazil, Bolivia.
4. Tillandsia pendulispica Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 745. 1896.
T. scorpiura Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 5: 104. 1905. T. triangularis
Rusby, Descr. So. Amer. PI. 3. 1920.
Acaulescent, 5 dm. high. Leaves 3 dm. long, densely rosulate,
coriaceous, densely and finely appressed-lepidote, often dark purple-
spotted; sheaths very large, ovate, forming an ellipsoid pseudobulb,
brown-lepidote; blade 8-12 mm. wide, linear or narrowly triangular,
acuminate. Scape slender, erect, glabrous; scape bracts lanceolate,
acute, strict, remote. Inflorescence compound with the lower
branches sometimes divided, composed of 16 spikes; axis scantly
tomentose-lepidote, becoming glabrous; primary bracts like the
scape bracts but obtuse, strict, usually much shorter than the stipe
of the axillary spike. Spikes subdensely 10-20-flowered, oblong,
5 cm. long, 1 cm. wide with the rachis strongly geniculate or longer
and narrower when the rachis is more nearly straight, subequal, the
lower ones long-stipitate and deflexed; rachis tomentose-lepidote,
becoming glabrous; floral bracts imbricate, ovate to suborbicular,
7 mm. long, ecarinate, submembranaceous, prominently nerved,
soon glabrous. Flowers erect, sessile; sepals 5 mm. long, obovate,
emarginate, cucullate, even, soon glabrous; petals 7 mm. long,
yellow with opaque dots; stamens included; ovary broadly ellipsoid;
style short. Capsule cylindric, 13-15 mm. long, short-beaked.
Epiphytic. Huanuco: Near Cochero, Poeppig 1348. — Junin:
Hacienda Schunke, La Merced, 1,200 meters, 5784. — Puno: Near
Tambo Cotani on the road between Sandia and Chunchosmayo,
1,500 meters, Weberbauer 1287. Bolivia.
FLORA OF PERU 537
5. Tillandsia multiflora Benth. Bot. Sulph. 174. 1844. T.
decipiens Andre", Rev. Hort. 60: 567. 1888.
Acaulescent, 4-8 dm. high. Leaves rosulate, 4 dm. long, densely
punctulate-lepidote; sheaths scarcely distinguished from the blades;
blades narrowly triangular with a long, caudate tip, 1-3 cm. wide.
Scape erect, glabrous, its bracts usually imbricate, stramineous,
punctulate-lepidote, at least the lower ones caudate. Inflorescence
erect, tripinnate, lax, 4 dm. long, 15 cm. in diameter; primary bracts
variable in size in relation to the branches, punctulate-lepidote;
branches spreading; secondary bracts but little larger than the
floral bracts. Spikes oblong, 3-5 cm. long, 10-13 mm. wide, spread-
ing, rather densely 15-21-flowered ; rachis geniculate, glabrous.
Floral bracts ovate, acute, nerved, sharply keeled, 3-5 mm. long,
scantly lepidote to glabrous. Flowers 6 mm. long, spreading; sepals
oblong, asymmetric, 5 mm. long; stamens included; pistil short.
Capsule cylindric, short-beaked, 15-25 mm. long.
Epiphytic. Piura: Prov. Paita, Talara, Haught 94.. Ecuador.
6. Tillandsia pallidoflavens Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 36. 1906.
Plant 1 meter or more high. Leaves about 20, densely sub-
bulbose-rosulate, 3-4 dm. long, punctulate-lepidote; sheath large,
elliptic, densely brown-lepidote; blade 3 cm. broad, linear, acumi-
nate, light green, concolorous. Scape erect, slender, subglabrous;
scape bracts imbricate, lanceolate, acuminate. Inflorescence erect,
amply compound, 5 dm. long, 12 cm. in diameter; axis straight;
branches ascending, 12 cm. long, the lower ones bearing 2-6 spikes;
primary bracts much shorter than the axillary branches. Spikes
short-stipitate, laxly 12-flowered, suberect, 4 cm. long; rachis angled,
flexuous, pale-appressed-lepidote, soon glabrous; floral bracts 4 mm.
long, shorter than the sepals, subreflexed, triangular, acute, densely
appressed-lepidote, even, pale yellow. Flowers sessile; sepals
asymmetric, obtuse, coriaceous, densely pale-lepidote; stamens
included; style short.
Epiphytic. Ancash: Prov. Huari, Puccha Valley above Masin,
2,600-2,700 meters, Weberbauer 3298. Endemic.
7. Tillandsia Weberbaueri Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 5: 104.
1905.
Acaulescent, 3-5 dm. high. Leaves densely bulbous-rosulate,
2-3 dm. long, covered throughout with hyaline, brown-centered,
appressed scales; sheaths broadly elliptic; blades 5 mm. wide, linear,
acuminate. Scape slender, erect, subglabrous; scape bracts nar-
538 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
rowly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, cinereous-lepidote, the upper
ones slightly shorter than the internodes. Inflorescence very laxly
compound with the branches divided, distichous, pyramidal, 12-23
cm. long, 8-15 cm. in diameter; primary bracts like the scape bracts,
enfolding the bases of the axillary branches. Spikes oblong, 25-45
mm. long, 1 cm. wide, laxly 6-14-flowered, long-stipitate; rachis
slightly geniculate; floral bracts ovate, acute, 2-3 mm. long, not
keeled, even or obscurely nerved, pale-lepidote. Flowers suberect
to spreading, sessile; sepals 3-4 mm. long, asymmetric, obovate,
lepidote, coriaceous; petals scarcely exceeding the sepals, narrow,
greenish white; stamens included; ovary subglobose; style short.
Capsule slenderly cylindric, 25 mm. long.
Epiphytic. Junin: Dense forest, Schunke Hacienda, above San
Ramon, 1,400-1,700 meters, Kittip & Smith 24543, 24595. Hacienda
Schunke, La Merced, 1,200 meters, 5757. — Puno: Open woods near
Chunchosmayo, prov. Sandia, 900 meters, Weberbauer 1231 . Endemic.
8. Tillandsia commixa Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 75. 1919.
T. parviflora Auct., not R. & P. 1802. T. parvifolia Baker, Journ.
Bot. 25: 303. 1887; error, not R. & P.
Acaulescent, 55 cm. high. Leaves ventricose-rosulate, 3 dm.
long; blade 18 mm. wide, narrowly triangular, acuminate, dark-
spotted, minutely appressed-lepidote. Scape slender, erect; scape
bracts few, remote, lepidote, the upper obtuse. Inflorescence laxly
compound with the lowest branches bearing 2 spikes, 2 dm. long, 1
dm. in diameter; axis nearly straight, subglabrous; branches 7 cm.
long, the primary bracts 9 mm. long, enfolding the base of the
axillary branch, obtuse. Spikes short-stipitate, laxly 18-flowered,
linear, 4 cm. long, 9 mm. wide, truncate; rachis angled, undulate,
lepidote; floral bracts 2 mm. long, ovate, obtuse, sparingly lepidote,
even, subreflexed. Flowers spreading, not at all secund, 4 mm. long;
sepals asymmetric, broadly elliptic, obtuse; petals 0.5 mm. longer
than the sepals, yellow, exceeding the stamens.
Amazonas: Near Chachapoyas, 1840, Mathews. Endemic.
9. Tillandsia Bakeri L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 95: 45.
1931. Catopsis flexuosa Baker, Journ. Bot. 25: 175. 1887. T. flex-
uosa Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 744. 1896, not Swartz, 1788.
Acaulescent, 11 dm. high. Leaves rosulate, erect, 3 dm. long,
punctulate-lepidote, thin; sheath narrowly ovate, dark brown;
blade narrowly triangular, caudate-acuminate, light gray-green,
pale-lepidote. Scape slender, soon glabrous; scape bracts lanceolate,
FLORA OF PERU 539
acuminate, submembranaceous, densely punctulate-lepidote, the
upper ones shorter than the internodes. Inflorescence erect or pendu-
lous, compound, narrow, 4 dm. long, 14 cm. in diameter, lax; axes
slightly flexuous, slender; lower branches with a long stipe which
equals or exceeds the primary bract, composed of 2-3 spikes; second-
ary bracts not extending beyond the second lowest flower. Spikes
laxly 8-14-flowered, oblong, 4-5 cm. long, spreading or ascending;
rachis terete, densely ferruginous-lepidote; floral bracts shorter than
the mature sepals, ovate, acute, nerved, ferruginous-lepidote. Flow-
ers suberect to spreading, sessile; sepals 4-5 mm. long, asymmetric,
elliptic, broadly obtuse, keeled, ferruginous-lepidote; petals 6 mm.
long, yellow with opaque spots, the limb narrow, acute, spreading;
stamens included; ovary subglobose; style short. Capsule cylindric,
acute, short-beaked, 18 mm. long.
Epiphytic. Huanuco: Llata, along the Rio Maranon, 2,300
meters, 2278. Bolivia.
10. Tillandsia parviflora R. & P. Fl. 3: 41. pi. 269. 1802.
Platystachys parviflora Beer, Brom. 88. 1857. (1}Pogospermum par-
viflorum Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat. V. 1: 329. 1864. T. exigua Ule,
Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 145. 1907.
Acaulescent, less than 3 dm. high. Leaves subbulbous-rosulate,
15 cm. long, densely and finely pale-lepidote; sheath broadly ovate
to suborbicular; blade linear. Scape slender, flexuous, erect or
ascending, pale-lepidote; scape bracts small, narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, pale-lepidote, remote. Inflorescence lax, erect or pen-
dulous, of 2-7 spikes, pale-lepidote; axis slender, flexuous; primary
bracts lanceolate, acute or acuminate, not reaching farther than the
lowest flower of the spike. Spikes linear, laxly 6-20-flowered, usually
long-stipitate, spreading, flexuous; rachis slender, angled, geniculate
to nearly straight; floral bracts ovate, acute, about half as long as the
sepals, nerved, obscurely keeled. Flowers suberect to spreading,
sessile; sepals 3-4 mm. long, asymmetric; petals slightly exceeding
the sepals, obtuse, yellow; stamens included; ovary globose; style
1 mm. long. Capsule cylindric, apiculate.
Saxicolous and epiphytic. Loreto: Cerro de Escalera, 1,200
meters, Ule 6602. — Huanuco: Rio Huallaga Canyon below Rio
Santo Domingo, 1,300 meters, ^216. Near Muiia, and Huanuco,
Ruiz & Pawn. Bolivia.
11. Tillandsia adpressa Andre", Rev. Hort. 60: 566. 1888.
Catopsis Schumanniana Wittm. Bot. Jahrb. 11: 70. 1889. T. Schu-
540 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
manniana Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 740. 1896. T. Tonduziana Mez,
Bot. Jahrb. 30: Beibl. 67: 9. 1901. T. orthiantha Standl. Journ.
Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 248. 1927.
Extremely variable in habit, acaulescent, 2-7 dm. high. Leaves
many, rosulate, usually forming an ovoid pseudobulb, 15-30 cm.
long, densely punctulate-lepidote; sheath broadly elliptic, dark-
brown; blade not over 2 cm. broad at base, narrowly triangular,
involute-subulate at least near the apex, erect or recurved, pale-
lepidote. Scape ferruginous- or pale-lepidote with minute spreading
scales; scape bracts narrowly ovate, long-caudate, usually imbricate,
densely appressed-lepidote. Inflorescence narrow, of 4-12 spikes,
erect or pendulous; axis straight to strongly geniculate; primary
bracts narrowly ovate, attenuate to caudate, densely appressed-
lepidote. Spikes distichous, normally 8-12-flowered ; floral bracts
shorter than the sepals at maturity, ovate, acute, densely tomentose-
lepidote. Flowers sessile, spreading, the terminal ones often abor-
tive; sepals 5 mm. long, obovate, very asymmetric. Capsule cylin-
dric, apiculate, 20-25 mm. long.
Epiphytic. Loreto: Cerro de Escalera, 1,200 meters, Ule 6601.
— Junin: Thickets and open woods, Huacapistana, 1,800-2,400
meters, Killip & Smith 24219. Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador.
12. Tillandsia tetrantha R. & P. Fl. 3: 39. pi. 265. 1802.
Tussacia fulgens Klotzsch ex Beer, Brom. 100. 1857. T. aurantiaca
Griseb. Goett. Ges. Wiss. Nachr. 1864: 16. 1865. Catopsis Garckeana
Wittm. Bot. Jahrb. 11: 70. 1889.
Extremely variable in habit, acaulescent, 4-8 dm. long. Leaves
rosulate, densely punctulate-lepidote; sheath large, broadly elliptic,
dark brown; blade 3-8 cm. broad, linear-lanceolate, usually flat,
often irregularly purple-spotted. Scape usually much curved, its
bracts elliptic, long-caudate, inflated, the sheaths shorter than the
internodes. Inflorescence erect or pendulous; axis more or less
geniculate, tomentose-lepidote, becoming glabrous; primary bracts
broadly ovate, apiculate or short-caudate, usually as long as the
spikes. Spikes distichous, often becoming secund-flowered, spreading
or reflexed; rachis nearly straight; floral bracts shorter than the
sepals (minute or wanting in the Peruvian variety), broadly ovate.
Flowers spreading, sessile or short-stipitate; sepals asymmetric,
obovate or oblong; petals slightly longer than the sepals; stamens
included; ovary ovoid; style short. Capsule 3 cm. long, cylindric,
acute with small beak.
FLORA OF PERU 541
Saxicolous and epiphytic. Huanuco: Muna, Ruiz & Pavon.
Yanano, 2,000 meters, 3768.— Cuzco: Prov. Calca, Lares Valley
above Mantoc, 2,600-2,700 meters, Weberbauer 7913. Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador.
13. Tillandsia Gilliesii Baker, Journ. Bot. 16: 240. 1878. T.
compressa Gill, ex Baker, Journ. Bot. 16: 240. 1878, in synon., not
Bertero. T. andicola Gill, of Wittm. in Reiss & Stuebel, Todtenfeld
v. Ancon pi 106, f. 15, not Gill.
Plant over 2 dm. long. Stems many from a single point, forming
a dense mass, up to 8 cm. long, simple or few-branched. Roots
present. Leaves distichous, 2-8 cm. long, densely subappressed-
lepidote; sheaths broadly oblong, merging imperceptibly with the
blade, densely imbricate, making the stem appear 5-7 mm. thick;
blades arching-recurved, narrowly triangular, much compressed
laterally, acuminate. Scape distinct to almost lacking, terminal or
pseudoaxillary, up to 13 cm. long, appressed-lepidote, naked or
bearing a single lanceolate, involute bract. Inflorescence 1-3-
flowered, densely cinereous-lepidote. Floral bracts erect, lance-
ovate, acute, 2 cm. long, usually equaling or exceeding the sepals,
ecarinate, thin. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, 16 mm. long, lepidote,
subfree; petals narrow; stamens deeply included, exceeding the pistil.
Capsule slenderly cylindric, 25 mm. long.
Epiphytic. Arequipa: Below Tingo, Rose 19014- Arequipa,
2,500 meters, Tate 1196. Bolivia, Argentina.
14. Tillandsia Landbeckii Phil. Linnaea 33: 248. 1864. T.
recurvata Auct., not L. 1762.
Flowering plant 3 dm. long. Stems densely massed, 2 dm. long,
slender. Roots soon lost. Leaves laxly distichous, 6-12 cm. long,
densely cinereous-lepidote; sheaths laxly imbricate; blades linear,
terete, 1-1.5 mm. thick. Scape terminal, slender, densely cinereous-
lepidote, its bracts 2 or 3 immediately below the inflorescence, linear-
lanceolate, densely lepidote. Inflorescence 1-2-flowered. Floral
bracts like the scape bracts, equaling the sepals. Sepals elliptic,
acute, 1 cm. long, thin, sparsely lepidote, subfree; petals ligulate,
obtuse, yellow; stamens deeply included, slightly exceeding the
pistil. Capsule 22 mm. long.
Terrestrial and epiphytic. lea: Foggy crests of Sangayan
Island, 300-440 meters, Murphy 3468. Viejas Island, on crumbling
rocks at summit, Murphy 3221 . Ecuador, Chile.
542 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
15. Tillandsia recurvata L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 410. 1762. Reneal-
mia recurvata L. Sp. PI. 287. 1753. T. uniflora HBK. Nov. Gen. &
Sp. 1: 290. 1816. Diaphoranthema uniflora Beer, Brom. 154. 1857.
D. recurvata Beer, Brom. 156. 1857.
Plant 4-23 cm. long. Stems densely massed, simple or few-
branched, 1-10 cm. long. Roots present. Leaves distichous, 3-17
cm. long, densely pruinose-lepidote; sheaths imbricate and com-
pletely concealing the stem; blades erect to recurved, linear, terete,
0.5-2 mm. in diameter. Scape terminal, slender, its bracts linear-
lanceolate, usually only one immediately below the inflorescence.
Inflorescence 1-5-flowered, dense. Floral bracts like the scape
bracts, about equaling the sepals, densely lepidote. Sepals lanceo-
late, 4-9 mm. long, subfree, mostly glabrous; petals narrow, obtuse;
stamens deeply included, exceeding the pistil. Capsule slenderly
cylindric, up to 3 cm. long.
Terrestrial and epiphytic. Piura: Cerro Prieto, Haught 215.—
Huanuco and Junin: Ruiz & Pavdn. — Lima: Chosica, 2880. Matu-
cana, 457 in part. Obrajillo, Mathews 650 in part. Southern
United States to northern Argentina and Chile.
16. Tillandsia capillaris R. & P. Fl. 3: 42. pi. 271, f. c. 1802.
T. virescens R. & P. Fl. 3: 43. pi. 270, f. b. 1802. T. propinqua Gay,
Fl. Chil. 6: 15. 1853. Diaphoranthema capillaris Beer, Brom. 153.
1857. D. virescens Beer, Brom. 154. 1857. T. lanuginosa Gill, ex
Baker, Journ. Bot. 16: 237. 1878, in synon. T. pusilla Gill, ex
Baker, Journ. Bot. 16: 237. 1878. T. incana Gill, ex Baker, Journ.
Bot. 16: 238. 1878, in synon. T. cordobensis Hieron. Icon. & Descr.
Argent. 10. pi. 3,f.l. 1885. T. Stolpi Phil. Anal. Univ. Chile 91:
614. 1895. T. Hieronymi Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 876. 1896. T.
dependens Hieron. ex Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 880. 1896. T. Wil-
liamsii Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 489. 1910.
Varying between several well-marked forms by numberless
intergradations, caulescent, up to 16 cm. long. Roots present.
Stems many from a single point, densely massed, simple or branched.
Leaves distichous, mostly 1-4 cm. long, densely pruinose-lepidote;
sheaths elliptic, thin; blades erect to spreading, linear and less than
2 mm. thick in the Peruvian forms. Scape often pseudo-axillary,
from almost none to 8 cm. long, slender, naked, glabrous or sparsely
lepidote toward the apex, developed almost wholly after anthesis.
Inflorescence 1- or rarely 2-flowered. Floral bracts ovate, thin with
3 or more nerves, densely lepidote to glabrous, usually equaling or
FLORA OF PERU 543
exceeding the sepals. Sepals lanceolate, 8 mm. long, connate
posteriorly; petals linear; stamens deeply included, exceeding the
pistil.
Saxicolous and epiphytic. Huanuco: Ruiz & Pav6n. Huanuco,
2,300 meters, 2035. — Lima: Matucana, 2,700 meters, 457 in part;
Rose 18661 . Rio Blanco, 3,000-3,500 meters, Killip & Smith 21640.—
Junin: Tarma, 3,000-3,200 meters, Mathews 650 in part; Killip &
Smith 21785, 21940. Oroya, Kalenborn 177; Stevens 14- Casa-
cancha to Culnai, Wilkes Expedition. Tarma to Oroya, Weber-
bauer 2555. — Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 2,900-3,100 meters, Cook &
Gilbert 550; Pennell 13659. Mollepata, valley of the Apurimac,
2,750 meters, Hen era 1206. Sicuani, 3,550 meters, Hicken 10.
Cuzco, Rose 19033; Herrera 47, 821; C. Watkins. — Arequipa:
Near Arequipa, 2,500 meters, R. S. Williams 2530. Yura, 2,800
meters, R. S. Williams 2539. — Puno: Near Puno, 3,125 meters,
Shepard 48. — Indefinite: Ruiz & Pawn; Dombey 162; C. Gay 546;
Meyen; Stuebel. Bolivia, Argentina, Chile. "Huachuacsso," "huay-
huago."
17. Tillandsia usneoides L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 411. 1762. Renealmia
usneoides L. Sp. PI. 287. 1753. T. trichoides HBK. Nov. Gen. &
Sp. 1: 290. 1816. Dendropogon usneoides Raf. Fl. Tellur. 4: 25. 1838.
Strepsia usneoides Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 645. 1841. T. crinita
Willd. ex Beer, Brom. 152. 1857.
Plant hanging from trees in branching strands up to 8 meters
long. Roots lacking from the first. Stem sympodial, less than 1 mm.
thick, the internodes 3-6 cm. long with only the extreme base
covered by the leaf, the pseudo-axillary branches very short, con-
cealed by the basal leaf, bearing 2-3 leaves. Leaves distichous, 25-
50 mm. long, densely lepidote; sheaths elliptic, 8 mm. long; blades
filiform, less than 1 mm. thick. Scape none. Inflorescence reduced
to a single flower, pseudo-terminal. Floral bract ovate, apiculate or
caudate, densely lepidote, shorter than the sepals. Sepals nar-
rowly ovate, acute, 7 mm. long; petals linear, 11 mm. long, pale
green or blue; stamens deeply included, exceeding the pistil; capsule
cylindric, 25 mm. long, abruptly short-beaked.
Always epiphytic; widely distributed and common. Piura:
Cerro Prieto, Haught F-124. — Huanuco: Near Huanuco, 2378.—
Lima: Matucana, Rose 18671. — Cuzco: Valle del Paucartambo,
3,000 meters, Herrera 3378. Cuzco, 3,200-3,500 meters, Herrera
246, 820. Ollantaitambo, 2,800 meters, Herrera 128. Hacienda
544 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Capana, valley of the Paucartambo, Herrera 39. — Indefinite:
Ruiz & Pavdn; A. Diehl 2566 a; Dombey 161 ; Mathews 652; Philippi.
(See Weberbauer in Engler & Drude, Veg. Erde, Peruanischen
Anden, for further details. ) Southern United States to central Argen-
tina and Chile. "Salvaje," "salvajina."
18. Tillandsia bryoides Griseb. ex Baker, Journ. Bot. 16:
236. 1878, emend. L. B. Smith, Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci. 70: 192. 1935.
T. coarctata Gillies ex Baker, Journ. Bot. 16: 236. 1878, in synon.,
not Willd. 1830.
Habit like that of Lycopodium Selago. Stems many from a single
point, densely massed, simple or few-branched, 5 cm. long. Leaves
densely polystichous, strict, 4-9 mm. long; sheath ovate to sub-
orbicular, as long as the blade, scarious, 3-nerved ; blade subtriangular,
acute, 2 mm. thick, densely cinereous-lepidote. Scape lacking or
elongating only after anthesis, erect, slender, glabrous, usually naked,
3 cm. long. Inflorescence usually terminal, 1-flowered. Floral
bract 7 mm. long, triangular-ovate, hyaline, 1-nerved, usually
glabrous. Sepals narrowly elliptic, 5-9 mm. long, 3-nerved; petals
linear, fleshy, yellow; stamens deeply included, exceeding the pistil.
Capsule slenderly cylindric, 17 mm. long, abruptly short-beaked.
Epiphytic and saxicolous. Indefinite: Gay 1574; Weberbauer.
Bolivia, Argentina.
19. Tillandsia loliacea Mart, ex R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1204.
1830. T. undulata Baker, Journ. Bot. 16: 240. 1878. T. quadriflora
Baker, Brom. 163. 1889, in part. T. atrichoides S. Moore, Trans.
Linn. Soc. II. 4: 491. 1895.
Plants up to 17 cm. long. Roots present. Stem simple or
branched, 4 cm. long. Leaves densely polystichous, 2-3 cm. long,
densely and coarsely pruinose-lepidote; blades erect to arching-
secund, rigid, linear-triangular, acuminate, 3-5 mm. broad. Scape
terminal, up to 1 dm. long, less than 1 mm. thick, lepidote, its
bracts numerous, about equaling the internodes, elliptic, acute,
densely lepidote. Inflorescence simple, 4 cm. long; rachis geniculate,
lepidote. Floral bracts remote, not at all imbricate, closely enfold-
ing the flowers, ovate, acute, 8 mm. long, equaling or shorter than the
sepals, thin, nerved, densely lepidote. Flowers erect and appressed
to the rachis, subsessile; sepals lanceolate, acute, glabrous; petals
narrow, 1 cm. long; stamens deeply included, exceeding the pistil.
Capsule slenderly cylindric, short-beaked, 45 mm. long.
FLORA OF PERU 545
Terrestrial and epiphytic. Indefinite: Mathews. Brazil, Bolivia,
Paraguay, Argentina.
20. Tillandsia caerulea HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 291. 1816.
T. squamulosa Willd. ex R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1209. 1830, in synon.
Diaphoranthema squamulosa Beer, Brom. 266. 1857.
Plants up to 25 cm. long, sometimes pulvinate. Roots lacking.
Stem simple, 4-6 cm. long. Leaves polystichous, 10-15 cm. long,
densely spreading-lepidote, cinereous; sheaths ovate, 1 cm. long;
blades spreading to reflexed, involute-subulate, soft, 2 mm. thick.
Scape terminal, erect, 15 cm. long, 1 mm. thick, lepidote. Inflores-
cence simple, 4-7 cm. long, lax; rachis very slender, lepidote. Floral
bracts divergent, closely enfolding the calyx, barely exceeding the
internodes, elliptic, acute, 15 mm. long, equaling or exceeding the
sepals, chartaceous, nerved, lepidote. Sepals lanceolate, acute,
thin, glabrous; petals 2 cm. long, the claw linear, the blade sub-
rhombic, 7 mm. wide, blue; stamens deeply included, exceeding the
pistil.
Epiphytic. Piura: Rio Macara, Humboldt & Bonpland 344%-
Saucecito, about 40 miles north of Sullana, Negritos, Haught F-ll.
Amotape Mountains, Haught 128. Ecuador.
21. Tillandsia aurea Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 44. 1906.
Stemless, 3 dm. high. Leaves irregularly rosulate, uncinate-
recurved, coarsely pruinose-lepidote; sheaths scarcely distinct from
the blades; blades narrowly triangular, acuminate, 75 mm. long,
15 mm. wide. Scape slender, elongate, erect, lepidote, its bracts
narrow, acute or the lowest laminate, mostly shorter than the
internodes, submembranaceous, densely lepidote. Inflorescence
simple, laxly 6-flowered, 9 cm. long; axis undulate, densely lepidote.
Floral bracts elliptic, acute, 14 mm. long, shorter than the sepals,
submembranaceous, lepidote. Flowers divergent, the pedicels 2.5
mm. long; sepals lanceolate, acute, glabrous; petals yellow, the
blades 1 cm. long, broadly elliptic, spreading; stamens deeply
included, exceeding the pistil. Capsule cylindric, acuminate, 35 mm.
long.
Epiphytic. Ancash: Prov. Huari, Puccha Valley above Masin,
2,600-2,700 meters, Weberbauer 3297. Endemic.
22. Tillandsia cauligera Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 42. 1906.
Stem simple, 6 dm. long. Leaves densely polystichous, 21 cm.
long, cinereous, densely pruinose-lepidote; sheath ovate, 30-45 mm.
546 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
broad, half as long as the blade and merging into it; blades suberect
or slightly secund, triangular, acuminate, rigid. Scape terminal,
erect, 3-25 cm. long, its bracts densely imbricate, striate, densely
lepidote, the lower ones foliaceous-laminate, the upper acute or
apiculate, often bright red. Inflorescence simple or rarely with a
small second spike. Primary bract much shorter than the spike.
Spike lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, complanate, 8-9 cm. long,
densely 10-14-flowered. Floral bracts 3-4 times as long as the
internodes, completely concealing the rachis, ovate, 20-25 mm. long,
exceeding the sepals, ecarinate, reddish, striate, lepidote. Sepals
elliptic, chartaceous, soon glabrous, short-connate posteriorly;
petals 37 mm. long, blue; stamens and style included.
Saxicolous. Cajamarca: Hacienda La Tahona, near Hualgayoc,
2,600 meters, Weberbauer 4050. — Junin: Between Tarma and Palca,
2,700-3,000 meters, Weberbauer 2415. Tarma, 3,000-3,200 meters,
Killip & Smith 21803. — Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 3,000 meters,
Cook & Gilbert 568, 785. Cuzco, 3,000-3,600 meters, Herrera.
Endemic. "Salvajina," "oquenhueycontoy."
23. Tillandsia Macbrideana L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb.
89: 11. pi. 2,f. 1-3. 1930.
Plant over 3 dm. long. Roots present. Stem much branched.
Leaves densely polystichous, 3-4 cm. long, densely appressed-lepi-
dote, cinereous; sheath broadly elliptic, scarcely distinct from the
blade and over half as long; blade triangular, acuminate, recurving.
Scape none. Inflorescence terminal, simple, lanceolate, acute, 4
cm. long, 15 mm. broad, 5-10-flowered ; rachis nearly straight,
glabrous. Floral bracts erect, 3-4 times as long as the internodes
but so narrow as to expose most of the rachis, lanceolate, 2 cm.
long, exceeding the sepals, ecarinate, striate, submembranaceous,
densely appressed-lepidote at first, rose. Sepals narrowly lanceo-
late, carinate, glabrous, connate posteriorly for 5 mm.; petals
25 mm. long, narrow, obtuse, rose; stamens and pistil shorter than
the petals.
Saxicolous. Huanuco: On eastern face of rock cliffs, Llata, 2,100
meters, 2258. Endemic.
24. Tillandsia caulescens Brongn. ex Baker, Brom. 168. 1889.
Plant up to 45 cm. long. Roots present. Stem much branched, 3
dm. long. Leaves very numerous, densely polystichous, rigid, 10-15
cm. long, densely appressed- or subpruinose-lepidote; sheath sub-
triangular, several times shorter than the blade; blade linear-
FLORA OF PERU 547
triangular, acuminate, involute, pungent. Scape distinct to almost
none, terminal. Scape bracts densely imbricate, the lower foliaceous,
the upper elliptic, nerved, roseate, lepidote. Inflorescence simple,
linear or lance-linear, acute, complanate, 14-flowered, 5-7 cm. long,
10-12 mm. wide. Floral bracts erect, 3 times the length of the
internodes, lance-ovate, acute, 15-20 mm. long, exceeding the
sepals, ecarinate, subcoriaceous, faintly nerved, glabrous, roseate.
Flowers 25 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, acute, glabrous; petals
ligulate, white, exceeding the stamens and pistil.
Cuzco: Near Ollantaitambo, Prov. Urubamba, 2,900 meters,
Herrera 825. — Indefinite: C. Gay 1186. Quebrada Versalles, Diehl
2451. Bolivia.
25. Tillandsia paleacea Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 125. 1827.
T. fusca Baker, Journ. Bot. 16: 240. 1878. T. scalarifoUa Baker,
Journ. Bot. 25: 235. 1887. T. Schenckiana Wittm. Bot. Jahrb. 11:
63. 1889. T. chilensis Baker, Brom. 166. 1889. T. lanata Mez,
Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 5: 109. 1905. T. farillosa Mez, Repert. Nov.
Spec. 3: 43. 1906.
Plant 1-7 dm. long. Roots present at first. Stem at least
35 cm. long, much branched. Leaves polystichous in few rows,
cinereous, tomentose-lepidote; sheaths broad; blades abruptly
spreading, contorted, linear-triangular, 4-6 mm. wide, involute-
subulate, up to 12 cm. long. Scape slender, from very short to over
15 cm. long, glabrous or subglabrous, its bracts usually imbricate,
narrowly elliptic, lepidote, the lower ones filiform-laminate. Inflo-
rescence simple, linear-lanceolate, acute, complanate, 5 cm. long, 12-
flowered. Floral bracts imbricate, 3 times as long as the internodes,
ovate or elliptic, about equaling the sepals, 12-17 mm. long, ecari-
nate, nerved, lepidote at first. Sepals lanceolate, free, glabrous;
petals with a narrow claw and a large, suborbicular, spreading, blue
or violet blade; stamens deeply included, exceeding the pistil. Cap-
sule cylindric, 2 cm. long.
Epiphytic and terrestrial. San Martin: Near Moyobamba,
Stuebel 62b. — Lima: Obrajillo, Brackenridge in Wilkes Exped. Near
Matucana, 2,370 meters, Weberbauer 1697. Chosica, 1,000 meters,
2879. — Cuzco: Prov. Urubamba, near Ollantaitambo, 2,800-3,000
meters, Weberbauer 4983; Cook & Gilbert 554; Herrera 702, 801.
Torontoy, Urubamba Valley, 2,400 meters, Cook & Gilbert 1774 —
Arequipa : Cachendo, 1,000 meters, Guenther & Buchtien 357. Colom-
bia, Bolivia, Chile.
548 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
26. Tillandsia streptocarpa Baker, Journ. Bot. 25: 241. 1887.
T. tricholepis Baker, Journ. Bot. 25: 234. 1887, not Baker, Journ.
Bot. 1878. T. Bakeriana Britten, Journ. Bot. 26: 170. 1888.
Stemless or short-caulescent, 4 dm. high. Leaves 25 cm. long,
densely tomentose-lepidote; sheaths broadly ovate; blades linear-
triangular, 15 mm. broad, involute-subulate at least toward the apex,
recurving. Scape erect, slender, glabrous, its bracts lanceolate,
acute, imbricate, striate, densely lepidote. Inflorescence compound
or rarely simple; spikes 5-8-flowered, narrow, the lateral ones
arching-decurved. Floral bracts lanceolate, acute, glabrous, shorter
than the sepals. Flowers erect; sepals free, 12.5 mm. long, ecarinate,
glabrous; petals 23 mm. long, the claw linear, the blade broadly
obovate, violet; stamens deeply included, exceeding the pistil.
Capsule cylindric.
Epiphytic. San Martin: Salinas de Pilluana on the Rio Hua-
llaga, Vie 6663. — Cuzco: Pumachaca, Santa Ana Valley, 1,400 meters,
Herrera §314-— Indefinite: C. Gay 9093. Brazil, Paraguay.
27. Tillandsia Werdermannii Harms, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 10: 218. 1928.
At least 5 dm. long. Roots lacking. Stem procumbent, 2 dm.
long, much branched, some of the branches apparently breaking
away and serving to propagate the species vegetatively. Leaves
densely polystichous, 15-20 cm. long, densely cinereous-lepidote;
sheaths indistinct, mostly less than 3 cm. long; blades suberect,
linear- triangular, 10-15 mm. broad, involute-subulate, rigid. Scape
terminal, 2-3 dm. long, 4 mm. thick, glabrous, its bracts erect,
densely imbricate, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5-8 cm. long,
subcoriaceous, nerved, appressed-lepidote. Inflorescence simple,
linear, 2 cm. broad, scarcely enlarged from the scape. Floral bracts
like the scape bracts but glabrous, 4 cm. long, 3-4 times as long as
the internodes, much exceeding the sepals, erect, ecarinate. Flowers
very short-pedicellate; sepals linear-lanceolate, broadly acute, 25
mm. long, glabrous; petals many and stamens and pistil aborted as
apparent beginning of a viviparous flower.
Terrestrial. Tacna: Above Tacna, 800-1,200 meters, Werder-
mann 717. Endemic.
28. Tillandsia patula Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 35. 1906.
Cespitose, stout, 4 dm. high. Leaves subbulbous-rosulate,
2 dm. long, densely lepidote, brownish gray; sheath broad, ovate-
triangular; blade 25 mm. broad, linear-triangular, acuminate, the
FLORA OF PERU 549
apex involute-subulate. Scape stout, its bracts imbricate, elliptic,
lepidote, only the lowest laminate. Inflorescence simple, erect or
pendulous. Floral bracts imbricate but so narrow as not to conceal
the rachis, 45 mm. long, much exceeding the sepals, recurved-
spreading at the apex, glabrous, striate. Rachis glabrous, straight,
wing-angled. Flowers suberect, short-stipitate, 7 cm. long; sepals
free, glabrous, elliptic, narrowly obtuse, 24 mm. long, nerved;
petals yellow, tubular-erect, shorter than the stamens; style elongate.
Junin: Prov. Tarma, above Huacapistana on the Palca road,
1,900-2,000 meters, Weberbauer 2012. Carpapata, above Huaca-
pistana, 2,400 meters, Killip & Smith 24349- Endemic.
29. Tillandsia juruana Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48:
143. 1907.
Cespitose, 5 dm. high. Leaves rosulate, 36 cm. long, densely and
finely appressed-lepidote, the outermost ones much reduced and
scale-like; sheaths narrowly ovate, forming an ovoid pseudobulb;
blades of the inner leaves linear, thick, abruptly acute. Scape erect
or ascending, slender, its bracts broadly elliptic, amplexicaul,
inflated, striate, all but the uppermost long-laminate. Inflorescence
simple, distichous; rachis slender, geniculate, largely concealed by
the bracts; floral bracts purple, submembranaceous, suborbicular,
obtuse or minutely apiculate, 3 cm. long, much exceeding the sepals,
densely and minutely appressed-lepidote. Flowers erect, 4-7 cm.
long; sepals free, lanceolate, acute, 24 mm. long, finely appressed-
lepidote; petals red, tubular-erect, shorter than the stamens; style
elongate. Capsule cylindric, acute, beaked.
Epiphytic. Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters,
Killip & Smith 29914; King 1020, 1059, 1197. Caballo-cocha
on the Amazon, Williams 2251. Brazil.
30. Tillandsia floribunda HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 292. 1816.
Platystachys floribunda Beer, Brom. 264. 1857. T. coarctata Willd.
in R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1217. 1830.
Cespitose, 2-3 dm. high. Leaves many, densely fasciculate,
densely and finely cinereous-lepidote, 2-4 dm. long; sheaths sub-
triangular; blades filiform-subulate, stiff. Scape erect, its bracts
leaf-like, densely imbricate. Inflorescence simple or of several
densely digitate spikes; primary bracts like the scape bracts. Spikes
sessile, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 12-flowered; floral bracts
ovate, 11-15 mm. long, glabrous, even, strongly carinate, equaling
the sepals, densely imbricate. Flowers subsessile, 2 cm. long; sepals
550 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
elliptic, acute, strongly carinate, coriaceous, glabrous; petals violet;
stamens and pistil included.
Epiphytic. Piura: Aipate and Guamani Mountains near Olleros,
Humboldt & Bonpland. Cape Parinas, Haught 213. Cerro Prieto,
Amotape Hills, 700 meters, Haught F '-127. Ecuador.
31. Tillandsia complanata Benth. Bot. Sulph. 173. 1845.
T. axillaris Griseb. Goett. Ges. Wiss. Nachr. 1864: 17. 1865.
Plant stemless. Leaves many in a dense rosette, 3-4 dm. long,
mostly exceeding the inflorescences, spotted, streaked or suffused
with dark purple especially toward the base; sheath elliptic, 10-16
cm. long, densely and minutely brown-appressed-lepidote; blade
ligulate, abruptly acute or obtuse, apiculate, 3-5 cm. wide, obscurely
punctulate-lepidote. Scapes many from the axils of the leaves,
ascending, slender, glabrous, their bracts erect, usually imbricate,
narrowly lanceolate. Inflorescences simple, lanceolate or linear,
acute, densely 4-24-flowered, up to 8 cm. long, 15-20 mm. wide,
complanate, glabrous. Floral bracts erect, imbricate, elliptic, obtuse,
15-25 mm. long, exceeding the sepals, ecarinate. Flowers subsessile;
sepals lanceolate, acute, subcoriaceous, the posterior ones carinate
and usually much connate; petals ligulate, £ cm. long, rose, purple,
or blue, obtuse; stamens and pistil slightly shorter than the petals.
Capsule slenderly cylindric, acute, 4 cm. long.
Epiphytic. Amazonas: Heights east of Chachapoyas, Weber-
bauer 4400.— San Martin: San Roque, 1,350-1,500 meters, Wil-
liams 7203. — Junin: Huacapistana, 1,800 meters, Killip & Smith
24280. Antilles, Trinidad, Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, Costa
Rica, Ecuador, Bolivia.
32. Tillandsia Walteri Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 43. 1906.
T. Herrerae Harms, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 215. 1928.
Stemless, 5 dm. high. Leaves many, densely utriculate-rosulate,
cinereous-lepidote; sheaths longer than the blades, narrowly ovate;
blades narrowly triangular, 2 dm. long, 4 cm. wide. Scape stout,
erect, its bracts imbricate, densely lepidote, rigid, nerved, the lower
ones caudate. Inflorescence simple, densely distichous, 12-16-
flowered, lanceolate, 2 dm. long, 4 cm. wide. Floral bracts imbricate,
inflated, ecarinate, obtuse, broadly elliptic, 5 cm. long, exceeding
the sepals, nerved. Flowers with stout pedicels 4 mm. long; sepals
free, glabrous, nerved, obtuse; petals violet, 2 cm. longer than the
sepals; stamens included.
FLORA OF PERU 551
Terrestrial. Amazonas: Open places on the route south of
Chachapoyas, 2,400-2,500 meters, Weberbauer 4319. — Cuzco: Vicin-
ity of Cuzco, Herrera 181,1195. Bolivia.
33. Tillandsia Lindeni E. Morr. Belg. Hort. 19: 321. pi. 18.
1869, not T. Lindeniana, Regel, 1868. Vriesia Lindeni Lem. 111.
Hort. 16: pi. 610. 1869. T. Morreniana Regel, Gartenfl. 19: 41. 1870.
Wattisia Lindeni E. Morr. Belg. Hort. 20: 102. 1870. Phytarhiza
Lindeni E. Morr. ex Baker, Brom. 210. 1889, in synon.
Cespitose. Leaves rosulate, 2-3 dm. long; blades narrowly
triangular, acuminate, 1-2 cm. broad, recurving. Scape erect, short,
largely concealed by the leaves, its bracts even, densely imbricate,
not at all foliaceous. Inflorescence simple, very dense, about 20-
flowered, broadly lanceolate, complanate. Floral bracts broadly
ovate, acute, 4 cm. long, exceeding the sepals, even, glabrous, deep
rose when fresh. Flowers subsessile; sepals free, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, glabrous; petals more than twice as long as the sepals, the
claw linear, white, the blade very large, broadly ovate, apiculate,
deep bluish purple; stamens deeply included, exceeding the pistil.
Epiphytic. Piura: Forests, Huancabamba, Wallis. Ecuador.
34. Tillandsia platyrhachis Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 848. 1896.
Stemless, up to 6 dm. high. Leaves rosulate, 6-7 dm. long,
densely and minutely pale-appressed-lepidote below, glabrous above;
sheath ovate, inconspicuous; blade ligulate, acute, thin, 35 mm.
broad. Scape stout, erect, its bracts foliaceous, densely imbricate.
Inflorescence bipinnate or with the lowest branches slightly divided,
lax, glabrous; primary bracts triangular, acuminate, minutely
lepidote. Spikes short-stipitate, oblong, obtuse, 15 cm. long; rachis
geniculate, broadly winged, forming pouches into which the flowers
fit before maturity, the wings prolonged onto the base of each floral
bract, whitish in drying; floral bracts suberect to spreading, elliptic,
obtuse, 2-3 cm. long, much shorter than the sepals, striate, miniate,
the margins white on drying. Flowers distinctly pedicellate; sepals
free, elliptic, striate, the margins white on drying; petals 1 cm.
longer than the sepals, the blade suborbicular, spreading, deep
violet; stamens deeply included, exceeding the pistil.
Terrestrial. Junin: In dense forest, Schunke Hacienda above
San Ramon, 1,400-1,700 meters, Killip & Smith 24604. Colombia,
Ecuador.
552 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
35. Tillandsia extensa Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 33. 1906.
One meter high. Leaves 8 dm. long, densely appressed-lepidote;
sheath ovate, large; blade narrowly triangular, acuminate, 6 cm.
broad at the base. Scape erect, stout, its bracts foliaceous, densely
imbricate. Inflorescence amply 4-pinnate; axis stout; branches
up to 4 dm. long, spreading, with a single prophyllum on the sterile
base. Spikes linear, nearly straight, 16 cm. long, 15 mm. broad,
densely 16-flowered; rachis glabrous, angled, sulcate; secondary
bracts but slightly larger than the floral bracts. Floral bracts
erect or nearly so, not imbricate, elliptic, much shorter than the
sepals, glabrous, strongly nerved. Flowers stoutly pedicellate for
5 mm., 4 cm. long; sepals obtuse, 25 mm. long, glabrous, strongly
nerved, ecarinate; petals ligulate, tubular-erect, violet; stamens
exserted.
Saxicolous. Ancash: Valley above Masin, Prov. Huari, 2,500
meters, Weberbauer 3296. Endemic.
36. Tillandsia humilis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 125. 1827. T.
Mathewsii Baker, Journ. Bot. 25: 236. 1887. T. Dombeyi Baker,
Brom. 199. 1889.
Short-caulescent, up to 3 dm. high. Leaves rosulate or poly-
stichous along the stem, 13 cm. long, densely and coarsely tomen-
tose-lepidote, cinereous; sheath scarcely distinct; blade narrowly
triangular, acuminate, involute, recurving. Scape slender, erect,
densely pale-lepidote, its bracts elliptic, imbricate, long-laminate.
Inflorescence few-branched, ellipsoid, up to 9 cm. long; primary
bracts elliptic, acute, densely lepidote, much shorter than the
spikes. Spikes laxly few-flowered; rachis geniculate, densely white-
lepidote. Floral bracts ovate, acuminate, much shorter than the
sepals, purplish, densely lepidote. Flowers subsessile, 26 mm. long;
sepals free, lanceolate, acuminate, 18 mm. long, membranaceous,
densely lepidote; petals purple; stamens and pistil included.
Lima or Junin: Near Obrajillo and Tarma, Mathews 651.—
Indefinite: Haenke; Dombey. Endemic,
37. Tillandsia aureobrunnea Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 36.
1906.
Stemless or short-caulescent, up to 4 dm. high. Leaves densely
and coarsely pruinose-lepidote, up to 3 dm. long, 25 mm. wide;
sheath scarcely distinct; blade narrowly triangular, acuminate.
Scape slender, erect, shorter than the leaves, densely lepidote, its
bracts involute, densely lepidote, long-laminate. Inflorescence of a
FLORA OF PERU 553
few spikes; primary bracts elliptic, acute, shorter than the spikes.
Spikes laxly 7-flowered, suberect, 6 cm. long; rachis geniculate,
densely lepidote. Floral bracts elliptic, acute, much shorter than
the sepals, ecarinate. Flowers short-pedicellate, 25 mm. long;
sepals free, elliptic, acute, 18 mm. long, densely lepidote; petal blade
subtrapeziform, yellow with brown spots; stamens and pistil included.
Epiphytic and saxicolous. Cajamarca: Near San Miguel,
Prov. Hualgayoc, 2,200 meters, Weberbauer 3921. — Huanuco: Llata,
2,300 meters, 2256.— Lima: Canta, Pennell 14743. Near Matucana,
Rose 18662. Endemic.
38. Tillandsia brevilingua Mez ex Harms in Engl. & Prantl,
Nat. Pflanzenf. ed. 2. 15a: 132. 1930. Catopsis latifolia Ule, Verh.
Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 142. 1907, not T. latifolia Meyen, 1843.
Stemless, 3 dm. high. Leaves rosulate, 16-20 cm. long, sparsely
fine-lepidote; sheaths elliptic, 45 mm. broad; blades ligulate, broadly
rounded, apiculate, 35 mm. wide. Scape erect, slender, exceeding the
leaves, its bracts broadly elliptic, apiculate, roseate. Inflorescence
of a few spikes, digitate; primary bracts like the scape bracts, much
shorter than the spikes. Spikes lanceolate, densely 6-flowered;
floral bracts erect, densely imbricate, elliptic, acute, 26 mm. long,
exceeding the sepals, carinate, glabrous, striate, roseate, incurved
at the apex. Flowers sessile, 3 cm. long; sepals free, narrowly ovate,
carinate; petals ligulate, blue; stamens and pistil included.
Epiphytic. Loreto: Cerro de Escalera, 1,200 meters, Ule 61p.
Endemic.
39. Tillandsia tectorum E. Morr. Belg. Hort. 27: 328. pi. 18.
1877. T. argentea C. Koch, Cat. Verschaff. 4. 1867, not Griseb. 1866.
T. saxicola Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 41. 1906.
'Caulescent, 3-5 dm. long. Leaves densely imbricated along the
stem, polystichous, densely tomentose-lepidote, up to 2 dm. long,
cinereous to fuscous; sheaths triangular-ovate; blades involute-
subulate, spreading, the apex filiform. Scape slender, erect, much
exceeding the leaves, its bracts imbricate, involute, broadly ovate,
filiform-laminate, reddish. Inflorescence compactly digitate from
about 5 spikes; primary bracts like the scape bracts, much shorter
than the spikes. Spikes sessile, densely 7-flowered, lanceolate,
complanate. Floral bracts imbricate, lanceolate, acute, about
equaling the sepals, soon glabrous, red and green or roseate, carinate.
Flowers 20-25 mm. long; sepals free, lanceolate, glabrous, 1 cm.
554 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
long; petals tubular-erect, white with a blue band below the apex;
stamens included; style elongate.
Saxicolous. Piura: Huancabamba, RoezL — Ancash: Between
Huaraz and Carhuaz, 2,700 meters, Weberbauer 3290. — Huanuco:
Llata, 2,300 meters, 2299. Huanuco, 2,700 meters, Kanehira 91. —
Junin: Between Tarma and Palca, Weberbauer 2412. — Lima: Along
Rio Chillon, near Viscas, 2,000-2,300 meters, Pennell 14443. Caba-
lleros and Obrajillo, Wilkes Exped. Endemic.
40. Tillandsia heteromorpha Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 41.
1906.
Prostrate, caulescent, 2-3 dm. long. Leaves densely imbricate
along the stem, polystichous, mostly secund-curving, 55 mm. long,
densely appressed-lepidote; blade 7 mm. wide, subulate, acuminate,
rigid. Scape very short, exceeded by the leaves, its bracts imbricate,
mostly laminate, submembranaceous, lepidote, striate. Inflorescence
ellipsoid or globose, 25 mm. long; primary bracts elliptic, acute, all
somewhat shorter than the spikes, lepidote, membranaceous, striate.
Spikes 5-flowered, sessile, lanceolate, 2 cm. long. Floral bracts
imbricate, acute, carinate, finely lepidote, 12 mm. long. Flowers
subsessile, 17 mm. long; sepals free, acute, carinate, glabrous, 12
mm. long; petals erect, violet with white apices; stamens and pistil
included.
Saxicolous. Ancash: Prov. Huari, valley of Rio Puccha above
Masin, Weberbauer 3742. Endemic.
41. Tillandsia disticha HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 292. 1816.
T. cinerascens Willd. ex R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1218. 1830. Platy-
stachys cinerascens Beer, Brom. 263. 1857.
Stemless, up to 3 dm. high. Leaves bulbous-rosulate, 3 dm.
long, appressed-cinereous-lepidote; sheaths broadly ovate to orbicu-
lar, inflated, with large scales on the margins forming an irregularly
dentate, membranous border; blades involute-subulate, 3 mm. broad,
erect, filiform-acuminate. Scape slender, erect or ascending, shorter
than the leaves, its bracts imbricate, lanceolate, filiform-laminate,
lepidote with particularly large scales on the margins. Inflorescence
digitate from 3-8 spikes; primary bracts lanceolate, acuminate, much
shorter than the spikes. Spikes subsessile, linear, about 12-flowered,
4 cm. long, 8 mm. wide. Floral bracts imbricate, triangular, acute,
7-10 mm. long, exceeding the sepals, carinate, striate, subglabrous.
Flowers subsessile, 13 mm. long; sepals acute, carinate, glabrous;
FLORA OF PERU 555
petals yellow, the blade narrowly lanceolate; stamens and pistil
included.
Epiphytic. Piura: Ayavaca, Humboldt & Bonpland. Cerro
Prieto, 700 meters, Haught 214, F-126. Ecuador.
42. Tillandsia juncea (R. & P.) LeConte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2:
130. 1828. Bonapartea j uncea R. & P. Fl. 3: 38. pi. 262. 1802. Mis-
andra juncea F. C. Dietr. Vollst. Gaertn. Nachtr. 5: 103. 1819.
Acanthospora juncea Spreng. Syst. 2: 25. 1825. T. quadrangularis
Mart. & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. 10, pt. 2: 9. 1843. Platystachys
juncea Beer, Brom. 86. 1857. T. juncifolia Regel, Gartenfl. 23:
321. pi. 811. 1874.
Stemless, often propagating by scaly, branching rhizomes, 2-4
dm. high. Leaves numerous in a dense, fasciculate rosette, densely
and minutely subappressed-lepidote, the sheath triangular-ovate,
ferruginous; blade setaceous, filiform-acuminate. Scape erect or
ascending, stout, its bracts densely imbricate, lanceolate, filiform-
laminate, densely lepidote. Inflorescence very densely digitate from
a few spikes or reduced to a single densely polystichous-flowered
spike, ovoid ; primary bracts like the upper scape bracts, their sheaths
slightly shorter than the lower axillary spikes. Spikes sessile,
elliptic or lanceolate, acute, up to 4 cm. long, stout, slightly com-
planate. Floral bracts densely imbricate, broadly ovate, acute or
obtuse, exceeding the sepals, carinate in the distichous-flowered
spikes, coriaceous, nearly or quite even, densely lepidote. Flowers
subsessile; sepals lanceolate, acute, 15-20 mm. long, coriaceous,
much connate posteriorly; petals tubular-erect, 4 cm. long, violet;
stamens and pistil exserted.
Epiphytic and saxicolous. Huanuco: Near Muna, Ruiz & Pavdn.
Mexico and the Antilles south to Venezuela and Peru.
43. Tillandsia latifolia Meyen, Reise 437. 1843. T. divaricala
Benth. Bot. Sulph. 174. 1845. T. Kunthiana Gaud. Atl. Bonite
pi. 53. 1846. Platystachys Kunthiana Beer, Brom. 90. 1857. P.
latifolia C. Koch, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. 4: 5. 1873. T. grisea
Baker, Journ. Bot. 25: 245. 1887. T. oxysepala Baker, Journ. Bot.
26: 141. 1888. T. murorum Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 420. 1913.
Caulescent or acaulescent, very variable, up to 6 dm. high.
Leaves densely gray-appressed-lepidote; sheath scarcely distinct;
blade narrowly triangular, filiform-acuminate, usually spreading or
recurved. Scape erect, its bracts imbricate, gray-lepidote, narrowly
laminate, the tips spreading or recurved. Inflorescence bipinnate or
556 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL, XIII
rarely simple, dense with erect spikes or lax with spreading spikes,
sometimes viviparous; primary bracts like the scape bracts, usually
shorter than the spikes. Spikes subsessile, densely 6-12-flowered,
lanceolate. Floral bracts densely imbricate, broadly ovate, acute,
15-20 mm. long, equaling or exceeding the sepals, carinate, gray-
lepidote, at length glabrous. Flowers subsessile; sepals acute,
carinate, slightly lepidote, connate posteriorly; petals narrow;
stamens and pistil included.
Common on rocks and sand, chiefly near the coast. Piura:
Near Paita, Gaudichaud. Cerro Prieto, east of Cape Parinas, 600-
800 meters, Haught 128, 190. — Lima: Callao, 1852, N. J. Andersson.
San Lorenzo, Wilkes Exped.; Hombrdn. Obrajillo, Wilkes Exped.
Near Lima, Wawra 2562, 2655 in part; Cuming 981 ; Gaudichaud 64..
Baiios, Wilkes Exped. Lurin, 5929. Valley of the Rimac near Santa
Clara, Seler 253. — lea: Sangayan Island, Murphy 3482. — Arequipa:
Near Islay, 100 meters, Meyen. Quebrada of Guerreros, Bridges.
Cachendo, 1,100 meters, Guenther & Buchtien 356. Upper valleys,
lomas, Mollendo, over 200 meters, Stafford 284- Colombia, Ecuador.
44. Tillandsia subandina (Ule) Mez ex L. B. Smith, Contr.
Gray Herb. 98: 16. 1932. Cipuropsis subandina Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver.
Brandenb. 48: 148. 1907.
Stemless, 7 dm. high. Leaves rosulate, 6 dm. long, minutely
appressed-lepidote below; sheaths narrow; blades linear, erect, 15
mm. wide, acuminate, flat. Scape slender, erect, its bracts imbricate,
acute. Inflorescence of a few spikes; primary bracts elliptic, acumi-
nate, much shorter than the spikes. Spikes suberect, lanceolate,
4-7 cm. long, 6-12-flowered. Floral bracts imbricate, elliptic,
acuminate, 2 cm. long, exceeding the sepals, strongly carinate,
glabrous. Flowers 22 mm. long, pedicellate for 3 mm.; sepals
lanceolate, acute, carinate; petals yellow, with two vertical auricled
calli each (Mez!); stamens and pistil included.
Terrestrial. Loreto: Cerro de Isco, 1,000 meters, Ule 6684.
Endemic.
45. Tillandsia adpressiflora Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 661. 1896.
Stemless, 12-15 dm. high. Leaves up to 4 dm. long, densely and
minutely appressed-lepidote; sheaths suborbicular, large, dark
brown; blades narrowly triangular, 4 cm. broad, filiform-acuminate,
cinereous. Scape stout, erect, its bracts leaf-like, densely imbricate.
Inflorescence laxly paniculate, red; primary bracts narrowly lanceo-
late, acute, scarcely larger than the floral bracts, involute about the
FLORA OF PERU 557
sterile base of the spike. Spikes spreading, linear, elongate, laxly
6-13-flowered with several involute sterile bracts at the base; rachis
nearly straight, sulcate. Floral bracts narrowly lanceolate, 5 cm.
long, tubular-involute around the flower and rachis together, much
exceeding the sepals, but slightly longer than the internodes, sub-
glabrous, ecarinate. Flowers subsessile, 6-7 cm. long; sepals nar-
rowly lanceolate, free, acute; petals violet, slightly exceeding the
stamens and pistil.
Epiphytic. Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug
1184- Surinam, Brazil.
46. Tillandsia maculata R. & P. Fl. 3: 40. pi. 267. 1802.
Vriesia maculata Beer, Brom. 98. 1857.
Stemless, 1-2 meters high. Leaves rosulate, 1 meter long,
obscurely punctulate-lepidote; sheath ovate, brown; blade linear, 4
cm. broad, acuminate, often irregularly spotted. Scape erect, its
bracts triangular, the lower ones acuminate and exceeding the inter-
nodes. Inflorescence 3-4-pinnate, pyramidal, red; primary bracts
lanceolate, acute, shorter than the branches or spikes. Spikes oblong,
laxly 12-20-flowered ; rachis glabrous, sulcate, strongly angled,
nearly straight. Floral bracts elliptic, narrowly obtuse, 2 cm. long,
exceeding the sepals, somewhat spreading and not concealing the
rachis, carinate toward the apex, strongly nerved, membranaceous.
Flowers suberect, sessile, 23 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, acute, all
slightly connate at the base, glabrous, strongly nerved; petals violet;
stamens and pistil included.
Epiphytic and saxicolous. Cajamarca: Northwest of Hualgayoc,
Weberbauer 4088. — Huanuco: Muna, Chaclla, Posuso, Chinchao,
Cochero, Ruiz & Pavdn. Pampayacu, Poeppig 1528. Pampayacu,
hacienda at mouth of Rio Chinchao, 1,200 meters, 5094. Endemic.
"Pucca-huehle."
47. Tillandsia Arnoldiana Harms, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
10:579. 1929.
Stemless, 13-15 dm. high. Leaves rosulate, 5-7 dm. long,
glabrous above, obscurely punctulate-lepidote below; sheath large;
blade ligulate, 7-10 cm. broad, rounded-triangular at the apex,
apiculate. Scape erect, its bracts broadly ovate, acute or apiculate,
imbricate. Inflorescence laxly 3-4-pinnate; primary bracts lanceo-
late, enfolding the sterile base of the branch; branches and spikes
with one or more prophylla at the base. Spikes linear-lanceolate,
6-10-flowered, nearly straight, 4-9 cm. long (including the sterile
558 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
base). Floral bracts imbricate, ovate-oblong, 13-15 mm. long, acute
or rounded-apiculate, carinate toward the apex, glabrous, striate.
Flowers 2 cm. long, subsessile; sepals free, oblong, obtuse, strongly
carinate, glabrous, striate; petals narrow, erect; stamens and pistil
included.
Epiphytic. Junin: Huacapistana, 1,800 meters, Killip & Smith
24298. Colombia.
48. Tillandsia platyphylla Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 37. 1906.
Probably over 1 meter high, but known only from fragments.
Leaves rosulate, 1 meter long, subglabrous; sheaths large, dark
brown; blades ligulate, 1 dm. wide, acute, apiculate. Inflorescence
amply 3-pinnate; axis stout, glabrous; primary bracts short, triangu-
lar; branches suberect, bearing 2 sterile bracts at the base. Spikes
linear, 20-flowered, 22 cm. long, 11 mm. wide, arching-decurved.
Floral bracts 2 cm. long, obtuse, exceeding the sepals, ecarinate,
glabrous, strongly nerved. Flowers erect, subsessile, 23 mm. long;
sepals coriaceous, glabrous, strongly nerved, obtuse; petals violet,
the blade narrowly elliptic, acute; stamens and pistil included.
Saxicolous. Cajamarca: Between San Pablo and San Miguel,
1,700 meters, Weberbauer 3888. Endemic.
49. Tillandsia rubra R. & P. Fl. 3: 40. pi 266. 1802. T.
paniculata Cham. & Schlecht. Linnaea 6: 54. 1831, not L. 1762.
T. Deppeana Steud. Norn. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 688. 1841. Vriesia rubra
Beer, Brom. 98. 1857. T. Fendleri Griseb. Goett. Ges. Wiss. Nachr.
1864: 17. 1865. T. excelsa var. latifolia Griseb. Goett. Ges. Wiss.
Nachr. 1864: 17. 1865. T. Kalbreyeri Baker, Journ. Bot. 26: 45.
1888. T. pyramidata Andre", Brom. Andr. 86. 1889. Phytarhiza
rubra E. Morr. ex Baker, Brom. 206. 1889. T. leiochlamys Baker,
Brom. 184. 1889. T. clavigera Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 783. 1896.
T. Bangii Baker, Mem. Torrey Club 6: 124. 1896. T. macrodactylon
Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 39. 1906.
Stemless, 1-2 meters high. Leaves densely rosulate; sheath
subovate, inconspicuous; blade ligulate, up to 8 cm. broad, triangular-
acute. Scape stout, erect, its bracts leaf-like, imbricate. Inflores-
cence amply bipinnate or tripinnate, lax; primary bracts like the
upper scape bracts, much shorter than the spikes. Spikes lanceolate,
acute, complanate, densely 6-28-flowered, 1-3 dm. long, up to 5 cm.
wide, often spreading or recurved, more or less stipitate with sterile
bracts at the base. Floral bracts narrowly obovate, keeled at the
apex, glabrous, even, about equaling the sepals. Flowers erect,
FLORA OF PERU 559
short-stipitate; sepals equally subfree, up to 45 mm. long, oblong-
lanceolate, carinate; petals slightly exceeding the stamens.
Terrestrial and epiphytic. Huanuco: Huacachi, near Mufia,
2,200 meters, 4192. Yanahuanca, 3,300 meters, 1255. Yanano,
2,000 meters, 3766, 3852, 4920. Cani, near Mito, 2,800 meters,
3435. — Junin: Near Tarma, Ruiz & Pavdn. Above Huacapistana
on the Palca road, 2,000-2,100 meters, Weberbauer 2049. Below
Huacapistana, 1,600-1,800 meters, Weberbauer. Carpapata, above
Huacapistana, 2,400 meters, Killip & Smith 24357. — Cuzco: Valley
of the Urubamba .between Cedrobamba and La Maquina, 2,060-
2,260 meters, Herrera 2037. Mexico and the Antilles to Venezuela,
Peru, and Bolivia. "Huehle."
50. Tillandsia Ulei Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 5:102. 1905. T.
glumaciflora Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 143. 1907.
Stemless, 25 cm. high. Leaves bulbous-rosulate, 25 cm. long,
densely and finely appressed-lepidote; sheaths large, suborbicular,
dark brown; blades 1 cm. broad, narrowly triangular, involute-
subulate, cinereous. Scape slender, erect or arching, half as long as
the leaves, its bracts broadly elliptic with long, filiform laminae.
Inflorescence bipinnate from about 12 spikes, distichous; primary
bracts broadly elliptic, acuminate, erect, barely exceeding the sterile
base of the spike, lepidote. Spikes suberect to spreading, bearing
several prophylla on the erect sterile base, linear-lanceolate, 20-
flowered. Floral bracts imbricate, slightly shorter than the sepals,
ecarinate, subchartaceous, lepidote, strongly nerved, acute. Flowers
subsessile, erect; sepals free, narrowly elliptic, obtuse; petals white,
entire, exceeding the stamens and pistil.
Epiphytic. Loreto: Cerro de Escalera, 1,300 meters, Ule 54P-
Endemic, but very closely related to T. didistichoides Mez of Trini-
dad and Venezuela.
51. Tillandsia Harmsiana L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 98:
16. pl.4,f> 12-15. 1932.
At least 6 dm. high. Leaves narrowly triangular, acuminate, 6
dm. long, 4 cm. wide, densely appressed-cinereous-lepidote through-
out. Scape erect, stout, its bracts densely imbricate, ovate with
long, narrow, recurving laminae. Inflorescence bipinnate from about
7 spikes, densely cylindric, 3 dm. long, less than 5 cm. thick; axis
wholly concealed ; primary bracts ovate, acute, erect, tightly sheath-
ing the base of the spikes. Spikes straight, stiffly erect, linear-
lanceolate, acute, 11-15 cm. long, 3 cm. wide, 12-20-flowered ;
560 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
rachis densely lepidote, deeply excavated opposite the flowers.
Floral bracts imbricate, ovate, acute, 3-4 cm. long, exceeding the
sepals but not wholly concealing the rachis, carinate, sparsely lepi-
dote, yellow-brown with dark purple at the base. Flowers stipitate,
5 cm. long; sepals free, narrowly ovate, 3 cm. long, glabrous, ecar-
inate; petals narrow, purple, each with 2 vertical auricled calli;
stamens about equaling the petals; pistil exserted.
Huanuco: Steep, rocky, shrubby slopes, Mito, 3,000 meters,
3272. Endemic.
52. Tillandsia cereicola Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 34. 1906.
Stemless, up to 1 meter high (extended). Leaves rosulate, 3 dm.
long, densely subappressed-lepidote; sheaths broadly elliptic, dark
brown; blades narrowly triangular, 4 cm. wide, acuminate, the apex
angular-subulate. Scape stout, arching-decurved, about equaling
the leaves, its bracts imbricate, the lower short-laminate, the upper
obtuse. Inflorescence pendulous, of 3-4 spikes; primary bracts but
slightly larger than the floral bracts, enfolding the base of the spike.
Spikes linear-lanceolate, 3 dm. long, 18-flowered, bearing several
sterile bracts at the base, complanate. Floral bracts imbricate,
lanceolate, obtuse, 35 mm. long, much exceeding the sepals, ecar-
inate. Flowers 52 mm. long (with pistil), erect, pedicellate for 3 mm. ;
sepals free, coriaceous, glabrous, acute; petals tubular-erect, violet;
stamens and pistil exserted.
Epiphytic. Ancash : Near Caraz, 2,200 meters, Weberbauer 3025.
Endemic.
53. Tillandsia purpurea R. & P. Fl. 3: 41. pi. 270, f. a. 1802.
T. azurea Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 124. pi. 24- 1827. T. longebracteala
Meyen, Reise 438. 1843, in synon. Anoplophytum longebracteatum
Beer, Brom. 264. 1857. Platystachys purpurea Beer, Brom. 89. 1857.
Phytarhiza purpurea E. Morr. ex Baker, Brom. 167. 1889.
Very variable, stemless to long-caulescent, up to 7 dm. long.
Leaves rosulate or distributed along the stem, polystichous, 1-2 dm.
long, cinereous, densely tomentose-lepidote; sheath not distinct;
blade narrowly triangular, 14 mm. wide, filiform-acuminate, recurv-
ing. Scape slender, erect, variable in length, its bracts imbricate,
narrowly elliptic, filiform-laminate, densely lepidote. Inflorescence
bipinnate; primary bracts lanceolate, acute, lepidote, purple, shorter
than the spikes. Spikes laxly 7-flowered, lanceolate; rachis genic-
ulate, exposed. Floral bracts subspreading, lanceolate, acute,
15-20 mm. long, slightly exceeding the sepals, carinate, incurved,
FLORA OF PERU 561
glabrous, stramineous, finely striate. Flowers pedicellate; sepals
lanceolate, glabrous; petals purple or blue and white, the blade
narrowly ovate; stamens and pistil included.
On sandy lomas or on ledges. Huanuco: Llata, 2,300 meters,
2298. Near Huanuco, Haenke. — Lima: Obrajillo, Brackenridge.
Lurin, 5930. Canta, Huarochiri, and near Lima, Ruiz & Pavon.
Near Lima, Cuming 981 in part; Dombey 11*2; Wawra 2655 in part;
W. Nation. Santa Clara, Rose 19480. — Junin: Uspachaca, 2,800
meters, 1314- — Arequipa: Near Islai, Meyen. Endemic. "Cardo
de lomas."
54. Tillandsia straminea HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 292. 1816.
T. scoparia Willd. ex R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1217. 1830. Platystachys
scoparia Beer, Brom. 265. 1857.
