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FLORA OF PERU
PART I, NO. 2
BY
J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE
CURATOR, PERUVIAN BOTANY
BOTANICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME XIII, PART I, NUMBER 2
AUGUST 17. 1960
E UKttn OF THE
\UG 2 9 I960 PUBLICATION 895
OF ILLINOIS
FLORA OF PERU
PART I, NO. 2
BY
J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE
CURATOR, PERUVIAN BOTANY
BOTANICAL SERIES
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME XIII, PART I, NUMBER 2
AUGUST 17, 1960
PUBLICATION 895
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 36-101+26
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS
&
2-
FLORA OF PERU
J. FRANCIS MACBRIDE
16. PALMAE. Palm Family.
Ligneous, smooth or more or less rudely spiny or prickly, acaules-
cent or caulescent, sometimes scandent or caudices low or tall, clus-
tered or more often solitary, slender or columnar, nearly always strict,
not rarely magnificent trees conveying the impression of great nobil-
ity, each crowned as it were with a beautifully proportioned cluster
of several to many usually palmate or pinnate frond-like leaves, these
again, especially among low or smaller species, variously divided or
even entire, often few and gracefully ornamental. Petioles in greater
or less degree sheath-like, spadix (inflorescence) commonly with 2-
several spathes, the lower much longer, the upper split in anthesis,
coriaceous or ligneous. Not unlike Cyclanthaceae, but fruit rarely
a syncarp; leaves at least tardily deciduous, the small (rarely about
1 cm. long), soon often chaff -like flowers briefly open, single or ter-
nate, the central ordinarily female, its perianth usually persisting.
Ovary commonly 3-celled, usually 1 ovule developing. Fruit more
or less drupiform, variously fleshy, even plum-like, not infrequently
fibrous or (and) coriaceous, rarely papery, the seed frequently in-
cluded in a mesocarp that is extremely indurated and covered with
the often intricately branched raphe; the fruit within soft or even
early liquid; endosperm finally hard or firm, ruminated or homo-
genous; embryo basal, lateral or apical, sometimes at an intermediate
position. Few families are so generally recognized as this one, but
it is so diverse in all characters that it can be and has been (see
most standard reference works) described in great detail, although
this is not necessary here.
Notwithstanding the relatively few who have proposed and de-
veloped the taxonomy, there has been considerable disparity regard-
ing generic relationships and even more concerning generic lines. By
and large the former as presented in recent works has been generally
accepted but the latter in many cases still often expresses disagree-
ments. In equivocal genera my own desire would be to give prefer-
ence to unique or at least apparently stable characters, and to re-
strict the use of recurring or variable ones to species or groups
(sections) within the genus.
321
322 FIELD MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
In the case of the palms the contemporary who has advanced
their study most intelligently is M. Burret, whose thoughtful work,
cited on many of the following pages, is acknowledged with appre-
ciation. The notable bibliographical contribution to the study of
palms is that of my friend B. E. Dahlgren (Field Mus. Bot. 14: 1-456.
1936). Compendiums like this lead without loss of time to all the
literature available. In this family the citations to Weberbauer re-
fer to the Spanish edition (El Mundo Veg. Andes Peru, 1945). The
generic key, traditionally usable only by those whose vocation is the
study of palms, has been devised with some sacrifice of precision for
the benefit of those whose interest in them is a hobby; the natural
but impractical division of the family, however, on character of fruit,
has, regrettably, been retained, with the addition of one or two sup-
plementary characteristics.
The usefulness of palms, especially in primitive societies, has been
described in numerous articles and books. Now, however, many
think of palms chiefly as a source of coconuts (Cocos nucifera L.)
and dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) or are entranced by their noble or
graceful beauty.
Many contemporaries have been mentioned since the first num-
ber of Part I of Field Museum's Flora of Peru appeared; to this
number I would add a single name, Aven Nelson, my student men-
tor, who enjoyed fame because his interest in others exceeded that
in himself.
Leaves pinnate; male flowers in dense catkins; fruits capitately
crowded, strongly tubercled 1. Phytelephas.
Leaves flabellate-palmate-parted; fruits never as above.
Fruits tessellate; petioles not ligulate, leaves subconcolor; male
flowers (at least) amentaceous.
Spadix branches long; flowers seriately spiralled; seeds esulcate.
2. Mauritia.
Spadix branches short; flowers often distichous; seeds sulcate.
3. Lepidocaryum.
Fruits corky roughened or smooth; petioles ligulate; leaves silvery
beneath.
Epicarp corky; leaves subbasally parted 4. Chelyocarpus.
Epicarp smooth; leaves biparted, each half incised.
5. Tessmanniophoenix.
Leaves various but never palmate, often pinnatifid, pinnate or fur-
cate, rarely simple; fruits various.
FLORA OF PERU 323
Endocarp (nut) without obvious pores, the carpels (usually 3) dis-
tinct or partly coalescent, in any case not finally an osseous
shell; plants smooth or (and) with caudex root props; female
petals sometimes imbricate.
Leaf divisions or leaf more or less expanded apically, cuneate-
based; caudex root-supported.
Spadix branches simple; stamens 9-many; spathes often
3-many.
Spadix bisexual; leaf parts often much wider at apex.
9. Iriartea.
Spadix unisexual; leaf parts (Peru) oblanceolate.
10. Catoblastus.
Spadix often simple, axis thick, sexes separate; stamens 12-16;
fruit villous 11. Wettinia.
Leaves more or less pinnate, rarely entire, often bifid or segments
oblique, sometimes ensiform-acuminate.
Caudices slender, low or tall.
Peduncle-spathes or bracts often 3-many; flowers rarely
monoecious in diverse spadices, these finally simply
scarred.
Flower groups long-seriate (always?) . . 13. Wendlandiella.
Flower groups not or not clearly seriate (always?).
All spadices same sex on a plant ... 14. Chamaeodorea.
Spadices of each sex on a plant 15. Morenia.
Peduncle-spathes 2 or 3; flowers monoecious in diverse spa-
dices; plants arundinaceous 16. Hyospathe.
Caudices stout or (and) spathes only 2.
Spathes 5; leaf segments rigid, ensiform; caudex robust,
waxy; monoecious 12. Ceroxylon.
Spathes 2; characters otherwise than above.
Leaves unevenly pinnate or (and) flowers immersed.
Flowers sessile, male petals sublanceolate, female im-
bricate 16. Hyospathe.
Flowers immersed, calyx segments imbricate as con-
nate female petals; leaves various as in Chamaeo-
dorea.
Anther cells united, sagittate-cordate, filaments cupu-
lately united 6. Calyptronoma.
324 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Anther cells free, lax from cupulate tube.
7. Geonoma.
Anther cells free but porrect, filaments usually con-
nate 8. Taenianthera.
Leaves evenly pinnate, segments acuminate, divaricate;
female petals imbricate.
Flowers sessile, spadix branches pendulous, sheath fusi-
form, split; male sepals valvate.
17. Jessenia, 18. Oenocarpus.
Flowers more or less immersed, spadix elongate, erect,
sheath cylindric, entire; male sepals imbricate.
19. Euterpe.
Endocarp (nut) with usually 3 obvious pores, the 3 or more carpels
coalescent; typified by the pores and osseous shell of the culti-
vated coconut, but fruit (as Aiphanes) may be drupe-like and
endocarp may be thin (as Desmoncus).
Plants aculeate (more or less, rarely not, Bactris) ; sepals as petals
valvate or connate (always?).
Upper pinnae reduced, spiniform; endocarp thin or firm; plants
dependent, sprawling, clinging 28. Desmoncus.
Upper pinnae developed normally to rachis tip; endocarp osse-
ous; plants independent (erect unless at base).
Pinnae erose; male flowers usually immersed, congested,
female corollas urceolate; spathes cymbiform; peri-
carp often dry, rough, even aculeate. .26. Astrocaryum.
Pinnae same, male flowers sessile, often scattered; petals
fleshy, all basally connate, usually valvate; pericarp
subfleshy 25. Aiphanes.
Pinnae at least terminal, attenuate; flowers sessile, vari-
ously disposed; pericarp more or less fleshy.
27. Bactris.
Plants smooth, more or less fleshy (lower pinnae rarely spini-
form); perianth parts con volute-imbricate; leaf segments
attenuate apically; fruit 1-6-seeded.
Stamens 6; petals subcoriaceous; fruit 1-3-seeded.
Petals minute; stamens subexserted or exserted; seeds 1.
24. Maximilliana.
Petals elongate, thick; stamens included; seeds 1-3.
22. Syagrus, 23. Scheelea.
FLORA OF PERU 325
Stamens 6-many, anthers direct, included; petals lanceolate;
seeds 2-6 21. Attalea.
Stamens 12-24, anthers not direct, at least sinuous; petals
ovate; seeds 2-6 20. Orbignya.
1. PHYTELEPHAS R. & P.
Elephantusia Willd. Sp. PL 4, pt. 2: 175b. 1805. Yarina Cook,
Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 223. 1927. Polandra Cook, I.e. 228.
Reference: Cook, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 218-230. 1927.
Smooth, with erect or inclined and rooting, moderately to very
stout trunks, the species in Peru low but with many or few tall (elon-
gate) terminal pinnate leaves. Flowers large, dioecious, the basal
(Peru) spadices and peduncles squamate, the male rather amenta-
ceous, more or less pendulous, simple, more or less scurvy, elongate,
the female capitate, compact, erect. Stamens many, clustered, an-
thers basifixed. Sepals 3, imbricate, as the 5-10 rather fleshy narrow
acuminate petals. Staminodia many; ovary 4-9-sulcate, -celled, each
cell with a single erect ovule, style terminal, stigma long-filiform.
Fruits more or less pressed together forming a large or small syn-
carp, 1-celled, more or less succulent or lignescent, shortly broadly
and acutely tubercled, the hard nutlets loosely fibrous, embryo sunken
near hilum in plane ivory-like albumen. The several segregate gen-
era proposed by Cook have doubtful merit unless the diagnostic
characters are accepted also in several other genera as defining sep-
arate groups. Many illustrations are available, but some at least
scarcely refer to the two original species unless, as possible, the sev-
eral others proposed, as Panama species, are the same or merely vari-
ants; consequently, only one or two drawings and a photograph are
listed which represent at least the genus as it occurs in Peru. It
stands apart in the family on account of the 4-9 united carpels,
usually maturing several large long seeds.
Vegetable ivory is supplied by the fruits of this extraordinary
palm, described well by the authors: Early the fruits are filled with
a liquid as clear as water, in place of which it is sometimes used; after
some days it turns milky and acid; later it changes into a sweet and
pleasant emulsion and successively acquires greater consistency, solid-
ity and weight until it becomes as hard as ivory; small objects, as
buttons, may be turned in a lathe with more ease than ivory ones
because it is neither splintery nor fibrous; furthermore, it remains
white for many years. The leaves are commonly used for thatch.
326 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Besides the following, two or three species have been illustrated under
other names without diagnosis.
Trunks as petioles none or short, stout; leaf segments approximate,
opposite; fruit lignescent P. macrocarpa.
Trunks as petioles more or less developed; leaf segments distant;
fruit succulent P. microcarpa.
Phytelephas macrocarpa R. & P. Syst. Veg. 301. 1798; 224.
Trunk none or short and inclined; leaves equally pinnate, crowded,
the rachis basally incrassate, sessile or nearly, segments about 100
pairs, mostly exactly opposite, basally reduplicate, linear-lanceolate,
attenuate, the medial about 12 dm. long, 3.5 cm. wide, the upper
scarcely 8 dm. long; spadices axillary, male ascending, fleshy, spici-
form, 10 dm. long or slightly longer, peduncle compressed, 2.5 dm.
long, 1.5 cm. thick, rachis nearly 8 dm. long, flowers sessile or sub-
sessile, a cluster of many (150-280) stamens, filaments 7 mm. long,
anthers 4 mm. long; spathes 2, glabrate, the outer nearly 2 dm. long,
the inner 1 dm. long, 5 cm. across, linear-fusiform; peduncle and
female spadix longer than male, the 12-20 sessile clusters apically
compressed in an apical oval receptacle; bracteolate ovaries many,
coalescent, the few central ones fertile, style filiform, 5 cm. long, stig-
mas 5 or 6, 5 cm. long; fruits in a globose mass (12-20) 2.5 dm. in
diameter or longer, the mature by mutual pressure 4-6-angulate-
obpyramidate, apically muricate-tubercled, nutlets about 4 cm. long,
2.5 cm. broad, perianth fragile. After Spruce, Journ. Linn. Soc. 11:
179. 1871, who described P. aequitorialis of Ecuador (Polandra Cook),
trunk 5 meters or taller, leaves unequally pinnate, the segments
aggregate, male capitula stalked or racemed on a pendulous spadix,
each capitulum with a thousand or more stamens; may occur in
adjacent Peru. Illustrated, Huber, Bull. Herb. Boiss. se"r. 2, 6: pi. 11.
San Martin: Vitoc, (Ruiz & Pawn). Tarapoto, (Spruce). Hua-
nuco: Chanchamayo, San Antonio de Playa, Macora, (Ruiz & Pawn,
type). Loreto: Headwaters of Rio Purus, (Chandless) . Rio Acre:
Toward origin, (Huber}. "Pulu-puntu," "polo-ponto," "humiro."
Phytelephas microcarpa R. & P. Syst. Veg. 302. 1798. Yarina
microcarpa (R. & P.) Cook, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 223. 1927.
Fruiting sometimes with no stem at all, finally with inclined stem
about 1 dm. thick, spirally areolate with the deep leaf-scars; petiole
elongate, leaf segments equal (Spruce), slender, with 6-7 leaves, seg-
ments widely spaced, spreading, retrorse below, the lower much
FLORA OF PERU 327
shorter, the petioles perhaps 3-6 dm. long (Cook). The thick muri-
cated rind of the fruit is reddish within, tough but may be eaten,
flavor of melon or milky cheese; the albumen is drunk while still
watery, eaten when fleshy, suggesting immature coconut, when ma-
ture ivory-like (Spruce). Otherwise apparently unknown. Illus-
trated, Pflanzenfam. 2, Abt. 3: 87 (flowers, fruits, at least in part);
88 (plant).
Hudnuco: Pozuzo, Pampa Hermosa, (Ruiz & Pavdn, type).
Loreto: Near mouth of Rio Napo, (Spruce). Rio Pastaza, (Spruce).
Ecuador? "Yarina," "rullipunta," "anon de palma."
2. MAURITIA L. f.
Mauritietta Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 12: 609-611. 1935.
Reference: Burret, I.e. 605-609. 1935.
Trees, the columnar trunk with a dense crown of deeply or fla-
bellately divided semicircular leaves, the often large inflorescences
pendent from their axils. Branches of spadix simple, at least male
amentaceous, sessile, exserted from the spathe, the flowers densely
spiralled, the internodes vaginate. Calyx 3-lobed, corolla 3-fid, male
approximate, female few on short branches, staminodia connate with
petals. Ovary (absent in male flowers) 3-celled, stigma sessile, ovule
basal, erect. Fruit ellipsoid or globose, 1-seeded, tessellate with re-
trorse lustrous scales (and leaves). Small prickly-stemmed species
have been separated as a distinct genus by Burret, also by Hawkes;
cf. M. peruviana Becc. The question of the correct name for those
who wish to use the segregate genus is arguable, and perhaps conser-
vation could here be useful. The segregate has both sexes in aments.
Stems, leaves smooth, these concolor.
Rachis strongly flexuose; fruit depressed M. flexuosa.
Rachis slightly angled; fruit acute M. vinifera.
Stems, leaves prickly, these pale-scaly beneath M. peruviana.
Mauritia flexuosa L. f. Suppl. 454. 1781; 290.
Smooth, the trunk to 7 dm. thick, 50 meters tall, medially slightly
tumid, the leaves deeply radiately flabellate; stout petioles subterete,
canaliculate above, subequaling the blades, these 8-12 dm. long, seg-
ments 2-4 cm. wide; spadices 2-3 meters long, shortly peduncled, the
male branches flexuose, elongate-cylindric, about 30, many 1 meter
long, flexuose between the floriferous branchlets, these 5 cm. long;
328 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
bracts scabrous-ciliate; flowers densely fuscous-velutinous or flaves-
cent, calyx (male) turbinate, corolla 3-parted from stipiform base,
segments lanceolate, acute, petals much smaller, stamens 6, anthers
erect, oblique-cordate; calyx (female) urceolate, shortly lobed, corolla
3-lobed; fruit 4 cm. high and thick, depressed-globose. After Drude;
Ule found it on the Rio Jurua Mirim nearly at the Peruvian bound-
ary, and Weberbauer saw it frequently cultivated but also in a natural
state. Possibly occurring is the similar M. minor Burret, Notizbl.
Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 1. 1930, from adjacent Colombia, smaller in all
its parts. Illustrated, Pflanzenf am. 2, Abt. 3 : 42, fig. 33 (habit) ;
Drude, Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: pis. 62, fig. 2 (fruit), 63, (habit), 65,
fig. 1, 67, fig. 2; Weberbauer, 584, pi. 33.
San Martin rMoyobamba, ( Weberbauer) . Loreto: Tessmann, fide
Dahlgren. To the Guianas. "Aguaje," "achual," "buritisol" (Ule,
Brazil).
Mauri tia peruviana Becc. Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 12, pt. 2:
225. 1918. Mauritiella peruviana (Becc.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin 12: 609. 1935. Lepidococcus peruvianus (Becc.) A. D. Hawkes,
Arquiv. Bot. Sao Paulo 2: 2. 1952.
Type about 20 meters tall, the leaves deeply parted into many
narrow long-acuminate segments, white waxy puberulent above,
minutely and sparsely brown squamate beneath, the scales hair-like,
the margins and midrib smooth; largest segments 7.5-8 dm. long,
2.5 cm. wide; male spadix 1.5 meter long, spathes of the spike bear-
'ing branches broadly infundibuliform, 6-7 cm. long, about as wide
at opening; larger spikes 1 cm. long, the 18-20 male flowers (female
unknown) oblong, obtuse, not distinctly biseriate, 6 mm. long, 3 mm.
broad ; stamens 6. It seems rather closely related to M. armata Mart.
For the basic purpose of this work identification the traditional
designation of this little palm, with apparently solitary trunk (author),
and its allies as a subgroup of Mauritia seems to be the useful classi-
fication. Francia Chisaki kindly copied for me Beccardi's description
from the University of California library at Berkeley.
San Martin: In woody savannah, Moyobamba to Rioja, (Weber-
bauer 4717, type).
Mauritia vinifera Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 42, pis. 38, 39.
1824; 291.
Resembles M . flexuosa; cylindric caudex early annulate; male spa-
dix branches about half as long, less bent or angled between the stouter
FLORA OF PERU 329
branchlets; bracts and flowers finally glabrescent; fruit ovoid-ellip-
soid, acute, 5 cm. long, 3.5-4 cm. thick. May extend into south-
eastern Peru from Bolivia; listed by Dahlgren I.e. 418. Illustrated,
Drude in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: pis. 62, 67.
Peru (see above). Bolivia; Brazil.
3. LEPIDOCARYUM Mart.
Slender smooth erect or flexuose stemmed with flabelliform pal-
mately parted leaves, slender petioles, elongate inflated convolute
sheaths. Floriferous branches of the spadices short, often distichous.
Ovule horizontal. Allied to Mauritia, to which it has been referred.
Male spadix branches many; flowers of both sexes shorter than 8 mm.
L. tenue.
Male spadix branches 6 or 7; flowers at least 8 mm. long.
L. Tessmannii.
Lepidocaryum tenue Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 51, pi. 7. 1823.
L. enneaphyllum Barb. Rodr. Enum. Palm. Nov. 19. 1875, fide Trail
and Drude.
Caudex slender, to several meters tall; fronds 12-15 or more, to
2 meters long, glabrous except ciliate-spinulose margins of pinnae and
midnerves, green, lustrous; petioles basally vaginate-lanceolate, ante-
riorly compressed-terete, to three times longer than the flabellate-
pinnatifid blade, this medially biparted even to base, mostly with 4.
lanceolate acute pinnae parted to base (pinnae constantly 9, the 2
ultimate binate, fide Rodriguez) or joined below, medially at least
7.5 cm. wide, primary nerves acutely prominent above; male spadices
not seen, the hermaphrodite to 1 meter long, peduncles subcompressed,
spathes membranous, linear-lanceolate, obliquely truncate, glabrate,
the rachis extension stout, glabrous or evanescently and finely tomen-
tose, the 3-4 amentiferous branches 2.5 cm. distant, exserted from a
tomentose spathe; spathes of branches 15-20, cyathiform, base of
each black-annulate; scales suborbicular, subamplexicaul with rachis,
lustrous; flowers solitary in each little spathe, pale rose color, the
calyx campanulate, 3-denticulate, the corolla two times longer, petals
erect, lanceolate, acute; stamens 6; anthers linear-oblong, 9, ovate
(in male flower observed in hermaphrodite spadix); ovary ovoid,
attenuate at both ends, minutely squamulate; stigma pyramidally
connate, twice as long as ovary; fruit oblong-cylindric, tessellate-
squamate, lower margin of scales membranous, obscurely ciliolate,
330 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
apically black-fuscous; inner seed coat soft, very thin, reddish-gray
with fuscous veins and adhering to scales; seed ellipsoid, testa casta-
neous, lustrous; raphe developed entire length; albumen solid, osse-
ous, embryo softer, conical, lateral. Fruit size of a walnut (Martius),
presumably typical in character for the genus. Francia Chisaki gen-
erously copied for me the detailed original description, here much
reduced; also that of the apparent synonym, nearly without signifi-
cant characterization. Since types of both plants are from Brazil
near Rios Negro and Trombetas, the occurrence in Peru may be
questioned. F.M. Negs. 18587, 18588.
Peru (fide Dahlgren). Brazil. "Irapay."
Lepidocaryum Tessmannii Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
10: 771. 1929.
Original plants a few cm. to 2 meters tall; petioles (as known) in-
cluding sheathed portion about 1 meter long, stout, subglabrous, 6 mm.
broad below the leaf, this rigid, 7 dm. long or longer, concolored,
4-parted, the lateral incised 2 cm. above the rachis, the subequal
lobes 6.5-7.5 cm. wide, the 5-6 primary nerves spinulose above as
the inner margins of the inner lobes and the outer of the outer lobes;
primary nerves 2, prominent only above, intermediate secondary few,
transverse, curved above; male spadix with peduncle this 4.5 dm.
long nearly 8.5 dm. long, branches 6 or 7, lower 13-17 cm. long;
primary spathes narrow, the free part 11 cm. long, 4-5 cm. wide, sec-
ondary funnelform, fuscous furfuraceous, caducous; flowering branch-
lets little exserted, without flowers for 8 mm., the male flowers in
about 7 rows, before anthesis nearly 1 cm. long; calyx turbinate,
4 mm. long, clearly and acutely dentate, densely striate as the linear
petals, these 2 mm. wide; female spadix nearly 5.5 dm. long, branched
part 1.5 dm. long, the 4 branches 7-11 cm. long; flowers (before an-
thesis) at least 8 mm. long, calyx half as long; fruit (after Tessmann
drawing) scarlet, obovoid, 1.6 cm. thick, 3 cm. long with perianth
and beak, this rather slender, acute, nearly 3 mm. long. Flowers
rather white, seen on plants a few cm. high; fruit eaten after it has
been softened in water. Related to L. tenue Mart, with more numer-
ous male spadix branches, flowers of both sexes smaller; less closely to
L. gracile Mart, (author).
Loreto : Below Rio Morona, (Tessmann 4906, type) . "Irapay."
4. CHELYOCARPUS Dammer
Reference: Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 394-397. 1928.
FLORA OF PERU 331
Trunk annulate, smooth as the flabellate leaves and ligulate peti-
oles, these transversely rhomboid in cross section, obtusely margined,
lightly bicanaliculate beneath and above, the ventral ligule triangu-
late, the dorsal shorter. Leaves basally multi-parted, the elongate-
cuneate apically laciniate, the laciniae minutely bidentate at tips.
Fruiting spadix with only 2 spathe scars. Perianth segments 4, free
or nearly, coriaceous beneath the globose fruit, this with pseudo-
suberose tessellate epicarp similar to Pholidocarpus. Seed globose,
broad raphe with few branches nearly to apex, embryo medially lateral.
Chelyocarpus Ulei Damm. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 7: 395
(51). 1920.
Usually 3-4, rarely 6 meters tall, the remotely annulate stem 7 or
8 cm. thick; sheath unknown; petioles to 7.5 dm. long, only 5-7 mm.
across, 3 mm. thick, the angles obtuse; ligule at base of leaf 3-angled,
1 cm. wide, 8 mm. long, extended as a 2 mm. wide wing on the petiole,
that at the leaf base beneath 2 mm. long; leaves green above, more
or less white silvery beneath, semicircular, 7-13-parted to base, the
divisions 3.5^4.5 dm. long, 4-10 cm. wide, 3-5-laciniate, these lobes
5-10 cm. long with apical teeth 1-2 mm. long; transverse nerves
between the longitudinal many; spadix in fruit 6 dm. long, branched
part 2.5 dm. long, early white-floccose, peduncle as rachis strongly
compressed; scars 13 mm. distant, upper about 8 mm. from lower
branch, lower nearly the same distance above the base; branches
mostly simple, about 1.5 dm. long, 2-3 mm. thick in herbarium, cari-
nate-pulvinate below fruit, this globose, about 2.5 cm. in diameter,
spiralled, solitary, with a solitary short ovate bract. Spadix descrip-
tion after Burret, I.e., who also considers the possibility that C. Wal-
lisii (Wendl.) Burret, the seed (described fully by him) with uniform
albumen, probably from Colombia or Ecuador, may belong to this
genus or Tessmanniophoenix, the ripe seed of the latter unknown.
Type of C. Ulei (Ule 5885} being from Rio Jurua Mirim at the little
community of Bele"m, nearly on the boundary with Peru, the species
grows also no doubt within Peru, if environment is favorable. Illus-
trated, Burret, I.e. 12: 152 (photograph).
Loreto (surely). Adjacent Brazil.
5. TESSMANNIOPHOENIX Burret
Stems cylindric, smooth as the biconvex petioles, these with rounded
margins, ligulate, the ligule protracted below the leaf-blade. Leaves
palmate-flabellate, equally biparted nearly to base, the 2 divisions
332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
also divided. Spadix simply branched, the well-developed peduncle
apparently with few deciduous spathes, none between the branches,
these long-bracteate. Flowers solitary, hermaphrodite, sessile, 1-
bracted. Perianth erect, closed (anthers exserted), segments seem-
ingly 4, also irregularly 5 or 6. Stamens 7, 6, or 8, free. Filaments
dilated, ovate, contracted above, anthers oblong, dorsally affixed
near sagittate base, shortly incised at apex. Perianth little accres-
cent beneath globose fruit, the obscure stigmas apical. Pericarp
thin, epicarp smooth, mesocarp probably fleshy, endocarp thin but sub-
osseous. Nearly Chelyocarpus Damm. which it resembles in petioles
and division of the leaves and probably also in flowers, but well-
marked by the smooth pericarp according to the author, who com-
ments (I.e. 11: 500) on the validity of the genus as shown by T. dianeura
Burret, from Colombia, also with short stout style, infundibuliform
stigma as in Thrinaceae but that with calyx and corolla united and
ordinarily only 1 carpel developed. The author (I.e. 12: 152-155)
has distinguished the similar T. chuco (Mart.) Burret of Brazil, pos-
sibly to be found in Peru, by the leaves, which are basally divided
into halves, while those of T. longibracteata resemble those of Chelyo-
carpus Ulei; photographs by H. A. Johnstone presented by Burret
show clearly this difference.
The noted ethnographer (Guenther Tessmann) made botanical
collections with excellent data as noted elsewhere in this work; this
generic name could be given greater euphony by omitting one con-
necting (repetitive) vowel, regardless of tradition. Tessmanniodoxa
Burret (one of the repetitive consonants also not deleted), Notizbl.
Bot. Gart. Berlin 15: 336. 1941, defining generically Thrinax chuco
Mart., formerly included here by Burret (I.e. 10: 400), is unlikely to
be found in Peru.
Tessmanniophoenix longibracteata Burret, Notizbl. Bot.
Gart. Berlin 10: 398. 1928; 11: 315. 1932.
Known to attain 5 meters, the stem 7 cm. in diameter, the 10-15
leaves silvery beneath (except major nerves) with a dense or floccose
puberulence as the younger spadices; petioles glabrous, rounded, stri-
ate (dried) above, 2 meters long or longer, 6 mm. thick, below apex
1 cm.; ligule fleshy coriaceous, triangular, smooth above, densely sul-
cate beneath, protracted below and free from the blade, this a meter
long, membranous, divided to 3 cm. above the base, the two parts
semiflabellate, each cuneately 6-7-lobed nearly to base, the 2 medial
lobes the widest, scarcely medially incised into broad segments, these
shortly 2 dentate; laciniae of lower lobes acuminate; longitudinal nerves
FLORA OF PERU 333
many, transverse serpentine ones more obvious above; spathes 3, the
lowest 19 cm. long, linear, 3 cm. wide below, 3.5 cm. above, the second
extending about 2 dm. over the former, the third 2.5 dm. over the
second, all rather strong but still soft, rather densely but evanescently
floccose; spadix 8.5 dm. long, peduncle as rachis strongly compressed,
6-7 cm. thick, little attenuate, annular scars 2 (3), about 1.5 dm.
distant, branches 1-1.5 dm. long, scarcely divergent, basal bract lin-
ear, 7 cm. (type) to 2 dm. long, the upper shorter; perianth erect,
subglobose, closed, anthers entirely exserted; perianth mostly irreg-
ular, segments nearly free, 4, also 6, rarely 5, glabrous; stamens
mostly 7 (6 or 8), filaments free, subfiliform, anthers oblong, black
punctate; carpels 2, free, slightly contracted apically, stigma dilated,
rounded; fruits on umbonate pulvinae from solitary spiralled flowers
but rather irregularly and thus pseudoverticillate, the single elongate
dorsal bract uncinate-curved; fruit depressed globose, 8 mm. in diam-
eter (immature); stigma obscure, scarcely excentric, sterile carpel
present; perianth 7 mm. across, segments apparently 4, the 2 free
sepals ovate, equaled by the alternating petals; mesocarp thin, endo-
carp hard, seed basal. After author, who noted that he had little
doubt of the identity of the flowering (Weberbauer) and fruiting
specimens.
Huanuco: Rios Pozuzo, Palcaza, (Weberbauer 6765, type); Tess-
mann 4830, fruit. Junin : Capuahuanas, Rio Pichis, (Killip & Smith
26717). "Uchapanga."
6. CALYPTRONOMA Griseb.
Reference: L. H. Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4: 153-172. 1938.
Resembles Geonoma in general and floral character, the filaments
cupulate and tubularly connate below, but the sagittate-cordate par-
allel anther cells united to the connective, and the ovary, at least
early, 3-celled. Leaf segments long-acuminate, often narrowly, even
filiform-caudate. Peduncles of the laterally branched spadices elon-
gate, the lower apically parted spathe much shorter. Included by
Burret in Calyptrogyne Wendl. but distinguished by Drude; Bailey
(I.e. 156) emphasizes in contrast the arboreal habit, uniformly pin-
nate leaves, axillary rather than terminal spadix, 1-2-branched from
a central axis, male and female flowers normally in same cavity any-
where on axis, style central, mesocarp firm-ligneous, marked with
stout interlocking fibers or ribs; perhaps these characters, impres-
sive as they seem, will be found to be similar developments, varying
in degree.
334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Spadix branches brownish-tomentose C. synanthera.
Spadix branches white pruinose C. Weberbaueri.