Stemless, up to 5 dm. high. Leaves rosulate, spreading, 25 cm.
long, densely tomentose-lepidote, fuscous or cinereous; sheath not
distinct; blade narrowly triangular, 14 mm. wide, filiform-acuminate.
Scape slender, erect, its bracts imbricate, narrow, submembranaceous,
stramineous, lepidote, filiform-laminate. Inflorescence bipinnate,
glabrous; primary bracts lanceolate, shorter than the spikes, stramin-
eous, glabrous. Spikes laxly 6-8-flowered; rachis geniculate. Floral
bracts spreading, ovate, acute, 18 mm. long, about equaling the
sepals, closely and finely nerved, carinate. Flowers 22 mm. long;
sepals ovate; petals purple; stamens included.
Epiphytic. Piura: Near Olleros, Humboldt & Bonpland 3496.
—Huanuco: Near Huanuco, Haenke. — Lima: Ruins of Cajamar-
quilla, Rimac Valley, Seler 252. Ecuador.
55. Tillandsia Gayi Baker, Brom. 179. 1889.
Stemless, 4 dm. high. Leaves rosulate, 25 cm. long, pruinose-
lepidote; sheath narrowly ovate, not distinct; blade narrowly triangu-
lar, 1 cm. wide. Scape erect, glabrous, its bracts imbricate, red,
elliptic, lepidote, the lower laminate. Inflorescence densely bipin-
nate; primary bracts like the upper scape bracts, suberect, shorter
than the spikes, acute, sparsely lepidote. Spikes erect, 8-10-flow-
ered, red, subsessile, lanceolate. Floral bracts imbricate, ovate-
elliptic, 16 mm. long, ecarinate, glabrous, strongly nerved. Flowers
subsessile, 2 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, obtuse, 14 mm. long; petals
spreading at the apex, exceeding the stamens and pistil, white(?).
Indefinite: Gay. Endemic.
562 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
56. Tillandsia oroyensis Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 77. 1919.
Stout, 5 dm. high. Leaves rosulate, 3 dm. long, densely sub-
appressed-lepidote; blade narrowly triangular, rigid, 25 mm. wide.
Scape stout, erect, its bracts lax, ovate-elliptic, laminate. Inflores-
cence bipinnate or the lowest branches digitate-divided, subclavate,
dense above, interrupted below; primary bracts ample but even the
lowest somewhat shorter than the axillary spikes, laminate or apicu-
late, lepidote. Spikes erect, sessile, laxly 6-flowered, subelliptic,
acute, 35 mm. long. Floral bracts suberect, 10-15 mm. long, dis-
tinctly shorter than the sepals at maturity, ecarinate, glabrous,
obtuse-mucronate, strongly nerved. Flowers 18 mm. long; sepals
nearly free, ovate, acute, carinate, glabrous; petals bright purple.
Huanuco: Yanahuanca, 3,300 meters, 1161. — Junin: Between
Tarma and La Oroya, Weberbauer 2523. Endemic.
57. Tillandsia Roezli E. Morr. Belg. Hort. 27: 272. pi. 15.
1877. Allardtia Roezlii E. Morr. ex Baker, Brom. 207. 1889. Vriesea
Roezlii Hort. Linden ex E. Morr. in Baker, Brom. 207. 1889.
Stemless, up to 5 dm. high. Leaves rosulate, 4 dm. long; sheath
elliptic, slightly inflated; blade ligulate, acute, 35 mm. wide, green
with irregular brown-black cross bands. Scape erect, glabrous, its
bracts imbricate, lanceolate, acuminate, spreading at the apex.
Inflorescence laxly bipinnate from a few spikes; primary bracts
spreading, lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the spikes, reddish.
Spikes narrowly lanceolate, subsessile, 6-10 cm. long. Floral bracts
densely imbricate, lanceolate, acute, 3 cm. long, exceeding the sepals,
green with a red apex, lustrous. Flowers sessile, 4 cm. long; sepals
free, lanceolate, acuminate; petals erect, lilac; stamens and pistil
included.
Terrestrial. Indefinite: Northern Peru (probably in or near the
department of Junin), Roezl. Endemic.
58. Tillandsia pinnato-digitata Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3:
39. 1906.
More than 5 dm. high. Leaves subpruinose, cinereous-lepidote.
Scape stout, erect, glabrous, its bracts densely imbricate, cinereous-
lepidote, with long involute-subulate laminae. Inflorescence broadly
thyrsoid, tripinnate, lax below, dense above, 3 dm. long, 11 cm.
thick; primary bracts ample, the lower ones long-laminate and
exceeding the axillary branches, the upper ones acuminate. Spikes
digitate at the end of short naked branches, sessile, 10-flowered,
broadly lanceolate, suberect to spreading, 6 cm. long, 14 mm. wide,
FLORA OF PERU 563
compressed. Floral bracts densely imbricate, concealing the rachis,
ovate- triangular, 18 mm. long, red, striate, coriaceous. Flowers
subsessile, 23 mm. long; sepals acute, glabrous, connate posteriorly
for 8 mm. ; petals ligulate, violet.
Saxicolous. Ancash: Prov. Cajatambo, near Ocros, 2,400-2,900
meters, Weberbauer 2736 in part. Endemic.
59. Tillandsia interrupta Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 38. 1906.
Stemless, up to 1 meter high. Leaves rosulate, 1 meter long,
densely and finely appressed-lepidote; sheaths narrowly elliptic,
chestnut; blades narrowly triangular, 4 cm. broad, filiform-acumin-
ate, cinereous. Scape stout, erect, its bracts imbricate, subinflated,
long-laminate. Inflorescence thyrsoid, interrupted at the base,
dense above, 5 dm. long; axis stout, glabrous; primary bracts broadly
elliptic, exceeding the lower and middle spikes, inflated, the lower
ones long-laminate. Spikes suberect to spreading, sessile, densely
10-12-flowered, narrowly lanceolate, 7 cm. long, compressed. Floral
bracts ecarinate, 17 mm. long, equaling or slightly shorter than the
sepals, acute, glabrous, strongly nerved, coriaceous. Flowers sub-
sessile, 22 mm. long; sepals posteriorly connate for 3 mm., elliptic,
glabrous, nerved, acute; petals violet, ligulate; stamens and pistil
included.
Epiphytic. Ancash: Prov. Cajatambo, near Ocros, 2,400-2,900
meters, Weberbauer 2736 in part. — Lima: Matucana, 2,700 meters,
403. Endemic.
60. Tillandsia ionochroma Andr4 ex Mez in DC. Monogr.
9: 801. 1896. Caraguata violacea Andre", Rev. Hort. 60: 566. 1888,
not Tillandsia violacea Klotzsch, 1857.
Up to 4 dm. high (extended). Leaves subglabrous, 4-5 dm.
long; sheath narrowly ovate; blade ligulate, 25 mm. wide, acute,
recurved. Scape slender, glabrous, its bracts leaf-like, imbricate,
slightly divergent. Inflorescence bipinnate, thyrsoid, dense above,
interrupted below, arching, 25 cm. long, obscurely punctulate-
lepidote; primary bracts equaling or exceeding the spikes, bright
rep! when young, the lower ones ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the
upper ones broadly ovate, apiculate. Spikes distichous, subsessile,
broadly ovate, 3 cm. long, 4-flowered, complanate, the uppermost
ones reduced to a single flower so that the end of the inflorescence
appears to be a single poJystichous spike. Floral bracts elliptic,
obtuse, weakly or not at all carinate, strongly nerved, the lowest
distinctly shorter than the sepals. Flowers short-stipitate, 2 cm.
564 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
long, the uppermost much smaller and often sterile; sepals oblong,
obtuse, 13 mm. long, carinate, strongly nerved; petals ligulate,
purple; stamens and pistil included.
Epiphytic. Huanuco: Cani, near Mito, 2,800 meters, 3542.—
Cuzco: Urubamba Valley, 2,300 meters, Herrera 3497. Ecuador.
61. Tillandsia Schimperiana Wittm. Bot. Jahrb. 11: 67. 1889.
Stemless, stout, 5 dm. or more high. Leaves rosulate, 7 dm. long,
sparsely punctulate-lepidote below; sheath large, ovate; blade linear,
acuminate at the apex, 4 cm. wide. Scape stout, erect, shorter than
the leaves, its bracts densely imbricate, leaf -like, attaining the middle
of the inflorescence, the upper red. Inflorescence compact, bipinnate ;
primary bracts broadly triangular, exceeding the spikes, suberect,
acuminate, red. Spikes subsessile, 6-9-flowered, elliptic, acute,
compressed, 45 mm. long. Floral bracts imbricate, ovate, apiculate,
22 mm. long, equaling or exceeding the sepals, glabrous, even,
chestnut-colored with pale margins, carinate, incurved. Flowers
subsessile, 29 mm. long; sepals free, narrowly ovate, obtuse, glabrous,
even, strongly carinate; petals white, the blade narrowly ovate,
obtuse; stamens included.
Epiphytic. Junin: Prov. Tarma, mountains west of Huacapis-
tana, 2,700-3,000 meters, Weberbauer 2296. Colombia.
62. Tillandsia sphaerocephala Baker, Journ. Bot. 26: 141.
1888.
Stemless. Leaves densely rosulate, 2-4 dm. long, densely ap-
pressed-lepidote, lustrous; sheath large, elliptic, dark brown below,
cinereous above and merging imperceptibly into the blade; blade
narrowly triangular, 2 cm. broad, involute-subulate toward the
apex, erect or decurved. Scape usually curved and ascending, its
bracts leaf-like, densely imbricate. Inflorescence bipinnate, densely
capitate, 5-6 cm. long; outer primary bracts with a broad ovate
base and long, triangular tip which exceeds the inflorescence, the
inner primary bracts ovate, obtuse, apiculate, equaling the spikes.
Spikes few-flowered, strongly complanate. Floral bracts ovate,
23-30 mm. long, carinate, scantly furfuraceous-lepidote to glabrous,
strongly nerved. Flowers subsessile, 2-3 cm. long; sepals ovate,
acute, 20-25 mm. long, carinate; petals ligulate, obtuse; stamens about
equaling the pistil, shorter than the petals, the filaments straight.
Saxicolous. Cuzco: Valley northeast of Vilcanota, below Caicai,
3,300-3,500 meters, Pennell 14194. Urubamba Valley, Caicai,
3,200 meters, Herrera 1146. Bolivia. "Ccacca-huiccontoi."
FLORA OF PERU 565
63. Tillandsia calocephala Wittm. Med. Rijks Herb. 29: 90.
1916.
Caulescent, 2-3 dm. long. Leaves imbricate along the stem,
polystichous, 6-8 cm. long, densely subappressed-lepidote; sheath
not distinct; blade narrowly triangular, subulate-acuminate. Scape
none. Inflorescence capitate, surrounded by the upper leaves,
25-30 mm. long; primary bracts broadly ovate with subulate apices,
much exceeding the spikes. Spikes 2-3-flowered, 15 mm. long;
floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1 cm. long, slightly shorter than
the sepals, carinate, lepidote, scarlet. Flowers 15 mm. long; sepals
lanceolate, carinate, glabrous, connate posteriorly for 2 mm. ; petals
purple, exceeding the stamens.
Saxicolous. Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 2,850-2,900 meters, Herrera
290, 860. Hills of Sacsahuaman, 3,400-3,500 meters, Herrera 455.
Paucartambo, Hacienda Capana, 3,400 meters, Herrera 1267.
Bolivia. "Huiccontoi," "ccacca-huiccontoi."
64. Tillandsia biflora R. & P. Fl. 3: 41. pi. 268, /. b. 1802.
T. violacea Klotzsch ex Beer, Brom. 266. 1857, nomen. Anoplophy-
tum violaceum Beer, Brom. 266. 1857, nomen. T. tetrantha R. & P.
of Griseb. Goett. Ges. Wiss. Nachr. 1864: 18. 1865. T. Grisebachiana
Baker, Journ. Bot. 26: 143. 1888.
Stemless, up to 3 dm. high. Leaves utriculate-rosulate, 2 dm.
long, obscurely punctulate-lepidote, often purple-mottled; sheath
ovate, large; blade ligulate, 2 cm. wide, acute. Scape slender,
usually curved, its bracts leaf-like, densely imbricate. Inflorescence
densely bipinnate or rarely reduced to a single polystichous spike,
ovoid, glabrous or obscurely punctulate-lepidote; primary bracts
broadly ovate, thin, inflated, exceeding the lower and middle spikes,
the lower acuminate, the upper apiculate. Spikes laxly 1-3-flowered,
short-stipitate. Floral bracts broadly ovate, obtuse, much shorter
than the sepals, carinate, strongly nerved, membranaceous. Flowers
suberect, 2 cm. long; sepals oblong, obtuse, 12-15 mm. long, carinate,
nerved; petals ligulate, lavender; stamens and pistil included.
Epiphytic. Huanuco: Near Mufia, Ruiz & Pavdn. Yanano,
2,000 meters, 3658, 3780.— Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1,200
meters, Schunke 542. Carpapata, above Huacapistana, 2,700-
3,200 meters, Killip & Smith 24367. Hacienda Schunke, La Merced,
1,700 meters, 5653. — Indefinite: Tabina, Lechler 2132. Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia.
566 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
65. Tillandsia fusco-guttata Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 5:
101. 1905.
Stemless, 4 dm. high. Leaves rosulate, subglabrous; sheath large,
ovate-elliptic, chestnut; blade linear, 15 mm. broad, acuminate.
Scape stout, erect, its bracts imbricate, leaf-like. Inflorescence
densely bipinnate, subpyramidal, 6 cm. long; primary bracts ovate-
elliptic, long-laminate with recurving tips, exceeding the middle and
lower spikes. Spikes densely 6-7-flowered, erect or nearly so, ovate-
elliptic, acute, 25 mm. long, compressed. Floral bracts imbricate,
1 cm. long, slightly shorter than the sepals, glabrous, carinate,
nerved. Flowers subsessile, 16 mm. long, glabrous; sepals obtuse;
petals suberect, blue, obtuse; stamens and pistil included.
Saxicolous. Puno: Near Sandia, 2,200 meters, Weberbauer 568.
Endemic.
66. Tillandsia Wangerini Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3: 40. 1906.
T. pastensis Andr£ of Weberbauer in Engl. & Drude, Veg. Erde 12:
257. 1911, not Andre.
Stout, over 5 dm. high. Leaves densely utriculate-rosulate, 4
dm. long; sheath large, narrowly elliptic, violet, brown-lepidote;
blade triangular-lanceolate, flat, 45 mm. wide. Scape stout, erect,
much exceeding the leaves, its bracts densely imbricate, leaf-like,
subinflated. Inflorescence bipinnate, densely thyrsoid; primary
bracts dull red, broadly ovate-elliptic, exceeding the middle and
lower spikes, the lower laminate, the upper apiculate. Spikes rather
laxly 6-flowered, sessile, broadly ovate, 3 cm. long. Floral bracts
coriaceous, elliptic, obtuse, 13 mm. long, shorter than the sepals,
glabrous, the lower strongly carinate. Flowers suberect, glabrous,
19 mm. long; sepals obtuse, coriaceous, striate; petals violet; stamens
and pistil included.
Epiphytic. Cajamarca: San Pablo, Weberbauer 3875. — Ancash:
Prov. Huari, between Pichin and Conin, 3,500-3,600 meters, Weber-
bauer 2920. Endemic.
67. Tillandsia pulchella Hook. Exot. Fl. 2: pi. 154. 1825.
T. subulata Veil. Fl. Flum. 133. 1825. T. pityphylla Mart, in R. & S.
Syst. Veg. 7: 1208. 1830. T. rosea Lindl. Bot. Reg. 16: pi. 1357.
1830. Diaphoranthema subulata Beer, Brom. 155. 1857. Anoplophy-
tum pulchellum Beer, Brom. 41. 1857. T. recurvifolia Hook. Bot.
Mag. 87: pi. 5246. 1861. A. amoenum E. Morr. Belg. Hort. 33: 265.
pi. 17. 1883. A. brachypodium E. Morr. ex Baker, Brom. 196. 1889.
T. surinamensis Miq. ex Mez in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 3: 603. 1894.
FLORA OF PERU 567
Plant caulescent with stem up to 25 cm. long, often branching
and pulvinate, rather variable. Leaves 5-10 cm. long, densely and
minutely appressed-lepidote; sheath barely distinct; blade narrowly
triangular, subulate-acuminate, 2-7 mm. wide. Scape erect or
ascending, short, slender, its bracts imbricate, elliptic, caudate,
membranaceous, rose. Inflorescence simple, polystichous-flowered,
ovoid, dense, 4-10-flowered. Floral bracts suborbicular, short-
caudate or apiculate, much exceeding the sepals, membranaceous,
punctulate-lepidote. Flowers erect; sepals lanceolate, acute, glab-
rous, 1 cm. long, much connate posteriorly; petals blue, white, or
rose, 2 cm. long, obtuse; stamens included, the filaments transversely
plicate. Capsule cylindric, 15 mm. long.
Epiphytic and saxicolous. Puno: Near Sandia, 2,000-3,200
meters, Weberbauer 549. Antilles through Venezuela and Brazil to
Bolivia and northern Argentina.
68. Tillandsia nana. Baker, Brom. 172. 1889.
Caulescent, up to 1 dm. high. Leaves densely imbricate along the
stem, polystichous, 6 cm. long, densely subappressed-lepidote,
silvery; sheath not distinct; blade narrowly triangular, 6-10 mm.
wide, complicate. Scape none. Inflorescence simple, ovoid, 3 cm.
long, densely polystichous-flowered. Bracts broad, acute, 16 mm.
long, much exceeding the sepals, red. Flowers subsessile, 18 mm.
long; sepals lanceolate, acute, connate posteriorly for 2-3 mm.,
glabrous; petals rose, spreading at the apex; stamens and pistil
included.
Saxicolous. Cuzco: Right bank of the Rio Urubamba, near
Urubamba, 3,200-3,700 meters, Weberbauer 2554. Valley of the
Rio Paucartambo, Hacienda Churu, 3,500 meters, Herrera 1113a.
—Indefinite: Gay. Endemic.
69. Tillandsia latisepala L. B. Smith, Proc. Amer. Acad. 68:
US.pl.l,f.6-7. 1933.
Caulescent, silvery-lepidote. Leaves densely polystichous, dense-
ly subpruinose-lepidote; sheath inconspicuous; blade spreading,
narrowly triangular, 20-25 cm. long, 17 mm. broad, involute toward
the apex. Scape slender, erect, slightly curved, 15 cm. long, its
bracts imbricate, elliptic, long-caudate. Inflorescence simple, poly-
stichous-flowered, rather densely ovoid, 6 cm. long. Floral bracts
submembranaceous, broadly ovate, exceeding the sepals, the lower
caudate, 3 cm. long, exceeding the flowers. Flowers 22 mm. long,
subsessile; sepals free, thick-coriaceous, 11 mm. long, 9 mm. wide,
568 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII
apiculate, densely white-pruinose-lepidote; petals white, narrow,
obtuse; filaments transversely plicate near the apex.
Cuzco: Valle de Santa Ana, Huadquina, 1,500 meters, Herrera
3313. Paraguay.
EXCLUDED SPECIES
Tillandsia andicola Gill. Peruvian material referred to this
species has proved to be T. Gilliesii Baker.
Tillandsia Pavonii Mez. This name is a synonym of Monotagma
laxum (P. & E.) Schum.
6. VRIESIA Lindl.
Large, showy herbs. Leaves densely rosulate, often banded or
mottled, entire. Inflorescence simple or compound, the spikes
usually distichous-flowered. Floral bracts conspicuous. Flowers
subsessile to pedicellate. Sepals free. Petals free, ligulate, bearing
either one or two scales each according to the species, entire. Ovary
nearly or quite superior, the style elongate. Ovules many, usually
caudate. Seeds fusiform, with a long, straight, basal coma. — About
100 species. Epiphytic, rarely terrestrial. Chiefly Brazilian with
outlying species from Mexico and the Antilles to Argentina. Type
species, Vriesia psittacina Lindl.
Floral bracts chartaceous, 45 mm. long; plant rarely over 4 dm.
high 1. y. heliconioides.
Floral bracts coriaceous, not over 35 mm. long; plant over 1 m. high.
Floral bracts broadly ovate, twice as long as the sepals, concealing
the rachis at anthesis 2. V. chrysostachys.
Floral bracts lanceolate, equaling the sepals, not concealing the
rachis 3. V. albiflora.
1. Vriesia heliconioides (HBK.) Hook, ex Walp. Ann. Bot.
3: 623. 1853. Tillandsia heliconioides HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1:
293. 1816. T. disticha Willd. ex Schult. f. in R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7:
1226. 1830. Platystachys disticha Beer, Brom. 264. 1857. V.Falken-
bergii Hort. ex Gard. Chron. II. 13: 759. 1880. V. bellula Linden,
Cat. 109: 7. 1883. V. disticha Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3: 304. 1898 (as
to material cited; not as to Renealmia disticha L.).
Rarely over 4 dm. high. Leaves 2 dm. long, green above, suf-
fused with red and sometimes spotted below; sheaths distinct,
obscurely punctulate-lepidote; blades ligulate, acute or acuminate,
subglabrous. Scape erect, usually much shorter than the leaves, its
FLORA OF PERU 569
bracts imbricate, broadly ovate, acute. Inflorescence simple, dis-
tichous-flowered, oblong, dense, 6-18-flowered, 2 dm. long, 6 cm.
wide, strongly complanate. Floral bracts very broadly ovate and
triangular-acute or subrhombic, 45 mm. long and nearly as wide,
chartaceous, the base suberect, the middle spreading horizontally
and the apex incurved and sharply carinate. Flowers subsessile,
6 cm. long; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 27 mm. long; petals ligulate,
acute, white, bearing 2 obtuse entire scales; stamens included.
Capsule 5 cm. long.
Epiphytic, in dense forest. Ayacucho: Rio Apurimac Valley,
near Kimpitiriki, 400 meters, Killip & Smith 23013. Guatemala to
Bolivia and southwestern Brazil.
2. Vriesia chrysostachys E. Morr. Belg. Hort. 31: 87. 1881.
Tillandsia chrysostachys Baker, Bot. Mag. 112: pi 6906. 1886.
V. aurea Hort. ex Baker, Brom. 222. 1889. V. cryptantha Hort. ex
Baker, Brom. 222. 1889. T. trinitensis Baker, Brom. 211. 1889.
Leaves 3-5 dm. long, minutely punctulate-lepidote; blade linear,
4-5 cm. wide, acute. Scape slender, erect, its bracts imbricate,
broadly ovate, the lower acuminate, the upper obtuse. Inflorescence
of 1-3 spikes. Spikes linear, many-flowered, up to 1 meter long.
Floral bracts densely imbricate, broadly ovate, triangular-acute,
35 mm. long, exceeding the flowers, yellow, coriaceous. Flowers
subsessile, 25 mm. long; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, 15 mm. long;
petals yellow; stamens included.
Terrestrial. Junin: East of Quimiri Bridge, La Merced, 700
meters, Killip & Smith 24010. — Indefinite: Davis. Trinidad.
3. Vriesia albiflora Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 141.
1907. Tillandsia rhododactyla Mez, Repert. Sp. Nov. 16: 76. 1919.
Over 1 meter high. Leaves 6 dm. long, the blade ligulate, 7 cm.
wide, flat, rounded-apiculate, subglabrous. Scape erect, stout, its
bracts elliptic, acute, imbricate. Inflorescence laxly bipinnate;
primary bracts lanceolate, much shorter than the spikes. Spikes
suberect, linear, 25 cm. long, 2-3 cm. broad, compressed, prophyl-
late. Floral bracts lanceolate, 25 mm. long, equaling the sepals,
keeled, glabrous, even, imbricate. Flowers erect; sepals narrowly
elliptic, acute, coriaceous; petals ligulate, bearing 2 scales 1 cm. from
the base, white; stamens and pistil included. Capsule short, equaling
the sepals.
Epiphytic. Huanuco: Rio Huallaga Canyon below Rio Santo
Domingo, 1,300 meters, 4265. Trinidad, Guiana, Amazonian Brazil.
570 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII
7. GUZMANIA R. & P.
Leaves densely rosulate in the Peruvian species, entire; sheaths
usually conspicuous. Inflorescence various; spikes always poly-
stichous-flowered. Flowers perfect. Sepals usually somewhat
connate. Petals connate or closely conglutinated, naked, yellow or
white. Stamens usually included; filaments more or less fused to the
petals. Ovary wholly superior, pyramidal, ellipsoid or ovoid,
glabrous. Ovules many, densely glomerate. Capsule septicidal.
Seeds with a long, basal, usually brownish coma. — Named in honor
of Anastasio Guzman, Spanish naturalist. Over 80 species. Chiefly
Andean with outlying species in southern Central America, the
West Indies, Venezuela, Guiana, and the Amazon Basin. Type
species, Guzmania tricolor R. & P.
Inflorescence simple, spicate or racemose.
Inflorescence cyathiform, corymbose, with conspicuous bracts at
base 1. G. brachycephala.
Inflorescence globose to elongate, not corymbose.
Leaves acute or acuminate.
Floral bracts membranaceous.
Young floral bracts glabrous; inflorescence sterile at the
apex 2. G. monostachia.
Young floral bracts dark-ferruginous-farinose; inflorescence
fertile throughout 3. G. calothyrsus.
Floral bracts coriaceous.
Floral bracts acute 4. G. conifera.
Floral bracts rounded-apiculate 5. G. strobilantha.
Leaves rounded-apiculate 6. G. apiculata.
Inflorescence compound, paniculate.
Floral bracts equaling or exceeding the sepals.
Inflorescence densely capitate 7. G. Morreniana.
Inflorescence elongate.
Spikes dense, strobiliform.
Spikes stipitate, ovoid or obovoid, 4-5 cm. thick.
Leaves and bracts finely and irregularly cross-striate.
8. G. Lindeni.
Leaves concolorous; bracts regularly and heavily marked
with longitudinal stripes 9. G. Killipiana.
Spikes subsessile, slenderly ellipsoid, not over 2 cm. thick.
FLORA OF PERU 571
Floral bracts enfolding the sepals, 13 mm. long.
10. G. brevispatha.
Floral bracts nearly flat, 21 mm. long. 11. G. tarapotina.
Spikes lax, elongate 12. G. panniculata.
Floral bracts much shorter than the sepals.
Primary bracts exceeding the axillary spikes. 13. G. Weberbaueri.
Primary bracts much shorter than the axillary spikes.
14. G. Roezli.
1. Guzmania brachycephala (Baker) Mez in DC. Monogr. 9:
902. 1896. Tillandsia brachycephala Baker, Journ. Bot. 26: 40. 1888.
Up to 4 dm. high. Leaves 4 dm. long, tubular-rosulate, erect;
sheath narrowly ovate; blade linear, 9 mm. wide, glabrous, acumi-
nate. Scape slender, erect, its bracts imbricate, the lower leaf-like,
the upper lanceolate, acuminate. Inflorescence simple, few-flowered,
dense, corymbose; subtending bracts 3 cm. long, the interior bracts
similar to the exterior, exceeding the sepals, glabrous, lustrous,
broadly elliptic, stramineous. Flowers erect, subsessile; sepals all
connate for one-third their length, elliptic, obtuse, 12 mm. long,
coriaceous. Capsule cylindric, 32 mm. long; coma ferruginous.
Epiphytic. Puno: Near Sangaban, Lechler 2409. Endemic.
2. Guzmania monostachia (L.) Rusby ex Mez in DC. Monogr.
9: 905. 1896. Renealmia monostachia L. Sp. PI. 287. 1753. Til-
landsia monostachia L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 410. 1762. T. clavata Lam.
Encycl. 1: 617. 1783. Pourretia sympaganthera R. & P. Syst. 1: 82.
1798. G. tricolor R. & P. Fl. 3: 38. pi. 261. 1802. G. comosa R. & S.
Syst. Veg. 7: 1232. 1830. G. sympaganthera Beer, Brom. 103. 1857.
T. pachycarpa Baker, Journ. Bot. 25: 238. 1887. T. gymnophylla
Baker, Journ. Bot. 26: 41. 1888. G. maculata Hort. ex Baker, Brom.
152. 1889. G. grandis Hort. ex Baker, Brom. 152. 1889. G. fragrans
Hort. ex Baker, Brom. 152. 1889. G. clavata Urban, Repert. Sp. Nov.
15: 99. 1917.
Stemless, 2-4 dm. high. Leaves obscurely punctulate-lepidote,
soon glabrous; sheaths broadly ovate, brownish; blades ligulate,
2 cm. wide, acute, yellow-green. Scape erect, its bracts ovate, acute,
imbricate, pale green. Inflorescence of a single elongate, poly-
stichous spike, cylindric, 8-15 cm. long, sterile at the apex. Floral
bracts imbricate, ovate, acute, membranous, the fertile ones pale
green with conspicuous, brown, longitudinal stripes, about equaling
the flowers, the sterile ones bright red. Flowers erect, white, 23-29
572 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII
mm. long; sepals joined equally for about one-fourth their length,
18 mm. long, obovate, broadly obtuse, even, coriaceous; petals fused
for most of their length, the lobes elliptic, obtuse; stamens included,
the filaments connate with the petals for most of their length.
Capsule cylindric, 2-3 cm. long.
Epiphytic and terrestrial. Tumbes: Mountains east of Hacienda
Chicama, Prov. Tumbes, 800-900 meters, Weberbauer 7643 —
San Martin: San Roque, 1,350-1,500 meters, Williams 7238 —
Huanuco: Near Pillao and Chacahuassi, Ruiz & Pawn. Florida,
Costa Rica, Panama, Antilles, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia.
3. Guzmania calothyrsus Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 910. 1896.
Anoplophytum calothyrsus Beer, Brom. 263. 1857, nomen. Tillandsia
calothyrsus Poeppig ex Beer, Brom. 263. 1857, nomen.
Up to 1 meter high. Leaves densely punctulate-lepidote below,
3-6 dm. long; sheath narrowly elliptic, brown-lepidote; blade linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, 2 cm. broad, thin. Scape stout, erect, exceed-
ing the leaves, ferruginous-tomentose, its bracts densely imbricate,
lanceolate, acuminate, ferruginous-tomentose. Inflorescence simple,
polystichous, densely strobiliform, fertile throughout, 6-12 cm. long.
Floral bracts imbricate, membranaceous, densely dark-farinose,
broadly elliptic, triangular-acute. Flowers subsessile; sepals con-
nate for 6 mm., herbaceous, 22 mm. long, narrowly elliptic, acute,
ferruginous-tomentose, soon glabrous; petals narrowly elliptic,
obtuse, much connate.
Epiphytic. Huanuco: Near Pampayacu, Poeppig 1224- — Junin:
La Merced, 1,700 meters, 5346. Endemic.
4. Guzmania conifera Andr£ ex Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 911.
1896. Caraguata conifera Andre", Rev. Hort. 60: 565. 1888.
Nearly 1 meter high. Leaves finely appressed-lepidote, 6-8 dm.
long; sheath indistinct, dark-lepidote; blade ligulate, acute, 6-8
cm. wide. Scape stout, erect, its bracts densely imbricate, the lower
leaf-like, the upper lanceolate, acuminate, red. Inflorescence simple,
polystichous, densely strobiliform, globose or ellipsoid, 11 cm. long.
Floral bracts coriaceous, thick, triangular-acute, 4-6 cm. long, red
with yellow tips. Flowers sessile, 65-70 mm. long; sepals sub-
triangular, 25-30 mm. long, glabrous, coriaceous, dark brown with
pale margins; petals stramineous, high-connate, obtuse.
Epiphytic and terrestrial. Junin: Hacienda Schunke, La Merced,
1,300 meters, 5615. Hacienda Schunke, above San Ramon, 1,400-
1,700 meters, Killip & Smith 24872. Ecuador.
FLORA OF PERU 573
5. Guzmania strobilantha (R. & P.) Mez in DC. Monogr. 9:
913. 1896, excl. syn. Andre*. Bonapartea strobilantha R. & P. Fl.
3: 39. pi. 263. 1802. Tillandsia strobilantha Poir. Encycl. Suppl. 5:
309. 1817. Acanthospora conantha Spreng. Syst. Veg. 2: 25. 1825.
Misandra strobilantha Dietr. ex R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1198. 1830,
in synon. Anoplophytum strobilanthum Beer, Brom. 42. 1857. T.
conantha Baker, Brom. 228. 1889. G. parviflora Ule, Verb. Bot. Ver.
Brandenb. 48: 146. 1907.
About 6 dm. high. Leaves brown-punctate-lepidote below,
4-5 dm. long; sheath ovate; blade linear, acuminate, 20-25 mm.
broad. Scape slender, erect, its bracts leaf -like, imbricate. Inflo-
rescence simple, polystichous, densely strobilate, globose or ellipsoid,
5 cm. long. Floral bracts broadly elliptic, rounded-apiculate, 15 mm.
long, coriaceous, glabrous, striate. Flowers subsessile, 18 mm. long;
sepals elliptic, obtuse, 12-15 mm. long, connate for 2 mm.; petals
yellowish white, equaling the stamens.
Epiphytic. Loreto: Pampas de Ponasa, 1,000 meters, Ule 55p.—
Huanuco: Chicoplaya, Ruiz & Pavdn. — Junin: Pichis Trail, Santa
Rosa, 625-900 meters, Killip & Smith 26199. Endemic.
6. Guzmania apiculata L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 98:
25. pi. 5, f. 8-9. 1932.
About 5 dm. high. Leaves rosulate, 5 dm. long, obscurely
punctulate-lepidote below; sheath ovate, broad; blade linear, 30-35
mm. broad, broadly rounded, apiculate. Scape slender, erect,
glabrous, its bracts ovate, apiculate, thin, slightly longer than the
internodes. Inflorescence simple, densely strobilate, 8 cm. long,
fusiform, sterile toward the apex, glabrous. Floral bracts sub-
orbicular, somewhat broader than long, membranaceous, striate, 2
cm. long, much exceeding the sepals. Flowers short-stipitate; sepals
elliptic, broadly acute, equally connate for 3 mm., thin, striate.
Capsule 3 cm. long; coma reddish brown.
Epiphytic. Junin: Hacienda Schunke, La Merced, 1,300 meters,
5711. Endemic.
7. Guzmania Morreniana (Linden) Mez in DC. Monogr. 9:
932. 1896. Massangea Morreniana Linden in Cat. Expos. Brux.
1880. Schlumbergera Morreniana E. Morr. Belg. Hort. 33: 46.
pi. b-6. 1883. Caraguata Schlumbergerii Baker, Brom. 151. 1889.
Up to 1 meter high. Leaves soon glabrous, 11 dm. long; sheath
indistinct, dark brown, punctulate-lepidote; blade linear, acute, 7
cm. wide, green with fine, irregular, dark brown cross-banding.
574 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Scape stout, erect, its bracts densely imbricate, broadly ovate,
acuminate, pungent, brownish purple. Inflorescence bipinnate,
densely subcapitate or pyramidal, 1 dm. long, dark brown; primary
bracts broadly elliptic, acute. Spikes ovoid, erect or nearly so, longer
than the primary bracts at maturity. Floral bracts imbricate,
coriaceous, broadly ovate, obtuse, 25 mm. long, equaling or exceed-
ing the sepals. Flowers sessile, 4 cm. long; sepals acute, equally
connate for 2-3 mm.; petals yellowish, slenderly tubular, obtuse.
Epiphytic. Cuzco: Slopes of Media Naranja, Urubamba Basin,
2,000 meters, Herrera 2039. Endemic.
8. Guzmania Lindeni (Andre") Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 933.
1896. Massangea Lindeni Andre", 111. Hort. 25: 55. pi. 309. 1878.
Schlumbergera Lindeni E. Morr. Belg. Hort. 33: 121. pi. 10-12. 1883.
Caraguata Lindeni Baker, Brom. 151. 1889.
Several meters high. Leaves subglabrous, 7 dm. long; sheath
ovate, densely punctulate-lepidote; blade linear, acute, 7-8 cm. broad,
green with fine, irregular, sinuous, dark green or dark red cross lines.
Scape stout, erect, 1 meter high, its bracts imbricate, ovate, tri-
angular-acute, green with dark cross lines. Inflorescence bipinnate
or at the base tripinnate, elongate, narrow, interrupted; axis green,
striate, glabrous; primary bracts broadly triangular or elliptic, acute,
cross-lined, shorter than the branches; branches 1 dm. long, bearing
1-few spikes. Spikes densely strobiliform, ovoid or ellipsoid, 6 cm.
long. Floral bracts broadly ovate, obtuse, green, equaling the
sepals. Flowers sessile, 2 cm. long; sepals elliptic, acute, 13 mm.
long; corolla tubular, white, the lobes spreading, acute.
Indefinite: Northern Peru, Linden. Endemic.
9. Guzmania Killipiana L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 98:
29. pi. 6, f. 1-2. 1932.
Up to 1 meter high. Leaves 8-9 dm. long, obscurely punctulate-
lepidote below; sheath indistinct, brown; blade ligulate, acuminate,
5-7 cm. broad. Scape very stout, erect, glabrous, its bracts imbri-
cate, broadly ovate, acuminate, pungent, yellow-green with longi-
tudinal red stripes. Inflorescence laxly bipinnate; axis stout, angled,
glabrous; primary bracts like the scape bracts, all shorter than the
spikes or the lower slightly longer. Spikes stout-stipitate for 1 cm.,
densely strobiliform, ellipsoid or obovoid, 30-40-flowered, 7 cm. long,
4-5 cm. broad. Floral bracts 3 cm. long, much exceeding the sepals,
narrowly elliptic, obtuse or apiculate, nearly flat, coriaceous, striate,
subglabrous. Flowers subsessile, 38 mm. long; sepals ovate, acumi-
FLORA OF PERU 575
nate, 16 mm. long, nearly free, carinate, coriaceous, punctate; petals
white, erect; stamens included.
Terrestrial. Junin: Pichis Trail, Enenas, 1,600-1,900 meters,
Kittip & Smith 25630. Pichis Trail, Yapas, 1,350-1,600 meters,
Killip & Smith 25561 . Endemic.
10. Guzmania brevispatha Mez, Repert. Nov. Sp. 3 : 45. 1906.
Up to 1 meter high. Leaves densely rosulate, 3 dm. long, dark-
punctulate-lepidote above, covered with a white membrane of scales
below; sheath conspicuous, elliptic, brown; blade 2 cm. wide, ligu-
late, acuminate. Scape erect, slender, its bracts lanceolate, acumi-
nate, the upper lax. Inflorescence bipinnate from 6-8 spikes, lax
below, dense at the apex, 16 cm. long; axis glabrous; primary bracts
shorter than the spikes, spreading, ovate-triangular, acute, scarlet.
Spikes subspreading, ellipsoid, subsessile, 35 mm. long, substrobilate.
Floral bracts elliptic, obtuse, glabrous, striate, 13 mm. long, enfolding
and exceeding the sepals. Flowers subsessile, glabrous, 2 cm. long;
sepals elliptic, obtuse; petals yellow, erect, obtuse; stamens and
pistil included.
Terrestrial. Huanuco: Prov. Humalies, southwestern mountains
near Monzon, 2,000-2,500 meters, Weberbauer 3537. Endemic.
11. Guzmania tarapotina Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48:
147. 1907.
Up to 1 meter high. Leaves 7 dm. long ; sheath ovate, dark brown ;
blade linear, 4 cm. wide, acuminate, glabrous. Scape erect, its bracts
leaf-like, imbricate. Inflorescence bipinnate, lax below, 20-35 cm.
long, green; primary bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, suberect,
shorter than the spikes. Spikes strobiliform, narrowly ellipsoid or
subpyramidal, 4-6 cm. long. Floral bracts 21 mm. long, broadly
elliptic, exceeding the sepals, obtuse, striate. Flowers 27 mm. long;
sepals 18 mm. long, ovate, acute, carinate; corolla narrowly tubular,
the lobes ovate; stamens and pistil included.
Epiphytic. Loreto: Chilcayo, near Tarapoto, Ule 6683. Mouth
of Rio Apaga, Tessmann 4894. — San Martin: Alto Rio Huallaga, 360-
900 meters, Williams 6782. Endemic.
12. Guzmania panniculata Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 5: 116.
1905.
Leaves punctulate-lepidote, 85 cm. long; sheath narrow; blade
linear, 2 cm. wide. Scape erect, glabrous, its bracts lax, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, exceeding the internodes. Inflorescence
576 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
tripinnate or barely 4-pinnate, lax; primary bracts like the scape
bracts, scarlet with yellow tips, all but the lowest shorter than the
branches; branches suberect, 1 dm. long. Spikes laxly 7-flowered,
4 cm. long. Floral bracts suberect, broadly ovate, obtuse, 15 mm.
long, exceeding and enfolding the sepals, ecarinate, coriaceous,
nerved. Flowers sessile, 21 mm. long, glabrous; sepals connate
posteriorly for 3 mm., elliptic, acute, ecarinate, coriaceous; petals
yellow.
Terrestrial. Puno: Between Tambo Yuncacoya and Tambo
Cachicachi on the road from Sandia to Chunchosmayo, 2,000 meters,
Weberbauer 1136. Ecuador.
13. Guzmania Weberbaueri Mez, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 5: 114.
1905.
Stout, 1 meter high. Leaves minutely lepidote below, 9 dm. long;
sheath narrowly elliptic; blade linear, 6 cm. wide, acuminate. Scape
erect, glabrous, its bracts elliptic, acuminate, erect, exceeding the
internodes. Inflorescence laxly bipinnate, subcylindric, 3 dm. long;
primary bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate, exceeding the
spikes, scarlet, coriaceous, glabrous, strongly nerved, suberect.
Spikes thick-ellipsoid, obtuse, short-stipitate, densely 5-8-flowered,
25 mm. long. Floral bracts erect or nearly so, broadly elliptic,
rounded-emarginate, much shorter than the sepals, coriaceous,
glabrous. Flowers yellow, short-pedicellate; sepals 19 mm. long,
equally connate for 11 mm., the lobes elliptic, asymmetric, obtuse.
Terrestrial. Puno: Near Tinco on the road from Sandia to Chun-
chosmayo, 1,200 meters, Weberbauer 1300. Ecuador.
14. Guzmania Roezli (E. Morr.) Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 948.
1896. Schlumbergera Roezli E. Morr. Belg. Hort. 28: 311. 1878.
Tillandsia rigidula Baker, Journ. Bot. 26: 44. 1888.
Stemless, 6-10 dm. high. Leaves 4 dm. long; sheath broadly
ovate, finely brown-lepidote; blade ligulate, rounded-apiculate,
3-4 cm. broad. Scape slender, erect, exceeding the leaves, glabrous,
its bracts ovate, obtuse or apiculate, shorter than the internodes.
Inflorescence laxly bipinnate, glabrous; primary bracts like the
scape bracts, enfolding the sterile base of the spikes. Spikes spread-
ing, elongate with long sterile prophyllate bases, laxly flowered.
Floral bracts green, ovate, narrowly obtuse, shorter than the sepals.
Flowers suberect, sessile, 23 mm. long; sepals elliptic, obtuse, 16-18
mm. long, connate for 2 mm.; petals white, recurved-spreading;
stamens slightly longer than the petals.
FLORA OF PERU 577
Terrestrial and epiphytic. San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyo-
bamba, 1,200-1,600 meters, King 3532. San Roque, 1,350-1,500
meters, Williams 7236. — Junin: La Merced, 700 meters, Killip &
Smith 24063. — Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac,
750-1,000 meters, Killip & Smith 22686. Colombia, Guiana.
8. CATOPSIS Griseb.
Stemless herbs. Leaves densely utriculate-rosulate, entire,
minutely appressed-lepidote, green; sheath large, ovate. Scape
conspicuous. Inflorescence usually bipinnate, rarely simple or
tripinnate, its branches polystichous-flowered. Flowers small
or minute, sessile or subsessile, perfect in the Peruvian species.
Sepals free, usually rounded, asymmetric, glabrous. Petals free,
naked. Stamens included, the anthers ovate or elliptic. Ovary
superior, broadly ovoid or ellipsoid, the style shorter than the ovary
or lacking. Ovules few-several, long-caudate. Capsule septicidal.
Seeds with coma apical and folded over, their bases projecting from
the capsule. — Greek, a view, the significance not evident. About 20
species. Chiefly in Mexico, Central America, and the Antilles, with
outlying species in Florida, northern South America, the Andes, and
southern Brazil. Type species, Catopsis nutans (Sw.) Griseb.
1. Catopsis sessiliflora (R. & P.) Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 625.
1896. Tillandsia sessiliflora R. & P. Fl. 3: 42. pi. 271, f. b. 1802.
Tussacia sessiliflora Beer, Brom. 101. 1857. Pogospermum sessili-
florum Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat. V. 1: 328. 1864.
From 2 to 4 dm. high. Leaves tubular-rosulate, 15 cm. long;
blade ligulate, 22 mm. wide, rounded-apiculate. Scape erect, its
bracts remote. Inflorescence simple or of only a few spikes; rachis
straight; floral bracts shorter than the sepals. Flowers suberect, 1
cm. long; sepals suborbicular, 7.5 mm. long; petals ovate-lanceolate,
slightly exceeding the sepals, white; ovary large, ovoid.
Epiphytic. Loreto: Cerro de Escalera, 1,200 meters, Ule 59p.—
Huanuco: Indefinite, Ruiz & Pavdn. Mexico and the Antilles to
Peru and eastern Brazil.
9. BROMELIA [Plum.] L.
Coarse, terrestrial herbs, spreading by subterranean stolons.
Leaves usually rosulate, with large, curved spines along the margin.
Inflorescence sessile or stipitate, always compound. Sepals free or
somewhat united, obtuse or acute, rarely mucronulate. Petals
578 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
rarely with a definite claw, medianly united by the filaments, but
their margins free, unappendaged, fleshy in most species. Stamens
included, the filaments connate at least below. Anthers narrow,
acute. Ovary passing gradually into the thick pedicel, the epigy-
nous tube conspicuous to nearly lacking. Berry succulent, relatively
large. Seeds few to many, flattened, naked. — Commemorates Olans
Bromel, 1639-1705, physician and botanist in Gothenberg. About
30 species. Mexico and the Antilles to Argentina. Type species,
Bromelia Pinguin L.
Inflorescence sunk in the leaf rosette, capitate.
Floral bracts exceeding the sepals 1. B. Poeppigii.
Floral bracts shorter than the sepals 2. B. tarapotina.
Inflorescence scapose, laxly paniculate 3. B. fastuosa.
1. Bromelia Poeppigii Mez in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 3: 188. 1891.
Leaves glabrous; sheaths large, suborbicular, herbaceous-lacini-
ate on the margin; blade narrowly triangular, not at all contracted at
the base, pungent, the spines stout, 3 mm. long. Inflorescence
capitate, sunk in the center of the leaf rosette; branches 7-flowered,
subdistichous; axes brown-farinose; primary bracts like the inner
leaves. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate, equaling the flowers, sparsely
dentate, concave-carinate, acute, subglabrous. Flowers 6 cm. long,
the pedicels short but distinct, brown-tomentulose; sepals free,
narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 3 cm. long, glabrous except at the
base; petals 35 mm. long, glabrous; ovary 25 mm. long, tomentose.
Swampy woods. San Martin: Toca.che,Poeppigl824> Endemic.
2. Bromelia tarapotina Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48:
130. 1907.
Leaves 1-2 meters long; sheath dark brown, lepidote on both
sides; blade narrowly triangular, not contracted at the base, 3-4
cm. wide, the spines 5 mm. long. Inflorescence capitate, sunk in the
center of the leaf rosette, brown-tomentose-lepidote, its outer
bracts scarlet. Floral bracts linear-lanceolate, serrate toward the
apex, shorter than the sepals. Flowers 4-5 cm. long, the pedicel
1 cm. long; sepals free, narrowly triangular, 20-25 mm. long, acumi-
nate, carinate, spinulose-serrate toward the apex; petals white, gla-
brous, united at the base, 3 cm. long; stamens included.
Dry soil. Loreto: Tarapoto, Ule 6682. Endemic.
3. Bromelia fastuosa Lindl. Collect. Fasc. 1: pi. 1. 1821.
B. antiacantha Bert, in Virid. Bonon. 4. 1824. B. Commeliniana de
FLORA OF PERU 579
Vriese, Del. Sem. Hort. Amst. 1844. Agallostachys Commeliniana
Beer, Brom. 39. 1857. A. fastuosa Beer, Brom. 36. 1857. A. antia-
cantha Beer, Brom. 37. 1857.
Up to 1.5 meters high, very variable. Leaves 1.5 meters long;
sheath broad, ferruginous- tomentose; blade narrowly triangular,
not at all contracted at the base, 26 mm. broad, coarsely spinose-
serrate. Scape stout, white-tomentose, its bracts leaf-like but with
glabrous and relatively larger sheaths, the blades bright red. Inflo-
rescence paniculate, narrowly thyrsoid, many-flowered; branches
laxly racemose, 7-flowered; axes white-tomentose. Floral bracts
subelliptic, obtuse, 6-10 mm. long, tomentulose or subglabrous,
white. Flowers 4 cm. long, the lower pedicellate for 1 cm.; sepals
free, often spreading, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, 7-15 mm. long; petals
violet, 21 mm. long, glabrous; ovary ovoid to subcylindric, densely
white-tomentose.
Virgin forest. San Martin: Near Tocache, Poeppig. Brazil.
10. GREIGIA Regel
Large herbs, stemless or caulescent. Leaves narrowly triangular,
spinose-serrate at the base or throughout. Inflorescence lateral or
central and sunk in the leaf rosette, simple, corymbose or capitate.
Sepals free or nearly so, symmetric. Petals connate, fleshy, naked.
Filaments connate with the petals; anthers narrow, acute; pollen
grains large, spherical, unmarked. Ovary glabrous, triangular.
Berry fleshy. — Commemorates Major-General Von Greig, Russian
horticulturist. Nine or ten species. Costa Rica and Venezuela to
Chile. Type species, Greigia sphacelate, (R. & P.) Regel.
1. Greigia Macbrideana L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 98:
l.pl.lj. 9-11. 1932.
Leaves 3-7 dm. long, appressed-white-lepidote below; sheath
large, dark brown, densely serrate with spines 3-4 mm. long; blade
linear, acuminate, 22 mm. wide, slightly constricted at the base, its
spines minute and distant. Inflorescence about 8-flowered, dense;
outer bracts dark chestnut throughout, triangular-ovate, acuminate,
pungent, densely uncinate-serrate, appressed-lepidote. Floral
bracts linear-lanceolate, 35 mm. long, exceeding the sepals, entire,
pungent, punctate-lepidote, the lower half stramineous, mem-
branaceous, the upper half dark chestnut, subcoriaceous. Flowers
4 cm. long; sepals resembling the floral bracts, 2 cm. long; corolla
580 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
27 mm. long, pink, the tube about as long as the lobes, the lobes
erect; stamens and pistil included.
Wet places. Huanuco: Tambo de Vaca, 3,700 meters, 4442.
Endemic.
11. NEOREGELIA L. B. Smith
Regelia Lindm. Ofvers. Akad. Holm. 542. 1890, not Schauer,
1843. Aregelia Mez in DC. Monogr. 9: 61. 1896, not Kuntze, 1891.
Leaves densely rosulate, usually spinose-serrate; sheath large;
blade acute or rounded-apiculate. Inflorescence simple, densely
capitate, cyathiform, sunk in the center of the leaf rosette. Flowers
pedicellate; sepals strongly asymmetric with the right side produced
into a large wing; petals spreading, acuminate, violet, blue, or white,
longer than the stamens and pistil. — Named in honor of Eduard
Regel, 1815-1892, German botanist. About 30 species. Species all
Brazilian except for one in Guiana and the following one. Type
species, Nidularium Meyendorffii Regel.
1. Neoregelia eleutheropetala (Ule) L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray
Herb. 104: 78. 1934. Nidularium eleutheropetalum Ule, Verh. Bot.
Ver. Brandenb. 48: 131. 1907. Aregelia eleutheropetala Mez ex L. B.
Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 98: 5. pi. l,f. 4-6. 1932.
Stoloniferous. Leaves 5-6 dm. long; sheath large, dark brown;
blade ligulate, abruptly acute, 6-8 cm. broad, densely serrate with
spines 5-7 mm. long. Inflorescence many-flowered; outer bracts
elliptic, membranaceous, lepidote. Floral bracts ovate-lanceolate,
4 cm. long, acute, brown-lepidote toward the apex, exceeded by the
sepals. Flowers 5-6 cm. long, the pedicel slender, passing imper-
ceptibly into the ovary; sepals free, glabrous, strongly carinate, 21-
26 mm. long; petals white.
Epiphytic. Loreto: Yurimaguas, Ule 6304. Brazil.
12. STREPTOCALYX Beer
Leaves densely rosulate. Scape very short to elongate. Inflo-
rescence central, 2-3-pinnate, subcapitate to laxly paniculate.
Flowers sessile; sepals free or nearly so, strongly asymmetric, with a
broad lateral wing; petals free, narrow, naked; stamens and pistil
shorter than the petals; pollen grains with 2 or 4 pores; ovary usually
farinose, the epigynous tube definite. Berry somewhat fleshy;
seeds ellipsoid or ovoid, naked. — Greek, twisted-calyx. Fourteen
species, natives of Guiana, northern Brazil, and Peru. Type species,
Streptocalyx Poeppigii Beer.
FLORA OF PERU 581
Floral bracts entire.
Floral bracts shorter than the ovary.
Floral bracts reniform, apiculate 1. S. Poeppigii.
Floral bracts ovate, acuminate.
Inflorescence cylindric 2. S. Williamsii.
Inflorescence pyramidal 3. S. Furstenburgii.
Floral bracts concealing the ovary.
Primary bracts cucullate 4. S. Tessmannii.
Primary bracts straight 5. S. brachystachys.
Floral bracts serrate.
Sepals serrulate 6. S. arenarius.
Sepals entire 7. S. angustifolius.
1. Streptocalyx Poeppigii Beer, Brom. 141. 1857.
Leaves 6-10 dm. long; sheath distinct, dark brown; blade linear,
3-4 cm. wide, acuminate, pale-appressed-lepidote below, the spines
3 mm. long on the outer leaves, 1 mm. long on the inner. Scape
slender, arching, tomentulose, its bracts ovate, laciniate-dentate,
mucronate. Inflorescence bipinnate, narrowly cylindric, farinose;
primary bracts like the scape bracts, broad, pink, concealing the
spikes. Spikes distichous-flowered, lax, 2-5-flowered, often sterile
at the apex; rachis slender. Floral bracts minute, entire, reniform,
apiculate. Flowers 3 cm. long; sepals entire, free, 19 mm. long,
mucronate; petals white with blue apices; ovary cylindric.
Terrestrial. Huanuco: Near Cochero, Poeppig. Brazil.
2. Streptocalyx Williamsii L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb.
98: 14, pi. 4, /. 7. 1932.
Leaves 6-7 dm. long; blade linear, acuminate, 3 cm. wide, densely
punctulate-lepidote below, the spines 1-2 mm. long. Inflorescence
narrowly cylindric, farinose; primary bracts broadly ovate, thin,
pink, laciniate-dentate, exceeding the spikes, mucronate. Spikes
very laxly 2-5-flowered, sterile at the apex, distichous-flowered;
rachis slender, nearly straight. Floral bracts broadly ovate,
acuminate, entire, up to 12 mm. long. Flowers 3 cm. long, sub-
erect; sepals free, mucronate, 17 mm. long; petals 26 mm. long,
purple when dry.
Forest. Loreto: La Victoria on the Amazon River, Williams 2722.
Endemic.
582 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII
3. Streptocalyx Furstenburgii (E. Morr. & Wittm.) E. Morr.
Belg. Hort. 33: 13. 1883. Aechmea Furstenburgi E. Morr. & Wittm.
Belg. Hort. 29: 42. pi. 2. 1879.
Leaves 5-7.5 dm. long; sheath dark brown; blade acuminate,
densely spinose-serrate. Scape very stout, erect, its bracts densely
imbricate, broadly ovate, triangular-acute, mucronate, laciniate-
dentate, white-lepidote, bright carmine. Inflorescence densely
bipinnate, pyramidal, 3 dm. long, white-farinose; primary bracts
like the scape bracts, concealing the spikes. Spikes distichously up
to 9-flowered. Floral bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, entire,
shorter than the ovary. Flowers over 3 cm. long; sepals 15 mm. long
without the mucro. Fruiting ovary subglobose, 8 mm. long.
Epiphytic. Junin: Prov. Tarma, valley of the Rio Chanchamayo
near La Merced, 700 meters, Weberbauer 1808. Prov. Jauja, valley
of Rio Masamerich, Weberbauer 6664- Brazil.
4. Streptocalyx Tessmannii Harms, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
9: 1151. 1927.
Leaves elongate; blade linear, acuminate, 3-4 cm. wide, spinulose.
Scape stout, arching, subglabrous, its bracts broadly ovate, long-
laminate. Inflorescence densely bipinnate, capitate or pyramidal;
primary bracts broadly ovate, red, concealing the spikes, denticulate
to entire, the lower acuminate, the upper apiculate and strongly
cucullate. Spikes densely 7-10-flowered. Floral bracts ovate or
lanceolate, broad, 15-20 mm. long, concealing the ovary and part of
the sepals, entire, mucronulate. Sepals lanceolate, entire, 17 mm.
long, carinate, mucronate, glabrous; petals 32 mm. long, blue.
Epiphytic. Loreto: Barranquilla on the lower Rio Cahuapanas,
Tessmann 3802. Puerto Arturo, lower Rio Huallaga below Yuri-
maguas, 135 meters, Killip & Smith 27887. Mishuyacu, near
Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 9. Endemic.
5. Streptocalyx brachystachys Harms, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 9: 1152. 1927.
Leaves over 6 dm. long; blade linear, at least 2 cm. wide, spinu-
lose. Scape slender, much shorter than the leaves, its bracts ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate. Inflorescence densely bipinnate, subcapitate,
6 cm. long; primary bracts ovate, acute, mucronate, concealing the
spikes except for the petals, 3-4 cm. long, bright carmine. Spikes
few-flowered. Floral bracts broadly ovate, concealing the ovary,
mucronate, entire. Sepals broadly lanceolate, 17 mm. long, mucro-
nate, carinate, glabrous; petals 26 mm. long, white with blue apices.
FLORA OF PERU 583
Epiphytic in rain forest. Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tess-
mann 4645. Endemic.
6. Streptocalyx arenarius Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48:
134. 1907.
Leaves 8 dm. long; sheath narrowly ovate, dark; blade linear,
acuminate, 15 mm. wide, lepidote below, the spines 2.5 mm. long,
retrorse-uncinate. Inflorescence densely bipinnate, ovoid, 18 cm.
long, slightly farinose; primary bracts ovate, acute, 8 cm. long, con-
cealing the spikes, mucronate, densely and coarsely spinose-serrate.
Spikes distichously 2-6-flowered. Floral bracts broad, more or less
3-parted at the apex with short, obtuse lateral lobes and a triangular-
acute middle lobe, 25 mm. long, concealing the ovary but much
shorter than the sepals, spinulose-serrate. Flowers 4 cm. long; sepals
free, 17 mm. long, mucronate, distinctly serrulate; petals white,
33 mm. long.
Sandy soil in dry woods. San Martin: Juan Guerra, near Tara-
poto, Ule 6335. Endemic.
7. Streptocalyx angustifolius Mez in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt.
3: 283. pi. 62. 1892.
Leaves 4-7 dm. long; sheath distinct, dark brown; blade linear,
acuminate, 5-10 mm. wide, spinulose-serrate. Scape very short or
none. Inflorescence densely bipinnate, subcapitate; primary bracts
broad, mostly concealing the spikes, weakly denticulate. Spikes
3-5-flowered. Floral bracts ovate-elliptic, 25 mm. long, concealing
the ovary, serrulate. Sepals free, 2 cm. long, acuminate, pungent,
entire, wing-keeled; petals 25 mm. long, white.
Epiphytic. Loreto: Pantano, middle Rio Blanco, Tessmann 3133.
La Victoria on the Amazon River, Williams 2927. Caballo-cocha on
the Amazon River, Williams 2439. — San Martin: Alto Rio Huallaga,
360-900 meters, Williams 6656. Brazil.
13. BILLBERGIA Thunb.
Stemless plants. Leaves rosulate; sheath large; blade linear,
spinose-serrate, often banded. Scape erect or arching, its bracts red,
membranaceous. Inflorescence simple in the Peruvian species.
Flowers showy. Sepals free, erect. Petals free, actinomorphic or
slightly zygomorphic, bearing 2 scales, the claw long, the blade
narrow, spirally recurving in the Peruvian species. Stamens exserted
at anthesis, both series free or the second joined to the petals only as
high as the scales. Pollen grains with longitudinal folds but no
584 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
pores. Pistil exceeding the stamens, the epigynous tube large.
Ovules many, obtuse. — In honor of Gustav Johannes Billberg,
Swedish botanist. From 40 to 50 species. Chiefly Brazilian with
outlying species in the rest of South America, Mexico, Central
America, and Trinidad. Type species, Billbergia speciosa Thunb.
Floral bracts scale-like, much shorter than the ovary.
Sepals broad, abruptly acute to rounded-apiculate, not over 12
mm. long 1. B. decora.
Sepals linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 25-40 mm. long.
Inflorescence cylindric; sepals 35-40 mm. long . 2. B. Tessmannii.
Inflorescence ovoid; sepals 25-28 mm. long. . . .3. B. formosa.
Floral bracts all linear-lanceolate, exceeding the ovary.
4. B. incarnata.
1. Billbergia decora Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. 2: 42. pi. 157.
1838. Helicodea Baraquiniana Lem. 111. Hort. 11: pi. 421. 1864.
B. boliviensis Baker, Brom. 81. 1889.
Leaves tubular-rosulate, 5-6 dm. long, finely lepidote, white-
mottled; sheath narrowly elliptic; blade ensiform, acute, 55 mm.
wide, the spines 1-1.5 mm. long. Scape slender, pendulous, white-
farinose, its bracts large, elliptic, acute, bright carmine, aggregated
below the inflorescence. Inflorescence spicate, densely white-
farinose; rachis straight. Floral bracts squamiform, broadly ovate,
4 mm. long. Flowers sessile, 8 cm. long; sepals asymmetric, unequal,
the largest not over 12 mm. long, abruptly acute or rounded-apicu-
late; petals linear, acute, green; scales basal, dentate; ovary sub-
globose, 8 mm. long, the epigynous tube short.
Epiphytic. Loreto: Prov. Mainas, near Yurimaguas, Poeppig
2432. Yurimaguas, lower Rio Huallaga, 135 meters, Killip &
Smith 27646.— Junin: Pichis Trail, Yapas, 1,350-1,600 meters,
Killip & Smith 25609. Brazil, Bolivia.
2. Billbergia Tessmannii Harms, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
10: 177. 1927.
Leaves up to 1 meter long; blade 4-6.5 cm. wide, acuminate,
finely spinulose-serrate. Scape elongate, white-farinose, its bracts
lance-oblong, acute, 15 cm. long, membranaceous, aggregated below
the inflorescence. Inflorescence cylindric, spicate, many-flowered,
white-farinose. Floral bracts 2-3 mm. long, almost aborted, deltoid.
Flowers sessile; sepals linear-lanceolate, 35-40 mm. long; petals
linear; style slender, up to 12 cm. long.
FLORA OF PERU 585
Epiphytic. Loreto: Lower Rio Itaya, Soledad, Tessmann 5318.
Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 1324- Endemic.
3. Billbergia formosa Ule, Verb. Bot. Ver. Brandenb.
48: 138. 1907.
Leaves 6 dm. long; sheath narrowly elliptic; blade linear, acum-
inate, 5 cm. wide, finely spinulose-serrate. Scape arching, slender,
its bracts ovate-lanceolate, 1 dm. long, rose, aggregated below the
inflorescence. Inflorescence spicate, ovoid, white-farinose. Floral
bracts squamiform, acute. Flowers sessile, 9 cm. long; sepals lanceo-
late, acute, 25-28 mm. long; petals narrow, acuminate, 85 mm.
long, yellow-green, violet at the apex.
Epiphytic. Loreto: Iquitos, Ule 60p. Endemic.
4. Billbergia incarnata (R. & P.) Schult. f. in R. & S. Syst.
Veg. 7: 1261. 1830. Bromelia incarnata R. & P. Fl. 3: 32. pi. 255.
1802. Billbergia stenopetala Harms, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 9:
1153. 1927.
Leaves 6 dm. long; sheath large, broadly ovate, dark brown;
blade 65 mm. wide, concolorous, rounded or acute, coarsely spinose-
serrate, the spines black, 5 mm. long. Scape pendulous, brownish-
farinose, its upper bracts broadly elliptic, 17 cm. long. Inflorescence
simple, laxly spicate, farinose, 3 dm. long, about 30-flowered; rachis
straight or nearly so. Floral bracts 9-19 mm. long, exceeding the
ovary, acuminate, glabrous. Flowers sessile, spreading, 11 cm. long;
sepals triangular, acuminate, 2 cm. long; petals lorate, violet-
purple; ovary constricted at the apex, the epigynous tube as long as
the ovary and somewhat broader, urceolate.
Epiphytic. Loreto: Rio Blanco at the mouth of the Rio Capana-
hua, Rio Ucayali drainage, Tessmann 3060. — Huanuco: Near Posuso,
Ruiz & Pavdn. — Indefinite: Ruiz. Endemic.
14. AECHMEA R. & P.
Large or medium-sized, stemless herbs. Leaves rosulate, usually
linear. Scape conspicuous. Inflorescence of various types. Flow-
ers usually sessile. Sepals often asymmetric, usually mucronate.
Petals free, bearing 2 scales near the base or high up. Second series
of stamens more or less joined to the petals. Pollen grains with 2
or 4 pores. Pistil shorter than the stamens, the stigma lobes linear,
often twisted. Ovules caudate or obtuse. Berry usually dry. Seeds
small, rugose, dark, naked. — Greek, pointed, referring to the arma-
586 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
ment. From 120 to 130 species. Mexico and the Antilles to northern
Argentina. Type species, Aechmea paniculata R. & P.
Inflorescence compound.
Flowers slenderly pedicellate 1. A. ferruginea.
Flowers sessile.
Rachis deeply excavated opposite the flowers; floral bracts
distichous, often imbricate.
Sepals almost wholly exserted at maturity. .2. A. amazonica.
Sepals mostly concealed by the floral bracts at maturity.
3. A. Tessmannii.
Rachis flattened but not truly excavated; floral bracts never
imbricate.
Inflorescence with its lower branches sterile, laxly paniculate.
4. A. paniculata.
Inflorescence fertile throughout.
Floral bracts forming a tubular sheath about the base of
the flower 5. A. Mertensii.
Floral bracts boat-shaped, not forming a sheath about the
base of the flower.
Flowers erect; sepals unarmed 6. A. Schultesiana.
Flowers spreading; sepals mucronate. .7. A. angustifolia.
Inflorescence simple, spicate.
Floral bracts entire, erect; inflorescence cylindric.
Floral bracts exceeding the ovary; leaf blade constricted at the
base 8. A. contracta.
Floral bracts minute or wanting; leaf blade not contracted at
the base 9. A. nudicaulis.
Floral bracts serrate, reflexed at the apex; inflorescence stout,
strobilate 10. A. Veitchii.
1. Aechmea ferruginea L. B. Smith, Contr. Gray Herb. 98: 5.
pl.lj. 1-3. 1932.
Leaves 6-7 dm. long, punctulate-lepidote below; sheath large,
dark brown; blade linear, 3 cm. wide, spinulose-serrate, the spines
1-2 mm. long. Scape slender, erect, much shorter than the leaves,
its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, about equaling the internodes,
membranaceous. Inflorescence paniculate, tripinnate, pyramidal,
17 cm. long, lax below, dense above, stellate-ferruginous-lepidote;
primary bracts like the scape bracts, all but the lowest shorter than
FLORA OF PERU 587
the branches. Branches laxly flowered, suberect to spreading.
Floral bracts minute, acicular. Flowers slenderly pedicellate, 2
cm. long, the pedicels up to 8 mm. long; sepals 4 mm. long, unarmed,
red, strongly asymmetric with the right side produced into a thin
wing larger than the central portion; petals white with pinkish blue
apices, 13 mm. long, the scales basal; ovules obtuse, borne at the
summit of the cell.
Terrestrial in dense forest. Junin: Pichis Trail, Dos de Mayo,
1,700-1,900 meters, Killip & Smith 25815. Endemic.
2. Aechmea amazonica Ule, Verb. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48:
136. 1907.
Up to 1 meter high. Leaves 4-10 dm. long, densely punctulate-
lepidote; sheath large, castaneous; blade linear, 6-9 cm. broad,
spinose-serrate, abruptly acute or rounded-apiculate, often with
conspicuous white cross bands below. Scape erect, white-flocculose,
its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, remotely denticulate, bright
carmine, the lower remote and erect, the upper denser and spreading.
Inflorescence bipinnate; lower primary bracts like the scape bracts,
6-12 cm. long, exceeding the spikes, the upper primary bracts
abruptly much shorter than the lower, closely resembling the floral
bracts in size and form. Spikes long-stipitate, distichous-flowered,
linear-lanceolate, densely 12-flowered; rachis geniculate, excavated
opposite the flowers. Floral bracts broadly ovate, subtruncate,
10-13 mm. long, barely exceeding the mature ovary, striate, lepidote.
Flowers sessile, up to 32 mm. long; sepals asymmetric, 10-12 mm.
long, unarmed; petals 2 cm. long, orange, obtuse; ovary glabrous,
the ovules long-caudate, borne at the top of the cell.