Calyptronoma synanthera (Mart.) Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4:
166. 1938. Geonoma synanthera Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 13, pi. 18.
1823. Calyptrogyne synanthera (Mart.) Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 30: 137.
1930.
Leaves 1-1.5 meters long, pinnatifid, the lanceolate acuminate
pinnae subfalcate; male spadices branched, 3 dm. long or longer,
flowers approximate, the corollas little exceeding calyx. Otherwise
unknown, but Burret (I.e.) observed that the vertical bract-enclosed
ranks or lines of the flower pits are less marked, more delicate in con-
trast to the same characteristic, especially in C. robusta Trail of the
upper Amazon and in C. Kalbreyeri (Burret) Bailey of Colombia,
and, also, in contrast to the latter, the pits are less crowded; the obo-
void fruits, 9 X 12 mm., are said by Burret to resemble those of the
latter in size. C. robusta Trail (Journ. Bot. 330. pi. 183, fig. 3. 1876;
Mart. Fl. Bras. pi. 122} as to type had solitary erect stem to 5 meters
tall, densely annulate, widely divaricate leaves 2-2.5 meters long,
5-7 pairs of long-acuminate pinnae, nerves many, costa beneath fur-
furaceous, spadix 9-12 dm. long, spike 1.5 dm. long, 7-17-branched,
pits 8-10-ranked, lip reflexed, flowers unknown, fruit ligneous, ellip-
soid, 2 cm. long, more than 1 cm. thick, smooth, the mesocarp coarsely
fibrous. Type of C. robusta from Rio Jauary, Brazil, and quite pos-
sibly is the little known C. synanthera or, in any case, it will be found
in Peru. F.M. Neg. 18531.
Hudnuco: Chicoplaya, (Ruiz & Pav6n, type). Brazil?
Calyptronoma Weberbaueri (Burret) Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4:
166. 1938. Calyptrogyne Weberbaueri Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 30: 139.
1930.
Type about 4 meters tall; petioles 6 dm. long, sheath short, early
tomentose below (where 5 mm. broad), toward apex acutely carinate-
canaliculate, finally gradually applanate, 4 mm. broad; leaf-segments
laterally 7, filiform caudate, rather regularly disposed, the largest
apical ones 4.5 cm. wide, 9.5-10.5 cm. long, 8- or 9-nerved, the nerves
acute especially above, beneath (in herb.) brownish-paleaceous; up-
per spathe (incomplete in type) 22 cm. long, brown within, paler
without, deciduously ferrugineous tomentose as peduncle below, this
compressed, 3- nearly 4 dm. long, at insertion of lower spathe 1.5 cm.
broad; spadix about 8 dm. long, the 10-13 simple branches white-
FLORA OF PERU 335
pruinose, 6 mm. thick, 2-2.5 dm. long, basal bract broadly ovate, re-
flexed, sterile base short; flower pits in 8 ranks, these 6 mm. distant,
but along 2 elevated lines rather well separated; pit bracts (lip) in
fruit reflexed, 2.5 mm. broad, lanceolate sepals then 3.5 mm. long;
fruit pruinose, obovoid, 11-14 mm. long, 8 mm. thick, rounded api-
cally, subincurved to nearly stiped base, epicarp branched-fibrous,
strongly 14-nerved toward base.
Puno: Chunchusmayo, 900 meters, (Weberbauer 1234, type).
7. GEONOMA Willd.
Reference: Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 144-266. 1930; second page
references refer to descriptions by Drude in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2.
1882.
Smooth, slender, the trunk annulate, the terminal or alternate
leaves entire, apically bifid or pinnatisect with acuminate segments,
tubular sheath. Spadices variable in development, the lower of the
2 spathes (these usually caducous) incomplete, truncate, concave,
the upper compressed or fusiform. Flowers glumaceous, unisexual,
immersed in spirally or vertically disposed pits (1-3 in each), the
central (if present) female developed after the male; both sexes with
sepals slightly imbricate below, petals ciliate, connate toward base.
Male flowers deciduous, filaments united into a truncate, entire, den-
tate or laciniate tube, the 6 (typically) anthers with free cells. Ovary
1-celled, ovule ascending, long style lateral, the 3 stigmas subulate.
Fruit with fibrous usually thin pericarp; endosperm uniform. G.
multiflora Mart., 261, G. laxiflora Mart., 239, are scarcely to be ex-
pected within Peru, their known distribution being out-of-line with
that of other Brazilian species extending into Peru; cf. also G. myri-
antha Damm.
It is certainly fortunate for the users of this work that Burret's
key (I.e. 145-161) has been available; also, he has clearly presented
his definition of the generic boundaries and his interpretation of the
relative importance of specific characters. With laudable humility,
he expressed his conviction that his key (and his conclusions) are
pioneer studies.
KEY TO GEONOMA
(After Burret, inserts by me)
Staminodal tube cylindric, truncate or obscurely dentate (subgenus
Eugeonoma Spruce).
336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Spadix simple, rarely bifurcate (branches 3, G. Tessmannii).
Peduncles well-developed, subequaling or longer than spikes (see
G. Tessmannii).
Alveoli oval, obliquely truncate, upper edge not produced;
spathes two-thirds as long as spadix.
Leaf segments 3 pairs G. granditrijuga.
Leaf segments 5-8 pairs G. gracilipes.
Leaf segments mostly 6 pairs G. multisecta.
Alveoli bilabiate, upper edge acute, extended; spathes often
three-fourths as long as spadix.
Spathes one-half as long as spadices.
Leaf segments oblong-subquadrate G. Brongniartii.
Leaf segments cuneate-based G. cuneifolia.
Spathes two-thirds (at least) as long as spadices, equaling
or exceeding pedicel G. adscendens.
Peduncles short, exceeded by spikes only a little (G. Tessmannii,
spike small).
Leaves simple.
Spadix normally 3-branched, slender G. Tessmannii.
Spadix simple or branches stout.
Spikes 2-10 cm. long.
Alveoli lips (lower) 7-8 mm. distant; spikes rather stout.
G. Uleana.
Alveoli lips 4-5 mm. distant; spikes stouter.
G. pycnostachys.
Spikes 2-2.5 dm. long G. piscicauda.
Leaves pinnate G. Raimondii.
Spadix branches 3 (2) -many.
Alveoli bilabiate, spiralled or verticillate, upper edge somewhat
produced.
Spadix branches stout or alveoli spiralled.
Branches rather stout; flowers as alveoli mostly rather large.
Spathes narrow, often long-tubular, thin, the upper often
high above lower.
Leaf segments 2-3 pairs G. andina.
Leaf segments 7 pairs G. floccosa.
Spathes broad, firm to coriaceous, subequal, little remote;
leaf segments many.
FLORA OF PERU 337
Alveoli subapproximate; some spadix branches branched.
Spadix axis 7-9 mm. thick G. Weberbaueri.
Spadix axis 4.5-5.5 mm. thick G. helminthoclada.
Alveoli congested; spadix branches simple.
G. congestissima.
Branches slender; flowers as alveoli small.
Spadix branches 3, slender, only to 6 cm. long; leaves
simple G. Tessmannii.
Spadix larger or characters not as above.
Alveoli approximate.
Spathes 1.5-3.5 dm. long; branches usually simple.
G. interrupta.
Spathes as noted shorter; spadix branches long, 2-3-
branched G. myriantha.
Alveoli laxly spiralled; leaves simple, oblanceolate.
G. leptospadix.
Spadix branches slender, alveoli alternate in verticils.
G. myriantha.
Alveoli uniformly edged; spathes more or less dilated, firm or
inner membranous.
Branches stout; alveoli mostly subregularly in verticils.
G. megalospatha, G. andicola.
Branches slender; alveoli spiralled.
Leaves unevenly pinnate . . . . G. Poeppigiana, G. interrupta.
Leaves evenly pinnate, segments 3 (4) pairs . . . G. Killipii.
Staminodal tube divided into 6 linear teeth (subgenus Astrandroe-
cium Spruce; cf. Taenianthera Burret, staminodal tube dentate
or lobate).
Alveoli in 5-6 series little inclined toward axis; leaf segments small.
Leaf segments various, 1-7.5 cm. wide G. Spruceana.
Leaf segments (apical) rhombic, 1.5 cm. wide, 2.5 dm. long.
G. camptoneura.
Alveoli in 7-8 series; leaf segments larger G. longisecta.
Geonoma adscendens Damm. ex Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 175.
1930.
Finally erect, to 1 meter tall, 8 mm. in diameter above; sheath
amplexicaul, early membranous, 8 cm. long, petioles about 2 dm.
long, hardly 2 mm. thick, leaves 28 cm. long to the cleft (lobes nearly
338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
1.5 dm. long), segments rather regularly 4 pairs, the broader upper
slightly falcate, acuminate, 8 cm. wide at rachis, the lowest 1.5-2 cm.
wide, primary nerves 26 or 27 in each lateral lobe, rather acutely
prominent beneath, secondary nearly as high; spadices simple, flower-
ing in axils of withered leaves, slender, about 2-3.5 dm. long, spathes
narrow, apparently including the peduncles, these 12-25 cm. long;
floral pits laxly separated, bilabiate, upper lip shorter, acute, lower
emarginate, axis nearly 2.5 mm. thick, glabrous but minutely granu-
late; sepals (male) about 3.5 mm. long, petals two-thirds connate,
lobes ovate, staminal cup rather robust, female calyx (also before
anthesis) nearly 3 mm. long, petals about as male, staminodal tube
about a third longer, truncate. Perhaps comparable to G. arundi-
nacea Mart., 180, Amazonian, the flowers mostly laxly spiralled in
3 series, the short peduncle conspicuously exceeded by the spike, the
nerves about 20 (Burret).
Cuzco: Steep wooded outcrop, 1,700 meters, St. Anna above Haci-
enda Idma, (Weberbauer 5033, type). "Cuculli."
Geonoma andicola Damm. ex Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 218. 1930.
Leaves narrowly pinnate, the linear leaflets not at all falcate, the
first broadest and only about 1 cm. wide, the petioles apieally 7 mm.
broad, rounded beneath, early leprose; primary nerve one, rather
well-developed above, fuscous beneath with crowded narrow scales
between the primary and secondary nerves (the latter marginal), the
tertiary more or less developed, the larger minutely lepidote, others
sparsely; spadices duplicately branched, glabrous, outer spathe sub-
coriaceous, 3.5 cm. broad, 23 cm. long, the inner reddish furfuraceous
or glabrate; peduncle to 5 cm. long, at base of lowest branch 7 mm.
thick; rachis to base of top branch 8.5 cm. long, primary branches 8,
acutely angled, broadly bracted at base, the lower bifurcate, 2.5-
3.5 cm. pedunculate, the rest simple, the spikes floriferous to rounded
tips, 11.5-14.5 cm. long, axis 5 mm. thick; alveoli in 6 nearly vertical
series, 6 or 7 mm. distant, the upper lip none, even fruiting margins
rounded, the lower long-extended, always deeply emarginate; sepals
4.5 mm. long, oblong; petals 4.5 mm. long, these two-thirds connate,
staminodal tube scarcely incised, subtruncate, exceeded 1 mm. by
stigmas; fruit at least 1 cm. long, 6 mm. broad, obscurely mammil-
late, densely elevated-lineolate; male flowers fallen. Type noted as
4 meters tall.
Puno: Chunchusmayo, 1,500-1,800 meters, (Weberbauer 1345,
type; 573).
FLORA OF PERU 339
Geonoma andina Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 188. 1930.
Leaves (type) to 47 cm. long, broadly elliptic, primary nerves on
each side 18 or 19, segments 3 pairs, strongly scattered, lightly fal-
cate, acuminate, the basal nearly 4 dm. long, the apical on interior
margin nearly 2 dm. long, 3.3-4.2 cm. wide; primary nerves very
prominent above, somewhat slenderer than the secondary beneath,
toward the rachis furfuraceous, the tertiary many, obvious both sides,
clearly shortly appressed-pubescent beneath, the primary nerves me-
dial, segments of adult leaves 7 mm. distant; spadix over 4 dm. long,
the branched part 1.5 dm. long, the rachis 3 cm. long, the spathes
equaling three-fourths of the peduncle, the lower 14 cm. long, appla-
nate below, 1 cm. broad, the upper 1 dm. above the lower; peduncle
furfuraceous toward base, bracted above; branches 5, basally bracted,
axis in flower nearly 2.5 mm. thick, 10-12 cm. long or longer, granu-
lose, extended into a slender spine; alveoli rather laxly spiralled,
upper lip somewhat produced, lower incised; male flowers not open.
Cajamarca: Tambillo, Prov. Cutervo, (Raimondi, type). "Frutilla."
Geonoma Brongniartii Mart. Palm. Orbign. 24. pi. 12, fig. 1,
pi. 23C, figs. 3, 5, 6. 1847; 174.
A most attractive subacaulescent palm, the overall height only
1 meter (Ule), the 6 or 7 long leaves reddish beneath, clustered on a
very short caudex this with a few supporting roots the few rufes-
cent spadices erect; leaves about a meter long, the petioles shorter
than the 2-3 pairs of oblong subquadrate acute segments, these to
1.5 dm. wide; primary nerves about 24 each side, more prominent
beneath, the alternating secondary impressed above, nearly as incras-
sate as the primary below and scattered paleaceous, the slender ter-
tiary many (7-9); spathes membranous, finally fibrous, outer 1.5,
inner 2.5 dm. long; peduncles about 4 dm. long, the rachis about as
long, cylindric, attenuate to acute mucro 12-15 mm. long; early
flowers female, soon (as usual) with 2 male in each remote pit, this
with a broad emarginate bract or lip; calyx 2 mm. long, lobes lanceo-
late, carinate, ciliolate, subequaling the ovate-oblong, subobtuse,
marginally membranous sublacerate corolla segments; stamen tube
urceolate; female rachis at maturity incrassate, red, the globose black
fruits 8 mm. in diameter. Burret (I.e.) corrected Martius' descrip-
tion, noting the spadix as both male and female and that fig. 6 is in-
correct as to scales; but cf. G. cuneifolia Burret. F.M. Neg. 38642.
Loreto (no doubt, as Ule 5593 nearly on the Brazilian boundary).
Adjacent Brazil; Bolivia.
340 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Geonoma camptoneura Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11:
201. 1931.
Rachis fuscous furfuraceous, the apical portion seen (19 cm. long)
with widely divaricate membranous segments, 2.5 dm. long on upper
margins, 14 or 15 cm. wide, nearly rhombic, the outer margin sub-
parallel to rachis; primary nerves 14 or 15, sigmoid, strongly curved
to margins, to 1.5 cm. distant, secondary beneath nearly twice wider
than primary, the many tertiary prominent both sides; spadix (frag-
ment) 16.5 cm. long, the 8 branchlets 10.5-13 cm. long, minutely
pilosulous but green, apically aculeate, the spine short, the male
flowers immersed, axis nearly 3 mm. thick, granulose; alveoli in 6
series little inclined, 4-5 mm. distant; lower lip densely costate, some-
what protracted, subobtuse, the upper slightly but obviously extended
from the axis; flowers mostly emerged at anthesis, the faded perianth
3.5 mm. long, somewhat shorter than corolla; stamens long-exserted;
staminode teeth 6, linear. Reminds one of G. latisecta Burret with
quite different leaf-segments.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, Williams 7836, type.
Geonoma congestissima Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 224. 1930.
Arundinaceous, 4 meters tall (type) ; petioles 3 mm. broad at apex,
2 dm. long or longer without sheath, this apically auriculate, early
tomentose, the many nerves nearly vertical; leaf -rachis beneath as
petioles scurfy, 3.8 dm. long, not at all extended; primary nerves
31 or 32 each side, prominent beneath, minutely lepidulous, tertiary
above obsolete, beneath 7 between secondary and primary, finely
appressed setulose; leaves membranous, subelliptic, to about 28 cm.
broad, to apices 53 cm. long, to bifurcation 1.5 dm. long, the 3 pairs
of distinct segments falcate, narrowly acuminate, 5-10 cm. wide, to
about 2.5 dm. long, interval between basal and medial pair nearly
7.5 cm. long, primary nerves 8-10 except shortly lobed terminal part
11-12-nerved; spadix about 2.5 dm. long, branches simple, 6-10,
rachis 2.5-10 cm. long, spathes subligneous, early fulvous tomentose,
1 dm. long, 2 cm. broad at apex, peduncle 8-16 cm. long, spikes very
dense, about 7-11 cm. long, before anthesis 8-10, in fruit 15-17 cm.
in diameter, axis alveolate to rounded apex; alveoli approximate in
7 series, the parts 3-3.5 mm. distant; upper as lower lip short, the
latter rounded, finally often reflexed, entire; male sepals before an-
thesis nearly 4 mm. long, the outer spathulate, 1 mm. wide, petals
to 3.25 mm. long, to one-half connate, staminal cup (without stipe)
1 mm. long, as filament to connective, this to 0.75 mm. long, black,
FLORA OF PERU 341
anthers 2 mm. long; female sepals oblong, 4 mm. long, as petals, these
to one-half connate, the staminodal tube little shorter, scarcely in-
cised; fruits congested, subglobose, 7 mm. in diameter, 6 mm. long,
broadly rounded and submammillate apically, broadly protracted
basally, minutely tuberculate, epicarp membranous, mesocarp finely
fibrous, endocarp cartilaginous.
San Martin: Among shrubs, 1,300 meters, Moyobamba, (Weber-
bauer 4560, type).
Geonoma cuneifolia Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 199.
1931.
Simulates G. Brongniartii but the caudex developed, leaves about
2 meters long or longer, segments definitely cuneate at base, the
lower 5-7 cm. wide and with many more primary nerves; peduncle
to 5.5 dm. long; spadix 6-8 dm. long, the spike 2 dm. long, 3 mm.
thick. The much larger leaves with basally long-cuneate segments
may distinguish this species from the one to which the author origi-
nally referred the type.
Loreto: Rio Ucayali, (Tessmann 3317, type).
Geonoma floccosa Damm. ex Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 203. 1930.
Type a meter tall, petioles 4.5 dm. long, at apex 3 mm. thick,
canaliculate above, basally vaginate; rachis nearly 3.5 dm. long; pri-
mary nerves 22 or 23; segments on each side about 7, apical broadest
(primary nerves about 7), 14-20 cm. long, mostly 3-3.5 cm. wide,
but sometimes narrower, basal primary nerves about 7, basal seg-
ments nearly 2-2.5 cm. wide, all falcate; nerves subequal except
tertiary, these obscure above, rather many beneath, sparsely and
minutely pubescent; spadix 5 dm. long, simply branched; spathe
narrow, to 34 cm. long, subequaling or little longer than peduncle,
this as branches densely long-floccose-tomentose, somewhat unevenly
deciduous; upper bracts oblong; rachis not flexuose at union with the
7 or 8 divergent branches; alveoli rather densely spiralled in 5 series
little inclined toward the axis and after anthesis equally 5 or 6 mm.
distant, the upper lip clearly extended, the lower often cleft; male
flowers emerged; fruit subglobose, apiculate at base, rounded at apex,
1 cm. long, half as broad, densely and coarsely verruculose, endocarp
little exceeding one-third mm., the seed 7 mm. in diameter. Flowers
brownish-purple (collector) .
Junin: Low moist shrub-wood, west of Huacapistana, (Weber-
bauer 2277, type).
342 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Geonoma gracilipes Damm. ex Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 173.
1930.
Original plant recorded as only 1 dm. tall, the fuscous-leprose
petioles and leaf-rachis each about 3.8 dm. long; segments (each side)
5-8, mostly 1.5-2.5 cm. apart, all or nearly all with many primary
nerves, falcate, long-acuminate, the broader apical 15-17 cm. long,
4-5 cm. wide; primary nerves each side about 28, to 7 mm. distant,
subequaling the secondary, the tertiary conspicuous beneath; spike
7.5-11 cm. long, including the more or less spinescent tip, the axis
to 4 mm. thick, alveoli densely in 6-7 series; sepals 2.25-2.5 mm.
long, ovate-oblong, the petals 3 mm. long, staminodal tube subentire;
fruit subglobose, minutely granular, 6 mm. in diameter, the pericarp
one-third mm. thick; male flowers unknown. G. Jussieuana Mart.
(Palm. Orbign. 24. pi 12, fig. 2, pi. 23 A. 1847), to which Burret (172)
with doubt referred the following, may prove to be the same but, as
he noted, the species of Martius ex char, (mostly from description
and drawing of D'Orbigny) and from illustrations has petiole much
shorter than leaf-rachis, peduncle and spadix subequal, in contrast
to the specimen of Weberbauer with petioles and leaf-rachis subequal,
peduncle and spadix very unequal; also, if the same species, and vari-
ety, it would be more expected in southern Peru as the type is from
northeast of Cochabamba, Bolivia.
San Martin: Shrub-wood, 1,100 meters, Moyobamba, (Weber-
bauer 4557, type).
Geonoma granditrijuga Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 171. 1930.
Low (type 2 meters), the leaves, apparently, regularly with 3 pairs
of subequal and subequally disposed segments, all glabrous, the ter-
minal one 14 cm. decurrent, nearly 10 dm. long to the bifurcation,
this to apex of lobes 3.7 dm., upper margins direct, narrowly acumi-
nate, apex little falcate, the medial to 9 cm. wide; primary nerves
finally arcuate, 34 or 35 on each side, strongly prominent only above,
the secondary half as high, the tertiary fine, especially beneath; spa-
dix simple, peduncle and spike subequal, 21 cm. long or longer, 2.5-
3 mm. thick below spike, lower spathe 12-14 mm. long, narrow,
robust, spike apex caudiform-spiniform, 1 cm. long, 3 mm. thick,
leprose; alveoli in 6 exactly vertical lines, the parts of each equally
5 mm. distant; sepals of male flowers 2.25 mm. long, the outer ovate,
the rest ovate-oblong; petals two- thirds connate; staminal cup stout,
aJithers nearly 1.5 mm. long to tip of connective; sepals of female
(young) ovate-oblong, acute, staminodal tube obscurely dentate.
FLORA OF PERU 343
Spadix of 3672, male flowers emerging, nearly 7.5 dm. long, lower
spathe 3.2 dm. long, linear, subligneous, to 16 mm. broad, upper
scarcely longer, peduncle nearly 4.5 dm. long, about 12 cm. larger
than spathe, spike to spine-like tip 2.85 dm. long. This inflorescence
doubtless belongs here (author); so, why not include the measure-
ments above?
Huanuco: Sparse woods, 700 meters, Monzon to the Huallaga,
(Weberbauer 3673, type; 3672).
Geonoma helminthoclada Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 222. 1930.
Leaf-rachis dorsally plane, glabrous, narrowly triangular toward
the filiform extension; segments irregularly aggregate, at base very
narrowly reduplicate, 1.5 cm. wide, midrib above more or less prom-
inent, beneath the one strong nerve besides the marginal, the tertiary
obsolete; spadix (fragment) twice branched or more, peduncle 6.5 cm.
long, extending into 4 branches 3-3.5 dm. long, 4.5-5.5 mm. thick,
minutely tuberculate, rounded (espinose) apically; alveoli in 3 alter-
nating verticils, upper lip moderately but conspicuously and thinly
produced, the lower split, the series 8-9 mm. distant; female flowers
under anthesis 1 cm. long, staminodal tube equaling petals, truncate,
scarcely incised. Recalls the much more northern G. undata Klotzsch,
213, but the leaves, from the single apical fragment seen, appear to
be distinctly different (author).
Amazonas: Chachapoyas, (Raimondi 509, type).
Geonoma interrupta (R. & P.) Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 8,
pi. 7. 1823; 249. Martinezia interrupta R. & P. Syst. Veg. 296. 1798.
Type a few meters tall, leaves unequally and interruptedly pin-
nate, segments linear-oblong, falcate-acuminate, multinerved, 4 dm.
long or longer; inner spathe coriaceous, cuspidate, 2.5 cm. broad,
linear-cuspidate, unevenly grayish tomentose; spadices branched be-
low, the rarely bifid branches 1.5 dm. long or longer, shortly attenu-
ate, sparsely puberulent; flowers more or less approximate, 5-seriate,
about 2 mm. long, calyx 3 times shorter than or equaling (?) corolla,
lobes strongly concave, subserrulate; staminodal cup (female flowers)
about as long as corolla; fruit globose; acute, about 4 mm. in length.
After Martius who seems not to have seen the earlier developed
male flowers as he notes distinct female and male spadices. G. eu-
spatha Burret (Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 10. 1930) from adjacent
Colombia has larger flowers, the male 2.5 mm. long, spathes much
344 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
longer; it is one of several Colombian species proposed in the same
paper that may be expected in Peru. F.M. Neg. 18509.
Huanuco: Cuchero, Pozuzo, (Ruiz & Pav6n, type). "Cuyol,"
"siasia," (Ruiz & Pavon), "chica-chica."
Geonoma Killipii Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 320.
1932.
Stems arundinaceous, the small leaves with 3 pairs (rarely a fourth
reduced pair) of leaflets on a rachis 23 cm. long, the slender petiole
concave above; leaf -blade 33 cm. long, paler beneath, primary nerves
22 each side; leaflets falcate, the apical twice as wide as the medial,
these longer, the basal nearly directly divaricate, sigmoid, half as wide
as the medial, all very narrowly long-acuminate; secondary and pri-
mary nerves equally strong beneath; peduncle 4 cm. long, rachis 5
cm. long, verrucose as the 8 branches, the 2 lower of these furcate,
all slender, at most 1.5 mm. thick at internodes; alveoli deep, lower
margin produced, inflated, truncate, the upper obscurely extended,
rarely spiralled, often decussate, 3-4 mm. distant; fruit (dried) black,
subglobose, at least 5 mm. in diameter. The detached leaf (26532}
scabrous, petiole (above sheath) 2.5 dm. long, rachis 3 dm. long, upper-
most leaf segments 13.5 cm., decurrent, upper margin 1 dm. long,
medial 6-7 cm., length of rachis 13 cm. on margin, at most 6-6.5 cm.
wide, lowest segments 1.7-2 cm. long (rachis), 1.5 dm. on upper mar-
gin, at most 3.5 cm. wide; spadix 19 cm. long. Similar to G. panicu-
ligera Mart, but with smaller slender leaf-segments; the alveoli are
not spiralled or 3-whorled, but placed crosswise (author).
Junin : Puerto Bermudez, (Killip & Smith 26594, type; also 26532} .
Geonoma leptospadix Trail, Journ. Bot. 14: 327, pi. 183, fig. 2.
1876; 230.
Caudex reed-like, 1.5-2 meters tall, fulvous, glabrous; leaves 10-12
(petioles 4-5 dm. long, sulcate above), the beaks about 1 dm. long,
long-decurrent, simple, bifurcate, the deltoid segments about 4 cm.
wide; primary nerves faint, 27 pairs; spadices 3-14, in flower and fruit
on same plant, reddish, 2.5-4 dm. long, peduncle to 2 dm. long, spa-
dices finally often inflexed, 3-5-branched, flower pits scattered, ob-
scurely 5-ranked, bract 2-lobed or emarginate; male sepals and petals
subequally, medially connate; sterile staminal tube of female flowers
subentire or minutely 6-denticulate; fruit globose, 6 mm. in diameter,
black-purple. Stem usually partly buried; in one plant I found 14
spadices, the lower ten in fruit (author). Recorded, besides lower
FLORA OF PERU 345
Amazon (type locality), at Jurua Mirim, Brazil, near Peruvian
boundary (Ule 5516, 5516b, det. Burret). F.M. Neg. 38651.
Peru (no doubt). Amazonian Brazil. "Ubim."
Geonoma longisecta Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 257. 1930.
Type 2 meters tall with 12 very rigid leaves each with 2 pairs of
approximate (2-2.5 cm. distant) leaflets, these little falcate, the lower
8 dm. long, about medially 7 cm. wide, apical about 7 dm. long or
longer on upper margin, 1 dm. wide, the apices not seen; rachis
filiform-produced, fuscous scurfy beneath; primary nerves of larger
segments nearly direct, very prominent above, obscure, scaly be-
neath, the secondary impressed above, very prominent beneath, the
tertiary there more obvious than above; peduncle 4.5 cm. long, 6 mm.
thick at apex, the partly twice branched spadix 2.5 dm. long, nearly
3 dm. wide; rachis 1 dm. long, branches 12, the upper 6 simple, in
flower 9.5-11.5 cm. long, axis 2.5 mm. long, pilosulous-granulose,
alveolate to spineless tip; alveoli in 7 series, upper lip thin-margined,
lower produced, often emarginate; stamens 2.5 mm. long, petals not
exserted; female flowers (early) scarcely 2 mm. long, staminodal tube
exserted, teeth linear; fruit oval, rounded both ends, about 13 mm.
long, 11 mm. broad, densely and minutely granular, pericarp at least
1 mm. thick, seed 1 cm. long, 9 mm. broad. Resembles G. Spruceana
Trail with much shorter and narrower leaf segments and with the
spadix rachis marked by the terminal flowers overreaching the spine-
less point.
Loreto: Flood-free wood, Iquitos, (Tessmann 5087, type).
Geonoma megalospatha Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 218. 1930.
A larger counterpart of G. andicola Damm., the type 6 meters tall,
petioles apically 9 mm. broad, filiform rachis extension stouter, about
5 mm. long, leaflets nearly 12 mm. wide, tertiary nerves 7-9; spadices
deciduously furfuraceous, outer spathe 36 cm. long, at base 5.5,
medially 6.5-7 cm. broad, coriaceous; lowest branch spadix to apex
37 cm., rachis to base of ultimate branches 23 cm. long, primary
branches 13, upper 7 simple, lowest to 7 cm. pedunculate, spikes
16-17.5 cm., axis 7 mm. thick; sepals nearly 5 mm. long, petals 4.5
mm. long; fruit stoutly stiped (stipe 2-3 mm. long), rounded at base,
obscurely apiculate, including stipe 13 mm. long, 9 mm. broad, lightly
rugulose, yellowish, pericarp nearly 1.25 mm. thick. In all parts,
notably spadix, larger and more robust; the spathes are nearly twice
as long and wide, spadix branches thicker, longer, pinnae wider
346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
(author). To an ecologist this vigorous condition resulting in greater
size may suggest maximum natural conditions, to a horticulturist, a
personal achievement in providing them. Grows with Ceroxylum
crispum Burret at the altitudinal boundary for Peruvian species of
palms.
Huanuco: Pozuzo, (Weberbauer 6800, type).
Geonoma multisecta Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 12:
155. 1934. Taenianthera multisecta Burret, I.e. 11: 13. 1930. T.
Weberbaueri Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 269. 1930, fide Burret, I.e., 1934.
Type like Taenianthera acaulis in habit; petioles (triangular) as
leaf-blade to base of uppermost furcate segment about 7 cm. long; re-
maining segments mostly 6 pairs, long-cuneate to base, upper to 6.5,
rest mostly 4-6 cm. wide, all falcate, narrowly acuminate; primary
nerves many; spadix simple, about 14 cm. long, peduncle 12 cm. long
or longer; spathes slender, narrowly vaginate, not half as long as pe-
duncles; spike 16.5-21.5 cm. long, 8 mm. broad including bracts, the
nearly concealed axis 5 mm. broad; pits densely congested even in
fruit, in 7 series, little inclined; lower lips strongly extended, deeply
incised, in each series 4-5 mm. distant; sepals 3.25 mm. long, oblong-
lanceolate, subequaling petals, to two-thirds connate; fruit oval, 9
mm. long, 6 mm. thick, densely tuberculate, little protracted at
base. After seeing more material with very irregular segments I
believe that T. Weberbaueri is not distinct (author).
Huanuco: In shrub-wood, Monzon, 900 meters, (Weberbauer 3450,
type of T. Weberbaueri). Adjacent Colombia.