Epiphytic. Loreto: Caballo-cocha on the Amazon River,
Williams 2220. Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 349.—
San Martin: Tarapoto, 750 meters, Ule 6315; Williams 5913, 6124.
Endemic.
3. Aechmea Tessmannii Harms, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
9: 1153. 1927.
One meter or more high. Leaves 5-7 dm. long; blade linear,
6-10 cm. wide, acute, spinose-serrate, appressed-white-lepidote, the
spines 3-5 mm. long. Scape stout, erect, its bracts lanceolate,
acuminate, spinulose-serrate, bright red. Inflorescence amply
bipinnate; primary bracts like the scape bracts, 6-15 cm. long,
diminishing evenly in size toward the apex of the inflorescence, the
lowest about equaling the spikes. Spikes long-stipitate, spreading,
588 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
distichous-flowered, oblong, 8-15 cm. long, densely 12-20-flowered,
glabrous. Floral bracts ovate, obtuse, lustrous, 15-25 mm. long,
nearly equaling the sepals, green tipped with orange. Flowers
sessile; sepals obovate-oblong, obtuse, 13 mm. long, glabrous; petals
orange, acute, 6-7 mm. longer than the petals.
Epiphytic. Loreto: Valley of the upper Rio Maranon, Tessmann
3937. Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, King 1002. Rio
Maranon valley, 150 meters, Killip & Smith 29185. Lower Rio
Huallaga, 135 meters, Killip & Smith 29275. Endemic.
4. Aechmea paniculata R. & P. Syst. 83. 1798.
Leaves over 3 dm. long; blade acuminate, 37-50 mm. wide,
whitish below, densely spinose-serrate, the spines 4-6 mm. long.
Scape stout, erect, lateral. Inflorescence ample, laxly 4-pinnate, its
lower branches sterile with setiform bracts; primary bracts large,
lanceolate, exceeding the lowest branches. Spikes spreading, laxly
2-4-flowered, 5 cm. long; rachis geniculate, glabrous. Floral bracts
symmetric, suborbicular, 15 mm. broad, with a mucro 8 mm. long,
striate. Flowers sessile, nearly 4 cm. long; sepals free, asymmetric,
with a large lateral wing, 9 mm. long, glabrous, twisted; petals
yellow-green, 27 mm. long, their scales basal, coarsely dentate.
Berry 1 cm. long.
Epiphytic. Huanuco: Near Posuso, Ruiz & Pawn. Endemic.
5. Aechmea Mertensii (Meyer) Schult. f. in R. & S. Syst.
Veg. 7: 1272. 1830. Bromelia Mertensii Meyer, Fl. Esseq. 144. 1818.
A. spicata Mart, in R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1273. 1830. A. mucroniflora
Hook. Bot. Mag. 81: pi. 4832. 1855.
Leaves laxly rosulate, up to 4 dm. long, densely appressed-
lepidote; sheath narrowly ovate; blade linear, acute, spinulose-
serrate. Scape slender, erect, its bracts large, lanceolate, bright
carmine, serrulate, the lower lax and erect, the upper spreading and
crowded at the base of the inflorescence. Inflorescence bipinnate,
fertile throughout, narrowly thyrsoid, acute. Spikes 2-8-flowered,
spreading. Floral bracts broadly ovate, mucronate, entire, enfolding
the flowers, 5 mm. long, tomentulose. Flowers sessile, 13 mm. long;
sepals free, mucronate, strongly asymmetric, 4 mm. long; petals
yellow, mucronate; ovary constricted at the apex, the ovules long-
caudate, borne near the top of the cell.
Epiphytic. Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug
575. Iquitos, 100 meters, Killip & Smith 26964, 27203. Between
Yurimaguas and Balsapuerto, 135-150 meters, Killip & Smith
FLORA OF PERU 589
28267. Santa Rosa, lower Rio Huallaga below Yurimaguas, 135
meters, Killip & Smith 28949. Alto Rio Itaya, 145 meters, Williams
3263. Rio Mazan near Iquitos, 125 meters, Williams 8151. La
Victoria on the Amazon River, Williams 2793. Caballo-cocha on the
Amazon River, Williams 2350, 2464- Trinidad, Venezuela, Guiana,
Amazon Basin.
6. Aechmea Schultesiana Mez in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 3:
334. 1892. Billbergia paniculata Mart, in R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1268.
1830, not Aechmea paniculata R. & P. 1798. A. Friedrichsthalii
Mez & Bonn. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 19: 263. 1894. A. inermis Mez,
Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 4: 620. 1904.
Leaves 5-7 dm. long; sheath ovate, brown-lepidote; blade 2-4
cm. wide, minutely serrate, appearing entire, subglabrous. Scape
erect, its bracts elliptic, acute, glabrous, entire, the lower ones shorter
than the internodes. Inflorescence densely paniculate, ellipsoid,
7-15 cm. long; primary bracts broadly lanceolate, scarlet, about
equaling the branches; branches suberect to spreading, simple or the
lowest divided, distichously 6-10-flowered. Floral bracts ovate,
acute, short-mucronate, entire, convex, 2-5 mm. long, about equal-
ing the ovary. Flowers sessile, 13 mm. long; sepals free, unarmed,
obtuse, 6 mm. long, asymmetric; petals orange, mucronulate; ovary
glabrous, the ovules caudate, borne high in the cell.
Epiphytic. Loreto or Amazonas: Mouth of the Rio Santiago,
Tessmann 4287. — Puno: Prov. Sandia, near Chunchosmayo, 900
meters, Weberbauer 1183. Costa Rica, Venezuela, Amazonia.
7. Aechmea angustifolia Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp.
2: 43. pi. 159. 1838. Hoplophytum angustifolium Beer, Brom. 132.
1857. A. Cumingii Baker, Journ. Bot. 17: 227. 1879. A. boliviana
Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 456. 1907. A. cylindrica Mez,
Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 413. 1913.
Leaves 5-6 dm. long; sheath elliptic, 1 dm. long, light tan; blade
linear, acuminate, 3-5 cm. wide, appressed-cinereous-lepidote,
spinose-serrate, concolorous. Scape stout, erect, subglabrous, its
bracts elliptic, acute, denticulate, red. Inflorescence densely bipin-
nate, cylindric, fertile throughout, 3 dm. long; axes puberulent;
primary bracts like the scape bracts, exceeding the lowest spikes.
Spikes spreading or reflexed, distichously 10-flowered, 35 mm. long;
rachis undulate, compressed. Floral bracts broadly ovate with a
straight mucro, convex, puberulent, 5 mm. long. Flowers sessile,
12-16 mm. long; sepals free, mucronate, asymmetric, subglabrous;
590 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
petals yellow, mucronate, the scales borne well above the base;
ovary ellipsoid ; ovules caudate, borne at the summit of the cell.
Epiphytic. Loreto: Yurimaguas on the lower Rio Huallaga,
155-180 meters, Williams 7817. — San Martin: Near Tocache,
Poeppig 1823. Lamas, 840 meters, Williams 6384- San Roque,
1,350-1,500 meters, Williams 7316. — Huanuco: Monzon region,
Weberbauer 3625. — Madre de Dios (?): Seringal Auristella, Ule
9164- Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia.
8. Aechmea contracta (Mart.) Baker, Journ. Bot. 17: 234.
1879. Billbergia contracta Mart, in R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1263. 1830.
Leaves 5-10, subfasciculate, 4-6 dm. long, distinctly petiolate;
sheath broadly ovate; petiole up to 12 cm. long, grooved, spinose-
serrate; blade narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 35 mm. broad, ser-
rate, sparsely lepidote. Scape very slender, more or less arching,
white-floccose, its bracts lanceolate, acuminate, aggregated below
the inflorescence, bright red. Inflorescence narrowly cylindric,
spicate, subdistichous. Floral bracts ovate, acute. Flowers sessile,
35 mm. long; sepals free, 8 mm. long, strongly asymmetric, apiculate;
petals 26 mm. long, yellow; ovary tomentose, cylindric; ovules long-
caudate, borne high in the cell.
Loreto: Valley of the Rio Maranon, Tessmann 3711. Lower
Rio Nanay, Williams 633. Mishuyacu near Iquitos, 100 meters,
Klug 1140. Chimbote, Solimoes, J. G. Kuhlmann 1594- Brazil.
9. Aechmea nudicaulis (L.) Griseb., Fl. West Ind. 593. 1864.
Bromelia nudicaulis L. Sp. PL 286. 1753. B. lutea Meyer, Fl. Esseq.
145. 1818. Tillandsia unispicata Veil. Fl. Flum. 132. 1825. Billbergia
nudicaulis Lindl. Bot. Reg. 13: sub. pi. 1068. 1827. B. oblonga Mart,
in R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1256. 1830. B. lutea R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7:
1258. 1830. Pothuava spicata Gaud. Atl. Bonite pi. 117. 1847.
Hoplophytum nudicaule C. Koch, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. 6.
1856. H. unispicatum Beer, Brom. 138. 1857. H. languinosum
Beer, Brom. 138. 1857. Billbergia lanuginosa Hort. ex Beer, Brom.
138. 1857. Hoplophytum spicatum Beer, Brom. 140. 1857. Hohen-
bergia nudicaulis Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot. 4: sub pi. 284' 1871.
Pothuava nudicaulis Regel, Gartenfl. 31: 291. pi. 1096. 1882. Aechmea
Cornui Carr. Rev. Hort. 57: 36. 1885. Billbergia quadricolor Hort.
ex Baker, Brom. 62. 1889. Aechmea sulcata Lindm. Svensk. Akad.
Handl. 24: No. 8: 31. pi. 5,f. 15-21. 1891.
Leaves 5 dm. long, 6-10 cm. broad above the narrow sheath,
linear, apiculate, strongly spinose-serrate. Scape slender, erect or
FLORA OF PERU 591
arching, white-floccose, its bracts erect, elliptic, acute, entire, red,
membranaceous, congested at its apex. Inflorescence simple,
polystichous, cylindric, fertile throughout. Floral bracts minute
or sometimes wanting, entire. Flowers 22 mm. long; sepals free,
mucronate, strongly asymmetric; petals 12 mm. long, yellow, acute,
bearing fimbriate scales 4 mm. from the base; ovary subglobose, the
epigynous tube conspicuous; ovules short-caudate, borne at the
middle of the cell.
Epiphytic and terrestrial. San Martin: Salt Mountain near
Pilluana on the Rio Huallaga, Ule 6662. Mexico and the Antilles to
southern Brazil.
10. Aechmea Veitchii Baker, Bot. Mag. 103: pi. 6329. 1877.
Chevalliera Veitchii E. Morr. Belg. Hort. 28: 177. pi 9. 1878.
Leaves up to 1 meter long; sheath distinct, ovate; blade ensiform,
rounded-apiculate, 6 cm. wide, densely white-lepidote below, spinu-
lose-serrate, the spines 1 mm. long. Scape stout, its bracts green,
densely imbricate, strict, pungent, densely serrulate. Inflorescence
simple, many-flowered, densely strobiliform, up to 5 dm. long, with
a coma of sterile bracts at the apex. Floral bracts lanceolate,
acuminate, about equaling the mature flowers, densely serrulate,
reflexed, bright scarlet, lepidote. Flowers sessile, 3 cm. long; sepals
free, subtriangular, acute, glabrous, 14 mm. long; petals erect,
white; scales basal; ovary obconic, 7 mm. long, the epigynous tube
lacking.
Epiphytic. San Martin: Mountains east of Moyobamba (Weber-
bauer in Engl. & Drude, Veg. Erde 12: 267. 1911). Colombia.
15. ANANAS Mill.
Leaves densely rosulate, scarcely enlarged at the base, acuminate-
pungent, usually spinose-serrate. Scape erect, stout, spiny-bracted.
Inflorescence densely strobiliform, crowned with a tuft of sterile,
foliaceous bracts. Flowers sessile, violet or red. Sepals free, obtuse,
slightly asymmetric. Petals free, erect, each bearing 2 slenderly
infundibuliform scales. Stamens included, the pollen grains ellipsoid,
with 2 pores. Ovaries coalescing with each other and with the bracts
and axis to form a fleshy, compound fruit, the epigynous tube short.
Ovules borne near the top of the cell. Berry sterile in the cultivated
varieties and forms. — Name Brazilian. A single variable species of
which the common cultivated variety is typical taxonomically.
592 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
1. Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill, Interpret. Humph. Herb.
Amboin. 133. 1917. Bromelia Ananas L. Sp. PI. 285. 1753. B.
comosa L. in Stickm. Herb. Amboin. 21. 1754. Ananassa saliva,
Lindl. Bot. Reg. 13: sub pi. 1068. 1827. Ananas sativus Schult. f.
in R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1283. 1830. A. Ananas Cockerell, Proc.
Acad. Phila. 1896: 776. 1896.
Characters of the genus. Wild specimens small, with fruit only
slightly fleshy.
Terrestrial, cultivated on the eastern slopes of the Andes up to
an elevation of 1,800 meters (Weberbauer!). Junin: La Merced,
700 meters, 5482. Native of Brazil and Guiana, cultivated and
becoming an escape elsewhere in tropical America.
26. COMMELINACEAE. Spiderwort Family
Reference: C. B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. 3. 1881.
Although this family is largely tropical, it is not especially well
represented in Peru. The genera are annoyingly ill-defined and
even the number of fertile stamens is inconstant sometimes. The
following key, based on Bruckner's careful synopsis, Pflanzenfam.
ed. 2. 15a. 1930, is supplemented by another that leads one to most
or all of the more conspicuous plants.
Rhoeo discolor (L'HeY.) Hance, probably native of Mexico, is
grown sometimes in gardens. It has rather showy flowers and
elongate strap-shaped leaves which usually are deep purple beneath.
The name "flor de pina" is given to it at Iquitos.
Fertile stamens normally 5 or 6.
Petals free or nearly free.
Petals equal, the flowers regular, umbellate or fasciculate.
Peduncles perforating the leaf sheaths 1. Campelia.
Peduncles exserted from the leaf sheaths .... 2. Tradescantia.
Petals unequal, the flowers irregular or racemose-paniculate.
Flowers regular or nearly so 3. Dichorisandra.
Flowers irregular.
Filaments glabrous 4. Floscopa.
Filaments, or some of them, hairy.
Flowers fasciculate-umbellate 10. Geogenanthus.
Flowers racemose 5. Tinantia.
Petals connate into a long slender tube 11. Zebrina.
FLORA OF PERU 593
Fertile stamens 3 or rarely 6.
Flowers irregular, in spathe-bracted racemes or cymes.
Capsule dehiscent 6. Commelina.
Capsule indehiscent 7. Athyrocarpus.
Flowers regular, minute, axillary-congested or in open terminal
panicles or umbels.
Flowers axillary-congested or in terminal umbels. 8. Callisia.
Flowers in open terminal panicles 9. Aneilema.
SUPPLEMENTARY KEY
Flowers enclosed in or subtended by a spathe or spathe-like structure.
Peduncles exserted from the leaf sheaths, often lacking or short.
Flowers neither minute nor congested-axillary.
Flowers more or less obviously umbellate 2. Tradescantia.
Flowers not umbellate.
Flowers tubular, the tube exserted from the bracts.
11. Zebrina.
Petals free or nearly so.
Capsule dehiscent; plants glabrous or somewhat pubes-
cent 6. Commelina.
Capsule indehiscent; stems laterally or sheaths conspicu-
ously hairy 7. Athyrocarpus.
Flowers minute, congested-axillary or rarely umbellate.
8. Callisia.
Peduncels perforating the leaf sheaths, greatly elongate.
1. Campelia.
Flowers not closely enclosed in bracts.
Flowers umbellate or fasciculate-umbellate-racemose, terminal.
Pedicels 2 cm. long or longer 10. Geogenanthus.
Pedicels 1 cm. long or shorter.
Flowers umbellate, small 2. Tradescantia.
Flowers racemose-umbellate, about 1 cm. long . . 5. Tinantia.
Flowers paniculate-racemose or at least not fasciculate-umbellate
unless lateral.
Flowers tiny, inconspicuous.
Pedicels glabrous, several mm. long 9. Aneilema.
Pedicels often hairy, very short 4. Floscopa.
594 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Flowers rather conspicuous.
Flowers borne in lateral, peduncled or subsessile fascicles.
10. Geogenanthus.
Flowers borne in terminal racemes or panicles.
3. Dichorisandra.
1. CAMPELIA L. C. Rich.
A stout herb with large leaves and long axillary peduncles bearing
a number of small, nearly regular, fascicled, white flowers. Stamens
subequal. Filaments bearded. Anther connective oblong- tri-
angular. Capsule 2-3-celled, each cell 1-2-seeded.
Gampelia Zanonia (L.) HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 264. 1816;
314. Commelina Zanonia L. Sp. PI. 41. 1753.
Sometimes 1 meter high and the leaves 2 dm. long and 5 cm. wide;
inflorescence bracts 2-5 cm. long; bractlets many; petals and sepals
subequal. — The only species, typically more or less pilose- villous; in
the var. glabrata (Kunth) Clarke the leaves are glabrous and the
petals exceed the sepals. — Illustrated, Kerner, Pflanzenleben ed. 3,
pt. 1: 163.
Ayacucho: Estrella, 500 meters, Killip & Smith 23081. Near
Kimpitiriki, 400 meters, Killip & Smith 22882. — Huanuco: Below
Muna, 1,200 meters, 4204- Posuso, 600 meters, 4661 (both det.
Bruckner). — Junin: La Merced, 600 meters, 5370 (det. Bruckner).
Chanchamayo Valley, 1,200 meters, Schunke 470. Above San
Ramon, Killip & Smith 24719. La Merced, Killip & Smith 23733.
Yapas, Killip & Smith 25470. — Loreto: Yurimaguas, 135 meters,
Killip & Smith 27613. Pampas del Sacramento (Huber 1505).
Rio Acre, Ule 9156.— San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6331. Alto Rio
Huallaga, Williams 5749, 5648. Rio Mayo, Williams 6195. San
Roque, Williams 7723. Widely distributed in tropical America.
2. TRADESCANTIA L.
Herbs, usually more or less procumbent, with small or medium-
sized leaves and regular, blue, roseate, or white flowers borne in
sessile or pedunculate umbels. Stamens 6 or rarely only 3, the fila-
ments equal or 3 a trifle to much shorter, the anthers all alike or more
or less dissimilar. Capsule 3-celled, the cells usually 2-ovuled.—
Bruckner has recently taken up Descantaria Schlecht. on the basis
of its dissimilar anthers. There is a practical loss rather than gain
in this purely academic action.
FLORA OF PERU 595
Leaves mostly about 1-1.5 cm. wide.
Leaves glabrous, at least beneath; anthers similar.
Bracts small; flowers white; plants not fleshy.
Filaments glabrous; leaves drying subdiaphanous.
T. cordifolia.
Filaments hairy; leaves firm, opaque T. gracilis.
Bracts foliaceous; flowers rose; plants fleshy T. navicularis.
Leaves pilose, at least beneath; anthers dissimilar or the connec-
tive elongate-arcuate.
Leaves pilose on both sides T. ionantha.
Leaves pilose only beneath.
Leaves mostly 2.5-3 cm. long T. parviflora.
Leaves rarely 2.5 cm. long T. gracilis.
Leaves mostly 2-3 cm. wide.
Leaves lanceolate (typically), about 2 cm. wide; petals 4-6 mm.
long.
Flowers well exserted or ebracteate.
Pedicels not capillary nor the sheaths conspicuously villous.
Leaves more or less pubescent; peduncle longer than the
subtending leaf T. elongata.
Leaves glabrous; peduncles shorter than the subtending
leaf T. cumanensis.
Peduncles and pedicels capillary; sheaths villous.
T. geniculata.
Flowers nearly concealed in the conspicuous bracts.
T. cymbispatha.
Leaves cordate-ovate or broadly lanceolate, 2-3 cm. wide; petals
8-9 mm. long.
Bracts small.
Coarse plants with several axillary flower clusters.
T. ambigua.
Slender plants, the flowers terminal T. encolea.
Bracts conspicuous T. cymbispatha.
Tradescantia ambigua Mart, ex R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1170.
1830.
A stout, leafy, somewhat pubescent plant with several to many
axillary umbels of showy purple flowers; leaves often 1 dm. long and
596 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII
3-4 cm. broad, ashy-pubescent beneath; filaments nearly glabrous:
seeds 2 mm. long, rugose.
Huancavelica: Below Surcubamba, 1,500 meters, Weberbauer
6495 (det. Bruckner). Brazil and Bolivia.
Tradescantia cordifolia Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 1: 601. 1797; 300.
Nearly glabrous; leaves subcordate, 2 cm. long and 1 cm. wide;
peduncles 4-8-flowered; pedicels and sepals (2 mm. long) pubescent;
petals white; capsule 1.5 mm. long. — A delicate plant with flaccid
stems and leaves.
San Martin: Tarapoto (Spruce); Vie 6610. North to Mexico
and the West Indies.
Tradescantia cumanensis Kunth, Enum. 4: 96. 1843; 306.
Descantaria cumanensis Briickn. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a: 171. 1930.
Glabrous except for the sheaths and the usually glandular-pilose
inflorescence; leaves 7-8 cm. long; stamens unequal, the 3 shorter
glabrous, their anthers dissimilar. — T. multiflora (see under T. parvi-
flora) has shorter leaves. These species and T. elongata are often
scarcely distinct, and probably there is really one species with merging
variations. Neg. 10739.
Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews 3117. North to Central
America.
Tradescantia cymbispatha Clarke in DC. Monogr. 3: 296.
1881.
Leaves broadly lanceolate, shortly petioled at the oblique base,
about 1 dm. long, 3 cm. wide, sparsely pilose beneath, or those of the
sterile branches smaller and pilose on both sides; umbels conspicu-
ously 2-bracted, the bracts to 2 cm. long; sepals 5 mm. long; stamens
unequal, the longer bearded, the shorter scarcely so, the anthers
nearly similar. — Flowers white.
Huanuco: Near Mito, 3382, 1617. Huanuco Mountains, 4,000
meters, 2159. — Lima: Huariaca, 3122 (all det. Bruckner). Bolivia.
Tradescantia elongata G. F. W. Mey. Prim. Fl. Esseq. 146.
1818; 303. Descantaria elongata Briickn. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a:
172. 1930.
Leaves about 8 cm. long and 2 cm. wide; peduncles mostly or all
terminal, glabrous or hairy on one side; stamens unequal, glabrous
or pubescent, the anthers dissimilar.
FLORA OF PERU 597
San Martin: Tarapoto (Spruce 4071). — Junin: La Merced, 600
meters, 5338. Brazil to the West Indies and Mexico.
Tradescantia encolea Diels, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 381. 1906. Des-
cantaria encolea Briickn. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a: 172. 1930.
Stems (1.5-5 dm. long) above and inflorescence fuscous-pilose;
sheaths ample, 3-4 cm. long and 7 mm. broad; leaves cordate-ovate,
6-8 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide; peduncles 1.5-2 cm. long; pedicels 5
mm. long; petals 8-9 mm. long, white (?); longer stamens bearded,
5 mm. long. — Allied to T. cumanensis HBK. Neg. 10740.
Peru: Weberbauer 3855 (without locality). — Lima: Matucana,
2,400 meters, 350.
Tradescantia geniculata Jacq. Select. Stirp. Am. Hist. 94.
pi. 64. 1763; 300.
Well marked by its geniculate stems, more or less villous laterally,
as also the leaves, especially beneath, and the long and slender-
peduncled, axillary and terminal umbels of capillary-pediceled flow-
ers; leaves 3-6 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide; sheaths conspicuously
villous; flowers greenish white; stamens subequal; ovary glabrous.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 5506, 6182. — Junin: Near La
Merced, Killip & Smith (all det. Bruckner). South America;
Mexico; West Indies.
Tradescantia gracilis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 261. pi. 672.
1816; 297.
Flaccid-stammed, procumbent and rooting at nodes below; leaves
ciliate or glabrous, usually broadly ovate, 1.5-2 cm. long, 1 cm. wide,
sometimes larger; peduncles mostly terminal, 1 to several cm. long;
pedicels 3-6 mm. long, like the sepals minutely glandular; flowers
small, white; anthers similar but the connective narrowly ligulate,
arcuate. — The var. bicolor (Kunth) Clarke has the leaves pubescent
beneath, and this form is scarcely distinguishable from T. parviflora
except by the similar anthers.
Cajamarca: San Pablo, 2,200 meters, Weberbauer 3855. — With-
out locality (Mathews, the var.). — San Martin: San Roque, Williams
7147 (det. Bruckner). — Huanuco: Ambo, 3156. Ecuador: Colombia.
Tradescantia ionantha Diels, Bot. Jahrb. 37: 382. 1906.
Descantaria ionantha Briickn. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a: 172. 1930.
Stems erect above the branched base, 1.5-3.5 dm. high; sheaths
5-8 mm. long, pilose at throat; leaves broadly sessile, ovate, 1.5-4
598 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. broad, above sparsely, beneath densely pilose;
pilose inflorescence much aggregate in the upper leaf axils and
terminal; pedicels about 2 mm. long; petals pale lilac, 3 mm. long;
longer stamens bearded, 3 mm. long. — Allied to T. multiflora Sw.
Neg. 10741.
Puno: Sandia, 2,100 meters, Weberbauer 588.
Tradescantia navicularis Ortg. Gartenflora 26: 130. pi. 901.
1877; 291.
Fleshy, the short thick ciliate leaves 1-2 cm. long, 1 cm. wide,
closely sessile and below often imbricate, above remote, the upper-
most subtending the umbel-like inflorescence of showy roseate
flowers 5-7 mm. long; pedicels 1-2 cm. long, glabrous; filaments
roseate-bearded below. — Cultivated at Dahlem. T. brachyphylla
Greenm. of Mexico seems to be the same.
Peru: (Roezl).
Tradescantia parviflora R. & P. Fl. 3: 43. pi. 272. 1802; 306.
Similar in habit to T. gracilis, but the leaves oblong-lanceolate
or ovate, 2.5-3 cm. long, 8-15 mm. broad, densely short-pilose
beneath; sheaths pilose and long-ciliate; peduncles to 1 cm. long,
minutely glandular-pubescent as also the short pedicels and sepals;
flowers white, tiny; stamens dissimilar, 3 larger. — T. multiflora Sw.,
similar and to be expected, is a stout plant, the leaves usually gla-
brous, ovate, about 2 cm. broad and 3-4 cm. long, the flowers typically
larger and rose.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Spruce 1+190, 4198. — Huanuco: Posuso
and Huanuco (Ruiz & Pavori).
3. DICHORISANDRA Mikan
Stout perennials with large leaves and terminal racemes of blue-
violet, nearly regular flowers. Stamens 5 or 6, equal or the outer a
little shorter. Filaments short, glabrous. Anthers dehiscent apically
by a pore. Capsule 3-celled, the cell 4-5-ovuled, rarely 2-3-ovuled.
— The species are not well marked, and it is probable that they are
fewer and variable. The generic name is conserved.
Sepals pubescent; flowers racemose-paniculate.
Leaves glabrate or finely pubescent beneath D. hexandra.
Leaves yellowish-villous beneath D. villosula.
Sepals glabrous; flowers often merely racemose.
Petioles and sheaths 2-3 mm. broad.
FLORA OF PERU 599
Sheaths sparsely long-ciliate; petals and sepals subequal.
D. inaequalis.
Sheaths densely ciliate; petals exceeding the sepals . . D. hexandra.
Petioles and sheaths 4-8 mm. broad D. Ulei.
Dichorisandra hexandra (Aubl.) Standl. in Standl. & Calderon,
Lista PI. Salvad. 48. 1925. Commelina hexandra Aubl. PL Guian. 1:
35. pi. 12. 1775. D. Aubletiana R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1181. 1830.
Plants 1-2 meters high; leaves about 6 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide,
acuminate, unequally and broadly cuneate or subrotund at base,
typically not at all transversely striate; petioles 1-2 mm. broad;
sheaths more or less villous; panicle usually equaling or exceeding
the leaves; sepals puberulent, 6 mm. long; petals subrotund, obtusish.
—The Peruvian plant, perhaps specifically distinct, is var. per-
sicariaefolia (Clarke) Macbr. (D. Aubletiana R. & S. var. persi-
cariaefolia Clarke in DC. Monogr. 3: 274. 1881), with transversely
striate leaves.
Junin: La Merced, 5593 (det. Bruckner). Puerto Yessup, 400
meters, Killip & Smith 26391. — Loreto: La Victoria, Williams 2828,
2751, 3109, 3111. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2326. Leticia, Williams
3064. Pebas, Williams 1625. Rio Itaya, Williams 145, 3480, 47,
165. Iquitos, Williams 8181, 8195, 1424, 7943, 1439, 1539, 3532;
Killip & Smith 27405, 27246, 27114, 27106. Mishuyacu, King 369.
Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 603, 381. Yurimaguas, Williams 4433.
San Antonio, Killip & Smith 29359.— San Martin: Moyobamba,
Weberbauer 4624. Tarapoto (Spruce 4497); Williams 6034, 6061,
6395, 6474. San Roque, Williams 6948, 7355.— Puno: Sandia
region, Raimondi (det. Bruckner). Widely distributed in tropical
America. "Puchu-yuiyui," "tambisi."
Dichorisandra inaequalis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 140. 1827; 278.
Apparently similar to D. hexandra; leaves often shorter, unequally
subrotund at base, sometimes sparsely pubescent beneath; racemes
elongate, yellowish-pubescent; sepals 9 mm. long; petals ovate. —
Perhaps the same as the variety of D. hexandra.
Huanuco: (Haenke). — Puno: Sangaban (Lechler 2506). Brazil.
Dichorisandra Ulei Macbr. Field. Mus. Bot. 11: 8. 1931.
D. longifolia Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 50: 71. 1908, not Mart.
& Gal., 1842.
Ascending-erect, 1-3 meters high, glabrous or nearly so except for
the apex of the sheaths and the short inflorescence; leaves oblong-
600 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
lanceolate, long-acuminate, 1.5-2 dm. long, 3.5-4 cm. wide, con-
stricted at base to a very short petiole 4-5 mm. broad ; petals bright
blue, acutish, longer than the glabrous sepals. — Distinguished by
Ule from D, ovata Mart, by the longer and glabrous leaves. Perhaps
not distinct from D. thyrsiflora, with leaves gradually narrowed to
the petiole, a subpaniculate inflorescence, and obtuse petals, but the
elongate leaves of this plant are nearly oblong. D. densiflora Ule,
similar, is distinguishable by its ample inflorescence and elliptic
leaves. Neg. 10751.
Loreto: Cerro de Ponasa, 1,200 meters, Ule 6669.
Dichorisandra villosula Mart, ex R. & S. Syst. Veg. 7: 1185.
1830; 276.
Except in pubescence very much like D. hexandra; panicle typi-
cally 3-4 cm. long; sepals pilose, 8 mm. long. — The Peruvian plant
is sometimes the var. evolutior Clarke, with leaves to 5.5 cm. broad,
panicles to 12 cm. long, and fulvous-villous sepals 11 mm. long.
Petals rich blue or purple, the fruit orange-red.
Huanuco: Cochero (Mathews 31). — Junin: La Merced, 5707
(det. Bruckner). Brazil.
4. FLOSCOPA Lour.
Diffuse herbs with medium to large leaves and small to ample,
terminal racemes or panicles of small flowers. Stamens typically
all fertile and equal. Filaments glabrous. Anther cells ellipsoid,
usually similar. Capsule 2-celled, the cells 1-seeded.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2.5 to rarely 3.5 cm. wide. .F. peruviana.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, mostly 4-5 cm. wide or wider.
Stems stout; leaves 5-5.5 cm. wide F. robusta.
Stems slender; leaves 3.5-4.5 cm. wide .F. elegans.
Floscopa peru viana Hassk. ex Clarke in DC. Monogr. 3: 270.
1881.
Stems yellowish-hirsutulous; leaves rarely elliptic, narrowed
and somewhat petioled at base, acute, minutely scabrous above,
glabrate beneath, to 11 cm. long and 4.5 cm. wide; panicle to 6 dm.
wide; upper bracts 5-10 mm. long; seeds whitish, radially striate.—
The var. (?) perforans Clarke has smaller leaves, a looser smaller
panicle, and sometimes the branchlets perforating the sheaths.
Plants a few cm. to about 2 dm. high, in small plants the inflorescence
only 1 cm. long. Flowers blue or white.
FLORA OF PERU 601
Puno: Sangaban, Lechler 2467, type. — Huanuco: Monzon, Weber-
bauer 3684- — Loreto: Iquitos and vicinity, Williams 8163; Klug
313, 1142. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2140, 2360. Yurimaguas, Ule
6297. Pebas, Williams 1675 (all det. Bruckner). San Antonio,
Killip & Smith 29500.
Floscopa robusta (Seub.) Clarke in DC. Monogr. 3: 271. 1881.
Dithyrocarpus robustus Seub. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 1: 255. 1855.
Stems fleshy, the large leaves as much as 2 dm. long and 5 cm.
wide, crowded above; panicle 5 cm. wide; seeds depressed-conical,
transversely rugose. — The Peruvian plant is var. Sprucei Clarke,
with minutely pubescent leaves and larger, less pubescent panicle,
the sepals glabrate.
San Martin: Tarapoto (Spruce 4427). — Huanuco: Pampayacu
(Poeppig 1295). — Junin: La Merced, 5813 (det. Bruckner). Weber-
bauer, 288. — Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4695 (det.
Bruckner). Brazil and Colombia.
Floscopa elegans Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4: 541. 1906.
Stems glabrous, geniculate-ascending, the lower internodes to 1
dm. long and 2-3 mm. thick; sheaths 4-5 mm. broad, 1.5 cm. long,
oblique, with a rusty-villous line toward the internode, otherwise
glabrous; leaves lanceolate, 10-18 cm. long, acuminate, contracted
to a petiole about 1 cm. long, minutely scabrous above, glabrous
beneath; panicle to 8 cm. broad, densely hispidulous but eglandular;
bracts and bractlets glabrate; flowers white, the sepals densely hir-
tellous; capsule lustrous, discoid, the seeds whitish, striate.
Loreto: Cerro de Canchahuayo (Huber).
5. TINANTIA Scheidw.
Erect herbs with rather large leaves and solitary peduncles bear-
ing 2-3 dense racemes, scarcely umbellate. Stamens 6, or rarely only
3 unequal, the shorter with hairy filaments. Anthers dissimilar.
Capsule 3-celled, the cells 3-5-seeded. — The name is conserved.
Tinantia erecta (Jacq.) Schlecht. Linnaea 25: 185. 1852; 286.
Tradescantia erecta Jacq. Coll. Bot. 4: 113. 1790. T. latifolia R. & P.
Fl. 3:44. pi 272. 1802.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, glabrous beneath, to 7 cm. long and 3
cm. broad; peduncles villous, sometimes glandular; petals blue or
purplish 1-1.5 cm. long.
602 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Ayacucho: Carrapa, 2,200 meters, Killip & Smith 22304- — Cuzco:
Near Chilechile, 2,200 meters, Weberbauer 7856. — Huanuco: Muna,
2,100 meters, 3980. Mito, 2,700 meters, 3378 (both det. Bruckner).
Weberbauer, 145. — Lima: Chancai and Lurin regions (Ruiz & Pavdn).
Widely distributed in tropical America.
6. COMMELINA [Plumier] L. Dayflower
Rather succulent, branching perennials or annuals with sessile or
subsessile leaves and irregular flowers, usually blue, borne in cymes
from spathe-like bracts. Two of both the sepals and petals larger
than the third; one of the fertile stamens incurved and its anther
often larger. Capsule 3-celled, with 3-6 seeds. — Species not well
defined and probably they are fewer than here accepted, but variable.
Spathes not connate, or only below; seeds reticulate or rugose-
foveolate.
Usually most of the spathes about 3 cm. long (2-4 cm.).
Spathes evidently cross-striate; plants scabrous above.
Plants erect; leaves 3-4 cm. wide C. coelestis.
Plants erect or diffuse; leaves 1-2 cm. wide.
Leaves mostly less than 1 cm. wide; plants erect.
C. graminifolia.
Leaves mostly more than 1 cm. wide; plants diffuse.
C. tuberosa.
Spathes obscurely cross-striate; plants villous to glabrous.
C. fasciculata.
Usually most of the spathes about 2 cm. long (1.5-2.5 cm.).
Inner sepals definitely connate C. Jamesonii.
Sepals distinct or nearly so.
Plants pubescent; leaves about 3 cm. wide C. hispida.
Plants glabrate; leaves about 2 cm. wide.
Capsule 2-celled; seeds usually 4 C. communis.
Capsule 3-celled; seeds usually 5 C. longicaulis.
Spathes more or less united or, if only below, the seeds smooth.
Branches decumbent, rooting; seeds 3, smooth C. elegans.
Plants erect or subscandent; seeds 5, rough C. monticola.
Commelina coelestis Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1: 69. 1809; 153.
Erect with strict branches, scabrous above as usually also the
leaves and peduncles, these 1-6 cm. long; leaves about 1 dm. long,
FLORA OF PERU 603
3-4 cm. broad, sometimes cordate at base; spathes 2-4 cm. long,
the margins free, pubescent; lower racemes 1-2-flowered, the upper
4-10-flowered ; sepals free or nearly so; petals 1.5 cm. long; seeds 5,
foveolate-rugose. — Roots fibrous or fasciculate-tuberous. Illus-
trated, Bailey, Encycl. Hort. 835.
Junin: Tarma, 3,000 meters, Killip & Smith 21814- — Lima: Rio
Chillon, 3,000 meters, Pennell 14389. San Buenaventura, 2,800
meters, Pennell 14536. Matucana, 2,400 meters, 79, 2908. Mexico.
Commelina communis L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 60. 1762; 170.
Diffuse, glabrous or nearly so, with elongate stems often rooting
at the nodes; leaves to 8 cm. long and 2 cm. wide; spathes 2 cm.
long; upper racemes 3-4-flowered; capsule 2-celled, usually 4-seeded,
the foveolate-rugose seeds 2-3 mm. long. — My material perhaps
introduced. Supported in higher plants. Illustrated, Addisonia 1:
pi 20.
Lima: Huariaca, 3123 (det. Bruckner). China.
Commelina elegans HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 259. 1816; 182.
Decumbent branches rooting at the nodes; leaves usually 5-10
cm. long; spathes 1.5-2 cm. long, united below; petals sometimes pale;
seeds 3, ellipsoid, somewhat compressed, smooth, 3 mm. long.—
Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 1: pi 37.
Tumbes: Plain southwest of Hacienda La Choza, Weberbauer
7715. — Cuzco: Paucartambo, Herrera 1113. — Junin: La Merced,
Killip & Smith. — San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 5575 in part,
5543, 5659, 5783. — Loreto: Santa Catalina, Raimondi. — Without
locality, Weberbauer 6508. General in tropical America.
Commelina fasciculata R. & P. Fl. 1: 44. pi. 72. 1798; 154.
C. nervosa R. & P. loc. cit.
Procumbent-ascending, the branches often pubescent on one
side; leaves about 1 dm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, villous or soon
glabrous; spathes 2.5-4.5 cm. long, nearly glabrous; interior sepals
connate; capsule 3-celled, 5-seeded, the subquadrate seeds 2-2.5
mm. long, foveolate. — According to Clarke, the free sepals illustrated
are an error.
Lima: Chancai (Pavdri). Puente Infiernillo (Ball). Matucana
(Ward). Huariaca, 3128, 3131 (?; det. Bruckner) .— Huanuco:
Cochero (Ruiz & Pavdn). (Mathews 1031, 1032).— Puno: Lake
Titicaca, 3,500 meters, (Pentland). — Arequipa: Cachendo, 1,000
meters (Gunther & Buchtien 353). Mollendo, Weberbauer 1449. —
604 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Cajamarca: San Pablo, Weberbauer 3849. — Ancash: Ocros, Weber-
bauer 2744- — Cuzco: Paucartambo, Herrera 40. Bolivia "Sara-sara."
Commelina graminifolia HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 258. 1816;
152.
Apparently very similar to C. tuberosa and C. coelestis, but perhaps
distinguishable from the former in habit and in the narrower obovate-
oblong sepals, and from the latter, more obviously, by the narrow,
and elongate leaves. — The following collections referred here by
Bruckner as "var."
Ancash : Prov. Pomabamba, Raimondi. — Cajamarca : San Marcos
region, Raimondi. Ranging northward to Mexico.
Commelina hispida R. & P. Fl. 1: 43. pi. 73. 1798; 156.
Closely related to C. fasciculata; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 2-4
cm. broad; interior sepals connate only at base, petaloid. — Var.
Gaudichaudii Clarke has villous stems and leaves and scarcely
exserted peduncles. My 3259 and 1446 from Mito seem to be the
same, but apparently only vegetatively, as Bruckner has compared
the first with C. communis as a "spec, nov."
Lima: Atocongo, Pennell 14767 (det. Bruckner). Callao (Gaudi-
chaud). Chancai (Ruiz & Pavbri). Amancaes, Weberbauer 1592.
San Geronimo, 5918. — Arequipa: Lomas of Atiquipa (Tafalla).
— Junin: Huacapistana, Weberbauer 2025 (det. Bruckner, but the
stems glabrous and the leaves narrow). Bolivia.
Commelina Jamesonii Clarke in DC. Monogr. 3: 155. 1881.
Similar to C. fasciculata and perhaps only a variety with spreading
peduncles, shorter and narrower leaves, hirsute on both sides, and,
especially, shorter sepals, about half as long.
Amazonas: Chachapoyas (Maihews). Ecuador.
Commelina longicaulis Jacq. Coll. Bot. 3: 234. 1789; 144.
C. gracilis R. & P. Fl. 1: 44. pi. 72. 1789.
Procumbent or ascending, the stems often several dm. long,
glabrous or nearly so; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 2.5 to several cm. long,
acute or acuminate, the sheaths usually ciliate; spathes pointed,
1-2.5 cm. long, not united; seeds 2-3, oblong, 2-3 mm. long, retic-
ulate.— Perhaps distinct from C. nudiflora L., with somewhat united
spathes, to which, however, Clarke and others have referred it,
including Bruckner, at least as to the following specimens. The form
with glabrous sheaths has been described as C. gracilis, var. glabrata
Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 136. 1827.
FLORA OF PERU 605
Cajamarca: Casas, Raimondi. — Huanuco: (Ruiz & Pavdn).
Huanuco, 2,100 meters, 3520, 3226.— Lima: (Ruiz & Pavdn; Haenke).
San Mateo, Raimondi. Lima, Pennell 14797. Chorrillos, 5866.
San Geronimo, 5S91. Chosica, 900 meters, 487. — Loreto: La
Victoria, Williams 2521. Iquitos, Klug 1208. Rio Itaya, Williams
33, 245. Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 276. Puerto Arturo, Wil-
liams 5129. — San Martin: Lamas, Williams 6374- Widely dis-
tributed in tropical America.
Commelina monticola Seub. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 1: 264.
1855; 162.
To 1 meter high, supported in vegetation; branches hirsute; leaves
scabrous above, 5-7 cm. long and 1 cm. broad ; peduncles 1 cm. long
or very short; spathes glabrate, 2 cm. long, shortly cucullate; seeds 5,
rugose-foveolate, 2 mm. long. — C. robusta Kunth, similar, is nearly
glabrous. C. erecta L. has longer leaves, and smooth puberulent
seeds. Williams 7172 from San Roque, San Martin, represents the
former (Bruckner). It appears to be only a glabrous state and, if so,
is the earlier name.
Huanuco: Cochero (Poeppig 1692). Brazil to Central America.
Commelina tuberosa L. Sp. PI. 41. 1753; 149.
Similar to C. coelestis, but diffuse; peduncles to 1.5 dm. long;
leaves 1-2 cm. broad, the margins thin and pilose. — 9. Illustrated,
Bot. Mag. 41: pi. 1695.
Lima: Canta, Pennell 14344 (?; det. Bruckner). Mexico.
7. ATHYROCARPUS Schlecht.
Branching herbs with medium-sized leaves and few-flowered
racemes partially included between spathe-like bracts. Two or 3
stamens sterile with hastate-triangular anthers. Filaments glabrous.
Capsule 3-celled, 5-seeded, indehiscent.
Sheaths densely red-villous A. rufipes.
Sheaths glabrous or ciliate at throat.
Leaves long-acuminate, glabrous or nearly so .A.persicariaefolius.
Leaves acute, villous above A. Matthewsii.
Athyrocarpus Matthewsii (Clarke) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3: 319.
1898. Phaeospherion Matthewsii Clarke in DC. Monogr. 3 : 137. 1881.
606 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Branchlets long, densely bearded on one side; leaves about 1 dm.
long and 2-2.5 cm. wide, minutely pilose beneath, villous above;
racemes 3-5-flowered; spathes 2 cm. long.
Peru: (Mathews 148).
Athyrocarpus persicariaefolius (DC.) Hemsl. Biol. Centr.
Am. Bot. 3: 386. 1885. Commelina persicariaefolia DC. in Redouts',
Lil. 8. pi. 472. 1816. Phaeospherion persicariaefolium Clarke, var.
scabratum Clarke in DC. Monogr. 3: 137. 1881.
Glabrous or nearly so, except the reddish-ciliate mouth of the
sheaths; otherwise very similar to A. rufipes, but the difference in
pubescence striking and constant in degree.
Loreto : Mainas (Poeppig 2461 ) . North to British Guiana and the
West Indies.
Athyrocarpus rufipes (Seub.) Standl. in Standl. & Cald. Lista
PL Salvad. 47. 1925. Commelina rufipes Seub. in Mart. Fl. Bras.
3, pt. 1:265. 1855.
Similar to A. Matthewsii, but the leaves long-acuminate and
villous beneath and the sheaths red-hairy throughout, but the stems
glabrous or nearly so.
Loreto: Iquitos, Tessmann 5105, 3605; King 1343, 1485; Williams
3692. Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 61 7, 665. Yurimaguas, Williams
4371; Killip & Smith 29108. Mishuyacu, King 201. La Victoria,
Williams 2799. — San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 6109. Brazil to
Central America.
8. CALLISIA L.
A procumbent-ascending, somewhat translucent, nearly glabrous
herb with small leaves and almost tiny flowers, congested-axillary
in sheaths or umbellulate. Stamens 3-6. Filaments glabrous.
Capsule 2-celled, usually 4-seeded.
Callisia repens L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 62. 1762; 310.
Leaves to 2.5 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide; sepals linear-oblong,
2-3 mm. long, the petals shorter; flowers scarcely exserted from the
sheaths; style filiform. — C. monandra (Sw.) Schult. has umbellate
flowers on exserted pedicels. — Illustrated, R. & P. Fl. 1: pi. 73.
Huanuco: (Ruiz & Pavdri). Ambo, 3159 (det. Bruckner) .—
Lima: Matucana, 321 (det. Bruckner). — Cuzco: Ollantaitambo,
Pennell 13653 (det. Bruckner). — Huancavelica : Huancamayo region,
Weberbauer 6569 (with 6 fertile stamens! Bruckner). — Ayacucho:
FLORA OF PERU 607
Aina, 750-1,000 meters, Kittip & Smith 22702. Widely distributed
in tropical America.
9. ANEILEMA R. Br.
The Peruvian species a flaccid-stemmed herb with terminal
panicles of small flowers not subtended by spathe-like bracts. Petals
nearly similar. Lateral filaments barbellulate.
Aneilema ovato-oblongum Beauv. Fl. Oware 2: 71. pi. 104-
1818; 226.
Stems 2 to several dm. long, with rather numerous subovate
leaves 5-6 cm. long and about 2 cm. wide; panicle lax, the branchlets
slender; capsule 3-4 mm. long.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9160. Iquitos, Killip & Smith. Yuri-
maguas, Williams 4270, 3930. Rio Nanay, Williams 539, 375
(all det. Bruckner). South America; Africa.
10. GEOGENANTHUS Ule
Chamaeanthus Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 50: 71. 1908,
not Schlechter.
Erect simple-stemmed herbs, with the leaves more or less crowded
toward the apex, and with long-pediceled blue flowers, fasciculate-
umbellate. Sepals and petals free. Fertile stamens 5 or 6, the 3
most strongly developed with pubescent filaments. Capsule 3-celled,
with 5-6 ovules in each cell, often developing fewer seeds.
Leaves cuneate-elliptic, acuminate G. rhizanthus.
Leaves rotund-ovate or suborbicular.
Leaves acute, marked above with stripes of paler green .G. undatus.
Leaves rounded at apex, apiculate, bluish green above. G. ciliatus.
Geogenanthus ciliatus Briickn. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11:
224. 1931.
Leaves about 1.5 dm. long and broad, densely ciliate on the
margins, deep purple beneath; stems, sheaths, and few-flowered
lateral fascicles more or less reddish-pubescent; pedicels to 12 mm.
long; flowers brownish red, apparently small.
Loreto: San Antonio, Killip & Smith 29347, type.
Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) Briickn. Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 10: 56. 1927. Pyrrheima rhizantha Ule, Verh. Bot. Ver.
Brandenb. 50: 69. 1908.
608 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Stems 1 meter high or less, glabrous or puberulent; leaves cuneate-
elliptic, acuminate, rusty-pilose-ciliate, 2-2.5 dm. long and 8 cm.
broad; petals long-bearded on the margins; capsule cells 6-seeded.
Neg. 10735.
Loreto: Pongo de Cainarache, Ule 6327. Ecuador.
Geogenanthus undatus (C. Koch & Lind.) Mildbr. & Strauss,
Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 279. 1913. Dichorisandra undata C. Koch &
Lind. Wochenschr. 9: 346. 1866. Chamaeanthus Wittianus Ule,
Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 50; 71. 1908.
Often lower and more slender; leaves rotund-ovate, acute, about
1 dm. long or shorter and 5-8 cm. broad; capsule cells 2-seeded.—
Illustrated, Fl. Serres 17 : 87. pi. 1 763-1 764. Especially in cultivation
the nerves are marked above with stripes of lighter green, and the
stems and leaves beneath are purple or purplish.
Loreto: Mainas (Wallis); Williams 5338, 5065, 5298.— Junin:
Raimondi (det. Bruckner). Brazil.
11. ZEBRINA Schnizl.
A slender-stemmed herb with spathe-bracted tubular flowers.
Stamens 6, equal, the filaments hairy or glabrous. — Often cultivated,
this is the "Wandering Jew" of English-speaking people.
Zebrina pendula Schnizl. Bot. Zeit. 7: 870. 1829; 318.
Decumbent or pendulous, often glabrous except for the densely
long-ciliate sheaths; leaves ovate-lanceolate, purplish beneath, 3-5
cm. long and 1-2 cm. broad; flowers nearly included in the spathe-
like uppermost leaves.
Loreto: Soledad, Tessmann 5196 (det. Bruckner). Near Iquitos,
King 360 (det. Bruckner); cultivated, Williams 3628. Pebas,
Williams 1831. Yurimaguas, in garden, Williams 4509. Ranging
to Mexico.
27. PONTEDERIACEAE. Pickerel-weed Family
The three Peruvian genera are easily distinguished : Heteranthera
grows in mud and has small, loosely borne flowers with 3 stamens;
Eichhornia and Pontederia have showy 6-stamened flowers in dense
spikes; the former floats, and the latter is erect in mud or shallow water.
1. EICHHORNIA Kunth. Water hyacinth
Flowers tubular, with a spreading limb. Capsule 3-celled,
many-seeded. — The name is conserved.
FLORA OF PERU 609
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms in DC. Monogr. 4: 527.
1883. Pontederia crassipes Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 9. pi. 4- 1824.
Piaropus crassipes Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 7: 241. 1893.
Well marked by its tufted leaves with inflated petioles and its
floating habit. — E. diversifolia (Vahl) Urban has alternate leaves,
the submerged ones grass-like.
Loreto: ''Rare on the Ucayali" (Huber). Caballo-cocha, Wil-
liams 2426. South America.
2. HETERANTHERA R. & P.
Creeping, with cordate-reniform petioled leaves and a few tubular
blossoms. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled. — The name is conserved.
Heteranthera reniformis R. & P. Fl. 1: 43. pi 71. 1798.
Flowers whitish or pale blue; stamens unequal. — H. limosa (Sw.)
Willd. usually has ovate leaves and often blue flowers, solitary in
the spathes.
Lima: Lurin, Surco, and vicinity (Ruiz & Pawn}. Weberbauer,
149. — Amazonas: Rioja, west of Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4711;
149. — Loreto: La Victoria, Williams 3097. Pebas, Williams 1854.
Iquitos, Tessmann 3894a; Killip & Smith 27177. Yurimaguas,
Killip & Smith 27960. General in tropical America.
3. PONTEDERIA L. Pickerel-weed
Perianth with a short tube. Capsule 1-celled, 1-seeded.
Pontederia rotundifolia L. f. Suppl. 192. 1781.
Leaves orbicular-subcordate, very obtuse, 1-2 dm. long; inflo-
rescence capitate, with an involucral spathe. — P. cordata L. has
cordate-oblong leaves and oblong-ovate spikes.
Loreto : Rio Sarayacu ( Huber 1 491 ) . General in tropical America.
28. JUNCACEAE. Rush Family
Reference: Buchenau, Pflanzenr. IV. 36. 1906.
This family in most parts of the world is of little economic im-
portance, but in Peru Distichia generally constitutes the larger part
of the champa upon which many of the dwellers in the higher Andes
depend chiefly for fuel. Without the dried blocks of this cushion
plant it would be difficult for thousands to live on the higher slopes,
grow the country's supply of potatoes, and range the sheep, cattle,
610 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
and llamas. These ordinary plants, therefore are of exceptional
economic significance.
Densely pulvinate plants with imbricate leaves.
Leaves closely imbricate, erect, pointed 1. Distichia.
Leaves somewhat divaricate, long-caudate 2. Oxychloe.
Loosely leafy or not pulvinate perennials or annuals.
Leaves more or less ciliate-pubescent; seeds 3 3. Luzula.
Leaves glabrous; seeds many 4. Juncus.
1. DISTICHIA Nees & Meyen
This low plant, forming such dense and hard cushions that a mass
is often broken with difficulty, even with an axe, is unmistakable.
There is a beautiful photograph by Weberbauer (pi. 16} of a highly
characteristic Distichia moor, and a figure of the plant (p. 214).
Distichia muscoides Nees & Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Nat.
Cur. 19: Suppl. 1:128. 1843.
Leaves 3-7 mm. long, with a callous-obtuse tip. — The similar
D. filamentosa (Buchenau) Griseb., of Bolivia, has longer (6-15
mm.) leaves terminating in a bristle 2-4 mm. long.
Puno: Titicaca Highlands, Weberbauer 948; 219. Agapata,
Lechler 1954. — Junin: Yauli, 4,400 meters, Weberbauer, 222. Moro-
cocha, 4,500 meters, 899; Hauthal 370. Between Chiquian and
Pucha valleys, 4,300 meters, Weberbauer. — Puno: Pisacoma, Meyen.
— Libertad: Quiruvilca, 4,200 meters, Weberbauer 7089. — Ancash:
Weberbauer, 224. — Huanuco: Yanashallas, 2484- — Cuzco: La Raya,
Pennell 13492.— Lima: East of Canta, Pennell 14693. Andes of
South America. "Champa."
2. OXYCHLOE Philippi
Similar in habit to Distichia, with which it could be merged, but
conveniently separable, particularly by the long-caudate or rather
spine-like, spreading leaves.
Oxychloe andina Phillippi, Reise Atac. 52. pi. 6. 1860.
There is an illustration in Pflanzenr. IV. 36: 37.
Puno: Sandia, 4,400 meters, Weberbauer 987. Bolivia and
Argentina.
3. LUZULA DC.
Soft-leaved, leafy-stemmed, more or less pubescent perennials.
Leaf sheaths closed. Capsule 1-celled. — The name is conserved.
FLORA OF PERU 611
The widely distributed L. campestris (L.) DC. could occur. It has
an umbellate inflorescence and usually entire perianth segments
only 2-3 mm. long. At least the last three species in the key are very
doubtfully distinct.
Inflorescence many-flowered, very compound, the flowers mostly
scattered, sometimes subcorymbose L. gigantea.
Inflorescence rather few-flowered and simple, the flowers spicate or
in little heads.
Inflorescence open or narrowly oblong; perianth segments entire
or crenulate-ciliate.
Perianth segments white-membranous, not exceeding the capsule.
L. chilensis.
Perianth segments distinctly longer than the capsule, brown,
at least below L. racemosa.
Inflorescence dense and ovate or lobate; perianth segments lace-
rate-denticulate or black-aristate.
Low plants, to 6.5 cm. high; inflorescence white- villous.
L. macusaniensis.
Usually 1-3 dm. high; inflorescence brownish or blackish.
L. peruviana.
Luzula chilensis Nees & Meyen in Kunth, Enum. 3: 312.
1841; 74.
Except as indicated, similar to L, racemosa, to which it could be
referred as a variety, but typically its character is reasonably
definite. It is as yet unknown from Peru but almost certainly occurs.
Chile.
Luzula gigantea Desv. Journ. Bot. 1: 145. 1808; 59.
A beautiful plant with gracefully borne, narrowly acuminate
leaves and more or less nodding, abundantly flowered corymbs. —
Sometimes several dm. high. Its habit separates it at once from L.
racemosa which, in a broad sense, is our only other species. L.
sylvatica (Huds.) Gaud., recorded from Peru on the basis of a Pa von
specimen, which I have not seen, is probably an error, as suggested
by Buchenau, op. cit. 55. Other South American material referred
to that species, because of the characteristic corymbose inflorescence,
could be a juvenile state of L. Ulei.
Cajamarca: Cutervo, Raimondi. Hualgayoc, Weberbauer 4025.
— Junin: Tarma, Ruiz (all det. Markgraf & Gross). — Huanuco:
612 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Mito, 3367. Tambo de Vaca, 4388.— Ayacucho : Choimacota Valley,
Weberbauer 7585. Bolivia to Mexico.
Luzula macusaniensis Steud. ex Buchenau, Abh. Nat. Ver.
Brem. 4: 131. pi. 3. 1874; 78.
Little plants 2 to several cm. high, with long-ciliate leaves 1 mm.
broad; inflorescence ovate or conical, exceeded by the 2-3 bracts;
flowers 3.2 mm. long, the segments more or less hyaline and lacerate
and ciliate above; stamens 3. At 4,000-4,800 meters.
Junin: La Oroya, 4,300 meters, Weberbauer 2608 (?; det. Buch-
enau).— Puno: Macusani, Lechler 1839. Ananea, Weberbauer 958,
1033 (det. Engler). — Ancash: Above Ocros, Weberbauer 2795;
(det. Buchenau).
Luzula peruviana Desv. Journ. Bot. 1: 160. 1808.; 78. L.
boliviensis Buchenau, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem. 4: 128. pi. 4. 1874.
Usually about 3 dm. high, but also smaller, with densely ciliate
to glabrate leaves 1.5-4 mm. broad; inflorescence erect or nodding,
conical or ovoid, compact or more or less "lobed," equaled or exceeded
by the leaf -like bracts; flowers 4 mm. long, the segments more or
less ciliate, brown; stamens 3. — As suggested, this is a variable species,
forms approaching L. racemosa and, it may be added, low states, L.
macusaniensis.
Puno: Asangoro, Lechler 1739. — Ancash: Ocros to Chonta, 4,500
meters, Weberbauer 2807. — Junin: Near Huacapistana and Palca,
3,500 meters, Weberbauer 2257, 2474, 6623, 6475 (the last two det.
Gross). Bolivia to Central America.
Luzula racemosa Desv. Journ. Bot. 1: 162. 1808; 75.
Often several dm. high, with more or less ciliate leaves varying
from 1-6 mm. in breadth and with a simple or compound but narrow
and mostly nodding inflorescence; bracts not at all or scarcely leaf-
like; flowers 2-3 mm. long, the outer segments aristate; stamens
mostly 3. — A low form is var. humilis (Buch.) Ball, Journ. Linn.
Soc. Bot. 22 : 57. 1885, and there is a very slender form typified by
Weberbauer 2449 from Palca (det. Buchenau).
Lima: Chicla (Ball); Weberbauer 248 (det. Engler). Matucana,
Raimondi (det. Gross). — Cajamarca: Cutervo, Raimondi (det.
Gross). Ocros, 3,500 meters, Weberbauer 2696 (det. Buchenau).—
Ancash: Huaraz, 4,200 meters, Weberbauer 3072 (det. Buchenau).—
Puno: Asangoro, 4,000 meters, Weberbauer 496 (det. Engler).
FLORA OF PERU 613
Araranca, 4,200 meters, Pennell 13456. — Cuzco: Paso de Tres
Cruces, 3,800 meters, Pennell 13846 (det. Gross). — Huanuco: Tambo
de Vaca, 4389 (inflorescence short; det. Gross). Chile to Mexico.
4. JUNCUS L. Rush
Always glabrous and usually perennial. Sheaths of the leaves
typically open and not infrequently auricled. Capsule 1-3-celled.
In the Peruvian species the stamens are usually 6 unless otherwise
stated. — Some of the taller wiry species are much used to tie bunches
of fruits and vegetables.
Stems usually scapbse; leaves undeveloped or usually all crowded
below, never septate; inflorescence open or pseudo-lateral.
Plants annual J. bufonius.
Plants perennial.
Leaves well developed.
Inflorescence terminal, exceeding or not greatly exceeded by
the bract.
Flowers about 3.5 mm. long J. tennis.
Flowers about 5 mm. long J. imbricatus.
Inflorescence pseudolateral, i.e., exceeded many times by the
bract J. capillaceus.
Leaves undeveloped, sheath-like.
Flowers about 2 mm. long J. effusus.
Flowers usually 3-4 mm. long J. balticus.
Flowers 5-7 mm. long J. andicola.
Stems more or less leafy, the leaves septate, or, if not, grass-like and
the inflorescence capitate.
Leaves septate, sometimes not obviously.
Low plants, rarely 1 dm. high.
Leaves obviously septate; flowers capitate J. stipulatus.
Leaves obscurely septate; flowers mostly single. .J. Mandoni.
Plants usually more than 1.5 dm. tall.
Inflorescence 1-3 cm. broad and somewhat echinate-bracteate.
Inflorescence about 1.5-3 cm. broad J. involucratus.
Inflorescence about 1 cm. broad J. densiflorus.
Inflorescence usually narrower, not echinate-bracteate.
Flowers reddish; anthers and filaments very unequal.
614 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Flowers 2-6 (-10), 3-4 mm. long J. microcephalus.
Flowers 6-10, 4-5 mm. long J. Dombeyanus.
Flowers nearly black; anthers and filaments subequal.
Septa of leaves obscure; flowers 2.5-3 mm. long.
J. L/iebmanni.
Septa obvious; flowers 3-5 mm. long J. brunneus.
Leaves not septate; plants ascending-erect J. cyperoides.
Juncus andicola Hook. Icon. 8: pi. 714- 1848; 148. J. Lesurii
(Lesueurii) of auth. in part.
Stems densely cespitose, to 5 dm. high, 4-6 mm. thick; inflo-
rescence dense and somewhat lobate; bracts 8-16 cm. long, or twice
as long; filaments 0.5-1 mm. long; anthers 1-1.25 mm. long; perianth
segments green with reddish brown sides and thin edges, exceeding
the mucronate fruit.
Huanuco: Llata, 2,500 meters, 2272. Below Chavanillo, 2306.—
Ancash: Yungai, Weberbauer 3283. Colombia to Chile and Bolivia.
Juncus andicola var. Schulz-Korthii Macbr. Field Mus.
Bot. 11:44. 1931.
Robust, 10-12 dm. high, the stems 11 mm. in diameter below,
the sheaths to 1.5 dm. long; inflorescence pale; perianth 5-6 mm.
long; arfthers 1.2 mm. long, on filaments 0.5 mm. long; capsule
hardly 4 mm. long. Neg. 11689.
Puno: Pucara, Weberbauer 1367. San Antonio (Lechler 1808,
probably).
Juncus balticus Willd. Ges. Naturf. Freund. Berl. Mag. 3:
298. 1809; 144.
Stems slender, terete, strict, 2.5-7.5 dm. high and as much as
2.5 mm. thick; inflorescence many-flowered, the branches elongate;
lower bracts 5-20 cm. long; perianth segments greenish and brown-
chestnut with pale margins, equaling or shorter than the nearly
pyramidal, mucronate capsule. — Widely distributed in the Old
and New Worlds except in the tropics. The var. mexicanus (Willd.)
Kuntze probably occurs in Peru. Neg. 10728.
Cuzco: (Herrera). — Puno: Chuquibambilla, Pennell 13379 (det.
Gross).
Juncus brunneus Buchenau, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem. 6: 403.
1879; 206.
Stems 2-3 dm. high, strict or compressed; septa prominent; heads
1-3, many-flowered, subglobose, capsule attenuate, more or less
FLORA OF PERU 615
exceeding the perianth; style long. — The heads are very dark.
128.— Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 36: 207.
Ancash: Above Samanco, 3,500 meters, Weberbauer 2700 (det.
Buchenau). — Puno: Asangaro, Lechler 1749. Island of Titicaca
(Copeland). — Cajamarca: Nancho, Raimondi (det. Markgraf);
Bolivia.
Juncus bufonius L. Sp. PL 328. 1753; 105.
This small tufted species, common to wet sunny places around the
world, needs no characterization here, especially since it is the only
annual Juncus of Peru.
Cajamarca: Cutervo, Raimondi (det. Gross). — Without locality
(Kaenke).
Juncus capillaceus Lam. Encycl. 3: 266. 1789; 122.
Stems and leaves filiform, to 2.5 dm. long; flowers few, pale,
3-3.5 mm. long, far exceeded by the lower bract, so appearing lateral;
capsule retuse. — Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 36: 122.
Cajamarca: Nancho, Raimondi (det. Markgraf). Argentina to
Ecuador.
Juncus cyperoides Laharpe, Monogr. Jonc. 145. 1827; 241.
J. graminifolius E. Mey. ex Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 : 144. 1827.
Stems leafy above, the leaves 2-12 mm. broad. — Well marked by
its Luzula-like aspect.
Huanuco: (Haenke). Mito, 3319. — Amazonas: Chachapoyas,
Mathews. — Cajamarca: Nancho, Raimondi (det. Markgraf and
Gross).
Juncus densiflorus HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 238. 1816; 187.
Stems stout, 1 meter tall or taller, from a very thick rhizome;
cauline leaves 1-3, cylindric, to 3 mm. thick; inflorescence erect,
the numerous many-flowered heads 6-10 mm. in diameter; flowers
straw-colored or brownish, rigid; stamens 3; capsule shortly beaked,
slightly exceeded by the inner perianth segments. — J. scirpoides Lam.
of Brazil, which may be expected, may be distinguished by its beaked
capsule lightly exceeding the perianth. Neg. 10726.
Peru: Probably occurring. Argentina; Colombia.
Juncus Dombeyanus Gay in Laharpe, Monogr. Jonc. 132.
1827; 199.
Like J. microcephalus except for the glabrous flower heads, these
6-12 mm. in diameter (in var. pycnanthus Buchenau to 17 mm.),
616 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
and the slightly longer flowers. — The capsule is evidently shorter
than the perianth. 166.
Cajamarca: Cutervo, Raimondi. Huancayo, Esposto (?) (both
det. Markgraf). — Huanuco: Mito, 1450. — Junin: Tarma, 1030 —
Cuzco: San Sebastian, Pennell 13619 (det. Gross). — Without
locality: Dombey; Haenke. Uruguay; Chile.
Juncus eifusus L. Sp. PL 326. 1753; 135.
Rather similar to J. balticus, but the flowers only half as long and
the stamens usually 3.
Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews. Widely distributed in both
hemispheres.
Juncus imbricatus Laharpe, Monogr. Jonc. 149. 1827; 121.
Similar to J. capillaceus, but the stems and leaves not so fine and
the few to many flowers to 6 mm. long, sometimes conspicuously
exceeded by the bract in var. Lechleri (Steud.) Buchenau.
Puno: (Lechler). — Cajamarca: Cutervo, Raimondi (the var., det
Markgraf). — Huanuco: Mito, 3,000 meters, 1451. — Junin: Chinche,
3,500 meters, 1276. Ecuador to Chile and Argentina.
Juncus involucratus Steud. ex Buchenau, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem.
3: 121. 1874; 187.
Usually lower than J. densifloms; inflorescence lobate; stamens
rarely if ever only 3. — Inflorescence densely capitate, often a single
head.
Puno: Tabina, Lechler 2078. Bolivia to Colombia.
Juncus Liebmanni Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 9. 1931.
J. brevifolius Liebm. Kj0b. Vid. Medd. 40. 1850, not Hoffm. & Link
ex Rostk. 1801.
Except for the scarcely apparent septa and the smaller flowers,
this species closely resembles J. brunneus; the capsule is trigonous-
ovate.
Peru: Probably occurring. Mexico; Ecuador.
Juncus Mandoni Buchenau, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem. 4: 121. pi.
3. 1874; 169. J. depauperatus Philippi, Fl. Atac. 53. 1860; An.
Univ. Chil. 93: 277. 1896, not Tenore, 1830.
Pulvinate-cespitose from diffuse filiform rhizomes; sheaths long,
pale; leaves 1.5-3 cm. long, filiform, grooved above; flowers 3-3.5
mm. long, often peduncled in the leaf axils or rarely bracteate and
FLORA OF PERU 617
subsessile; style very short; capsule equaling the greenish perianth,
orbicular-trigonous.
Peru: (According to Hicken.). Bolivia; Chile; Argentina.
Juncus microcephalus HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 237. 1816;
198.
A variable species, 1.5 to many dm. high, the culms more or
less compressed, the leaves usually slightly so; inflorescence com-
pound, anthelate; perianth segments mostly reddish dorsally, with
broad thin margins; capsule broadly ovate or obovate. — J. rubens
Lam., if the same, is an earlier name.