Geonoma myriantha Damm. Verb. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48:
1. 1906 (1907); 236. G. paniculigera Mart. var. papyracea Trail,
Journ. Bot. 16: 326. 1876; fide Burret, with query.
Type 4 meters high, with several broadly oval interrupted-pinnate
(3 pairs) leaves to 4.5 dm. broad; petioles to 7 dm. long, the juvenile
bright brown; rachis about 5 dm. long, nerves (each side) about 28;
leaf divisions 6-8 cm. distant, the lower 7, medial 12, uppermost 18
cm. wide; spadices lax, lower branch much branched, all filiform to
3 dm. long, 2 mm. thick, the lower pedicels closely brown-red verru-
culose; alveoli 2-3 mm. distant, 5-ranked; male flowers reddish,
scarcely 2 mm. long, outer segments carinate, inner ovate-lanceolate;
filaments basally connate, anther cells linear. G. Heinrichsiae Burret
(Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 12: 43. 1934) of Ecuador has laxly dis-
posed alveoli. Type, Ule 5882, from nearly at the boundary, as the
FLORA OF PERU 347
variety of Martius' species; the latter, known from southern Colombia
not very far from the Rio Putumayo, is distinguished apparently
chiefly by thin, often split lower lip of the flower pits; the species
may be found to merge. G. laxi flora Mart., 239, from lower Rio
Purus, etc., is marked by the simple or little separated 2 pairs of leaf
segments, and especially by the laxly disposed verticils, these with
intervals 2-3 times longer than the alveoli themselves.
Loreto (certainly). Adjacent Brazil; Bolivia.
Geonoma piscicauda Damm. Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48:
122. 1906 (1907); 182. G. Wittiana Damm. I.e. as to spadix (Burret);
cf. Hyospathe brevipedunculata Damm.
Low (1-2 meters), apparently branched at base, with simple
leaves, the sheath at least 1 dm. long, truncate, petioles 16 cm. long,
3 mm. thick, leaf-blade elongate-obovate, apically bifid, 5 dm. long,
21 cm. broad, rachis 5 dm. long, primary nerves 30 each side; outer
spathe 7 cm. long, spadix simple, cylindrical, (peduncle 7-8 [13] cm.
long), about 2.5 dm. long, 7-10 mm. in diameter, alveoli 7-ranked,
7-10 mm. distant; male calyx lobes conchiform, carinate, ciliate,
3 (4) mm. long, corolla lobes ovate, acute, 3.5 (4) mm. long; filaments
5 mm. long, anther cells 1.5 mm. long; female calyx lobes ovate, acute,
5 mm. long, corolla tube subglobose, 2 mm. long, lanceolate lobes
4 mm. long; style trifid, 5 mm. long; fruit subglobose, 6 mm. in
diameter, 7-8 mm. long, attenuate toward base. Type from Jurua
Mirim (Ule 5520), nearly at the Peruvian boundary; G. Wittiana
Damm. I.e. 124 (at least very near, Burret) from neighboring Seringal
Betem (not Para).
Peru (no doubt). Brazil.
Geonoma Poeppigiana Mart. Palm. Orbign. 35. 1847; 263.
Leaves unevenly pinnate, younger leaves divided into few seg-
ments, 7.5-10 cm. long, adult a meter long or longer with 6-8 seg-
ments, these linear-oblong, 4 dm. long or longer, 12-25 mm. wide,
opposite or subalternate, attenuate into an acutely falcate acumen;
petioles convex below (as rachis), concave above, sparsely reddish
tomentose as younger leaves beneath, the peduncles (to 5 dm. long)
and spadices in part densely so; primary nerves acutely prominent
only above, the alternating secondary nerves there impressed, stout
below, in age hard, pale, glabrous; outer spathes linear, 2 cm. wide,
subcoriaceous; male spadix simply few-branched (rarely entire), the
acutely mucronate (mucro 4-20 mm. long) branches 3-4 times shorter
348 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
than the long peduncle, the naked part reddish verrucose-squamate;
bractlets acute, binate or ternate toward apex of peduncle and at
base of branches, these 2-5, always simple, each erect; peduncles of
branches 6-10 mm. long; rachis with the crowded immersed flowers
cylindric, the series mostly 8, obliquely spiralled, the lip of the
alveoli entire; male calyx subequaling corolla. Size and color of
flowers of G. interrupta, calyx segments suboblong, corolla lobes ovate,
acute, same color and texture, the staminodal cup shortly dentate,
but unlike G. interrupta in the membranous inner spathe (Martius) ;
Burret (Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 321. 1931) applied this name,
obscurely understood, to the following collections but without new
characterization.
Huanuco: Cuchero, (Poeppig, type). Loreto: Yurimaguas, (Kil-
lip & Smith 28026). Santa Rosa, (Killip & Smith 28729).
Geonoma pycnostachys Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 16, pis. 17,
21, fig. 1. 1823; 181; 503 (Drude).
A meter or two high, the remotely annulate stem less than a cm.
thick; leaves 10-12, simple, spreading, narrowly elliptic or oblong-
spathulate, one-fifth to one-sixth bilobed, apical divisions broadly
ovate, inflexed-acuminate, the entire leaves 3-4 dm. long, 10-12
(-17) cm. wide, petioles 5-8 cm. long; primary nerves each side about
30; spadices erect-spreading, 12-16 cm. long, ferrugineous lepidote,
the short peduncle gradually incrassate into the 9-12 cm. long rachis,
this in flower more than 1 cm. thick, acute; alveoli exserted, approxi-
mate in 8-10 series, the long-produced lip orbicular; flowers reddish,
male corolla semitrifid, staminal cup short-funnelform, female scarcely
half as long as trifid calyx, long exceeded by the cylindric staminodal
cup, this 6-denticulate; fruit ovoid, obtuse, 6 mm. long, olive-black.
Male flowers carmine red, subpersisting (collector). F.M. Neg. 18523.
Loreto: Flood-free terrain, mouth of the Santiago, (Tessmann
4446). Amazonian Brazil.
Geonoma Raimondii Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 182. 1930.
Leaves (in fragment seen) pinnate, the segments rigid, dark green
above, 4.5-6 dm. long, 8.5 cm. wide; primary nerves 4-9, direct, 1 cm.
distant, prominent above, beneath much slenderer than the second-
ary, the intermediate tertiary 12-14, minutely appressed setulose,
densely pale puncticulate; upper spathe 2.5 cm. above the lower;
peduncle above shortly ovate-bracted, tuberculate, little shorter than
the stout spike, this with fertile female flowers to 12 mm. in diameter;
FLORA OF PERU 349
alveoli in 7-8 series little inclined, 5 more inclined, lower lobe broadly
rounded, entire; flowers more than half emerged, sepals and petals
finally subequal and exceeded by the narrow staminodal tube, this
obscurely 6-dentate; fruit ovoid, faintly striate, 11 mm. long, 5 mm.
broad, pericarp thin, endocarp within fuscous, the seed 7X4 mm.,
male flowers unknown. G. Trauniana Damm., 183, from the lower
Jurud is similar but has many leaf-segments, all except the apical
with only 2-3 primary nerves; G. Trailii Burret, 183, upper Ama-
zonian, has leaves with 3-4 pairs of sigmoid leaf -segments, 22 primary
nerves on each side.
Amazonas: (Raimondi 978, type). "Palmide."
Geonoma Spruceana Trail, Journ. Bot. 14: 328. 1876; 256.
G. juruana Damm. Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 119. 1907, fide
Burret.
Stems 3 or 4 to 5 meters tall (type), 2.5 cm. thick; leaves 3-7 cm.
long (with petiole), the 2-21 pinnae lanceolate-rhombic, ligulate or
grass-like, subfalcate, 3-6 (7.5) dm. long, 1-7.5 cm. wide, sub-
coriaceous, concolor, primary veins 11-15 pairs, the sublinear blades
always 3-nerved; spadices 2-3 (4) dm. long, reddish or green, branches
4-8, simple or 2-8-branched below; peduncle to 1 dm. long, com-
pressed; spathes lanceolate, obtuse, 7 cm. to nearly 2 dm. long,
coriaceous; flower pits 5-7-ranked; male calyx membranous, seg-
ments 3 mm. long; staminal tube 3-crenate but splitting into 6
teeth or 6-lobed from the first; fruit oval or subglobose, 6 cm. X 1.2
cm. After Trail, who designated several Brazilian variants, with
doubt as to their taxonomic validity. Burret adopted two: var.
intermedia Trail, leaves multisected, smaller, segments denser, and
var. compta Trail, leaves larger, segments laxer. He cites Trail 177
from Tabatinga, at the Brazilian boundary with Loreto, as typical,
but the collection is not listed by Trail, I.e., unless it is an error for
170, 176 or 174; type of Dammer's species (Ule 5744), however, was
from mouth of Rio Jurud Miry (Mirim) nearly at the Peruvian
boundary. G. Spixiana Mart., 263, little known, as to Maynas
(Yurimaguas) specimen by Poeppig may be this; Martius himself
suggested he might be mistaken in considering it the same as a
species of Bahia, Brazil.
Peru (surely; see note above). Amazonian Brazil.
Geonoma Tessmannii Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 181. 1930.
Stems several from the same rhizome, 9 mm. thick, lustrous, the
upper internodes 1 dm. long; sheaths 1 cm. long; petioles 12 cm. long;
350 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
leaves simple, often laterally cleft, never disjoined, obovate-lance-
olate, shortly cuneate at base, upper to 17.5 cm. wide, 4.5 dm. long
to apex, about one-fifth bifurcate, upper margin 14.5 cm. long, lobes
shortly acuminate, membranous, paler beneath; primary nerves 26
both sides, slightly curved near rachis, the secondary subequal be-
neath, the tertiary obscure above, about 8 visible beneath; spadix 1
dm. long, branches 3; upper spathe (fragment) 7 mm. long; pe-
duncles about 5 cm. long (2 broadly rounded, nearly truncate bracts),
at apex 2 mm. thick, as branches densely granulose, these 5-6 cm.
long, spikes 4.2-4.6 cm. long, dense, pits in 5 or 6 vertical series,
bilabiate, lower lip inflated, emarginate; male flowers more than
one-half emerged, 3 mm. long, stamens exserted 4 mm.; staminodal
tube of female flowers denticulate.
Loreto: Non-inundated woods, mouth of Rio Santiago, (Tessmann
4225, type).
Geonoma Uleana Damm. Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 122.
1906; 181.
Stems scarcely 5 mm. thick, the annuli 1.5-3.5 cm. distant;
sheaths cylindric, fibrous, oblique, 6 cm. long; petioles about 12 cm.
long, 2 mm. thick, leaf -rachis 18 cm. long, the oblong leaf attenuate
to base, apically bifid, the lateral margins quite parallel, 2-2.5 dm.
long, 7.5-10.5 cm. wide; primary nerves 18-20, early, as rachis,
floccose-pilose; spadices in the older or lower axils, the included
simple peduncles 3 cm. long, spathe 5-6 cm. long; spadix 7-11 cm.
long, 3 mm. thick, alveoli deep, 5 mm. distant, 4-ranked; fruits
apiculate. Type, Ule 5521, mouth of Rio Tejo, near Peruvian
boundary.
Loreto: Iquitos, (Ule 6879). Adjacent Brazil.
Geonoma Weberbaueri Damm. ex Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 221.
1930.
Type 6 meters tall, the caudex about 5 cm. in diameter at the
great spadix, this a meter and a half long, cernuous, duplicate-
branched, early furfuraceous; leaves 16 dm. long with petiole, this
4 dm. long, 12 mm. broad at apex, at apex of sheath 16 cm. broad;
leaf-rachis above as petioles early broadly canaliculate, finally sub-
plane, apex not at all produced; segments 1-nerved, linear, attenuate
but not at all falcate, middle 10-12 mm. wide, diminished upward;
primary nerve prominent above, acute beneath, marginal secondary
broader beneath than primary, tertiary partly obvious, intervals
FLORA OF PERU 351
beneath minutely white puncticulate; peduncle about 2.5 dm. long,
somewhat shorter than branched part, rachis 57 cm. long, branches
often 20, the 12 lower branched, the lowest with about 10 simple
branches; spikes floriferous to summit, not spine- tipped, to 3 dm.
long, axis about 8 mm. thick; alveoli (as commonly) 3-verticillate in
6 lines, in young fruit about 5 mm. distant, upper lip conspicuously
thin, finally often split unevenly, lower deeply emarginate; sepals
broadly oblong, 5 mm. long, as also petals, these one-half connate,
equaled by the staminodal tube, this scarcely incised, subtruncate;
fruit (young) oblong, mammillate-cusped, pericarp thick; male flow-
ers fallen.
Hudnuco: Among evergreens, mostly shrubs, southwest of Mon-
zon, 2,200 meters, (Weberbauer 3552, type).
8. TAENIANTHERA Burret
Reference: Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 267-270. 1930.
Simulates Geonoma but the free anther cells after anthesis are
porrect, being, without any angle, in a direct line with the filament,
and the stigma (known) is applanate. Sepals lanceolate or narrow
(female flower). Filaments connate only toward base. Spadices
in known species simple or furcate, pits dense, spathes 2, narrowly
vaginate, slender. Indubitably the basic character of the species
assigned by Burret to a distinct group is very real, being clearly stabi-
lized, probably ancient; in monographic work, to emphasize the char-
acter, generic status may be preferred, but in floristic, especially when
the plants concerned possess human interest, a more generally useful
taxonomy, when possible, is desirable, and subgeneric rank may be
more feasible. The author himself (267) remarked (trans.): I was
in doubt if it would not be better to treat this as a subgenus but I
have found no intermediate development of the anthers in the many
species of Geonoma examined. In other words, for students whose
interest prompts them to emphasize specific relationships by many
generic names this is a "good" genus; others, if they have the pleasure
of recognizing one of the following closely allied plants, especially
when not in flower, will refer to it as Geonoma, whether in cultiva-
tion or native.
Leaves simple or laterally cleft, basally long-cuneate, nerves ascend-
ing, straight T. tamandua, T. macrostachys.
Leaves somewhat pinnatisected, rounded or shortly cuneate at base,
nerves more spreading, curved.
352 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Floral pits 5-7-ranked, somewhat inclined.
Leaf-segments 2-3.5 dm. X 3-9 cm T. tapajotensis.
Leaf-segments about 2 dm. X 2-5 cm T. oligosticha.
Floral pits in 10-15 verticils or little inclined series.
Leaf-segments 3-6 pairs, upper multinerved.
Leaf -segments distant T. acaulis.
Leaf-segments partly united T. Lagesiana.
Leaf -segments many, 1-nerved T. camana.
Taenianthera acaulis (Mart.) Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 267. 1930.
Geonoma acaulis Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 18, pis. 4, 9. 1823.
Leaves pinnate, erect or suberect, rosulately congested (with spa-
dix) on caudex, sometimes as many as 12, a meter long or longer
including the long slender petiole, the younger fuscous-leprose; seg-
ments 3-6, the more or less divaricate subequal lateral oblong-
lanceolate, (1) 2-10 cm. wide, (2) 3-4 dm. long, few- to many-nerved,
the furcate terminal one much wider; peduncle about 6 dm. long;
spadix striate, 6-9 dm. long, simple, cylindric; lower spathe scarcely
1 dm. long, upper 2-2.5 dm. long; spike incrassate-cylindric, 8-13 cm.
long, 7-10 cm. thick, densely flowered, the deep pits 10-12-ranked,
the lip emarginate; flowers 4-8 mm. long, male corolla at least twice
longer than calyx, deeply 3-parted, short or campanulate stamen
tube extended into broadly liguliform filaments, the tube in female
flowers urceolate, dentate. Burret noted that the anthers were
longer than shown in the otherwise good illustration by Drude (Mart.
Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: pi. 121, fig. 1. F.M. Neg. 18501.
Peru (probably, as at Jurua Mirim, nearly on the Brazilian bound-
ary). To Colombia; Amazonian Brazil. "Palmilla" (Dahlgren).
Taenianthera camana (Trail) Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 270. 1930.
Geonoma camana Trail, Journ. Bot. 14: 324. 1876.
Caudex (type) 1-1.5 meters tall, 2.5-4 cm. in diameter, densely
annulate, erect or flexuose; leaves pinnate, glaucous green, 1.5-2.5
meters long (petiole 6-12 dm. long, sulcate), the 17-21 (31) segments
subfalcate-linear, 1-2-nerved, or lanceolate-rhombic, the upper sev-
eral-nerved; spadix 4.5-6 dm. long (peduncle to about 1 dm. long),
spathes 2-3 dm. long, linear-tubular, spike 1.5-2 dm. long, slender,
obtuse, the densely congested spiralled pits in about 15 ranks; fruit
ellipsoid, scabrous, black, 9 mm. long, 6 mm. thick. Type from
FLORA OF PERU 353
inundated areas on the Rfos Gavary and Jutabi on the Brazilian
border. F.M. Neg. 38643.
Loreto (no doubt; cf. note above). Adjacent Brazil. "Juriti-
ubim" (Trail).
Taenianthera Lagesiana (Damm.) Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 268.
1930. Geonoma Lagesiana Damm. Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 48: 121.
1906.
Type 2 meters tall with ample dark green long-oval more or less
3-pinnate leaves, the petioles at least 3.5 dm. long, the rachis about
7.5 dm. long, nerves (each side) about 35; segments 3-8 cm. distant,
to 4.5 dm. long, long-acuminate; spathe obliquely open, peduncle
4.5 dm. long or longer, stout, the 2 branches about 2.5 dm. long,
densely flowered, 1 cm. in diameter; male flowers 3.5 mm. long, calyx
lobes spathulate, ciliate, 3 mm. long, corolla 3.5 mm. long, lobes
oblong; staminal tube short, anther cells clavate, 1.5 mm. long.
Distinct from G. acaulis Mart, by the longer leaves with partly united
segments (Burret), a character that may prove variable; type, Ule
5745 from Jurua Mirim, nearly on the Peruvian boundary.
Peru (certainly). Adjacent Brazil.
Taenianthera macrostachys (Mart.) Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63:
268. 1930. Geonoma macrostachys Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 19,
pi. 20. 1823.
Acaulescent, the thick caudex bearing 10 or more crowded simple
or subsimple leaves about 1.5 to nearly 2 dm. long, the younger reddish
tomentose or furfuraceous, soon glabrous, coriaceous, long-decurrent
into petiole at least about 3 dm. long, triangular-lanceolate, falcate,
furcate, the apical segment at least 2.5 dm. long, each part 1 dm.
wide, primary nerves about 30; peduncles tomentose, about 8 dm.
long, spadix erect, 1 meter long, upper spathe narrowly tubular,
about 3 dm. long; spike 1.5-2 dm. long, 8-9 mm. thick, attenuate
and mostly extended into a filiform sterile portion; pits deep, approx-
imate, the short lip rounded, bilobate or deeply emarginate; flowers
3 mm. long, calyx and corolla subequal, male petals free, female
connate medially, staminal tube lageniform in male flower, deeply
6-dentate in female flower; fruit dark purple, lustrous, ellipsoid, 7 or
8 mm. long, perhaps larger (Burret). Burret also observes (I.e.) that
Drude's plate (for G. acaulis), not that of Martius, depicts correctly
the similar stamen-character. Since it has been collected nearly
at the eastern boundary of Peru (Rio Tejo, Ule) it must extend
354 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
into Loreto or Madre de Dios; however, Burret noted (I.e.) that the
record of Poeppig from Cuchero does not pertain to this palm. F.M.
Negs. 18514; 29875.
Loreto (no doubt; see note above). Brazil; Bolivia; Colombia.
Taenianthera oligosticha Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11 :
201. 1931.
Acaulescent, leaves small, primary nerves about 20, rachis to
2 dm. long, deciduously fuscous scurfy as peduncles, segments 4-5
pairs, concolor, narrowly long-acuminate, apical broader than the
rest, about 5 cm. wide, 2 dm. long (upper margin), primary nerves 8,
others about 2-2.5 cm. wide, primary nerves 3-5, little narrowed to
base; secondary nerves little narrower beneath than primary, the
tertiary more obvious above than below; spadix simple, slender, the
peduncle much longer than the spike, this 13-17 cm. long, nearly 6
mm. thick (with flowers), apically (type) spinose; pits approximate,
in 7 scarcely declined series, 2 mm. distant, lower lip emarginate,
upper not at all or obscurely produced but forming a very acute
margin; female sepals somewhat emerging, 2.5 mm. long, petals
shorter, densely and acutely nervose, staminodal tube 6-lobed.
Peduncle sometimes longer than 2 meters, petiole 6 dm. long, sheath
7 cm. long, rachis 28 cm. long (Klug). Near T. acaulis but series of
flower groups and nerves fewer, spadix smaller (author).
Loreto: Rio Nanay, Williams 787, type; 740. Mishuyacu,
Klug 448.
Taenianthera tamandua (Trail) Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 268.
1930. Geonoma tamandua Trail, Journ. Bot. 14: 323. 1876.
Near T. macrostachys; type with leaves 1.5-2 meters long, dark
green, strongly plicate, primary nerves 25-27 each side, nearly
straight, petiole 1.5 dm. long, deeply canaliculate; spike white tomen-
tose, 2.5-3.3 dm. long, to 11 mm. thick, obtuse, the pits 10-11-ranked,
the lower lip bifid, tomentose. Incompletely known, but, as Burret
remarks, spike definitely longer, thicker; type from non-inundated
area at the Rio Javary. F.M. Neg. 38665.
Peru (probably). Brazil. "Tamandua-pecu" or "-ubim" (Trail).
Taenianthera tapajotensis (Trail) Burret, Bot. Jahrb. 63: 269.
1930. Geonoma acaulis Mart, subsp. tapajotensis Trail, Journ. Bot.
14: 342. 1876. Geonoma tapajotensis (Trail) Drude in Mart. Fl. Bras.
3, pt. 2: 508. 1882.
FLORA OF PERU 355
Habit of T. acaulis but smaller in all parts; petiole, with sheath,
4.5-5.5 dm. long; leaves scarcely 1 meter long, segments 3-4 pairs,
broadly ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, 2-3.5 dm. long, 3-9 cm.
wide; spadix 5-6 dm. long, spathes firm-membranous, the lower 5,
the upper about 13 cm. long; spike 5-7.5 cm. long, 3^4 mm. thick,
with a mucronate sterile extension 1 cm. long, pits 6-7-ranked;
flowers (Trail) as in T. acaulis; fruit globose, about as large as a pea
but immature. Ordinarily 3 pairs of leaf-segments, but sometimes
1 or 2 narrow segments also, both sides.
Loreto: Mouth of Rio Santiago, flood-free wood, (Tessmann 4715,
det. Burret). Amazonian Brazil.
9. IRIARTEA R. & P.
Socratea Karst. Linnaea 28: 263. 1856. Iriartella Wendl. Bon-
plandia 8: 103. 1860.
Handsome palm marked by partly exposed more or less aculeate
roots supporting and seemingly bracing the tall stem, this bearing
a coma of long pinnate leaves with many deltoid unevenly dentate
or laciniate segments (nerves prominent beneath) and 2-several
spathes; flowers with both sexes in the same spadix, all the younger
(corniform) or the intermediate of each three, female, spiralled. Male
flowers subsymmetric, sepals orbicular, concave, broadly imbricate.
Ovary 3-celled, stigma early apical or central. Fruit 1-seeded, ovoid
or globose, stigma position various. Staminodia always present
(Burret). As to original species see remarks about Socratea sta-
mens are 12-20, stigma terminal or subterminal, embryo sub-basal,
slightly below middle of seed, raphe distinctly anastomosed; the
leaves of /. exorrhiza are merely bifid; in Iriartella the fruit has
stigma at base, embryo subterminal. Socratea is like Iriartea but,
especially, stamens many (to 25), stigma in fruit (as embryo) sub-
terminal, leaves, at least as to original species, equally pinnate,
spadices solitary, spathes 4-8. Drude treated Socratea as a section
(1882), later as a subgenus (1889). Bentham and Hooker (1880)
wrote that Socratea, Iriartella, Dictyocaryum could all be treated as
subgenera or sections. Recently Burret accepted them. The tax-
onomy most generally useful would be that of Drude, a conclusion
reached by Spruce (Journ. Linn. Soc. 11: 133. 1871), who remarked
that similar differences exist in single genera of exogens as Cordia;
all these palms (Socratea, Iriartella, Iriartea) are so alike in habit that
the Indians unhesitatingly give them the same generic name (Pax-
iuba); and a closer examination reveals so many essential resem-
356 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
blances that the botanists will probably endorse the opinion of the
Indians and continue to unite them under one title. To date, verily,
this is a vain hope.
Stigmas apical or subapical; stems cylindric; fruit subglobose.
Embryo apical; stamens 20-25 I. exorrhiza.
Embryo sub-basal; stamens (known) 15.
Flowers, fruits in 7 series 7. Weberbaueri.
Flowers, fruits in fewer series 7. deltoidea.
Stigmas excentric; embryo lateral.
Stems ventricose; fruit globose 7. ventricosa.
Stems cylindric; fruit oblong-linear 7. stenocarpa.
Iriartea deltoidea R. & P. Syst. Veg. 298. 1798. Ceroxylon
deltoideum (R. & P.) HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 308. 1815.
Caudex 20 meters tall or taller; earliest leaves bifid, apical seg-
ments of adult deeply bilobed or bifid, all glabrous, size of 7. exorrhiza;
spadix 6 dm. long or longer, branches incrassate, excavate-scrobicu-
late; male calyx glabrous; spathes 10-12, deciduous; stamens 15;
fruits subglobose, (stigma remains subapical), yellowish-brown, with
their flesh mucilaginous (Martius), raphe branches ascending, retic-
ulately anastomose, embryo sub-basal. Illustrated, R. & P. Prodr.
pi. 32. 1794; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 1: pi Z5, figs. 3, 7; Weberbauer,
594, pi. 35. F.M. Negs. 18532; 18532A.
Huanuco: Pozuzo, (Ruiz & Pavdn, type). Junin: Chanchamayo
Valley, (Raimondi 2641; 10405). La Merced, (Weberbauer 1839;
1850). Puno: San Govan, (Lechler 1725; 10405). "Huacra-pona,"
"camona," "morona."
Iriartea exorrhiza Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 36, pis. 33-34.
1824; 538. Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) Wendl. Bonplandia 7: 103.
1860.
Tall, sometimes 20 meters or taller, cylindric but with many
partly branched aerial roots at base, at least the exposed portion
prickly, and crowned with a dense cluster (10-15) of oblong leaves
4-6 meters long with 15-20 pairs of deltoid or oblique-rhombic seg-
ments finally 5 dm. long, 1.5-2 dm. wide, shorter but mostly as wide
toward apex, all radiately about 10-dentate (or entire); spadices
1-4 below the coma, stoutly peduncled, about 5 dm. long, the 5 or 6
spathes ventricose-inflated base to apex, before anthesis horn-like,
4 dm. long, finally caducous, branches nutant, slender, densely flow-
FLORA OF PERU 357
ered; flowers yellowish, the larger male nearly 1 cm. long; stamens
20-25; fruit olive-yellowish, perhaps reddish, 3 cm. long, more than
2 cm. thick, exocarp indurate, seed 2.5 cm. long, 18 mm. in diameter,
reticulately rugulose-lineate, stigmatic remains scarcely discernible;
embryo at depressed apex of seed, barely within the hard horny
albumen; raphe of many flat filaments radiating from base to apex,
subramose, anastomosing (Spruce). By Drude (I.e.) as by Trail
(Journ. Bot. 6 (15): 130. 1870) regarded as a variable species in-
cluding 7. exorrhiza Mart. var. elegans (Karst.) Drude (539), leaf-
segments about 5, incised-dentate, spathes mostly 4, fruit finally
yellow, somewhat smaller, and var. Orbignyana (Orbigniana) (Mart.)
Drude (540), leaf-segments many, radiately dentate, fruit orange,
2 cm. long, scarcely 1.5 cm. thick. Both of these have been re-
corded as varieties or species from adjacent Colombia or (and)
Brazil so no doubt they occur within Peru. Trail (I.e.) observed
"a complete transition" between 7. exorrhiza and 7. Orbignyana but
fide Martius the seed of the latter is only a third as large. The
curious roots that support or brace the beautiful stems near the base
are illustrated by Drude in Pflanzenfam. 2, 6: 14, and the flowers
and fruit in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2: pi. 126. F.M. Neg. 18533.
San Martin: Tocache, (Poeppig, fide Drude). Colombia; Brazil
to Guianas. "Huacra," "huacra-pona."
Iriartea stenocarpa (Burret) Macbr., comb. nov. Iriartella
stenocarpa Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 233. 1931.
Type 3 meters tall, slender, the sheath (apical part seen) hirsute
velutinous, the longer trichomes yellowish, retrorse, the shorter whit-
ish, dense; petioles about 2.5 dm. long (probably longer), terete but
sulcate-costate, rather closely and retrorsely white-pubescent, the
rachis densely so with short and long trichomes; segments rhombic-
cuneiform, decurrent at base 6-6.5 cm., free 15-16.5 cm., pubescent
as midrib above, more or less glabrescent, conspicuously soft beneath;
immature fruiting spadix 36 cm. long; peduncle 29 cm. long; spathes
4, laxly vaginate, shortly and softly pubescent, nearly attaining
the lower branches; rachis 2.5 cm. long; branches 4-6, simple, curved,
glabrate, 21 cm. long; fruit laxly spiralled, linear, curved, 10-11
mm. long, 3 mm. thick (young); perianth cupulate, somewhat en-
closing fruit-base, 2 mm. high, 3.5 mm. across; sepals erect, broadly
rounded as the twice as long petals. Distinct from 7. setigera Mart,
by the larger perianth and the very slender fruit (author); the
Martius' species probably occurs on the upper branches of Rio Japura
358 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
within Peru; the exposed roots are sparsely muricate, the slender
stem 2-3 meters high and prominently tomentose-setose above, the
leaves tomentulose beneath, the apical segments entire, the lateral
erose-dentate.
Loreto: Rios Napo and Amazonas, (Hopp 110, type).
Iriartea ventricosa Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 37, pis. 85, 36.
1824; 537.
Caudex 20-35 meters, ventricose medially or lower, annulate
above at intervals of 2-3 dm. ; roots sparsely aculeate, at least about
2 meters high; leaves usually 7 or fewer, to 6 mm. long, petioles
subterete, 1 dm. across, sheath scarcely 3 dm. long; rachis acutely
trigonous, grayish tomentose; pinnae many, cuneate-flabellate, soon
glabrate, veins and plicae 10, finally splitting nearly to base, the
lower laciniae much longer and wider (nearly 2 meters long), the
upper gradually reduced to hardly 6 dm. long, all laciniae apically
broadly sinuate-dentate and erose; spadices often binate from the
same annulus, about 5 dm. long, spreading or subpendulous in fruit;
peduncle 7 cm. long, abruptly dilated at base; branches at most 3
dm. long, 8 mm. thick, simple or furcate at base, deeply alveolate
entire length, spathes many, upper before anthesis, lower tardily
deciduous; stamens 12-15; fruit globose, minutely umbonate; stigmas
on fruit clearly excentric; embryo lateral just above middle of seed,
this with fragile testa, filaments of raphe clearly anastomose. In
part after Spruce, who noted it as frequent between 700 and 1,200
meters in the eastern Andean valleys, along with /. exorrhiza Mart,
and I. deltoidea R. & P. F.M. Neg. 13535.
San Martin: Tarapoto, (Spruce). Loreto: Yurimaguas, (Poep-
pig~). "Tarapoto" (Spruce), "huacra-pona," "conduma." Amazonian
Brazil.
Iriartea Weberbaueri Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
921. 1930.