Cajamarca: Cutervo, Raimondi (det. Markgraf). Mexico to
Chile and Argentina.
Juncus stipulatus Nees & Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur.
19: Suppl. 1: 126. 1843; 171. J. microcephalus HBK. var. pusillus
Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 142. 1827(7).
Stems 1-5 or rarely 10 cm. high; inflorescence simple or com-
pound, with 1 to several heads; capsule a little longer than the
brownish perianth ; style elongate. — J. chilensis Gay is similar, but
the capsule is shorter and the style is very short.
Peru: Probably occurring. Ecuador to Chile.
Juncus tenuis Willd. Sp. PI. 2: 214. 1799; 115.
Stems often tall, about equaled by the curved flat leaves 1-15
mm. broad; inflorescence open, more or less anthelate, with 1-3 long
bracts; capsule shorter than the yellow-green, mostly remote flowers.
—Widely distributed. The var. platycaulos (HBK.) Buch. Monogr.
194. 1890, lacks the large auricles of J. tenuis. As Buchenau suggests
(Pflanzenr. IV. 36: 117), it is probably the same as (and an earlier
name for) J. dichotomus Ell. Its leaves are distinctly grooved and the
inflorescence more anthelate. Neg. 10727.
Cajamarca: Nancho, Raimondi (as the var., det. Markgraf &
Gross). North and South America.
29. LILIACEAE. Lily Family
Reference: Krause, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a: 227-386. 1930.
A number of the well-known plants of this family are widely
cultivated in Peru and now and then occur or sometimes perhaps
persist as escapes. Notable among them are the "cebolla" and
"ajo" (Allium Cepa L. and A. sativum L.), i.e. the most useful onions
618 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
and garlic, natives of Asia, but greatly appreciated in all countries.
Others of some economic importance include asparagus, the "espa-
rrago" or "esparraguero" (Asparagus officinalis L.); aloes, the
"sabila"or "zabila" (Aloe vera L. or A. soccotrina Lam.); and
"cebadilla" (Veratrum officinale Schl.), sold in the markets (Herrera)
as "jamiccatu." Those usual to flower gardens, of course, are found
also, as the "tulipan" (Tulipa), "agapanto" (Agapanthus umbel-
latus); the "azucena blanca" (Lilium candidum), this (ace. to Her-
rera) of some medicinal repute; and Taetsia fruticosa (L.) Merr.
The genus Herreria, well marked by its densely fascicled, whorled
leaves, is unknown from Peru, collections so labeled certainly
originating in Chile. An undescribed herb with umbellate, green and
purple flowers, apparently, allied to Gillesia, has been found by
Herrera at Pincopata, Cuzco.
Flowers umbellate or borne in a branching inflorescence.
Flowers blue.
Stout plants about 1 meter high with large flowers. 1. Excremis.
Slender plants, much lower, with small flowers. . . .2. Pasithea.
Flowers not blue.
Erect herbs.
Flowers not umbellate 5. Chlorophytum.
Flowers in terminal umbels.
Segments 1-nerved 3. Nothoscordum.
Segments 5-nerved 4. Trichlora.
Leafy vines 8. Smilax.
Flowers in a simple, close or lax raceme or one or two in leaf axils or
in the axils of the upper bract-like leaves.
Erect herbs.
Flowers distant and long-pediceled.
Anthers oblong-oval; bulbous plants 7. Fortunatia.
Anthers linear; rhizomatous plants 6. Anthericum.
Flowers approximate and shortly pediceled 10. Tofieldia.
Creeping or sprawling, shrubby plants 9. Luzuriaga.
1. EXCREMIS Willd.
Coarse plants from short rhizomes, the lance-linear leaves crowded
below and gradually reduced above to bracts. Flowers deep blue,
borne rather loosely on nodding pedicels that terminate the panic-
ulately branched stem.
FLORA OF PERU 619
Excremis coarctata (R. & P.) Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot.
15: 320. 1876. Anthericum coarctatum R. & P. Fl. 3: 67. pi. 299. 1802.
A stout, rather conspicuous plant, sometimes 1.5 meters high. —
A useful lasting yellow color is obtainable from the plant (Ruiz &
Pavdn). My specimens grew in dense woods.
Cuzco: Cerro de Cusilluyoc, Pennell 13966 (det. Diels).—
Huanuco: Tambillo and Pillao (Ruiz & Pavdri). Chinchao, 5106.
Monzon, Weberbauer 3516 (det. Krause). — Puno: Sandia region,
Weberbauer 1327. — Amazonas: East of Chachapoyas, Weberbauer
4396.
2. PASITHEA D. Don
Stems from a short erect rhizome, densely leafy at base, sparsely
so above and paniculately branched, bearing long-pediceled flowers
in a loose, pyramidal or thyrsoid inflorescence. Bracts minute or
none.
Pasithea coerulea (R. & P.) D. Don, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. 13:
237. 1832. Anthericum coeruleum R. & P. Fl. 3: 67. 1802.
A slender plant, sometimes 6 dm. high, of lomas. — Illustrated,
Bot. Mag. 118; pi. 7249.
Arequipa: Loma de Atico, Raimondi (det. Krause). Mollendo,
Weberbauer 1524, 1570. Below Cachendo, 900 meters (Gunther &
Buchtien 350). Chile. "Espuela de caballero," "illcu."
3. NOTHOSCORDUM Kunth
Reference: Beauverd, Bull. Herb. Boiss. II. 8: 993-1007. 1908.
Bulbous plants similar to onions but lacking the odor of the
latter, and the perianth segments more or less united. Stamens 6,
all fertile. — The generic name has been conserved. The genus is
maintained distinct from Allium only as a matter of convenience.
The species, as they have been proposed, are mostly of doubtful
validity.
Scapes well developed.
Pedicels subequal, about 1 cm. long, the flowers (usually purplish)
and fruits crowded N. andicola.
Pedicels mostly unequal, the longer often 2 cm. long, the umbel
of usually whitish flowers open.
Coarse plants, the leaves usually 4-10 mm. wide; capsule
obcordate . . . N. inodorum.
620 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Slender plants with narrow leaves; capsule elliptic or subglobose.
N. bivalve, N. gramineum.
Scapes concealed in the bulb neck N. fictile.
Nothoscordum andicola Kunth, Enum. 4: 463. 1843. Allium
bivalve (L.) Kuntze, var. andicola Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3: 313. 1898.
A. andicolum Regel, Nov. Act. Petrop. 3: 211. 1875.
Bulbs obconic, 2-3 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide; scapes 3-15 cm. long;
leaves 1-4 mm. wide; flowers few, roseate, the obovate-elliptic
segments united below for one-third their length; style equaling the
oblong ovary. — Typically well marked but varying, especially in
habit, though usually low. Neg. 10008.
Puno: Lake Titicaca, Meyen. — Cuzco: Sacsahuaman, Hen era
2381, 935, 126 (det. Herb. Dahlem).— Arequipa: Weberbauer 6878.
— Moquehua: Carumas, Weberbauer 7311. To Argentina and Chile.
"Chchullcos," "anas-sibilla," "chchullcu."
Nothoscordum bivalve (L.) Britton, 111. Fl. 1: 415. 1896.
Ornithogalum bivalve L. Sp. PI. 306. 1753. Allium bivalve Kuntze,
Rev. Gen. 3: 312. 1898. N. striatumK\mth, Enum. 4: 459. 1843.
A. striatum-Jacq. Coll. Suppl. 51. 1796; Icon. 2: pi. 366. 1786-93.
Bulb subglobose, often proliferous; scapes usually 1-2 dm. high;
leaves 1-3 mm. wide; spathe valves linear-lanceolate, shorter than
the pedicels; perianth segments white, with brown or green nerves,
oblong-lanceolate, 1 cm. long; anthers ovate-oblong; style filiform,
about as long as or longer than the depressed-globose capsule. —
Probably the following collections are rather N. andicola.
Arequipa: Near Mejia, 200 meters (Gunther & Buchtien 348). —
Cuzco: Prov. Canchis, 3,550 meters (Hickeri). South America to
eastern Canada.
Nothoscordum fictile Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 12. 1931.
A very well-marked plant because of its large bulbs, to 3 cm.
thick, with a neck 8-15 cm. long; leaves prostrate, 1-1.5 dm. long,
5-8 mm. wide; scape not obvious, the white flowers 5 mm. long, on
slender pedicels 2 cm. long; capsule oblong, 4 mm. long, the style
scarcely 1 mm. long. — Related to N. sessile (R. E. Fries) Beauv., of
Argentina, but the leaves much broader, the style shorter, and the
capsule longer. Grass steppes. Later, with the specimens not before
me, it seems to me doubtful if this is a Nothoscordum.
Moquehua: Carumas, 3,300 meters, Weberbauer 7262, type.
FLORA OF PERU 621
Nothoscordum gramineum (Sims) Beauv. Bull. Herb. Boiss.
II. 8: 1002, 1004. 1908. Ornithogalum gramineum Sims, Bot. Mag.
50: pi. 2419. 1823. N. striatellum Kunth, Enum. 4: 458. 1843.
Allium striatellum Lindl. Trans. Hort. Soc. 6: 97. 1851. N. flavescens
(Poepp.) Kunth, op. cit. 459. A. bivalve (L.) Kuntze, var. flavescens
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 3: 313. 1898.
Bulb about 1 cm. thick; scape 5-15 cm. long, scarcely rigid; leaves
2 mm. wide; flowers about 6, on pedicels longer than the ovate-
lanceolate spathe valves; perianth segments yellow or yellowish,
oblong-elliptic, faintly nerved ; style a little longer than the ovary. —
Probably only a form of N. bivalve. Neg. 10009.
Cuzco: (ace. to Herrera). Chile to Uruguay and north to Mexico.
"Guilli de perro."
Nothoscordum inodorum (Ait.) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitt.
Eur. Fl. 3: 167. 1905. Allium inodorum Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 427. 1789.
Bulb subglobose, about 1 cm. in diameter; leaves usually 4-10
mm. wide or wider; scapes 2-4 dm. high; flowers usually lilac-tinted,
fragrant, the elliptic segments connate about one-half their length;
anthers lanceolate; ovary obcordate. — Widely distributed in warm
countries or naturalized. Not clearly distinct from N. bivalve in the
color of the flowers, but the shape of the larger capsule is diagnostic.
The following young specimen perhaps should be referred to N.
bivalve or proposed as another form.
Junin: Tarma, Killip & Smith 21879(1}.
4. TRICHLORA Baker
An onion-like plant, but the 2 involucral bracts very unequal,
one spathe-like, the other narrow, and the stamens united at base
and only 3 of them fertile.
Trichlora peruviana Baker in Hook. Icon. 13: 29. pi. 1237.
1877.
Leaves linear, all basal; flowers long-pediceled, yellowish.
Lima: Tambo de Viso region, Weberbauer 132; 164, 166. Obra-
jillo and Surco to San Mateo, Raimondi (det. Kranzlin).
5. CHLOROPHYTUM Ker
Schidospermum Griseb. in Lechler, Berb. Amer. Austr. 56. 1857.
Nearly Anthericum except for the acutely angled capsule, but the
single Peruvian species readily recognized by the loosely branching
622 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
inflorescence. Leaves all from the short rhizome. — The plant has the
aspect of some bromeliads.
Chlorophytum schidospermum Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc.
Bot. 15: 326. 1876.
Leaves thin, lanceolate; stems 2-3 dm. high; flowers white,
small.
Puno: Sangaban, Lechler 2382. Sandia region, Weberbauer
1204; 279. — Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, Schunke 273 (det. I. M.
Johnston).
6. ANTHERICUM L.
Roots often fleshy; leaves grass-like, all basal, or the lower bracts
leaf -like; inflorescence wand-like, bracteate; capsule keg-shaped,
bluntly or obscurely if at all 3-lobed.
Leaves about 1 cm. wide or wider.
Leaves glabrous or sparsely ciliate on the edges .A. eccremorrhizum.
Leaves densely ciliate on the edges A. Herrerae.
Leaves about 5 mm. wide, strongly conduplicate A. glaucum.
Anthericum eccremorrhizum R. & P. Fl. 3: 67. pi. 301. 1802.
A rather coarse, glabrous or nearly glabrous plant with broad
(to 2.5 cm.) ensiform leaves and usually many white or yellowish
white flowers borne in twos or threes at each bract, the lowest of
which are often leaf -like. — Variable in size and pubescence. A.
latifolium (HBK.) R. & S., not Peruvian, seems to be the same.
Neg. 12987.
Ancash: Ocros, Weberbauer 2749. — Lima: Chancai (Ruiz &
Pavdri). Puente Infiernillo (Ball). Matucana, 2933, 81. Barranco,
Weberbauer 1604, 1645. — Arequipa: Mollendo, Weberbauer 1508.
Posco, 650 meters (Gunther & Buchtien 351}. — Cuzco: Paucartambo
Valley, Herrera 147, 2332. — Junin: Rio Blanco, Kittip & Smith
21638.
Anthericum glaucum R. & P. Fl. 3: 68. 1802.
A slender glabrous plant with much narrower leaves that are
glaucous above; perianth segments white, green dorsally and apically
or sometimes yellow (Weberbauer 6841, with broader leaves). —
A. peruviana Willd. Herb, is this species and not A. ciliata! — Illus-
trated, Bot. Mag. 64: pi. 3610. Neg. 9996.
Junin: Tarma, Weberbauer 2355; 176; Raimondi; (Ruiz & Pavdn);
Kittip & Smith 21797. — Lima: Chorrillos, 150 meters, 5857. Canta,
FLORA OF PERU 623
Pennell 14-580. — Huancavelica: Below Surcubamba, Weberbauer
6881 . On the Maranon at Balyas, Stuebel 48a.
Anthericum Herrerae Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 16:
566. 1926.
About 3 dm. high, with linear leaves to 1 cm. wide that are
densely ciliate; flowers yellowish white, the narrowly oblanceolate
segments about 1 cm. long and 2-3 mm. wide; filaments 5 mm. long.—
Except for the flowers, similar to A. Sprengelii Rusby (A. ciliatum
R. & S.), supposed to have longer filaments; but it is not clear to me
how A. Herrerae can be distinguished from A. eccremorrhizum.
Cuzco: Paucartambo Valley, 3,500 meters, Herrera 1012.
7. FORTUNATIA Macbr.
Scilla L. sect.(?) Hesperoscilla Benth. in Benth. & Hook. Gen.
PI. 3: 815. 1883.
A small bulbous plant with basal linear leaves and medium-sized
white flowers mostly borne in two's in a loose raceme. Ovules in each
cell 3. — Related to the entirely Old World group Scilla but altogether
different, by virtue of the inflorescence, in aspect and further dis-
tinguishable by the 3-ovulate cells and the complanate filaments.
The name commemorates the Peruvian botanist, Dr. Fortunato L.
Herrera.
Fortunatia biflora (R. & P.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 9. 1931.
Scilla biflora R. & P. Fl. 3: 69. pi. 302. 1802. S. geminiflora Kunth,
Enum. 4: 325. 1843. Ornithogalum biflorum Don in Sweet, Brit. Fl.
Card. II. 4: pi. 246. 1834.
Plants 1-3 dm. high; flowers geminate, long-pediceled ; bracts
ovate, small. — A Chilean form with flowers in threes, doubtfully
distinct, was found at Atiquipa by Raimondi (S. triflora Phil.).
A loma plant.
Lima: Lurin, 5942. Matucana, 2,400 meters, 213. San Agustin,
Weberbauer 5236, 5237. Chancai (Ruiz & Pavdn). — Arequipa:
Mollendo, Weberbauer 1512. Near Mejia, 50 meters (Gunther &
Buchtien 349), and Cachendo, 900 meters (349a). — Moquehua:
Between Moquehua and Torata, 2,000 meters, Weberbauer 7423.
8. SMILAX [Tourn.] L.
Reference: DC. Monogr. 1: 1-217. 1878.
Well-known dioecious, often clambering plants with small
umbellate flowers and 1-3-seeded, berry-like fruits. — The species
624 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
are imperfectly known and the following key, based of necessity
largely on staminate material, is at best only suggestive. Many
unnamed Peruvian fruiting specimens in herbaria are probably
referable to the species here listed, but unassociated with flowering
material, they are not surely determinable.
Leaves distinctly pubescent beneath or conspicuously mottled.
Leaves fulvous-tomentose S. tomentosa.
Leaves glabrous S. argyrea.
Leaves glabrous or essentially so, green throughout.
Umbels solitary, axillary on peduncles shorter than or barely as
long as the petiole.
Leaves obtuse, acute, or acuminate but not caudately.
Branchlets smooth or nearly so.
Leaves rarely if ever over 1.5 dm. long.
Leaves thin and pellucid-punctate, even in age.
Leaves acute, under 1 dm. long.
Stems unarmed, smooth S. cumanensis.
Stems aculeate, tuberculate S. vaga.
Leaves acuminate, about 1.5 dm. long. . . .S. obliquata.
Leaves firm and opaque, at least at maturity.
Flowers 4-7 mm. long.
Leaves obtusely or shortly acuminate . .S. floribunda.
Leaves gradually acuminate S. eucalyptifolia.
Flowers 2-2.5 mm. long.
Petioles vaginate to the middle, tendril-bearing.
Branchlets purple-lineate S. irrorata.
Branchlets not at all lineate S. Williamsi.
Petioles vaginate at base, not, or tardily, tendril-
bearing S. colubrina.
Leaves of the branchlets nearly 3 dm. long. .S. magnifolia.
Branchlets conspicuously verruculose S. bella.
Leaves with a caudate acumen 5-7 mm. long S. gilva.
Umbels on peduncles longer than petioles, often more or less
panicled or, if shortly peduncled, bracted or the subtending
leaves poorly developed.
Flowering branchlets or peduncles tuberculate or minutely
aculeate.
FLORA OF PERU 625
Leaves of flowering branchlets bractiform or poorly developed.
S. Schomburgkiana.
Leaves all well developed.
Branchlets verruculose .S. insignis.
Branchlets smooth, aculeate S. obliquata.
Flowering branchlets and peduncles smooth.
Branches and branchlets terete or subterete, not densely
aculeate; pedicels in flower often shorter than 1 cm.
Flowers 2.5-4.5 mm. long, green or yellow-green; leaves
thin, opaque only in age S. Poeppigii.
Flowers 5-7 mm. long, drying dark; leaves firm, opaque
or subcoriaceous.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate or elliptic S. Ruiziana.
Leaves cordate-ovate S. febrifuga.
Branches and branchlets strongly angled, the oldest densely
aculeate; pedicels often 12-20 mm. long. . .S. papyracea.
Smilax argyrea Lind. & Rod. 111. Hort. 41: 12. 1894.
Leaves narrowly ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, deep green
and conspicuously white-mottled. — Apparently unique or a sport,
first recorded op. cit. 39: 51. 1892, again 40: 39. 1893, and illustrated
as cited above; the two earlier references not seen by me.
Peru: Introduced into cultivation from Peru.
Smilax bella Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 47. 1931.
Stems markedly tuberculate-verruculose and slightly angled and
aculeate, bearing remotely the handsome, almost rigid, heavy,
acuminate leaves, these obscurely 5-nerved and laxly reticulate-
veined, about 2.5 dm. long and 7.5-9 cm. wide; petioles 2 cm. long,
shortly vaginate; female peduncles scarcely 5 mm. long, the pedicels
shorter and the 50-60 green flowers much shorter (2 mm.), their
segments linear-oblong. — An apparent ally of S. cinnamomea Desf.,
with the nerves deeply impressed above. S. tuberculata Presl, of
Guayaquil, has very obtuse, usually aculeate leaves.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, Klug 374, type.
Smilax colubrina Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 45. 1931.
Stems smooth, slender, elineate; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; leaves
opaque, slightly lustrous, ovate-lanceolate, the margins undulate;
the nerves 5, 3 subprominent only beneath, the reticulation lax;
626 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
male peduncles 3-5 mm. long, the pedicels as long, the white or yellow
flowers about 25, with narrowly oblong segments; anthers much
shorter than the filaments.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, King 1327, 886, 867.
Smilax cumanensis Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 783. 1806; 118.
Stems unarmed, smooth, subterete or the branchlets subangulate;
petioles 5-10 mm. long, narrowly vaginate for one-third to half their
length; leaves ovate-oblong-lanceolate, 8-13 cm. long, 2-4.5 cm.
wide, acuminate, mucronate, membranous, pellucid-punctate and
lineate; male peduncles 2.5 mm. long; pedicels 4-10 mm. long;
receptacles globose, 3 mm. thick; flowers 10-20, the segments oblong
or ovate-oblong, 2 mm. long; anthers obtuse or mucronulate, much
longer than the filaments; female inflorescence similar, the peduncle
to 15 mm. long. — See also S. gilva and S. colubrina, referred here by
Gleason. Neg. 10056.
Junin: San Nicolas, 1,100 meters, Killip & Smith 26048 (det.
Gleason). Extending to the Guianas.
Smilax eucalyptifolia Kunth, Enum. 5: 250. 1850; 97. S.
subinermis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1 : 132. 1827, probably.
Unarmed; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; leaves oblong-ovate-acuminate,
8-14 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, rigid, the nerves decurrent to the petiole;
male peduncles 5-10 mm. long, 10-40-flowered; receptacle globose;
bracteoles ovate-acuminate; flowers 3-4 mm. long(?), the female
unknown; anthers apiculate; fruiting peduncles 3-5 mm. long, the
pedicels 7-8 mm. long; fruit 6-10 mm. thick. Neg. 10059.
Cajamarca: Cutervo, Raimondi. — Huanuco: Prov. Huamalies,
Weberbauer 3UO, 3542. Panao, 3612 (or near, det. Killip).— With-
out locality ; Ruiz. ' ' Purtrampui . ' '
Smilax febrifuga Kunth, Enum. 5: 201. 1850; 158.
Stems, or branches below, stout, smooth and little striate, but
aculeate, the branchlets rarely armed; petioles 2-3 cm. long; leaves
broadly ovate, finally cordate, 9-23 cm. long, 6-17 cm. wide, opaque;
peduncles 1.5-3 cm. long; bracts 12-15 mm. long, 3-lobed; male
umbels 6-20-flowered ; pedicels 8-9 mm. long; sepals 5-6 mm. long;
anthers not apiculate; female umbels 5-10-flowered ; pedicels 5-6
mm. long; fruit 14 mm. broad, on pedicels 10-12 mm. long. Neg.
10060.
Huanuco: Cochero and Posuso (Pavdri). Huacachi, 4084 (or
near, det. Killip). Posuso, 4685 (or near, det. Killip). Tingo Maria,
FLORA OF PERU 627
Raimondi. — Loreto: Tierra Blanca region, Raimondi. Rio Itaya,
Williams 3392 (with young leaves). "Putrampui," "santo-palo."
Smilax floribunda Kunth, Enum. 5: 229. 1850; 97.
Similar to S. eucalyptifolia, but the leaves ovate-elliptic,
cuspidate-acuminate, 5-7 cm. long and 3-5 cm. broad, only the
broadest 9-nerved; umbels 8-40-flowered; sepals 5-7 mm. long;
anthers obtuse; female flowers unknown. Neg. 10062.
Junin: Huacapistana, Killip & Smith 2451. — Cajamarca: Mon-
tana de Nancho, Raimondi (det. Krause). — Without locality, Ruiz.
Ecuador. "Palo chico."
Smilax gilva Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 44. 1931.
A slender smooth terete-stemmed vine, the branchlets and leaves
neither lineate nor punctate, the latter broadly or narrowly ovate
and rather abruptly caudate, 10-12 cm. long, 3-3.5 cm. broad, on
petioles 1 cm. long; nerves 3-5, obscure, the reticulation lax; male
peduncles 3 mm. long; receptacles cylindric-globose, 4 mm. long;
pedicels 6 mm. long; flowers greenish yellow and rose, drying sordid
yellow, the obovate segments 4 mm. long; anthers obtuse, twice
longer than the filaments.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, King 874* type.
Smilax insignis Kunth, Enum. 5: 200. 1850; 147.
Branchlets and peduncles verruculose; leaves ovate-oblong,
acuminate, 5-12 cm. wide; peduncles 4, 1.5-2 cm. long; flowers
unknown, apparently 18-20. — Here would key a specimen (by
Esposto?) from mouth of the Pangao, referred in Herb. Dahlem to
S. papyracea. It has, however, small male flowers, and in
DeCandolle's treatment must rather be allied to species 80-84, from
all of which its angled tuberculate stems, small (8-9 by 3-4 cm.)
leaves, and elongate (3-4 cm.) peduncles separate it. Neg. 10064.
Puno: Carabaya, Raimondi. — Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9166. —
Without locality, Ruiz.
Smilax irrorata Mart, ex Griseb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 1:
10. pi. 2. 1842; 134.
Stems and branches punctate and lineate with purple; petioles
5-10 mm. long; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, 14 cm. long and 8
cm. broad, lustrous above, the broader 7-nerved; peduncle* 3-12
mm. long, 6-15-flowered. — Williams has collected similar fruiting
specimens from the region of Tarapoto, not clearly referable here
628 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
nor clearly distinct. S. pseudosyphilitica Kunth, op. cit. 188, and
S. syphilitica Willd., both Amazonian, are to be expected. Their
dull leaves are all 5-nerved. The petiole sheath of the latter is
accrescent and obtusely lobed.
Loreto: Mainas (Poeppig). — San Martin: Tarapoto (Spruce
4913). Brazil.
Smilax magnifolia Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 46. 1931.
Moderately stout, the terete branches lightly striate but other-
wise smooth; petioles 2.5 cm. long, vaginate at base, tardily tendril-
bearing; leaves elongate-ovate, rounded at base, shortly acuminate,
over 3 dm. long and over 1 dm. wide below, subcoriaceous, opaque,
scarcely lustrous above, reticulate- veined, distinctly so only beneath,
the 5 nerves indistinct; peduncles strongly compressed, 1 cm. long;
receptacles oval, nearly 7 mm. long and 5 mm. wide; flowers and
fruit unknown.— Perhaps nearest S. phyllobola Griseb., with smaller
leaves, shorter peduncles, and globose receptacles.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, Klug 1000, type.
Smilax obliquata Poir. Diet. 6: 469. 1804; 150.
Branches fleshy, nearly tetragonous, shortly aculeate; leaves
unarmed, lanceolate- triangular, truncate at base or slightly cuneate
to the petiole, long-acuminate, 5.5 cm. broad, thin, drying pale green;
flowers and fruit unknown.
Peru: (Jussieu).
Smilax papyracea Poir. Diet. 6: 468. 1804; 150.
A coarse vine, the old stems inordinately aculeate, the younger
remotely so and smooth but all strongly angled; petioles finally 2-3
cm. long, the leaves to 2 dm. long and more than a half as wide, but
often smaller, even in age thin, rounded or lightly cordate at base,
cuspidately acuminate; perianth segments strongly recurved, the
staminate 6 mm. long. — Not recorded in Peru but no doubt occurring.
According to Ducke, the roots of this species furnish probably all the
sarsaparilla for export.
Brazil and Guianas. "Salsaparilha de Maranhao."
Smilax Poeppigii Kunth, Enum. 5: 192. 1850; 142.
Branchlets smooth or remotely aculeate; leaves ovate or elliptic,
in age cordate and mucronulate, 1-2 dm. long and 6-13 cm. broad,
7-nerved, coriaceous, dull; peduncles 1-3 cm. long, 15-20-flowered;
pedicels 7-15 mm. long; sepals 2.5-4 mm. long.— Probably S.
FLORA OF PERU 629
syphilitica of Poeppig in his Reise, with the native names "sarsa
fina" and "sarsa gruesa." Neg. 10073.
Loreto: Mainas (Poeppig 1916}. Mouth of Rio Apaya, Tess-
mann 3846. Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4081. Mishuyacu,
Klug 38. Iquitos and lower Rio Huallaga, Killip & Smith 29281,
29013. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2087(1). Brazil. "Chicjasacha."
Smilax Ruizana Kunth, Enum. 5: 200. 1850; 158.
Near S. febrifuga; stems aculeate, especially near the leaves;
leaves ovate-elliptic, the base obtuse but cuneate to the petiole;
male peduncles 8-20 mm. long; bracts 5-7 mm. long. — S. Spruceana
DC., to be expected, has obtuse anthers, the mature leaves are
cordate at base, and the branches are somewhat verruculose. Neg.
10079.
Huanuco: Cochero and Pillao, Ruiz.
Smilax Schomburgkiana Kunth, Enum. 5: 187. 1850; 155.
Branches and branchlets terete or nearly so, more or less black-
tuberculate, in our specimens smooth; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; well-
developed leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute at base, acumi-
nate, finally 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 6-9 cm. broad, often much smaller;
umbels many, pseudoracemose, often nearly subsessile; male flowers
greenish yellow, 2 mm. long. — Our material is not surely referable
here but otherwise it is nameless.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, Klug 213. Santa Rosa, Yuri-
maguas, Williams 4948(1). Ranging to the Guianas.
Smilax tomentosa HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 272. 1816; 70.
In Peru the only densely pubescent species; leaves subtriplinerved
at the middle, with 9 principal nerves.
Cajamarca: Raimondi. — Junin: Huacapistana, Weberbauer 2101,
2165 (det. Krause). Colombia, Venezuela, and Central America.
Smilax Williamsi Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 46. 1931.
Very slender, the stems green, smooth, tortuous; leaves elliptic
or ovate-elliptic, highly polished, beautifully net-veined, opaque,
about 8 cm. long and 4 cm. broad, rounded at both ends; lateral
nerves faint; petioles 7-10 mm. long, long-vaginate, tendril-bearing;
young peduncles 3 mm. long, the receptacles globose, 3 mm. thick.—
In sandy soil. Apparently as near S. irrorata Mart, as any species.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 5432, type.
630 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
9. LUZURIAGA R. & P.
Woody plants with many small leaves and pendent flowers on
bracteate axillary pedicels. — The generic name is conserved.
Luzuriaga radicans R. & P. Fl. 3: 66. pi. 298. 1802.
Flowers yellowish- white with red lines and dots; berries red. —
Peru, according to Krause, on the basis of a Humboldt and also a
Dombey specimen in Herb. Dahlem, purporting to come from Peru;
but doubtful. The fruit is called "coral," and the Chilean names of
the plant, according to Gay, are "esparto" and "quilinejo."
10. TOFIELDIA Huds.
Isidrogalvia R. & P. Fl. 3: 69. pi. 302. 1802.
Leaves densely rosulate at the base of the stems, the upper few
and bract-like. Flowers rather crowded, in a spike-like raceme.
Tofieldia falcata (R. & P.) Pers. Syn. PI. 1: 399. 1805. Isidro-
galvia falcata R. & P. loc. cit. T. flexuosa Willd. Ges. Nat. Berl.
Mag. 2: 28. 1808. T. frigida HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 267. 1816.
T. sessiliflora Hook. Icon. PI. 7: pi. 691. 1844.
Plants about 1 dm. high; flowers whitish or becoming purple-
tinged, as the fruit. — Possibly more than one species is concerned.
Huanuco: Pillao (Ruiz}. Mojon Cruz, Pacasmayo to Moyo-
bamba, Stuebel 23. Vilcabamba, 1,800 meters, 5185. Panao, 2,700
meters, 3606. — Amazonas: Between Bagna and Chachapoyas, Rai-
mondi. Chachapoyas, Weberbauer 4284- East of Huancabamba,
Weberbauer 6131.
30. HAEMODORACEAE
Besides the following genus, there is in the Amazon region
Hagenbachia brasiliensis Nees & Mart., distinguishable by its radical
leaves and subsessile anthers, and Schiekia orinocensis (HBK.)
Meisn., readily known by its somewhat woolly inflorescence. Both
are further distinct from Xiphidium by the few seeds in each cell of
the capsule.
1. XIPHIDIUM Aubl.
Perennials with iris-like equitant leaves and terminal panicles
of regular, rather small flowers. Pedicels erect, bracteolate at
base. Filaments and entire style filiform. Ovary free, with many
ovules in each cell. — The genus is sometimes accredited to Loefling,
Iter Hisp. 179. 1758, who actually treated it as a synonym of the
FLORA OF PERU 631
Iridaceous genus Ixia L. Its first valid publication appears to have
been by Aublet.
Xiphidium album Willd. Sp. PI. 1, pt. 1: 248. 1798.
Leaves 1-2 cm. broad; inflorescence yellowish-pubescent with
crisped hairs; perianth segments narrow, whitish. — X. caeruleum
Aubl., similar, has bluish flowers with broader segments. The inflo-
rescence becomes long and open, with many red fruits.
Huanuco: Pampayacu, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 2322. Posuso,
4636. — Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Weberbauer 4625; 288. — Junin:
Below Huacapistana, Weberbauer; 252. La Merced, 5558; Killip
& Smith 23558. — Loreto: Yurimaguas, Ule 6309; Williams 7845.
Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 3416. Pinto-cocha, Williams 794. La
Victoria, Williams 2597. Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 419, 427.
Brazil.
31. AMARYLLIDACEAE Lindl. Amaryllis Family
Reference: Pax & K. Hoffmann, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a: 391-430.
1930.
No group of Peruvian plants has a single member more con-
spicuous or important than this family, for to it belongs the agave or
"pacpa," seen everywhere in the middle hill country where it is grown
as hedges to protect the steeply sloping chacras, and utilized as the
source of "pita," each family often preparing its own supply of this
useful fiber. Otherwise the importance of the Amaryllidaceae in
Peru is largely horticultural, based upon the beauty of the blossoms.
Numerous large-flowered plants of the amaryllis type are in culti-
vation, and the native species, particularly the climbing Bomareas,
the Stenomessons, Urceolinas, Alstroemerias, and amancaes with
their bell-shaped, brightly colored and variegated flowers, con-
tribute to the beauty of the land. The blossoming of the last,
especially, is the occasion for the spectacular festival, the Amancaise
(cf. Hymenocallis Amancaes).
The tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.), a native of Mexico, with
very fragrant, white flowers, is cultivated commonly for ornament.
In Loreto and San Martin it is known by the name "margarita."
Scapes or stems leafy.
Leaves remote; inflorescence more or less umbellate.
Plants twining, with regular flowers. 1. Bomarea.
Plants not twining, the flowers irregular 2. Alstroemeria.
632 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaves crowded; inflorescence not umbellate.
Stamens exserted 5. Agave.
Stamens included 6. Fourcroya.
Scapes leafless (sometimes very short), or the leaves all near the base.
Plants grass-like, with long hairs 3. Hypoxis.
Plants glabrous.
Flowers blue throughout 4. Distrepta.
Flowers never blue throughout.
Flowers white or greenish white (in Crinum, with narrow
segments, often red-flushed).
Stamen cup lacking or obscure.
Flowers very slender, with a very long tube . . 8. Cooperia.
Flowers funnelform.
Tube short 7. Zephyranthes.
Tube about 1 dm. long 15. Hippeastrum.
Tube about 2 dm. long 11. Crinum.
Stamen cup conspicuous.
Leaves broad, petioled 13. Eucharis.
Leaves narrow, sessile 12. Hymenocallis.
Flowers variously colored but never white.
Flowers widely open, about 1 dm. (or more) across or, if
smaller, with a conspicuous stamen cup.
Filaments attached to a large cup .... 12. Hymenocallis.
Filaments free, the cup lacking or obsolete.
15. Hippeastrum.
Flowers more or less tubular, funnelform, or urceolate.
Leaves slender (usually about linear), always sessile, or
lacking at flowering time.
Stamen cup lacking; flowers solitary, sessile or nearly so.
Flowers solitary (or 2).
Filaments free; plants not crocus-like, or flowers
whitish 7. Zephyranthes.
Filaments short-connate at base; plants crocus-
like, orange-flowered 9. Crocopsis.
Flowers umbellate (1-4), bright yellow.
10. Chlidanthus.
FLORA OF PERU 633
Stamen cup present (rarely obscure); flowers more or
less pediceled in umbels of 1 to several.
Filaments free, winged and toothed . . 19. Eustephia.
Filaments from the edge of the cup . 14. Stenomesson.
Leaves broad and more or less petioled (cf . Stenomesson) ;
stamen cup very short or obsolete.
Stamens little exserted.
Flowers more or less urceolate-dilated above.
16. Urceolina.
Flowers nearly cylindrical 17. Phaedranassa.
Stamens long-exserted 18. Eucrosia.
1. BOMAREA Mirb.
By Ellsworth P. Killip
Vines, often high-climbing with tortuose stems, in a few species
erect or suberect herbs, the roots fibrous, sometimes bearing tubers;
leaves alternate, short-petiolate, resupinate, sometimes reduced to
scales on the lower part of the stem; inflorescence umbellate, rarely
1-flowered, simple or compound, usually subtended by bracts;
perianth funnel-shaped, the tube none, the outer segments (sepals)
prevailingly oblong, firm in texture, similar, the inner (petals)
spatulate or unguiculate, rarely obovate, thinner than the sepals and
equaling or exceeding them; stamens attached to base of segments,
the filaments filiform, the anthers oblong, basifixed; fruit turbinate
or subglobose, 3-celled (always?), 3-angled or obscurely 6-ribbed,
dehiscent, indehiscent or at least very tardily dehiscent in a few
species; seeds subglobose, usually with a pulpy testa. — Collania
Herb., Sphaerine Herb., Wichaurea M. Roemer.
Bomareas are often a conspicuous feature of the higher mountains.
The flowers are highly colored, and sometimes as many as 75 or 100
are massed in a single umbel.
Ovary partly superior, the base of the style being much enlarged and
constituting more than half of the ovary; erect plants, often
recurved at summit, the stem wand-like, the leaves linear,
usually stiff and strongly revolute. (Wichaurea.)
Flowers averaging about 6.5 cm. long, green or cream-color, usually
more than 6, in a compact head subtended by numerous long
bracts which envelop the short rays and the lower part of the
flowers. . , .1. B. involucrosa.
634 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Flowers smaller (rarely 6 cm. long in B. crocea), the sepals red or
pink, the petals yellowish.
Sepals broadly ovate, only about twice as long as broad.
2. B. campanuli flora.
Sepals oblong or linear-oblong, more than twice as long as broad.
Bractlets 4-5 cm. long; umbel rays stout, more than 10 cm.
long; ovary rufo-tomentose 3. B. bracteata.
Bractlets smaller; umbel rays slender, rarely more than 8 cm.
long; ovary glabrous, usually glaucous.
Leaves pubescent on both surfaces 4. B. puberula.
Leaves glabrous above.
Leaves distinctly revolute, often appearing acicular,
1-3 mm. wide when curled, often closely appressed
to the stem; stem strongly recurved toward apex.
Sepals more than 4 cm. long, rounded or subtruncate,
1-1.5 cm. wide. 5. B. Fiebrigiana.
Sepals not more than 4 cm. long, subacute, less than 1
cm. wide.
Umbel rays more than 2 cm. long.
Leaves not more than 5 cm. long, rigid, puberulent
beneath; umbel erect 6. B. porrecta.
Leaves longer, rather lax, glabrous; umbel nodding.
7. B. zosteraefolia.
Umbel rays not more than 2 cm. long . . 8. B. dulcis.
Leaves flat or very slightly revolute, more than 3 mm.
wide, at least the upper divaricate; stem often
straight throughout.
Sepals linear-oblong, not more than 5 mm. wide;
leaves puberulent beneath 9. B. petraea.
Sepals oblong or lance-oblong, more than 5 mm. wide;
leaves pilose or hirsutulous beneath.
Leaves averaging about 3 cm. long, subobtuse;
umbel rays 1 or 2 10. B. uniflora.
Leaves averaging much more than 3 cm. long, acumi-
nate; umbel rays 3 or more.
Perianth less than 3 cm. long; leaf nerves hirsutu-
lous beneath 11. B. phyllostachya.
Perianth 4-6 cm. long; leaf nerves densely pilose
beneath . . . 12. B. crocea.
FLORA OF PERU 635
Ovary wholly inferior, the style filiform, not enlarged at base; low,
erect or suberect plants or elongate twining vines. (Ovary
partly superior in species 44 and 45, which are twining vines.)
Fruit indehiscent (but always?) ; plants erect or suberect, decum-
bent inB. pumila. (Sphaerine.)
Inflorescence 1-flowered; plant very slender, decumbent, the
leafy portion rarely more than 5 cm. long . . 13. B. pumila.
Inflorescence umbellate; plants stouter, the leafy portion much
more than 5 cm. long.
Flowers more than 2 cm. long; bracts lanceolate, long-
acuminate, persistent; under side of leaf nerves strongly
flattened 14. B. secundifolia.
Flowers rarely more than 2 cm. long; bracts often minute and
soon deciduous; under side of leaf nerves not flattened.
Rays of umbel more than 10; sepals pubescent.
15. B. nervosa.
Rays of umbel less than 10; sepals glabrous.
Pedicels and ovary pubescent; ovary turbinate, broadest
at apex.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, less than 5 mm. wide, sub-
revolute, glabrous 16. B. cruenta.
Leaves ovate, more than 1 cm. wide, flat, pubescent
beneath 17. B. coccinea.
Pedicels and ovary glabrous; ovary ovoid, narrowed at
apex.
Leaves prevailingly oblanceolate, broadest above
middle; sepals corniculate; stem usually curved
at apex 18. B. brevis.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, broadest at
or below middle; sepals ecorniculate; stem straight.
19. B. distichophylla.
Fruit dehiscent; plants elongate twining vines, sometimes suberect
herbs in B. ovata. (Eubomarea.)
Umbel rays simple, ebracteolate or with small, usually soon
deciduous bractlets.
Pedicels and ovary glabrous (ovary puberulent in B. rosea
but not viscous).
Sepals corniculate 20. B. cornigera.
Sepals ecorniculate.
636 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaves linear-lanceolate, not more than 5 mm. wide,
slightly revolute, crowded toward top of stem.
21. B. torta.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate, much broader, flat, distant.
Perianth more than 4 cm. long; leaves densely tomen-
tose beneath 22. B. Stuebelii.
Perianth less than 4 cm. long; leaves glabrous, puber-
ulent or strigillose.
Umbel rays less than 15, usually fewer than 10.
Ovary narrowly funnel-shaped, much broader than
long, acute at base; leaves subcoriaceous.
23. B. Klugii.
Ovary globose-turbinate, nearly as broad as long,
rounded at base; leaves thin-membranous.
51. B. ovata.
Umbel rays more than 15.
Leaves rufo-puberulent beneath; ovary puber-
ulent; sepals dull red; petals red and green,
purple-blotched 24. B. rosea.
Leaves and ovary glabrous; sepals pink; petals
yellow and green, purple-striped.
25. B. anceps.
Pedicels and ovary pubescent, usually viscous.
Stem densely hirsute with spreading moniliform hairs;
leaves densely hirsute-tomentose beneath.
26. B. aurantiaca.
Stem and leaves glabrous or variously pubescent but not as
above.
Leaves small, up to 4 cm. long and 1 cm. wide, linear-
oblong.
Flowers solitary; leaves distant; stem filiform, gla-
brous 27. B. filicaulis.
Flowers umbellate; leaves more crowded; stem coarser,
pubescent 28. B. sclerophylla.
Leaves larger, more than 4 cm. long, lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate.
Rays of umbel less than 7, most of them strongly
recurved.
FLORA OF PERU 637
Anthers very large, about 5 mm. long; leaves less
than 1 cm. wide; stem glabrous.
29. B. macranthera.
Anthers smaller; leaves at least 1 cm. wide; stem
pilosulous 30. B. cernua.
Rays of umbel more than 7, most of them erect.
Perianth not more than 3 cm. long.
Nerves of leaves strongly flattened beneath,
usually less than 1 mm. apart.
Petals red; leaves membranous, long-acuminate,
dark green above; inflorescence at length
subracemose 31. B. purpurea.
Petals yellow; leaves coriaceous or subcori-
aceous, acute or subobtuse, yellow-green;
inflorescence strictly umbellate.
32. B. setacea.
Nerves of leaves not flattened beneath, usually
more than 1 mm. apart.
Sepals ecorniculate; inflorescence at length
subracemose.
Leaves rufo-tomentose beneath; flowers
usually more than 20. .33. B. densiflora.
Leaves crispate-pilose on nerves beneath;
flowers 10-15 34. B. denticulata.
Sepals long-corniculate; inflorescence strictly
umbellate 35. B. caudata.
Perianth more than 3 cm. long.
Umbel rays less than 12, arcuate-ascending, 10-15
cm. long 36. B. crinita.
Umbel rays 12 or more, straight or the outer
recurved, less than 10 cm. long.
Under surface of leaves scaberulous; leaf nerves
about 1 mm. apart 37. B. loreti.
Under surface of leaves smooth; leaf nerves less
than 1 mm. apart.
Leaves broadly lanceolate, more than 3 cm.
wide 38. B. formosissima.
Leaves narrower, not more than 2.5 cm. wide.
638 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Perianth segments subequal, the petals
not more than 2 mm. longer than the
sepals, unspotted 39. B. superba.
Perianth segments markedly unequal, the
petals about 5 mm. longer than the
sepals, densely spotted.
40. B. sanguined.
Umbel rays forked, bearing a persistent bractlet at each fork.
Perianth less than 1.5 cm. long; leaves oblong, small, not more
than 3.5 cm. long 41. B. nematocaulon.
Perianth more than 1.5 cm. long (sometimes shorter in B.
campylophylla) ; leaves longer (less than 3.5 cm. long in a
few species but, if so, linear).
Leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, less than 6 mm.
wide, revolute.
Bractlets linear-lanceolate, less than 2 mm. wide; leaves
8-10 cm. long . . .42. B. angustissima.
Bractlets broadly lanceolate, more than 2 mm. wide;
leaves less than 6 cm. long.
Leaves villous beneath; petals broadly dilated toward
apex 43. B. Engleriana.
Leaves glabrous; petals slightly dilated.
Umbel rays divaricate and much curved; stem
glabrous or sparingly pubescent . 44. B. praeusta.
Umbel rays erect or ascending; stem tomentose.
45. B. parvifolia.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate, more than 6 mm. wide, flat.
Petals and sepals subequal.
Leaves coriaceous, the nerves strongly elevated on
both surfaces; bracts and bractlets falcate, the
bractlets 4 cm. or more long. 46. B. campylophylla.
Leaves membranous, the nerves not strongly elevated ;
bracts and bractlets less than 4 cm. long.
Sepals corniculate, the horn 3 mm. or more long.
47. B. cornuta.
Sepals ecorniculate.
Bractlets suborbicular, complanate, the lower-
most about 2.5 cm. wide. 48. B. ayavacensis.
FLORA OF PERU 639
Bractlets not suborbicular and complanate,
narrower.
Leaves puberulent beneath; umbel rays not
more than 3 cm. long. . . .49. B. tarmensis.
Leaves glabrous, or pilose beneath; umbel rays
longer.
Bractlets minute or wanting, even the lower-
most not more than 5 mm. long; umbel
rays often unbranched; stem often
suberect.
Umbel rays 20 or more, minutely rufo-
pilosulous. 50. B. amoena.
Umbel rays less than 20, glabrescent.
51. B. ovata.
Bractlets larger, almost always present; rays
predominately branched; stems voluble.
Leaves broadly ovate, more than 6 cm.
wide.
Petals not spotted; leaves cordate.
52. B. cordifolia.
Petals spotted ; leaves abruptly narrowed
to petiole 53. B. latifolia.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
narrower.
Umbel compact, the rays more than 25,
less than 6 cm. long.
54. B. Hookeriana.
Umbel diffuse, the rays fewer and much
longer.
Flowers 2-3 cm. long; rays and ovaries
glabrous 55. B. dolichocarpa.
Flowers 4-5 cm. long; rays and ovaries
pubescent 56. B. speciosa.
Petals much longer than the sepals.
Umbel compact, the rays not more than 5 cm. long;
flowers more than 2.5 cm. long. . . .57. B. lyncina.
Umbel loose, the rays much more than 5 cm. long;
flowers smaller . . . . 58. B. declinata.
640 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
1. Bomarea involucrosa (Herb.) Baker, Journ. Bot. 20: 201.
1882. Collania involucrosa Herb. Amaryl. 103. pi. 9. 1837.
Wichaurea involucrosa M. Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. 4: 278. 1847.
Alstroemeria Pavoniana Beauverd, Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve II. 13:
176. f.12. 1921.
Erect herb, with a stout wand-like stem 1-2 meters high, densely
leafy throughout, usually recurved at summit; leaves linear or linear-
lanceolate, up to 12 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide (usually much nar-
rower), slightly or strongly revolute, with sharp acicular tips,
coriaceous, cano-pilosulous beneath; bracts ovate-lanceolate, about
2 cm. wide, completely concealing the very short, simple umbel rays;
flowers up to 20, compact, the segments green, or cream-color tinged
with green, not spotted, 5-7 cm. long, subacute, the sepals slightly
unequal and the petals, also, slightly unequal; ovary deeply 3-
grooved, glabrous.
Department uncertain: Dombey 170; Gay 1613; Raimondi 8630;
Maclean; Lobb 278; Martinet 1090. — Lima: San Mateo, Mathews
863 (type). Rio Blanco, 3,200 meters, Killip & Smith 21726, 2958.
Lima-La Oroya railroad, Weberbauer 218, 1706. — Junin: Acopalca
Valley, Huancayo, 4,000 meters, Ledig 1 , 25. La Oroya, Kalenborn
5. Tarma, Ruiz & Pavdn (type of Alstroemeria Pavoniana) . — Cuzco:
Cuzco, 3,500 meters, Herrera 269, 465, 530; Stafford 250. Sac-
sahuaman, 3,600 meters, Herrera 799. Crapeza Valley, Herrera
2680. Rio Tapfi, Herrera 816, 856. Santa Ana, Herrera 566 —
Puno: Uco, Raimondi 11265. "Sulla-sulla."
2. Bomarea campanuliflora Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci.
25: 371. 1935.
Stem erect, recurved toward apex, glabrous; leaves linear, 3-9
cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, crowded, strongly revolute, rigid, rufo-
pilosulous beneath; umbel rays 4, about 4.5 cm. long, glabrous, once
or twice forked, bracteolate; ovary broadly turbinate-campanulate,
glabrous; sepals broadly ovate 2-2.5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, red;
petals oblanceolate-unguiculate, 2.5-3 cm. long, red, green-tipped.
Puno: Quebrada de Toipata, Raimondi 10229 (type).
3. Bomarea bracteata (R. & P.) Herb. Amaryl. 112. 1837, as
to synonymy only. Alstroemeria bracteata R. & P. Fl. 3: 61. pi. 291,
f. b. 1802.
Stem slightly voluble, densely villous-tomentose; leaves linear-
lanceolate, up to 6 cm. long and 1.2 cm. wide, flat, minutely pul-
verulent on both surfaces or glabrescent above; bracts slightly larger
FLORA OF PERU 641
than the leaves; umbel 4-6 rayed, the rays stout, 10-15 cm. long,
once or twice forked above the middle; sepals oblong-lanceolate,
4-5 cm. long, 0.8 cm. wide, purplish, green-tipped; petals cuneate-
unguiculate, 5-6 cm. long, green in the upper half, yellow at the base,
the blade purple-dotted at the margin.
Ancash: Between Acas and Huauri, Raimondi 12077. — Junin:
Huasahuasi, Dombey 169; Ruiz & Pavdn (type).
4. Bomarea puberula (Herb.) Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 49: 132.
1913. Collania puberula Herb. Amaryl. 105. pi. 11, f. 1. 1837.
Wichaurea puberula M. Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. 4: 279. 1847. B.
glaucescens var. puberula Baker, Journ. Bot. 20: 201. 1882.
Erect herb 1-1.5 meters high, the stem densely rufo-tomentellous,
recurved at the summit; leaves linear, up to 8 cm. long, 5 mm. wide,
slightly or usually strongly revolute, coriaceous, rufo-tomentellous
on both surfaces; inflorescence loosely flowered, subtended by
oblong-lanceolate bracts up to 1 cm. wide, compound, the primary
rays 3-4, once or twice forked, bearing large, persistent bractlets
similar to the bracts; sepals oblong-lanceolate, 2-3.5 cm. long, red,
green-tipped; petals spatulate-unguiculate, subequal to the sepals,
about 1 cm. wide toward the apex, subacute, reddish yellow, green
distally, purple-dotted at the upper margin.
Department uncertain: Andinamarca, Mathews 1165, in part
(type) . — Huanuco : 1 824. Also in Bolivia.
This is one of the few species of Bomarea with a conspicuous
indument on both sides of the leaves, a character which, with the
larger flowers and looser, conspicuously bracteolate inflorescence,
distinguishes it from B. dulcis, with which it has been confused.
5. Bomarea Fiebrigiana Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 230. 1908.
Collania Fiebrigiana Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 50: Beibl. Ill: 5. 1913.
Plant erect, usually recurved at the summit; leaves narrowly
linear, up to 5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, strongly revolute, appearing
acicular, subappressed; bracts lanceolate, up to 4 cm. long, 1 cm.
wide; flowers 4.5-5 cm. long, the segments subequal, 1-1.5 cm. wide;
sepals oblanceolate, rounded or subtruncate at the apex, rose-color,
tinged with greenish yellow, purple-spotted.
Cuzco: Alturas del Chaco, Santa Ana Valley, Biles (Herrera
2120). Type from Tarija, Bolivia.
6. Bomarea porrecta Killip, nom. nov. Bomarea slricta
Kranzl. Ann. Nat. Hofm. Wien 27: 156. 1913, non Pax, 1889.
642 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Stem erect, straight throughout, glabrous; leaves linear, 4-5 cm.
long, 2-3 mm. wide, revolute, rigid, cano-puberulent beneath; umbel
rays about 4.5 cm. long, once or twice forked; sepals ovate-oblong,
about 1.8 cm. long, red; petals spatulate-unguiculate, slightly longer
than the sepals, light yellow, greenish at the apex.
Peru (?): Locality uncertain, Lobb (type).
7. Bomarea zosteraefolia Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci.
25: 372. 1935.
Plant erect, rigid, 30 cm. high or more, glabrous throughout;
leaves linear, 4-12 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, slightly revolute, mem-
branous, divaricate; umbel rays about 6, 2.5-3 cm. long, slender,
forked near the middle; sepals linear-oblong, about 2.5 cm. long and
6 mm. wide, red, green-tipped; petals oblong-spatulate, subequal to
the sepals, yellowish (?), green-tinged and purple-maculate at
the apex.
Ancash: Martinet 742 (type).
8. Bomarea dulcis (Hook.) Beauverd, Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve
II. 14: 172. 1922. Alstroemeria dulcis Hook. Bot. Misc. 2: 237. pi.
95. 1837. Collania dulcis Herb. Amaryl. 104. pi. 7, f. 1-8. 1837. C.
dulcis var. parvifolia Herb. op. cit. 400. pi. 46, f. 6. Wichaurea dulcis
M. Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. 4: 278. 1847. W. dulcis var. Cruik-
shanksii M. Roemer, loc. cit. W. parvifolia M. Roemer, op. cit. 279.
W. acicularis M. Roemer, op. cit. 280. Bomarea glaucescens var.
dukis Baker, Amaryl. 147. 1888.
An erect, rigid herb 10-30 cm. high, the stem glabrous or short-
tomentose, strongly recurved at the summit; leaves narrowly linear,
up to 6 cm. long but usually much shorter, strongly revolute, appear-
ing acicular, finely cano-puberulent beneath; primary rays 1-4,
usually forked near the base, bearing at the fork a conspicuous,
lanceolate bractlet; flowers 2-2.5 cm. long, the segments subequal,
the sepals oblong, about 5 mm. wide, subacute, red, the petals
spatulate, yellow, green-tipped or sometimes purple at the tip.
Department uncertain: Nee; Gay 2055. Portachuelo, Mathews
(type of Collania dulcis var. parvifolia). — Cajamarca: Weberbauer
4026, 4235; Raimondi 391. — Ancash: Yungai, Weberbauer 3268.
Pichin, Weberbauer 2948. Huaraz, Weberbauer 2967. — Lima: Lima-
La Oroya railroad, Weberbauer 214- — Junin: Cerro de Pasco, 4,000
meters, Cruikshanks (type; also type of Wichaurea dulcis var.
Cruikshanksii) ; Mathews. Huaron, 4,200 meters, 1122. La Oroya,
Kalenborn 161. — Huancavelica: Godet 85. — Puno: Sandia, Weber-
FLORA OF PERU 643
bauer 965. Poto, Stafford 45. Moho, Shepard 100. — Arequipa:
Arequipa, Hopp 69. Nevado de Chachani, Pennell 13265, 13292 —
Moquehua: Raimondi 11311. — Cuzco: Cuzco, 3,600 meters, Herrera
187, 817. Crapeza Valley, Herrera 2636, 2679. "Mullupaycha,"
"habaya," "huaca-sulla."
9. Bomarea petraea Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 229. 1908. Col-
lama petraea Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 50: Beibl. Ill: 5. 1913.
An erect herb up to 70 cm. high, the stem glabrous, densely
leafy except in the lower part; leaves linear-lanceolate, up to 7 cm.
long, 1 cm. wide, glabrous above, minutely grayish-puberulent
beneath; bracts similar to the leaves, slightly smaller; primary umbel
rays about 5, once or twice forked, the bractlets oblong, persistent;
sepals linear-oblong, about 3 cm. long and 5 mm. wide, obscurely
pellucid; petals linear-spatulate, subequal to the sepals, about 1
cm. wide.
Puno: Asangaro, 4,000 meters, Weberbauer 476 (type); Lechler
1 777. Also in western Bolivia at Lake Titicaca.
10. Bomarea uniflora (Mathews) Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad.
Sci. 25: 372. 1935. Alstroemeria uniflora Mathews ex Herb. Amaryl.
104. 1837, as synonym. Wichaurea dulcis var. uniflora M. Roemer,
Fam. Nat. Syn. 4: 278. 1847.
Stem erect or slightly curved, 30-60 cm. high, glabrous; leaves
divaricate or somewhat ascending, linear-oblong, 2.5-3.5 cm. long,
4-6 mm. wide, subobtuse, scarcely revolute, densely crispate-
pilosulous on the prominent nerves beneath; peduncles 1 or 2, 1-2-
flowered, nearly 2 cm. long; sepals oblong, 2-2.2 cm. long, scarlet;
petals cuneate-spatulate, subequal to or slightly longer than the
sepals, yellowish (?), deep green at the upper margin.
Department uncertain: Huayllay, Mathews 864 (type). — Ancash:
Quebrada Cajavilca, Savatier 1454- Also in Bolivia.
11. Bomarea phyllostachya Mast, ex Baker, Amaryl. 143.
1888.
An erect plant 30-45 cm. high, the stem sparingly puberulent,
leafy above the middle; leaves linear, 4-10 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide,
subrevolute, hirtellous on the nerves beneath; umbel rays 3-4, once
or twice forked, bearing at the fork a large, persistent bractlet up to
7 cm. long and 8 mm. wide; sepals oblong, 2-2.2 cm. long, reddish;
petals spatulate, subequal to the sepals, greenish yellow.
644 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Peru(?): Locality uncertain, Lobb (type). — Huanuco: Mito,
2,800 meters, 1660. The type locality is given as "Andes of Colum-
bia" by Baker. Most of these Lobb "Colombia" collections were
made in Peru or southern Ecuador.
12. Bomarea crocea (R. & P.) Herb. Amaryl. 119. 1837.
Alstroemeria crocea R. & P. Fl. 3: 61. 1802. Collania andimarcana
Herb. Amaryl. 105. pi. 8, f. 1. 1837. Wichaurea andimarcana M.
Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. 4: 279. 1847. Bomarea andimarcana Baker,
Journ. Bot. 20: 201. 1882. Collania grandis Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 50:
Beibl. 111:2. 1913.
An erect herb, up to 70 cm. high, the stem stout, recurved at the
apex, glabrous or tomentose; leaves linear or linear-oblong, up to
12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, glabrous above, densely pilose on the
nerves beneath, divaricate; umbel rays 2-4, once or twice furcate,
the bractlets lanceolate, persistent; perianth 3.5-6 cm. long, the
segments subequal, the sepals oblanceolate, red or yellowish, green-
tipped, the petals spatulate, yellow, green- tipped.
Department uncertain: Maclean; Lobb (type of Collania grandis,
described from a plant grown in England). Andinamarca, Mathews
1164 (type of Collania andimarcana}. — Lima: Viso, 2,800 meters,
588. — Junin: Churupallana, Ruiz & Pavon (type). — Cuzco: Lucu-
mayo Valley, 3,600 meters, Cook & Gilbert 1267. "Chocllopa."
13. Bomarea pumila Griseb. ex Baker, Amaryl. 145. 1888.
• A very slender plant with a prostrate, leafless, filiform stem, only
the upper 4-5 cm. ascending and leafy; leaves ovate or obovate,
1-2.5 cm. long, up to 1.5 cm. wide, obtuse, glabrous; flowers solitary,
the peduncles, ovary, and sepals hirsutulous with moniliform hairs,
the peduncles slender, 1-1.5 cm. long, ebracteolate; ovary turbinate;
sepals broadly ovate, about 1 cm. long, reddish; petals spatulate,
subequal to the sepals, greenish yellow.
Cuzco: Sachapata, Lechler 2240 (type). Alturas de Chaco, 3,000
meters, Biles (Herrera 2151, 2162).
This is the smallest Bomarea known and is easily recognized.
Bomarea pumila and the six species which follow constitute a
well-marked group, maintained by some authors as a separate genus,
Sphaerine. The style is filiform throughout and is readily detached
from the ovary. The ovary is slightly hexagonal, with obscure ribs
marking the angles. In the few specimens with well-developed fruit
which have been examined, the fruit appears always to be indehiscent,
an observation made by Ruiz and Pavon.
FLORA OF PERU 645
14. Bomarea secundifolia (R. & P.) Baker, Journ. Bot. 20:
202. 1882. Alstroemeria secundifolia R. & P. Fl. 3: 60. pi. 290, f.
a. 1802. Sphaerine secundifolia Herb. Amaryl. 107. pi. 12, f. 1, 2.
1837.
Plant about 60 cm. high, the stem nearly straight, terete, gla-
brous; leaves secund, lanceolate, 8-10 cm. long, 2.5-3 cm. wide,
acuminate, rounded at the sessile base, dark green and glabrous
above, very pale beneath with the nerves elevated but strongly
flattened, hispidulous at the sides; bracts lanceolate, similar to the
leaves, 3-3.5 cm. long, tapering to a slender point; umbel 4-6-rayed,
the rays 2-3 cm. long, finely hirtellous, ebracteolate; ovary turbinate,
densely tomentose; sepals linear-oblong, 2-3.5 cm. long, pilosulous
without, yellow-red or purplish red; petals obovate-spatulate, sub-
equal to the sepals, 5-6 mm. wide, yellow, green-tipped; capsule
ovoid, hexagonal.
Cajamarca: Jelski 8127. Huanuco: Mufia, Ruiz & Pavdn (type).
Vilcabamba, 1,800 meters, 4962.
15. Bomarea nervosa (Herb.) Baker, Journ. Bot. 20: 202.
1882. Sphaerine nervosa Herb. Amaryl. 108. pi. 13. 1837.
An erect herb, leafy in the upper 30 cm., glabrous except the
inflorescence; leaves lanceolate, 10-12 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, short-
petioled, subdivaricate, strongly and closely nerved; outer bracts
similar to the leaves but smaller, persistent, the inner setaceous;
umbel simple, 10-25-rayed, the rays suberect, up to 3 cm. long,
tomentulose, ebracteolate; ovary turbinate; sepals oblong-lanceolate,
about 1.5 cm. long, puberulent without, red; petals spatulate, sub-
equal to the sepals, about 6 mm. wide, yellow, green toward the apex.
Amazonas: Chachapoyas, 2,700-3,000 meters, Mathews 1661
(type); Williams 7574, 7581.
16. Bomarea cruenta Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 228. 1908.
A suberect plant 60-70 cm. high, the stem essentially glabrous,
densely leafy in the upper half, the leaves reduced to distant scales
in the lower half; leaves linear-lanceolate, up to 6 cm. long and 4
mm. wide, subrevolute, glabrous, erect or ascending; bracts linear,
1-1.5 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide; umbel simple, the rays about 4,
2-3 cm. long, fuscous-scabrid, ebracteolate; ovary obconic, scabrid;
sepals obovate, 1-1.5 cm. long, red; petals spatulate, subequal to the
sepals, up to 5 mm. wide, red without, orange within.
Amazonas: In sphagnum bog, east of Chachapoyas, 2,400-2,600
meters, Weberbauer 4395 (type).
646 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
17. Bomarea coccinea (R. & P.) Baker, Journ. Bot. 20: 202.
1882. Alstroemeria coccinea R. & P. Fl. 3: 62. pi. 291, /. a. 1802.
Sphaerine coccinea Herb. Amaryl. 108. pi. 16, f. 1. 1837.
Plant suberect, 30-50 cm. high, leafy only toward the summit,
the leaves ovate, 4-5 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide, subsessile, glabrous
above, hirtellous on the nerves beneath with crispate hyaline hairs;
bracts soon deciduous; umbel 2-4-rayed, the rays simple, up to 3
cm. long, ebracteolate, rufo-villosulous; ovary turbinate, densely-
rufo-tomentose; sepals oblanceolate, 1.5-2 cm. long, red; petals
spatulate, subequal to the sepals, reddish, purple-blotched within;
fruit ovoid, about 1 cm. long, pubescent.
Huanuco: Muna, 2,500 meters, 4308. Between Huanuco and
Pampayacu, Kanehira 88, in part. — Junin: Huasahuasi, Ruiz &
Pav6n (type). Palca, Weberbauer 2481. Also in the mountains of
western Bolivia.
18. Bomarea brevis (Herb.) Baker, Journ. Bot. 20: 202. 1882.
Sphaerine brevis Herb. Amaryl. 108. pi. 18, f. 1. 1837. Bomarea
recurva Baker, Amaryl. 145. 1888.
A suberect herb 30-50 cm. high, leafy only toward the summit,
glabrous throughout, the stem often recurved at the end; leaves
ovate, ovate-oblong, or oblanceolate, up to 8 cm. long, 3 cm. wide,
acuminate or abruptly acute; bracts minute, soon deciduous; umbel
3-4-rayed, the rays simple, 3-4 cm. long, ebracteolate; ovary ovoid;
sepals oblanceolate, 1-1.2 cm. long, reddish yellow, prominently
horned dorsally just below the apex; petals spatulate, as long as the
sepals, yellow, not marked ; fruit ovoid, yellow.
Peru: Locality uncertain, Mathews 1660 (type). — Huanuco:
Cani, 2,700 meters, 3545. Playapampa, 2,800 meters, 4872. Yanano,
1,800 meters, 3773. Panao, 2228, 2229. Between Huanuco and
Pampayacu, Kanehira 88, in part. — Junin: Santiago, Raimondi 1555.
Huacapistana, Weberbauer 2074- — Cuzco: Sachapata, Lechler 2628
(type of B. recurva). Also in the mountains of western Bolivia.
19. Bomarea distichophylla (R. & P.) Baker, Journ. Bot.
20: 202. 1882. Alstroemeria distichifolia R. & P. Fl. 3: 60. pi. 287,
f. a.(?) 1802. Sphaerine distichophylla Herb. Amaryl. 107. pi. 12,
f. 3, 4- 1837.
An erect, glabrous herb 40-60 cm. high, the stem very straight,
the leaves crowded, distichous, stiff, ascending or somewhat spread-
ing, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 6-10 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide,
prominently nerved; umbel 3-6-rayed, the rays simple, slender, up
FLORA OF PERU 647
to 2 cm. long, erect; flowers about 1 cm. long, the sepals and petals
subequal; ovary ovoid; sepals narrowly oblong, bright red; petals
spatulate, red or orange.
Huanuco: Chaclla, 2,800 meters, 3633. Mima, 2,100 meters,
3893; Ruiz & Pavdn (type). — Junin: Rio Masamerich, 2,700 meters,
Weberbauer 6634—Cuzco: Cerro de Cusilluyoc, 2,000-2,500 meters,
Pennell 13947. Marcapata Valley, Weberbauer 7865. Also in the
mountains of western Bolivia.
Ruiz and Pavon's illustration is evidently based upon specimens
of both B. setacea and B. distichophylla, the larger flowers, the wider,
divaricate or reflexed leaves, and the linear persistent bracts repre-
senting B. setacea and the subglobose, apparently indehiscent fruit
B. distichophylla.
20. Bomarea cornigera Herb. Amaryl. 116. pi. 17, f. 2, 3. 1837.
A vine; stem slender, glabrous; leaves lance-ovate, 3-5 cm. long,
0.5-1.5 cm. wide, acute, glabrous; umbel 1-4-rayed, the rays about
3 cm. long, ebracteolate; sepals oblong, 2 cm. long, conspicuously
horned, the horn about 3 mm. long; petals subequal to the sepals,
about 7 mm. wide.
Peru(?): Locality uncertain, probably northern Peru, Mathews
1659 (type).
21. Bomarea torta (HBK.) Herb. Amaryl. 115. 1837. Al-
stroemeria torta HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 283. 1816.
A vine, glabrous throughout; leaves linear-lanceolate, up to 4
cm. long and 5 mm. wide, acuminate, revolute, rigid, crowded
toward the end of the stem; bracts numerous, similar to the leaves;
umbel about 6-rayed, the rays about 1 cm. long, 1-flowered; sepals
narrowly oblong-lanceolate, as long as the sepals, very slightly
broader at the apex than the sepals, green, black-spotted, yellowish
toward the base.
Cajamarca: Between Cajamarca and Paramo de Yanahuanga,
3,000 meters, Humboldt & Bonpland (type). — Amazonas: Chacha-
poyas, Mathews. — Without definite locality: Raimondi 8584-
22. Bomarea Stuebelii Pax, Bot. Jahrb. 11: 333. 1889.
A vine; stem glabrous; leaves narrowly elliptic or oblong, about
10 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide, acuminate, narrowed at the base,
glabrous above, densely pilose or tomentose beneath; bracts numer-
ous, lanceolate; umbel 15-30-rayed, the rays 5-6 cm. long, ebracteo-
late, glabrous; ovary short-turbinate; sepals oblong, about 5 cm.