Fragment of rachis (probably upper portion) broadly triangular,
laterally widely excavated, dorsally nearly plane, opaque, obscurely
but densely and minutely setulose; segments (apical) about 5 dm.
long, cuneate, yellowish; sheath strongly puncticulate, dark brown
within, heavy-ligneous; fruiting spadix pendent, in entirety nearly
2 meters long; peduncle 3.5 dm. long, 4 cm. thick at apex, terete,
scars 12, approximate at base, remotely annulate above, the ultimate
toward apex three-fourths encircling the peduncle; primary branches
FLORA OF PERU 359
crowded, 27, the lower 9 furcate, the rest simple, the basal coarsely
callose within, the upper applanate-rounded; branchlets as seen about
9 dm. long, below 8 mm. thick, flowers (per scars) ternate, 2 male;
alveoli 5 mm. long, 2.75 mm. broad, in 7 vertical series, equally
distant 1.5 cm.; fruit (known) globose, 2.8 mm. in diameter, scarcely
excentric at minutely mammillate apex, lustrous, light yellowish-
brown; perianth (in fruit) to 1.5 cm. across; pericarp fleshy squamose
within; seed about 1.5 cm. in diameter. Distinguished from /.
deltoidea R. & P. by the much larger fruits, thicker spadix rachis,
the flowers and fruits in more series; from /. stenocarpa Mart, sim-
ilarly by the size of fruit, further by the cylindric stem (author).
Puno: Chunchusmayo, Prov. Sandia, (Weberbauer 1279, type).
"Morona."
10. CATOBLASTUS Wendl.
Acrostigma Cook & Doyle, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 16: 228. 1913.
Catostigma Cook & Doyle, I.e. 230.
Reference: Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 932. 1930.
Aerial roots short, stem slender. Flowers remote, all male or
female in each simple or simply branched spadix; spathes 5 or more,
the upper longer. Petals free or basally imbricate. Stigma rostrate,
borne on a columnar style or sessile at the base of the single fertile
carpel (Catostigma). Stamens 9-15, staminodes none or filiform.
Taxonomically significant as evidence of relationship, it would be
more useful to treat the floristic character of Catostigma as sectional
in definition; the differences in development, too, may be tenuous
or merely specific; for instance, Acrostigma was based primarily on
having 3 equal carpels at anthesis, while Catostigma shares with
Catoblastus the diagnostic character of a single enlarged carpel at
anthesis. Spadices often several from the same leaf annulus. The
group (sens, lat.), in view of the variation in distribution of male
and female flowers, could be referred to Iriartea as a subgenus.
Catoblastus Drudei Cook & Doyle, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 16:
233, fig. 41- 1913. Iriartea pubescens Karst. var. krinocarpa Trail,
Journ. Bot. 5 (15) : 332. 1876. C. pubescens (Karst.) Wendl. Bon-
plandia 8: 104. 1860, var. krinocarpa Trail ex Drude in Mart. Fl.
Bras. 3, pt. 2: 543, pi. 127, fig. 2. 1882, not C. pubescens Drude,
Pflanzenfam. 2, Abt. 3: fig. 48, Gl, G2. 1887, nor Wendland, fide
Cook & Doyle. Catostigma Drudei (Cook & Doyle) Burret, Notizbl.
Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 932. 1930.
360 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Caudex 3-5 meters tall, 2-3.5 cm. in diameter; leaves pubescent
below, 13-15 dm. long (sheath puberulent-tomentose, 3-5 dm. long),
segments oblanceolate, 10-11 pairs, basal 1.75 dm. long, nearly 2 cm.
wide, medial 3-4 dm. long, 5-7 cm. wide, apical deltoid (connate),
2 dm. long, 12 cm. wide; spadices 3-5 from one axis with 5 simple
caudate branches to 5 cm. long, nutant, in fruit pendulous; female
flowers about 5 mm. long, the tumid fertile ovary equaled by the
ovate-acute petals, the sterile thick gibbous style little longer; sterile
anthers (or anther) present, mucronate; fruit about 2 cm. long,
12 cm. in diameter, stellate puberulent, style rudiment persisting.
Habit of /. setigera Mart, (see under /. ventricosa) ; when not in
flower most readily distinguished by the narrower usually more
numerous pinnae, pubescent below.
This is a species quite different from Iriartea pubescens Karst. of
Colombia as beautifully illustrated by Karsten (PL Col. 1, pi. 81);
type locality, Rio Yavari on the boundary with Brazil, on non-
inundated terrain.
Loreto (no doubt). Amazonian Brazil. "Ponilla."
11. WETTINIA Poepp.
Wettinella Cook & Doyle, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 16: 235. 1913,
fide Burret.
Reference: Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 939-942. 1930.
Aspect of Iriartea but as in Catoblastus the flowers of one sex in
a spadix, this short, club-like so compactly clothed with the pubescent
fruits. Petals of male flowers subulate, free. Fertile ovary 1, often
with 1 or 2 sterile, the much longer style from the base with elongate
stigmas. Embryo basal. Spadices simple (8-15 for each node) or
4-5-branched, 4 of the 5 inflorescences maturing (Wettinella), this
subgroup also with sepals broader than petals (authors). The pollen
tuberculate, not smooth, as, by error, in lit. (Burret).
Leaf-segments about 20 pairs.
Stamens about half as long as petals, sepals (female) at most half
as long W. augusta.
Stamens at least as long as petals, sepals (female) at least a third
as long W. Weberbaueri.
Leaf-segments about 40 pairs W. maynensis.
Wettinia augusta Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 2: 39,
pis. 153, 154. 1838; 939.
FLORA OF PERU 361
Similar to W. maynensis, aerial roots interposed; leaf -pinnae 18-20
pairs; spathes several, yellowish pilosulous; spadices simple, 8-15,
verticillate; stamens about half as long as petals; sepals of female
flowers a third to half as long as petals; style and 3 stigmas rather
slender; raphe fleshy. The finally incomplete spathes remain on
peduncle as coriaceous sheaths. Kunth (Enum. PI. 3: 109. 1841)
proposed the species name Poeppigii, perhaps not aware that the
author of the genus (published in 1836) had added the species later.
Illustrated, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 16. pi 63. F.M. Neg. 29887.
San Martin: Tocache, (Poeppig 2058, type).
Wettinia maynensis Spruce, Journ. Linn. Soc. 3: 194. 1859.
Catoblastus maynensis (Spruce) Drude in Mart. Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 2:
544. 1882. Wettinella maynensis (Spruce) Cook & Doyle, Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 16: 235. 1913.
Aerial roots strict, subaculeate; stem to 12 meters tall, 3-4 dm.
in diameter, smooth, annulate; leaves 5 or 6, 4 mm. long, equally
pinnate, pinnae 38-40 pairs, the lowest reduced, the medial 1 meter
long, 7.5 cm. wide, finally incised, veins many, nearly contiguous at
semivertical reduplicate base; spadices 3 (6) in each verticil, 1 female,
2 male, mature fruit usually on fourth ring below the leaves; spathes
6, fusiform, appressed pubescent, the incomplete outer 1 dm. long,
the 3 complete about 3 times longer; male branches 6, 1.5 dm. long,
densely flowered and straight, in anthesis sepals scale-like, rigid,
castaneous, free; petals 14 mm. long, subulate; stamens 13 (12-16);
female branches 5-7, crowded, 2 dm. long, in fruit about half as
thick, sepals 4-6 mm. long, petals 10-12 mm. long; ovaries 3, united
and with style, this central, 14 mm. long, villous, the abortive
ovaries rarely deciduous; stigmas erect, 6 mm. long; fruit dry, gray
villous, endocarp membranous, seed 22 mm. long, half as thick,
albumen uniform. Not infrequent both north and south of the Rio
Mayo, 1,000-1,500 meters, associated with Euterpe and Iriartea ven-
tricosa according to Spruce, who, I.e. 190 (by lapsus, as shown in
index) wrote "W. illaqueans."
San Martin: Tarapoto to Moyobamba, (Spruce, type). Ecuador.
"Shulla-chonta," "pullo-coroto," "cullo-coroto."
Wettinia Weberbaueri Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
939. 1930.
Original tree 10 meters tall, petioles apparently subterete and
1.5 dm. long; rachis triangled above, furfuraceous, segments seen
362 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
disposed regularly, narrow, maximum seen 5.4 dm. long, upper some-
what reduced, strongly drawn together at base, subconcolor both
sides; male spadix to upper spathe tip 23 cm. long, inner spathes
finally laciniate, mostly several cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. wide, fourth
and fifth early complete, thickly inflated-fusiform, tardily split; pe-
duncle shortly ferrugineous, velvety, finally annulate by the rudi-
ments of the spathes, these early reddish sericeous strigillose; spadix
fusiform, in flower 7 mm. thick at base, attenuate, the male flowers
approximate, 1 cm. long; sepals as petals linear, the former 1, the
latter 8-9 mm. long, acuminate, the 12 stamens at least as long;
female spadix similar; sepals 6-10 mm. long, 4-5 mm. broad at base,
acute, petals to a third longer; fertile carpel yellowish villous; stigmas
at least 5 mm. long, 1.75 mm. thick. Differs from W. augusta Poepp.
& Endl. in subequal stamens and petals, stouter stigmas, probably
also in reddish indument and leaves (author).
Puno: Prov. Sandfa, Chunchusmayo, 900 meters, (Weberbauer,
no number, type).
12. CEROXYLON Humb. & Bonpl.
Reference: Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 841-854. 1929.
Tall, slender or robust, the columnar stem more or less wax-
whitened, annulate, crowned with many multipinnate leaves their
rigid fleshy or coriaceous segments ensiform, and at their nodes elon-
gate, much-branched spadices, the polygamous or monoecious flowers
on different branches. Spathes 3 or more, the upper complete, cori-
aceous. Pedicels short, often arcuate or bent. Calyx minute, petals
ovate- or subulate-lanceolate, acuminate, more or less adnate; male
flowers with 9-15 stamens; female with 9-12 staminodes, 1 sterile
stamen. Fruit with 1 or 3 fertile cells, residual style at base, pericarp
smooth or granulate; seed erect, raphe ascending from base, branched
reticulate, albumen uniform. Seedlings develop rootstocks.
The type species is the Colombian C. andicola HBK., the most
famous wax palm of the Andes. The fruit of C. Schultzii Burret of
Colombia, as probably that of other palms, is sought by parrots
(Arnold Schultze).
KEY (after Burret)
Calyx teeth at least half as long as corolla tube; leaf -segments regu-
larly disposed.
Spadix large, robustly 3-much-branched C. latisectum.
Spadix small, the branches most simple C. Weberbaueri.
FLORA OF PERU 363
Calyx teeth minute, many times shorter than corolla; leaf -segments
aggregate.
Leaves to 6 dm. long; branched part of spadix 2.5 dm. long.
C. crispum.
Leaves 2 meters long; spadix ample C. verruculosum.
Ceroxylon crispum Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10: 849.
1929.
A small species with, in general, about the same characteristics
and measurements (except the floral) as C. verruculosum except as
follows: petioles 2-2.5 dm. long, 1 cm. wide at apex, nearly plane
above, convex beneath; segments 40-50, mostly 2-3-aggregate,
crisped (direction various), lowest 15-18 cm. long, apical about 12
cm. long, maximal medial 21 cm. long, little wider than 1.5 cm., all
attenuate to oblique apex, very rigid, the midnerve above and sur-
face beneath furfuraceous; peduncle spathes 5, lower 3 cm. broad;
branches about 30, branchlets 10, early sparsely furfuraceous; young
fruits densely, distinctly verruculose; calyx tube 0.5 mm. long, teeth
minute, obscure; corolla tube at least 1.5 mm. long, teeth acuminate,
striate, 3 (-4) mm. long. These palms, together with Geonoma mega-
lospatha Burret, grow at the highest boundary for Peruvian species
(Burret).
Huanuco: Chinchao, Acomayo, 2,800-2,850 meters, (Weberbauer
6825, type).
Ceroxylon latisectum Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
844. 1929.
Trunk known to attain 11 or 12 meters, 2.5 dm. in diameter a
meter above the terrain, petioles 8 dm.; leaves 1.75 meters, the seg-
ments disposed evenly in one plane; rachis of apical part of leaf
acute above, plane or nearly beneath, fuscous furfuraceous as the
segments finely beneath, all yellowish-green above, the latter at apex
13 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, 24 cm. below, about 4 cm. wide, those of
the upper third subequal, broader, abruptly contracted, the basal
more approximate, 3.3 dm. long, nearly 5 mm. wide; peduncle stout,
13 dm. long, branched part 7.5 dm. long, the divaricate branches
3-many times branched; spathes many, lowest ligneous, applanate,
at base 8.5 cm. broad, 2.5 dm. above the base 10.5 cm. broad; lowest
primary branches nearly 4 dm. long, 5 cm. pedunculate, intermediate
branches shorter, slenderer, flexuose; fruit globose, smooth, 2 cm. in
diameter without perianth; calyx teeth and tube each 0.75 mm. long,
364 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
equaling corolla tube, its lanceolate acuminate teeth about 3 mm.
long; seed globose, 13 mm. in diameter. Fruit at maturity fiery red
(collector). Illustrated, Weberbauer, page 504, pi. 19.
Amazonas: Congon to Conila, 2,950 meters, (Weberbauer 7161,
type).
Ceroxylon verruculosum Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
850. 1929.
Trunk 7 meters tall, 2 dm. in diameter, smooth, green but thinly
waxed; sheaths 12 dm. long, petioles 5 dm. long, leaves 2 meters long,
the segments aggregate, yellowish-green above, very finely white fur-
furaceous beneath as the spathes and spadix-rachis, the former com-
pressed basally, 8.5 cm. broad, at least 18 cm. long, probably longer;
peduncle long, stout, transversely oval, spathes many; branches
divaricate, twice branched, the primary nearly 5 dm. long, the many
slender branchlets flexuose, the rachis at base 2 cm. thick; fruits laxly
spiralled, globose, without perianth 1.8 cm. in diameter, minutely but
distinctly and densely verruculose; perianth (in fruit) with low calyx,
the teeth obscure, the corolla tube cylindric, 2 mm. high, teeth
acutely acuminate, 4 mm. long; pericarp thin, one third mm. thick;
seed globose, 12 mm. in diameter. Some leaves have segments only
about 1 cm. wide, others, larger, one with terminal, regularly disposed
segments; some segments 38 cm. long are 2.5 cm. wide; there are also
color differences and some segments, nearly 7 dm. long, 3.5 cm. wide,
are bidentate and in groups of 2 or 3 (author) ; these are all probably
normal variations and belong to the species.
Junin: Huacapistana, 2,700 meters, (Weberbauer 2284, type).
Ceroxylon Weberbaueri Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 10:
848. 1929.
Type 5 meters high; sheaths lacerate, the short petioles canalic-
ulate above, thin-margined, 1.5 cm. broad at apex; rachis margins
excavated, acute above, pale furfuraceous beneath as segments, these
rather subevenly disposed, the lower very narrow, shorter, the apical
2 dm. long, about 1 cm. wide, the medial 5 dm. long, 8 mm. wide;
spadix 11 dm. long, branched part 2.7 dm. long, visible spathes 4,
the lower dilated at base, ligneous, the upper thin; peduncles com-
pressed above to 7 mm. broad at apex; branches 40-50, only the lower
sparsely branched, all glabrous; fruit obovoid, with perianth at least
13 mm. long, 10 mm. thick, glabrous, rugose but not all verruculose;
calyx cylindric, tube 0.5 mm. long with the small teeth to one-half
FLORA OF PERU 365
as long or subequaling corolla tube, this with triangular or sub-
acuminate petals.
Puno: Prov. Sandia, Yuncacoya, 1,800 meters, (Weberbauer 1157,
type).
13. WENDLANDIELLA Damm.
Sheath cylindric, obliquely open, leaves simple or paripinnate,
petiole triangular, pinnae 2-3 each side, lower subopposite, the upper
4-, remaining 3-nerved. Inflorescence subdigitate, interfoliaceous,
spathes 2, cylindric, obliquely open, nearly covering peduncle,
branches filiform, densely flowered. Calyx of female flowers 3-fid,
the orbicular lobes gibbous as the similar corolla segments, these
twice as large. Staminodes 3, minute, subulate. Ovary sessile, sub-
globose, 3-celled, stigmas 3 (-4) -reflexed, 1-2 cells sterile, 1 pendu-
lous ovule in each cell. Probably related to Chamaeodorea Willd. but
distinctive in flower segments and branched inflorescence (author) ;
flowers glomerulate in long series (Burret).
Honors worthily the Director of the Garden at Herrenhausen,
Hannover, great admirer and student of palms.
Leaves simple W. simplicifrons.
Leaves pinnate.
Segments 2 each side W. polyclada.
Segments 3-4 each side W. gracilis.
Wendlandiella gracilis Damm. Bot. Jahrb. 36: Beibl. 80: 32.
1905.
Stem (type) only 4 cm. thick, to 1.5 meters tall, leaves remote,
sheath 5 cm. long, petiole to 6 cm. long, lower pinnae 16-17 cm. long,
1.6 cm. wide, the medial 18 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, the uppermost 2
dm. long, 2.5-3 cm. broad, elongate-obovate-lanceolate; lower spathe
8 cm. long, upper tubular, peduncle canaliculate above, 13 cm. long,
apically ventricose, subdigitate, the crowded flowers scarcely 1 mm.
across; male calyx as corolla lobes 3, connate at base; stamens 6,
anthers affixed dorsally, introrse; stigmas 3; fruit orange-red, oval,
8 mm. long, nearly 6 mm. thick, pericarp thin, fibers none, the
2 larger raphe branches 3-furcate, calyx (fruiting) 1.5 mm. across,
lobes broadly rounded, petals ovate; basal sterile carpels 2; stigmas
small. Description of male flowers and fruits after Burret from
Williams and Killip and Smith specimens.
366 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Loreto: Huimbaio, Pampa de Sacramento, between Rio Ucayali
and Rio Huallaga, (Huber 1541, type). Lower Huallaga, Williams
4566. Puerto Arturo, (Killip & Smith 27775).
Wendlandiella polyclada Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11:
203. 1931.
Caespitose, dioecious, the stem of type 12 dm. high, 5 cm. in
diameter, the leaves about 6; sheath green, even the margins, efi-
brose, obliquely truncate, glabrous, long-striate; petioles 14 cm. long,
rachis 4-8 cm. long, segments 2 pairs, concolor, thin-membranous,
narrowly acuminate, the larger lower leaves 27 cm. long, 7-8 mm.
wide at base, widening to 3 cm., acuminate, the apical about 3 dm.
long, at least 1.5 cm. wide at base, 4.5-5 cm. at upper third; spadix
above sheath 3 dm. long, duplicate-branched; visible spathes 2, largely
covering peduncle, little dilated; branches 4, these with 4 attenuate
branchlets 4.5-9 cm. long; male flowers in about 3 vertical series,
above often 2, at most 3 mm. across; calyx nearly 1.5 mm. across,
the 3 lobes suborbicular; filaments connate at dilated base; pistil
with 3 stigmas; fruits solitary, spiralled, oblong (juvenile); stigmas
elongate, sulcate above, at base of fruit the sterile cells 2; calyx
fleshy in fruit, lobes rounded, corolla larger, lobes lacerate. Fruiting
spadix (same collection) detached.
Loreto: Rio Itaya, Soledad, (Tessmann 5240, type).
Wendlandiella simplicifrons Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
11:316.1932.
Arundinaceous, 2-3 meters tall, unique at least in Peru by the
simple leaves, these glabrous (as densely striate, obliquely truncate
unevenly dentate sheath), nearly 4 dm. long (petioles 7-8.5 cm. long),
thin, dark green, subconcolor, not at all produced at base, shortly
acute, about 14 cm. wide at the bifurcation; rachis 17 cm. long, lobes
23 cm. long, inner margin nearly direct, outer curved to apex, ob-
scurely, remotely appressed denticulate; spadix solitary from leaf-
sheath, in fruit 29 cm. long, simply branched; peduncle 21 cm. long,
robust, without trace of spathes, medially 4 mm. thick; rachis 6 cm.
long, branches 7, spiralled, upper spreading, lower reflexed, to 5.5
cm. long, acute; flowers vertically disposed; fruit red, suboval, 1 cm.
long, 6 mm. broad, fleshy, obtusely rounded, subacute at base, finely
rugulose, efibrous; calyx (fruit) 1.5 mm. across, obscurely lobed, stig-
mata basal, seed obovoid-oblong, 8.5 mm. long, 5.5 mm. thick;
FLORA OF PERU 367
raphe branches 3 or 4, bifurcately few-branched; embryo medial-
lateral.
Junin: Puerto Bermudez, (Killip & Smith 26515, type).
14. CHAMAEODOREA Willd.
Nunnezharia R. & P. Prodr. 137. pi 81. 1794.
Reference: Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11: 724-767. 1933.
Stems solitary or several, slender, annulate, the leaves simple and
bifid or variously pinnatisect. Sheath tubular. Spadices in or below
the leaves, simple or branched; spathes 3 or more, enclosing peduncle,
cleft, more or less persistent. Bracts, bractlets none. Flowers dioe-
cious, sometimes more or less immersed; calyx cupulate, entire, 3-
lobed or -parted, petals free to somewhat connate, valvate or (female
flower) sometimes imbricate; stamens 6, anthers included. Ovary
3-celled, stigmas minute, recurved, ovules solitary, basal, erect.
Staminodes sometimes lacking. Fruit of 1 (2-3) globose or oblong
carpels, stigmas basal, pericarp coriaceous or fleshy, scarcely fibrous;
raphe branches obscure, endosperm cartilaginous, uniform. The
dioecious flowers and absence of scars after they (as fruit) have fallen
apparently mark the group, sens. lat. Name conserved; Kuntze's
transfer (Rev. Gen. 2: 729-730. 1891) of names, including Morenia
species, to the earlier cognomen of Ruiz and Pavon, "corrected" by
him to Nunnezharoa as after Nunez de Haro, Archbishop of Mexico,
being without further interest is not listed.
The small flowers of C. fragrans (R. & P.) Mart, ("sangapilla")
exhale a wonderful fragrance which spreads a long distance in the
mon tafia (Ruiz and Pavon); for this it is cultivated (Weberbauer).
The shoots, called palmitos, and spadices as in similar groups are
eaten cooked or in salads and may be excellent. Sap of ripe fruits is
highly irritating.
Flowers not or little immersed; fruits on slight not deep depressions;
perianth usually ecostate.
Leaves 6-multi-pinnate.
Leaf segments many pairs, 1-2.5 cm. wide.
Lateral segments 1-nerved C. angustisecta.
Lateral segments 2-3-nerved C. pauciflora.
Leaf segments 6-8 pairs, 7 cm. wide C. boliviensis.
Leaves simple or segments 2, rarely 5.
368 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
Leaves often with 2 segments C. integrifolia.
Leaves merely deeply bifid C. Pavoniana, C. fragrans.
Flowers (unless C. depauperata) well-sunken, as fruit; perianth, at
least female, costate.
Leaves pinnate.
Segments 2-3 pairs.
Male calyx 1 mm. long, 3 mm. across C. depauperata.
Male calyx minute, annulate C. lanceolata.
Segments about 6 pairs C. Herrerae.
Leaves subsimple, deeply bifid C. geonomoides.
Chamaeodorea angustisecta Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Ber-
lin 11: 318. 1932.
Caudex 1 meter high, 2.5 cm. in diameter, internodes 5 mm. long;
sheath glabrous, long-costate-striate; petioles robust, 1 meter long;
leaves 1.5 meter long, segments many, evenly disposed, all except
the apical 1-nerved, narrowly linear, somewhat falcate, narrowly
acuminate, concolor, thin, the apical 2-3 times wider (almost 2 cm.),
the primary nerves 2-3, maximum seen 2.5 cm. wide, 3.5 dm. long,
the smaller nerves few, very fine, conspicuous both sides; male spa-
dix 8 dm. long; peduncle nearly enclosed in spathes, these 6, diameter
of sheath but 4-7 mm. in diameter, upper the longest; branches about
12, simple, to 1.5 dm. long, slender; male flowers solitary, laxly
spiralled, calyx high-cupulate, the 3 lobes enervose as the valvate
petals; stamens 6; fruiting spadix orange-red, 6 dm. long, pendent,
peduncle 4 dm. long, spathe scars 8, lower approximate, rachis 1 dm.
long, branches to 15, porrect, 1-1.5 dm. long, fruits solitary, laxly
disposed (perianth 4 mm. across), oblong, black, fleshy, 16 mm. long,
half as broad, epicarp and mesocarp fragile, endocarp fibers rather
firm in one plane. Leaves resemble those of Morenia linearis R. & P.
Junin: Colonia Perene", (Killip & Smith 25091, type; also 24926;
25103). Ayacucho: Kimpitiriki, (Killip & Smith 22864).
Chamaeodorea boliviensis Damm. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
6: 262. 1915; 756.
Slender trunk nearly 1 cm. in diameter, sheaths cylindric, petioles
9-12 cm. long, leaf-rachis 4 dm. long, 2-3 mm. thick, segments re-
mote, 6-8 pairs, the apical confluent, the lateral sigmoid, attenuate
to base, long-acuminate, about 2.5 dm. long, 7-7.5 cm. wide, primary
nerves 5, secondary binate between two of these; peduncle of female
FLORA OF PERU 369
spadix at least 3.5 dm. long, 3-5 mm. thick, closely bracted, these
cylindric, apically 4-7-branched, the branches densely floriferous
nearly to base, 13-16 cm. long; fruit oblong, black, 7 mm. long, 5 mm.
thick; embryo slightly supramedial. Somewhat resembles C. lance-
olata (R. & P.) Kunth with fewer leaf-segments, subequally nerved,
merely acuminate, the petiole and rachis stouter (author). Type
from Alto Rio Acre, vicinity of Lojija, (Ule 115b), near boundary.
Madre de Dios (surely). Adjacent Bolivia.
Ghamaeodorea depauperata Damm. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin
6: 263. 1915.
Type at most a meter tall, petioles 1.5 dm. long, rachis slender,
nearly 3 dm. long, lateral segments remote, subopposite, 2-3 each
side, lanceolate-falcate, long-acuminate, 2-2.5 dm. long, 22-33 mm.
wide, primary nerves 4-5, the secondary as many, apical segments
broadly elongate-lanceolate, at base 11, at middle 6 cm. wide, 32 cm.
long, primary nerves 8-9, secondary as many; male peduncle bracted
to apex, the 7 slender orange branches 17-20 cm. long, the rather
densely disposed flowers a little immersed; sepals 3, 1 mm. long,
3 mm. broad, rounded as the 3 petals, these 2 mm. long and broad;
female flowers unknown. The label data, Alto Acre, Sao Francisco,
(Ule 9155b), may be incorrect (author); if not, the locality is at the
Brazilian boundary.
Madre de Dios (probably) . Adjacent Brazil or Bolivia.
Chamaeodorea fragrans (R. & P.) Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 2:
4, pi. 3, figs. 1, 2. 1849; 730. Nunnezharia fragrans R. & P. Syst.
Veg. 1:294. 1798.
Stems scarcely 1.5 cm. thick, flexuose, inclined, rarely erect;
leaves at most 6, glabrous, simple, deeply bifurcate, the divisions
3.5 dm. long, not over 3.5 cm. wide, linear-rhombic, outer margin
apically crenate-incised, nerves 12 each side, acute; spadices some-
what pendulous, solitary, 2-4 dm. long, very slender, the usually
2-6 branches about 2 dm. long; spathes 3, membranous; calyx trifid;
corolla 3 mm. long, fleshy, female 3-parted; 2 aborted ovaries in-
durate at base of fertile; anthers adnate below; fruit black, lustrous,
12 mm. long, mesocarp insipid, seed black, raphe laxly reticulate
(Spruce). Forms large beds under the tall trees and perfumes the
forest far and wide with its orange-colored male flowers, especially
in August (Spruce). Illustrated, Oerst. L'Amer. Central 14. pi. 5,
figs. 18-20. F.M. Neg. 18539.
370 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY BOTANY, VOL. XIII
San Martin: Tarapoto, 600-1,000 meters, (Spruce 65}. Rio Mayo,
Moyobamba, (Weberbauer 4554; 585). Huanuco: Pozuzo, Cuchero,
(Ruiz & Pavdn, type). Loreto: Shapaya on the Huallaga, (Vie 6850).
Bolivia. "Chutasllium" (Ruiz & Pavon), "sangapilla" (Spruce).
Ghamaeodorea geonomoides (Spruce) Drude in Mart. PI. Bras.
3, pt. 2: 531. 1882; 757. Nunnezharia geonomoides Spruce, Journ.
Linn. Soc. 11: 122. 1871.
A meter or two tall with extremely slender, glabrous stem; peti-
oles long-sheathed; leaves cuneate-obovate, deeply bifid, the furcate
portions subfalcate, scarcely acuminate; veins 10 pairs; spadices
nearly 5 dm. long, simply branched; peduncles arcuate-pendulous,
2.5 dm. long; branches slender, flexuose, about 3 dm. long, alveolate,
the 1-flowered pits oblong-cymbiform, more or less remote; spathes
2, longer than peduncle at anthesis, narrowly fusiform before open-
ing, finally fibrous, deciduous; calyx semi-immersed, shortly 3-lobate,
transversely rugulose, lowest lobe slightly higher, persisting, the 3
suborbicular petals 3 times as long; anthers erect, turgid, deeply
emarginate both ends. Because of the alveolate rachis and the lack
of female flowers in the type the author questioned the genus.
San Martin: Mount Campana, 1,000-1,300 meters, (Spruce 67,
type). Moyobamba, (Weberbauer 4628; 585). Junin: Chancha-
mayo, (Raimondi). Colonia Perene", (Killip & Smith 24929).
Chamaeodorea Herrerae Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 11 :
748. 1933.
Leaves small, the blades 4-4.5 dm. long, thin, the segments about
6 pairs, regularly disposed, the lower more approximate, all lance-
olate-sigmoid, acuminate; apical segments nearly two times wider
than the rest, the maximum seen about 2.3 dm. long, 3.5 cm. wide;
larger nerves in each segment (apical excepted) 5; fruiting spadix
high, 2.5 dm. or more pedunculate; spathes narrowly cylindric;
branches about 6, a dm. long; fruit insertions laxly spiralled, oblong
or narrow, somewhat excavated, perianth closely costate, the short
calyx 3-lobed, the outer petals imbricate; fruit obovoid, 9 mm. long;
embryo dorsally at slightly above the middle of the seed; male
spadix peduncle slender, branches 10, 1 dm. long, flowers rather
densely spiralled, immersed, subglobose, the lower smaller; petals
laterally free; anthers oblong, cells connate. Distinguished from re-
lated species by the slender finely divided leaves; nevertheless, per-
FLORA OF PERU 371
haps closest to C. geonomoides (Spruce) Drude with simple leaves
(author).
Cuzco: Valle de Santa Ana, (Herrera 3641, male and female
spadices, type). "Cuyuli."
Chamaeodorea integrifolia (Trail) Damm. Verh. Bot. Ver-
Brandenb. 48: 125. 1906; 735. Morenia integrifolia Trail, Journ.
Bot. 14. 331. 1876; var. nigricans Trail, I.e. M. Lechleriana Wendl.
ex Damm. Card. Chron. ser. 3, 36: 246. 1904.
To about 1.5 meters high, the simple submedially bifid leaves
sometimes as long (petioles 3-5 dm. long, sheath 1.5 dm. long), nerves
12-20 pairs, the two (rarely 3-5) segments broadly lanceolate, acumi-
nate, to 1 dm. wide at base, the outer margin remotely denticulate;
spadices (male) single, verticillate in the axils, slender, 5-6 dm. long,
peduncles 3 dm. long, spathes 4-5, imbricate; flowers remote, solitary, 