648 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
long, nearly 2 cm. wide, obtuse; petals spatulate, 4-5 cm. long, about
1.5 cm. wide at the apex.
Amazonas: Between Ventilla and Bagazan, 3,000 meters, Stuebel
in 1875 (type). Chachapoyas, Mathews. — Junin: Rio Mantaro,
Weberbauer 6563.
23. Bomarea Klugii Killip, sp. nov.
Caulis volubilis, glaber; folia lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata,
subcoriacea, valde nervata, in nervis hispido-hirtella; radii ca. 4,
simplices, cum ovario minutissime puberuli; ovarium anguste
obconicum; segmenta perianthii aequalia, rubra, sepalis oblongis,
petalis spathulato-unguiculatis.
Herbaceous vine; stem slender, subangular, glabrous; petioles
about 1 cm. long, finely pilosulous; leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, 7-15 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, long-acuminate, rounded
at the base, subcoriaceous, glabrous above, hispid-hirtellous on the
nerves beneath, prominently nerved, the nerves about 0.5 mm.
apart, the cross veins numerous and also prominent; bracts mem-
branous, reflexed, reddish, the outer 1 cm. long, the inner half as
long; umbel simple, about 4-rayed, the rays slender, 3.5-4 cm. long;
ovary narrowly obconic, tapering at the base, about 3 times as long
as broad, the ovary and rays very minutely puberulent; perianth
segments red, subequal, about 2 cm. long, the sepals oblong, 5-7
mm. wide, the petals spatulate-unguiculate, the blade about 4 mm.
wide, much shorter than the claw, unspotted; stamens 1-1.2 cm. long.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, No. 1,457,816, collected
at Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, Department of San Martin, Peru, in
forest at 1,600 meters altitude, December, 1933, by G. Klug (No.
3410). Duplicates widely distributed.
This species is related to B. rosea and B. anceps, differing from
these, and, indeed, from all other species of Eubomarea section Multi-
florae, by the elongate ovary, which is similar to that of B. dolicho-
carpa, of a different section.
24. Bomarea rosea (R. & P.) Herb. Amaryl. 118. 1837. Al-
stroemeria rosea R. & P. Fl. 3: 61. 1802. Alstroemeria fimbriata R. &
P. op. cit. pi. 293, f. a. B. fimbriata Herb. Amaryl. 116. 1837.
A vine; stem terete, glabrous; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 6-10 cm.
long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide, acuminate, glabrous above, densely and
minutely rufo-puberulous beneath; bracts numerous, reflexed,
unequal, linear or narrowly ovate-lanceolate; umbel 15-25-rayed,
the rays very slender, often recurved at the apex, 3.5-4 cm. long,
FLORA OF PERU 649
glabrous; ovary usually finely rufo-puberulous when young, at
length glabrous; sepals oblanceolate, 2-2.5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide,
obtuse, deep red, tipped with dull purple; petals spatulate, as long
as or slightly longer than the sepals, 9-10 mm. wide, red without
toward the base, green above and purple-lined at the upper margin,
green within, with large purple blotches.
Ancash: Andamayo, Raimondi 1292.— Huanuco: Yanano, 2,000
meters, 3657. Mufia, 2,300 meters, 3981. — Junin: Huasahuasi,
Ruiz & Pavdn (type).
25. Bomarea anceps (R. & P.) Herb. Amaryl. 116. 1837.
Alstroemeria anceps R. & P. Fl. 3: 61. 1802.
A vine, glabrous throughout; leaves lanceolate or the upper
ovate-lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide, acuminate; bracts
ovate, up to 3.5 cm. long, reflexed; umbel 20-35-rayed, the rays
slender, 2.5-5 cm. long, simple; ovary black, when dry much darker
than the perianth; sepals oblanceolate, 2.2-2.5 cm. long, 6-7 mm.
wide, obtuse, rich pink, (deep purple, Ruiz & Pavdn) ; petals spatu-
late, subequal to or slightly longer than the sepals, 8-9 mm. wide,
yellow in the lower half, green in the upper, purple-striped toward
the upper margin.
Junin: Type collected by Ruiz and Pavon at Huasahuasi. Hua-
capistana 2,400 meters, Killip & Smith 24500. Carpapata, above
Huacapistana, Killip & Smith 24370.
26. Bomarea aurantiaca Herb. Amaryl. 399. pi. 46, /. 2.
1837. B. Madeanica Herb. Bot. Reg. 28: Misc. 66. 1842. B. Weber-
baueriana Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 233. 1908.
A coarse vine; stem densely hirsute with spreading, moniliform,
brownish hairs; leaves lanceolate-ovate, 6-15 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm.
wide, abruptly acuminate, glabrous, streaked with reddish brown
above, densely hirsute-tomentose beneath with brownish, crispate
hairs; umbel 12-20-rayed, the rays stout, 4-5 cm. long, densely
rufo-hirsutulous, viscid; bractlets wanting or soon deciduous; sepals
broadly oblanceolate, 2.5-4 cm. long, 1-1.3 cm. wide, orange; petals
spatulate, subequal to the sepals, about 1.5 cm. wide, orange.
Department uncertain: Panahuanca, Mathews 1160 (type).—
Ayacucho: Putis, Choimacota Valley, Province of Huanta, 3,400
meters, Weberbauer 7528. — Cuzco: Sandia, 2,900 meters, Weber-
bauer 669 (type of B. Weberbaueriana}.
This showy Bomarea is fairly common in Bolivia, but is known in
Peru only from the type locality and from the eastern Andes adjacent
650 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
to Bolivia. The type of B. Macleanica was collected by J. Maclean,
at Vitoc, Peru.
27. Bomarea filicaulis Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 228. 1908.
A decumbent herb, the stem filiform, glabrous; leaves distant,
oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, subcoriaceous,
glabrous above, pilose beneath; flowers solitary, the peduncles
scarcely 1 cm. long, pilose; ovary turbinate, pilose; sepals obovate-
oblong, 1.8-2 cm. long, 4 mm. wide, red; petals spatulate-unguicu-
late, subequal to the sepals, up to 5 mm. wide, yellow, green toward
the apex.
Huanuco: Monzon, 3,300-3,500 meters, Weberbauer 3384 (type).
28. Bomarea sclerophylla Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 50: Beibl. 112:
6. 1913.
A slender, tortuous vine; stem pilosulous with dark hairs at the
nodes, otherwise glabrous; leaves numerous, linear-oblong, 1.5^1
cm. long, 0.5-1 cm. wide, acute or subobtuse, subrevolute, thick-
coriaceous, glabrous above, puberulous between the nerves be-
neath and short-pilose on the nerves; bracts narrowly lanceolate,
deciduous; umbels 10-15-rayed, the rays up to 2 cm. long, viscid-
villosulous; sepals obovate-oblong, 1-1.5 cm. long, red; petals
broadly spatulate, subequal to the sepals, puberulous toward the
base, red.
Huanuco: Monzon, Province of Huamalies, 3,400 meters, Weber-
bauer 3352 (type). Mufia, 2,500 meters, 4307. Playapampa, 2,800
meters, 4479.
This may prove to be merely a robust form of the preceding, with
the single flower developed into an umbel.
29. Bomarea macranthera Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 230. 1908.
A vine; stem glabrous, leafy; leaves lanceolate, 5-6 cm. long,
6-8 mm. wide, sharply acuminate, glabrous above, pilose beneath;
bracts linear, subpersistent; umbel simple, about 5-rayed, the rays
1.5-2 cm. long, densely fuscous-pilose like the ovary; sepals ligulate,
up to 1.5 cm. long, 4 mm. wide, red; petals spatulate-unguiculate,
subequal to the sepals, 6-7 mm. wide, orange, red at the apex;
filaments short, about 4 mm. long; anthers about 5 mm. long.
Junin: Huacapistana, 3,000 meters, Weberbauer 2201 (type).
30. Bomarea cernua Griseb. ex Baker, Amaryl. 149. 1888.
A vine, the stem slender, finely pilosulous; leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, 4-7 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, glabrous above,
FLORA OF PERU 651
pilosulous and glaucous beneath, membranous; bracts 3-5, similar
to the leaves; umbel 3-6-rayed, the rays 2-4 cm. long, recurved,
densely viscous-tomentellous, ebracteolate; ovary viscous- tomentu-
lose; sepals oblanceolate-spatulate, about 2.5 cm. long, 4-5 mm.
wide, red proximally, green distally; petals spatulate, 4-6 mm. wide,
greenish yellow, sparingly dotted with dark red within, the mid-
nerve red without.
Huanuco: Playapampa, 2,500 meters, 4477. — Cuzco: Sachapata,
Lechler 2597 (type).
31. Bomarea purpurea (R. & P.) Herb. Amaryl. 118. 1837.
Alstroemeria purpurea R. & P. Fl. 3: 63. pi. 294, f. a. 1802. B.
glomerata var. longifolia M. Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. 4: 271. 1847.
B. endotrachys Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 234. 1908.
A vine; stem glabrous or usually rufo-tomentulose; leaves lanceo-
late, 5-12 cm. long, 1-4 cm. wide, long-acuminate, usually drying
blackish above and pale beneath, the nerves strongly flattened
beneath, glabrous, or hirtellous or scariose at the side; inflorescence
with 25 or more flowers, the axis at length elongate, the pedicels and
ovaries densely viscous- tomentose; perianth segments subequal, all
deep red, the sepals narrowly oblanceolate, the petals cuneate-
unguiculate.
Locality uncertain, Mathews 1662, in part (type of B. glomerata
var. longifolia). — Amazonas: Between Tambo Almirante and Baga-
zan, 2,700 meters, Weberbauer 4431 (type of B. endotrachys). Moyo-
bamba, Stuebel 25e. — Huanuco: Pillao, Ruiz & Pavdn (type). Tambo
de Vaca, 3,700 meters, 4443. Yanano, 1,800 meters 3665. Also in
Colombia and Ecuador.
32. Bomarea setacea (R. & P.) Herb. Amaryl. 117. 1837.
Alstroemeria setacea R. & P. Fl. 3: 62. pi. 292, f. b. 1802. B. glomerata
Herb. op. cit. 115. pi. 15, f. 1. B. tomentosa var. pangoensis Herb,
op. cit. 118.
A vine; stem subterete, sparingly villosulous, at length glabrous;
leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 4-8 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide,
acute, rounded at the base, closely nerved, coriaceous, glabrous
above, short-pubescent on the nerves beneath; bracts linear-lanceo-
late to setaceous, up to 2 mm. wide, reflexed or suberect, deciduous;
umbel 15-40-rayed, the rays slender, up to 2.5 cm. long, densely
viscous-tomentose, bearing near the middle a single setaceous,
eventually deciduous bractlet about 5 mm. long; flowers 1-1.5 cm.
long, the sepals and petals subequal; sepals linear-oblong, 3-4 mm.
652 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII
wide, red or yellowish red; petals spatulate, 4-5 mm. wide, red,
shading yellowish toward the margin.
Department uncertain: Mathews 1662, in part (type of B. glom-
erata); Lobb 27, 256; Dombey 164. "Prov. de Carabaya," Weddell
4686, 9897. — Cajamarca, Huancabamba, Weberbauer 6106.—
Huanuco: Pillao, Ruiz & Pawn (type). Rio Chinchao, 1,800 meters,
5169. Panao, 3,100 meters, 2216. Huanuco, Weberbauer 3352.
Monzon, Weberbauer 3380. Posuso, Raimondi 10369. Pampayacu,
Sawada P39; Kanehira 105. — Junin: Pangoa, Mathews 1162, in
part (type of B. tomentosa var. pangoensis). Curupallana, Ruiz &
Pavdn. — Cuzco: Cerro de Cusilluyoc, 2,800 meters, Pennell 14102.
Paucartambo Valley, Herrera 3336. — Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer
1099, 1335. Also in southern Ecuador.
33. Bomarea densiflora Herb. Amaryl. 399. pi. 46, f. 4- 1837.
(?) Bomarea tomentosa var. ebracteata Herb. op. cit. 118.
A vine; stem pubescent toward the apex, otherwise glabrous,
stout; leaves sparse, ovate, 8-10 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, rufo-
tomentose beneath, the nerves elevated beneath; inflorescence at
length subracemose, the pedicels 20 or more, 2.5-3 cm. long, densely
tomentulose, bearing a subulate bractlet near the base; perianth
segments subequal, 2-2.5 cm. long, deep red, the sepals oblanceolate,
the petals spatulate.
Department uncertain: Mathews 1666 (type of B. tomentosa var.
ebracteata, doubtfully referred here as the leaves are proportionately
much narrower). — Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews 1667 (type).
Also in Ecuador.
34. Bomarea denticulata (R. & P.) Herb. Amaryl. 118. 1837.
Alstroemeria denticulata R. & P. Fl. 3: 62. pi. 293, f. b. 1802.
A vine; stem fulvo-tomentose toward the apex, otherwise gla-
brous; leaves ovate, 5-9 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, entire, crispate-
pilose with hyaline hairs on the elevated nerves beneath; inflorescence
at length subracemose, the pedicels 10-15, up to 5 cm. long, rufo-
tomentose, bracteolate near the base; perianth segments subequal,
2-2.5 cm. long, deep rich red, the sepals oblanceolate, the petals
oblanceolate-spatulate.
Department uncertain: Patasaria, Ruiz & Pavdn (type). —
Huanuco: Vilcabamba, Rio Chinchao, 2,800 meters, 4965.
In the type specimen the margin of the leaves is slightly callous-
thickened and subrevolute. In drying, the "overflow" has pro-
jected beyond the rest of the margin so that, when viewed from above,
FLORA OF PERU 653
the leaves have a denticulate appearance. A similar condition in a
specimen of Lehmann's from Colombia has given rise to an article
on the identity of Bomarea denticulata by Kranzlin.
35. Bomarea caudata Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 22:
59. 1932.
A vine; stem subangular, tortuous, glabrous; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, 7-10 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm. wide, subabruptly acuminate,
rounded at the base, glabrous above, sparingly hirsute with long
crispate hairs on the principal nerves beneath, the nerves about 1
mm. apart, unequally prominent; bracts lanceolate, 1.5 cm. long,
6 mm. wide, the inner setaceous; umbel 18-rayed, the rays 2.5-3 cm.
long, densely rufo-tomentose, ebracteolate; sepals oblanceolate,
about 2 cm. long, 7-8 mm. wide, blood-red, dorsally corniculate
near the apex, the horn slender, 5-6 mm. long; petals spatulate,
subequal to the sepals, 5-6 mm. wide, green, brown-spotted.
Ayacucho: Choimacota Valley, Province of Huanta, 2,800
meters, Weberbauer 7559 (type).
36. Bomarea crinita Herb. Amaryl. 119. pi. 15, f. 4. 1837.
A vine; stem terete, finely and softly tomentellous; leaves lanceo-
late, 7-11 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. wide, subacute at the base, closely
nerved with the cross veins prominent, glabrous above, glaucous
and sparingly pubescent beneath, rigid ; bracts similar to the leaves,
about 6 cm. long, subreflexed; umbel 6-10-rayed, the rays 10-15
cm. long, densely pubescent, ebracteolate; sepals lanceolate-spatu-
late, 4-5 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, red, orange at the margin; petals
oblanceolate-spatulate, slightly longer than the sepals, 10-14 mm.
wide, narrowed at the apex, red, orange at margin.
"Andes of Peru," Mathews 1664 (type). — Amazonas: East of
Chachapoyas, Weberbauer 4422.
37. Bomarea loreti Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 50: Beibl. Ill: 4. 1913.
A vine; stem angulate, glabrous; petioles about 1 cm. long; leaves
ovate-lanceolate, up to 12 cm. long, 2-2.5 cm. wide, acuminate,
glabrous above, minutely scaberulous beneath, the nerves 1 mm.
apart; bracts numerous, lanceolate, about 1.5 cm. long, reflexed;
umbel 20-25-rayed, the rays 2.5 cm. long, pilosulous; ovary densely
pilose; sepals oblanceolate, 3.3-3.5 cm. long, narrowed at the apex,
pilosulous without; petals cuneate-spatulate, slightly longer than
the sepals, about 1 cm. wide, rounded or subtruncate and crenulate
at the apex.
Loreto: Cerro de Ponasa, 1,300 meters, Ule 46 (type).
654 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
38. Bomarea formosissima (R. & P.) Herb. Amaryl. 111. pi.
14, f. 4. 1837. Alstroemeria formosissima R. & P. Fl. 3: 64. pi.
296. 1802.
A vine; stem stout, glabrous; leaves broadly lanceolate, 10-25
cm. long, 3.5-6 cm. wide, acuminate, abruptly tapering at the base
to a winged petiole, glabrous; bracts lanceolate, up to 3 cm. long,
the inner linear-lanceolate; umbel up to 80-rayed, the rays 3-5 cm.
long, densely rufo-tomentose, ebracteolate; sepals oblanceolate,
3-4 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, obtuse or slightly narrowed at the
apex, rufo-puberulous, red, purplish red at the apex; petals spatulate,
equal to or slightly longer than the sepals, 1.5-2 cm. wide, yellow,
densely spotted.
Peru(?): Locality uncertain, Lobb 258. — Huanuco: Muna, Ruiz
& Pavdn (type); 4313; Pearce 214- — Ayacucho: Province of Huanta,
Weberbauer 5655.
Ruiz and Pavon give the local name of this as "sumac-huaita,"
meaning a most showy flower. This is one of the most gorgeous of
Peruvian Bomareas.
39. Bomarea superba Herb. Amaryl. 117. pi. 6 J.I. 1837.
A vine with a stout, angular, glabrous stem; leaves lanceolate,
up to 12 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, rigid, glabrous, closely nerved;
bracts numerous, crowded, reflexed, lanceolate, up to 6 cm. long and
1.5 cm. wide; umbel about 12-rayed, the rays up to 4 cm. long,
ebracteolate, rufo-tomentulose; ovary short- turbinate, rufo-tomen-
tulose; sepals oblanceolate, 3-3.5 cm. long, 8-9 mm. wide, red;
petals broadly spatulate, subequal to the sepals, about 1 cm. wide,
orange (?), not spotted.
Locality uncertain: Mathews 1663 (type).
40. Bomarea sanguinea Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 50: Beibl. 112:
6. 1913. (?)£. subglobosa Herb. Bot. Reg. 28: Misc. 66. 1842. (?)£.
fimbriata var. paltarumensis Herb. Amaryl. 116. 1837.
A vine with a stout, glabrous, angular or subterete stem climbing
to 6 meters or more; leaves lanceolate, up to 20 cm. long and 2.5 cm.
wide, long-acuminate, tapering at the base to a narrowly winged
petiole, closely nerved, glabrous; bracts dissimilar, the outer lanceo-
late, about 4 cm. long, reflexed, persistent, the inner linear, erect,
deciduous; umbel up to 35-rayed, the rays 2-4 cm. long, ebracteolate,
densely viscid-torn entulose; ovary turbinate, pubescent as the rays;
sepals obovate-oblong, averaging 3.5 cm. long, 8-9 mm. wide,
FLORA OF PERU 655
reddish yellow to "ox-blood red"; petals spatulate, averaging 4 cm.
long, 1.5-2 cm. wide at the apex, minutely crenulate at the upper
margin, yellow, shading to dull red at the margin, spotted with
dark red.
Department uncertain: Agapata, Lechler 2141- — Huanuco: Mito
2,800 meters, 1666. Huanuco, 3,200 meters, 2123.— Cuzco: Weddett,
4766. Urubamba, 3,400 meters, Weberbauer 4918 (type); Herrera
805. Machupicchu, 2,100 meters, Cook & Gilbert 845. Lucumayo
Valley, Cook & Gilbert 1313. Lares Valley, 2,900 meters, Herrera
827. Also in western Bolivia.
This species has been confused with both B. superba and B.
formosissima. It is known as "pachanca" in Huanuco and "sullo-
sullo" in Cuzco.
41. Bomarea nematocaulon Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci.
22: 60. 1932.
A vine; stem slender, wiry, subterete, glabrous, glandular-
puberulent at the tip, leafy throughout; leaves narrowly oblong or
lanceolate-oblong, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, 0.4-1 cm. wide, subacute and
callous-thickened at the apex, rounded or rarely subacute at the
base, slightly revolute, coriaceous, glabrous and sublustrous above,
strigillose with crispate hyaline hairs on the nerves beneath; bracts
3-4, similar to the leaves; umbel 2-3-rayed, the rays up to 4 cm.
long, glandular-puberulent, once or twice forked, bearing at the
forks a single linear-lanceolate bractlet 5-8 mm. long; ovary glandu-
lar-puberulent; sepals oblanceolate, 10 mm. long, 5 mm. wide,
yellowish red; petals unguiculate, equal to the sepals, 4 mm. wide at
the widest point, yellow, purple-blotched distally.
Huanuco: Playapampa, 2,800 meters, 4870 (type).
This species is obviously related to B. Salsilla, a common plant
of Chile. The small, thick leaves and the small flowers suggest B.
sclerophylla, which has a simple umbel and glabrous leaves.
42. Bomarea angustissima Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci.
22: 60. 1932.
A vine; stem subterete, glabrous; leaves linear, 8-10 cm. long,
3-5 mm. wide, caudate-acuminate and twisted at the apex, subsessile,
strongly revolute, glabrous above, finely pilosulous on the nerves
beneath; bracts similar to the leaves, up to 1.5 cm. long; umbel
3-rayed, the rays 12-15 cm. long, arcuate-ascending, glabrous, once
or twice forked, bracteolate at the forks, the bractlets linear-lanceo-
late, 5-10 mm. long; ovary glabrous; sepals oblanceolate, about 1.8
656 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
cm. long, 7-8 mm. wide, proximally deep red, distally green; petals
unguiculate, as long as the sepals, about 1 cm. wide at the apex,
green, purple-blotched within.
Huanuco: Tambo de Vaca, 4,000 meters, 4409 (type).
43. Bomarea Engleriana Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 231. 1908.
A vine; leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate, 3-3.5 cm. long, 2-3
mm. wide, acute, revolute, coriaceous, glabrous above, villous
beneath; bracts oblong and lanceolate, up to 4 cm. long and 1 cm.
wide; umbel 4-6-rayed, the rays filiform, up to 6 cm. long, glabrous,
once furcate, bearing at the fork a single oblong-lanceolate bractlet
similar to and slightly smaller than the bracts; sepals obovate-
oblong, about 2 cm. long, apiculate; petals oblong-spatulate, slightly
shorter than the sepals, 1-1.2 cm. wide.
Huanuco: Monzon, Province of Huamalies, 3,500-3,700 meters,
Weberbauer 3307 (type).
44. Bomarea praeusta Kranzl. Ann. Nat. Hofm. Wien 27:
155. 1913. Collania nutans Herb, in Baker, Amaryl. 147. 1888,
as synonym.
A vine; stem wiry, very leafy, sparsely pilosulous toward the
apex, otherwise glabrous; leaves narrowly linear, 2.5-5 cm. long,
2.5-3.5 mm. wide, sessile, revolute or subrevolute, glabrous; umbel
rays 2-10, 2-3-forked, 4-5 cm. long including the forks, divaricate
and strongly curved, glabrous, the bractlets linear-lanceolate,
broader than the leaves; ovary partly superior; perianth segments
subequal, 2-2.5 cm. long, the sepals linear-lanceolate, red, the petals
spatulate-unguiculate, apparently yellow, deep purple at the upper
margin; anthers often exserted.
Locality uncertain : Lobb (type; from Peru?); Maclean; Mathews;
Raimondi 8584. — Arequipa : Stafford 370.
This species and the following connect the subgenera Wichaurea
and Eubomarea, having the floral characters of the former but the
strongly voluble stems of the latter.
45. Bomarea parvifolia Baker, Amaryl. 154. 1888.
A vine; stem stout, tomentose; leaves linear, 2.5-4 cm. long, 4-5
mm. wide, sessile, glabrous; bracts similar to the leaves, numerous;
umbel 10-12-rayed, the rays ascending, 9-10 cm. long, stout, once
or usually twice furcate, bracteolate at the forks, the bractlets linear-
lanceolate, subequal to the bracts; perianth segments bright pink,
FLORA OF PERU 657
subequal, about 3 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, the petals only slightly
broader than the sepals, dark purple at the tip.
Huantanga, Maclean (type).
46. Bomarea campylophylla Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci.
25: 374. 1935.
A vine; stem glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate or narrowly
oblong-lanceolate, 6-12 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, subfalcate, rounded
at the base, strongly and closely nerved, glabrous, concolorous;
bracts similar to the leaves, 7-10 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide; umbel
5-6-rayed, the rays 10-15 cm. long, divaricate or arcuate-ascending,
rufo-puberulent and viscid at the apex, otherwise glabrous, forked
near the apex, 2-flowered, bracteolate at the fork and sometimes
just below the fork, the lower bractlets similar to the bracts, 4-5
cm. long; ovary rufo-tomentose; sepals oblong, about 1.5 cm. long,
7-8 mm. wide, red and rufo-puberulent without, yellow within,
green at the apex; petals spatulate, slightly shorter and narrower
than the sepals, yellow and purple-maculate proximally, green
distally.
Huanuco: Vilcabamba, Rio Chinchao, 1,800 meters, 4961 (type).
47. Bomarea cornuta Herb. Amaryl. 114. pi. 17, f. 4. 1837.
B. edulis var. cornuta Baker, Amaryl. 154. 1888.
A vine; stem glabrous; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, up
to 15 cm. long and 3.5 cm. wide, tapering to a long, slender apex,
rounded at the base, membranous, glabrous above, strigillose on the
nerves beneath with spreading, curved hairs; bracts lanceolate, up
to 2 cm. long, deciduous; umbel 3-5-rayed, the rays 15-25 cm. long,
glabrous or sparingly rufo-pilosulous at the ends, 3-4 times furcate,
bracteolate at the forks, the bractlets up to 1 cm. long; sepals about
2 cm. long, red, green-tipped, puberulent without, horned dorsally
just below the apex, the horn 5-7 mm. long; petals spatulate, about
as long as the sepals, 7-8 mm. wide.
Huanuco: Huacachi, near Mufia, 2,100 meters, 4112. Between
Huanuco and Pampayacu, 2,800 meters, Kanehira 252, 285.—
Department uncertain: Mount Parahuanca, Mathews 1161 (type).
48. Bomarea ayavacensis Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 117:
2. 1916.
A vine, glabrous throughout; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 6-9 cm.
long, 2-2.5 cm. wide, acuminate, membranous, glaucescent beneath;
bracts broadly oblong, about 4 cm. long; umbel 3-rayed, the rays up
658 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
to 12 cm. long, furcate near the middle and bearing at the fork a
large, suborbicular, convolute bractlet about 3 cm. long and broad;
sepals oblong, about 2.5 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide, rose, green dis-
tally; petals spatulate-obovate, as long as or slightly shorter than
the sepals, pale green, spotted with brown.
Piura: Above Ayavaca, 2,900 meters, Weberbauer 6373 (type).
49. Bomarea tarmensis Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 233. 1908.
Plant subscandent, the stem straighter than in most species of
this relationship, finely and sparsely or densely pilosulous; leaves
lanceolate, up to 20 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, thin-membranous,
glabrous and bright green above, very short-pilosulous or sub-
puberulent and glaucous beneath, the leaves reduced toward the
apex; bracts oblong-lanceolate, up to 3 cm. long, soon deciduous;
umbel densely flowered, the rays 2-3 cm. long, cano-pilosulous, the
primary rays 12-18, usually once furcate, bearing a lanceolate
bractlet 5-7 mm. long; sepals 1.5-2 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide, con-
cave, orange-yellow; petals unguiculate, about as long as the sepals,
4-6 mm. wide, orange-yellow, green-tinged and dotted with red or
purple near the apex.
Huanuco: Cueva Grande near Posuso, 1,100 meters, 4780.
Junin: La Merced, 700-1,000 meters, Weberbauer 1846 (type).—
Ayacucho: Kimpitiriki, Apurimac Valley, 400 meters, Killip &
Smith 22858, 22936, 22992.
50. Bomarea amoena (Herb.) M. Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn.
4: 274. 1847. B. purpurea var. amoena Herb. Amaryl. 399. pi. 46,
/. 5. 1837. B. purpurea var. guancana Herb. op. cit. 399.
A vine; stem glabrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 8-15 cm. long,
1.5-3 cm. wide, pale and crispate-pilose beneath; umbel rays 20-30,
4-8 cm. long, divaricate, rufo-pilosulous, simple or forked, the
bractlets up to 5 mm. long; ovary rufo-pilosulous; perianth segments
subequal, 2-2.5 cm. long, the sepals oblanceolate, red, the petals
cuneate-unguiculate, yellowish, green-tinged toward the apex.
Department uncertain: Gay 992. Guancas, Mathews 1665 (type
of B. purpurea var. guancana). — Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews
(type).
51. Bomarea ovata (Cav.) Mirb. Hist. Nat. PI. 9: 72. 1804.
Alstroemeria ovata Cav. Icon. PI. 1: 54. pi. 76. 1791. (?) A. tomentosa
R. & P. Fl. 3: 62. pi. 292, f. a. 1802. A. macrocarpa R. & P. op. cit.
63. pi. 294, f. b. B. ovata var. Cavanillesiana Herb. Amaryl. 113.
FLORA OF PERU 659
1837. B. macrocarpa Herb. op. cit. 114. (?) B. tomentosa Herb. op. cit.
117. B. simplex Herb. op. cit. 119. pi. 15, f. 5. B. punctata Herb.
Bot. Reg. 28: Misc. 66. 1842. B. variabilis Herb. loc. cit. B. varia-
bilis var. simplex Herb. op. cit. 67. B. edulis var. ovata Baker,
Amaryl. 154. 1888. B. tribrachiata Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 235. 1908.
A suberect, trailing, or subscandent, tuber-bearing herb; stem
slender, glabrous; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, up to 12 cm.
long and 4 cm. wide, averaging about 5 cm. by 2.5 cm., gradually or
abruptly acuminate, membranous, glabrous above, sparsely crispate-
strigillose on the nerves beneath; bracts similar to the leaves, usually
much reduced, deciduous; umbel rays 2-7, simple or once furcate,
bearing at the forks small, deciduous bractlets up to 5 mm. long;
ovary sparingly puberulent, at length glabrous; sepals oblong or
ovate-oblong, 2-3 cm. long, 5-7 mm. wide, pink or reddish, green-
tipped; petals subequal to the sepals, rarely slightly longer, usually
narrower, green, purple-dotted; fruit about 1.5 cm. in diameter.
Department uncertain : Type, from a cultivated plant at Madrid,
said to have been of Peruvian origin. Dombey 172; Martinet 207,
494; Gay 2018; Mathews (type of B. punctata). "Southern Peru,"
Weddell. Puruchuco, Mathews 483, 786 (type of B. simplex and B.
variabilis). — Cajamarca: Huambos, Weberbauer 4197. — Ancash:
Between Tallenga and Piscapacha, 3,600-3,800 meters, Weberbauer
2884 (type of B. tribrachiata). Ocros, Weberbauer 2734. Caraz,
Weberbauer 3141- — Huanuco: Pillao, Ruiz & Pav6n (type of B.
macrocarpa): Yanahuanca, 3,300 meters, 1172, 1217. Mito, 2,800
meters, 2957. — Lima: Matucana, 2,500 meters, 352, 364. San
Geronimo, 150 meters, 5917. Huarachiri, Hrdlicka. — Junin: Hua-
riaca, 2,900 meters, 31 05. La Oroya, Kalenborn 67. Huacapistana,
Weberbauer 1767. — Moquehua: Carumas, Weberbauer 7308. — Cuzco:
Cuzco, Pentland; Hen era 40a, 451, 1018; Stafford 251. Santa Ana
Valley, Herrera 952. Sacsahuaman, Hefrera 855, 2727, 3085. Lares
Valley, 1,500 meters, Herrera 1009. Urubamba Valley, Herrera
1380, 1462. Ollantaitambo, 3,000 meters, Cook & Gilbert 279.
A local name for this is "ulubaya." The sweet tubers borne on
the roots are eaten.
This is one of the earliest described species of the present genus
Bomarea and to it have been referred specimens of great variation
and of a wide geographical range. Recent studies, however, indicate
that it is confined to Peru and the adjacent parts of Bolivia. Most
of the specimens cited above appear to come from suberect or
decumbent plants; certainly there is little indication that they are
660 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
high-climbing vines as are most of the true Bomareas. The quickly
dehiscent capsule, however, shows that the relationship is with the
true Bomareas rather than B. distichophylla and its allies in the
subgenus Sphaerine. These specimens show little variation in leaf
shape, and all have a characteristic indument of long, strigillose hairs
on the under side of the nerves. The umbel rays are forked or simple,
the latter condition having led Herbert to propose the species
B. simplex.
52. Bomarea cordifolia (R. & P.) Herb. Amaryl. 113, 1837.
Alstroemeria cordifolia R. & P. Fl. 3: 64. pi. 290, f. b. 1802.
A vine; stem stout, glabrous; leaves orbicular-cordate, 10-12
cm. long, 7-8 cm. wide, sparingly strigillose on the nerves beneath;
umbel 5-6-rayed, the rays 12-14 cm. long, sparingly pubescent, 2-3
times forked; ovary viscous- tomentose; perianth segments subequal,
about 2.5 cm. long; sepals oblong, 5-6 mm. wide, red, the petals
spatulate, yellowish red, not spotted.
Huanuco: Posuso, Ruiz & Pavon (type).
53. Bomarea latifolia (R. & P.) Herb. Amaryl. 113. 1837.
Alstroemeria latifolia R. & P. Fl. 3 : 64. pi. 295. 1802. (?) A. grandifolia
HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1 : 285. 1816. (?) B. grandifolia Herb. Amaryl.
113. 1837.
Stem stout, glabrous; leaves broadly oblong-ovate, 10-12 cm.
long, 5-6.5 cm. wide, strongly nerved, subglabrous or sparingly
strigillose on the veins beneath; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 5-7 cm.
long; umbel 7-14-rayed, the rays 4-6 cm. long, once or twice forked,
glabrous, the bractlets linear, about 1 cm. long; perianth segments
subequal, 3.5-4 cm. long, the sepals 8-10 mm. wide, red, green at
the apex, the petals spatulate, about 1.2 cm. wide, green, densely
punctate.
Arequipa: Atiquipa, Ruiz & Pavon (type).
54. Bomarea Hookeriana Herb. Amaryl. 398. pi. 46, f. 3. 1837.
A vine, the stem stout; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
late, 12-20 cm. long, 2.5-4.5 cm. wide, glaucous and strigillose with
long, crispate hairs on the nerves beneath ; bracts linear or setaceous,
deciduous; umbel compactly flowered, the rays 4-7 cm. long, pilosu-
lous, once furcate, bearing a filiform bractlet at the fork; sepals
oblong, 2-2.5 cm. long, 5 mm. wide, red; petals subequal to the
sepals, 6-7 mm. wide, deep orange (?).
Amazonas: Chachapoyas, Mathews (type). — Junin: La Merced,
700 meters, Killip & Smith 23502.
FLORA OF PERU 661
55. Bomarea dolichocarpa Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci.
22: 62. 1932.
A vine; stem glabrous; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
10-15 cm, long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide, glabrous, or finely pilose on the
nerves beneath; bracts similar to the leaves but smaller; umbel
compound, the rays divaricate, up to 25 cm. long, glabrous or finely
pilosulous, the primary ones 3-6, 3-4 times furcate, bracteolate at
the forks with linear-lanceolate bractlets, the lowest up to 2 cm.
long; ovary narrowly obprismatic, more than twice as long as broad,
attenuate at the base, glabrous or finely rufo-puberulent; sepals
oblong, 2-3 cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide, pink proximally, green distally;
petals spatulate-unguiculate, as long as or slightly shorter than the
sepals, 6-7 mm. wide, colored like the sepals and densely purple-
spotted toward the apex.
Department uncertain: Maclean. — Huanuco: Casapi, Poeppig
D.1633 — San Martin: San Roque, 1,500 meters, Williams 7022,
7326, 7679, 7771. Pongo de Cainarachi, King 2724. Zepelacio,
Klug 3546. Rio Huallaga, Spruce 4590. — Loreto: Puerto Arturo,
near Yurimaguas, 200 meters, Williams 5290. Mouth of Rio Ucayali,
Tessmann 3102, 3502. — Junin: Puerto Yessup, 400 meters, Killip
& Smith 26306 (type).
56. Bomarea speciosa Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 22:
61. 1932.
A vine; stem stout, glabrous; leaves broadly lanceolate, 15-20
cm. long, 4.5-5 cm. wide, cuspidate-acuminate, rounded at the base,
membranous, glabrous; umbel compound, the primary rays 10-12,
about 15 cm. long, stout, rufo-pilosulous, viscid, once or (rarely)
twice furcate, bearing at the forks a narrowly oblong-lanceolate,
rufo-puberulent bractlet up to 3 cm. long and 8 mm. wide, the
secondary rays up to 6 cm. long; sepals oblanceolate, 4-5 cm. long,
8-10 mm. wide, pink, finely puberulent without; petals spatulate,
subequal to the sepals, 12-15 mm. wide, the outside white prox-
imally, green distally, pink-ribbed, the inside white, green at the
margin, blotched and dotted with purple throughout.
Huanuco: Yanano, 1,800 meters, 371 1 (type). Between Huanuco
and Pampayacu, Kanehira 295.
57. Bomarea lyncina Herb. Amaryl. 398. pi. 46, f. 2. 1837.
(?)B. sulphurea Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 236. 1908.
A vine; stem glabrous; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, up
to 20 cm. long and 7 cm. wide, long-acuminate, glabrous; bracts
662 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
numerous, persistent, oblong, up to 2 cm. long and 1 cm. wide, thick,
tomentulous; umbel compound, the rays 8-12, tomentulous, 2-4 cm.
long, once furcate, bearing at the fork an oblong, concave, per-
sistent bractlet about 1 cm. long; sepals linear-oblong, 2.5-3 cm. long,
5-7 mm. wide, rose; petals spatulate, 3.5-4 cm. long, twice as wide
at the apex as the sepals, white, purple-mottled within.
Department uncertain: Sambrabamba, Mathews 1668 (type). —
Junin: Schunke Hacienda, La Merced, 1,200 meters, 5700.
Further study of the type of B. sulphured (Weberbauer 4109, from
the Department of Cajamarca) must be made before the status of
that species can be fully established.
58. Bomarea declinata (Poepp. & Endl.) Klotzsch ex Kunth,
Enum. 5: 802. 1850. Alstroemeria declinata Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. & Sp. 2: 44. pi 160. 1835. B. dispar Herb. Amaryl. 115. 1837.
B. Ulei Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 50: Beibl. Ill: 3. 1913.
A vine, glabrous throughout; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, up to 25 cm. long and 10 cm. wide, acuminate, rounded at the
base; bracts up to 5 mm. long, soon deciduous; umbel compound, the
rays 5-6, up to 30 cm. long, 1-3 times forked, the bractlets lanceo-
late, 5-7 mm. long; sepals oblong, about 2.5 cm. long, 1 cm. wide,
orange(?); petals spatulate, about 3 cm. long, 8 mm. wide, yellow,
green toward the apex; fruit subglobose, about 2.5 cm. in diameter,
bright yellow.
Peru : Without precise locality, Mathews 1658 (type of B. dispar} .—
San Martin: Tarapoto, 1,200 meters, Ule 6848 (type of B. Ulei).—
Huanuco: Cochero, Poeppig 1586 (type). — Junin: Porvenir, Pichis
Trail, 1,500 meters, Killip & Smith 25942.
SPECIES DOUBTFULLY OCCURRING IN PERU
Bomarea Lobbiana Kranzl. Ann. Nat. Hofm. Wien 27: 155.
1913. This is identical withB. cumbrensis Herb., a common species of
Ecuador. Doubtless the type, at Vienna, collected by Lobb, was
wrongly labeled "Peru."
Bomarea oligantha Baker, Card. Chron. 1877, pt. 2: 648. 1877.
Based upon a cultivated specimen said to have been of Peruvian
origin.
Bomarea sternbergiiflora Kranzl. Ann. Nat. Hofm. Wien 27:
156. 1913. This is 5. obovata Herb., known only from Ecuador, and
probably is another instance of a mislabeled Lobb collection.
FLORA OF PERU 663
2. ALSTROEMERIA L.
Roots thick; flowering stems often nearly leafless; flowers slightly
irregular, one inner segment differing from the others. — The species,
as they have been accepted, are poorly defined and in Peru there are
probably only three, somewhat variable. A. insignis Anne"e ex Her-
incq, Hort. Franc. 4: 2. 1854, is unknown.
Seemingly stemless, the flower sessile in the crowded leaves.
A. pygmaea.
Stems well developed.
Leaf-like inflorescence bracts densely imbricate. .A. recumbens.
Inflorescence leaves or bracts relatively remote.
Flowers not uniformly violet or lavender, about 3 cm. long.
Bracts linear, acuminate, or all reduced to scales. . .A. Ligtu.
Bracts lanceolate to oblong or spatulate.
Leaves acute; outer flower segments 2 cm. wide.
A. pelegrina.
Leaves obtuse; outer flower segments 1.5 cm. wide.
A. chorillensis.
Flowers uniformly violet or lavender, 4 cm. long. . . .A. violacea.
Alstroemeria chorillensis Herb. Bot. Reg. 29: pi. 58. Misc.
No. 95. 1843.
About 3 dm. high, with thin oblong-spatulate leaves 5-8 cm. long
and 2 cm. wide; flowers 3 cm. long, the outer segments purple or lilac,
dryng rose-red, obovate, slightly emarginate, the inner narrower,
flushed with yellow at the middle and dotted. — The type, figured as
A. lineatiflora, was a cultivated specimen grown from roots sent by
Maclean from Lima. I think most if not all the Peruvian material
referred to A. pelegrina is rather this species, which, however, seems
to be doubtfully distinct from the latter Chilean plant.
Lima: Chosica, 5350 (purple, the 2 lower segments white with
yellow middle stripe and with brown streaks). Matucana, 419.
Chorrillos, 5865.
Alstroemeria Ligtu L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 462. 1762.
An erect or weak-stemmed plant often several dm. long, with
rather numerous thin, narrowly lanceolate leaves sometimes 5-7
cm. long and 6-12 mm. wide, those in the inflorescence reduced to
linear bracts about 2.5 cm. long; flowers 3 cm. long, lilac or pinkish,
obliquely purple-streaked, the outer segments obovate-unguiculate,
664 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
12 mm. wide, obtuse or cuspidate. — The Weberbauer plant had rose-
colored flowers except that the 2 inner segments, only tipped with
rose, were yellow with brown streaks. Its crowded inflorescence
and nearly leafless stems suggest that it is rather a form of A. recum-
bens Herb., to which I should refer it. — Illustrated in Bot. Reg. "pi. 3.
Lima: Chorrillos, Weberbauer 16 (det. Kranzlin). Chile.
Alstroemeria pelegrina L. Sp. PI. ed. 2: 461. 1762.
Similar to A. Ligtu, but the leaves broader, and the broader
perianth segments, especially the outer, oblong-cordate with a large
cusp. — The inflorescence is open. The flowers are apparently variable
in color. The specific name was written peregrina by Ruiz and Pavon
and by Weberbauer, 82; 143; 146; 170.— Illustrated, Bot. Mag. 4:
pi. 139.
Ancash: Samanco to Huaras, Weberbauer 3131 (det. Kranzlin).—
Lima: Raimondi (rose and yellow). Chancai (Ruiz & Pav6ri).—
Huanuco: (Ruiz & Pavdn). Chile. "Peregrina," "azucena de
Lima."
Alstroemeria pygmaea Herb. Amaryl. 100, 397. pi. 8. 1837.
A glaucous, loosely tufted, little plant, its stems several cm.
long, scarcely produced above the ground, where they bear closely a
number of linear-lanceolate leaves (about 2 cm. long) that subtend
the solitary, yellowish white flower. — The specific name was first
spelled "pigmaea."
Junin: Rio Blanco, 2997. Chicla, toward La Oroya, Weberbauer
233 (det. Kranzlin); 169. Andes of Pasco (Maihews). Bolivia;
Patagonia.
Alstroemeria recumbens Herb. Amaryl. 97. pi. 3. 1837.
Leaves of the recumbent-ascending flowering stems reduced to
scales except in the inflorescence where well-developed, and linear to
oblong-lanceolate; flowers crowded, 3.5 cm. long, bright purple, the
segments all acuminate, the upper petals crossed with bright yellow
streaked with purple. — Allied by Baker to A. versicolor R. & P. of
Chile. The species should perhaps include A. chorillensis Herb.
Weberbauer has described the flowers as "rose," the 3 inner segments
brown-streaked, 2 of them flushed with gold. The crowded leaves
are broader than illustrated for the type.
Lima: Amancaes, Weberbauer 1617 (det. Kranzlin). Without
locality (Cuming 384, type). Garden of Dr. R. Aspiazu, 2571.
FLORA OF PERU 665
Alstroemeria violacea Philippi, Fl. Atacam. 51. 1860.
Flowering stems several dm. long, clustered, without foliar leaves
below but with scales about 1.5 cm. long; leaves of the sterile stems
petioled (petioles to 18 mm. long), eciliate, about 5 cm. long and 2
cm. wide; umbel about 5-rayed; inner and outer flower segments
equally long, the former 11 mm. wide, serrulate and long-apiculate
with some obscure violet lines but no yellow or white, the outer 14
mm. broad, obovate. — Johnston, Contr. Gray Herb. 85: 24. 1929,
describes this beautiful species with violet or lavender flowers and
suggests that it merits cultivation. It has the many fleshy roots
that characterize all the species, and often a number of old stalks
persisting about the base of the flowering ones. Neg. 10049.
Arequipa: Mejia, Cachendo, and Pasco (Gunther &Buchtien 343;
343a; 343b, ace. to Bruns). Northern Chile.
A. spathulata Presl, Rel. Haenk 1: 122. pi. 22. 1827, is a Chilean
plant.
3. HYPOXIS L.
Reference: Brackett, Rhodora 25: 120-163. 1923.
The Peruvian species a small, tufted, hairy plant with grass-
like leaves that overtop the long-peduncled inflorescence of a few
small, yellow flowers.
Hypoxis decumbens L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 986. 1759.
Peduncles filiform, 1-4-flowered, or in var. major Seub. coarser
and 4-8-flowered; mature seeds black, covered with low rounded
pebbling. — H. humilis HBK., with brown, sharply muricate seeds,
known from Ecuador and Bolivia, probably grows in Peru. Both
species illustrated, Brackett, /. 4, 5, 12.
San Martin: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4682 (det. Kranzlin);
288.— Huanuco: Mito, 2,700 meters, 3314. Widely distributed in
tropical America.
4. DISTREPTA Miers
Tecophilaea Bert, ex Colla, 1836.
A slender but low plant with a caudate-acuminate leaf longer
than the 1-3-flowered stalk of blue flowers, these borne openly on
long pedicels. Corm fibrous-covered.
Distrepta vaginata Miers, Trav. Chile 2: 529. 1826. Tecophi-
laea violaeflora Colla, Mem. Accad. Tor. 39: 20. pi 55. 1836.
666 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Although the range extension is unexpected, the material cited
seems to be exactly the same as Chilean specimens.
Lima: San Agustin, 400 meters, Weberbauer 5230, 5225 (det.
Kranzlin). Chile.
5. AGAVE L.
The well-known agave or "maguey" is frequently planted on
stone walls or in hedges. Apparently only one species is concerned,
referred by Weberbauer 83, 161, 176, 297, 299 (following Ruiz and
Pavon), to A. americana L., but a single collection at Berlin-Dahlem,
Weberbauer 2378 from Tarma, is labeled by Trelease "true A. lurida
Ait." Although, as observed by Weberbauer, it is apparently wild
in some places, it is doubtful if it is truly indigenous. Native names
are "pacpa," "cocui" (Spruce), "pita," and "azul champahra." In
Peru as elsewhere it is an important source of fiber. Herrera has noted
that the terms "cceshuapacpa" or "occe-pacpa" apply when it is
grown as a fence to protect chacras, and "orcco-pacpa" applies to
single examples. "Pita," "cabuya," and "cordel" refer to the fiber.
6. FOURCROYA Vent.
Coarse plants similar in habit to Agave, but the flowers whitish
and wheel-shaped, and the filaments fleshy at base. — The name is
spelled variously, originally by the author as above, and also as
Furcraea, but it commemorates Antoine Francois de Fourcroy, a
chemist of the late eighteenth century.
Fourcroya andina Trel. in Bailey, Stand. Cycl. Hort. 3: 1305.
1915. F. Deledevanti Riv. Rev. Cult. Colon. 11: 68. 1902(?).
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, large, with prominent curved remote
teeth. — Apparently the name of Riviere is valid, but Trelease refers
it, with "F. altissima Hort.," to doubtful synonymy, and as I have
not seen the publication, the action is followed. Neg. 9999.
Junin: On the Perene", Furlong, type. — Cuzco: Santa Ana,
Herrera 1000. Cedrobamba, 2,500 meters, Herrera 1721. — Lima:
Matucana, 2,400 meters, 2921. Cabello, 2,400 meters, 1 338. "Chu-
chau," "chunta pacpa."
Fourcroya occidentalis Trel. Bot. Jahrb. 50: Beibl. Ill: 5.
1913.
Leaves narrowly oblong and minutely aculeate. — Most of
Weberbauer's many references to F. cubensis Vent, concern this
FLORA OF PERU 667
plant rather than the preceding. It belongs to the western hill
country, at least typically. Neg. 10000.
Ancash: Matucara, 2,300 meters, Weberbauerl687, type. — Loreto:
Upper Rio Huallaga, 900 meters, Williams 6766 (?) (doubtful, the
flowers smaller and the leaves narrower). — Lima: Matucana, 2,400
meters, 2922. "Penca."
7. ZEPHYRANTHES Herb.
Pyrolirion Herb.
Bulbous plants with short or elongate scapes bearing 1-2 funnel-
shaped flowers, the tube little prolonged. Filaments long, entirely
free. — Cultivated forms taken by Williams include (apparently)
Z. carinata Herb. andZ. gradlifolia (Schult. f.) Baker.
Flowers large (several cm. long), bright-colored.
Perianth throat without scales Z. flava.
Perianth throat with scales within Z. tubiflora.
Flowers small, 1-3 cm. long, pale.
Flowers about 12 mm. long, the tube obsolete Z. gracilis.
Flowers twice as long, with obvious tube.
Tube 5 mm. long; stigmas foliose Z. Briquetii.
Tube 15 mm. long; stigmas capitate Z. parvula.
Zephyranthes Briquetii Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 9. 1931.
Diminutive, the 2-3 linear leaves prostrate, scarcely 1 mm. wide,
3-6 cm. long; scape 1-3 cm. long, 1-flowered; spathe bifid to base,
1.5 cm. long; pedicel 3-4 mm. long; perianth white, sometimes violet-
dotted, 2 cm. long, the slender tube rather abruptly ampliate, the
subequal segments subrotund; filaments free, 3 mm. long, dilated
below, affixed at top of tube; stigma 3-foliose, well included.—
Growing with cushion and rosette plants.
Moquehua: Carumas, Weberbauer 7322.
Zephyranthes flava (Herb.) Baker, Amaryl. 37. 1888. Pyrolir-
ion flavum Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 37. 1821. Z. Beustii Schinz, Viertelj.
Zur. Nat. Ges. 60: 424. 1915(?).
Scapes 1-3 dm. high or taller and exceeding the leaves; flower
yellow, sessile in the membranous sheath, to nearly 1 dm. long;
perianth tube destitute of scales within. — Apparently known only in
cultivation from material sent from Lima in 1834, unless recently
668 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
collected by von Beust (654) but unfortunately without recorded
locality. — Illustrated, Bot. Reg. 20: pi. 1724, as P. aureum.
Zephyranthes gracilis Herb. Amaryl. 172. pi. 29. 1837.
Peduncle short, slender; pedicel shorter than the spathe, this
15 mm. long; perianth white(?), 12 mm. long, the tube nearly
obsolete, the segments oblanceolate, 2 mm. wide, equaled by the
trifid style and nearly by the stamens.
Peru: Puerto de Santa Maria (Ruiz).
Zephyranthes parvula Killip, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 16: 566.
1926.
Peduncle about 1.5 cm. high; spathe closely investing the perianth
tube, this narrowly funnelform and 1.5-2 cm. long, pink above as
also the (5-7 mm. wide) oblong segments; stamens inserted at about
the middle of the tube, reaching the lower third of the segments;
stigmas capitate.
Cuzco: Hills of Sacsahuamdn, 3,500 meters, Herrera 822. "Pulla-
pulla."
Zephyranthes tubiflora (L'He"r.) Schinz, Viertelj. Ziir. Nat.
Ges. 60: 425. 1915. Amaryllis tubiflora L'H^r. Sert. Angl. 10. 1788.
A. aurea R. & P. Fl. 3: 56. pi. 286. 1802. A. peruviana Ker, Bot.
Mag. 27: pi. 1089. 1808. Pyrolirion aureum Herb. App. Bot. Reg.
37. 1821. Z. aurea Baker, Amaryl. 37. 1888.
Similar to Z. flava (which could be treated as a variety), but
the perianth at the throat provided with small toothed scales.—
This, with Hymenocallis, is one of the most attractive flowers in the
green season on the coastal hills.
Lima: Lurin, Chorillos, etc. (Ruiz & Pavdri); (Haenke). "Hua-
mancae de Antibo."
Zephyranthes tubiflora (L'He'r.) Schinz, var. flammea
(R.&P.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 9. 1931. Amaryllis flammea
R. & P. Fl. 3: 56. pi. 286. 1802. Z. flammea Baker, Amaryl. 37. 1888.
Flowers flame-colored.
Lima: Chancai (Ruiz & Pavdn). "Huamancae," "huamancayos."
8. COOPERIA Herb.
Distinguished from Zephyranthes by the white flowers with
greatly elongate, slender tube and very short filaments.
FLORA OF PERU 669
Cooperia albicans (Herb.) Sprague, Kew Bull. 386. 1928.
Pyrolirion albicans Herb. Amaryl. 184. 1837. Zephyranthes albicans
Baker, Amaryl. 38. 1888.
Scapes and narrow leaves 1-2 dm. high; flowers very fragrant,
sessile in the tight spathe, the tube 7 cm. long, slightly widened only
at throat, the lobes 4 cm. long; filaments slightly united at the
broad base, 1 mm. long. — On the sandhills of Mollendo in October.
Arequipa: Ilo (type locality). Near Chule, 80 meters (Gunther &
Buchtien 347). Mollendo, Weberbauer 1510 (det. Kranzlin); 82, 144;
(Albert Paw). "Amancaes," "flor de amancaes."
9. CROCOPSIS Pax
Crocus-like in habit, the solitary, orange and black-dotted flower
rising directly from the bulb, the base more or less concealed in the
sheath and leaves. Otherwise nearly Cooperia, but the tube not
greatly prolonged, and longer filaments more definitely connate at
the base.
Crocopsis fulgens Pax, Bot. Jahrb. 11: 324. 1889.
Leaves 3-4 cm. long; flowers 6 cm. long, the lobes one-third as
long as the tube, the throat 1 cm. broad; filaments 1.5 cm. long.
Peru: Tacore to Tomarape, 4,200 meters (Stuebel, type). — Cuzco:
Redonda, 3,350 meters, Herrera 3040.
10. CHLIDANTHUS Herb.
A rather coarse plant with a solid 2-edged scape arising from
a cluster of several leaves and terminating in an umbel of 1-4 bright
yellow flowers. Filaments short, from a deltoid base; anthers
ligulate.
Chlidanthus fragrans Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 46. 1821.
Flowers sessile or subsessile in the large lanceolate spathes,
fragrant, the tube 3-10 cm. long, tinged with green, the segments
oblong, cuspidate, 3-3.5 cm. long. — Illustrated, Bot. Reg. 8: pi.
640; Fl. Serres 4: pi. 326.
Amazonas: Chachapoyas (Mathews 3180). — Without locality:
(Pavdn). — Arequipa: Lomas of Atiquipa and Capac, Raimondi
(det. Kranzlin). — Tacna: Woitschach. Ecuador; Argentina. "Aman-
caes," "amancay."
670 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
11. CRINUM L.
Similar to Chlidanthus, but the flowers white or reddish, often
many, and the filiform filaments with linear versatile anthers.
—Williams has collected several cultivated species as escapes at
San Roque and on the Amazon, apparently C. asiaticum L., C.
erubescens Ait., and C. zeylanicum L.
Crinum undulatum Hook. Exot. Fl. 3: pi. 200. 1827.
A stout plant from a long-necked bulb; leaves ensiform, to 4.5
dm. long and 2.5 cm. wide, longer than the peduncle; spathe valves
and perianth tube green, the latter twice as long, about 2 dm. long,
curved before the flower expands; segments undulate, 7 cm. long;
filaments red.
Loreto: Ule (det. Kranzlin). Middle Rio Blanco, Tessmann
3063 (det. Kranzlin.) Brazil.
12. HYMENOCALLIS Salisb.
Ismene Salisb. ; Elisena ~H.erb.;Liriope Herb. ; Liriopsis Reichenb.
Stout plants with oblong or linear leaves and solid peduncles
bearing an umbel of several showy, white or yellow flowers. Perianth
tube not at all funnelform, or only above, or broadly funnelform, the
narrow lobes finally spreading. Stamens from a more or less con-
spicuous, often serrate cup, the free part of the filaments often short.
— As with Zephyr anthes, frequently cultivated for the beautiful
fragrant flowers. Williams found H. littoralis (Jacq.) Salisb. culti-
vated or as an escape on the Rio Huallaga.
Perianth tube elongate, narrow or funnelform only above.
Flowers bright yellow H. Amancaes.
Flowers white or more or less tinged with green.
Flowers solitary H. quitoensis.
Flowers 2 or usually several.
Stamen cup irregularly lacerate; tube 2.5 cm. long. . H. nutans.
Stamen cup with rounded but toothed processes; tube 3.5
cm. long or longer.
Filaments 2.5 cm. long or longer H. deflexa.
Filaments 5-12 mm. long.
Perianth tube straight, 3-5 cm. long . . . . H. pedunculata.
Perianth tube funnelform above, 7-10 cm. long.
H. narcissiflora.
FLORA OF PERU 671
Perianth tube broadly funnelform, short.
Filaments 4-6 cm. long H. longipetala.
Filaments half as long or shorter.
Filaments about 3 cm. long H. ringens.
Filaments about 1 cm. long H. sublimis.
Hymenocallis Amancaes (R. & P.) Nichols. Diet. Gard. 2:
165. 1885. Narcissus Amancaes R. & P. Fl. 3: 53. pi. 283. 1802.
Pancratium Amancaes Ker, Bot. Mag. 30: pi. 1224. 1809; Bot.
Reg. 7: pi. 600. 1821. Ismene Amancaes Herb. App. Bot. Reg.
46. 1821.
The only species with yellow flowers; perianth tube tinged with
green, about 7 cm. long, the linear segments bright yellow and 5 cm.
long, or about equaling the cup, this green-striped and toothed. —
The Amancaise or festival of Amancaes celebrated at Lima on June
24 is a gala day somewhat similar to May Day in English lands.
At that time the Amancaes mountain near Lima is glorified with
thousands of the brilliant blossoms, and their abundance and beauty
seem all the more remarkable because of the semi-desert character of
the mountain slopes they color. There is a vivid account by Stewart
of the festival, which is quoted from his "Visit to the South Seas"
in Bot. Mag. 65: under pi. 3675.
Lima: In the loma hills, Weberbauer, 82; 143; 146. Recorded by
Ruiz and Pavon from the hills of Amancaes, Hamancaes, Chancai,
Lurin? and Surco. Atonocongo, 250-500 meters, Pennell 14746.
"Amancaes," "hamancaes."
Hymenocallis deflexa (Herb.) Baker, Amaryl. 128. 1888.
Ismene deflexa Herb. Bot. Reg. 25: Misc. 88. 1839.
Leaves less than 5 cm. wide; flowers 3-4, the curved tube about
3.5 cm. long, the linear segments 7.5-10 cm. long, the funnel-shaped
cup 5-7.5 cm. long, with rounded recurved processes. — Produced by
Col. Trevor Clarke by crossing H. narcissiflora and H. longipetala.
Hymenocallis longipetala (Lindl.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot.
11: 11. 1931. Elisena longipetala Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24: Misc. 45. 1838;
Bot. Mag. 67: pi. 3873. 1841; Saund. Ref. Bot. 4: pi. 264. 1871.
Leaves about 6, to 3.5 cm. wide, shorter than the tall peduncle,
6-9 dm. long; flowers 5-10, the tube 6-9 mm. long, the linear seg-
ments 1 dm. long, the deflexed funnel-shaped cup about 3.5 cm. long,
its edge reflexed.
672 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Lima: (F arris). — Libertad : Prov. Santiago de Chuco, 3,000 meters,
Weberbauer 7204- Prov. Huamachuco, Weberbauer 7213. — Cuzco:
Mollepata, cultivated, Herrera 1457. "Tamancay."
Hymenocallis narcissiflora (Jacq.) Macbr. Meld Mus. Bot.
11: 11. 1931. Pancratium narcissiflorum Jacq. Fragm. Bot. pi.
138. 1809. P. calathiforme Redoute", Lil. 6: pi. 353. 1812. P. cal-
athinum Ker, Bot. Reg. 3: pi. 215. 1817. Ismene calathina Herb.
App. Bot. Reg. 46. 1821; Bot. Mag. 53: pi. 2685. 1826. H. cala-
thina Nichols. Diet. Card. 2: 165. 1885.
Leaves 6-8, to 5 cm. wide and 6 dm. long, about equaling the
2-5-flowered peduncle; perianth segments white, lanceolate, as long
as the green tube, 12 mm. broad; cup green-striped, 5 cm. long and
wider, with rounded spreading toothed processes. — Introduced into
cultivation in 1794. According to Herbert, native to the Andes of
Peru and Bolivia.
Peru : According to Herbert.
Hymenocallis nutans (Herb.) Baker, Amaryl. 128. 1888.
Ismene nutans Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 46. 1821. Pancratium cala-
thinum Ker, Bot. Mag. 38: pi. 1561. 1813, not of later date and
authors.
A species of doubtful origin but Herbert thinks "Andean." Its
tube is only about 2.5 cm. long, the linear segments twice as long, the
cup 3.5 cm. long, and the free filaments 6-8 mm. long.
Hymenocallis pedunculata (Herb.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot.
11: 11. 1931. Ismene pedunculata Herb. Amaryl. 222. pi. 35. 1837.
/. Macleana Herb. Bot. Mag. 65: pi. 3675. 1839. I. virescens Lindl.
Bot. Reg. 27: pi. 12. 1841. H. Macleana Nichols. Diet. Card. 2:
165. 1885.
Similar to H. narcissiflora except for the slender and much
shorter tube, the linear segments, and the shorter cup, about 3.5 cm.
long.
Peru: (Maclean).
Hymenocallis quitoensis Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 44. 1821.
Ismene tenuifolia Baker, Bot. Mag. 104 : pi. 6397. 1878. Pamianthe
quitoensis Stapf, Bot. Mag. pi. 9315. 1933.
A beautiful plant with thin tufted leaves about 2.5 cm. wide, and
a slender peduncle several dm. high, bearing a single large, green
and white flower; tube 7-10 cm. long, the segments lanceolate, 6-7.5
FLORA OF PERU 673
cm. long and 12 mm. broad; cup 5 cm. long, with large, quadrate,
sharply toothed processes between the inflexed filaments, these about
9 mm. long.
Tumbes: Hacienda Chicana, Weberbauer 7628. Ecuador.
Closely related to this species is Pamianthe peruviana Stapf, Gard.
Chron. II. 93: 106. /. 51. 1933; Bot. Mag. 156: pi. 9315. 1933. It was
described from plants grown by Major Albert Pam in his warm-house
at Wormley Bury, Broxbourne, Herts, England, from bulbs col-
lected in the "warm-temperate zone in northern central Peru at an
altitude of 1800 m." The genus Pamianthe needs further study be-
fore its validity is determined.
Hymenocallis ringens (R. & P.) Macbr., comb. nov. Pan-
cratium ringens R. & P. Fl. 3: 53. pi. 283. 1802. Liriope ringens
Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 42. 1821. Elisena ringens Herb. Amaryl.
201. 1837.
Similar to H. longipetala, but flowers much smaller; tube 18mm.
long, the segments only 3.5 cm. long; cup 12 mm. long. — Apparently
known only in cultivation, even by Ruiz and Pavon.
Hymenocallis sublimis (Herb.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11:
11. 1931. Elisena sublimis Herb. Bot. Mag. 67: sub pi. 3873. 1841.
Distinguished from H. ringens by the pedicellate flowers with
segments 5 cm. long, and shorter filaments.
Libertad: Cajamarquilla (Maclean).
13. EUGHARIS Planch.
Well marked by the petioled, ovate to ovate-elliptic leaves and
large white umbellate flowers. Stamens borne from the edge of a
cup, the filaments undulate or dentate below. — Beautiful plants,
well known in cultivation as "Amazon lilies." There are many
illustrations besides those cited here.
Flowers about 5-6 cm. broad.
Perianth tube dilated at throat, to 12 mm. wide . . E. grandiflora.
Perianth tube little dilated, much narrower E.Bakeriana.
Flowers to about 4 cm. broad.
Flowers medium-sized, 3-4 cm. wide, pediceled.
Flowers few, 3-5 E. Ulei.
Flowers 7-10 E. narcissi flora.
674 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Flowers small, about 1.5-2 cm. wide.
Flowers sessile E. galanthoides.
Flowers pediceled E. Castelnaeana.
Eucharis Bakeriana N. E. Brown, Gard. Chron. III. 7: 416.
1890.
Flowers 6 cm. in diameter, the tube little dilated; cup funnel-
form, about 15 mm. deep and wide, with 2 obtuse oblong teeth be-
tween each pair of filaments. — Illustrated, Bot. Mag. 116: pi. 7144.
Loreto: Pampas de Ponasa, Ule (det. Kranzlin). Colombia.
Eucharis Castelnaeana (Baill.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11:47.
1931. Calliphruria Castelnaeana Baill. Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris
2: 1135. 1894.
Apparently very distinct by the small and narrow flowers, the
corolla tube 1.5 cm. long, the limb 2 cm. wide; petioles to 3 times
longer than the oval leaves; peduncle twice as long as the petiole,
bearing several white flowers, the bracts and bractlets scarious;
crown 6-lobed, each lobe 2-toothed; style obtusely 3-lobed. —
Perhaps in the narrow corolla simulating the Colombian genus
Calliphruria Herb., which, however, has free filaments, winged below
and toothed at each side.
Loreto: Pampa del Sacramento (Castelnau).
Eucharis galanthoides (Klotzsch) Planch. & Lind. Cat. 17,
pt. 1: 4. 1862. Mathieua galanthoides Klotzsch, Allg. Gartenz. 21:
337. 1853.
Leaves ovate, blunt, long-petioled, about 1 dm. long and 3
cm. broad ; perianth 3.5 cm. long, the tube 1.5 cm. long, dilated at the
throat to 5 mm. broad, the limb inflated-campanulate, 1.5 cm. long
and broad; cup adnate to the tube throughout, edentate; filaments
slightly dilated at the base; ovary subsessile, 3-celled. — A species
known to me only from a single flower at Dahlem referable to the
genus. Very distinct by its small capitulate sessile white flowers,
and doubtfully referable to the genus.
Piura: Paita, Warscewicz.
Eucharis grandiflora Planch. & Lind. Fl. Serres 9: 255. pi.
957. 1854. E. amazonica Lind. Cat. Hort. 4. 1856.
Perianth tube curved, 5 cm. long, dilated at the throat to 12
mm. wide; cup consisting of 4 quadrate connate segments about 12
mm. long, with a short filament, lanceolate at the base, from the
center of each.
FLORA OF PERU 675
Cajamarca: Prov. Jae"n, Weberbauer 6251 (det. Kranzlin). —
Loreto: Upper Maranon, Tessmann 4782. Middle Ucayali, Tess-
mann 3179. — San Martin: North of Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4642.
San Roque, 1,350 meters, Williams 7802, 7748(1). Lamas, 840 meters,
Williams 6348. Colombia. "Amancay."
Eucharis narcissiflora Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4: 543. 1906.
Leaves about 4 dm. long, the petiole and lance-ovate blade sub-
equal; scape to 4 dm. high, bearing an umbel of 7-10 flowers; pedicels
2-4 cm. long and 6-10 mm. wide; cup 5 mm. high. — Seemingly dif-
ferent from other species in its numerous small flowers, 4 cm. broad,
and long petioles. Fruits of the Williams specimens nearly 2 cm.
broad, the pedicels 1.5 cm. long; seeds black, 8 mm. long, only
slightly lustrous and not at all metallic.
Loreto: Sarayacu to Catalina, Pampa del Sacramento (Huber
1514)- Pebas, Williams 1896 (ex char.). Santa Rosa, Williams 4906
(?; fruit). Puerto Arturo, Williams 5051 (?; fruit). Santa Rosa,
135 meters, Killip & Smith 28886. Puerto Arturo, Killip & Smith
27844. — Junin: Puerto Yessup, 400 meters, Killip & Smith 26394.
"Sacha-cebolla," "amangay."
Eucharis Ulei Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 50: Beibl. Ill: 4. 1913.
Apparently very similar to E. narcissiflora, but the pedicels
mostly shorter, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the flowers fewer, and the cup
7-10 mm. high.— The author referred here doubtfully Vie 5737b,
in fruit, with elliptic rather than oblong-lanceolate leaves. Williams
2629, 2878, and 2619 from La Victoria have the same foliage. The
first is accompanied by flowers; the latter two collections by fruits
with lustrous purple seeds like those of Ule's plant. Williams 4906
and 5051 from the lower Rio Huallaga have dull seeds and elliptic
leaves, and probably represent another species. The following
collections are typical in foliage, and the fruits resemble those
of Ule 5737b. The species is thus variable in leaf form or, more
likely, two species are concerned, the flowers of only one being
known. Neg. 9965.
Loreto: Lower Rio Nanay, Williams 431. Pebas, Williams 1787.
Brazil.
14. STENOMESSON Herb.
Reference: Baker, Amaryl. 113-117. 1888.
Slender-leaved bulbous plants with solid or fistulose scapes,
rarely greatly reduced, bearing one to several umbellate flowers,
676 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
variously colored but never white. Stamens from or below the
edge of a cup which is often toothed between the filaments.—
The species are mostly not well marked, and the following resume"
is compiled chiefly from Baker, Handb. Amaryl. 1888. Two keys are
provided in an attempt to lead to the species accepted by him,
without passing on their validity, often doubtful. The synonymy
is often involved and no attempt has been made to have it complete.
The juice from the bulbs is sometimes used as mucilage.
Key based on flower color
Flowers green or tipped with green, or greenish white, never yellow
or yellowish.
Flowers green throughout.
Cup crenate S. viridiflorum.
Cup deeply 6-cleft S. Elwesii.
Flowers more or less suffused with red.
Flowers red or yellow, or red and yellow or orange, or green-tinged.
Flowers yellow, or in part orange, if rather red, solitary.
Flowers yellow or greenish yellow.
Pedicels 5-10 cm. long; leaves to 2.5 cm. wide S. Pearcei.
Pedicels 1-3 cm. long; leaves to 1.5 cm. wide.
Leaves well developed after the flowers; filaments long.
S. croceum.
Leaves well developed with the flowers; filaments short.
Flowers 2; filaments broad at base S. luteum.
Flowers 1; filaments slender S. Macleanicum.
Pedicels about 2.5 cm. long; leaves about 2.5 cm. wide.
Cup acutely toothed; bulbs somewhat elongate.
Cup teeth simple or reduced S. latifolium.
Cup teeth bifid S. pauciflorum.
Cup shortly and obtusely toothed; bulb depressed.
S. vitellinum.
Flowers bright orange or reddish yellow or, if orange- or blood-
red, solitary.
Flowers 2-6 in an umbel.
Leaves with the flowers; flowers 5-6 cm. long.
S. recurvatum.
FLORA OF PERU 677
Leaves usually after the flowers; flowers 2.5-4 cm. long.
S. aurantiacum.
Flowers solitary S. humile.
Flowers blood-red or scarlet, or sometimes orange-red but not
solitary.
Leaves developed after the flowers.
Cup distinctly toothed S. coccineum.
Cup not toothed S. suspensum.
Leaves developed with the flowers.
Leaves about equaling the scape; flowers not dotted.
S. incarum.
Leaves much exceeding the scape; flowers dotted.
S. longifolium.
Key based mostly on characters
other than color
Stamen cup entire; flowers never green.
Peduncle very short; flower solitary S. humile.
Peduncle well developed; flowers usually 2 to several.
Leaves lanceolate, about 2.5 cm. wide.
Flowers greenish yellow, the throat dilated. . .S. latifolium.
Flowers orange, narrow S. aurantiacum.
Leaves linear, 0.5-1.5 cm. wide.
Leaves usually much exceeding the scape, 4 dm. long or longer;
flowers dotted S. longifolium.
Leaves about equaling the scape or developed after the
flowers; flowers apparently never dotted.
Leaves developed after the flowers.
Flowers horizontal or ascending, yellow or bright orange.
Flowers solitary; filaments about 6 mm. long.
S. Macleanicum.
Flowers several; filaments about 1 cm. long.
Flowers bright orange, the tube not abruptly dilated.
S. aurantiacum.
Flowers yellow, the tube abruptly dilated at the
middle .S. croceum.
Flowers somewhat drooping, bright scarlet.
S. suspensum.
678 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaves developed with the flowers.
Flowers reddish yellow; filaments elongate.
S. recurvatum.
Flowers red or yellow; filaments very short. .
Flowers red, the pedicels flexible or drooping, 4-6.
S. incarum.
Flowers yellow, ascending, 1-2.
Flowers 2; filaments broad at base S. luteum.
Flower 1; filaments slender S. Macleanicum.
Stamen cup toothed or, if merely crenate, the flowers green.
Flowers entirely green.
Stamen cup crenate S. viridiflorum.
Stamen cup deeply 6-cleft S. Elwesii.
Flowers not green, sometimes partly so or green-tinged.
Teeth of the stamen cup entire.
Teeth acute and well developed; flowers red. . . .S. coccineum.
Teeth obtuse or acute but short, or obscure; flowers reddish
or greenish yellow or yellow.
Cup teeth obtuse, short; flowers yellow. . . .S. vitellinum.
Cup teeth obscure; flowers pale yellow or reddish.
Leaves developed with the flowers S. recurvatum.
Leaves developed fully after the flowers . . . S. croceum.
Teeth of the stamen cup bifid or toothed.
Flowers 6-10 cm. long, usually reddish and green-tipped.
S. variegatum.
Flowers 3-5 cm. long, yellow and green-tinged, or red or
orange-red.
Flowers yellow, 2, on short pedicels S. pauciflorum.
Flowers greenish yellow, several, the limb broad; pedicels
5-10 cm. long S. Pearcei.
Stenomesson aurantiacum (HBK.) Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 40.
1821 ; 113. Pancratium aurantiacum HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1 : 280.
1816. S. Hartwegii Lindl. Bot. Reg. 30: pi. 42. 1844.
Bulb globose; leaves linear, well developed only after the flowers;
peduncle 3 dm. long or longer, bearing 3-6 flowers, these sometimes
nodding, about 3.5 cm. long; filaments dilated at base, the cup entire.
FLORA OF PERU 679
Lima: Matucana, Weberbauer 6294 (det. Krause as S. flavum). —
Cajamarca: Rio Huancabamba above Shumaya, Weberbauer 6294
(det. Kranzlin). — Cuzco: Hills of Sacsahuaman, 3,600 meters,
Herrera 1574- Ecuador. "Cebolla-cebolla."
Stenomesson coccineum (R. & P.) Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 40.
1821; 115. Pancratium coccineum R. & P. Fl. 3: 54. pi. 285. 1802.
S. rubrum Herb. Amaryl. 199. pi. 28. 1837. Coburgia coccinea Herb.
Bot. Mag. 67: pi. 3865. 1841. C. venusta Herb. Bot. Reg. 28: Misc.
54. 1842. C. praecipitata Herb. loc. cit.
Leaves 4-5, appearing after the flowers, linear, bright green,
channeled, about 3 dm. long, to 12 mm. wide; flowers 4-8, on pedicels
2.5-4 cm. long, bright or salmon or cinnamon red, 3-4 cm. long,
the tube 4 mm. wide and half as long as the oblong segments; cup
teeth simple or shortly toothed; style finally exserted. — A form with
rose-colored flowers and lanceolate leaves (S. breviflorum Herb.
Amaryl. 199. 1837) was collected by Maclean. Baker suggests that
it is a variety. My specimens from the type locality have shortly
2-toothed cup teeth; No. 1584 has laterally toothed cup teeth.
Weberbauer 1692 has the orange flowers of S. aurantiacum, but the
cup is toothed!
Junin: Tarma (Ruiz & Pav6n); 1078. Rio Maranon, 1980.
Morocancha; Cajamarquilla. — Huanuco: Mito, 1584. — Lima: San
Agustin, Weberbauer 5 (det. Krause as S. flavum). Pacharra, Dom-
bey. — Ancash: Cajabamba, 3,700 meters, Weberbauer 3038 (det.
Kranzlin as S. suspensum, but cup long-toothed, the teeth simple). —
Cuzco: Urubamba Valley, Herrera 1969.
Stenomesson croceum (Savigny) Herb. Amaryl. 199. pi. 28.
1837; 114. Pancratium croceum Savigny in Lam. Encycl. 4: 735.
1797. P. flavum R. & P. Fl. 3: 54. pi. 284. 1802. S. flavum Herb.
Bot. Mag. 53: pi. 2641- 1826, as to name. S. Ruizianum Kunth,
Enum. 5:642. 1850.
Leaves and scape about 3 dm. high; flowers pale yellow, 3.5-5
cm. long or longer, the slender tube abruptly dilated at the middle;
cup indistinctly toothed. — Referred to by Weberbauer, 137, pi. 7;
143; 146; 164; 166.
Lima: Lurin (Ruiz & Pavdn); (Dombey).
Stenomesson Elwesii (Baker) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 10.
1931. Callithauma viridiflorum (R. & P.) Herb. var. Elwesii Baker,
Gard. Chron. n. s. 9: 756. 1878. S. viridiflorum (R. & P.) Benth.
var. Elwesii Baker, Amaryl. 116. 1888.
680 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Stamen cup deeply 6-cleft, the lobes quadrate and emarginate. —
Although no further differences between S. viridiflorum and this
plant have been described, the floral structure is so entirely at
variance to that of the former species that it appears to merit more
than varietal recognition. Known only in cultivation, by Elwes.
Stenomesson humile (Herb.) Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot. 5:
pi. 308. 1872; 114. Clitanthes humilis Herb. Bot. Reg. 25: Misc. 87.
1839. Coburgia humilis Herb. op. cit. 28: 55. 1842. S. acaule Kranzl.
Bot. Jahrb. 40: 237. 1908.
A readily recognized species by virtue of its crocus-like habit,
the very short (to 1 dm.) peduncle bearing a single erect orange-red
flower; leaves linear, at anthesis only 2-4 cm. long, developing to 3
dm. long; flowers 5-6 cm. long; cup entire. Neg. 97.
Junin: La Oroya, 3,700 meters, Weberbauer 1714; 180; 182.
Palcamayo, 3,300 meters (Maclean). — Cuzco: At 4,000 meters
(Pearce). — Ancash: Huaras, Raimondi.
Stenomesson incarum Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 238. 1908.
Coburgia minita Lindl. Bot. Reg. 30: Misc. 13. 1844 (?).
Bulb globose; leaves before anthesis 3-3.5 dm. long, to 12 mm.
wide; flowers 4 or 5, nodding, 6 cm. long, gradually ampliate to nearly
2 cm. wide; cup not toothed; filaments very short; style and stamens
subequal. — Allied to S. coccineum and S. suspensum. Rocky places
in the lomas. Neg. 9967.
Arequipa: Tambo, near Mollendo, Weberbauer 1564; 146. Below
Cachendo, 800 meters (Gunther &Buchtien 344)-
Stenomesson latifolium Herb. Bot. Mag. 67: pi. 3803. 1841;
114. Chrysiphiala flava Ker, Bot. Reg. 10: pi. 778. 1824, as to plant.
S. flavum Herb. Bot. Mag. 53: pi. 2641. 1826, as to plant. S. flavum
of auth., not R. & P.
Leaves oblanceolate, several dm. long and about 2.5 cm. wide,
equaling the peduncle; flowers 4-6, the tube greenish or pale yellow,
the limb and lobes bright yellow; cup teeth more or less regularly
developed, simple and acute; style finally exserted. — The inter-
pretation of the application of the names S. croceum and S. flavum
is that of Herbert and Baker. To avoid confusion, the name S.
flavum should not be used for the S. flavum of authors, and since the
name S. latifolium seems to refer to essentially the same plant, it
becomes the next available name.
Lima: (Maclean). — Cuzco: Above Piri, Weberbauer 4935; 243.
FLORA OF PERU 681
Stenomesson longifolium Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 238. 1908.
Allied to S. recurvatum, but the leaves greatly elongate, 4 dm.
or longer, the red, apparently dotted flowers 4 cm. long, and the
filaments very short. Flowers nodding only after anthesis. Neg.
9966.
Lima: Tambo de Viso, Weberbauer 121, type. Between Surco and
Matucana, Raimondi. Rocky cliff, Matucana, 2942, 461 . — Arequipa :
Mascuri, Raimondi. "Amancay Colorado."
Stenomesson luteum (Herb.) Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot. 5:
sub pi. 308. 1872; 115. Clinanthus luteus Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 40.
1821. Clitanthes lutea Herb. Bot. Reg. 25: Misc. 87. 1839. Cobur-
gia lutea Herb. op. cit. 28: Misc. 55. 1842.
Leaves linear, 1-2 dm. long, about equaling the 2-flowered scape;
pedicels 3 cm. long or shorter; perianth yellow, 5 cm. long, funnel-
form, erect or ascending; filaments broadly winged below with no
space between them. — Later referred by Baker to S. recurvatum.
Peru: (Ruiz, type).
Stenomesson Macleanicum (Herb.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot.
11: 10. 1931; 115. Clitanthes Macleanica Herb. Bot. Reg. 25: Misc.
87. 1839. Coburgia Macleanica Herb. op. cit. 28: Misc. 55. 1842.
Similar to S. luteum, but the scape 1-flowered and the cup truncate
between the slender filaments. — Referred by Baker to S. recurvatum.
Lima: At about 3,500 meters, below Chicla above San Mateo
(Maclean, type).
Stenomesson pauciflorum (Lindl.) Herb. Amaryl. 198. pi.
28. 1837; 114. Chrysiphiala pauciflora Lindl. ex Hook. Exot. Fl.
2: pi. 132. 1825.
Similar to S. latifolium, but the thick golden-yellow green-tipped
flower with an abruptly ampliate limb, and the short teeth between
the filaments bifid. — With its variety it approaches S. variegatum.,
of which it is perhaps only a variety. Introduced from Peru by
Cowan in 1824, and apparently not recollected. By Baker, with the
following variety, treated as a variant of S. flavum.
Stenomesson pauciflorum var. curvidentatum (Herb.)
Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 11. 1931. S. curvidentatum Herb. Bot.
Mag. 53: pi. 2640. 1826.
Perianth slender, and bifid cup teeth elongate. — Apparently
not known since its introduction in 1825.
682 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Stenomesson Pearcei Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot. 5: pL 308.
1873; 113.
Related to S. pauciflorum; leaves developed after(?) the flowers,
several dm. long; peduncle 6-9 dm. high; flowers 6-8, only 3-4 cm.
long, the limb broad, yellow or green- tinged ; cup teeth bifid. — The
Weberbauer specimen was referred by Kranzlin to S. latifolium, but
the cup teeth are bifid!
Cuzco: Ollantaitambo, 2,800 meters, Herrera 698. Piri, 3,000
meters, Weberbauer 4935. — Junin: Yanahuanca, 3,000 meters, 1227.—
Puno(?): (Lechler). Bolivia.
Stenomesson recurvatum (R. & P.) Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot.
5: sub pi. 308. 1872; 115. Pancratium recurvatum R. & P. Fl. 3:
54. pi. 285, f a. 1802. (?) Coburgia recurvata Herb. Bot. Reg. 28:
54. 1842. Carpodetes recurvata Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 41. 1821.
Leaves linear, 3 dm. long and to 1 cm. wide, developed with the
flowers and about equaling the peduncle; pedicels 2.5-9 cm. long;
flowers reddish yellow or rarely yellowish, 6 cm. long; cup obscurely
toothed; style finally exserted. — Baker, probably rightly, refers here
Coburgia discolor, C. obragillensis, and C. angusta, all proposed by
Herbert, Bot. Reg. 28: 54-55. 1842.
Lima: Canta and Obrajillo (Ruiz & Pavdn). Raimondi (det.
Herb. Dahlem as S. aurantiacum). "Chihuanhuaita."
Stenomesson suspensum Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot. 1: pi.
22. 187. 1869; 115.
Leaves and slender peduncle about 3 dm. long; flowers 4-6,
drooping, on pedicels 2.5-4 cm. long, bright scarlet, the limb 2.5-3
cm. long; filaments lanceolate at base, with no tooth between them.
—Described from cultivated plants.
Libertad: Prov. Otuzco, 1,200 meters, Weberbauer 6985.
Stenomesson variegatum (R. & P.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot.
11: 11. 1931; 115. Pancratium variegatum R. & P. Fl. 3: 55. 1802.
P. incarnatum HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 280. 1816. Coburgia
trichroma Herb. Bot. Mag. 67: pi. 3867. 1841. C. variegata Herb.
Amaryl. 196. 1837. C.fulva Herb. Bot. Reg. 18: pi. 1497. 1832; Bot.
Mag. 60: pi. 3221. 1833. S. incarnatum Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot.
5 : sub pi. 308. 1872.
Bulb with a well-developed neck; leaves several, with the flowers,
several dm. long and about 2.5 cm. wide; peduncle stout, hollow,
to 6 dm. high; flowers 2-4, on short pedicels, the curved tube 6-8
683
cm. long, pale or bright red or tawny, the segments, conspicuously
keeled with green, 2-2.5 cm. long; filaments united below, with a
bifid tooth between them. — Variable in color and, according to
Baker, Coburgia chachapoyensis, C. versicolor, C. laeta, and C. langensis
proposed by Herbert, Bot. Reg. 28: Misc. 53. 1842, are only forms.
There are further synonyms.
Amazonas: Chachapoyas (Mathews). — Cuzco: Hills of Sacsahua-
man, Herrera 37, 197, 1265. "Naihua," "flor del clarin," "huac-
canquilla."
Stenomesson viridiflorum (R. & P.) Benth. & Hook. Gen.
PI. 3: 733. 1883; 116. Pancratium viridiflorum R. & P. Fl. 3: 55.
1802. Callithauma viridiflorum Herb. Amaryl. 225. 1837; Bot. Mag.
67: pi. 3866. 1841.
A remarkable species, to 1 meter high, the stout peduncle bearing
several emerald-green flowers 7 cm. long; leaves 2-2.5 cm. wide;
stamens inserted below the edge of the crenate cup, equaling the
perianth segments; style not exserted. — The var. angustifolium
(Herb.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 10. 1931 has narrower leaves,
stamens shorter than the segments, and style exserted.
Junin: Woods, Huasahuasi (Ruiz & Pavdn). Rocky headlands,
Palca (Ruiz & Pavdn; Maclean).
Stemonesson vitellinum Lindl. Bot. Reg. 29: pi. 2. 1843; 114.
Confused with S. latifolium and S. croceum, but the long peduncle
arising abruptly from the much-flattened bulb, and the cup teeth
short, obtuse, and entire. — Apparently known only in cultivation.
Lima: (Maclean).
Callithauma (?) spathulatum Herb. Amaryl. 225. 1837, with coriace-
ous petioled spatulate leaves, may be a Peruvian species of Steno-
messon related to S. viridiflorum. It is practically a nomen nudum.
75. HIPPEASTRUM Herb.
Reference: L. H. Bailey in Bailey, Stand. Cycl. Hort. 1492-
1494. 1915.
Vigorous bulbous plants with stout hollow peduncles bearing
2 to several large and very showy flowers. Throat of the perianth
closed or provided with a crown or scales. — This genus is the amaryllis
of cultivation, but the true Amaryllis is restricted more or less
684 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
arbitrarily to a single species with a solid peduncle and without scales
between the filaments.
Perianth tube 2.5 cm. long or shorter.
Perianth throat narrowed, or closed by a neck or collar.
Plant entirely leafless at flowering H. fuscum.
Plant with at least developing leaves at anthesis.
Flowers red-spotted; stigma capitate H. pardinum.
Flowers striped, not spotted; stigma 3-parted. . . H.Forgetii.
Perianth throat not constricted.
Flowers with 2 red feathery stripes on each side of the segments;
stigma 3-parted H. vittatum.
Flowers evenly red, at least in part.
Flowers bright red with a green-white base . . . . H. puniceum.
Flowers red but with a white star in the throat or a bifid white
mark on each segment.
Leaves developing after the flowers H. reginae.
Leaves developing with the flowers.
Perianth segments 5 cm. wide; anthers 12 mm. long or
longer H. Leopoldii.
Perianth segments 2.5-3 cm. wide; anthers 6 mm. long.
H. miniatum.
Perianth tube about 1 dm. long H. solandriflorum.
Hippeastrum Forgetii Worsley, Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc. 38:
73. 1912.
Intermediate between H. vittatum and H. pardinum; flowers only
partially striped, green at base; leaves well developed at flowering
time.
Cuzco: (Forget}.
Hippeastrum fuscum Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 237. 1908.
Flowers dark-dotted, about 1 dm. long, the segments only 2.5-
3.5 cm. broad. Neg. 341.
Puno: Between Sandia and Cuyocuyo, 2,500 meters, Weberbauer
1056; 237.
Hippeastrum Leopoldii (Moore) Dombrain, Floral Mag. 9:
pi. 475-476. 1870. Amaryllis Leopoldii Moore, Gard. Chron. 30:
733. pi. 140. 1870.
FLORA OF PERU 685
Flowers nearly regular, about 1.5 dm. across, the segments 5 cm.
wide, bright red at the middle, white toward the tip and with a bifid
white mark in the red below, the throat greenish white.
Peru: (Pearce).
Hippeastrum miniatum (R. & P.) Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 31.
1821. Amaryllis miniata R. & P. Fl. 3: 57. 1802.
Nearly H. reginae, but apparently the leaves developing earlier.
—The validity of this species is doubtful.
Cuzco: Valley of the Apurimac, Herrera 807 (det. Herb. Dahlem).
— Huanuco: Chinchao, etc. (Ruiz & Pavon). Quebrada of Paria-
huanco (Mathews). "Lacre de montana," "aputocto," "apotocto."
Hippeastrum pardinum (Hook, f.) Dombrain, Floral Mag. 6:
pi. 344- 1867. Amaryllis pardina Hook. f. Bot. Mag. 93: pi. 5645.
1867.
Readily known by the greenish yellow flowers densely spotted
with red, the segments about 4 cm. broad but much narrowed at
the base.
Peru: (Pearce).
Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) Urban, Symb. Ant. 4: 151.
1903. Amaryllis punicea Lam. Encycl. 1: 122. 1783. H. equestre
Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 31. 1821. A. equestris Ait. Hort. Kew. 1: 417.
1789.
This is the widely cultivated and widely distributed "Barbados
lily." The flowers are sometimes 10 cm. across, with a green tube
2.5 cm. long. — Illustrated, Bot. Mag. 9: pi. 305.
Puno: Valley of Sangaban, Raimondi. — Loreto: Middle Ucayali,
Tessmann 3126. Chanchahuayo (Huber 1386). Pebas and Caballo-
cocha, Williams. — Junin: Chinchao Valley, Weberbauer 6816 (det.
Kranzlin). Mexico to Chile and Brazil.
Hippeastrum reginae (L.) Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 31. 1821.
Amaryllis reginae L. Syst. ed. 10. 977. 1759. H. stenopetalum A.
Dietr. ex Koch, Wochenschr. 37. 1874(7).
Flowers bright red with a large, greenish white star in the throat,
the segments 2.5-3 cm. wide; stigma slightly lobed. — Illustrated,
Bot. Mag. 13: pi. 453.
Junin: Chanchamayo, Raimondi (det. Herb. Berol.).
686 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Hippeastrum solandriflorum Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 31. 1821.
The long, greenish white, funnel-shaped flowers identify this
species. — There are illustrations in Bot. Mag. 52: pi. 2573, and 66:
pi. 3771.
Cuzco: Valley of the Apurimac, 2,700 meters, Herrera 1242.
Valley of Paucartambo, 3,450 meters, Herrera 199. Brazil to
Colombia and the Guianas. "Jamancai."
Hippeastrum vittatum (L'HeY.) Herb. App. Bot. Reg. 31.
1821. Amaryllis vittata L'He>. Sert. Angl. 13. 1788.
The only species whose flowers are striped with red between the
white keel and white, more or less irregular edges of each perianth
segment. The flowers are 7-12 cm. across, the segments 2.5 to nearly
4 cm. broad. — Illustrated, Bot. Mag. 4: pi. 129.
Peru: Said to be a native of the Andes and introduced into Europe
in 1769. A common species of cultivation.
16. URCEOLINA Reichenb.
Sphaerotele Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 119. pi. 16. 1827; Sphaerothele
Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 3: 733. 1883.
Bulbous plants with petioled, oblong or lanceolate leaves, often
developed after the slender-pediceled pendulous umbellate flowers.
Perianth tube cylindrical but suddenly dilated, the upper portion dis-
tinctly urceolate. — Except for lacking the cup, the genus approaches
Stenomesson. The generic name is conserved in preference to several
earlier ones.
Flowers red, not green or white-tipped U. peruviana.
Flowers not red, or at least green-tipped.
Flowers 5 cm. long or longer, the slender tube abruptly terminating.
U. urceolata.
Flowers 3.5 cm. long or shorter, the tube more or less dilated at tip.
Lobes white-margined; tube 6-12 mm. long.
Tube about 12 mm. long U. fulva.
Tube about 6 mm. long U. microcrater.
Lobes green-margined; tube less than 2.5 cm. long.
U. latifolia.
Urceolina fulva Herb. Amaryl. 194. pi. 26. 1837. U. pendula
Herb. var. fulva Herb, ex Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 117: 4. 1916.
FLORA OF PERU 687
Similar to U. latifolia, but the flowers more slender and the much
narrower tube only slightly dilated beneath the tawny or yellow,
apparently white-margined limb which is nearly 2.5 cm. long;
leaf blades about 2.2 dm. long and 1 dm. wide, the petiole 1 dm. long.
Peru: Parcahuanca (Mathews 868).
Urceolina latifolia (R. & P.) Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. 3: 732.
1883. Pancratium latifolium R. & P. Fl. 3: 54. pi. 284. 1802.
Petioles only 2-3 cm. long; flowers 6-8, yellow or reddish, tipped
with green and white, the thickish tube dilated suddenly into a
funnel in the upper third, the segments to 2.5 cm. long.
Junin: Vitoc (Ruiz & Pavon). Ecuador.
Urceolina microcrater Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 117: 3.
1916.
Leaves absent at anthesis; flowers about 5; tube green, slightly
dilated to 6 mm. ; perianth campanulate, with lanceolate yellow lobes
2 cm. long, green-margined and white-tipped. Neg. 9998.
Huanuco : Posuso Valley, 1,600 meters, Weberbauer 6741 • Posuso,
600 meters, 4712. Rio Huallaga below Rio Santo Domingo, 1,200
meters, 4245.
Urceolina peruviana (Presl) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 11.
1931. Sphaerotele peruviana Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 120. pi. 16. 1827.
Pentlandia miniata Herb. Bot. Reg. 25: pi. 68. 1839. P. miniata
var. lacunosa and var. Sulivanica Herb. loc. cit. S. coccinea Link,
Kl. & Otto, Icon. 95. pi. 38. 1842. U. miniata Benth. & Hook.
Gen. PI. 3: 732. 1883.
Leaves produced after the flowers, narrowed at each end, to
3.5 cm. wide at the middle or narrower; flowers 2-6, scarlet or reddish
yellow, the limb 3.5 cm. long, the lower half of the tube cylindrical
but the upper somewhat urceolate. — The flowers, as Herbert remarks,
simulate those of Stenomesson croceum, and connect the genera. The
stamens are exserted several millimeters.
Cuzco: Urubamba Valley, 3,200 meters, Herrera 1120. Quis-
picancha (Pentland, type). — Lima: (Maclean). — Puno: Sandia,
Weberbauer 1354a (det. Kranzlin). — Apurimac: Prov. Cotabambas,
Raimondi. — Without locality: Mathews. Bolivia. "Uluipina,"
"caruay pifia."
Urceolina urceolata (R. & P.) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitt.
Eur. Fl. 3: 409. 1906. Crinum urceolatum R. & P. Fl. 3: 58. pi. 287.
688 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII
1802. U. pendula Herb. Amaryl. 193. 1837; Bot. Mag. 90: pi. 5464*
1864.
Readily known by its narrow green tube 2.5 cm. long, which is
most abruptly dilated for the upper third, this bright yellow; limb
green, with a white edge. — The leaves, to 1 dm. wide, borne on
elongate petioles, are developed with the flowers. The first Weber-
bauer collection was referred by Kranzlin to U. latifolia.
Huanuco: Posuso and Pampayacu (Ruiz & Pavdn). — Junin:
Rio Portachuelo, Weberbauer 6652. — Cuzco: Marcapata Valley,
1,600 meters, Weberbauer 7822.
17. PH AEDRAN ASS A Herb.
Very similar to Urceolina except that the flowers are cylindrical
from base to apex. — Besides the species recorded, P. dubia (HBK.)
Macbr. (P. chloracea Herb.) of Ecuador is to be expected. It has red
flowers, deeply stained at the tip with green, the tube somewhat
shorter than the segments, and the style well exserted.
Flowers greenish.
Leaves several; flowers many P. megistophylla.
Leaves solitary; flowers few P. viridiflora.
Flowers red, with green tips P. Carmioli.
Phaedranassa Carmioli Baker in Saund. Ref. Bot. 1: pi. 46.
1869.
Leaves 1-2, oblong-lanceolate, acute, to 7.5 cm. wide and 6 dm.
long, equaling the glaucous-green peduncle; flowers 8-10, on pedicels
2.5 cm. long; perianth limb 5 cm. long, the tube 3 times longer than
the oblong-lanceolate connivent segments which are green with a
pale edge; style not reaching tip of stamens. — It would seem, from a
range standpoint, that the following collection is referable rather to
P. dubia (see under generic description).
Cuzco: At 3,450 meters (Herrera). Costa Rica.
Phaedranasssa megistophylla Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl.
117: 2. 1916.
Largest leaves about 4 dm. long and 1 dm. broad; peduncle
7-10 dm. high, bearing as many as 20 blue-green flowers on pedicels
6-8 cm. long; perianth segments connate below, 4 cm. long. Neg. 340.
Cajamarca: Between Bellavista and the mouth of the Chinchipe,
500 meters, Weberbauer 6225. "Oreja de burro."
FLORA OF PERU 689
Phaedranassa viridiflora Baker, Gard. Chron. n. ser. 8: 134.
1877.
A single lanceolate leaf to 5 cm. wide; flowers about 4, drooping,
greenish yellow but whitish toward the base and green at the tip,
3.5 cm. long.
Cajamarca: Prov. Jae"n, Weberbauer 6228 (det. Kranzlin).—
Huancayo: On the way to the montana, Raimondi. Ecuador.
18. EUCROSIA Ker
Callipsyche Herb. Bot. Reg. 28: Misc. 49. 1842.
Allied to Phaedranassa, which it resembles in foliage, but the
funnelform flowers irregular, with very long-exserted stamens.—
Besides the species listed, E. bicolor Ker, with orange-red and E.
aurantiaca (Baker) Pax with bright yellow flowers, both Ecuadorian,
may be expected.
Eucrosia eucrosioides (Herb.) Pax, Pflanzenfam. II. 5: 115.
1887. Callipsyche eucrosioides Herb. Bot. Reg. 28: Misc. 50. 1842.
C. mexicana Roem. Syn. Ensat. 155. 1847.
Flowers fewer than a dozen, green except for the scarlet limb
which is about 2.5 cm. long; stamens over 1 dm. long. — Except for the
Weberbauer collection, with no locality indicated, known only in
cultivation.
Peru: Weberbauer 9.
19. EUSTEPHIA Cav.
Slender plants, the compressed scape, terminating in an umbel of
several to many pediceled flowers. Perianth regular, the tube short;
filaments free but narrowly or broadly winged in the lower half, and
with a slender tooth on each side.
Eustephia armifera Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 47. 1931.
Conspicuously leafy, the nearly oblong leaves 2-3 dm. long, 12-
15 mm. wide, lax and probably sometimes prostrate; scape about 1.5
dm. tall; larger bract nearly 4 cm. long; flowers about 5, 2.5-3 cm.
long, subsessile, gradually ampliate, the tube obsolete, the very
unequal lobes 6-8 mm. long; filaments narrowly winged, the lateral
teeth borne at the apex just below the anther, this 7 mm. long, sub-
equal to the discoid foliose stigma. — The collector described the
flowers as "blood-red without, yellowish within." The stamen
recalls to mind the ancient type of spear.
690 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Cuzco: Grassy places in shrub-wood, Marcapata, 3,100 meters,
Weberbauer 7806, type.
Eustephia coccinea Cav. Icon. PI. 3: 20. pi. 238. 1794. E. Mac-
leanica Herb. Bot. Mag. 67: sub. pi. 3865. 1841(7).
Leaves 3-4, linear, developing after the flowers, several dm. long,
as also the scape; pedicels to 2.5 cm. long; perianth bright red, tipped
with green, 3-3.5 cm. long. — Until recently, known only in cultiva-
tion from Andean plants sent to England by Maclean.
Cuzco: About Cuzco, 3,400 meters, Herrera 806. — Huanuco:
Rio Maranon below Chavanillo, 2,250 meters, 2304-. — Junin: Yana-
huanca, 3,000 meters, 11 77. "Campanilla," "uluipifia," "para-para."
32. TACCACEAE
Reference: Limpricht, Pflanzenr. IV. 42. 1928.
Tacca Ulei Limpricht, op. cit. 22, has been found at Manaos,
Brazil, so the occurrence in Peru of this or other species is probable.
T. Ulei has part of the leaves entire and lacks the curious filiform
bract-like structures that are so conspicuous among the bracteate
leaves in some other species.
33. DIOSCOREACEAE. Yam Family
Reference: R. Knuth, Pflanzenr. IV. 43. 1924.
1. DIOSCOREA [Plum.] L.
Herbaceous or ligneous vines with alternate or opposite, more or
less cordate-based leaves and tiny, usually dioecious, 6-parted flowers.
Stamens 6 or 3, or 3 often reduced to staminodia. Fruit a 3-winged
capsule. Seeds more or less winged. — Knuth arranges the species
according to the character of the fruits and seeds, but the pistillate
plants of the Peruvian forms are mostly unknown. The tuber of
D. trifida L. is the well-known "yam," or in Spanish "name" or some
modification of this name. The widely distributed (but not native
to America) and widely grown D. alata L. (called "sacha-papa"
according to Poeppig, Reise 2: 377), known by the many little bulbs
borne on the stems, probably occurs in some parts of Peru, as already
recorded from the Amazon region. Determinations by or verified
by Knuth. All key statements, unless otherwise stated, apply to the
staminate plants.
FLORA OF PERU 691
Leaves lobed or 3-5-foliolate.
Leaves mostly 3-parted to the base.
Flowers solitary.
Male flowers pedicellate; anthers small D. trifoliata.
Male flowers sessile; anthers large D. cubijensis.
Flowers glomerulate D. trisecta.
Leaves more or less deeply 3-5-lobed D. trifida.
Leaves entire or at least not lobed (the base often cordate).
A. Vines.
B. Flowers, at least the male, mostly fasciculate, partly in
clusters of 2-3.
C. At .least some of the male flowers pedicellate or the
fascicles pedicellate.
Leaves small, only to 3 cm. long and 13-14 mm. wide.
D. Weberbaueri.
Leaves rather to much larger.
D. Leaves firm or papery, mostly longer than 4 cm., the
cross veins obvious.
Racemes 2-8 cm. long, or few, if any, longer.
Leaves glabrous.
Leaves cordate-lunate at base D. putisensis.
Leaves rounded-cordate at base. .D. callacatensis.
Leaves puberulent on the nerves beneath.
D. ainensis.
Racemes or the inflorescence mostly more than 1 dm.
long (1-5 dm.).
Leaves glabrous; racemes few to many.
Leaves cordate.
Sinus about 1 cm. deep.
Sinus open; leaves acutely acuminate.
D. moyobambensis.
Sinus narrow; leaves obtuse, mucronulate.
D. tambillensis.
Sinus about 5 mm. deep.
Leaves merely acute . .D. iquitosensis.
Leaves often mucronate D. ramonensis.
Leaves rounded at base D. apurimacensis.
692 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaves puberulent beneath; racemes many.
Leaves large (to 1.5 dm.), with 9-13 nerves.
D. Stegelmanniana.
Leaves about half as large, the nerves fewer.
D. tarmensis.
D. Leaves very thin, rarely 4 cm. long, the cross veins
obscure D. chancayensis.
C. Flowers and glomerules sessile.
Spikes usually simple or not corymbed with spreading
branches.
Leaves more or less lunate-cordate at base; stamens 3.
Inflorescence often 1-2-branched ; leaves usually 6-10
cm. wide D. polygonoides.
Spikes simple; leaves rarely 5 cm. wide. .D. elegans.
Leaves V-cordate at base; stamens 6 D. sandiensis.
Spikes branched or corymbose.
Spikes glabrous, as also the leaves.
Leaves about 2.5 cm. wide D. apurimacensis.
Leaves about 10 cm. wide D. perenensis.
Rachis pubescent, as also the leaves beneath.
D. arifolia.
B. Flowers, at least male, solitary or mostly not definitely
fasciculate.
E. Flowers many, the stamens not connate.
Leaves definitely pubescent beneath or the hairs fasciculate-
stellate.
Leaves cordate at base.
Leaves 12-14-nerved D. grandis.
Leaves 7-9-nerved.
Inflorescence spicate, branching.
Leaves glabrous above D. arifolia.
Leaves minutely scabrous above (typically).
D. amarantoides.
Inflorescence racemose, simple D. calcensis.
Leaves attenuate at base D. Pavonii.
Leaves (mature) glabrous or merely scabrous or minutely
puberulent on the nerves.
FLORA OF PERU 693
Flowers sessile.
Spikes neither panicled nor corymbed (rarely in D.
bulbifera).
Leaves 9-nerved, more or less cordate; stems terete
or subangled.
Leaves deeply cordate.
Spikes mostly 3 in each axil D. bulbi/era,'
Spikes mostly solitary D. Poeppigii.
Leaves shallowly cordate D. pozucoensis.
Leaves 5-7-nerved, sub truncate; stems sometimes
angled.
Stems angled, herbaceous, slender. . . .D. riparia.
Stems terete, subligneous, stout D. Klugii.
Spikes paniculate or corymbose, at least the upper.
Woody vine, the leaves 2-2.5 cm. wide.
D. apurimacensis.
Herbaceous, the leaves wider.
Leaves conspicuously reticulate-veined and lus-
trous above D. Macbrideana.
Leaves neither conspicuously reticulate nor lus-
trous.
Leaf sinus 2-4 cm. deep D. chagllaensis.
Leaf sinus about 1 cm. deep or shallower.
Leaves somewhat bulging above the base;
fruits about 1 cm. long. .D. nicolasensis.
Leaves gradually narrowed to tip; fruit
somewhat larger.
Leaves more or less cordate at base; spikes
to 4 cm. long D. amarantoides.
Leaves truncate or subtruncate at base;
spikes often longer. .D. pinedensis.
Flowers pedicellate.
Pedicels 5-8 mm. long or longer or the racemes very lax.
Leaves 13-15-nerved.
Stems scarcely if at all sulcate D. mitoensis.
Stems deeply sulcate D. grandis.
694 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaves 5-9-nerved.
Leaves 7-9-nerved, about 1 dm. long.
D. piperifolia.
Leaves 5(-7)-nerved, about half as long.
D. quispicanchensis.
Pedicels 1-4 mm. long (cf. D. piperifolia with very
lax racemes).
Male racemes rarely single, simple, or sometimes
branched (D. coriacea).
Petioles 1.5-3 cm. long.
Stamens 6; leaf nerves glabrous or the pubes-
cence minute.
Leaves about 1 dm. long. . . .D. larecajensis.
Leaves about half as long.
Leaves thin, the veinlets obscure.
D. chancayensis.
Leaves firm, the veinlets obvious.
D. syringaefolia.
Stamens 3; leaves glabrous or arachnoid.
Flowers 4-5 mm. broad; conspicuous nerves
7-9 D. tayacajensis.
Flowers half as broad; conspicuous nerves 3.
D. incayensis.
Petioles much shorter D. coriacea.
Male racemes single, or branched.
Leaves cordate-lanceolate, about 13 cm. long and
9 cm. wide or smaller.
Longer petioles to 6 cm.; stems about 3-4
mm. thick.
Inflorescence ample, much branched.
D. Wittiana.
Inflorescence simple or partly so.D. cakensis.
Longer petioles to 2.5 cm. long; stems slenderer.
D. coriacea.
Leaves cordate-ovate or subrotund, the larger
about 2 dm. broad.
Stems rigid, subterete; style column very short.
D. Haenkeana.
FLORA OF PERU 695
Stems sulcate-angled; style column elongate (?).
Leaves not caudate-acuminate.
D. dodecaneura.
Leaves markedly caudate-acuminate.
D. huallagensis.
E. Flowers few (about 4) or sometimes 12 and the stamens
connate.
Leaves puberulent beneath.
Sinus widely open D. monadelpha.
Sinus closed below by the lobes D. mitoensis.
Leaves glabrous or soon glabrous beneath . . . D. longirachis.
A. Erect herb a few cm. high D. ancachsensis.
Dioscorea ainensis Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 29: 93. 1931.
Stems 3-4 mm. thick, sulcate and minutely puberulent; leaves
6-8 cm. remote, on slender petioles often 4.5 cm. long, 9-nerved,
cordate-acuminate, incised 1 cm. at base, abruptly caudate, the
acumen very acute, 1 cm. long; male racemes 6-10 cm. long, 1-3 in
the axils or corymbed; fascicles 1-3-flowered, 2-4 mm. distant;
perianth campanulate, 3-3.5 mm. long, the obtuse lanceolate lobes
red-glandular-punctate, little exceeding the stamens. — Sect. Macro-
gynodium.
Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac (Killip &
Smith 2271*2}.
Dioscorea amarantoides Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 134. 1827; 243.
More or less pubescent or sometimes glabrous; leaves cordate-
ovate or cordate-lanceolate, more or less scabrous above, 7-nerved,
sometimes small or very large but usually about 1 dm. long and half
as broad; petioles from 2.5 cm. long, typically, as the leaves beneath,
villous; male spikes 2.5 to nearly 4 cm. long, congested in panicles
as much as 4 dm. long; stamens 3; capsule 2 cm. wide and 13 mm.
long. — The principal Peruvian variations have been recorded by
Knuth as var. cruminigera (Mart.) Uline, with oblong-ovate glaucous
leaves with narrow sinuses; var. pendula (Poeppig) Knuth with the
ovate-lanceolate leaves sparsely scabrous beneath; var. decorticans
(Presl) Uline with elliptic-rotund leaves, these all pubescent; and
vars. Ulei Knuth and paniculata Knuth, with glabrous leaves, in
the latter with exceptionally elongate panicles.
696 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2446b; Spruce 3899. — Huanuco:
(Haenke). Casapi, Poeppig 1074, type. Rio Acre, Ule 9171,
9172, 91 73.— Without locality: Ruiz & Pavdn.
Dioscorea ancachsensis Knuth, Pflanzenr. IV. 43: 202. 1924.
A glabrous, glaucous, nearly succulent, diminutive plant from a
tuber 2 cm. thick, the branchlets square; male flowers many, in
subumbellate fascicles; leaves cordate or triangular-rotund, about
8 mm. long and broad, but the upper even smaller; female spikes
solitary, 2-3-flowered; stamens 6; capsule apparently rotund-
quadrangular. — The specific name is from that of the department,
which is sometimes spelled Ancach. Neg. 10419.
Ancash: Prov. Pallasca, 3,800 meters, Weberbauer 7249, 7248.
Dioscorea apurimacensis Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 29: 94. 1931.
A scandent but scarcely twining, glabrous plant with rather stout
(4 mm. thick), subterete stems and oblong, abruptly and acutely
acuminate leaves, the upper 5.5 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide; petioles
1-1.7 cm. long; racemes 5-11 cm. long, often corymbed, the inflores-
cence to 4 dm. long; rachis naked for about 1 cm. ; capitulate verticels
3-6 mm. distant; perianth pale, urceolate, the obtuse lobes about
twice exceeding the small-anthered stamens. — Sect. Cryptantha.
Ayacucho: Valley of the Rio Apurimac, 400 meters (Killip &
Smith 22938).
Dioscorea arifolia Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 134. 1827; 245.
Petioles (2.5 cm. long) and terete branches (except at tip) gla-
brous; leaves subhastate-cordate, long-acuminate, 7-nerved, about
1 dm. long and half as broad ; male peduncles to 3 dm. long, only the
upper simple, the spikelets mostly in 3's, the rachis puberulent.—
Not clearly distinct from D. amarantoides.
Peru: According to Presl.
Dioscorea bulbifera L. Sp. PI. 1035. 1753; 88.
Often well marked by the presence of aerial bulbs; leaves ample,
thin, on petioles 6-14 cm. long provided at base with oblong-lanceo-
late stipules; male spikes 3-10 cm. long; stamens 6, minute; female
spikes 1-2.5 dm. long; flowers 4-5 mm. long, usually appressed;
capsules oblong, 2.5 cm. long, 1.5 cm. broad. — According to Klug,
the Loreto name refers to the falling of the ripe "edible fruit" when
touched. Widely cultivated or distributed; cf. Knuth, 38. — Illus-
trated, Pflanzenr. IV. 43: pi. 13; 19.
Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, Klug 1015. "Toca y cae."
FLORA OF PERU 697
Dioscorea calcensis Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 30: 159. 1932.
Stems striately sulcate, with the petioles (4-10 cm.), leaves
beneath, and rachis puberulent; leaves broadly cordate-ovate, to 1
dm. long and 8 cm. wide, often much smaller, thin, 9-11-nerved, the
sinus broadly V-shaped, the apex markedly apiculate; male racemes
solitary or with 1-2 shorter, the longer 1.5 dm.; pedicels filiform,
about 4 mm. long; flowers turbinate-campanulate, nearly 3 mm.
long; stamens 3; included; female spikes solitary; flowers about 3
mm. wide; capsules about 17 mm. long, 7 mm. wide, the seeds winged
toward the apex.
Cuzco: Lares Valley, Prov. Calca, 1,400 meters, Weberbauer
7928, 7928a.
Dioscorea callacatensis Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 28: 83. 1930.
More or less branching, glabrous, the scarcely sulcate stems 2 mm.
thick above; leaves lanceolate, rounded at base or slightly cordate,
gradually narrowed and very acute at apex, papery, often 7 cm.
long and 1.5 cm. wide at base; petioles 1 cm. long; racemes 2.5-5
cm. long, the peduncle 1 cm. long, like the rachis filiform; pedicels
1 mm. long; flowers subcampanulate, 1.5 mm. broad; stamens 3. —
With D. elegans the only Peruvian species of the section Hyper ocar pa.
Cajamarca: Cayacati, Raimondi.
Dioscorea chagllaensis Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 28: 88. 1930.
Glabrous, tall, the stems slightly sulcate, 3 mm. thick, the inter-
nodes often 1 dm. long; leaves papery, to 1.5 dm. long and 9 cm. wide
but often smaller, elongate-ovate with a basal sinus 2 cm. deep,
gradually and acutely acuminate; nerves 9 or 11; petioles slender,
sometimes 6 cm. long; male inflorescence much branched, to 9 dm.
long, the rachis puberulent; flowers nearly 2 mm. wide; stamens 6;
female racemes glabrous, in flower 1 dm. long, greatly elongating in
fruit; capsules 15 mm. long and broad, brown, quadrate, the angles
rounded; seeds 5 mm. long and broad, winged. — High on tree tops.
Huanuco: Chaclla, 2,800 meters, 3651, type. — Loreto: Mishu-
yacu, Klug 168.
Dioscorea chancayensis Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 28: 81. 1930.
Glabrous, scarcely tall, the stems slender; leaves alternate, 1-1.5
dm. distant, thin, about 5 cm. long, triangular with cordate base,
acute, 9-nerved, the 3-nerved area narrowly lanceolate, the basal
lobes rounded; petioles often 3 cm. long; male racemes to 4.5 cm.
698 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
long, 1 to many in the leaf axils; pedicels 1-2 mm. long; flowers a
little over 1 mm. long, deeply parted; stamens 6, the filaments free.
— Allied to D. sandiensis.
Lima: Pativilca, Chancai, 200 meters, Weberbauer 7486.
Dioscorea coriacea Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. PI. 4: 794.
1806; 116. D. saliva Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 134. 1827, not L.
Glabrous, the angulate stems ligneous; leaves variable in shape,
size, and texture, but distinctive by the very short petioles; male
racemes often floriferous to base, typically but not always 3-5 in the
leaf axils; pedicels 2-4 mm. long; perianth 2.5-3.5 mm. broad, the
segments oblong; stamens 3.
Huanuco: (Presl). Mito, 1840. Playapampa, 3,000 meters,
4481. — Junin; La Merced, 5758. Ranging to Colombia and
Venezuela.
Dioscorea cubijensis Knuth, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 7:
202. 1917; 129.
Similar to D. trifoliata, but the petioles and the nerves of the
leaves beneath more or less setosely ciliate; flowers rather remote
and sessile, minute, 1-1.5 mm. broad.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Cubija, Ule 9379. Iquitos, Tessmann 5359.
Dioscorea dodecaneura Veil. Fl. Flum. 10: pi. 123. 1827; 249.
A glabrous vine with thin, cordate-ovate or orbicular, long-
petioled, 9-11-nerved leaves and solitary or geminate, simple or
laxly branched racemes; stamens 6; capsules 2 cm. long and 4 cm.
broad. — Frequently grown in conservatories. D. discolor Knuth,
slightly pubescent, the leaves purplish beneath, is scarcely distinct.
—Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 43: 249.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9177. — Junin: Chanchamayo, Raimondi
(det. Knuth as D. discolor).
Dioscorea elegans Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 28: 83. 1930.
Very smooth, to 3 meters high, with simple, scarcely sulcate
stems to 2 mm. thick; leaves cordate-ovate, to 7 cm. long and 5 cm.
broad, contracted-acuminate, thin; spikes many in the axils, to 1.5
dm. long, the flowerless portion 3-4 cm. long; flowers sessile in glom-
erules of 2-4, crateriform, parted three-fourths of the way to the
base, about 2.5 mm. long; stamens 3. — In shrubs.
Cuzco: Marcapata, 2,800 meters, Weberbauer 7815.
FLORA OF PERU 699
Dioscorea grandis Knuth, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 7: 194.
1917; 105.
A robust, finally glabrate vine with deeply sulcate stems and
large cordate-ovate leaves to 2 dm. long and nearly as broad, with
lobes 7 cm. long; petioles (to 1 dm. long) and leaf nerves beneath
scabrous; male inflorescence densely and somewhat viscidly puberu-
lent; perianth segments lance-spatulate, 3-4 mm. long; stamens 6.
Neg. 10522.
Puno: Sandia, 2,300 meters, Weberbauer 629, 630,
Dioscorea Haenkeana Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 135. 1827; 248.
Glabrous, with firm 9-11-nerved leaves about 2 dm. long and 17
cm. broad; male racemes much branched ; perianth segments reflexed,
the tube campanulate; stamens 6. — Perhaps a variety of D. ama-
zonum Griseb., which probably will be found in Peru and which has
somewhat smaller leaves, 8-15 cm. long and broad, and 7-nerved.
Neg. 10451.
Peru: Haenke.
Dioscorea huallagensis Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 29: 95. 1931.
Known only from a sterile specimen, but apparently of sect.
Lasiogyne and related to D. dodecaneura; glabrous; stems 3 mm.
thick; leaves 3-7 cm. distant, about 9 cm. long and 7.5 cm. wide,
cordate, the base most obtusely incised to 1.2-1.7 cm., gradually
narrowed to an acute acumen 1-1.2 cm. long, this usually dilated at
the middle; petioles about 7 cm. long, 1.5 mm. thick.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, on the lower Rio Huallaga, 135 meters
(Killip & Smith 27660).
Dioscorea incayensis Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 28: 85. 1930.
Among Peruvian species nearest D. coriacea but the racemes not
floriferous below, on peduncles to 2 cm. long, often with the lower
flowers male, the upper female, and the perianth 2 mm. broad, with
ovate-lanceolate segments; filaments very fleshy; capsule 14 mm.
long, 7.5 mm. broad.
Cuzco; Incay, valley of the Urubamba, 2,950 meters (Herrera
2300, 2993). — Cajamarca: Tambillo, Prov. Cutervo (Raimondi
7248).
Dioscorea iquitosensis Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 29: 94. 1931.
Quite glabrous, with round stems 2 mm. thick; leaves 3-6 cm.
remote, ovate-oblong, 5-nerved, often 6.5 cm. long and 3-5 cm. wide,
700 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
borne on petioles about 3 cm. long; female racemes solitary, to 27
cm. long, flowerless for 3-4 cm. above the base; capsules numerous,
27 mm. broad, 16 mm. long, the wings somewhat rounded; seed wing
12-13 mm. wide, the seed itself 3 mm. wide. — Sect. Cryptantha.
Loreto: Iquitos (Killip & Smith 27315).
Dioscorea Klugii Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 30: 158. 1932.
A dark-stemmed vine with beautiful reticulate- veined parchment-
like subrotund-ovate leaves to 12 cm. long and 8 cm. wide, abruptly
caudate-acuminate; distinct nerves only 5; petioles rather slender,
about 3 cm. long; male racemes simple, solitary, slender, 1.5 dm. long,
closely flowered; flowers deep lilac, tubular, nearly 3 mm. long;
stamens 6.
Loreto: Mishuyacu near Iquitos, Klug 344-
Dioscorea larecajensis Uline, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 7:
195. 1917; 108.
A ligneous vine with glabrous angulate stems and ovate-acumin-
ate, cordate-based, simply 9-nerved leaves about 1 dm. long and 6
cm. broad; male racemes mostly 3 in the axils, about equaling the
leaves; perianth purple, 2.5 mm. wide; stamens 6; capsule deflexed,
8 mm. wide and twice as long. — There is a good illustration in
Pflanzenr. IV. 43: 109.
Peru: Ruiz. Ecuador; Bolivia.
Dioscorea longirachis Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 30: 159. 1932.
With flaccid angled stems and very thin leaves, the latter some-
times conspicuously but very evanescently pilose in youth; mature
leaves cordate-oblong, acuminate, about 12 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide,
5- or incompletely 7-nerved, glabrous, repandly and remotely sub-
crenate or entire; racemes solitary, simple, about 8-flowered, on a
peduncle several cm. long; flowers greenish, when spread open 7
mm. wide; stamen column conspicuous. — Suggests D. monadelpha
Griseb. and was once referred by the author to D. Demourae Uline
(originally spelled De Mourae). The racemes of both these species
are floriferous to near the base.
Cuzco: Marcapata Valley, 2,500 meters, Weberbauer 7862.
Dioscorea Macbrideana Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 28: 87. 1930.
Glabrous and moderately tall, with subligneous slender purple
stems 1 mm. thick, the internodes about 4 cm. long; leaves rather
firm, cordate-ovate, 1 dm. long and 4-5 cm. broad; sinus of the leaves
FLORA OF PERU 701
to 1.5 cm. deep, somewhat rounded at the juncture with the purple
petioles, these 1.5-2.5 cm. long; male inflorescence elongate, the
remote simple spicate branches about 5 cm. long; flowers tiny;
stamens three; fruiting racemes united into corymbs 1.5 dm. wide,
7-8 dm. long; capsules very numerous, 2 cm. broad, half as long,
light brown; seeds with the wing 6 mm. wide, the wing itself half as
broad. — On shaded shrubs.
Junin: La Merced, 5347, type. — Loreto: Caballo-cocha, Williams
2460.
Dioscorea mitoensis Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 28: 84. 1930.
Similar in aspect to D. monadelpha, but the leaves often larger,
the pedicels to 1.5 cm. long, and the perianth segments broadly
obovate. — A beautiful plant with large flowers borne gracefully on
almost filiform pedicels.
Huanuco: Cani, near Mito, 2,700 meters, 3449.
Dioscorea monadelpha Griseb. Kj0b. Vid. Medd. 164. 1875;
126. D. lagoa-santa Uline ex Knuth, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 7:
201. 1917.
A glabrous or minutely puberulent vine with 8-9-nerved leaves
varying from orbiculate-ovate to oblong and from broadly cordate to
hastate at base, 7-8 cm. long and 5 cm. wide; flowers campanulate,
greenish purple, 8 mm. broad, on long filiform pedicels; stamens 3,
the fleshy filaments connate into a column 2-4 mm. high; capsule
elliptic, 12-16 mm. long. — Well marked by the stamen structure.
Knuth adopts Uline's name because of the existence of Helmia
monadelpha Knuth, which is known correctly by another name.
Puno: Sandia, 3,000 meters, Weberbauer 653, 668a. — Cuzco:
Lares Valley, Weberbauer 7902. Bolivia; Brazil; Uruguay.
Dioscorea moyobambensis Knuth, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
7: 185. 1917; 54.
A glabrous vine with terete slender stems and lance-ovate,
abruptly and acutely acuminate leaves about 8 cm. long, openly
cordate at base, the lobes about 1 cm. long; petioles often 4 cm. long;
male spikes 2-3 in the axils; perianth subrotate, 3 mm. wide; stamens
6; capsule 2 cm. long and 8 mm. wide. — Flowers sordid violet; open
savanna woods. D. Traillii Knuth is to be expected; its spikes are
solitary and its flowers sessile. Neg. 10475.
San Martin: North of Moyobamba, 1,100 meters, Weberbauer
4621 ; 289.
702 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Dioscorea nicolasensis Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 29: 94. 1931.
Slender and glabrous-stemmed, but the leaf nerves beneath
minutely puberulent; leaves 5-6 cm. distant, ovate-lanceolate, about
1 dm. long and half as wide, gradually and acutely acuminate, the
petioles about 3 cm. long; male spikes 1-2, the upper corymbose, 1.5
dm. long; flowers solitary, 2-3 mm. distant; perianth subglobose,
1 mm. long, the ovate acutish lobes definitely longer than the
stamens. — Thick woods. Sect. Triapodandra.
Junin: San Nicolas, 1,100 meters (Killip & Smith 26075, type).
— San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 6146.
Dioscorea Pavonii Uline ex Knuth, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
7: 215. 1917; 243.
Similar to forms of S. amarantoides, but the thin, densely pellucid-
punctate leaves obovate and shortly attenuate at base into a petiole
only 3-5 mm. long; blades rounded at the obliquely mucronate tip,
4 cm. long, 2 cm. broad, 3-nerved; female spikes simple; perianth
campanulate; style column very short. Neg. 10485.
Peru: Pavdn.
Dioscorea perenensis Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 29: 92. 1931.
Glabrous, the scarcely or not at all sulcate stems 4 mm. thick;
leaves 9-15 cm. remote, glaucous, ovate, often 1.5 dm. long, 11 cm.
broad, obtusely incised for 1.2-2 cm. at base, acute, 7-9-nerved;
petioles often 4.5 cm. long; male spikes corymbed, 7-8 cm. long,
flowerless for 1 cm. above base; verticels 2-5 mm. distant; perianth
globose, 1-1.2 mm. broad; stamens 6. — Sect. Sphaerantha.
Junin: Colonia Perene", 680 meters (Killip & Smith 25414.).
Dioscorea pinedensis Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 29: 95. 1931.
Stems lightly sulcate, 4 mm. thick, glabrous; petioles 5-6 cm.
long; leaves drying very thin, scabrous, puberulent on the nerves
beneath or glabrous, elongate- triangular-hastate, often 14 cm. long,
5.5 cm. wide at the retuse (1 cm. deep) base slightly narrowed at the
very acute tip; male inflorescence to 3 dm. long, the branches about
1 dm. long; flowers 2 mm. long, approximate; stamens 3; capsules to
2.5 cm. wide, 1.2-1.5 cm. long, the reddish yellow seed wing 6 mm.
wide, the seed 2 mm. — Sect. Struthantha.
Junin: Rio Pinedo, north of La Merced (Killip & Smith 23610),
type. — Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 7823. Iquitos or near,
Williams 8096, 7994; King 968.
FLORA OF PERU 703
Dioscorea piperifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. PI. 4:
795. 1806; 107. D. maynensis Kunth, Enum. 5: 357. 1850.
Allied to D. larecajensis, but the leaves 7-9-nerved, the male
racemes often solitary and, particularly, the flowers on slender
pedicels 5-8 mm. long. — The racemes are very lax. Weberbauer
found the plant in a mixed formation of shrubs and herbs. See also
D. pozucoensis, known only in fruit. Neg. 10530.
Loreto: Mainas, Poeppig. — San Martin: Tarapoto (Spruce).—
Cajamarca: Below San Pablo, 2,250 meters, Weberbauer 3852.
Colombia; Ecuador; Brazil.
Dioscorea polygonoides Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. PI. 4:
795. 1806; 215.
Glabrous; stems subangulate, 2 mm. thick; leaves deeply but
broadly cordate at base, medium-sized, 5-7-nerved or to 11-nerved
on female plants; spikes usually simple, often 2 and sometimes 5
dm. long; perianth green; fertile stamens 3; capsule 2-2.5 cm. long,
2 cm. broad. — Male plants are characterized by the remote dense
little glomerules of flowers on the elongate rachis.
Cajamarca: Cutervo, Raimondi. — Loreto: Mishuyacu, near
Iquitos, King 1088, 164.
Dioscorea Poeppigii Kunth, Enum. 5: 365. 1850; 83.
A high-climbing glabrous liana with subangulate stems 6 mm.
thick or thicker, and with large, deeply cordate (the basal lobes to
3.5 cm. long) leaves on petioles 6-7 cm. long; spikes solitary in the
axils, 3-4 dm. long, much longer than the leaves; perianth subrotate,
5 mm. broad; stamens 6. — Compare D. chagllaensis. Neg. 10489.
Loreto: Mainas, Poeppig 2356.
Dioscorea pozucoensis Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 28: 86. 1930.
Glabrous, high-climbing, the simple or branched stems 4 mm.
thick, densely and minutely tuberculate; leaves firm, often 12 cm.
long and about half as wide, oblong, shallowly cordate at base, rather
abruptly contracted at apex to a mucronate tip 5 mm. long, with 9
subparallel nerves; petioles about 2 cm. long; fruiting racemes 2-3
dm. long, often united; capsule 3 cm. long and nearly 2 cm. broad;
seeds 5 mm. long, 4 mm. wide, with a wing 2 mm. wide. — Flowers
unknown. The name is from a modification of the locality name.
Huanuco: Posuso, 700 meters, 4641-
704 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Dioscorea putisensis Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 28: 82. 1930.
A high-climbing, entirely glabrous vine with somewhat sulcate
stems 2-3 mm. thick; leaves about 1 dm. distant, 1 dm. long, about
6 cm. broad, semilunate at base, very acutely acuminate; male
racemes floriferous to base, often 1 dm. long, frequently many in the
leaf axils and corymbose; flowers 2-2.5 mm. long, in verticels of 1-4,
the pedicels 1-3 mm. long; stamens 6. — A member of the same group
(sect. Dematostemon) as D. tambillensis.
Ayacucho: Putis, Choimacota Valley, 3,200 meters, Weberbauer
7534, 7588.
Dioscorea quispicanchensis Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 29:
93. 1931.
Glabrous, the smooth stems scarcely 1 mm. thick; leaves 6-8 cm.
distant, lanceolate, 4 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, narrowly incised for 2
mm. at base, gradually narrowed to the acute tip, on petioles only
3-5 mm. long; male racemes 4-7 cm. long, 1-2 in the axils, basally
naked for 1-2 cm.; flowers solitary, 2-5 mm. distant, the filaments
5 mm. long, filiform; perianth stellately spreading, 4 mm. wide, the
lanceolate lobes twice as long as the 3 stamens; female raceme 4
cm. long, the few capsules 1 cm. long, 6.5 mm. broad. — The type
monoecious. Sect. Cycladenium.
Cuzco: Marcapata, Prov. Quispicanchi, Weberbauer 7810.
Dioscorea ramonensis Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 29: 95. 1931.
Of the same section as D. iquitosensis and similar to that species,
but the stems slightly angled, the leaves more lanceolate, to 10 cm.
long and 4 cm. wide, usually with a mucro 3 mm. long, the racemes
shorter, and the capsules smaller.
Junin: San Ramon (Killip & Smith 24903).
Dioscorea riparia Kunth & Schomb. in Kunth, Enum. 5: 364.
1850; 83.
Similar to D. Poeppigii, but the much smaller leaves rounded-
truncate at base and the perianth 4 mm. broad. — Stems and espe-
cially the petioles slender. Neg. 10494.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9170. Mainas, Poeppig 2138. — Without
locality (Pavdn). British Guiana; Brazil.
Dioscorea sandiensis Knuth, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 7:
192. 1917; 56.
FLORA OF PERU 705
A tall slender vine with few if any branches and with cordate-
lanceolate 7-nerved leaves about 7 cm. long; male spikes 1-1.5 dm.
long, 1-3 in the axils; flowers sessile, campanulate, green, 2 mm. wide;
stamens 6, the filaments connate. — In dense shrubs. Allied to D.
campestris Griseb. (to be expected in Peru) with 5-nerved leaves.
Neg. 10497.
Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 668.
Dioscorea Stegelmanniana Knuth, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
7: 203. 1917; 162.
A tall, robust, more or less densely puberulent-tomentose vine;
leaves deeply cordate at base, about 1.5 dm. long and broad; flowers
racemosely fasciculate in ample panicles; perianth 3 mm. long;
stamens 6. — Allied to D. trifida. Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 43: 163.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9178. — Junin: La Merced, Killip & Smith.
Dioscorea syringaefolia Kunth & Schomb. ex Schomb. Faun.
Fl. Guian. 1119. 1848; 107. Helmia syringaefolia Kunth, Enum.
5:423. 1850.
Similar to D. piperifolia but the leaves often smaller and always
firmer, the racemes strict, and the pedicels shorter. — The specimen
cited is minutely scabrous on the leaf nerves beneath. Neg. 10542.
Cuzco: Marcapata Valley, Weberbauer 7839.
Dioscorea tambillensis Knuth, Repert. Sp. Nov. 28: 81. 1930.
Glabrous; leaves nearly coriaceous, deeply (1 cm.) cordate,
slightly contracted at the obtuse mucronulate apex, often 11 cm.
long, 7-nerved, the 3 middle nerves forming a lanceolate-ovate area;
cross veins beneath slender; petioles often 2.5 mm. thick; male
racemes to nearly 3 dm. long; flowers campanulate, 2 mm. long or
longer; stamens 6, the filaments connate. — Related to D. moyo-
bambensis, but the racemes often floriferous to the base.
Cajamarca: Tambillo, Prov. Cutervo (Raimondi 3346).
Dioscorea tarmensis Knuth, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 7:
188. 1917; 60.
A relative of D.. moyobambensis and D. sandiensis; petioles 1.5-2
cm. long; male spikes often numerous in each leaf axil; flowers
pedicellate. Neg. 10505.
Junin: West of Huacapistana, 2,600 meters, Weberbauer 2180.
706 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Dioscorea tayacajensis Knuth, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 7:
212. 1917; 234.
A slender little-branched glabrous-stemmed vine with lanceolate-
hastate, conspicuously 9-nerved leaves about 1 dm. long and half as
wide; petioles filiform, 2.5-3.5 mm. long; perianth subcampanulate,
4-5 mm. broad; stamens 3; female spikes solitary; capsule about
1 cm. long and 6 mm. broad.
Huancavelica: Mantaro Valley, 2,200 meters, Weberbauer 6445,
6566.
Dioscorea trifida L. f. Suppl. PL 427. 1781; 158. D. Ruiziana
Klotzsch ex Kunth, Enum. 5: 374. 1850.
This widely distributed species, well marked by its lobed leaves,
is probably more common in Peru than the known collections indicate.
In at least a part of its range its stems and tubers are the source of
an arrow poison (Cheney).
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2386. Mishuyacu, Klug 976,
1157, 1109. Cashoboga, Tessmann 5501. — Huanuco: Chicoplaya,
Ruiz. "Sacha papa," "cush-cush."
Dioscorea trifoliata HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 275. 1816; 129.
Leaves mostly trifoliolate; racemes simple or branched; male
flowers shortly pediceled; anthers 3, minute; capsule oblong.—
Probably represented in Peru only by the var. amazonica Knuth with
flowers twice as large (about 5 mm. broad) as the type. The some-
what similar D. crotalarifolia Uline may be found in Peru; it has 6
stamens. Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 43: 130.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9134, 9135. Brazil; Venezuela.
Dioscorea trisecta Griseb. Kj0b. Vid. Medd. 159. 1875; 169.
Very well marked among the Peruvian species by its 3 small
oblong-lanceolate acuminate leaflets and its tightly clustered flowers;
petioles 2-4 mm. long; male spikes to 3 dm. long; stamens 6; capsules
3 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, obsoletely winged, the elliptic seeds winged
all around. 258.
Loreto: Mainas (Poeppig}. Yurimaguas, Williams 7865. Brazil.
Dioscorea Weberbaueri Knuth, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 7:
205. 1917; 198.
A glabrous twining plant with almost filiform stems only a few
dm. long; leaves about 1.5 cm. wide, cordate-lanceolate; male spikes
often with a lateral branch at the base; flowers subsessile, greenish,
FLORA OF PERU 707
2-3.5 mm. wide; stamens 6. — In a dense society of shrubs and herbs.
Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 43. 198.
Cajamarca: Above San Pablo, 2,500 meters, Weberbauer3834; 257.
Dioscorea Wittiana Knuth, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 7: 194.
1917; 105.
Closely related to D. grandis, but the leaves sometimes 13 cm.
long and 9 cm. wide and only 9-nerved, the sinus widely open;
inflorescence glabrous or minutely pubescent; perianth segments
shorter than 2 mm. Neg. 10546.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9169.
32. IRIDACEAE. Iris Family
Reference: Baker, Handbook Irideae, 1892.
Iris pallida Lam. was collected by me as an escape, apparently
established. Particularly the yellow-flowered Sisyrinchiums are
conspicuous in May and June in the grass formations of middle
(3,000-3,500 meters) elevations. Tigridias and probably other
members of the family are said to be used for the dye they supply.
Segments of the flowers similar or not strongly dissimilar; style
branches alternate with the anthers.
Bulbous plants.
Flowers white; style branches petaloid 1. Cipura.
Flowers usually blue or greenish; style branches bifid.
2. Nemastylis.
Rhizomatous plants with more or less fleshy roots.
Perianth tube obsolete.
Capsules exserted; small, tufted or slender plants.
3. Sisyrinchium.
Capsules included; coarse plants 4. Orthrosanthus.
Perianth tube developed 5. Symphyostemon.
Segments of the flowers definitely dissimilar in size or shape; style
branches opposite the anthers.
Style branches not winged, deeply divided 6. Tigridia.
Style branches winged-lobed 7. Cypella.
1. CIPURA Aubl.
Perianth tube obsolete, the outer segments spreading, the inner
erect. Style branches alternate with the stamens. Stems simple,
708 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
bearing several small spathes with usually a number of very fugitive,
pale lilac flowers in each one.
Cipura paludosa Aubl. PI. Guian. 1: 38. pi. 13. 1775; 105.
Spathes sessile or nearly so, bracted by the upper leaves; inner
perianth segments with 2 yellow blotches near the base.— Illustrated,
Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 1: pi. 64.
Huanuco: Vitoc, Ruiz. Brazil to Cuba and Mexico.
2. NEMASTYLIS Nutt.
Bulbs with many brown coats. Stems leafy. Inflorescences
1-several, pedunculate, with 1-several pedicellate, evanescent,
usually blue flowers. Perianth tube lacking. Stamens more or less
united. Style branches bifid.
Flowers greenish, with purple dots N. Huyanae.
Flowers violet-blue, blue, or purple.
Filament column about as long as the anthers N. Pearcei.
Filament column very short N. purruchucana.
Nemastylis Huyanae Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 13. 1931.
Stems 1 to several dm. high, bulbous in the axil of the lowest
leaf, usually simple, much shorter than the very long-acuminate
lowest leaf; leaves 2; inflorescence terminal, simple, the flowers
several; spathes subequal, acuminate, about 4-5 cm. long; flowers
1 cm. long; filament column a little shorter than the anthers which
scarcely equal the style branches. — Named for King Huyana,
father of the last kings of the Incas, Huascar and Atahuallpa.
Moist rocky slopes.
Lima: Matucana, 469, 829(1} .
Nemastylis Pearcei Baker, Handb. Irid. 114. 1892.
Usually several dm. high, often assurgent below, with 1 to several
inflorescences and a number of long, strongly veined leaves; spathes
3 to often 5 cm. long, usually several-flowered; flowers about 2 cm.
long, velvety, deep purple; style branches overtopping the anthers
(typically) or shorter. — Perhaps more than one species, but fresh
or formalin material is necessary. The leaves sometimes are a little
longer than the stems. Grassy, often rocky hillsides.
Lima: Matucana, 355; 151. — Huanuco: Northeast of Huanuco,
2155 (det. Diels). Mi to, 3379; (Pearce 85}. — Cajamarca: Cascas,
FLORA OF PERU 709
Raimondi. — Amazonas: Bagua to Chachapoyas, Raimondi. — Cuzco:
(Herrera 555). "Michi-michi," "supai-ttica."
Nemastylis purruchucana (Herb.) Benth. ex Baker, Handb.
Irid. 114. 1892. Gelasine purruchucana Herb. Bot. Mag. 66: under
pi. 3779. 1840.
Flowers about 2.5 cm. long; filament column very short; other-
wise apparently like N. Pearcei. — Herbert named, under Gelasine,
two varieties, one with leaf-like and the other with filiform bracts.
He also credited the origin of N. grandiflora (Herb.) Benth. collected
by Jameson in Ecuador, to Peru.
Lima: (Mathews 784). Lurin, 60 meters, 5988 (det. Diels).
3. SISYRINCHIUM L.
Slender short-rhizomatous herbs of grassy slopes, with usually
narrowly 2-edged stems, grass-like leaves, and several, rarely soli-
tary, pedicellate flowers exserted from a single spathe. Perianth
tube nearly obsolete. Filaments free or somewhat united. Style
rather long, the branches entire. — Species imperfectly known and
distinguishable with difficulty, since few of the characters are always
constant or easily discerned. So two keys follow, in an attempt to
simplify identification according to condition of material.
Key to flowering specimens
Flowers deep to pale yellow throughout, often brown-veined.
Plants tall, 8-10 dm. high; leaves 7-8 mm. wide; flowers 17 mm.
long S. praealtum.
Plants usually lower, leaves narrower, flowers smaller, or in one
respect different from S. praealtum.
Filaments united into a column.
Spathes usually several-flowered; stems tall.
Stems flat, distinctly winged, often branched.
S. iridifolium.
Stems terete or wiry, scarcely margined, strict. .S. trinerve.
Spathes 1-3-flowered; stems very short.
Flowers pedicellate; spathes acute, 6-8 mm. long.
S. pusillum.
Flowers subsessile; spathes blunt, 4-5 mm. long.
S. brevipes.
710 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Filaments free nearly or quite to the base.
Stems broadly winged, with 1 to several leaves.
Leaves not ensiform or ribbed S. convolutum.
Leaves ensiform, ribbed S. palmifolium.
Stems narrowly if at all margined, usually leafless.
Stems fibrous-coated at base, tall.
Flower cluster terminal S. Jamesonii.
Flower cluster overtopped by the bract . . S. caespitificum.
Fibers at base lacking; plant small S. palustre.
Flowers not yellow, unless at base, sometimes white.
Flower clusters often pseudo-lateral or leafy-bracted; plant rarely
less than 1 dm. high, or the bract not greatly elongate.
Stems flat, narrowly margined.
Leaves flaccid ; pedicels soon exserted S. chilense.
Leaves rigid; pedicels rarely exserted S. rigidifolium.
Stems terete, somewhat fistulose; leaves weak; pedicels soon
exserted S. junceum.
Flower cluster terminal ; alpine plants, rarely if ever 1 dm. high, or
the bract 3-4-times exceeding the flower cluster.
S. porphyreum.
Key to sterile or fruiting specimens
Diminutive alpine species usually only a few cm. high.
Plants without fibers at base; pedicels well exserted. . .S. palustre.
Plants with fibers at base, or these sometimes few but the pedicels
included or nearly so.
Spathes foliaceous .S. porphyreum.
Spathes not foliaceous.
Flowers pedicellate; spathes acute, 6-8 mm. long.
S. pusillum.
Flowers subsessile; spathes blunt, 4-5 mm. long. . .S. brevipes.
Plants with well-developed stems, rarely as low as 1 dm.
Plants tall, 8-10 dm.; leaves 7-8 mm. wide; flowers 17 mm. long.
S. praealtum.
Plants usually lower, leaves narrower, flowers smaller, or in one
respect different.
Stems flat or distinctly wing-margined, often branched.
Leaves ensiform, ribbed S. palmifolium.
FLORA OF PERU 711
Leaves neither ensiform nor distinctly nerve-ribbed.
Stems straight or nearly so; leaves firm S. convolution.
Stems angled; leaves soft S. iridifolium.
Stems terete or flat and narrowly margined.
Stems wire-like, or flattened but the leaves flaccid.
Stems wire-like.
Stems not fibrous at base S. junceum.
Stems distinctly fibrous at base S. trinerve.
Stems flattened S. chilense.
Stems flattened and rigid, as also the leaves, very fibrous at
base.
Bract not greatly elongate.
Leaves to 2 mm. wide S. Jamesoni.
Leaves to 3 mm. wide S. rigidifolium.
Bract greatly overtopping the flower cluster.
S. caespitificum.
Sisyrinchium brevipes Baker Handb. Irid. 130. 1892.
Stems very slender, subterete, leafless, 1 dm. long or less, nearly
equaled by the narrowly linear leaves; spathes to 12 mm. long, the
outer with a broad white edge; flowers yellow, 5 mm. long, the
segments broad; filaments united. — Many fibers of old leaves present
about the base of the plant. Steep grassy hillsides.
Junin: Rio Blanco, 2978, 744 (det. Diels). Yauli, 4,400 meters,
Weberbauer 322 (det. Diels). — Cuzco: Herrera 192.
Sisyrinchium caespitificum Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 242. 1908.
Densely tufted, with more or less of the old leaves evident about
the base, the aspect juncaceous; stems 3.5 dm. high, the leaves to
2 dm. long; flower cluster exceeded by a linear pungent bract;
flowers about 6, 5 mm. wide, the petals oblong; filaments free.—
Compared by the author with S. trinerve, to which the Pearce speci-
men was originally referred by Baker, but later questioned. Doubt-
fully distinct from S. Jamesoni, unless by the more robust habit and
elongate bract. Neg. 10879.
Ancash: Above Huaras, 4,000 meters, Weberbauer 3089; 226.—
Huanuco: (Pearce 87?).
Sisyrinchium chilense Hook. Bot. Mag. 54: pi. 2786. 1827; 124.
Stems 2 to several dm. high, more or less angulate, narrowly
winged above, with often 4-6, sometimes 12-20 winged peduncles,
712 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
each leafy-bracted ; basal leaves soft, shorter; spathes 3-6-flowered ;
flowers lilac, with a yellow base, 12 mm. long; filaments united;
capsules globose. — S. azureum Phil., reported by Hicken from Prov.
Canchis, Cuzco, is probably this species, to which Baker referred
Philippi's plant. The Peruvian plant usually has only 1-2 flower
clusters. Collections cited all determined by Diels. 14.
Cuzco: Sacsahuaman, 3,500 meters, Pennell 13595 (dwarf form;
det. Diels); Herrera2355,449. — Without locality, Pavon. — Huanuco:
Chinche, 3,450 meters, 1275. Yanahuanca, 3,000 meters, 1241.
Mito, 2,700 meters, 1779, 3423. Huariaca, 2,850 meters, 3115 —
Junin: Rio Blanco, 4,500 meters, 805, 2967. — Ayacucho: Weber-
bauer 5503. — Cajamarca: Cutervo, Raimondi. Mexico to Argentina
and Chile. "Pfalco-ccollanan," "pascua-ccollanan."
Sisyrinchium convolutum Nocca, PL Select. Hort. Ticin.
pll. 1800; 128.
Stems about 3 dm. high, usually branched, longer than the weak
basal leaves; spathes 2.5 cm. long; flowers 12 mm. long, bright
yellow, brown- veined ; anthers linear; capsule oblong. — A species
well marked by the broadly winged stems, often 5 mm. wide.
Huanuco: Cani, near Mito, 3481 (det. Diels). Pillao, Ruiz.—
Puno: Sandia, Weberbauer 238. — Junin: Huacapistana, 2,600 meters,
Weberbauer 2188 (det. Kranzlin).
Sisyrinchium iridifolium HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 324.
1816; 128.
One to several dm. high, with 2-3 branches and as many reduced
leaves, the basal leaves weak and much shorter; spathes 4-6-flowered,
2.5-4 cm. long; flowers pale yellow, with brown veins, 12 mm. long;
anthers small, oblong; capsule turbinate. Neg. 10887.
Cajamarca: Raimondi. — Huanuco: (Haenke). Chinchao, Ruiz.
—Ayacucho: Pampalca, 3,200 meters, Killip & Smith 23261(1).
Widely distributed in South America.
Sisyrinchium Jamesoni Baker, Journ. Bot. 14: 269. 1876; 126.
Densely tufted, with narrow stems winged above, to 2 dm. high,
rather longer than the linear rigid leaves; spathes 2-4-flowered, the
outer over 2.5 cm. long; flowers 8 mm. long; capsule oblong.
Cuzco: Cuzco, 3,600 meters, Hen era 2392, 2356. Ecuador.
Sisyrinchium junceum E. Mey. ex Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 118.
1827; 123. S. Weberbauerianum Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 240. 1908.
FLORA OF PERU 713
Stems 3-6 dm. long, ending in a long whip-like bract subtending
one sessile or several peduncled flower clusters; basal leaves 2-3;
spathes narrow, often less than 2 cm. long, few- to many-flowered;
flowers 8-12 mm. long, rose-red or white, more or less nodding;
elongate filaments connate; capsule globose. — Hicken has recorded
S. scirpiforme Poepp. from Prov. Canchis, Cuzco, but that species
seems referable here. A very slender, flaccid plant, often of moist
rocky places. All specimens determined by Diels.
Moquehua: Carumas, 3,200 meters, Weberbauer 7297. — Lima:
Matucana, 430, 2952. Viso, 618. Weberbauer, 170.— Junin: Rio
Blanco, 642, 992, 2994; Killip & Smith 21550. Weberbauer, 177.
Between Tarma and La Oroya, Weberbauer 2541, type of S. Weber-
bauerianum. Chile, Bolivia, Argentina.
Sisyrinchium palmifolium L. Mant. 1: 122. 1767; 132.
Vigorous and very well marked by its ensiform leaves, tall,
broadly winged stems often 8 mm. wide, and its fascicled clusters
of large flowers, all subtended by a rather large, bifid bract; leaves
about 6 mm. broad, many-ribbed, rigid; spathes 2.5 cm. long; flowers
pale yellow, 12-18 mm. long; filaments connate only at base; cap-
sule subglobose.
Ayacucho: Pampalca, 3,200 meters, Killip & Smith 22220.—
Cuzco: Cerro de Cusilluyoc, Pennell 14124 (det. Diels). — Huanuco:
(Haenke). Mito, 1786 (det. Diels). Huanuco Mountains, 2156
(det. Diels). — Junin: Palca, Weberbauer 1773 (det. Kranzlin);
247, 249. Colombia to Patagonia.
Sisyrinchium palustre Diels, Field Mus. Bot. 8: 79. 1930.
Only a few cm. high, with rosulate-crowded leaves, very broadly
vaginate, 3-7 cm. long; spathe 1.5 cm. long; flowers pale yellow, 2-5,
the slender pedicels exserted 1 cm.; stamens free except at base. —
In wet uplands.
Huanuco: Chasqui, 3308.
Sisyrinchium porphyreum Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 240. 1908.
A little plant a few cm. high with 2 leaves 4-6 cm. long and 2-3
flowers 7 mm. long in a spathe 5 cm. long; filaments united, 2.5-3
mm. long, the anthers as long or shorter. Neg. 10897.
Junin: Yauli, 4,400 meters, Weberbauer 321 ; 220.
Sisyrinchium praealtum Kranzl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 13: 119.
1914.
714 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Tall, 8-10 dm. high, with many long-acuminate grass-like leaves,
4-6 dm. long, 7-8 mm. broad; scape leafless, terete below; flowers
3-4, about 17 mm. long, the oblong petals 5 mm. wide; filaments and
anthers subequal, 4 mm. long, the former more or less united. —
The outer spathe is acuminately produced to 15 cm., the inner
being a third shorter. Perhaps a luxuriant state of a species already
described.
Apurimac: Between Rio Pinco and Rio Apurimac, 3,500 meters,
Weberbauer 5862.
Sisyrinchium pusillum HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 323. 1816;
125.
A tufted little plant, usually less than 5 cm. high, with numerous
narrow leaves a few cm. long and a 1-flowered spathe 8-12 mm. long,
somewhat exceeded by the bract; flowers 4-6 mm. long, the narrow
segments acutish. — Reported from Mejia, Arequipa, at 200 meters
(Gunther & Buchtien 342), certainly a doubtful record. Raimondi
recorded its use, internally and externally, as a remedy for syphilis.
Junin: Yauli, 4,400 meters, Weberbauer 366 (det. Kranzlin);
83, 220. Rio Blanco, 2998 (det. Diels).— Ayacucho: Huanta, Rai-
mondi. Ecuador. "Hunajusma."
Sisyrinchium rigidifolium Baker, Handb. Irid. 131. 1892.
Tufted, with many old leaf fibers; stems slender, wiry, leafless,
to about 2 dm. high, the rigid leaves shorter; stem extended as a
terete bract, typically several cm. long, above the 1-2 flower clusters;
spathes 3-4-flowered; flowers 8 mm. long; filaments free; capsule
oblong, torulose. — This was described from material past flowering.
The bract of the Weberbauer specimens, with flowers, is only 1 cm.
longer than the inflorescence. The bases of old stems and leaves
persist in abundance. Neg. 10899.
Puno: Pucara, 3,700 meters, Weberbauer 4%6 (det. Kranzlin);
186. Bolivia.
Sisyrinchium trinerve Baker, Journ. Bot. 14: 267. 1876; 122.
Stem simple, slender, rigid, terete, 3 dm. high, the single flower
cluster overtopped by a linear subulate bract; leaves rigid, sub-
terete, about as long as the stem; spathes 2-3-flowered, linear-
lanceolate, not white-edged, 2-3.5 cm. long; flowers 6-8 mm. long;
capsule oblong. Neg. 10902.
Junin: Rio Blanco, 3008 (vel aff., det. Diels). Huacapistana,
Weberbauer 1 (det. Kranzl.). Bolivia.
FLORA OF PERU 715
4. ORTHROSANTHUS Sweet
Very much like a gigantic Sisyrinchium except that the capsules
are included in the spathe. Style very short. — Rather coarse, vig-
orous plants with very firm stems and leaves from short stout root-
stocks. Tufted plants of upland grasslands.
Qrthrosanthus chimboracensis (HBK.) Baker, Card. Chron.
II. 6: 67. 1876. Moraea chimboracensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1:
322. 1816. M. gladioloides HBK. loc. cit.
Stems often many dm. high, the scarcely shorter, rigid leaves
basal except 1 or 2 greatly reduced ones; inflorescences often numer-
ous, racemose, paniculate; spathes 3-4-flowered, less than 2.5 cm.
long; perianth blue, with a short tube and oblong segments about
12 mm. long, the stamens half as long. — Illustrated, Bot. Mag. 143 :
pi. 8731.
Huanuco: Mito, 3374, 1659 (det. Diels). — Cajamarca: (Hum-
boldt). — Junin: Palca, Huacapistana, 3,000-3,500 meters, Weberbauer
2429; 248, 249, 252. North to Mexico.
Orthrosanthus Ocisapunga Ruiz ex Diels, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2.
15a: 478. 1930. Sisyrinchium Oncissapungum Ruiz ex Klatt, Linnaea
34: 736. 1866, nomen.
Similar but lower, the flowers always solitary and usually white.
Huanuco: Mito, 1785 (det. Diels). Above Huanuco, 2151
(det. Diels). — Huancavelica: Raimondi (det. Diels). — Cuzco: Paucar-
tambo, Herrera 927. Bolivia.
5. SYMPHYOSTEMON Miers
Ours a small herb a few cm. high from fascicled fibrous roots.
Spathe several-flowered. Perianth tube well developed. Filaments
united at the base.
Symphyostemon album Kranzl. Bot. Jahrb. 40: 242. 1908.
Diminutive, the very short stem clothed with the old leaf remains;
leaves rigid, acuminate, 4 cm. long, 2 mm. wide; flowers white, with
a median lilac vein, to 2 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide, the segments
obovate-triangular. — The similar S. acaule (Klatt) Benth. has
blue flowers with oblong lobes.
Junin: Yauli, 4,400 meters, Weberbauer 345; 221, 309.
716 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
6. TIGRIDIA Juss.
Hydrotaenia Lindl. Bot. Reg. 24: Misc. 69. 1838; 28: pi. 39.
1842.
Bulbous, with round stems and 1-2 few-flowered pedunculate
spathes. Perianth segments unequal. Style branches deeply
divided and more or less recurving, shorter than the anthers. Fila-
ments more or less joined. Capsule elongate.
Tigridia grandiflora (Cav.) Diels, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a:
497. 1930. Sisyrinchium grandiflorum Cav. Diss. 6: 345. pi. 192.
1788. T. lutea Link, Kl. & Otto, Icon. 85. pi. 34. 1841. T. Pavonia
Ker ex Konig & Sims, Anan. Bot. 1: 246. 1805.
Stems 2-4 dm. high, with 2-3 distant plicate linear leaves some-
times 2 dm. long; spathe to 5 cm. long; flowers light yellow with
violet dots, to 3 cm. broad, the segments roundish, clawed, spreading.
Arequipa: Arequipa, Raimondi (det. Diels). — Lima: Amancaes
Hills, Weberbauer. Chancai, Ruiz. Chile.
Tigridia lobata (Herb.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 13. 1931.
Hydrotaenia lobata Herb. Bot. Reg. 30: Misc. 66. 1844.
Similar to the preceding but apparently distinct; flowers cam-
panulate, the oblong-cuneate segments suberect, densely brown-
spotted at base.
Lima: (Maclean); Weberbauer, 146.
7. CYPELLA Herb.
Bulbous plants similar to Tigridia, but the spathes often several,
the blossoms 1-3, and, particularly, the often irregularly lobed or
winged styles or style branches overtopping the anthers.
Flowers bright yellow or somewhat brown and violet-banded;
leaves lanceolate C. peruviana.
Flowers blue, violet, or purple; leaves linear or nearly so.
Stems flexible or very short, equaled or exceeded by the leaves;
spathe bracts acute.
Stems well developed C. cyrtophylla.
Stems very short, the leaves greatly elongate C. Hoppii.
Stems stiff, scarcely flexible; spathe bracts long-acuminate.
C. Herrerae.
Cypella cyrtophylla (Johnst.) Diels, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 15a:
498. 1930. Mastigostyla cyrtophylla Johnst. Contr. Gray Herb. 81:
85. 1928.
FLORA OF PERU 717
Stems 1-3 dm. high, often with 2 forks; leaves 3-4, the lower
1-4 dm. long, 2-4 mm. broad; outer bracts 2-3 cm. long, acute;
flowers violet-blue, sometimes with darker spots, the lobes connate
below, the outer ones 3 cm. long, the much narrower inner ones half
as long; filaments united below; capsule 1 cm. long and half as thick;
seeds brown, 2-2.5 mm. long, dull, undulate-rugose and very densely
and minutely tuberculate. — Johnston proposed his genus on the
basis of the wing-margined styles and the curious decurrent wing-
like flagellum.
Arequipa : Chichani ( Hinkley 1 6} . Above Arequipa, 2,500 meters,
Pennell 13172, 13173, 13180, 1317 3a. Yura, Weberbauer 6838.
Cypella Herrerae Diels, ined.
Apparently near C. cyrtophylla, but probably distinct. Neg.
11093.
Cuzco: Sacsahuaman, 3,500 meters, Herrera 2348; Pennell 13570.
Cypella Hoppii Diels, ined.
This little plant with very long leaves, apparently sprawling on
the ground, seems to be a very distinct species. Neg. 11094.
Arequipa: Hopp. — Tacna: Candarave, Weberbauer 7387.
Cypella peruviana Baker, Bot. Mag. 102: pi. 6213. 1876; 65.
Leaves 2-3, lanceolate, very plicate; stems terete, about 3 dm.
long, with 1 or 2 flower clusters; spathes 3-4 cm. long, the green
ventricose valves subequal; flowers bright yellow, the outer segments
broadly obovate-cuneate, about 3.5 cm. long, the lighter yellow claws
densely brown-spotted; inner segments pilose and ridged medially,
the broad blade deflexed, the cuneate claw concave; style crests 2,
flat, petaloid, with a small intermediate tooth.
Cuzco: Weberbauer 5884 (det. Kranzlin). — Huancavelica : Rio San
Bernardino, Weberbauer 6579 (det. Kranzlin). — Junin: Rio Blanco,
4,500 meters, 3046. Bolivia(?).
34. MUSACEAE. Banana Family
Reference: Schumann, Pflanzenr. IV. 45. 1900.
No species of banana (Musa) is native to Peru but M. paradisiaca
L. (Weberbauer 298, 299) is frequently cultivated, as well as several
varieties or other species, some of which are especially delicious.
Spruce recorded the native name "pacova" or "bacove," and
Poeppig (Reise 2: 375) listed a number of varieties with their Indian
718 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
names. However, in Peru the common Spanish name is "platano."
Martinet, Jard. Bot. Lima 51. 1873, lists the more common sorts as
"platano guineo," "platano lugo," "platano de la isla," and "mieja"
or "platano de Taiti," to which list Herrera has noted as additions
(for M. paradisiaca) "Colorado," "brasilero," "palillo," "pama,"
"dominico," "ordinario," "artate-bellaco," and "capon," and (for
M. sapientum) "enano," "pera," "seda," "imperial" and "morado."
These are very definitely divisible into two species, one edible
fresh and the other edible only after cooking (M. sapientum L.).
The latter has been treated as only a variety of the soft-fruited
M. paradisiaca L.
The striking Amazonian plant, Ravenala guianensis (L. C. Rich.)
Benth., may be found in Peru. Its long-petioled leaves, the leaf
blades often 1 meter long, and large white flowers distinguish it
readily from any Heliconia.
1. HELICONIA L.
Banana-like or canna-like plants of sunny and low or wet forest,
with the flowers in a compound inflorescence subtended by large
cymbiform colored bracts, the colors often gay and variegated. —
The determination of herbarium material is difficult unless the color
of the bracts and flowers, which at present is considered constant for
each species, has .been noted by the collector, as well as the size or
habit of the plant. With the accumulation of more collections
accompanied by careful color observations, the number of species
may be reduced, as suggested by the color variations exhibited in
H. Schumanniana. The generic name has been conserved.
Inflorescence covered with an inordinately long pubescence.
H. vellerigera.
Inflorescence glabrous, or pubescent or villous in some part.
A. Stout plants, generally 1 to several meters high, the leaves
often 5 dm. long or much longer.
Bracts broadly ovate-lanceolate.
Bracts densely imbricate, deciduous H. episcopalis.
Bracts scarcely imbricate, persistent.
Bracts tapering and acute.
Pedicels and rachis both distinctly pubescent; bracts
acuminate or acute.
Leaves over 1 meter long; bracts red throughout.
FLORA OF PERU 719
Bracts not ciliate H. penduloides.
Bracts densely villous-ciliate H. pruinosa.
Leaves about 6 dm. long; bracts green-margined.
H. rostrata.
Pedicels and usually the rachis glabrous; bracts tapering-
acuminate.
Rachis also glabrous; bracts distant H. Bihai.
Rachis strigillose; bracts contiguous H. stricta.
Bracts blunt H. Standleyi.
Bracts (relatively) narrowly lanceolate.
Inflorescence erect.
Rachis glabrous; bracts red or scarlet.
Rachis straight; bracts scarlet H. variegata.
Rachis flexuous; bracts red H. acuminata.
Rachis pubescent; bracts reddish yellow or red above.
Bracts acuminate, mostly about 1 dm. long.
H. brasiliensis.
Bracts rounded to apex, mostly 1.5-2 dm. long.
H. lingulata.
Inflorescence pendulous or nodding.
Bracts not scarlet, the lower usually much exceeding 1 dm.
Rachis glabrous; bracts yellow, at least below.
Bracts red-tipped ; leaves lustrous H. subulata.
Bracts not red-tipped; leaves glaucous, especially
beneath H. Weberbaueri.
Rachis pubescent; bracts reddish yellow. . H. lingulata.
Bracts scarlet, even the lowest only 1 dm. long . . H. affinis.
A. Slender plants, canna-like, rarely over 1 meter high, the leaves
usually about 3 dm. long, or shorter.
Lower bracts longer than 1 dm.
Flowers greenish yellow, black-spotted at tip; inflorescence
dense even in fruit, the bracts ascending . . . H. densi flora.
Flowers not black-spotted; inflorescence open, the bracts
soon widely spreading.
Rachis straight or nearly so.
Rachis densely puberulent, as also bracts and flowers.
720 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Inflorescence open, reddish-puberulent; sheaths gla-
brous H. roseoflava.
Inflorescence close, hirsutulous or villous; sheaths often
villous H. hirsuta.
Rachis glabrous.
Bracts in part rose; flowers orange H. aureorosea.
Bracts scarlet; flowers yellowish green. . . H. variegata.
Rachis definitely flexuous.
Pedicels about 2 cm. long; flowers reddish. . H. acuminata.
Pedicels about 1 cm. long; flowers yellow. . . H. affinis.
Lower bracts rarely 1 dm. long, even the lowest, unless leaf -like,
or rarely in H. psittacorum with narrow leaves.
Bracts orange; greenish yellow flowers black- tipped ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; plants glabrous.
H. psittacorum.
Bracts not orange nor flowers black-tipped; leaves elliptic
or ovate-lanceolate.
Plants glabrous; bracts purple, red and yellow, or red.
Bracts and flowers purple, the latter 12 or more in each
bract H. Uleana.
Bracts and flowers red or yellow or the flowers purple but
few to several.
Leaves 4-6 dm. long and 1 dm. wide, shortly acuminate.
H. affinis.
Leaves smaller, caudate-acuminate.
Inflorescence open, the bracts 1.5-2.5 cm. remote.
Leaves oblongish, 4 to rarely 7 cm. wide.
H. Schumanniana.
Leaves elliptic, 7-9 cm. wide H. aureorosea.
Inflorescence close, the bracts mostly about 1 cm.
remote.
Petioles about 1 dm. long H. tenebrosa.
Petioles about 1 cm. long H. cannoidea.
Plants not glabrous; peduncles and often flowers pubescent;
bracts scarlet H. hirsuta.
Heliconia acuminata L. C. Rich. Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur.
15: Suppl. 26: pi. 11, 12. 1831; 38.
FLORA OF PERU 721
Plants 2 meters high or higher, glabrous, with oblong long-
petioled leaves and a long and strict inflorescence with a strongly
flexuous rachis; bracts red, remote, the lower 12-17 cm. long; pedi-
cels 2 cm. long or longer; flowers reddish green. — The Peruvian
material determined by Loesener, with remark "vel aff." The
Ecuadorian H. aequatoriensis Loes. might be sought here; its lowest
bracts are leaf-like, the lower proper ones 1.5-2.5 dm. long. Neg.
9937.
San Martin: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4664- — Huanuco: Hua-
malies, Weberbauer 3558. Cueva Grande near Posuso, 1,050 meters,
4802. — Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1,500 meters, Schunke 386, 278.
— Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9188. Brazil to Venezuela and the Guianas.
Heliconia affinis Loes. Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 117: 10. 1916.
Glabrous and low, but the leaves sometimes nearly 6 dm. long;
inflorescence curved at base (pendulous?), the rachis flexuous; bracts
scarlet, the lowest 1 dm. long; flowers yellow, 4 cm. long, the pedi-
cels 8-13 mm. long, — Allied to H. densiflora. Neg. 9939.
Puno: Chunchosmayo, 900 meters, Weberbauer 1169.
Heliconia aureorosea Loes. Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 117: 11. 1916.
Glabrous, with sessile or subsessile leaves, rounded at base,
2-2.5 dm. long, and 7-9 cm. wide, long-acuminate; inflorescence
suberect, the lower bracts yellow and paler toward the apex, the
upper, especially above, rose-color, 10.5-4.5 cm. long; pedicels 8-14
mm. long; flowers curved at base, 2 cm. long. — The specific name
was hyphenated by the author. Neg. 9940.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9183.
Heliconia Bihai L. Mant. 2: 211. 1771; 36.
Vigorous and tall, the long-petioled oblong leaves to 1.3 meters
long, the inflorescence to 6 dm. long and half as wide, glabrous
throughout; bracts scarlet, with long narrow acuminate yellow tips,
to 1.5 dm. long; flowers green, or yellow and green-tipped. — Widely
distributed and commonly cultivated.
Huanuco: Huamalies, Weberbauer 3636 (det. Loesener). —
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9190 (det. Loesener). La Victoria, Williams
3098.
Heliconia brasiliensis Hook. Exot. Fl. 3: pi. 190. 1827; 38.
Similar to H. acuminata, but the lower bracts to sometimes 22
cm. long, red at apex, and the rachis pubescent; flowers greenish white
or greenish yellow or red.
722 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Huanuco: Pampayacu, 5080. — Loreto: Leticia, Ule 6911 (or aff.,
det. Loesener). Iquitos, Williams 1377, 3718, 3709, 1242; King 172.
Brazil to the Guianas. "Bijanillo," "situlli," "uchpa-situlli."
Heliconia cannoidea L. C. Rich. Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. 15:
Suppl. 24: pi 9. 1831; 39.
This has been referred to H. hirsuta as a variety by Baker, but
as species of Heliconia are accepted at present, it seems to merit
recognition, as indicated in the key.
Loreto: Rio Itaya, Williams 31. Mishuyacu, Klug 308. For-
taleza, Yurimaguas, Williams 434$- Santa Rosa, Williams 4840.
Recreo, Williams 3923. Yurimaguas, Killip & Smith 27569.
Heliconia densiflora Verlot, Rev. Hort. 274. 1869; 39.
About 6 dm. tall, with long-petioled oblong leaves, cordate at
base, and a dense inflorescence of about 6 lustrous scarlet bracts, the
lowest 1.5 dm. long. — Said to grow in Peru (originally from French
Guiana), and with the greenish yellow flowers, black-spotted at tip,
of H. psittacorum. Illustrated, loc. cit.
Peru: Without data.
Helieonia episcopalis Veil. Fl. Flum. 3: pi. 22. 1827; text, ed.
Netto 109. 1881; 35.
Tall, with a strict erect inflorescence of yellowish red bracts,
sometimes 6-7 cm. long, and pale lilac flowers; rachis light-colored.—
Often 3-4 meters high. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 3: pi. 2.
Huanuco: Huamalies, Weberbauer 3598 (det. Loesener). — Loreto:
(Huber). Rio Acre, Ule 9534 (det. Loesener). Brazil; Colombia.
Heliconia hirsuta L. f. Suppl. PI. 158. 1781; 39. Limnocharis
Haenkei Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 88. 1827.
About 1 meter high, with oblong, sessile or subsessile leaves;
inflorescence, including the yellow flowers, pubescent. — Rarely the
leaf sheath also is villous, var. villosula Loes.
Junin: La Merced, 5363; Weberbauer 1811 (det. Loesener).
Chanchamayo Valley, Schunke 403. — San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule
6312 (det. Loesener). — Loreto: Cerro de Canchahuayo ( Huber 1385).
Rio Acre, Ule 9187. Yurimaguas (Poeppig 2183); Williams 3902,
3896. Ranging to Colombia.
Heliconia lingulata R. & P. Fl. 3: 71. pi. 304. 1802; 38.
Resembling H. brasiliensis, but the obtuse bracts, even the lowest,
less than 2 dm. long; flowers yellow. — Recent authors have described
FLORA OF PERU 723
the inflorescence as erect, although, as shown in the plate and as the
original description indicates, it may be pendulous.
Huanuco: Rio Monzon, Weberbauer 3579 (det. Loesener).
Chinchao and Cochero (Ruiz & Pavon). "Purum-kcagni," "purum-
kcagne."
Heliconia penduloides Loes. Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 117: 6. 1916.
About 3 meters high, with long-petioled leaves nearly 2.5 dm.
wide that are strongly white-pruinose beneath as also the upper
portion of the bracts; inflorescence pendulous, to 8 dm. long; peduncle
and rachis densely villous; bracts glabrous without except at base, the
lowest nearly 3 dm. long; pedicels 2 cm. long; flowers yellow, the
outer parts pubescent. — The related H. pendula Wawra of Brazil
is not pruinose and has glabrous flowers. Neg. 9944.
Huanuco: Valley of the Mairo, 500 meters, Weberbauer 6759.
Heliconia pruinosa Loes. Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 117: 7. 1916.
Similar to H. penduloides, but the inflorescence erect, and the
largest villous bracts less than 2 dm. long. Neg. 9945.
Puno: Near Chunchosmayo, 900 meters, Weberbauer 1216.
Heliconia psittacorum L. f. Suppl. PI. 158. 1781; 39.
With the habit and flowers of H. densiflora, but the leaves cuneate
or subrotund at the base, and the largest bracts only 8 cm. long.—
Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 3: pi. 7.
Loreto: Timbuchi, Williams 987. Caballo-cocha, Williams 2198.
Santa Ana, Williams 1228. Generally distributed in South America.
"Bijauillo."
Heliconia roseoflava Loes. Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 117: 10. 1916.
Leaves about 3 dm. long, long-petioled, cuneate at base; bracts
puberulent, glabrous within, the largest 17 cm. long, rose with yellow-
ish and whitish tips; pedicels to 12 mm. long, puberulent like the
orange flowers, these 5 cm. long. — Allied to H. densiflora. The
name was hyphenated originally. Neg. 9946.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9184.
Heliconia rostrata R. & P. Fl. 3: 71. pi. 305. 1902; 36. H.
Poeppigiana Eichl. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 3: 18. 1890.
Sometimes 2.5 meters high; leaves subcordate at base; inflores-
cence 3 dm. long and half as broad; bracts 1 dm. long; flowers yellow.
— This doubtless included formerly several of the recently proposed
724 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
segregates, such as H. penduloides Loes. The somewhat similar
H. juruana Loes. may be expected ; its bracts are only half as long.
Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer 1851, 5110. — Huanuco: Pillao,
Cochero, Chinchao, Panao, Muna, Posuso (Ruiz & Pawn). Cochero
(Poeppig 1567). Pampayacu, 1,050 meters, 5110. — Loreto: For-
taleza, Yurimaguas, Williams 4380. Rio Acre, Ule 91 89. "Kcagni,"
"kcagne."
Heliconia Schumanniana Loes. Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 117:
12. 1916. H. Schumanniana var. basirubra Loes. op. cit. 13.
A glabrous plant, about 1 meter high, or sometimes 3 meters, but
the leaves small, less than 3 dm. long and only 4-7 cm. wide, obtuse or
cuneate at base and long-acuminate at apex; inflorescence erect or
ascending, with a flexuous or nearly straight rachis; lowest bracts
leaf-like, the lowest proper bracts 6-8 cm. long, red below, yellow
above; flowers yellow, 2 cm. long. — Allied by the author to H.
aureorosea and H. Uleana. This species, at least, varies in color:
f. apicirubra (Loes.) Macbr., bracts yellow below the middle, scarlet
above; f. acreana (Loes.) Macbr., flowers purple. Neg. 9948.
Huanuco: Between the Monzon and the Huallaga, 600 meters,
Weberbauer 3703. — San Martin: Moyobamba, 1,000 meters, Weber-
bauer 4627. — Loreto: Rio Itaya, Williams 3427. Rio Acre, Ule
9186. "Bijanillo."
Heliconia Standleyi Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 48. 1931.
A magnificent, entirely glabrous plant, the stems at least 2 meters
high, the leaves even longer, on petioles more than half as long, and
the drooping inflorescence sometimes nearly 2 meters long; rachis
strongly flexuous; bracts 2-4 cm. remote, to 1 dm. long, 3-3.5 cm.
wide below, and 1 cm. wide just below the subobtuse tip; pedicels
many, about 1 cm. long.
Loreto: Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27444, type.
Heliconia stricta Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4: 543. 1906.
Commonly 1.5 meters high; petioles glabrous, 3^4 dm. long;
leaves to 1 meter long and 2 dm. wide, at base strongly unequal, con-
tracted to the petiole, acuminate; rachis strict, minutely strigillose;
bracts 6-8, cymbiform, to 6 cm. wide at insertion, 1-1.5 dm. long or
longer, acuminate, green; flowers many; pedicels and ovaries gla-
brous; flowers 6 cm. long, white below, green above.
Loreto: Cerro de Canchahuayo (Huber}. "Citolle."
FLORA OF PERU 725
Heliconia subulata R. & P. Fl. 3: 70. pi. 303. 1802; 39. H.
psittacorum L. f. var. subulata Baker, Ann. Bot. 7: 199. 1893.
A robust plant, the leaves often exceeding 1 meter; inflorescence
curved, becoming reflexed; bracts yellow with red tips, in fruit
puniceous; flowers many, 16-33 in each bract, on short angled
pedicels, attenuate to base; flowers yellow.
Huanuco: Chinchao, Cochero, Chacahuasi, Posuso, and Iscutuna
(Ruiz & Pawn). "Puca-kcagni."
Heliconia tenebrosa Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 48. 1931.
Slender, especially the long lustrous petioles 1.5-2 dm. long;
leaves deep green, long-acuminate, 7-8 cm. wide, 2.5 dm. long; inflor-
escence erect, 2 dm. long; lowest bracts 7-8 cm. long, 1.5 cm. wide at
base, strongly narrowed toward the acute tip, about 1 cm. remote;
rachis very flexuous; flowers 3 cm. long; stamens free, exserted;
anthers 5 mm. long.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, Klug 1089, type.
Heliconia Uleana Loes. Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 117: 12. 1916.
Nearly H. Schumanniana, but the leaves distinctly elliptic,
about 2 dm. long and 7-10 cm. broad, and both the bracts and flowers
dull purple.— Neg. 9949.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9185.
Heliconia variegata Loes. Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 117: 9. 1916.
Similar to H. acuminata, but the slender rachis straight; flowers
yellowish greenish. Neg. 9950.
Huanuco: Posuso, 1,000 meters, Weberbauer 6766, type; 600
meters, 4708. Pampayacu, 1,050 meters, 5068.
Heliconia vellerigera Poepp. Reise 2: 295. 1836; 37.
One species that can not be mistaken, because the inflorescence is
literally covered with a dense, long, brownish red pubescence.—
Weberbauer, collecting the plant for the second time, noted its
height as 6 meters and its flowers as yellow. Neg. 1186.
Huanuco: Posuso, Weberbauer 6764 (det. Loesener).
Heliconia Weberbaueri Loes. Bot. Jahrb. 54: Beibl. 117: 10.
1916.
Apparently very similar to H. subulata and perhaps only a form;
bracts yellow throughout, the lower 15-21 cm. long; flowers yellow,
726 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
on pedicels 1-2 cm. long. — Compared by the author with H. lin-
gulata. Neg. 9951.
Ayacucho: Rio Apurimac, 600 meters, Weberbauer 5628.
35. ZINGIBERACEAE. Ginger Family
Reference: Schumann, Pflanzenr. IV. 46. 1904.
This family, interesting for its well-known products such as ginger,
turmeric, and cardamon, is represented in Peru by no native species of
economic importance, but the ornamental Hedychium coronarium
Koen. of the Himalayas, frequently cultivated, has sometimes
escaped to grow as wild. It has ample oblong-lanceolate leaves and
densely bracteate spikes of pure white flowers, the tube to 8 cm. long
and the segments spreading, the lower lip broad and notched. It
is pictured by Schumann, op. cit. /. 8. Tessmann found it at
Iquitos, as "la flor desgraciada," Williams at San Roque, as "Navi-
dad sacha," and Herrera at Calca. Zingiber officinale Roscoe, the
source of ginger, is sometimes an escape, as Klug 1227 from Iquitos.
Known as "gengibre," it is recognizable by its small head of densely
bracted, red and yellow flowers, the bracts dark-dotted, on a leafless
but sheath-bracted stalk. The leaves are linear-acuminate.
Corolla lip short and more or less definitely 3-lobed ... 1. Renealmia.
Corolla lip prominent and obovate or elliptic, entire, crisped, or 2-
lobed.
Flowers in dense spikes.
Bracteoles complicate, not bicarinate; corolla lip more or less
2-lobed 2. Costus.
Bracteoles tubular or bicarinate; corolla lip merely crisped.
3. Dimerocostus.
Flowers solitary, axillary 4. Monocostus.
1. RENEALMIA L. f.
Simple-stemmed perennials from a fleshy aromatic rhizome, the
distichous leaves linear to elliptic-lanceolate, the inflorescence
paniculate or racemose, the flowers solitary or several in the often
colored subtending bracts. Calyx tubular or turbinate, at anthesis
rupturing laterally or more or less regularly, with 3 lobes. Corolla
tube often shorter than the calyx. Lateral staminodia tooth-like.
Stamen sessile or subsessile. — The species possess good habital dif-
ferences and collectors should note whether the inflorescence is basal
or terminal. As so few specimens show clearly the habit, the follow-
FLORA OF PERU 727
ing key is based on less important characters that suffice, however, to
distinguish the Peruvian species.
Inflorescence very dense in flower, rarely 1 dm. long.
Leaves huge; bracts densely fulvous-puberulent . R. nicolaioides.
Leaves small to medium; bracts glabrous or lightly puberulent
but not conspicuously so.
Bracts firm, ovate-lanceolate, acute.
Bracts 1-flowered, broadly lanceolate, crowded . . . . R. cernua.
Bracts several-flowered, narrowly lanceolate, loose.
R. hygrophila.
Bracts soft, more or less crinkled in drying, rounded or obtusish.
Lower bracts remote (1-2 cm. distant) R. breviscapa.
Lower bracts imbricate or touching.
Bracts glabrous or glabrate; leaves rarely 2.5 dm. long.
R. geostachys.
Bracts more or less pubescent; leaves mostly several dm.
long R. thyrsoidea.
Inflorescence relatively open even in flower, a narrow elongate
raceme or spike-like panicle, usually at least 1.5 dm. long.
Inflorescence minutely stellate-pubescent . R. micrantha.
Inflorescence glabrate or puberulent.
Inflorescence red or reddish, the bracts oblong-lanceolate.
Flowers small, 1 cm. long or less.
Bracts several- to many-flowered R . occidentals.
Bracts 1-flowered R. Regnelliana.
Flowers large, about 2 cm. long or longer.
Bracts lance-acuminate, 4 cm. long , . . .R. macrantha.
Bracts ovate-acute, 2-2.5 cm. long R. lativagina.
Inflorescence pale, the bracts suborbicular R. spicata.
Renealmia breviscapa Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2:
25. pi. 135. 1838; 300. R. racemosa Poepp. & Endl. op. cit. 26.
Amomum racemosum R. & P. Fl. 1: 2. pi. 1. 1798. Alpinia Ruitziana
Steud. Nom. ed. 2. 1: 63. 1840. Renealmia Ruiziana Horan. (as to
name), Prodr. Scit. 33. 1862.
Glabrous except for the subtomentose peduncle, pedicels, and
rachis, the stems about 6 dm. high, the leaves to 2.5 dm. long, on
petioles to 6 cm. long; panicle pyramidal, the peduncle to 2.5 dm. long;
728 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
bracts red, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2 cm. long (as the calyx) ; corolla
yellow, the lobes scarcely 8 mm. long, the lip subtrilobed-ovate;
capsule 1 cm. long, to 12-seeded. — R. floribunda Schum., with
cylindrical panicle and smaller capsule, and R. oligosperma Schum.,
with calyx 1 cm. long and fewer seeds, may be found.
Huanuco: Pampayacu, Poeppig. Cochero, Chinchao, Muna, and
Pillao (Ruiz & Pavdn). — Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer 1805 (det.
Loesener). — San Martin: Tarapoto, Ule 6605. — Loreto: Rio Acre,
Ule 9199 (det. Loesener). "Achira de monte."
Renealmia cernua (Sw.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 14. 1931.
Costus cernuus Sw. ex R. & S. Syst. Veg. 1: 25. 1817. R. strobilifera
Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 26. pi. 136. 1838.
About 2 meters high, with sessile lanceolate leaves to 3 dm. long,
and 6 cm. wide, and ovate or ellipsoid, terminal spikes; bracts
indurate, orange, the fertile densely imbricate, lanceolate, 4 cm.
long; tube of the coriaceous yellow corolla obtuse. — An unusual
species with the aspect of Costus.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2182; Williams 4116, 523 4-
Colombia; Venezuela; Costa Rica; Surinam.
Renealmia geostachys Schum. Pflanzenr. IV. 46: 303. 1904.
Glabrous except the hirsute corolla lip, about 1 meter high;
leaves lance-oblong, the petioles 5-12 mm. long, thick, the ligule
scarcely 1 mm. long, truncate; racemes elongate-ellipsoid, obtuse,
about 1 dm. long; corolla yellow, the tube 1.5 cm. long, the lobes 1
cm. long. Neg. 9919.
Loreto: Leticia, Ule 6188. San Antonio, Alto Rio Itaya, Wil-
liams 3468(1).
Renealmia hygrophila Schum. Pflanzenr. IV. 46: 284. 1904.
A robust perennial with the aspect of R. cernua, but the bracts
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, and loosely subtending 3-4 flowers.
Neg. 9923.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4676. Colombia.
"Mishipanga."
Renealmia lativagina Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 50. 1931.
Robust, to 2 meters tall or taller, the basal inflorescence closely
enveloped below with conspicuous sheaths 1-2 dm. long and 2.5-3
cm. wide on each side; leaves long-petioled, 8 dm. long and 2 dm.
wide; flowers solitary, 3 cm. long, pale red; bracts salmon-pink,
FLORA OF PERU 729
oblong-obovate, acute; fruit red. — A specimen by Williams (3113}
from La Victoria, consisting of a leaf blade and the upper portion of
an inflorescence, would be sought here. It has nearly sessile flowers
scarcely 2 cm. long, calyx 15 mm. long, and obtusish bracts 12 mm.
broad. It could be R, goyazensis Schum., R. latebracteata Loes., or
new.
Loreto: Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27099. Caballo-cocha, Williams
2174(1', specimen incomplete).
Renealmia macrantha Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2:
25. pi 134. 1838; 306.
One meter high or taller, with sublanceolate leaves sessile but
long-attenuate at base; racemes red, to 3 dm. long, the peduncles
subtomentose; bracts lance-acuminate, to 4 cm. long; calyx clavate-
tubular, 2 cm. long; corolla yellow, the obovate lip puberulent at the
middle.
San Martin: Tocache, Poeppig. Loreto: Iquitos, Williams 3591.
' ' Mishqui-panque. ' '
Renealmia micrantha Schum. Pflanzenr. IV. 46: 298. 1904.
Amomum racemosum R. & P. Fl. 1: 2. 1798, in part. R. Ruiziana
(Steud.) Horan. Prodr. Scit. 33. 1862, ace. to Loesener.
A stout perennial with sessile or subsessile, thick, glabrous,
oblong-lanceolate leaves 3-3.5 dm. long or longer and 7-10 cm. wide;
peduncle about 6 dm. long; panicle 2 dm. long; bracts lance-acumi-
nate; flowers little longer than the tomentulose pedicels. — Remark-
able because of its stellate pubescence. According to Loesener,
Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 87. 1931, the Madrid specimen of
Ruiz & Pavon is partly this plant and partly R. breviscapa. The
Steudel name, however, as a name, applies only to the latter, which
is the earlier available for A. racemosum R. & P., not (L.) A. Rich.
My specimens were from open hillside thickets; plants 2 meters high
with basal inflorescence. The flowers were orange, the black fruits
orange within. Neg. 9935.
Huanuco: Pampayacu, 5100. Chinchao, etc., Ruiz.
Renealmia nicolaioides Loes. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
65. 1927.
A magnificent banana-like perennial attaining 5 meters, with huge
leaves exceeding 1.2 meters, bearing its flowers on separate scapes;
spikes at first head-like, 6 cm. long, becoming 3 dm. long in fruit;
730 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
bracts 4.5-6 cm. long; flowers red. — Unique in the genus for its easily
disjoined stamen structure. Neg. 9928.
Huanuco: By the Monzon, 900 meters, Weberbauer 3435.
Renealmia occidentalis (Sw.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 2. 493.
1830. Alpinia occidentalis Sw. Prodr. 11. 1788.
Stout and glabrous (except the rachis), with sessile or subsessile
leaves often several dm. long and about 1 dm. broad; bracts reddish,
lanceolate-acute, many-flowered; calyx scarlet, 5-6 mm. long, the
tube of the yellow corolla slightly exserted.
San Martin: Moyobamba, Weberbauer 4513 (det. Loesener).
Renealmia Regnelliana Loes. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
66. 1927.
A small plant, the leaves about 3 dm. long and 6-7 cm. wide,
shortly acuminate, and the basal inflorescence only 2 dm. long;
lowest bracts imbricate; pedicels 6 mm. long, lightly rusty-pubescent,
like the bracts and sepals, especially at tip, the former 2-2.5 cm. long,
the latter 1 cm. long; flowers inconspicuous. Neg. 9932.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 5245. Brazil. "Mishqui panga."
Renealmia spicata Gagnepain, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 49: 27.
1902; 298.
A species with sessile or shortly petioled, abruptly acuminate
leaves and a dense cylindrical spike-like panicle about 1 dm. long;
bracts suborbicular, 7-10 mm. wide, deciduous; calyx campanulate,
coriaceous, irregularly lobed; middle lobe of corolla lip emarginate.
Peru: (Gay).— Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9200 (?; det. Loesener).
Renealmia thyrsoidea (R. & P.) Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. &
Sp. 2: 26. 1838; 302. Amomum thyrsoideum R. & P. Fl. 1: 2. pi. 2.
1798.
Stout, 2 meters high; leaves subsessile; bracts lanceolate, to 3
cm. long, the calyx 1.5 cm. long; capsule ellipsoid, nearly 4 cm. long.
—Otherwise about like R. geostachys.
Huanuco: Cochero, Chinchao, Posuso, Ruiz. Cushi, 4814- —
Junin: La Merced 5243; Weberbauer 1835 (det. Loes.); Killip &
Smith 23447.
2. COSTUS L.
Similar to Renealmia, but not aromatic and the leaves spirally
disposed, the corolla lip enlarged, and the lateral staminodia often
FLORA OF PERU 731
lacking. Filament sometimes petaloid. Inflorescence usually
strobilate, the bracts 1-2-flowered. Ovary 3-celled. Bracteoles
complicate. — Besides the following, a specimen from Tarapoto
( Vie 6475) has been referred to the often cultivated Asian C. speciosus
(Koenig) Smith (or aff. det Loesener), a species distinguishable
from all ours by its distinctly pungent-mucronate bracts. But in
aspect, at least, this particular Ule specimen suggests C. Ulei Loes.!
A. Leaves pubescent beneath, at least on the nerves, sometimes
minutely so but uniformly.
B. Stems well developed.
Leaves silvery beneath with a dense appressed silky pubescence.
C. argenteus.
Leaves more or less pubescent, at least beneath, but not strik-
ingly silvery.
Plants densely villous throughout, except the inner bracts, with
spreading reddish hairs.
Bracts unappendaged C. lasius.
Bracts appendaged C. scaber.
Plants in part glabrate, or the pubescence fine and appressed
or subappressed or sparse (or the bracts appendaged).
Leaves usually sparsely villous above; bracts all more or
less appendaged C. scaber.
Leaves glabrous or glabrate above; bracts not definitely
appendaged (sometimes softer at tips or acute).
Leaves puberulent beneath, the hairs appressed or
minute.
Stout herbs, the flowering stalks 2 cm. thick or thicker,
even above C. cylindricus.
Slender herbs, the stems 1-1.5 cm. thick.
Bracts broadly ovate, rounded-acutish.
C. Puchucupanga.
Bracts narrow, acuminate C. Ulei.
Leaves sparsely hirsute on both sides, the hairs straggling.
Leaves elongate-oblong C. tarapotensis.
Leaves broadly ovate C. amazonicus.
B. Stemless plant with rosulate leaves C. kaempferoides.
A. Leaves glabrous.
Bracts narrow, acute or acuminate.
732 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Bracts callous-lineate; spikes sessile, terminal. .. .C. tarmicus.
Bracts not calloused; spikes nodding or lateral. . . .C. cernuus.
Bracts broad, rounded or, if acutish, not tapering.
Plants slender, linear-leaved, or flexuous-stemmed, the stems
about 0.5 cm. thick.
Leaves ovate.
Ligule cobwebby-pubescent C. spiralis.
Ligule glabrous or nearly so C. gracilis.
Leaves linear-lanceolate C. zingiber mdes.
Plants stout, the stiff stems about 1 cm. thick or thicker.
Bracts not callous-lineate or, if obscurely, manifestly append-
aged.
Bracts neither appendaged nor lineate; leaves green.
C. erythrocoryne.
Bracts manifestly appendaged, obscurely lineate; leaves
purple beneath C. erythrophyllus.
Bracts calloused, not appendaged, unless sometimes the
outermost.
Flowering stalks leafy, the spikes often short.
Spikes cylindrical, sometimes short; callus line evident.
Ligule rounded, or at any rate not ciliate, sometimes
hairy.
Leaves mostly less than 1.5 dm. long; flowers white.
C. validus.
Leaves mostly 2-3 dm. long; flowers mostly yellow
or reddish C. cylindricus.
Ligule truncate, arachnoid-ciliate C. brasiliensis.
Spikes ovoid-turbinate; callus line very prominent.
C. laevis.
Flowering stalks leafless, closely bracteate.
Ligule eciliate; bracts and flowers red. .C. erythrothyrsus.
Ligule arachnoid-ciliate; bracts green or red, the flowers
white or variegated C. brasiliensis.
Costus amazonicus (Loes.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 13.
1931. Costus Malortieanus Wendl. var. amazonicus Loes. Notizbl.
Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 710. 1929.
FLORA OF PERU 733
Hirsute, especially the leaf margins, and with broad (about 2
dm.) leaves to 3.5 dm. long, glaucous beneath; spikes ellipsoid, to
1.5 dm. long; bracts broadly ovate, callous-lineate, sparsely pilose,
the margin obscurely lacerate; flowers large. Neg. 9904.
Loreto: Tierra Blanca, on the lower Maranon, Tessmann 4903.
Costus argenteus R. & P. Fl. 1: 3. pi. 4- 1798; 389.
Sometimes 1 meter high; leaves glabrous above, to 3 dm. long and
4-5 cm. broad, narrowed to a subcordate base, the petiole 3 mm.
long; ligules 7-8 mm. long, the margins lanuginose-ciliate; spikes
terminal, finally elongate-cylindrical, with red ovate soft-appendaged
bracts, the lower leaf -like, 1 dm. long and 3-4 cm. wide; calyx
turbinate; corolla yellowish (?). — Loesener, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 11: 91-92. 1931, has established the true character of this
long misunderstood species.
Huanuco: Cochero and Chinchao (Ruiz & Pavdn). — Junin:
Chanchamayo Valley, 1,200 meters, Schunke 384 (fide Loesener).
"Purum-pina."
Costus brasiliensis Schum. Pflanzenr. IV. 46: 403. 1904. C.
arabicus Veil. Fl. Flum. 1: pi. 5. 1827; text, ed. Netto 2(?). 1881.
Allied to C. cylindricus, but the leaves commonly smaller, the
ligule twice as long (3-5 mm.), and the firmer reddish bracts usually
drying darker and 3-4 cm. long; corolla tube to 1.5 cm. long, the lip
to 6 cm. long. — C. congestiflorus Gagnp., to which Loesener doubtfully
refers Ule 9198 from Rio Acre (or to C. lanceolatus Peters), would
key here. It has oblongish bracts 2 mm. long and villous flowers.
Loreto: Iquitos, Tessmann 3699 (vel aff., det. Loesener). Caballo-
cocha, Williams 2497 (vel aff.). Brazil.
Costus cylindricus Jacq. Fragm. 54. pi. 77. 1809.
Similar to C. scaber, but the slightly petioled leaves glabrous or
somewhat pilose and usually longer (1.5-3 dm. long), and the bracts
often longer. — The typical form has spikes 1 dm. long or shorter, red
bracts, and yellow flowers. Our material is probably all the var.
pulcherrima (Kuntze) Schum. (var. acreanus Loes. Notizbl. Bot.
Gart. Berlin 10: 712. 1929, apparently), more robust, the spikes to
1.5 dm. long, the bracts tomentulose, and the flowers rose or yellow.
Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 46: 380.
Junin: La Merced, 4809; Schunke 435. — Loreto: Middle Ucayali,
Tessmann 3292. Iquitos, Killip & Smith 27266. Rio Acre, Ule
734 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
9194, 9193, 9195 (var. acreanus). Bolivia to the West Indies.
"Cafiagre."
Costus erythrocoryne Schum. Pflanzenr. IV. 46: 410. 1904.
Leaves 18-28 cm. long, 7-9 cm. wide, the margins and nerves
beneath minutely appressed-pilose; ligule 6-7 mm. long, ciliate;
spikes ellipsoid, rounded at apex, 1-1.5 dm. long; bracts red, tomen-
tose and ciliate, very broadly ovate, 4-5 cm. long and broad, not at
all calloused; calyx 1.5 cm. long; flowers yellow, red toward the tip;
corolla lip obovate, obtuse, 3.5-4 cm. long. — Well marked by the
diverse flowering stems, virtually stout-bracteate peduncles, 3-9
dm. high. The similar C. geothyrsus Schum. of Ecuador, with leaves
twice as large, is to be expected. Neg. 9892.
Loreto: Iquitos, Ule 6188.
Costus erythrophyllus Loes. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
707. 1929.
Glabrous except the puberulent bracts, several dm. to 1 meter
high; leaves mostly crowded toward the apex of the stem, shortly
petioled, obovate-oblong, 1.5-2.5 dm. by 5.5-10 cm.; spikes sub-
capitate, 4.5 cm. long, 3.5 cm. thick; smaller bracts 4 cm. long, the
appendage half as long; flowers yellowish with reddish streaks. —
Leaves reddish beneath. Related to C. juruanus Schum. and C.
discolor Schum., both with shorter and entire ligules. Neg. 9890.
Loreto: Mouth of the Apaga, Tessmann 4813.
Costus erythrothyrsus Loes. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
713. 1929.
Allied to C. erythrocoryne, but glabrous, the leaves 3-4 dm. long,
the bracts 3-4 cm. long and 2.5-3 cm. broad, and the flowers red.—
The Ecuadorian C. geothyrsus Schum. has leaves 2 dm. broad and
hairy bracts, and probably will be found in Peru. Neg. 9891.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4262. Timbuchi,
Rio Nanay, Williams 977. "Cafiagre Colorado."
Costus gracilis Loes. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 711. 1929.
Slender, the ascending stems to 3.5 mm. thick, glabrous, or the
sheaths granulate-punctate; petioles 2-3 mm. long; leaves 8-12 cm.
long and 1.5 cm. wide; bracts, excluding the lower, more or less leaf-
like ones, about 22 mm. long and 8 mm. broad, with an obsolete
callus line; flowers white. — Allied by Loesener to C. pubescens
S. Moore, of Brazil. Neg. 9897.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 95 bis.
FLORA OF PERU 735
Costus kaempferoides Loes. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
714. 1929.
The only stemless species of Peru; leaves about 3 dm. long and 1
dm. wide, sparsely hirsute on both sides; spikes 6 cm. long and
broad; flowers yellow. Neg. 9899.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Vie 9197.
Costus laevis R. & P. Fl. 1: 3. 1798; 400. C. Weberbaueri Loes.
Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 712. 1929.
Petioles to 1 cm. long; sheath broad, puberulent; ligule and
petioles purple; spikes very long, fusiform, the bracts broadly
lanceolate; flowers large and showy, the elongate obtuse lobes
puberulent, the middle lobe of the ample lip trifid. Neg. 9900.
Huanuco: Pillao (Ruiz & Pavdri). Cochero (Poeppig 1587}. —
Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer 1852, 1820 (the same as the R. & P.
plant, fide Loesener).
Costus lasius Loes. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 710. 1929.
Striking because of its reddish pubescence; spikes ovoid, sessile;
corolla yellowish, the oblong lobes 6 cm. long, the lip to 9 cm. long.—
This was referred to C. villosissimus Jacq., of the West Indies, by
Schumann. Neg. 9901.
Puno: Sangaban (Lechler 2475?). — Loreto: Leticia, Ule 6180,
type. Yurimaguas, Poeppig. La Victoria, Williams 3004-
Costus Puchucupanga Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 49. 1931.
Rather slender, the rusty-puberulent stems 1 cm. thick; sheath
margins densely woolly-ciliate; leaves sessile, narrowed to the base,
shortly caudate-acuminate, 2-2.5 dm. long, 7-10 cm. wide, glabrous
above except the margins and midnerve, these densely fulvous-
pubescent, finely pale-puberulent all over beneath; spike ovoid,
sessile; bracts broad, rounded, conspicuously callous-lineate; flowers
unknown.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 4570. "Puchucu-panga."
Costus scaber R. & P. Fl. 1: 2. pi. 3; 406.
Recognizable by its pubescent leaves, the larger about 8 cm. long
and 7 cm. broad; bracts also hairy, purple, 2 cm. long, with a callus
line below the apex. — The species is not well named.
Huanuco: Pillao, Chinchao, Cochero, Posuso (Ruiz & Pavon).—
Loreto: Cumaria, Tessmann 3324 (det. Loesener). Puerto Metendez,
736 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Tessmann 4781 (vel aff., very pubescent, det. Loesener). Mishuyacu,
King 790, 922. Palta-cocha, Rio Nanay, Williams 1272.
Costus spiralis (Jacq.) Rose. Trans. Linn. Soc. 8: 350. 1807;
400. Alpinia spiralis Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. l.pl.l. 1797.
A rather well-marked species because of the obviously woolly-
ciliate ligules, the usually slender stems, and, especially, the short
corolla lip; leaves small, usually 1.5 dm. long and a third as broad;
spikes 2-5 cm. long, the bracts villous-margined to glabrate (our
form) ; corolla red, the tube 1 cm. long, the stamen far exceeding the
short lip.
Loreto: Timbuchi, Rio Nanay, Williams 968, 772. "Agrio-wiru."
South America.
Costus tarapotensis Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 50. 1931.
Habit unknown; leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends,
acuminate, about 3 dm. long and 6 cm. wide, glabrous above but
conspicuously rusty- villous beneath, very thin; spikes ovoid, about
1 dm. long; bracts glabrous, oblongish, acute, to 5 cm. long and 7
mm. wide, soft toward the tips; flowers 2 cm. long. — Probably related
to C. amazonicus.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 6529.
Costus tarmicus Loes. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 709. 1929.
More or less lightly pubescent, about 3 meters high; petioles
3-8 mm. long; leaves 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 2.5-6 cm. wide; spikes 5.5-
7.5 cm. long and 3.5-4.5 cm. thick; bracts glabrous, obsoletely or
conspicuously calloused, the upper scarious; flowers 6.5 cm. long, the
lip reddish-bordered. Neg. 9993.
Junin: La Merced, 900 meters, Weberbauer 1856.
Costus Ulei Loes. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 709. 1929.
Similar to the preceding, but more or less yellowish-pubescent;
bracts purple, the acumen of the upper 1 cm. long. Neg. 9914.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9192.
Costus validus Loes. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 711. 1929.
Apparently very near C. brasiliensis; bracts rigid-coriaceous, the
obtuse or rounded apex somewhat incised. Neg. 9915.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9196.
FLORA OF PERU 737
Costus zingiberoides Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 49. 1931.
By its slender stems, only 5-6 mm. thick, its almost grass-like
leaves 1.5-2 dm. long and 12-15 mm. broad, and its small (to 10 cm.
long, 2.5 cm. thick) heads with orange-red bracts, this species is
readily known; the leaves are glabrous, the sheaths hirsutulous;
bracts ovate, striate, puberulent or glabrous, the faint callus to 4
mm. long; bracteoles hyaline, truncate, 7 mm. long; calyx 22 mm.
long; corolla deep yellow, 3 cm. long; connective petaloid; ovary
3-celled. — In aspect suggesting Zingiber officinale.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 3985 (type), 3924-
3. DIMEROCOSTUS Kuntze
Flowers in dense spikes, the bracteoles and calyces rigidly
coriaceus. Bracts more or less sheath-like. Ovary 2-celled.
Leaves glabrous or minutely puberulent beneath.
Bracteoles entire or nearly so.
Leaves nearly glabrous; bracts not long-pubescent.
Bracts conspicuously calloused, entire D. Tessmanni.
Bracts obscurely calloused, toothed D. Williamsi.
Leaves puberulent beneath; flowers white; bracts cobwebby-
pubescent D. uniflorus.
Bracteoles deeply fissured; flowers yellow D. elongatus.
Leaves appressed silvery-pubescent beneath D. bicolor.
Dimerocostus bicolor Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 8: 114. 1930.
Similar to D. uniflorus, but the shortly petioled leaves with a
very dense, silvery indument beneath of almost microscopic hairs;
flowers unknown; seeds subquadrate, lustrous black. — Plants 2
meters high; inflorescence greenish white. In shady ravine.
Huanuco: Vilcabamba, Rio Chinchao, 5001.
Dimerocostus elongatus Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4: 545. 1906.
Leaves minutely puberulent beneath; calyx nearly 4 cm. long;
spikes 3 dm. long or often longer; bracteoles cleft one- third to one-
fourth, bicarinate; flowers yellow, with a bright sulphur-yellow lip.
Loreto: Cerro de Canchahuayo and Pampa del Sacramento
(Huber 1384, 1461).
Dimerocostus Tessmanni Loes. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
715. 1929.
738 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaves glabrous except near the midrib beneath, to 6 dm. long
and nearly 1 dm. wide; calyx 3.5-4 cm. long; spikes 2.5 dm. long, the
bracts 3 cm. long, with a callus line 4-6 mm. long, proceeding from
the 3-cornered apex. — Also collected at Chicoplaya by Ruiz and
Pavon (Loesener). Neg. 9888.
Loreto: Parinari, Tessmann 3751. Yurimaguas, Williams 4472.
"Nunio uaskanan," "sacha huiro."
Dimerocostus uniflorus (Poepp.) Schum. Pflanzenr. IV. 46:
427. 1904. Costus uniflorus Poepp. ex Peters, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3,
pt. 3: 58. 1890.
Robust, several meters high; leaves green on both sides but
minutely puberulent beneath; bracts long-ciliate; bractlets 2-3 cm.
long, bicarinate, pubescent; calyx 2.5-3 cm. long; corolla lip 6-7
cm. long; seeds narrowly ellipsoid, ashy-black. — Illustrated, Pflan-
zenr. IV. 46:426.
Peru: (Maclean}. Ecuador; Panama.
Dimerocostus Williamsi Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 50. 1931.
Similar to D. Tessmanni, but the leaves only 1 dm. long and 3-4
cm. wide, the bracts shortly but evidently cleft, the sepals 2 instead
of 3 cm. long, and the brown seeds 4 instead of 5 mm. long. — D.
Guttierezii Kuntze, little known, if sought here can be distinguished
by its glabrous sheaths, broad (5-7 mm.) petioles, and black seeds.
D. bolivianus (Rusby) Loes. has ciliate instead of glabrous bracteoles.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 4%91.
4. MONOCOSTUS Schum.
Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves. Ovary 2-celled.
-Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 46: 428.
Monocostus Ulei Schum. op. cit. 429. 1904.
A low plant with glabrous leaves 4-8 cm. long and 3-3.5 cm.
broad; bracteoles 2 cm. long, the lip 5-6 cm. long. — In dry woods.
San Martin: Near Tarapoto, Ule 6333.
36. CANNACEAE. Canna Family
Reference: Kranzlin, Pflanzenr. IV. 47. 1912.
The canna, besides its use as an ornamental plant, is important
in South America (to some extent in Peru) as a source of a meal
prepared from the roots. The species cultivated for this purpose
(especially C. edulis Ker) are known as "achira."
FLORA OF PERU 739
CANNA L. Canna
The only genus. — There are many cultivated forms or races.
Herbarium material poorly preserved and without color notes, as in
most of the recent collections that have come to notice, is not prac-
tically determinable.
Staminodia none; flowers paniculate C. paniculata.
Staminodia 2 or 3 ; flowers usually racemose.
Plants more or less lanuginose.
Staminodia 2; racemes elongate; sepals greenish red.
C. lanuginosa.
Staminodia 3; racemes often shorter than the leaves.
Flowers 6-7 cm. long; Staminodia connate at base.
C. Lambertii.
Flowers to 12 cm. long; staminodia tubular-connate.
C» iridijhra.
Plants glabrous.
Leaves paler beneath; staminodia 2 C. concinna.
Leaves green, sometimes glaucous; staminodia 3, the third
sometimes greatly reduced.
Leaves evidently white-margined, 1-1.5 dm. broad. C. glauca.
Leaves entirely green, usually 2-2.5 dm. broad.
Flowers red, suffused with orange or yellow. . . .C. indica.
Flowers scarlet or yellow.
Leaves elliptic; staminodia very dissimilar. .C. formosa.
Leaves ovate-oblong; staminodia similar. . . . .C. edulis.
Canna concinna Bouche", Linnaea 18: 491. 1844; 39.
About 1 meter high, slender in all parts; leaves 3-4 dm. long,
1 dm. broad; inflorescence well exceeding the leaves, subpaniculate;
sepals and petals green, the latter to 3.5 cm. long; staminodia longer,
strongly unequal. — C. coccinea (see C. formosa), with the third
staminodium reduced, might be sought here.
Huanuco: Muiia, 4066. — Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, Schunke
286.— Without locality (Mathews 885). Brazil; Chile.
Canna edulis Ker, Bot. Reg. 9: pi. 775. 1823; 64.
Leaves to 6 dm. long and 2 dm. wide, often purplish beneath;
pedicels with 2-colored bracts; sepals 12 mm. long; petals 4 cm. long,
7-8 mm. wide; staminodia to 6 cm. long, more than 12 mm. broad.
740 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
— Nearly C. indica, except for the longer and reddish flowers and the
bracted pedicels. Cultivated for its edible tubers.
Peru: (Mathews 445)- Widely distributed in tropical America.
Canna formosa Bouche", Linnaea 18: 491. 1844; 61.
Similar to C. indica, but the staminodia very unequal and dis-
similar, the two larger unequal ones spatulate and obtuse or rounded,
the third much narrower and acute. — C. coccinea Mill, is nearly the
same, but the third staminodium is greatly reduced. The var.
bicolor Kranzl., with yellow flowers, probably occurs in Peru.
Illustrated, Berlin Allg. Gartenzeit. 1858: pi. 11.
Loreto: Yurimaquenrib, Mainas (Martins). Brazil.
Canna glauca L. Sp. PI. 1. 1753; 54.
Leaves green but glaucescent and white-margined, to 5 dm.
long; flowers 8 cm. long, the petals joined in a tube, yellow or suffused
with red. — Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 3: pi. 16.
Lima: (Wawra 2580). South America and the West Indies.
Canna indica L. Sp. PI. 1. 1753; 59.
Tall, with green oblong leaves as much as 5 dm. long and 2.5
dm. broad; staminodia subequal and suberect, 4-5 cm. long. — In
Peru only in cultivation.
Peru: Cultivated (Ruiz & Pavdn). Central America; West Indies.
Canna iridiflora R. & P. Fl. 1: 1. 1798; 68.
. Sometimes several meters high; leaves to 6 dm. long and 2 dm.
wide; racemes little if all exceeding the leaves, nodding; flowers a
beautiful rose color. — Illustrated, Bot. Mag. 45: pi. 1968.
Huanuco: Pillao (Ruiz). — Ayacucho: Prov. Huanta, 2,700
meters, Weberbauer 5597. — Cuzco: Urubamba Valley, Herrera 1566.
"Monte achira," "sumac achira" (the beautiful achira).
Canna Lambertii Lindl. Bot. Reg. 6: pi. 470. 1820; 68.
A stout plant with elliptic leaves to 5 dm. long and 12 cm. wide;
racemes short, few-flowered, about as long as the upper leaves;
sepals and petals lilac or purple, the unequal staminodia bright
purple, the larger nearly 1.5 cm. broad. — Illustrated, Pflanzenr.
IV. 47: 69.
. Peru: (Mathews 445). Brazil to Colombia and the West Indies.
FLORA OF PERU 741
Canna lanuginosa Rose. Monandr. PI. pi. 16. 1828; 35.
Well marked by its long and long-bracted racemes of orange
flowers.— Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 47: 36.
Lima: (Wawra 2536). Brazil.
Canna paniculata R. & P. Fl. l:l.pl.l. 1798; 28.
A tall, more or less lanuginous plant with petioled leaves to 6
dm. long and 1.5-2 dm. wide; scapes slender; flowers in a squarrose
panicle; sepals 2 cm. long, green; petals greenish yellow, 5-7.5 cm.
long. — The roots are edible but insipid (R. & P.).
Huanuco: Pampayacu, 5067. Chinchao (Ruiz). Chile; Brazil.
"Achira cimarrona."
37. MARANTACEAE. Arrowroot Family
Reference: Schumann, Pflanzenr. IV. 48. 1902.
The chief plant of this family is arrowroot, Maranta arundinacea
L. Meal made from its tuber-like rhizomes is used as food in many
parts of the world. Historically interesting is its reputation as an
excellent agent to overcome the effects of poisoned arrows. Spruce
records its native name as "araruta," from which, someone has sug-
gested, the English name may be derived. The genera as restricted
by Schumann apparently conform only in part to the natural rela-
tionships, and from a practical standpoint several were better
treated as sections of one or two. The following partially artificial
key perhaps accounts for the Peruvian species.
Flowers in simple dense spikes, racemes, or panicles, closely bracted
(except sometimes in Calathea foliosa) and spreading, but the
inflorescence subcapitate.
Inflorescence consisting of 1 or more very slender, tubular, spike-
like racemes 2. Ischnosiphon.
Inflorescence of 1-many more or less egg-shaped spikes, racemes,
or panicles.
Corolla tube longer than or not much shorter than the sepals.
Flowers in a simple spike or head; ovary 3-celled . 1. Calathea.
Flowers in a congested ovoid panicle; ovary 1-celled.
3. Monotagma.
Corolla tube much shorter than the sepals 4. Myrosma.
Flowers or the inflorescence paniculate or, if racemose and bracteate,
not very densely so, or the bracts not strongly imbricate or
foliose.
742 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Corolla tube longer or not much shorter than the sepals; bracts
persistent.
Bracts few (1-5).
Inflorescence very open; bracts distichous 6. Maranta.
Inflorescence simple or compound but rather dense; bracts
dorsiventral 5. Saranthe.
Bracts about 8 3. Monotagma.
Corolla tube very short; bracts deciduous 7. Thalia.
1. CALATHEA G. F. W. Mey.
Perennial herbs with commonly simple flower stalks, leafy at base,
or leafy, the leaves often long-petioled and colored. Spikes sessile
or stalked and accompanied by a solitary leaf or sometimes one to
several, and borne as though from a leaf axil. Ovary 3-celled.
Bracts few to 5 and the spikes rarely 1.5 cm. long, or outermost bracts
curved-tubular.
Outer bract tube-like, including the inner C. Pavonii.
Bracts imbricate, not curved.
Leaves oblongish, 1-sided, rarely 5.5 cm. wide; bracts often 5.
Leaves mostly 3.5-4.5 cm. wide.
Leaves drying pale green, acuminate C. micans.
Leaves drying purplish or mottled, obtusish. . .C. undulata.
Leaves about 2 cm. wide, acuminate C. Klugii.
Leaves elliptic, to 6 cm. wide; bracts 3, subdistichous.
C. microcephala.
Bracts many, or at least the spikes 2 to many cm. long.
A. Terminal bracts dissimilar, the sterile forming a coma, or all
the bracts soft-appendaged and widely spreading.
B. Bracteoles thin or hyaline; spikes mostly 5 cm. long or
wide or even larger.
C. Bracts, at least the lower, obviously imbricate.
Inflorescence villous, much exceeded by the roundish
white-striped leaves C. velutina.
Inflorescence glabrous or somewhat hairy but then, espe-
cially, long-peduncled or the leaves not as above.
Peduncles and lower bracts conspicuously villous-
lanuginose C. lanata.
FLORA OF PERU 743
Peduncles, at least, not conspicuously hairy.
Terminal bracts erect, little exserted C. allouia.
Terminal bracts conspicuous, erect or spreading.
Spikes subglobose or globose- turbinate; leaves green
or uniformly colored beneath.
Leaves oblong-elliptic.
Leaves green; sterile bracts erect, reddish.
C. comosa.
Leaves dark red, pale green, or rose beneath;
sterile bracts spreading, green.
Leaves pale or rosy beneath; sterile bracts
pale, about 10, the uppermost rhombic.
C. ucayalina.
Leaves red beneath; sterile bracts green,
about 16, the upper oblong-ovate.
C. Sophiae.
Leaves rotund-elliptic .C. jocosa.
Spikes cylindrical-turbinate; sterile bracts few;
leaves purple-splotched beneath. C. Veitchiana.
C. Bracts not clearly imbricate, all soft or the lower soft
above and as long as or longer than the upper.
Leaves ample, long-villous or puberulent beneath.
Leaves villous C. silvosa.
Leaves puberulent C. jocosa.
Leaves small, glabrous C. enclitica.
B. Bracteoles indurate-clavate (often exserted); spike usually
smaller or at least narrower.
Leaves very acuminate, longer than broad.
Leaves about 5 cm. wide; bracts puberulent or partly
villous C. Loeseneri.
Leaves about 1.5-2 dm. wide; bracts densely villous and
ciliate C. ulotricha.
Leaves broadly rounded at apex, sometimes shortly acute,
often subrotund.
Bracts very broadly ovate, densely rusty-pilose.
Leaves broadly elliptic or broader; sterile bracts usually
several.
744 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Sterile bracts acute; leaves elliptic, 20-30 cm. long.
C. peruviana.
Sterile bracts obtuse; leaves suborbicular, 5 cm. long.
C. virginalis.
Leaves unequally oblong; sterile bracts 2. .C.Legrelleana.
Bracts suborbicular, sparsely pubescent with minute or
lax hairs C. roseopicta.
A. All the bracts alike or at least all floriferous.
D. Inflorescence lateral, i. e. peduncled from a bract or leaf,
or the peduncle sheathed.
Bracts obviously distichous.
Spikes elongate-cylindrical, narrow.
Leaves pruinose beneath C. lutea.
Leaves green beneath C. Casupito.
Spikes flat, 6-7 cm. wide C. insignis.
Bracts evidently spiraled; spikes (1-3) ellipsoid to broadly
cylindrical.
Peduncle accompanied by a leaf C. allouia.
Peduncle bract-sheathed, the sheath sometimes produced
as a bract.
Spikes globose, 2-3 cm. long; bracts purple. .C. dicephala.
Spikes ovoid or cylindrical, several to many cm. long.
Petioles and peduncle bract glabrous. C. pachystachya.
Petioles and peduncle pubescent.
Leaves violet beneath; bracts 1.5 cm. long.
C. contamanensis.
Leaves metallic blue-green; bracts 3-4 cm. long.
C. Standleyi.
D. Inflorescence solitary, terminal or basal, not (or not ob-
viously) from a more or less remote bract or leaf.
Peduncle elongate, sometimes 1 meter high.
Bracts many, yellowish or purple.
Bracts acuminate or lacerate.
Spikes yellowish, globose, to 8 cm. thick. C. altissima.
Spikes dark purple, cylindrical, about 1 dm. long.
C. contamanensis.
FLORA OF PERU 745
Bracts rounded or obtuse and apiculate.
Bracteoles present; leaves glabrous C. gigas.
Bracteoles lacking; leaves puberulent beneath.
C. aberrans.
Bracts about 7, reddish C. lateralis.
Peduncle lacking or short (to about 7 cm. high).
Spikes ovoid-turbinate or ellipsoid, 2-3 cm. wide.
Bracts somewhat brownish purple; petioles short- vagi-
nate C. exscapa.
Bracts pale green or yellowish; petioles long-vaginate.
Spikes about 6 cm. long.
Peduncle about 4 cm. long; ovary glabrous.
C. pacifica.
Peduncle obsolete; ovary pubescent. .C. laetevirens.
Spikes ovoid, about 3 cm. long.
Peduncle about 4 cm. long or longer; leaves very
thin C. chrysoleuca.
Peduncle nearly lacking; leaves firm . . .C. mishuyacu.
Spikes narrowly cylindric, about 1 cm. wide. .C. Williamsi.
Calathea aberrans Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4: 549. 1906.
One to 5 meters high, the oblong-ovate leaves green and light
green above, uniformly pale green and puberulent beneath; scapes
3 dm. long; spikes ovoid, 12 cm. long; bracts numerous but bract-
eoles lacking; corolla tube pilose, a little longer than the calyx;
flowers white, 5 cm. long, the sepals yellowish, 2.5 cm. long; outer
staminodia in the lower flowers often 2 (Nudiscapae).
Loreto: Region of the Pampa del Sacramento (Huber).
Calathea allouia (Aubl.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 14: sub pi. 1210.
1828; 85, Maranta allouia Aubl. PI. Guian 1: 3. 1775.
Plants 1-2 meters high; leaves large, glabrous or nearly so but
the long petioles and especially the sheaths pubescent; spikes ellip-
soid, subsessile or on peduncles to 1 dm. long; bracts soft, pale,
lightly pilose; corolla white, 3-4 cm. long, the pubescent tube 2-2.5
cm. long.
Loreto: Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 5491 (vel. aff., det. Loesener).
West Indies. "Daledale."
746 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Calathea altissima (Poepp. & Endl.) Koern. Bull. Soc. Nat.
Mosc. 35, pt. 1: 141. 1862; 94. Phrynium altissimum Poepp. &
Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 20. 1838.
Leaves glabrous, purple beneath, to 5.5 dm. long and nearly
2 dm. wide, long-petioled ; spikes globose, to 8 cm. long, the oblong-
ovate acuminate bracts appressed-puberulent; sepals under 2 cm.
long, pubescent, especially at apex; corolla yellow, the tube pubes-
cent, 3 cm. long, the lobes to 13 mm. long.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 7833, 3+111; Poeppig. Caballo-
cocha, Williams 2331. Rio Acre, Vie 9259 (det. Loesener).—
Huanuco: Weberbauer 3580. — San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams.
Brazil; Panama; Surinam.
Calathea Casupito (Jacq.) G. F. W. Mey. Prim. Fl. Esseq. 10.
1818; 72. Maranta Casupito Jacq. Fragm. 51. pi. 64. 1809.
Similar to C. lutea, but the bracts many, usually about 18, and
the leaves green beneath.
Huanuco: Monzon, Weberbauer 3603 (det. Loesener). Venezuela.
Calathea chrysoleuca (Poepp. & Endl.) Koern. Bull. Soc. Nat.
Mosc. 35, pt. 1: 142. 1862; 96. Phrynium chrysoleucum Poepp. &
Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 19. 1838.
Glabrous except for the noticeably villous sepals and strigose-
sericeous corollas; leaves to 3 dm. long and half as wide; spikes egg-
shaped, on peduncles to 7 cm. long; outer bracts ovate, acute, to
3.5 cm. long, the inner oblong, white; corolla tube 3.5 cm. long,
the lobes to 12 mm. long. — About 5 dm. tall. C. Mansoi Koern. is
very similar, but the bracts are villous within.
Huanuco: Pampayacu (Poeppig 2332). — San Martin: Tocache
(Poeppig).
Calathea comosa (L. f.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 14: sub pi. 1210.
1828; 89. Maranta comosa L. f. Suppl. 80. 1781. M. capitata R. &
P. Fl. 1: 3. pi. 5. 1798. Phrynium Achira Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen.
& Sp. 2: 21. 1838.
A stout plant to 3 meters high, with very long-petioled, one-
sided, oblong leaves to 3 dm. long and 1 dm. wide, appressed-puberu-
lent on the nerves beneath or glabrous; spikes globose, to 1 dm.
thick, the petiole of the companion leaf to 4 dm. long; bracts to 5
cm. long, ovate-lanceolate, the inner puberulent and greenish yellow
with red tips; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, white, 1.7 mm. long;
FLORA OF PERU 747
corolla yellow, the outer staminodium 18 mm. long. — Variable, as
interpreted.
Huanuco: Posuso, Cochero, and Chicoplaya, Ruiz & Pavdn;
(Poeppig 1228}. — Loreto: Cumaria, Tessmann 3347, 3357. Mouth of
Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4571. Rio Acre, Ule 9258. — San Martin:
Tarapoto, Williams 6059. Colombia; Surinam. "Achira de monte."
Calathea contamanensis Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4: 547. 1906.
Similar to C. altissima, but the leaves marked with red or white
above, the spike stalk only 3-6 dm. long, the spikes about 5 cm.
thick, and the bracts dark violet. — Nudiscapae according to the
author, but from description better referred to the Scapifoliae.
Loreto: Cerros de Contamana and Canchahuayo, and less fre-
quently on the Pampa del Sacramento (Huber). "Bijanillo."
Calathea dicephala (Poepp. & Endl.) Koern. Bull. Soc. Nat.
Mosc. 35, pt. 1: 127. 1862; 86. Phrynium dicephalum Poepp. &
Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 20. pi. 128. 1838.
Several dm. high, with slender-petioled, one-sided, broadly
ovate, subcordate leaves, white-pruinose beneath, up to 2 dm. long
and 11.5 cm. broad; spikes solitary or geminate, subglobose; bracts
glabrous, ovate or suborbicular; sepals 9 mm. long, equaling the
tube of the white corolla, its lobes to 4 mm. long; outer staminodium
pale rose.
Huanuco: Pampayacu (Poeppig 1547).
Calathea enclitica Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 53. 1931.
Glabrous, slender, pale green, the scarcely at all oblique leaves
nearly obtuse at base and apex, about 1.5 dm. long and 6-7 cm. wide;
peduncles at least 1 dm. long; spikes turbinate-globose, the outer
bracts to 4 cm. long, the inner to 3 cm. and widely spreading, all
soft and greenish white; bracteoles thin; sepals 12 mm. long; outer
staminodium 17 mm. long; ovary glabrous.
Loreto: Pebas, Williams 1955, type.
Calathea exscapa (Poepp. & Endl.) Koern. Bull. Soc. Nat.
Mosc. 35, pt. 1: 122. 1862; 96. Phrynium exscapum Poepp. &
Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 18. pi 125. 1838.
A low plant, lightly pubescent on the long (about 1.5 dm.)
petioles, the middle area of the oblong-lanceolate leaves above, and
the inner bracts; leaves paler beneath, variegated above, acuminate,
748 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
5-7 cm. wide and 1-1.5 dm. long; spike about 2 cm. broad, the
peduncle 1-5 cm. long; bracts ovate, acuminate, somewhat purplish;
sepals 2 cm. long, glabrous; corolla white suffused with rose, callose,
twice exceeding the sepals. — C. Sellowi Koern., if sought here, is
definitely distinguishable only by its glabrous ovary. Neg. 9816.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2332a; Williams 7868.
Calathea gigas Gagnep. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 50: 589. 1904.
Very large, the great leaves purplish beneath, several dm. long
and about 3 dm. broad, glabrous; peduncles greatly elongate, puberu-
lent; spikes 8-10 cm. long, 5-6 cm. wide, pale or roseate; flowers
3 cm. long.
Loreto: San Isidro, Tessmann 4994 (vel. aff., det. Loesener).
Bolivia.
Calathea insignis Peters, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 3: 124.
1890; 73.
Tall, with ample foliage, the leaves somewhat oblique at tip;
spikes 6-7 cm. wide and often 2.5-3 dm. long, the broad and evenly
distichous, straw-colored bracts scarious on the margins. — Immedi-
ately recognizable by the nodding inflorescence.
Ayacucho: Kimpitiriki, Killip & Smith 22885. — Loreto: San
Antonio, Killip & Smith 29315 (det. Gleason). Ecuador.
Calathea jocosa Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 53. 1931.
Known only from a leaf and one spike, but apparently related to
C. silvosa, from which the ample (23 cm. long, 15 cm. wide) roundish
leaves, puberulent beneath, and the large globose glabrous spikes
readily distinguish it; bracts widely divaricate, thin, the outer nearly
5 cm. long, the numerous sterile little shorter; bracteoles thin;
ovary glabrous; flowers unknown.
Loreto : Recreo near Yurimaguas, Williams 3986, type.
Calathea Klugii Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 55. 1931.
A glabrous, distinctly rhizomatous herb 1-2 dm. high, with
slender petioles, peduncles, and leaves, the last conspicuously acum-
inate, little oblique, mostly about 12 cm. long, green or purple
beneath; bracts oblong-ovate, subacute, the outer 7 mm. long, all
glabrous or minutely and sparsely pubescent; flowers white and violet, ,
the tube 1 cm. long, the subequal lobes and staminodium 4 cm. long.
Loreto : Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, Klug 532, type.
FLORA OF PERU 749
Calathea laetevirens Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4: 548. 1906.
Leaves pale green, or sometimes silvery above through the middle
and pale rose beneath ; spike scape scarcely 1 dm. high; spikes globose-
turbinate, 6 cm. long; bracteoles 2.5 cm. long; sepals 1.5 cm. long,
the tube of the yellow corolla twice as long. — Nudiscapae.
Loreto: Cerros de Contamana and Canchahuayo and also on the
Pampa del Sacramento (Huber).
Galathea lanata Peters, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 3: 119. pi. 31.
1890; 89.
Resembling C. comosa, but the long petioles and scapes and
especially the lowest bracts very densely lanuginose with long soft
brownish hairs; spike about 1 dm. long, crowned with erect sterile
bracts; flowers over 3 cm. long, the tube nearly 2 cm. long. — Killip
and Smith noted the bracts and perianth as white, the lip blue-tinted.
Junin: Puerto Yessup, 400 meters, Killip & Smith 26262. Brazil.
Calathea lateralis (R. & P.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. 14: sub pi.
1210. 1828; 75. Maranta lateralis R. & P. Fl. 1: 4. 1798. Phrynium
laterale Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 21. 1838.
Cespitose, about 1 meter high, glabrous except for the villous
bract tips; leaves long-petioled, oblong, thick, white-pruinose
beneath, to 4.5 dm. long and 2.5 dm. wide; spikes sessile, 8 cm. long
and thick; bracts reddish; tube of the yellow corolla 3.5 cm. long,
more than thrice the length of the lance-acuminate sepals.
Huanuco: Cochero (Ruiz & Pavdn; Poeppig 1307). Colombia.
Calathea Legrelliana Regel, Gartenfl. 28: 301. 1879; 78.
A low plant, the inequilateral oblong-rotund leaves exceeding
the narrow spikes; leaves minutely puberulent beneath, to 3 dm.
long and more than half as wide; peduncles 5-20 cm. long; spikes
5-10 cm. long; flowers 2 cm. long, the corolla tube 12 mm. long.
Neg. 9821.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9254. Colombia; Ecuador.
Calathea Loeseneri Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 51. 1931.
A trim and graceful plant, its long slender peduncles bearing a
narrowly turbinate inflorescence conspicuously adorned by several
oblongish terminal bracts; leaves very oblique at base, nearly 1.5
dm. long, glabrous above but puberulent beneath, especially on the
nerves, as also the petioles, the latter (to 13 cm. long) vaginate to
the middle; peduncles to 3 dm. long, below the spike (about 7 cm.
750 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
by 2-2.5 cm.) with the lowest bracts (2-2.5 cm. long) somewhat
long-villous or merely puberulent; capsule glabrous; flowers unknown,
except as "lilac."
Loreto: In marsh, Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, Klug 940, type.
Calathea lutea (Aubl.) G. F. W. Mey. Primit. Fl. Esseq. 10.
1818; 72. Maranta lutea Aubl. PI. Guian. 1: 4. 1775. M. Casupo
Jacq. Fragm. 51. pi 63. 1809.
A gigantic plant, sometimes attaining a height of 5 meters, with
thick, elliptic or suborbicular leaves pruinose beneath, the basal ones
as much as 1.5 meters long by 6 dm. broad; spikes erect; bracts
reddish or brownish, coriaceous, rarely as many as 12; corolla yellow-
ish, the tube about three times longer than the sepals, these 1 cm.
long; staminodium 2 cm. long. — Illustrated, Linnaea 22: pi. 3
(flowers).
Loreto: Yurimaguas (Poeppig); Killip & Smith 27512. Rio
Acre, Ule 9251. — Junin: La Merced, Weberbauer 1825. Central
America; West Indies.
Calathea micans (Mathieu) Koern. Gartenfl. 7: 87. 1858; 112.
Maranta micans Mathieu, Cat. PI. 1853, according to Peters, in
Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 3: 96. 1890.
Usually less than 2 dm. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rounded
at base, about 1 dm. long and 3.5 cm. wide; spikes ellipsoid, to 1 cm.
long; bracts ovate-oblong, acuminate, glabrous; sepals lanceolate, 8
mm. long, equaling the tube of the white corolla; outer staminodium
bilobed, 5 mm. long, pale violet. — Our material is hairy or glabrous.
101. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 3: pi. 20.
Loreto: Prov. Mainas (Poeppig). Mouth of Rio Santiago,
Tessmann 4%70 (vel aff., det. Loesener). — Without locality (War-
scewicz). Brazil.
Calathea microcephala (Poepp. & Endl.) Koern. Bull. Soc.
Nat. Mosc. 35, pt. 1: 125. 1862; 111. Phrynium microcephalum
Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 2.0. pi. 128. 1838.
A small herb, similar to C. micans, but with the corolla tube
slightly exserted and the flowers entirely white. — An obscure species,
not recollected unless by Huber. Perhaps the type was abnormal or
poorly developed.
Loreto: Yurimaguas (Poeppig). Cerros de Contamana and
Canchahuayo, and on the Pampa de Sacramento (Huber).
FLORA OF PERU 751
Calathea mishuyacu Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 54. 1931.
Similar to C, exscapa, but the leaves larger, to 1 dm. wide, the
bracts coriaceous, and the yellowish flowers apparently much smaller,
the sepals only 12 mm. long.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, Klug 416, type.
Calathea pachystachya (Poepp. & Endl.) Koern. Bull. Soc.
Nat. Mosc. 35, pt. 1: 142. 1862; 87. Phrynium pachystachyum
Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 19. pi. 127. 1838.
Allied to C. dicephala, but tall and the leaves lanceolate-oblong,
to 3.5 dm. by 13 cm.; spikes to 18 cm. long; outer bracts 3 cm. long;
sepals 2.5 cm. long, equaling the white corolla tube, the corolla lobes
yellow, the staminodium violet. — C. Sodiroi Eggers, of Ecuador, has
entirely yellow flowers, the corolla tube hirsute.
Huanuco: Paquio, below Pampayacu (Poeppig).
Calathea pacifica Linden & Andr£, 111. Hort. 19: pi. 101.
1872; 105.
About 3 dm. high; leaves oblong, medianly puberulent above,
purplish beneath, to 17 cm. long and 9 cm. wide, the petioles very
long-vaginate; spikes ellipsoid, to 6 cm. long and 3 cm. thick, the
peduncle 4 cm. long; bracts glabrous, very broadly ovate; sepals 1
cm. long, a little shorter than the corolla tube and the outer stamin-
odium.—C. Sellowi Koern. has subsessile subglobose spikes. Intro-
duced by Linden in 1870. Illustrated, Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 3:
pi 32 (flower).
San Martin: Moyobamba (Wallis).
Calathea Pavonii Koern. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 35, pt. 1: 116.
1862; 80. C. tubispatha Hook. Bot. Mag. 91: pi. 5542. 1865.
A slender plant of medium height with more or less variegated,
green leaves, minutely puberulent beneath; outer bract suborbicular
and tube-like, more or less including the others; sepals 12 mm. long;
tube of the yellow corolla 16 mm. long; outer staminodium 13 mm.
long.— Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 46: 79.
Huanuco: Chicoplaya (Pavdri). — Without locality (Pearce).—
Loreto: Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 3391 (det. Loesener). Rio Acre,
Ule 9253 (det. Loesener).
Calathea peruviana Koern. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 35, pt. 1:
128. 1862; 91.
752 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Similar to C. roseopicta but taller and the foliage green; leaves to
3 dm. long and 2 dm. wide, puberulent at least medially beneath;
bracts to 2.5 cm. long, yellow- villous; sepals 7 mm. long, the corolla
tube twice as long, the staminodium 11 mm. long. — Flowers tinted
pinkish blue. Neg. 9827.
Huanuco: Chicoplaya (Pavdri). — Junin: La Merced, 1,000
meters, Weberbauer 1817 (det. Loesener). North of La Merced,
Killip & Smith 23669.
Calathea roseopicta (Linden) Regel, Gartenfl. 18: 97. pi. 610.
1869; 91. Maranta roseopicta Linden, Belg. Hort. 16: 202. 1866.
Leaves beautifully suffused with red near the margins above and
purplish beneath, very one-sided, about 2 dm. long and 1.5 dm.
wide; spikes subcylindrical, 9 cm. long; bracts suborbicular, 3 cm.
long, pubescent with long hairs (in our material glabrate), the sterile
narrower, glabrous, colored; sepals 15 mm. long, nearly equaling the
corolla tube, the staminodium a little shorter. — About 2 dm. tall.
Flowers white and violet (Klug). The name was originally
hyphenated.
Loreto: Between Loreto and Iquitos (Wallis). Mishuyacu, near
Iquitos, Klug 506, 1035.
Calathea silvosa Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 52. 1931.
Leaves beneath, peduncles, and bracts lightly but conspicuously
villous with long, brown, mostly wide-spreading hairs; petioles
vaginate at base, to 6 dm. long; leaves thin, green, nearly equilateral,
very shortly acuminate, about 3 dm. long and half as wide; spike 6
cm. thick; bracts thin, strongly depressed-spreading, 5 cm. long,
12 mm. wide, the inner sterile ones half as large; sepals glabrous,
17 mm. long; corolla green and brown, the tube 2.8 cm. long, the
lobes and staminodium subequal, about a third as long; ovary
glabrous.
Loreto: In woods near Iquitos, Klug 11, type.
Calathea Sophiae Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4: 550. 1906.
Closely related to C. Veitchiana(t) but the leaves dark green
above, the spikes subglobose and depressed at apex, the corolla
tube nearly 3 cm. long, the sepals nearly 2 cm. long. — The outer
staminodium toward the apex is rose- violet. C. Leonia Hard.,
possibly represented by a sterile plant from Iquitos ( Killip & Smith
27118), has smaller flowers and leaves white- variegated above.
Loreto: Pampa del Sacramento (Huber).
FLORA OF PERU 753
Calathea Standleyi Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 54. 1931.
A stately plant, suffused throughout with a blue-metallic tint;
petioles (below the 2 cm. long callus) and peduncles conspicuously
appressed-villous, otherwise glabrous; petioles to 10 dm. long, the
leaves to nearly half as long, about 2 dm. wide; peduncle 1 dm. long,
above the middle bearing an oblong-lanceolate bract 1 dm. long;
spike nearly 1 dm. long, fully half as thick; bracts broadly ovate or
subrotund, scarcely acute, to 3.5 cm. wide; bracteoles thin; flowers
pale yellow, 4 cm. long, the calyx half as long, the corolla tube 3
cm. long, the staminodia subequal, 8 mm. long.
Junin: Puerto Yessup, Killip & Smith 26263, type.
Calathea ucayalina Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi 4: 551. 1906.
Apparently very similar to C. comosa, but the bracts white or
pale green, the sterile broad. — Described from cultivated specimens.
Loreto: Cerro de Canchahuayo and Pampa del Sacramento
(Huber).
Calathea ulotricha Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 52. 1931.
Unknown except for the broadly elliptic, oblique leaf, 4 dm. long,
green but beneath minutely puberulent, and the pale yellowish and
densely soft-pubescent spike about 8 dm. long and 3 cm. broad or,
with the flowers, 5 cm. broad; bracts subtruncate, 2 cm. long and 1
cm. broad, except the subacute sterile terminal one 5 mm. wide;
sepals 1 cm. long; flowers 2.5 cm. long, the glabrous exserted tube
18 mm. long, the outer staminodium 9 mm. long.
Loreto: Santa Rosa, Williams 4921, type.
Calathea undulata Linden & Andre", 111. Hort. 19: 160. pi. 98.
1872; 113.
Allied to C. micans, but leaves with a median light-colored zone
and violet beneath; spikes turbinate, under 2 cm. long; bracts white-
margined and densely white-punctate; staminodium white. — The
similar C. Baraquinii (Lem.) Regel, of adjacent Brazil, has green and
white-lined leaves to 1.5 dm. long.
Loreto: On the Huallaga (Wallis); Williams 5301. — Junin:
Chanchamayo, Raimondi (det. Loes.). — San Martin: Tarapoto and
San Roque, Williams 6787, 5301, 7393.
Calathea Veitchiana Hook. f. Bot. Mag. 91: pi. 5535. 1865; 90.
A beautiful plant about 1 meter high, its ample lustrous green
leaves with lighter lunate markings above and with purple splotches
754 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
beneath; spikes turbinate, to 8 cm. long; bracts to 3 cm. long, ap-
pressed-pilose; sepals 10 mm. long; tube of the white corolla 13 mm.
long; staminodium 1 cm. long, violet-spotted. — Often cultivated.
Peru: (Pearce).
Calathea velutina (Poepp. & Endl.) Koern. Bull. Soc. Nat.
Mosc. 35, pt. 1: 127. 1862; 89. Phrynium velutinum Poepp. &
Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 19. pi 126. 1838.
Scapes much shorter than the broad roundish-elliptic leaves, about
2.5 dm. long and 1.5 dm. wide; spikes turbinate, to 5 cm. long;
flowers white, the staminodium 8 mm. long. — Illustrated, Horaninow,
Monogr. Scitam. pi. 3.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2142.
Calathea virginalis Linden, Gartenfl. 28: 299. 1879; 90.
Low, 2-3 dm. high, with one-sided suborbicular leaves (to about
1 dm. long) that are finely and softly pubescent beneath; spikes 3-5
cm. long and 2.5-3 cm. wide, the broadly ovate fertile bracts rusty-
pilose; ovary glabrous; corolla 2.5 cm. long, the tube 13 mm. long.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 4254- Brazil.
Calathea Williams! Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 55. 1931.
In aspect rather similar to C. Legrelleana, but the leaves softly
pubescent above, about 1.5 dm. long and nearly half as wide; the
nodding spike obviously without sterile terminal bracts.
Loreto: La Victoria, Williams 2541, type.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES
Calathea Wallisi (Linden) Regel, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 14.
1869; 116. Maranta Wallisi Linden, Belg. Hort. 17: 105. 1867.
From the meager description of only the foliage, it seems probable
that this is an earlier name for C. undulata Linden & Andre1. It was
sent in also by Wallis from an unknown locality in Peru.
2. ISCHNOSIPHON Koern.
Tall branching plants, tree-like or bamboo-like, or the stems
simple and naked, with a tuft of leaves at the summit, or less fre-
quently leafy at base, but always with the slender-tubed flowers
arranged in very narrow, cylindrical, spike-like racemes, solitary or
many. Bracts persistent or tardily deciduous. Flowers geminate.
Staminodia solitary. Ovary 1-celled.
FLORA OF PERU 755
Huge erect plants, their large leaves decidedly one-sided at the tip.
Leaves concolorous or at least not white-pruinose beneath.
Spikes 5-7 mm. thick.
Stems smooth or nearly so; spikes several, fascicled . I. Arouma.
Stems strongly verruculose; spikes solitary or geminate.
I. verruculosa.
Spikes about 10 mm. thick /. obliquus.
Leaves white-pruinose beneath 7. obliquiformis.
Lianas or herbs, often small and slender, rarely suffrutescent, the
leaves, if large, with centered tips.
A. Leaves never suborbicular and in most species not strongly
inequilateral at tip.
B. Leaves green or glaucous but never white-pruinose beneath.
C. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, 3 to many cm. wide.
Spikes glabrous or nearly so; stems not verruculose nor
leaves definitely pubescent.
Leaves large, to 5-6 dm. long I. cerotus.
Leaves much smaller.
Petioles evidently annulate at sheath tip, 3-6 cm. long.
7. annulatus.
Petioles not annulate, usually short.
Leaves concolorous, 3-4 cm. wide; bracts 3 cm.
long I. gracilis.
Leaves 4.5-12 cm. wide or, if narrower, very dark
beneath; bracts often 3-4 cm. long.
Flowers solitary, at least the upper, glabrous or
nearly; leaves typically drying dark brown
beneath I. surinamensis.
Flowers geminate, pubescent, or the leaves 8-12
cm. wide.
Leaves not at all or obscurely oblique at tip,
not crowded.
Leaves 4.5-5.5 cm. wide, gradually acu-
minate /. surumuensis.
Leaves 8-12 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate.
I. neotericus.
Leaves strongly oblique at tip, crowded at
nodes /. Killipii.
756 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Spikes puberulent or hairy, or stems verruculose, or leaves
pubescent.
Spikes puberulent, at least minutely.
Stems not verruculose.
Leaves puberulent beneath /. puberulus.
Leaves glabrous /. wyomingensis.
Stems strongly verruculose 7. verruculosus.
Spikes more or less shaggy- villous.
Leaves subconcolorous, roundish at base . /. lasiocoleus.
Leaves paler beneath, cuneate at base 7. ornatus.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 2-2.5 cm. wide. . . ./. bambusaceus.
B. Leaves definitely white-pruinose beneath.
Tall plants, leafy /. surinamensis.
Low plants, leafy only from the base 7. leucophaeus.
A. Leaves suborbicular and strongly one-sided at tip.
7. rotundifolius.
Ischnosiphon annulatus Loes. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6:
273. 1915.
Several meters high, the tips of the branchlets notably annulate;
leaves few, cuneate at base, very shortly acuminate, glabrous except
the tips, 1.5-3 dm. long, the petioles callous only above, 3.5-7 cm.
long; racemes 2, about 17 cm. long, the peduncle 8 cm. long; bracts
4-6.5 cm. long, 4 scarious; sepals 3, linear, acute, 2.3-2.7 cm. long;
corolla pink. — Related to 7. Arouma (Aubl.) Koern. and 7. poly-
phylltis (Poepp. & Endl.) Koern., but differing in its annulate branch-
lets from both, also from the former in its cuneate-based leaves, and
from the latter in its tall stature. 7. Uleanus Loes., also to be
expected, resembles most 7. polyphyllus, but its leaves are subrotund
at base and obliquely acuminate. Neg. 9864.
Loreto: Cerro de Ponasa, 1,200 meters, Vie 6847. Mouth of Rio
Santiago, Tessmann 4532 (vel. aff., det. Loesener).
Ischnosiphon Arouma (Aubl.) Koern. Nouv. Me"m. Soc. Nat.
Mosc. 11: 348. 1859; 159. Maranta Arouma Aubl. PI. Guian. 1:
3. 1775.
A coarse herb 1-3 meters high with large, commonly ternate,
concolorous leaves; petioles elongate, the terete callus to 2.5 cm.
long; sheaths somewhat pilose-puberulent; inflorescence commonly
compound, the long spikes appearing fascicled ; bracts minutely and
FLORA OF PERU 757
sparsely puberulent; sepals narrowly linear, 2.5 cm. long, glabrate;
corolla yellow and reddish, 2.5 cm. long or longer. — The name was
spelled "aruma" by Koernicke. Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 48:157.
Loreto: Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 5553 (det. Loesener). Brazil;
Guianas; West Indies.
Ischnosiphon bambusaceus (Poepp. & Endl.) Koern. Bull.
Soc. Nat. Mosc. 35, pt. 1: 94. 1862; 162. Calathea bambusacea
Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 23. 1838.
A high-climbing plant, branching and nodose in the manner of
some bamboos; leaves glabrous, glaucous beneath, to 12 cm. long
and 2 cm. broad or a little broader; racemes to 8 cm. long, sessile,
solitary or in pairs at the nodes, the bracts coriaceous, glabrous,
pale, to 2.5 cm. broad; sepals setiform; corolla tube to 3 cm. long,
the lobes a third as long, pale yellow; staminodia violet.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2431. Pebas, Williams 1699.
Ischnosiphon cerotus Loes. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6:
278. 1915.
Leaves little oblique at the broadly cuneate-rotund base, 2.5-4.5
dm. long, 1.5-2 dm. wide, puberulent on the nerves above; racemes
1-2 dm. long, on glabrous peduncles 4-7 cm. long; bracts 5-9, about
3 cm. long; sepals linear-lanceolate, 22 mm. long, equaling the tube
of the dull yellow corolla. — Similar to the probably Peruvian I.
hirsutus Peters., of Brazil, but the latter with leaves to 1 dm. long
and more or less villous. Neg. 9866.
Huanuco: On the Monzon, 600 meters, Weberbauer 3631.
Ischnosiphon gracilis (Rudge) Koern. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc.
35, pt. 1: 94. 1862; 163. Maranta gracilis Rudge, PI. Guian. 8.
pi. 3. 1805.
Slender-stemmed, much branched, with short-petioled small
oblong-ovate leaves; petioles calloused; spikes solitary, rarely more
than 1.5 dm. long; sepals 2 cm. long; flowers 3 cm. long, sometimes
pubescent. — Distinctive in habit. The var. Wallisii Schum. has
petioles to 4 cm. long, callous only on the upper portion, and the
leaves are as much as 17 cm. long and 4 cm. wide.
Loreto: La Victoria, Williams 2930. Caballo-cocha, Williams
2221. Brazil; British Guiana.
Ischnosiphon Killipii Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 55. 1931.
Scandent and apparently much branched at the enlarged nodes;
leaves green, not paler beneath, elliptic, rounded at base, about 12
758 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
cm. long and 5 cm. broad, the petioles 7 cm. long, the articulation
3-6 mm. long; spikes 12 cm. long, 6 mm. thick; bracts 3.5 cm. long;
sepals puberulent, 2 cm. long; corolla tube glabrous, nearly twice as
long; staminodium 12 mm. long; ovary slightly pilose. — With the
habit of I. gracilis, but with different foliage and spikes.
Loreto: Iquitos, Killip & Smith 26929, type.
Ischnosiphon lasiocoleus Schum. ex Loes. Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 6: 279. 1915. I. lasiocoleus var. bolivioides Loes. op. cit. 280.
Plants 1.5-2 meters high, branching, more or less, but lightly,
villous-hirsute except the glabrous or glabrate leaves; petioles 2-4
cm. long, typically calloused the entire length; leaves broadly oblong-
lanceolate, 2-3.5 dm. long, 6-14 cm. wide, concolorous or nearly so
but the veins above marked with lighter green; spikes solitary or
usually 2-3, slender, to 2 dm. long; bracts 2 cm. long; sepals 1 cm.
long, pubescent; flowers white or tinted. Neg. 9868.
Loreto: Balsapuerto, Killip & Smith 28686. — Junin: Puerto
Bermudez, 375 meters, Killip & Smith. Brazil.
Ischnosiphon leucophaeus (Poepp. & Endl.) Koern. Nouv.
Me"m. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 11: pi. 10, 11. 1859; 160. Calathea leucophaea
Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 21. pi. 129, 1838.
Rather similar to /. surinamensis, but a low plant, the leaves
all basal; leaves larger, often several dm. long and 1 dm. or more
broad, or smaller, and with a broad -based but very slender- tipped,
scarcely excentric acumen; spikes usually several, mostly 1-1.5 dm.
long; flowers white or tinted, 3.5 cm. long.
Loreto: Pebas, Williams 1891 (?; stem lacking). Iquitos, Killip
& Smith 27373; King 221*. Brazil; Panama.
Ischnosiphon neotericus Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 57. 1931.
A glabrous plant, notable for its long (to 2.5 dm.) petioles,
vaginate only at base, the callus 2 cm. long, and for its large equi-
lateral leaves with an acumen to 2 cm. long; leaves green on both
sides; spikes solitary, 12 cm. long, 4 mm. thick; bracts 3 cm. long,
the indurate bracteoles slightly longer; sepals linear, minutely
puberulent, 18 mm. long; flowers apparently rose-color, glabrous,
the tube 3.5 cm. long, the narrow lobes 9 mm. long, the crenulate
staminodium 11 mm. long; ovary glabrous.
Loreto: Iquitos, Williams 3761, type.
Ischnosiphon obliquiformis Loes. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
6:272.1915.
FLORA OF PERU 759
Apparently the same as I. Arouma except the leaves white-
pruinose beneath and the flowers yellow. — In our specimen the
collector noted the flowers as "yellow and lilac-rose." As suggested
by Loesener, the plant could be treated as a variety of /. Arouma.
Neg. 9869.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, Klug 1006. Brazil.
Ischnosiphon obliquus (Rudge) Koern. Nouv. Me"m. Soc.
Nat. Mosc. 11: 341. 1859; 163. Maranta obliqua Rudge, PI. Guian.
liS.pl. 2. 1805.
In general not particularly different from /. Arouma, but the
spikes much more robust and the flowers a little longer; bracts 3-4.5
cm. long. — I. grandibracteatus Loes. has many fasciculate spikes
several dm. long, the bracts 5 cm. long or longer. Illustrated,
Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 3: pi. 35.
Loreto: Iquitos, Tessmann 5115 (det. Loesener). Martinique to
Colombia and Brazil.
Ischnosiphon ornatus Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 57. 1931.
Sheaths, peduncles, and bracts rusty-pilose or the latter almost
shaggy; petioles to 1.5 dm. long, vaginate below the middle, glabrate
or puberulent; leaves equilateral, 1.5-2 dm. long and 6 cm. wide,
glabrous except for the midnerve; bracts about 2 cm. long, the bract-
lets only 17 mm. long; sepals linear, pilose, 15 mm. long; corolla
tube puberulent, 18 mm. long, the narrow lobes 6 mm. long, a little
longer than the staminodium; ovary pubescent at the tip. — Near
I. sphenophyllus Schum. of Brazil, but that has glabrous sheaths and
corolla and longer bracteoles.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 3870, type.
Ischnosiphon puberulus Loes. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6:
281. 1915.
Stems apparently leafless below; leaves few, puberulent beneath,
broadly ovate, subrotund or broadly cuneate at base, 1-2 dm. long
and 5.5-8 cm. broad; racemes terminal, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, sessile or
on puberulent peduncles about 4 cm. long; bracts 5-8, 3.5 cm. long;
sepals linear, one a little broader, about 2 cm. long; corolla purplish,
the tube 3 cm. long, the throat barbellate, the lobes narrowly lanceo-
late, 1.5 cm. long. Neg. 9870.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Vie 9203.
760 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Ischnosiphon rotundifolius (P. & E.) Koern. Bull. Soc. Nat.
Mosc. 35, pt. 1: 95. 1862; 162. Calathea rotundifolia P. & E. Nov.
Gen. & Sp. 2: 23. 1838,
High-climbing, bamboo-like and branching at the distant leafy
nodes; petioles 2 cm. long; leaves suborbicular, acute or very broadly
acuminate, glabrous, to 18 cm. long and 12 cm. wide or only 15 cm.
long and 12 cm. wide; spikes many, very minutely puberulent;
sepals narrowly linear, 2 cm. long; corolla tube puberulent; otherwise
unknown. — From a drawing in herb. Dahlem (copy in Field Mu-
seum), apparently a very distinct species in its roundish leaves.
Loreto: Yurimaguas (Poeppig 2186}.
Ischnosiphon surinamensis (Miq.) Koern. Bull. Soc. Nat.
Mosc. 35, pt. 1: 93. 1862; 60. Maranta surinamensis Miq. Linnaea
18:603. 1844.
Leafy simple-stemmed plants to 3 meters high, sometimes sup-
ported in shrubs; petioles calloused, to 1.5 cm. long; leaves ovate,
somewhat one-sided at the acuminate tip, glabrous, the under side
drying deep brown or dark, mostly about 1 dm. long by 4-5 cm.
broad; spikes glabrous, slender, 1.5 dm. long, usually solitary;
sepals nearly glabrous, very narrow; flowers 3-4 cm. long, rose, or
(according to Tessmann) orange and white, the lip violet-red or
yellow and white, the tube orange. — Peruvian material perhaps is
better referred to /. polyphyllus (P. & E.) Koern., as the leaves are
nearly concolorous. The species are not clearly distinct. Neg. 9872.
Loreto : Yurimaguas, Williams 3931 . Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tess-
mann 4541 (aff., det. Loesener). Yarina-cocha, Tessmann 3384 (aff.,
det. Loesener). Brazil; Guianas. "Aniuji pingullo," "etsonchana."
Ischnosiphon surumuensis Loes. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
6: 276. 1915.
Shrubby or clambering, with few remote branchlets; leaves firm,
concolorous or nearly so, glabrous, 1-1.5 dm. long and 4.5-5.5 cm.
wide, rounded at base, narrowly and very sharply acuminate, little
oblique; spikes solitary, 1.5-3 dm. long; bracts glabrous or sparsely
puberulent; corolla tube about 3 cm. long, conspicuously pubescent
only within; staminodium broadly obovate, over 1 cm. long; sepals
and corolla lobes pubescent. — Flowers yellow. Neg. 9873.
Loreto: Iquitos, Williams 3726. Brazil.
Ischnosiphon verruculosus Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11:
56. 1931.
FLORA OF PERU 761
Differs from I. Arouma chiefly by the densely rough-verruculose
stems and sheaths; leaves 1.5-2 dm. long and 8-10 cm. wide, ovate,
somewhat one-sided at the acuminate tip, glabrous except along the
midrib beneath; spikes only 1-2, very minutely puberulent, to 2.5
dm. long; flowers yellow, red, and violet, 2.5 cm. long, the slender
tube 1.5 cm. long, the outer narrowly lanceolate, acuminate segments
appressed-pilose.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, Klug 430, type.
Ischnosiphon wyomingensis Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11:
57. 1931.
A scandent plant with yellow and brown flowers, glabrous except
for the closely but minutely pubescent bracts 3.5 cm. long, pilose
sepals 3 cm. long, conspicuously villous corolla tube 3 cm. long,
and sheaths 4-5 cm. long; petioles 1-1.5 cm. long; leaves oblong-
elliptic, gradually and subobliquely subcaudate-acuminate, 5-6 cm.
broad, about 1.5 dm. long, slightly paler beneath; spikes apparently
solitary, about 2 dm. long, 7 mm. thick, not at all flexuous; stam-
inodium oblong-lanceolate. — Distinguished from I. surumuensis
chiefly by the pubescence and the narrower staminodium, and from
/. Uleanus Loes. of Brazil by the smaller leaves and strict spikes.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, Klug 854, type.
3. MONOTAGMA Schum.
Allied to Ischnosiphon but the flowers never geminate and borne
in terminal panicles, open or congested and ovoid, or accompanied
by a bract-like leaf. Plants often less than 1 meter high, with long-
petioled, usually strongly oblique basal leaves.
Leaves oblong- or linear-lanceolate, 1.5-4.5 cm. broad, 2-4.5 dm.
long M. angustissimum.
Leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate and
5.5-6 cm. wide, usually 6-10 cm. wide or much wider.
Petiole callus obscure, never densely ciliate-barbate . . .M. laxum.
Petiole callus conspicuously thickened, often annulate at base,
pilose or barbate.
Petiole callus densely barbate; inflorescence with a leaf.
Bracts conspicuously pilose, few M. contrariosum.
Bracts glabrous, usually many M. plurispicatum.
Petiole callus slightly to densely pilose but not annulate-
barbate.
762 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Inflorescence with a leaf, spike-like or long-paniculate.
Leaves ovate-elliptic, 6-12 cm. broad.
Inflorescence spike-like; petioles sheathed only below.
M. dolosum.
Inflorescence usually paniculate; petioles sheathed.
M. anarthronum.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, to 3.5 cm. broad. .M. parvulum.
Inflorescence without a leaf, ovoid M. spicatum.
Monotagma anarthronum Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11:
58. 1931.
Similar to M. dolosum, but the petioles long-vaginate, often
nearly to the callus, the leaves 8-12 cm. broad and 2 dm. long, and
the panicles not spiciform; sepals 1 cm. long; corolla tube glabrous,
nearly 2.5 cm. long, the elliptic lobes 3 mm. long; ovary glabrous.—
M. Ulei Schum. of Brazil has densely villous spikes only a few cm.
long and a pubescent corolla tube only 1 cm. long.
Loreto: San Antonio, Rio Itaya, Killip & Smith 29363. Alto
Rio Itaya, Williams 8251.
Monotagma angustissimum Loes. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
6: 284. 1915.
About 1 meter high, the stems below and leaf sheaths lanuginose;
petioles 3-10 cm. long, puberulent; leaves little oblique, pubescent
above only on the midrib; panicle spikes about 8 mm. long; panicle
bracts 2.5-3 cm. long, puberulent, villous-margined, the shorter
floral ones roseate with white margins; sepals elliptic, scarcely 4
mm. long; corolla white, the tube about 12 mm. long. Neg. 9877.
Huanuco: Posuso, 300 meters, Weberbauer 6763. — Loreto:
Balsapuerto, Killip & Smith 28680.
Monotagma contrariosum Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 58.
1931.
Apparently low, the long (2 dm.) petioles vaginate nearly to the
densely barbate callus, this 2 cm. long; leaves very oblique, rounded
to the acute base, shortly acuminate, nearly 2 dm. long, half as wide,
beneath, with the sheaths, peduncles, and bracts, pilose, glabrous
above except for the midnerve; panicle narrow, about 12 cm. long;
sepals hyaline, glabrous, 1 cm. long; corolla strongly cucullate;
ovary villous at apex.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, Klug 116, type.
FLORA OF PERU 763
Monotagma dolosum Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 58. 1931.
Slender, the stems above, petioles, and leaves beneath minutely
pilose; petioles vaginate to about the middle, to 18 cm. long; leaves
not or scarcely oblique, acute at base, ovate-elliptic, acuminate,
mostly 15-18 cm. long, 6-7 cm. wide, pilose on the midrib above;
panicles few, spike-like, about 1 dm. long, nearly glabrous; bracts
17 mm. long; flowers sessile; sepals 1 cm. long, the glabrous corolla
tube a little longer, its oblong-elliptic lobes 2.5 mm. long; stamino-
dium nearly 5 mm. broad, deeply emarginate.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 5052, 5115.
Monotagma laxum (Poepp. & Endl.) Schum. Pflanzenr. IV.
48: 168. 1902. Calathea laxa Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2:
22. pi. 130. 1838. MarantalaxaD. Dietr. Syn. 1:7. 1839. Ischnosi-
phon laxus Koern. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 35, pt. 1: 85. 1862.
About 1 meter high; basal and stem leaves subequal, to 3.5 dm.
long, glabrous except for the tips, the long (to 2 dm.) petioles gla-
brous or puberulent but not pilose-annulate; panicle with its leaf
to nearly 2 dm. long, the racemes few to many; bracts oblong, orange,
the lower puberulent, to 3 cm. long; sepals linear, 12 mm. long;
tube of the yellow corolla 2.5 cm. long, the lobes about 6 mm. long.
—The similar and possibly Peruvian M. exannulatum Schum. has
roseate flowers with pilose tubes scarcely 2 cm. long. Var. oblongi-
folium Macbr. has leaves oblong, about 5.5 cm. wide, to 3 dm. long,
little oblique; sheaths densely long-pilose below; sepals about 17
mm. long. Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 48: 157.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, Tessmann 4568. Iquitos, Tess-
mann 5065. Between Rio Nanay and Rio Napo, Williams 721.
San Martin: Tocache (Poeppig). — Without locality: Pavdn.—
Huanuco: Monzon, 700 meters, Weberbauer 3683.
Monotagma parvulum Loes. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6:
283. 1915.
More or less puberulent nearly throughout, to about 4 dm. tall;
leaves not oblique, rounded-cuneate at base; panicle dense; sepals
linear-lanceolate, 1 cm. long; corolla white, the tube 1.5 cm. long,
the oval lobes 2-3 mm. long; outer staminodia apparently lacking.
Neg. 9881.
Loreto: Cerro de Ponasa, 1,200 meters, Ule 6846.
Monotagma plurispicatum (Koern.) Schum. Pflanzenr. IV.
48: 169. 1902. Ischnosiphon plurispicatus Koern. Bull. Soc. Nat.
Mosc. 35, pt. 1:83. 1862.
764 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Acaulescent, 1-2 meters high; petioles of the basal leaves 50
cm. long; leaves glabrous unless at the very oblique tip, several dm.
long and 1.5-2 dm. wide; panicle ample, the many bracts glabrous;
sepals lanceolate, 7 mm. long; corolla tube glabrous, 12 mm. long;
lobes oblong, 4 mm. long. — The ring at the leaf callus base is densely
pubescent with hispid or almost bristle-like hairs.
Cuzco: Cosnipata, 700 meters, Weberbauer 6943 (det. Loesener).
— Huanuco: Monzon, Weberbauer 3604 (det. Loesener). — Loreto:
Rio Acre, Ule 9248 (det. Loesener). — Junin: La Merced, Schunke 592.
Brazil.
Monotagma spicatum (Aubl.) Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11:
14. 1931. Maranta spicata Aubl. Hist. PL Guian. 1: 4. 1775. Isch-
nosiphon spicatus Koern. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 35, pt. 1: 83. 1862.
Calathea Parkeri Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 22. 1838.
Phrynium Parkeri Rose. Monandr. PI. pi. 42. 1828.
Well marked by the lack of a leaf accompanying the narrowly
ovoid panicle; leaves very oblique, glabrous except at the tips, to
3.5 dm. long, the petioles elongate; peduncle villous, to 5 dm. long;
lower bracts to 6 cm. long; corolla tube puberulent, to 2.5 cm. long,
three times as long as the oblong sepals, the corolla lobes to 6 mm.
long.
San Martin: Tocache (Poeppig). Guianas.
4. MYROSMA L. f.
Similar to Maranta technically, but the Peruvian species seem-
ingly all acaulescent and with geminate racemes. Bracts more or
less densely imbricate. — Here would be sought the Ecuadorian
Thalia Pavonia Koern. and T. Andersonii Schum., both probably
referable to Myrosma in a broad sense. The inflorescence of the
former is an interrupted panicle; of the latter, a solitary raceme.
Bracts linear-lanceolate M . hexantha.
Bracts broadly oblong-obovate or subrotund.
Bracts densely imbricate; leaves less than 1 dm. wide.
M. unilateralis.
Bracts loosely imbricate; leaves more than 1 dm. wide.
M. stromanthoides.
Myrosma hexantha (Poepp. & Endl.) Schum. Pflanzenr. IV.
48: 144. 1904. Thalia hexantha Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp.
2: 24. pi. 132. 1838. Maranta hexantha D. Dietr. Syn. 1: 6. 1839.
FLORA OF PERU 765
Plants to 6 dm. high, with shortly petioled, oblongish leaves to
4 dm. long and over 1 dm. broad, minutely puberulent above;
inflorescence stalk to 18 cm. high, the peduncles to 10 cm. long;
bracts many, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, green, to 3 cm. long;
sepals similar, 1.5 cm. long; corolla tube 7 mm. long; staminodium
yellow.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Poeppig 2260.
Myrosma stromanthoides Macbr. Field Mus. Bot. 11: 59. 1931.
Leaves glabrous, broadly elliptic, shortly acuminate, to 7 dm.
long, 1.5-1.8 dm. wide, racemes mostly 2-3; peduncles loosely
villous, 1.5-5 cm. long, long-bracteate; inflorescence bracts laxly
imbricate, about 8-12, scarious-chartaceous, persistent; flowers 7-8,
on pedicels scarcely 2 mm. long, usually much shorter.
San Martin: Tarapoto, Williams 6563, 6017. "Bijahuillo."
Myrosma unilateralis (Poepp. & Endl.) Schum. Pflanzenr. IV.
48: 144. 1902. Thalia unilateralis Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp.
2: 24. pi. 133. 1838. Maranta unilateralis D. Dietr. Syn. 1: 6. 1839.
Similar to the preceding, but the leaves narrower, the flowering
stalk tomentose, the broadly oblong-obovate bracts very obtuse,
and the corolla tube only 3 mm. long.
San Martin: Tocache (Poeppig). — Junin: Puerto Bermudez,
Killip & Smith 26423.
5. SARANTHE Eichl.
Similar to Maranta in its exserted flowers but essentially allied
to Myrosma, from which genus, in a broad sense, it is not to be
distinguished.
Saranthe urceolata Peters, in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 3: 167. pi. 48.
1890; 139.
Glabrous, to several dm. tall, the petioles 1.5 dm. long, very
thickly calloused below the subelliptic leaves, the latter sometimes
2 dm. long and half as wide; racemes solitary, more often many in a
compound inflorescence, loosely bracted but the elliptic obtuse
bracts about touching; ovary sericeous. — A solitary leaf accompanies
the inflorescence.
Loreto: Rio Acre, Ule 9243 (det. Loesener). Brazil; Guianas.
766 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
6. MARANTA L.
Tall herbs, branching above, with loosely racemose flowers, or the
short racemes paniculate. Bracts few, 1-4. Outer staminodia 2,
petal-like. Ovary 1-celled. "Uarama," "uarca," "vijau."
Leaves homotropous, sometimes 1-2 dm. long.
Bracts to 5 cm. long; flowers about 2 cm. long. . . .M. arundinacea.
Bracts and flowers smaller M. divaricata.
Leaves antitropous, to 7 cm. long M. Ruiziana.
Maranta arundinacea L. Sp. PI. 2. 1753; 125.
Glabrous or somewhat pilose, with attenuate-acuminate leaves to
8 cm. broad; racemes terminal, often widely branched, peduncled;
bracts linear-lanceolate, to 5 cm. long; flowers white, about 2 cm.
long. — Cultivated for the meal prepared from its fleshy rhizomes
but not known as native to Peru, unless by the following recent
collections. Illustrated, Pflanzenr. IV. 48: 127.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, Schunke. La Merced, 600 meters,
5350, 5706. — Loreto: Iquitos, Williams 3581. "Shimi-panpana."
Maranta divaricata Rose. Monandr. PI. pi. 27. 1828; 126.
Similar to M. Ruiziana, but the leaves not borne together (homo-
tropous); leaves rarely on petioles 4 mm. long, to 15 cm. long and
6.5 cm. wide, often much smaller; ovary typically sericeous or in the
Peruvian form glabrous or nearly so. — The Peruvian material rather
doubtful.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, Klug 1342.
Maranta Ruiziana Koern. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 35, pt. 1:
45. 1862; 128.
Widely branched; leaves subsessile, densely puberulent margin-
ally and toward the tips, to 3.5 cm. broad; bracts 2-3; sepals 13 mm.
long, slightly exceeding the tube of the white corolla. — -Simulating
the genus Stromanthe, from which it is most easily distinguished by
the glabrous ovary. Neg. 9846.
Hudnuco : Chicoplaya (Pavdn) . Cochero, Poeppig 1 862. — Loreto :
Cashiboya, Tessmann 5495. Mishuyacu, Klug 251, 1342. Yuri-
maguas, Williams 5051 . "Yunca oca," "sio," "inchahuy," "cuycuy."
7. THALIA L.
Characterized especially and typically by the very short-tubed
flowers that are borne in ample, elongate, often diffuse panicles, the
few bracts deciduous. Inflorescence with or without a leaf.
FLORA OF PERU 767
Thalia geniculata L. Sp. PL 1193. 1753; 173.
Panicle to 4 dm. long, with a solitary leaf; sepals 2 mm. long;
outer staminodium violet, 14 mm. long. — General in South America
but apparently not definitely recorded from Peru. "Arumarana."
38. BURMANNIACEAE. Burmannia Family
Although this family is widely distributed through Brazil, only
the following genera and species have clearly been recorded within
Peru. Apteria Nutt., distinguished by its 1-celled capsule and
broadly winged, forked filaments, has been found as near as Manaos
(A. Ulei Schlechter, which is, perhaps, A. hymenanthera Miq.).
Perianth tubes with broad membranous wings 1. Burmannia.
Perianth tubes not winged 2. Dictyostega.
1. BURMANNIA L.
Very slender, often saprophytic, simple-stemmed, little herbs
with scale-like or linear leaves and with 1-several, or rarely many,
usually yellowish pink, tubular, regular flowers in a terminal, some-
times capitate cyme. Perianth tube persistent on the 3-celled
capsule. Filaments 3, elliptic, merely emarginate.
Burmannia Stuebelii Hieron. & Schlechter, Bot. Jahrb. 54:
Beibl. 117: 15. 1916.
Erect, nearly simple, 3-4 dm. high; leaves rosulate, lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, below the middle 4-5 mm.
wide; cyme densely 3-16-flowered; flowers about 1.5 cm. long,
tubular, 3-winged, the wings semielliptic, the outer segments triangu-
lar-acute, the inner elliptic-obtuse and half as long. — Differs from
B. bicolor Mart, by the several times larger leaves and the broader
petals. According to Weberbauer, "ovary violet, perianth golden
yellow." Schlechter, Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 47 : 102-3. 1905, has
proposed other segregates of B. bicolor from Amazonas, Brazil,
notably B. amazonica, a little saprophyte without rosette or other
developed leaves, and B. polygaloides with leafy stems.
Amazonas: Sphagnum moor, Molinopampa, 2,000 meters,
Weberbauer 4$41 / 264, 267; Stuebel 25b, type.
2. DICTYOSTEGA Miers
The Peruvian species readily distinguished from Burmannia by
the open inflorescence of lilac flowers. Perianth marcescent. Fila-
768 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XIII
ments very short, triangular. Capsule 1-celled but 3-valved at tip.
Dictyostega pectinata Karst. Linnaea 28: 422. 1856.
Erect, simple or nearly so, with geminate racemes of nodding,
white or lilac flowers; bracts solitary; perianth subequal; capsule
crowned by the persistent flower. — The rhizome scales are pectinate-
ciliate.
Huanuco : Monzon, Weberbauer 3570 (det. Schlechter) . Colombia.
INDEX
Aechmea, 585
Agave, 666
Alstroemeria, 663
Amaryllidaceae, 631
Ananas, 591
Aneilema, 607
Anthericum, 622
Anthurium, 442
Araceae, 428
Asterostigma, 484
Athyrocarpus, 605
Billbergia, 583
Bomarea, 633
Bromelia, 577
Bromeliaceae, 495
Burmannia, 767
Burmanniaceae, 767
Caladium, 482
Calathea, 742
Callisia, 606
Campelia, 594
Canna, 739
Cannaceae, 738
Carludovica, 421
Catopsis, 577
Chlidanthus, 669
Chlorophytum, 621
Cipura, 707
Commelina, 602
Commelinaceae, 592
Cooperia, 668
Costus, 730
Crinum, 670
Crocopsis, 669
Cyclanthaceae, 421
Cyclanthus, 427
Cypella, 716
Deuterocohnia, 512
Dichorisandra, 598
Dictyostega, 767
Dieffenbachia, 460
Dimerocostus, 737
Dioscorea, 690
Dioscoreaceae, 690
Distichia, 610
Distrepta, 665
Dracontium, 440
Eichhornia, 608
Eriocaulaceae, 489
Eriocaulon, 489
Eucharis, 673
Eucrosia, 689
Eustephia, 689
Excremis, 618
Floscopa, 600
Fortunatia, 623
Fourcroya, 666
Geogenanthus, 607
Greigia, 579
Guzmania, 570
Haemodoraceae, 630
Heliconia, 718
Heteranthera, 609
Heteropsis, 430
Hippeastrum, 683
Homalomena, 479
Hymenocallis, 670
Hypoxis, 665
Iridaceae, 707
Ischnosiphon, 754
Juncaceae, 609
Juncus, 613
Lemna, 486
Lemnaceae, 486
Liliaceae, 617
Lindmania, 510
Luzula, 610
Luzuriaga, 630
Maranta, 766
Marantaceae, 741
Mayaca, 487
Mayacaceae, 487
Monocostus, 738
Monotagma, 761
Monstera, 434
Musaceae, 717
Myrosma, 764
Nemastylis, 708
Neoregelia, 580
Nothoscordum, 619
Orthrosanthus, 715
Oxychloe, 610
Paepalanthus, 490
Pasithea, 619
Phaedranassa, 688
Philodendron, 464
Pistia, 486
Pitcairnia, 513
Pontederia, 609
Pontederiaceae, 608
Puya, 496
Rapatea, 494
Rapateaceae, 494
Renealmia, 726
Rhodospatha, 431
Saranthe, 765 Tonina, 494
Sisyrinchium, 709 Tradescantia, 594
Smilax, 623 Trichlora, 621
Spathiphyllum, 438
Stenomesson, 675 Ulearum, 485
Streptocalyx, 580 Urceolina, 686
Symphyostemon, 715 Urospatha, 441
Syngonium, 485
Vriesia, 568
Taccaceae, 690
Taccarum, 484 Xanthosoma, 480
Thalia, 766 Xiphidium, 630
Thurnia, 494 Xyridaceae, 487
Thurniaceae, 494 Xyris, 487
Tigridia, 716
Tillandsia, 527 Zebrina, 608
Tinantia, 601 Zephyranthes, 667
Tofieldia, 630 Zingiberaceae, 726
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